Geschichte u. Kultur Roms im Spiegel d. neueren Forschung ;2. Principat. Bd. Bd. 36. Philosophie, Wissenschaften, Technik [Reprint 2014 ed.] 3110103931, 9783110103939

Table of contents :
Vorwort
Inhalt
PHILOSOPHIE, WISSENSCHAFTEN, TECHNIK: PHILOSOPHIE (STOIZISMUS)
Posidonius’s Theory of Historical Causation
The Stoics and their Cosmology in the first and second centuries A. D.
Stoic Cosmology and Roman Literature, First to Third Centuries A.D.
Stoïcisme et hypothèse géocentrique
Stoische Symmetrie und Theorie des Schönen in der Kaiserzeit
Cotidie meditare. Theory and Practice of the meditatio in Imperial Stoicism
Stoicism and Slavery in the Roman Empire
Quarante ans de recherche sur les oeuvres philosophiques de Sénèque (Bibliographie 1945 -1985)
La production littéraire de Sénèque sous les règnes de Caligula et de Claude, sens philosophique et portée politique: les ‘Consolations’ et le ‘De ira’
Les idéaux stoïciens et les premières responsabilités politiques: le ‘De Clementia’
Les désillusions de Sénèque devant l’évolution de la politique néronienne et l’aspiration à la retraite: le ‘De uita beata’ et le ‘De beneficiis’
Sénèque: ‘De breuitate uitae‘, ‘De constantia sapientis’, ‘De tranquillitate animi’, ‘De otio’
La physique de Sénèque: Ordonnance et structure des ‘Naturales Quaestiones’
Le ‘Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium’ di Seneca. Valore letterario e filosofico
Il ‘De Providentia’ di Seneca fra lingua e filosofia
Senecae operum fragmenta: Überblick und Forschungsbericht
Sénèque et le Stoïcisme Romain
Seneca and Stoic Orthodoxy
Cornutus and Stoic Allegoresis: A Preliminary Report
Chaeremon der Stoiker
Musonio, maestro di Epitteto
The Stoicism of Epictetus: Twentieth Century Perspectives
La Morale d’Epictète et le christianisme
Ierocle stoico. Oikeiosis e doveri sociali
The Stoicism of Marcus Aurelius

Citation preview

AUFSTIEG UND NIEDERGANG DER R Ö M I S C H E N

WELT

B A N D II. 3 6 . 3

RISE A N D D E C L I N E O F T H E R O M A N V O L U M E II. 3 6 . 3

WORLD

AUFSTIEG UND N I E D E R G A N G DER R Ö M I S C H E N WELT (ANRW) RISE AND DECLINE OF T H E R O M A N W O R L D H E R A U S G E G E B E N V O N / E D I T E D BY

WOLFGANG UND /

HILDEGARD

HAASE

AND

TEMPORINI

T E I L II: P R I N C I P A T BAND

36.3

PART II: P R I N C I P A T E VOLUME

36.3

w G DE

WALTER DE G R U Y T E R • B E R L I N • N E W Y O R K

1989

AUFSTIEG UND NIEDERGANG DER RÖMISCHEN WELT (ANRW) G E S C H I C H T E UND KULTUR IM S P I E G E L DER N E U E R E N

ROMS

FORSCHUNG

T E I L II: P R I N C I P A T

B A N D 36: PHILOSOPHIE, WISSENSCHAFTEN,

TECHNIK

3. T E I L B A N D : PHILOSOPHIE (STOIZISMUS)

HERAUSGEGEBEN VON

WOLFGANG

HAASE

W DE

G

WALTER D E G R U Y T E R • B E R L I N • NEW Y O R K 1989

Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier (alterungsbeständig - pH 7, neutral) Printed on acid-free paper (ageing resistant - pH 7, neutral)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication

Data

Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung. English, French, German, Italian and Spanish. Later volumes have English parallel title: Rise and decline of the Roman world. The volumes of Teil II have separate titles: Politische Geschichte, Künste, Recht, Religion, Sprache und Literatur, Philosophie, Wissenschaften, Technik. Teil II edited by Hildegard Temporini and Wolfgang Haase. „Joseph Vogt zum 23. 6. 1970" (28 p.) in pocket of vol. I, 1. Includes bibliographies. Contents: T. I. Von den Anfängen Roms bis zum Ausgang der Republik (5 v.) - T. II. Principar. 1. Rome - Civilization - Collected works. I. Vogt, Joseph, 1895-1986. II. Temporini, Hildegard. III. Haase, Wolfgang. IV. Title: Rise and decline of the Roman world. DG209.T36 937 72-83058 ISBN 3-11-001885-3 (I, 1)

CIP-Titelaufnahme

der Deutschen

Bibliothek

Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt : (ANRW) ; Geschichtc u. Kultur Roms im Spiegel d. neueren Forschung / hrsg. von Wolfgang Haase u. Hildegard Temporini. — Berlin ; New York : de Gruyter. Teilweise hrsg. von Hildegard Temporini u. Wolfgang Haase. Teilw. mit Parallelt.: Rise and decline of the Roman world ISBN 3-11-005837-5 NE: Haase, Wolfgang [Hrsg.]; Temporini, Hildegard [Hrsg.]; ANRW; PT Teil 2. Principat. Bd. 36. Philosophie, Wissenschaften, Technik / hrsg. von Wolfgang Haase. Teilbd. 3. Philosophie (Stoizismus). - 1989 ISBN 3-11-010393-1

© Alle Rechte, insbesondere das Genehmigung des Verlages ist nischem

1989 by Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 30 der Übersetzung in fremde Sprachen, vorbehalten. Ohne ausdrücklichc es auch nicht gestattet, dieses Buch oder Teile daraus auf photomechaWege (Photokopie, Mikrokopie) zu vervielfältigen. Printed in Germany Satz und Druck: Arthur Collignon G m b H , Berlin 30 Einbandgestaltung und Schutzumschlag: Rudolf Hübler Buchbinder: Lüderitz & Bauer, Berlin 61

Vorwort Mit dem hier vorliegenden Teilband II 36,3 wird innerhalb des II. Teils ('Principat') von ANRW die Publikation des philosophiegeschichtlichen Bandes II 36 der Rubrik 'Philosophie, Wissenschaften, Technik' ( = Bde. II 36 und II 37) fortgesetzt. Dieser Teilband enthält die Beiträge zum Stoizismus von Poseidonios bis Marcus Aurelius, in denen teils allgemeine Themen systematischer Art, teils einzelne Denker und ihr Werk behandelt werden. Ungefähr die Hälfte des Gesamtumfangs (S. 1545 - 2012) entfällt dabei auf die Philosophie Senecas. Hierzu sollen zwei Umstände, die schon einmal (im Vorwort zu Teilbd. II 36,1 [1987] S. V/VI) erwähnt worden sind, in Erinnerung gerufen werden: daß Senecas Werk unter vorwiegend literarhistorischem Aspekt bereits in einem Teilband der Rubrik 'Sprache und Literatur' (II 32,2 [1985] S. 6 5 3 1453) eingehend gewürdigt worden ist und daß sich um die Gewinnung und Koordination der philosophiegeschichtlichen Beiträge über Seneca in französischer Sprache (hier unten S. 1545 - 1 8 2 2 und S. 1962 - 1 9 9 2 ) F.-R. CHAUMARTIN, selbst zweifacher Mitarbeiter des Teilbandes, durch tatkräftige Unterstützung des Herausgebers dankenswerte Verdienste erworben hat. Aufrichtigen Dank schuldet der Herausgeber ferner seinen Kollegen am Department of Classical Studies der Boston University, besonders dem Ghairman Professor J . RUFUS FEARS, für anregende und fördernde Begleitung seiner Arbeit während eines Teils der akademischen Jahre seit dem Herbst 1987. W. H.

Tübingen - Boston, Mass., im März 1989

Inhalt Vorwort

V PHILOSOPHIE, WISSENSCHAFTEN, TECHNIK Band II. 36.3: Philosophie (Stoizismus)

(Columbus, Ohio) Posidonius's Theory of Historical Causation

HAHM, D . E .

1325 - 1 3 6 3

TODD, R. B. (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) The Stoics and their Cosmology in the first and second centuries A. D 1365 - 1 3 7 8 (Cambridge) Stoic Cosmology and Roman Literature, First to Third Centuries A. D 1379-1429

LAPIDGE, M .

AUJAC, G. (Toulouse - Le Mirail) Stoïcisme et Hypothèse géocentrique

1430 - 1 4 5 3

(Mannheim) Stoische Symmetrie und Theorie des Schönen in der Kaiserzeit 1454-1472

HORN, H . - J .

NEWMAN, R. J. (Honolulu, Hawaii) Cotidie meditare. Theory and Practice of the meditatio Imperial Stoicism C. E . (Christchurch, New Zealand) Stoicism and Slavery in the Roman Empire

MANNING,

in

1473 — 1517 1518-1543

F.-R. (Paris) Quarante ans de recherche sur les œuvres philosophiques de Sénèque (Bibliographie 1945-1985) 1545-1605

CHAUMARTIN,

Vili

INHALT

FILLION-LAHILLE, J . (Paris)

La production littéraire de Sénèque sous les règnes de Caligula et de Claude, sens philosophique et portée politique: les 'Consolationes' et le 'De ira' 1 6 0 6 - 1638 MORTUREUX, B . (Paris)

Les idéaux stoïciens et les premières responsabilités politiques: le 'De dementia'

1639-1685

CHAUMARTIN, F.-R. (Paris)

Les désillusions de Sénèque devant l'évolution de la politique néronienne et l'aspiration à la retraite: le 'De vita beata' et le 'De beneficiis' 1686 - 1723 ANDRÉ, J . - M . (Dijon)

Sénèque: 'De breuitate uitae', ' D e constantia sapientis', 'De tranquillitate animae', 'De otio' 1724 - 1778 CODOÑER, C .

(Salamanca)

La physique de Sénèque: Ordonnance et structure des 'Naturales quaestiones'

1779-1822

MAZZOLI, G . (Pavia)

Le 'Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium' di Seneca. Valore letterario e filosofico

1823-1877

DIONIGI, I. ( B o l o g n a )

IL 'De providentia' di Seneca fra lingua e filosofia [Hinweis auf den Nachtrag in Bd. II. 36.4] LAUSBERG, M .

1878

(Augsburg)

Senecae operum fragmenta: Uberblick und Forschungsbericht GRIMAL, P. (Paris)

Sénèque et le Stoïcisme Romain

RIST, J . M .

1879-1961 1 9 6 2 - 1992

(Toronto)

Seneca and Stoic Orthodoxy

MOST, G. W. (Innsbruck) Cornutus and Stoic Allegoresis: A Preliminary Report

1993-2012

. . . 2014 - 2065

FREDE, M . (Princeton, N . J.)

Chaeremon

2067-2103

INHALT LAURENTI, R .

IX

(Napoli)

M u s o n i o , maestro di Epitteto

2105-2146

HERSHBELL, J . P. (Minneapolis, Minnesota) T h e Stoicism o f Epictetus: Twentieth Century Perspectives.

2148-2163

JAGU, A. (Angers) La M o r a l e d'Epictète et le christianisme

2164 — 2199

ISNARDI PARENTE, M .

(Roma)

Ierocle stoico. Oikeiosis e doveri sociali

2201 — 2 2 2 6

ASMIS, E. ( C h i c a g o , 111.) T h e Stoicism o f M a r c u s Aurelius

2228 - 2252

Band II. 3 6 . 1 : Vorwort

V-VII Philosophie (Historische Einleitung; Piatonismus) Historische Einleitung

ANDRÉ, J . - M .

(Dijon)

Les écoles philosophiques a u x deux premiers siècles de l ' E m pire

5-77

Platonismus WHITTAKER, J . (St. J o h n ' s , N e w f o u n d l a n d , C a n a d a ) Platonic Philosophy in the Early Centuries o f the E m p i r e

.

81 - 123

DEITZ, L. (Konstanz)

Bibliographie du platonisme impérial antérieur à 1926-1986

FROIDEFOND, C H .

Plotin: 124-182

(Aix-en-Provence)

Plutarque et le platonisme . . .

184-233

X

INHALT

HERSHBELL, J . P. (Minneapolis, Minnesota) Plutarch's 'De animae procreatione in Timaeo': An Analysis of Structure and Content

234 - 247

BRENK, F. E . , S. J . ( R o m e )

An Imperial Heritage: The Religious Spirit of Plutarch of Chaironeia

BIANCHI, U .

248-349

(Rom)

Plutarch und der Dualismus

350 - 365

TSEKOURAKIS, D . (Thessaloniki)

Pythagoreanism or Platonism and Ancient Medicine? The Reasons for Vegetarianism in Plutarch's 'Moralia'

366 - 393

HIJMANS J R . , B . L. (Groningen)

Apuleius, Philosophus Platonicus

395 - 475

MORESCHINI, C . (Pisa)

Attico: una figura singolare del medioplatonismo

SCHROEDER, F. M . (Kingston, Ontario, Canada) Ammonius Saccas

477 - 491

493 - 526

BLUMENTHAL, H . J . (Liverpool)

Plotinus in the Light of Twenty Years' Scholarship, 1951 1971

528-570

CORRIGAN, K. (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada) - O'CLEIRIGH, P. (Guelph, Ontario, Canada) The Course of Plotinian Scholarship from 1971 to 1986 . .

571 - 623

HADOT, P. (Paris)

Structure et thèmes du Traité 38 (VI, 7) de Plotin

SCHROEDER, F. M . (Kingston, Ontario, Canada) Synousia, Synaisthaesis and Synesis: Presence and Dependence in the Plotinian Philosophy of Consciousness

624 - 676

677 - 699

BUSSANICH, J . (Albuquerque, New Mexico) Mystical Elements in Plotinus' Thought [Hinweis auf den Nachtrag in Bd. II. 36.4]

700

DOMBROWSKI, D. A. (Omaha, Nebraska) Asceticism as Athletic Training in Plotinus

701 —712

INHALT

XI

Band II. 36.2: Philosophie (Piatonismus [Forts.]; Aristotelismus) Piatonismus [Forts.] SMITH, A. (Dublin)

Porphyrian Studies since 1913

717 — 773

A. (Omaha, Nebraska) Porphyry and Vegetarianism: A Contemporary Philosophical Approach

774-791

L. (Paris) Amelius: Sa vie, son oeuvre, sa doctrine, son style

793 — 860

DOMBROWSKI, D .

BRISSON,

DILLON, J . (Dublin)

Iamblichus of Chalcis (c. 240 - 325 A. D.)

862 - 909

(Norman, Oklahoma) Scepticism and Neoplatonism

911-954

K. (Pittsburgh, Pa.) Plotinus, Porphyry and the Neoplatonic Interpretation of the 'Categories'

955 - 974

K. (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada) Amelius, Plotinus and Porphyry on Being, Intellect and the One. A Reappraisal

975-993

(Trier) Bonum est diffusivum sui. Ein Beitrag zum Verhältnis von Neuplatonismus und Christentum

994 - 1 0 3 2

WALLIS, R . T . F

STRANGE, S .

CORRIGAN,

KREMER, K .

FREDE, M . (Princeton, N. J.)

Numenius

1034-1075

Aristotelismus H. B. (Leeds) Aristotelian Philosophy in the Roman World from the Time of Cicero to the End of the Second Century AD 1079-1174

GOTTSCHALK,

XII

INHALT

(London) Alexander of Aphrodisias: Scholasticism and Innovation . . 1176-1243

SHARPLES, R . W .

(Torino) Il 'De fato' di Alessandro. Questioni di coerenza

D O N I N I , P. L .

1244- 1259

A., S. J. (Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts) Alexander of Aphrodisias: the Book of Ethical Problems . . 1260- 1279

MADIGAN,

N A C H T R Ä G E Z U B A N D II. 16.3 U N D B A N D II. 36.1:

(Rome) Index to Contribution on In the Light of the Moon: Demonology in the Early Imperial Period 1283-1299

B R E N K , F. E . , S . J .

F. E., S. J. (Rome) Index to Contribution on An Imperial Heritage: The Religious Spirit of Plutarch of Chaironeia 1300-1322

BRENK,

Band II. 36.4: Philosophie (Epikureismus; Skeptizismus; Kynismus u. a.; einzelne Denker; allgemeine historische und systematische Themen) (Birmingham) Epicureanism under the Roman Empire

FERGUSON, J.

E. (Chicago, 111.) Philodemus' Epicureanism

ASMIS,

T. (Napoli) Filodemo verso una biografia

DORANDI,

T. (Napoli) Filodemo storico del pensiero antico

DORANDI,

M. (Roma) Diogeniano, gli epicurei e la tuxti

ISNARDI P A R E N T E ,

D. (Baltimore, Md.) The Philosophical Inscription of Diogenes of Oenoanda, New Discoveries (1969-1985)

CLAY,

INHALT

GOULET-CAZÉ, M . - O . (Paris)

Le cynisme à l'époque impériale

HAMMERSTAEDT, J .

(Köln-Neapel)

Die philosophiegeschichtliche Stellung des Oinomaos von Gadara

KRENTZ, E. (Chicago, 111.) (zu Sextus Empiricus) CORTASSA, G . ( T o r i n o )

Il programma dello Scettico: struttura e forme di argumentazione del primo libro delle 'Ipotiposi Pirroniche' di Sesto Empirico

HAHM, D. E. (Columbus, Ohio) The Ethical Doxography of Arius Didymus MANSFELD, J . (Utrecht)

(zu Areios Didymos und Aetios)

CITRONI MARCHETTI, S . ( S i e n a )

Filosofia e ideologia nella 'Naturalis historia' di Plinio

HERSHBELL, J. P. (Minneapolis, Minn.) Plutarch and Stoicism HERSHBELL, J . P. (Minneapolis, Minn.) Plutarch and Epicureanism WESTMAN, R . ( A b o )

'Adversus Colotem' revisited

AALDERS, G . J . D . (Amsterdam) - DE BLOIS, L . ( N i j m e g e n )

Plutarch und die politische Philosophie der Griechen

DONINI, P. L . (Torino)

Galeno e la filosofia

MANULI, P. (Pavia)

Galeno e lo stoicismo

HANKINSON, R. J . (Montreal, Canada) Galen's Philosophical Eclecticism

XIII

XIV

INHALT

STEKELER-WEITHOFER, P.

(Konstanz)

Galen und die Logik

MEJER, J.

(Copenhagen)

Diogenes Laertios SOLLENBERGER, M . G . ( N e w B r u n s w i c k ,

N.J.)

Diogenes Laertios, B o o k 5, O n the Peripatetics: Analysis of Structure, Content and Sources GOULET-CAZÉ, M . - O . (Paris)

La structure du livre VI de Diogene Laërce GIGANTE, M .

(Napoli)

Il decimo libro di Diogene Laerzio: Epicuro ed il epicureismo

MANSFELD, J . (Utrecht)

T h e Policy of a Heresiologist: Hippolytos* 'Elenchos' as a Source for Greek Philosophy M U E L L E R , I. ( C h i c a g o , III.)

H e t e r o d o x y and D o x o g r a p h y in H i p p o l y t u s ' ' R e f u t a t i o n of all Heresies'

ATTRIDGE, H . W. ( D a l l a s , T e x . )

Divine Providence in the Philosophy of the Empire C o x , P. (Chicago, 111.) T h e Ideal of the Holy Philosopher in P a g a n and Christian Biographies (2nd —4th Centuries) CITRONI M A R C H E T T I , S . ( S i e n a )

Il 'sapiens' in pericolo. Aspetti psicologici del motivo dell'invulnerabilità del saggio (da Cicerone a M a r c o Aurelio) KLASSEN, W. (Winnipeg, M a n i t o b a , C a n a d a ) T h e Simple Life as an Ethical Ideal in the First Century SCHALL, J . V., S . J . ( W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . )

Post-Aristotelian Political Philosophy and Modernity M I T S I S , P. ( I t h a c a ,

N.Y.)

Natural L a w and Natural Rights in Post-Aristotelian Philosophy MANNING, C . E. (Christchurch, N e w Zealand) School Philosophy and Popular Philosophy in the R o m a n Empire

INHALT DUMONT, J.-P. (Lille) Sensation et perception dans la philosophie d'époque hellénistique et impériale

LESZL, W. (Pisa) (Problemi lessicali e concettuali della resa in latino della terminologia filosofica greca)

GUTAS, D . ( R e t h y m n o , Crete) Philosophical M a t e r i a l f r o m Early Empire in Arabic: G n o mologia, Platonica, Pythagorica, Stoica, Epicurea DAIBER, H .

(Amsterdam)

(zu: Philosophica G r a e c a aus Späthellenismus sowie früher und hoher Kaiserzeit in orientalischer Überlieferung) Z I M M E R M A N N , F.

(Oxford)

(desgleichen)

NACHTRAG ZU BAND II. 36.1: FREDE, M . (Princeton, N . J.)

Celsus philosophus Platonicus BRISSON, L .

(Paris)

Longinus philosophus Platonicus BUSSANICH, J . (Albuquerque, N e w M e x i c o ) M y s t i c a l Elements in Plotinus' T h o u g h t EMILSSON, E . K .

(Reykjavik-Princeton,

N.J.)

Platonic Soul-Body D u a l i s m in the Early Centuries o f the Empire NACHTRAG ZU BAND II. 36.3: DIONIGI, I. (Bologna) II ' D e P r o v i d e n t i a ' di Seneca fra lingua e filosofia

PHILOSOPHIE, WISSENSCHAFTEN, T E C H N I K : PHILOSOPHIE (STOIZISMUS)

Posidonius's Theory of Historical Causation* by

DAVID

E. H A H M , Columbus, Ohio

Contents I. Introduction

1325

II. Historiographical Practice 1. Explanation of Individual Behavior 2. Explanation of Group Behavior 3. Explanation of Success or Failure

1327 1328 1335 1340

III. Philosophical Theory

1348

IV. Causation and Historiography

1357

Bibliographical References

1361

I.

Introduction

Posidonius of Apamea was well known in antiquity for his preoccupation with causal explanation. 1 It was characteristic of his physical, meteorological, *

I would like to thank A. G. W O O D H E A D and W . DEN BOER for reading an earlier version of this study and offering valuable criticisms and suggestions. A shorter version of this paper was presented to the meeting of the Classical Association of the Middle West and South in Atlanta, Georgia, April, 1983.

1

On the role of causal explanation in Posidonius's thought see K I D D (1978), and (1971) 210- 11; cf. F R E D E (1980) 224 - 25. llie testimonia, fragments and references regarding Posidonius have been collected by EDELSTEIN and KIDD (1972) and by THEILER (1982). Whereas EDELSTEIN and K I D D limit themselves to the explicitly attested (nominatim) fragments and references, T H E I L E R includes anonymous references that may be derived from Posidonius. References in this study are given to the editions both of EDELSTEIN and K I D D ( E - K ) and of THEILER (TH). When both editions print the same text, the number of EDELSTEIN and K I D D is given first, followed (after a slash) by the corresponding number of THEILER. Fragments from EDELSTEIN - K I D D are further specified by line numbers as needed (e.g., F253.12—14 = F253, lines 12-14). Fragments from THEILER are sometimes specified, as in T H E I L E R ' S edition, also by the standard page or paragraph

88*

1326

DAVID E. HAHM

and geographical works, in which he pursued it with such thorough-going determination that S t r a b o criticized him for exceeding the limits o f human understanding — at least from a Stoic point of view: " T h e r e is a lot of causal explanation (aixioXoyiKOv) and Aristotelizing in him, which our (Stoic) school shies away from because o f the hiddenness o f the causes" (Strabo 2.3.8 = T 8 5 / 3 0 b ) . Posidonius's concern with causal explanation also characterized his fiftyt w o volume history o f the world from 1 4 5 - 8 6 B . C . , a work that constituted nearly a third o f his total literary output and earned him such a distinguished reputation a m o n g the R o m a n s that C i c e r o yearned to have him write an a c c o u n t o f his consulship (Cic. Ad Att. 2 . 1 2 = T 3 4 / 1 4 ) . 2 T h i s history was so thorough and so highly regarded that it b e c a m e a basic source o f the Augustan Age surveys o f history, especially for affairs in the eastern M e d i t e r r a n e a n . 3 It was also an important source o f information for the geographer S t r a b o and the biographer Plutarch. T h i s m o n u m e n t a l w o r k , which was probably Posidonius's last m a j o r literary achievement, 4 must have embodied the final results o f his lifelong concern with causality in nature and life. It would certainly have exemplified his mature understanding o f the causes o f human events and may well have included some prefatory remarks on his theoretical understanding as well. Unfortunately this influential work is lost; yet enough q u o t a t i o n s have survived, primarily in S t r a b o , Plutarch, and Athenaeus, t o allow us t o recon-

2

designations of the cited author (e.g., 247.212e-f = F247, [Athenaeus, Deipn.5) page 212, paragraphs e —f). The older collection of historical and geographical fragments by JACOBY (1926) 2A.222 - 317, is less useful than it once was, but JACOBY'S commentary on these fragments (2C.154-220) is indispensable for historical details. Posidonius's 'History' has been the subject of much discussion lately. In addition to the older and briefer discussions of REINHARDT (1921) 19 - 3 8 , (1953/1954) 630 - 4 1 , 822 - 26; and POHLENZ (1949/1970) 1.211 — 14 there are now extensive discussions by LAFFRANQUE (1964)

1 0 9 - 5 1 ; MAZZARINO ( 1 9 6 6 )

153-66;

GIGON ( 1 9 6 7 / 1 9 7 2 ) ;

VON F R I T Z

(1977);

MALITZ (1983); and BRINGMANN (1985). Posidonius's concern with causal explanation in t h e ' H i s t o r y ' is w e l l s t a t e d b y , e . g . , POHLENZ ( 1 9 4 9 / 1 9 7 0 ) 2 1 2 - 1 4 ; M A L I T Z

(1983)

409 - 28; and BRINGMANN (1985). The precise proportion of Posidonius's 'History' among his works can only be estimated, inasmuch as all his works are lost. Since about 110 books, comprising between 20 and 30 titles, are referred to in the extant fragments, the 52 books of the 'History' constitute nearly half the known books. Even if the actual number of books written by Posidonius was much higher — and it almost certainly was somewhat higher, since the number of books in the lengthy treatise 'On the Ocean' is unknown - the 'History' with its 52 volumes must have formed a very substantial portion of Posidonius's total output. One-quarter to one-third seems a reasonable guess. 3

4

On the use of Posidonius by later historians see LAFFRANQUE (1964) 144 - 47; GIGON (1967/1972) 246 - 4 9 ; and MALITZ (1983) 6 5 2 - 5 9 . Specifically we may suspect Posidonius

was used at least by Diodorus Siculus, Timagenes of Alexandria, Nicolaus of Damascus, Livy, Pompeius Trogus, and Varro. On the relative dating of Posidonius's 'History' see THEILER (1982) 2.79 - 80, cf. 6; and MALITZ ( 1 9 8 3 )

30-32.

POSIDONIUS'S THEORY OF HISTORICAL CAUSATION

1327

struct some aspects o f its content and method. 5 In this essay I shall attempt to reconstruct and analyze the essential features of Posidonius's theory of historical c a u s a t i o n . 6 T h o u g h the theory is not explicitly discussed in any of the surviving fragments, it may be inferred from Posidonius's historiographical practice in his ' H i s t o r y ' , in combination with his theoretical analysis of human behavior in his psychological treatise ' O n Affections'. This reconstruction and analysis will, I hope, clarify the thought of this idiosyncratic, but influential Stoic philosopher, and perhaps provide a better basis for assessing his influence on the philosophy and historiography of the R o m a n Imperial period.

11. Historiographical

Practice

T h e most useful starting point for analyzing Posidonius's historiographical practice is the longest quotation explicitly attributed t o his 'History', namely the a c c o u n t of Athens' revolt against R o m a n rule in 88 B . C . during the conflict between R o m e and Mithridates ( A t h e n a e u s 5 . 2 1 1 D —215B = F 2 5 3 / 2 4 7 ) . 7 In this t e x t Posidonius makes it clear that he believes the Athenians did

5

For the erratic history of Posidonian scholarship see REINHARDT (1953/1954) 630 — 41, 8 2 2 - 2 6 ; LAFFRANQUE ( 1 9 6 4 ) 1 - 4 4 ; a n d VON F R I T Z ( 1 9 7 7 ) 1 6 3 - 6 9 . T h e s e s k e t c h e s o f

the state of the question make abundantly clear that the reconstruction of Posidonius's thought has been hampered by a lack of consensus regarding which sources form the best basis for reconstruction. In this study I shall follow the most conservative practice and base my reconstruction exclusively on references and quotations explicitly attributed to Posidonius, viz. the texts to be found in the édition of EDELSTEIN and KIDD (1972). This method, though it yields a sparer portrait of Posidonius, has the advantage of providing a much more secure basis for reconstruction and is, in any case, a necessary preliminary to the recovery of Posidonian material from the later unattributed adaptations o f his writings; cf. KIDD (1985) 28. 6

7

Some aspects of his theory have now been fruitfully discussed by BRINGMANN (1985) in a paper which appeared after my study was substantially completed. BRINGMANN, however, bases his analysis primarily on Diodorus, and not on the nominatim fragments. This is the longest and one of the most widely discussed fragments. See WILAMOWITZ (1923/1937) 3 9 - 5 0 and JACOBY (1926) 2C.184 - 88 for some of the major philological and historical problems. The best historical analysis of the Athenian revolts is BADIAN (1976) 105 - 28. See also CANDILORO (1965) 145 - 57; DEININGER (1971) 248 - 55; DESIDERI (1973) esp. 249 - 54; and the detailed historical discussion by MALITZ (1983) 3 4 0 57. REINACH (1895/1975) is still worth consulting on the Mithridatic wars. Cf. also GABBA (1973) and OLSHAUSEN (1973). The text presents a major philological problem. The first half, recounting Athenion's youth and rise to power (F253.12- l l l / 2 4 7 . 2 1 1 e 213f), is presented in substantial detail and seems to be less abridged than the rest of the account; the second half, recounting his tyrannical reign, is highly condensed (F 253.111 — 79/247.213f-215b), though Athenion's speech may be copied verbatim from Posidonius. Furthermore, the account contains several pairs of doublets (lines 36 — 43 = 43 - 47; 47 - 56 = 56 - 63; 120 - 25 = 128 - 29; 125 - 28 = 134 - 37; 1 3 1 - 3 4 = 1 3 9 44; 137 - 39 = 157 — 60 E —K). These seem to be two sets of excerpts carelessly synthe-

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DAVID E. HAHM

not revolt until provoked by one otherwise unknown individual, namely Athenion. The portion of the text quoted by Athenaeus devotes itself to three topics: (1) Athenion's origin and early career, which reveal his essential character and his motivation for provoking the revolt; (2) the events leading up to the revolt and the revolt itself, which reveal the motivation of the Athenian populace for following Athenion's encouragement to revolt; and (3) the aftermath of the revolt, which shows the disastrous outcome of the action. The scope and arrangement of this fragment allow us to analyze Posidonius's method of historical explanation under three aspects: (1) the behavior of individuals, (2) the behavior of groups, and (3) the success or failure of human enterprises, whether individual or social. We shall investigate each of these aspects in turn. 1. Explanation of Individual Behavior Posidonius's account of the revolt of Athens begins with a brief biography of the man who induced the Athenians to revolt. 8 The biography consists of an account of (1) his parentage and birth, (2) his education and youth, and (3) his career prior to the revolt. 9 Posidonius informs us that Athenion was born to an Egyptian slave woman. His father was presumed to be an Athenian citizen, also named Athenion, an associate of the Peripatetic philosopher Erymneus. Posidonius expresses some reservations about the paternity of the child. Nevertheless, he reports that the elder Athenion at least gave the child his name, raised him in his household, and made him his heir, though not without some conniving on the part of the youth and his mother. When the youth came of age, he arranged to be enrolled as an Athenian citizen, although Posidonius considers his enrollment irregular, presumably because of the alien status of his mother. 10 sized into one account. How the account reached its present state has not been satisfactorily explained; cf. WILAMOWITZ (1923/1937) 48 - 50; JACOBY (1926) 2C.185-87; REIN8

HARDT (1953/1954) 636 - 37; and MALITZ (1983) 48 - 49, 341 and n. 125.

MALITZ (1983) 346 characterizes this portion of the account as political invective and historically unreliable. This may be true, but that only makes it a better indication of Posidonius's interpretation of Athenion's behavior. ' These are standard categories of Hellensitic biography (cf. REINHARDT [1953/1954] 636), used, for example, by Polybius in his encomium of Philopoemen (Polyb. 10.21 = JACOBY [ 1 9 2 6 ] N o . 1 7 3 , T 1 [Vol. 2 B , p. 8 9 6 ] ) ; c f . MOMIGLIANO (1971) 8 2 - 8 3 . 10

On two occasions Athenion is called 'jtapiyypaocriK6i; Xdyot; supporting the same thesis of the cosmos containing all bodies and not having any body outside it. See in particular Marcus Aurelius' rejection of a s p e c i a l i s e d knowledge of physics at 1,17,9 and VII,67 with our interpretation of these passages in Part II below.

1370

ROBERT B. T O D D

criticism and polemic against this system. T h e value of Cleomedes' treatise is that it gives us at least one specimen of scholastic literature from this period in which Stoics vigorously defended themselves against such attacks. At the same time the impersonal character of his work makes it unlikely that it was a unique product, and so justifies the assumption that at the very least it represented one trend in later Stoicism. Exposition is summary 15 and stereotyped. 26 Most interestingly, the stylised use of polemic is altogether typical of his age: a series of arguments is marshalled against a thesis defined in general terms and without reference to the larger context of the system to which it belongs. 27 An excellent example of the latter is Cleomedes' prolonged attack on the Epicurean belief 28 that the sun is as large as it appears in Bk. II, ch. 1. His treatment of these opponents can be compared to that applied to various Stoic doctrines by Alexander of Aphrodisias and others. 2 9 I have discussed elsewhere Alexander's attack on the thesis that body goes through body (adj|ia 8ia acbuaxo«; x°>P e i v ) where both thesis and polemic are couched in general terms that obscure and perhaps totally deform the Stoics' original intent in their theory of total mixture. 3 0 Another contemporary example of this technique is to be found in the anonymous pseudogalenic treatise on incorporeal qualities where a series of arguments are directed against the general thesis that qualities are bodies. Again, the object of attack is represented in a simplified form that seriously misrepresents the complexity of the Stoic position. 3 1 What we unfortunately lack in these cases is any direct Stoic response to these attacks. Cleomedes (Bk. I, ch. 1, 10.6 —12.15Z) does however enter into debate with the Peripatetics about the infinite void and the stability of the cosmos within it. 3 2 We can speak of a debate because his description of Peripatetic arguments corresponds closely with some that were formulated by Alexander of Aphrodisias, and the latter in turn was aware of a Stoic counter attack

25 24

27

28 29

30

31 32

Cf. for example the arguments for the void at 4 . 1 0 - 6 . 5 Z . Cf. Bk. I, ch. 9 for a particularly good example of this in a series of proofs that the earth is at the centre of the cosmos. In this we can probably see a parallel in the doxographical tradition where similar reduction occurr, but without accompanying polemics. See, for example, Diog. Laert. X. 91, and Lucretius V. 5 6 4 - 5 7 4 . The best examples of stereotyped argument are in the collection known as the mantissa to Alexander's 'de anima'; e.g. 1 3 0 . 1 3 - 1 3 4 . 2 7 , and 139.29-141.28 B R U N S (in Supplementum Aristotelicum II, 1). The fact that this work may not be authentic is irrelevant, since similar deployments of polemic can be found in genuine works of Alexander, such as the 'de anima' and 'de mixtione'. T O D D (1976) passim, especially 29 - 88. Whether or not the specific interpretation offered there is correct (and it has had its critics), I think that the general claim that Alexander is defining and attacking the Stoic theory in restricted terms is not in serious dispute. There is a modern edition and commentary by G I U S T A . I have dealt with the aspects of this debate concerning the void elsewhere; see T O D D (1982).

THE STOICS AND THEIR COSMOLOGY

1371

much like that mounted by Cleomedes. 3 3 If we possessed more such debates, we would be able to let the Stoics of later antiquity speak in their o w n voices, instead of having to reconstruct their response to criticisms. We would also be able to establish more firmly the historical thesis that an interest in physical theory continued in Stoic scholastic literature in the first and second centuries. The evidence of Cleomedes' treatise certainly suggests that such literature existed, 34 and also that it may have been given new life by Posidonius' bold attempt to define physics as foundational to astronomy. There is little doubt that Posidonius had some influence in the first and second centuries, so that it is entirely possible that his claims for physical theory helped provoke some of the polemics that Stoic physics attracted in this period. 35 ' 6 It was indeed the great opponent of Stoic physics, Alexander of Aphrodisias, who thought it worth preserving Geminus' account of Posidonius' programme for