Kwazulu Legislative Assembly 1972—1982

Table of contents :
Front Cover
HOOVER
be one of the top priorities of the developing world
This department has to look after a wide variety
The Department of Police

Citation preview

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Kwazulu

Legislative

Assembly,

1972-1982

.

CONTENTS

HOOVER ORD IES STANF LIBRAR

INSTITUTION

9 12

16 17 20

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The Roots ofa Leader

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Editor's Note The Cover Message from The King King Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu looks back on the first decade of the KZLA and looks to the future. Message from the ChiefMinister Prince Mangosuthu G Buthelezi takes stock of the first ten years and says every step taken in the KZLA teaches the value of pragmatism. KwaZulu- An Administrative Nightmare – A critical look at the administrative problems confronting KwaZulu, a region consisting of 40 bits and pieces of land. The Ten Years in a Nutshell A look at the first ten years against the backdrop of the Department of the Chief Minister, the pacemaker of the KwaZulu Government Service. KwaZulu Flag The Department ofAgriculture and Forestry The honest endeavour to help people to fend for themselves, despite severe limitation . Department ofWorks The biggest department in the KwaZulu Government Service , but also the Department with the biggest headaches. The Department of Justice The administration of justice in KwaZulu is one of the fastest growing services provided by the KwaZulu Government Service. The Department of Health and Welfare The care of the sick and of the aged will always be one of the top priorities of the developing world. The Department of Education and Culture Teaching the young and guarding over the cultural heritage of the nation . KwaZulu's problems in the educational field are similar to those found in any third world situation . The Department ofthe Interior This department has to look after a wide variety of matters in KwaZulu with the utmost circumspection. Its work encompasses anything from tribal matters to the complicated field of modern local administration in urban areas. Prosperity - The Slow Slog An overview of the economic progress and constraints in KwaZulu over the past ten years. The Department of Police One of the new departments which has already experienced tremendous growth . The History ofPrince Mangosuthu G Buthelezi Steeped in Zulu tradition , Chief Buthelezi was simply destined to become the political leader of the Zulu people. His personal story and that of the emergence of the Zulu people as a force in the seventies and eighties of this century are synonymous . Preserving the Heritage The Challenge The future of South Africa as seen through the eyes of one of the key men of today's politics in Southern Africa. Written by Chief Buthelezi himself, The Challenge is a realistic look at the present situation against the backdrop of the past. Chief Buthelezi also makes some suggestions regarding the future which should be carefully looked at by all whose concern it is to find a permanent solution to South Africa's problems. The Zulu Kings A brief look at the origin and history of the Zulu people with pictures of the Zulu kings. The KwaZulu Training Trust We do not ask for bread Only for the skill to produce it.

167

The Cabinet

Page 7

235

Message from the Chief Minister

72 84

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2

EDITOR'

S

NOTE

his publication would never have been possible without the T help of our friends . It took a publication like this

...

The support — financial and in many other ways is highly appreciated . In turn, it is our hope that this publication will make

to celebrate the first ten

its contribution towards a

years of the existence of

better understanding of and

the KwaZulu Legislative

more sympathy for the pro-

Assembly to bring home to

blems facing KwaZulu as a

us forcibly how many

region of South Africa and

friends KwaZulu and , more

the way in which the

particularly its Chief

KwaZulu Legislative

•

Minister, uMntwana Mangosuthu

Assembly is playing its part

G Buthelezi , have in South

in solving them .

Africa and further afield .

Part of the monies collected from the sale of this book will go to the KwaZulu Training Trust.-- Editor

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4

3 y l b

1 Modern technology is playing an important part in KwaZulu.

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2 The creation of job opportunities is one of the most important tasks facing KwaZulu .

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5 3 The Umgababa Seaside Holiday Resort on the Natal South Coast is a major attraction in KwaZulu.

4 A blending of the modern and the traditional . 9

10

8

THE MILL

SON

6 The KwaZulu flag.

GOB

A SIMUNYE 13

11

12

5 The Chief Minister of KwaZulu uMntwana Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi with the spade with which he turned the first sod for the new KwaZulu Legislative Assembly building.

14

1972-1982

7 Graduation ceremony at the University of Zululand . 8 Zulu shopkeepers in the rural areas of KwaZulu fulfil an important role in the community.

15

16 9 The KwaZulu coat- of- arms.

10 The Executive Hotel in Umlazi is owned and managed by a group of Zulu businessmen.

17 11 A typical rural scene. 12 The industrial growth point , iSithebe, which has played an important part in the creation of job opportunities in KwaZulu

13 Traditional roadside trading near Umgababa on the Natal South Coast.

HOOVER

14 A scene in the shanty town of Malukazi , in Umlazi, near Durban.

INSTITUTION

15 A modern house in Umlazi.

16 The University of Zululand, which has already established a proud tradition .

17 The head office of the KwaZulu Development Corporation , the economic arm of the KwaZulu Government.

THE

COVER

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4

KING GOODWILL ZWELITHINI kaBHEKUZULU KING OF THE ZULU NATION

LO

5

MESSAGE

THE

FROM

KING

Looking back upon the first decade of the existence of the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly , it fills me with pride and an immense sense of satisfaction to note the tremendous progress the Zulu people have made during this period .

The Zulu people have shown the pride with which gains can be made in the worst of political circumstances. Zulu solidarity has been enhanced by the political machinery of the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly and Zulu determination to remain proud South Africans has been demonstrated during the last 10 years.

I am proud of the manner in which my people in the last 10 years under the leadership of my uncle the Chief Minister have done all they have achieved through the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly to uphold the ideal of black unity , which motivated my ancestor King Shaka in all the things he did in the Southern African region.

The Legislative Assembly may be seen by some people as a mere transplant of Western democracy upon the Zulu nation . I prefer to view it merely as a natural extension and development of traditional Zulu culture and government.

We, the Zulu people , have always in the course of our history been renowned for the dialogue we conducted at all levels of authority. Authority was always vested in the people . Those who had to exercise that authority were instruments of the people for the benefit of the people .

The first ten years of the existence of the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly served to prove this point. The Legislative Assembly has today progressed to a stage where the Zulu nation looks upon it with a well justified pride and has confidence in its expression of the will of the people .

It is my wish that the Legislative Assembly will build further upon the foundation laid in the first decade and that it will continue to trust in God to guide it in its deliberations to continue to conduct its affairs to the best advantage of the Zulu people and to His eternal glory.

е G ZWELITHINI GOODWILL ZULU

6

uMNTWANA MANGOSUTHU GATSHA BUTHELEZI CHIEF MINISTER OF KWAZULU AND CHIEF OF THE BUTHELEZI'S PRESIDENT OF INKATHA YENKULULEKO YESIZWE (NATIONAL CULTURAL LIBERATION MOVEMENT)

7

MESSAGE

CHIEF

FROM

THE

MINISTER

The Kwazulu Legislative Assembly came into being on 1 April 1972 in accordance with Proclamation R70 of 30 March 1972. Thus we are in a position to look back upon the first decade of the existence of the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly.

At this juncture, after a decade of political experience in the Legislative Assembly, it behoves us to take stock and to re-examine the value of what we are doing . We have never been , nor are we now, trapped into a situation in which , whether we like it or not , we have to operate only within the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly .

On balance the last 10 years of our political experience have been valuable . In the first place , our involvement in the Assembly has ensured that KwaZulu will never accept so- called independence . We are thus encouraged to find that our involvement in the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly had rewards for every South African .

In the second place , the Legislative Assembly and all the politics which revolve around it have proved to be a very valuable training ground and exercise yard for those of us who are involved in constituency formation .

In the third place , the Legislative Assembly has correctly been used to enable us to do the best we can with the very meagre resources which have been allocated to KwaZulu by a political system which has precluded us.

Every act of political experience we have gained in being involved in the Legislative Assembly has taught us the value of pragmatism . As Blacks we have learnt that pragmatism is the best antidote to ideological apartheid . We have learnt that pragmatism and prudence are qualities which keep us proud as we strive for the best in the field of local and regional administration which is tackled through the KwaZulu Government .

We remain steadfast in our commitment to make the KwaZulu Government and its Legislative Assembly a mechanism for political advancement for South Africa.

Mangonitem MANGOSUTHU G. BUTHELEZI

‫عائد‬ ‫عصر‬

8

THE

KWAZULU

CABINET

1982

Back row: Mr C J Mtetwa , Minister of Justice , Dr O D Dhlomo, Minister of Education and Culture , and Dr FT Mdlalose, Minister of the Interior. Front: Chief M A Ngcobo, Minister of Works , UMntwana M Gatsha Buthelezi , Chief Minister, and Dr DR B Madide , Minister of Health and Welfare . Inset: uMntwana Langalethu Dlamini , Minister of Agriculture

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9

KWAZULU

AN

waZulu- once ADMINISTRATIVE

K the proud kingdom of the mighty warrior , Shaka

NIGHTMARE

- today consists of 40 bits and pieces of land to make it an unprecedented administrative nightmare . In additon , it has far too little land for its people to live on , nor enough job opportunities to swallow up the thousands of KwaZulu must always be seen from two points ofview. In the first place it is KwaZulu “the place of the Zulus”. It is an

KwaZulu, from another point of view, is 40 bits and pieces ofland left over after the colonial English grabbed what they could of Natal or the subsequent governments

newcomers who enter the labour market annually . This

after the Act of Union made available to the Zulu people. It is 40 pieces of land , left -overs , the fragments after White selfinterest had been satisfied.

uMntwana

of Natal,

In this sense it is an administrat-

Mangosuthu

parts of the Transvaal and parts of the Transkei. This is the area over

ive nightmare. Throughout the world administrative units at the local and regional level are contiguous units each with their own territorial integrity . If some of the counties of Britain or the United States of America had been fragmented and scattered as bits and pieces amongst other coun-

Gatsha Buthelezi ,

area living in the hearts and minds of over 5 000 000 people. In this idiom it comprises the

whole

which King Shaka had extended his sphere of interest. It is the home of military and political achievement and it is a place greatly loved by many millions.

is the challenge that

South Africa's most Supported black leader , has accepted

to improve the

ties and states, we would have the unthinkable equivalent of

quality of life of those

KwaZulu in the Western world.

destitute people .

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10

1 i KWAZULU AN

ADMINISTRATIVE NIGHTMARE } KwaZulu is a place unprecedented in the anals of administrative history. The administrative headaches which KwaZulu endures are difficult to describe. Add to the fragmented nature ofKwaZulu economic and demographic facts , and the headache becomes an administrative nightmare . KwaZulu cannot feed itself. KwaZulu cannot provide new jobs for each year's crop ofnew work-seekers . KwaZulu does not have income of its own for the houses, the hospital beds, classrooms and health services the people need. KwaZulu cannot pay the pensions old aged people require to survive . KwaZulu cannot afford adequate preventative medicine, nor can it afford the economic infrastructures which would ensure that it has merit as an investment area. KwaZulu Government departments do their work within this constant clamour from the economically destitute , the sick, the old and the angry . Because KwaZulu has accepted the challenge of doing better than any other authority to administer a fragmented administrative area in perilous economic circumstances, it has to work within the frustrations and the anger of the people. Chief Buthelezi has gathered around himself colleagues who have accepted the challenge as well. He did so because the people wanted someone they could trust to lead them safely through the changing circumstances of South Africa . The measure ofthe people's trust in the Chiefand his colleagues was shown by the fact that every seat in the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly was contested and won by Inkatha . The acceptance of what Chief Buthelezi is doing in the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly is shown by the veryrapid growth ofInkatha. Only two years after its founding , Inkatha had a larger paid up

membership than any other Black political organisation had ever had. ChiefButhelezi is South Africa's most supported black leader. People support him because they accept that there are limitations under which he has to work. The limitations under which the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly has to work are very restrictive. Not only is there a lack of sufficient developmental capital but both informal and formal restraints are operative. The informal restraints are perhaps the most illusive. No regional administration in the Western world would tolerate the structural ambiguity within which KwaZulu has to work. The South African Government regards homelands as emerging states, but Chief Buthelezi regards KwaZulu as an integral part of South Africa, which like it or not - will remain part of South Africa and will remain within the national political process ofthe country. This leads to political clashes between a regional and central authority. This informal restraint in, for example, formal planning, is coupled with formal restraints . Administration in KwaZulu is made complex by the fact that in important respects Pretoria has the ability to intervene in the affairs of KwaZulu . Not only this but the subjects ofKwaZulu's Administration are scattered over a number of other administrative units into which KwaZulu's ad-

ministrative efficiency has to penetrate. Blacks in White areas, so-called, are regarded as not being underthe jurisdiction ofthe local or regional authority where they find themselves. More than half ofKwaZulu's people live outside KwaZulu, and KwaZulu is expected to cater for many of their needs wherever they find themselves.

The other formal restriction on the KwaZulu Administration is the fact that it has to accept that it has no land bank, that marketing boards and facilities are White-producer orientated and that the instruments of development such as the KwaZulu Development Corporation work in parallel with more powerful Pretoria-controlled instruments such as the Corporation for Economic Development.

4

1

South Africa is now only beginning to train the Black population to take a fuller part in administration and industry. There is therefore a crippling shortage of qualified Blacks to fill key positions. Thus, the lack of trained personnel , the lack of sufficient funds for development and the lack of instruments for development, all within the ambiguous political framework of KwaZulu , make administration complex and difficult.

The people demand to be led through these circumstances imposed on them , and they demand that Chief Buthelezi , should lead them .

1

Chief Buthelezi

regards Kwazulu as

1 an integral part of South Africa which will remain within the national political process of the country.

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DESCRIPTION OF THE MACE OF THE

KWA

ZULU

LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY AND ITS SYMBOLIC SIGNIFICANCE

1.

On top of the mace is a typical ZULU HUT, "Indlu", to symbolise the birthplace of Zulu culture and custom and the close-knit Zulu family on which the whole Zulu social structure is built.

2.

This hut stands firmly on the MYSTICAL COIL - "Inkatha". The grass in this mystical coil was plucked from the thatch of the doorways of all Zulu Chiefs' huts and is known to the Zulus as "Inkatha yokusonga izwe". This is to symbolise the coil's deep power to unite and keep firm all the different tribes of the Zulu people. Each of the 285 strands around the coil represents one of the tribes composing the Zulu Nation.

3.

Below the mystical coil is a black BEER POT - "Ukhamba" adorned with the head of a white beast from the royal Zulu herd. This is to symbolise the traditional generosity and hospitality of both Zulu chief and commoner.

4.

Below the beer-pot is the traditional GRAIN-BASKET, "Isilulu", a battle axe, "Isizenze", and a knob-stick , "Iwisa". This is to symbolise the Zulu's origin from the North and

serves as a reminder to the rulers to see that the basket is kept full so that the Nation could be fed, and the shield warns that the Nation must be protected. 5.

Below the grain-basket is a black polished HEAD- RING, "isicoco", worn by Zulu dignitaries . This is to symbolise the wisdom and maturity of the Zulu elders and councillors, their inherent dignity, impeccable manners and respect for authority - "Inhlonipho".

6.

All these symbols stand upon four OSTRICH FEATHERS, "Izimpaphe Zentshe", worn by the Zulu warriors of old.

7.

Below the feathers the staff is square in shape. On two opposite sides of the square is the BROAD-BLADED STABBING ASSEGAI , "Iklwa”, used by the armies of Shaka , the Zulu King. This is to symbolise the discipline and strength of the Zulu nation.

8.

On the other two opposite sides of the square is portrayed the historical EVERLASTING SPEAR OF THE ZULUS , "Umkhonto Wenkosi Oyisimakade", kept by the Para-

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mount Chief. This is to symbolise the close association the Royal House of the Zulus has with this governing body; and the Nation's continued existence. 9.

On the scroll around the shaft appear the WORDS OF PRAISE This Zulu AND RESPECT. Government body will utter symbolising its affirmation of loyalty and union with the Paramount Chief of the Zulus and the Royal House "WENA WENDLOVU BAYETE!"

10. The mace is made of the inner heart wood of the Russet Willow (Combretum Apiculatum) . This tree is known to the Zulus as "Mbondwemnyama". In the time of the Zulu Kings, Shaka and Dingane, the "Keepers of Order" (and executioners) were armed with, heavy knob-sticks of this dark wood. The red wood of which the spears are made is the heart wood of the tree Rhamnus Zeyheri, known to the Zulus as "Mnini" or "Mcaka". This wood is the 'Royal' wood of the Zulus. 11.

The mace is carried vertically and is known in Zulu as "INDUKU YOMBUSO KA ZULU".

12

THE

TEN

IN

YEARS

A ་

) NUTSHELL

Some of South Africa's most under-developed regions are to be found in KwaZulu and the transition from the Third World type problems brought about by under-development to life based on industrial and agricultural efficiency is the responsibility of the KwaZulu Government. The Chief Minister, uMntwana Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi , has repeatedly stated that the development of KwaZulu as such cannot be divorced from the wider socio-economic and political problems of South Africa as a whole . At the same time, the Chief Minister and his Cabinet colleagues have accepted that KwaZulu is a region of South Africa , that there are people living there and that those people are their people who have have been left behind in the development race. They have , therefore , accepted the responsibility of doing whatever can be done during the interim period to develop those people and the region in which they live , however short or long it may be before finality is reached about the future of South Africa .

0000

E

The present home of the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly.

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The former home of the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly. The Chief Minister and his Cabinet are intensely aware ofthe fact that a transformation of Third World situations is a long and hard struggle. All freedom loving people in the world who are now in poverty situations or who have been in poverty situations are aware of the accumulative effects poverty has.

While every department of the KwaZulu Government is important and vital to progress, the Departement of the Chief Minister, Economic Affairs and Finance has a particular responsibility which must be mentioned . Not only does it provide an effi-

he history of the

The Legislative

cient and disciplined administrative back-up which

Assembly and the

enhances the work of every other department, but it also provides the Chief Minister and his Cabinet with the necessary machinery which enables them to pursue their policies and to

Department of the

Poverty and its debilitating social and economic consequences cannot be regarded as a problem which some political state in the future will remedy at the stroke of a pen. The KwaZulu Government is committed to finding solutions to today's problems within today's realities. The quest for equality ofopportunity and justice for all based upon that equality is pursued with vigour. This is a struggle at the national level which is not pursued at the expense ofthe living, the dying and the destitute.

In many respects the Department of the Chief Minister is in the forefront ofnew developments . It

The burden of being intensely practical falls on the shoulders of the Chief Minister and his six Cabinet colleagues who administer departments which provide the Chief Minister andthe Inkatha Natational Liberation Movement with day to day opportunities of being relevant to the needs ofthe people .

plays a key role in acquiring additional funds for departmental development and has an important input into the structuring and functioning of many aspects of government. It also plays a notable role in disseminating information and diplomatically representing the KwaZulu Government. Its organisational ability and its accumulated ex-

translate those policies into practical reality .

Chief Minister is inseparable . Since

the inception of the Legislative Assembly

The department sets the tone for stra r's admini the Chief Chief Ministe Minister's administration and his demands on it are very great and very varied.

the Department of the Chief Minister has played a key rôle in the affairs of the Assembly . This partnership is reflected in this

resumé of the first decade of the legislature .

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Legislative . Assembly of KwaZulu new the An impression artist's

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15

TEN YEARS IN A

NUTSHELL pertise make possible the smooth running of the Legislative Assembly when in session , and the processing of its business. It is against this backdrop that the history of the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly and the Department ofthe ChiefMinister must be viewed.

The Zulu Territorial Authority, forerunner of the present KwaZulu Legislative Assembly, was proclaimed on 22 May 1970. The Executive Committee, headed by ChiefButhelezi as the Chief Executive Councillor, consisted ofthe following members: Chief Sigidisabathembu Owen Sithole , Agriculture and Forestry . Chief Everson Thobigunya Xolo , Works . Mr Walter S P Kanye, Agriculture and Forestry. Mr Barney I Dladla, Community Affairs (now Interior) . Mr James A Nxumalo, Education and Culture

governing status was conferred upon the Legislative Assembly through Proclamation R11 dated 28 January 1977. It provided the Assembly with greater legislative powers and responsibilities for more aspects ofgovernment. The Executive Council became the Cabinet with six ministers and administrative heads of departments became secretaries . Presently the KwaZulu Cabinet consists ofthefollowing (in order of protocol):

days the Chief Minister had to travel between Mahlabatini and Nongoma almost daily on a dusty, bumpy gravel road to attend to the affairs of state. Later he also established an office near St Francis Mission in the Mahlabatini area where he could work and reveive visitors. The physical development work at Ulundi started in 1974 and by the end of January 1976 all six departments were accommodated in the provisional buildings designed as school and hostel complexes. The community hall was suitably equipped to house the sessions of the Legislative Assembly.

uMntwana Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi Chief Minister, Finance and Economic Affairs and Police . The Hon uMntwana Langalethu G Dlamini Agriculture and Forestry The Hon Chief M A Ngcobo - Works The Hon Mr C J Mtetwa — Justice Dr the Hon DR B Madide Health and Welfare Dr the Hon O D Dhlomo — Education and Culture Dr the Hon FT Mdlalose — Interior

Mr J J van der Watt was the first Secretary ofthe Department of the Chief Minister. He was succeeded by Mr C J Grobler (1973-74). Thereafter Mr PN the present Hansmeyer , Commissioner-General for KwaZulu , held the reigns up to 1976 when Mr EL Gregory was appointed. He was succeeded in 1981 by Mr E F Oltmann, who has been directly involved in the constitutional development process since 1962.

His Majesty the King is Zwelithini Goodwill Zulu ka (son of) Bhekuzulu ka Solomon ka Dinizulu ka Cetswayo ka Mpande, who was a brother of King Shaka, the founder of the Zulu nation.

The constitutional development ofKwaZulu gained new impetus on 1 February 1977 when self-

The Executive Committee took the oath of office on 1 June 1970 and commenced to function two days later in the recreation hall of the Bhekuzulu College at Nongoma. Work soon started on the drafting ofthe constitution ofthe KwaZulu Legislative Assembly and it was constituted on 1 April 1972 by Proclamation R70 dated 30 March 1972. Serving members ofthe ZTA continued in office for the remainder of their term.

Eventually, after two independent surveys had been conducted, it was decided to establish the capital at Ulundi. In those early

APAR

At the formation ofthe KwaZulu Legislative Assembly the office of the Chief Minister and the headquarters of the Department of Justice were at Nongoma, while the rest were stationed in Pietermaritzburg until it could be established where the capital of KwaZulu should be established.

The new Legislative Assembly under construction. It should be ready for occupation during 1983.

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TEN YEARS NA

NUTSHELL

Chief Buthelezi is King Goodwill's uncle and his adviser.

cedures. The present Whip ofthe Legislative Assembly is Mr SZ Conco and the Assistant Whip is Prince Gideon Zulu.

The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly is the Rt Rev retired Bishop A H Zulu. The Legislative Assembly consists of 131 members: An effortto muster an opposition The King and his personal party in the Legislative Assembly representative , Senior Prince came to nothing and the KZLA Israel ka Solomon, brother ofthe continues to function on the basis late King Cyprian Bekhezulu ofconsensus. At regular intervals 2; orwhenever necessary during the The 24 regional authorities each course of the session caucus represented by three elected meetings consisting of all chiefs - 72; members or ofspecialised groups Two tribal authorities with the convene. powers of a regional authority have direct representation by Study groups prepare themselves their chief - 2; for debates and responsibilities and 55 lay elected members. are allotted to members to take part in debates on specific sub- Presently the Department ofthe jects, without detracting from the Chief Minister consists of: right of members to speak in ac- The Public Service Commission; cordance with the rules and pro- The Bureau of Community

Mr E F Oltmann Secretary, Department of the Chief Minister & Economic Affairs.

Development; Bureau of Natural The Resources ; The Bureau of Communication; Administrative Services; Legislative Assembly and Urban Representatives and Local Government . The Chief Minister is also Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs and of Police.

THE The KwaZulu Flag Act, 1977 (Act No. 6 of 1977) was published in the KwaZulu Official Gazette , Volume No. 10 dated 28 October 1977. The Flag was first flown at Ulundi at the Legislative Assembley on 10 May 1978. Following is a description of the Flag: "The width of the Flag of KwaZulu shall be equal to two-thirds of its length.

KWAZULU

FLAG

On the left of the Flag shall be a vermillion coloured vertical panel of which the width shall be equal to one third of the width of the Flag and in the middle of this panel shall be portrayed in white a shield of a Zulu warrior, five-ninths the height of the Flag. The right hand portion of the Flag shall be divided into five horizontal panels . The top and the bottom panels shall be white and each of these panels shall be equal to one-third of the height of the Flag. The middle three portions shall be equal in width and coloured from top to bottom, gold, green and black.

SO

NQ

The KwaZulu Flag shall be flown side by side with the National Flag of the Republic at the building where the Legislative Assembly holds its sessions, at the principal administrative offices of each department and all main district offices of the Government of KwaZulu and at such other places in KwaZulu as the Chief Minister may determine ."

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17

AGRICULTURE

THE

LIFE

BLOOD

OF

THE

PEOPLE

The

he

T responsibilities in this department are awesome indeed. No matter what political

changes are brought about in the country, the impetus of the past and present population explosion in Black society and the inherent restrictions which

of rtme n t Agriculture and Forestry has the urgent task ofmaking the people ofKwa Zulu more selfsufficient in the basics of life than they have been in the past. This means more than enabling people to feed themselves. It means a sensitive and detailed analysis of natural resources in the rural areas and the merging ofthe human material and technology available to make every hectare ofground more productive . Purely subsistence farming must give way to farming for surpluses and the importance of cash cropping must be brought home to the people. They must also be provided with the training facilities and outside service agencies which a revolutionized agricultural way of life demands .

trols eight plantations and is | In 1972 the budget of the responsible for the Cwaka Department totalled R2 759 000. In 1981/82 Agricultural College. it had snowballed to

The Department currently consists of seven divisions; Forestry , Agriculture , Veterinary Services, Engineering Services, Training, Extension and Administration . With the head office at Ulundi, it is divided into four regions and 24 districts , con-

At its establishment in 1972, the Department had 673 permanent and 3 180 temporary posts . Ofthe permanent posts 230 were not filled . Today the Department has 896 permanent posts, of which 260 mostly in the engineering field - are not filled.

Depa

The agricultural branch is responsible for the planning of balanced agricultural development, the promotion of a healthy agricultural economy and the rendering of agricultural field services. In addition, it assists in community development projects and the conservation of natural resources. Training plays an essential part in the programme ofthe Department. One of the highlights in this regard has been the institution of a two year course for female agricultural home economics officers at the Cwaka Agricultural College as recognition of the important role of the mother in the enculturation process.

operate to prohibit economic expansion , there is no pro-

spect of supplying those who cannot live off the land with jobs.

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R19 439 000 . The greatest success was achieved in the field ofsugar can production. In 1972 KwaZulu growers delivered 418 000 tons of cane worth R2,5 million . During the past season it was more than one million tons which fetched more than R25 million. The success was mainly due to the fact that the SA Sugar Association established the Financial Aid Fund from which KwaZulu growers could borrow money for the development ofcane. At the same time, the Department constructed the required infrastructure for this development, including thousands of kilometres ofcontours and in field roads. The Nguni cattle herd ofthe Department at Bartlow Combine has improved to such an extent that buyers from beyond the borders of South Africa have shown considerable interest in acquiring breeding stock from Bartlow.

18

THE HON uMNTWANA LANGALETHU GRIFFITHS DLAMINI MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE Chief Langalethu Griffiths Dlamini, the KwaZulu Minister of Agriculture, was born in the royal Mahashini kraal in the Nongoma district on 11 March 1941. His father was the late Chief Mdibaniso Dlamini, of the Nhlangwini tribe of Mzumbe, and his mother is Princess Kessie Mpiyamaxhegu, one of the daughters of King Dinizulu. Chief Dlamini was a pupil of the Mpumalanga Community School at Mahashini, the Mhlophenkulu High School and the Inkamane High School. He later

matriculated at the Zulu Training School at Amanzimtoti. He first worked as a clerk at the King Edward VIII Hospital in Durban and became deputy chairman and chairman of the Khanyamasikwakithi Regional Authority. He was chairman of the Rural Licensing Board for three terms before he was appointed to the KwaZulu Cabinet as Minister of Agriculture and Forestry. Chief Dlamini has seven children. His hobbies are soccer and hunting.

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19

AGRICULTURE THE LIFE BLOOD OF THE PEOPLE The Department has em- | perienced by KwaZulu during barked upon a programme of the past three years emphaimproving irrigation schemes sised the need for clean in partnership with the drinking water. The departKwaZulu Development ment, therefore, more than doubled the number of boreCorporation. holes in the region. The Department has already drawn up a plan for the The existing plantations were overall agricultural develop- maintained since 1972 and ment of KwaZulu and is now those in the Mbazwana , embarking upon the im- Manzengwenya area have provement of its extension been extended . The plantaservices . tions have developed to such an extent that large contracts Saturation point has nearly for the delivery of pulp and been reached with the train- saw wood have been entered ing ofAnimal Health Officers. into and a sawmill will be erected at Mbazwana in the The severe drought ex- near future .

The production of sugar cane has played an important part in improving the quality of life for farmers in KwaZulu.

A typical Zulu kraal.

Mr Hein Ferreira Secretary for Agriculture

The size of land available to Zulu farmers is often a constraint in agricultural production.

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20

7

DEPARTMENT

OF

WORKS

All departments have to be practical . The Department of Works, more than any other, provides a service function and establishes and maintains a physical infrastructure for every aspect of human life. It is concerned with housing, township lay-outs and the provision of essential services . It is concerned with providing the Department of Education with schools and the Department of Health and hospitals and clinics . It is concerned with doing whatever can be done to provide the people of KwaZulu with a better deal in essential services . As in all departments, any limitation on the effectiveness of the Department of Works arises from the severe financial restrictions within which it has to operate and not from the policy of the KwaZulu Government . The KwaZulu Government is painfully aware of the almost inhuman conditions under which thousands of people have to live because of the lack of adequate housing and essential services . It is aware of the need for more schools, hospitals and other social and health facilities . The Department of Works does whatever it can to gain a maximum benefit from the meagre funds at its disposal .

The KwaZulu Department of Works was established in April 1972 and the first Executive Councillor for Works was Chief ET Xolo . He was succeeded by Chief M A Ngcobo, the present Minister of Works in 1977 and the title of Executive Councillor was changed to that of Minister in the same year. Since it's inception , the Department has had four Secretaries who were responsible for the overall administrative and financial control. These were Mr White ( 1972-74) , Mr S J p Ellis (1974-75) , Mr W vd Merwe ( 1976-78) and the present Secretary, Mr E A Johns . The Department is essentially a service Department and as such is responsible for the construction and maintenance of schools, training colleges, hospitals, clinics, houses,

Administrative and Clerical Professional

Technical Semi- and Unskilled Labour Total

1972/73

%

1981/82

51 10

299

5

319

5 1 31

20 1113

0,5 19,5

669

63

4213

75

1059

-

5645

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flats, administrative buildings, the development of townships, the construction and maintenance of electrical , water and sewage treatment schemes, the construction and maintenance of Government roads , bridges and landing strips, the supply and maintenance of transport and technical and supervisory in-service training . The Department undertakes engineering survey work and has a fully equipped Drawing Office and an Engineering Workshop whose services are available to all KwaZulu Departments. The Department has an approved staff establishment of 5654 posts representing a wide range of professional, technical and administrative personnel. The Department commenced with 1059 posts and the following table reflects a direct comparison with the positions today.

T

4

% 1

21

DEPARTMENT

OF

WORKS

The availability of finance plays an important role where the development is involved and the following table illustrates the comparative expenditure in 1972/73 and 1981/82 .

6 74

19m 38,1m

19,1 38,3

0,7m

15

Total

0.8m 10,2m

༠ ཁ

Transport

0,4m

223

Administration Water Electricity Roads, Bridges, etc. Buildings outside Townships Township Development Plant and Workshop Services

1981/82 R 12,5m 1,3m 0,8m 5,9m

9,5m 12,3m

9,6 12,4

1972/73 R 1,4m 0,3m --

23,8m

The Department has been involved in some outstanding projects during the first 10 years of it's existence and the following table shows the work that has been undertaken under various categories. These Statistics include both major renovations and new projects: -

Project Hospitals Clinics Housing Units Administrative buildings Schools , colleges and hostels Public buildings Water Schemes Electricity Schemes Sewage Schemes

Quantity 9 67 16 430 51 206 52 22 34 14

% 10

-

% 12,6 1.3 0,8 5,9

99,4m

The Department's transport fleet has grown from 56 vehicles in 1972/73 to 3094 vehicles in 1981/82 and in 1980 the transport service was extended to include an Air Service. During the first 10 years major mechanical plant has increased by 13 % from 343 items in 1972/73 to 387 items in 1981/82. This small increase in relation to the 400 % increase in road building , was made possible by centralised control of major plant and by pur-

With the continued growth of the Department, it became necessary to regionalise in 1977, and four divisions, each under the control of a Director of Works, were formed , and in 1979 Roads and Bridges construction was centralised under a Chief Engineer. This not only allowed for improved project control and management in the regions , but also for roads, which are of Natal/KwaZuiu regional interest, to be planned at regional level with the N.P.A. Up to 1979 priorities for new projects were determined by the Department in consultation with the secretaries of other Departments. In 1979 this procedure was changed and individual Departments now decide and are responsible for their own priorities. These are then submitted to the KwaZulu Cabinet who then determine and approve the overall priorities .

f meaningful development is to take place then the task of the Department in the next decade will be an enormous one.

Fisboa gracicadu mus CROOKES BROTHERS LIMITED

22

THE HON CHIEF M A NGCOBO MINISTER OF WORKS Chief Mzunjani Alpheus Ngcobo was born in the Ndwedwe District on 5 June 1927. His father was the late Chief Ndodembi Ka Mandlakayise Ngcobo. Chief Ngcobo received his primary education at the Umzinyathi School and his secondary education at Umphumulo College, Eshowe High School and at Adam's College near Amanzimtoti. He obtained his matriculation through a correspondence course. Chief Ngcobo was appointed chief of the Amaqadi tribe - a big tribe residing in the districts of Ndwedwe, Maphumulo and Hlanganani (Impendle) . The tribe owns the farm Nooitgedacht in the Im-

pendle/Hlanganani district. He takes a keen interest in farming and is a director of the Sukumani Development Company engaged in sugar cane farming in the Ndwedwe district. He is also chairman of the Ndwedwe Regional Authority which he represents in the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly. Chief Ngcobo, who is married and has ten children, is a member of the Nazareth Baptist Church (Shembe), and is interested in tennis and soccer. He was appointed as Minister of Works on 19 May 1978.

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23

chasing the most effective types of plant. Some of the major projects that have been or are being undertaken by the Department during the past 10 years are the following: Project

DEPARTMENT

Cost

Esikhawini Teachers Training College Esikhawini Flats - 20 Blocks Esikhawini Electrical Supply Ezakheni Access Road Sweetwaters/Taylors Halt Road Umlaas River Bridge Gamalakhe Sewerage Works Prince Msheyeni Hospital - Emlazi Umbumbulu Teachers Training College Mpumalanga Workshop Ngwelezana Hospital Extensions Osizweni Water Reticulation Msinga High School Hostel Complex Ulundi Administration Block Legislative Assembly Complex Services for Ulundi Madadeni Regional Sewage Works Ezakheni Water Works Mosvold/Ingwavuma Water Scheme Manguzi Hospital Extensions Charles Johnson Memorial Hospital Extensions Okukhu/Umfolozi Game Reserve Road & Bridges

R 4 500 000 R 3 460 000 R 3 900 000 R 1 070 000 R 1 200 000 R 1 410 000 R 1 000 000 R12 000 000 R 4 800 000 R27 000 000 R 2 700 000 R 1 000 000 R 1 170 000

OF

WORKS

R24 000 000 R 4 770 000 450 000 R R 410 000 R 2 600 000 R 880 000 R 2 400 000

The following table illustrates the scope of courses run bythe Department's training centre and also the attendance figures since the commencement of the centre in 1977.

Course Compilation of Paysheets Heavy Vehicle Drivers Senior Foremen Diesel & Motor Mechanics Welders Painting and glazing Grader Operators Road Construction Ministerial Drivers Senior Artisan Foremen Building Valuation Switchboard Operators Advanced Senior Artisan Foremen Learner Drivers Tyre Changing Water & Sewerage Operators Advanced Steam Boiler Operators Fire Fighting Apprentice Training Aptitude Testing Vision Screening Sanitation Operator Radio Communication Plumbing & Pipe laying Steel Fixing

Refrigeration, Air Conditioning Cable Jointing Steam Boiler Operator First Aid Stores Officer Lubrication & Service Bricklaying Carpentry Security Guards Pump Attendants Compilation of Order Books

Attendance 65 117 9 61 13 38 153 63 13 75 8 104 11 8 3 24 11 31 3 235 30 135 70 15 12 10 15 205 40 68 29 26 52 61 29 18

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Mr Tony Johns Secretary for Works

24

DEPARTMENT

OF

WORKS

Apart from the above, the Department has 9 undergraduates at University studying for BSc degrees in Electrical, Civil and Chemical Engineering, and 26 Trainee Technicians studying for diploma courses at Technikons . In addition 2 Civil Engineers and 1 Electro Technical Engineer have already completed their degrees and are at present in their training period prior to professional registration.

BOOG Plans for the future: If the meaningful development is to take place then the task of the Department in the next decade will be an enormous one. There are already hundreds of identified priority projects which have not as yet been started due to a shortage of funds . As examples it may be mentioned that the Department of Education has a backlog of classrooms , schools, teachers training colleges, staff houses etc. All Departments have a shortage of office accommodation and staff housing and millions of rand will still be required for the development of the capital at Ulundi . Further extension of most of the 26 townships, particularly , the provision of serviced sites for home ownership , is essential if chaos in the urbanisation process is to be averted . The Department of Health has identified an immediate shortage of approximately 200 clinics if, a satisfactory Health Service is to be provided , most of the 30 hospitals in KwaZulu require major extension or improvements. The construction of roads and bridges and the proper maintenance of the existing approximately 8500 kms of roads is another major priority if the commuter routes from rural areas to work opportunities in the cities are to function properly and if agricultural and other development in the rural areas is to succeed. In order to achieve the planned objectives not only will the necessary finance be essential but training of professional , technical and skilled staff will have to be accelerated if the Department is to have any measure of success in the challenge which awaits it.

Not by 1 Fry of grantly goes DARLING & HODGSON CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS NATAL.

25

he

Dep

is art

men actively involved t in

improving the

education and training of its employees at all — levels from the

academic to the technical .

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26

THE HON MR C J MTETWA MINISTER OF JUSTICE Celani Jeffrey Mtetwa was born in the Majozi Ward of Chief Velaphi in the district of Msinga on 5 August 1924. He attended school at the Gordon Memorial School in the Msinga district and started his career as a despatch clerk in Johannesburg. He later joined the staff of the Waterfall Hospital in Johannesburg and returned to Msinga to take up his duties as a Deputy Chief of the Majozi tribe. Mr Mtetwa has had wide experience in local government and holds or has held the following positions: member of the executive of the Msinga Regional Authority responsible for Justice

and Education; chairman of the Rural Licensing Board; chairman of the Msinga branch of the Inyanda Chamber of Commerce and chairman of the Northern Natal Region of Inyanda. He initiated the imposition of communal fines in the Msinga district; the application of section 4(1 ) and (2) of the Dangerous Weapons Act, 1968 (Act 71/68) in the Msinga district; and the ninety days detention without trial clause in terms of the Suppression ofCommunism Act, 1950, as ammended. Mr Mtetwa is married and has four children.

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27

JUSTICE

GIANT - A

AND

n these modern days most of life in one way or another is

attended by contractual considerations . The rights and

STILL

The Department of Justice has the very demanding task of attending to just relationships between individuals in KwaZulu and has to protect the individual freedoms and rights those people do enjoy. There is no justice without wisdom and the Department ofJustice serves to do whatever it can to provide the final sanctions oflaw where human disputes break out, or where there are conflicting vested interests. This Department has the particular and grave responsibility of having to work within the Central Government's framework of a

privileges , obligations and duties of the individual have to

GROWING

social, economic and political system which the average Black South African regards as unjust. The Department of Justice came into being on 1 April 1972 and its first head office was at Nongoma. Mr WSP Kanye was the first Minister ofJustice. He was succeeded byMr CJ Mtetwa, who is still in that portfolio. The first Secretary for Justice was Mr A B Colenbrander, who was succeeded by Messrs E Hastie, NA Otte and the present incumbent ofthe post, Mr W F N Wiggill. The Department of Justice is responsible for administering justice in 26 magisterial districts. During 1980 eight new venues for sittings ofcommissioners' courts were proclaimed for the convenience of the public. Additional venues are being considered in order to obviate the long distances people still have to travel to attend cases.

be respected in all communities, and they have to be given positive sanctions of law.

Six district magistrates offices - those at Hlabisa, Mahlabatini, Nqutu, Nkandla, Msinga and Ndwedwe are manned entirely by Zulus. New magistrates offices are under construction at Ezingolweni, while periodical court buildings are being built at Ekuvukeni and Ndumu. In addition, 14 magistrates offices, 11 sub-offices and seven periodical courts are in the planning stage.

Provision has also been made for the erection ofa supreme court and a regional court at the administrative complex presently under construction at Ulundi. The Department has been responsible forthe preparation of a number of important acts which were promulgated by the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly.

Mr WFN Wiggil Secretary for Justice

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28

HEALTHY

IN

he staff

e Th situation , although not critical in some spheres, is rather strained in the medical , paramedical , professional and administrative work situations .

GROWTH

MEDICAL

By the very nature of the population of KwaZulu , inhuman demands are made on this department. It has to cater for the medical and welfare needs of communities within which a large and perhaps even a dominant part exist on or below the standards of minimum subsistence . In addition , it has to do so within the framework of a severe shortage of doctors and nurses and a frightening backlog of hospital and clinic facilities . The medical system in South Africa has evolved in the larger metropolitan areas and is more designed for an affluent industrial society than it is for a poverty-stricken people living below the bread-line. Preventitive medicine and the provision of health training and child care facilities are the responsibility of the Department of Health and Welfare. The people of KwaZulu are not poor by their own choice and the diseases which stem from want and malnutrition are not there by invitation . The Department of Health and Welfare does a noble task of caring for the sick, aged and disabled in the best possible way, given the overall way of life Blacks have to contend with in South Africa . As in every other department, but perhaps more so in this department, the urgent need for vast amounts of money cannot be overemphasised . What little there is has to be stretched to extreme limits and this remains one of the deep concerns of the department. The preparatory phase for the establishment of a Department of Health and Welfare of KwaZulu commenced with the establishment of a small Regional Office of Health Services at Ulundi with responsibilities for preventive services and total control of Mission Hospitals in KwaZulu on 1 December 1976. This office was responsible to the Republican Department of Health Pretoria. On 1 October 1977 the Department of Health and Welfare was formed and took over the following responsibilities : Local responsibilities and Mission Hospitals from the Regional Office Ulundi.

EDBLO (AFRICA) LTD.

SERVICES

Departmental responsibilities and State Hospitals from the Republican Department of Health, Pretoria. Welfare, pension and clinic responsibilities from Community Affairs. (Now the Department of the Interior) . The Department commenced with the administering of these activities with very few staff members initially. The total financial responsibility at that stage amounted to R14 000 000 annually . Nine Mission hospitals were taken over on 1 October 1979 and the remaining four were taken over during 1981 with the last one on 1 January 1982. On 1 February 1979 the Department also took over certain Welfare and Pensions responsibilities which increased the Department's financial liabilities by approximately 50 % . The total financial implication of the Department's activities has now escalated to nearly R128 000 000 per year. The staff situation , although not critical in some spheres is rather strained in the medical, para-medical professional and administrative work situations. In order to perform the mammoth task the Department is responsible for, it presently employs 14000 individuals of which 450 are being seconded from Central Government. Originally the Department was divided into three main branches: Health Services Welfare Services; and Administration The headquarters of the Department is at Ulundi from where all its activities are co-ordinated and managed . A brief resumé for the various activities is as follows: HEALTH SERVICES: The Department has introduced the internationally accepted hospitalcentred comprehensive health and welfare service where each hospital is responsible for the running of a number of peripheral clinics, and where it is planned to ultimately have a clinic within walking distance in all populated areas. All aspects of curative and preven-

29

ince October 1977 when the Department of Health and Welfare was formed, the annual budget has grown from

R14 million to

some R130 million .

tive medicine including a School nursing service, are provided for ranging from the most basic facilities at rural level to sophisticated and advanced procedures at KwaZulu Specialistic Hospitals such as at Edendale and Ngwelezana . The Department is continuing with the expansion of the physical infrastructure by developing hospitals such as Prince Mshiyeni which will eventually have 1700 beds and which has partly been commissioned in the beginning of 1982 as an outpatient clinic and a 20 bed casualty clearance centre . The expansion of Ngwelezana and Edendale Hospitals are on-going projects and valuable work has been done at Church of Scotland , Charles Johnson , Manguzi and Mosveld Hospitals . In addition to this the Department is increasing its clinic complement at the rate of 10 per year as an on-going project. The Department has been fortunate in having been presented with some donated residential and three mobile clinics during 1982 . The clinic service was increased from 91 clinics in 1979 to 132 as at the end of January 1982. The Nursing back-up of the foregoing has been exemplary. The Department is doing. most of its own Nurse training and advanced post- basic training has escalated from 194 candidates in 1977 to 354 in 1982.

To run welfare institutions and promote private initiative in welfare work; and To make a contribution in the development of the communities.

3. Service Development: Professional welfare services in KwaZulu have developed along the traditional trend of emphasising probation and institution work which chiefly use the methods of casework and groupwork. These methods are useful tools to treat the individual members of the communities, but they have been found lacking in developing the underpriviledged communities . That is the reason why in the structure of the staff establishment of this section the Department has added the Development wing to complement the services of the Field and the institution wings. The Development Wing will concern itself with development and research.

The Department is running seven institutions: 2 Places of safety, 2 reform schools, 2 old age chronic sick homes and a handicraft centre. These institutions serve people inside and outside KwaZulu .

The Department appointed its first Chief Nursing Officer on 1 January 1979 together with two Deputy Chief Nursing Officers . Their task to organise, develop and improve nursing services within the comprehensive Health Care approach adopted by the KwaZulu Government, was carried out most successfully . To compensate for certain areas where there is inadequate medical cover, the Department is giving active attention to Primary Health Care training of nursing staff to equip them properly for the additional responsibilities. The Department's role in the combatting and control of Cholera especially during 1981 and 1982 has taxed Departmental resources and facilities to the full but the contribution towards the national effort has been widely acclaimed. WELFARE PROFESSIONAL BRANCH : 1. Purpose:

To engage professional services in dealing with welfare problems in KwaZulu . 2. Functions: To organise and control welfare services in the fields ;

he DepartThe ment is

increasing its clinic complement at the rate of ten percent

per year as an ongoing project.

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? 30

>

THE HON DR DR B MADIDE MINISTER OF HEALTH AND WELFARE Dr Dennis Rheinallt Bhekokwahe Madide was born at Ceza Mission in the district of Mahlabathini on 15 December 1938. His parents were teaching at the Mission and his grandfather was a minister. Dr Madide was educated at Nkamana where he achieved his junior certificate, while he matriculated at Marianhill. He attained a BA degree from the University of Roma in Lesotho. Subsequently he studied medicine at the University of Natal, obtaining his MB, ChB in 1968. He completed his internship year at King Edward VIII Hospital in Durban and worked at several hospitals since then - Ceza, Nkonjeni, Hlabisa and Emmaus. In 1973 he opened his private practice at

Mtubatuba and a year later became a member of the Hlabisa Regional Authority. In the same year he was elected Chairman of the Licensing Board of the Hlabisa District. In 1975 he became a member of the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly, representing the Hlabisa Regional Authority. On 26 July 1977 he was appointed Acting Minister ofthe Interior. On the formation of the Department of Health and Welfare on 1 October 1977, he was appointed as Minister responsible for that Department and acting Minister of the Interior until Dr Mdlalose took over the latter portfolio.

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31

HEALTHY IN

GROWTH

MEDICAL SERVICES

A Nursing Sister lectures to mothers at the Ncibidwane Health Clinic.

.

The growth of the section can be best measured by the number of professional posts which have increased as follows: Social workers from 43 to 83 Senior Social workers from 7 to 14 2 to 3 Principal Social workers from Chief Professional officer from Oto 1 1 O to Assistant Secretary from TOTAL 52 to 102

>

ADMINISTRATION: This branch is divided into three divisions; namely auxillary services , administrative services and staff . The various divisions have a multitude of functions including control of stores, general office services, administrative services which include welfare pension schemes, register welfare organisations, compile legislation and keep records and statistics .

Dr M V Gumede Secretary for Health and Welfare

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32

1

EDUCATION

TRAINING

THE 1

TEACHERS

FIRST

I

1 I 1

The hard-headed pragmatism which characterises the whole of the KwaZulu administration is nowhere more evident than in the Department of Education's relentless drive to equip Black people to participate more fully in the development of the country's riches and to gain more from that development than they have ever done in the past. No KwaZulu school is closed to any child on the basis of ethnic divisions . The teaching profession is not closed to any race group . The legal restrictions which prohibit whites from attending Black schools are not of KwaZulu's making . There is in the Department of Education and Culture a deep concern for the quality of education and the facilities within which youth acquire education . With perhaps more than half of KwaZulu's population being 16 years and younger, the demands on this department for increased facilities and more teachers are very great indeed . Whatever can be done is being done and again, within the hard realities of the

limitations which every Black South African faces , the Department of Education and Culture is making its contribution to liberation . THE BEGINNING The present Minister of the Department, The Hon. Dr O D Dhlomo, assumed the reins of office in April 1978. The Department came into operation on the 1st April 1972 under the auspices of the, then, KwaZulu Territorial Authority. The Councillor in charge at the inception ofthe department was The Hon. JAW Nxumalo. He retired as a minister after having served for five years. The department has had two Directors and two Secretaries in the ten-year period of its existence. The present Secretary, Mr JE Ndlovu, has held office since the last Quarter of 1980. Previously he had been Assistant Secretary (Professional) in the department for some time.

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SOME OF THE NOTEWORTHY DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PAST YEARS The past decade has been marked by development and growth. The year 1981 stands out in this respect . A topmost priority of the department is the production of teachers. When the Umbumbulu College of Education opened its doors to the first group of students in 1981 the event signalled yet another milestone in our quest for adequately trained teachers. Plans were also completed for a new College of Education at Esikhawini, near Richards Bay. It should open its doors in 1983. Perhaps the most exciting event concerned our teachers in Primary Schools . A sustained effort was made to get them to improve their academic qualifications - 9000 of them (out of 13000) will be writing their matriculation examination shortly. On the whole 1981 has been a progressive year for the Department. It was decided to re-examine the entire system . The greatest emphasis on the improvement of the quality of education concerned teachers and teachertraining. Ways and means were going to be sought of enhancing the quality of the educational service throughout. The department obtained the services of an educational consultant of international repute to advise on the most modern methods.

The whole establishment has grown in terms of numbers and complexity of organisation . There are now over 900 people in charge at headquarters and throughout the region . The remarkable growth in the higher echelons can be gauged from the followingfigures: at inception there were 84 people above the grade of senior clerk; today they number 130. There were 21 circuits at the start: they have grown to 25. And what of the budget? It has also mirrored the growth in the demand for facilities and services in the past ten years . We began with a budget of R7 868 500. The 1981/82 budget of R86 869 500 represents a percentage growth in excess of 1000. The tremendous growth in the number of pupils in schools called for large numbers of teachers to teach them . Over the 10 years the number has risen by 35,8 % to the present level of 18 478. Though the department was constrained to use some who were not so well equipped , no effort was spared to try to fit them for their task.

Teachers in secondary schools have been taken into consideration as well . Plans for the upgrading of their qualifications were formulated . Two kinds of courses were planned . Teachers who have the Senior Certificate together with a Primary Teachers Certificate will be the target of the one course. They will follow the course through part-time study at stipulated centres. Completion of the course will entitle them to a Junior Secondary Teachers' certificate . Teachers who already possess a JSTC will be the target of the other course. They will study to qualify for the Senior Teachers' Diploma. Teaching will be conducted through correspondence . This will be supplemented by contact teaching at certain periods. Another noteworthy occurrence of the past year has been the commissioning of the Platoon system at Madadeni College of Education by Control Data. This institution , which already had closed circuit television , was fortunate to have this added facility. Madadeni is one of only two institutions in the country so equipped. Much was accomplished also in the area of human relations . A special effort was made by the Secretary to reach much of the realm to confer with school committees, principals, parents and communities at large on matters of mutual interest. An office of public relations was created to keep the department informed on all vital issues affecting its role in the community. Pre-school education cannot be introduced yet . A school readiness project was, however, launched within the existing structure . It was on a pilot basis and involved a limited number of circuits and schools . It was evaluated by our own Psychological Services Section and found promising.

THE PAST TEN YEARS OF THE DEPARTMENT'S EXISTENCE : AN OVERVIEW The period of ten years that the department has gone through will go down as perhaps the most eventful in its history. It would seem the people's hunger for education and enlightenment was at its highest . School population figures swelled enormously. The present figure of 916 310 is almost double the figure of ten years ago . It represents a 94,2 % growth. Much has been done to cope with the demand for education . Consequently, changes have come about that were intended to improve the service to the schools .

t has been

said that an education system is as good as the corps of teachers who have to give it effect.

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34

THE HON DR O D DHLOMO , MINISTER OF EDUCATION AND CULTURAL AFFAIRS

Dr Oscar Dumisani Dhlomo was born at Umbumbulu on 28 December 1943 and matriculated at the Amanzimtoti Zulu Training School in 1962. He obtained his BA degree at the University of Zululand in 1965. A year later he was awarded the U Ed from the University of South Africa. He achieved a BA Hons (history) in 1970 from Unisa, a B Ed from the University of Zululand in 1972, M Ed from the same university in 1975 and a D Ed from the University of South Africa in 1979 on the thesis: An evaluation of some problems in teacher training for developing countries with special reference to KwaZulu. He taught history at Menzi High School in Umlazi from 1967 to 1972. From 1972 to 1974 he was principal of Kwa Shaka Secondary School, Umlazi and in 1974 he was appointed lec-

turer in Education (Department of Didactics) at the University of Zululand, until he was appointed to the KwaZulu Cabinet in his present position in 1978. He was granted the Sir Ernest Oppenheimer University Travelling Fellowship and the British Council Scholarship in 1976 and travelled to England and Scotland to study current trends in education. In 1977 he visited Brazil and the United States of America under the auspices of the International Visitors' Programme of the US State Department. Dr Dhlomo, who is married and has four children, is the Secretary General of the national cultural liberation movement, Inkatha yeNkululeko yeSizwe in which he plays a leading role.

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35

EDUCATION

-

TRAINING

THE

TEACHERS

FIRST

KDC THANK

ILE NING ‫ ון‬T

In the sphere of teacher-training much has taken place . It has been said that an education system is as good as the corps of teachers who have to give it effect. The ideas of regular in-service training of teachers, of giving them specialised training, of widening their professional horizons through overseas travel , of producing them in greater numbers, of strengthening their academic base and training them for a longer period were put into effect within the past ten years. Three more colleges have been built. A permanently organised centre came into operation . Its scope is expanding. The number of teachers produced now has almost doubled since 1972. Specialist teachers in woodwork are being taught at Amanzimtoti . Special arrangements have been made to produce the much needed teachers in mathematics and science at Eshowe . Diploma courses have been inaugurated at all colleges of education . The acquisition of the higher qualifications will enhance the status ofthe

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Mr JE Ndlovu Secretary for Education & Culture

36

Chief Inspector was non-existent. There are now five who hold office in that category. EDUCATION

TRAINING

THE

TEACHERS

FIRST

teachers, benefit them in the matter of parity of salaries , and improve the quality of education they dispense. Children deserve special mention here . They are the target of the system. Someone has called them the "consumers of the curriculum". Early in the decade the department disposed of the mother tongue as medium of instruction in the higher primary classes . English was used instead. Next to be considered was the matter of three languages (Zulu , English , Afrikaans) in lower primary school . It was decided to introduce Afrikaans only in the higher primary school. There has been a sustained effort to try to diversify what is offered to the pupils . In order to boost the teaching of mathematics and science the services of a specialist organiser were obtained . Whereas there were a total of 13 senior secondary schools in 1972 , there are 117 today. Mathematics is taught in 63 , and physical science in 36 of these . The Universities of the Orange Free State, Zululand and Natal have been of inestimable value in this effort . They have helped with in-service courses for teachers in these subjects. Much progress has been made. Technical education and industrial education also received attention . Two more technical colleges (formerly technical institutes) were built during this time with the help of the Private sector . Two of the colleges are used for the training of apprentices, which is a new development in this department. The four industrial schools came into being during this period and offer trade training over a short period lasting three months. Differentiation has also been attempted in terms of commercial subjects . Teachers especially trained to teach these subjects are instructed at Amanzimtoti. In the mid -seventies the teachers were introduced to Nature Conservation . The Wildlife Society played an unforgettable role here . A few years later a new subject – Good Citizenship (Inkatha) was decreed to be taught in the schools. The department considers both subjects to be of vital importance for the nation's survival at this time . Undoubtedly the most advanced step that the department has taken during this decade of its existence is the establishment (with the help of the Private Sector) of the Mangosuthu Technikon at Umlazi . This institution of beauty and prestige is on a par with any other institution of its kind in the entire Country . It signifies the extent of technical education that this department now offers. The greatest growth and development has taken place within the organizational structure of the department itself at Headquarters. At inception ( 1972) , there was only one. assistant secretary . Now there are three . The Planning Section has grown from one to four persons . The category of

Apart from manpower considerations, there are important developments that are of vital interest to the department . The section Adult Education is already playing an important role in the up-grading of the academic qualifications of primary school teachers. The section Psychological Services, while still young and manned by only nine officers , has demonstrated its worth . The section Library Services got off to a good start when a qualified librarian joined the department. The headquarters library is well- established . Schools' library work has started in earnest. These three arms of the auxiliary services are destined to play a vital role in the development of education . The department has taken complete charge of the Standard five examination , to the extent of issuing its own certificates. It is fully in control of its own teachers' salaries and has totally eliminated the backlog in respect of these salaries . It saw the tremendous advantage that would accrue to the department if the feeding of boarders at territorial schools was done by a commercial firm. As a result twelve of the schools are now catered for by Ferdix , and Principals can put their released energy to better use.

hildren

Chi deserve special mention here. They are the target of the system . Someone has called them the "consumers of the curriculum . "

GALION DRESSER (PTY) LTD .

1

37

INTERIOR

WHERE

PROBLEMS

L

ARE

HOUSED

The importance ofthe Department of the Interior is difficult to over-emphasise. In much ofwhat it does it is placed in the forefront of the human dilemmas which surround the poverty of under-privileged Black South

O b n a day to day a s i the basis s

Africa. The question of the ever-growing pressure of population on land resources, the settlement of people and the administration ofthe rights of people to land is a crucial issue. While at the national level KwaZulu

Interior deals with

pursues equality of opportunity and the

delicate matters

abolition ofthe Group Areas Act and the influx control measures, the hard realities of current South Africa have to be faced .

such as citizenship ,

Department ofthe

the right and access to farming land and The question of citizenship and the right and access to farming land and housing, as well as the vast questions oflabour relations and disputes over the cost ofservices and transport, are all part ofthe day to day concerns ofthe Department ofthe Interior on behalf of Black South Africa.

housing , labour relations , disputes over transport and

The Department of Interior, like all other departments , administers those areas allocated to KwaZulu by the Central Government and it does so on a non-ethnic basis. KwaZulu

services and local government .

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338

THE HON DR FT MDLALOSE , MINISTER OF THE INTERIOR Frank Themba Mdlalose was born at Nqutu on 29 November 1931. His father, Jaconiah was a general dealer and his mother, Tabitha Mthembu, a teacher. After matriculating at St Francis High School, Marianhill, he attended the University of Fort Hare where he obtained a BSC degree and a University Education Diploma between 1950 and 1953. He was a member of the Students Representative Council. From 1954 to 1958 he attended the University of Natal in Durban where he obtained his MB, ChB. He completed his internship at King Edward VIII Hospital in Durban and practised in Atteridgeville, Transvaal from 1960 to 1962. Subsequently he practiced at Steadville up to 1970 and since then at Madadeni,

where he became chairman of the Town Council and acquired widespread business interests. He was appointed Minister ofthe Interior of KwaZulu in 1978. Dr Mdlalose married Eunice Nokuthula Sikhosana on 24 November 1956 and they have three sons and two daughters. He has travelled widely in Africa, Europe and America. He is also active in community affairs where he served on various bodies to promote the cause of education, churches, youth af fairs and sport. Dr Mdlalose is a member of the SA Medical Association, serves on the governing council of the Medical University of SA at Garankuwa and he is Chairman ofthe social and cultural sub-committee of the cultural liberation movement, Inkatha yeNkululeko yeSizwe in which he plays a leading role.

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39

INTERIOR

-WHERE PROBLEMS ARE HOUSED

citizenship is not a prerequisite for Blacks to be in Natal just in orderto live orfarm or to work. In so far as South African laws make it possible, KwaZulu treats people as people and in this department, perhaps more than in any other department, the delicacy with which matters have to be dealt with makes great demands on wisdom and ability. The Department of the Interior saw the first light of day in KwaZulu asthe Department ofCommunity Affairs on 1 April 1972. The Department, with the Executive Councillor as its political head and a director at the administrative helm, was accommodated in Pietermaritzburg where it remained until the end of 1976 when it moved to Ulundi. Thefunctions ofthe Department included social pensions and disability grants, general welfare services, the registration of births, marriages and deaths, the administration of labour bureaux, local government and the proper settlement of citizens and the administration of staff matters on behalf ofall Government departments. Some ofthese functions were later transferred to other departments . At the inception ofKwaZulu there were 19 towns in 15 districts. There were 41 522 houses with a combined population of 288 000 in these towns . In the year that followed extreme

demands were made onthe provision of housing . Funds were limited. By 1976/77 there were 22 towns with 60 383 houses and in the nextyear there were 66 065 houses and the population ofthe towns had increased to 627 274. A campaign to alleviate the urban housing shortage was undertaken in 1977/78 by encouraging employers to assist their employees with the erection of their own houses. The Department was assisted in this venture by the KwaZulu Development Corporation. By 31 March 1979the Department was already administering 14 ofthe 24 towns in KwaZulu . The remaining ten towns were taken over on 1 April 1979. Since 1972 town councils have been established systematically . In 18 towns in KwaZulu all posts are filled by Zulus, while in the other six towns there are only a limited number ofwhite personnel. This has been made possible by the remarkable progress achieved in the training of personnel. The Department of Community Affairs became the Department of the Interior with a Minister and a Secretary during 1976/77. When the Department ofCommunity Affairs commenced its activities in April 1972 there were 363 posts on the establishment. KwaZulu citizens occupied 261 ofthese posts and forty were filled by allocated officers ofthe Republic ofSouth Africa. Todaythere are 622 posts on the establishment ofthe Department ofthe Interior. There are only 39 allocated posts , ofwhich 13 are for Ulundi.

Seventy - five percent of the townships in KwaZulu are run entirely by Zulu staff.

Mr A M J van Rensburg Secretary for the Interior.

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410

TARGET

1981 NAB

PROSPERITY

-

The economic development of KwaZulu cannot by a long stretch of the imagination be said to have been spectacular over the past decade, but a sound institutional foundation has been laid upon which progress can be made in greater strides in the future . Several measures could be used to determine the economic welfare and growth of KwaZulu over the past ten years. The first indicator is the gross national income . Table I indicates that , in 1970 to the seven year period the gross national income 1976 (GNI) increased by 26,2 per cent per annum from R261 million to R1 016

THE

SLOW

million. What is disturbing, however, is that the dependence on sources of income outside the borders of KwaZulu appeared to increase. Table II indicates that income earned as commuters and migrants, which represented 72,7 per cent of the GNP in 1970, accounted for 79,5 per cent of the latter in 1976. In fact , income earned in KwaZulu has actually declined as a percentage of the GNP over this period . The only remarkable structural change illustrated in the table is in the relative importance of income earned by migrants as against that of commuters. In real terms, however, GNP (GNI)

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SLOG

here is no T indication that

the dependence of KwaZulu on sources of income from outside its borders is decreasing . '

41

TABLE

GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (INCOME) OF KWAZULU 1970 -- 1976

I

GROSS NATIONAL INCOME R1000

Income

Income Earned in KwaZulu

Commuter Income

(1)

(2)

(3)

66 859

66 040

123 450

Migrant Income

Year

1970

Total income of de facto Black residents and migrants (1) - (3) (4)

256 349

Income of Non-Blacks in KwaZulu

Gross National Income (GNI)

At current prices (4) + (5) (6)

(5)

At constant 1972 prices (7)

4 357

260 706

295 585

(301 573)

(4 867)

(306 440)

(334 176)

346 797

5 377

352 174

352 174

444 664

5 974

450 638

400 211

3)

1)

1971

(75 286)

(87 767)

(138 435)

1972

83 713

109 494

153 420

1973

108 818

152 475

183 371

1974

113 409

226 005

235 405

574 819

7 587

582 406

464 068

1975

157 506

333 960

303 857

795 323

8 365

803 688

567 977

1976

197 084

449 328

358 154

1 004 566

11 509

1 016 075

639 443

SOURCES: 1. Benso, Statistical Survey, 1979 2. South African Reserve Bank, A Statistical Presentation of South Africa's National Accounts for the period 1946 to 1980.

NOTES: 1. Values for 1971 obtained by intrapolation. 2. Calculated on the basis of a GNP deflator calculated from data in SARB: A Statistical Presentation of South Africa's National Accounts for the period 1946 to 1980, Table I. 3. Do not add up owing to rounding of numbers.

TABLE II

COMPONENTS OF THE GNP AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT, 1970 - 1976

Income

Income of Black de facto residents and migrant workers

Income of non-blacks in KwaZulu

Gross National Income

Income Earned in KwaZulu

Commuter Income

Migrant Income

(1) - (3)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(4) + (5) (6)

1970

25,6

25,3

47,4

98,3

1,7

100,0

1972

23,8

31.1

43,6

98.5

1,5

100,0

1973

24,2

33.8

40,7

98.7

1,3

100,0

1974

19,5

38,8

40.4

98,7

1,3

100,0

1975

19.6

41,6

37,8

99.0

1,0

100,0

1976

19.4

44,2

35,3

98.9

1.1

100,0

Year

Total

SOURCE : TABLE I

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42

grew at an average annual rate of 13,93 per cent for the period 19701976 as against the annual rate of growth of 7,03 per cent in the real GDP . This is confirmed by the fact that over this period the GDP's contribution to the GNP (GNI) decreased from 27,3 per cent of GNP in 1970 to 20,5 per cent in 1976. There is no indication that the dependence of KwaZulu on sources of income from outside its borders is decreasing . An examination of the per capita GNP indicates that in current prices per capita GNP appears to have increased at an average rate of 22,7 per cent from R110 in 1970 to R361 in 1976. In real terms (1970 prices) , however, per capita GNP increased by an average of 11,7 per cent from R110 in 1970 to R207 in 1976. In the light of the fact that the contribution of the GDP to the GNI has tended to decrease over this period, it can be concluded that this increase in living standards in KwaZulu was mainly due to opportunities outside the territory. The second indicator is whether the relative decline in the contribution of migrant income to the GNP has been accompanied by a tendency for the acute incidence of the migrant labour system to decrease over the period under review . Calculations based on estimates for the period 1970-2000 male adult that the indicate dependency burden (AMDB) , i.e. , the ratio of the number of persons under 15 years of age to the number of males within the age-group 15-64

PROSPERITY

— - THE SLOW SLOG

Surf

griculture

Aremains an important activity in KwaZulu , but it is disturbing that

almost 85 per cent of the agricultural output is for subsistence purposes .

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43

TIVE EXECUEL HOT

The Executive Hotel in Umlazi, which had been taken over by a group of Zulu businessmen from the KwaZulu Development Corporation who erected the buildings and managed the hotel initially.

years, will decline from 2,7 in 1970 to 1,6 in 2000 (Table III) . It could be said that, apart from the influence improved socio-economic circumstances have on birth rates, more males would be able to obtain employment opportunities within KwaZulu or outside KwaZulu but within commuting distance from their homes. The third indicator is whether, on the assumption that the contribution of the agricultural sector to the GDP tends to decline as the economy reaches a state of self-sustaining growth, the importance of the agricultural sector in KwaZulu increased or decreased . The GDP in current prices increased on average 18,54 per cent per annum from R79,3 million in 1970 to R23,0 million in 1976. In real terms at constant 1972 prices, this represents an average increase of 7,03 per cent from R89,9 million in 1970 to R144,7 million in 1976. Over this period, however, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the GDP tended to remain constant at about

27,7 per cent of the GDP . While it is significant that agriculture remained an important activity in KwaZulu during this period, it is disturbing that about 84,7 per cent ofthe agricultural output was for subsistence purposes. The fourth indicator is the extent to which the KwaZulu Government's ability to finance its local expenditure programmes has increased over this period . Table IV indicates that actual expenditure increased, in monetary terms, from R34,8 million for the period 1972/73 to R204,3 million in 1979/80 , i.e. , an average increase of about 28,2 per cent per annum. In

waZulu is

Know slightly

real terms , however, actual expenditure over this period increased, on

less able to pay its

average, by 13.3 per cent per annum from R34,8 million in financial 1972/73 to R87,9 millionyear

Way from internally-

1979/80 . It is important to note that these increases exaggerate the extent

than it was ten

to which KwaZulu Government expenditure has increased since during this period the scope of the Government's activities increased as reflected

years ago .'

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44

TABLE

ADULT MALE DEPENDENCY BURDEN 1970-2000

III

AGE GROUP

1-14 Years both sexes

15-64 Years males

Year

Adult male dependency burden

1970

1 193 396

435 361

2.7

1975

1 288 400

574 402

2,2

1980

1 440 100

750 300

1,9

1985

1 722 200

895 300

1.9

1990

2 011 000

1 080 000

1,9

1995

2 301 100

1 307 400

1,8

2000

2 601 400

1 579 700

1.6

SOURCE : KwaZulu Government Service, Towards a Plan for KwaZulu - A Preliminary Development Plan, 1978

TABLE IV

KWAZULU - EXPENDITURE FOR THE PERIOD 1972/73 - 1979/80

Actual

Year

Expenditure R'000

1972 = 100 Deflator (1)

Actual Expenditure at constant

1972 prices

1972/73

34 776

100,0

34 776

1973/74

44 964

110,4

40 728

1974/75

65 829

128.4

51 269

1975/76

87 043

150,0

58 029

1976/77

128 108

170,0

75 358

1977/78

128 662

189,2

68 003

1978/79

151 225

206,4

73 268

1979/80

204 336

232,5

87 886

NOTE: (1) Calculated from South African Reserve Bank , "A statistical presentation of SA national accounts for the period 1946 to 1980" , Supplement to Quarterly Bulletin, September 1981

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45

TABLE V

Heads of Revenue

ACTUAL REVENUE OF KWAZULU ACCORDING TO ORIGIN 1972/73 - 1979/80 R'000

Grants from RSA Government

Own Sources of revenue

Statutory grant

Additional Grant

Sub Total

(1)

(2)

(3)

(2) + (3) (4)

Financial Year

%

Amount

(5)

Amount

%

Amount

%

Amount

%

1972/73

10 186

29.6

19 681

57,2

4 538

13,2

24 219

70,4

34 405

100.0

1973/74

12 878

26,2

20 073

40,8

16 259

33.0

36 332

73,8

49 210

100,0

16 964

23,2

19 767

27.0

36 410

49.8

56 177

76,8

73 141

100,0

22,2

40 936

44,2

31 060

33,6

71 996

77,8

92 586

100,0

34,3

80 701

72,3

111 549

127 313

100,0 100,0

1974/75 1975/76 1976/77

20 590 30 848

27,7

Amount

Total Revenue (1) + (4)

42 386

38.0

38.315

1977/78

42 332

33,3

45 658

35,9

39 323

30,8

84,981

66,7

1978/79 1979/80

45 958

24,7

86 069

46,2

54 330

29.1

140 399

75,3

186 357

100,0

60 735

27.6

90 822

41.2

68 657

31,2

159 479

72.4

220 214

100,0

in the increase in the number of new departments created and/or in the increase in the area falling within the jurisdiction of the KwaZulu Government. An examination of Table V indicates, however, that there was a tendency, during this period , for the dependence of KwaZulu on assistance from the RSA Government to finance about 73,2 per cent of her public expenditure in KwaZulu . In fact , during this period, the percentage of the total expenditure of KwaZulu which was financed from internally-generated revenue declined slightly from 29,6 per cent in 1972/73 to 27,6 per cent in 1979/80. Apart from making grants to the directly , Government KwaZulu various RSA Government departments and other related bodies have actively spent money in KwaZulu . The fifth indicator is the degree of success achieved by the KwaZulu Government in channelling public sector expenditure towards those activities that directly contribute towards economic growth in the area. Table 6 reflects a functional classification of the estimated expenditure of the KwaZulu Government according to objectives for the period 1972/73 - 1981/82. It is significant that a very high proportion of the estimated expenditure was, on the average, allocated to three objectives; viz. , settlement of population (22,2 % ), development of human potential (26,3 % ) , and provision of social services (26,6 % ) . With the take-over of health services by the KwaZulu Government,

the percentage of the estimated expenditure allocated to the objective provision of social services - increased from an average of 18,1 per cent for the period 1972/73 1977/78 to an average of 39,4 per cent for the period 1978/79 ― 1981/82 , while the percentage share of the total estimated expenditure allocated to the objective settlement of population declined from an average of 31,7 per cent to 12,7 per cent for the same periods, a number of KwaZulu towns were developed by the S.A. Development Trust. Although the objectives — employment creation and generation of income, and creation of physical infrastructure - should normally enjoy a higher relative priority in a developing country like KwaZulu , this is not reflected in the share of the total estimated expenditure allocated to these objectives. Thus for the period 1972/73 - 1981/82 , only 6,4 and 9,9 per cent were on average respectively allocated to these objectives. While it appears that KwaZulu Government expenditure has made a modest contribution towards employment creation and income generation during this period , it does not mean that this important activity has not been attended to at all . In terms of the Promotion of Economic Development of Black States Act , Act 46 of 1968 , development corporations such as the Corporation for Economic Development Limited and the KwaZulu Development Corporation Limited were established with the main objective of stimulating economic activity in

IRWIN & JOHNSON LIMITED

the Black States .

CORPORATION FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT LIMITED (CED) When the KwaZulu Development Corporation was created in terms of Proclamation R73 of 1978 as amended, the KwaZulu activities of the CED were largely restricted to promoting and financing industrial projects as Isithebe , transport and the operation of large agricultural projects . Private investment at the industrial growth point of Isithebe for the period 1971 to 1981 amounted to R39,5 million, while the CED invested R14,7 million in infrastructure , R39,3 million in buildings and R32,2 million in loans to industrialists . Some 4 566 job opportunities were created during this period . This figure rose to 5 733 at the end of January 1982.

KWAZULU DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED (KDC) The KwaZulu Development Corporation took over the assets of the Natal Territorial Office of the Corporation for Economic Development Limited in April 1978. It is heavily committed to stimulating the growth of private enterprise in KwaZulu and , hence, it confines its direct participation to those activities which the private sector cannot undertake . The KwaZulu Development Corporation and its predecessor have been involved in the granting of loans at

46

PROSPERITY - THE SLOW SLOG

favourable rates of interest from 1973. To date loans amounting to R57,2 million were granted . Business loans represented 50,1 per cent (R28,6 million) while housing, industrial and respectively loans agricultural represented 47,7 per cent (R27,3 million), 0,5 per cent (R287 177) and 1,7 per cent (R990 978) of the total number of loans. More than 3 200 loans were granted . In May 1979, an Agricultural Division was created within the KDC to promote integrated rural development in KwaZulu . Changes in the Agricultural Division resulted in the decentralisation of its activities and staff to the territorial offices. This facilitated the intensification of the KDC efforts in this respect . It was realised that the Zulu farmers were handicapped concerning credit facilities. A scheme has been started in terms of which Zulu farmers could acquire mainly short-term loans for agricultural operations beyond the commercial type of loan for purchas-

ing tractors . A popular scheme introduced by the Agricultural Division is the Basic Services Agricultural Services Programme (BASP) in terms of which fertilisers, seed and insecticides are placed at depots, mainly stores, and sold to farmers at very competitive prices. The aim of this programme is to overcome transport difficulties and to ensure that black farmers enjoyed the same advantages regarding essential inputs as are available to white farmers. The BASP has been so successful that it has been decided that a tri- partnership company be formed in order to improve and increase the activities of the programme . The KDC has increased its involvement in the agricultural development of the tribal wards. It is visualised that the tribal authorities will become more involved in the financing of agricultural operations by underwriting loans on farmers' behalf . In return , the tribal authority will be able to levy a fee for its services. Contractors, both white

he increase in

The living standards in

KwaZulu was mainly due to opportunities outside the territory.

Training plays an essential part in the economic development of KwaZulu. It is one of the most important means of keeping the KwaZulu labour force in the region and stopping the outflow of people and money.

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Bishop Dr A H Zulu, Chairman of the Board of Directors of the KDC and Speaker of the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly, inspects a meat processing plant owned by Mr B Mkhize, who has created 41 job opportunities as the first meat wholesaler in KwaZulu.

Trading in the traditional way. No shady deals are done here.

FAR LEFT: Inside a pottery factory at iSithebe, KwaZulu's industrial growth point.

LEFT: Money transactions. Keeping money in KwaZulu remains one of the most challenging problems.

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48

TABLE

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF

VI

FUNCTIONAL OBJECTIVE,

FUNCTIONAL OBJECTIVE

1.

YEAR

Land planning and conservation

R'000

% 2.

R'000

Population settlement

%

3.

Employment creation and income

R'000 %

4.

Development of human potential

R'000 %

5.

R'000

Provision of social services

୪୧

% 6.

R'000

Government planning and

%

administration

7.

R'000

Physical infrastructure

%

R'000

Indivisible

1974/75

414

604

1 003

1,3

1,3

1,4

10 962

14 027

21 879

34,3

30,4

31.3

2 628

3 956

5 221

8,2

8.6

7.4

8 488

11 609

17 009

26,5

25,2

24,3

6 188

7 568

12 533

19,4

16,4

17,9

1 395

3 049

5 638

4.4

6,6

8,1

1 904

5 324

6 447

5,9

11.5

9,2

-

279 0,9 |

%

1973/74

11

8.

1972/73

TOTAL

R'000 %

31 979

46 137

70 009

100,0

100,0

100,0

The modern shopping centre at KwaMashu near Durban built by the KwaZulu Development Corporation at a cost of some R5 million. A similar complex was also built at Umlazi, south of Durban.

For joge pomaly KILPATRICK (PTY) LIMITED

49

ION ESTIMATED EXPENDITURE ACCORDING TO

ECTM 1972/73 - 1981/82

1975/76

1976/77

1977/78

1978/79

1979/80

1980/81

1981/82

003

1 771

2 017

2 197

2 680

2 090

5 032

3 120

1,4

1.9

1,8

1,9

1,7

1,0

2,1

1,0

879

29 796

34 802

25,496

15 561

25 071

24 838

30 361

31.3

32,1

30,6

22,1

9,7

12,3

10,1

9,3

5 221

5 633

6 995

7 913

7 688

13 526

12 359

16 316

7.4

6,1

6,2

6,8

4,8

6.6

5.0

5,0

-009

21 765

28 215

35 276

41 184

52 056

68 574

95 972

24.3

23,5

24.8

30,6

25,8

25.4

28,0

29,8

2 533

16 643

18 486

23 878

69 248

82 834

93 526

116 072

17.9

18,0

16,3

20,7

43.3

40,5

38,1

35,7

5 638

8 361

9 700

8 395

12 888

10 437

11 728

19 355

8.1

9,0

8,5

7,3

8,0

5.1

4,8

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5 447

8 742

13 413

12 249

10 505

18 588

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9.2

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11,9

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4/75

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and black, will be involved in providing ploughing services . Already this season some 350 hectares of land were ploughed, fertilised and planted while it is aimed at raising this to a minimum of some 1 000 hectares. The KDC has also acquired an interest in the KwaZulu Agricultural Company which leases four farms from the South African Development Trust. On these farms black apprentice mechanics will be trained and , once they are qualified , they will obtain assistance to set themselves up as businessmen. Ploughing services will also be available from these farms. The KDC pays particular attention to the problem of minimising the impact of the leakage of purchasing power to metropolitan trading areas

outside KwaZulu through the creation of tri-partnership companies , i.e. companies which are formed as a result of a partnership involving the KDC as trustee for KwaZulu people and a white entrepreneur in the first instance . Some 16 tri-partnership companies have been established creating over 1 000 job opportunities. While it is conceded that tangible economic progress has been modest in the past ten years, KwaZulu has made great strides in creating the institutional infrastructure for future development. In 1979 the KwaZulu Government, by publishing the White Paper entitled Economic Development in KwaZulu , formally committed itself to implementing the recommendations of the report, "Towards a Plan

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for KwaZulu - A Preliminary Development Plan", prepared on its behalf by the consultants, Messrs Thorrington-Smith, Rosenberg and McCrystal . Some of the recommendations contained in this report, including the establishment of the KwaZulu Development Corporation and the Planning, Co-ordinating and Advisory Committee (PCAC) , have already been implemented . In 1981 the Department of the Chief Minister and Finance was renamed the Department of the Chief Minister, Economic Affairs and Finance to acEcocommodate a new division nomic Affairs - established to act as the professional Secretariat of the Planning, Co-ordinating and Advisory Committee.

50

t is intended to establish a KwaZulu Police Training College together with an Anti-Riot Unit .

towards their ideals. Every community needs the force of law and every community benefits from the force oflaw. The fact that the South African Police have perforce to administer some laws which cause deep resentment makes it imperative

that the

police force now evolving in KwaZulu display firm efficiency in such a way that the people feel befriended by the police and not alienated by them .

The tone of a community at the local level is very susceptible to the idiom within which the police act. The Department of Police , directly under the Chief Minister, attempts to provide a framework of security within which Black South Africans can progress

The KwaZulu Police Force was established on 1 January 1980 with its head office at Ulundi. It functioned under the Department ofJustice. It became an independent department with the Chief Minister as Minister ofPolice on 1 March 1981 . At its establishment the Department was headed by a Lt Colonel who was a seconded official . In addition , it comprised one seconded major , 2 Zulu majors, one seconded captain, one Zulu captain , one Zulu lieutenant and one seconded warrant officer. On 1 July 1980 271 Zulu members of the South African Police Force were transferred to KwaZulu . During 1981 seven police stations in KwaZulu were transferred to the jurisdiction of the KwaZulu Police . Future plans include the establishment of district headquarters at Esikhawini, Ulundi, KwaMashu, Umlazi and Edendale or Mpumalanga, as well as a Police training college and anti-

riot unit.

The post ofCommissioner ofthe KwaZulu Police was identified as that ofSecretary as from 1 March 1981. Four Zulu officers were also promoted to higher rank by the Cabinet - two as Lt Colonel, one as Major and one as Captain .

Due to the expansion of the KwaZulu Police a quartermaster staff was established in October 1981. The personnel consists of two seconded officials and two Zulus . Fourfurther posts are to be filled by Zulus. At present the force consists often commissioned officers, 74 noncommissioned officers and 361 constables. KwaZulu already has its own police uniform . During 1982 36 KwaZulu Police students are being trained at Hammanskraal by the SA Police, because the KwaZulu Police does not yet have its own training college . The budget allocation for 1981/82 was R1 681 720.

POLICE

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IN

Col J M Fontini Commissioner of Police

KWAZULU

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51

PRESERVING

THE

HERITAGE

Every effort is being made to preserve the rich and unique heritage of historical sites and places of natural beauty in KwaZulu . The KwaZulu Monuments Council has been charged with this very important task and it has already taken steps to ensure that the monuments and historic sites are made accessible to the general public . In this regard , it also has its eye firmly fixed on the tourist potential of these attractions.

It is being hampered in its task by a shortage of funds as the developing community in KwaZulu makes many calls on the public purse to provide essential services such as schools, roads , hospitals, etc. For this reason the KwaZulu Foundation was instituted to elicit funds and aid for the preservation , restoration and development of KwaZulu's heritage . It is a registered fund raising organisation and has a grade scale of membership .

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52

PRESERVING

THE

HERITAGE The more recent history of the Zulu nation commenced when their leader, established Malandela , himself in the Nkwaleni valley at the foot of the Mandawe Hill in about 1650 and built his royal homestead , Odwini. In about 1690 his son , Zulu, left this area and after various wanderings, established himself in a valley between the Mtonjaneni and the Babanango Heights . Here, under almost ideal climatic conditions for their livestock and crops , the Zulu people grew to greatness. No wonder the area became known as "Makhosini" (the place of the Kings) . In about 1781 King Senzangakhona succeeded to the throne and, as is well known , it was his son , King Shaka, who, after many vicissitudes in his early life, expanded Zulu hegemony over all the area bet-

ween the Buffalo and Tugela Rivers, over what is now central and southern Natal and even the southern Transvaal. In this process, not only were many kindred elements welded into the Zulu nation making King Shaka its true architect, but also large areas of the interior were depopulated in the resultant wars and time of trouble known as the Meficane. This enabled the Whites to expand into an apparently depopulated interior. No wonder King Shaka is regarded as the founder of the Zulu nation and one ofthe most important shapers of the destiny of South Africa. During King Shaka's time the Whites began to filter into what is now Natal, but after his murder by his half-brother and successor , Dingane, the latter was engaged in a

Nongquai Fort, Eshowe

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struggle with the Voortrekkers, ending in the now famous Battle of Blood River on 16 December 1838. After King Dingane's death in 1842 he was succeeded by another halfbrother, Mpande, who was the first Zulu king to establish himself on the north bank of the Mfolozi River, on what is now referred to as the Ulundi Plain . His royal residence was at Nodwengu , very close to the present Holiday Inn. During his reign the British established themselves in the Colony of Natal, while to the north, the South African Republic or Transvaal came into being . However, King Mpande managed to live peaceably with his neighbours until his death in 1872. He was succeeded by his son, Prince Cetshwayo, who was installed as king in the following year . One

53

PRESERVING

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HERITAGE

A contemporary sketch of Ondini, the Royal Residence of King Cetshwayo of his first acts was to build a new royal homestead , Ondini also on the Ulundi Plain, but some 5km away from Nodwengu which , according to custom , was now abandoned . The new king was energetic and forceful . He was active in the administration of Zululand and strengthened the Zulu army by establishing new regiments and military complexes as well as enforcing more regular training. Almost inevitably, he came into conflict with the British authorities in southern Africa . This led to the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879, during which Zululand was invaded twice by British forces; first, in a threepronged attack which failed in the British defeat at Isandlwana on 22 January 1879 and secondly, in a single powerful thrust from northern Natal , ending in the defeat of the Zulu army at Ulundi on 4 July 1879. On the same day Ondini, as well as many military complexes on the Ulundi Plain, was burned . Zululand then entered a time of troubles, which was not ended by the partial re-instatement of King Cetshwayo in 1883. After his death in 1884 a large part of Zululand was incorporated into the New Republic, while the remainder was annexed by the British in 1887 and handed to the Colony of Natal in 1897. After many vicissitudes, the Zulus have gained partial self-government and under the leadership of the Chief Minister, Prince Mangosuthu G. Buthelezi ,

the KwaZulu Government Service is making great efforts to preserve, restore and develop the places of natural beauty and historical interest in Zululand . From the point of view of the tourist, what is there to be seen? It would be futile to list everything in date order and it is proposed to take you on a journey from Durban through to northern Natal , mentioning some interesting sites on the way. Some 80km north of Durban, on a good tarred road , one arrives at Stanger. This was the site of King Shaka's residence, royal last

XXV

RORKE'S DRIFT 22 JAN 1879

The 24th Regiment monument at Rorke's Drift

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Dukuza, and the only one to be established south of the Tugela River. Here he was murdered in 1828. His grave is marked by a monument and Inkatha, a Žulu cultural organisation , has established a small but typical Zulu homestead nearby. Continuing northwards for some 40km one comes to the Tugela River. On the south bank is Fort Pearson, established by the British just prior to the invasion of Zululand in 1879. It commands a wonderful view to the mouth of the river. On the north bank one finds a monument which marks the place where an action took place between the Zulus and the British settlers on 17 April 1838. Continuing on the road to Eshowe, one passes the scene of two battles of the AngloZulu War, Gingindlovu (2 April 1879) and Nyezane (22 January 1879) . Note that the latter was fought on the same day as Isandlwana, but commenced earlier in the day. In Eshowe itself, you will find the remains of Fort Eshowe, built by the British and besieged by the Zulus, and one of the best preserved earth forts in the world . Here also is the spot where King Cetshwayo died, as well as Fort Nongqai, built for the Zululand Police. Driving towards Melmoth you enter the Nkwaleni Valley, an exceptionally beautiful fertile garden and rift valley, as well as the site of

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TSHAKA

King Shaka's monument at Stanger. Odwini. Continuing past Melmoth towards Ulundi, one reaches the Mtonjaneni Heights . Here one can visit the spring from which King Dingane drew his drinking water , but one also gets a panoramic view across the Makhosini towards the majestic Nhlazatshe mountain to the north and the Ulundi Plain slightly further east. Continuing down the valley one can visit the remains of Mgungundlovu , King Dingane's royal residence, where the hut floors

have withstood the elements for 143 years . From here it is a short drive to Ulundi where King Cetshwayo's royal residence , Ondini, is being restored and a major Zulu cultural centre built. From here one obtains a magnificent view over the surrounding countryside . In close proximity, is the monument on the Ulundi Battlefield and that on King Mpande's grave . Isandlwana, one of the most interesting sites in South Africa, is about 100km from Ulundi. Here, facilities have been created for you to visit the Mabaso where the Zulu army slept before the battle; the Itusi , giving the Zulu view of the battlefield; the main view site ; the various unit positions, both Zulu and British, as well as Mangeni where the British had planned to establish their next camp . You can also visit the nearby beautiful waterfall and gorge. It is even possible to view the site of the attack on Chief Sihayo's stronghold .

Isandlwana

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The Monument to the Prince Imperial of France

Crossing over the Buffalo River into Natal, one can visit Rorke's Drift where the battle area has been resurveyed and marked out and Blood River where the wagon laager has been simulated . Going on to Vryheid, one can visit the battlefields at Hlobane and Kambula . If one wishes to contend with bad roads , it is possible to visit the romantic spot where the Prince Imperial ofFrance fell.

THE

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alo River rke's Drift as been out and on laager ng on to battlefields a. If one d roads, it antic spot of France

OF

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56

he recent

history

of the

Zulu people and that of its charismatic leader , Chief Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi , is virtually synonymous .

Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi was born in the very heart of KwaZulu , the Mahlabathini Plain on 28 August 1928. It was here, at Ulundi, that the British - after a humiliating defeat - finally broke the might of the Zulu impis in 1879. It was in this historic area and at the royal place near Nongoma that Gatsha Buthelezi herded cattle, just like any other Zulu boy did in his pre-adolescent year. Herding cattle creates respect for property and instils in Zulu youths the independence and sense of responsibility that they need in their adult years. It is no mean task, for the Nguni the great black nation from which the Zulu spring - counted his wealth in cattle. His cattle provides him with the dowry for his wife. Consequently he adds to his stock through his daughters. And the greater the status of the man, the higherthe price for his daughters and the faster his wealth grows. ChiefButhelezi was born to be a chief and a political leader. Being of royal blood, he was brought up with royal children and herded royal cattle. His great-grandfather Chief Mnyamana , was the prime minister of the Zulus, a chief and the Commander-in-Chief of the Zulu army in the Zulu War of 1879. He was probably a more powerful figure than the Zulu king himself, as the king's army was under his command . It was under the leadership of Chief Mnyamana that the British were humiliatingly defeated at Isandhlwana. It was a significant victory for the Zulus. However, it inspired the British under Sir Bartle Frere to a near-pathological desire for revenge and to break the Zulu power so convincingly that they would never again function as a nation . The battle of Ulundi was a decisive victoryforthe British with their superior arms . This time the assegai was unable to triumph over the gun . And Frere wasted no time in divesting King Cetshwayo ofpower and banishing him to the Cape. He set about fragment-

ing Zululand into small areas and appointing chiefs to rule over areas where they were unpopular. The throne was left vacant. And the fight was on among the chiefs to gain control of Zululand . Chief Mnyamana took King Cetswayo's son, Dinuzulu, heir to the throne ofthe great Shaka , to one ofhis homes at Elanshumayeleni and he reached puberty at his Opisweni home. ChiefMnyamana withstood many raids upon his people and his cattle to preserve the dynasty. In 1883 King Cetswayo was allowed to return to Zululand. Dinuzulu was then a strapping lad of 16. The king was, however, dispirited, and civil war was brewing. In March 1883 the King's brother, Ndabuko , attacked one ofthe claimants to the throne, Uzibebu . The Usuthu forces ofthe king, involved in the battle against the wishes of King Cetswayo were heavily defeated . Uzibebu's Mandhlakazi subsequently attacked King Cetswayo at Ulundi and triumphed. King Cetswayo was forced into hiding . Henry Francis Fynn II , the British resident at Ulundi, was sent to fetch Cetswayo and he was moved to a small, isolated place, where he died five months later. Meanwhile, the Colonial Office put Uzibebu in charge of the whole country north ofthe Black Umfolozi River to the chagrin ofthe Usuthu chieftains. Atthe same time, Dinuzulu, natural heir to the throne was proclaimed king under two regents, Prince Ndabuko and Chief Mnyamana. King Cetswayo's death left his nation in continuing turmoil . Dinuzulu's mother was a commoner. The son of Cetswayo by another wife, Manzolwandhle, was a strong claimant to the throne, ifnot the legitimate heir. It was then that a deputation of two Transvaal Boers offered Dinuzulu their assistance against Uzibebu in exchange for land . Against the advice of Mnyamana Dinuzulu accepted the offer and in May 1884 a band of nearly a hundred Boers rode into Zululand, proclaimed Dinuzulu king and a fortnight later an army of Usuthu warriors attacked Uzibebu with the help of the Boers. Uzibebu fled after a few shots had been fired. The price ofthis foreign aid was three million acres of land, more land than Dinuzulu had in his own kingdom . The Boers established the New Republic with Vryheid as capital . Dinuzulu was left with little more than the territory Uzibebu had under British grant . Many Zulus were now living under Boercontrol , including the Usuthu clans of the abaQulusi , the eGazini and the Buthelezi. Pleas for assistance to the British to preserve the territorial rights ofthe Zulu fell on deaf ears . Instead , the British annexed Zululand as a British Protectorate and from 9 May 1887 Zululand was subject to Native Law. Determined to teach Dinuzulu a lesson, the British resident at Eshowe fined him fifty cattle for administering

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he price Zulus

Th had to pay for their first bit of 'foreign aid' was 3 million acres of land it ceded to the Boers .

57 justice in his own territory in accordance with Zulu custom . In addition, he sent Uzibebu and the Mandhlakazi tribe back into Zululand . As a consequence, civil war once more reared its ugly head. Mnyamana, whose advice had been spurned by Dinuzulu time and time again, decided to retire to his palace and refused to take any part in politics or negotiations. He allowed his sons to take part in politics, however, and they continued to serve as generals in the king's regiments. But peace was not to be for Mnyamana yet. The British decided to send a force to Zululand to maintain the peace among the striving factions . Mnyamana fell in with their orders to persuade Dinuzulu to leave Ceza. The British retreated after having lost two men in a short skirmish with the Usuthu force of some 1.800. Mnyamana's warriors were mere bystanders . The Usuthu then went on the rampage. They killed two traders and the British guides and once again defeated Uzibebu . The British withdrew. A month later they returned with a much larger force and defeated the Usuthu. Dinuzulu fled to Vryheid, but the Boers refused to protect him and he travelled to Pietermaritzburg by train. There he was tried and sentenced to ten years' imprisonment. With Princes Ndabuko and Shingana he was exiled to St Helena where he sired many children. One ofthe wives he took with him was Silomo Mdlalose, mother of King Solomon, Prince Mshiyeni and Princess Magogo . Mnyamana was not exiled, but he was a broken man. His king was in exile and Zululand was a mere shadow of its former self. Mnyamana's heirs, chiefs of the Buthelezi in their time, took many years before they were reconciled with their king. King Dinuzulu , grandfather of Gatsha Buthelezi, returned from St Helena on 30 December 1897 with his uncles , Ndabuko and Shingana, to witness Britain hand over Zululand to Natal. Uzibebu was also allowed to return to his lands in Zululand . But Zululand was ravaged. Violence once more erupted in 1905 when the Natal government introduced poll tax. An amount ofone pound was to be collected from all unmarried male blacks . ChiefBambatha, who lived near Greytown, refused to collect the tax and it initiated a series of events leading to the death of 23 whites and over 2 300 Zulus. More than 5 000 Zulus were tried . This whole nasty chapter in South African history may have been prevented if Dinuzulu had reported Bambatha before events got out of hand . In the trials he was implicated by many and he was once again found guilty of treason and sentenced to four years' imprisonment. He never returned to Zululand. He died in exile in 1913 , a

mere 45 years of age. Dinuzulu was succeeded by his son, Maphumuzana, better known as Solomon, in 1916. His powers were severely restricted by the government of the Union of South Africa. But Solomon realised that he needed advice from a wise man and his choice fell upon Mathole, grandson of Mnyamana and father ofGatsha Buthelezi. Mathole was well respected and a chief to whom nearly 30 000 people gave unstinting loyalty. He was an expert in tribal law and King Solomon regarded him as the ideal man to fill the hereditary premiership that had been vacant for far too long. He was duly called upon by King Solomon to hear the case of Prince Mnyayiza and Mankulamana Ndwandwe. Although he lost the case, Mankulamana was the first to praise Mathole for his wisdom . King Solomon was also impressed. He offered Chief Mathole his full sister, Princess Magogo as a wife. The marriage re-established the alliance between the King and the Buthelezi. Mathole was able to assume his seat in the senior council of the king . The wedding took place in 1925 and Princess Magogo was Chief Mathole's Great Wife, although she was the tenth he married. It took three agonizing years before she fell pregnant . When Chief Mathole was told that a son had been born, he was so pleased he said it must be a lie of the Usuthu. Therefore , he gave the child its first name ofMangosuthu - a lie of the Usuthu, meaning that it was too good to be true, maybe the Usuthu people are just lying that the Princess has a son. The second name was Gatsha, a twig or a branch, a pet name provided by one ofthe widows of his grandfather, ChiefTshanibezwe . Upon his christening two names were added , Aspenaz Nathan. As the son of the Great Wife he was the natural heir to ChiefMathole's chieftainship. Because of fear of jealousy among his half-brothers, their wives and their families, it was decided to send the baby Buthelezi and his mother directly to the royal palace near Nongoma . After spending his childhood there , he went to Adam's Mission College, an American Missionary College near Durban where he matriculated and gained univerity entrance . The next step was Fort Hare University College in Alice in the Eastern Cape. As atAdam's , the students at Fort Hare were drawn from all over South Africa and other parts ofAfrica. Among the five people who shared a rondavel with ChiefButhelezi at Iona Hostel were Orton Chirwa, Minister of Justice in Malawi and Njoroge Mungai , who later became Kenya's Minister ofForeign Affairs. Mungai's successor, Dr Munyua Waiyaki, was also Buthelezi's contemporary at Adam's and Fort Hare. It was also inevitable that the young Buthelezi should become involved in

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THE

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iolence once

Vi more erupted in

1905 when the

Natal Government introduced poll tax .

58

uMntwana Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi digging the first sod at the site of the new KwaZulu Legislative Assembly.

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59 politics, much against the will of the regent ofthe tribe, his paternal uncle, Chief Maliyamakhanda . Prince Mshiyeni, his uncle and Zulu Regent, was equally furious at his young nephew's involvement in politics . The tribe decided not to fund his studies. Princess Magogo was , however, determined that he should continue his studies and paid his way. Professor Z K Matthews was one of the leaders ofthe African National Congress . He taught the young Buthelezi in one of his major subjects, Bantu Administration, and law subjects such as Roman-Dutch law and criminal law. Robert Sobukwe was president ofthe Youth League of the ANC and Walter Sisulu was a frequent visitor. Robert Sobukwe was then a brilliant student and President ofthe Students Representative Council. On 13 January 1949, while the young Buthelezi was in Johannesburg , the Cato Manor riots broke out in Durban, riots in which 142 people were killed 50 Indians, 87 blacks , one white and four undeterminate. About a thousand people were injured, of whom 58 died later and hundreds of stores and homes were damaged and destroyed . It was sparked off by an incident between an Indian and an African . Buthelezi hurried from Johannesburg to Durban when he heard the news and upon his arrival he was invited to move into the offices of the African National Congress in Grey Street in the same building housing the Indian Congress. The building had become the centre of the pacification of the rioters . Here he worked tirelessly for hours on end to arrange temporary accommodation and to care for the lost and the injured. It made a lasting impression on the young student. Back at Fort Hare, Buthelezi took the lead in organizing protest meetings when a student, Herbert Hleli , was expelled for delivering a particularly vituperative address. The meetings cameto nothing. In 1950, his third year, students at the University decided to boycott a visit by the then Governor-General ofthe Union of South Africa, Mr G Brand van Zyl. Twelve students refused to take part in the boycott and greeted the South African representative upon his arrival . They were victimized . Their bedclothes were knotted and even wet. After one such incident Buthelezi was seen carrying a bucket from the bathroom. The disciplinary committee before whom he appeared refused to accept that he was not involved in the intimidation. Together with a few other students Buthelezi was expelled. He was heartbroken . Efforts to have him reinstated were in vain . But he was able to continue his studies through the University of Natal and wrote the Fort Hare examinations in Natal . When he passed, it was arranged that he should graduate at Fort Hare. He was accompanied to the gradua-

tion ceremony by King Cyprian Bekhezulu , father of the present Zulu king, Goodwill Zweletheni . This was ample proofofthe close bonds between them , bonds which had been made in childhood. Due tothe Fort Hare incident and his involvement Buthelezi was closely watched bythe Security Police . He was also warned by the Secretary for Native Affairs, Dr W W M Eiselen , that his future record should be such that it should "wipe out" the Fort Hare incident if he wanted to succeed to the chieftainship . It was for this reason that Buthelezi joined the Department of Native Administration in Durban, because that would subject him to close scrutiny by the government. He remained there for two years during which time he became a close friend of Bishop Alpheus Zulu , the present Speaker of the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly. It was in July 1952 that Buthelezi married Irene Mzila, daughter of a senior clerk and induna at the Witwatersrand Native Labour Association. In March 1953 he was installed as acting chiefand it took four years before the government confirmed his chieftainship. He was officially installed as chief on 6 September 1957. In the intervening years up to his landslide victory in the election of a Chief Executive Officer for the Zulu Territorial Authority in 1970, Chief Buthelezi had reflected on his role in politics often and seriously. On the one hand, he was a hereditary leader. On the other hand, he had to accept his role as a leader in a system foisted upon him by a regime whose policy he abhorred. Pragmatism prevailed. It required of him to use the system to serve his people and, at the same time, to point out the imperfections contained therein . It requires expertise in walking a tightrope - to be the official representative ofthe separate development system and , at the same time, the main critic of that self-same system . His cousin , Prince Clement Zulu, was the first Chairman (speaker) of the Legislative Assembly and his main rival for the leadership , Chief Charles Hlengwa , was proposed for the position ofDeputy Chairman by Chief Buthelezi himself. The Zulu Territorial Authority was inauguarated on 11 June 1970. In 1971 Buthelezi travelled to Europe twice and to the United States . In Italy he had an audience with the Pope . The world was taking serious notice of him and of his position in South African politics . During 1972 the news spotlight was on ChiefButhelezi to such an extent that he would be voted "Newsmaker of the Year" by the South African Society of Journalists and the platform from which he spoke became even firmer when the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly was established in April 1972 with him as Chief Executive Councillor.

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King Goodwill Zwelithini is in effect a constitutional monarch. He participates in the proceedings of the Legislative Assembly, except on controversial and politically sensitive issues . He also has a personal representative in the House who is briefed in private and who is allowed to bring any matter before the house. Members ofthe Legislative Assembly swear an oath of allegiance which reads: “I ... do swear that I shall respect and honour the State President and the Paramount Chief and that I shall be loyal and faithful to the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly, and its administration, and that I will respect all laws applicable in the area of the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly and promise to perform my duties in a loyal and worthy manner and to the best of my ability. So help me God. " As the present Speaker of the Assembly, Bishop A H Zulu, put it so aptly in the BBC television programme , Panorama: "As a result of separate development, the black person has a kind ofvision - call it naïve - but it certainly enables him to live. It gives him the hope that he can actually determine his own destiny . . . it puts us on a platform where we can struggle. Until now we have been in a bag, not talking , not whispering. It expresses a hope that we are not dead as people." In May 1972 Chief Buthelezi handled his first Appropriation Bill in the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly. The estimated revenue for 1972/73 was R32 million consisting of a grant from the Consolidated Revenue Fund ofthe RSA ofR19,7 million , an additional amount of R2,5 million granted by the RSA Parliament in terms of the Bantu Homelands Constitution Act and income from revenue due to the KwaZulu Government totalling R10,2 million . Expenditure of an amount of R31,9 million was budgeted for. The departments were: Authority Affairs and Finance, Community Affairs, Works, Education and Culture, Agriculture and Forestry and Justice. In 1973/74 the Part Appropriation Bill made provision for expenditure of R45 million . In the following year this amount grew to R66,3 million . It has since increased by about 400 per cent.

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BUTHELEZI

INTERNATIONAL

uMntwana Mangosuthu Gatsh Buthelezi and Prime Minister Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe.

Robert Mugabe ... an old friend with whom he still corresponds.

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uMntwana Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi, President Nyerere and Ndlunkulu Irene Buthelezi

Strong ties exist with Botswana, Swaziland and Lesotho. On this occasion it is Chief Leabua Jonathan, political leader of Lesotho.

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BUTHELEZI INTERNATIONAL

REPUBLIQUE

FRANCAISE

ORDRE NATIONAL DU MERITE LF PRESIDENT DE LA REPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE GRAND MATTRE D. ORDRE NATIONAL DA MPHITE

nomme, per dare de ce jour, Monsieur

BUT HEL Б 2 1

Mangosuth Gatsha

Premier Ministre du Kazulu - Afrique du Sud COMMANDEUR DE FORDRE NATIONAL DU MERITE

Fait à Paris, le 12 Décembre 1980 P. Per tem se v Rak MERCER 1 CANETUR be aChon N.

Scelle du wran de l'Ord v was ea 797880 Le Servitame Compras Agent ༩༩༧ ་ ཙན་ ང་

Among his many awards ... the French National Order of Merit.

REPVBLIC

OF

LIBERIA

To all to whom these presents shall come GREETING! Know 10 that upon the recommendation of the Governing Council ofthe ORDER OF THE STAR OF AFRICA 1 William R. Tolbert, Ir PRESIDENT OF THE REPVBLIC OF LIBERIA AND GRAND Master of Said Order In consideration of meritorious and distinguished SERVICON rendered to the REPVBLIC OF LIBERIA do hereby confer upon M. Salsha Buthelezi the Grade of Grand Commader of the Order of the Star of Arica in virtue I'which, from this dar M willbepermitted to use andwou publich the insignines it the order inthe class named In Testimony wherest Ihave caused the Sealof the Republic to be attired

Attest

Invon ander in hand atthe cuts in the TAVER'S w Lord One thousand new hundred and it the Resubin the

Chancellor

Honoured in Africa ... the Order of the Star of Africa, presented by Pres William Tolbert of Liberia.

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One of many meetings with Jimmy Carter when President of the United States.

Another American connection ... Sen Edward Kennedy.

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BY uMNTWANA M.G. BUTHELEZI

his look into the future was written with a view to putting This those alternatives to the South African Government which would obviate the use of violence . It is Chief Minister Buthelezi's firm conviction that the ultimate solution to the problems facing South Africa as a whole can only be negotiated outside the parameters of present Government policy.

During the 19th century colonial interests drove their stakes deep into the heart of Africa . South Africa was perhaps the most hospitable and with the discovery of diamonds and gold European interests were cemented . It was not long before colonials became settlers and the South African apartheid problem was born . White interests spread and the second half of the 19th century saw these interests expand and clash . They expanded by conquest and secured the expansions by subjugating indigenous populations . Inevitably the various White drives to have more and more of everything led to intensely competitive siutations and White politics became bitter and full of intrigue.

representation and retained limited rights to own land. Politics in the country's White dominated Parliament wrangled over these limited rights. The seven decades of politics in this country since the Act of Union has been a persistent White drive to disentangle Black and White politics .

The one over-riding problem Whites wherever they were encountered was the problem of subjugating Blacks. The Black threat to unbridled White greed for wealth and power to protect it was a prime mover in White political history.

Black political developments have been curbed by an evergrowing and already more than formidable body of repressive legislation . Whites came to recognise that the disenfranchisement of Blacks would lead to political ferment and ultimately to the destabilisation of South Africa . They have therefore determined to make a final separation of Black and White politics by creating so-called independent states in South Africa in which Whites have no political rights but over which they will be political masters . In return for excluding direct White political involvement in these states , so-called , Blacks would have to agree to relinquish all political rights in the rest of South Africa.

It was this threat and the need for White unity which ultimately led to a partnership of all White interests with the formation in 1910 of the Union of South Africa . This Union in effect disenfranchised Blacks and disinherited them of the land of their forefathers. There were some quirks of Western Christian consciences and here and there Blacks wereleft with limited

The challenge I faced when I was approached to serve in what was then the Territorial Authority was the challenge of not only putting an end to the erosion of Black political rights but to initiate a process of restoring to Blacks full citizenship and the democratic right to participate in the government of their country.

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hey hold the key to the The future of South Africa Mr P.W. Botha , Prime Minister of South Africa , and the Chief Minister of KwaZulu , Chief Mangosuthu G. Buthelezi , in the Cape Town office of the Prime Minister.

伽

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The White invasion of Black land and the witholding of political , civil, social and economic rights and privileges from Blacks was made possible by the White's superior technology of war and destruction. The growth of the country's repressive legislation was also made possible by the White held instruments of physical coersion. The challenge I faced was therefore a double challenge . In the first place I had to face the challenge of reversing the consequences of colonial actions and reversing the accumulated effects of White power exercised over seven decades. In the second place I faced the challenge of having to do so by non-violent means.

I think and feel my way back to the fundamental challenge in my life again and again . Repeatedly I come back to the simple rightousness of avoiding violence for as long as it is humanly possible to do so. I also repeatedly come back to the conclusion that we are forced to use non- violent means in our struggle because we have no other option. To opt for a line of action which can not work is tokenism . We have some of our brothers who will perhaps die because they try the impossible in the face of devastating fire power.

2 2

The second part of the challenge has in it a personal and living crisis. Personally I believe that the pursuit of non-violence in South Africa is a whole cause. I am a Christian and my faith is important. I am, in the company many Christians past and present, however not a pacifist . The blood running through my veins is warrior blood . I come from a long line of men who have been notable warriors and generals with important political responsibilities.

2

I could not with this exacting and demanding heritage abandon the people in their hour of need. I lead a people bordering on despair. I lead in a sub-continent where Blacks have had to employ violence to break the bondage of subservience and poverty in Mozambique , Angola and Zimbabwe. I face a White government which holds out little hope for a negotiated settlement. The pressures on me build up and build up and the tension grows.

lead a people bordering on despair

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Thus the challenge I face has had only one outcome. I have to meet the challenge without arms. The practical challenge boils down to my exercising whatever ability is needed to mobilise the masses and to create constituencies in every walk of South African life . This was the challenge I had already elected to face when I was called upon by the people to lead them through the new dangers which were presented by the emergence of homeland politics and the creation of homeland administrative machinery . I agonised over this particular form of the challenge and I had to consider what other approaches there were. In the end, I accepted the form of the challenge as the one holding out the greatest prospects of success in the foreseeable future. It is now ten years since I made that fateful decision . However others evaluate that ten years I remain convinced that I did the right thing . If I had not played the role I have played in the KwaZulu Territorial Authority and latterly in the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly , I would not have had a share in the great and historical Zulu rejection of separatist politics. Had I declined this form of challenge and had KwaZulu been manipulated into independence, whatever else I could have done would have been rendered infinitely more difficult or even impossible . Wherever my own personal fate takes me, I am comforted by the fact that the great apartheid dream will never materialise because KwaZulu will not opt for the kind of “independence" Pretoria offers. I can make no greater contribution to South Africa than this: To avoid a race war which would surely result from trapping many millions of underprivileged “aliens" in the so-called White areas where they would be amongst the few million Whites. Democratic procedures in the area where one is born, works and dies, is the only alternative to the use of violence , to revenge , enforced poverty and political deprivation . Serving as I do in the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly, I serve the whole of South Africa in crucial national issues . Governments in so-called independent states could never dare enforce noninvolvement in politics in so-called White areas . Whites would shed at most half of their political opponents if all the homelands became so- called " independent" . Whatever I did Whites would sooner or later face the need to abandon any moves to confederal politics . My intervention at the national level serves the valuable purpose of making the inevitable happen sooner and so without a great loss of life.

he harshness of our South T African situation has led many to abandon the hungry child or the weeping mother to seek train-

THE NEED FOR COMPASSION ing in the use of The harshness of our South African situation has led many to abandon the hungry child or the weeping mother to seek training in the use of violence . Others have drummed up feelings of anger in protest politics which robs people of their rationality during spells of political frenzy . They whip up anger to dissipate Black political strength piecemeal . The struggle will be lost if we do no more than repeatedly try to use violence where it must fail.

violence .

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A X

Impis performing during handing over of Symbols of Office.

It is decent and it is political compassion to do what one can do to ease the lot of the poor. It is politically important to counter the ravages of poverty in the morale of an oppressed people . It is as easy as it is irresponsible to rock people between hopelessness and despair to violence and back. People want to be led to achieve . They want to progress and they want to be assisted to do something about their terrible situation . People want to be helped to right for improvements, no matter how bad their state is. It is true that a certain level of deprivation will make people more prepared to risk their safety to achieve a better position . It is not true that Blacks would rather starve or die than support foreign investment, which results in jobs for them. Give us the jobs first and then we will struggle for improvements is the cry. Compassion in the pursuit of political goals keeps alive the soul of a nation .

Does the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly engage people in a national struggle? -

Does the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly mobilise ordinary people?

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Does the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly make people more self-sufficient in the struggle against poverty, want and disease?

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Does the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly prepare people for the future?

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Does the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly pave the way for partnerships between Blacks and Whites?

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Does the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly build the foundations for development structures which any and every political dispensation would require?

VIOLENCE OR DEMOCRACY A BLACK POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE The KwaZulu Legislative Assembly has this year been in existence for 10 years. It must be judged now and the perspective within which the judgement must be made is set out in the above view. We must ask: Is it a better alternative as a base for liberation politics than one based on the use of violence from foreign soil?

When one's political message is conveyed by a bullet, democratic procedures are necessarily suspended . Where wars have been won by insurgents fighting for the liberation of their people, the people who did the fighting could at the same time not do the talking . Frelimo did not have a democratic presence in what was then Lourenco Marques and Beira , and ZAPU did not participate as ZANU and ZAPU in Salisbury or Bulwayo . Similarly, the external mission of the African National Congress

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does not have a role in the democractic developments within South Africa . That is no judgement of their worth in the political field . These are just plain facts of the matter. Put bluntly, you must be sure you are going to win a war before you fire your first bullet. I do not believe that it is possible for insurgents to win a war in South Africa . Again , quite bluntly, Whites do not heed warnings that Black opinion may turn to more widespread support of violence. The majority of Blacks reject violence but they do so because their instincts tell them that the external mission of the ANC will not come home . They will not march into Pretoria and take over the government. Blacks have heard promises of this for twenty years . There is a whole new generation emerging which are expected to live on myths about the ANC while seeing no real benefits from believeing the myths. This generation is producing patriots who want to be engaged in the struggle for liberation . We must offer them political options other than violence which at this time remains

unviable as an instrument for bringing about change in South Africa. The White threat to a democratic future takes the form of homeland politics leading to so-called "independence" and then on to a White dominated confederation of states . White politics appears to be on the rampage in this direction but the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly is a Black colossus that can not be overcome. I believe that involvement in the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly and through the South African Black Alliance with other Legislative Assemblies is a viable and meaningful alternative to violence . It is in fact better put the other way round . Violence can not be considered as an alternative to the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly because there is now and will be for the foreseeable future only tokenism in the armed struggle which , while it serves a purpose, cannot be relied on alone to bring about change in South Africa.

EMANDLEN MATLING

The procession at the opening of the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly on 21 April 1982. In the foreground is the Speaker, Bishop Dr A H Zulu, and in the background is the Minister of National Education , Dr G van N Viljoen.

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Expression of thanks by the Chief Executive Councillor, uMntwana Mangosuthu G Buthelezi, during the opening of the first ordinary session of the Legislative Assembly.

THE NATURE OF NATIONAL POLITICS

I think one can make the statement that the greater part of national politics is about local and regional issues . This is certainly true in South Africa. It is certainly true that a political party's involvement in local and regional issues is not an abrogation of its national responsibilities. The reverse would, however, be true. Any party in White South African politics which refused to be interested in local and regional government would soon be bypassed by the electorate. ou must be There is only praise for those who involve themselves in local and regional politics for the right reasons. It is not the engagement at local and regional level which should be judged . It is the political programme undertaken there that must be judged . Correct national politics starts with fights for what people want at the local and regional level .

Yosure u of winning a war before you fire the first bullet.

INKATHA, in addition to many things, is also the ruling party in the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Assembly's value can not be afforded a balanced judgement without first evaluating INKATHA's policies. No Black person or organisation has yet rejected INKATHA on the merits of its aims and objectives , or its policies. It is not rejected by Whites, nor by Coloureds or Indians . There are vociferous objections to its policy of constructive engagement in the Legislative Assembly but the overwhelming opinion by Blacks that this constructive engagement must continue is demonstrated by the fact that INKATHA is the largest Black political organisation this country has ever seen. Since its inception every year INKATHA has grown . Its annual increase alone

Insurgents cannot win a war in South Africa.

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very Black country which Ewon its struggle for

liberation , whether by violence or by democratic means, has come to realise that poverty does not disappear with political victory.

is greater than is the total ANC membership after 70 years or even at the end of the 47 years before it was banned . I say this as a former member of the banned ANC and one who supports the ideals of the founding fathers which we will cherish in INKATHA. The KwaZulu Legislative Assembly is a Black entry point into the national political arena . There would soon be no democratic opposition to apartheid's grand design if the fight for liberation did not continue in the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly.

MOBILISATION, SELF-SUFFICIENCY AND PREPARATION FOR THE FUTURE It is of crucial importance to the whole of South Africa that ordinary people were mobilised politically . We need above most other things to realise that disaster threatens on two fronts . One is the question already dealt with; alternatives to violence which necessitates mobilising people . The other has already been touched on poverty and the rocking backwards and forwards between despair and flashes of irrational violence . Whether we are seeking alternatives to violence or we are seeking ways and means of overcoming poverty , we need to mobilise people. The last point is important. Every Black country which won its struggle for liberation , whether by violence or by democratic means, has come to realise that poverty does not disappear with political victory. We must accept that the only way we can redistribute the wealth of the country is by creating equal opportunities for all in an economy where gross production and the efficiency of that production increases every year. We need to mobilise people so that they are involved in self- help approaches . There must be a partnership between people and the government after liberation if we are to tackle development meaningfully. The KwaZulu Legislative Assembly provides a first step in this direction .

The mobilisation of people into working and disciplined constituencies is not an exercise in idealism . Mobilisation takes place only when you deal with vested interests and organise action around practical and local issues . In many respects the work of the Legislative Assembly is making the very best out of a rotten deal. To achieve this best for the people we need to become involved in mobilising people . That is good and that is an investment being made for the whole of South Africa . The KwaZulu Legislative Assembly is a preliminary venture into the kind ofresponsibility by which South Africa will be faced with one day. Sad as it is there are those who leave undone what little can be done by excusing themselves with mournful laments against apartheid . The fight against poverty, want and disease will continue into the future long past the point when we can see political victory for the forces of democracy . BLACK AND WHITE PARTNERSHIP The nature of this country is such that prosperity and stability in the future will depend almost entirely on a partnership between Black and White to make that future possible. If the Whites attempt to go it alone as far as the final control of the country is concerned , they will be faced with disaster. They will never be able to establish themselves as majorities in the areas they would like to see reserved as White . This means that for the foreseeable future more than half the country's Blacks will have no representation in the organs of government for the areas in which they were born, live, work and die . There can be no formula which will be so productive of political violence as the apartheid policy of White South Africa. There are two views of the struggle for liberation in this country. The one we can perhaps call the Machel/Mugabe option . In this option people see the possiblity of employing violence to break down the ability of the South African Government to govern

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71 and forcing the South African Government then to a Lancaster House type bargaining situation . This option we all agree is a last resort option . Even the African National Congress's external mission would not defend the employment of violence as a first alternative . Their justification for violence is argued on the grounds that nothing else will help . This is where we disagree. We do not need to argue the merits of the armed struggle as a tactic for liberation . If there is nothing else to do and that is all that is left to do, we cannot be blamed if that is what we do . While there is, however, something that can be done it is irresponsible in the extreme to indulge in violence . It is irresponsible because in our country full-scale violence will be nothing other than the death throes of a society which will never be resurrected again. Violence in South Africa in proportion to the violence that was necessary to topple the Smith regime will have to be so much greater that we are entitled to fear its destructiveness and to redouble every effort to seek alternatives. In facing a real life situation where the urgency of the moment is dictated by violence too horrible to contemplate , we need to become pragmatic and to explore those things which we can do together as Blacks and Whites. The South African Government has formally proposed to me that I become involved inthe development of a confederation of South African States . I gained the impression that the Government was not prepared to talk about any other constitutional developments. This places me in a position in which I have to say that the Black demand is for one-man-one-vote in a unitary state. I understand the need to find a working compromise between Blacks and Whites. The compromise is essentially between one- man-one-vote in a unitary state and no vote at all . The confederal formula is a formula in which there are no votes for Blacks which affect the country's most crucial issues. There is no prospect of KwaZulu entering into a confederal relationship with South Africa . Politically it is inconceivable because it means first accepting so-called "independence". The rationale for a confederal system of government in South Africa is based on the need for separate ethnic identities. This need is rejected by the majority of Blacks and demand by perhaps the majority of Whites. The concept of independent Black states in South Africa is rejected by INKATHA and KwaZulu , and makes any discussion of confederation impossible. So-called White South Africa will control the country's industrial areas, its mining and its most productive agricultural areas . The White voters will vote for a white-only authority which controls the post and telegraph services , the transport system, the production and distribution of electricity , the country's industrial and commercial interests, its fiscal policy, its foreign policy, its police and the defence force.

I believe that the time has arrived in our country when the Central Government can no longer dictate the country's political future unilaterally . There is a need to sit down and analyse alternatives to present government policy .

here The can be no formula which will be so produc-

I am quite prepared to take the Buthelezi Commission's recommendations as a departure point for discussions. The important thing is for us to recognise the need for talking . This need is urgent because the government's policy as it is now formulated just can not be implemented and to force its implementation on Blacks will turn resistance into rebellion . We as Blacks must insist on our one- man-one-vote in a unitary state demand if attempts are going to be made to force confederation down our throats.

tive of political violence as the apartheid policy of White South Africa .

The ultimate value of the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly will depend upon the way the South African Government handles constitutional issues. I again emphasise the need for a moratorium on constitutional changes and the use of the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly as the proper organ of negotiation until a settlement is reached . We in this country do not want to kill ourselves in order to proceed to a Lancaster House type agreement. We want our own agreement orchestrated and managed by ourselves.

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72

THE

BIRTH

ZULU DYNASTY

OF

A LUZUMANE MALANDELA NTOMBELA

NATION ZULU (NKÖSINKULU)

PUNGA

MAGEBA

NDABA JAMA

SENZANGAKONA

SHAKA

DINGANE

MPANDE CETSWAYO ) DINUZULU SOLOMON CYPRIAN BHEKUZULU

Historians have traced the beginnings of the Zulu clan back to about 1670 when Malandela , reputedly the son of Luzumane , settled on the picturesque western slope of Mandawe Hill, some 14 km outside Eshowe . His wife was Nozinja . The main road between Eshowe and Melmoth passes within a few hundred meters from where Malandela's kraal must have stood in the morning shadow of the hill, which is today marked by a huge cross . It is not far from the road bridge of the Mhlatuze River. Malandela had at least two known sons, Qwabe and Zulu . Qwabe was the eldest son and logical heir. But he wandered off and left his resourceful mother, Nozinja, and Zulu alone to fend for themselves . They built up a sizeable herd of white cattle . When Qwabe later heard how the herd had grown, he decided to return to his

home. His mother, however, realised what his motives were and decided not to favour him to the detriment of her younger son, Zulu . A rift developed in the family and Nozinja and Zulu took their herd and went to the White Umfolozi River where they settled in the hills about 95 km inland from the Indian Ocean . Zulu was the head of the household and eventually married a woman from a clan in the neighbourhood . His sons took the name Zulu as their family name . This was how the Zulu nation originated . Žulu's brother, Qwabe, gave his name to a large group of followers who are one of the biggest clans in KwaZulu today. Both clans pay ultimate allegiance to the Zulu king. Zulu was succeeded by Punga, Mageba, Ndaba , Jama and Senzangakona, who left a great heritage

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to the Zulu people in the illegitimate son given him by Nandi , a girl of the Langeni clan. The boy was Shaka Zulu, born about 1787. He was a genius. Chief Senzangakona fell into disrepute because of his illicit love affair with Nandi and ultimately married her to satisfy the Zulu code of honour. But he had a quarrel with Nandi when Shaka was only six and expelled them both from his royal kraal. They suffered desperately. There was a drought that lasted a long time and which made food almost impossible to come by. The little boy and his mother wandered from temporary refuge to temporary refuge. Shaka was humiliated . Also , his masculinity was slow in developing and his playmates teased him incessantly. He was branded as an outcast 'prince'. He was bitter and had a burning desire for revenge . At the

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King Shaka, the builder of the Zulu nation.

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BU King Dingane ka Senzangakona

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Bult ви

King Mpande.

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King Cetswayo.

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King Dinuzulu.

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FAR LEFT: Grave of Zulu (Nkosinkulu) the progenitor of the Zulu nation.

LEFT: Grave of Senzangakona in the Emakhosini Valley.

same time, he loved his mother dearly. The Zulu chiefs before Senzangakona were, in reality nothing more than the heads of a growing family group . By this time, however, the family was justified in calling itself a clan — the Zulu clan. At Senzangakona's death the clan still only numbered about 1700 people. They were vassal to a neighbouring clan called the Mtetwa and paid allegiance to their chief, Dingiswayo - a man who played an important part in the history of the Nguni people of Natal, the basic ethnic group from which the people of KwaZulu originated. Dingiswayo led a combination of clans successfully. It was also he who took the destitute young exile, Shaka , under his wing when the boy was in

his teens. He trained Shaka as a soldier and as a leader. Shaka soon built up a tremendous reputation in Dingiswayo's army. At the age of 29 he showed considerable prowess as a fighting man with a broad-bladed assegai or spear, which he had introduced . In addition , he was a clever strategist in battle and a born leader. Shaka's father, Senzangakona , died in 1816 and his son , Sigujana succeeded him quietly. By the time Shaka heard of his father's death, Sigujana was already firmly in the saddle. And Shaka regarded himself as the natural heir as he was the eldest living son. Dingiswayo decided to appoint the successor to the chieftainship himself. But as a born statesman he was reluctant to take sides . Shaka enlisted the

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help of his half-brother, Ngwadi , to do the spadework for him. He was to befriend the new chief, gain his trust and then kill him . This he did efficiently and Sigajuna ruled for only a couple of weeks. Shaka marched to the royal kraal with a hand-picked bodyguard provided by King Dingiswayo and made it quite clear that he had come to stay . His younger half-brother, Dingane, obviously jealous and unhappy at this turn of events, but at that stage he did not have enough influence to offer any opposition . Shaka immediately set about training every available male in his tiny population of 1700. He taught them to fight with the short which he had stabbing spear which pioneered. Up to then, tribesmen fought with long-handled throwing spears. Shaka's men carried a single

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Cetswayo ka Mpande (1827-1884) aboard the steamer 'Natal' on his way to exile in Cape Town in 1879.

stabbing spear and a club. They were taught to fight to the death. Any man who lost his spear in battle and lost his fight was invariably executed . Shaka was fanatical about fitness and he trained his men to be agile and fleet of foot. It was essential in combat and in pursuit. His warriors were made to discard their sandals and fight bare-footed . He eventually also had regiments of girls, but they were not used in open combat. Shaka had all the attributes to build up his kingdom - intelligence , determination, strength of will and a physique to support it and outstanding leadership qualities. His realm was only sixteen km by sixteen km and even that lay under the ultimate sovereignty of King Dingiswayo of the Mtetwa. He needed elbow room .

Shaka was a man who enforced discipline, instilled honesty in his subjects and put the ultimate penalty into operation against anyone who stole a cow or raped a woman. At that stage it seemed as if a confrontation between the various factions to determine supremacy was inevitable. The Ndwandwe under Zwide and the Mtetwa under Dingiswayo seemed to be the strongest contenders. Shaka did not seem to be in contention at all . But after his triumphs over the Langeni and the Buthelezi clans, serious notice was being taken of this young ruler. Zwide tricked eventually Dingiswayo and succeeded in killing him. Then, in 1818 he set out against Shaka with 12 000 warriors . The battle took place on Qokli Hill, between Melmoth and Ulundi. Zwide lost

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the battle and more than 7 000 men. Here indeed the Zulu nation was born . Shaka became the hero of the Zulu nation. But a year later he once again had to do battle against Zwide . This time he defeated him decisively . But Zwide flew northwards and in 1826 his son , Sikunyana, once more took Shaka on . At Ndololwane , south-west of Piet Retief, Shaka attacked and in a fierce battle lasting only two hours he defeated Sikunyana . Sikunyana escaped to Swaziland and never returned to Zululand . Shaka never married , but it was said that he had a son by a girl in his enormous harem. It is also said he immediately had both of them adopted by a tribe far to the south in case the son ever threatened his throne. Nothing was ever heard of them .

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King Solomon.

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Two Stabbing Asssegais - Knobkierie - Four Throwing Assegais

A typical KwaZulu scene.

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Grave of Nandi, mother of Shaka. This grave is situated several miles from the site of the Bulawayo Kraal. Nandi was the daughter of one Bebe, a Langeni chief, born in the Melmoth District.

This bush is an old kei-apple tree once used as a place of execution until the death of Shaka.

Shaka's blood line, the progeny of the sons of his father, Senzangakona , by several wives, can be traced unbroken right down to the existing reigning monarch, King Zwelithini Goodwill kaCyprian Bhekuzulu . Shaka was killed by his two halfbrothers, Dingane and Mhlangana , with the aid of Mbopa, Shaka's erstwhile guard and household chief. It happened in September 1828. With his death the sun set on an era of great achievement . Dingane succeeded him in 1828. He lacked Shaka's wisdom, his finesse and his statesmanship . He ruled by fear and with little justice . Dingane ruled for twelve years before he was ousted by Mpande, the younger brother whom Dingane had not rated as a danger. Mpande enlisted the aid of the Boers for his succession . Dingane fled to the

north where he was eventually murdered. Mpande ruled for 32 uneventful years during which time he brought peace and quiet to the land. He was succeeded by Cetswayo in 1873. Cetswayo revived the pride of the Zulu people. He gave them the glory of their great victory at Isandlwana and the excitement of the Battle of Rorke's Drift. The latter was an epic of gallantry by both Zulu and British alike . He was the last of the warrior kings of Zululand. He was defeated in the Battle of Ulundi on 4 July 1879. The British arbitrarily divided Zululand into 13 artificial chieftaincies . Cetswayo was banished. Queen Victoria ineffectually restored his throne in 1883. He died at the age of 50 in 1884. He was buried on the fringe of the Nkandla forest.

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The legitimate heir was Dinuzulu , who was born in 1868. He was only 16 at Cetswayo's death. The Boers proclaimed him King of the Zulus. But the British recognised Chief Sibebu . A turbulent 29 years followed until his death in 1913. Dinuzulu was banished to St Helena by the British in 1888 for activities against the Crown of England . He returned in 1898 and was reinstated as head of the Usutu faction with limited authority. He was imprisoned in 1907 for complicity in the Bambatha rebellion arising out of Natal's harsh taxation . He was released by Gen Louis Botha in 1910 after the incorporation of Natal and Zululand into the Union of South Africa, but he remained in exile in Middelburg, Transvaal, until his death in 1913. He was buried in Zululand.

83

A young Zulu carries the traditional shield. Magnificently dressed Zulu warriors.

Ľ

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84

RA

King Cyprian Bhekuzulu.

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85

ZULU DYNASTY THE

BIRTH LUZUMANE

OF

A MALANDELA

NATION

NTOMBELA

ZULU (NKÖSINKULU)

PUNGA

MAGEBA

NDABA

JAMA

SENZANGAKONA

SHAKA'S ROCK This boulder situated under a tree near Shaka's Monument at Stanger is the rock on which Shaka was sitting when he was killed and it was moved from its original site and placed near his monument.

SHAKA

DINGANE

MPANDE

CETSWAYO

DINUZULU

SOLOMON

CYPRIAN BHEKUZULU

GOODWILL ZWELITHINI BHEKUZULU

Thispage graciously sponsored by UMLAZI FORD

86

4 4 1

King Goodwill Zwelithini .

Thispage goede strand 9. URBAN FOUNDATION

87

THE

KWAZULU

TRAINING

TRUST

e do not W ask for bread ...

nly for the O

skill to produce it.

Manpratin

ее G. Burney

T ispage graciously sponsered by VICKERS - LENNING (PTY) LTD.

888 THE

KWAZULU

TRAINING

TRUST

BOARD

OF

Chairman: Dr O D Dhlomo, Minister ofEducation and Culture of KwaZulu. DIRECTORS

Dr M G Buthelezi, Chief Minister of KwaZulu.

Mr G R L Canning, a prominent Natal businessman.

Mr R Draper, Past President of the Natal Chamber of Commerce.

Mr Patrick Gumede, President of Inyanda and Senior Deputy President of the National African Federated Chamber of Commerce.

Mr W F Hamilton, Past President of the Natal Chamber of Industries.

Dr M J Olivier, Senior General Manager, KwaZulu Development Corporation. (Deceased).

Thispage gracicady sponsored by WILSON-ROWNTREE

89

BACKGROUND

The KwaZulu Training Trust was founded to advance technical training and research on training methods . It came into being after the KwaZulu Department of Education and Culture had approached the KwaZulu Development Corporation for assistance in technical training. After research into the training needs of KwaZulu , the Trust identified the most urgent problems and decided to embark on a project programme in order to satisfy these needs systematically .

PRIORITY AREAS IDENTIFIED BY THE KWAZULU GOVERNMENT SERVICE The KwaZulu Department of Education and Culture identified the most urgent needs of its Government Service to be in the areas of: • Civil engineering and related fields civil, town • Draughtsmen planning, surveying Agriculture and agricultural engineering Accounting and business training

SHORT TERM NEEDS It is obvious that long term solutions will not satisfy immediate needs . Therefore , certain "crash programmes" must be implemented . These include the provision of

Programmed instructional education (PIE) in technical subjects in existing schools to obviate the lack of qualified teaching staff and to guarantee the quality of education offered • Additional technical high schools • Orientation centres for primary school pupils

LONG TERM NEEDS

REGISTRATION

The KwaZulu Training Trust is registered as an association not for gain in terms of Section 21 of the Companies Act. FUNDING The Trust aims to raise an amount of R20 million from the private sector and eventually to use only the interest on capital to finance its projects . All donations to the Trust are tax-deductable.

Over the long term the quality of technical training has to be improved by:

Providing enough teachers of sufficiently high quality to meet the standards required by industry • Providing improved facilities for technical training and • Providing schools with information and vocational guidance to encourage scholars to embark upon careers in the technical field .

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THE KWAZULU DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE The KwaZulu Department of Education and Culture is presently planning the establishment of the following schools and institutions Four technical high schools at a cost of R1,6 million each (1979 estimates); Three technical orientation centres at a cost of R1 million each; Five technical institutes at a cost of R1,5 million each . In addi-

90

THE

KWAZULU

TRAINING

TRUST

MOLE TRA UN INPUTS

PROCESSES

102 175

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NG

tion this Department requires: • Improved laboratory facilities at schools at an estimated cost of R500 000; • Well equipped libraries in the scientific and technological field at an estimated cost of R300 000. This will alleviate the situation substantially, but it is evident that it will not provide an overall solution to the needs of KwaZulu and of the metropolitan areas of Natal for which it provides labour.

IMMEDIATE PROJECTS OF THE KWAZULU TRAINING TRUST The immediate need as enunciated by Zulu leaders and employers in Natal is for skilled and semiskilled labour. The Trust has therefore earmarked the following projects as immediate priorities : A public in-service training centre to provide training facilities in the sphere of technical and operator level jobs. Construction and equipment costs will be R500 000. Plans for the design and lay- out of such centres are already in existence and they can be constructed and equipped within six months of a site being made available. Ten strategically placed adult technical "community learning centres" for adult education and training in literacy and language skills, as well as in basic agriculture, technology , commerce and social patterns . Extensive use will be made of PIE techniques through the medium of audio-visual aids . The cost per centre will be R10 000. In order to realise its immediate needs, the Trust requires a sum of R600 000. A SECOND PRIORITY AREA The second priority area identified by the Trust to aid the KwaZulu Department of Education and Culture is the establishment of three technical orientation centres at a cost of R1 million each .

Financial Advisor: Dr J L Bosch, P.O. Box 51, Wilderness 6560 . Registered Office: Site V 1317 , Unit 19, Umlazi .

1665

91

92 The Directors ofthe KwaZulu Training Trust

are deeply indebted to those

Companies

who have so graciously and

generously sponsored this Publication,

thereby defraying the costs in their entirety.

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1982

C

DT 878 .Z K97 1982 Kwazul Leg9islati AssAJX399 ve 9 u Hoove Institutio Librar r y n

3 6105 081

869 484

Published by: The Bureau of Communication Department of the Chief Minister KwaZulu Government Service Private Bag X01 Ulundi 3838 Printed by Colorgraphic for Chard Enterprises