The Dynamics of Regionalisation and Trade: Yorkshire Clay Tobacco Pipes c1600-1800: The Dynamics of Regionalisation and Trade: Yorkshire Clay Tobacco Pipes c1600-1800 9781841716299, 9781407320175
As early as the eighteenth century clay tobacco pipes attracted the attention of antiquaries. In more recent years clay
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Table of contents :
Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Table of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
Editorial
Abstract
Acknowledgements
1: Regionalisation and trade
2: Existing evidence for the production of clay tobacco pipes in Yorkshire
3: Methodology
4: Summary of data collected
5: Clay sources and kiln sites
6: The development of the bowl form in Yorkshire
7: Finishing techniques and stem-bore analysis
8: Development and range of Yorkshire marks
9: The distribution of Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes
10: The distribution of non-Yorkshire products
11: Discussion of findings and proposals for future research
Appendix 1: Yorkshire Pipe-makers 1600-1800
Appendix 2: Transcriptions of selected apprenticeship indentures, wills, inventories and quarter sessions documents
Appendix 3: Collection Summaries – Part I
Appendix 3: Collection Summaries – Part II
Citation preview
BAR 374 2004
The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe XVIII
WHITE: THE DYNAMICS OF REGIONALISATION AND TRADE – YORKSHIRE CLAY TOBACCO PIPES
The Dynamics of Regionalisation and Trade: Yorkshire Clay Tobacco Pipes c1600-1800 S. D. White Edited by
Peter Davey and David A. Higgins
BAR British Series 374 2004 B A R
The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe XVIII
The Dynamics of Regionalisation and Trade: Yorkshire Clay Tobacco Pipes c1600-1800 S. D. White Edited by
Peter Davey and David A. Higgins
BAR British Series 374 2004
Published in 2016 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR British Series 374 The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe XVIII The Dynamics of Regionalisation and Trade: Yorkshire Clay Tobacco Pipes c1600-1800 © S D White and the Publisher 2004 The copyright owner has agreed to the copying and quoting of short extracts (including illustrations) for bone fide academic work as well as for the purposes of criticism and review, provided that due acknowledgment is made to the author. All other rights reserved. The author's moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher.
ISBN 9781841716299 paperback ISBN 9781407320175 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841716299 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Archaeopress in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2004. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2016.
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PUBLISHING BAR titles are available from:
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Susan D White
Contents List of figures List of tables Editorial Abstract Acknowledgments
1.
1.2 1.3
1.4 1.5
2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
Summary of data collected 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9
Introduction ................................................. 1 Models for regionalisation and trade patterns in the archaeological world .......... 1 The importance of clay tobacco pipes in the archaeological record ........................ 1 Regionalisation and trade within clay pipe studies .......................................... 2 1.3.1 Trade ................................................. 2 1.3.2 Production centres............................. 3 1.3.3 Consumption centres......................... 3 1.3.4 Regional studies ................................ 3 1.3.5 The study of specific attributes of a pipe or particular decorative motifs ............................................... 4 1.3.6 The interpretation of pipes from archaeological contexts .................... 4 1.3.7 The systematic recording of clay tobacco pipes......................... 5 The present research ..................................... 5 Summary ..................................................... 7
4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14
5.
5.3
6.
Introduction .................................................. 8 Documentary sources – evidence for distribution.............................................. 8 Documentary sources – social status ........................................................ 11 Kiln sites..................................................... 12 The pipes themselves.................................. 13 Summary .................................................... 14
6.0 6.1
3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7
Introduction ................................................ 16 Documentary sources ................................. 16 Sources of artefactual evidence .................. 16 Methodology for the recording and analysis of the artefactual evidence ..................................................... 18 National Clay Tobacco Pipe Stamp Catalogue (NSC) ........................................ 18 Illustrations................................................. 22 Dating and the quoting of date ranges ........................................................ 22 Summary .................................................... 22
6.2
i
Introduction ................................................ 28 The availability of raw materials ............... 28 Kiln sites..................................................... 29 5.2.1 The seventeenth-century kiln site at Potovens .............................. 30 5.2.2 The eighteenth-century kiln site at Doncaster..................................... 30 Summary .................................................... 36
Development of the bowl form in Yorkshire
Methodology 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3
Introduction ................................................ 23 The study area ............................................ 23 The historic county of Yorkshire................ 24 West Yorkshire........................................... 24 East Yorkshire ............................................ 24 South Yorkshire.......................................... 25 North-west Yorkshire ................................. 25 North-east Yorkshire .................................. 25 York and its environs ................................. 25 Yorkshire products from outside the county ................................................... 26 Milling and burnishing ............................... 26 Stem-bores.................................................. 26 Mould flaws................................................ 26 Bowl crosses............................................... 27 Summary .................................................... 27
Clay sources and kilns sites 5.0 5.1 5.2
Existing evidence for the production of clay tobacco pipes in Yorkshire 2.0 2.1
3.
4.
Regionalisation and trade 1.0 1.1
2.
......................................................... iv ....................................................... viii ......................................................... xi ........................................................ xii ....................................................... xiii
Introduction ................................................ 37 The influences on the development of bowl forms in Yorkshire............................. 37 6.1.1 The South: Derbyshire / Lincolnshire / Nottinghamshire....... 37 6.1.1.1. Derbyshire .......................... 37 6.1.1.2. Lincolnshire........................ 37 6.1.1.3. Nottinghamshire ................. 38 6.1.2 The West: Lancashire/Cumbria....... 38 6.1.2.1. Lancashire .......................... 39 6.1.2.2. Cumbria.............................. 39 6.1.3 The North: Tyneside ....................... 40 6.1.4 The East: maritime influences......... 41 The evolution of Yorkshire bowl forms ........................................................ 41 6.2.1 Early pipes (1580-1640) .................. 41 6.2.2 Pre Civil War (1610-1640).............. 42 6.2.3 The Civil War period (1640-1660)..................................... 44 6.2.4 Yorkshire bulbous (1660-1690) ..... 46 6.2.5 Transitional forms (1690-1720) ...... 49
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
6.3
6.4
7.
8.5
9.
7.2
7.3 7.4
Introduction ................................................ 57 Stem bores .................................................. 57 7.1.1 Stem bores – summary .................... 60 Milling........................................................ 60 7.2.1 Milling on the bowl rim .................. 65 7.2.2 Milling elsewhere on the pipe ......... 66 7.2.3 Milled stems.................................... 69 7.2.4 Milling on or near the heel or spur.................................................. 72 7.2.5 Milling on the bowl itself ................ 73 7.2.6 Milling – summary.......................... 73 Burnishing .................................................. 75 7.3.1 Burnishing – summary .................... 82 Summary and conclusions.......................... 82
9.2 9.3
Development and range of marks used by Yorkshire makers 8.0 8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
Introduction ................................................ 83 Definition of the types of bowl marks recorded in Yorkshire ...................... 83 8.1.1 Stamped heels ................................. 83 8.1.2 Stamped bowl marks ....................... 83 8.1.3 Moulded heels ................................. 84 8.1.4 Moulded spurs................................. 84 8.1.5 Moulded bowl marks....................... 84 Range of Yorkshire bowl marks................. 84 8.2.1 Range of stamped heel marks.......... 84 8.2.1.1. Catalogue of selected heel marks from Yorkshire .......................... 88 8.2.2 Range of stamped bowl marks ...... 100 8.2.3 Range of moulded heel and spur marks ........................................... 100 8.2.4 Range of moulded bowl marks...... 101 Analysis of Yorkshire bowl marks ........... 101 8.3.1 Chronological analysis of Yorkshire bowl marks ................... 102 8.3.2 Geographical analysis of Yorkshire bowl marks ................... 102 Stamped stem marks................................. 107 8.4.1 Stem stamp marks ......................... 107 8.4.1.1. Catalogue of selected stem- stamp marks from Yorkshire......................... 108 8.4.2 Roll-stamp stem marks.................. 110 8.4.2.1 Catalogue of selected
roll-stamp marks from Yorkshire....................................... 111 Summary .................................................. 117
The distribution of Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes 9.0 9.1
Finishing techniques and stem bore analysis 7.0 7.1
8.
6.2.6 The eighteenth century (17001800) ............................................. 49 The regional variation of Yorkshire bowl forms.................................................. 52 6.3.1 Chronological variation................... 52 6.3.2 Geographical variation .................. 53 Summary and conclusions.......................... 56
9.4 9.5
Introduction .............................................. 118 Distribution of marked Yorkshire products within the county ....................... 118 9.1.1 AB heel marks .............................. 118 9.1.2 SB stamped heel marks ................. 123 9.1.3 GC stamped heel marks ............... 123 9.1.4 Stamped heel marks with an F surname...................................... 124 9.1.5 IH stamped heel marks.................. 127 9.1.6 Anchor motif with initials ............. 128 9.1.7 Castle motif with initials ............... 128 9.1.8 Crowned initials ............................ 128 9.1.9 Fleur-de-lys within a lozenge ....... 129 9.1.10 HN stamped heel marks ............... 132 9.1.11 SV stamped heel and stem marks............................................. 132 Die analysis – summary............................ 136 Mould flaw analysis ................................ 136 9.3.1 Pipe production using a twopart mould ..................................... 136 9.3.2 Mould flaws .................................. 137 9.3.2.1 Mould groups from Pontefract Castle ............. 138 9.3.2.2 Mould groups from Sandal Castle.................. 140 9.3.2.3 Discussion of the Civil War mould groups........... 142 9.3.2.4 Other groups.................... 142 Mechanisms of distribution ...................... 142 Summary .................................................. 144
10. Imported products recorded in Yorkshire 10.0 10.1 10.2
10.3
ii
Introduction .............................................. 145 Documentary evidence for importation of pipes to Yorkshire ............................... 145 Archaeological evidence for the importation of pipes to Yorkshire............. 145 10.2.1 Imports from English production centres outside Yorkshire .............. 147 10.2.2 Chester ......................................... 147 10.2.3 South Lancashire, centred on Rainford ........................................ 148 10.2.4 Tyneside ........................................ 149 10.2.5 London .......................................... 150 10.2.6 Other English production centres ........................................... 151 10.2.7 Dutch pipes ................................... 152 Summary .................................................. 157
Susan D White
Yorkshire Dales Museum of Lead Mining, Earby...................................................... 274 Mercer Art Gallery, Harrogate............................. 276 Dales Countryside Museum, Hawes .................... 280 English Heritage Store, Helmsley........................ 280 Ryedale Folk Museum, Hutton-le-Hole............... 289 Manor House Museum, Ilkley ............................. 291 Beck Isle Museum of Rural Life, Pickering.............................................................. 296 Richmondshire Museum, Richmond ................... 299 Scarborough Borough Council, Londesborough Lodge, Scarborough................... 302 Butterfield Collection .......................................... 308 The Craven Museum, Skipton ............................. 308 Thirsk Museum.................................................... 313 Whitby Museum .................................................. 314 York Archaeological Trust, York ........................ 318 York Castle Museum, York ................................. 365
11. Discussion of findings and proposals for future research 11.0 11.1
11.2 11.3
Introduction .............................................. 158 Regionalisation......................................... 158 11.1.1 Bowl form..................................... 158 11.1.2 Marks............................................ 159 11.1.3 Burnishing .................................... 159 11.1.4 Milling .......................................... 160 11.1.5 Summary ...................................... 160 Trade ...................................................... 160 Future research ......................................... 161
APPENDICES 1.
List of Yorkshire pipe makers ............ 163
2.
Transcriptions of selected wills, inventories and other documents relating to Yorkshire pipe makers...... 186
3.
Collections summaries – Part I .............. 193
•
•
Cleveland
•
Hartlepool Museum Services, Hartlepool................................................. 193 Tees Archaeology, Hartlepool ............................. 193 Dorman Museum, Middlesborough..................... 198
•
County Durham East Riding of Yorkshire
Sewerby Hall, Bridlington ................................... 208 The Humber Archaeological Partnership, Hull (HAP) ...................................................... 211 Wilberforce House Museum, Hull....................... 219 Stothard Collection .............................................. 225 Rayner Collection ................................................ 226
•
Unknown origin................................................... 473
3.
Merseyside
English Collections
Oswald Collection ............................................... 473 Grosvenor Museum, Chester ............................... 473 Cleveland County Archaeological Unit ............... 474 Carlisle Archaeological Unit ............................... 474 Carlisle Museum and Art Gallery........................ 474 Abbot Hall Art Gallery and Museum, Kendal ...................................................... 474 Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter .................................................................. 474 Austin Collection ................................................. 474 Lampeter Archaeological Unit............................. 476 Brackenridge Collection ...................................... 476
Lincolnshire
Scunthorpe Museum and Art Gallery .................. 261
•
Collection Summaries – Part II ............. 473 •
National Clay Tobacco Pipe Archive, Liverpool ........................................................... 255 Higgins Collection ............................................... 256 Stocks Collection ................................................. 256 White Collection.................................................. 256
•
West Yorkshire
Bradford Museum................................................ 405 Wood Hall Archaeological Trust ......................... 407 Tolson Memorial Museum, Huddersfield ...................................................... 419 Pontefract Museum.............................................. 426 Denham Collection .............................................. 431 Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery.................... 431 West Yorkshire Archaeological Services (WYAS) ................................................ 449 Mayfield Collection ............................................. 470 Richardson Collection ......................................... 473
Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle.......................... 198
•
South Yorkshire
Abbey House Museum, Leeds ............................. 372 Doncaster Museum and Art Gallery .................... 376 Rotherham Museum ............................................ 389 ARCUS, Sheffield ............................................... 393 Kelham Island Industrial Museum, Sheffield .............................................................. 398 Sheffield City Museum........................................ 402
North Yorkshire
Raines Collection................................................. 264 Tierney Collection ............................................... 272
iii
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Salford Museum and Art Gallery......................... 476 Central Excavation Unit, Portsmouth .................. 476 Davey Collection ................................................. 476 Fox Collection ..................................................... 476 English Heritage .................................................. 476 Elkins Collection ................................................. 477 North West Archaeological Trust (NWAT) ...................................................... 477 Dagnall Collection ............................................... 482 Jennings Collection.............................................. 482 York Excavation Group ....................................... 482 Newark Museum.................................................. 482 The Bassetlaw Museum, Retford......................... 483 Somerset County Museum, Taunton ................... 483 Dept. of Archaeology, Sheffield .......................... 483 University of Sheffield ........................................ 483 South Yorkshire Archaeological Unit.................. 483 Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery ................ 483
•
LIST OF FIGURES 1.
1.1
2.
2.2
2.3
Overseas Collections
4.
Guidelines for using the clay tobacco pipe record system ...................... 487
5.
Notes for recording stamped marks ............................................................... 491
7.
8.
3.
3.2 3.3 3.4
Clay tobacco pipes from Sandal Castle ............................................................... 496
5.2
Data summaries by geographical sub-division and period ............................. 519
5.3
Bibliography
5.4
...................................................... 557 5.5
iv
Map showing the sub-divisions within the study area................................... 23
Clay sources and kilns sites 5.1
Results from the bowl height and width ANOVA tests .................................... 556
Example of a completed pipe recording form for use in the field.............. 19 Example of a pipe record taken from the Access database ........................... 20 Example of a completed stamp recording form for use in the field ............................ 21 Example of a stamp record taken from the Access database ........................... 22
Summary of data collected 4.1
5.
Chronological distribution of all known makers and apprentices from Yorkshire as a whole 1600-1800 .................. 9 Chronological distribution of all known pipe-makers from specific centres in Yorkshire 1600-1800.................................. 10 Map showing the geographical distribution of all known pipemakers from Yorkshire 1600-1800 ......................... 11
Methodology 3.1
4.
Map showing the boundary of the historic county of Yorkshire ......................... 6
Existing evidence for the production of clay tobacco pipes in Yorkshire 2.1
Akerhagen Collection, Sweden............................ 483 Historic St Mary’s City, Maryland, USA .................................................................. 484 Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory, Maryland, USA ................................ 485 Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, Jamestown, Virginia, USA...................................................... 485 Virginia Dept. of Historic Resources, Richmond, Virginia, USA ................................... 485 Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia, USA ............... 485 Flowerdew Hundred, Virginia, USA ................... 486 Virginia Foundation for Archaeological Research, Virginia, USA ..................................... 486
6.
Regionalisation and trade
Range of mould-decorated bowls and an S Lumley stem recovered from the Church Street Kiln, Doncaster.................... 32 Photograph of a section of muffle showing the reinforcing stems and the layers of pipe-clay. Scale is 5cm. Photograph by D A Higgins ....................... 33 Detail of fragment shown in Figure 5.2, showing stem fragments clearly stamped S LUMLEY. Photograph by the author.................................................... 34 Pipe-clay ‘brick’ from DC/AAE showing the heavy slagging on one side as well as worn areas. Scale 5cm. Photograph by the author............................ 34 Sample of the kiln debris recovered from Church Street. Scale 5cm. Photograph by the author............................ 35
Susan D White
5.6
5.7
6.
7.6 7.7
7.8
Development of the bowl form in Yorkshire 6.1 6.2 6.3
6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10
6.11
7.
Part of a muffle wall from DC/ABL with reinforcing stems clearly visible, showing the shelf support. Photograph by the author............................................... 35 Detail from part of the muffle wall (DC/ABL) showing the impression left by a fluted bowl that has been used within the body of the muffle itself. Photograph by the author............................ 36
7.9
1580-1610 Period bowls............................ 42 1610-1640 period bowls ............................. 43 Measurements of the maximum height and width of a Civil War period pipe bowl ........................................................... 44 A range of Civil War period bowls ............ 45 Bulbous bowls dating from 1650-1670................................................... 47 Yorkshire bulbous forms ............................ 48 Transitional bowl forms ............................. 50 Eighteenth-century bowl forms .................. 51 Measurement of the maximum length and width ......................................... 52 Bowl length and width diagrams for West Yorkshire (top); East Yorkshire (middle) and South Yorkshire (bottom) for the periods 1640-1660, 1660-1690 and 1690-1720 .......................................... 54 Bowl length and width diagrams for North-west Yorkshire (top); North-east Yorkshire (middle) and York and its environs (bottom) for the periods 16401660, 1660-1690 and 1690-1720................ 55
7.10 7.11
7.12 7.13
7.14
7.15
7.16
Finishing techniques and stem bore analysis 7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
Pipe bowl recovered from excavations at Queen Street, Hull (HQS90 (98)) showing two bore holes. Photograph by P Rayner ................................................ 58 Binford’s line regression with the average bores for the whole of Yorkshire .................................................... 61 Binford’s line regression with the average bores for each of the six geographical sub-divisions within Yorkshire.................................................... 62 Plots of the percentages for each of the six geographical sub-divisions in Yorkshire for 9/64” bore (top), 8/64” bore (middle) and 7/64” bore (bottom)....... 63 Plots of the percentages for each of the six geographical sub-divisions in
8.
Development and range of marks used by Yorkshire makers 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7
8.8
v
Yorkshire for 6/64” bore (top), 5/64” bore (middle) and 4/64” bore (bottom)....... 64 Suggested date/bore band diagram ............. 65 Plots of the percentages for each milling index from West Yorkshire (top), East Yorkshire (middle) and South Yorkshire (bottom) ...................................................... 67 Plots of the percentages for each milling index from North-west Yorkshire (top), North-east Yorkshire (middle) and York and its environs (middle) ...................................................... 68 Percentage of milled stems for the period 1600-1740 from a range of sites throughout England .................................... 70 Type series for milled stem decoration....... 71 Number of milled heels for each of the six geographical sub-divisions for the period 1600-1750 ....................................... 73 Examples of milled stems and bowls from Yorkshire ........................................... 74 Percentage of burnished bowls for the period 1580-1800, from a range of English sites................................................ 76 Percentage of burnished bowls for the period 1580-1800 for the whole of Yorkshire (top); a range of sites in York with the average line at 44% (middle) and for a range of sites in Hull with the average line at 11% (bottom)........ 78 Plots of the percentage of burnishing for each of the six geographical subdivisions in Yorkshire – West Yorkshire (top); East Yorkshire (middle) and South Yorkshire (bottom) ..... 80 Plots of the percentage of burnishing for each of the six geographical subdivisions in Yorkshire – North-west Yorkshire (top); North-east Yorkshire (middle) and York and its environs (bottom) ...................................................... 81
Wheel mark type series .............................. 85 IB and IH anchor marks. Scale 2:1............. 86 IH and ON castle marks. Scale 2:1............. 87 IH, SH, IT and IW crowned initial marks. Scale 2:1 ......................................... 87 HF and IH lozenge marks. Scale 2:1 .......... 87 Selected Yorkshire heel marks: AB (Abraham Boyes) Scale 2:1 ................. 89 Selected Yorkshire heel marks with initials. 1-8 IB; 9-15 RB; 16 SB; 1721 IC; 22-26 GC; 27 TC; 28 & 29 ID. Scale 2:1. .................................................... 92 Selected Yorkshire heel marks with initials. 1 IE; 2 RE; 3 BF; 4 EF; 5
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
8.16
8.17 8.18 8.19
9.
9.5
GF; 6 & 7 RF; 8 WF; 9-14 IG; 15 HH; 16-24 IH; 25 IMH; 26 MH; 27 & 28 SH; 29 WH; 30 II. Scale 2:1................. 94 Selected Yorkshire heel marks with initials. 1-4 II; 5 IL; 6 WL; 7 IM; 8-11 WM; 12 HN; 13-15 MP; 16 P; 17 HS; 18 IS; 19-24 RS; 25-28 IT; 29-30 NT. Scale 2:1 ..................................................... 96 Selected Yorkshire heel marks. 1 NT; 2 FW; 3-6 WG; 7-9 IW; 10-13 Wheel; 14-16 Fleur-de-lys; 17 Crown; 18 Lamb; 19 ESX; 20 Dutch RW. Scale 2:1............................................................... 99 Chronological analysis of bowl marks recorded in Yorkshire. 1610-1640 (top), 1640-1660 (middle) and 16601690 (bottom). .......................................... 103 Chronological analysis of bowl marks recorded in Yorkshire. 1690-1720 (top), 1700-1750 (middle) and 17501800 (bottom). .......................................... 104 Geographical analysis of bowl marks recorded in Yorkshire. 1610-1640 (top), 1640-1660 (middle) and 16601690 (bottom). .......................................... 105 Geographical analysis of bowl marks recorded in Yorkshire. 1690-1720 (top), 1700-1750 (middle) and 17501800 (bottom). .......................................... 106 Selected stem stamps from Yorkshire. 1 TC; 2 IG; 3 I GILL; 4 IH; 5-7 WH; 8 HS (or SH); 9 ?IS; 10-13 SV; 14 Crown. Scale 2:1 ..................................... 109 Selected roll stamp stem marks. Members of the Hillary family. Scale 2:1............................................................. 112 Selected roll stamp stem marks. Scale 2:1............................................................. 113 Selected roll stamp stem marks. Scale 2:1............................................................. 115 Selected roll stamp stem marks. Scale 2:1 ........................................................... 116
9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15 9.16
10. Imported products recorded in Yorkshire 10.1
The distribution of Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes 9.1 9.2 9.3
9.4
Distribution map of RF heel stamp marks ........................................................ 126 Distribution map of IH heel stamp marks ........................................................ 127 Distribution map of crowned initial heel stamp marks ...................................... 129 Distribution map of different crowned SH dies ..................................................... 130 Distribution map of lozenge shaped fleur-de-lys heel stamp marks .................. 131 National distribution of SV marks............ 134 Rayner Collection (Pcodes 03052 and 03069) showing a distinctive mould flaw on the side of the heel on the smoker’s right. Photograph by the author ...................................................... 137 Rayner Collection (Pcodes 03052 and 03069) showing a distinctive mould flaw on the side of the heel on the smoker’s left. Photograph by the author ...................................................... 138 Mould Groups 1 to 12 from Pontefract Castle. Mould Groups 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 and 12 heel plans and bowl details have been given to show the different finishes found within these group (Scale 1:1) ................................................ 139 Two examples from Pontefract Castle’s Mould Group 2 clearly showing the ‘pimple’ flaw on the smoker’s right. Scale 3cm. Photograph by the author ....... 140 Mould Groups 1 to 13 from Sandal Castle (Scale 1:1)...................................... 141 Two examples from Sandal Castle’s Mould Group 12 clearly showing the mould flaw on the smokers left. Photograph by the author.......................... 142
Distribution map of AB heel stamp marks from all periods.............................. 121 Distribution map of AB heel stamp marks by period ........................................ 122 Details of the GC mark from the Rayner Collection (left) Pcode 2220 and the Tyneside example (right) Acc. No. CC91 (22). Photograph by the author ...................................................... 124 Distribution map of heel stamp marks attributed to members of the Fowler family together with marks of an unknown maker with the initials WF ....... 125
10.2
10.3
10.4 10.5 10.6
vi
Spur bowl of 1660-1680 with the initials GD in relief on the bowl facing the smoker. Recovered from excavations at Beverley Gate, Hull. Drawn by J Marshall, Humber Archaeological Partnership. Scale 1:1..... 145 Map showing the production centres whose products have been recorded in Yorkshire.................................................. 146 Chester bowl type 82 from Acaster Malbis and Chester bowl type 90 from Thorne ...................................................... 147 Examples of Chester roll-stamp borders and stem marks......................................... 148 Selection of Rainford style bowls recovered from sites in Yorkshire ............ 149 Selection of Tyneside bowl forms recovered from sites in Yorkshire ............ 150
Susan D White
10.7 10.8
10.9
61-65 Pipes held by English Heritage at the archaeological store at Helmsley........... 284-8 66 Pipes from the collections of the Ryedale Folk Museum, Hutton-leHole .................................................... 290 67-69 Pipes from the collections of the Manor House Museum, Ilkley ......... 293-5 70-71 Pipes from the collections of the Beck Isle Museum of Rural Life, Pickering .......................................... 297-8 72-73 Pipes from the collections of the Richmondshire Museum, Richmond......................................... 300-1 74-77 Pipes held by Scarborough Borough Council.............................. 304-7 78 Pipes from the Butterfield Collection............................................ 308 79-81 Pipes from the collections of the Craven Museum, Skipton ................ 310-2 82 Pipes from the collections of Thirsk Museum................................... 314 83-84 Pipes from the collections of Whitby Museum .............................. 316-7 85-113 Pipes held by York Archaeological Trust ..................... 336-64 114-118 Pipes from the collections of York Castle Museum .............................. 367-71
Selection of Dutch bowls and stems recovered from sites in Yorkshire ............ 153 Map showing the distribution of Dutch clay pipe fragments in Yorkshire giving total number of bowls and stems. ............. 154 Map showing the distribution of Dutch clay pipe fragments in Yorkshire giving the proportion of Dutch pipes as a percentage of the total fragments recovered from each site........................... 156
Appendix 3. Collection Summaries – Part I •
Cleveland
1-3
Pipes from the collections of Tees Archaeology, Hartlepool ....................... 195-7 Pipe from the collections of the Dorman Museum, Middlesborough.......... 198
4
•
County Durham
5-10
Pipes from the collections of Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle ....................... 202-7
•
East Riding of Yorkshire
11-12 Pipes from the collections of Sewerby Hall, Bridlington.................................. 209-10 13-17 Pipes from the collections of the Humber Archaeological Partnership, Hull ................................................... 214-8 18-21 Pipes from the collections of the Wilberforce House Museum, Hull......... 221-4 22 Pipes from the Stothard Collection........... 225 23-40 Pipes and hair curlers from the Rayner Collection ............................................ 237-54
•
•
Merseyside
41
Pipes from the National Clay Tobacco Pipe Archive (NCTPA) ............................ 255 42 Pipe from the Higgins Collection ............. 256 43-45 Pipes from the White Collection ......... 258-60
•
Lincolnshire
•
46-47 Pipes from the collections of Scunthorpe Museum and Art Gallery.... 262-3
•
South Yorkshire
119-121 Pipes from the collections of the Abbey House Museum, Leeds ......... 374-6 122-129 Pipes from the collections of Doncaster Museum .......................... 381-8 130-132 Pipes from the collections of Rotherham Museum......................... 391-3 133-135 Pipes from sites excavated by ARCUS, Sheffield ........................... 395-7 136-138 Pipes from the collections of Kelham Island Industrial Museum, Sheffield........................................... 400-2 139-140 Pipes from the collections of Sheffield Museum............................ 404-5 141 Pipes from the collections of Bolling Hall Museum, Bradford ......... 406
West Yorkshire
142-149 Pipes from the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust ....................... 411-8 150-153 Pipes from the collections of the Tolson Memorial Museum, Huddersfield .................................... 422-5 154-156 Pipes from the collections of Pontefract Museum ........................ 428-30 157 Pipes from the Denham Collection ..... 431 158-167 Pipes from the collections of Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery ........................................... 439-48
North Yorkshire
48-53 Pipes from the Raines Collection ........ 266-71 54-55 Pipes from the Tierney Collection......... 273-4 56 Pipes from the collections of the Yorkshire Dales Museum of Lead Mining, Earby........................................... 275 57-59 Pipes from the collections of the Mercer Art Gallery, Harrogate .............. 277-9 60 Pipes from the collections of Dales Countryside Museum, Hawes................... 281
vii
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
168-179 Pipes from sites excavated by the West Yorkshire Archaeological Services (WYAS) .......................... 458-69 180-181 Pipes from the Mayfield Collection......................................... 471-2
LIST OF TABLES 4.
Summary of data collected
4.1
Count of all pipes recorded for this present research .......................................... 24 Counts of unpublished and published bowls, stems and marked fragments recorded from West Yorkshire ................... 24 Counts of unpublished and published bowls, stems and marked fragments recorded from East Yorkshire .................... 24 Counts of unpublished and published bowls, stems and marked fragments recorded from South Yorkshire .................. 25 Counts of unpublished and published bowls, stems and marked fragments recorded from North-west Yorkshire ......... 25 Counts of unpublished and published bowls, stems and marked fragments recorded from North-east Yorkshire........... 25 Counts of unpublished and published bowls, stems and marked fragments recorded from York and its environs.......... 25 Counts of unpublished and published Yorkshire bowls, stems and marked fragments recorded from outside the county ........................................................ 26 Counts of unpublished and published milled and burnished fragments recorded for this present research............... 26 Counts of unpublished and published stem-bores from each of the six geographical sub-divisions and of Yorkshire products found outside the county ........................................................ 26 Counts of the presence or absence of bowl crosses for the unpublished and published bowls from the six geographical sub-divisions in Yorkshire together with Yorkshire products found outside the county.............. 27
4.2
Appendix 3. Collection Summaries – Part II
4.3
•
4.4
English Collections
182
Pipes from the collections of the Grosvenor Museum, Chester .............. 473 183 Pipes from the Austin Collection........ 475 184 Pipes from the Brackenridge Collection............................................ 476 185 Pipes held by English Heritage ........... 478 186-187 Pipes held by the North West Archaeological Trust (NWAT) ........ 480-1 188 Pipes from the Dagnall Collection...... 482 189 Pipe from the collections of Newark Museum .............................................. 483
•
Overseas Collections
190
Pipes from the Akerhagen Collection, Sweden ............................ 484 Pipes from the collections of Historic St Mary’s City, Maryland, USA................................... 484 Pipe from the collections of the Association for the preservation of Virginia Antiquities, Virginia, USA .................................................... 485 Pipe from the collections of Colonial Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA ............. 485 Pipe from the collections of Flowerdew Hundred, Virginia, USA .. 486
191
192
193
194
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
Appendix 6 Clay tobacco pipes from excavations at Sandal Castle 1 2
Bowl date chart for Sandal Castle .................................................. 812 Approximate find spots of the clay tobacco pipes from Sandal Castle. Each coloured dot represents a pipe. The white dots denote the marked fragments .............. 813
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5.
Clay sources and kilns sites
5.1
Summary of the kiln material recovered from excavations at Church Street, Doncaster, in context number order ........... 33
6.
Development of the bowl form in Yorkshire
6.1
Number of 1580-1610 period pipes recorded in each of the six geographical sub-divisions in Yorkshire for this present research............. 42
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6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
7. 7.1
7.2 7.3
7.4
7.5 7.6
8.
8.1
Number of 1610-1640 period pipes recorded in each of the six geographical sub-divisions in Yorkshire for this present research............. 44 Quantity and percentage of heel and spur type bowls for the period 16101640 from the six geographical subdivisions in Yorkshire ................................ 44 Ranges and average height and width measurements for Civil War period pipes ................................................ 44 Quantity and percentage of heel and spur type bowls for the period 16401660 from the six geographical subdivisions in Yorkshire ................................ 46 Quantity and percentage of heel and spur type bowls for the period 16601690 from the six geographical subdivisions in Yorkshire ................................ 47 Quantity and percentage of heel and spur type bowls for the period 6901720 from the six geographical subdivisions in Yorkshire ................................ 49 The sample size, range of lengths and widths, and mean length and width, for the samples from each of the geographical sub-divisions by period ........................................................ 53
8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12
8.13 8.14
8.15
Finishing techniques and stem bore analysis Count of bowls, stems and mouthpieces for stems bores 9/64” to 6/64”for bowls from the Civil War countermine shaft and garderobe at Pontefract Castle. ............ 59 Suggested date ranges over which particular bores were produced .................. 60 Number of seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century milled stems, heels and bowls from a selection of English sites................................................ 69 Number of examples for each type of stem milling from the county of Yorkshire.................................................... 72 Sites producing high numbers of burnished bowls and stems......................... 77 Correlation between burnished and stamp-marked pipes for the whole of Yorkshire.................................................... 77
9.
The distribution of Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes
9.1
Die number and image of each of the 1660-1690 AB dies identified in Yorkshire with the number of examples and find spots for each die and the overall date range of the associated bowl forms .............................. 119 Die number, if allocated, and image of each of the 1690-1710 AB dies identified in Yorkshire with the number of examples and find spots for each die and the overall date range of the associated bowl forms .......... 120 Count of lozenge shaped marks with initials and fleur-de-lys............................. 130 Number of SV marked pipes found at English site based on the work of Oswald and current research .................... 133
9.2
9.3 9.4
Development and range of marks used by Yorkshire makers Count of stamped heel marks recorded from within Yorkshire ................ 83
10.
Imported products recorded in Yorkshire
10.1
Total number of fragments imported from Chester ............................................. 147 Total number of fragments imported from South Lancashire ............................. 148
10.2
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Count of stamped bowl marks recorded from within Yorkshire ................. 84 Count of moulded heel marks recorded from within Yorkshire ................. 84 Count of moulded spur marks recorded from within Yorkshire ................. 84 Count of moulded bowl marks recorded from within Yorkshire ................. 84 Wheel mark type series .............................. 86 Main characteristics of stamped heel marks found in Yorkshire......................... 100 Main characteristics of stamped bowl marks found in Yorkshire................ 100 Main characteristics of moulded heel and spur marks found in Yorkshire .......... 101 Main characteristics of moulded bowl marks found in Yorkshire................ 101 Count of stem stamps (SS) and rollstamps (RS) for each area by period......... 107 Count for each type of stem stamp recorded from the six geographical sub-divisions in Yorkshire........................ 108 Main characteristics of stem stamp marks found in Yorkshire......................... 110 Count of roll-stamp marks recorded for known pipe-makers from south and west Yorkshire................................... 110 Main characteristics of roll-stamp marks found in Yorkshire......................... 117
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
10.3 10.4 10.5
10.6
10.7 10.8
Collections for North-west Yorkshire.................. 540 Imports for North-west Yorkshire ....................... 540 All fragments from North-east Yorkshire......... 541-2 Yorkshire products from North-east Yorkshire ......................................... 543-4 Sites for North-east Yorkshire .......................... 544-5 Collections for North-east Yorkshire................... 545 Imports for North-east Yorkshire ........................ 545 All fragments from York and its environs ........ 546-7 Yorkshire products from York and its environs ........................................... 548-9 Sites for York and its environs ....................... 549-50 Collections for York and its environs .................. 550 Imports for York and its environs........................ 550 All fragments of Yorkshire products found outside the county ............................ 551-2 Measurable Yorkshire products found outside the county ............................... 553 Sites for Yorkshire products found outside the county ............................................................ 554 Collections for Yorkshire products found outside the county ................................................ 555 Possible Yorkshire products from Oswald’s Stamp Index (1991) ............................ 555
Total number of fragments imported from Tyneside .......................................... 150 Total number of fragments imported from London............................................. 150 Total number of fragments imported from other production centres outside Yorkshire ..................................... 151 Number of examples for each type of Dutch mark or decoration and the source if known ........................................ 152 Total number of fragments from the Netherlands............................................... 152 Total number of bowl fragments from each of the sites in Yorkshire producing Dutch material, giving the number of fragments and the percentage that figure represents .............. 155
Appendix 6. Clay tobacco pipes from excavations at Sandal Castle 1.
Excel catalogue of the pipes from Sandal Castle ....................................... 500-18
Appendix 7. Data summaries by geographical sub-division and period All fragments from West Yorkshire ................. 520-1 Yorkshire products from West Yorkshire......... 522-3 Sites for West Yorkshire................................... 523-4 Collections for West Yorkshire ........................... 525 Imports for West Yorkshire ................................. 525 All fragments from East Yorkshire................... 526-7 Yorkshire products from East Yorkshire .......... 528-9 Sites for East Yorkshire .................................. 529-30 Collections for East Yorkshire............................. 530 Imports for East Yorkshire .................................. 530 All fragments from South Yorkshire ................ 531-2 Yorkshire products from South Yorkshire........ 533-4 Sites for South Yorkshire.................................. 534-5 Collections for South Yorkshire .......................... 535 Imports for South Yorkshire ................................ 535 All fragments from North-west Yorkshire........ 536-7 Yorkshire products from North-west Yorkshire ......................................... 538-9 Sites for North-west Yorkshire ....................... 539-40
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Editorial By the middle of the 17th century clay pipes produced in Britain had developed regional styles, both of form and marking. The majority of attempts to study this phenomenon have been restricted either to the products of a particular centre such as London, Chester or Edinburgh, or to the distribution of specific styles of marking such as the rollerstamped stems from the East Midlands. During the 1980s one of the authors started to consider the broader picture by looking at the market area of the regionally important Broseley industry and its interaction with local pipe production in the surrounding counties (Higgins 1987). This theme was developed in more detail during the 1990s by Nigel Melton in his study of North Warwickshire (Melton 1997) in which he made the first detailed attempt to document production and consumption within a geographic area and to assess the interplay of topographic, supply, demographic and distributional variables. As a means of studying regional patterns of trade Melton’s research suffered from a number of serious limitations. The production centres that existed within his study area were very small scale; much larger and more influential producers were located relatively close at hand and the major centres of population lay further afield. Arguably, too, North Warwickshire was too small for the interaction of regional patterns of production and consumption to be clearly defined. In contrast Susie White has chosen the largest English county for her PhD study on regionalisation and trade (White 2003). Yorkshire is topographically diverse - with an extensive North Sea coast, the chalk and limestone hills of the Wolds and North Yorkshire Moors, major riverine networks converging on the Ouse and Humber and containing a major part of the Pennines. It also boasts, in York, the most important centre of power in the north of England, a major international port (Hull), and a number of medieval towns such as Beverley, Ripon and Wakefield. In addition, the development of the coalfields in the west of the county saw the rise of significant industrial conurbations such as Leeds, Bradford, Barnsley and Sheffield. In terms of pipe production Yorkshire is a good choice as a subject for the study of regionalisation and trade as not only are there many production centres both large and small with a variety of economic bases, but also there has been sufficient excavation and collection of pipe material from throughout the area to make an analysis of the material evidence a possibility. White has studied and recorded over 8,000 pipe fragments or mark impressions from 85 museums, archaeological units and private collections, including 7,250 bowls, some 2,273 of which have been illustrated in Appendix 3 alone. The drawings of the bowls and marks are notable for their precision and clarity and form a central element of the work. In addition, the documentation and analysis of the results of the study are presented in 283 figures and 89 tables, which show intriguing variability in the relationship between geography, chronology and the detail of pipe design, manufacturing techniques and marking. This first detailed study of an area sufficient in size and human complexity to define regionalism provides an important template for and encouragement of future studies. White has shown that all pipes found in the region need to be studied, together with those from adjacent areas and that the evidence from archaeological contexts needs to be fully integrated in any interpretation of the dynamics of trade. She has also demonstrated that documentary sources need to be searched, but not slavishly followed and, most important, that pipe forms and, especially, marks need to be recorded to a high level of objectivity. It is hoped that this comprehensive account of the pipe industry in Yorkshire will stand as a model for the study of many other areas in the future. Higgins D A 1987, The interpretation and regional study of clay tobacco pipes: a case study of the Broseley district, PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool. Melton N D 1997, Clay tobacco pipes and pipemaking in northern Warwickshire, MPhil Thesis, University of Liverpool. White S D 2003, The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes 1600-1800, PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool.
Peter Davey and David Higgins April 2004
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Abstract This book uses the artefactual evidence provided by seventeenth and eighteenth century clay tobacco pipes as a means of studying not only pipe production itself but also the broader questions of regionalisation and trade. The historic county of Yorkshire has been used to provide a large and topographically varied study area within which to examine these topics. The archaeological value of pipes with specific reference to trade and regional studies is outlined in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 draws together the existing evidence for pipe production in Yorkshire and presents a synthesis of both the documentary and artefactual material from published sources. Chapter 3 describes the detailed recording system that has been used to log the attributes of each pipe fragment in a computerised database. A total of 8,203 pipe fragments from 85 different collections and 385 different find-spots have been recorded in detail. This represents by far the largest and most geographically extensive pipe database of its type ever to have been compiled. The systematic recording of these fragments has enabled the development of bowl forms, finishing techniques and marks to be analysed both geographically and chronologically in ways that have never been possible before. A synthesis of the results in their broadest sense is presented in Chapter 4. The remaining chapters provide a detailed analysis of the various attributes represented by the archaeological data with a discussion of the findings. Published and unpublished documentary sources have been drawn together to provide the most comprehensive Yorkshire makers’ lists to date (Appendices 1 and 2). These lists not only provide a means of identifying some of the marked pipes but also show how many more pipemakers are represented by the archaeological evidence than are currently known from documentary sources alone. A collections summary and corpus of bowl forms and makers’ marks from Yorkshire has also been compiled (Appendix 3). This includes illustrations and descriptions of some 2,273 pipes, which it is hoped will form a standard reference source for future researchers. A CD containing the Yorkshire Clay Tobacco Pipe Database, in an Access format, is available from the author on request, at cost. This CD gives full details of each of the pipes as well as the collections and sites that have been recorded, including an Ordnance Survey grid reference, where known. This thesis has drawn together one of the largest data sets of its kind and has highlighted the value of using a systematic recording system to compare groups of clay tobacco pipes from across a large geographical area. From this study it has been possible to define the styles and finishing techniques of the pipes that were produced in Yorkshire. A detailed analysis of the data has also shown that regional variations in both bowl form and mark existed within the study area during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and that the market areas of individual makers or production centres can be defined.
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Acknowledgements After a little over eight years of study how do I begin to list all the people who have helped me in the pursuit of my research? People from such diverse backgrounds who have provided me with more boxes and bags of pipes to rummage through than I thought possible. I have been truly touched by the unselfish way in which people have given so freely of their time and knowledge. To all those who have shown me pipes, lent me pipes and given me pipes as well as those who have offered words of support and encouragement, I offer my warmest thanks. I would especially like to thank the following, who have been particularly kind in sending me information and in answering my queries; John Andrews, Ken Bartlet, Peter Brears, Contance Fraser, John Goodchild, Peter Hammond, Allan Peacey, John Rumsby, Jenny Vaughan, Alan Vince and Natalie Winter. In the same way, I would like to thank the private collectors who have been so generous in providing details of their pipes and allowing me access to their collections; Arne Akerhagen, Alan Butterfield, Mrs Denham, David Higgins, Mr H Mayfield, Roger Raines, Pete Rayner and Dan Tierney. My thanks must also go to those at the museums and archaeological stores where I have consulted pipes and especially to those who very kindly allowed me to borrow material for more detailed study at Liverpool. Particular thanks go to the staff at Hartlepool Museum Service, Tees Archaeology, The Dorman Museum in Middlesborough, The Bowes Museum at Barnard Castle, Sewerby Hall in Bridlington, The Humber Archaeological Partnership, The Wilberforce House Museum in Hull, The National Clay Tobacco Pipe Archive, Scunthorpe Museum and Art Gallery, The Yorkshire Dales Museum of Lead Mining at Earby, The Mercer Art Gallery in Harrogate, The Dales Countryside Museum Hawes, The English Heritage Archaeological Store at Helmsley, Ryedale Folk Museum in Hutton le Hole and The Manor House Museum, Ilkley, The Beck Isle Museum of Rural Life in Pickering, The Richmondshire Museum, Scarborough Borough Council and their staff at Londesborough Lodge, The Craven Museum in Skipton, Thirsk Museum, Whitby Museum, The York Archaeological Trust and the staff at York Castle Museum, Abbey House Museum Leeds, Doncaster Museum and Art Gallery, Rotherham Museum, Kelham Island Industrial Museum in Sheffield, Sheffield City Museum, Bradford Museum, The Wood Hall Archaeological Trust, The Tolson Memorial Museum in Huddersfield, Pontefract Museum, Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery, West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and The Archaeological Research Consultancy at The University of Sheffield. Finally I must thank all those who have encouraged me and provided support and advice over the past eight years. In particular I would like to thank my parents for never failing to believe in me and for providing the emotional and financial support I needed to ensure my PhD became a reality; my supervisor Peter Davey for his constructive criticism and patience; to Philippa Tomlinson for help with the statistical analysis, and last, but not least, to my husband, David Higgins, for hours of discussion, helpful advice, comments on innumerable drafts and, most of all, for never complaining when I dragged him round yet another dusty archaeological store.
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1:
made to reconcile these groupings with the documented political situation. White clay tobacco pipes, for example, were in common use throughout much of northern Europe, a geographical area that encompasses a number of quite separate political units, each of which having their own distinctive language and culture. These pipes exhibit marked regional differences, which can be studied and interpreted in relation to the documented social contexts that produced them.
Regionalisation and trade
1.0 Introduction This chapter considers how archaeologists have addressed issues such as regionalisation and trade through the study of material remains. It goes on to consider the importance and uniqueness of a specific artefact type from the Post-medieval period – the clay tobacco pipe – its survival in the archaeological record, its usefulness as a dating tool and indicator of social status and its links to individual makers and production centres. This is followed by a critical review of the existing literature within the field of clay pipe studies. This review highlights a number of weaknesses within certain areas of pipe research that warrant further study. It is these weaknesses that have been used to formulate the questions for this particular study. The chapter concludes with a rationale for the choice of study area that will be used in an attempt to answer some of these questions.
In 1993 Renfrew and Bahn also noted that one of the growth areas in archaeology was the study of ‘exchange and trade in early societies’. This included not only the trade in manufactured goods but also in the raw materials used to produce them. The artefacts themselves are a useful source when determining contact between different areas or different groups of people. Although the exchange of goods may be obvious if the objects themselves survive in the archaeological record what is perhaps more significant is the exchange of ideas through social contacts that the objects imply (ibid 307). In the Post-Medieval period sufficient documentation often survives for these individual contacts and transfers of ideas to be identified. The spread of particular styles of pipe mark and decoration through the use of the apprenticeship system has, for example, been demonstrated by Walker and Wells (1979). In the same way the exchange of ideas, as well as the manufactured goods themselves, can be demonstrated as a result of inter-marriage between pipemaking families (Appendix 1).
1.1
Models for regionalisation and trade patterns in archaeology The subject of archaeology can be defined as ‘the study of past societies primarily through their material remains’ (Renfrew and Bahn 1993, 9). These material remains include artefacts, which have been defined in a variety of ways, ranging from ‘portable objects that have been modified by human activity’ (Sharer and Ashmore 1987, 65), to ‘anything which exhibits any physical attributes that can be assumed to be the results of human activity’ (Dunnell 1971, 117). In the context of this study regionalisation can be defined as the identification of a group of artefacts that can be assigned to a specific region by virtue of their form. Renfrew and Bahn (1993, 104) noted that ‘products of a given period or place have a recognisable style . . . they are in some sense characteristic of the society that produced them’. In the archaeological world it has long been accepted that change in shape and style was often gradual allowing typologies to be created for almost any artefact type. The nineteenth-century scholar Montelius studied Bronze Age tools and demonstrated how artefacts in one region influenced those in adjacent areas (ibid 105).
1.2
The importance of clay tobacco pipes in the archaeological record As early as the eighteenth century clay tobacco pipes attracted the attention of antiquaries (Higgins 1999, 310). In more recent years clay tobacco pipes have proved to be one of the most useful artefact types that an archaeologist can recover from a Post-Medieval site. They spanned class and gender being smoked by men and women from all walks for life, and, as such, are seen by many scholars as the ‘ideal type fossil’ for the period 1600 to 1900 (Davey 1996, 65). In his review of British clay tobacco pipe studies, Higgins (1999, 310) refers to clay tobacco pipes as being ‘one of the most commonly encountered elements of material culture’ for this period.
Prior to the advent of written history links between groups of people can be made through the common use of specific artefacts or cultural objects – a particular type of stone tool, a particular method of decorating pottery, a particular style of bronze axe. These groupings of artefact types have been equated to cultural groupings in the prehistoric period and used to define and examine the social structure and evolution of these groups. In the Post-Medieval period there is a wealth of documentation for the existence of separate sovereign states, for their social and political development and for the interactions between them. At the same time groupings of artefact types can still be observed and yet little attempt has been
The importance of clay tobacco pipes lies in the fact that they were very fragile yet had no recyclable value. Pipes were therefore often used and discarded within a relative short period of time. Fragments of clay tobacco pipes survive well in most archaeological conditions and, as they were widely used in vast quantities, they are often recovered in large quantities on Post-Medieval sites. Their bowl forms and marks changed rapidly over a relatively short space of time and can therefore be dated very closely, often to within 20 or 30 years (Oswald 1975, 29; Higgins 1995a 47). If marked, clay tobacco
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
1.
dated archaeological groups, mainly from London 2. drawings and pictures by contemporary artists 3. pipes bearing dates 4. documentary sources for makers
pipes can often be attributed either to a specific maker, whose life can be charted with the aid of documentary sources, or to a general production area based on the style of the pipe. Clay tobacco pipes can also be used as an indicator of social status. The cost of a pipe was often determined by two major factors; the length of the stem and the finishing techniques employed. Longer stemmed pipes were difficult and time consuming to produce and therefore demanded a higher price (ibid). The addition of milling to the rims, burnishing to the surface of a pipe or trimming of the seams added time and therefore cost (Walker 1977, 188).
In 1975 the typology was further revised when it was presented in Clay pipes for the archaeologist as volume 14 of the British Archaeological Reports series. This work was the culmination of over 25 years of research and publication in the field of clay tobacco pipe studies and remains one of the most widely used works on pipes. Clay Pipes for the Archaeologist presented a synthesis of the evidence for the arrival of tobacco in Europe as well as presenting the methods of pipe manufacture. Oswald published a general typology for the United Kingdom but, recognising regional variations, also presented local typologies. Several of these regional typologies include a selection of makers’ marks. They are, however, rather crude, their coverage patchy and the illustrations are poorly executed making it difficult to match moulds or marks with other examples. Oswald concluded his work with a list of over 5,200 pipemakers from all over the country drawn from trade directories, apprenticeship rolls, parish registers and similar such documents.
These features mean that not only do clay tobacco pipes have the ability to provide reasonably accurate dating but they can be used as a means by which the quality or ‘status’ of a group can be assessed, as well as providing the potential for charting trade routes, thus making them immensely valuable to archaeologists studying the PostMedieval period. 1.3
Regionalisation and trade within clay pipe studies One of the earliest references to a pipe find dates from 1784, from Kildare in Ireland (Anon 1793, 352). From the early nineteenth century, collections of clay tobacco pipes were being formed providing groups of pipes for study. In 1835 T C Croker published an article in the Dublin Penny Journal entitled ‘Ancient tobacco pipes’ in which he illustrated pipes from a number of places in Britain. By the mid nineteenth century it was clear that regional differences were apparent to these early scholars. Lamb (1851, 31) noted, ‘the size, quality and form of clay pipes manufactured in England differ greatly according to the localities from which they come’. This idea was developed by F W Fairholt in 1859 in his Tobacco, its history and associations where he described and illustrated pipes from around the world as well as presenting a contemporary account of the ‘latest’ discoveries of clay tobacco pipes from the British Isles.
Oswald’s work continues to be widely used by clay pipe scholars and has inspired researchers all over the world. It is one of the few works that presents the study of clay tobacco pipes as a whole. After the 1975 publication there was ‘a sustained interest in all aspects of pipe studies’ although ‘there was no obvious mechanism for its dissemination’ (Higgins 1999, 313). In 1979 this situation was remedied with the establishment of the research series The archaeology of the clay tobacco pipe, which was seen as a cheap and quick means of publishing new archaeological research. Since 1979 seventeen volumes in this series have been published by British Archaeological Reports of Oxford. In addition to the clay pipe series there have been a number of published works on clay tobacco pipes that have attempted to look at wider issues such as trade, production centres, consumption centres, regional studies, the study of specific attributes of a pipe or particular decorative motifs as well as the recording and interpretation of clay tobacco pipes from archaeological contexts. The following sections give a few examples where specific issues of pipe trade, production and consumption have been addressed.
During the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries work was carried out by a number of scholars defining regional pipemaking industries. These included Barnstaple (Hall 1890), London (Hilton Price 1900), Hull (Sheppard 1902a) and Shropshire (Thursfield 1907). These studies established local styles of bowl forms and marks and provided a framework against which new finds could be compared. It was not until 1951 that Adrian Oswald produced the first general typology based on bowl shape. This was subsequently revised in 1955 and 1961. Oswald’s typology gave a period of approximately 30 years for each type and was based on the following:
1.3.1 Trade There have been a small number of papers where documentary sources have been used to look at the trade in the raw materials required for the production of clay tobacco pipes as well as the trade of the products themselves. Cooksey (1980) for example, draws upon
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Susan D White
drawings but, despite this, no archaeological evidence was used, there was no quantification nor was there any assessment of the interaction between the centres in the Netherlands.
documentary sources to look at the trade of tobacco pipe clay from Poole. In 1977 Arnold published a paper looking at the trade of pipes within a specific centre, in this particular case Southampton. Arnold drew on the port books as well as a range of other documentary sources in order to show how many pipes were being exported from Southampton and where they were being exported. In 1988 Jackson and Jackson took a slightly different approach and looked at documentary evidence for a particular pipe making family, the Viners of Bristol, rather than a whole centre. The documents consulted provided a wealth of information about the Viners lives and showed that they were very prosperous and exported widely. Jackson and Jackson did acknowledge, however, that there was a need for archaeological material to show the type and range of pipes the Viners produced and to confirm the extent of their trading links.
In 1985 Davey wrote a paper looking at the clay tobacco pipes recovered from excavations at Norton Priory. This site offered the rare opportunity to compare pipes used and discarded by the occupiers of the manor house with those of the cottagers from the village itself. Similar studies have been carried out at Beeston Castle (Davey 1992a) where differences between the Royalist and Parliamentarian usage of pipes could be determined using a combination of typology, marks and site stratigraphy. This part of the report, however, has been consigned to microfiche and is not presented within the body of the main text. In Scotland an attempt was made to discuss the impact of Dutch imports on the pipe consumption of the whole of Scotland (Davey 1992b). Although these examples highlight a trend in pipe research such examples are few and far between and in general they include no overall assessment of production, consumption, marketing strategies or trading patterns.
1.3.2 Production centres The discussion of clay tobacco pipes from production centres tends to fall into two basic categories. First, those accounts of pipes either found or collected from a particular town or area and often set against any available documentary evidence. Examples of this type of discussion include studies of the pipes found in Barnstaple (Grant and Jemmett 1985) and Glasgow (Gallagher 1987a).
1.3.4 Regional studies Although there have been a number of papers that appear to be regional studies most, on closer examination, turn out to be studies of individual centres. For example the volume on Chesapeake Bay in America (Davey and Pogue, 1991) is a study of a specific region and is based almost entirely on well-excavated material. However, on closer examination it is clear that this volume is in reality a series of site-specific statements with no regional synthesis. The methods of recording and reporting vary from site to site making it difficult for inter-site comparisons to be made. The work on Tyneside (Edwards 1988a and 1988b) is another such example. Although it is an excellent presentation of the results of an extensive documentary study, and draws together a large number of pipes from the area, there is no geographical analysis of the market area and the illustration of the marks and bowls are not detailed enough for comparison with similar material from elsewhere. In 1979 Lawrence published his work on York pipes and their makers. Although this paper draws on pipes recovered from excavations within York there is little discussion of the excavation evidence and the paper relies heavily on a descriptive account of the bowl forms and marks. On a positive note the paper offers a useful typology for York but one of the drawbacks is the quality of the illustrations, particularly of the marks themselves, making comparison of dies virtually impossible.
The second category comprises the excavation and interpretation of kiln sites, again with supporting documentary evidence when it is available. These sites include that of William Heath in Brentford (Laws and Oswald, 1981), Aldgate (Thompson, 1981) and Rainford (Davey et al, 1982a). In 1996 Peacey published his PhD thesis in which he presented a detailed account of the development of the clay tobacco pipe kiln in the British Isles. This publication includes a discussion of the pipes and kiln material from Gloucester, Chelmsford, Pipe Aston, and Waterford in Ireland. 1.3.3 Consumption centres There are a large number of papers that have been published looking at consumption centres or areas. Often these reports draw on evidence from excavation as well as production sites themselves. Examples of this type of publication include Hull (Watkins, 1979), Chester (Rutter and Davey, 1980) and Surrey (Higgins, 1981). The limitations of such studies, as with the production centres (1.3.2 above) is that they usually examine just a single site or centre, which is often looked at in isolation. There is very rarely any synthesis of what this means in terms of the industry as a whole. Nor is there any integration with the wider issues of economic history. It is very rare for the dynamics of production and consumption to be examined. In 1981 Duco produced an account of clay tobacco pipe production in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century. Each site had a detailed summary and the volume included some 274
In the Scottish BAR volume (Davey 1987a) an attempt was made to bring together as much new artefactual and documentary evidence as possible. As with the Chesapeake volume the Scottish volume generally had site-specific interpretations with no real regional or national analysis of the competing centres. In addition,
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
description and a catalogue, sometimes accompanied with a few illustrations although these are often of poor quality.
the quality and nature of the die and mould information was inconsistently presented leading to difficulties when trying to match dies or moulds with material from elsewhere.
the areas are too large for a systematic study of all the evidence the study is often led by documents to which artefactual evidence is appended the recording of bowl forms and marks is not consistent or of sufficiently high standard to allow for comparisons to be made regional analysis is not the main point of the study
In the wake of the Second World War, excavation of sites in the urban setting flourished. The 1960s saw the emergence of a number of archaeological units throughout the country and, for the first time, many of our towns and cities were the subject of major archaeological investigations as a result of huge new building programs. Excavations in cities such as London, York and Hull produced vast quantities of clay tobacco pipes and, although some individual site reports have been produced, little of this material has ever been pulled together in an attempt to say anything about the development of the pipe industry within these important centres.
1.3.5
The study of specific attributes of a pipe or particular decorative motifs The majority of the papers cited so far have, for the most part, drawn on groups of pipes from a particular centre, but there is a group of published material that concentrates on specific groups of pipes, their attributes or decorative motifs.
In 1977 Mann produced a synthesis of pipes recovered from five years of excavations in Lincoln. This publication is perhaps unique in that it pulled together summaries of sites excavated and aimed to shed light on the development of ‘a distinctively local Lincolnshire style, and on the general development of the industry in the city of Lincoln itself’ (Mann 1977, 1).
Examples of selected groups of pipes from within a larger collection include a collection of marked pipes held by the Herbert Museum Coventry (Muldoon 1979) and a collection of Rainford pipes by the Winchester Museum Service (Dagnall, 1991). Pipe scholars have sometimes concentrated their efforts on particular decorative motifs such as Armorials (Atkinson and Oswald 1980 and le Cheminant 1981a), Prince of Wales Feathers (le Cheminant 1981b), and Dick Whittington pipes (le Cheminant 1985). Some scholars have gone further still and focussed on very specific attributes such as internal bowl crosses (Jarzembowski 1985) and stem curvature (Higgins 1985a).
Between 1964 and 1973 a huge excavation was carried out at Sandal Castle near Wakefield (Mayes and Butler 1983). The pottery report presented in the published excavation report stands out as a fine example of where a full analysis of the material remains is presented in relation to the stratigraphic evidence from the site. The same cannot be said of the pipe report which comprises one short paragraph with six brief captions and 11 poorly illustrated pipes reproduced at half life-size (Lawrence 1983). This is in spite of the fact that Sandal produced one of the largest and most closely dated civil war pipe assemblages from anywhere in the country.
These are but a few examples of existing regional studies, which, regrettably, are flawed on a number of counts:• • • •
Although there are many examples where lists of excavated pipes exist, it is rare to find reports in which the stratigraphic evidence provided for the pipes is fully presented and discussed and where these results are properly integrated into the excavation report. The few such examples include Scalloway Castle (Davey 1987b) Barnard Castle (Davey 1988a) Chester Castle (Davey 1993a) and Pontefract Castle (Davey and White, 2002). It is rarely the fault of the pipe specialist who is often willing to produce such a report, it is more often a result of poorly excavated Post-Medieval features, sketchy or poorly maintained records, or simply because the material is considered too modern to be worthy of detailed study. It is a damming indictment of the archaeological profession, but all too often the excavators, their funders and publishers have not been interested in material of this period beyond a register of its existence.
1.3.6
The interpretation of pipes from archaeological contexts In the earliest part of the twentieth century reports on clay tobacco pipes from archaeological excavations, or just stray finds, tended to simply state that clay pipes were found, very rarely was any quantitative assessment or interpretation made. There has been some improvement over time, however many reports still tend to relate to just one specific site or production centre. There is no doubt that this type of report has its merits, but there is very often no attempt to place the pipe evidence within a wider social or economic context. In 1969 Oswald published a paper on a group of marked pipes from Plymouth. In this paper Oswald, perhaps for the first time, discusses the archaeological and stratigraphic evidence the pipes provide. It is a sad reflection that this example remains the exception rather than the rule and that most pipe reports comprise a simple
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assemblage, thereby making it possible to map out the extent of market areas and trade routes. Second, it enables comparisons to be made between the products of one centre and those of a neighbouring centre. Both of these points provide information that allow researchers to draw some conclusion with regard to the interaction between workshops as well as to the establishment of a particular market area. With these points in mind the present research sets out to try and address the following questions:-
1.3.7
The systematic recording of clay tobacco pipes A recording system that logs information about individual pipes in a consistent and systematic way is essential for inter-site comparison. Mann’s 1977 article sought to deal with recording the material resulting from excavations in Lincoln. Specific attributes such as stem bore, base type and rim type were recorded and presented in a systematic manner (Mann 1977, 49, Table 1). In 1981 Davey published guidelines for the processing of clay tobacco pipes from excavated sites. In this paper Davey highlighted the importance of pipes from excavations not only as an aid to the interpretation of a particular site but also in relation to the contribution they make to pipe research in the area concerned (1981, 66). This system was field tested by Webster (1982) and a group of extra-mural students in Cardiff who proposed a number of amendments to the system that would make it quicker and more cost-effective.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
It was to be at least another 10 years until Higgins and Davey (1994) developed a system at the University of Liverpool for the systematic recording of groups of pipes making comparison of material within individual groups and between sites easier. The system was designed to use A3 recording forms, which were filled in by hand prior to data entry in a relational database. Since 1994 the clay tobacco pipes from a number of sites have been recorded using this system but to date no systematic attempt has been made to bring together a large body of data for inter-site comparison. As a result, the full potential of this data recording system has not yet been realised.
Is it possible to define a style of pipe that is typical of a given study area? Is it possible to define products of individual centres within a given study area? Can trading dynamics of production centres within a given study area be assessed? Can the influence of external production centres be assessed? If any patterns can be identified in 1-4 above, to what extent can they be explained from the historic record?
In order to answer these questions it was necessary to define a study area and a study period. The historic county of Yorkshire (Figure 1.1) was chosen as the study area for the following reasons:1. 2. 3.
4.
Although now widely used within the world of pipe studies, the recording system remains unpublished. This system has been adapted for use by the Monticello Project in America (web site www.monticello.org/icjs/archaeology) where it forms the basis of a huge database which aims to record, in a standard way, all the artefacts recovered from the excavation of 20 slave sites in the Chesapeake region, including clay tobacco pipes. Until a standardised method of recording is adopted here in Britain, inter-site comparisons remain fraught with difficulties
5.
6.
7. 1.4 The present research The review of pipe research to date has highlighted a number of weaknesses, particularly in relation to the study of regionalisation and trade. The study of these broader issues has been hindered by the lack of a standardized recording system and by the site-specific approach of much of the previous research.
It is large enough for economic variables to come into play Yet small enough for evidence to be fully recorded at a reasonably detailed level. There are a range of settlement types of different sizes and locations, for example upland villages, market towns and coastal ports. It has inland waterways for internal trade and ports for coastwise and overseas trade. It has interesting topography that has the potential to affect production and trade – Pennines to the east, North York Moors to the north, coastal ports to the east, larger industrial towns to the south. It has the raw materials available in some areas to allow for production of clay tobacco pipes independently of imports from outside the county. This kind of study has not been attempted before in Yorkshire.
The study period c1600-1800 was chosen in order that the trade and distribution patterns of the early Post-Medieval period could be studied prior to the influence of turnpikes, canals and railways. Around 1750 there is a change in bowl styles from the plainer seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century forms to the more elaborate mould-decorated forms of the later eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. At the end of the eighteenth century there was also a change in the form and style of marking. In the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries stamped
If the style of a pipe from a particular area, or even a particular workshop, can be defined then two important advances can be made. First, it becomes possible to identify the origin of the pipes within a particular
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 1.1: Map showing the boundary of the historic county of Yorkshire.
proliferation of highly decorated pipes in the nineteenth century are not considered. For the purposes of this study only those mould-decorated bowls either bearing an eighteenth-century makers mark, or positively identified as the product of an eighteenth-century maker, have been recorded.
marks could be considered the norm. The use of stamped marks continued towards the end of the eighteenth century, after which they were almost entirely replaced by moulded marks. Rather than applying a rigid cut off date to this current study a date of c1800 is given and is based on the typological and stylistic developments that were occurring towards the end of the eighteenth century. Mould decorated bowls that were being produced at the end of the eighteenth century and led on to the
In order to provide a context for pipes studies in this thesis, a range of specialist literature on issues such as trade and transport was consulted, for example Speakman (1969) and Willan (1938 and 1976). The issues discussed
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in these works are not specific to Yorkshire or to pipe studies but provide a broad social framework against which pipe production, marketing and consumption can be set. 1.5 Summary The current research has highlighted a number of areas within the study of the clay tobacco pipe industry that warrant further investigation. It would be a colossal task to try and address them all and certainly far beyond the scope of a single thesis. It would be a lifetime’s work to re-examine the excavation archives for all the clay tobacco pipes found in Yorkshire. What is possible, however, is to record the attributes of those clay tobacco pipes found within the defined study area and to look at the development of their bowl forms, marks and at their geographical distribution in order to address one particular area of research – that of regionalisation and trade.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
2:
Quarter Sessions Records and Wills in Probate. John Andrews has worked primarily on the makers of York and, although he has not added to the actual number of known makers from this particular centre, he has ‘put flesh on their bones’ by transcribing many individual references to them. Andrews has published some of his work (1987a, 1987b, 1988 and 1991) but the more substantial pieces of research remain unpublished. These are Pipe-makers of the City of York 1643-1921 (n.d. but believed to be mid 1980s); Pipe-makers of York: a list with evidences (1986); and The Castle Museum, York, clay tobacco pipe collection (1987c). Copies of these manuscripts have been deposited with a number of museums in Yorkshire including York Castle Museum and are therefore available for consultation.
Existing evidence for the production of clay tobacco pipes in Yorkshire
2.0 Introduction This chapter will look at the existing evidence for the production of clay tobacco pipes in the historic county of Yorkshire throughout the two hundred year period from the late sixteenth century to the late eighteenth century. It will consider three main elements; the documentary sources, the known kiln sites and finally the pipes themselves drawn solely from existing published and other readily available sources. 2.1
Documentary sources – evidence for distribution Perhaps one of the most obvious places to start a search for evidence of pipe production is through the use of historical documents. Over the years a number of researchers have studied various classes of historical records and, from these, compiled lists of pipe-makers that provide a valuable starting point in any assessment of pipe production in Yorkshire.
Andrews has also worked on the pipe-makers of Doncaster and has produced a detailed account of the pipes held by Doncaster Museum, Doncaster Museum clay tobacco pipe collection (1993). In this unpublished volume, he provided sketches of all the pipes together with a brief description as well as producing a list of Doncaster makers. Copies of this manuscript have been deposited with Doncaster Museum and Art Gallery and the National Clay Tobacco Pipe Archive. Other researchers, such as Hilary Brook who has worked on the pipe-makers from Birstall, have added to the list of known makers. Brook’s work focussed on the nineteenth-century makers from Birstall, in particular Joseph Dodson (Brook 1989) but her research also produced an unpublished list giving details of pipemakers from other centres in Yorkshire (Brook in litt 1998).
In 1960 Oswald published a national list of pipe-makers, which included 173 makers from Yorkshire of which 102 dated from before 1800. This list was added to in 1973 when Lawrence published his work on the pipe-makers of West Yorkshire. Lawrence added a further 216 makers to Oswald’s existing list of which 26 pre-dated 1800. Oswald produced his final makers list in 1975 with a staggering 435 makers for Yorkshire alone, of which 158 now pre-dated 1800. Since the publication of Oswald’s list in 1975, individual centres have been studied most notably Hull (Watkins, 1979) and York (Lawrence, 1979), and lists of makers for these specific production centres have been drawn up. Watkins’ list of makers superseded Oswald’s and added further information which appears to have been drawn primarily from Apprenticeship Rolls (1667-1929), Freedom Rolls (from 1369); Directories (1791-1939), Poll Books for 1724, 1747, 1757 and 1774 and the 1851 Census. Watkins’ work increased the number of known Hull makers dating from before 1800 from 60 (Oswald, 1975) to 127 (Watkins 1979). For York, Lawrence (1979) goes back to primary sources and lists 37 makers who predate 1800, five of which do not appear in Oswald’s 1975 lists. The Oswald list, however, includes ten makers who Lawrence appears to have omitted from his 1979 list. These two lists appear to have been compiled independently and between them, provide evidence for 49 York makers dating from before 1800.
This thesis is intended to be a study of the artefactual evidence and therefore there has been no systematic search for pipe-makers through primary documentary sources. A framework for the artefactual study has, however, been provided by compiling a consolidated list of all the known Yorkshire makers from before c1800 (Appendix 1). This appendix pulls together, for the first time, all the published makers’ lists together with a wealth of previously unpublished material listing over 280 makers for Yorkshire from before c1800. From this information it is possible to begin to draw together a picture of the extent of pipe production in Yorkshire. The earliest reference to a ‘pipe-maker’ is 1645 when Gabriel Westaby of York took on two apprentices (Andrews 1987d, 19). As it was only master pipe-makers who took on apprentices it is safe to assume that Westaby would have been working as a pipe-maker prior to this date. He can be traced back through the records with the earliest reference being to the burial of his son, John, in 1619 (ibid). In 1633 he took on two apprentices, Mark Burn and Robert Beckwith when Westaby’s trade was given as a trunkmaker but this does not necessarily mean that Westaby was not producing pipes at this time. Freemen of a city were required to be associated with a
In addition to the published material on makers other researchers have added greatly to the available evidence through extensive documentary searches which have included Apprenticeship Rolls, Alehouse Keepers Licences, Cemetery Company Records, Freedom Rolls, Rate Books, Hearth Tax Returns, Register of Electors,
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centres where more thorough documentary research has been carried out. The map in Figure 2.3 gives a clearer indication of the geographical distribution of the known pipe-makers. The solid dots are the centres where pipemakers are known to have been working while the open circles indicate other centres where makers might be expected but where none have been identified to date through the documentary record. It is clear from the map that the known pipe-makers are clustered in south Yorkshire where there are a number of historic market towns and where the raw materials necessary for the production of pipes are readily available. The noticeable blank areas are along the coast and in central and north Yorkshire. Centres such as Ripon, Richmond and Pickering, might be expected to have pipe-makers but, to date, none have been identified. In his unpublished report on two groups of pipes from Ripon, for example, (Davey 1990b) suggested that there was artefactual evidence for a pipe-making industry in the town from around 1640 through to at least 1750, although there was no supporting documentary evidence. These charts and the map give a very biased picture but serve to illustrate the need for a systematic survey of both the documentary sources and the artefactual evidence.
particular guild. As there was no guild in York specifically for pipe-makers, it would appear that in the early part of the seventeenth century pipe-makers in York bought their Freedom as trunkmakers. It is only in York that this link between trunkmakers and pipe-makers appears to exist (Lawrence 1979, 83). In 1643 Westaby took on a further two apprentices, Francis Balden and Francis Wilday and at this date his trade is given as a ‘trunkmaker and tobacco pipe-maker’ (Andrews 1987d, 19). By studying the makers’ lists, it is possible to see where makers were working and how many were working at any given time. In order to give an indication of the known chronological distribution of the makers over time, each decade of a maker or apprentices known working life has been plotted onto a bar chart (Figure 2.1). For example, Christopher Boyes of York is known to have been working from 1711, when he received his freedom, until his death in 1725, therefore the decades 1710-1719 and 1720-1729 were marked once. Similar charts have been created for each of the centres where known pipe-makers were working (Figure 2.2). From these charts two large and important centres stand out – Hull and York - where large number of makers might be expected. They are also
Figure 2.1: Chronological distribution of all known makers and apprentices from Yorkshire as a whole c1600-1800.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 2.2: Chronological distribution of all known pipe-makers from specific centres in Yorkshire c1600-1800. Actual count given in brackets above each bar.
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Figure 2.3: Map showing the geographical distribution of all documented pipe-makers from Yorkshire c1600-1800.
Shafton of York states, “I also give unto the said Richard Shafton [his son] all my worke tooles belonging to the Pipe making Traide in my backe shop” (Appendix 2). A similar reference appears in the will of Christopher Boyes dating from 1725. Christopher’s trade is given as a trunkmaker rather than a tobacco pipe-maker and he states that “I give and devise to my son Samuel Boyes
2.2 Documentary sources – social status Pipe production was very much a family business and the documents that survive shed some light on the size and nature of these businesses. In most cases pipe making was carried out on a fairly small-scale with a workshop being situated behind the house. Evidence for this can clearly be seen in a will dating from 1705, where Richard
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Christopher Boyes, also a pipe-maker, left a house with nine rooms, plus a workshop and a second house in North Street, York (Andrews n.d.). These are perhaps the exception rather than the rule, as most pipe-makers appear to have left small amounts in their wills. In some areas pipemaking was carried out in conjunction with other trades. Richard Tock of Hull appears in the Poor Rate Returns for 1735 where he is listed as being ‘poor’ and paid no rates (Watkins, 1979).
and his heirs the back part of the same house with the kitchen, two chambers, with chamber and garrett’s above and ye little yard and pipeshop with free passage…” (ibid). What is also clear from these references is that the pipe shops are being passed from father to son together with tools of the trade. By looking at the inventories associated with wills it is possible to get some idea of how large these pipemaking workshops were. In the inventory of Christopher Boyes of 1725 specific items relating to the pipe trade are listed including approximately 40 tons of clay valued at £40:00:00; brass moulds at £01:07:00; and drying grates at £00:12:06 (Andrews n.d.). Some damp pipe fragments, which were considered to equate to a complete eighteenth-century pipe were found to weigh about 60g. If 60g of damp clay was sufficient to make one pipe then forty tons of clay would have been enough to produce some 677,333 pipes. This shows that Boyes must have been producing pipes on a considerable scale to warrant holding this amount of clay in stock.
Full transcriptions of the Shafton indenture of 1721, the Shafton Will of 1705, the Boyes will and inventory of 1725 together with an inventory of William Spacie dating from 1710, the will of William Ramsden of 1769 and an apprenticeship indenture of Joseph Scott of 1788 are given in Appendix 2. The makers’ lists and other documents provide a wealth of information relating to individual pipe-makers, their families and businesses. From the few examples cited above, it is possible to see an overview of pipe production in Yorkshire emerging. The number of pipe-makers in any given centre may indicate how extensive pipe production was; the amount of clay or the number of moulds may give an indication of the scale of production for a specific maker; and the collection of clay gives an indication of which local clay sources were being exploited. There is a note of caution, however. The collection of details for makers’ lists and surveys of other documentary sources is a very time consuming business and is fraught with difficulties. The national makers list published by Oswald in 1975 remains one of the standard works and one which is referred to time and time again. While its value and worth should not be underestimated it is important to remember that it is not a definitive list. It is only as good as the information that was available at the time. There is a bias in favour either of those later records that are more easily accessible, or of areas where researchers have had the time and interest to search the records thoroughly. The same holds true for other documentary sources where survival of records may be patchy as a result of loss or damage over the years. The use of any information gleaned from such sources should therefore be used with caution and, where possible, in conjunction with other evidence.
By contrast, Brears (1967, 8) quotes an extract from the West Riding Quarter Sessions Rolls for 1680-81 which records the activities of a group of potters who were accused of ‘driving waynes, Cartes & Carriages crosse over the said common and with horses and breaking ye soyle, making rutts and new ways, digging and getting of clay for making pipes, potts, and other earthenwares, and making pitts and holes neare ye hye waye to the danger of travellers’. This example shows pipe-makers who were obtaining sufficient clay to produce their pipes by digging at the side of the road. The relative success of a pipe-maker could be determined by the number of apprentices he took on. Details of apprenticeships are given in the Apprenticeship Rolls, but occasionally the actual Apprenticeship Indentures survive. In 1992 details of two apprenticeship indentures were published. The earlier of the two was that of John Shafton of York to John Goldwell of Hull in 1721 (Andrews, 1992). The second was that of Joseph Scott to Thomas Westerdell also of Hull, in 1788 (Rayner, 1992). Both indentures follow the same basic format and include details of the length of the apprenticeship together with rules and regulations by which the apprentice was to abide.
2.3 Kiln sites Having identified pipe-makers, the next obvious step is to look for the production sites themselves. Pipe kiln sites are notoriously hard to find, particularly for the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. There are two means by which pipe kiln sites may be identified, first through documentary sources, and second through the identification of physical remains. The use of documentary sources has tended to focus on the pipemakers themselves and to date there has been very little attention paid to the identification of actual kiln sites through map evidence.
It is clear from documentary sources that some pipemakers were very successful, having a number of apprentices working for them. For example in the early part of the seventeenth century Gabriel Westaby of York had at least four apprentices working for him (Andrews 1991, 94), and between 1685 and 1727 Robert Burrill of Hull had at least seven apprentices (Watkins 1979, 108). The success of the pipe-maker can also be seen in the size of their property. Abraham Boyes of York, for example, is listed in the Hearth Tax Returns as having six hearths in 1670 and 1671 (Andrews 1987d). Abraham’s son
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Miller’s Yard. Miller’s Yard appears to have been purchased by the Lee family in 1620. The family built a house on the site, which was demolished during the nineteenth century. This in turn was replaced by a number of brick built outhouses, which were cleared in 1936 (Buckland et al, 1989, 194). Although the demolition had removed most the foundations of the buildings some features had survived including ‘the base of a small kiln … used in the manufacture of clay pipes’ (ibid, 200). Buckland et al describe the structure as being lined in ‘highly fired, partly vitrified fireclay’ but that only the ‘basal two courses remained’. The stoke hole appears to have survived reasonably well. It was partly lined with limestone slabs and contained many broken stems stamped with the name LUMLEY (ibid, 200). These pipes can be attributed to Samuel Lumley who is known to have been working in Doncaster from c1731 to c1769 (Appendix 1). The property, however, appears to have remained in the Lumley family after his death as an advertisement, offering the property for rent, appeared in the York Courant in 1782, it reads ‘… the house lately occupied by Samuel Lumley. There is a Pot, Furnace, Mold, Grates and everything necessary on the Premises for the Business (Fowler et al 1979, 60). Samuel Lumley is thought to have been dead by 1769 as the record of the death of his wife in 1769 clearly states ‘widow of Samuel Lumley’ (Andrews 1993, 4). The newspaper advertisement, however, strongly suggests that the pipe making business continued to be run by a member of the Lumley family, perhaps even a son called Samuel, until around 1782. The finds from this site are now in Doncaster Museum and have been examined as part of this study.
The use of map evidence in conjunction with the parish registers have, however, identified the location of one possible eighteenth-century kiln site in Rawmarsh belonging to a Jonathan Scorah. In 1781 Jonathan Scorer (or Scorah) was occupying a homestead owned by Thomas Oates in an area known locally as Pipe House Lane (Munford in litt 28.6.00). Scorah is recorded in the parish registers as a ‘maker of clay pipes’ in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century (ibid) and it is tempting to suggest that Scorah was producing pipes in a workshop attached to his house in Rawmarsh. In his 1996 survey of pipe kilns Peacey lists just two kilns, both identified through physical remains, dating to before 1800 for the whole of Yorkshire. The first is a seventeenth-century kiln at Potovens and the second, an eighteenth-century site at Doncaster. The seventeenth-century pipe kiln was discovered in 1964 to the north-west of Wakefield, near 105 Wrenthorpe Road (Brears, 1967). Topsoil had been mechanically removed from an area prior to the construction of a new road. By the time the site had been identified the kiln itself had been destroyed and all that remained was a circular mark, approximately 8ft in diameter, in the natural clay. On the spoil heaps nearby lay ‘hundreds of broken pipes, some bearing the initials ‘EG’’ (ibid, 13). Brears is a little unclear as to the exact number of pipes that were found or what percentage of those pipes were stamped with the initials EG but he dates them all, on typological grounds, to c1650-1670 (ibid 40). There are no known makers with the initials EG in Potovens at this date although the Gill family was a prominent and highly successful pipe producing family in and around Potovens at this date so it is most likely that the EG pipes can be attributed to a member of this family. In addition to the EG pipes, two other marked pipes were recovered. The first was stamped with the initials MP, which can be attributed to Matthew Powell (c1660-1709) and the second with the initials IG, which can be attributed to Judith Gill (c1692-1693). Unfortunately none of the pipes from this site were deposited with the local museum and it is not known if they survive or not.
From the evidence for pipe making derived from the documentary sources we know that there were over 280 pipe-makers working in Yorkshire in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, all of whom would have needed a small kiln to fire their pipes. The two known examples that survive must surely be just the tip of the iceberg. A more detailed account of both kiln sites can be found in Chapter 5. 2.4 The pipes themselves The pipes themselves provide what is perhaps the most tangible link with pipe production. Past studies of the pipes as artefacts have focussed heavily on specific centres and in particular on the marked pipes from those centres. It is ironic that any evidence the pipes may provide with regard to the identification of production sites is virtually ignored in favour of what can be gleaned from supporting documentary sources.
Pipe kilns are generally rather small structures, often no more than 1.5-2m in diameter. With time they grew in height rather than width (Peacey 1982 and 1996). The diameter of the kiln at Potovens (Kiln 5) is given as 8ft (approx 2.5m), which is extremely large for a pipe kiln. Given that the other kilns at Potovens were pottery kilns it would seem most likely that the ‘pipe kiln’ described by Brears was in fact used primarily for firing pottery but may also have been used to fire pipes from time to time.
Published evidence makes it clear that, as a general rule, the majority of pipes did not travel further than approximately 10 to 20 miles from their place of manufacture (Oak-Rhind 1980, 360). By identifying either the mark of a specific maker, or by assigning a geographical area for a specific style of marking, or by
The eighteenth-century kiln was discovered during excavations in Church Street, Doncaster in 1972. At the east end of the street had been a group of industrial buildings, including a pipeworks, in what was known as
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
manufacture. He concludes his paper with a list of Hull makers and provides a graph, which illustrates the number of pipe-makers in operation from 1640 to 1929.
identifying a particular bowl form, it is often possible to give an indication of the origins of a group of pipes. Very often that place of origin will be quite close to the find spot but occasionally imports from outside the region, or even from overseas, do occur. These ‘traded pipes’ are an indication of market patterns and will be discussed more fully in Chapters 9 and 10, but by looking more closely at common bowl forms and marks it is possible to pin down the general location of production sites even if the identification of the actual maker himself remains unknown.
During the 1980s and 1990s a number of reports attempted to set pipes in a broader historical and social context rather than just providing a list of the pipes that were found from a site. In Yorkshire, however, the majority of pipe reports published continued to deal with material from a particular site in isolation. These reports include Sandal Castle (Laurence 1983), York (Tengnagel 1984), Wharram Percey (Davey 1987c), Cowlam (Hayfield 1988), Bawtry (Higgins 1996) and Bridlington (Earnshaw 1998). In the majority of cases these notes comprise little more than a count of the number of bowls or stems recovered with descriptions and/or illustrations of any marked or decorated pieces. One of the few exceptions is the report on the clay pipes from Wrenthorpe (Davey 1992b) where statistical analysis is used to illustrate the evolution of the bowl forms and a discussion of the wider significance of the pipes from the site is given.
Thomas Sheppard published various notes from 1902 onwards (1902a, 1902b, 1902c, 1903a, 1903b, 1903c, 1903d, 1904a, 1904b, 1905a, 1905b, and 1905c), culminating in the first substantial paper on pipes from Yorkshire 1912. This paper, Early Hull tobacco pipes and their makers, opens with a discussion concerning the introduction of tobacco to this country. It then goes on to list the early Hull makers and gives brief details of about twenty-four of these makers taken from Freemen’s Rolls. Sheppard discusses eighty-seven groups of objects from Hull Museum including a pipe stopper and tobacconist’s token. The majority of these objects came from excavations near the Town Hall, King Edward Street and Alfred Gelder Street.
The three main papers – Sheppard (1912), Lawrence (1979) and Watkins (1979) – remain as the only substantial studies of large bodies of artefacts and documents and, despite being single centre studies, provide the principal framework for the county as a whole. More recent research has updated a lot of the information presented by Sheppard, in particular, and has expanded our knowledge for a number of the makers presented by Lawrence and Watkins. What each of these three papers does, however, is to present the evidence from a specific collection or production centre. At no point is any attempt made to say what this evidence might mean in terms of the extent of pipe production by individual makers within these centres, to assess the stylistic influence or extent of trade from these centres, or to present a synthesis of pipe production and use across the county as a whole.
It appears to be 1961 before anything else appears in print dealing with pipes from Yorkshire, with O’Neil’s paper on pipes from Hungate in York which included illustrations of 21 pipes bowls, one stem and 16 marks. Between 1961 and 1979 only a dozen or so notes were published on pipes from Yorkshire and these included pipes from Gawber Glasshouse, Barnsley (Ashurst 1970), Potovens (Brears 1971), Otley (Whitaker 1973), Featherstone (Anon 1974), Kildale (Anon 1975), York (Ramm 1976), Kirbymoorside (Williams 1977), Clarke Hall, Wakefield (Brears 1978) and Allerton Mauleverer (Butler 1978). The majority of these articles comprised of little more than one or two sentences, sometimes a short catalogue to accompany some illustrations. Most of these are no more than short notes within more substantial excavations reports that, for the most part, simply record the presence of clay tobacco pipes from a site.
As well as looking at the broader social and historical context, scholars are also beginning to apply a more theoretical and scientific approach to pipe studies. Although none are confined solely to Yorkshire more recent work has considered issues that have ramifications for pipes studies of any known centre, including those in Yorkshire. These include issues such as market patterns (Walker & Wells, 1979); production techniques and kiln types (Peacey 1996) and thin section analysis (Davidson & Davey, 1982).
In 1979 Simon Lawrence published York pipes and their makers. In this paper he described the clay tobacco pipes recovered from a number of excavations in York. A bowl typology was given and eighty makers’ marks were illustrated and described. A number of decorated stems were also illustrated. Lawrence concluded his work with list of York makers. Also in 1979 Gareth Watkins published a paper on Hull pipes that attempted to expand upon the earlier work of Sheppard. A typology is given, the dating for which is based solely on pipes bearing makers marks. A description and illustration is given for each type. A total of sixty-eight makers’ marks are illustrated and described. Watkins goes on to describe and illustrate some nineteenth-century pipes of Hull
2.5 Summary The above survey of evidence drawn from the published work carried out in Yorkshire to date has raised a number of questions. For example, in his article on York pipes, Lawrence (1979) states ‘York and Hull had much in common as seventeenth-century centres of pipes production…’. He goes on to say that ‘…bowl shapes in
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Susan D White
The work of previous pipe researchers gives an overview of pipe production in Yorkshire but it is not a definitive or exhaustive account and there is a lot more that remains to be done. The backbone of this study is a systematic survey of the artefactual evidence held in museum and private collections in Yorkshire. Such a survey has never been attempted before and it has generated one of the largest data sets of its kind. In the following chapters it is intended that a more theoretical and scientific approach be followed in analysing this data in order to address some of the wider issues of pipe production and consumption in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Yorkshire.
general are very similar, as are styles of marks’. What he fails to offer, however, is any analysis of the similarities or differences between these two centres. Nor does he discuss whether any family or trading links existed between the two centres. Further into his article, Lawrence notes that ‘York pipes are not usually finely produced, few being polished; stamps and milling are often haphazardly applied’ and that ‘those with better finishes may have been imported from Hull’ (ibid 67). These general impressions provide a useful starting point, but they need to be substantiated with quantified data and given some sort of chronological framework. Furthermore, Lawrence’s assertion that Hull pipes were of a better quality than those produced at York would seem to be at odds with the received wisdom that pipes can be used as indicators of social status. York, with its Minister, could be considered a high status site and as such would be expected to yield high status products. Hull, in contrast, was a major seaport, with docks and more industry where mass-produced, cheaper pipes for the dock workers and labourers might be expected. This raises the question as to whether the features attributed to ‘high status’ products, such as milling and burnishing, are valid indicators or whether they are simply a product of differing pipemaking traditions in the two centres. Thanks to the work of Sheppard, Oswald, Watkins and Lawrence, it has been established that both Hull and York had large numbers of pipe-makers and that there were a number of other centres where seventeenth- and eighteenth-century pipe-makers worked. If there is to be any progress from the production of lists of makers and simple counts of pipes recovered, however, it is vital that all the available evidence is considered as a whole. Although it is useful to say what a site such as York has in common with Hull, or what differences there are in the products from such centres, what is more useful are the reasons for these similarities and differences – the why? How much influence did the centres have on one another in terms of the quality and style of the pipes they were producing? The work carried out by Wells in Lincoln (1979) and Walker and Wells in and around Nottingham (1979) highlighted the usefulness of plotting the distribution of not only the pipes themselves but also the movement of ideas and trends in style of both the bowl and the marks. Walker and Wells themselves stressed the need for work of this kind to be carried out elsewhere in the United Kingdom, not least of which in the north east of England. Hand in hand with the question of distribution raised by Walker and Wells is that of consumption, and consumption by whom. What affected these distribution and consumption patterns? Was it the availability of raw materials? Was it the logistics of actually getting the product to the consumer? And what about major political events – most notably the civil war and the years of political unrest that followed in its wake?
15
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
3:
such as the Humber Archaeological Partnership in Hull, the York Archaeological Trust in York, and English Heritage at Helmsley, were contacted. Finally, there are a number of private collections, the location of which was discovered through contact with pipe researchers in the area. Although the majority are quite small, two are quite substantial. The first belongs to Mr P Rayner of Beverley near Hull and contains a very large number of pipes collected from fields near Beverley. The second belongs to Mr R Raines of Acaster Malbis near York and contains approximately 500 pipes from his farm. In addition to museum and private collections from Yorkshire there are a small number of larger national collections which include Yorkshire material, such as the National Clay Tobacco Pipe Archive (NCTPA), which is currently housed in the University of Liverpool, and the private collections of Dr D Higgins and S D White, both of which are also based in Liverpool.
Methodology
3.0 Introduction This chapter describes the sources of both the documentary and artefactual evidence used in this study. It outlines the methods employed in the recording and analysis of the artefactual evidence together with details of how this present study links in with the National Clay Tobacco Pipe Stamp Catalogue (NSC). The chapter concludes with sections describing how the pipe bowl forms have been illustrated and dated. 3.1 Documentary sources It was intended that this thesis be an artefact-based study of the clay tobacco pipe industry in Yorkshire during the period c1600-1800. Unpublished manuscripts and notes compiled by pipe researchers such as John Andrews (1980s, 1987a, 1987b, 1987c, 1987d 1988, 1991 and 1993) and Adrian Oswald (1991) have been consulted. Although the author has carried out no systematic survey of the primary documentary sources, it was possible to make a limited search of records relating to Yorkshire pipe-makers held at Wakefield Record Office and the Local Studies Library in Rotherham.
The initial approach to these institutions and individuals was made by letter, which outlined the nature of the research and also sought to ascertain the range of material that each collection had. These letters were followed up with a phone call. In some instances the institutions approached did not have any clay tobacco pipes in their collection. For example, the Cannon Hall Museum, Barnsley only had two porcelain bowls of German origin and no English clay tobacco pipes. In other cases, for example the Yorkshire Museum, York, collections of clay tobacco pipes had been dispersed. In such instances these museum could be eliminated from the list and the enquiry was taken no further. Where institutions did hold clay tobacco pipes of seventeenth- and/or eighteenth-century date, an appointment was made to go and record the material. It was possible to borrow some groups so that they could be studied in more detail in Liverpool. These latter groups included excavated material from the York Archaeological Trust, the pipes excavated at Sandal Castle and held by Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery, together with the private collections of Mr Rayner of Beverley and Mr Raines of Acaster Malbis.
Specialist publications relating to clay tobacco pipe studies, including unpublished manuscripts and research notes were consulted. These publications included the BAR series The archaeology of the clay tobacco pipe together with the Society for Clay Pipe Research Newsletter and their occasional monograph series. The next stage was to locate references to clay tobacco pipes that were specific to Yorkshire. This was achieved by consulting local archaeological and historical journals. The national bibliographic database compiled by the Medieval Pottery Research Group (www.medievalpottery.org.uk) was also consulted. This database holds references to all types of ceramics from the British Isles and includes references to later material such as clay tobacco pipes. A full list of all the sources used in this study is given in the bibliography.
Relevant material has been recorded from the following collections: -
Finally, it was necessary to locate where the objects themselves were housed in order that a detailed record of them could be made. The Guide to museums and galleries of Yorkshire and Humberside lists all the museums and galleries, alphabetically by town, and gives a summary of what each museum holds in its collections. By looking at this guide it was possible to identify all those museums in Yorkshire that were likely to have clay tobacco pipes in their collection thereby creating a list of museums to contact.
Museums and other public bodies Abbey House Museum, Leeds Beck Isle Museum of Rural Life, Pickering Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle Craven Museum, Skipton Dales Countryside Museum, Hawes Doncaster Museum & Art Gallery Dorman Museum, Middlesborough Kelham Island Industrial Museum, Sheffield Manor House Museum, Ilkley Mercer Art Gallery, Hartlepool National Clay Tobacco Pipe Archive, Liverpool Newark Museum Pontefract Museum
3.2 Sources of artefactual evidence The clay tobacco pipes used in this study come from three main sources. The first, and the one that accounts for the majority of the material, comprises the museum collections that contain material from Yorkshire. Second, the archaeological stores of Units operating in Yorkshire,
16
Susan D White
abroad, particularly to the east coast of America. Impressions of Yorkshire material were identified in the following collections from this source: -
Richmondshire Museum, Richmond Rotherham Museum Ryedale Folk Museum, Hutton-le-Hole Scarborough Borough Council, Scarborough Scunthorpe Museum and Art Gallery, Scunthorpe Sewerby Hall, Bridlington Sheffield City Museum Thirsk Museum Tolson Memorial Museum, Huddersfield Wakefield Museum & Art Gallery Whitby Museum Wilberforce House Museum, Hull York Castle Museum Yorkshire Dales Lead Mining Museum, Earby
Abbott Hall Art Gallery & Museum, Kendal, Cumbria Adrian Oswald Collection Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, Jamestown, USA Austin Collection, Lampeter Bassetlaw Museum, Retford, Nottinghamshire Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery, Birmingham Carlisle Archaeological Unit, Carlisle Carlisle Museum & Art Gallery, Carlisle Central Excavation Unit, English Heritage Colonial Williamsburg, Department of Archaeological Research, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA Dagnall Collection, Rainford, Lancashire Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield Elkins Collection, Acton, London Flowerdew One Hundred, Virginia, USA Fox Collection, Lutterworth, Leicestershire Grosvenor Museum, Chester, Cheshire Historic St. Mary’s City, Maryland, USA Jennings Collection, York North West Archaeological Trust, Liverpool, Merseyside Lampeter Archaeological Unit Lancaster City Museum, Lancaster, Lancashire Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory, Jefferson Patterson Park and Museum, Maryland, USA Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter, Devon St John’s Church, Hampton, Virigina, USA Salford Museum & Art Gallery, Salford Somerset County Museum, Taunton, Somerset South Yorkshire Archaeology Unit Stocks Collection, Wallasey, Merseyside Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond, Virginia, USA Virginia Foundation for Archaeological Research, Virginia, USA York Excavation Group
Archaeological units Archaeological Research and Consultancy, University of Sheffield (ARCUS) Central Excavation Unit (HMBC) English Heritage Archaeological Store, Helmsley Humber Archaeology Partnership, Hull Lampeter Archaeological Unit North West Archaeological Trust South Yorkshire Archaeological Unit Tees Archaeology West Yorkshire Archaeological Services Wood Hall Archaeological Trust, Womersley York Archaeological Trust Private collections Akerhagen Collection, Sweden Austin Collection, Lampeter Brackenridge Collection, Sheffield Butterfield Collection, Glusburn Dagnell Collection, Rainford Davey Collection, Isle of Man Denham Collection, Wakefield Higgins Collection, Liverpool Mayfield Collection, Potovens Raines Collection, Acaster Malbis, Nr. York Rayner Collection, Beverley, Nr. Hull Richardson Collection Stothard Collection, Hull Tierney Collection, Nr. Skipton White Collection, Liverpool
The third, and final source of study material, were those groups of pipes that have already been published. The level of recording is variable and, in many cases not as detailed as for the rest of the material in this thesis. As a result the published material is not directly comparable. What these published sources do provide, however, are details of the bowl forms and stamp marks recovered from sites in Yorkshire that give valuable information regarding the development and distribution of Yorkshire products.
Summaries outlining the material held in each collection recorded, together with 1:1 drawings showing the range of forms are given in Appendix 3. The second source of study material comprises the series of plaster blocks compiled by Dr D A Higgins as part of the National Clay Tobacco Pipe Stamp Catalogue (NSC) (see below). These blocks contain impressions of all the stamped marks from approximately two-thirds of England as well as groups from overseas including sites on the east coast of America. By studying these blocks it was possible to locate marked Yorkshire pipes that had found their way to other parts of the country as well as
17
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Yorkshire. These numbers were then cross-referenced to a set of record cards that hold a drawing of each pipe together with all the information relating to it.
3.3
Methodology for the recording and analysis of the artefactual evidence The recording system employed in the collection of data for this thesis is based on one that was developed at the University of Liverpool by Higgins and Davey (1994). It allows groups of pipes to be recorded in a standard way in order to make the comparison of material within individual groups and between sites easier.
By far the biggest change to the existing recording system was to convert it from a paper to computer format. Initially the paper forms were converted to an Excel spreadsheet, which enabled counts and basic statistical analysis to be carried out more easily. It soon became clear, however, that the Excel system relied on data being repeated for each record, which proved very cumbersome and was time consuming to input. It also became apparent that more complex queries required the use of a relational database such as Access. The allocation of codes for particular pieces of information, such as the collection and the site, enabled the computer to manipulate data about each pipe fragment without the necessity for inputting large amounts of repetitive data. It was therefore decided to convert all the data relating to the clay tobacco pipes collected for this research from Excel to Access. This had the added advantage of then being compatible with the NSC database, which was also in the process of being set up in an Access format.
The system was designed to use a series of A3 paper recording forms, which were filled in by hand prior to data entry in a relational database. It proved to be the most efficient means of recording material when visiting museum stores. The Guidelines for using the clay tobacco pipe record sheets has not been published and has therefore been presented in Appendix 4 for reference. An example of a paper recording form, which was completed in the field, can be seen in Figure 3.1. Figure 3.2 shows a print out of one of the pipe records from the Access database. From the outset of the data collection exercise only complete bowls, or bowl fragments where the form was recognisable, and marked stems dating from c1600 to1800 were recorded. The material from most of the museum collections visited, included excavated material, chance finds and curated pieces. It should be noted that during the course of the data collection exercise all bowls, both plain and marked, were recorded in detail but only the marked stems were recorded. This decision was made for two main reasons. First, the recording of many thousands of plain stems would have made the data set too bulky to manage, and second many of the museum collections recorded did not retain large quantities of plain stem fragments resulting in data that was not comparable.
A copy of the Yorkshire Clay Tobacco Pipe Database, in an Access format, is available on a CD from the author (at cost) and provides details of each of the collections, the sites as well as the pipes themselves. 3.4
National Clay Tobacco Pipe Stamp Catalogue (NSC) In 1982 Dr David Higgins registered at the University of Liverpool to undertake doctoral research into the tobacco pipe industry of Broseley, Shropshire. As part of his research Dr Higgins devised a system of creating a permanent record of the stamps that appeared on the pipes in his study area. The system required the stamps to be impressed into blocks of plasticine. Plaster casts were then made of these blocks providing a “convenient, easily transportable and accurate method of comparing stamps” (Higgins 1984, 36). From the reference casts it was possible to illustrate type examples of each mark at twice life size. Once the mark had been identified information relating to its likely date, production centre and manufacturer could be recorded. At a meeting of the Society for Clay Pipe Research in 1985 (Higgins 1985b, 5-6) it was suggested that the method be used to record marks on a national basis. The initial response from members of the Society was rather poor but work on a regional catalogue, which was regarded as a trial run, continued (Higgins 1986, 25). In 1988 Dr Higgins was able to obtain a three year Leverhulme Research Fellowship at the University of Liverpool to compile a national database of stamp marks. The principle of the study was that impressions of all the stamped pipes in every collection examined were to be made. The plaster casts taken of these marks provided a permanent reference archive (Higgins 1988, 19). It was at this stage that the data, excluding the drawings, was transferred to
For the purposes of this research a number of changes were made to the existing recording system. The first was the allocation of an individual pipe number. This is a running sequence of numbers that not only enables individual pipe fragments to be identified within the database, but also links to the NSC. Although the existing system allowed for the allocation of a bowl form, taken from existing typologies, it had no means of simply recording whether the bowl was a heeled or spurred form. One of the changes implemented for this research allowed an H to be recorded for a heeled type and an S for spurred type. The system devised by Higgins and Davey (1994) provided a column for a drawing reference. Originally this was intended to refer back to a set of record sketches made for the particular group that was being recorded. For the purposes of this research, however, the drawing reference column was used to allocate a unique number relating to publication standard drawings that were made during the course of the study. Where the original system required a separate number sequence for each group, this research used a single number sequence for all the material recorded from
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Susan D White
Figure 3.1: Example of a pipe recording form for use in the field.
19
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 3.2: Example of a pipe record taken from the Access database.
itself. Each collection is allocated a unique four-digit code, which means that full details of the collection need only be entered once. On each subsequent occasion it is only the four-digit code that needs to be entered. A similar form is used to record details of each site. Again a unique number is allocated, this time a six-digit code. The third form records details about the pipe itself, an example of which is given in Figure 3.3. Figure 3.4 is a print out of a pipe record as it appears in the Access database.
the mainframe computer at the University of Liverpool. Since 1991 Dr Higgins has continued to record stamped marks in this way and, to date, marks from approximately two-thirds of England have now been impressed as well groups from Scotland and a large body of material from the East Coast of America. The plaster casts are held by the National Clay Tobacco Pipe Archive (NCTPA), which is based within the Department of Archaeology at the University of Liverpool. It seemed most appropriate to use this established recording system for stamped marks when recording the material from Yorkshire for this thesis. The prototype NSC database was set up with codes so that a relational database could handle the data. Initially this was intended to be used on a mainframe computer but now, with the advances in computer technology since the late 1980s, a desktop computer can be used to process the data. The current research adapted the system designed by Dr Higgins slightly to enable it to be converted to an Access format. This meant that, for the first time, the NSC database could be implemented in the way it was designed to be.
As the NSC was always intended to run on a relational database, its conversion to Access was a lot simpler than that of the pipe database. In order for the pipe database and the NSC database to be compatible they share common information such as the unique pipe number allocated to each pipe fragment, as well as the unique codes for each collection and site. Plaster casts of all the stamps recorded in Yorkshire have been deposited with the NCTPA and it is hoped that those marks recorded during the course of this research will eventually be analysed in full and that each individual die identified will be added to the NSC.
As with pipe recording, the system established for the initial collection of data relating to the stamped marks is based on a series of A3 paper forms all of which are ultimately transferred to an Access database. This method remains the most convenient means of recording stamped pipes in the field. The system comprises of three basic forms. The first records details about the collection
The notes for recording stamped marks, which includes the number codes for the various frame and motif types, have not been published and have therefore been presented in Appendix 5 for reference.
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Susan D White
Figure 3.3: Example of a completed stamp recording form for use in the field.
21
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 3.4: Example of a stamp record taken from the Access database.
3.5 Illustrations All the illustrations that appear in this thesis are at 1:1 in the case of bowls and at 2:1 in the case of stamped marks, unless otherwise stated. Bowl forms have been selected for illustration either to give an indication of the range of material from a particular collection or site, or because their form varies from the established typologies. The author has prepared all the figures unless otherwise stated. In the case of the 2:1 marks, the NSC dies numbered up to 1393 have been drawn by David Higgins; those numbered 1393 to 1709 by David Williams, with all the remaining dies drawn by the author. 3.6 Dating and the quoting of date ranges Preliminary dating of the bowl forms has been done with reference to three published typologies – York (Lawrence 1979), Hull (Watkins 1979) and, as London set the fashion for bowl forms in the early seventeenth century, London (Atkinson & Oswald 1969). These typologies place the bowls within a twenty to forty year date range. In the case of marked bowls or stems, where the maker is known from documentary sources, a more accurate date is sometimes possible. It is hoped that the detailed analysis of data collected for this thesis will help to refine the current typologies for Yorkshire. It should be noted, however, that it has not been possible to go back through the 7000+ records in the database and re-date the fragments according to this current research therefore the fragments in the database have been dated using the conventional typologies. Throughout the thesis all dates given are approximate but the abbreviation for circa (c.) has not been included in either the text or tables. The date c.1640-1660, for example, will therefore appear as 16401660.
22
3.7 Summary The current research has attempted to track down as many clay tobacco pipes from Yorkshire as possible. Although a large number of museum and private collections have been studied for this thesis, it is by no means exhaustive and there are almost certainly other collections that have not been included in this study. Having said that, however, the collections that have been recorded provide a good chronological and geographical coverage of the study period and area. The current research has taken existing recording systems that have only previously been used to record pipes from specific excavations. They have been modified for the purposes of this thesis and, for the first time, have been used to record material over a wide geographical area producing one of the largest data sets of its kind to date. This data is analysed and discussed in the following chapters.
Susan D White
4:
These sub-divisions are as follows and are illustrated in Figure 4.1.
Summary of data collected
4.0 Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to present, in its broadest sense, the data collected from the museums, archaeological units and private collections listed in Chapter 3. At this stage no detailed analysis has been carried out, the aim being simply to provide an overview of the quantity, range and distribution of the clay tobacco pipes that have been recorded. A more detailed analysis of the various attributes of the clay tobacco pipes, such as milling, burnishing, stem-bore and marking, is presented in the following chapters.
1.
2.
3.
4. 4.1 The study area One of the key aims of this thesis is to consider if regional variations in the bowl forms and marks are detectable within a defined study area. The rationale for selecting Yorkshire as the area for this present study is given in Chapter 2. In order to present the broad results in a more meaningful way in this current chapter, however, the study area has been split into six geographical subdivisions. These sub-divisions, which will be used in this and all subsequent chapters, mean that any variations, or similarities, that do occur should become more apparent.
5.
6.
West Yorkshire - dominated by industrial towns and urban centres, and bordered on the west by the Pennines. East Yorkshire – a predominantly rural area but with coastal ports and the major production centre of Hull. South Yorkshire – which is dominated by a large number of industrial towns and urban centres with possible links with Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire. North-west Yorkshire – a rural area dominated by the northern Pennies bordering Lancashire on the west with market towns such as Skipton, Harrogate and Ripon. North-east Yorkshire – a rural area dominated by the North York Moors with coastal towns, such as Scarborough and Whitby, as well as market towns, such as Malton, Pickering and Thirsk. York and its environs – centred on the major production centre of York but includes the area to the south of York that borders South, West and East Yorkshire.
Figure 4.1: Map showing the geographical sub-divisions within the study area.
23
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
In addition to the geographical sub-divisions, the data is also split into seven broad chronological groups – 15801610, 1610-1640, 1640-1660, 1660-1690, 1690-1720 the transitional bowl forms, 1700-1750 and 1750-1800 – the purpose of this is to highlight any regional variations that may be evident over time. Again these chronological groupings will be used in the following tables and in all subsequent chapters.
4.2 The historic county of Yorkshire During the course of this present study a total of 8,203 pipe fragments were recorded comprising 7,696 fragments from sites within Yorkshire itself; 362 fragments from areas bordering Yorkshire by way of comparative material and 147 Yorkshire products found outside the county. A summary of these figures is given in Table 4.1 below. A detailed breakdown for each of the six geographical sub-divisions is presented in the following sections.
Geographical Sub-division
1580-1610 1610-1640 1640-1660 1660-1690 1690-1720 1700-1750 1750-1800 Total West 2 165 1059 304 61 88 8 1687 East 2 110 674 1218 406 592 77 3079 South 1 26 130 167 50 75 211 660 North-west 2 20 144 128 61 37 2 394 North-east 1 49 189 161 53 52 26 531 York & its environs 3 145 382 498 193 113 9 1343 Exports 0 2 20 94 7 23 1 147 Comparative material 3 6 36 85 128 100 4 362 Totals:
14
523
2634
2655
959
1080
338 8203
Table 4.1: Count of all pipes recorded for this present research
4.4 East Yorkshire For the area of East Yorkshire 3,079 pipe fragments were recorded comprising 96 published bowls, 3 published stems, 2,732 previously unrecorded bowls and 248 previously unrecorded stems. These fragments were from 12 different collections and from a total of 48 different sites within East Yorkshire.
4.3 West Yorkshire For the area of West Yorkshire 1,687 pipe fragments were recorded comprising 100 published bowls, 1,532 previously unrecorded bowls and 55 previously unrecorded stems. These fragments were recovered from 18 collections and from a total of 73 different sites within West Yorkshire. Date Range 1580-1610 1610-1640 1640-1660 1660-1690 1690-1720 1700-1750 1750-1800 Totals:
Bowls Unpub Pub 2 0 129 32 1002 53 291 13 55 0 48 2 5 0 1532
100
Stems Unpub Pub 0 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 6 0 38 0 3 0 55
0
The following table provides a summary of the data collected for East Yorkshire, with counts given for the unpublished material (Unpub) and for the material that has been published (Pub).
Marks Unpub Pub 0 0 13 1 50 3 84 11 19 0 53 0 5 0 224
Date Range 1580-1610 1610-1640 1640-1660 1660-1690 1690-1720 1700-1750 1750-1800
15
Table 4.2: Counts of unpublished and published bowls, stems and marked fragments recorded from West Yorkshire.
Totals:
Table 4.2 provides a summary of the data collected for West Yorkshire with counts given for the unpublished material (Unpub) and for the material that has been published (Pub).
Bowls Unpub Pub 2 0 84 2 613 13 1179 38 335 22 459 21 60 0 2732
96
Stems Unpub Pub 0 0 22 2 47 1 1 0 49 0 112 0 17 0 248
3
Marks Unpub Pub 0 0 45 4 420 11 311 37 242 22 456 21 72 0 1546
95
Table 4.3: Counts of unpublished and published bowls, stems and marked fragments recorded from East Yorkshire.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
previously unrecorded stems and 2 previously unrecorded mouthpieces. These fragments were recovered from 18 collections and from a total of 51 different sites within North-east Yorkshire.
4.5 South Yorkshire For the area of South Yorkshire 660 pipe fragments were recorded comprising 10 published bowls, 517 previously unrecorded bowls and 133 previously unrecorded stems. These fragments were recovered from 13 collections and from a total of 54 different sites within South Yorkshire.
The following table provides a summary of the data collected for North-east Yorkshire, with counts given for the unpublished material (Unpub) and for the material that has been published (Pub).
The following table provides a summary of the data collected, with counts given for the unpublished material (Unpub) and for the material that has been published (Pub). Date Range 1580-1610 1610-1640 1640-1660 1660-1690 1690-1720 1700-1750 1750-1800 Totals:
Bowls Unpub Pub 1 0 26 0 125 3 164 2 46 2 40 3 115 0 517
10
Stems Unpub Pub 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 32 0 96 0 133
0
Bowls Date Range
Marks Unpub Pub 1 0 8 0 10 0 51 2 24 1 43 1 96 0 233
15801610 16101640 16401660 16601690 16901720 17001750 17501800
4
Table 4.4: Counts of unpublished and published bowls, stems and marked fragments recorded from South Yorkshire.
Totals:
4.6 North-west Yorkshire For the area of North-west Yorkshire 394 pipe fragments were recorded comprising 2 published bowls, 355 previously unrecorded bowls and 37 previously unrecorded stems. These fragments were recovered from 16 collections and from a total of 44 different sites within North-west Yorkshire.
1580-1610 1610-1640 1640-1660 1660-1690 1690-1720 1700-1750 1750-1800 Totals:
Bowls Unpub Pub 2 0 20 0 142 0 124 1 44 1 23 0 0 0 355
2
Stems Unpub Pub 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 0 16 0 14 0 2 0 37
0
Marks
Unpub 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
43
1
3
0
2
0
7
0
174
5
10
0
0
0
25
1
142
1 2
7
0
0
0
38
4
37
2
13
1
0
0
26
2
43
0
8
1
0
0
25
1
6
0
16
4
0
0
20
4
446
2 0
57
6
2
0
141
1 2
Unpub
Unpub
P ub
Unpub
P u b
4.8 York and its environs For the area of York and its environs 1,343 pipe fragments were recorded comprising 49 published bowls, 23 published stems, 1,260 previously unrecorded bowls and 11 previously unrecorded stems. These fragments were recovered from 7 collections and from a total of 69 different sites in York and its environs.
Marks Unpub Pub 0 0 7 0 24 0 30 0 30 0 31 0 2 0 124
M’pieces P u b
Table 4.6: Counts of unpublished and published bowls, stems and marked fragments recorded from North-east Yorkshire.
The following table provides a summary of the data collected for North-west Yorkshire, with counts given for the unpublished material (Unpub) and for the material that has been published (Pub). Date Range
Stems P u b
The following table provides a summary of the data collected for York and its environs, with counts given for the unpublished material (Unpub) and for the material that has been published (Pub). Date Range 1580-1610 1610-1640 1640-1660 1660-1690 1690-1720 1700-1750 1750-1800
0
Table 4.5: Counts of unpublished and published bowls, stems and marked fragments recorded from North-west Yorkshire.
Totals:
4.7 North-east Yorkshire For the area of North-east Yorkshire 531 pipe fragments were recorded comprising 29 published bowls, 6 published stems, 446 previously unrecorded bowls and 57
Bowls Unpub Pub 3 0 144 1 372 6 475 22 187 5 73 15 6 0 1260
49
Stems Unpub Pub 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 1 0 3 22 3 0 11
23
Marks Unpub Pub 0 0 91 1 62 7 233 22 132 4 22 24 4 544
58
Table 4.7: Counts of unpublished and published bowls, stems and marked fragments recorded from York and its environs.
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Susan D White
A more detailed analysis of each of these attributes is considered for the material from each geographical and chronological sub-division will be presented in Chapter 7.
4.9 Yorkshire products from outside the county During the course of the data collection exercise a number of Yorkshire products were recorded from sites outside of the county. In total 147 possible Yorkshire products were recorded comprising 16 published bowls and one published stem, and 110 previously unrecorded bowls and 20 previously unrecorded stems. These fragments are from 28 collections and from 42 different sites.
4.10 Stem-bores The following table presents the number of fragments from each sub-division where a stem-bore is measurable. The stem-bores are given in 64th of an inch and have been measured using a ruler. As with the milling and burnishing, a more detailed analysis of the chronological and geographical distribution of stem-bores is discussed in Chapter 7.
The following table provides a summary of the data collected for Yorkshire products from outside the county, with counts given for the unpublished material (Unpub) and for the material that has been published (Pub).
Area West
Date Range 1580-1610 1610-1640 1640-1660 1660-1690 1690-1720 1700-1750 1750-1800 Totals:
Bowls Unpub Pub 0 0 2 0 20 0 70 16 6 0 12 0 0 0 110
16
Stems Unpub Pub 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 1 0 10 1 1 0 20
1
Marks Unpub Pub 0 0 2 0 18 0 48 5 4 0 20 1 1 0 93
East South Northwest Northeast York & its environs Yorkshire products from elsewhere
6
Table 4.8: Counts of unpublished and published Yorkshire bowls, stems and marked fragments recorded from outside the county.
Burnished 246 (19) 213 (11) 103 (3) 41 (0) 51 (0) 325 (0)
31 (2)
5 (0)
5/64 128 (1) 459 (4) 134 (2) 46 (0) 66 (3) 137 (0)
6/64 386 (22) 573 (4) 111 (1) 60 (0) 122 (4) 265 (0)
7/64 733 (43) 1258 (7) 144 (2) 135 (0) 200 (4) 426 (0)
8/64 46 (11) 305 (1) 11 (3) 31 (0) 40 (0) 200 (0)
9/64 2 (0) 27 (1) 11 (0) 1 (0) 0 (0) 14 (1)
0 (0)
0 (0)
21 (0)
5 (0)
12 (2)
7 (8)
2 (0)
4.11 Mould Flaws By studying the bowls carefully it is sometimes possible to detect small flaws that are unique to a particular mould, rather like a fingerprint. These flaws, caused either during the manufacturing process or by subsequent re-filing and repairing of the mould, can be used to help identify individual bowls that were produced from the same mould. Mould flaws may help to identify the number of moulds used by a particular maker or, in the absence of any mark on the pipes themselves, to identify the presence of previously un-recorded makers through the distribution of their wares.
4.9 Milling and burnishing In the following table the number of fragments that are milled or burnished for each of the sub-divisions is given. The figures given in brackets are examples that have been published. The figures do not include those fragments where the milling and burnishing is unmeasurable. Milled 888 (80) 524 (7) 255 (2) 160 (0) 194 (2) 667 (29)
4/64 24 (2) 94 (0) 85 (0) 1 (0) 12 (1) 19 (0)
Table 4.10: Counts of unpublished and published stembores from each of the six geographical sub-divisions and of Yorkshire products found outside the county.
In addition, the Oswald Stamp Index lists a further 28 clay tobacco pipes bearing marks that have been attributed to Yorkshire makers. Of these 24 are from England, two from the United States of America and two from Jamaica. In spite of the limited information given for each of these fragments their details have been added as they do give valuable information with regard to distribution.
Area West East South North-west North-east York & its environs Yorkshire products from elsewhere
3/64 1 (0) 3 (0) 1 (0) 0 (0) 2 (0) 1 (0)
The material recorded for this present research included three large groups of pipes where mould flaw analysis was possible. The first two were groups of Civil-War Period pipes from Pontefract Castle and from Sandal Castle. It was possible to identify 12 different moulds from Pontefract, and 13 from Sandal. In addition, the analysis of the moulds from these two Civil War Period sites was able to demonstrate that some of the pipes recovered from Pontefract were made in the same moulds as examples from Sandal (For discussion see Chapter 9). The third group was a collection of pipes with moulded initials for the period 1680-1770 from the Rayner Collection. Analysis of this group resulted in the
Table 4.9: Counts of unpublished and published milled and burnished fragments recorded for this present research. Unpublished figures are given in brackets.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
identification of 69 different mould groups accounting for 203 pipes produced by 14 different makers.
each of the six geographical sub-divisions is presented in Appendix 7.
4.13 Bowl crosses Bowls crosses, or marks, are relief-moulded impressions created in the bottom of the bowl by marks cut into the end of the stopper that forms the bowl cavity. These marks are often crosses and most frequently appear as one of the following types:
A detailed analysis of all the data collected is presented in the following chapters in order to consider the following issues:-
A cross
⊗
A plus sign
⊕
• • •
A star
•
Although pioneering work into the use and purpose of bowl crosses has been carried out in the south of England, for example Surrey (Higgins 1981) and London (Jarzembowski 1985), there has been no systematic recording of these marks from other parts of the country. As a result it is difficult to place the Yorkshire examples within their broader context. The Yorkshire examples do, however, point to a pattern similar to that seen in both London and Surrey where these marks appear to represent only a small percentage of the bowls recorded. It also appears that they are only present in bowls dating from the eighteenth century or later, when there was a change from a pointed base to a flat base within the bowl.
• •
Each of these topics will be discussed both geographically and chronologically in order to highlight the regional variations or similarities within the study area.
In Yorkshire, from the present study period, 13 examples were recorded – nine of the plus type (⊕) and one of the cross type (⊗) from South Yorkshire, two of the cross type (⊗) from West Yorkshire, and one of the plus type
(⊕) from East Yorkshire, all dating from the period 1700-1750. The following table presents the number of examples, from each geographical sub-division, of bowl crosses recorded. These figures exclude those bowls where the base of the internal bowl cavity could not be seen. Area West East South North-west North-east York & its environs Yorkshire products from elsewhere
Present 2 (0) 1 (0) 10 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Not present 901 (10) 2481 (12) 413 (5) 300 (0) 303 (6) 1172 (0)
0 (0)
29 (0)
The development of the bowl form The development and range of marks used The finishing techniques employed by the makers The distribution of Yorkshire products within the county itself The distribution of Yorkshire products outside the county The distribution of non-Yorkshire products recorded within the county
Table 4.11: Counts of the presence or absence of bowl crosses for the unpublished and published bowls from the six geographical sub-divisions in Yorkshire together with Yorkshire products found outside the county. 4.14 Summary The tables presented above give an indication of the quantity, range and geographical distribution of the material collected for the purposes of this study. Complete summaries of all the attributes recorded for
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
5:
which was destined for London. Only 212 tons of this was actually specified as tobacco pipe clay, but it seems probable that most was for production of clay tobacco pipes (ibid 156).
Clay sources and kiln sites
5.0 Introduction In this chapter the clay sources available to and exploited by Yorkshire’s pipe-makers will be considered. This is followed by an assessment of the only two known early pipe kiln sites from Yorkshire - one from Potovens, dating from the seventeenth century, and one from Doncaster, dating from the end of the eighteenth century.
Some of Yorkshire’s coastal ports appear in the records and Hull in particular was a regular destination. In the year ending Christmas 1687, for example, Cowes shipped 60 tons of tobacco pipe clay to Hull (ibid 153). It would appear that part of these consignments were then transshipped to other Yorkshire destinations, for example in 1684 Bridlington imported tobacco pipe clay from Hull, although the quantity is not specified (ibid 121).
5.1 The availability of raw materials The production of clay tobacco pipes required two main ingredients – a white firing clay and fuel for a kiln. By the seventeenth century there was a general shortage of wood in Southern England caused by an increase in demand from the urban centres, particularly London, and for good timber for shipbuilding. In the 1634 charter of the London Company of Tobacco Pipe Makers it was agreed to set aside £40 per year to pay ‘to a person to teach the members of the company how to make their fires of coal’ (Atkinson and Oswald 1969, 172). This may be a possible attempt to alleviate the demand on supplies of wood and suggests that pipe-makers were actively being encouraged to use coal as an alternative fuel source. In 1663 the second company was formed imposing certain conditions including one that required ‘only coals to be burnt for firing pipes’ (ibid). There is very little evidence for the use of different fuel sources but by looking at documentary evidence it is possible to get an idea of the fuels that may have been exploited. For example in Spalding, Lincolnshire in 1671 the inventory of John Fox includes ‘3 loads of wood and 2000 turves’ (Oswald 1975, 23) and in Portsmouth around 1700 wood and charcoal appears to have been used (ibid, 20). This would suggest that in spite of the conditions imposed by the 1663 charter wood, charcoal, and turves might have been used for some time. There appears to be even less in the way of evidence for the use of fuels in Yorkshire. Coal, however, was readily available, particularly in south Yorkshire, and it seems most likely that this would have been the dominant fuel source exploited by pipemakers in the county.
In addition to the clays that were clearly being imported into parts of Yorkshire from Dorset, Devon and the Isle of Wight, local sources were being exploited by the pipemakers where they could be found. Yorkshire has two mains sources of local white firing clay, those associated with the Carboniferous coal measures and those associated with the Jurassic. In both cases the clays form thin seams interleaved with other materials. Although no one appears to have mapped these clays according to their firing characteristics, an indication of their locations can be obtained by looking at where white-firing clays have been exploited for other purposes – normally pottery making (Alan Vince in litt 10.3.02). In 1980, for example, Kilmurry looked at the pottery industry in Stamford and was able to distinguish Stamford Ware from similar looking and contemporary products from Northampton, Lincoln, Oxford and Winchester through neutron activation. Coal measures outcrop extensively in the west and south of Yorkshire and excavations in and around Doncaster have recovered large quantities of pottery in what is described as ‘white coal measure clay’ (Buckland et al 1989). Similarly, local white firing clays were used at Potovens, near Wakefield, to decorate the local earthenwares with applied strips, motifs or stamped pads (Brears 1967, 19). Also at Baxter Gate in Doncaster where vessels were recovered bearing applied decoration in the form of fleur-de-lys, flowers and dots, all in white ‘pipeclay’ (Buckland et al 1989, 385). There are also direct references to local clays being exploited specifically for pipe-making. In the West Riding Quarter Sessions Records for the year 1680-81 it was noted that potters were ‘driving waynes, Cartes & Carriages crosse over the said common and with horses and breaking ye soyle, making rutts and new wayes, digging and getting of clay for making pipes, potts and other earthenwares, and making pitts and holes neare ye hye waye to the danger of travellers’ (Brears 1967, 8). In 1715 Thoresby noted that at Wortley there ‘is a good vein of fine clay, that will retain its whiteness after it is burnt (when others turn red) and, therefore, used for the making of tobacco pipes, a manufacture but lately begun in Leeds’ (Brears 1991, 2).
Some of the finest, and whitest, pipe clay is found in Dorset, Devon, and on the Isle of Wight (Walker 1977, 214 & 221). This clay is often referred to as ‘ball clay’ taking its name from the fact that the clay was originally mined in cubes or ‘balls’ measuring approximately 10 inches (c25cm) across and weighing between 30 and 35lbs (ibid, 213). From at least the late 1620s records show large quantities of ‘clay for tobacco pipes’ was being shipped to London (Willan 1938, 151). In the year Christmas 1627 to Christmas 1628 160 tons of clay specifically for tobacco pipes was shipped to London from Southampton (ibid). With the increase in demand for clay tobacco pipes came an increase in the amount of clay shipped to various ports around England’s coast. In the year from Christmas 1690 to Christmas 1691 3,114 tons of clay was shipped out of Poole, 2,215 tons of
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It is clearly possible to differentiate between clays obtained locally and those imported from outside a given production area, using a combination of scientific methods. Although small numbers of pipes from within Yorkshire have been sampled using one or more of the techniques outlined above, there has been no systematic survey of possible clay sources within the county as a whole. This is clearly an area for further research.
Occasionally it is possible to glean information about the house they may have lived in from the documentary sources, for example Judith Gill of Potovens, appears in the Manor Book for 1709 as holding ‘a poor cott[age] and a garth of 1r. 4p. at Potovens’ (Brears 1967, 42); and Henry Byram, another Potovens pipe-maker working from the 1670s also appears in the Manor Book for 1709 when he held ‘a cott[age] and a garth of 25p.’ (ibid). In many cases it is not possible to precisely locate these properties but by using map evidence in conjunction with the parish registers it is sometimes possible to locate kiln sites or workshops. An enclosure map of Rawmarsh dated 1781 and held by the Archives and Local Studies library in Rotherham (Munford in litt 28.6.2000), clearly shows that Jonathan Scorer (or Scorah) was occupying plot number 453. The lane that ran across the north side of this plot was known as Pipe House Lane (ibid). From documentary sources a Jonathan Scorah is known to have been working as a pipe-maker in Rawmarsh from 17641821 (Lawrence 1973, 193; Appendix 1). Unfortunately, the area around plot 453 has since been re-developed as a housing estate and Scorah’s house has long since been destroyed so it is not possible to look for any physical evidence, but it is tempting to suggest that he was producing pipes in a small workshop attached to his house. A similar site came to light in 1991 when Higgins published a schematic map drawn from details contained within an indenture dating from 1665/6, which dealt with the division of a plot of land in Bugbrooke, Northamptonshire. The plot was to be divided between Richard and Elizabeth Halliwell, and Thomas Halliwell, a pipe-maker. The details of the plot and the description of how the division was to be made were so precise that it was possible to locate these properties within the village itself. Unlike the Scorah property in Rawmarsh, the plot occupied by Thomas Halliwell in Bugbrooke was substantially undisturbed and it was possible to carry out a series of trial excavations in the garden. These excavations yielded muffle fragments and wasters, strongly suggesting that a kiln had indeed been present on the site. Such cases are rare, as are direct reference to actual pipe kilns. In the Wakefield Court Rolls for 1664 reference is made to a ‘pipe furnace’ belonging to a John Watson of Halifax that was causing a nuisance (Constance Fraser in litt 21.8.2000). Watson objected to the charge but was found guilty and fined £10. He later appeared at Brighouse where the court ruled that he ‘shall not at any time hereafter burne any pipes in any furnace now builded and made upon the backside of his dwellinge house in Halifax whereby the people passinge alonge the streets may be annoyed with the smoke thereof, upon payne to forfeit for every time so doinge the summe of Twenty shillings’ (ibid).
5.2 Kiln sites The pipe-makers whose names appear in the records are often listed as coming from a specific town or village and it is assumed that most, if not all, of these makers would have had a small kiln attached to their house.
In terms of actual kiln structures, very few remains have ever been found in Yorkshire. In his national survey of the clay tobacco pipe kilns Peacey (1996) lists just two Yorkshire kiln sites, one from the seventeenth century, at Potovens, and one from the eighteenth century, at
The Jurassic outcrop is intermittent around the North York Moors, its southwest extremity being at the Roman kilnfield of Cranbeck, heading north through the Hambleton Hills and Osmotherley, then on to the outskirts of Whitby and finally Scarborough. These clays are often siltier than the coal measure clays and with variable iron content. Although these local sources would have provided cheaper and perfectly adequate clay for the manufacture of clay tobacco pipes, it could be argued that the proximity of production sites to the coast may have meant that Devon or Dorset ball clays would also have been accessible. In 1982 Davidson and Davey looked at a sample of pipes from five production centres in England, including Hull, in an attempt to identify the clay sources. The object of the paper was to ‘see whether pipe clays from differing sources could be distinguished in thin section’ (ibid 311). By plotting the various inclusion characteristics of the samples Davidson and Davey were able to show that there were distinct clusters (1982, 334, Fig 8). This suggested that is was indeed possible to distinguish pipes made from different clay sources. However, the authors point out that of the nine samples, only two were of sufficient size to be representative. The remaining seven samples were described as being ‘not sufficient’ (ibid 318), ‘too small’ (ibid 319) or ‘weak’ (ibid) and in two cases ‘clearly insufficient’ (ibid 320). In addition, the study would clearly have benefited from the inclusion of a sample of Dorset or Devon ball clay in order to compare with the samples made from possible ‘local’ clay. Dunham employed an alternative technique in 1992 when he noted the minerals found by x-ray diffraction in two clay tobacco pipes recovered from a building site in the centre of Beverley. One of these pipes dated from the seventeenth century, while the other was of twentiethcentury date. In addition to noting the absence of mica in the seventeenth-century pipe, which indicated that it had been fired to a higher temperature than the twentiethcentury sample, Dunham suggests that the mineralogical content of both samples were typical of ball clay (ibid 111).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
North Devon, where a cylindrical saggar containing pipes was found (ibid 55). The fragments of saggar base have pipes, dated typologically to 1610-1630, fused to it by a thick lead glaze. The site yielding these fragments also produced large quantities of potting waste. It would appear therefore, that in the early part of the seventeenth century, in Barnstaple at least, pipe-makers were firing their pipes in pottery kilns. This is the only firm evidence from anywhere in England where pipe-makers and potters were sharing a kiln, although it is known that Dutch pipemakers often fired their pipes in potters’ kilns (Brongers 1964, 40). The material from Barnstaple might indicate that this English ‘experiment’ was unsuccessful as lead glaze from the pots contaminated the pipe filled saggars and it does not seem to be an arrangement that lasted. If the pipe- makers and potters at Potovens had a similar arrangement, it would be an extremely rare and an interesting parallel for the Devon material. Potovens clearly had a well-developed potting industry by the seventeenth century and documentary sources show that pipe-makers were also well established in the village, which has clear parallels with Rainford in Lancashire and Broseley in Shropshire. At both Rainford and Broseley potting and pipe-making were important local industries. Archaeological evidence from these two centres clearly shows that, from at least the mid seventeenth century pipe-makers and potters were using their own kilns, specially constructed for their individual needs.
Doncaster. A brief summary of each of these sites is given below. 5.2.1 The seventeenth-century kiln site at Potovens Wrenthorpe is the modern name for the settlement that was known as Potovens from at least the mid seventeenth century due to the large numbers of potters who lived there. The settlement lies less than 2 miles to the northwest of Wakefield at SE 315226, in an area that was well supplied with all the raw materials required to produce pottery – coal, clay and water (Bartlett 1968, 1). Between 1963 and 1966 thirteen kilns, or kiln-sites, were excavated in advanced of a housing development. Kiln 5 was discovered near 105 Wrenthorpe Road during the construction of Imperial Avenue and was identified as a clay tobacco pipe kiln. The discovery of the kiln was made in less than ideal conditions by Peter Brears in 1963. At that time Brears was attending Leeds College but had become alerted to the archaeology that was being destroyed by the rapid construction of new suburban housing at Potovens, which was only two miles away from his family home. In the absence of any ‘official’ archaeological input, Brears undertook to ‘rescue and record’ whatever he could in the evenings after college (in litt 4.10.2001). Brears describes how the finds were recovered ‘mostly by torchlight, from the foundation trenches of buildings that were being constructed’ (ibid). Brears goes on to describe how he arrived on site ‘one evening close to dusk’ only to find ‘that the surface had been scraped back by a bulldozer, which had apparently destroyed the lower section of a pipe kiln, leaving little more than a stained area and the bottom of a flue on the surface of the clay’ (ibid). The diameter of the stained, or burnt circle, left by the kiln measured 8ft (Brears 1967, 13). On the spoil heaps nearby there were ‘chunks of heavily fired clay kiln interior’ and ‘masses of broken pipe stems and MP stamped bowls’ but only a sample were retrieved due to failing light (ibid and in litt 4.10.2001). There were also large quantities of pipes marked EG (Brears 1967, 40). Regrettably, at the time the local museum showed little interest in the site and Brears was unable to keep large quantities of material himself, therefore only samples were retained. By the time Brears could visit the site again, the foundations had concrete in them and the area around the new house had been re-levelled as a garden. A small sample of the bowls recovered by Brears has subsequently been deposited with the Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery and a selection have been illustrated in Appendix 3, Figures 158.13, 158.14 and 158.15.
There is no doubt that what Brears recovered and recorded at Potovens were fragments of pipe waste, and the evidence for a kiln base is not in dispute. What is in question, however, is the interpretation of that evidence. Given the evidence from Peacey’s survey of pipe kilns (1996), the archaeological work at Rainford, in particular Church Field (Davey et al 1982b) and the survey of the Broseley pipe industry (Higgins 1987), it seems most likely that the Potovens kiln was in fact a pot kiln. The presence of such large quantities of pipe waste may simply have been the result of material having been dumped on the site from elsewhere. The lack of any direct stratigraphic association between the kiln and the waste dump makes it impossible to say how these two deposits relate to each other. The balance of probability however, suggests that this is not actually a pipe kiln, but simply a site on which pipe kiln waste had been dumped from a nearby manufactory. 5.2.2 The eighteenth-century kiln site at Doncaster As with the seventeenth century, there is only one eighteenth-century pipe kiln known from Yorkshire. The kiln was discovered during excavations in Church Street, Doncaster in 1967 with further work being carried out on the site in 1972 (Buckland et al 1989, 191). This pipe kiln was clearly being operated by a Samuel Lumley, since numerous stems bearing his full name mark and dating from the end of the eighteenth century were recovered from the site.
Peacey’s survey of tobacco pipe kilns (1996) would suggest that a kiln base with an 8ft diameter, as recorded by Brears, is much too large for a pipe kiln. If this is the case, it raises the question of why pipe waste was found with such a large kiln at Potovens. One hypothesis is that the Potovens kiln was in fact a pot kiln that was also being used, from time to time, by the local pipe-makers. Precedent for this is set by a find from Barnstaple in
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(ibid 200). Buckland et al go on to describe how this structure, which was ‘lined in highly fired, partly vitrified fireclay, had been built of brick and only the basal two courses remained, where it had later been incorporated into the cobbled yard surface’ (ibid). In addition, there was a small stoke-hole ‘partly lined with upright limestone slabs’ containing ‘many broken stems and bowls. The former [being] stamped with the name Lumley.’ (ibid).
There is a great deal of confusion in the documentary sources with regard to exactly how many Samuel Lumleys were pipe-makers in Doncaster. The documentary sources and the IGI (International Genealogical Index) would suggest that Lumley was a common name in South Yorkshire in the eighteenth century, as was Samuel, and there would appear to have been as many as three pipe-makers by the name of Samuel Lumley (Appendix 1). The first was working in Rotherham from 1723 to around 1753 but may have moved to Doncaster later in his life. The second, most likely the son of Samuel (1), was working in Doncaster from the mid 1750s but died somewhere between 1766 and 1769. A possible third Samuel Lumley may have been working at the Church Street pipe-works until 1782, since an advertisement of that year appeared in the York Courant offering for rent ‘the House lately occupied by Samuel Lumley. There is a Pot, Furnace, Mold, Grates, and everything necessary on the Premises for the Business.’ (Fowler et al, 1979, 60). There is no evidence to indicate this offer was taken up and pipe-making, therefore, appears to have ceased on the site at this date. Unfortunately the excavation of the pipe kiln itself was never written up fully for publication. A summary account is therefore given below drawn from the interim report (ibid) and from the notes made when the kiln material was examined by the author during a recording visit to Doncaster Museum and Art Gallery in July 2001.
In July 2001 the material recovered from the pipe kiln was recorded by the author at Doncaster Museum and Art Gallery. In terms of pipe fragments this material comprised 132 bowls, 91 stems and 6 mouthpieces. A total of 108 bowls were of six different moulded designs (Figure 5.1) some of which were associated with stems stamped with an S LUMLEY mark and were almost certainly being produced on the site. The largest group of bowls recovered from the site were those with a flute and dot design as Figures 5.1.4 and 5.1.5. It is interesting to note that these are either a heel form (Figure 5.1.5) of which there were 41 examples, or a spur form (Figure 5.1.4), which accounted for 27 examples. Of the remaining 19 flute and dot bowls the spur or heel was missing. The design in the second group comprised a total of 15 bowls decorated with flutes combined with leaf and tendril design, which ran down the bowl away from the smoker, and part way along the stem (Figures 5.1.2, 5.1.3 and 5.1.6). Again, this group included both heel and spur forms. A number of stems with parts of the moulded tendril designs also had the S LUMLEY stamped mark. The third group comprised five fluted bowls with a stag’s head facing the smoker (Figure 5.1.1). All five of these bowls appeared to be of a spur type, although none survived. Two of the stag’s head bowls appeared to be wasters.
The site of the kiln lay on the north side of Church Street in an area later to be known as Miller’s Yard, named after a eighteenth-century antiquarian and church organist called Edward Miller who lived in the adjoining house (ibid). The site itself appears to have been purchased in 1620 by the Lee family who had their family home immediately to the west of the pipe kiln site (ibid). Buckland et al suggests that the Lee family were linked with the tannery which formed part of a small industrial complex that later included the pipe works (ibid 194). Edward Miller acquired the site through marriage around 1763. A map of 1767 shows that, by this date a substantial building known as Clergy House stood on the site, but that to the east of this, where the kiln was later located, were gardens (ibid 10). Although Clergy House stood until the nineteenth century, when it was demolished, the gardens were clearly developed long before this. By 1832, when the town was surveyed, the garden area had gone and in its place were a series of narrow alleyways between the buildings leading off Church Street to small courtyards beyond (ibid 41). The map evidence is important in showing that the kiln site itself must have been constructed after 1767, when the area was still shown as gardens.
In addition to the Lumley material there were six bowls with Masonic motifs and the moulded lettering W WATSON/ROTHERHAM in two lines, on either side of the bowl seam away from the smoker dating from 17751800. Oswald (1975) does not list a W Watson for Rotherham at this date so this would appear to be a previously unrecorded maker. The remaining 18 bowls comprised three residual bowls dating from 1640-1680, two of which were stamped on the heel with the initials IH; nine plain bowls dating from 1740-1800, seven of which appear to have formed part of the muffle; four bowls or fragments bearing Masonic motifs; and two small, plain bowl fragments. A total of 78 pipe fragments, mainly stems, with stamped marks were also recovered from the kiln site. Of these 78 fragments 60 (77%) were stamped S LUMLEY, which appears to have been produced by the same die, and a further 10 (13%) were marked with a diamond pattern stamp. The only other marked stem from the site was
Very little published information exists concerning the kiln itself other than to say that the base of a small kiln was ‘inserted into a sub-rectangular pit, 2.6m long by 1m wide, and associated with a roughly cobbled surface’
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Figure 5.1: 1-6. Range of mould-decorated bowls recovered from the Church Street Kiln, Doncaster; 7. S LUMLEY stem fragment with traces of moulded decoration, similar stems were used as reinforcement for the muffle. Scale 1:1.
one, which can be attributed to Richard Scorah of Rawmarsh and is contemporary with the Lumley material.
In addition to the clay pipe fragments that were recovered from the site, there was a large quantity of kiln material, a summary of which is given in Table 5.1 below.
Although not from the kiln site itself, it is interesting to note the existence of two plain bowls dating from 17501770, both stamped with the lettering ‘LUMLEY DON.R’ on the bowl facing the smoker. One of these was recovered from fields around Beverley (Pcode 15266) but the other was recovered from the north side of Church Way in Doncaster (Pcode 06922) (Appendix 3, Figure 124.8), less than 100 meters from the pipe kiln site. It is also interesting to note that no examples of this particular bowl type were recovered from the Church Street kiln site, perhaps suggesting that someone by the name Lumley was working at another site in Doncaster prior to the construction of the Church Street pipe-works.
Analysis of the kiln material from Church Street would indicate that Lumley was using a muffle kiln typical of the eighteenth century, with steps built into the sides on which the bowls of the pipes could be rested (Peacey 1996, 170, Fig 94). Part of one of these steps can clearly be seen in Figure 5.6. With the exception of the strange brick-like object (Figure 5.4), which is not paralleled by any other pipe kiln site in England, all the other material is of a type and form that would be expected from an eighteenth-century muffle kiln.
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Context DC/AAE
DC/AAE
DC/AAE
DC/AAF ($) Layer 2
DC/AAG
DC/ABL ($) Layer 4
Not known
Not known
Not known
Not known
Description Thick lower muffle wall section (7cm thick) with vertical sections of pipe stem to reinforce; multiple clay lining layers can be seen on the inside (Figure 5.2); outside is heavily slagged with traces of a support. Some of the reinforcing stems are clearly stamped S LUMLEY (Figure 5.3). Fragment of mainly fine white clay with little evidence of filler. In plan it is curved like a muffle wall fragment, but on the inside it is roughly fractured as if stuck on to the outside of a muffle. Has a clearly defined edge or face; heavily encrusted and reddened. Pipe clay ‘brick’ with some gritty inclusions; odd fragments of late 18th C fluted bowl confirm its association with the kiln. Three joining pieces to form a wedge-shape. Outside surface heavily slagged; inside surface clean but abraded; other surfaces slightly reddened as if repeatedly heated. The worn and abraded area is very clean and could be the result of the fragment having been set in the ground and worn as part of a path after use (Figure 5.4). Fragments of kiln debris including sheets of clay some with paper impressions on one side; some fragments seem to have been folded over a ‘lip’ (Figure 5.5, top right). Waster bowls that appear to have been included in the body of the muffle walls (see Appendix 3 figures 122.10, 122.11 & 122.12); a pinch of clay wrapped round a pipe stem, which is broken at both ends, shaped like a small support. Discoloured from firing all over so does not appear to be broken or attached to anything else other than the pipe stem (possibly a rack, as identified by Peacey (1996, 65) - not illustrated. Two joining fragments making up a large wall section, similar to Figure 5.2, but 6cm thick in lower area thinning to 4cm with a 2cm step on the top surface (Figure 5.6). Within the fabric are casts of bowls now missing (Figure 5.7) and stems set vertically, some of which are marked with an S Lumley stamp. Piece of muffle support 5.75cm x 5.5cm x 4.5cm; set with three lines of vertical pipe stems; blackened by firing on the sides (Figure 5.5 top left). Large chuck of muffle with a layer of bowls at the base and a possible support scar (Figure 5.5, bottom left). Piece of unformed pipe clay containing fragments of pipe stems and coal (not illustrated). Thick squashed ‘sausage’ of pipe clay c36mm x 22mm x 10cm; appears to have been pressed onto a curved surface ?muffle wall identified as an applied strip (ibid 64)(not illustrated).
Figure 5.2: Photograph of a section of muffle showing the reinforcing stems and the layers of pipe-clay. Scale is 5cm. Photograph by D A Higgins.
The presence of so many S LUMLEY stamped stems both on the site and within the body of the muffle (Figure 5.3) clearly points to the fact that Lumley was responsible for the waste material and the construction of the kiln itself. After each firing of the muffle any cracks were sealed with the application of a wash of pipe clay on the inside of the muffle. The multiple layers of pipe clay that are clearly visible on parts of the muffle (Figure 5.2), suggests that it was used several times. Although the confusing documentary sources make it difficult to identify which Samuel Lumley was responsible for the kiln waste found in Church Street, the map evidence and the archaeological evidence confirms that someone by that name was working on the site. In addition, the documentary evidence provides a tight date range of between 1768 and 1782 for the kiln waste. The kiln group provides an important bench-mark for the identification of Yorkshire bowl forms and decorated stem styles dating from the 1770s.
Table 5.1: Summary of the kiln material recovered from excavations at Church Street, Doncaster, in context number order.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 5.3: Detail of fragment shown in Figure 5.2, showing stem fragments clearly stamped S LUMLEY. Photograph by the author.
Figure 5.4: Pipe-clay ‘brick’ from DC/AAE showing the heavy slagging on one side as well as worn areas. Scale 5cm. Photograph by the author.
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Figure 5.5: Sample of the kiln debris recovered from Church Street. Scale 5cm. Photograph by the author.
Figure 5.6: Part of a muffle wall from DC/ABL with reinforcing stems clearly visible, showing the shelf support. Photograph by the author.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 5.7: Detail from part of the muffle wall (DC/ABL) showing the impression left by a fluted bowl that has been used within the body of the muffle itself. Photograph by the author.
5.3 Summary What is most striking about this survey of clay sources and kiln sites in Yorkshire is the paucity of both documentary and artefactual evidence. From the evidence that does exist it would appear that pipe-makers in Yorkshire were exploiting both local clay sources as well as importing clays from Dorset and Devon. Although a range of scientific methods exist to characterise the differences in these clays in order to help identify sources, these methods have not been applied systematically. This is clearly an area where more work is needed.
The following chapter goes on to look at the development of the bowl form in Yorkshire.
The survey of pipe kiln evidence from Yorkshire serves to highlight the glaring gap in the archaeological record for the county. There are hundreds of documented seventeenth- and eighteenth-century pipe-makers from Yorkshire, all of whom would either have owned or had access to a small kiln. Large numbers of these makers have been identified through documentary research, but there are undoubtedly many more that are still to be found. Despite the clear documentary evidence there are only two pipe kilns known and one of those, that at Potovens, is most likely a pot kiln rather than a pipe kiln.
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The development of the bowl form in Yorkshire
Chesterfield (Wynne 1996) also included a group of seventeenth-century pipes none of which match anything found in Yorkshire.
6.0 Introduction In this chapter the influences that affected the development of the Yorkshire bowl form are discussed, considering the impact of production centres bordering the study area as well as those from overseas. The evolution of the bowl forms found in Yorkshire 15801800 is then presented. This will chart the changes from the small late sixteenth and early seventeenth-century bowls reminiscent of those found in London, to the introduction of the Yorkshire bulbous during the second half of the seventeenth century and the upright forms of the eighteenth century through to the introduction of mould decorated bowls towards the end of the eighteenth century. This is followed by an analysis of the bowl forms recorded for this present research, for the period 1640-1720 illustrating the variations in form within Yorkshire.
During his collection of stamped marks for the National Clay Tobacco Pipe Stamp Catalogue, Higgins (2002a) made detailed notes of the bowl forms encountered at a number of museums in Derbyshire. From these notes it appears that in the early seventeenth-century Derbyshire either imported London products or copied London forms. By the mid seventeenth century spur forms predominate and this contrasts quite markedly with what is happening in Yorkshire at this date, where only 3% of the mid seventeenth-century bowls have spurs. During the late seventeenth century through to the early eighteenth century Derbyshire appears to be importing a significant quantity of products from Broseley in Shropshire. In Yorkshire, however, this present research has only encountered three imported Broseley pipes amongst the many thousands examined from the county.
6:
From this brief survey it appears that the production centres in Derbyshire had little or no influence on those being produced in Yorkshire, either in terms of bowl form or in the style of marks used. Nor, does it appear, that Yorkshire had any particular influence on the pipe styles produced in Derbyshire or the supply of pipes to that county.
6.1
The influences on the development of bowl forms in Yorkshire In the following sections the way in which those production centres bordering Yorkshire may have affected the development of the bowl form is considered. The actual importation of products from these neighbouring production centres is discussed in Chapter 10. This present chapter deals primarily with influences on the development of the bowl form within Yorkshire.
6.1.1.2 Lincolnshire Clay tobacco pipes from Lincolnshire have received far more attention than those from Derbyshire. The Bibliography of Clay Pipe Studies (Atkin 1989) lists 17 articles relating to clay pipes from Lincolnshire to which can be added a county summary compiled for the NSC by Higgins (2002b). In his survey of Lincolnshire makers Wells (1979,124, figure 1) illustrates a range of bowl forms from the county. Most of which are different to those encountered in Yorkshire with one exception, Figure 1.7. This particular bowl dates from the transitional period (1690-1720) and has the moulded initials RC on the sides of the heel and a RC stamp on the base of the heel. Wells does not provide a clear caption for this figure, so it is difficult to work out to whom he is attributing the pipe, but it does bear close resemblance to the transitional bowls from Hull. It is not clear if Wells considers this an import to Lincolnshire or if he assigns it to a Lincoln maker. Although very similar to the Robert Chapman products in Hull there are no known examples from the study area that have a stamped mark as well as the moulded initials.
6.1.1
The South Derbyshire/Lincolnshire/Nottinghamshire Bordering Yorkshire to the south are three pipe producing areas - Derbyshire, Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire – any, or all, of which could have had an influence on the development of the bowl form in Yorkshire. Each centre is dealt with separately below. 6.1.1.1 Derbyshire There has been very little previous work on Derbyshire pipes. The Society for Clay Pipe Research lists only one article in its Bibliography of Clay Pipe Studies (Atkin 1989). This was an article by Gault and Alvey (1979), which simply lists the known pipe-makers from Derbyshire. This list includes only one seventeenthcentury and 26 eighteenth-century pipe-makers. The date for the single seventeenth-century maker comes from a token. Two other articles are known, however, both dealing with clay pipes from Chesterfield. Although the majority of the pipes from the Peacock Inn, Chesterfield (Alvey 1978) were of nineteenth-century date, the group did include some from the seventeenth century, a selection of which have been illustrated. With the exception of one of the illustrated bowls, which is slightly bulbous (ibid, 51 fig 25.2) none show any resemblance to products found in Yorkshire. The large group from Hady Hill,
In 1977 Mann carried out a survey of clay tobacco pipes from excavations in Lincoln. During the Civil War period the pipes from Lincoln bear a very close resemblance to those found in Yorkshire at the same date. Mann herself notes the close similarity to pipes from York as well as a ‘swollen bowl pinched-in below its lip and with a noticeable ‘waist’’ (1977, 11). As with Yorkshire, the
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
52 figure 6). During his survey of the collections in Nottinghamshire for the National Stamp Catalogue Higgins (2002c) noted that in the first half of the seventeenth century heel forms predominate.
majority of the Civil War period bowls appear to be heel types although spur types in Lincolnshire do appear to be more common. The bowls from Lincolnshire dating to the period 1660-1690 are much less bulbous than those from Yorkshire and appear to have slightly elongated heel, almost heart shaped (White 1979a, 176; Comrie 1979, 207). The later seventeenth-century bowls from Lincolnshire appear to be larger versions of the earlier forms as opposed to those from Yorkshire where a different range of forms emerges.
By the period 1660-1690 there appears to be more in the way of spur forms (Alvey 1974, 70 figure 11; Alvey 1975, 50 figure 12). Some of the bowls also appear to be quite bulbous although it is difficult to be sure of this as the illustrations have be over reduced with many being reproduced at half life size and even a quarter size in one instance (Alvey 1972, 30 figure 10).
In the transitional period Lincolnshire does not appear to have the very pronounced, forward leaning bowl forms that are common in Yorkshire centres such as Hull and York. The typical Lincolnshire transitional bowl appears to be fairly upright with a slight swelling towards the rim (White 1979b, 186; Appendix 3, Figure 46 No. 13 and Figure 47 No. 1) Bowls of this type are found in Yorkshire, for example Appendix 3, Figures 88.12-15 and 99.7-8, all of which can be attributed to Yorkshire makers. In his survey of the pipe industry in Stamford Comrie (1979, 209 Fig 17) illustrates a bulbous bowl form with the initials SS moulded on the sides of the heel. Comrie dates this bowl to 1699/1700 and suggests that it is a product of Samuel Saunders of Stamford. What is interesting is that Comrie suggests that this ‘squat bulbous bowl’ is ‘a York or Hull design adapted for use by Samuel Saunders’ (ibid, 212). Although clearly a bulbous style it is not a form that is found in either York or Hull.
Nottinghamshire bowl forms that were current towards the end of the seventeenth century and into the transitional period appear to be similar to those seen in Lincolnshire. Although the majority of these bowls lean forward slightly there are one or two examples where this lean is very pronounced, similar to those seen at centres such as York and Hull (Hammond 1985, figures 55, 62 and 68). As with the eighteenth-century bowl forms from Yorkshire, those from Nottingham appear to be upright with the rim cut parallel to the stem although the survey for this current research found very little in the way of published eighteenth-century material. From this limited survey it is possible to see that, as with Lincolnshire, there were links between Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire. This particular chapter has focused on the bowl forms themselves, but Nottinghamshire’s greatest influence is seen in the use of two distinctive forms of marking. The first was during the period 16601690 and took the form of incuse lettering stamped on the bowl facing the smoker (Alvey 1972, 30 figure 10; Alvey 1973, 36 figure 1; Alvey 1975, 29 figure 12 and Hammond 1985, figures 38-55, 58-62 & 65-69). The second was the use of decorative stem stamps, which was a particular style of marking that appeared at the beginning of the eighteenth century and continued for approximately 75 years (Walker and Wells 1979, 3). Both forms of marking are found on bowls recovered from sites in Yorkshire, and there are very close parallels to stem stamps used by makers in south Yorkshire during the same period (see Chapter 8 for a discussion of the marks).
In the early part of the eighteenth century, Lincoln pipes appear to have a very distinctive form where the bowl is still quite forward leaning and flaring at the rim, with a pedestal foot (Mann 1977, 18). Forms of this type do not appear in Yorkshire where pipes of the early eighteenth century are almost all upright forms with the rim cut more or less parallel to the stem. This survey has shown that while there were obvious similarities in the bowl forms current in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire during the mid-seventeenth century these similarities became less marked during the later seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. There were clearly some links between the two counties, although it is unclear whether it was Lincolnshire that was influencing Yorkshire or vice versa. It is possible that each centre may have been evolving independently but within a broader regional tradition.
6.1.2. The West – Lancashire/Cumbria Bordering Yorkshire to the west are two pipe producing areas – Lancashire, which is dominated by the pipe producing centres of Rainford and Liverpool, and Cumbria. The possible influence on the development of both Lancashire and Cumbria may have had on the bowl form in Yorkshire is dealt with under separate headings below.
6.1.1.3 Nottinghamshire A total of 23 articles are listed in the Bibliography of Clay Pipe Studies (Atkin 1989) for Nottinghamshire, the majority of which focus on specific groups of pipes from excavations in Nottingham itself. A survey of these published sources show that for the Civil War period the bowl forms current in Nottinghamshire follow those trends seen throughout England as a whole (Alvey 1975, 50 figure 12; Alvey 1977, 29 figure 12 and Todd 1978,
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6.1.2.1. Lancashire As with Derbyshire, the pipes from Lancashire as a county have received little attention, with work being concentrated on specific centres such as Rainford, for example Berry 1963; Coney 1979; Davey 1978 and 1982a; Dagnall 1982a, 1982b, 1985, 1990, 2001 and Higgins 1982 and 1990. In addition to the published sources, Higgins (2002d) carried out a survey of Lancashire pipes for the National Stamp Catalogue, which included material from the following collections:Blackburn Museum; Towneley Hall, Burnley; Astley Hall Museum, Chorley; Lancaster Museum; Plint Collection in the Museum of Lakeland Life and Industry, Kendal; Ribchester Museum and the Alcock Collection, Ormskirk.
There are clearly close links between the bulbous forms of South Lancashire and Yorkshire although it is unclear whether there was an exchange between the two centres or if those influences travelled in one direction. As with the products of both Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire, however, it is the style of the makers’ marks and their position on the bowl that set Lancashire products apart from her neighbours. 6.1.2.2 Cumbria There has been comparatively little research on the pipes and pipemakers of Cumbria published. Atkins Bibliography of Clay Pipe Studies (1989) only lists five articles three of which focus on pipemaking in and around Whitehaven (Weatherill and Edwards 1971, Fletcher 1984 and Jackson 1986). Pipe production at Whitehaven began during the late seventeenth century (Jackson 1986, 6) and the site of at least one early eighteenth-century kiln in Whitehaven has been identified (Fletcher 1982). A series of letters survive from the late 1690s referring to pipemaking experiments with local clay (ibid). One of these letters, dated 18th January 1697/8, notes that “our last kill-full burnt to a degree of whiteness nothing short of ye Bristol pipes, and we think in other respects….to exceed them.” (ibid).
A survey of the published and unpublished material available for Lancashire would indicate that pipes from the county from the early seventeenth century had a slightly bulbous profile not unlike those found in Yorkshire. Higgins (ibid) indicates that seventeenth century pipes in Lancashire are ‘predominantly South Lancashire forms’ and that the industry was centred on Rainford. Some of the bowl forms found in Rainford throughout the seventeenth century have a very bulbous appearance. Unlike those from Yorkshire, however, the forms from Rainford are predominantly spur forms although some heel forms do occur. In addition, the Rainford bulbous forms are more oval in section where the Yorkshire equivalents are round, a feature that is not apparent from the two-dimensional side profiles of the bowls.
Higgins survey of pipes from Cumbria for the National Clay Tobacco Pipe Stamp Catalogue (2002e) notes that pipes from the county fall into two basic groups – those to the south being influenced by Lancashire forms and those from the north displaying attributes similar to that found in southern Scotland and North-east England. These broad differences are borne out by a survey of the museum and private collections in Cumbria. For example, in the collection of the Museum of Lakeland Life and Industry, Kendal, Rainford style pipes are particularly well represented. In addition there are a large number of bulbous forms dating from the period 16601680 which Higgins (ibid) notes ‘owe more to Yorkshire types than to South Lancashire’. In contrast the collections of the Tuille House Museum, Carlisle and the Carlisle Archaeological Unit are dominated by imports from the North-east and bowl forms that bear a closer resemblance to those found in southern Scotland and Tyneside than those of Lancashire. The excavations at Carlisle Cathedral in 1988, for example, produced a small assemblage, which included bowl fragments that were almost certainly products of the Gateshead industry as well as six marked pipe fragments. Of those six fragments, however, four were stem stamps that could be attributed to Gateshead makers.
The main source of clay tobacco pipes in Lancashire from the eighteenth century and into the early nineteenth century appears to be Rainford (White 1975, 58). It is therefore not surprising that Rainford forms should dominate any assemblage from the county. The earliest documented pipe-makers for Lancaster were in 1732 and it was not until the early nineteenth century that pipemakers appear at centres such as Preston and Kendal (ibid). In his survey of Lancaster clay tobacco pipes White (1975) notes that Lancaster imported ‘all the pipes it required from older centres, such as London, Hull, Chester and Liverpool’. It should be noted that, to date, no systematic survey of the pipes from either Liverpool or Manchester has been carried out. The overwhelming impression is that pipe production in Lancashire was dominated by one or two key centres at the south of the county (Rainford and Liverpool). It is therefore not surprising that these centres should set the fashion for bowl forms within the county as a whole. Higgins (2002c) comments that eighteenth-century Lancashire products are ‘clearly influenced by South Lancashire and Chester designs. He goes on to note that ‘Lancashire pipes clearly fall within the north-western tradition but appear to have been subservient to it rather than setting particular trends of their own’.
In terms of bowl forms, examples of a bulbous form similar to that found in Yorkshire have been noted. Jackson (1986, 8) illustrates some examples of pipes recovered from a pipe kiln site in Little Broughton. One of these pipes (ibid, fig 12) is a particularly bulbous form and bears a striking resemblance to examples from
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
bowls recovered and it is quite possible that they were imports from Yorkshire.
Yorkshire for example Appendix 3, Figures 44.10, 98.14 and 155.4. Bulbous bowls have also been recovered from excavations at Clifton Hall, Penrith (Alvey 1980,60). These include two bowls with an AB heel stamp that may be products of Abraham Boyes of York. Similar bulbous forms have been found in the Kendal area including large quantities of Yorkshire types dating from 1660-1680 (Higgins 2002d).
Forward leaning transitional forms are present in Tyneside but these are not as pronounced as those seen at either York or Hull, nor along the east coast of Yorkshire. For the mid to late eighteenth century the bowl forms found in Tyneside are similar to those found in York and Hull in that they are more upright, with rims cut parallel to the stem and with small round or oval heels. The Tyneside typology does, however, have two eighteenthcentury spur forms, which are rather unlike those found in Yorkshire (Edwards 1988a, 10).
This brief summary of the bowl forms from Cumbria shows that bulbous forms are present, particularly in the south of the county. Although bulbous forms are found in both Lancashire and Cumbria they are subtly different not only from one another, but also from those forms found in Yorkshire. All three areas clearly form part of a northern tradition, particularly during the second half of the seventeenth century.
As with all the areas that have been surveyed it is in the style and positioning of stamped or moulded marks where the greatest regional variation can be seen. Typical of Tyneside are large oval, or lozenge, shaped stem marks in the seventeenth century, and moulded initials on sides of the heel or spur in the eighteenth century. There is a full discussion of the mark types given in Chapter 8.
6.1.3. The North – Tyneside In 1964 Parsons published a survey of clay tobacco pipes in North-east England in which he presented a typology. Parsons (1967, 238) suggested that local manufacture did not begin in the North East until around 1645 and that prior to this date pipes had been imported from London, Bristol and the South West. This was a view widely held in the 1960s and 1970s but one that is no longer in line with current thinking. There have been a number of published works on clay tobacco pipes from Tyneside with the majority being focussed on groups from Newcastle (Oswald 1979, 1981, 1983 and Parsons 1966 and 1967) and Gateshead (Edwards 1986, 1987, 1988a and 1988b). The most comprehensive work is Edwards’ study of the Gateshead industry, which includes typologies of the local bowl forms and marks (1988a).
6.1.4. The East - maritime influences Yorkshire’s coastal and overseas trade is discussed in more detail in Chapters 9 and 10. In this section only those pipe producing centres whose influence may have reached Yorkshire via its coastal ports will be considered. These include London, the Low Countries and Scandinavia. As has already been demonstrated by the survey of Yorkshire’s neighbours, London products, or styles, were clearly in use from early in the seventeenth century. These products and styles may have travelled north from London via overland routes. The use of trade routes via the coastal ports, however, had long been established and ideas as well as products almost certainly arrived in Yorkshire by sea as well as by land.
For the period 1635-1660 bowls with heart-shaped heels dominate. Oswald (1983, 186) noted a ‘chinned’ bowl, which he defines as ‘leaning forward with a marked inward kink’. Although this ‘chinned’ form is found in London and Central Southern England, Oswald states that it is the combination between the heart-shaped base and the ‘chinned’ bowl that ‘is rare apart from the Newcastle examples’. This particular bowl form is associated with two distinctive heel marks, both comprising initials within a heart-shaped border, GC and NW (see Chapters 8 and 9 for discussion of the marks). These ‘chinned’ bowls with heart-shaped heels are found in Yorkshire, indeed large numbers of bowls stamped with the same GC marks as those from Newcastle have been found in and around Beverley. The form is, however, not a typical Yorkshire form.
During the transitional period large, forward leaning bowls are found predominately at sites along the east coast of Yorkshire such as Hull, Scarborough and Bridlington, or at major sites that were linked to these ports by navigable rivers, such as York. These forward leaning forms are very similar to London Types 19 to 22 (Atkinson & Oswald 1969, 180). It could be argued that these bowls represent actual products from London that were being traded coastwise. Although London products almost certainly did find their way to Yorkshire this only accounts for a very small number of the examples found. A little over 26% of the transitional forms recorded from Yorkshire are burnished, a phenomenon that is rare in London, suggesting that it was bowl forms rather than the products themselves that were being imported by Yorkshire. The ease with which those styles can be confused is illustrated by a group of pipes at the Wilberforce Museum in Hull. The actual provenance of the pipes is unknown but on typological grounds it was thought that they may have come from London. A large
A quick survey of the published material from Tyneside shows that the bulbous forms typical of the Yorkshire pipe industry are not present in assemblages from sites in centres such as Newcastle and Gateshead. Oswald presents a bulbous form as Type 4 in his publication on the material from the castle at Newcastle-upon-Tyne (1983, 187), but this type only accounted for four of the
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Hull he referred to the pipes as being ‘rough and badly made’ (ibid). However, he goes on to say ‘[the pipes] are mostly sent to Sweden and Norway’ (ibid). Bonds notes that ‘the import of English pipes almost ceased in spite of the fact that the English pipe model was popular. Instead it was manufactured within Sweden’ (ibid, 275).
number of the group, however, are burnished, strongly suggesting that they are in fact local products copying London forms. A similar pattern can be seen in the eighteenth century. The dominant bowl form in London at this date is the Type 25 (ibid) which invariably has a set of initials moulded on either side of the heel. An analysis of the bowls recorded in Yorkshire shows that bowls of this type can be found at centres along the east coast of Yorkshire, particularly Hull, and up into Tyneside. This may suggest that local makers had adopted the London style of marking by applying moulded initials to mark their own products.
Pipes dating from the period 1660-1680 have been found in Sweden that have either been positively identified as, or bearing very close resemblance to, Yorkshire products. These sites include Falun, Jonkoping and Stockholm as well as the wreck of the Kronan near Hultestad (Akerhagen 1998; 2001 and in litt. 13.12.2000). In contrast, no pipes identified as Swedish products have been found in Yorkshire suggesting that influence, in this particular instance, may have travelled in one direction.
Trade links further a field offer the possibility of yet another source of influence. In the sixteenth and early seventeenth century trade between Yorkshire and the Netherlands was being carried out, although not all was direct trade (Davies 1978, 4). During the seventeenth century there was clearly a direct link between the two industries as documentary records show that at least five Yorkshire-men went on to become pipemakers in the Netherlands. Henry and Roger Wilkins from York; Thomas Harcastle and Christian Peters from Ripon (Duco 1981, 335-336) and Christopher Laze from Yorkshire (Anon 2000, 1197), further details of these makers can be found in Appendix 1.
6.2. The evolution of Yorkshire bowl forms Having considered the interaction between Yorkshire and its neighbouring centres and the possible influence on the development of the bowl form, the following sections go on to look at the evolution of the Yorkshire forms within the county itself. 6.2.1. Early pipes (1580-1640; Figure 6.1) One of the earliest references to an instrument for taking tobacco dates from 1573 when a William Harrison notes in his Great Chronologie that ‘In these daies the taking-in of the smoke of the Indian herbe called ‘Tobaco’ by an instrument formed like a little ladell ……is gretlie takenup and used in England…’ (Oswald 1975, 3). The term ‘pipe’ is not known to have been used before 1580 (ibid, 4).
Duco (1981, 371) considers that the use of tobacco and the making of clay tobacco pipes was introduced to Holland by the English and notes that in all those Dutch towns where pipe-making was being carried out during the seventeenth century, the English played a major role (ibid, 372). As a result pipes produced in Holland in the early part of the seventeenth century are virtually indistinguishable from those produced in England.
The popular myth is that Sir Walter Raleigh was responsible for the introduction of smoking at the end of the sixteenth century. Raleigh was, by all accounts, a very charismatic character and while there is little doubt that he popularised smoking at the court of Elizabeth I, it is perhaps not true to say that its introduction was solely down to him. Smoking rapidly spread throughout London, the Home Counties and Central Southern England during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries (ibid 6). In 1618 the Venetian Ambassador to England noted that ‘Women as well as men smoke night and day’ (ibid, 5). Certainly up to 1640 London set the fashion throughout the country and pipes from almost any site in England during this period are generally indistinguishable from those produced in London Yorkshire is no exception.
Holland very rapidly developed a distinctive bowl form of its own and although these pipes are found in Yorkshire they are clearly imports to the county rather than forms that are being copied by the local makers. From sites in Holland a slightly more bulbous form does occur from time to time (ibid, 243 fig 12 and 244 fig 24) but these are clearly not Yorkshire forms. As well as trade with the Low Countries, Yorkshire’s coastal ports, such as Hull, had been exporting products to the Baltic, Norway and Iceland since the fourteenthcentury (Davies 1978, 4). Port records tended to list only the main cargo, which for the most part was wool leaving Yorkshire and corn or flax being imported from overseas. The trade in other goods, such as clay tobacco pipes, is hinted at by other records from Sweden, which show that until the mid eighteenth century large quantities of pipes were being imported from England (Bonds 1980, 274). In 1719 a Swedish businessman living in England commented on the large quantities of pipes that were being exported from Hull to Sweden. Unfortunately for
The survey of clay tobacco pipes for this present research has recorded only ten pipes dating from 1580-1610 from the whole of the county (see Table 6.1 below), all of which were heel types, and documentary sources have so far failed to yield any pipe-makers for Yorkshire from before 1635. The earliest known pipemaker is Gabriel Westaby of York, who was freed as a trunk maker in that year (Appendix 1).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 6.1: 1580-1610 period bowls. 1. York Castle Museum (Pcode 7781); 2. & 3. Rayner Collection (Pcodes 3875 & 3661); 4. English Heritage (Pcode 23539); 5. Manor House Museum, Ilkley (Pcode 7043); 6. White Collection (Pcode 8417) and 7. York Archaeological Trust (Pcode 5554). Scale 1:1.
Area Qty
West 2
East 2
South 1
North-west 1
North-east 1
York & its environs 3
Table 6.1: Number of 1580-1610 period pipes recorded in each of the six geographical sub-divisions in Yorkshire for this present research. 6.2.2 Pre Civil War (1610-1640; Figure 6.2) Prior to the outbreak of the Civil War, bowl forms throughout England were fairly uniform in terms of size and shape. This is perhaps best illustrated by a group from the Kitto Institute in Plymouth (Higgins 1992), which produced a very closely dated group of pipes from 1625-1630. This group included pipes from London and the Low Countries as well as local forms. What is interesting about this group is that although there are subtle differences in the curves of the bowls, they are all basically the same size and shape. A similar group from Tron Kirk, Edinburgh (Gallagher 1987b) with a secure terminus ante quem of 1637 also has bowls of a very standard size and shape. This early ‘standard’ bowl form for the first part of the seventeenth century can be seen time and time again from sites throughout England. There are occasional exceptions to this rule, such as the material from Ide Cottage near Exeter (Oswald 1980, 331), which dates from 1610-1630 and which clearly shows the early signs of a regional style developing. This is, however, very much the exception and at this early stage in pipe production bowl forms are very standardised.
A survey of the clay tobacco pipes from the period 16101640 for this present research recorded 453 Yorkshire bowls (see Table 6.2 below). With the exception of Gabriel Westaby of York who was working 1635 (Appendix 1) no other pipe-makers, working in the period 1610-1640, have been identified from documentary sources from anywhere in the county. The Yorkshire bowl forms from this period appear to follow the same basic trends as those from other sites in England. As with the pipes from the period 1580-1610 Yorkshire bowls are virtually indistinguishable from those produced outside of the county. Of the 453 bowl fragments recorded as being Yorkshire products only 376 could be identified as being either a heel or a spur type, the remaining 77 fragments being unidentifiable. The heel forms during the period 1610-1640 dominate, accounting for 96% off all identifiable bowls from Yorkshire. For a breakdown of the quantities and percentages by geographical sub-division see Table 6.3.
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Figure 6.2: 1610-1640 period bowls. 1 & 2 Rayner Collection (Pcodes 2900 & 3538); 3 & 16 Humber Archaeological Partnership, Hull (Pcodes 6388 & 6488); 4 English Heritage Store, Helmsley (Pcode 21135); 5 Scarborough Borough Council (Pcode 5941); 6 Beck Isle Museum of Rural Life, Pickering (Pcode 21144); 7 Tierney Collection (Pcode 21224); 8 & 9 Craven Museum, Skipton (Pcodes 25150 & 25134); 10 Sheffield Museum (Pcode 7352); 11 Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield (Pcode 7396); 12 Raines Collection (Pcode 6576); 13 White Collection (Pcode 8414); 14 & 15 Wood Hall Moated Manor (Pcodes 7441 & 7467) and 17 York Archaeological Trust (Pcode 1777). Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Area Quantity
West 156
East 67
South 26
North-west 20
North-east 42
York & its environs 142
Table 6.2: Number of 1610-1640 period pipes recorded in each of the six geographical sub-divisions in Yorkshire for this present research.
Heel Type Spur Type
West Qty % 107 97% 3 3%
East Qty % 56 90% 6 10%
South Qty % 21 95% 1 5%
North- west Qty % 19 100% 0 0%
North-east Qty % 27 90% 3 10%
York & its environs Qty % 130 98% 3 2%
Table 6.3: Quantity and percentage of heel and spur type bowls for the period 1610-1640 from the six geographical sub-divisions in Yorkshire.
Castle in Staffordshire and Portland Castle in Dorset. The measurements from these four sites are compared in the following table. For each site the range and average measurement for both height and width is given in Table 6.4.
The figures in table 6.3 clearly show that heel forms in all six geographical sub-division are the dominant form. In the North-west all those pipes from the period 1610-1640 are heel forms. In contrast those pipes from the East and North-east have a slightly higher percentage of spur forms but even then that only accounts for 10%. 6.2.3 The Civil War period (1640-60; Figure 6.4) The Civil War marks a turning point in English history and the resulting upheaval and disruption to virtually every aspect of life, including that of pipe production, at this time cannot be underestimated. It is the Civil War that appears to be the catalyst for the emergence of regional forms not only in Yorkshire but also throughout England. During the course of this current research it has been possible to study two exceptional groups of Civil War material in detail. The first was recovered during excavations at Pontefract Castle (Davey and White, 2002) and the second from excavations at Sandal Castle. The group from Sandal Castle was reported on in 1983 by Lawrence in very summary form. Since 1983, a more detailed catalogue of the material has been prepared by the author for the Wakefield Museum Service (See Appendix 6). This is clearly a group of national importance and warrants full analysis and publication at some point in the future.
Figure 6.3: Measurements of the maximum height and width of a Civil War period pipe bowl.
Site Pontefract Castle Sandal Castle Tutbury Castle Portland Castle
In order to try and assess the typical Yorkshire bowl form used during the Civil War period, the maximum height and width for all those bowls that could definitely be assigned to Civil War contexts was measured in millimetres using a set of vernier callipers (see Figure 6.3). There is very little in the way of comparative material for the Yorkshire finds although it has been possible to take measurements of Civil War period finds from Tutbury
Qty 51 135 12 8
Height Range 25.831.7 24.132.3 27.132.1 29.832.8
Ave. Height 28.34 28.22 29.14 31.18
Width Range 16.720.1 16.819.8 16.920.9 18.920.4
Ave. Width 18.31 18.30 18.37 19.72
Table 6.4: Ranges and average height and width measurements for Civil War period pipes.
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Figure 6.4: A range of Civil War period bowls. 1-3 from Tutbury Castle, Staffordshire (drawn by D A Higgins); 4-6 from Beeston Castle, Cheshire (after Davey 1992a. N.B. these figures have been reversed for ease of comparison); 7-9 from Portland Castle, Dorset (reproduced by permission of English Heritage; drawn by D A Higgins); 10-12 from Pontefract Castle, West Yorkshire and 13-15 from Sandal Castle, near Wakefield, West Yorkshire. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
presented in the Figure 6.4. The bowls presented in this figure come from a small selection of sites in England that have yielded Civil-War period pipes – Tutbury Castle, Staffordshire (Higgins forthcoming A); Beeston Castle, Cheshire (Davey 1992a); Portland Castle, Dorset (Higgins forthcoming B), and Pontefract Castle (Davey and White 2002) and Sandal Castle (Lawrence 1983) in West Yorkshire.
The most striking finding from the measurements taken is the very close similarity between the four different groups with a difference in the average height of just 2.84mm and in the width of 1.41mm. The only slight trend appears to be that the pipes become marginally taller and broader the further south of Yorkshire they are. This suggests that any variation on a local or national level is going to be almost impossible to discern by using overall bowl dimensions alone. Trimming too much, or too little off the heel during the manufacturing process can alter the height of a bowl quite dramatically, and both the height and width of a bowl can be affected by shrinkage both prior to and during firing. For example, the analysis of individual mould groups from Sandal Castle (see Chapter 9) showed that within Mould Group 7 there was a difference in bowl height of 2.5mm. It is only when the actual objects themselves are compared directly that the differences become apparent. The height and width of bowls from the Civil War period appears to be fairly fixed throughout England, as does the angle of the bowl to the stem. What differentiates the bowls from the various regions within England, including Yorkshire, is the subtlety of the curves within those fixed parameters – the three dimensional quality. In order to try and illustrate this point a range of Civil-War period bowls are
West
Heel Type Spur Type
Qty 909 17
% 98% 2%
East Qty 569 18
% 97% 3%
The pipe bowls from Portland Castle in Dorset have much softer curves presenting an overall barrel shape to the bowl. Those from Beeston Castle in Cheshire are more forward leaning and are pinched at the rim. In contrast, the Yorkshire material has much more pronounced curves creating a ‘waist’ at the base of the bowl. The figures in the table below clearly show that heel types dominate the bowl forms of the Civil-War period in Yorkshire. In York and its environs the number of spur forms are negligible and for the West, North-west, East and South of the county the figures are extremely low with between 2% and 3%. Only in the North-east of the county are there slightly more spur forms with 7%.
South Qty 116 4
% 97% 2%
North- west
North-east
Qty 101 10
Qty 111 5
% 91% 3%
% 96% 4%
York & its environs Qty % 330 99% 4 1%
Table 6.5: Quantity and percentage of heel and spur type bowls for the period 1640-1660 from the six geographical sub-divisions in Yorkshire.
The beginnings of regional variation within the bowl forms of the Civil-War period are evident and very subtle differences can be seen, some of them hinting at the forms to come. The analysis of the material from Yorkshire has shown that although there are slight variations in the form of the bowls in the country as a whole, in some areas within the county of Yorkshire these variations are less apparent. What is interesting, however, is that one of the consequences of having a ‘waist’ is that it creates a slightly rounder, more globular upper part to the bowl. This globular, or slightly bulbous, feature becomes much more exaggerated and pronounced in the wake of the Civil War giving rise to the Yorkshire Bulbous form of the later seventeenth century.
6.2.4
Yorkshire bulbous (1660-1690; Figure 6.5 & 6.6) The period 1660-1690 sees the emergency of the first truly regional bowl form in Yorkshire, the archetypal form – the ‘Yorkshire bulbous’. There were hints of the origins of a bulbous form during the Civil-War period but it is not until the period 1650-1670 when a true bulbous form appears. This appears to be caused by two factors, firstly the use of a ‘waist’ at the base of the bowl and second the fact that during the period 1650-1670 the actual height of the bowls themselves changed very little but an increase in the width did creating a more rounded, bulbous profile (Figure 6.5)
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Figure 6.5: Bulbous bowls dating from 1650-1670. 1-3 York Archaeological Trust (Pcodes 05508, 05712 & 05647); 4 & 5 Rayner Collection (Pcodes 02875 & 03675); 6 Dorman Museum, Middlesborough (Pcode 08107). Scale 1:1
. wider from the front of the bowl to the back of the bowl than from side to side appearing more oval in section. Typical of a Yorkshire bulbous form is a large rounded heel suitable for the application of the round stamped marks, which were also typical of the county (see Chapter 8 for a discussion of the mark types).
By the 1660s the true bulbous form had arrived and although it was most common in York and Hull, the form does turn up at centres throughout Yorkshire right through to the 1690s (Figure 6.6). Watkins (1979, 87) suggests that it was York that set the trend for the round bulbous form during the second half of the seventeenth century. The earliest bulbous forms seen in York date from 1650 whereas the earliest date for their production in Hull was 1660 (ibid). The bulbous forms from Yorkshire are very rounded with the main body of the bowl being as wide from front to back as it is from side to side, appearing roughly circular in section. This contrasts with the bulbous forms seen in Lancashire, which are
West
Heel Type Spur Type
Qty 257 17
% 96% 2%
East Qty 949 205
% 82% 18%
As with the previous period, the bowls dating from 16601690 are predominantly heel type bowls although there are some regional variations creeping in. The following table presents the percentage of heel type and spur type bowls for each of the six geographical sub-divisions for Yorkshire for the period 1660-1690.
South Qty 133 19
% 88% 13%
North- west
North-east
Qty 103 3
Qty 119 9
% 97% 9%
% 93% 7%
York & its environs Qty % 470 99% 7 1%
Table 6.6: Quantity and percentage of heel and spur type bowls for the period 1660-1690 from the six geographical sub-divisions in Yorkshire.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 6.6: Yorkshire bulbous forms. 1-3 York Archaeological Trust (Pcodes 5691, 5963 & 1789); 4 & 6 Rayner Collection (Pcodes 4081 & 4001); 5 Humberside Archaeological Partnership (Pcode 6159); 7 & 8 Beck Isle Museum, Pickering (Pcodes 21151 & 21152); 9 Manor House Museum, Ilkley (Pcode 7004); 10-12 Raines Collection (Pcodes 6658, 6569 & 6666). Scale 1:1.
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The figures in Table 6.6 show that the proportion of heel to spur type bowls for the West, North-west, North-east and York is virtually the same as that of the Civil-War period. It is the East and South of the county, however, where there is a marked increase in the number of spur type bowls.
The transitional bowl form in Yorkshire is very long, narrow and forward leaning. In East Yorkshire at centres such as Hull this forward lean becomes very pronounced (Figure 6.7 & Appendix 3 Figures 34.9, 34.10, and 35.1). Whereas in York and other centres in the county this form is less exaggerated.
6.2.5 Transitional forms (1690-1720; Figure 6.7) At the end of the seventeenth century there is a sudden, and rather dramatic change to the forms of the bowls produced in parts of Yorkshire. There is a very rapid move from the rather heavy, bulbous forms of the period 1660-1690 to a very elongated, forward leaning form of the transitional period (1690-1720). The typologies produced for Hull (Watkins 1979) and York (Lawrence 1979) present a small range of forms that are contemporary with the Yorkshire bulbous but have a narrower, more parallel-side, bowl. It appears to be these contemporary forms (Hull Type 3 and York Type 13) and not the bulbous forms that go on to develop into the forward leaning transitional bowls of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century.
By comparing the percentage of heel and spur types again, it is possible to see that there is yet another shift in the figures.
West
Heel Type Spur Type
Qty 38 8
% 83% 17%
East Qty 326 2
% 99% 1%
Interestingly for East Yorkshire, the proportion of spur type bowls that were seen in the period 1660-1690 (18%) drops dramatically in the transitional period to 1%. York and its environs continues to have a very low proportion of spur type bowls with a figure of just 1%. The remaining areas of Yorkshire see a steady increase in the percentage of spur bowl forms with between one quarter and a half of those bowls recorded being spur forms.
South Qty 32 6
% 84% 16%
North- west
North-east
Qty 20 12
Qty 19 9
% 63% 38%
% 68% 32%
York & its environs Qty % 179 99% 1 1%
Table 6.7: Quantity and percentage of heel and spur type bowls for the period 1690-1720 from the six geographical sub-divisions in Yorkshire.
example the West Country with its pronounced overhanging bowl forms (Oswald 1975, 53) and the Midlands where ‘both bases and bowls are smaller than shapes current elsewhere’ (ibid 47). In Yorkshire at the larger centres such as York and Hull the eighteenthcentury bowls are very similar to the London Type 25 (Atkinson & Oswald 1969, 180).
6.2.6
The eighteenth century (1700-1800; Figure 6.8) During the eighteenth century the regional variations within England continue. By the early 1700s the general trend is for a bowl that is more upright with the rim cut parallel to the stem. The thicker, shorter stems of the seventeenth century were gradually replaced with thinner, longer stems in the eighteenth century. Very few eighteenth-century bowls survive in the archaeological record, which may be the result of two factors. The first is the fact that the walls of the bowls were much thinner than had previously been the case. As a result the bowls often break into tiny fragments, which are difficult to recover with the result that they are often under represented in the archaeological record. The second factor is the introduction of snuff, which appears to be the preferred method of taking tobacco in the eighteenth century. For this present research, of the 6,989 bowls recorded only 897, or 12%, date from the eighteenth century.
By the end of the eighteenth century moulded decoration had also emerged as a regular feature of pipe production. In Yorkshire, as with other parts in England, the same basic bowl form is retained but to this is added elaborated moulded designs including flutes with dots (Appendix 3, Figures 123.4 and 124.5), flutes with a stag’s head (Appendix 3, Figures 123.1 and 133.7), and Armorials bearing either a motto or the maker’s name (Appendix 3, Figures 53.3 and 140.5). A discussion of the development and range of mould decorated pipes of the late eighteenth and nineteenth century is beyond the scope of this present research. Where time permitted some late eighteenth-century mould-decorated bowls were recorded but only when associated with stamped makers marks, for example. the Lumley group from Doncaster, were they recorded in detail.
The strong regionalisation that was seen during the seventeenth century continues in the eighteenth century with some centres producing very distinctive forms, for
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 6.7: Transitional bowl forms. 1-2 Rayner Collection (Pcodes 4377 & 3786); 3 Wilberforce House Museum, Hull (Pcode 8220); 4-5 English Heritage Store, Helmsley (Pcodes 21128 & 21114); 6 Doncaster Museum (Pcode 6996); 7 Wakefield Museum & Art Gallery (Pcode 21129); 8-10 York Archaeological Trust (Pcodes 1771, 1843 & 1845); 11 Manor House Museum, Ilkley (Pcode 7034) and 12 Craven Museum, Skipton (Pcode 25140). Scale 1:1.
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Figure 6.8: Eighteenth-century bowl forms. 1 Rayner Collection (Pcode 3933); 2 Pontefract Museum (Pcode 8002); 3 English Heritage Store, Helmsley (Pcode 21096); 4-5 Doncaster Museum (Pcodes 6972 & 24658); 6 Wood Hall Moated Manor (Pcode 7449); 7-9 York Archaeological Trust (Pcodes 5635, 5769 & 5776); 10 Manor House Museum, Ilkley (Pcode 7056); 11 Raines Collection (Pcode 6771) and 12 Tolson Memorial Museum, Huddersfield (Pcode 7762). Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
In addition to the actual measurements, which have been plotted in Figures 6.10 and 6.11, Table 6.8 presents the sample size, range of length and width measurements from each sample and the mean length and width figures for each of the six geographical sub-divisions.
6.3 The regional variation of Yorkshire bowl forms Having outlined the basic evolution of the bowl form in Yorkshire, and the possible influences on those forms from outside the county, this section focuses on the variation of form within Yorkshire. Analysis of the material recorded in Yorkshire focuses on bowls from the periods 1640-1660, 1660-1690 and 1690-1720. The earlier 1580-1640 bowls have not been included as they are virtually indistinguishable from pipes of that period from outside of the county. Post 1720 bowls have not been included first because there are insufficient complete examples from the present study, and second, because regional variation at this time is less apparent. A random sample of pipes from the three date ranges was selected from each of the six geographical sub-divisions within the study area. The maximum width of each bowl was measured to the nearest 0.5mm. The transitional bowls of the period 1690-1720 are rather long, forward leaning bowls and in order for them to be more easily compared to the shorter, more upright bowls of the earlier periods, the length rather than height of the bowls was measured, again to the nearest 0.5mm. The length is taken to be the line from the mid-point of the heel or spur to the mid-point of the rim (see Figure 6.9).
Although the graphs, presented in Figures 6.10 and 6.11, and the mean figures presented in Table 6.8 suggest that there is evidence for regional variation, the differences in the actual mean figures are very slight. In order to test that these perceived differences are in fact real it is necessary to carry out a simple statistical analysis of the data. A one-way Analysis Of Variance test (ANOVA) compares the means of three or more samples and avoids the need to perform multiple T-tests, each of which may introduce a degree of error. What is being tested here is the null hypothesis that the means of the bowl measurements from the different areas are equal. ANOVA calculates a P value, which is the probability that the null hypothesis is true, that is, if the probability is very close to zero it means that the null hypothesis can be rejected and that significant differences between the means from the different areas in Yorkshire do exist. Both the bowl height and bowl width measurements were analysed for the three different date ranges and in each case significant differences were shown to exist (for the detailed results see Appendix 8 Having established that the perceived differences are now real it is possible to draw some conclusions from the evidence presented in Figures 6.10 and 6.11. The first point to notice is that they each geographical area follows the same basic pattern, that is, the bowls gradually become markedly wider but only slightly taller from the period 1640-1660 to the period 1660-1690. By the transitional period, 1690-1720, the bowls narrow again but become markedly longer. This development is not unexpected and follows the same basic pattern as the rest of England. What has not previously been noted, however, are the subtle differences that can be seen from region to region. These differences are discussed chronologically and geographically in the sections 6.3.1 and 6.3.2 below.
6.3.1 Chronological variation During the Civil War period (1640-1660) it is clear that bowls from all parts of Yorkshire were very similar. In West Yorkshire (Figure 6.10 top) during this period (1640-1660) the majority of the bowls appear be slightly narrower than those found in other parts of Yorkshire. The widest range of both width and length measurements appears in South Yorkshire (Figure 6.10 bottom) indicating that Civil War period bowls from this area are generally slightly larger than those from other parts of the county. It was the east and north-east of the county that were producing the longest bulbous bowls for the period
Figure 6.9: Measurement of the maximum length and width.
These measurements were plotted on a series of graphs, one for each geographic sub-division (Figures 6.10 and 6.11), in order to illustrate the range of bowl sizes for each area over time. The blue dotes represent the bowls from the period 1640-1660, the red dots to those from 1660-1690 and the green dots to the Transitional bowls of 1690-1720.
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Geographical sub-division West West West East East East South South South North-west North-west North-west North-east North-east North-east York & environs York & environs York & environs
Date 16401660 16601690 16901720 16401660 16601690 16901720 16401660 16601690 16901720 16401660 16601690 16901720 16401660 16601690 16901720 16401660 16601690 16901720
Sample size 34 57 21 37 65 19 33 62 18 19 43 12 49 66 9 34 43 22
Length Range
Mean Length
Width Range
Mean Width
28.0-35.0 31.456 17.5-20.5 18.809 30.5-40.1 35.133 19.0-26.0 22.439 39.5-52.5 44.476 19.5-24.0 21.224 25.8-38.0 32.022 17.5-21.0 19.081 33.0-43.5 36.900 18.5-26.5 22.438 39.5-53.5 48.263 20.5-24.0 21.816 28.5-39.0 33.197 17.5-22.0 19.455 30.0-41.0 35.758 18.5-25.5 21.960 37.5-50.5 43.889 19.5-22.0 20.778 28.0-36.0 32.526 17.5-22.0 19.472 30.0-39.5 35.151 20.0-25.5 22.500 39.0-50.5 43.750 18.0-23.0 20.750 28.5-36.5 32.459 18.0-22.0 19.592 32.0-44.0 37.091 20.0-36.0 23.409 39.0-53.0 46.167 20.0-24.0 21.833 28.0-35.5 31.603 17.5-21.0 19.103 32.0-39.0 35.523 21.0-25.5 23.500 41.5-53.0 46.000 19.5-23.5 21.818
Table 6.8: The sample size, range of lengths and widths, and mean length and width, for the samples from each of the geographical sub-divisions by period.
in the east (Figure 6.10 middle) and north-east (Figure 6.11 middle) of the county.
1660-1690, although both the average and median figures suggest that it was York that was producing the widest bowls. York and its environs (Figure 6.11 bottom) also produced the tightest group of both widths and lengths for this period suggesting that there was less variation in the overall size of the bulbous bowl in and around York than was seen in other parts of Yorkshire. Although only slightly longer than the bowls of the Civil War period the widths of the bulbous bowls are much greater. During the transitional period (1690-1720) the largest bowls in terms of both width and length are found
6.3.2 Geographical variation The graphs in figures 6.10 and 6.11 clearly show that with the exception of one area, York, all the periods have a certain degree of over-lap suggesting that there was a wider range of overall bowl sizes in most parts of Yorkshire. York is quite different from the other areas as each period is quite separate and discrete. In all areas the bowls from the Civil War period (1640-1660) and the
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
West Yorkshire 55.0 50.0
Length
45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0
20.0
25.0 Width
c1640-1660
30.0 c1660-1690
c1690-1720
East Yorkshire 55.0 50.0
Length
45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0
20.0
25.0 Width
c1640-1660
30.0 c1660-1690
c1690-1720
South Yorkshire 55.0 50.0
Length
45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Width c1640-1660
c1660-1690
c1690-1720
Figure 6.10: Bowl length and width diagrams for West Yorkshire (top); East Yorkshire (middle) and South Yorkshire (bottom) for the periods 1640-1660, 1660-1690 and 1690-1720.
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North-west Yorkshire 55.0 50.0
Length
45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0
20.0
25.0 Width
c1640-1660
30.0 c1660-1690
c1690-1720
North-east Yorkshire 55.0 50.0
Length
45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0
20.0
25.0 Width
c1640-1660
30.0 c1660-1690
c1690-1720
York & its environs 55.0 50.0
Length
45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0
20.0
25.0 Width
c1640-1660
30.0 c1660-1690
c1690-1720
Figure 6.11: Bowl length and width diagrams for North-west Yorkshire (top); North-east Yorkshire (middle) and York and its environs (bottom) for the periods 1640-1660, 1660-1690 and 1690-1720.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
gradually replaced by the larger, thin walled, more up right bowls of the mid eighteenth century, which then give way to the mould-decorated bowls of the late eighteenth century. What is clear is that even within these broad parameters there is strong evidence for regional variation. For example in the east and south of the county there appears to be a move towards spur forms rather than heel forms during the period 1660-1690, and during the transitional period (1690-1720) the makers in the east of the county opted for a long, wide bowl form with a pronounced forward lean as opposed to those in the south who preferred a shorter, narrower form.
bulbous forms (1660-1690) are of a very similar length and width with the most marked changes occurring in the transitional period (1690-1720). The overall length of the pipes of the transitional period (1690-1720) from the south and north west of the county are much shorter than any of the other geographical areas as well as being narrower, with an average width of just 20.8mm. In the east and north-east of the county those pipes from the transitional period (1690-1720) have a greater range of bowl widths and lengths and are generally larger than in the other geographical areas (Figures 6.10 middle and 6.11 middle).
Having now considered the development of the Yorkshire bowl form, the following chapter goes on to consider the finishing techniques employed by the pipe-makers.
The graphs for the west (Figure 6.10 top) and the northwest (Figure 6.11 top) of the county are quite similar with only a slight overlap between the groups of pipes. With the exception of a particularly narrow pipe from Northwest Yorkshire, all the bowls from the transitional period (1690-1720) are basically the same size as those from the West of the county. 6.4 Summary and conclusions This chapter has considered a number of elements in the development of the bowl form that allow interesting conclusions relating to the pipe industry to be drawn. A survey of the pipe producing areas bordering Yorkshire suggests that neither Tyneside, to the north, or Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire, to the south, had any great influence on the pipes being produced in Yorkshire. There is also little evidence to suggest that Yorkshire made any significant impact on her neighbours to the north or south. What is apparent, however is that across England there is a broad band, which developed a bulbous tradition in the second half of the seventeenth century. This band includes parts of Lancashire, south Cumbria and Yorkshire. Although there are clearly variations within this band the distinctive large, round bowl dominates the assemblages from these three areas. Along the east coast of Yorkshire, London was clearly an influencing factor right into the eighteenth century. Further a field there is evidence to suggest that, the export of Hull products may have been influencing the makers in parts of Scandinavia, although the forms here are referred to as ‘English’ models and not specifically Yorkshire or Hull. To a lesser degree there was clearly links with the Netherlands in the early part of the seventeenth century through the movement of Yorkshire makers, rather than actual products. Although some links can be seen through the bowl forms themselves, it is the seventeenth century and particularly the eighteenth century, style of the makers’ marks and the positioning of those marks that show the greatest regional variation – the subject of chapter 8. In terms of the evolution of the bowl form it is clear that the material from Yorkshire displays the same basic trends that are seen elsewhere in England. The small, thick walled bowls of the early seventeenth century were
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7:
dates derived from the application of the Binford formula are almost certainly too early’ (ibid). In 1975 a series of small groups from Chester were analysed using the Harrington and Binford methods (Davey 1975). This study showed that up to c1730 stem-bore dates, even for quite small groups, were ‘reasonably reliable’ (Rutter and Davey 1980, 267), however after c1750 stem-bore dates were considered to be ‘very misleading’ and that the method did ‘not appear to be any more precise or reliable than the traditional study of bowl forms’ (Davey 1975, 33-34). In 1980 Rutter and Davey published a detailed survey of the pipes from Chester. During the course of this survey there was an opportunity to test the earlier stem-bore findings by analysing a much larger sample. This analysis, of fifteen excavated groups, confirmed the findings of the earlier study and concluded that ‘for most excavated groups of any size the character of the bowls present are likely to be more use than the stem-bore dates’ (Rutter and Davey 1980, 268). The basis for the whole subject of stem-bore dating is that the bores become progressively smaller through time. Analysis of a group of pipes from St Stephen’s, Norwich, however showed that the Norwich pipe-makers went against the national trend by using progressively thicker wires through the seventeenth century (Atkin and Davey 1985, 309-324). This example highlights a point raised by Oswald (1975, 93) who noted that ‘the rate of decrease of bore diameter was subject to local variation’.
Finishing techniques and stem-bore analysis
7.0 Introduction In this chapter those methods and techniques employed in the finishing of a clay tobacco pipe that leave an indelible mark will be examined. The stem-bore and how this changes over time, is discussed first, followed by a section on the use of milling as a means of finishing the bowl rim as well as a means of applying decoration to either the bowl or the stem. Finally, the application of burnishing and its possible use as an indicator of social status will be considered. Each section concludes with an analysis of the data recorded from Yorkshire both geographically and chronologically in order to highlight any regional variations within the county. 7.1 Stem-bores One of the debates that has been raging in the field of pipe research since the early 1950s is that of the use and validity of stem-bore analysis as a statistical method of dating pipe stem fragments. This analysis relies on the fact that stem-bores gradually decrease in size over time, translated into increments of 64th of an inch as bores are traditionally measured with the butt ends of a set of imperial drill bits (Harrington 1954). In his initial survey Harrington (ibid) measured a total of 330 seventeenthand eighteenth-century fragments from sites on the east coast of America. He was able to show that from 16201800 the diameter of a stem-bore decreased and he devised a series of bar charts that provided the likely date for each bore within a broader date range. For example, a pipe with a stem-bore of 7/64” could date from between 1620 and 1710, according to Harrington’s charts, but within that range the most likely date would be 16501680. This system was refined in 1962 by L R Binford who presented a straight-line regression formula, Y=1931.85-38.26X where Y is the desired date and X is the average stem-bore. Binford’s formula came under some criticism in 1969 when Hanson argued that as the relationship between the date and bore was non-linear a series of equations should be used rather than a single formula.
Discussions into the subject of stem-bore dating have continued since Harrington and Binford first presented their methods. These include Omwake (1967), Hanson (1971), Heighton and Deagan (1972) and Alexander (1979 and 1983). In the absence of datable bowls the analysis of stem-bores can provide a reasonable date range, albeit a wide one, but as Oswald (1975, 94) points out, it is unlikely that in a sample of sufficient size to produce a reliable stem-bore date there would be insufficient bowls to provide a reasonably reliable date to within 30 years. Assuming that at any given period all pipe-makers used roughly the same diameter wire to produce the bore, there were a number of actions during the production process that could distort or alter the bore, which should also be taken into account. The most obvious is the use of two wires, a moulding wire, which was used to create the bore, and a trimming wire, which was used to add strength to the pipe in its leather hard state during trimming. In Jung (2003) there is an account of pipe production covering every step from the preparation of the clay to the removal of the fired pipes from the kiln, written by John Pollock in 1952. This account includes a description of a moulding wire, one end of which had a wooden handle. The account goes on to say that the other end was ‘to be burred with a file to make what is called a button. This button on the wire makes it easier to wire the roll and to clear the hole when the wire is drawn out. If the wire has no button on it, the hole will suck or
Both the Harrington and Binford methods have been applied with some degree of accuracy for material from North America, although Audrey Noel Hume tested Binford’s formula at 13 sites in Virginia in 1963 and found that the dates given were not reliable after c1760 (Walker 1967, 94). Hume also noted that a sample of a minimum of 900-1000 fragments were necessary to ‘provide a consistently reliable date’ (Noel Hume 1962, 22). When applied to English material Belcher and Jarrett (1971), working at West Welpington in Northumberland, found that neither Harrington’s nor Binford’s method was applicable for pipes from c1720 onwards in the Northeast of England. They concluded by stating that ‘the Harrington method is not applicable to the dating of north-eastern pipes at this period’ and that ‘the median
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
fragments from the same kiln group. A total of eight reconstructed mouthpiece and stems were examined, with overall lengths measuring between 23mm and 219mm. As with the bowls there were at least two and as many as six breaks in the reconstructed sections. The mouthpiece ends did show a slight variation in stem–bore diameter in that two of the examples measured 5/64” at the very tip with an increase to 6/64” at the first break before narrowing again to 5/64” by the second break. In both instances, however, this variation occurred within 30mm of the tip and all of the other breaks measured 5/64”. This sample suggests that the stem-bore tended to be uniform for all but its very last section. The mouthpiece end would have been handled as the moulding and trimming wires were withdrawn, which may have resulted in the bore becoming enlarged at this point as the clay was squeezed against the wire. Overall, however, the degrees of variation found within the stem-bore of any one pipe was very slight and supports Harrington’s assertion that the bore was uniform apart from the tip.
shrink when the wire is drawn out’. From contemporary accounts of pipe production it is known that as the moulding wire became worn one end was to be rounded by a hammer in order that the clay could more easily be drawn onto the wire. The stem-bore would therefore vary as the button became worn down, and would change again when it was freshly burred over. The insertion of the trimming wire, no matter how carefully, provides the potential for the bore to be distorted again. A bowl fragment from Queen Street in Hull (Pcode 6410) (Figure 7.1) illustrates what can happen when the trimming wire is incorrectly inserted - it has two bores one 6/64” the other 7/64”. The smaller bore may well have resulted from compression of the surrounding clay as the second hole was made.
Analysis of the material from Yorkshire has identified examples where bowls from the same mould, and therefore presumably produced by the same maker, have different sized bores. For example two bowls were recorded in the Wilberforce House Museum Hull, both from the same mould (Pcode 8136 and Pcode 8138), one had a stem-bore of 8/64” while the other had a bore of 5/64”. Although this shows that one maker may have been using different sized wires in his workshop it does not, however, suggest that there was significant differences along the bore of a single pipe. There is no doubt that the basic theory behind stem-bore analysis is sound, in that it identifies the gradual decrease in the size of the bore over time, although there are clearly some exceptions, as demonstrated by the Norwich group from St Stephens (Atkin and Davey 1985, 309324). The main disadvantage of the theory, however, is that it tries to encompass a wide range of regional, chronological, production and human variables within a single mathematical formula. Pipe-makers were practical people who would have used whatever they could most easily find for the wires that would produce the stembores. Even as recently as the twentieth century pipemakers are known to have been using the wires from old umbrellas to produce a stem-bore (Gordon Pollock, pers comm.). There is no reason to believe that the earlier makers would have been any less resourceful. In spite of these various drawbacks, however, stem-bore analysis can clearly contribute to the dating and interpretation of groups of clay tobacco pipes especially if it is used in conjunction with other techniques.
Figure 7.1: Pipe bowl recovered from excavations at Queen Street, Hull (HQS90 (98)) showing two bore holes. Photograph by P Rayner. In 1954 Harrington noted that an examination of the long stem fragments in his sample showed that the diameter throughout was constant, the only exception occurring at the mouthpiece end where the hole was enlarged by the action of removing the wire. Harrington (ibid) does not say how far along the stem this distortion goes. In order to try and assess the extent of any distortion a group of pipes from a kiln site in Bridge Road, Broseley, Shropshire dating from c1720 was examined. This site produced a large number of joining fragments, which meant that the bore could be measured at intervals along the length of the stem. In total ten bowls with joining stem fragments were analysed, each pipe reconstructed to between 47mm and 260mm from the back of the spur to the end of the broken stem. In each case there were between two and five breaks at which point the bore could be measured. Every break produced a measurement of 5/64”. A similar exercise was carried out with a group of mouthpieces and joining stem
In order to consider the use of stem-bore analysis with regard to material from Yorkshire two studies have been carried out. The first looks at clay tobacco pipes recovered from excavations at Pontefract Castle, in particular those fragments recovered from the lower fills
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of a garderobe shaft (Contexts 97, 99, 103 and 106) and those from a countermine shaft (Contexts 113, 115 and 209) all dating to the Civil War occupation of the site
Ctxt 097 099 103 113 115 209 Totals
B
0
9/64” S M 1
1
0
8/64” S M 2 13 3 3 6 1 1
B 2
1 6
2 23
5
(c1644-1649). The count of bowls (B), stems (S) and mouthpieces (M) for the stems bores 9/64” to 6/64” from each of these seven contexts is given in the Table 7.1.
B 5 26 29 4 2 15 81
7/64” S 4 100 55 10
M 1 3 3 1
14 183
8
6/64” S M 1 16 24 3 6 1 4 3 8 11 28 49 0 B
Totals 16 185 106 21 5 51 384
Table 7.1: Count of bowls, stems and mouthpieces for stems bores 9/64” to 6/64” for bowls from the Civil War countermine shaft and garderobe at Pontefract Castle.
By using the figures in the above table it is possible to obtain an average stem-bore of 6.91/64” for all fragments. By using Binford’s method this translates to a median date of 1667 ±15 (1659-1674). If the same calculation is done for the bowls only, an average stembore of 6.80/64” is obtained which translates into a median date of 1671 ±15 (1664-1679). Although both dates clearly fall outside of the Civil War period, it is clear that there is a difference of only 0.11/64”, translating to a median date of four years, between the sample that contains all fragments and that, which contains just the bowls. With the exception of the excavated material from Pontefract castle, few well-dated groups have been recorded for this present research. The examination of the Civil War sample from Pontefract suggests that there is very little difference between groups comprising bowls, stems and mouthpieces and those with just bowls. This shows that at Pontefract the stem-bore analysis produced a completely erroneous date for the pipe group. It also shows that there was a negligible difference between the median date produced by analysis of the whole group and from analysis of the bowls only.
formula Z=XY)X where Z is the average bore, X is the number of examples for any given bore and Y is the size of the bore. Figure 7.2 shows the relationship between Binford’s bores and dates and those for the county of Yorkshire as a whole. It is clear that the closest correlation between Binford’s dates and those for the Yorkshire material only really occurs between about 1650 and 1700. The relatively small sample sizes for the earliest and latest pipes may skew the data slightly, but even if these figures are discounted there is still a marked difference between the bores and dates suggested by Binford method and those in the Yorkshire sample. By treating the bores for each of the six geographical subdivisions in the same way it is possible to see what the variation is within the county itself (Figure 7.3). This figure clearly shows that there is marked regional variation at any given period. For example the bore for a pipe dating from c1625 ranges from between 6/64” and 7/64”, and for a pipe dating from c1700 between 5/64” and 6/64”. Interestingly the graph shows that in Yorkshire, the same stem-bore occurs over a quite long time period. For example, this study has shown that pipes with a stem-bore of 7/64” were produced over a period of nearly a century between c1595 and 1675. In contrast, pipes with a 6/64” bore were only found from between c1690 and 1705.
The second test, therefore examined all the bowls and marked stems with measurable bores recorded from the county for this present research, excluding those fragments that were clearly imported. These counts were translated into percentages of the whole sample for the seven broad date ranges.
The variation between the six geographical sub-divisions within Yorkshire becomes even more evident when the actual number of examples is plotted for each individual bore (Figures 7.4 and 7.5). If the figures for the earliest and latest date range are ignored on the grounds that they are too small to be statistically valid, general trends can still be seen. These charts highlight the use of a given bore over time for the different areas within the county. The chart for a bore of 8/64” for example (Figure 7.4, middle), shows that for the period 1610-1640 this
For ease of comparison, Binford’s straight-line regression formula was used. In order to make the Yorkshire material comparable the mid-point of the date range for each bowl was chosen, for example for a bowl dated to 1640-1660 the mid-point date of 1650 was used, and for 1690-1720 the date of 1695 was used etc. The average bore for the Yorkshire material was calculated using the
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
contributing factors that determine the age of a particular fragment not the diameter of the stem-bore alone.
particular bore size is most commonly being used by the makers in and around York, whereas those makers in the rest of the county are more commonly using a bore of 7/64” at the same period (Figure 7.4, bottom).
By plotting the Yorkshire material against the straightline suggested by Binford the intention was neither to prove nor disprove his basic theory, it was simply to show that for Yorkshire at least, this method of dating stem-bores is not very reliable. The purpose of this analysis was to examine the raw data from the present study area in order to try to reassess the validity of stembore theory. This study has, for the first time, looked at stem-bores over a wide geographical area. By doing so it has shown that Binford’s theory is too simplistic and inappropriate for material from within the present study area, which exhibits regional variation and where a range of bores were in use at any one time. These bores do not change at a set pace over time and so a simple straight line regression will not work, a curved line provides much more realistic results.
Using Binford’s method, the suggested date for a mean bore of 4/64” would be 1778.81, the Yorkshire graph for this bore (Figure 7.5, bottom) however, shows that there are some examples of this bore size from the period 1690-1720, particularly in and around York. The number of occurrences then rises in the period 1700-1750 with 4/64” being most common in the east and west of the county Fragments with a bore of 3/64” are extremely rare and for the whole of Yorkshire only six examples were recorded, three from East Yorkshire, one from West Yorkshire, one from South Yorkshire and one from the north-east of the county. Given the small number of examples no individual chart was produced for 3/64” bore.
As an alternative for the dating of stem-bores from Yorkshire, a date band is suggested (Figure 7.6) whereby for any given date or bore a likely range is given. For example for a date of 1650 an average bore size of between just over 6/64” and just over 7/64” could be expected, alternatively an average bore size of 6/64” would suggest a date of between 1682 and 1706. Rather than present a single date for any given stem-bore, this band system provides at date with a ∀figure in much the same way a radiocarbon dates. Suggested date ranges for Yorkshire during the period c1580-1775 are therefore presented in Table 7.2.
The full count and percentages for each bore by geographical sub-division is given in the Data Summaries in Appendix 7. 7.1.1 Stem-bores – summary The debate over the use and validity of stem-bore analysis is one that will no doubt continue in the world of pipe research for many years to come. The general consensus of opinion seems to be that large samples are required if the results are to be considered reliable and only then in particular areas. Researchers also appear to be in agreement over the different factors that can affect the bore itself, such as the methods employed in the actual production of the pipe and in the variability that almost certainly existed in the diameter of the wires used by the actual makers. There is also evidence to suggest that there is some variation in the bore of a single pipe and further work on these variations would clearly be useful. The evidence of the Pontefract analysis and the Broseley study, however, suggests that variation along the stem is not particularly pronounced. In particular, the Pontefract study has shown that only a very small difference in the median stem-bore was found when just the bowls as opposed to all the fragments were measured. This shows that comparable stem-bore data can be gathered from bowl fragments alone. As a general rule, the dating of stems is not based simply on the size of the bore but on a number of contributing factors. If presented with a stem fragment for dating the overall appearance of the pipe is a contributing factor; how thick or thin is it? Is it circular or more oval in section? Does it have a marked taper? Is it burnished? If a stem is thick with a marked taper and is burnished it is most likely to date from the seventeenth century irrespective of the size of the bore. Equally if the stem is quite thin, with parallel sides and no burnish or taper it is most likely to date from the nineteenth century. Experience shows that it is these
Stembore 8/64” 7/64” 6/64” 5/64” 4/64”
Median Date 1600 1650 1700 1720 1775
+ Years +15 +90 +25 +75 +15
Overall Date Range 1592-1607 1605-1695 1687-1712 1682-1757 1767-1782
Table 7.2: Suggested date ranges over which particular bores were produced. Provided that sufficient data could be collected from other areas from England similar band diagrams could be generated.
7.2 Milling Two main forms of milling are considered here. Firstly milling that has been applied to the rim of the bowl, and secondly milling that has been used as a decorative element placed elsewhere on the bowl, for example on the heel, or on the stem.
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9
1587.51
1625.77
8
1664.03
7
1702.55
Stem Bore
6
1740.55
5
1778.81
4
1817.07
3
2 1550
1600
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
Date Binford
Figure 7.2: Binford’s line regression with the average bores for the whole of Yorkshire.
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Yorkshire
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
1587.51
9
1625.77
8
1664.03
7
1702.55
Stem Bore
6
1740.55
5
1778.81
4
1817.07
3
2 1550
1600
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
Date Binford
West
East
South
North-east
York and environs
North West
Figure 7.3 Binford’s line regression with the average bores for each of the six geographical sub-divisions within Yorkshire.
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100
Stems with 9/64 bore
90
West
80
East
70
South
60 50
Northwest Northeast York
40 30 20 10 0 1580-1610
1610-1640
100
1640-1660
1660-1690
1690-1720
1700-1750
1750-1800
Stems with 8/64 Bore
90
West
80
East
70
South
60 50
Northwest Northeast York
40 30 20 10 0 1580-1610
1610-1640
100
1640-1660
1660-1690
1690-1720
1700-1750
1750-1800
Stems with 7/64 bore
90
West
80
East
70 South
60 50
Northwest
40 30
Northeast
20
York
10 0 1580-1610
1610-1640
1640-1660
1660-1690
1690-1720
1700-1750
1750-1800
Figure 7.4: Plots of the percentages for each of the six geographical sub-divisions in Yorkshire for 9/64” bore (top), 8/64” bore (middle) and 7/64” bore (bottom).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
100
Stems with 6/64 Bore
90
West
80
East
70
South
60 50
Northwest Northeast York
40 30 20 10 0 1580-1610
1610-1640
1640-1660
100
1660-1690
1690-1720
1700-1750
1750-1800
Stems with 5/64 Bore
90
West
80
East
70
South
60 50
Northwest Northeast York
40 30 20 10 0 1580-1610
1610-1640
100
1640-1660
1660-1690
1690-1720
1700-1750
1750-1800
Stems with 4/64 Bore
90
West
80
East
70 South
60 50
Northwest
40 30
Northeast
20
York
10 0 1580-1610
1610-1640
1640-1660
1660-1690
1690-1720
1700-1750
1750-1800
Figure 7.5: Plots of the percentages for each of the six geographical sub-divisions in Yorkshire for 6/64” bore (top), 5/64” bore (middle) and 4/64” bore (bottom).
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West Yorkshire
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
M0 M1 M2 M3
1750-1800
1700-1750
1690-1720
1660-1690
1640-1660
1610-1640
1580-1610
M4
East Yorkshire
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
M0 M1 M2 M3
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
1750-1800
1700-1750
1690-1720
1660-1690
1640-1660
1610-1640
1580-1610
M4
South Yorkshire M0 M1 M2 M3
1750-1800
1700-1750
1690-1720
1660-1690
1640-1660
1610-1640
1580-1610
M4
Figure 7.7: Plots of the percentages for each milling index from West Yorkshire (top), East Yorkshire (middle) and South Yorkshire (bottom).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
North-west Yorkshire M0 M1 M2 M3
100
1750-1800
1700-1750
1690-1720
1660-1690
1640-1660
1610-1640
1580-1610
M4
North-east Yorkshire
90 80
M0
70
M1
60
M2
50
M3
40
M4
30 20 10
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
17501800
17001750
16901720
16601690
16401660
16101640
15801610
0
York and its environs M0 M1 M2 M3
1750-1800
1700-1750
1690-1720
1660-1690
1640-1660
1610-1640
1580-1610
M4
Figure 7.8: Plots of the percentages for each milling index from North-west Yorkshire (top), North-east Yorkshire (middle) and York and its environs (bottom).
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West Yorkshire
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
M0 M1 M2 M3
1750-1800
1700-1750
1690-1720
1660-1690
1640-1660
1610-1640
1580-1610
M4
East Yorkshire
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
M0 M1 M2 M3
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
1750-1800
1700-1750
1690-1720
1660-1690
1640-1660
1610-1640
1580-1610
M4
South Yorkshire M0 M1 M2 M3
1750-1800
1700-1750
1690-1720
1660-1690
1640-1660
1610-1640
1580-1610
M4
Figure 7.7: Plots of the percentages for each milling index from West Yorkshire (top), East Yorkshire (middle) and South Yorkshire (bottom).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
North-west Yorkshire M0 M1 M2 M3
100
1750-1800
1700-1750
1690-1720
1660-1690
1640-1660
1610-1640
1580-1610
M4
North-east Yorkshire
90 80
M0
70
M1
60
M2
50
M3
40
M4
30 20 10
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
17501800
17001750
16901720
16601690
16401660
16101640
15801610
0
York and its environs M0 M1 M2 M3
1750-1800
1700-1750
1690-1720
1660-1690
1640-1660
1610-1640
1580-1610
M4
Figure 7.8: Plots of the percentages for each milling index from North-west Yorkshire (top), North-east Yorkshire (middle) and York and its environs (bottom).
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Site Tot As. Tot B Tot S Tot M Reading Oracle, Berkshire 3749 828 2836 85 Bewsey Old Hall, Cheshire 2687 397 2219 71 Launceston Castle, Cornwall 3438 501 2875 62 Bestwall Quarry, Wareham, Dorset 1250 217 1009 24 Portland Castle, Dorset 149 20 121 8 Camber Castle, East Sussex 457 100 352 5 South Church Hall, Essex 724 116 598 10 Layers 18-20, Rainford, Merseyside 7536 1003 6007 526 Oxford Castle, Oxfordshire 763 186 564 13 Sackler Library, Oxford 163 34 120 9 Tutbury Castle, Staffordshire 274 49 217 8 Pontefract Castle, West Yorkshire 3420 766 2498 156 Sandal Castle, West Yorkshire 1551 310 1200 41 Wood Hall Moated Manor, West Yorkshire 1936 294 1606 36
B 665 110 373 216 18 41 50 1003 139 17 44 544 310 221
S 2502 426 2614 984 109 122 461 6007 541 97 173 1486 1170 2217
M MS % S MH %H MB 78 2 0.08 0 0.00 0 9 3 0.70 0 0.00 0 36 14 0.54 0 0.00 0 21 6 0.61 3 1.39 0 7 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 2 1 0.82 0 0.00 0 4 1 0.22 0 0.00 0 526 23 0.35 0 0.00 2 12 1 0.18 0 0.00 0 6 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 7 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 61 6 0.40 79 14.52 0 34 2 0.17 34 10.97 2 11 0 0.00 2 0.90 0
%B 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.65 0.00
Table 7.3: Number of seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century milled stems, heels and bowls from a selection of English sites. having been noted from Surrey (Higgins 1981), Lincoln (Mann 1977), Gloucester (Peacey 1996), Sussex (Higgins 2001a), Chelmsford (Peacey 1996), and Coventry (Muldoon 1979). Occasionally milled bands are applied to stems in conjunction with stamped marks thereby creating a much more elaborate decorative motif. For example, the excavations at Launceston Castle in Cornwall (Higgins, forthcoming C) produced two bowl fragments, both stamped with a CB mark on the heel. This is a previously unrecorded maker believed to have been working in or around Launceston. In addition to the stamped heel, the stems have a latticework of milled bands with a small stamped motif applied to the blank diamond-shaped areas on the stem created by the milling. This combination of milled bands and stamped marks appears to be rather rare and may well be an indication of a particular style of decoration peculiar to Cornwall.
are considered in turn looking first, at the evidence for England and concluding with an analysis of the evidence from Yorkshire. 7.2.3 Milled stems The application of milling on stems appears to occur either as a means of disguising damage caused to the stem during production (Higgins 1982, 204), or as a purely decorative element (Davey and White 2002, 226249). Occasionally pipes are recovered where a band, or bands, of milling have been applied over a distorted or bulging area on the stem in an attempt to disguise damaged caused to the stem prior to firing. Such examples have been recorded from Staines in Surrey (Higgins 1981, 286 Fig 45.9) and Gloucester (Peacey 1996). There are no known examples from Yorkshire where milling has been used in this way.
The number of milled stems recorded from three sites in Yorkshire together with those from a number of sites in the rest of England is given in Table 7.3 above. By plotting these figures on a bar chart it is possible to get a clearer picture of how common this form of ‘decoration’ was. The bars in grey are the samples where there are 800+ fragments, those bars that are in black indicate the samples with fewer than 800 fragments.
More commonly stems were milled to produce a decorative effect. This could range from a single band of milling to more elaborate designs comprising a combination of vertical and diagonal bands. Parsons (1964, 248) suggests that such designs may have been used as a means of indicating the balance point of the pipe. This is clearly not the case, however, with either a group from Quay Street, Gloucester (Peacey 1996, 243) or a group from Rainford (Higgins, 1982, 206). In both instances pipe fragments were recovered with milling occurring at various places along the full length of the stem.
It is clear from the chart below that the percentage of milled stems from a range of sites in England is very low, less than 1% for all the sites examined. If, on average there is less than one milled stem in every 100 plain stems then the larger the sample, the more reliable the results. As small samples could easily skew the data, samples of at least 800 to 1,000 fragments are required to give a reasonably accurate indication of frequency.
By surveying published pipe reports it is clear that milled stems do occur throughout England with odd examples
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
1.20
Percentage
1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20
Wood Hall Moated Manor, West Yorkshire
Sandal Castle, West Yorkshire
Pontefract Castle, West Yorkshire
Camber Castle, Sussex
Tutbury Castle, Staffordshire
Sackler Library, Oxford
Oxford Castle, Oxfordshire
Layers 18-20, Rainford, Merseyside
South Church Hall, Essex
Portland Castle, Dorset
Bestwall Quarry, Wareham, Dorset
Launceston Castle, Cornwall
Bewsey Old Hall, Cheshire
Reading Oracle, Berkshire
0.00
Sites Figure 7.9: Percentage of milled stems for the period c1600-1740 from a range of sites throughout England. The different coloured bars denote sample size - black is less than 800 and grey is more than 800.
During the course of this research where groups of stems were available, and when time permitted, a search was made for milled stems so that a record could be made. Regrettably, most of the museum collections that were visited had a bias towards complete bowls and very few stems were retained, unless they were part of a deposit from an archaeological unit. In contrast the collections held by archaeological units often retained large collections of stems and, with limited time available to record these collections, priority had to be given to the recording of bowls and pipe fragments with stamped marks.
The three Yorkshire sites where all the fragments were available for study are all in West Yorkshire. They are Wood Hall Moated Manor, which yielded 933 seventeenth-century stems, Pontefract Castle, which yielded 1,486 seventeenth-century stems, and Sandal Castle, where there were 1,150 seventeenth-century stems. In addition to the sites listed in Table 7.3 there is one site, which has yielded an unusually high number of milled stems, but that was not included in Figure 7.9 as the percentage was so much higher than the other sites, as to render them difficult to read. The site is Quay Street in Gloucester, which produced 6,415 clay pipe fragments of which 107, or 1.6%, had milled bands (Peacey in litt.). Given the figures that have been produced for other sites in England (see Figure 7.9) it is clear that this site stands out as being something quite different. A preliminary analysis of milled stems in England does not suggest that a figure of 1.6% was the norm for Gloucestershire, but that something rather unusual was happening. The site at Quay Street is a kiln and the occurrence of milled stems in such high numbers would suggest that this may simply be a foible of the particular pipe-maker in question. Only further analysis of material from around Gloucester will determine whether or not this is the case.
A type series was devised in order to record the milled stems from Yorkshire as quickly and efficiently as possible. There are seven main types (Figure 7.10) covering the patterns of milled bands most commonly encountered in the study area. Of the 101 milled stems that were recorded from Yorkshire, all but 11 were assigned a specific type. The numbers and types recorded for each area appear in the following table. The column headed 0 denotes those stems where a specific type was not recorded.
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Figure 7.10: Type series for milled stem decoration.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Type 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total:
W Yorks
1 2 1
4
E Yorks 8 32 12 2 14 14 3
S Yorks 1 1
85
2
NW Yorks
0
NE Yorks 1
York & environs 1 1
1 1
1
3
3
Table 7.4: Number of examples for each type of stem milling from the county of Yorkshire.
towers to the rear of the college of Vicars Choral at the Cathedral. The group included seven bowls dating from 1660-1680, all with a single band of milling running across the line of the pipe that is, from side to side. In her survey of clay tobacco pipes recovered from excavations in Lincoln, Mann (1977) includes in her catalogue eight milled heels ranging in date from 1660 to 1710, none of which are illustrated.
The survey of milled stems in Yorkshire shows that there is a concentration in East Yorkshire. This concentration is more apparent than real as it includes a large collection recovered from fields around Beverley (The Rayner Collection). None of the plain stems recovered from these fields were retained therefore it is difficult to say with any certainty what the proportion of milled stems to plain stems would have been. The original number of stems, however, is estimated to be in the region of 19,000 (Rayner pers comm.), which would mean the milled stems only made up 0.4% of that total. This figure is directly comparable with those of other sites in England suggesting that although the actual count of milled stems from Beverley is very high it is not an indication that anything unusual was happening - the Rayner Collection is simply very large. What the Rayner Collection does provide, however, is an indication of the range of patterns that occurred on these milled stems.
In addition to the Lincoln material there are a small number of isolated instances of milled heels - Horsham in Sussex (Higgins 1981, 253 fig 12.5) on a heel dating from 1680-1710; Spalding, Lincolnshire (Wells 1979, 124 fig 1.1) on a heel dating from 1660-1680; the Boston area (ibid fig 1.8) on a heel dating from 1680-1730 with the moulded initials of a unknown maker (TC) on the sides of the heel; Suffolk (Higgins 1985c, 297 fig 4.58) with a milled cross on the heel of a bowl dating from 1660-1680; and an unprovenanced bowl in the Newarke Houses Museum, Leicester (ibid fig 4.57) with a single band of milling on the heel of a bowl dating from 16601680.
This survey has shown that, although milled stems do occur in the county, they are neither more or less frequent than in any other part of England, and that higher numbers of examples may simply be either the result of a particular collecting policy, or the foible of one particular maker rather than a regional trend. A range of milled bowls and stems recovered from Yorkshire sites are illustrated in Figure 7.12.
The number of published milled heels contrasts quite markedly with the number recorded in Yorkshire for this present research, a total of 232 examples. A breakdown of that total by geographical sub-division site is illustrated in figure 7.11.
7.2.4 Milling on or near the heel or spur The milling on or immediately adjacent to the heel or spur appears to be far less common throughout England. In the survey of UK sites listed in Table 7.3 above the only site to yield milled heels, outside of Yorkshire, was Bestwell Quarry near Wareham in Dorset (Higgins, forthcoming D). This particular site produced just three examples, 1.39% of all the seventeenth-century bowls recovered, with a date range of 1610-1700.
It is clear from Figure 7.11 that there are higher numbers of milled heels in West Yorkshire than in any other part of the county, with 123 examples. This high figure is due to the presence of two sites that yielded large numbers of milled heels – Pontefract Castle with 79 examples and Sandal Castle with 34 examples. An analysis of the positioning of heel milling from Pontefract Castle and Sandal Castle show three positions where the milling was applied to the heel. The first, and most common, is across the line of the pipe, that is, from side to side. Normally a single band of milling was applied but occasionally there are two or more parallel
A survey of published material revealed a group of pipes with milled heels from Vicars’ Court, Lincoln (White 1979c). This group comprised a number of pipes recovered from the lowest fill of one of the garderobe
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Number of examples
140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 East Riding of Yorkshire
North-east Yorkshire
North-west Yorkshire
South Yorkshire West Yorkshire
York and its environs
Geographical sub-division
Figure 7.11: Number of milled heels for each of the six geographical sub-divisions for the period 1600-1750.
In Yorkshire only nine examples where milling occurs on the bowl were recorded for this present research. Only one of these examples can clearly be called decorative. It is a spur bowl from the Rayner Collection (Figure 7.12, No.4) dating from 1650-1690. The bowl has a groove around the rim and on the stem and is decorated with seven bands of milling on the left-hand side of the bowl, and six bands of milling on the right-hand side of the bowl. In addition to the milled bands there are a number of small, randomly applied, wheel stamps. There are three of these stamped marks facing the smoker and a further 16 away from the smoker.
bands (Figure 7.12, No.6). The second is along the line of the pipe, that is, from front to back (Figure 7.12, No.7). Finally, in a position that only seems to occur at Pontefract and Sandal, across the underside of the stem immediately behind the heel (Figure 7.12, No.3). There were 23 examples of this type of milling from Pontefract and 12 examples from Sandal, all on similar bowl forms, some of which may have been produced in the same mould. This is a very unusual place to apply a band of milling and appears, not only to be unique to Yorkshire, but unique to these two specific sites. 7.2.5 Milling on the bowl itself Having considered the application of milling to the stem and the heel or spur the final place where milling might occur is on the bowl itself. This is perhaps the least common of the places where milled bands occur. The definition of ‘elsewhere on the bowl’ is any position on the body of the bowl itself where milled bands have been deliberately applied as a means of decoration or in a position where it cannot be considered a sloppy application of rim milling.
Of the remaining milled bowls from Yorkshire there are two with a simple band of milling facing the smoker, one from the Rayner Collection (Pcode 4084) and one from Tollesby (Pcode 25210). In both cases the additional band of milling appears to be deliberate. The milling on the remaining six bowls, however, stands out as being a little different. A small band of milling has been applied to the very base of the bowl away from the smoker. There are three examples from Pontefract Castle (Figure 7.12, No.1), two from Sandal Castle (Figure 7.12, No.2), and one unprovenanced pipe bowl from the Pontefract area. The positioning of these milled bands is rather unusual and appears to be unique to Yorkshire, more specifically to West Yorkshire.
There are very few published examples that show bowl milling. Higgins (1982, 205) illustrates three bowls from Rainford but in all three cases the milling is considered the result of ‘…obvious milling errors…’ rather than an attempt at decoration. From Chester, Rutter and Davey (1980, 61) illustrate a bowl with two bands of milling crossed on the bowl facing the smoker. A band of milling has been neatly applied around the rim and it is difficult to see how such an arrangements of the crossed milled bands could be considered a milling error. It is therefore most likely that this cross was a deliberate action on the part of the pipe-maker and an attempt at a simple form of decoration.
7.2.6 Milling – summary The plots of the data collected for rim milling clearly show that, although Yorkshire follows the same basic pattern as other areas in England (i.e. the number of milled rims decreases over time to be replaced almost exclusively by unmilled rims around 1700), there are marked regional variations to be found within the county itself. Even if the low sample numbers at either end of
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 7.12: Examples of milled stems and bowls from Yorkshire. 1, 3, 7, & 11-14 from Pontefract Castle; 2 from Sandal Castle; 4, 5, 8 & 9 from the Rayner Collection; 6 from Doncaster; and 10 from Whitby. Scale 1:1.
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the study period are discounted as being too small to be statistically valid, the regionalisation within Yorkshire is still very much in evidence.
where comparative prices are given, and from this it is possible to suggest that burnished pipes would have been between 10% and 20% more expensive ordinary ones.
With regard to milling as a possible decorative motif, it is clear that although the application of milling on stems, heels and the bowl, other than round the rim, does occur throughout England there are certain trends that appear to be unique to Yorkshire. The application of a band of milling immediately adjacent to the heel on the underside of the stem has not been recorded anywhere else in England. It is a phenomenon that appears to occur only in Yorkshire, and more specifically only in West Yorkshire. The occurrence of such milling from just two sites in West Yorkshire, Pontefract Castle and Sandal Castle, with a proven link in the form of pipes from the same mould, strongly suggests that this particular positioning of milled bands may either be a means of keeping track of pipes finished by a particular worker, or it may simply be a foible of one particular pipe-maker.
The presence or absence of burnishing and its quality may, in some production centres, be used as an indicator of social status. This is based on the assumption that more expensive pipes would have been purchased and used by individuals from a high status environment. Excavations at Norton in Cheshire provided pipe researchers with a unique opportunity to test if the number of burnished pipes recovered from a site could be used as an indicator of social status. The excavations focussed on two areas, the Manor House of Norton Priory and the village of Norton itself. Davey (1985) was able to compare the pipes recovered from each site and was able to show that the pipes used and discarded by the inhabitants of the Manor House were of a much higher quality than those used by the inhabitants of the village. Although the study at Norton has shown that it is possible to relate different qualities of pipe to the social status of a site, the influence of regional variation also needs to be taken into consideration. In some areas the presence of high numbers of burnished pipes may indeed be an indication of a high status site but equally it may also indicate that burnished pipes were the norm and had nothing to do with status. In Shropshire, for example, almost all pipes are burnished from the seventeenth century right through to the nineteenth century (David Higgins pers comm.). In contrast the pipes produced in East Anglia are almost exclusively unburnished. In very general terms burnishing as a finishing technique was commonly practised in the north and west of England, whilst it was extremely rare in East Anglia, central and southern England, London and the Home Counties.
No firm conclusions can be drawn with regard to the use of milling elsewhere on the bowl. The example from the Rayner Collection with its combination of milled bands and stamped marks (Figure 7.12 No.4) is very unusual and may simply be a one-off. It is hard to believe that any pipe-maker would find it cost effective to apply such decoration to more than a handful of pipes. As with the milled bands applied adjacent to the heel, those applied across the base of the bowl away from the smoker appear on pipes produced from a common mould with examples being recovered from both Pontefract Castle and Sandal Castle. It is therefore likely that these milled bowls were produced in the same workshop. 7.3 Burnishing The process of burnishing was carried out once the pipes had been trimmed and prior to firing. In his discussion of the manufacturing techniques used in continental Europe, Walker (1977, 125) refers to a conical ‘pencil’ of glass or agate set in a wooden handle that was used to burnish pipes. The process produced very fine lines and, if done well, the individual burnish lines are very difficult to see. This was a time consuming part of the manufacturing process and resulted in a more expensive pipe.
In an attempt to help illustrate this variation, a range of sites from England, where comparative data is available, have been selected and the percentage of burnished bowls from each site has been plotted on the chart in Figure 7.13. In order to make the data comparable with that collected for Yorkshire only burnished bowls from the period 1580-1800 have been selected from each site. These sites include some from Southern England, a sample from immediately north of the present study area, two areas immediately to the south of the study area and a range of sites from within Yorkshire itself. In addition the overall percentage for Yorkshire as a county has been given.
In their study of the Bristol pipe industry Jackson and Price (1974, 84) illustrate an advertisement for tobacco pipes. This advert offers for sale the best long tobacco pipes unglazed, that is not burnished, at 4s 6d per gross and glazed, that is burnished, at 5s 0d per gross, an increase in price of 6d (10%) per gross. The cheapest grade of burnished pipes being advertised were 2s 6d unglazed, or 3s 0d glazed, an increase of nearly 17%. These figures show that it always costs 6d per gross to have the pipes glazed but the actual proportion of the cost that this represents varies because the most expensive pipes, which were presumably the longest, cost more initially. The Bristol advert provides a rare example
The chart clearly shows a considerable range in the amount of burnishing encountered on sites from Southern England with values of between 1% and 5% for sites in Berkshire, Essex and Dorset, and up to as much as 83% for a site in Oxfordshire. There are a limited number of sites with comparable date from immediately to the north and south of the present study area but, of those that are available, the range appears to be much smaller, between
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 7.13: Percentage of burnished bowls for the period 1580-1800, from a range of sites in Southern England ; three sites from north of the present study area ; two sites south of the present study area ; from Yorkshire as a whole and from nine sites within Yorkshire .
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3% and 10%. These figures are, on average, considerably less than the figure of 15%, being the average for the whole of Yorkshire.
followed by the percentage that each of these figures represents, therefore, %B is the percentage for the bowls, and %S is the percentages for stems and mouthpieces.
By analysing individual sites within Yorkshire itself it is clear that the average for the county (15%) is a little misleading as there is clearly a considerable variation from site to site. For example, Sandal Castle only produced a figure of 4% compared with the 29% seen at Wood Hall. This variation may, for the most part, be due to the nature of the individual site. For example, the material from Sandal Castle is almost exclusively Civil War and with the exception of a small group of highly burnished pipes imported from the Netherlands, almost all the pipes from the site are unburnished. This is what might be expected of a site that was occupied by soldiers who, it could be argued, would be more interested in the functionality of their pipe rather than its appearance. In contrast, Wood Hall is a moated-manor site, which yielded a range of very fine objects, including fragments of a multi-bowled pipe confirming that, during the sixteenth and early seventeenth century, this was a high status site of some importance.
The table clearly shows that there is a mis-match in the proportions of burnished bowls and burnished stems, the implication of which is that only part of the stem was burnished. In order to get a clearer picture of the nature of burnishing on any given site or area it is, therefore, important that all fragments are recorded to the same level. Site Name Oxford Castle, Oxfordshire Sackler Library, Oxford Ripon, North Yorkshire
1610-1640 27 77
1640-1660 9 44
BB
BS
%B
%S
179
562
97
258
54%
45%
28
103
23
60
82%
58%
31
142
17
70
55%
49%
The data collected for this present research has, for the first time, made a countywide analysis of attributes such as burnishing possible. By plotting the percentage of burnished bowls for Yorkshire as a whole, from each of the seven chronological periods, it is possible to see a general trend emerging. This is illustrated in the Figure 7.14 (top). The bar chart clearly shows a peak at the end of the sixteenth and into the early seventeenth century, around 1580-1610, before falling away quite sharply to the Civil War period, around 1640-1660. The number of examples then rises again to peak at the end of the seventeenth or early eighteenth century when the transitional bowl forms were popular, around 1690-1720. The numbers then fall away gradually from the early eighteenth century through to around 1800. Interestingly the number of fragments with stamped marks also follows a similar pattern during the seventeenth century. The following table gives the percentage of burnished bowls (%B) and the percentage of those bowls that also have stamped marks (%S).
In order to test this hypothesis the three sites that produced the high burnishing figures were studied in detail. The results of this study are presented in the following table. For each site the number of fragments where the presence or absence of burnishing could be determined is given for bowls (B) and stems (S), including the mouthpieces. A figure is then given for the number of burnished bowls (BB), and for the number of burnished stems and mouthpieces (BS). These figures are
1580-1610 38 0
S
Table 7.5: Sites producing high numbers of burnished bowls and stems.
One of the most striking features of the chart are the three sites with very high proportions of burnished pipes; Oxford Castle, Sackler Library and Ripon. One of the main disadvantages of calculating the burnishing using only bowls is that the number of burnished stems and mouthpieces is not taken into account. Since the number of stems recovered is quite high for most archaeological excavations this could potentially skew the results. It could be argued, however, that if the bowl is burnished it is not unreasonable to assume that the stem would also have been burnished. Provided the sample has a sufficiently large number of bowls, an indication of burnishing for the site can be obtained irrespective of the number of stems. In theory the proportion of burnished to unburnished stems should be the same as that for the bowls.
%B %S
B
1660-1690 20 78
1690-1720 26 62
1700-1750 10 61
Table 7.6: Correlation between burnished and stamp-marked pipes for the whole of Yorkshire.
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1750-1800 4 90
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Yorkshire 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
44 27
27
20
10
8
4
(9)
(409)
(2115)
(2077)
(588)
(777)
(283)
1580-1610
1610-1640
1640-1660
1660-1690
1690-1720
1700-1750
1750-1800
Sites in York 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
73 55 35
17
26
33
(57)
(20)
(35)
(19)
(57)
(67)
(179)
(25)
Skeldergate
York Castle
Coffee Yard
Assize Court
1-2 Tower Street
21-33 Aldwark
Judges Lodgings,
The Bedern south west
1640-1740
1650-1740
1640-1710
1590-1680
1620-1760
1620-1740
1610-1750
1620-1720
2
6
(145)
(62)
40
23
Sites in Hull 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
15
6
7
6
4
6
(303)
(43)
(16)
(23)
(17)
(13)
Citadel
Sammy's Point
Kingswood
Fordyke
1620-1720
1630-1710
1610-1710
1610-1700
Stakis Casino Tower Street 1640-1770
1630-1700
Beverley Gate Queen Street 1610-1770
1630-1770
Figure 7.14: Percentage of burnished bowls for the period 1580-1800 for the whole of Yorkshire (top); a range of sites in York with the average line at 44% (middle) and for a range of sites in Hull with the average line at 11% (bottom).
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By the early eighteenth century the number of burnished pipes in all six geographical sub-divisions gradually falls away. As with the earliest samples, those of the period 1750-1800 are very small and easily skew the data. This skewing may be the cause of the apparent peak around 1750-1800 in North-east Yorkshire, which is not what the general trend for Yorkshire would suggest for this period. Again, even if the low sample figures for 1750-1800 are ignored for each of the six areas, the general trend is still valid.
As can clearly be seen by the figures in the above table, there is a direct correlation between the pipes that are burnished and those that are stamped. In the Civil War period (1640-1660) the percentage of burnished bowls drops dramatically as does that of stamped pipes. In the eighteenth century, however, something interesting is happening. The percentage of burnished pipes drops away quite rapidly to little more than 4% during the period 1750-1800 but at the same time, some 90% of these burnished pipes have stamped marks on them. It could be argued, therefore, that when burnished bowls do occur they are most likely to also have a stamped mark. The development and range of marks in Yorkshire is discussed in more detail in Chapter 8.
Analysis of the percentage of fragments with burnishing can be used to explore the overall trend for the county as a whole, as well as specific production centres. Details for eight sites from Hull and eight sites from York were extracted from the database and the percentage of burnished fragments from each site were plotted on the bar charts shown in Figure 7.14 (middle and bottom). Two criteria were used for the selection of sites. Firstly, that the date range represented by the samples should be similar and second, that the samples should be as large as possible. For each sample the site name, sample size (given in brackets) and the date range of the sample is given. Against the bars for each production centre has been plotted a line giving the percentage for the centre as a whole. For York this is 44% and for Hull it is 11%. The most striking difference in the charts is in the percentage of burnishing present at each site. The sites from Hull all produced substantially smaller numbers of burnished pipes than those from York.
Having established a general trend for the whole of Yorkshire the figures for the six geographic sub-divisions were plotted in a similar way to see if there was any variation in this trend across the county. These charts are presented in Figures 7.15 and 7.16. The initial impression is that all six of the geographical subdivisions follow the same basic trend as has been established for Yorkshire as a whole. The samples for 1580-1610 were very small and it could be argued, therefore, that the figures are not statistically valid. However, the earliest bowl forms throughout England are often very finely finished and, although quite rare, when found they do tend to be either burnished or polished. Even if these figures are taken out of the equation the general trend still holds true, that is to say there is a drop in burnishing from the first half of the seventeenth century, immediately prior to the Civil War period.
Hull is the production centre that presents a slight problem in that, although the percentage for the centre as a whole is 11%, the average for the eight sample sites is only 5%. There is clearly a mis-match in this data. On closer examination of all the Hull data three groups stand out as being something a little different. The first is a group of finds from the Old Town. This group accounts for 20 fragments, 12 of which are burnished, that is, 60%. The second group is from the Kings Head, which accounts for 17 fragments, 11 of which are burnished, that is 64%. This particular group includes 12 Dutch pipes and one from York and may represent a single event specific to this particular site (for a discussion of imports see Chapter 10). These two groups produced figures that are clearly a lot higher than those which would be expected from Hull as a whole, since the high number of imported pipes clearly skews the data quite dramatically. The final group accounts for 105 fragments, 35 of which are burnished, that is 32%. This is a group of unprovenanced material that is believed to have been recovered from sites in Hull. Again the high proportion of burnished pipes is not what is expected for the centre as a whole. By removing these obvious imports and unprovenanced fragments from the sample the percentage for Hull as a whole drops to 6%, which is more in keeping with the remaining sample sites that produced figures of between 4% and 7%.
The fall in the number of burnished pipes during the date range 1640-1660 is evident in all six areas but it is most marked in South Yorkshire and around York. It is tempting to suggest that the reason for this was the Civil War itself. The political and economic instability caused by the Civil War affected every aspect of daily life including the production of clay tobacco pipes. It could be argued that the disruption to the clay pipe industry, particular in urban centres such as York, may have resulted in the production of cheaper, less finely finished, pipes. This suggestions is, however, purely speculative. From around 1660 there appears to be a second peak with a gradual rise in the number of burnished pipes throughout the county. Around York and in North-east Yorkshire this second peak occurs in the date range 16601690. In the other areas of Yorkshire this peak does not occur until slightly later, around 1690-1720. The most dramatic rise is seen in West Yorkshire with an increase of just under 45%. Again, the reasons for this are speculative, but it could be hypothesised that the pipemakers were experiencing a renewed vigour following the upheaval of the Civil War and were gradually returning to the production of finely finished pipes.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
West Yorkshire 100 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
78
43 33 13
9
8
(2)
(150)
(964)
(256)
(55)
(79)
(4)
1580-1610
1610-1640
1640-1660
1660-1690
1690-1720
1700-1750
1750-1800
3
0
East Yorkshire 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
50
21 9
10
4
(2)
(67)
(481)
(1069)
(253)
(482)
(56)
1580-1610
1610-1640
1640-1660
1660-1690
1690-1720
1700-1750
1750-1800
South Yorkshire 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
60 43
40
34
7
0
3
(1)
(14)
(104)
(121)
(43)
(67)
(203)
1580-1610
1610-1640
1640-1660
1660-1690
1690-1720
1700-1750
1750-1800
Figure 7.15: Plots of the percentage of burnishing for each of the six geographical sub-divisions in Yorkshire – West Yorkshire (top); East Yorkshire (middle) and South Yorkshire (bottom).
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North-West Yorkshire 100 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
35 25 14 5
4
0
(1)
(16)
(112)
(94)
(43)
(19)
(0)
1580-1610
1610-1640
1640-1660
1660-1690
1690-1720
1700-1750
1750-1800
North-east Yorkshire 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
20 10 0
13 5
3
5
(1)
(41)
(156)
(134)
(33)
(41)
(10)
1580-1610
1610-1640
1640-1660
1660-1690
1690-1720
1700-1750
1750-1800
3
0
York and its environs 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
64
38 22 12 0 (2)
(121)
(298)
(403)
(161)
(89)
(6)
1580-1610
1610-1640
1640-1660
1660-1690
1690-1720
1700-1750
1750-1800
Figure 7.16: Plots of the percentage of burnishing for each of the six geographical sub-divisions in Yorkshire – Northwest Yorkshire (top); North-east Yorkshire (middle) and York and its environs (bottom).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
The contrast in the quality of finish between York and Hull pipes is quite marked. This may be an indication of the status of these sites. York, with its Minster and rich merchant housing, could be considered a high status site and one where higher quality products might be expected. Certainly if burnishing is a mark of quality the figures would support this hypothesis. In contrast, Hull is a port, albeit a very important port, but one where higher numbers of sailors and dockworkers would be expected. It could be argued that in such an environment there would be more demand for cheaper utilitarian products rather than the more expensive luxury items. Again, the burnishing figures for Hull would seem to bear this out. 7.3.1 Burnishing –summary The analysis of burnishing from Yorkshire has allowed a number of case studies to be made. The most interesting of these studies has been the comparison of products from York and Hull. In his study of York pipes, Lawrence (1979, 67) suggested that ‘York pipes are not usually finely produced, few being polished…..some of those with better finishes may have been imported from Hull’. Analysis of the data, however, strongly suggests that this is not the case, rather it appears to be Hull that was importing the pipes with a better finish. It is clear that regional variation exists not only in Yorkshire but also in the whole of England. The whole question of why burnishing was applied to clay tobacco pipes and how these burnished pipes were perceived and consumed are clearly areas of study within pipe research that warrant further work. Having suggested a basis for the analysis of burnished pipes from future excavated Yorkshire sites it is hoped that new groups can be more realistically assessed. 7.4 Summary and conclusions Analysis of the data collected from Yorkshire relating to finishing techniques has allowed a number of conclusions to be drawn, which are outlined above under the relevant headings. Within the confines of this present research it has only been possible to carry out a small number of case studies in order to highlight certain aspects of those finishing techniques employed within Yorkshire. One of the main advantages of having a database that holds details of the various attributes of a clay tobacco pipe is that the data can be interrogated in a number of ways. There is great potential for more detailed analysis of these various attributes on a regional as well as national level once data is uniformly recorded in a comparable way. Having now considered the product itself, the following chapters go on to look at the development and range of Yorkshire marks and the distribution of these products both in Yorkshire and beyond.
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8:
The majority of the heel stamp marks recorded in Yorkshire are in relief, where the roll stamp marks are almost exclusively incuse. In the illustrations in the following sections, and in Appendix 3, all relief marks are shown in outline and all the incuse marks that are shown in solid black.
Development and range of Yorkshire marks
8.0 Introduction In this chapter the development and range of Yorkshire marks is considered. During the course of this study a total of 2,672 marked pipes have been recorded from sites within the county of Yorkshire, consisting of 2,189 marked bowls and 483 marked stems. The chapter begins with a definition of each of the five main classes of bowl mark identified within Yorkshire followed by a discussion of the type and range of the marks recorded. During the course of the data collection all bowls, both plain and marked were recorded in detail, but only marked stems were recorded, that is plain stems were not systematically recorded (see Chapter 3). The chronological and geographical analysis based on the proportion of marked to unmarked fragments is given for the bowls only. The marked stems are used simply as a means of presenting a range of the stem stamps present in Yorkshire and for the distributional analysis in Chapters 9 and 10.
Moulded marks appear to have been introduced in the eighteenth century and continued in use into the twentieth century. This type of mark was created during the moulding process as the mould itself was engraved with the makers’ initials, his name or an abstract motif. This method of marking had the advantage that the pipe was marked as part of the moulding process rather than having to be separately stamped as an additional task. Within the two basic mark types, that is stamped and moulded, five main sub-types have been identified for the marks applied to the bowl itself – stamped on the heel, stamped on the bowl, moulded on the sides of the heel, moulded on the sides of the spur and moulded on the body of the bowl itself. These five sub-types are described in the following sections followed by a detailed analysis, which is presented both chronologically and geographically in section 8.3.
8.1
Definition of the types of bowl marks recorded in Yorkshire Marks found on clay tobacco pipes fall in to two main types, stamped or moulded. Stamped marks were applied to the bowl by the means of a die after the moulding of the pipe but prior to firing. The dies that were used to produce these marks are extremely rare. There are only two published examples dating from the seventeenth and eighteenth century that have been positively identified as pipe-maker’s dies, both made from pipe clay. The first, belonging to George Webb of Chard c1649-1685 (le Cheminant 1981c, 90) and the second belonging to Emanuel Drue of Swan Cove, Maryland, USA c16501699 (Luckenbach and Cox 2002, 50).
8.1.1 Stamped Heels Stamped heel marks were the earliest form of marking dating from the end of the sixteenth century and continuing through in to the eighteenth century. A very small number of early seventeenth-century bowls had an incuse heel mark, for example a single letter P from Wood Hall Moated Manor (Figure 8.9 No. 16) and a single letter S from near Thorne, South Yorkshire (Appendix 3 Figure 142.01). The majority of the stamped heel marks recorded in Yorkshire, however, are in relief and were used throughout the seventeenth century and into the early eighteenth century.
The Webb example appears to have been made from extruded clay that has been squashed at one end to produce a ‘handle’ in order that the die could be held between the thumb and forefinger. The other end bears the relief lettering GEO WEBB IN CHARD in four lines that would have produced an incuse mark when applied to the pipe. The head of the die only measures 1.6cm across, but the lettering is very finely executed suggesting that it was produced by means of an incuse master, most likely made of metal. This method would allow a number of pipe clay dies to be produced from a single master.
A total of 1,734 stamped heel marks were recorded from within Yorkshire. A count by geographical sub-division is given in the following table. Area Qty
West
East
South
151
851
75
Northwest 56
Northeast 62
York & its environs 539
Table 8.1: Count of stamped heel marks recorded from within Yorkshire
The Drue example is quite different in that it is far less competently produced than that of George Webb. Rather than being produced from a master the Drue example appears to have been carved directly into a roll of pipe clay. The stamp has a lozenge with a dot at the centre and would have produced a relief mark when applied to the pipe.
8.1.2 Stamped bowl marks This form of stamped mark was much more rare in Yorkshire than the stamped heels, with only 30 examples recorded from the whole of the county. The most common position for this type of mark was on the bowl facing the smoker. Examples can be seen from
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seam, away from the smoker as with the C Windle example (Appendix 3, Figure 162.7) and the Thomas Gill bowl (Appendix 3, Figure 167.01) both from Wakefield. This type of marking was never very common and is often associated with bowls of the later eighteenth century and into the nineteenth century, although occasionally earlier bowl forms appear with moulded bowl marks for example a bowl with the initials RC from Beverley Gate, Hull, (Appendix 3, Figure 14.8).
Rotherham, Doncaster and Hull (Appendix 3 Figure 22.04, 125.11, 133.5, 133.10 and 133.11). Both relief and incuse marks were recorded, occurring mainly in the late seventeenth and in to early eighteenth century pipes. A total of 30 stamped bowl marks were recorded from within Yorkshire. A count by geographical sub-division is given in the following table. Area Qty
West
East
South
0
16
13
Northwest 0
Northeast 0
York & its environs 1
During the course of the data collection exercise for this research only 11 moulded bowl marks were recorded from within Yorkshire. A count by geographical subdivision is given in the following table.
Table 8.2: Count of stamped bowl marks recorded from within Yorkshire
Area
8.1.3 Moulded heels This form of marking was introduced in the eighteenth century and continued in use into the twentieth century. The pipe-makers’ initials, or occasionally abstract motifs, the most common of which were a flower, star or a dot and circle, were moulded in relief on either side of the heel. Examples can be seen from Beverley and Doncaster (Appendix 3 Figures 37.10 to 12 and 128.02).
Qty
Qty
West
East
South
10
451
5
Northwest 12
Northeast 17
Qty
East
South
0
52
3
Northwest 0
Northeast 6
1
4
6
Northwest 0
Northeast 0
York & its environs 0
During the course of this research impressions were made of every stamped mark recorded from the study area. These impressions were then cast in plaster to produce an exact copy. This method allowed similar marks from different collections within Yorkshire to be compared. By looking at the detail of each mark it is possible to identify individual dies which in turn, can give an indication of the number of different dies used by each maker thereby providing information as to the possible size of his workshop. Die analysis can also be used to trace products marked with the same die thereby providing a means of studying market areas as well as indicating the possible location of previously unrecorded makers. The analysis of stamped marks is therefore invaluable, not only in the identification of the makers’ dies but also for the information this can reveal with regard to the movement of their finished products.
York & its environs 17
8.1.4 Moulded spurs Moulded spurs marks were made in exactly the same way as for the moulded heels. Examples from near Beverley can be seen in Appendix 3 Figure 39.9 to 11. A total of 64 moulded spur marks were recorded from within Yorkshire. A count by geographical sub-division is given in the following table. West
South
8.2 Range of Yorkshire bowl marks Having defined the different types of bowl marks, the following sections consider the diverse stylistic range of Yorkshire marks and looks at the main characteristics of each of the five bowl mark types.
Table 8.3: Count of moulded heel marks recorded from within Yorkshire
Area
East
Table 8.5: Count of moulded bowl marks recorded from within Yorkshire
A total of 512 moulded heel marks were recorded from within Yorkshire. A count by geographical sub-division is given in the following table. The high number of examples from East Yorkshire is due in part to the very large number of moulded heel marks in the Rayner collection Area
West
8.2.1
Range of stamped heel marks (Figures 8.1 – 8.10) Detailed die analysis of the large number of stamped heel marks recorded from Yorkshire would be extremely time consuming and far beyond the scope of this study. A decision was therefore made to outline in broad terms the nature and range of heel marks recorded in the county, essentially defining what a typical Yorkshire heel mark might look like from any given period.
York & its environs 3
Table 8.4: Count of moulded spur marks recorded from within Yorkshire 8.1.5 Moulded bowl marks Moulded bowl marks are similar to those applied to the heel or spur and take the form of initials or lettering applied to the main body of the bowl itself, as with the William Wild armorial from Sheffield Castle (Appendix 3, Figure 140.5); around the rim, or on either side of the
In the period 1600-1640 stamped initial marks were very rare in most of Yorkshire. The majority of the marks from this period were symbol marks such as stars
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Figure 8.1: Wheel mark type series.
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marks are generally rare in Yorkshire in the first half of the seventeenth century.
(Appendix 3 Figure 114.2), Tudor Roses (Appendix 3 Figure 100.5) and, most common of all, various forms of ‘wheel’ mark. Wheel marks are found throughout England from as early as the 1590s (Oswald 1975, 63) and continued in use to the early part of the eighteenth century, around 1710. To date no one has attempted to define the different types, but during the course of this study eighteenth basic ‘wheel’ motifs have been identified. A simplified type series has been illustrated in Figure 8.1 and a description of each mark is given in Table 8.1. These marks are not exclusive to Yorkshire and this type series forms the basis for a classification system that can be used nationally. Detailed analysis of the different dies may allow the location of previously unknown makers to be identified.
‘Wheel’ Type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18
Single letter marks are rarer still and only two have been recorded the first, an incuse S, from Thorne in South Yorkshire dating from 1600-1610 (Appendix 3, Figure 43.01). The second was an incuse P on the heel of a bowl from Wood Hall Moated Manor in West Yorkshire, dating from 1610-1640 (Appendix 3, Figure 142.01). During the period 1640-1660 there appears to have been a fall in the number of marked to unmarked heels, which may be the result of the upheaval caused by the Civil War. Most that do occur are initial marks, although some symbol marks were still being produced in West Yorkshire and in and around York.
Description
In the period of 1660-1690 the bowl forms underwent dramatic change in Yorkshire with the emergence of the Yorkshire bulbous with its large circular heel. It is perhaps no surprise, therefore, that the contemporary marks are large and round, employing almost exclusively initials. Pure symbol marks appear to have gone out of fashion. Some form of motif often accompanied these initials. The most common, particularly with the makers in York and Hull, was a tobacco plant, the quality of which varied considerably with some being neatly executed, for example Figure 8.6 Nos. 5 and 6, while others were rather more stylised, for example Figure 8.8 Nos. 9 & 10, and Figure 8.8 No. 12.
8-spoked wheel with a dot in a circle at the centre and dots between the spokes 6-spoked wheel with a dot at the centre and dots between the spokes 6-spoked wheel with a circle at the centre and small circles between the spokes 6-spoked wheel with a circle at the centre and dots between the spokes 8-spoked wheel with a circle at the centre and dots between the spokes 8 equal segments each containing a dot arranged around a central circle also containing a dot 6 equal segments each containing a dot arranged around a central circle also containing a dot 8-spoked wheel (incuse) 8-spoked wheel in relief 8-spoked wheel with a large central dot – similar to a ship’s wheel 4-spoked wheel or cross 16-spoked wheel within a border – NB variants may have more spokes 16-spoked wheel with curved spokes around a central circle containing a dot 8-spoked wheel with curved spokes with a circle at the centre – similar to a star 8-spoked wheel with a large dot at the centre and no border 8-spoked wheel with a dot in a circle at the centre and dots between the spokes – similar to Number 1 but dots are smaller and there is no border Possibly Dutch. Quartered circle with a crescent in each quarter in relief Possibly Dutch. 5 chevrons around a central circle
As with the tobacco plant motif, the use of stars in association with the makers’ initials within the stamp design also appears to have been popular in York and Hull (for example Figures 8.6 No. 10, Figure 8.7 No. 20, Figure 8.8 No. 20, Figure 8.9 Nos. 4, 7, 10 and 21). In addition to tobacco plants and stars there were a number of other motifs that were less common but which appear to have been associated with a particular production centre the most common of these being anchors (Figure 8.2), castles (Figure 8.3), crowned initials (Figure 8.4) and fleur-de-lys within a lozenge (Figure 8.5). Analysis of the use of these less common motifs can indicate the presence of previously unrecorded makers. For example, a total of five marks with an anchor flanked by the initials IB or IH have been recorded in Yorkshire. All of these marks were recovered from in or around Pontefract strongly suggesting two previously unrecorded makers in the Pontefract area.
Table 8.6: ‘Wheel’ mark type series
In addition to the symbol marks of the period 1600-1640, although much less common, are letter or initial marks. In York the pipes of the period 1610-1640 were dominated by a circular mark containing the initials GW. These pipes can be attributed to a prolific pipe-maker called Gabriel Westaby (Appendix 1). Of the 141 bowls recorded from in and around York at this date 77, or 55%, were marked GW (See Figure 8.10 Nos. 3 to 6). This is the exception rather than the rule and letter or initial
Figure 8.2: IB and IH anchor marks (Scale 2:1)
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stands for his wife, Mary (Fox & Hall 1979, 27, Fig 4 No. 22). It is therefore possible that, unlike the Scottish examples, the three-letter IMH mark found in Yorkshire represents a maker with the initials IH who had a wife with a Christian name initial M.
In the case of the castle motif, seven examples were recorded in Yorkshire. Four of these were recovered from in and around Pontefract with the other three from sites within 10 or 12 miles of Pontefract. The distribution of these marks and the use of a castle motif strongly points to a maker working in or around Pontefract. One of the two die types identified with the castle motif appears to have three letters - a P above the castle and the initials ON flanking the castle.
The second three-letter mark recorded in Yorkshire comes from the Rayner Collection (Figure 8.10 No. 19) and reads ESX although it does not appear to be a Yorkshire product. Examples of the ESX marks have been found throughout England and may be associated with the Earl of Essex and the Civil War (Oswald 1991, Vol 4 X1). Another distinctive motif found in association with initials in Yorkshire is a crown. A total of 16 heel marks comprising crowned initials were recorded in Yorkshire, in addition to which are two noted by Lawrence from Ripon that cannot now be located (1979, 80). These marks were recovered from a range of sites within the county indicating that the crown motif was popular amongst pipe-makers. As with the tobacco plant motif, the quality of execution of the crown motif is variable as can be seen from the marks illustrated in Figure 8.4.
Figure 8.3: IH and ON Castle marks. Scale 2:1. Although three-letter marks were quite common in Scotland they were rather rare in England. The Scottish examples had a set of initials, indicating the maker’s name, above the single letter, indicating the place of manufacture. For example the Scottish mark AW above a G has been attributed to Alexander Watson working in Glasgow. In his study of pipe making in Scotland, Gallagher (1987a, 50) suggests that makers in Glasgow, Edinburgh and Stirling were using this type of mark. It is possible that the P above the castle motif in the Yorkshire stamps stands for Pontefract. If this is the case it is a unique form of marking in Yorkshire. Siege coinage issued in Pontefract in 1648/9 depicts the letters PC either above or beside a castle motif, which bears a striking resemblance to the castle heel stamps (Mitchell & Reeds 1989, Figures 3149 and 3150). Although this siege coinage would have been in circulation slightly earlier than the castle heel stamps found at Pontefract they do depict motifs that would have been familiar to the pipemakers in the town.
Figure 8.4: IH, SH, IT and IW crowned initial marks. Scale 2:1
Only two other three-letter marks were recorded in Yorkshire. The first was recovered from Pontefract Castle and reads H above IM (Figure 8.8 No. 25). Although it is possible that the H in this case also indicates a place of manufacture, it is more likely that the single letter indicates a surname. In the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries the use of a single letter or the full surname placed above a set of initials indicated two people, often a married couple. This type of mark appeared on buildings, for example in Ribchester a house in the high street bears a plaque which reads FOX above WN above 1777; on trade tokens, for example that of Alexander Sharp with the letter S above AI (Berry 1982, 373) and John Twyne with the letter T above IR (ibid); as well as on clay tobacco pipes, for example William Langston of Plymouth whose mark appears as an L above the initials WM where W stands for William and M
A smaller number of marks with initials flanking a fleurde-lys, all within a lozenge shaped border, were recorded from Yorkshire (Figure 8.5). These marks comprise two sets of initials IH with four examples recorded, and HF with ten examples recorded. Although clearly belonging to at least two different makers the similarity between the two marks is striking. Die analysis shows that all the IH marks were produced from the same die, as were the HF marks.
Figure 8.5: HF and IH lozenge mark. Scale 2:1.
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Boyes (1) and documentary sources suggest that he took on at least three apprentices as well as having a journeyman (Appendix 1). The Hearth Tax Returns for 1671 lists six hearths for Abraham Boyes, although it is not clear if this refers to domestic hearths or to kilns (ibid). Analysis of the AB dies recorded in Yorkshire would indicate that Abraham Boyes (1) may have been using at least 12 different dies. If the documentary evidence is taken together with the evidence from the die analysis it is possible to get some idea of the size of Abraham Boyes’ workshop. For a more detailed discussion of the distribution of AB marks within the county of Yorkshire see Chapter 9.
For a more detailed discussion of the distribution of anchor, castle, crowned initials and fleur-de-lys marks within Yorkshire see Chapter 9. The majority of the marks used during the period 16601690 were circular with the initials and motif at the centre of the mark, which may or may not have a border. These borders when they occurred, were most commonly either plain (for example Figure 8.7 No. 10), or beaded (for example Figure 8.8 Nos 1, 2 and 27). Occasionally the border took the form of a set of tram-lines (for example Figure 8.8 Nos 2 & 23). Slightly less common than the circular mark was a heart-shaped mark (for example Figure 8.7 Nos. 22 to 26, Figure 8.8 No. 19, and Figure 8.9 No. 30). As with the circular marks, the initials and motifs in the heart-shaped marks can occur with either plain or beaded borders.
Fig 8.6 No. 1: NSC Die No. 1865; AB heel mark dating from 1660-1690. This example held by the York Castle Museum and is unprovenanced but probably from York (Acc No. pl 7k). Pcode 07816. Abraham Boyes (1) of York.
Yet another change in bowl form at the end of the seventeenth century and into the early eighteenth prompted a change in the form of heel stamp. In place of the large round mark came a much smaller stamp mark often comprising of nothing more than a set of initials within a simple relief border. Occasionally these marks had dots or small stars either between the initials, or either side of them (for example Figure 8.6 Nos. 12 to 16, 26 and 30), and the use of borders far less common.
Fig 8.6 No. 2: NSC Die No. 1866; AB heel mark dating from 1660-1690. This example held by the English Heritage Archaeological Store at Helmsley and recovered from Rievaulx Abbey (Acc No. R282 85000366). Pcode 21103. Abraham Boyes (1) of York. Fig 8.6 No.3: NSC Die No. 1867; AB heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the Raines Collection and recovered from local fields around Acaster Malbis (Acc No. 402). Pcode 06882. Abraham Boyes (1) of York.
8.2.1.1.
Catalogue of selected heel marks from Yorkshire In addition to the anchor, castle, crown and lozenge illustrated above, the following catalogue (Figures 8.6 to 8.10) presents a selection of other heel marks recorded in Yorkshire. This catalogue is by no means definitive but serves to give an indication of the range of heel marks in use during the seventeenth and early eighteenth century.
Fig 8.6 No. 4: NSC Die No. 1868; AB heel mark dating from 1660-1690. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from 21-33 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5VI 103). Pcode 01865. Abraham Boyes (1) of York
The marks are arranged alphabetically by surname initial, followed by the symbol marks. The accompanying catalogue gives the die number, where one exists, as recorded in the National Clay Tobacco Pipe Stamp Catalogue (NSC) together with details of the collection that now holds the pipe and the name of the site from which it was recovered. The pipe code (Pcode) is also given, which cross-refers to the Yorkshire database, as is the probably maker’s name where it is known. Details of all the makers can be found in Appendix 1. Unless otherwise stated the die drawings have been prepared by the author.
Fig 8.6 No. 5: NSC Die No. 1869; AB heel mark dating from 1660-1690. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from 21-33 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5VII 405). Pcode 01866. Abraham Boyes (1) of York Fig 8.6 No. 6: NSC Die No. 1870; AB heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the York Castle Museum and is unprovenanced but probably from York (Acc No. pl 8b). Pcode 07814. Abraham Boyes (1) of York. Fig 8.6 No. 7: NSC Die No. 1871; AB heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the York Castle Museum and is unprovenanced but probably from York (Acc No. pl 7j). Pcode 07813. Abraham Boyes (1) of York.
The AB marks illustrated in Figure 8.6 represents all the different dies indentified as possible Yorkshire products to date. The large round marks (Nos. 1 to 10) appear on bowl forms dating from 1660-1680 and can be attributed to Abraham Boyes (1) of York. The remaining AB marks date from the late seventeenth century through to 1720. These later pipes may be the product of Abraham Boyes (2) of which very little is known (Lawrence 1979, 72). Rather more information survives relating to Abraham
Fig 8.6 No. 8: NSC Die No. 1872; AB heel mark dating from 1670-1700. This example held by the York Castle Museum and is unprovenanced but probably from York
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Figure 8.6: Selected Yorkshire heel marks: AB (Abraham Boyes). Scale 2:1.
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Archaeological Trust and recovered from 6-28/21-7 Union Terrace (Acc No. 1972.18 5030). Pcode 01965. ?Abraham Boyes (2).
(Acc No. pl 6i). Pcode 07818. Abraham Boyes (1) of York. Fig 8.6 No. 9: NSC Die No. 1887; AB heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from 21-33 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5VI 83). Pcode 01874. Abraham Boyes (1) of York
Fig 8.6 No. 19: NSC Die No. 1902; AB heel mark dating from 1670-1690 on a Yorkshire bulbous bowl. This example held by the Historic St Mary's City, Maryland, USA and recovered from John Hicks Site ST 1-22 (Acc No. ST 1-22 115). Pcode 22185. Probable Yorkshire product.
Fig 8.6 No. 10: NSC Die No. 1707; AB heel mark dating from 1670-1720. This example held by West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Nun Appleton House (Acc No. NAH89 553) (Davey 1990a). Pcode 03348. ?Abraham Boyes (1) of York. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.6 No. 20: NSC Die No. 1890; AB heel mark dating from 1680-1710. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from 58-59 Skeldergate (Acc No. 1973.14III 333). Pcode 01973.
Fig 8.6 No. 11: NSC Die No. 1888; AB heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from 21-33 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5III 75). Pcode 01878. Abraham Boyes of York.
Fig 8.6 No. 21: NSC Die No. 1708; AB heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Nun Appleton House (Acc No. NAH88 168) (Davey 1990a). Pcode 03346. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.6 No. 12: NSC Die No. 1889; AB heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from County Hospital, Monkgate (Acc No. 1982.19 6009). Pcode 01960. ?Abraham Boyes (2).
Fig 8.6 No. 22: NSC Die No. 1892; AB heel mark dating from 1680-1720. This example held by the York Castle Museum and is unprovenanced but probably from York (Acc No. pl 7b). Pcode 07820. Fig 8.6 No. 23: NSC Die No. 1905; AB heel mark dating from 1680-1710. This example held by the Raines Collection and recovered from local fields around Acaster Malbis (Acc No. 366). Pcode 06845.
Fig 8.6 No. 13: NSC Die No. 1897; AB heel mark dating from 1680-1710. This example held by the Raines Collection and recovered from local fields around Acaster Malbis (Acc No. 378). Pcode 06858. ?Abraham Boyes (2).
Fig 8.6 No. 24: NSC Die No. 1906; AB heel mark dating from 1700-1770. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from 13-17 Coney Street (Acc No. 1991.3 U/S). Pcode 01798.
Fig 8.6 No. 14: NSC Die No. 1896; AB heel mark dating from 1680-1710. This example held by the Raines Collection and recovered from local fields around Acaster Malbis (Acc No. 342). Pcode 06821. ?Abraham Boyes (2).
Fig 8.6 No. 25: NSC Die No. 1894; AB heel mark dating from 1680-1710. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from Albion Wharf, 23-28 Skeldergate (Acc No. 1989.1 2001). Pcode 01843.
Fig 8.6 No. 15: NSC Die No. 1891; AB heel mark dating from 1680-1710. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from 58-59 Skeldergate (Acc No. 1973.14 288). Pcode 01974. ?Abraham Boyes (2).
Fig 8.6 No. 26: NSC Die No. 1893; AB heel mark dating from 1680-1710. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from 13-17 Coney Street (Acc No. 1991.3 1010). Pcode 01797.
Fig 8.6 No. 16: NSC Die No. 1900; AB heel mark dating from 1680-1710. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from Albion Wharf, 23-28 Skeldergate (Acc No. 1989.1 2258). Pcode 01844. ?Abraham Boyes (2).
Fig 8.6 No. 27: NSC Die No. 1899; AB heel mark dating from 1680-1710. This example held by the Raines Collection and recovered from local fields around Acaster Malbis (Acc No. 416). Pcode 06895.
Fig 8.6 No. 17: NSC Die No. 1904; AB BF mark dating from 1690-1730. This example held by the Raines Collection and recovered from local fields around Acaster Malbis (Acc No. 224). Pcode 06776.
Fig 8.6 No. 28: NSC Die No. 1898; AB heel mark dating from 1680-1710. This example held by the Raines Collection and recovered from local fields around Acaster Malbis (Acc No. 348). Pcode 08332.
Fig 8.6 No. 18: NSC Die No. 1901; AB heel mark dating from 1670-1680. This example held by the York
Fig 8.6 No. 29: NSC Die No. 1903; AB heel mark dating from 1680-1710. This example held by the York
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Beverley (Acc No. 1159). Pcode 02827. ?Robert Burrill of Hull. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Archaeological Trust and recovered from County Hospital, Monkgate (Acc No. 1982.19 6009). Pcode 01958. Fig 8.6 No. 30: NSC Die No. 1885; AB heel mark dating from 1680-1710. This example held by the Raines Collection and recovered from local fields around Acaster Malbis (Acc No. 359). Pcode 06838.
Fig 8.7. No. 10: NSC Die No. 1467; RB heel mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1162). Pcode 02826. ?Robert Burrill of Hull. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.7. No. 1: NSC Die No. 1814; IB heel mark dating from 1650-1670. This example held by the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust and recovered from Wood Hall Moated Manor (Acc No. WH97 27 3461). (White forthcoming). Pcode 02694.
Fig 8.7. No. 11: NSC Die No. 1465; RB heel mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1160). Pcode 02823. ?Robert Burrill of Hull. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.7. No. 2: NSC Die No. 1845; IB heel mark dating from 1650-1670. This example held by West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC84 4435). (Davey and White 2002, 245, Fig 101, No. 38). Pcode 02102.
Fig 8.7. No. 12: NSC Die No. 1452; RB heel mark dating from 1680-1720. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1267). Pcode 03226. ?Robert Burrill of Hull. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.7. No. 3: NSC Die No. 1856; IB heel mark dating from 1650-1670. This example held by West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC88 U/S). (ibid, 244, Fig 100, No. 35).Pcode 02117.
Fig 8.7. No. 13: NSC Die No. 1453; RB heel mark dating from 1700-1740. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1268). Pcode 03227. ?Robert Burrill of Hull. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.7. No. 4: NSC Die No. 1844; IB heel mark dating from 1650-1670. This example held by West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC84 4351). (ibid, No. 36). Pcode 02101.
Fig 8.7. No. 14: NSC Die No. 1466; RB heel mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1164). Pcode 02824. ?Robert Burrill of Hull. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.7. No. 5: NSC Die No. 1464; ?RB heel mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1867). Pcode 02822. ?Robert Burrill of Hull. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.7. No. 15: NSC Die No. 1469; RB heel mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1163). Pcode 02830. ?Robert Burrill of Hull. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.7. No. 6: NSC Die No. 1815; IB heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust and recovered from Wood Hall Moated Manor (Acc No. WH93 20 736) (White forthcoming). Pcode 02709.
Fig 8.7. No. 16: SB heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by English Heritage and recovered from excavations at Scarborough Castle (Acc No. SA/AM T1 L8) (White 2001b). Pcode 24936.
Fig 8.7. No. 7: IB heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the Kelham Island Industrial Museum and recovered from Sheffield Castle. Pcode 07397.
Fig 8.7. No. 17: NSC Die No. 1460; IC heel mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1246). Pcode 02786. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.7. No. 8: NSC Die No. 1880; IB(with a crowned rose) heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from Judges Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1006). Pcode 01717.
Fig 8.7. No. 18: NSC Die No. 1847; IG heel mark dating from 1660-1690. This example held by West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC88 U/S) (Davey and White 2002, 245, Fig 101, No. 46). Pcode 02118.
Fig 8.7. No. 9: NSC Die No. 1468; RB heel mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around
Fig 8.7. No. 19: NSC Die No. 1459; IC heel mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around
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Figure 8.7: Selected Yorkshire heel marks with initials. 1-8 IB; 9-15 RB; 16 SB; 17-21 IC; 22-26 GC; 27 TC, 28 & 29 ID. (Scale 2:1).
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Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1376). Pcode 02881. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Beverley (Acc No. 1254). Pcode 02776. Die drawn by D. Williams. Fig 8.7. No. 20: NSC Die No. 1461; IC heel mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1261). Pcode 02791. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.8. No. 2: NSC Die No. 1462; RE heel mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1134). Pcode 02802. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.7. No. 21: NSC Die No. 1458; IC heel mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1253). Pcode 02774. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.8. No. 3: NSC Die No. 1882; BF heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the NCTPA from Hull (Acc No. HY75.1.2). Pcode 24601. Fig 8.8. No. 4: NSC Die No. 1948; EF heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the NCTPA from Hull (Acc No. HG76 U/S). Pcode 24603. Mark upside down
Fig 8.7. No. 22: NSC Die No. 1912; GC heel mark dating from 1630-1660. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1977). Pcode 03117.
Fig 8.8. No. 5: NSC Die No. 1883; GF heel mark dating from 1660-1690. This example held by the York Castle Museum and is unprovenanced material from Yorkshire Museum, York (Acc No. 1292 26.71 pl19a). Pcode 07912.
Fig 8.7. No. 23: NSC Die No. 1911; GC heel mark dating from 1630-1660. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1461). Pcode 03033.
Fig 8.8. No. 6: NSC Die No. 1881; RF heel mark dating from 1660-1690. This example held by the York Castle Museum and is unprovenanced material from Yorkshire Museum, York (Acc No. YM962/1 pl1g). Pcode 07943.
Fig 8.7. No. 24: NSC Die No. 1910; GC heel mark dating from 1630-1660. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1433). Pcode 02990. Fig 8.7. No. 25: NSC Die No. 1809; GC heel mark dating from 1640-1660. This example held by the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust and recovered from Wood Hall Moated Manor (Acc No. WH91 20 509). (White forthcoming). Pcode 02715.
Fig 8.8. No. 7: NSC Die No. 1472; RF heel mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1387). Pcode 02862. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.7. No. 26: NSC Die No. 1913; GC heel mark dating from 1630-1660. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1429). Pcode 02982.
Fig 8.8. No. 8: NSC Die No. 1463; WF heel mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1149). Pcode 02814. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.7. No. 27: NSC Die No. 1476; TC heel mark dating from 1680-1710. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley. Pcode 02885. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.8. No. 9: NSC Die No. 1944; IG heel mark dating from 1660-1690. This example held by the Tolson Memorial Museum and recovered from (Acc No. Emley). Pcode 07688. Presented by Rev E W Bartram, Elmley Lovett Rectory, Droitwich, March 1942; Yorkshire bulbous, nicely finished
Fig 8.7. No. 28: NSC Die No. 1875; ID heel mark dating from 1660-1690. This example held by the York Castle Museum and is unprovenanced from Yorkshire Museum, York (Acc No. 26.71 pl15c). Pcode 07910.
Fig 8.8. No. 10: NSC Die No. 1817; IG heel mark dating from 1650-1670. This example held by the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust and recovered from Wood Hall Moated Manor (Acc No. WH97 27 3039). (White forthcoming). Pcode 02688.
Fig 8.7. No. 29: NSC Die No. 1909; ID heel mark dating from 1650-1670. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from County Hospital, Monkgate (Acc No. 1982.19 6009). Pcode 01955.
Fig 8.8. No. 11: NSC Die No. 1945; IG heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the Tolson Memorial Museum and recovered from Lower George
Fig 8.8. No. 1: NSC Die No. 1475; IE heel mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 8.8: Selected Yorkshire heel marks with initials. 1 IE; 2 RE, 3 BF, 4 EF, 5 GF, 6 & 7 RF, 8 WF, 9-14 IG; 15 HH; 16-24 IH; 25 IMH; 26 MH; 27 & 28 SH, 29 WH, 30 II. (Scale 2:1).
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Yard (Acc No. Box 11143 A1d (2)). Pcode 07714. Yorkshire bulbous; nicely finished
Moated Manor (Acc No. WH95 26 2000). (White forthcoming). Pcode 02682.
Fig 8.8. No. 12: NSC Die No. 1942; IG heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the Pontefract Museum and is unprovenanced material from Pontefract (Acc No. 13). Pcode 08015.
Fig 8.8. No. 22: NSC Die No. 1939; IH heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the Pontefract Museum and is unprovenanced material from Pontefract (Acc No. 20). Pcode 08023.
Fig 8.8. No. 13: NSC Die No. 1943; IG heel mark dating from 1650-1670. This example held by the Pontefract Museum and is unprovenanced material from Pontefract (Acc No. 14). Pcode 08016.
Fig 8.8. No. 23: NSC Die No. 1820; IH heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust and recovered from Wood Hall Moated Manor (Acc No. WH92 20 810). (White forthcoming) Pcode 02719.
Fig 8.8. No. 14: NSC Die No. 1846; IG heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 087). (Davey and White 2002, 245, Fig 101, No. 40). A very similar stamp appears on a Yorkshire bulbous form from St Elphin’s Rectory, Warrington (Davey and Pierce 1977, 107, Fig 41, No. 26). Pcode 02095.
Fig 8.8. No. 24: NSC Die No. 1941; IH heel mark dating from 1660-1690. This example held by the York Castle Museum and is unprovenanced but probably from York (Acc No. pl 2k). Pcode 07829. Old paper label "Pontefract maker IH" Fig 8.8. No. 25: NSC Die No. 1852; IMH heel mark dating from 1660-1690. This example held by West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 086). (Davey and White 2002, 246, Fig 102, No. 47). Pcode 02091. 3 letter mark
Fig 8.8. No. 15: HH heel mark dating from 1660-1690. This example held by English Heritage and recovered from excavations at Scarborough Castle (Acc No. SA/AM T1 L8) (White 2001b). Pcode 24943.
Fig 8.8. No. 26: NSC Die No. 1825; MH heel mark dating from 1690-1710. This example held by the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust and recovered from Wood Hall Moated Manor (Acc No. WH97 27 3003). (White forthcoming) Pcode 02687.
Fig 8.8. No. 16: NSC Die No. 1827; IH heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Old Hall Farm (Acc No. OHF96 2004) (White 2001a). Pcode 21361.
Fig 8.8. No. 27: NSC Die No. 1703; SH heel mark dating from 1650-1680. This example held by the Central Excavation Unit (HMBC) and recovered from Bedern Bank, Ripon (Acc No. 258.2675). (Davey 1990b) Pcode 03331.
Fig 8.8. No. 17: NSC Die No. 1818; IH heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust and recovered from Wood Hall Moated Manor (Acc No. WH92 20 590). (White forthcoming). Pcode 02722.
Fig 8.8. No. 28: NSC Die No. 1808; SH heel mark dating from 1650-1670. This example held by the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust and recovered from Wood Hall Moated Manor (Acc No. WH97 27 3274). (White forthcoming) Pcode 02693.
Fig 8.8. No. 18: NSC Die No. 1819; IH heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust and recovered from Wood Hall Moated Manor (Acc No. WH U/S ?20). (White forthcoming). Pcode 02714.
Fig 8.8. No. 29: NSC Die No. 1849; WH heel mark dating from 1660-1690. This example held by West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 098). (Davey and White 2002, 245, Fig 101, No. 41) Pcode 02106.
Fig 8.8. No. 19: NSC Die No. 1807; IH heel mark dating from 1640-1660. This example held by West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 103). (Davey and White 2002, 241, Fig 98, No. 11).Pcode 02111. Fig 8.8. No. 20: NSC Die No. 1940; IH heel mark dating from 1660-1690. This example held by the York Castle Museum and is unprovenanced material from Yorkshire Museum, York (Acc No. pl23i). Pcode 07832.
Fig 8.8. No. 30: NSC Die No. 1451; II heel mark dating from 1680-1710. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1269). Pcode 02732. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.8. No. 21: NSC Die No. 1821; IH heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust and recovered from Wood Hall
Fig 8.9. No. 1: NSC Die No. 1456; II heel mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 8.9: Selected Yorkshire heel marks with initials. 1-4 II; 5 IL; 6 WL; 7 IM; 8-11 WM; 12 HN; 13-15 MP; 16 P; 17 HS; 18 IS; 19-24 RS; 25-28 IT; 29-30 NT. (Scale 2:1).
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Fig 8.9. No. 12: NSC Die No. 1473; HN heel mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1288). Pcode 02865. Henry Norman of Beverley. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Beverley (Acc No. 1272). Pcode 02761. Die drawn by D. Williams. Fig 8.9. No. 2: NSC Die No. 1457; II heel mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1276). Pcode 02766. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.9. No. 13: NSC Die No. 1947; MP heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the Wakefield Museum & Art Gallery and is from the Social History Collection (Acc No. SH 2057). ?Matthew Powell.
Fig 8.9. No. 3: NSC Die No. 1455; II heel mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1384). Pcode 02745. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.9. No. 14: NSC Die No. 1946; MP heel mark dating from 1650-1680. This example held by the York Castle Museum and is unprovenanced but probably from York (Acc No. pl 2l). Pcode 07836. ?Matthew Powell.
Fig 8.9. No. 4: NSC Die No. 1454; II heel mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1378). Pcode 02742. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.9. No. 15: NSC Die No. 1816; MP heel mark dating from 1650-1670. This example held by the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust and recovered from Wood Hall Moated Manor (Acc No. WH97 27 3272). (White forthcoming) Pcode 02689. ?Matthew Powell.
Fig 8.9. No. 5: NSC Die No. 1855; TL heel mark dating from 1650-1670. This example held by West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC83 240). (Davey and White 2002, 244, Fig 100, No. 34) Pcode 02099.
Fig 8.9. No. 16: NSC Die No.1802; P heel mark dating from 1580-1620. This example held by the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust and recovered from Wood Hall Moated Manor (Acc No. WH93 20 1059). (White forthcoming) Pcode 03415.
Fig 8.9. No. 6: NSC Die No. 1822; WL heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust and recovered from Wood Hall Moated Manor (Acc No. WH97 5 002). (White forthcoming) Pcode 02684.
Fig 8.9. No. 17: NSC Die No. 1470; HS heel mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1183). Pcode 02833. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.9. No. 7: NSC Die No. 1884; IM heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the York Castle Museum and is unprovenanced from Yorkshire Museum, York (Acc No. 26.71 pl5g). Pcode 07918.
Fig 8.9. No. 18: NSC Die No. 1826; IS heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Old Hall Farm (Acc No. OHF96 4083) (White 2001a). Pcode 21362.
Fig 8.9. No. 8: NSC Die No. 1877; WM heel mark dating from 1650-1670. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from 1-2 Tower Street (Castle Garage), York (Acc No. 1981.3 1003). Pcode 01822.
Fig 8.9. No. 19: NSC Die No.1962; RS heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from The Bedern, (south-west), York (Acc No. 1974.13IV U/S). Pcode 01810. ?Richard Shaftoe.
Fig 8.9. No. 9: NSC Die No. 1878; WM heel mark dating from 1670-1700. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from 21-33 Aldwark, York (Acc No. 1973.5VI 11). Pcode 01893.
Fig 8.9. No. 20: NSC Die No. 1963; RS heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from 21-33 Aldwark, York (Acc No. 1973.5VII 1193). Pcode 01903. ?Richard Shaftoe.
Fig 8.9. No. 10: NSC Die No. 1876; WM heel mark dating from 1660-1690. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from Judges Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1006). Pcode 01718.
Fig 8.9. No. 21: NSC Die No. 1953; RS heel mark dating from 1690-1710. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from St Georges Field car park, York (Acc No. 1990.17 1034). Pcode 01786. ?Richard Shaftoe of York.
Fig 8.9. No. 11: NSC Die No. 1879; WM heel mark dating from 1660-1690. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from Judges Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1001). Pcode 01737. ?William Moore of York.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Fig 8.9. No. 22: NSC Die No. 1950; RS heel mark dating from 1680-1710. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from 1-2 Tower Street (Castle Garage), York (Acc No. 1981.3III 3016). Pcode 01819. ?Richard Shaftoe.
Fig 8.10., No. 2: NSC Die No. 1471; FW heel mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1207). Pcode 02847. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.9. No. 23: NSC Die No. 1951; RS heel mark dating from 1680-1710. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from 1-2 Tower Street (Castle Garage), York (Acc No. 1981.3III 3052). Pcode 01832. ?Richard Shaftoe.
Fig 8.10. No. 3: NSC Die No. 1938; GW heel mark dating from 1610-1640. This example held by the Wakefield Museum & Art Gallery and recovered from Sandal Castle (Acc No. SC W(1)66). Pcode 07654. Gabriel Westaby of York.
Fig 8.9. No. 24: NSC Die No. 1952; RS heel mark dating from 1690-1710. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from Judges Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1093). Pcode 01679. ?Richard Shaftoe.
Fig 8.10. No. 4: NSC Die No. 1937; GW heel mark dating from 1620-1640. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from Judges Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1053). Pcode 01777. Gabriel Westaby of York.
Fig 8.9. No. 25: NSC Die No. 1704; IT heel mark dating from 1650-1680. This example held by the Central Excavation Unit (HMBC) and recovered from Bedern Bank, Ripon (Acc No. 258.2662) (Davey 1990b) Pcode 03332. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.10. No. 5: NSC Die No. 1936; GW heel mark dating from 1620-1640. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from Judges Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1006). Pcode 01709. Gabriel Westaby of York.
Fig 8.9. No. 26: NSC Die No. 1850; IT heel mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC83 240) (Davey and White 2002, 246, Fig 102, No. 49). Pcode 02098.
Fig 8.10. No. 6: NSC Die No. 1935; GW heel mark dating from 1620-1640. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from Judges Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1098). Pcode 01683. Gabriel Westaby of York.
Fig 8.9. No. 27: NSC Die No. 1705; IT heel mark dating from 1650-1675. This example held by the Central Excavation Unit (HMBC) and recovered from St Agnesgate, Ripon (Acc No. 258.102) (Davey 1990b). Pcode 03326. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.10. No. 7: NSC Die No. 1701; IW heel mark dating from 1680-1710. This example held by the Central Excavation Unit (HMBC) and recovered from Bedern Bank, Ripon (Acc No. 258.2564) (ibid). Pcode 03338. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.9. No. 28: NSC Die No. 1709; IT heel mark dating from 1650-1680. This example held by the Central Excavation Unit (HMBC) and recovered from Bedern Bank, Ripon (Acc No. 258.2521) (ibid). Pcode 03337. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.10. No. 8: NSC Die No. 1874; IW heel mark dating from 1650-1670. This example held by the Sheffield City Museum and recovered from 7 Storth Lane, Sheffield (Acc No. 1985.817). Pcode 07335. Fig 8.10. No. 9: NSC Die No. 1810; IW heel mark dating from 1630-1650. This example held by West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 116) (Davey and White 2002, 241, Fig 98, No. 7). Pcode 02113.
Fig 8.9. No. 29: NSC Die No. 1449; NT heel mark dating from 1680-1710. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1733). Pcode 02290. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.10. No. 10: NSC Die No. 1812; Wheel heel mark dating from 1630-1650. This example held by West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 116) (Davey and White 2002, 241, Fig 98, No. 3). Pcode 02114.
Fig 8.9. No. 30: NSC Die No. 1447; NT heel mark dating from 1680-1710. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. ). Pcode 02300. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.10. No. 11: NSC Die No. 1806; Wheel heel mark dating from 1640-1660. This example held by West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 103) (ibid, No. 9). Pcode 02109.
Fig 8.10. No. 1: NSC Die No. 1448; NT heel mark dating from 1680-1710. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. ). Pcode 03211. Die drawn by D. Williams.
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Figure 8.10: Selected Yorkshire heel marks. 1 NT; 2 FW; 3-6 GW; 7-9 IW; 10-13 Wheel; 14-16 Fleur-de-lys; 17 Crown; 18 Lamb; 19 ESX; 20 Dutch RW. (Scale 2:1).
Wood Hall Moated Manor (Acc No. WH94 10 1599) (White forthcoming). Pcode 02716.
Fig 8.10. No. 12: NSC Die No. 1805; Wheel heel mark dating from 1640-1660. This example held by West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 103) (ibid, No. 8).. Pcode 02110.
Fig 8.10. No. 15: NSC Die No. 1811; Fleur-de-lys heel mark dating from 1640-1660. This example held by West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 099) (Davey and White 2002, 241, Fig 98, No. 12). Pcode 02108.
Fig 8.10. No. 14: NSC Die No. 1804; Wheel heel mark dating from 1650-1670. This example held by the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust and recovered from Wood Hall Moated Manor (Acc No. WH94 20 1593) (White forthcoming). Pcode 02708.
Fig 8.10. No. 16: NSC Die No. 1474; Fleur-de-lys heel mark dating from 1660-1690. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1228). Pcode 02874. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.10. No. 14: NSC Die No. 1803; Fleur-de-lys heel mark dating from 1620-1640. This example held by the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust and recovered from
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
The earliest bowl stamps were recorded in South Yorkshire dating from the period 1660-1690. These marks take the form of initials applied in relief to the bowl facing the smoker. Only two of these relief marks were recorded, the first with the initials II on a bowl recovered from the Rotherham area, and the second with the initials PL on a bowl found in the Sheffield area.
Fig 8.10. No. 17: NSC Die No. 1477; Crown heel mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1232). Pcode 02878. Die drawn by D. Williams. Fig 8.10. No. 18: NSC Die No. 1479; Ram heel mark dating from 1650-1690. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1229). Pcode 02876. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Rarer still is a single bowl, also dating from 1660-1690 and recorded in East Yorkshire, stamped with a series of wheel marks which have been randomly applied all over the main body of the bowl, together with a series of milled bands (Appendix 3, Figure 31.07).
Fig 8.10. No. 19: NSC Die No. 1480; ESX heel mark dating from 1650-1690. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from fieldwalking from around Beverley (Acc No. 1230). Pcode 02877.
The remaining stamped bowl marks date from the very end of the seventeenth century and into the mid eighteenth. These marks are mostly incuse, although a small number in relief also appear, and all comprise initials applied to the bowl facing the smoker (for examples see Appendix 3, Figures 37.4, 122.03, 125.11, 131.05 and 131.11). Towards the end of this period a Doncaster maker, Lumley (see Appendix 1) was using an incuse full name mark, LUMLEY DONR, which he applied to the bowl facing the smoker, for an example see Appendix 3, Figure 124.08.
Fig 8.10. No. 20: NSC Die No. 1954; .RW heel mark dating from 1640-1660. This example held by the Wakefield Museum & Art Gallery and recovered from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.2) (Lawrence 1983, 285). Pcode 23302. Dutch. Attributed to Roger Wilkins who was born in York c1607. The following table presents a summary of the main characteristics of stamped heel marks from Yorkshire. Broad Period Early 17th century (16001640) Civil War Period (16401660) Post Civil War (16601690)
Late 17th to early 18th century (16901730)
The following table presents a summary of the main characteristics of stamped bowl marks.
Main characteristics of stamped heels Single letter, incuse marks Symbol marks, most commonly a wheel or wheel and dots, but also Tudor rose, stars, simple flowers and horseshoes. Some initial marks particularly in and around York Mostly initial marks Small numbers of symbol marks only recorded in West Yorkshire and in and around York.
Broad Period 16601690
16901720
Large round heels often with initials flanking a motif, which may indicate regional variation. Most common are tobacco plant in York and Hull; anchors or castles in the Pontefract area; but also, stars or scrolls above and/or below initials, crowned initials and lozenge shaped marks with letters flanking a fleur-de-lys. Smaller heels with much simpler initial marks, occasionally in association with dots or small stars.
17001750
Main characteristics of stamped bowls Initials marks in relief particularly in South Yorkshire rather rare. One example with wheel motifs and milled bands on a bowl from East Yorkshire around Beverley. Bowl marks more common, mostly incuse, but some relief initials, on the bowl facing the smoker; occasional motifs such as wheel Initials in relief on the bowl facing the smoker - rare, only one example found in York. Incuse initials and full name marks in east and south Yorkshire
Table 8.8: Main characteristics of stamped bowl marks found in Yorkshire
8.2.3 Range of moulded heel and spur marks Moulded heel marks, that is where the initials have been moulded on either side of the heel, first appear in the Transitional period (1690-1720). Although examples of this type of mark appear through into the second half of the eighteenth century, their use peaks in the first half of the eighteenth century. Moulded spur marks generally appear slightly later, although a single example was recorded in the north-east of the county dating from 1690-1720. The majority of the moulded heel and spur marks take the form of initials with the Christian name initial being placed on the smokers left and the surname initial on the smokers right. These initials are most commonly placed parallel to the stem, although there are
Table 8.7: Main characteristics of stamped heel marks found in Yorkshire
8.2.2 Range of stamped bowl marks Stamped bowl marks in Yorkshire are rare, with only 30 examples being recorded from the whole of the county. The majority of the stamped bowl marks recorded were found in the east or south of the county dating from the mid seventeenth century through to 1750, with just a single example from York dating from 1700-1750.
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The remaining seven bowls bearing moulded bowl marks were found in West Yorkshire, six from Doncaster and one from Wakefield. The six examples from Doncaster were recovered from the Lumley kiln site and have the lettering W WATSON ROTHERHAM (c1775-1800) moulded in relief up the bowl on either side of the mould seam away from the smoker. The example from Wakefield is similar but with the lettering THOS GILL REDHALL (Appendix 3, Figure 167.1). All seven bowls are decorated with Masonic motifs in addition to the lettering.
some examples where the initial is placed at 90 degrees to the stem. For a selection of moulded initial marks see Appendix 3, Figures 2.03, 3.04, 11.10, 21.11, 35.01 and 36.5-12, From the first half of the eighteenth century symbol marks were used either in place of the initial or in conjunction with it, for example stars or flowers, either on their own or surmounting the initial, and a crescent moon (Appendix 3, Figure 3.08). By the second half of the eighteenth century a dot and circle motif also appeared. In Yorkshire only a small number of this type of symbol mark were recorded and these appear to be confined to the north and east of the county.
The following table presents a summary of the main characteristics of moulded bowl marks.
The following table presents a summary of the main characteristics of moulded heel and spur marks. Broad Period 16901720
17001750
17501800+
Broad Period 16801710 17001750 17501800+
Main characteristics of stamped bowls Moulded initials the majority of which occur on heels, although a small number of spurs recorded in northeast of the county. Initials applied either parallel to, or at 90 degrees to the stem. Moulded heels still more popular but moulded spurs appear in the north-east of the county as well as in and around York. Some symbol marks either used alone or in conjunction with the initials. Most common symbols appear to be crescent moon, flowers and stars. Period dominated by moulded spur marks although moulded heels found in small numbers in the north and east of the county. Symbol marks continue to be used with dot and circle motif, in particular, appearing popular.
Main characteristics of stamped bowls Large crudely executed initials on the side of the bowl in East Yorkshire. Pellets in the form of a lozenge on the sides of the bowl found in East Yorkshire. Moulded lettering around the rim or on either side of the mould seam away from the smoker. Found in the south and east of the county often in association with a mould decorated bowl such as flutes or Masonic motifs.
Table 8.10: Main characteristics of moulded bowl marks found in Yorkshire
8.3 Analysis of Yorkshire bowl marks Having considered the range of bowl marks recorded in Yorkshire the following sections go on to look at the proportion of marked to unmarked bowls in order to consider the changes in the use of bowl marks both chronologically and geographically, thereby highlighting any regional variation over time. A large proportion of the bowls from East Yorkshire came from the Rayner Collection (Collection Code 0070). Although this collection is very large and covers the full study period for this thesis, there has been selective retention in favour of marked fragments. These factors created a serious skewing of the data, for example, for the period 16401660 the percentage of bowls with stamped heel marks from East Yorkshire was 68% when the Rayner Collection was included. When this material is not included, however, a more realistic figure of 12% is generated. It was decided, therefore to exclude the Rayner Collection for the purposes of the following analysis.
Table 8.9: Main characteristics of moulded heel and spur marks found in Yorkshire
8.2.4 Range of moulded bowl marks Moulded lettering around the rim and on the sides of the bowl becomes common at a number of production centres in Yorkshire, but particularly in Hull by the nineteenth century. For the purposes of this current research, however, there is a cut off period of 1800 and only a very small number of moulded bowl marks were recorded. The earliest examples with moulded marks on the bowl were recorded from the study area dating from 16801710. Both came from Hull and have the large, and rather crudely executed, initials RC on the sides of the bowl (See Appendix 3, Figure 14.8 and Stothard 1983, 3 Fig 16).
A count was made for each of the main mark types noted above, that is stamped heels, stamped bowl marks, moulded heel and spur marks and moulded bowl marks. This count was translated into a percentage of the total number of bowls for each of the six geographical subdivisions within each of seven date ranges (1580-1610, 1610-1640, 1640-1660, 1660-1690, 1690-1720, 1700-
Two bowls dating from 1700-1750, one from Beverley (Appendix 3, Figure 37.5) and one from Hull (Appendix 3, Figure 15.7), do not have lettering but have a series of pellets moulded on to the sides of the bowl in a lozenge pattern. This arrangement of pellets is reminiscent of Dutch bowls but these particular examples appear to be local Yorkshire products.
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mark on its pipes but during the Transitional Period, 1690-1720, the figure dropped to just 7, or 13%. That is 18% lower than the previous period.
1750 and 1750-1800). These percentages make the data from each region and period comparable. This data is presented in a series of bar charts both chronologically and geographically in order to highlight any regional variation within the county of Yorkshire. For each chart the total number of bowl fragments in each sample, that is both marked and unmarked, is given in brackets.
With the exception of West Yorkshire, all the areas produced a small proportion of pipes with moulded heel marks, in addition to those with stamped heels. Both East and South Yorkshire also produced pipes with a stamped bowl mark. The proportion of this type of mark in South Yorkshire is almost as high as for the stamped heel marks with a total of 8 examples, or 17%.
8.3.1
Chronological analysis of Yorkshire bowl marks The chronological analysis of Yorkshire bowl marks is presented in a series of bar charts (Figures 8.11 and 8.12) for six out of the seven broad date ranges. The chart for 1580-1610 has been excluded as there were only ten bowls recorded from the whole of Yorkshire from this period, only one of which was marked – a stamped heel mark from South Yorkshire.
By the period 1700-1750 only three of the geographical sub-divisions produced pipes with stamped heel marks – East Yorkshire (1%), North-east Yorkshire (2%) and York and its environs (5%). The dominant method of marking in all areas is the moulded heel mark, particularly in the West and North-west where it is the only form of marking at this date. With the exception of South Yorkshire, the sizes of the samples for the period 1750-1800 are rather small and are therefore misleading. The sample from South Yorkshire, with 115 examples, however would seem to indicate a significant decrease in the percentage of bowls that are marked. In this area only two types of marking occur, moulded spurs with only one example and moulded bowl marks with six examples, or 3% of the total.
During the period 1610-1640 (Figure 8.11, top) only stamped heel marks occur. The highest proportion is found in and around York where 63% of the pipes were marked in this way. In contrast, in West Yorkshire during the same period only 5% of the bowls have stamped heel marks. By the Civil War period, around 1640-1660 (Figure 8.11, middle), there is a distinct drop in the percentage of marked pipes from all areas. Stamped heel marks remain the only type present. Although all the figures have dropped considerably, York and its environs still produced a higher proportion of marked bowls with a total of 65 examples, or 17%.
8.3.2
Geographical analysis of Yorkshire bowl marks As with chronology, similar bar charts have been prepared to show the geographical distribution (Figures 8.13 and 8.14). Taken with the charts for the chronological distribution, it is possible to draw a more detailed picture of what was happening in terms of the marking of bowls across the county between 1580 and 1800. The size of the sample for each date range is given in brackets after the date.
After 1660 there is an increase in the percentage of marked bowls in all areas (Figure 8.11, bottom). Again stamped heel marks dominate but one or two other types of marks are beginning to appear. For example in South Yorkshire there is a small percentage of pipes with moulded heels and with stamps on the bowl. Stamped bowl marks also begin to appear in East Yorkshire. As with the previous two periods it is York and its environs where there is the highest proportion of marked pipes. In the period 1660-1690 a total of 250, or 50%, of the 497 bowls recorded from in and around York were marked. In contrast to the previous periods, however, the proportion of marked pipes from West Yorkshire – a total of 90, or 30% of the 299 bowls recorded - is more in line with the rest of the county.
Stamped heel marks have been recorded in all six geographical sub-divisions with the majority falling in the period 1610-1720. South Yorkshire (Figure 8.13 bottom) has one stamped heel for the period 1580-1610 which gives a misleading figure of 100% and should therefore be ignored. East Yorkshire, the North-east and York and its environs each have a small proportion of stamped heels for the period 1700-1750. It is interesting to note that in all areas there is a marked drop in the proportion of stamped heels in the Civil War period, that is 1640-1660. This is followed by a sudden increase after 1660.
The greatest diversity of marks is seen during the Transitional Period, 1690-1720 particularly in the East and North-east of the county (Figure 8.12, top) when all areas were producing pipes with stamped heel marks. It is interesting that it is York and its environs that were producing the highest of proportion of stamped heel marks once again with a total of 129, or 68%. West Yorkshire, however, continued to use a stamped heel
The largest proportion of stamped bowls appears to occur in South Yorkshire during the period 1690-1720 (Figure 8.13, bottom). The 100% reading for East Yorkshire (Figure 8.13, middle) for the period 1750-1800 is given by just three examples and should therefore be ignored.
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Figure 8.11: Chronological analysis of bowl marks recorded in Yorkshire. 1610-1640 (top), 1640-1660 (middle) and 1660-1690 (bottom).
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Figure 8.12: Chronological analysis of bowl marks recorded in Yorkshire. 1690-1720 (top), 1700-1750 (middle) and 1750-1800 (bottom).
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Figure 8.13: Geographical analysis of bowl marks recorded in Yorkshire. West Yorkshire (top), East Yorkshire (middle) and South Yorkshire (bottom).
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Figure 8.13: Geographical analysis of bowl marks recorded in Yorkshire. North-west Yorkshire (top), North-east Yorkshire (middle) and York & its environs (bottom).
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Very small percentages of stamped bowls also occur in East Yorkshire (1%) from as early as the period 16401660 and also 1660-1690 (Figure 8.13, middle), rising slightly to 3% for the period 1690-1720 and 1700-1750.
8.4 Stamped stem marks Stamped stem marks could either be a small motif or initials similar to a heel mark but placed across the stem, or a broad band applied around the entire stem, referred to as a roll-stamp mark.
Moulded heel marks occur in all areas from the period 1690-1720, although a very small percentage, 1%, occurs in South Yorkshire as early as the period 1660-1690 (Figure 8.13, bottom). It is interesting to note that in both West (Figure 8.13, top) and North-west Yorkshire (Figure 8.14, top) moulded heels are the only type of bowl mark present for the period 1700-1750. In Northeast Yorkshire (Figure 8.14, middle) moulded heels and spurs first occur in the period 1690-1720 and rise steadily through to the period 1750-1800.
Roll-stamp marks fall into quite distinctive regional schools, the most elaborate of which were produced at Chester (Rutter and Davey 1980). Roll-stamp marks are a phenomenon that appears to have been used principally in the Midlands and the north of England. The examples recovered from Chester are almost entirely decorative and hardly any contain lettering or the maker’s name, although the word CHESTER, in association with the Chester arms, was often placed within or between the roll-stamp borders. Those found in Yorkshire and parts of the North-east, however, are usually name marks that are sometimes associated with decorative borders. Examples of these marks have been previously noted as isolated examples but there has been no systematic study of them. Regional studies of this type of mark have been carried out for Tyneside (Edward 1988a), Chester (Rutter and Davey 1980) and Nottingham (Alvey, Laxton and Paechter 1979) but to date, not for Yorkshire.
Although moulded bowl marks were only recorded in small quantities from West and South Yorkshire at the very end of the eighteenth century, their use continued into the first half of the nineteenth century. This form of marking was particularly popular in East Yorkshire, around Hull (Watkins 1979). Of the moulded bowl marks recorded, the highest proportion was found in West Yorkshire (Figure 8.13 top) with a figure of 20%, however, this figure is based on a sample of only five bowls and may therefore be misleading.
From Yorkshire a total of 483 marked stems comprising 153 stem stamps and 330 roll-stamp marks were recorded and impressions made for the National Stamp Catalogue. A breakdown of the quantity of stem stamps (SS) and roll-stamp marks (RS) recorded, from each period for the six geographical sub-divisions is presented in the table below.
It is East Yorkshire (Figure 8.13, middle) that appears to have the widest range of bowl marks. Certainly in the period 1700-1750 examples of each of the five main types of bowl marks have been recorded, although the moulded heel mark is the most dominant form accounting for 51% of the bowls. In contrast the North-west of the county has the least diverse range with all marked bowls either having a stamped heel or a moulded heel.
West East South North-west North- east York & its environs Totals
1580-1610 SS RS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1610-1640 SS RS 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0
1640-1660 SS RS 3 0 21 0 3 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 29 1
1660-1690 SS RS 1 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 19 0
1690-1720 SS RS 10 1 61 2 3 0 6 3 1 0 0 0 81 6
1700-1750 SS RS 4 39 2 89 0 36 9 5 0 5 1 21 16 195
1750-1800 SS RS 0 4 0 15 0 88 0 2 0 18 0 1 0 128
Table 8.11: Count of stem stamps (SS) and roll-stamps (RS) for each area by period
A selection of stem stamp marks from Yorkshire has been illustrated at twice life size in Figure 8.15. Full details of all pipe fragments bearing stem stamp marks have been recorded on the Yorkshire Database. The majority of the letter marks recorded in Yorkshire are initial marks, either in relief (for example Figure 8.15 Nos. 6 and 8) or incuse (for example Figure 8.15 Nos. 11 to 13), and stamped across the line of the pipe. Often these marks were placed on top of the stem a short distance from the bowl. As with the heel stamps discussed above, these stem stamp marks occur with or without borders. When
8.4.1 Stem stamp marks (Figure 8.15) A total of 153 stem stamps, where the initials or motif is stamped across the line of the pipe, were recorded in Yorkshire. A breakdown of the type of marks by geographical subdivision is given in Table 8.12 Of the 151 legible stem stamps 142, or 94%, comprised lettering or sets of initials and the remaining nine examples, or 6%, comprised abstract motifs such as crowns (Figure 8.15 No. 14) or Roman numerals (Appendix 3, Figure 59.3).
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Initials ?? ?H ?W C/G? CB TC HS (**see note below) ?I/HS IG IG (crowned) I GILL IH IH (crowned) IL ?MH RF RH SH SV TH WH Crossed arrows motif Crown motif Roman numerals Ship motif Totals
West
East
1 1
South
North-west
1
2 1 2
North-East
York & its environs
Total
1 1 1 1 1 6 1
1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 101
3
1 3
2
2 1 1
18
105
5 2 16
6
2
6
2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 106 3 4 1 1 5 2 153
** N.B: the two stem stamps read as HS are very small and it is difficult to determine which way round the initials should be read, therefore the possibility that these marks read SH rather than HS should not be ruled out.
Table 8.12: Table giving the count for each type of stem stamp recorded from the six geographical sub-divisions in Yorkshire. A question mark (?) indicates an initial that is illegible
Figure 40.5). For a more detailed discussion of the distribution of SV marks in Yorkshire see Chapter 9
they do occur these borders could be circular (for example Figure 8.15 Nos. 1, 6 and 8 to 10), heart-shaped (for example Figure 8.15 Nos. 5 and 7) or simply follow the outline of the design as with the crowned IG mark in Figure 8.15 No. 2. Two of the stem stamps recorded bear a full name mark that reads I GILL. These marks can be attributed to one of the Gill family from near Wakefield. The Gills were a pipemaking family who had been working in and around Potovens, near Wakefield from the end of the seventeenth century right through to the nineteenth century (Brears 1967, 42).
8.4.1.1. Catalogue of selected stem stamp marks from Yorkshire In the following catalogue are presented a range of stem stamp marks recorded in Yorkshire. These marks are arranged alphabetically by surname initial, followed by the symbol marks. The accompanying catalogue gives the die number, where one exists, as recorded in the National Clay Tobacco Pipe Stamp Catalogue (NSC) together with details of the collection that now holds the pipe and the name of the site from which is was recovered. The pipe code (Pcode) is also give, which cross- refers to the Yorkshire database. Details of any makers mentioned in the catalogue can be found in Appendix 1.
Of the 142 letter marks 106, or 75% were the initials SV, 101 of which were recorded in East Yorkshire. These SV marks are quite different in that they are incuse. They are found throughout England on pipes dating from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They occasionally occur on pipes that bear a second set of initials, which has given rise to the suggestion that these SV marks may be some kind of quality mark (for example Appendix 3,
Fig 8.15 No. 1: NSC Die No. 1476; TC stem mark dating from 1660-1700. This example held by the Rayner
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Figure 8.15: Selected stem stamps from Yorkshire. 1 TC; 2 IG; 3 I GILL; 4 IH; 5-7 WH; 8 H ROBINSON YARM; 9 HS (or SH); 10 ?IS; 11-14 SV; 15 Crown. (Scale 2:1)
West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC83 240) (Davey and White 2002, 246 Fig 102, No. 51). Pcode 02097.
Collection and recovered from field walking around Beverley. Pcode 2885. Fig 8.15 No. 2: NSC Die No. 1828; IG stem mark dating from 1690-1720. This example held by the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust and recovered from Wood Hall Moated Manor (Acc No. WH94 20 1593) (White forthcoming). Pcode 02725. A Judith Gill is known to have been working at Potovens, near Wakefield c16921693 and a John Gill, also at Potovens, c1709-1717 (Brears 1967, 42). However, the published Gill marks all appear on the heels of their pipes. The closest parallel for the Wood Hall IG mark is a stem stamp from Barnard Castle, which takes the form of a stylised crown above the initials IG (Davey 1988a, Fig 33).
Fig 8.15 No. 5: NSC Die No. 1700; WH stem mark dating from 1680-1700. This example held by the Central Excavation Unit (HMBC) and recovered from Bedern Bank, Ripon (Acc No. 258.2573) (Davey 1990b). Pcode 03340. Fig 8.15 No. 6: NSC Die No. 1831; WH stem mark dating from 1600-1699. This example held by the West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Sovereign Street (Acc No. SOV98 1000 U/S) (White 1999). Pcode 02142. Fig 8.15 No. 7: NSC Die No. 1830; WH stem mark dating from 1600-1699. This example held by the West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Sovereign Street (Acc No. SOV98 1008) (White 1999). Pcode 02143.
Fig 8.15 No. 3: NSC Die No. 1484; I GILL stem mark dating from 1700-1720. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from field walking around Beverley (Acc No. 1065). Pcode 03285. This mark may be attributed to one of the Gills working in and around Potovens.
Fig 8.15 No. 8: H ROBINSON YARM stem mark dating from 1670-1700. This example held by the Tees Archaeology and recovered from Church Walk,
Fig 8.15 No. 4: NSC Die No. 1854; IH (Crowned) stem mark dating from 1660-1680. This example held by the
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Hartlepool (Acc No. HCW F15(b) D-8 1157.97). An unusual full-name stem stamp of a previously unrecorded maker from Yarm (Edwards 1985). Pcode 02024. Drawing after Edwards 1985.
8.4.2 Roll-stamp stem marks (Figures 8.16 to 8.19) Of the total 330 roll-stamp marks recorded from Yorkshire only 15 were illegible. Of the remaining 315 roll-stamp marks the design of 190 comprised mainly of lettering, accounting for 60% of the total legible marks. A total of 125, or 40%, of the marks comprised abstract designs such as the Midland borders (Figure 8.19 No. 8) or diamond pattern (Appendix 3 Figure 148.3). More detailed analysis of the letter marks show that 150, or 76%, were attributable to known makers from South or West Yorkshire. A count for each maker is given in the table below.
Fig 8.15 No. 9: NSC Die No. 1824; HS stem mark dating from 1690-1710. This example held by the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust and recovered from Wood Hall Moated Manor (Acc No. WH97 14 1828) (White forthcoming). Pcode 02692. Fig 8.15 No. 10: NSC Die No. 1823; ?H/IS stem mark dating from 1690-1720. This example held by the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust and recovered from Wood Hall Moated Manor (Acc No. WH92 20 590) (White forthcoming). Pcode 02723.
Makers Name ? Hillary A Hillary Stephen Hillary Isaac Hodgson S Lumley Benjamin Marsden I Powell Richard Scorah Thomas Wild William Wild
Fig 8.15 No. 11: NSC Die No. 1483; SV stem mark dating from 1650-1680. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from field walking around Beverley (Acc No. 1326). Pcode 02927. Fig 8.15 No. 12: SV stem mark dating from 1620-1650. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from field walking around Beverley. Drawn by D. Higgins.
A selection of roll-stamp marks from Yorkshire has been illustrated at twice life size in Figures 8.16 to 8.19. The roll stamp marks recorded in Yorkshire fall into two basic types. The majority are wrapped horizontally around the stem and bear the makers initials, or more commonly, the full name often surrounded by a decorative border. In some instances these decorative borders are extremely elaborate, for example the S. Lumley mark with is borders of scrolls, scallops and small flowers (Figure 8.17 No. 6) and the Richard Scora marks with its rows of animals, possibly foxes, above and below the lettering (Figure 8.18 No. 3).
Fig 8.15 No. 14: SV stem mark dating from 1620-1650. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from field walking around Beverley. Drawn by D. Higgins. Fig 8.15 No. 15: Crown mark dating from 1650-1700. This example held by the York Archaeological Trust and recovered from 21-33 Aldwark, York. The following table presents a summary of the main characteristics of roll-stamp marks from Yorkshire.
Late 17th to early 18th century (16601720)
Qty 2 1 8 1 62 1 1 49 15 7
Table 8.14: Count of roll-stamp marks recorded for known pipe-makers from south and west Yorkshire.
Fig 8.15 No. 13: SV stem mark dating from 1640-1660. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from field walking around Beverley. Drawn by D. Higgins.
Broad Period 17th and 18th century
Production Centre Pontefract area Pontefract area Pontefract area Leeds Doncaster Rotherham ?Wakefield Rawmarsh Rotherham Rotherham
The second, and more unusual type was wrapped diagonally around the pipe producing a spiral effect. In total six of these spiral marks were recorded, three bearing the lettering YARM YORKSHIRE (for example see Figure 8.18 Nos. 9 & 11); two with the lettering VERNON (for example see Figure 8.8 No. 7) and one with the slogan NO EXCISE (Figure 8.8 No. 1). All these marks were either recovered from sites in and around Yarm or have the name Yarm in the mark, strongly suggesting that this rather unusual form of spiral rollstamp mark was popular with pipe-makers in that town. This type of mark is also unusual in that the VERNON and NO EXCISE marks appear to be of a political nature. The VERNON marks may be associated with Admiral Vernon who won a great naval battle at Porto Bello in 1739. Pipes commemorating the Admiral’s victory are known from the second quarter of the eighteenth century (le Cheminant 1981d, 88) and, although much later than
Main characteristics of stem-stamp marks Use of SV marks on the stem widespread in Yorkshire as well as other parts of England. Rare examples found in association with other initials. Large initial marks similar to those seen on heel stamps earlier in the century. Small stamps with circular and heart-shaped borders placed on the stem a short distance from the bowl. Mostly initial marks although some abstract motifs such as crowns appear. Early 18th century sees the use of name marks
Table 8.13: Main characteristics of stem-stamp marks found in Yorkshire
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Christian name initial is missing, it is possible this is another Hillary mark from Pontefract.
Vernon’s famous naval battle, it is possible that the Yorkshire stem marks also refer to the Admiral. Although rare, pipe stamps bearing the names of political figures do occur, for example Atkinson (1975, 38) illustrates a mark that reads WILKES NO.45. Atkinson associated this mark with John Wilkes and edition number 45 of his paper North Briton, in which, in 1763, he attacked the monarchy and the establishment making him a ‘hero of the working classes’ (ibid 42). It is interesting that the form of the Wilkes mark is very similar to that of the Vernon marks.
Fig 8.16 No. 7: NSC Die No. 1840; STEPHEN HILLARY roll stamp stem mark dating from 1740-1780. This example held by the West Yorkshire Archaeological Services and recovered from Old Hall Farm (Acc No. OHF96 2043) (White 2001a). Pcode 21363. N reversed. Possibly Stephen Hillary of Pontefract. Fig 8.17 No. 1: NSC Die No. 1920; I CROSLAND roll stamp stem mark dating from 1710-1770. This example held by the Doncaster Museum & Art Gallery and recovered from North side of Church Way (St. George's), Site DT (Acc No. DT/NAH 75/42). Pcode 08340.
8.4.2.1 Catalogue of selected roll-stamp marks from Yorkshire As with the stem-stamp marks discussed above, the following catalogue presents a selection of the roll-stamp marks recorded in Yorkshire. Full details of all pipe fragments bearing roll-stamp marks have been recorded on the Yorkshire Database and details of the individual makers can be found in Appendix 1.
Fig 8.17 No. 2: NSC Die No. 1507; FLEETWOOD roll stamp stem mark dating from 1700-1750. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from field walking around Beverley (Acc No. 1017). Pcode 03245. Large numbers of Fleetwood marks have been recorded in Yorkshire and this may be the name of a pipe-maker rather than referring to the town of Fleetwood in Lancashire. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.16 No. 1: NSC Die No. 1837; A HILLARY roll stamp stem mark dating from 1740-1780. This example held by the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust and recovered from Wood Hall Moated Manor (Acc No. WH90 15 370) (White forthcoming). Pcode 02697. Possibly a Pontefract maker.
Fig 8.17 No. 3: NSC Die No. 1926; ISSAC HODGSON MAKER IN LEEDS roll stamp stem mark dating from 1740-1760. This example held by English Heritage and recovered from Wharram Percy (Acc No. WP88/74/106). Pcode 23535. This mark is rather unusual in that it also gives the place name as well as the maker’s full name.
Fig 8.16 No. 2: NSC Die No. 1916; S HILLARY roll stamp stem mark dating from 1740-1780. This example held by the White Collection and recovered from Thorne Area (Acc No. 160300). Pcode 08421. Possibly Stephen Hillary of Pontefract.
Fig 8.17 No. 4: NSC Die No. 1918; HUDSON roll stamp stem mark dating from c1740-1790. This example held by the White Collection and recovered from Thorne Area (Acc No. 160300). Pcode 08422.
Fig 8.16 No. 3: NSC Die No. 1917; S HILLARY roll stamp stem mark dating from c1700-1750. This example held by the Pontefract Museum and is unprovenanced material from Pontefract (Acc No. 3). Pcode 08000. Possibly Stephen Hillary of Pontefract.
Fig 8.17 No. 5: NSC Die No. 1919; I LAXTON roll stamp stem mark dating from c1700-1799. This example held by the York Excavation Group and recovered from Orchard Field, Skelton (Acc No. SK/1021) (Davey 1992d). Pcode 08516.
Fig 8.16 No. 4: NSC Die No. 1836; S HILLARY roll stamp stem mark dating from 1740-1770. This example held by the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust and recovered from Wood Hall Moated Manor (Acc No. WH97 27 3233) (White forthcoming). Pcode 02690. Possibly Stephen Hillary of Pontefract.
Fig 8.17 No. 6: NSC Die No. 1929; S LUMLEY roll stamp stem mark dating from c1760-1780. This example held by the Doncaster Museum & Art Gallery and recovered from Church Street, Site DC, DY, DX and DCH (Acc No. DC/AGA). Pcode 24797. Mark stamped below traces of tendril moulded decoration
Fig 8.16 No. 5: NSC Die No. 1512; S HILLARY roll stamp stem mark dating from 1720-1760. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from field walking around Beverley (Acc No. 1015). Pcode 03241. Possibly Stephen Hillary of Pontefract. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.17 No. 7: NSC Die No. 1922; GL roll stamp stem mark dating from c1700-1740. This example currently being held by the NCTPA, on loan from Tees Archaeology, and recovered from Southgate, Hartlepool (Acc No. HP81/SG 41A). Pcode 20953. Although this particular example was recovered from outside Yorkshire an example produced from the same die was recovered from excavations in Scarborough.
Fig 8.16 No. 6: NSC Die No. 1915 HILLARY roll stamp stem mark dating from 1720-1780. This example held by Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery and recovered from excavations in Castleford. Pcode 24745. Although the
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Figure 8.16: Selected roll stamp stem marks. Members of the Hillary family (Scale 2:1)
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Figure 8.17: Selected roll stamp stem marks (Scale 2:1)
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Similar examples of this mark have been recovered from Piercebridge and from Richmond.
Fig 8.17 No. 8: NSC Die No. 1834; BENIAMIN MAZDEN roll stamp stem mark dating from 1760-1800. This example held by ARCUS and recovered from Riverside Exchange, Sheffield (Acc No. 11402) (White 2002a). Pcode 08399.
Fig 8.18 No. 10: Part of a roll stamp mark showing a heart border. This example held by ARCUS and recovered from Riverside Exchange, Sheffield (Acc No. 240F [11] 11424 SF No. 0417) (White 2002a). Pcode 08392.
Fig 8.18 No. 1: NSC Die No. 1923; NO EXCISE roll stamp stem mark dating from 1760-1810. This example held by the Tees Archaeology and recovered from the Yarm (Acc No. Y80 30) (Davey 1983). Pcode 02016. A possible political slogan.
Fig 8.18 No. 11: NSC Die No. 1955; YARM YORKSHIRE roll stamp stem mark dating from 17501850. This example held by the Bowes Museum and recovered from Piercebridge (Acc No. PB/TV78 24 2AB1). Pcode 02129.
Fig 8.18 No. 2: NSC Die No. 1838; ?I POWELL roll stamp stem mark dating from 1740-1780. This example held by the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust and recovered from Wood Hall Moated Manor (Acc No. WH90 15 298) (White forthcoming). Pcode 02704.
Fig 8.19 No. 1: NSC Die No. 1928; IS roll stamp stem mark dating from 1740-1790. This example held by the Scarborough Borough Council and recovered from St Thomas' Street, Scarborough (Acc No. STS93 T.1 103). Pcode 02598.
Fig 8.18 No. 3: NSC Die No. 1508; RIH:SCORA (ROMARSH) roll stamp stem mark dating from c17401780. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from field walking around Beverley (Acc No. 1028). Pcode 03259. Fig 8.18 No. 4: NSC Die No. 1509; R SCORA (ROMARSH) roll stamp stem mark dating from c1740-1780. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from field walking around Beverley (Acc No. 1025). Pcode 03273. Die drawn by D. Williams.
Fig 8.19 No. 2: NSC Die No. 1839; TT roll stamp stem mark dating from 1690-1720. This example held by the Wood Hall Archaeological Trust and recovered from Wood Hall Moated Manor (Acc No. WH94 20 764) (White forthcoming). Pcode 02726. Fig 8.19 No. 3: NSC Die No. 1921; WATSON roll stamp stem mark dating from 1760-1810. This example held by the Scarborough Borough Council and recovered from Springfield, Scarborough (Acc No. SP900 Trench 9). Pcode 02597. Although a pipe-maker called James Watson is listed in the Rotherham directories for 1818, stylistically this mark is quite different from the other roll stamps found in Yorkshire. It is most closely paralleled with a mark bearing the name DENTON (Oswald 1991, Vol 1 D1). Oswald attributes this mark to either J Denton of Sunderland c1865, or to Joshua Denton of Bradford c1822. The use of scrolls in association with the makers name is a style of mark found in north-east England, for example Hugh Coats of Gateshead c1792-1810 (Edwards 1988a, 33), William Coates of Sunderland c1821-1827 (Parsons 1964, 250) and Caleb Wilson of Sunderland c1827-1841 (ibid, 254). The Watson mark recovered from Scarborough, therefore, is most likely to have originated from the Gateshead/Sunderland area.
Fig 8.18 No. 5: NSC Die No. 1510; RICHD SCORA (ROMARSH) roll stamp stem mark dating from c17401780. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from field walking around Beverley (Acc No. 1042). Pcode 03264. Die drawn by D. Williams. Fig 8.18 No. 6: NSC Die No. 1511; R SCORA (ROMARSH) roll stamp stem mark dating from c17401780. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from field walking around Beverley (Acc No. 1029). Pcode 03272. Die drawn by D. Williams. Fig 8.18 No. 7: Midland style border dating from 17401790. This example held by ARCUS and recovered from Riverside Exchange, Sheffield (Acc No. 240F [14] (11424)) (White 2002a). Pcode. 08391. Fig 8.18 No. 8: NSC Die No. 1924; VERNON roll stamp stem mark dating from c1760-1810. This example held by the Tees Archaeology and recovered from The Yarm area (Acc No. Y77 0). Pcode 02013. This may be associated with Admiral Vernon and commemorating his famous naval battle at Porto Bello in 1739. Similar partial mark also from Yarm noted by Davey (1983).
Fig 8.19 No. 4: NSC Die No. 1927; JOHN WILD roll stamp stem mark dating from 1730-1790. This example held by the Department of Archaeology, Sheffield and recovered from Bolsover Church (Acc No. BOL92 150) (Davey 1992,d). Pcode 01938. Fig 8.19 No. 5: NSC Die No. 1832; THO WILD roll stamp stem mark dating from 1750-1800. This example held by the ARCUS and recovered from Riverside Exchange, Sheffield (Acc No. 11451) (White 2002a). Pcode 08400. Thomas Wild of Rotherham.
Fig 8.18 No. 9: NSC Die No. 1956; YARM YORKSHIRE roll stamp stem mark dating from 17701820. This example is in a private collection in Stockton and recovered from the Stockton area. Pcode 24958.
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Figure 8.18: Selected roll stamp stem marks (Scale 2:1)
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Figure 8.19: Selected roll stamp stem marks (Scale 2:1)
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county and it has been possible to identify particular motifs, such as anchors, castles and crowns that are unique to specific areas within the county.
Fig 8.19 No. 6: NSC Die No. 1513; THO WILD (with a Midland border) roll stamp stem mark dating from c1720-1760. This example held by the Rayner Collection and recovered from field walking around Beverley (Acc No. 1058). Pcode 03279. Thomas Wild of Rotherham.
By using methods such as die analysis, and the identification of possible makers and their products through the use of mould flaw analysis, the movement of products within the county of Yorkshire can be charted. In the following chapter a series of case studies are presented to show how such analysis can help with the identification of possible trade patterns within Yorkshire during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Fig 8.19 No. 7: NSC Die No. 1833; THO WILD roll stamp stem mark dating from c1760-1800. This example held by the ARCUS and recovered from Riverside Exchange, Sheffield (Acc No. 1187) (White 2002a). Pcode 08398. Thomas Wild of Rotherham. Fig 8.19 No. 8: NSC Die No. 1925; WILLM WILD roll stamp stem mark dating from c1760-1780. This example held by the Doncaster Museum & Art Gallery and recovered from Lord Street, Site DF (Acc No. BF/BG). Pcode 24794. Mark 24mm from bowl/stem juncion. William Wild of Rotherham. Table 8.15 presents a summary of the main characteristics of roll-stamp marks from Yorkshire. Broad Period Early to mid 18th century (17001760) Late 18th century (1760+)
Main characteristics of roll-stamp marks Full name marks common particularly in South and West Yorkshire, often in association with decorative borders such as hearts, dots and circles, stars etc. Some examples also have place of manufacture but this is rather rare. More elaborate borders and more finely executed. In the north-east of the county, particularly around Yarm, spiral stamps appear to be popular. Some of this spiral marks have political connections and slogan or place names rather than markers’ names.
Table 8.15: Main characteristics of roll-stamp marks found in Yorkshire
8.5 Summary This chapter has focused on the range of marks in use in Yorkshire during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Rather than discuss every mark recorded from Yorkshire in detail the aim of this chapter has been to present a summary of the main characteristics of each of the five main types of bowl marks together with a selection of stem marks. Analysis of the individual dies recorded from the county helps in the identification of previously unknown makers as well as providing more information with regard to the size and nature of the workshops of those that are already documented. The use of die analysis together with the chronological and geographical analysis of the five main bowl mark types has charted the development of a range of mark types found in Yorkshire. This analysis has shown that regional variation clearly exists within the
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9:
so damaged that they could not be identified to individual die level. The remaining 134 were clear marks that could be directly compared with one another. Analysis of these marks identified 31 individual dies, a range of which has been illustrated in Chapter 8, Figure 8.6.
The distribution of Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes
9.0 Introduction This chapter will focus on the distribution of specific groups of Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes dating from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, as a means of identifying particular market or trade patterns. These groups will either be Yorkshire products that can be linked to a specific maker whether by means of a stamped mark or through products that have been produced in the same mould, or large groups of a particular mark that have been found in Yorkshire.
The AB marks can be divided in to two main groups. The first dates from 1660-1690 and comprises 69 examples amongst which 12 individual dies can be identified. All of these can be attributed to Abraham Boyes of York who was recorded from 1645-1681 (Appendix 1). In Table 9.1 a twice life size drawing of each of the 12 die types is presented together with the die number, the number of recorded examples and the find spots from which they have been recovered. This is followed by the date range of the associated bowl forms.
Chapter 8 looked at the analysis of individual dies as a means of identifying the range of marks used by a specific maker. It also introduced the idea that previously unrecorded makers could be identified by looking at the distribution patterns of marks with distinctive decorative motifs. In this chapter a series of case studies will be presented that will expand on these ideas in order to illustrate how die analysis can be used to define the market area of a particular maker. This chapter also considers how plain, unmarked, pipes can be used to identify distribution patterns through the analysis of mould flaws. Finally, the mechanisms by which these goods were distributed are considered.
In addition to the marks listed in Table 9.1, AB marks dating from the period 1660-1690 and also attributed to Abraham Boyes have also been recorded from Rainford, Merseyside (Davey et al 1982, 195, Fig 12, No. 13), The Hubbard Collection in Richmond, Yorkshire (Oswald 1991, AB (1) 10b), St. Mary’s City, Maryland USA (ibid 10c) and Port Royal, Jamaica (Marx 1968, 17). The documentary evidence relating to Abraham Boyes suggests that he successfully operated a sizeable workshop during his 36 years as a pipe-maker. During his working life he took on at least three apprentices and it is highly likely that his son Christopher, later to become a pipe-maker in his own right, also worked for him. The Hearth Tax Returns for 1671 listed six hearths for Abraham Boyes (Appendix 1), suggesting that Boyes was a man of some status and wealth.
9.1
Distribution of marked Yorkshire products within the county During the course of this research more than 2,000 clay tobacco pipes with stamped or moulded marks have been recorded. In the following sections information obtained from die analysis is used to outline the extent of the market area of a selection of stamped heel and stem marks. Although it has not been possible to map distribution patterns for every mark recorded in Yorkshire a number of key groups of pipes with stamped heel or stem marks have been identified. In the following sections a number of case studies are presented in order to give an indication of either: •
the extent of the market area of a known maker
•
the possible location of a previously unrecorded maker and the extent of their market area
Analysis of the AB marks would suggest that Boyes was using at least 12 different dies and yet only 69 examples of his products have been recorded. This figure puts into perspective the small size of the sample that has been recovered from the archaeological record. The second group of AB marks dates from 1690-1730. A total of 65 AB marks dating from this period have been recorded from which 20 individual dies have been identified. As with the AB marks attributed to Abraham Boyes, Table 9.2 presents a twice life size drawing of each die together with the die number, if allocated, the number of examples and the find spot recorded for each die followed by the date range of the associated bowl forms. It is interesting to note that, as with their earlier counterparts, very low numbers of examples from each of the 1690-1720 dies has been recovered from the archaeological record.
OR
Of a total of 1,917 stamped heel, bowl or stem marks recorded from Yorkshire, a selection is discussed in detail in the following case studies accounting for 805 individual stamped pipes, or 42% of the total stamped marks from the county.
In addition to those marks detailed in Table 9.2 Oswald lists further examples from Queenhithe in London (The Cheminant Collection) as well as from The Hubbard Collection, Richmond (Oswald 1991, AB (2) 11a & b). Stylistically all these later pipe stamps are very similar
9.1.1 AB heel marks A total of 170 heel-stamp marks with the initials AB was recorded during this study 14 of which are published examples for which no impressions exist and 22 that were
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NSC die number 1708
1865
1866
1867
Image
Qty & place found
Date range
1 - Acaster Malbis 3 - Nun Appleton 4 - York
16501680
2 - York 1 - Rievaulx Abbey
1 - York 1 - Reivaulx Abbey
1 - Acaster Malbis
1872
1 - York
16701700
1887
1 - Carlisle 1Scarborough 5 - York
16501680
1888
1 - Acaster Malbis 1 - Ripon 7 - York
16601690
1902
3 - West coast of America
16701700
16601690
16601690
16601690
Table 9.1: Die number and image of each of the 16601690 AB dies identified in Yorkshire with the number of examples and find spots for each die and the overall date range of the associated bowl forms. 1868
1Nethergreen 3 - York
16601690
1869
1 - Malton 11 - York
16601690
1870
3 - Acaster Malbis 1 - Hull 5 - York
16601690
1871
1 - Carlisle 1 - Malton 1Middleton, Derybshire 7 - York
16601690
and there is no reason to believe that they are not the products of a single maker. In his study of York pipes, Lawrence attributed all these 1690-1710 AB marks to a second Abraham Boyes, also from York, who was working as a trunk maker in 1711 when his son took his freedom (1979, 80). Trunk making was occasionally used by York pipe-makers as a parent trade (ibid 72) and the earlier Abraham Boyes was listed as a trunk and tobacco pipe-maker when he took his freedom in 1645 (Andrews 1991, 70). Lawrence does not give the name of the son who became free in 1711 nor does he suggest any family ties with the earlier Abraham Boyes. From the parish register evidence it would appear that although the earlier Abraham Boyes had a son called Abraham, he died in 1663 aged just 1 year. To date there is no documentary evidence to suggest that there was a second, surviving son called Abraham, although the possibility cannot be ruled out. The reference to the 1711 freedom may, however, be a misreading of the evidence as Andrew’s work on York makers in the 1980s makes no mention of a second Abraham Boyes but notes that Christopher Boyes, son of the earlier Abraham Boyes was freed per patres in 1711 at the age of 40. If this is the correct reading of the records used by Lawrence in 1979 it would suggest that there is in fact no second Abraham Boyes. If there was no later Abraham Boyes, and since there is no
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NSC die number 1707
Image
Qty & place found 6 – Acaster Malbis 1 – Nun Appleton 4 – York
1680-1710
1 – Acaster Malbis 5 – York
1670-1700
2 – Acaster Malbis 1 – Malton 2 – York
1680-1710
1890
1 – York
1680-1710
1891
1 – Acaster Malbis 2 – York
1680-1710
1892
2 – York
1680-1710
1885
1889
1893
4 – York
1680-1710
1894
2 – York
1680-1710
1896
3 – Acaster Malbis
1680-1710
1897
3 – Acaster Malbis 5 – York
1898
1 – Acaster Malbis
1680-1710 (NB: All of this date with exception of one heel fragment, which may have been incorrectly dated to 1650-1670) 1680-1710
1899
3 – Acaster Malbis 1 – Wharram Percy 1 – York 2 – Acaster Malbis 1 – Rievaulx Abbey 1 –York
1900
1901
2 – York
1670-1710
1903
2 – York
1680-1710
1904
1 – Acaster Malbis
1700-1740
1905
1 – Acaster Malbis
1680-1710
1906
2 – York
1700-1730
1640
1– Queenhithe, London
1680-1710
N/A
1 – Escrick
1690-1720
Date range
Table 9.2: Die number, if allocated, and image of each of the 1690-1710 AB dies identified in Yorkshire with the number of examples and find spots for each die and the overall date range of the associated bowl forms.
other known York pipe-maker of 1690-1720 with the initials AB, then another explanation for the archaeological evidence needs to be found. The most likely explanation is that Frances Boyes, the widow of Abraham Boyes (Appendix 1) took over the workshop and continued producing pipes after her husband’s death since she subsequently took on a further five apprentices. No pipes with a stamped FB mark have been recorded from Yorkshire, and it seems likely that Frances continued to use her husband’s initials to mark her pipes. It was not unusual for a widow to continue to use the moulds and stamps formerly used by their deceased husband. A contemporary example can be found in Scotland where Jean Wemyss, the widow of Edinburgh maker Patrick Crawford who died in 1682, continued to trade under her husband’s name until at least 1699 (Gallagher 1987e, 10-11). Not only did Wemyss continue to use her husband’s moulds and stamps but she also commissioned new moulds specifically for the
1680-1710
1680-1710
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By looking at the find spots for all the AB marks it is clear that the home market did not extend far beyond York and sites immediately adjacent to it, such as Acaster Malbis, Escrick and Nun Appleton (Figure 9.1). Although AB marks have been found at sites further a field, such as Wharram Percy, Rievaulx Abbey, Malton, and Richmond, these are isolated instances and single examples are more likely to indicate a casual loss rather than pipes that have been traded in bulk.
export market with his initials on them (Horton, Higgins & Oswald 1987, 249). Analysis of the AB stamped pipes from Yorkshire would indicate that large numbers of dies were being used by Abraham Boyes and later by his widow for the 16901710 period pipes. This would suggest that the Boyes family had a sizeable workshop capable of producing many thousands of pipes.
Figure 9.1: Distribution map of AB heel stamp marks from all periods.
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be Yorkshire types raising the possibility that this die may have been used specifically for the export market.
Five of the 1660-1690 AB marks were recovered from Port Royal in Jamaica, three of which were types with the distinctive tobacco leaf motif. The 1966 excavations at Port Royal focussed on a very small part of the site and yet yielded a staggering 6, 264 bowls and in excess of 30,000 stems (Marx 1966, 10; Oswald 1983, 255-7). The AB bowls account for only some 0.08% of the bowls from that assemblage. This shows that these pipes were not being traded to Jamaica in significant numbers and they may even have been casual losses of personal items by the sailors or English colonists living in Port Royal itself.
In Figure 9.2 the find spots for both the 1660-1690 marks and those from the period 1690-1710 have been plotted. From this map it is clear that the earlier AB marks were much more widely dispersed and centred on York. The later AB marks, however, with the exception of single example from Queenhithe in London, have a much tighter distribution but which also appears to be centred on York. If the hypothesis that Frances Boyes took over the business following her husband’s death is correct, the distribution pattern would suggest that her pipes were not being dispersed as widely as those of her husband, in spite of the fact that Frances appears to have produced just as many pipes.
A further three 1660-1690 AB marks have been recovered from sites on the east coast of America. All of these examples are of Die No. 1902 and no examples of this die have been recorded from Yorkshire itself. The bowl forms associated with this particular die appear to
Figure 9.2: Distribution map of AB heel stamp marks by period.
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marks are a puzzle in that there are two concentrations both of which include examples of the very similar dies. This distribution would suggest two possible explanations. Given that the GC marks bear closer resemblance stylistically to marks from Newcastle and Gateshead than they do to marks in Yorkshire, it would not be unreasonable to suggest that they originated in the Tyneside area. The high number of examples found near Beverley could therefore be explained by either the maker moving from Tyneside to work in Yorkshire, or by these products being extensively traded to Yorkshire. Any traded goods travelling between Tyneside and Beverley would have been carried by coastal shipping, which would have had to pass through Hull. Given that only three GC marks have been found in Hull this scenario seems unlikely.
9.1.2 SB stamped heel marks Only five SB heel stamps were recorded from Yorkshire, all produced with the same die and occurring on bowl forms dating from 1650-1690. Examples of the bowl forms associated with these marks can be seen from Scarborough (Appendix 3, Figure 76.11) and from Whitby (Appendix 3, Figure 83.3). Four of these SB marks were found at sites in Scarborough with the remaining mark being found in Whitby but there are no known makers with the initials SB working either in Scarborough or Whitby. The distribution of these marks would strongly suggest that they were the product of a previously unrecorded maker, most likely based in or around Scarborough. 9.1.3 GC stamped heel marks The largest group of heel stamps recorded from Yorkshire were the GC marks, which occur on bowl forms with a date range of 1630-1680. A total of 364 examples from at least six different dies were recorded. These have a heart shaped border, either beaded or plain, with the initials GC at the centre below which appears either a five-pointed star or, more commonly a flower with five petals. Examples of five of these stamps can be seen in Chapter 8, Figure 8.7 Nos. 22 to 26. Small numbers of these marks have been found at York (4 examples), Hull (3 examples), Doncaster (1 example) and at Wood Hall Moated Manor (1 example). The rest (355 examples) come from the Rayner collection and were all recovered from fields around Beverley. Examples have also been recorded from outside the county from Carlisle, Chester-le-Street, Chester and Lindisfarne. In addition, Oswald lists similar GC marks from Newcastle, London, Durham, Berwick on Tweed, and Boston (Oswald 1991, GC).
During the course of this research it has been possible to compare directly a small group of eight GC pipes, involving a further six marks from Tyneside, with the group from the Rayner Collection from Beverley. The most striking aspect of both groups is the similarity in the bowl form and the fact that almost all the bowls lack any milling around the rim. None of the eight Tyneside examples and only five of the 355 from Beverley had milled rims. Illustrated examples of GC pipes from elsewhere also lack milled rims making it clear that the plain rim was a distinctive characteristic. All of the marks examined from Tyneside and Beverley have a heart shaped border and the initials GC above a small motif. In the case of Beverley this motif is almost always a flower with five petals. There are a greater variety of motifs in the Tyneside group and, although the majority are flowers, there are also single examples with a fivepointed star, a fleur-de-lys and a cross below the initials. Detailed die analysis was carried out on the marks with the flower motif from both groups and showed them superficially to be identical, raising the possibility that they were produced with the same die. Under a microscope, however, minute scratches and defects within the die itself can be identified. For example, the Rayner Collection has a group of six pipes that have been marked with the same die, in this case a GC above a flower motif. This die has as thick plain heart-shaped border with a very thin, but clearly defined, inner line shadowing the border. The Tyneside group includes two bowls with a very similar mark but with a very faint inner line. In all other respects these marks appear identical the size and spacing of the lettering and the orientation of the flower (Figure 9.3). In his study of a pit group from Epsom Higgins (1987, 428) was able to demonstrate that the Guildford maker Laurence Geale was using a number of dies produced from a single master. Higgins suggested that a metal master would have been used to impress a clay blank that, once fired, would provide a permanent die (ibid). In this way a number of dies could be produced from the same master. Although, in theory, all the dies produced from the master should be identical, it
One of the greatest concentrations of these GC marks outside of Yorkshire is in Newcastle where large numbers have been recovered from excavations in and around the city. Edwards (1988a, 18) thought that they had been influenced by the heart-shaped marks of London and the Thames Valley, but suggested that the Tyneside examples were the products of an unknown Newcastle maker. Stylistically the GC marks are very similar to those used by at least three known makers from the Tyneside area. These were William Sewell of Gateshead, working 16451651; John Bowman, also of Gateshead, working 16451689; and John Grayson of Newcastle, working 16531654 (ibid 29, 32 & 54). To date there is no documentary evidence for a pipemaker with the initials GC working in the mid seventeenth century either in Tyneside or around Beverley. The high number of GC marks found in Yorkshire, in particular near Beverley, is very difficult to explain especially since the mark is not typical of other Yorkshire styles. Such a concentration of pipes bearing the same mark would normally suggest that the person responsible for these products was based nearby. The GC
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
is clear that very subtle differences can occur either as a result of the master not being pressed evenly into the clay blank or as a result of the blank being trimmed too closely to the edge of the mark. It seems highly likely that
a similar situation exists with the GC marks and that examples from both the Rayner Collection and from Tyneside have been stamped with dies produced from the same master.
Figure 9.3: Details of the GC mark from the Rayner Collection (left) Pcode 2220 and the Tyneside example (right) Acc. No. CC91 (22). Photograph by the author.
Tyneside, who also operated a second workshop in Beverley. It would appear that the Tyneside maker was providing both moulds and dies, produced from a common master, for the manufacture of his products in Beverley. If this is the case then it is unique, not only in Yorkshire but also in England, as it is the only known example of single pipe-maker successfully operating a dual-centre workshop at this date.
This raises a number of interesting questions, not least of which is the relationship between the Beverley and Tyneside groups. Having noted that examples of GC pipes from both Beverley and the Tyneside group have the same bowl form, the same bowl finish and that they are marked with dies produced from the same master, why do they appear both in Tyneside and Beverley? The suggestion that these products were traded has already been shown to be unlikely, as only a handful of examples appear in the coastal port of Hull, which would be the most obvious route for any goods travelling between Beverley and Tyneside. Given the size of the sample from Beverley a wider range of the GC marks might be expected, rather than just those with the floral motif, if the products were being traded. Also, if the maker had moved from one centre to another then chronological differences would be expected, but the bowl forms and the marks from both centres appear to be contemporary. As a result, the suggestion that these pipes were made by a Tyneside maker who later moved to set up a workshop in Beverley can also be ruled out as unlikely.
9.1.4 Stamped heel marks with an F surname A total of 56 heel stamps with an F surname were recorded from Yorkshire. Twenty-one of these marks have been linked to the Fowler family who were working in Hull in the second half of the seventeenth century. The first Fowler was Edward who became free in 1663 and died around 1676 (Appendix 1). Ten pipes marked with an EF heel stamp, all found in Hull, have been attributed to this maker. Edward Fowler appears to have been using at least three different dies. Edward’s brother, George, also worked in Hull from around 1670 when he took his freedom following his apprenticeship with Elizabeth Atkinson, the widow of pipe-maker Hugh Atkinson (ibid). A total of eight pipes with the initials GF have been found, seven in Hull and one in York, all attributed to George Fowler. The GF marks appear to have originated from at least two, and possibly three, different
Given all the evidence the most likely explanation for the occurrence of large numbers of GC marks in both Beverley and Tyneside is that there was a highly successful and well-established pipe-maker based in
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die, and 24 with the initials RF, from two different dies. To date it has not been possible to identify the makers responsible for these products. In Figure 9.4 the finds spots of all the BF, EF, GF and WF marks have been plotted. The numbers in each coloured dot being the number of examples recovered from each site. As can clearly be seen all the BF and EF marks and most of the GF marks are found in Hull, which is a distribution pattern that would be expected for makers working in that city. The one example of a GF mark found in York could
dies. The third Fowler was Barbara, who may have been the daughter of Elizabeth and Hugh Atkinson and the wife of Edward Fowler. Barbara took over from her husband following his death in 1676. Three pipes with the initials BF, all found in Hull, and all marked with the same die have been attributed to this maker. In addition to the heel stamps that can be attributed to known members of the Fowler family there are 11 pipes marked with the initials WF, all produced by the same
Figure 9.4: Distribution map of heel stamp marks attributed to members of the Fowler family together with marks of an unknown maker with the initials WF.
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The RF heel stamp marks can be divided into two distinct die types. The finds spots of these dies have been plotted in Figure 9.5. The numbers in each coloured dot being the number of examples recovered from each site. When compared with the map of the other F surname find spots a very different distribution pattern can be seen. Instead of Hull or Beverley, the RF marks appear to be centred on York, which yielded a total of eight marks. There are no known makers with the initials RF working in York at
be a casual loss. What is interesting however is the distribution of the WF marks, which centres on Beverley and it would appear from this evidence that the WF maker was working in or around Beverley. This person may well have been a member of the Fowler family, but given that at least three members of that family were working in Hull at this time, it might have proved more lucrative to work outside of Hull where they were not competing directly with members of their own family.
Figure 9.5: Distribution map of RF heel stamp marks.
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from 1650-1720. Analysis of these marks has identified at least 20 different dies, nine of which have been illustrated in Chapter 8, Figure 8.8 Nos. 16 to 25. In Figure 9.6 the finds spots of all the IH heel marks have been plotted. The numbers in each coloured dot being the number of examples recovered from each site. By looking at this distribution map it is clear that the majority of the IH marks are concentrated in the south of the county with the majority coming from sites in and around Pontefract. To date there are no known makers with the initials IH from the Pontefract area suggesting that these pipes are the products of a previously unrecorded maker.
this date. Given the similarity of the style of the RF mark to those of known Hull makers, however, and the presence of so many members of the Fowler family operating in and around Hull at this date, it is likely that the RF maker is yet another member of the Fowler family. As with the WF maker it is possible that the RF maker chose to be based away from Hull, in this case York, to avoid direct competition with the other members of his family. 9.1.5 IH stamped heel marks A total of 32 heel stamps with the initials IH were recorded in Yorkshire all associated with bowls dating
Figure 9.6: Distribution map of IH heel stamp marks.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
die. Moulded IH marks have been recorded on pipes from Scarborough, Hartlepool and Seaham and appear to have a coastal distribution that is quite different from the main group of IH heel stamps. This shows that stylistic and distributional considerations must be taken into account when interpreting pipe marks. In this instance
The single IH stamp from Kirkgate, Bridlington is stylistically rather different from the other IH heel marks found in the south of the county in that it appears on a bowl that also has moulded initials on the side of the heel (Appendix 3, Figure 11.07). A similar example was recovered from Whitby Abbey that appears to have been produced in the same mould and stamped with the same the IH marks can be divided into two basic types. A large number of different dies, but on a similar theme, occur around Pontefract. These suggest a well-established and prolific workshop in South Yorkshire. At the same time another unidentified IH maker appears to have been working somewhere on the east coast of Yorkshire using a slightly different style of mark. (See also the anchor, castle, crowned and fleur-de-lys marks discussed below).
with these initials but the concentration of marks found around Pontefract, and the use of a castle motif, would strongly suggest two previously unrecorded makers in the Pontefract area. (See also anchor and IH marks discussed above and crowed and fleur-de-lys marks below). 9.1.8 Crowned initials A total of 18 heel marks comprising crowned initials are known from Yorkshire, 16 recorded during the course of this research and two noted by Oswald from Ripon (1975, 45 Figure 5 NE, Nos 1 and 3). All of these marks comprise a set of initials below a crown. Four sets of initials are represented IH, SH, IT, and IW. All of the associated bowl forms fall within the date range 16501690. Examples of these bowl forms can be seen in Appendix 3, Figures 49.10, 90.01, 112.6, 125.06, 126.13, 150.11 and 158.08.
9.1.6 Anchor motif with initials A total of just five marks comprising initials flanking an anchor were recorded during the study, all of which were recovered from West Yorkshire. Two sets of initials are represented with IH accounting for four of the marks, and IB for one. All five marks were found on bowls dating to around 1650-1690. An example of one of these bowl forms can be seen in Appendix 3, Figure 155.03. All the IH marks appear to have been produced by the same die. The IB mark, however, is stylistically different with the engraving being rather cruder than the IH examples, and in place of the single relief border around the initials it has a double border that has been divided into segments. These anchor marks have only been recorded from in and around Pontefract, despite the fact that there are no known makers with the initials IB or IH in this area during the mid seventeenth century. It seems highly likely, therefore, that these are the products of two previously unrecorded makers from the Pontefract area. (See also the other IH marks discussed above, and the castle, crowned and fleur-de-lys marks below)
By plotting the finds spots for each of these marks it is possible to see if any of the marks cluster around a particular production centre (Figure 9.7). It is clear from the map that all of the crowned marks recorded fall well within the county boundary and that they are concentrated in an area to the west of the River Ouse. Given the large numbers of pipes recorded from Hull and Beverley it is interesting to note that no crowned initial marks were recorded from these areas. The highest concentration of crowned marks appears to be centred on Ripon, which yielded a total of five examples made up of SH, IT and IW marks. With the exception of York and Pontefract, both yielding three examples, and Halifax with two examples, all the remaining sites produced single examples of crowned initials. From Thorne a damaged crowned mark was recorded and it is unclear what the correct reading of the initials should be although it appears to be IW. There is a very broad division in the find spots for these crowned marks with the majority of the IW’s being found in the west of the county and the remaining marks concentrated in a band approximately 20-30km wide along the west of the River Ouse.
9.1.7 Castle motif with initials A total of seven marks, six in West Yorkshire and one in South Yorkshire, with initials flanking a castle tower, all within an oval border, were recorded from Yorkshire. Three have the lettering IH flanking the castle whilst the remaining three have the initials ON either side of the castle with a P, possibly denoting Pontefract, above (see Chapter 8, Section 8.2.1 for a discussion of three-letter marks).
Analysis of the dies show that for the SH crowned marks, as many as five different dies can be identified. Only two of these have been allocated NSC die number, 1907 and 1908, the remaining three dies have yet to be processed and have been given temporary numbers, die variant A, B and C. There appears to be a single die for the IH mark, two dies for the IT marks and as many as four for those with the initials IW.
Examples of the bowl forms associated with these marks can be seen in Appendix 3, Figures 125.02, 145.08, 146.05 and 155.07. All are of a bulbous type dating from 1650-1690. Four of the seven examples were recovered from sites in and around Pontefract with a further two from excavations at Wood Hall Moated Manor, less than 5 miles from Pontefract. The one remaining mark was recovered from excavations in Doncaster, approximately 13 miles from Pontefract. There are no known makers
By taking one of these groups of initials, the SH marks, it is possible to plot the find spots of individual dies (Figure
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Figure 9.7: Distribution map of crowned initial heel stamp marks.
9.8). The central corridor within which these SH marks fall is quite clear. Three of the find spots, Ripon, York and Pontefract, yielded die types that are not seen elsewhere. There is a link between York and Doncaster both of which produced examples of NSC Die No. 1908, but it is unclear if either of these sites were the original place of manufacture. (See also the discussion of other IH marks, anchor and castle marks above, and fleur-delys marks below).
9.1.9 Fleur-de-lys within a lozenge A total of 14 pipes marked on the heel with initials flanking a fleur-de-lys, all within a lozenge shaped border, were recorded from Yorkshire. Examples of this type of mark were recorded in each of the six geographical sub-divisions but with two different sets of initials, HF and IH. Table 9.3 gives a breakdown of the count for each set of initials.
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Figure 9.8: Distribution map of different crowned SH dies.
Initials HF IH
West 0 2
East 0 1
South 0 1
North-west 4 0
North-east 2 0
Table 9.3: Count of lozenge shaped marks with initials and fleur-de-lys.
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York & its environs 4 0
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illustrated and can be found in Appendix 3, Figures 58.2, 63.3, 63.4, 72.8, 72.9 and 116.11. When the find spots of this particular group of marks are plotted it is clear that there is no overlap in the areas where they occur (Figure 9.9). The IH marks are concentrated in the south and south-east of the county and the HF marks in the north. There are no known makers with either the initials IH or HF for the period 1640-1680 suggesting that there must be two previously unrecorded makers using lozenge shaped fleur-de-lys marks, one with the initials IH operating in the south of the county and one with the initials HF with a market area in the north. (See also discussion of other IH marks, anchor, castle and crowned initials marks above).
Both marks are very similar but clearly belong to makers’ with different initials. Closer examination shows that all those with the initials HF originate from the same die, as do the IH marks. Sheppard (1912, Fig 17) illustrates a similar mark with the initials IH, which was found during excavations in Hull and Lawrence (1979, 80) also notes similar marks found in York, although he does not say how many. He goes on to say that similar examples have been found in Cambridge but he does not give a reference therefore it is not possible to check these examples against those recorded in Yorkshire. All the lozenge marks with the HF and IH initials appear on bowls dating from 1640-1680. A selection has been
Figure 9.9: Distribution map of lozenge shaped fleur-de-lys heel stamp marks.
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(Sharpe et al 2002, 33). Oswald (1975, 104-105; 1984, 37-38 and 1991) lists a range of English sites that have yielded SV marks. In Table 9.4 the sites and quantities noted by Oswald have been given in addition to those recorded from the Yorkshire and north Lincolnshire sites during the course of this research.
9.1.10 HN stamped heel marks A total of 12 HN heel stamps are recorded on the Yorkshire database. Eleven of these can be dated to the period 1660-1700 and can be attributed to Henry Norman (1) of Hull. From documentary records it is known that Henry Norman (1) took his freedom in 1674 and he worked in Hull until his death in 1708 (Appendix 1). The remaining HN mark was recorded on a heel fragment of a transitional bowl form dated typologically to 1690-1710. This mark takes the form of a ligatured HN and can be attributed to Henry Norman (2) who was the son of Henry Norman (1) and who was working as a pipe-maker in Hull until at least 1759 (ibid).
Not only do they occur over a very large area geographically, but also over a period of time, in excess of 100 years, which is far too long for them to be the products of a single maker. The map in Figure 9.10 presents the find spots by broad date range based on the work of Oswald (1975, 104-105; 1984, 37-38 and 1991) and current research. In London some of the earliest SV marks occur on bowl forms dating from as early as 16101630 (Oswald 1984, 37) whilst in parts of Lincolnshire these marks have been found on local bowl forms dating from the transitional period of 1690-1720 (ibid).
Of the 12 HN heel stamps ten were found in either Hull or Beverley. The remaining two, both dating to the period 1660-1700, were found overseas. The first was recovered from the Stockholm Archipelago (Akerhagen Collection) and can be matched to NSC Die No. 1473, as can all of the marks found in Yorkshire of this date. The second possible export was recovered from excavations at Nominy Plantation, Virginia, USA (held by the Virginia Department of Historic Resources). This latter stamp is quite different from its contemporaries and yet comprises initials in association with a tobacco plant motif, which is a very ‘Yorkshire’ feature. The American mark cannot be matched to any known example from Yorkshire. However, given that it appears on a bulbous bowl form and that it is of a style reminiscent of other Hull marks, it is possible that it is of Yorkshire origin. It is possible that the American HN example was a mark used specifically for the export market. The excavations at Nominy Plantation produced a number of very ‘Yorkshire’ looking bowl fragments including one marked with the initials AB.
The majority of the SV marks can be divided into one of three distinct types. The first comprises an incuse stem stamp where the S is inside the V, for example, Appendix 3, Figure 27.10. The second takes the form of an incuse stem stamp where the S is above the V, for example, Appendix 3, Figure 28.15. The third, and final form is a relief mark where the S is inside the V, for example Appendix 3, Figure 31.4. This third form can occur either across the stem or, occasionally, on the heel of the pipe, for example, Appendix 3, Figure 35.4. Oswald has suggested that each letter in the SV mark was stamped separately, based on examples where the S appeared to been superimposed over the V (Oswald 1984, 38). Detailed examination of the 122 examples recorded for this study, together with almost 60 examples from the Elkins collection in London, however strongly suggests that the S and the V were in fact impressed simultaneously. For example, a pipe bowl from London has an SV stamp on the heel together with a least eight other SV marks around the stem, all of which are identical in appearance and spacing, leading to the conclusion that they were stamped with a single SV die. The nature of the SV marks makes it very difficult to allocate individual die types to them. This is because the mark consists of two simply formed initials that are impressed into the clay. They do not have a surrounding ‘field’ or border, as most other stamped marks do, and they are particularly prone to slight distortion if the mark is not impressed squarely. Furthermore, ‘double stamping’ can lead to distortion of the mark, perhaps resulting in over-stamping of the initials noted by Oswald. These factors make it difficult to compare the marks and so to identify how many individual dies were used to make them. A detailed analysis of the SV marks in the Rayner Collection from Beverley has, however, identified a small number of examples that appear to have been made using the same die. Similarly, analysis of stem marks in the Elkins Collection has identified a number of examples that also
9.1.11 SV stamped heel and stem marks One of the largest, but more unusual, groups recorded in Yorkshire are the SV bowl and stem marks. During the course of this study a total of 122 SV marks were recorded, 109 from Yorkshire with an additional 13 examples from sites in North Lincolnshire. Of the 109 examples from Yorkshire 97 (89%) were recovered from the fields around Beverley in East Yorkshire and range in date from 1620 through to the end of the transitional period, around 1710. A total of 105, 96%, are stem stamps with just four examples or 4% being heel marks. All of the heel marks and just one of the stem marks are in relief, all the other SV marks are incuse. What is interesting about this particular class of mark is that it occurs over a very wide geographical area (Oswald 1975, 104-5, Fig 20, 0 and 1) and is not confined to Yorkshire with examples recovered from sites ranging from Surrey (Higgins 1981, 198), and London (Oswald 1984, 37) in the south, Newcastle (Edwards 1987, 118) and Durham (Edwards 1988c, 6) in the north and Bristol and Plymouth (Oswald 1984, 37) in the west. Examples have even been noted on the east coast of America
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1620-1660 Place
1660-1710 Qty Place
Undated Qty Place
Qty
Bristol
1 St Neots, Beds
1 Hull, Humberside
2
Durham
1 Milton Keynes, Bucks
1 Alkborough, Lincs
1
Plymouth, Devon
1 Beverley, E. Yorks
74 Burgh le Marsh, Lincs
2
Beverley, E. Yorks
23 Howden, E. Yorks
4 Fishtoft, Lincs
1
Howden, E. Yorks
1 Hull, Humberside
2 Freiston, Lincs
1
Hull, Humberside
1 Bolingbroke Castle, Lincs
1 Halton Holgate, Lincs
1
Fishtoft, Lincs
1 Brinkhill, Lincs
2 Leiston, Lincs
1
Halton Holgate, Lincs
1 Burgh le Marsh, Lincs
2 Lincoln, Lincs
1
1 Old Leake, Nr. Boston, Lincs
2
1 Worlaby, Lincs
1
Horncastle, Lincs
40+ Eresby, Lincs
Kettleby Thorpe, Lincs
1 Holton Nr. Wragby, Lincs
New York, Lincs
1 Horncastle, Lincs
Spilsby, Lincs
1 Kettleby Thorpe, Lincs
1 Newark, Notts
1
Toynton All Saints, Lincs
1 Langton on Wragby, Lincs
1 Leigh, Surrey
1
London
100+ London
54 Louth, Lincs
8
1 Reigate, Surrey
1
Heydon, Norfolk
1 Old Leake, Nr. Boston, Lincs
1 Newcastle, Tyneside
2
Norwich, Norfolk
2 Pawton Nr. Wragby, Lincs
1 Wood Hall, Nr. Cridling Stubbs
1
Nottingham, Notts
3 Spilsby, Lincs
1
Shrewsbury, Shropshire
1 Stamford, Lincs
1
Doncaster, S. Yorks
1 Wainfleet, Lincs
1
Hellaby, S. Yorks
1 Wragholme, Lincs
1
Ipswich, Suffolk
1 London
Staines, Surrey
1 Scarborough, NE Yorks
1
Weybridge, Surrey
1 Rotherham, S. Yorks
1
22
Thorne, S. Yorks Total:
1
139+ Total:
223+ Total:
27
Table 9.4: Number of SV marked pipes found at English site based on the work of Oswald and current research.
London in the early part of the seventeenth century before moving to Lincolnshire by the early eighteenth century. Although this theory would also explain the occurrence of the WV and GV marks, as being members of the same family, the chronological distribution of these marks is not as clearly defined as Oswald implies. The earlier examples from both London and Beverley appear on bowl forms that are clearly of a ‘London’ type, some of which date from as early as 1610. The examples from Lincolnshire, however, are quite different in that the SV marks appear on a distinctive Lincolnshire bowl forms dating from 1690-1720. These marks cluster around Horncastle in Lincolnshire, which has been suggested as a production centre for them (Wells 1979, 163).
appear to be the same. What it has not been possible to do is to show whether the same die types occur in both the London and Beverley groups. In addition to the large number of pipes with the initials SV there are a small number bearing the initials WV and GV. The Elkins Collection includes at least three WV marks from London that take a similar form to the SV marks, that is they are incuse with the W placed inside the V (Oswald 1984, 37). From Guildford in Surrey Higgins (1981, 248) has recorded an incuse GV heel mark with the G and the V placed side by side. Although the arrangement of the initials on the Guildford example is different to the SV or WV marks, it is similar in that it is an incuse mark and has the uncommon surname initial V.
One of the more unusual uses of the SV mark is its application on bowls that are also marked with a second set of different initials. Although there are no known examples from Yorkshire, pipes with two sets of initials have been found in Lincolnshire. For example, a bowl dating from 1680-1730 from near Boston, which also
In his survey of SV marks, Oswald (1984, 38) suggested that the distribution of these marks might be explained by a family, with a surname beginning with V, of at least three generations. He suggested that they originated in
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Figure 9.10: National distribution of SV marks. Shaded area is the current study area. Black dots denote pipes dated to the period 1620-1660; grey dots to the period 1660-1710 and white dots denote SV marks that are undatable.
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forward. It is clear from their distribution that whoever, or whatever SV was it was a phenomenon that was confined to the eastern half of England. One argument that could be put forward is for a maker based in London shipping his goods en masse northwards via the coastal ports. The major port of Hull, however, has only yielded one SV mark as opposed to Beverley where 97 examples have been recorded. Any products arriving in Beverley via a coastal route would have to pass through Hull, in which case more SV pipes might be expected to have been circulating in Hull itself. It is possible that the absence of SV pipes in Hull is the result of the local makers deliberately boycotting the trade of these pipes in the town. There appears to be a similar situation in Liverpool in the early eighteenth century when local pipe-makers petitioned the Council to stop the products of makers from outside Liverpool being sold in the city (Berry 1963, 7).
bears the relief moulded initials TC on either side of the heel (Wells 1979, 163). From Louth in Lincolnshire there is a spur form dating from 1660-1680 with the moulded initials WL on the sides of the spur (Appendix 3, Figure 40.5) and from Winghale Priory, South Kelsey a bowl dating from 1680-1700 with the moulded initials HI on the side of the heel (Appendix 3, Figure 47.10). Baker (1986) suggested that the SV letters represented quality marks such as are found on silver, which were ‘intended to act as a mark of quality for those smiths unable or unwilling to submit their wares to one of the official assay offices,’ (ibid 30). If this is the use of a specific mark on a clay tobacco pipe as an indicator of quality it is rare but not without parallel. During the seventeenth century in Amesbury, Wiltshire, the Gauntlet family were producing pipes stamped with a mark in the form of a glove, or gauntlet. These pipes were considered to be of the best quality and sold for vastly more than pipes of ‘ordinary’ quality. In 1641/2, for example, the Marquis of Hertford purchased Gauntlet pipes at a cost of 1s. 1 ¼ d. a dozen, and in 1651 the Duke of Bedford purchased one gross for the sum of 18s. 6d., or 1s. 6 ½ d. a dozen (Walker 1977, 417). To put this into context, other contemporary pipes were selling for 2d. or 3d. a dozen (ibid, 418). In his survey of the pipes and pipe-makers of Salisbury, Wiltshire, Atkinson (1970) noted that the quality of the Gauntlet marks was of such a high standard that their pipes had become famous and suggested that the gauntlet came to be considered a mark of excellence that ‘was unashamedly copied by makers far and wide’ (ibid 179). In the mid 1660s a contemporary writer called Fuller noted a court case where a pipe-maker was being sued for pirating the gauntlet mark (Brown 1959, 243). As with the SV marks, pipes bearing a gauntlet mark were also occasionally marked with the maker’s initials and were widely distributed, with examples being found in Broseley, Bristol, and London (Atkinson 1970). Atkinson notes that the majority of the gauntlet marks date from the period ‘after the Gauntlet family of Amesbury had ceased work, c1700’ by which time presumably ‘any copyright could no longer be infringed’. It is quite probable that by using the gauntlet mark other makers were able to charge slightly more for their products. A similar situation occurred in Potovens, near Wakefield in 1692/3 when Judith Gill accused other pipemakers of copying her IG mark in an attempt to improve their sales (Brears 1967, 42). In the Netherlands during the eighteenth century, makers were using a mark to show the quality of a pipe. In Gouda, however, a letter S, standing for slegte, the Dutch word meaning ordinary, was added to pipe to indicate that it was of lesser quality (Walker 1977, 268).
Barker’s suggestion that these pipes were not the product of an individual maker or family, but that they were a mark of quality, also has its problems, however, for two main reasons. Firstly, if the SV was a quality mark why does it not appear on all the different styles of pipe of a particular quality in a centre such as London? Secondly, if it is the SV that is a quality mark what is the meaning of similar marks with the initials WV and GV? Are these also to be considered quality marks? Although the Gauntlet mark, used by the family of that name in Wiltshire, and the IG mark used by Judith Gill, appears to have become synonymous with quality, they do not appear to have been used as ‘quality’ marks at the outset. The fact that the marks were later ‘hijacked’ by other makers may simply have been a marketing ploy on their part. Motifs used purely and simply as a mark of quality are not known on any English pipes of this period and so it seems unlikely that the SV mark was used in that way. The third, and perhaps most likely hypothesis, is that these marks represent the products of a least two or three generations of a prolific pipe-making family with a surname initial V. This family may well have been working in London in the early part of the seventeenth century but with a family link to Beverley in Yorkshire from around the same date, that is from 1620. This would explain the similarity in forms at both centres and the quantities found there. The family may have had their mark copied by other makers in the same way in which the Gauntlet and IG marks were copied. Examples of a relief version of the SV mark are known, three from Beverley and two from Hull (for example see Appendix 3 Figure 31.4 & 35.4), which are particularly interesting as they appear on local bowl forms. By the late seventeenth century there appears to have been a member of the family working in Lincolnshire, possibly based around Horncastle where large numbers of SV marks have been found in a local form that is quite different from those that continued to be produced in London and Beverley at this date (Wells 1979, 163). Perhaps as the family
The debate over the true meaning, or identification of the maker, or makers, using SV marks is clearly something that will continue. A survey of the available evidence, however, does allow a number of hypotheses to be put
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fortunes declined they were forced to use second-hand moulds, or could not stop other makers pirating their marks, which may explain the presence of other initials on some of the SV pipes.
9.3 Mould flaw analysis Die analysis is one means of identifying individual makers and their market areas but another method that can be used is mould flaw analysis, which can be particularly useful in the study of unmarked pipes.
9.2 Die analysis – summary The case studies presented above have demonstrated the value of die analysis as a means of identifying the likely production centres for previously unrecorded makers. They also provide a tool by which the stylistic and market areas of Yorkshire pipes can be examined.
In chapter 6 the development and evolution of the basic bowl forms, both geographically and chronologically, was discussed. Closer examination of the bowls can reveal tiny flaws in the mould that were used to create the pipes themselves. These individualising marks can provide a means of identifying bowls produced in the same mould or at the same workshop and can therefore be used as another means by which the movement of products can be mapped.
Some of the misconceptions that can be created when interpreting archaeological and documentary evidence have also been highlighted. For example, a tremendous amount of archaeological excavation has taken place in York and pipe researchers have tended to focus their attention on the documentary records associated with such an important centre. As a result certain fallacies have grown up around pipe-makers such as Abraham Boyes. Study of the documentary evidence gives the impression that Boyes was a major producer but the archaeological evidence does not support this. There is no doubt that he was a very well documented pipe-maker and large numbers of pipes bearing his initials have been recovered from excavations in and around York. However, the chronological analysis of the AB marks would suggest that almost half of those were produced after Abraham’s death in 1681 and are most likely the products of his widow, Frances Boyes. A total of 325 clay tobacco pipes dating from the period 1660-1690, have been recorded from excavations in York and only 49 of those, or 15%, are stamped AB. When placed in context like this, it is clear that Boyes was only one of a number of makers who where supplying York at this time.
In order to understand the way in which these marks occurred it is necessary to say a few words about the way in which pipes were made in a two-part mould. 9.3.1 Pipe production using a two-part mould In 1975 Oswald presented a summary account of the processes involved in the production of clay tobacco pipes. The earliest account of the methods and processes involved was written by Randle Holme in 1688 (ibid, 16) with the latest being that written by Gordon Pollock in 1992 (Jung, 2003). Interestingly both accounts are very similar and it is clear that the methods described by Holme in the seventeenth century are almost identical to those employed by the last family run business in the late twentieth-century. Essentially, clay tobacco pipes were produced by means of a two-part metal mould that was pressed together in a type of vice, sometimes referred to as a chest. Each mould had its own stopper to form the bowl cavity, which was suspended from a lever that was pulled down forcing it into the top of the mould. The clay rolls that were placed in the mould were reasonably firm and the moulds were kept oiled to prevent the clay from sticking to them as the stopper forced the pipes into shape.
By contrast, the distributional analysis of the IH stamped marks for the same period (1660-1690), would suggest a previously unrecorded maker working in or around Pontefract. To date there has been no systematic survey of the documentary evidence from Pontefract to try and identify this maker. Similarly, there has not been the same level of excavation in Pontefract as has been seen in York, therefore the quantity of material is much smaller. In spite of this, it has been possible to record 79 clay tobacco pipes of 1660-1690, from sites in Pontefract, approximately one quarter of the number recorded for York. Of these 17 examples, or 21% are marked IH. These figures would strongly suggest that, in spite of the fact that Pontefract is much smaller than York, had a similar quantity of material been recovered and the same level of documentary research been carried out it might show that the mystery IH maker from Pontefract was equally as ‘prolific’ if not more so, than Abraham Boyes of York is reputed to have been.
Walker (1977) describes the pipe production process more fully for a number of centres in Europe, including Great Britain. Walker’s survey showed that the only real difference between continental methods and those employed by the English makers’, was in the forming of the bowl cavity. The English used a stopper suspended from a lever, sometimes referred to as gin handle, where the Continental method employed a hand-held stopper that was usually twisted from side to side as it was pushed to make the bowl cavity. For the purposes of this research it is not necessary to discuss the process in more detail, as perfectly adequate published accounts already exist. The main point to note is that pliable clay was being forced against a metal
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Oswald concludes by listing the estimated number of moulds for a range of pipe-makers including Abraham Boyes of York, for whom he estimated 15 different moulds in use between 1645 and 1670, and for Robert Burrill of Hull for whom he estimated a minimum of 12 moulds between 1683 and 1724.
mould that was kept oiled to prevent adhesion. A direct result of this manufacturing process was that the clay took up any small nicks, scratches or surface defects on the mould, thereby producing a unique ‘fingerprint’ for that particular mould. 9.3.2 Mould flaws In the field of pipe research the subject of pipe moulds has been much debated. Later moulds were made from cast iron but it is not clear what the earlier moulds were made from as none have survived or been recovered from the archaeological record. It has been suggested that brass or bronze may have been used for early moulds, as was the case on the continent (Oswald 1985, 6). The life expectancy of a mould has never truly been calculated. There is evidence to show that the later cast iron moulds often underwent a number of repairs. Examples have been recorded where stem lengths have been modified; the tops of the mould have been fitted with metal plates to repair the damage caused by trimming the bowl rim; and internal faces of the mould have been filed to remove the worn edges that have developed as a result of use. It is clear from documentary sources that moulds were passed down from father to son. In his will of 1705, Richard Shaftoe gives to his son, also called Richard, ‘…all my worke tooles belonging to the Pipe making Traide in my backe shop’ (Appendix 2). Although this particular example shows that moulds were being handed down, it would appear that during the seventeenth and eighteenth century, at least, it was fashion that dictated the speed of change in the bowl forms. It only appears to be during the industry’s declining years of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that old moulds continued in use. Many of the moulds used by Gordon Pollock in Manchester until the 1990s, for example, had originally been produced by his grandfather a century before.
The method Oswald used in determining the number of moulds used by Boyes and Burrill was through the identification of different bowl profiles. This method is fraught with difficulty as distortion can occur during the moulding, trimming or firing stages of the production process. A more accurate and reliable method is through the analysis of the small flaws that are unique to a particular mould. These flaws, caused either during the manufacturing process or by subsequent re-filing and repairing of the mould, can be used to help identify individual bowls that were produced from the same mould. Mould flaws may help to identify the number of moulds used by a particular maker or, in the absence of any mark on the pipes themselves, to identify the presence of previously un-recorded makers through the distribution of their products. This type of analysis has been carried out on a number of pipe groups including Rainford, Merseyside (Higgins 1982, 199), Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire (Higgins 1985d, 340), Pittenweem, Fife (Martin 1987, 206-207, Figs 15, 16 and 17), Polesworth, Warwickshire (Melton 1997, 58) and Pipe Aston, Herefordshire (Peacey 1999, 7). Often these flaws are very difficult to see and a strong, angled light is required to see them clearly. To be sure of a positive mould match at least two flaws should be identified. Figures 9.11 and 9.12 illustrate two examples from a group of pipes from the Rayner Collection marked GC, where two distinctive mould flaws are clearly visible
The evidence for the life expectancy and of the number of moulds in use by any one maker has been considered by Oswald (1985, 5). Oswald suggested that during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the period when iron moulds were in use, the maximum life for a mould would have been no more than 50 years (ibid, 11). For the seventeenth century, however, a shorter life might be expected, particularly if the mould was made from a softer metal (ibid, 12). In terms of the number of moulds in use by a maker at any given time, Oswald quotes a number of documentary sources such as wills and inventories that make specific reference to pipe moulds. In the Inventory of John Nevill of Peterborough, dated 1689, for example, ‘8 pairs of moulds’ are listed while in 1671 the inventory of John Fox of Spalding listed six pairs (ibid 7). In the will of William Lee of Rotherham, dated 1680, ‘six pairs of tobacco pipe moulds and two screws’ are left to his son Francis (Appendix 2). Oswald also cites Randle Holme who, in 1688, published an account of pipe-making. In his description, Holme speaks of ‘seuerall Molds for seurall fashions …’ and goes on to list at least eight different styles of pipe.
Figure 9.11: Rayner Collection (Pcodes 03052 and 03069) showing a distinctive mould flaw on the side of the heel on the smoker’s right. Photograph by the author.
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examples with a milled heel and eight heels with no milling. Group 3: Eleven examples (Figure 9.13.3); a vertical line and a small pimple clearly visible on the right-hand side of the bowl; no inclusions visible; fabric very similar to Groups 1 and 2; five examples with a milled heel; two with a band of milling at the base of the bowl away from the smoker and four heels with no milling. Group 4: Eight examples (Figure 9.13.4); a small flaw on the right-hand side of the heel and a line running parallel with the base of the heel on the left-hand side; no inclusions visible; similar fabric to previous groups; small round heel none of which are milled. One example of this mould type was recovered from Sandal.
Figure 9.12: Rayner Collection (Pcodes 03052 and 03069) showing a distinctive mould flaw on the side of the heel on the smoker’s left. Photograph by the author.
Group 5: Four examples (Figure 9.13.5); two sets of short parallel nicks clearly visible at the bowl/stem junction on the right-hand side and a very distinct line running parallel to the base of the heel on the left-hand side; no inclusions visible but the fabric colour is quite mixed ranging from a mottled white through cream to a pale orange; none of the heels are milled.
Pontefract Castle and Sandal Castle, both in West Yorkshire, produced very large and closely datable Civil War groups. Through the study of tiny flaws on the surface of the bowls from these two sites, it has been possible to identify individual mould groups, that is, groups of pipes that can be shown to have been produced in the same mould. It has been possible to identify 12 mould groups from Pontefract and 13 from Sandal. The details of each mould group is as follows:
Group 6: Two examples (Figure 9.13.6); rather difficult to identify the mould flaws as they are very slight indeed. There appears to be a slight pimple at the base of the heel on the right-hand side, on the left-hand side there is a vertical line; no inclusions are visible; one bowl is white in colour the other is orange, both have been heavily smoked; neither of the heels are milled.
9.3.2.1
Mould groups from Pontefract Castle (Figure 9.13) The Civil War assemblage from Pontefract Castle produced 12 identifiable mould groups, details of which are given below. For each group the number of examples is given followed by a description of the mould flaws used to identify that particular group. The position of any flaw is described as viewed by the smoker and a description of the fabric in terms of inclusions visible with a X20 hand lens. Finally the colour of that fabric is given together with a description of the range of heel finish that occurs.
Group 7: Two examples (Figure 9.13.7); a line running parallel to the base of the heel positioned at the bowl/stem junction on the right-hand side; very distinct parallel lines running along the right-hand side of the stem for a distance of approximately 12mm; no obvious inclusions; one of the bowls is cream coloured, the other is orange; both have a neat round heel, one is milled immediately adjacent to the heel on the underside of the stem, the other is not milled. One example from this mould group was recovered from Sandal.
Group 1: Sixteen examples (Figure 9.13.1); two small parallel flaws visible at the bowl/stem junction on the right-hand side of the bowl and a small line in the form of a wide inverted V on the left-hand side of the heel; very few inclusions visible; the majority of the bowls appear creamy-white, however some have an orangey/brown colouration which may be the result of the firing conditions; five examples with milling on the heel; four with milling immediately adjacent to the heel on the underside of the stem; seven heels with no milling. Same mould type as Sandal Group 1.
Group 8: Three examples (Figure 9.13.8); a bulge is clearly visible just above the heel on the right-hand side, there are also three short parallel marks on the left-hand side of the heel; no inclusions visible; one bowl is orange coloured the other two are cream; one bowl has a band of milling immediately adjacent to the heel on the underside of the stem, the other two are not milled. Group 9: Two examples (Figure 9.13.9); two small flaws visible on the left-hand side of the heel only; no inclusions visible; the surviving stem on both bowls has broken off; one bowl and its adjoining stem are an orange colour, the other bowl is badly blackened by burning whilst is adjoining stem is a pale orange colour; neither heel is milled.
Group 2: Thirteen examples (Figure 9.13.2 and 9.14); two parallel lines above a small pimple clearly visible on the right-hand side of the heel with two parallel lines below a slight bulge on the left-hand side of the bowl; no inclusions visible; fabric very similar to Group 1; five
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Figure 9.13: Mould Groups 1 to 12 from Pontefract Castle. Mould Groups 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 and 12 heel plans and bowl details have been given to show the different finishes found within these group (Scale 1:1).
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Group 1: Fourteen examples, the same as Pontefract Group 1 (Figure 9.15.1); mould flaws as Pontefract Group 1 (above); no visible inclusions; cream coloured fabric, one example burnt; one heel has an incised line along the line of the pipe (front to back); four examples milled immediately adjacent to the heel on the underside of the stem; nine heels not milled. Group 2: Three examples (Figure 9.15.2); two parallel lines clearly visible on the right-hand side just above the base of the heel; no obvious inclusions visible; cream coloured fabric; none of the heels is milled. Group 3: Three examples (Figure 9.15.3); a very slight but definite mould flaw on the right-hand side of the heel; no obvious inclusions visible; cream coloured fabric; one example with a milled heel and two examples not milled. Group 4: Three examples (Figure 9.15.4); very distinct line clearly visible on the right-hand side of the heel; no obvious inclusions visible; two examples cream coloured, the other slightly grey and appears to have been burnt; none of the heels is milled. Figure 9.14: Two examples from Pontefract Castle’s Mould Group 2 clearly showing the ‘pimple’ flaw on the side of the heel on the smoker’s right. Scale 3cm. Photograph by the author.
Group 5: Two examples (Figure 9.15.5); a quite large and very distinctive mould flaw clearly visible on the right-hand side of the heel; no obvious inclusions visible; white fabric; neither heel is milled.
Group 10: Two examples (Figure 9.13.10); two small parallel lines on the right-hand side of the bowl almost under the stem and on the left-hand side a short line along the stem and two parallel marks on the side of the heel; no obvious inclusions visible; slightly orange coloured fabric; neither heel is milled.
Group 6: Three examples (Figure 9.15.6); a very waisted bowl form with a distinct pimple on the righthand side of the heel and a series of parallel lines running along the right-hand side of the stem; no obvious inclusions visible; cream coloured fabric; one example with a milled heel the remaining two not milled.
Group 11: Four examples (Figure 9.13.11); a very lumpy and distinct flaw clearly visible on the left-hand side of the heel together with a small pimple; iron coloured flecks clearly visible in the break; fabric colour variable with one example a pale cream colour, one pink and two a pale orange; none of the heels are milled. One example from this mould group was recovered from Sandal.
Group 7: Three examples (Figure 9.15.7); very distinctive parallel lines running along the right-hand side of the stem; although clearly from the same mould two of there is a very marked difference in the height of two of the examples (Pcode 23429 and Pcode 23433); no obvious inclusions however Pcode 23390 has specks of lead on the surface that have fluxed creating patches of a light green glaze on the surface of the pipe; the heels of all three examples are milled.
Group 12: Six examples (Figure 9.13.12); small line parallel to the base of the heel visible on the right-hand side and on the left-hand side a short line, approximately 10mm in length, running along the stem; no inclusions visible; fabric pale orange colour; one example with a milled heel and five heels with no milling. One example from this mould group was recovered from Sandal.
Group 8: Two examples (Figure 9.15.8); slight flaw in the form of a line running parallel to the heel on the right-hand side; no obvious inclusions; cream coloured fabric; one heel milled, one not milled. Group 9: Two examples (Figure 9.15.9); three short parallel marks on the right-hand side of the stem close to the bowl; no obvious inclusions; one example white, the other orange; small round heels, one heel milled, one not milled.
9.3.2.2 Mould groups from Sandal Castle (Figure 9.15) As with the Pontefract groups described above the 13 mould groups from Sandal are as follows:-
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Figure 9.15: Mould Groups 1 to 13 from Sandal Castle (Scale 1:1)
coloured fabric; quite distinctive deeply milled rims; neither heel is milled.
Group 10: Two examples (Figure 9.15.10); two small vertical marks on the right-hand side of the heel, there is a very distinctive lumpy flaw on the left-hand side, also there is a distinctive step visible in the heel plan caused by a poorly fitting mould; no obvious inclusions; orange
Group 11: Two examples (Figure 9.15.11); two parallel lines on the right-hand side of the heart-shaped
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better potential for this type of analysis as they often produce fragments that are less likely to have been repeatedly disturbed by ploughing. During the course of this current research only one other group was suitable and available for mould flaw analysis. The Rayner Collection includes a large group of pipes with moulded initials for the period 1680-1770 and although most were recovered from fieldwalking and were therefore quite badly abraded, it was still possible to identify 69 different mould groups accounting for 203 pipes produced by 14 different makers. Although these pipes can all be attributed to known makers from Hull and Beverley, the number of moulds they represent help to give an indication not only of the size of individual workshops but also provide a means by which products from a specific workshop can be identified.
heel; no obvious inclusions visible; both bowls are burnt; neither heel is milled. Group 12: Five examples (Figure 9.15.12 and 9.16); two parallel marks and a small pimple on the right-hand side of the heel; these are Dutch bowls all marked RW and all clearly from the same mould and stamped with the same die; possibly part of a single consignment of pipes to an individual stationed at the castle.
9.4 Mechanisms of distribution Having considered the identification of distribution patterns through the analysis of dies and mould flaws, the mechanisms by which these patterns were produced will now be considered. There is no direct documentary evidence to show how the pipe-makers in Yorkshire actually distributed their products. In order to piece together a picture of the possible distribution mechanisms it is first necessary to consider the transport systems that would have been available during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. By combining this information with clues from pipe-makers wills and inventories, it is possible to suggest the ways in which the distribution patterns observed in the archaeological record could have been created.
Figure 9.16: Two examples from Sandal Castle’s Mould Group 12 clearly showing the mould flaw on the smokers left. Photograph by the author
Group 13: Two examples (Figure 9.15.13); small line at the bowl/stem junction clearly visible on the right-hand side; no obvious inclusions; neither heel milled. In addition to the 13 mould groups described above, Sandal also yielded four individual pipes that could be matched with groups from Pontefract Castle with one example from each of Groups 4, 7, 11 and 12. 9.3.2.3 Discussion of the Civil War mould groups One of the most striking characteristics of the mould groups from both Pontefract and Sandal is the number of pipes that have milled bands on or near the heel. This is a phenomenon that appears to occur only in West Yorkshire and more specifically around the Pontefract and Sandal area (see discussion of milling in Chapter 7 Section 7.2). There are three main factors that point to a common source for these Civil War pipes. First, and most obviously, the identification of mould flaws showing that large groups of these pipes were produced in the same mould. The second factor is the similarity of the bowl forms from all the moulds and finally, the distinctive milled bands that occur on pipes from a number of the mould groups. Given this evidence, it would not be unreasonable to suggest that they were the products of an as yet unidentified maker, with a number of moulds at his disposal, working in the Pontefract/Sandal area.
As a general rule it would appear that, in both the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it was easier to transport the raw clay rather than the finished pipes, which were more prone to breakage whilst being moved. This may partly explain why pipes tended not to be traded very far. During the seventeenth century only two main methods of transport would have been available to the pipe-makers – overland, via the roads, or on water, either via the navigable rivers or on coastwise shipping. The roads in the seventeenth century were notoriously bad, particularly during the winter months when many of the main routes would have been impassable for wheeled carts and wagons. One of the hazards of moving pipes on wheeled transport would have been damage caused by any jolting motion as they travelled along rutted and unsurfaced roads. Such conditions would not, however, have been a problem for packhorses that could have negotiated rougher terrain and their gentle swaying motion would have caused little or no damage to the pipes themselves. Although there are no known documentary references to Yorkshire pipe-makers owning pack horses, instances from other parts of England exist, for example, the inventory of Hugh Lyon, pipe-maker of Windle (Lancashire), dated 1663 includes ‘two horses and one mare’ as well as ‘three packsaddles’ (Pope 1982, 302). Similarly the inventory or John
9.3.2.4 Other groups Mould flaw analysis is only possible where large numbers of contemporary pipes with fresh surfaces can be compared. This is generally not possible with most museum collections where the objects are, more often than not, individual examples of mixed date, often with abraded surfaces. Large excavated groups offer much
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this particular instance there is no distribution inland with all of the SB pipes being confined to the coastal towns of Scarborough and Whitby. Such a distribution would suggest that, in this case, the principal mechanism for trade was via coastal shipping. During the seventeenth century goods were regularly shipped via the coastal ports on the east coast of Yorkshire including Scarborough and Whitby (Willan 1938, 122). Coastal shipping provided a relatively cheap means of transporting bulky commodities and although it was normally only the bulk cargoes that appeared in the port books, it is probable that clay tobacco pipes would have formed part of the ‘miscellaneous goods’ that would also have been transported.
Newell, pipe-maker of Cleobury Mortimer, dated 1719 lists a horse and pack saddle (Higgins 2001b, 12). Packhorses would have allowed the pipe-makers to move their products overland with relative ease, usually to destinations that could be reached within a single day. In the later eighteenth- and nineteenth centuries transport systems improved and pipe-makers would have had the benefit of using canals, railways and turnpike roads to transport their products. Evidence from the nineteenth century, however, suggests that the smaller workshops may have continued to use the more traditional packhorse method. Although improved roads from the eighteenth century onwards would have made the use of carts and wagons a more viable option, the introduction of tolls as a means of raising funds to pay for the building and repair of these roads prompted a series of countrywide riots. In 1740, for example the town crier at Selby encouraged a mob to destroy a new turnpike and there were also violent riots around Harrogate and Wharfedale (Speakman 1969, 29). In Leeds in 1753, following a carter’s failure to pay a toll, a brawl broke out which claimed eight lives (ibid).
It is assumed that the consumer was able to obtain clay tobacco pipes either from a shop, the tavern or purchased direct from a hawker or even the pipe-maker himself. Although there is very little evidence for any of these outlets from Yorkshire during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it is possible to get some idea of the form these outlet might have taken by looking at contemporary examples from other parts of England or from examples from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
By using these packhorses or wagons the pipe-makers would have been able to transport their products to local markets, generally within a days travel of their workshop. Alternatively, goods could be carried much more safely and cheaply by water. This method also allowed goods to be carried much greater distances as part of a mixed cargo than would have been practicable for a single pipemaker on a horse. Where pipe-makers had access to navigable rivers or to the coast, this would have enabled them to transport their pipes to destinations further a field.
In Priestly and Fenner’s publication on shops and shopkeepers in Norwich in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, (1985, 10), there is a very fine reproduction of an engraving of ‘an early seventeenth-century tobacconist shop’ from a book by Braithwaite dating from 1618, which is held by the Bodlean library. This engraving clearly shows a display of an assortment of clay tobacco pipes hanging in the window together with a number of other smoking related items. The evidence from probate inventories suggests that specialised shops were quite rare and that most, particularly in smaller towns, would have had a wide variety of mixed stock (Willan 1976, 80). One such shop belonged to John Webester of Doncaster, Alderman and his inventory dated 1674 lists the range of goods in his ‘shopp and sellar’ that he had for sale (Brears 1972,143). Amongst theses goods are items such as gunpowder, sugar and spices, paper and pins, but also ‘tenn gross of Plaine pipes’ as well as ‘ordinary tobacco’ (ibid).
Having established a model by which the distribution of pipes could have been achieved, it is possible to compare this with what is known from the archaeological evidence. The larger workshops, for example Abraham Boyes from York, may well have used both of the principal mechanisms for trade outlined above. Documentary evidence has shown Boyes to have been a successful and, by all accounts, wealthy pipe-maker (Appendix 1). His market area, and to a lesser extent that of his widow Francis, extended over the whole of the historic county of Yorkshire but was centred on the city of York. As well as utilising the established overland routes to reach market towns such as Ripon and Malton, it is most likely that Boyes also made the most of his access to the navigable river system, which in turn would have given him access to the coastal port of Hull. It is highly probable that the larger workshops would have had a more complex and highly organised distribution system than that of their smaller contemporaries. The maker of the SB pipes found on the east coast of Yorkshire is one such example. All the known examples of pipes marked SB are confined to the east coast of Yorkshire with a distribution pattern that strongly suggests Scarborough as the centre of manufacture. In
The tavern would have been another outlet for the clay tobacco pipes produced in Yorkshire. Although there is no direct evidence from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, examples do exist for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Leeds maker Samson Strong, for example, would take ‘off with the horse….and a cartload of pipes….and travelled from town to town in North Yorkshire. Or he took pipes round to local inns, where they were given free with a pint of beer’ (Hartley and Ingilby 1976, 141). In the seventeenth century goods of all kinds were often sold by hawkers or pedlars (Thirsk 1978, 123). From as
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as assistants and trimmers, but at management level. Frances Boyes, for example, not only seems to have continued her husbands business for many years after his death, but she also went on to introduce new ranges of bowl forms and marks to keep abreast of stylistic developments.
early as the mid sixteenth century ‘tynkers, pedlers and suche like vagrant persones’ were considered a nuisance for taking business away from the tradesmen in the towns and cities (Willan1976, 54). As a result pedlars and hawkers were required to have a licence in order for them to move from one town to another selling their assorted wares, if they were caught without a licence they would be fined. This implies that it would have been difficult for pedlars to operate between towns and may have resulted in them serving rural rather than urban areas (ibid). Although there are no seventeenth-century examples of actual hawkers or pedlars being fined for selling pipes without a licence they do exist for the nineteenth century. In the Wellington Journal on the 24th August 1872 the case of a Harriet Tonkiss, of Broseley Shropshire, is reported. She was fined 8s. for hawking pipes in Madeley without a license.
The detailed analysis of the GC dies has also identified what may be the first example of a dual-centre workshop operating in Yorkshire in the seventeenth century. This arrangement would be unique not only to Yorkshire but to England and provides vital information with regard to the organisation of the pipe-making industry as a whole and to the relationships between pipe production centres. This study has shown how analysis of Yorkshire marks can be related to the broader national and international study of pipes. AB marks, for example, have often been attributed to Abraham Boyes without pausing to look at the dies in detail. Some of the AB marks from London and America cannot be paralleled with Yorkshire examples. As with the IH pipes, this may be because other, as yet unrecognised AB makers exist. Or it may be because specific marks were used by Boyes for the export trade. Much larger samples of his products, combined with detailed die identification and analysis are needed to explore fully and understand the complexities of the production and marketing of these products.
To summarise, most, if not all, Yorkshire pipe-makers of the seventeenth century, including those presented in the case studies above, are likely to have had one or more packhorses to transport their goods overland. Those with easy access to the rivers or the coast are most likely to have transported their products by water. Larger workshops may well have used a combination of these methods in order to increase their market area whilst the smaller workshops are most likely to have opted for the method that was cheapest and easiest for them. Goods could have been transported short distances to local shops, inns and taverns, or sold direct to the consumer, via hawkers and pedlars or even the pipe-maker himself.
With regard to the identification of makers through the analysis of mould flaws the present survey has been able to identify a number of mould groups where pipe groups of sufficient size were available for detailed study. From the Pontefract/Sandal area in West Yorkshire during the Civil War period, with the exception of Mould Group 12 from Sandal, which is clearly Dutch in origin, there are as many as 24 separate mould groups accounting for 108 pipes, represented in the assemblages at Pontefract Castle and Sandal Castle. The two castles are approximately 10 miles apart and documentary sources show that there was certainly some movement of troops between them (Mayes & Butler 1983, 6). There are no known makers working in this area at the time of the Civil War, but the presence of so many mould groups, and the total number of pipes they represent, strongly suggests that either a single pipemaker with a number of moulds, or a number of pipemakers each with their own mould, were working in the area supplying both castles with pipes.
9.5 Summary This chapter has focussed on the ways in which detailed analysis of the stamped marks applied to pipes, and of those individualising marks left by the mould during the production process can be used to identify previously unrecorded makers. Through this analysis not only has it been possible to identify a number of previously unrecorded makers but also to define the extent of their market areas. It has also revealed how individual marks, such as the SVs, can be tied into a broader national picture and how particular motifs, such as the crown, castle and anchor marks, can be related to particular areas of Yorkshire. This analysis has highlighted a number of issues not least of which is how few clay tobacco pipes have been recovered from the archaeological record. Makers who are known to have had long working lives with large workshops often employing a number of apprentices, must have produced many thousands of pipes every week and yet only a handful survive. Analysis of groups such as the AB marks have shown that it is possible to identify large numbers of different dies but that only a very small number of examples for each die have been recovered. Larger samples would undoubtedly provide more die types. It has also been possible to illustrate the role women played in the pipe-making profession, not simply
In addition, this chapter has outlined a basic model for the mechanisms of trade that may have been utilised by Yorkshire’s pipe-makers and has shown how the identification of market patterns can help to indicate which of those mechanisms a particular maker may have used. Having considered the distribution of Yorkshire products both within the county itself as well as overseas, the following chapter goes on to look at products that have been imported.
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10:
The distribution products
of
pipes that were not normally available in the local markets.
non-Yorkshire
10.0 Introduction This chapter considers the clay tobacco pipes from production centres outside the county that have been found in Yorkshire. Documentary evidence for the importation of goods is considered first, followed by the evidence provided by the objects themselves. It concludes with sections examining some of the external production centres from which pipes have been identified during the course of this study. 10.1
Documentary evidence for importation of pipes to Yorkshire The use of the word import might imply that large numbers of pipes were being brought into the county on a regular basis. The archaeological evidence however, suggests that this is not the case. For the most part only single examples of products produced outside Yorkshire have been recovered. Higher numbers and more consistent types might be expected if importation of pipes from outside the county was truly taking place on an organised and regular basis. These single examples and small groups might be best explained as casual losses or the result of single ‘importation events’.
Figure 10.1: Spur bowl dated 1660-1680 with the initials GD in relief on the bowl facing the smoker. Recovered from excavations at Beverley Gate, Hull (Acc No. BEG88 1). Drawn by J Marshall, Humber Archaeological Partnership. (Pcode 02572).
In Wharton’s account books there are several other references to the purchase of pipes, including 456 Dutch pipes between 1st June 1711 and 28th April 1714, for which he paid between 2s 3d and 4s a gross (ibid, 5). The ordering of Nottingham and Dutch pipes provides good examples of single ‘importation events’ into Yorkshire.
Occasionally these single events can be identified from documentary sources. A series of account books belonging to Charles Wharton, of Beverley Parks, for the years 1709-1714, for example provide valuable information with regard to the purchase of pipes (Sheppard 1912, 4). Not only do these accounts provide a surprising amount of detail with regard to the type of pipes that were being purchased, but also to the prices paid and the method by which they were to be transported. In 1714 Wharton refers to the purchase of two gross of clay tobacco pipes from Nottingham, through an agent, Edward Webster, who appears to have been based in Hull. The pipes were to be bought in Gainsborough and shipped to Hull, presumably down the Trent, before being moved by water to Beverley. The cost of these pipes was 5s 6d, a price that prompted Wharton to note in the margin ‘very dear, very dear’. In addition there was a charge of 1s 1d for a box and cord and 8d for freight. It is interesting to note that Nottingham pipes were available in Gainsborough but not in Hull or Beverley.
10.2
Archaeological evidence for the importation of pipes to Yorkshire During the course of this research a total of 7, 694 clay tobacco pipe fragments have been recorded from sites in Yorkshire. This total is made up almost exclusively of bowl fragments and decorated or marked stems and includes 221 fragments, or 2.85%, that were identified as being products that had been imported from production centres outside the county. These imports were identified either through the mark or the bowl form. In most instances a known production centre could be identified but there were 11 fragments where the place of origin cannot be identified and the product was either not a typical Yorkshire bowl form or mark type. In these 11 instances the source is given as ‘Uncertain’. Of the total 221 imported fragments, 119 originated from other English production centres, whilst the remaining 102 fragments came from the Netherlands. In the previous chapters the analysis of certain attributes has excluded the Rayner Collection as there was a collection bias in favour of marked fragments. If the Rayner material is excluded from the analysis of imported products, the total number of fragments drops to 5,274 of which 164, or 3.10%, are imported. It is interesting to note that in this particular instance the exclusion of the Rayner Collection makes a negligible difference to the percentage of imported fragments, just 0.38%. This may be explained by the fact that the majority of the imported material has been identified on the basis of mark rather
Although this record clearly shows that at least two gross of Nottingham pipes found their way to Beverley none has been found there and only one Nottingham product has been identified from the whole of Yorkshire (Figure 10.1). This particular example was recovered during excavations at Beverley Gate, Hull and can be attributed to George Doughtie of Nottingham who was working between 1670 and 1690 (Alvey 1967, 30). Wharton’s account books show how the landed gentry could acquire
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Figure 10.2: Map showing the production centres whose products have been recorded in Yorkshire. The numbers given in brackets are the total number of pipe fragments recorded from each centre. NB. The figures for Gateshead and Newcastle have been combined to give a total of 55 for Tyneside. The county of Yorkshire is shaded.
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than bowl form. In the following sections, therefore, the material from the Rayner Collection has been included.
following sections the clay pipe fragments from these production centres will be discussed in more detail.
10.2.1 Imports from English production centres outside Yorkshire A total of 119 clay pipe fragments, comprising, 72 bowls and 47 marked or decorated stems, appear to have originated from English production centres outside of the county of Yorkshire. Figure 10.2 shows a map of the Great Britain marked with the various production centres whose products have been recorded in Yorkshire. In the
10.2.2 Chester Chester was renowned for high quality pipes with their distinctive decorative borders. A total of 18 fragments, comprising two bowls and 16 marked stems, recorded in Yorkshire appear to have originated in Chester. These include two bowls, one Chester Type 82 from Acaster Malbis (Figure 10.3 No. 1) and one Chester Type 90 from Thorne, in South Yorkshire (Figure 10.3 No. 2).
Figure 10.3: 1. Chester Bowl Type 82 from Acaster Malbis (Pcode 06767); 2. Chester Bowl Type 90 from Thorne, South Yorkshire (Pcode 08486). Scale 1:1.
Chester stems were often stamped with elaborate rollstamp borders often in association with an oval, lozenge, or octagonal stamp applied across the stem (Rutter and Davey 1980). The various roll-stamp borders and stem stamps could occur in a variety of combinations.
9
1 0
0
0
1
3 1
1750-1800
1700-1750
1690-1720
1660-1690
1640-1660
1610-1640
Area West East South North-west North-east York & environs Totals:
1580-1610
The remaining 16 fragments are all stems the majority of which, 14 examples, having been recovered from fields around Beverley in East Yorkshire with just two stem fragments from York. Table 10.1 presents a breakdown of the number of Chester fragments recorded from each of the six geographical sub-divisions for each of the seven broad date ranges.
2
2 9
6
There were two Chester stems recovered from York. The first (Pcode 1847) consists of a Chester oval (Type 11) flanked by two pinnacle-and-dot borders (Type 16) and includes a stem twist (Type 3). The second York example consists of a Chester oval similar to Type 6 flanked by a heart and fleur-de-lys border (Type 50).
Totals 0 14 1 0 0
Twelve of the 14 Chester stems were recovered from fields near Beverley are clearly Chester products since their style and quality closely matches other finds from that city (ibid), but they all appear to be from previously unrecorded dies. There are five examples of a simple geometric border, which occurs flanking a rampant lion in an octagon (Figure 10.4 No. 1) There are four examples of a pinnacle-and-dot border that occurs flanking a boars head in an oval (Figure 10.4 No. 2) and three examples of a heart and tendril design (Figure 10.4 No. 3).
3 3
18
Table 10.1 Table showing the total number of fragments imported from Chester, for each of the seven broad date ranges.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 10.4: Examples of the Chester roll-stamp border and stem marks recovered from near Beverley. 1. rampant lion (Pcode 03318); 2. boars head with a pinnacle and dot border (Pcode 03319) and 3. heart and tendril design (Pcode 03308). Scale 2:1.
The majority of the South Lancashire material was recovered from sites in West Yorkshire. All of these fragments are bowls with a distinctive crescent shaped mark on the bowl facing the smoker, typical of Rainford
3 1 1 1
1
1 3
1750-1800
1690-1720
4
1700-1750
1660-1690
Area West East South North-west North-east York & environs Totals:
1640-1660
10.2.3 South Lancashire, centred on Rainford A total of 16 fragments, all bowls, were recorded in Yorkshire appear to have originated in South Lancashire, most likely from Rainford. All of these fragments date from between 1640 and 1720. Table 10.2 presents a breakdown of the number of South Lancashire fragments recorded from each of the six geographical sub-divisions for each of the seven broad date ranges.
1610-1640
The two remaining stems, also recovered from fields near Beverley, have very elaborate floral borders with elements that closely resemble some of the Chester examples. They do, however, also bear close resemblance to elements seen in the Lumley stems from Doncaster.
1580-1610
products. It is interesting to note that the two geographical areas producing the highest number of South Lancashire forms are the west and north-west of the Yorkshire. This would suggest either that the market area for the South Lancashire products just crossed the Pennines into West and North-west Yorkshire, or that they are the casual losses of travellers and traders moving across the Pennines into Yorkshire.
The presence of so many examples of the same combination of marks, particularly those elements that had not been previously recorded in Chester, might suggest that the Beverley fragments represent a single consignment rather than trade on a regular basis.
1 0
0
9
Totals 8 1 2 4 1
6
1
0
0
16
Table 10.2 Table showing the total number of fragments imported from South Lancashire, centred on Rainford, for each of the seven broad date ranges.
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Figure 10.5: Selection of Rainford style bowls recovered from sites in Yorkshire. 1. from Blubberhouses Moor (Pcode 07039); 2. from Brushes Moor (Pcode 07714); 3. from Lepton (Pcode 07741); 4. from York (Pcode 07802); 5. from Settle (Pcode 25135); 6. unprovenanced material in the Craven Museum, Skipton (Pcode 25147); 7. from Ewden reservoir (Pcode 07364); 8. & 9. from Wrenthorpe (Pcodes 211923 and 21186). Scale 1:1.
a breakdown of the number of Tyneside fragments recorded from each of the six geographical sub-divisions for each of the seven broad date ranges.
10.2.4 Tyneside By far the largest group of imported British products is from Tyneside with 55 examples, comprising 30 bowls and 25 stems, recorded in Yorkshire. A total of 34 of these fragments can be attributed to known Gateshead makers with a further three to makers from Newcastle. These include Leonard Holmes, John Holmes, Michael Parke, John Hastings, Joseph Fawell, Edward Craggs and John Rodchester (Edwards 1988). The remaining fragments are either distinctive Tyneside bowl forms or with marks typical of the North-east. Table 10.3 presents
By far the largest group of Tyneside products, 41 fragments, were recorded in North-west Yorkshire. As with the South Lancashire examples discussed above, this distribution would suggest that the market area for the Tyneside makers extended into the north of Yorkshire. It is interesting to note that no Tyneside products have been recorded in South Yorkshire or in and around York.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
0 0
0
17
14
16
8
0
55
1750-1800
1700-1750
1690-1720
1660-1690
6
Area West East South North-west North-east York & environs Totals:
1640-1660
10 4
Totals 3 1 0 41 10
1610-1640
2
1580-1610
1 1
1750-1800
1700-1750
8 6
1690-1720
17
1660-1690
1640-1660
1610-1640
Area West East South North-west North-east York & environs Totals:
1580-1610
Figure 10.6: Selection of Tyneside bowl forms recorded from sites in Yorkshire. 1. from Ravensdown Barracks, marked LEONARD HOLMES (Pcode 20199); 2, 3 & 4. from Piercebridge (Pcodes 07202, 07200 and 07189). Scale 1:1.
2 5
Totals 0 0 0 2 5 0
0
0
0
0
2
5
0
7
Table 10.3 Table showing the total number of fragments imported from Tyneside for each of the seven broad date ranges.
Table 10.4 Table showing the total number of fragments imported from London for each of the seven broad date ranges.
10.2.5 London
This figure is very low and goes against previously held beliefs put forward by Parsons (1912) and Oswald (1975) who suggested that the majority of the clay pipes found in the parts of Yorkshire and the north-east in the first half of the seventeenth century were London products. Analysis of the bowl forms recorded in Yorkshire for this current research, however, would suggest that although there was some influence from London in the early part
A total of seven fragments, all bowls, were recorded in Yorkshire are of possible London origin and are confined to the north of the county. Table 10.4 presents a breakdown of the number of possible London fragments recorded from each of the six geographical sub-divisions for each of the seven broad date ranges.
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products copying the bowl forms from the capital, or London products that have found their way to Yorkshire. The similarity of the bowl forms and the style of some of the marks would suggest that there were clearly links between London and Yorkshire. What is not clear, however, is whether these BC marked bowls are the products of just one maker and whether they are London products that have found their way to Yorkshire, or Yorkshire products moving south to London.
of the seventeenth century local production was very quickly established. The five fragments from North-east Yorkshire were all recovered from excavations in Scarborough and appear to be examples of a London Type 26 form (Atkinson and Oswald 1969, 180). The two fragments from North-west Yorkshire appear to be a London Type 19 from Piercebridge and a London Type 22 from Skipton (ibid). In addition to those seven fragments that appear to be of London origin there is a group of nine pipes dating from the period 1620-1660 that are stamped with the initials BC on the heel. These pipes have come from a number of sites in Yorkshire – four from York, and one each from Acaster Malbis, Wakefield, Doncaster, Skelton and Hull. All nine bowls are of a form found throughout Yorkshire in the first half of the seventeenth century and, with the exception of just one bowl, all are finely burnished. At least four different dies are represented including the example from Doncaster Museum (Pcode 08378), which has the initials BC flanking a tobacco plant motif. This is very similar to the style of mark used by the York maker Gabriel Westaby.
Staffordshire
1
Uncertain
1
Totals: East Yorkshire
2
1
Uncertain
5
Totals:
1 1
0 0 5 3 2 Broseley Uncertain
6 0 0
10
1 2
3
1
3
2
Totals:
2 1
2
Nottingham
South Yorkshire
1 0 0
1
Central/Southern England
Totals 1
0 0 0 2 0 ?Lincoln
1750-1800
Place of origin
West Yorkshire
1700-1750
Geographical area
1690-1720
1660-1690
1640-1660
1610-1640
Prior to the Civil War bowl forms in Yorkshire followed the styles set by London. It is therefore difficult to determine whether these BC marked bowls are Yorkshire
1580-1610
10.2.6 Other English production centres In addition to the imported pipes discussed in the previous sections, products from a number of other English production centres have been recorded in Yorkshire. In total a further 18 pipe fragments, comprising 16 bowls and two marked stems, have been recorded as originating from outside of the county of Yorkshire. Table 10.5 presents a breakdown of the number of fragments recorded from each of the six geographical sub-divisions for each of the seven broad date ranges giving their possible place of origin. For eight of these remaining 18 fragments, however, the place of origin is given as Uncertain. This is due to the fact that, although they are not typical of Yorkshire, in terms of either the bowl form or the style of mark, it has not been possible to find close parallels for them. They have, however, been placed within their most likely area of origin.
0 0 2 1 3
0 0
6
0 0 0 0 0
0 0
0
North-west Yorkshire Totals: North-east Yorkshire Southampton
1
Sunderland Totals: York & its environs
0 0 0 0 1 ?Cambridge
1 2
2
0 2
3
1
Uncertain
1 1
Totals:
0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0
2
Table 10.5: Table showing the total number of fragments found in each of the six geographical sub-divisions within Yorkshire that originated from other production centres outside the county. Uncertain indicates that the place of origin is not known but that the product does not appear to have been produced in Yorkshire.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
In most instances only one or two examples from each production centre have been recorded. This strongly suggests that these fragments were casual losses rather than representing organised importation. 10.2.7 Dutch pipes Dutch imports account for 102 fragments, comprising 55 bowls and 47 marked or decorated stems, recorded in Yorkshire. The vast majority of these fragments are generic Dutch-types and therefore few can be confidently attributed a production centre. In his survey of Dutch pipes found in Scotland, Davey noted the difficulties in sourcing Dutch material found in the British Isles, due to ‘the large numbers of early centres throughout the Low Countries, the mobility of the makers [and] the similarity of their products’ (1992, 283). In Table 10.6 the number of examples of each type of mark (Qty) is given together with the Christian name or initial (Cname), Surname initial (Sname) as it appears on the pipe fragment. This is followed by details of any other mark or a description of the decoration. Any other comments, including the name of the likely maker, is then given followed by the source where known.
8
Lettering ‘4TS’
?Amsterdam Uncertain
Cross motif
Uncertain
Crowned rose motif Diamond motifs
Uncertain
2
Area West East South North-west North-east York & environs Totals:
Uncertain
6
14
Table 10.7 presents a breakdown of the total number of Dutch fragments recorded in Yorkshire from each of the six geographical sub-divisions for each of the seven broad date ranges. The figures in Table 10.7 show two interesting features. The first is the gradual decline of Dutch material found in Yorkshire from the early seventeenth century through to the end of the eighteenth century. Second, and perhaps most interesting, is the dramatic fall in the number of Dutch fragments recovered during the period 1660-1690 before rising again in the period 1690-1720.
Uncertain
1
1
Various Uncertain Dutch style bowls without marks or decoration
Table 10.6: Table showing the number of examples for each type of Dutch mark or decoration and the source if known.
Uncertain
?flower motif
Uncertain
With a stem Uncertain twist Fleur de lys motifs All stem Uncertain stamps Lettering Two joining Gouda ‘I.VERS..Y’ and fragments ‘IN GOUDA’
6 25
1 5 1
4
21
1
12
1
1 9
1 4
?1
?1
3
2
38
30
2 1
24
6
1750-1800
2
Uncertain
1700-1750
W
Uncertain
1690-1720
5R
Uncertain
Uncertain
14
Lettering ‘-C Verzijl of Gouda CVERZY/GOUDA’ Gouda – this fragment published by Evans & Heslop, 1985 Baroque pipe Uncertain Lettering flanking a heart Roger Wilkins One stamped on the heel of a Jonah pipe Merchant's mark
Wheel motif
5
Possibly Uncertain Dutch; rim fragment only; small line of milling facing the smoker but slightly to LHS of mould seam Uncertain
1660-1690
I
2
19
1640-1660
I
1I
9
Moulded decoration Scale patterned stem String of pearls motif Toothed band motif Tudor rose motif
1610-1640
1H
6
1580-1610
C
1
Milled band
1
Qty Cname Sname Other Comments Source mark/decoration 1? ? Only traces Uncertain of heel stamp survive; moulded pellets on RHS of bowl 1A B Uncertain 1T
1
Totals 7 44 1 3 38
2
9
2
102
Table 10.7 Table showing the total number of fragments imported from the Netherlands for each of the seven broad date ranges.
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number of Dutch pipes rises again, which may mark the beginning of improved relations between the English and the Dutch with the crowning of William of Orange (William III) in 1689 (ibid 811). Dutch bowl forms and decorated stems are very distinctive and a selection has been illustrated in Figure 10.7.
It is possible that this is an indication of the political situation at the time. The dramatic fall in the number of Dutch pipes at the start of the period 1660-1690 may be a result of the Anglo-Dutch wars. There were three main wars in the years 1652-54, 1664-67 and 1672-74 (Gardiner & Wenborn 1995,252-253). In his study of a group of pipes from Pittenweem in Scotland, Martin (1987, 185) also notes a dramatic drop in the number of Dutch pipes. Martin notes that the import of Dutch material did not continue much into the 1640s and suggests that this may have been due to ‘economic and other pressures’ (ibid), although this appears to be a result of the Civil War and Covenant rather than the effects of the Anglo-Dutch wars. In the period 1690-1720 the
In Figure 10.8 the distribution of Dutch pipe fragments found in Yorkshire is illustrated. The numbers in the coloured dots represents the total number of fragments recovered with the number of bowls followed by the number of stems, the figures being separated by an oblique stroke (/).
Figure 10.7: Selection of Dutch bowls and stems. 1 & 2. Castle Hill, Scarborough, (Pcodes 6008 & 5959); 3. Longwestgate, Scarborough (Pcode 2056); 4.-6.The King’s Head, Hull (Pcodes 21321, 21315 & 23124); 8. Scarborough Barbican (Pcode 03517) & 9. Scarborough Castle (Pcode 24941). Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Three of these sites produced very small pipe assemblages of less than 100 bowl fragments and these sites have been marked with a circle on the map. The remaining six sites yielded groups of pipe bowls in excess of 100 fragments and these have been marked as a square. A breakdown of the total number of bowl fragments from each site, the number of Dutch bowl fragments and the percentage that they represent is given in Table 10.8.
In order to try and assess how common these Dutch fragments are in relation to other clay pipe fragments from any given site, the absolute figures for the bowl fragments shown in Figure 10.8 need to be converted to percentages. The bowl figures alone are to be used as all bowl fragments were systematically recorded for this research unlike the stems where only those that where either marked or decorated were recorded. In Figure 10.9 the percentage bowl figures for each of the nine find spots that yielded Dutch bowl fragments has been plotted.
Figure 10.8: Map showing the distribution of Dutch clay pipe fragments in Yorkshire. The numbers in the dots represents the total number of bowls/stem fragments recovered.
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favourite of the Dutch sailors coming into the port or that it was run by a Dutch landlord. Alternatively, it could be that the landlord was particularly partial to Dutch pipes. Either way, this group appears to be anomalous within Hull, which otherwise has a similar low occurrence of Dutch pipes to the majority of the county. A similar situation is seen at Sandal Castle, near Wakefield. A total of 311 bowl fragments were recorded from Sandal Castle, which included five, or 1.60%, pipes from the Netherlands. This particular group of Dutch pipes is interesting in that they were all produced in the same mould and are all marked with the same RW die. This may suggest a one-off event, a single consignment of pipes for one of the officers serving at the castle during the Civil War. The RW mark can be attributed to Roger Wilkins who was born in York around 1607 but emigrated to Holland where he took up pipe-making (Appendix 1). It is tempting to suggest that this particular maker retained links with his Yorkshire roots and that the group from Sandal is a consignment sent to a friend or family member.
There is clearly a problem with the samples of less than 100 fragments since they are not large enough to provided reliable percentages. Tollesby in north-east Yorkshire, for example, only yielded a total of eight fragments, two of which were of Dutch origin, but this produces a figure of over 25%. Although the presence of Dutch material at Tollesby should not be ignored, the sample itself is too small to be considered statistically valid. Site Barnard Castle Beverley Hull Richmond Castle Scarborough Thorne Tollesby Wakefield York
Total no. of bowl frags. 53
Qty Dutch bowl frags. 1
Percentage
1,888 897 27
7 19 ?1
0.37% 2.11% 3.70%
205 101 8 550 949
14 1 2 6 4
6.82% 0.99% 25.00% 1.09% 0.42%
1.88%
The King’s Head public house in Hull also yielded four bowls that date from 1620 to 1640 that are stamped on the heel with a possible Merchant’s mark, which may be read 4TS (Figure 10.7 No. 5). Although these four marks constitute part of a group that may be considered a single ‘importation event’ bowls with the 4TS marks have also been recovered from the Old Town, Hull (1 example), York (2 examples) and Scarborough (1 example). These eight 4TS marks make up one of the largest single groups of Dutch pipes from the county of Yorkshire suggesting that the maker responsible for these products had a much wider market area that was not confined to the coast.
Table 10.8: Table showing the total number of bowl fragments from each of the sites producing Dutch material giving the number of Dutch bowl fragments recovered and the percentage that figure represents.
There are, however, six sites that yielded groups of material in excess of 100 fragments, that is Scarborough, Beverley, Hull, Thorne, Wakefield and York. In these instances it is possible to look at the percentage of Dutch fragments within each of those groups in order to assess the extent of the Dutch imports to a particular town or site. It is interesting to note that in both Beverley and York the percentage of Dutch material is a just under half a percent (0.37% and 0.42% respectively) while in Wakefield and Thorne the figure is hovering around 1%. This indicates that the Dutch material makes up a very small proportion of the total assemblage from each of these sites. In Hull the percentage is a little higher, 2.11%, and this may be due to the fact that Hull is a busy port through which any Dutch material is likely to have passed. There is, however, one group of material from a site in Hull, which may have skewed the figures slightly. The site of The King’s Head public house in Hull yielded a total of 15 Dutch pipe fragments, comprising 12 bowls and three stems all dating to between 1620 and 1640. This group included five examples with a crowned Tudor rose and four with a Merchants mark possibly reading 4TS. If all the Dutch material from the King’s Head is removed from the Hull figures a percentage of 0.79% is produced, which is much more in line with the other sites. These figures strongly suggest that something unusual is happening at the site of the King’s Head as the high proportion of Dutch pipes is contrary to what is happening in the rest of Yorkshire. A number of suggestions could be put forward to explain this. It is possible that this particular public house in Hull was a
The site that stands out above all the others, however, is Scarborough, which yielded a total of 205 bowl fragments of which 14, or 6.82%, were of Dutch origin. This figure is considerably higher than any other site in Yorkshire and would suggest that something rather unusual was happening in Scarborough. If the figure simply represented a coastal distribution of Dutch material then high percentages would also be expected at sites such as Whitby and Bridlington. Although both sites only produced small samples, with 33 and 15 fragments respectively, none of these originated in the Netherlands. Unlike the Dutch pipes from Hull and Sandal, which were recovered from a single site, the examples from Scarborough were recovered from no less than eight different sites around the town. Furthermore, they represent a range of different marks and styles, suggesting the repeated arrival of Dutch pipes rather than the isolated group from the Kings Head in Hull, or the consignment to Sandal. This would indicate that the level of Dutch material in the town in general was higher than is seen at other towns and cities in Yorkshire perhaps suggesting either a strong link with the Netherlands or the presence of a Dutch community within the town.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 10.9: Map showing the distribution of Dutch bowl fragments in Yorkshire. The figures in the dots and squares represent the proportion of Dutch pipes as a percentage of the total number of bowl fragments recovered from each site. The circles represent sites producing a sample of less than 100 bowls and the squares represent sites producing a sample of more than 100 bowls.
1987, 278; Gallagher 1987c and Davey 1992c, 284). Clearly there was significantly more Dutch influence in Scotland than is seen in Yorkshire which may be explained by better trading links. There is evidence that Dutch pipes were being traded with parts of Scotland from at least 1635 as salvage from the wreck of a Dundee barque carrying products bought in Holland and Zeeland
Although excavations in Scarborough have produced reasonably high proportions of Dutch pipes, this is clearly not typical of Yorkshire as a whole. This contrasts quite markedly with Scotland where a survey of a number of sites in the north and north-east shows that pipe assemblages were dominated by Dutch material (Davey 1987b, 323; Davey 1987d, 312; Davey and Gallagher
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cruder that would be expected from a Dutch product. The bowl form is clearly not Dutch but it is typical of the London forms of the mid to late seventeenth century. The seams, however, have been finished with a serrated trimming tool, which is characteristic of continental products. It is therefore difficult to be certain of the origin for this particular group of pipes. Tatman (ibid) suggests that these pipes may well have been made by a Dutch pipemaker working in England, most probably London. This seems the most likely explanation and it is quite likely that such a pipemaker would have applied his Dutch influenced sense of design to a local bowl form, thus producing a London/Dutch hybrid.
included ‘…seven barrell pypes’ (Martin 1987, 185). Also, the number of pipes being imported into Scotland by the mid seventeenth century was clearly sufficient enough to prompt the Scottish Parliament to impose a duty on imported pipes 1661 (Gallagher 1987e, 8). 10.3 Pipes of uncertain origin Of the 119 pipe fragments identified as being nonYorkshire products there are 11, comprising seven bowls and four stems, that are of uncertain origin. Within this material of uncertain origin is a particularly interesting group of five fragments, comprising one bowl and four stems, that at first sight appear to be Dutch (See Appendix 3 Figures 28.12 to 28.15). All of these fragments, which have elaborate moulded decoration and date from 1650-1670, were recovered from fields around Beverley. Since the data collection for this thesis was carried out a further bowl and stem, which join to either end of one of the previously recorded stems, have been recovered. These new pieces have not been included in the counts given throughout this publication but an illustration of three joining pieces has been provided in Appendix 3, Figures 28.12 and 28.13. All seven of the fragments now known from Beverley were produced in the same mould. The bowl is a spur type, a style not generally produced in Yorkshire until the end of the seventeenth century.
10.4 Summary This chapter has considered the presence of imported clay tobacco pipes that have found their way into the county of Yorkshire. The total number of imported products is very small and accounts for only 220 fragments of all those pipes recorded from sites in the county. A little over half of these imports, 51%, originated from other English production centres with the remaining 49% being imported from the Netherlands. In spite of the small number of examples the analysis of these products has allowed a number of conclusions to be drawn. The English imports appear to be confined to the neighbouring parts of the county, such as the Tyneside material in the north or the South Lancashire products in the west. These may be the ‘tail end’ of local distribution rather than specific trade. They may also be the result of casual loses by people travelling to markets, or by sailors coming in on ships from coastal ports or from overseas.
On the left side of the bowl there appears to be the crudely executed head of a bearded man and on the right that of a woman. Relief-moulded lines interspersed with pellets surround these heads. At least four very similar bowls are known from sites in London, including one from a great fire deposit at Windsor Court (Oswald 1960, Fig. 21 No. 19). Although the pipes from London are illustrated as heel forms rather than spur forms, the detail of the design is so similar that they seem likely to have been produced in the same mould with differential trimming of the heel or spur accounting for the slight differences in profile. It has been suggested that the figures on the bowl represent either Charles I and Henrietta Maria (ibid) or Charles II and Catherine (Tatman 1985, 385). Given the size of the bowl form, and the fact that one of the examples from London was recovered from a Great Fire deposit, it seems most likely that they represent the latter, and they may have been produced to commemorate the wedding of Charles II and Catherine of Braganza in 1662.
A combination of documentary and artefactual analysis has shown the importance of single ‘importation events’ as illustrated by the Wharton account books or the Dutch pipes from the King’s head in Hull and Sandal Castle near Wakefield. These examples illustrate the need for caution when drawing any conclusions about imported material. Such events need to be taken into consideration when looking at any given assemblage and even the nature of the site itself plays a vital roll in the interpretation of the archaeological evidence. This survey of the imported products recorded in Yorkshire has reinforced the picture that each region was primarily self-sufficient in pipes and this may well be one of the factors that allowed regional styles to develop.
The stem fragments all have moulded decoration in the same style as the bowl with a tendril or scroll motif continuing along the length of the stem, interspersed with groups of pellets that may represent flowers. The taper of the thinnest stem (Appendix 3, Figure 28.12) does not appear to overlap with that attached to the bowls, suggesting that the decoration continued along most of the stem length. Although these pipe fragments appear to be Dutch in style, the execution of the decorative motifs is rather
This chapter concludes the survey and analysis of clay tobacco pipes recorded in Yorkshire. The following, and final chapter goes on to discuss the ways in which this analysis has contributed to pipe research, not only in Yorkshire but also in England as a whole, and puts forward some suggestions for future research.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
11:
The social upheavals created by the Civil War appear to have had a profound affect on regionalisation. The established characteristics of pipes dating from before 1640 were overturned during the 1640s, enabling new regional styles to develop during the Commonwealth and Restoration periods. The influence of the war on the material culture and stylistic development of pipes does not appear to have been previously considered.
Discussion of findings and proposals for future research
11.0 Introduction The main aims of this study were not only to try and characterise Yorkshire pipes from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries but also to use the pipe evidence to explore regionalisation and trade within a given geographical area. In order to do this one of the largest bodies of systematically collected pipe data ever assembled has been created, which unlike most previous studies, has been gathered from a defined geographical area rather than from a specific site or production centre. The chosen study area was of sufficient size to allow both regional variation and for market areas or trade patterns to be present within it.
11.1.1 Bowl form By studying the development of the bowl form in Yorkshire it has been possible to consider the extent of influence that the county’s pipe-makers may have had on the workshops in neighbouring areas. Equally, it has been possible to look for any influencing factors from nearby centres that might have influenced Yorkshire products.
The recording system used for this research was based on one developed at the University of Liverpool by Higgins and Davey (1994), which allows field data to be systematically collected using a series of A3 paper recording forms (see Appendix 4). The computerised version of this system allows the data to be manipulated in a variety of ways as well as providing a means by which individual groups and sites can more easily be compared.
For the most part the development of the bowl forms seen in Yorkshire throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries broadly follows that of other parts of England. The picture that has emerged from this research is that, although London set the basic trend and style of bowl form, there were local variations. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries there were periods when this national influence was quite strong and local forms fall more in line with those styles set by London. At other times, however, there is a break from the constraints of the capital and a flourishing of local types.
This study has, for the first time, attempted to plot both the chronological and geographical evolution of various attributes relating to the pipes, such as burnishing, milling, bowl forms and makers’ marks. This has made it possible to identify regional variation within the study area as well as providing a bench-mark against which neighbouring groups can be compared. The geographical and chronological analysis of the stem bores recorded in the county has also provided indications of regional variations.
In the early part of the seventeenth century Yorkshire bowls were small with thick walls and of a form that quite closely followed the styles set in London. Many of the earlier pipe scholars believed these products had been imported into the county from production centres such as London, and to a lesser extent Bristol (Sheppard 1912, Oswald 1975, Laurence 1983). This research has shown that no identifiable Bristol products have been recorded from Yorkshire and that, although London styles do occur in the county, there are very few pipes that can be confidently attributed to that production centre. If London products were being traded regularly with Yorkshire then a small but regular percentage of identifiable London marks would have been expected.
In the following sections the findings of this research are discussed together with the implications that they have for the future analysis of pipe groups.
11.1 Regionalisation Regionalisation, as defined at the outset of this study, was the identification of any group of artefacts that could be assigned to a specific region by virtue of their form. The present study set out to examine the various attributes of the clay tobacco pipes produced in Yorkshire such as bowl form, style and position of mark, degree of burnishing, and the extent of any milling. It was hoped that by looking at these attributes it would be possible to define what constituted a typical Yorkshire pipe as well as identifying regional variations both chronologically and geographically within the study area. Every attribute studied has shown that regionalisation, to some degree, did exist within the county of Yorkshire during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
This research has also shown that the Yorkshire pipe industry developed quite early in the seventeenth century. In York, for example, a number of the 1620-1640 bowls are marked with a GW stamp, which can be attributed to the York maker, Gabriel Westaby (Appendix 1). Detailed analysis of material from the castles at Pontefract and Sandal has shown that, by the Civil War, pipes were being produced and traded in sufficient numbers to meet almost all of the not inconsiderable demand for them. The Civil War marked a turning point in the development of the bowl form in Yorkshire and it can be seen as the catalyst for similar changes nationwide. It was during the
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included crowns, castles and anchors. Analysis of these particular motifs has shown that regional variation clearly existed within the county and that most of these motifs were unique to specific areas making it possible to identify the location and market areas of previously unrecorded pipe-makers.
1640s and 1650s that the seeds were being sown for more distinctive regional forms, such as the ‘Yorkshire bulbous’. Around 1660 the full bulbous form appears in Yorkshire and it remained dominant for around the next 30 years. The bulbous form has been shown to occur in a broad band, which includes parts of Lancashire, south Cumbria and Yorkshire suggesting close affinities between these areas. These links would not immediately be expected particularly given the natural barrier of the Pennines, but clearly very similar forms developed on both sides of this nature divide. Clearly more work is needed to define the nature and extent of the links between the Yorkshire, Lancashire and Cumbria bulbous traditions.
In the south of the county elaborate stem stamps and incuse marks on the bowl facing the smoker were being adopted. The development of these styles appears to have been influenced by production centres to the south, such as Nottingham and Derby. Along the east coast of Yorkshire, however, it appears to have been London and Tyneside that were the influencing factors as moulded initials on the side of the heel were commonly found.
By the 1690s the upheaval caused by the Civil War appears to have settled down and Yorkshire falls under the national influence once again. Although superficially the bowl forms of this transitional period (1690-1720) follow the styles set by London, they do have a Yorkshire twist, and regional variation is evident.
The analysis of all the marks, but particularly the stamped heel marks, has identified far more makers than are currently known from documentary sources. Although almost 300 documented Yorkshire makers have been bought together during the course of this study, it is clear that many more remain unidentified. This gap between the current documentary and artefactual record highlights the need for a systematic documentary search to compliment this study and to flesh out the bones of these previously un-recorded makers.
During the period 1710-1750 the bowl forms became larger and more upright with thinner walls. Due to their fragile nature the few that have survived into the archaeological record appear to be of a basic form found nationwide but with local interpretations. In parts of Yorkshire this is characterised by bowls that have been burnished and have incuse stamps on the bowl facing the smoker.
11.1.3 Burnishing The analysis of burnishing produced some very interesting results. The appearance of a well-burnished pipe immediately suggests a high status, costly product. The whole process was relatively time consuming and would have added to the cost of the pipe. The review of burnished pipes across England, however, has shown that in certain areas burnishing was the norm. Pipe-makers at Broseley in Shropshire, for example, burnished almost all of their pipes and not just those considered to be of a higher quality. Likewise, the occurrence of more fine quality burnished pipes from the coastal port of Hull rather than from the Minster city of York shows that preconceived ideas with regard to burnishing need to be tested. This study has shown that there are clearly correlations between the quality of burnishing and the presence of a stamped mark. Burnishing alone did not necessarily indicate a high quality product, but when that burnishing occurred in combination with a stamped mark and a fully milled rim then the pipe appears to have been regarded as a high quality product.
Towards the end of the eighteenth century and into the early nineteenth, mould-decorated bowls became popular and the styles that developed exhibit regional variation. In this instance, however, these differences appear to have occurred over much wider areas than was the case with the seventeenth century. 11.1.2 Marks Having identified some evidence for regionalisation in Yorkshire through the bowl forms, it is the style of the makers’ marks and their positioning that showed the clearest regional variations. A discussion of every mark recorded in Yorkshire was clearly not practical and far beyond the scope of this present study. What was possible, however, was to present a summary of the main characteristics of each of the five main types of bowl mark together with a selection of the stamped stem marks.
The use of burnishing as an indicator of social status is still valid as there can be little doubt that the action of applying burnishing to a pipe did indeed take longer and therefore resulted in a more expensive end product. What this survey has shown however, is the importance of taking regional variations with regard to burnishing into consideration. Having considered the question of how these burnished pipes were perceived and consumed in Yorkshire it would be useful to be able to see how this model fits into the broader national picture.
Analysis of the marks has shown that, as with the bowl forms, Yorkshire initially followed the styles set by London. The very earliest marks consist of symbol or single letter marks such as are found in the capital but by the end of the Civil War period Yorkshire had developed distinctive heel marks. These were large circular marks on the base of the heel with the makers’ initials at the centre, often in association with a decorative motif, the most common of which was the tobacco plant. Others
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for example, where makers showed a preference for spur rather than heel forms. Also, in the Transitional Period of 1690-1720, the makers in east Yorkshire opted for a long, wide bowl form with a pronounced forward lean as opposed to their counterparts in the south of the county who preferred a shorter, narrower form. The marks themselves also exhibit regional variation at this production centre level, for example the use of particular motifs on a heel stamp, such as crowns in Ripon or castles in Pontefract. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century mould-decorated bowls exhibit this fourth level of regionalisation, for example the ship and sailor motifs found around Pontefract.
11.1.4 Milling The various forms of milling found in Yorkshire were analysed and, once again, regional variations were identified. One of the more interesting aspects to come out of this analysis relates to the application of a band of milling immediately adjacent to the heel on the underside of the stem. This rather unusual placing appears to occur only in Yorkshire, and more specifically only in West Yorkshire from just two sites - Pontefract Castle and Sandal Castle. Pipes with bands of milling across the heel and across the base of the bowl away from the smoker were also noted from these castle sites on pipes that were produced from a common mould. Such idiosyncrasies, which link pipes to a particular workshop, can be used to look at distribution patterns in much the same way as a specific maker’s mark.
The fifth and final tier of regionalisation is exhibited at the level of the individual maker. The analysis of the Yorkshire material has identified only one particular example of this level of regionalisation in the seventeenth century, which is the maker operating near Pontefract who was applying bands of milling behind the heels of his pipes.
11.1.5 Summary By drawing together the evidence from the bowl forms, the marks, the use of burnishing and the application of milling, it is possible to see that regionalisation operated on a number of levels.
11.2 Trade By studying the find spots of marked pipes and pipes identified through mould flaw analysis as having been produced from the same mould, it has been possible to look at the extent of trade and the market areas of particular makers or workshops. By plotting the data geographically it would appear that the majority of pipemakers were selling their pipes locally, within a very tight market area. One of the interesting points to come out of this study has been the variation in the market area achieved by a few of the makers. Abraham Boyes, and subsequently his widow Frances, for example, appear to have operated a highly successful and reasonably large pipe workshop in York in the seventeenth century. It has been possible to show that their products were distributed widely in Yorkshire and may even have reached the east coast of America and the Caribbean. This contrasts with the larger number of small makers, many of them previously un-recorded, who appear to have operated workshops with a much smaller output and market area.
At the first, and most basic level, is the production of white clay tobacco pipes, which are found throughout north-west Europe. At the second level there are national variations, with each country exhibiting their own style. In England these styles were set by London and are characterised by the basic barrel shaped bowls of the seventeenth century, which developed into the more upright bowl forms, with the rims cut parallel to the stem, in the eighteenth century. The third level is the regional interpretation of these national trends that occurs throughout the seventeenth, eighteenth and into the nineteenth centuries. These regions can be defined as either a county, or groups of neighbouring counties. In the seventeenth century, for example, there are the pronounced chinned, or overhanging bowl forms of the West Country and the bulbous forms found in Yorkshire and parts of Lancashire and Cumbria. In the eighteenth century this regional interpretation is seen in the form of stem stamps such as the decorative Midland style borders found in Nottinghamshire. Similarly in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the makers names moulded around the rim of the bowl can be seen in Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire and south Yorkshire and slavery motifs are found on mould-decorated bowls from Lincolnshire.
When the data is plotted chronologically it is possible to see how major political events affected the trade in pipes. It is interesting to note that of the 119 imports that have been identified as coming from other English production centres, only one dates from before the Civil War period suggesting that there was little in the way of home trade from outside the county in the early seventeenth century. Overseas material imported from the Netherlands does occur prior to the Civil War, but drops off dramatically in the period 1660-1690, the period of the Anglo-Dutch Wars. These examples show that events such as the Civil War and Anglo-Dutch wars seem to have affected the supply and consumption of pipes within the study area.
The fourth tier is seen at the production centre level and once again occurs throughout the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In the seventeenth century examples of this type of regionalisation can be seen throughout England, for example, at Broseley in Shropshire with the introduction of the distinctive tailed heel. In Yorkshire variations at this level are found in the east and south of the county during the period 1660-1690,
Perhaps one of the most valuable contributions to pipe research, however, is the identification of a possible two-
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confines of this study, no analysis of the clay used to produce these products has been carried out. Further study of this aspect is needed to see if production took place primarily in response to a demand for clay pipes in a particular area, or as a result of the availability of the raw materials required to establish production sites.
centre workshop. Preliminary analysis of the GC marks and bowl forms found from Beverley would strongly suggest that they were being made by the same manufacturer who was producing pipes in Tyneside. The occurrence of a two-centre workshop would be unique not only in Yorkshire but in England. Clearly detailed analysis of comparative material from Tyneside is required to confirm this hypothesis, but if it proves to be correct it will change the way in which manufacturers and production centres are viewed in the future.
From the outset a decision was made to make this an artefact based study. It was not practical to carry out a detailed documentary survey over such a large area in addition to looking at such a large number of objects themselves. What the study of these objects has shown is that there is clearly a mis-match with the existing information recovered from the documentary sources. What is needed is a systematic search of the available documentary sources to allow pipe-makers to be identified. As with the data regarding the pipes themselves, all details obtained from these documentary sources should be in an easily accessible format with full references noted in order to allow researchers to get back to the source material.
11.3 Future research The range and scope of this study has changed our understanding of the Yorkshire clay tobacco pipe industry. Never before has such a large body of data been pulled together and analysed. The study has shown the value of systematic recording, which has enabled the various attributes of the clay pipe to be explored in more detail than ever before. The data assembled has by no means been exhausted and as other groups become available they can only enhance the existing material. The systematic recording of pipe groups in a standardised format enables material to be compared more easily as well as allowing regional trends to be more readily identified. The recording systems and methods of analysis employed on the Yorkshire data can be applied to any pipe assemblage. Having opened a window on the Yorkshire pipe industry it would be interesting to see how this fits into the broader national picture.
What this study has shown is that regional variation clearly does exist. This makes it important that any future publications or archaeological reports accurately depict the range of bowl profiles present so that these variations can be seen and compared. Bowl forms need to be reproduced for publication at 1:1 with the marks drawn at 2:1. At the outset five main questions were put forward. These were as follows:-
This study has also acted as a pilot study for the National Clay Tobacco Pipe Stamp Catalogue by computerising the data relating to the individual dies from one area of the country. The identification of individual die types allows movement of products to be plotted. If this data could be made available on line it would prove to be an invaluable resource for archaeological units and pipe researchers alike.
1. Is it possible to define a style of pipe that is typical of a given study area? 2. Is it possible to define products of individual centres within a given study area? 3. Can trading dynamics of production centres within a given study area be assessed? 4. Can the influence of external production centres be assessed? 5. If any patterns can be identified in 1-4 above, to what extent can they be explained from the historic record?
This research has highlighted the rarity of seventeenthand eighteenth-century kiln sites in Yorkshire. As a result it has not been possible to assess whether the kilns in this area are any different to those found in other parts of England. It is important that the uniqueness and value of such sites is fully appreciated so that they can be protected where possible and adequately recorded if they are threatened by redevelopment. What is needed are good kiln groups with stratified deposits so that a full analysis of the regional kiln technology as well as the mould and die types can be carried out.
All five questions have been answered. Regional styles can be identified within a defined study area, as can the products from specific makers or workshops. The dynamics of both regionalisation and trade have been assessed and historical events such as the Civil War and the Anglo-Dutch wars can be shown to have had a marked impact on the production and trade of clay tobacco pipes. The value of this research has clearly been demonstrated. A standardised recording system specifically set up to record large groups of pipes has been utilised and proved to be worthwhile. The field test for the National Clay Tobacco Pipe Stamp Catalogue has proved invaluable in sorting and comparing the marked pipes and the possibilities of having such a system
Analysis of the die types and bowls, through mould flaw analysis, has made it possible to suggest the likely location of previously un-recorded workshops. These add to the emerging distribution pattern of production centres provided by documentary sources. Many of these appear to cluster around coalfield areas where clay and fuels would have been readily available. Local fabrics are evident amongst the pipes examined but, within the
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
available nationally are endless. The range of information that can be teased out of groups of pipes with relation to regional variation, trade and market patterns, the identification of previously un-recorded makers and workshops, and more importantly the interaction between those workshops, has been clearly demonstrated but by no means exhausted. The results presented in this thesis are the tip of the iceberg and have addressed just two particular aspects of pipe research – those of regionalisation and trade. Having set a standard for the recording and analysis of pipe assemblages from England it is hoped that future studies will continue to build on foundations laid by this research and take pipe studies forward into the twenty-first century.
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RDW
Registry of Deeds, Wakefield. Searched by author and D A Higgins in 2003. SMPR St Mary’s Parish Records, Hull, searched by Gareth Watkins in the early 1980s. SMRPR St Mary’s, Rawmarsh Parish Registers – transcripts (Archives and Local Studies Library, Rotherham) searched by author and D A Higgins in 2002. Vol 2 Marriages 1575-1632; Burials 15581633; Marriages 1653-1753; Baptisms 1653-1672. Vol 3 Baptisms 1672-1777 Vol 4 Baptisms 1778-July 1811 Vol 5 Baptisms August 1811-1812; Burials 1653-1806 Vol 6 Burials 1807-1812; Marriages 17541812 (plus index); Banns 1754-1771 (plus index); Baptisms 1813-1819 Sun Ass. Details of Yorkshire pipe-makers who took out fire insurance policies with Sun Assurance between 1718 and 1841, searched by Philip Woollard in 2001. WQR Wakefield Quarter Sessions Rolls (West Riding Archives) searched by author in 2003 YPR Yorkshire Parish Record Society Publications searched by author in 2003 Vol 3 Doncaster 1557-1837 Vol 123 Sculcoates (Pt 1) 1538-1772
Appendix 1: Yorkshire Pipe-makers 16001800 The following list of pipe-makers is arranged alphabetically by initial. The town the maker was working in and the dates of the maker’s working life are given in brackets. Only those makers who are known to have been working prior to 1800 are included. Wherever possible the following information is given for each maker: The date and any details of parentage or place of birth where known Baptised: The date and place of baptism where known Apprenticed: Details of who the individual was apprenticed to and the dates where known Free: Date when the pipe-maker became free Married: Date of any marriage and the name of the spouse together with any further information, for example death of one spouse and subsequent marriages Children: Names, dates and any further information relating to children Died: Date of death and place of burial where known Born:
Any additional information relating to the pipe-maker’s life is also given.
All other references are given in the bibliography.
It should be noted that a lot of the information presented in this appendix relating to the pipe-makers of York and Doncaster has been drawn from the unpublished research notes compiled by John Andrews (n.d., 1987c, 1987d & 1993). Some of this information has been drawn from the IGI (the International Genealogical Index compiled by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints), which does not give trades. Within the confines of this study it has not been possible to check Andrews sources.
List of makers 1600-1800 Asquith and Cottam (Hull) (1790-1803). Working in Blanket Row (Oswald 1975, 202; Watkins 1979, 105). (See also Cottam, Asquith & Johnson and Cottam & Johnson). AA
Ambrose Ambler (Leeds) (c1669). Known from a trade token of 1669 showing two pipes and a roll of tobacco but this may refer to a dealer in pipes or tobacco rather than a pipe-maker (Oswald 1975, 199; Berry 1982, 371).
EA
Elizabeth Atkinson (nee Fisher) (Hull) (16701681). Married: Hugh Atkinson (pipe-maker) before 1640/41 (Watkins 1979, 105; ERA Ref. DDHB/20/144 ). Died: Buried July 1681 (HTPR). Daughter of Steven Fisher (ERA Ref. DDHB/20/144) Had at least four apprentices John Chapman Free 1670; George Fowler Free 1670; John Page, Free 1673 and Henry Norman, Free 1674 (Sheppard 1912, 10).
HA
Hugh Atkinson (Hull) (1640/1-1663/1670). Free: 21.11.1644 on payment of a fine of 40s (Sheppard 1912, 7).
References: BQR
Bradford Quarter Sessions Rolls (West Riding Archives) searched by D A Higgins in 2001. BIW Borthwick Institute, York ERA East Riding of Yorkshire Archives and Record Service (Catalogue searched via the internet). HCQS Hull City Archives, Quarter Sessions (Catalogue searched via the internet). HPR Halifax Parish Registers (West Riding Archives) searched by D A Higgins in 2001. HTPR Holy Trinity Parish Records, Hull, searched by Martin Stothard on behalf of Gareth Watkins in the early 1980s. IGI International Genealogical Index compiled by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. RArch Rotherham Archives and Local Studies Library – Corporation Deeds (213/C Ref. 79/1 Westgate XIV) searched by D A Higgins in 2002.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800 Mary (4th child and 4th daughter) born 18.1.1794; baptised 29.1.1794) (ibid). Child (unclear if this is a boy or a girl) (born 7.3.1797; baptised 17.3.1797) (ibid). Died: Buried 21.11.1832 aged 69 years (ibid). In 1812 Rawson Aray was elected steward of the Brotherly Society based in York. The Society, made up of York businessmen, met in a public house in Stonegate and acted as an early Building Society (ibid).
Married: Elizabeth Fisher before 1640 (Buried July 1681) (ERA Ref. DDHB/20/144; HTPR). Died: Sometime between 1663 and 1670 (Watkins 1979, 105). Details of the sale of a cottage on Sewerside by Hugh Atkinson, tobacco-pipe maker and his wife Elizabeth to William Spinke, Yeoman (ERA Ref. DDHB/20/144). Atkinson had a least three apprentices who were Free in 1653, 1660/1 and 1663 (ibid). HA
Henry Ardon (Rotherham) (1681). Children: Henry (apprenticed to Elias Trickett, Cutler in Sheffield) (Crossley in litt 6.1.1992).
IA
John Aray (York) (1768-1804). Born: Son of William baptised 16.11.1735 at Linton on Craven (Andrews in litt 30.5 1998). Married: (1) Elizabeth Holmes 6.6.1762 (died 6.11.1787 of dropsy, aged 56, buried 9.11.1787) (Andrews 1991, 69). (2) Elizabeth Newton 2.2.1789 (ibid). Children: Rawson (baptised 29.1.1764; later to become a pipe-maker) (ibid). Frances (born 1765; died 22.2.1792 aged 26, in childbed giving birth to son Robert on 18.2.1792, natural son of Robert Gowland, pipe-maker of Hull. She was buried 24.2.1792 her son buried in a pauper’s grave 10.3.1792) (ibid). Elizabeth (baptised 22.1.1768; buried 15.9.1768) (ibid). William (baptised 6.5.1771) (ibid). John (baptised 16.9.1772; buried 13.4.1775) (ibid). Died: 17.1.1804 aged 68 years; buried 20.1.1804 (ibid). At the time of his son Rawson’s baptism in 1764 John was described as a shoemaker. It was not until the baptism of his daughter Elizabeth, in 1768, that he was described as a pipe-maker (Andrews 1988, 89).
IA
John Atkinson (Hull) (1747-1752). Free: 1727 (Watkins 1979, 105). Died: Buried 26.1.1752 (HTPR). Voted in the 1747 polls in Hull (Sheppard 1912, 16).
RA
Rawson Aray (York) (1778-1832). Born: Son of John Aray, shoemaker (baptised 29.1.1764) (Andrews 1987d, 1). Apprenticed: To Alice Holmes of York for 7 years by indenture 1778 (ibid). Married: Eleanor (ibid). Children: Sarah (2nd daughter) (born 30.1.1790; baptised 18.2.1790) (ibid). Elizabeth (3rd daughter) (born 23.10.1791; baptised 9.5.1791 – there is an obvious error here as the baptism date is before the birth date) (ibid).
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WA
William Armitage (Potovens, Wakefield) (16801681). Appears in the West Riding Quarter Sessions Rolls for 1680-1681, together with Robert Cliffe, when they are fined ‘for digging clay for pipes, pots and other earthen ware’ (Brears 1967, 42).
WA
William Atkinson (Nottingham & Doncaster) (1778-1807). Born: 1726 (Andrews 1993. 1). Married: Sarah Children: Jonathan (baptised 15.11.1778 at Laneham, Notts) (ibid). Jane (baptised 21.9.1780 at Laneham, Notts. married Benjamin Hodgson, pipe-maker 15.9.1802) (ibid). Died: Buried 3.12.1807 aged 81 (ibid). It is not clear if William Atkinson practised his trade in Doncaster, as he appears to have moved here from Nottinghamshire quite late in life, i.e. after 1780.
AB
Abraham Boyes (York) (1645-1681). Born: Son of Francis Boyes (IGI). Free: 1645 (purchased as a trunk and tobacco pipe-maker, not being qualified as the son of a Freeman) (Oswald 1975, 204; Berry 1982, 371; Andrews 1991, 70). Married: (1) Elizabeth (died 1660, buried 28th March) (ibid). (2) Frances Buckton on 1.8.1660 (ibid). Children: Sarah (baptised 30.6.1661; later married John Whitekerr, pipe-maker) (ibid). Abraham (baptised 8.2.1662; buried 9.2.1663) (ibid). Isaac (baptised 4.12.1664) (ibid). Ann (baptised 26.11.1665) (ibid). Samuel (baptised 13.10.1667) (ibid). Mary (baptised 31.10.1669) (ibid). Christopher (16.12.1671; later to become a pipemaker) (ibid). Elias (baptised 13.2.1673 (ibid); buried 12.7.1678 (Andrews 1987b, 3). Died: 18.2.1681 (Andrews 1991, 70). Abraham took a number of apprentices including John Wright in 1663, Free on payment of £1; Ralph Beeforth, 1.5.1668 and Matthew Mattison on 23.10.1668 (ibid). Token issued in 1670
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Children: Mary (baptised 28.9.1783; buried 17.2.1786) (ibid, Vol 4 pg 17). John (baptised 28.8.1785; buried 19.12.1786) (ibid, pg 28). William (baptised 7.12.1788) (ibid, pg33). Hannah (baptised 18.4.1790) (ibid, pg 37). Charles (buried 31.1.1878) (ibid, Vol 5 pg 83).
depicting three pipes in a triangle (Oswald 1975, 204; Lawrence 1979, 80; Berry 1982, 371; Andrews 1987b, 3) Hearth tax returns for 1671 lists 6 hearths for Abraham Boyes, (Andrews 1991, 70). AB
BB
CB
CB
Arthur Brayne (Piercebridge) (1665). Known from a trade token but may be a dealer in pipes or tobacco rather than a pipe-maker (Oswald 1975, 199). Benjamin Bell (Hull) (1696-1734). Married: Elizabeth Harrill 3.5.1696 (buried June 1726) (HTPR). Children: Benjamin (buried June 1713) (ibid). Robert (Bound apprentice to his father in 1709) (Watkins 1979, 107). Died: Buried 19.10.1734 (HTPR). Paid poor rates in Humber Ward in 1715/16 (ibid). Had at least four apprentices between 1713 and 1724. Voted in the 1724 election (Oswald 1975, 202). Working at Finkle Street between 1724 and 1726, but not in 1727 (Watkins 1979, 105). Christopher Boyes (York) (1711-1725). Born: 1671 (Andrew 1991, 71). Baptised: 16.12.1671 (ibid). Free: 1711 at age of 40 (ibid). Married: 30.5.1699 to Dorothy Jackson of York (Dorothy died and was buried at Holy Trinity, Goodramgate on 15.7.1721) (ibid). Children: Abraham (baptised 5.3.1699/1700 (IGI); buried 11.3.1699/1700) (Andrews 1987a, 29). Christopher (baptised 18.12.1702) (Andrews 1991, 71). Rebecca (baptised 16.7.1706) (ibid). James (baptised 5.6.1707, buried 16.10.1707) (ibid). Samuel (baptised 18.5.1708) (ibid). Died: 1725 aged 53, buried on 13th August at St Martin’s, Coney Street (ibid). Christopher took on two apprentices, first George Hart, on 2.2.1722 and second Charles Dunning on 29.9.1723. First recorded as a pipe and trunk maker in 1723 (Andrews 1988, 89). His Will, dated 6th August, states that he leaves ‘unto my son Samuel Boyes and his heirs the back part of the same house with the kitchen, two chambers, with chamber and garrets above and ye little yard and pipe shop with free passage – and to my daughter Rebecca my leased house in North St., in the tenure of Mr Baynes and others’. (Andrews 1987a, 30). Charles Brickill (Brickhill) (Rawmarsh) (17831787). Married: Mary Green (daughter of Thomas Green) (SMRPR).
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FB
Francis Balden (York) (1643). Born: Son of Kirk Balden (Andrews 1991, 70). Apprenticed: To Gabriel Westaby 1643 (ibid).
FB
Frances Boyes (York) (1681-1713). Born: Daughter of Simon Buckton of York, baptised 30.10.1632 (Andrews 1991, 71). Married: Abraham Boyes 1.8.1660 (ibid). Children: See entry for Abraham Boyes Appears to have taken over the business by when her husband died. She appears to have taken five apprentices William Barnet on 21.12. 1688; William Gill on 18.5.1688, George Dean on 20.5.1703 and Edmund Hillary on 27.4.1713 as well as Andrew Hall who took his freedom in 1702 on payment of £1 (ibid).
GB
George Benn (Piercebridge) (1665). Known from a trade token but may be a dealer in pipes or tobacco rather than a pipe-maker (Oswald 1975, 199).
HB
Henry Brownbill (York) (1793). Married: Hannah (late of Warrington). Children: Ann (born 4.3.1793; baptised 8.3.1793) (Andrews 1991, 71). There are no other references to Henry Brownbill in York. However, it is possible that he moved to Liverpool, as a Henry Brownbill is recorded working there from 1796-1824 (Oswald 1979, 177).
HB
Henry Byram (Wrenthorpe, Wakefield) (1670s1709). Recorded as working at Potovens from the 1670s, appears in records up to 1709 when he held a ‘cott[age] and a garth of 25p.’(Brears 1967, 42).
IB
Joseph Birch (York) (1713-1725). Married: Ann Coal 11.5.1713 (Andrews 1991, 70). Died: 21.2.1725 (Lawrence 1979, 81). Possibly a journeyman or worker (Andrews 1991, 70).
IB
Jacob Brown (Hull) (1720). Apprenticed: To Robert Burrill (1) in 1720 (Watkins 1979, 107).
IB
James Buckley (Barnsley) (c1687). (Oswald 1975, 199).
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
IB
PB
Phillipp Barnard (Aberford, Nr. Leeds) (1684). Children: Thomas (Moore 1988, 12). Died: by 1684 when his son, Thomas, aged 20, left for Jamaica bound to a John West for four years (ibid).
RB
Robert Batt (Hull) (1724). Apprenticed: To William Potter (2) in 1724 (Watkins 1979, 107).
RB
Robert Beacroft (Hull) (1767). Apprenticed: To Samuel Goldwell in 1749 (ibid). Free: 1767 (ibid).
RB
Robert Bell (Hull) (1709-1734). Born: Son of Benjamin Bell, pipe-maker (ibid). Apprenticed: To his father Benjamin in 1709 (ibid). Free: by patrimony 1710 (ibid). Children: Jane (buried May 1723) (HTPR). Benjamin (buried July 1718) (ibid). Died: Buried 1.11.1734 (ibid). Robert had apprentices between 1717 and 1725. Voted in 1724 (Oswald 1975, 202) Paid poor rates 1724-1725 when he appears to have been working in Finkle Street, next door to his father (Watkins 1979, 107).
RB
RB
Unnamed son (apprenticed to his father, Free 1723) (ibid). Robert (apprenticed to his father, Free 1727) (ibid). Died: Buried 6.1.1735 (HTPR). Robert had seven apprentices between 1685 and 1727. He voted in 1724 Polls (Oswald 1975, 202; Watkins 1979, 108).
John Burrell (York) (1720-1726). Apprenticed: To Robert Burrill of Hull (Watkins 1979, 107). Free: 22.8.1721 on payment of £25 (Oswald 1975, 204; Andrews 1991, 72). Married: Margaret Bunnell 7.9.1720 (ibid). Children: Elizabeth (baptised 2.5.1723) (ibid). Samuel (baptised 13.2.1725) (ibid). Lawrence (1979, 81) lists ‘several children baptised 1722-4’. John is recorded in the 1724 Hull Polls (Oswald 1975, 204) and appeared in court on the 17.8.1726 for non-payment of a debt (Andrews 1991, 72).
Robert Bibby (Hull) (1671). Apprenticed: To Edward Fowler in 1671 (ibid). On Fowler’s death the indenture was changed to his widow, Barbara, in 1676 (ibid). Robert Burrill (1) (Hull) (1675-1735). Apprenticed: To Henry Norman (1) in 1675 (ibid, 108). Free: 2.8.1683 (Sheppard 1912, 8). Married: Ann Sincler 18.11.1685 (buried 2.6.1706) (HTPR). Children: Anne (buried 21.4.1695) (ibid). Robert (buried December 1697) (ibid). Unnamed son (apprenticed to his father, Free 1709) (Watkins 1979, 108)
166
RB
Robert Burril (2) (Hull) (1727-1774). Born: Son of Robert Burrill (1) (Watkins 1979, 108). Free: by patrimony in 1727 (ibid). Voted in elections in 1747 (Oswald 1975, 202), 1754 and 1774 (Watkins 1979, 108).
SB
Samuel Bickerdike (Leeds) (1793-1835). Appears in directories (Oswald 1975, 199).
SB
Simon Bickerdike (Leeds) (1798-1808). Appear in Leeds Directory 1798-1808 (Lawrence 1973, 190).
SB
Samuel Boyes (York) (1708-1733). Born: Son of Christopher Boyes, baptised 18.5.1708 (Andrews 1991, 71). On 20th October 1725 Samuel was allowed 6 months to take up his freedom but there is no record that he ever did. Also, in 1725, he inherited the pipeshop and tools that had belonged to his father. In 1733 his apprentice, George Hart, took his freedom as a trunkmaker on payment of £1 (ibid).
SB
Samuel Burrel (Hull) (1724). Voted in polls on 23rd January 1724 (Sheppard 1912, 16).
TB
Thomas Bagshaw (Rotherham) (1750). Baptised: Son of Richard Bagshaw 26.11.1731 (Andrews in litt 1998). Married: Francis Crosland 27.12.1750 (ibid). Children: Ann (baptised 24.11.1754) (ibid).
TB
Thomas Bateman (Hull) (1688). Apprenticed: To Thomas Cooke in 1688 (Watkins 1979, 108).
TB
Thomas Bilton (Hull) (1757-1802). Apprenticed: To Michael Westerdale (1) in 1757 (ibid). Free: 1765 (ibid). Children: Robert (Free in 1802) (ibid). Thomas appears to have been working in Leeds (ibid) Acted as a witness in 1767 (ibid) Voted in the 1774 polls in Hull (Sheppard 1912, 16).
WB
William Barnett (York) (1688).
Susan D White
13.9.1736 (ibid); 12.3.1743 (ibid) and December 1751 (ibid). Watkins found a number of John Chambers and it is unclear which burial relates to John Chambers the pipe-maker.
Apprenticed: To Mrs Boyes 21.12.1688 (Andrews 1991, 70). WB
WB
WB
William Best (Hull) (1686-1703/1740). Apprenticed: To Francis Wood in 1686 (Watkins 1979, 108). Free: 14.7.1698 (Sheppard 1912, 8). Died: A W Best buried 9.4.1703 (HTPR). Another W Best buried 7.4.1740 (ibid). A William Best of Blackfriargate is recorded in the Poor Rates 1724-1727 (Watkins 1979, 108). William Bracebridge (1) (Hull) (1676-1720). Apprenticed: To Henry Norman (1) in 1676 (ibid). Children: William (Free by patrimony 1728) (ibid). Died: Buried December 1720 (HTPR). William appears as a witness on apprenticeship records in 1692/93 (Watkins 1979, 108).
IC
John Chapman (1) (Hull) (1670-1683). Apprenticed: To Elizabeth Atkinson (Watkins 1979, 109). Free: 3.11.1670 (Sheppard 1912, 10). John had apprentices of his own in 1671, Thomas Cooke and in 1675, Francis Wood (ibid) and also in 1678/9 and 1682 (Watkins 1979, 109) Appears to have still been working in 1683 as he is named in an entry in the Corporation Bench Book under the date 23rd July 1683 in connection with an application by Nicholas Tarboton to become a Burgesse of the Corporation (Sheppard 1912, 12).
IC
John Chapman (2) (Hull) (1764). Apprenticed: To William Westerdale in 1764 (ibid).
IC
James Coverdale (Hull) (1720). Apprenticed: To Richard Tock (1) in 1720 (ibid).
IC
Jonathan Crosland (Rotherham) (1747-1772). Married: Mary Parker 15.1.1747 (Andrews in litt 30.5.1998). Children: Joseph (baptised 4.3.1752; appears to have been apprenticed to John Salt, cutler in Sheffield from 1764 for 8 years and then George Pearson, also in Sheffield for one year in 1772 (ibid; Crossley in litt 6.1.1992).
PC
Philip Carbut (Hull) (1722). Apprenticed: To William Potter (2) in 1722 (Watkins 1979, 109).
RC
Robert Carbut (Hull) (1730-1740). Apprenticed: To Henry Norman (2) in 1730 (ibid). Died: Buried 29.4.1740 (HTPR).
RC
Robert Chapman (Hull) (1674-1692). Apprenticed: To Edward Fowler 1674 (Sheppard 1912, 11). Free: 28.7.1681 (ibid, 7). Married: (1) Anne (buried April 1724) (HTPR); (2) Elizabeth (buried 24.7.1747) (ibid). Children: Jane (buried 31.3.1692) (ibid). Had a number of apprentices between 1699 and 1740 (Watkins 1979, 109), including Benjamin Taylor in 1720 (Sheppard 1912, 11).
RC
Robert Cliffe (Potovens) (1680). Appears in the Quarter Sessions Rolls for 16801681, together with William Armitage, when they
William Bracebridge (2) (Hull) (1728). Free: by patrimony 1728 (ibid).
Cottam, Asquith and Johnson (Hull) (1791). Appears in a 1791 directory (Oswald 1975, 203). (See also Asquith & Cottam and Cottam & Johnson). Cottam and Johnson (Hull) (1792). Listed as pipe-makers in High Street, in a Hull directory of 1792 (Watkins 1979, 108). (See also Cottam, Asquith & Johnson). DC
HC
Daniel Clay (Halifax) (1687). Apprentice to George Gill, referred to in his will (Oswald 1975, 199). Henry Coates (Leeds) (c1666). Known from a trade token of 1666 showing a roll of tobacco but this may refer to a dealer in pipes or tobacco rather than a pipe-maker (ibid; Berry 1982, 371) NB. Oswald gives a date of 1665, but Berry illustrates the token, which clearly reads 1666.
IC
Isaac Cary (York) (c1672). Born: 1654, son of Zacharias, labourer (Andrews 1991, 72). Free: by patrimony 1672 (Oswald 1975, 204; Andrews 1991, 72).
IC
John Chambers (Hull) (1724-1749). Apprenticed: To Benjamin Bell in 1724 (Watkins 1979, 109). Married: ? (died 1749) (SMPR). Died: A total of five John Chambers buried 4.4.1684 (HTPR); November 1727 (ibid);
167
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Elizabeth (baptised 27.6.1728; buried 9.7.1728) (ibid).There is also a William Carr working later in the 18th century in Hull, but the dates at which he baptised children are 20-30 years later, which suggests that there were two makers of this name.
are fined ‘for digging clay for pipes, pots and other earthen ware’ (Brears 1967, 42). SC
Samuel Constable (Hull) (1724). Apprenticed: To Henry Norman (2) in 1724 (Watkins 1979, 109).
TC
Thomas Chapman (Hull) (1682-1708/1721). Apprenticed: To Thomas Cooke in 1682 (ibid). Free: 1700 (ibid). Children: Elizabeth (buried 16.10.1696) (HTPR). Died: A Thomas Chapman buried 6.1.1708 (ibid). Another Thomas Chapman buried August 1721 (ibid). Thomas witnessed the indenture of an apprentice pipe-maker in 1706. (Watkins 1979, 109).
TC
Thomas Cooke (Hull) (1678/9-1720). Born: 1656 (ibid). Apprenticed: To John Chapman (1) 1671 (Sheppard 1912, 11). Free: 13.2.1679 (ibid) Married: (?2) Mary Skinner 30.8.1702 (HTPR). Children: Sarah (buried 5.3.1686) (ibid). Died: 7.2.1720 aged 64 (Sheppard 1912, 11). Sheppard notes that in Gent’s History of Hull, 1735 page 50 the inscription from a headstone of a grave on the south side of Holy Trinity Church is quoted ‘Here lieth the body of Thomas Cooke, pipe-maker, who died the 7th of February, 1720, aged 64’.
TC
Thomas Craven (Hull) (1727-1741/1751). Free: by patrimony 1727 (Watkins 1979, 109). Children: Unnamed daughter (died 1730) (SMPR). Unnamed daughter (died 1738) (ibid). Died: A Thomas Craven buried 3.6.1741 (HTPR). Another Thomas Craven buried 25.1.1751 (ibid).
TC
Thomas Crew (Sheffield) (1721-1733). Children: William (baptised 9.2.1721; buried 5.5.1722) (Andrews in litt 30.5.1998). Elizabeth (baptised 21.6.1723) (ibid). Mary (baptised 1.8.1724) (ibid). John (baptised 11.6.1726) (ibid). Thomas (baptised 7.7.1727; buried 1.2.1729) (ibid). Joseph (baptised 9.10.1728) (ibid). William (baptised 13.6.1731) (ibid). J??? (son buried 22.10.1732) (ibid). ???? (son buried 10.5.1733) (ibid).
WC
WC
William Carr (Hull) (1717-1756). Apprenticed: To Benjamin Bell in 1717 (Watkins 1979, 109). Free: 1724 (ibid). Children: Richard (buried 28.8.1740) (HTPR). John (buried June 1756) (ibid). William witnessed apprentice and freedoms in 1732, 1764 and 1772. Voted in 1754 and 1774 (Watkins 1979, 109). Andrews (1988, 90) notes that a Will Carr is recorded as ‘billeting soldiers in the St Martin’s, Coney Street and St Wilfred parishes’ in 1756 in Hull. There is a William Carr recorded in York between 1725 and 1728 and it is possible that this maker moved to work there for a few years immediately after completing his apprenticeship.
WC
William Clarkson (Leeds) (1750). Apprenticed: To William Hebden (HCQS Ref. CQE/3/91).
CD
Charles Dunning (York) (1723-1734). Apprenticed: To Christopher Boyes 29.9.1723 (Andrews 1991, 74). Free: 1733 listed as a trunk maker and pipemaker (Oswald 1975, 204). Married: Elizabeth Harrison 2.10.1732 (Andrews in litt 30.5.1998). Children: Mary (baptised 15.1.1733) (Andrews 1991, 74). George (baptised 29.4.1734) (ibid). Christopher Boyes died before Charles’s apprenticeship was complete, it is therefore possibly that it was transferred to Christopher’s son, Samuel Boyes (ibid).
GD
George Dean (York) (1703). Apprenticed: To Frances Boyes 20.5.1703 (ibid).
ID
John Dalton (1) (Hull) (1695-1723). Apprenticed: To Robert Burrill (1) (Watkins 1979, 109). Free: 23.10.1695 (Sheppard 1912, 11). Children: John (Free by patrimony 1723) (Watkins 1979, 110). Died: By 1723 (ibid).
ID
John Dalton (2) (Hull) (1723-1724). Free: by patrimony 1723 (ibid). Voted in 1724 (Oswald 1975, 204).
ID
John Davison (Hull) (1798).
William Carr (York) (1725-1728). Children: William (baptised 16.12.1725) (Lawrence 1979, 81; Andrews 1991, 72).
168
Susan D White
Apprenticed: To Edward Blyth in 1798 (ibid). ID
Jacob Davy (York) (1721). Free: 1721 (Brooks in litt 15.6.1998).
ID
John Dawson (York) (1677-1703). Free: 1677 as a pipe-maker (Oswald 1975, 204; Andrews 1991, 73). Children: William (Free 1702, no trade given) (ibid). Sarah (baptised 10.2.1677; buried 21.12.1699) (ibid). Died: Buried 29.2.1703 (ibid). John did jury service in October 1666. In 1671 he was listed in the Hearth Tax records as having ‘two hearths in St. Helen’s parish’. He did more jury service on 8.4.1687. He appears to have taken two apprentices, Francis Wilkinson, who was bound apprentice on 15.12.1679 and Robert Morley who took his freedom on payment of £1 in 1703 (ibid).
ID
James Day (York) (1717-1721). Born: son of James Day, tanner (Andrews 1991, 73). Free: by patrimony in 1721 (Oswald 1975, 204; Andrews 1991, 73). Children: Ann (baptised 17.3.1717; buried 3.11.1718) (ibid). Thomas (baptised 17.4.1719; buried 8.9.1719) (ibid). From the information given in the registers, it is impossible to say if the two children, Ann and Thomas, were Thomas’s children or siblings, ie. his father’s children (ibid).
ID
John Duncan (York) (1677). Free: 1677 (Oswald 1975, 204).
MD
Michael Dunn (Birstall) (c1759-1816). Born: c1759 possibly in Leeds (Atkin in litt). Married: Margaret Dodson 5.1.1783 at Rawmarsh (Brooks 1989, 3). Died: 1816 aged 57 (ibid). Prior to her marriage to Michael, Margaret had two illegitimate children, Ann (baptised 17.9.1775) and Joseph (baptised 1.8.1779) who went on to be a pipe-maker in Birstall (ibid).
PD
TD
Peter Davison (Hull) (1798). Children: John (Bound apprenticed in 1798) (Watkins 1979, 110). Peter working as a pipe-maker when his son was bound apprentice to Edward Blyth (ibid). Thomas Dean (Hull) (1753). Apprenticed: To Michael Westerdale (1) in 1753 (ibid).
169
WD
William Dawson (York) (1700-1702). Free: 1702 (Brooks in litt 15.6.1998). Appears in directories 1700-1702 (Oswald 1975, 204).
WD
William Dodgson (York) (1712-1713). Born: Son of Oswald Dodgson, Cobbler (Andrews 1991, 74) Free: by patrimony 1712 (Lawrence1979, 81). Married: Sarah Calton 17.2.1713 (Andrews 1991, 74). Died: Buried 3.2.1759 (ibid). The burial of a William Dodgson is recorded on 3rd February 1760 whose occupation was given as a merchant taylor. It is possible William changed his trade from pipe-maker to a ‘more lucrative one’ (Andrews 1988, 90) However, Andrews (1987d, 5) also notes that a Mr William Dodgson was buried on 3rd February 1759 ‘under the second blue stone from the vestry door’.
IE
John Eggleston (Hull) (1672-1698/1742). Apprenticed: To Susanna Kilham, the widow of Thomas Kilham, in 1672 (Sheppard 1912, 11). Free: 23.10.1679 (ibid). Children: Jane (buried September 1683) (HTPR). Unnamed son (buried 22.12.1695) (ibid). Died: A John Eggleston buried 10.1.1698 (ibid). Another John Eggleston buried 25.10.1742 (ibid). A John Eggleston paid poor rates in Austin Ward in 1695 (ibid)
IE
John Ellicar (Hull) (1691). Apprenticed: To Henry Norman (1) in 1683 (Watkins 1979, 110). Free: 20.6.1691 (Sheppard 1912, 8).
AF
Anthony Fawcet (Dent) (c1670). Known from a 1670 trade token which shows two pipes and crossed pipes; may refer to a dealer in pipes or tobacco rather than a pipe-maker (Oswald 1975, 200; Berry 1982, 370).
BF
Barbara Fowler (Hull) (1676). Married: Edward Fowler Apprenticeship transferred from her husband in 1676, presumably at the time of his death (Watkins 1979, 110).
CF
Charles Farnehill (York) (1669-1673). Free: 1669 (no trade given) (Andrews 1987d, 5) but Berry (1982, 371) has Farnehill’s freedom by redemption in 1670. Children: Frances (born 1672; buried 28.9.1673) (Andrews 1987b, 4). Name appears on a 1669 trade token together with a pipe and a roll of tobacco (Oswald 1975, 204; Berry 1982, 371) Recorded in the Hearth Tax
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
makers who were copying her IG mark in order to improve their sales (Brears 1967, 42) Brears also notes that Judith Gill held a ‘poor cott. And a garth of 1r. 4p.’ at Potovens (ibid).
Returns for 1671 as having 5 hearths in Minster Yard (ibid). EF
GF
WF
Edward Fowler (Hull) (1656-1676). Apprenticed: To Hugh Atkinson in 1656 (Sheppard 1912, 10). Free: 18.6.1663 (ibid, 7). Married: Barbara Atkinson, daughter of Hugh ?Atkinson, 22.1.1664 (HTPR). Children: Edward (buried 20.4.1666) (ibid). Thomas (buried 15.7.1669) (ibid). Died: ?1676 (Watkins 1979, 110). Edward took Robert Chapman apprentice in 1674 (Sheppard 1912, 10). George Fowler (Hull) (1663-1681). Apprenticed: To Elizabeth Atkinson in 1663 (Watkins 1979, 110). Free: 30.9.1670 (Sheppard 1912, 10). Died: 1681 (HTPR). William Farnhill (York) (1689). Apprenticed: To Richard Shaftoe (1) 1.7.1689 (Andrews 1991, 74).
WF
William Finch (Rawmarsh) (1748). Apprenticed: To Richard Schorah 1748 (Oswald 1975, 200).
GG
George Gill (Halifax) (1687). Date of a will listed by Oswald (1975, 200).
GG
George Gillott (Sheffield) (1775-1822). Married: Ann How at St Peter’s Cath. 14.11.1775 (Andrews in lit 1998). Children: William (baptised 15.3.1776) (ibid). Joseph (baptised 13.11.1778) died ? (ibid). Mary (baptised 18.1.1778; died ?) (ibid). Sarah (baptised 1.8.1779) (ibid). Hannah (baptised 30.1.1780) (ibid). John (baptised 23.4.1786) (ibid). Joseph (baptised 18.9.1787) (ibid). Mary (baptised 24.10.1790; died ?) (ibid). Mary (baptised 30.3.1817) (ibid). George appears in Baines Directory as a pipemaker in New Street (ibid).
IG
John Goldwell (1) (Hull) (1699-1743). Apprenticed: To Robert Chapman in 1699 (Watkins 1979, 110). Free: 1707 (ibid). Married: Sarah (buried 9.5.1741) (HTPR). Children: Samuel (Free by patrimony 1745) (Watkins 1979, 110) Died: Buried 21.4.1743 (HTPR). John was working in Blanket Row 1724-1736 (Watkins 1979, 110).
IG
John Goldwell (2) (Hull) (1774). Voted in 1774 (Oswald 1975, 203).
IG
Joseph Green (Hull) (1725). Apprenticed: To John Robson in 1725 (Watkins 1979, 111).
MG
Matthew Goodbarne (Hull) (1716-1726). Apprenticed: To Robert Burrill (1) in 1716 (Watkins 1979, 111). Free: 1727 (ibid).
RG
Robert Gowland (Hull) (1784-1815). Apprenticed: To Thomas Westerdale in 1784 (ibid). The indenture relating to Robert’s apprenticeship appears to have been cancelled before the expiry date by consent of both parties; Working in High Street 1790-1791 and probably work until 1815 (ibid).
RG
Richard Greaves (Rawmarsh) (1747). Married: Martha Wild 10.8.1747 (SMRPR, Vol 2 pg 77).
SG
Samuel Goldwell (Hull) (1745-1774). Free: by patrimony 1745 (ibid). Took at least four apprentices between 1749 and 1802. Voted in 1747, 1757 and 1774 . Known to be working in Blanket Row 1747-52, in the premises previously used by his father (ibid) Took out a Sun Alliance insurance policy for £200 on his property in 1762 (Oswald 1975, 203).
IG
John Gill (1) (Halifax) (1673). Date of a will listed by Oswald (1975, 200).
IG
John Gill (2) (Potovens, Wakefield) (1709-1717). Brears (1967, 42) notes that between 1709 and 1717 the Gill family moved to Red Hall, Snow Hill, near Potovens.
TG
Thomas Gill (Wakefield) (1773-1787). Appears in the West Riding Quarter Sessions and Land Tax Returns for 1773-1787 (Lawrence 1973, 191).
IG
Judith Gill (Potovens, Wakefield) (1692/931709). Appears in the Quarter Sessions Rolls for 1692/93 in connection with a claim against other pipe-
TG
Thomas Goodbarn (Hull) (1699-1712). Apprenticed: To Thomas Cooke in 1699 (Watkins 1979, 111). Free: 1706 (ibid).
170
Susan D White
Free: by patrimony 1721(Oswald 1975, 201; Andrews 1991, 75). Children: Anne (baptised 11.8.1722) (ibid). Susanna (baptised 20.12.1724; buried 25.3.1729) (ibid). Mary (buried 20.3.1728) (ibid). Records show that in 1729 Edmund gave evidence in a case of insult (Andrews 1988, 91).
Thomas was a witness in Apprentice Records in 1712 (ibid). WG
William Gill (York) (1694). Born: Baptised 10.6.1681, son of William Gill (Andrews 1991, 74). Apprenticed: To Frances Boyes 18.5.1694 (ibid).
AH
Andrew Hall (York) (1702-1753). Apprenticed: To Frances Boyes (ibid). Free: 6.5.1702 as a trunk and pipe-maker on payment of £1 (Oswald 1975, 204; Andrews 1991, 74)). Children: Rowland (free by patrimony 1739 as a coachmaker). John (free by patrimony 1753 as a staymaker) (ibid).
AH
A Hillary (?Pontefract) (c1740-1780). Identified from a pipe stem found at Wood Hall Moated Manor, Womersley.
AH
Alice Holmes (nee Rawson) (York) (1730-1778). Married: Christopher Holmes 31.12.1730 (Andrews 1991, 75). Children: (see Christopher Holmes below). Took Rawson Aray apprentice 10.10.1778 (ibid, 76).
CH
Christopher Holmes (York) (1724-1764). Born: son of Ralph Holmes, a pipe-maker (Andrews 1991,76). Apprenticed: To his father in 1724 (ibid). Free: by patrimony 1730 (ibid) Oswald (1975, 204) gives a date of 1732 Married: Alice Rawson 31.12.1730 (Andrews 1991, 76). Children: Unnamed daughter (baptised in Gainsborough 1732) (ibid). Rawson (baptised 4.9.1737; buried 31.7.1743) (ibid). William (baptised 5.8.1740) (ibid). Sarah (baptised 5.4.1741; buried 11.7.1741) (ibid). William (baptised 12.9.1742) (ibid). Sarah (baptised 8.7.1745) (ibid). Alice (baptised 17.2.1748; buried 27.1.1750) (ibid). Christopher (buried 10.2.1750) (ibid). Died: 1764 (buried 13.3.1764) (ibid). Took an apprentice, Thomas Watson, on 5.11.1737. Christopher’s widow, Alice, continued her husbands business and was still working in 1778 (ibid).
EH
Edmund Hillary (York) (1721-1729). Born: son of John Hillary, cordwainer (Andrews 1991, 75).
171
GH
George Hart (York) (1722-1757). Born: Son of Elizabeth Hart, widow (Andrews 1991, 74). Apprenticed: To Christopher Boyes 2.2.1722 (ibid). Free: 1733 on payment of £1 (ibid). Children: Jane (baptised 5.11.1751; buried 27.6.1752) (ibid). Mary (baptised 2.10.1753) (ibid). John (baptised 30.1.1757) (ibid). Christopher Boyes died in 1725 and it appears that George’s apprenticeship was transferred to Christopher’s son, Samuel Boyes (ibid).
GH
George Hodgson (Hull) (c1668). Known from a trade token of 1668 showing a man smoking but may refer to a dealer in pipes or tobacco rather than a pipe-maker (Oswald 1975, 203; Berry 1982, 370).
GH
George (or Geoffrey/Godfrey) Hutchinson (Halifax) (1780-1853). Appears in the West Riding Quarter Sessions records, Polls and Directories (Oswald 1975, 200).
IH
John Hall (Rawmarsh) (1750-1766). Children: Anne (baptised 8.12.1750) (SMRPR, Vol 3, pg 66). Hannah (baptised 9.3.1766) (ibid, pg 81). John was recorded as a pipe-maker in both 1750 and 1766 when his children were baptised.
IH
John Hayes (Leeds) (1798-1835). Appears in the Leeds Directories and Poll books for 1798-1835 (Lawrence 1973, 191).
IH
John Henfray (Rotherham) (1668-1704). Married: Sarah Bothomley 12.11.1668 (Andrews in litt 30.5.1998). John Henfray is referred to in 1704 in W. Blagby ‘The Old Meeting House’ 1906 (Oswald 1975, 200).
IH
Issac Hodgeson (Leeds) (1740-1760). Known from a roll-stamp stem mark lettered ISSAC HODGSON MAKER IN LEEDS (Pcode 23535).
IH
John Holmes (York) (1758).
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Free: by patrimony 1694 (Oswald 1975, 204; Andrews 1991, 76). Children: Thomas (baptised 24.9.1699; took freedom as a pipe-maker 1721) (ibid). Ralph (took freedom 1713) (ibid). Christopher (apprenticed to his father 13.4.1724; took freedom 1730 at the age of 24) (ibid). Frances (baptised 13.10.1728; buried 31.10.1728) (ibid). Ralph was described as a trunk maker when his son Thomas took his freedom in 1721. By the time he took on his son Christopher as an apprentice, in 1724, he was described as a pipe-maker (Andrews 1988, 91).
(Oswald 1975, 204) Oswald attributes this reference to information from E J Berry. John Holmes not listed in Andrews work. IH
IH
IH
MH
RH
RH
John Horsfield (Bradford) (1728) (BQR ref. QS1/67/6). Married: Mary (ibid). John’s wife Mary was accused of stealing money from an Eliz Mercer and was tried at the Assizes in York. In spite of strong suspicions of her guilt there was insufficient evidence to find her guilty. A petition was submitted appealing against this ruling resulting in Mary being sent to the gaol at York castle to await deportation to ‘collonys or plantations in America’ for a period of seven years. For a full transcription of the petition and the order detailing the sentence, see Appendix 2. John Howton (Hull) (1784). Apprenticed: To Samuel Silkwood in 1784 (Watkins 1979, 111). John Hutchinson (Hull) (1725-1783). Apprenticed: To Richard Tock (1) in 1725 (ibid). Children: William (apprenticed in 1776) (ibid). Ann (Buried 25.4.1783) (HTPR). John was working as a pipe-maker in 1776 when he witnessed the apprenticeship of his son (Watkins 1979, 111). Mark Hesp (York) (c1790-1820). Born: Son of John (Andrews 1980s, 9). Baptised: 20.6.1747 at Wintringham (ibid). Free: As a coal merchant in 1784 (ibid). Married: Ann, buried 14.4.1808 aged 69, death due to decline (ibid). Children: Mark, apprenticed to his father as a coal merchant 5.9.1785; died 1808, aged 35 years (ibid). Mark began his life as a coal merchant, taking up pipemaking in the early 1790’s. He had a number of apprentices including George Mason (1792), Robert Lazenby (1794), Anthony Nelson (1796), George Sickling (1797), George Shaftoe (1802) and Thomas Lawton (1807) at least three of whom went on to become master pipe-makers in their own right (ibid). Ralph Hare (Hull) (1727-1754). Apprenticed: To Robert Burrill (1) in 1727 (Watkins 1979, 111). Free: 1727 (ibid). Voted in 1747 and 1754 (Oswald 1975, 203). Ralph Holmes (York) (1694-1730). Born: son of Thomas Holmes, a pipe-maker (Andrews 1991, 76).
172
SH
S Hillary (Pontefract) (c1740). Known from marked pipe-stems found at Horsefair, Pontefract (Lawrence 1973, 192) Oswald (1975, 200) gives a date of c1750.
TH
Thomas Harcastle (Amsterdam) (17th Century). Born: Ripon (Duco 1981, 335).
TH
Thomas Holmes (1) (York) (1657-1694). Free: 1657 as an innholder (Lawrence 1979, 81). Married: Mary Whitfield 13.7.1658 at St Martin’s, Coney Street (Andrews 1991, 76). Children: Ralph (Free 1694) (ibid). Not listed as a pipe-maker until 1694 on the freedom of his son (ibid).
TH
Thomas Holmes (2) (York) (1721-1755). Born: Son of Ralph Holmes, a trunkmaker (Lawrence 1979, 81). Free: by patrimony in 1721 as a tobacco pipemaker (Oswald 1975, 204; Andrews 1991, 77). Children: John (baptised 23.12.1727) (ibid). Rebecca (baptised 20.5.1734) (ibid). Tomlinson (daughter, baptised 2.1.1739) (ibid). Died: Buried 12.2.1755 (ibid). Records show that in 1739 a Thomas Holmes appeared in court on charges of felony and assaulting the arresting constable (Andrews 1988, 91).
WH
William Hebden (Leeds) (1750). Took William Clarkson as an apprentice on 3rd April 1750 (HCQS Ref. CQE/3/91).
WH
William Hodgson (Leeds) (c1669). Known from a trade token of 1669 showing a man smoking but may refer to a dealer in pipes or tobacco rather than a pipe-maker (Oswald 1975, 200; Berry 1982, 371).
WH
William Hutchinson (Hull) (1776). Apprenticed: To Samuel Goldwell in 1776 (Watkins 1979, 111).
Susan D White
to an enquiry into an inheritance; and in 1646 acted as witness at the marriage of a step-daughter (ibid) Also in 1646 Christopher, together with Andries Jansz, were charged with the nonpayment of a bill of 172 guilders for the supply of pipe clay (ibid) In 1655 Christopher was convicted of theft and sentenced to be flogged and two years banishment from Leiden to Rhineland (ibid)
Johnson (See Cottam, Asquith & Johnson and Cottam & Johnson). II
James Johnson (Hull) (1792). Listed in directories (Oswald 1975, 203). (See above).
RJ
Richard Jackson (Hull) (1763). Apprenticed: To Samuel Goldwell in 1763 (Watkins 1979, 112).
EK
Elex. Kitchen (Hull) (1709). Apprenticed: To Henry Norman (2) in 1709 (ibid).
MK
Michael Kenny (Hull) (1714). Apprenticed: To John Goldwell (1) in 1714 (ibid).
SK
Susanna Kilham (Hull) (1672-1679). Married: Thomas Kilham Took John Eggleston apprentice in 1672, who took freedom in 1679 (Sheppard 1912, 9; Watkins 1979, 112).
TK
Thomas Kilham (or Kellam) (Hull) (16531671/1679). Free: 6.10.1653 (Sheppard 1912, 7). Apprenticed: To Hugh Atkinson (ibid). Married: Susanna (ibid, 9). Children: Leonard (born 25.11.1653) (HTPR). Susanna (buried 24.2.1666) (ibid). Died: By 1671 or 1679 (Watkins 1979, 112; Sheppard 1912,9). Thomas had at least two apprentices one in 1664 and another in 1666. Watkins (1979, 112) states that Thomas was dead by 1679 as his widow has an apprentice of her own admitted freeman in that year Watkins (1979, 112) However, Sheppard (1912, 9) states that Thomas must have died in or before 1671 because in the following year, ie. 1672, his widow took John Eggleston apprentice. Presumably this is the same apprentice who became a freeman in 1679.
WK
William Kyte (Hull) (1700-1722). Free: 1700 (Watkins 1979, 112). Apprenticed: To Robert Burrill (1) in 1685 (ibid). Children: Rachel (buried October 1703) (HTPR). Jane (buried January 1706) (ibid). Died: 1722 (SMPR).
CL
Christopher Laze (Netherlands) (1632-1655). Born: In Yorkshire (Anon 2000). Married: Barbara Cornelisdr van Eijck between 1632 and 1635 (ibid). Appears in a number of court records. In 1640 took a Wouter Tucker to court for failure to pay for a delivery of pipes; also in 1640 gave evidence
173
HL
Henry Ludlam (Rotherham) (1669). Children: Elizabeth (eldest) (BIW Vol 50, Fol. 192). Alice (2nd daughter) (ibid). Joyce (youngest) (ibid). Will dated 6.4.1669 in which Henry leaves all ‘the goods that is in the little parlor behind the shopp and one longe table … and one bay mare’ to his second daughter Alice. In addition he leaves to Alice ‘all the tobacco in the warehouse’ which suggests that Henry was also selling tobacco. The rest of his estate is to be divided equally between his wife, who is un-named, and to his remaining two daughters Elizabeth and Joyce (ibid) A transcript of the will can be found in Appendix 2
HL
Henry Lund (Hull) (1700). Apprenticed: To Henry Norman (1) (Watkins 1979, 112). Free: 1700 (ibid).
IL
John Leconby (Hull) (1666-1694). Apprenticed: To Thomas Kilham (Sheppard 1912, 7). Free: 16.8.1666 (ibid, 11). John had at least two apprentices of his own in 1679 and 1694 (Watkins 1979, 112).
LL
Lemuel Lumley (York) (1780-1803). Born: Son of Samuel Lumley of Doncaster) (Andrews 1987d, 10). Married: Mary (died 30.8.1803; buried 2.9.1803 aged 53 years) (ibid). Children: Dinah (baptised 19.4.1780) later married Joseph Deacon (ibid). Lemuel (1st son) (born 31.10.1786; baptised 7.11.1786; died of whooping cough 4.8.1789 and buried 6.8.1789) (ibid). Elizabeth (5th daughter) (born 8.12.1789; baptised 13.12.1789) (ibid). Lemuel (2nd son) (born 9.1.1791; baptised 16.1.1791; died 16.9.1803 aged 14 years) (ibid). Jane (6th daughter) (Born and baptised 13.1.1793) (ibid). Thomas (3rd son) (born 27.6.1795; baptised 28.6.1795; died 25.2.1796 in the getting of teeth, buried 28.2.1796) (ibid). Thomas (4th son) (born 9.7.1797; baptised 10.7.1797) (ibid).
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
regular intervals until that date. Andrews notes that Samuel must have died around 1769 since when his wife, Ann, was buried in that year she was described as ‘widow of Samuel Lumley’. The death of Samuel around 1766-9 would, however, appear to be at odds with an advertisement in the York Courant dated 2nd April 1782, which offers for rent ‘…the house lately occupied by Samuel Lumley. There is a Pot, Furnace, Mold, Grates, and everything necessary on the Premises for the Business.’ (Fowler et al 1979, 60) The property in question appears to be the house and pipe works in Church Street, Doncaster, which has been found in excavations (see Chapter 5) In 1767 a map of Doncaster was prepared to show the extent of Corporation property (Buckland et al 1989, 10) This map seems to have been prepared prior to selling off blocks of land for development. In 1767 the area later to be occupied by the Lumley kiln was clearly shown as garden plots, showing that the pipeworks must have been built after that date. If Samuel was already dead by 1769 it is hard to see how so much kiln debris could have accumulated on the site in such a short period. Looking at the ages of Samuel’s children provides one explanation. When his widow died in 1769 there were still at least five children who appear to have been alive, the eldest of whom was Lemuel, aged 14. Having been orphaned, these children would have needed someone to care for them. The most likely scenario is that their father, Samuel (2), had built a new pipe works on the former Corporation land just before his death. Samuel’s father, also called Samuel, was a pipemaker, recorded working in Rotherham from at least 1723 to 1731. When Samuel (2) died his father may well have moved to Doncaster to take over the new works and help look after the children. When the childrens’ mother died, Samuel (1) would have been able to look after his five young grandchildren. He would also have been able to teach his young grandson, Lemuel, the art of pipemaking. By 1780 Lemuel had married and was working as a pipe-maker in York. The 1782 advertisement in Doncaster offering the pipe works for rent refers to it as the house ‘lately occupied by Samuel Lumley’ (ibid) This would make sense if Lemual had just left home to set up his own business in York. Furthermore, Samuel (1) would have been about 80 by this time and so he is likely to have either retired or died at around this date. This scenario would explain the large amount of Samuel Lumley kiln waste found on the site as well as the confusing documentary references. It also provides a tight date range of no more than 1768-1782 for the kiln waste. There are, however, two other pieces of evidence from the documentary sources that do not fit in with this scenario. First, the death of a Mary
William (born 21.11.1799; baptised 1.12.1799) (ibid). Died: 14.2.1803 aged 46 years, buried 17.2.1803 (ibid). RL
Robert Lazenby (York) (1794). Apprenticed: To Mark Hesp 1794 (Andrews 1980s, 9).
SL
Samuel Leeland (1) (Hull) (1719). Apprenticed: To Richard Tock (1) in 1719 (Watkins 1979, 112).
SL
Samuel Leeland (2) (Hull) (1727). Free: by patrimony in 1727 (ibid).
SL
Samuel Lumley (1) (Rotherham) (1723-1731). Married: Maria Littleforth 30.6.1723 (Oswald 1975, 201) (?Mary, widow of Samuel Lumley buried 19.10.1753)(Andrews in litt 30.5.1998). Children: Dorothy (baptised 16.2.1726) (ibid). Samuel (baptised 3.11.1731) (ibid). Samuel’s son, also called Samuel, became a pipemaker and moved to Doncaster, where he died in his 30s. Samuel (1) may well have moved to Doncaster to take over his son’s business and help raise his grandchildren from the late 1760s (see Samuel (2) below) However, a record for the burial in Doncaster of a Mary Lumley in 1753 states that she was a widow of Samuel Lumley. Lumley is a common name in Yorkshire, as is Samuel and Mary, and it may be that this burial is not the wife of Samuel Lumley (1) the pipemaker. Samuel’s grandson, Lemuel, went on to become a York pipe-maker (Andrews 1993, 4).
SL
Samuel Lumley (2) (Doncaster) (1731-1766/69). Born: Son of Samuel (baptised 3.11.1731, Rotherham) (Andrews 1993, 4). Married: Ann Bleasby 24.12.1753 (YPR, Vol 3 pg 156) (buried 23.2.1769) (Andrews 1993, 4). Children: Lemuel (baptised 6.2.1755, Doncaster; later to become a pipe-maker in York) (ibid). Mary (baptised 5.4.1756) (ibid). Peter & Deborah (presumably twins, baptised 11.12.1757; buried 16.12.1757) (ibid). Zebulon (baptised 1.2.1759; buried 9.3.1765) (ibid). Dinah (baptised 16.12.1760 – daughter of Samuel Lumley Snr) (Andrews in litt 30.5.1998). Elizabeth (baptised 14.4.1762) (ibid). Thomas (baptised 14.4.1764) (ibid). Margaret (baptised 2.6.1766; buried 25.3.1773) (ibid). Died: Between 1766 and 1769 At first glance the documentary record appears confusing, especially with regard to exactly when Samuel Lumley (2) died. Samuel must have been alive until about 1766 since he baptised children at
174
Susan D White
Lumley in 1753 clearly states ‘widow of Samuel Lumley’. If this is taken to be the wife of Samuel (1) and has simply been mis-read as Mary, rather than Maria, it would indicate that Samuel was dead by this date. Although this may be pure coincidence as Lumley is a common name around Doncaster and Rotherham at this date, and both Samuel and Mary were popular names in the eighteenth century. Second, the baptism record for Dinah, daughter of Samuel Lumley (2) clearly states she is the daughter of Samuel Lumley senior (Snr) The use of this phrase in the records would suggest that there was another Samuel Lumley in Doncaster at this date, possibly even a close member of the same family. It is possible, therefore, that there is a third Samuel Lumley who may be the person responsible for the quantity of kiln waste found in Church Street.
WL
William Lee (2) (Rotherham) (1692). Children: Thomas (apprenticed to Thomas Oxley, cutler,1692) (Crossley in litt 6.1.1992).
BM
Benjamin Marsden (Rotherham) (1737-1749). Married: Hannah Rodgers 26.7.1737 (Andrews in litt 30.5.1998). Children: James (baptised 4.1.1737/8) (ibid). Hannah (baptised 28.11.1742) (ibid). Benjamin’s son, James, was apprenticed to a Samuel Fowler, cutler, in 1749 (Crossley in litt 6.1.1992).
GM
George Mason (York) (1792-1839). Born: Son of George and Ann (Oswald 1975, 201; Andrews in litt 1998). Baptised: 30.11.1777 (ibid). Apprenticed: To Mark Hesp of York for 7 years by indenture in 1792 (Andrews 1987d, 12). Free: 1800 (ibid). Married: Mary Peirs 1803 (ibid). Died: 1839 aged 63 years, buried 7th February (ibid, 13). George took at least three apprentices, George Marshall (29.4.1817); Ingram Haw (3.7.1823); William Oldridge (28.12.1836) He also appears in the 1830 and 1832 polls (ibid, 12).
SL
?Samuel Lumley (3) (Doncaster) (c1766/691782). No records as yet studied that refer directly to a Samuel Lumley (3) but his presence is implied in the baptism record of Dinah, ?daughter of Samuel Lumley (2) in Doncaster, where it clearly states that she is the daughter of Samuel Lumley Snr (Andrews in litt 30.5.1998).
TL
Thomas Law (York) (1739-1749). Born: son of Peter Law, a labourer, baptised 12.9.1725 (Andrews 1991, 78). Apprenticed: To William Ramsden for 8 years in 1739 (ibid). Married: Elizabeth Boyes 4.8.1747 (ibid). Children: Ann (baptised 26.6.1748; buried 22.7.1748) (ibid). Elizabeth (baptised 26.11.1749) (ibid).
GM
George Middleton (York) (1707). Free: 1707 (Oswald 1975, 204).
IM
John Mabson (York) (1673). Free: 1673 (Lawrence 1979, 81).
IM
John Mansfield (Hull) (1732). Apprenticed: To Michael Westerdale (1) in 1732 (Watkins 1979, 112).
Valentine Lawson (Hull) (1726-1735). Apprenticed: To John Robson in 1726 (Watkins 1979, 112). Free: 1735 (ibid).
IM
John Marshall (York) (1673- 1674). Born: Son of William Marshall, Miller (Andrews 1987b, 5). Free: 1673 (Oswald 1975, 204; Andrews 1991, 82) Married: Jane Temperton 9.6.1674 (ibid)
IM
John Mason (York) (1673). Free: 1673 (Brooks in litt 15.6.1998).
IM
John Michael (Hull) (1693). Apprenticed: To Thomas Cooke in 1693 (Watkins 1979, 112).
IM
John Middleton (York) (1679-1713). Born: Son of George Middleton, a merchant tailor (Andrews 1991, 84). Free: by patrimony 1679 as a trunkmaker (Lawrence 1979, 81; Andrews 1991, 84). Married: Mary (buried 2.1.1710) (ibid). Children: Ann (buried 27.6.1686) (ibid).
VL
William Lee (1) (Rotherham) (1655-1680/81). Married: Elizabeth Ardan 16.10.1655 (Oswald 1975, 201; Andrews in litt 30.5.1998). Children: Mary (baptised 13.1.1656) (ibid). Elizabeth (baptised May 1666) (ibid). William (baptised 27.3.1670) (ibid). Ann (baptised 2.4.1678) (ibid). Sarah (baptised 22.1.1678) (ibid). Francis (BIW Vol 59, Fol. 19). Died: By 1681. Record of a will dated 29.1.1680/81 (ibid). In William’s will of 29th January 1680 he leaves six pairs of tobacco pipe moulds and two screws to his son Francis. A transcript of the will can be found in Appendix 2.
WL
175
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
lists a William Moore, mariner, was made free in York in 1667 and is described as a pipe-maker.
Elizabeth (buried 9.4.1695) (ibid). George (Free 1707) (Lawrence 1979, 81; Andrews 1991, 84). John is listed as a pipe-maker when his son George took his freedom (ibid).
WM William Mowbray (Hull) (1679). Apprenticed: To Henry Norman (1) in 1679 (Watkins 1979, 112).
James Mitchell (Rotherham) (1782) Appears in Rotherham Quarter Sessions in 1782 (Lawrence 1973, 192).
AN
Anthony Nelson (York) (1796). Apprenticed: To Mark Hesp 24.11.1796 (Andrews 1987d, 14).
John Mitchell (Halifax) (1781). Appears in Wakefield Quarter Sessions in 1781 (ibid).
CN
MM Matthew Mattison (York) (1668). Apprenticed: To Abraham Boyes 23.10.1668 (Andrews 1991, 84).
HN
Christopher Norman (Hull) (1724). Free: by patrimony 1724 (Watkins 1979, 112). Children: Josh(ua) (buried 21.6.1738) (HTPR). Jas (sic) (buried 13.10.1746) (ibid). Henry Norman (1) (Hull) (1674). Apprenticed: To Elizabeth Atkinson (Sheppard 1912, 10). Free: 10.9.1674 (ibid). Married: Anne Lund 12.11.1703 (possibly second wife) (HTPR). Children: John (still born 1681) (SMPR). Elizabeth (still born 1682) (ibid). Jane (buried 31.2.1688) (HTPR). Robert (buried 26.10.1691) (ibid) David (buried 29.9.1695) (ibid). William (buried December 1710) (ibid). Henry (Free by patrimony in 1700) (Watkins 1979, 112). Christopher (Free by patrimony in 1724) (ibid). Died: Buried 17.6.1708 (HTPR). Henry had at least seven apprentices, including two of his sons Henry and Christopher, Nathaniel Westall and Robert Burrill between 1675 and 1700. In 1686 he appears to have purchased a property in the Ropery, which he later mortgaged to Thomas Cooke and finally sold in 1704 (Watkins 1979, 112).
IM
IM
RM
Robert Morley (York) (1703-1727). Free: 1703 on payment of £1 (Oswald 1975, 204; Andrews 1991, 85). Married: Jane Pearson 18.9.1721 (ibid). Children: Francis (Free as a staymaker in 1739) (ibid). Died: Buried 18.10.1727 (ibid).
TM
Thomas Mason (York) (1786). (Oswald 1975, 204).
TM
Thomas Mason (Leeds) (1796). Appears in the Liverpool Polls 1796 (ibid, 201).
TM
Thomas Missingtine (Hull) (1717). Apprenticed: To Robert Chapman in 1702. (Watkins 1979, 112). Thomas witnessed an apprenticeship in 1717 (ibid).
WM William Mason (York) (1698). Free: 1698 (Brooks in litt 15.6.1998). WM William Moore (York) (1662-1681). Born: son of Will Moore, a currier (Andrews 1991, 84). Free: by patrimony 1662 as a trunk maker (Lawrence 1979, 82). In the Hearth Tax Returns for 1671 William Moore is listed as having 2 hearths (Andrews 1987d, 14) Andrews (1991, 84-85) notes that a Will Moore, trunkmaker, did jury service on 10.10.1674. William Moore took an apprentice, Ralph Holmes, on 9.5.1681. He also appears to have issued an undated trade token with four pipes and the lettering YORKE on the obverse and WILL MOORE IN STONE-GATTE TUNKMAKERHIS HALFPENNY on the reverse (Andrews 1991, 84-5; Lawrence 1979, 82; Berry 1982, 371, Plate 1, No. 2) Berry (1982, 371) also
176
HN
Henry Norman (2) (Hull) (1700-1759). Free: by patrimony 1700 (Watkins 1979, 113). In 1726 he purchased a property which his father had previously sold in 1704, the Ropery and took out mortgages on this property in 1731, 1745, 1747, 1749 and 1759. His heirs disposed of the Ropery in 1761. Henry had a number of apprentices between 1702 and 1720. He voted in the 1724 and 1754 polls (Oswald 1975, 203).
TN
Thomas Nayler (Halifax) (1687). Apprentice to George Gill, referred to in his will (Oswald 1975, 201).
WN
William Nichols (Hull) (1731-1741). Apprenticed: To Michael Westerdale (1) in 1731 (Watkins 1979, 113). Free: 1741 (ibid).
CP
Christopher Peters (Amsterdam) (17th Century).
Susan D White
Free: 1721 (ibid). Married: Dorothy (buried 14.6.1746) (HTPR). Children: Ann (buried 19.3.1742) (ibid). Thomas (buried 22.9.1740) (ibid) Voted in 1724 (Oswald 1975, 203).
Born: Ripon (Duco 1981, 335). GP
George Parkin (Rotherham) (1787). Children: John (apprenticed in 1787 to Benjamin Shemeld, Scissorsmith, at Attercliffe) (Crossley in litt. 6.1.1992).
IP
John Page (Hull) (1666-1707). Apprenticed: To Elizabeth Atkinson in 1666 (Sheppard 1912, 10). Free: 8.10.1673 (ibid). Died: Buried 13.3.1707 (HTPR). Watkins (1979, 113) notes a John Page working in Cambridge in 1683.
IP
I Powell (?unknown) (c1740-1780). Known from pipe stem fragments from Wood Hall Moated Manor, Pcode 02704. (White forthcoming) .
MP
Margaret Plaxton (York) (1777-1790). Married: William Plaxton, pipe-maker (Andrews 191, 87). Children: (See William Plaxton below). Died: of palsy 26.7.1790 (buried 28.7.1790) (ibid). Continued to run the family business following her husband’s death in 1777 (ibid).
MP
Matthew Powell (Wakefield) (1690-1701). Married: Alice (Walker 1939, 478). Died: by 1701 when his widow appears in records relating to a dispute over the proceeds of a cottage in Stanley at Potovens (ibid) Matthews widow is also is listed in the Manor Books in 1709 as holding a ‘cottage and a garth of 26p’ (Brears 1967, 42). Appears in the Quarter Sessions Rolls in 1690 accused of ‘neglecting to teach his apprentices the art of pipemaking at Potovens’ (ibid) Bound by an indenture of May 1698 to ‘teach Hester Beckett’s .... children the trade of making tobacco pipes at Potovens’ (Walker 1939, 478).
RP
Robert Page (Hull) (1685). Free: 1685 (Watkins 1979, 113).
TP
Thomas Pashley (Doncaster) (1787). Appears in the Quarter Sessions Records for Tinsley, Doncaster (Oswald 1975, 201).
TP
Thomas Pate (Hull) (1654-1661). Apprenticed: To Hugh Atkinson in 1654 (Sheppard 1912, 10). Free: 1661 (Oswald 1975, 203).
WP
William Palmer (Hull) (1713-1740). Apprenticed: To Henry Norman (?2) in 1713 (ibid).
177
WP
William Pattinson (Hull) (1700). Apprenticed: To Thomas Cooke (ibid). Free: 1700 (ibid).
WP
William Plaxton (York) (1730-1777). Born: son of Thomas Plaxton, baptised 3.9.1716 (Andrews 1991, 87). Apprenticed: To William Ramsden 1.1.1730 (ibid). Free: 1739 (Oswald 1975, 204). Married: Margaret (died of palsy 26.7.1790; buried 28.7.1790) (ibid). Children: Charles (baptised 4.10.1761; died aged 18 1.2.1782; buried 4.2.1782) (ibid). Died: buried 17.8.1777 aged 61; death ‘due to decay’ (ibid). William’s son, Charles, died of exposure in a field near Deighton, having been refused accommodation. William’s widow, Margaret, continued the business until at least 1782 and probably until her death in 1790 (ibid).
WP
William Potter (1) (Sculcoates, a suburb to the north of Hull) (1709). Married: Elizabeth (buried 10.5.1716) (YPR Vol 123, pg 118). Children: Susanna (baptised 15.8.1691) (ibid, pg 111). Susanna (baptised 3.12.1693) (ibid, pg 114). William (baptised 20.5.1696) (ibid, pg 111) bound apprentice in 1709 to John Goldwell (Watkins 1979, 113). Mary (baptised 15.6.1689) (YPR Vol 123, pg 111). Elizabeth (buried 1699) (ibid). Presumably his daughter Susanna, who was baptised in 1691, died at a young age as he appears to have had a second daughter also called Susanna baptised three years later in 1693.
WP
William Potter (2) (Hull) (1709-1757). Apprenticed: To John Goldwell in 1709 (ibid). Free: 1717 (Watkins 1979, 113). Children: William (buried May 1732) (HTPR). Had at least two apprentices in 1722 and 1724. Voted in 1724, 1747 and 1754 (Oswald 1975, 203) Was witness for an apprentice in 1757 (Watkins 1979, 113).
BR
Brian Remy (Hull) (1717). Apprenticed: To John Goldwell (1) in 1717 (ibid).
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
(Andrews 1991, 87-88) There appears to be some confusion over the spelling, Lawrence (1979, 82) suggests that William Ramsden may be the same person as William Ramsdell who voted in 1741 (see William Ramsdell below).
HR
H Robinson (Yarm). Pipe stem recovered from excavations in Hartlepool with a stamped mark reading H ROBINSON/YARM (Edwards 1985, Fig 8; Pcode 02024).
IR
John Read (Hull) (1727-1754). Apprenticed: To Nicholas Tarboton (2) (ibid, 114). Free: 20.7.1727 (Sheppard 1912, 11). Children: Robert (died 1737) (SMPR). Robert (buried 22.3.1745) (HTPR). Voted in 1747 and 1754 (Oswald 1975, 203).
WR
?William Ramsdell (York) (1727-1741) Free: 1727 (Oswald 1975, 204). Voted in 1741 (ibid) Oswald lists this maker as William Ramsdell or Ransdell (ibid) but the dates are the same as for William Ramsden (above) and it is possible that Ramsdell/Ransdell and Ramsden are the same man.
IR
John Robson (Hull) (1713-1754). Apprenticed: To Benjamin Bell in 1713 (Watkins 1979, 114). Free: 1723 (ibid). John had at least three apprentices between 1725 and 1751. Voted in 1724 and 1754 (Oswald 1975, 203).
WR
William Ramsdill (Hull) (1708). Apprenticed: To Robert Chapman in 1708 (Watkins 1979, 114).
WR
William Raven (Hull) (1705). Apprenticed: To Thomas Cooke in 1705 (ibid).
IR
IR
IR
TR
Simms and Bickerdyke (Leeds) (1798). (Oswald 1975, 202).
John Robinson (Hull) (c1747). Voted in 1747 (Oswald 1975, 203) but may be a misreading of John Robson (Watkins 1979, 114).
BS
Benjamin Stevenson (Hull) (1718-1726). Apprenticed: To Henry Norman (?2) 1718 (Watkins 1979, 113). Free: 1726 (ibid).
CS
Jeremiah Ryal (Hull) (1796-1806). Apprenticed: To Thomas Westerdale in 1796 (Watkins 1979, 114). Free: 1806 (ibid).
Christopher Smith (Rotherham) (1724-1742). Married: Anne Sympson 22.10.1724 (Oswald 1975, 201; Andrews in litt 30.5.1998). Children: Sarah (baptised 5.1.1728 (ibid). Hannah (baptised 17.10.1742) (ibid).
DS
Thomas Rhodes (Sheffield) (1754). Appears in the Quarter Sessions Records for 1754 at Brightside, Brierlow (Oswald 1975, 201).
David Stather (Hull) (1702). Apprenticed: To Henry Norman (2) in 1702 (Watkins 1979, 114).
ES
Edward Sargeant (Hull) (1740). Apprenticed: To Robert Chapman (ibid). Free: 1740 (ibid). Edward was fined for not taking up his freedom in due time (ibid).
GS
George Shaftoe (York) (1718). ?Token; information from E J Berry but not in Berry 1982 (Oswald 1975, 204).
GS
George Sickling (York) (1797). Apprenticed: To Mark Hesp 13.5.1797 (Andrews 1987d, 16).
HS
Henry Stanley (Beverley) (1662-1671). Free: 1662/3 (Watkins 1979, 114). Died: ?by 1679 Henry appears in the Beverley Borough Records in 1662, 1669 and 1671 (ibid) In 1679 the cottage previously let to Henry Stanley was re-let to Roger
James Rothere (Halifax) (1748-1784). Apprenticed: To J Windle (Oswald 1975, 201). Appears in Apprenticeship Rolls for 1748 (Brooks in litt 15.6.1998) and in the Quarter Sessions records (Oswald 1975, 201)
WR
William Ramden (York) (1741). Free: 1741 (Brooks in litt 15.6.1998).
WR
William Ramsden (York) (1727-1763). Free: 1727 (Andrews 1991, 87). Married: (1) Susanna (buried 6.10.1744) (ibid). (2) Elizabeth (ibid, 88). Children: Susanna (baptised 16.11.1722; buried 12.2.1730) (ibid, 87). Mary (baptised 6.2.1725; buried 9.8.1738) (ibid). Died: Buried 22.8.1763 (ibid, 88). William appears in the will of Christopher Boyes, where he is referred to as ‘a friend’ (Andrews 1988, 92) Took two apprentices, the first William Plaxton in 1730 and the second Thomas Law in 1739. He did jury service in 1728 and 1745. On 20.8.1763 an inventory was made of William Ramsden’s goods, which were valued at £18.10.0
178
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Dawson before Henry’s lease had run out, suggesting that he may have died by this date. See Appendix 2 of a full transcription of the Beverley Borough Records relating to Henry Stanley. IS
Jonathan Scorer (Scorah) (1) (Rawmarsh) (1687-1719). Married: Elizabeth (buried 16.1.1696) (SMRPR, Vol 5 pg 32). Children: Thomas and Margaret (twins baptised 14.4.1687) (ibid, Vol 3 pg 15). Richard (baptised 19.9.1689) (ibid, pg 17). Buried: 11.3.1719 (SMRPR). The burial record in 1719 is the first time that Jonathan is referred to as a pipe-maker.
IS
Jonathan Scorah (2) (Rawmarsh) (1764-1821). Married: Sarah Beal (Banns 13th, 20th & 27th May 1758; marriage 5.6.1759) (SMRPR, Vol 6 pgs 19 & 55). Children: Richard (baptised 26.7.1760) (ibid Vol 3 pg 75). Mary (baptised 31.1.1762; buried 12.2.1769) (ibid, pg 77). Jonathan (baptised 24.4.1764) (ibid, pg 79). William (baptised 20.5.1766) (ibid, pg 82). Elizabeth (baptised 10.7.1768) (IGI). Ann (baptised 25.11.1770) (ibid). John (baptised 1.11.1773) (SMRPR, Vol 2 pg 92). Matthias (baptised 26.1.1776) (IGI). Appears in the Marques of Rockingham papers; Doncaster Quarter Sessions and West Riding Registry of Deeds between 1767 and 1821 (Lawrence 1973, 193) Enclosure award of 1781 states that plot 453 (3a 1r 38p with an annual payment for tithes of 3s 6d) is owned by Thomas Oates, but occupied by Jonathan Scorah (Munford in litt 15.10.2002).
IS
John Scott (Hull) (1788). Children: Joseph (Free 1796) (Watkins 1979, 114).
IS
Joseph Scott (Hull) (1788-1851). Born: Son of John Scott (ibid). Apprenticed: To Thomas Westerdale in 1788 (ibid). Free: 1796 (ibid). Married: ?Martha (Born in Horncastle 1785) (ibid, 115). Children: Joseph Henderson Scott 1816 (Free as a pipe-maker 1839) (ibid, 114). Died: By 1851 (ibid. 115). Joseph had at least four apprentices between 1805 and 1815 and was working at least three different locations in Hull between 1810 and 1839 (Dagger Lane 1810-26, Posternage 1831 and Stewart’s Yard 1834-9)(ibid, 114-115).
179
IS
John Shaftoe (1) (York) (1712-1739). Free: 1712 on payment of £1 (Oswald 1975, 204; Andrews 1991, 90). Married: Susannah Hanworth 28.8.1668 (Andrews in litt 30.5.1998 and 1992, 6). Children: John (Free 1733) (Lawrence 1979, 82). Mary (baptised 21.11.1712) (ibid). Frances (baptised 27.4.1715) (ibid). William (buried 4.12.1715) (ibid) Oswald give burial date of 1716 (1975, 204). Abraham (baptised 14.1.1717; buried 9.6.1717) (Lawrence 1979, 82). Died: Buried 17.2.1739 (ibid). Andrews (1991, 90) notes that John Shaftoe appeared before the courts on 17.1.1719 and was ordered ‘to keep the peace towards William Hutchinson and the civil people’. On 7.10.1726 and again on 13.1.1727 he was bound over on £20, with a Richardson Dent, ‘to answer a charge of slander against a Walter Wernnick’. John appeared in court, yet again, on 22.1.1730 and 30.4.1730 this time to give evidence against a Jane Scott.
IS
John Shaftoe (2) (York) (1733-1759). Born: c1707, son of John Shaftoe, pipe-maker (Andrews 1992, 6). Free: 1733 (Oswald 1975, 204). Married: Soon after his release from his apprenticeship c1728. (Andrews 1992, 6). Children: Un-named child baptised in Hull (ibid). Un-named child baptised in Gainsborough 1729 (ibid). Un-named child baptised in Gainsborough 1731 (ibid). Elizabeth (baptised in York 6.3.1732) (ibid). Mary (baptised 28.5.1736; buried 1745) (Andrews 1991, 90). Beatrice (baptised 8.6.1740; buried 19.8.1741) (ibid). John (baptised 1.7.1742) (ibid). Beatrice (baptised 3.7.1745; buried 6.5.1746) (ibid). Un-named child born in York (Andrews 1992, 6). Died: Buried 9.11.1759 (Andrews 1991, 90). John’s father sent him to Hull, where he had been baptised in 1707. Andrews suggests this may be due to his father’s second marriage (1992, 6) John served an apprenticeship with John Goldwell commencing in 1721 (Andrews 1992, 6) On his return to York he claimed his freedom per patres¸ c1733 (Andrews 1991, 90) John appeared in court on a number of occasions, the first 14.7.1738 to give evidence against a Dority Noble and William Tranby who were accused of assaulting a Matthias Sutton and ‘unlawfully taking his ox’. The second occasion was on 8.10.1756 when he appeared before the courts on charges of ‘trespass and taking two horses to the common pound’ (ibid) In
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Children: George (baptised 20.5.1784; buried 18.10.1785) (ibid, Vol 4 pg 19 & Vol 5 pg 81). Mary (baptised 12.2.1786) (ibid, Vol 4 pg 25). Ann (baptised 8.4.1787) (ibid, pg 28). Sarah (baptised 2.4.1793) (ibid, pg 45).
1757, when he is listed as a labourer, as a result of drunk and disorderly conduct in court where he abused a witness waiting to give evidence against him, he ‘was ordered to the House of Correction until sureties were found for his good behaviour’ (Andrews 1992, 6). IS
John Shafton (?Rawmarsh) (1731). Married: Mary (buried 27.4.1731) (SMRPR, Vol 5 pg 48).
IS
Joseph Shaw (Pontefract) (1676). Joseph Shaw of Pontefract, tobacco pipe maker, [charged 11th January 1676] for the bastard child of Alice Baxter of Beaghall (WQR Doc. Ref. QS1/17/6/8/5).
IS
John Silkwood (Hull) (1723-1754). Apprenticed: To Robert Burrill (1) (Watkins 1979, 115). Free: 1723 (ibid). Children: Priscilla (buried 8.12.1741) (HTPR). Unnamed son (Free 1768) (Watkins 1979, 115). Voted in 1724 and 1754 (Oswald 1975, 203).
IS
John Storey (York) (1713-1715). Free: 16.9.1713 on payment of £1 (Andrews 1991, 91). John was bound apprentice to a Richard Shafton, presumably Richard Shaftoe (2) He did jury service 5.10.1715 (ibid).
MS
Marmaduke Scutt (Hull) (c1774). Voted in the polls in Hull in 1774 (Sheppard 1912, 16).
RS
Richard Scorah (1) (Rawmarsh) (1718-1767). Married: Mary Calver 23.10.1718 (buried 9.3.1767)(IGI; SMRPR, Vol 2 pg 69 & Vol 5 pg 67). Children: Elizabeth (baptised 31.5.1720) (Andrews in litt 30.5.1998). Mary (baptised 18.3.1721) (ibid). Jonathan (baptised 16.10.1736) (ibid). A Richard Scorer son of Jonathan Scorer was baptised at Rawmarsh on September 19th 1689 and it is possible that this is the same Richard who is recorded as a pipe-maker when he married in 1718 (SMRPR, Vol 2 pg 69) Took William Finch apprentice in 1748 (Oswald 1975, 201; Andrews in litt 30.5.1998) Richard is presumed to have worked until at least 1767 as Mary was described as his wife rather than his widow when she was buried (SMRPR, Vol 5 pg 67).
RS
Richard Scorah (2) (Rawmarsh) (1783-1793). Married: Elizabeth Capper (daughter of John Capper) 5.10.1783 (SMRPR, Vol 6 pg 27).
180
RS
Richard Shaftoe (1) (York) (1675-1706). Free: purchased in 1675 (Andrews 1991, 90); Oswald (1975, 204) gives the date as 1673 Married: (1) Sarah Hanworth 20.6.1669 (buried 11.3.1691) (Andrews 1991, 90). (2) Eilis (?Alice/Elizabeth) Smith 24.7.1692 (Andrews in litt 30.5.1998)(buried 5.8.1698) (Andrews 1991, 90) Children: John (baptised 29.11.1669) (ibid). Elizabeth (baptised 29.11.1671; buried 7.12.1672) (ibid). Joseph (baptised 9.9.1673) (Andrews in litt 30.5.1998). Elizabeth (baptised 24.9.1676 (ibid). Edward (baptised 21.4.1678; buried 27.12.1678) (Lawrence 1979, 82; Andrews 1991, 90). James (baptised 24.6.1683; buried 1.7.1683) (ibid). Sarah (born 1684; later married William Spacey, pipe-maker) (ibid). Richard (baptised 30.1.1686) (ibid). James (baptised 12.9.1689; buried 15.9.1689) (ibid). Grace (baptised 11.7.1693) (ibid). Ann (baptised 26.10.1695; buried 5.8.1698) (ibid). George (baptised 27.6.1697; Free 1718) (Lawrence 1979, 82; Andrews 1990, 90). Died: Buried 7.3.1706 (ibid). Richard first came to York in the 1660s and that he possibly originated from Leeds. He took a William Farnhill apprentice on 1.7.1689 and a girl by the name of Katherine Dawson apprentice on 29.5.1696. Andrews suggests that is would be unusual if she had been apprenticed as a pipemaker and suggests that a domestic role was more likely. Richard’s will is dated 13.5.1705 and in this he lists his children Joseph, Elizabeth, William, Richard, George, Grace and Sarah as his beneficiaries, but it is his son Richard to whom he leaves his ‘worke tooles belonging to the pipe making traide in my backe shopp’ (ibid).
RS
Richard Shaftoe (2) (York) (1706-1725). Born: Son of Richard Shaftoe (1), baptised 30.1.1686 (Andrews 1991, 91). Children: Elizabeth (baptised 24.10.1725) (ibid). Inherited his father’s tools and workshop 7.3.1706 (ibid).
RS
Robert Stubbing (Rotherham) (1691). Children: Richard (apprenticed to Mark Trickett, cutler, 1691) (Crossley in litt 6.1.1992).
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SS
Samuel Searge (Hull) (1706-1714). Apprenticed: To Henry Norman (2) in 1706 (Watkins 1979, 115). Free: 1714 (ibid).
SS
Samuel Silkwood (Hull) (1768-1784). Born: son of John Silkwood (Watkins 1979, 115). Free: by patrimony 1768 (ibid). Voted in the polls in Hull in 1774 (Sheppard 1912, 16) Took an apprentice in 1784 (Watkins 1979, 115).
TS
Thomas Silborne (Hull) (1694-1702). Apprenticed: To John Leconby in 1694 (Watkins 1979, 115). Free: 1702 (ibid).
TS
Tobias Skelton (Hull) (1682). Apprenticed: To Henry Norman (1) in 1682 (ibid).
WS
William Shaftoe (York) (1712). Free: 1712 (Oswald 1975, 204).
WS
William Skinner (Hull) (1795). Apprenticed: To Thomas Westerdale in 1795 (ibid).
WS
William Smith (Hull) (1712). Apprenticed: To Thomas Cooke in 1712 (Watkins 1979, 115).
WS
BT
William Spacey (York) (1706-1710). Born: son of John Spacey, bodice maker (Andrews 1991, 91). Free: by patrimony 1706 (Oswald 1975, 204; Andrews 1991, 19). Married: Sarah Shaftoe (daughter of Richard Shaftoe, pipe-maker) 16.2.1706 (ibid). Children: Richard (Baptised 10.12.1707 (ibid); Free 1728 (Lawrence 1979, 82)). Jane (baptised 28.11.1708) (ibid). Died: Buried 9.4.1710 (ibid). Benjamin Taylor (Hull) (1727-1768). Apprenticed: To Robert Chapman in 1711 (Watkins 1979, 116). Free: 20.7.1727 (Sheppard 1912, 8). Children: Joseph (Free in 1768) (Watkins 1979, 116).
IT
John Taylor (Hull) (1720). Apprenticed: To Henry Norman (2) in 1720 (ibid).
IT
Joseph Taylor (Hull) (1768). Born: Son of Benjamin Taylor (ibid). Apprenticed: To his father (ibid). Free: By Patrimony in 1768 (ibid).
181
NT
Nicholas Tarboton (1) (Sculcoates, a suburb north of Hull) (1682-1698). Free: of Selby before 1682 (Oswald 1975, 203); of Hull 24.1.1690 (Watkins 1979, 116). Children: Thomas (Free 1709) (ibid). Nicholas (2) (Free 1720) (ibid). William (Free 1720) (ibid). Died: Buried 20.7.1698 (HTPR) Nicholas Tarboton served an apprenticeship in Selby and came to Hull in 1682 or 1683. He wanted to carry on his business in Hull but was prevented from doing so because he was not a freeman. An entry in the Corporation Bench Book for 23.7.1683 (Sheppard 1912, 12) states that ‘this Bench refused to make him [Nicholas Tarboton] a Burgesse, and ordered him to remove himself and family from hence, being informed that there were more Burgesses already in that trade than finds employment’. Nicholas went as far as Sulcoates where he established himself as a pipe-maker. He arranged to bind himself as apprentice to Francis Wood for seven years. He took up his freedom on 24th January 1690 still being described as ‘Nicholas Tarboton de Sculcoates’. It would appear that he carried on business at Sculcoates whilst nominally apprenticed to Francis Wood (ibid, 8) Paid poor rates in Humber Ward 1695. Paid 1/- which was a very large amount. (HTPR).
NT
Nicholas Tarboton (2) (Hull) (1720-1747). Born: In Sulcoates 1689, son of Nicholas Tarboton (1) (Watkins 1979, 116). Free: by patrimony in 1720 (ibid). Children: Anne (buried April 1718) (HTPR) Had at least two apprentices one bound in 1723, one Free in 1727. Voted in 1724 and 1747 (Oswald 1975, 203).
RT
Richard Taite (Selby) (1679-1680). Oswald (1975, 202) lists a Richard Taite who was named in a sale of land in 1679/80.
RT
Richard Thompson (York) (1796). Apprenticed: To Mark Hesp 31.5.1796 (Andrews 1987d, 18).
RT
Richard Tidham/Tidfall (Hull) (1656). Married: Mary Bell, Widow, 1.11. 1656 (HTPR)
RT
Ralph Tirry (York) (1749). Reference to Ralph Tirry made in an edition of the York Courant dated 5.9.1749. ‘Whereas William Plaxton, pipe-maker, left his shop in Spurriergate, York, sometimes since. This is to acquaint all gentlemen and others, that they may be furnish’d with long and short Pipes, made in the same Moulds, and by the same Hands that made them before, and may be furnished by Wholesale or
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Brooks (in litt 15.6.1998) gives a date of 1666 for a William Taylor but does not state from which source she obtained this date.
Retale at the same Prices as before’ by their humble servant Ralph Tirry’ (Andrews 1991, 92). RT
Richard Tock/Tuck (1) (Hull) (1724-1746). Children: Richard (Free 1739) (Watkins 1979, 116). Robert (Free 1746) (ibid). Voted in 1724 (Oswald 1975, 203) Appears in the Poor Rate returns of 1735. (Watkins 1979, 116).
RT
Richard Tock (2) (Hull) (1739). Free: by patrimony 1739 (ibid).
RT
Robert Tock (Hull) (1746-1754). Free: by patrimony 1746 (ibid). Voted in 1724 and 1754 (ibid).
TT
Thomas Tarboton (1) (Hull) (1648). Married: Mary (buried 14.4.1648) (HTPR).
TT
Thomas Tarboton (2) (Hull) (1709-1754). Born: Son of Nicholas Tarboton (1) (Watkins 1979, 116). Free: by patrimony 1709 (ibid). Voted in the 1724 and 1754 (Oswald 1975, 202).
TT
Thomas Thompson (Rotherham) (1723). Married: Esther Wharton 23.5.1723 (Andrews in litt 30.5.1998).
TT
Thomas Thompson (Hull) (1774). Apprenticed: To William Westerdale 1767 (Watkins 1979, 116). Voted in the 1774 polls in Hull (Sheppard 1912, 16).
TT
Thomas Thornaby (Hull) (1725). Apprenticed: To Robert Bell in 1717 (Watkins 1979, 116). Free: 1725 (ibid).
TT
Thomas Turner (Leeds) (1744-1749). Apprenticed: To Joseph Windle of Leeds 17441752 (Brooks 1989,3). Married: Susanna (ibid).
WT
William Tarboton (Hull) (1720-1724). Born: Son of Nicholas Tarboton (1) (Watkins 1979, 116). Free: Admitted freeman of Hull by patrimony 1720 (ibid). Voted in Hull, where he took his freedom, in 1724 but appears to have moved to Grimsby as he took an apprentice there in the same year (ibid, 117).
WT
William Taylor (Hull) (1657-1666). Apprenticed: To Thomas Kilham in 1657 (Sheppard 1912, 11). Free: 15.12.1664 (ibid, 7).
182
DU
David Ufhay (Hull) (1685). Apprenticed: To Robert Burrill (1) in 1685 (Watkins 1979, 117).
WV
William Vennis (Hull) (1723). Apprenticed: To Nicholas Tarboton (2) in 1723 (ibid).
EW
Edward Wright (York) (1684). Free: 1684 (Oswald 1975, 204).
FW
Francis Wilkinson (1) (York) (1693-1731). Free: 1690 (ibid). Children: Mary (baptised 31.8.1690) (Andrews 1991, 94). Francis (baptised 8.8.1692; buried 23.1.1693) (ibid). Francis (Free in 1721 as a pipe-maker) (Lawrence 1979, 82; Andrews 1991, 94). Died: Buried 3.11.1731 (ibid). Francis is first recorded as a pipe-maker in 1693 when his son, also called Francis, was buried. The burial entry for 3.11.1731 could refer to either Francis Wilkinson (1) or (2) (ibid).
FW
Francis Wilkinson (2) (York) (1721). Born: son of Francis Wilkinson (1) (Lawrence 1979, 82). Free: by patrimony 1721 as a pipe-maker (Oswald 1975, 204; Andrews 1991, 94).
FW
Francis Wilday (York) (1643). Born: Son of Simon Wilday (ibid). Apprenticed: To Gabriel Westaby of York in December 1643 (Andrews 1987b, 2).
FW
Francis Wood (Hull) (1675-1743). Apprenticed: To John Chapman in 1675 (Watkins 1979, 117). Free: 30.9.1682 (Sheppard 1912, 11). Children: Richard (buried 26.5.1687) (HTPR). Died: Buried 17.10.1743 (ibid) Within the first year of his freedom took Nicholas Tarboton (1) apprentice. In 1681 took William Best apprentice (Sheppard 1912, 11). Also appears to have taken apprentices in 1682-1689/990, and 1686-1698 (Watkins 1979, 117).
GW
Gabriel Westaby (York) (1619-1643). Free: 1635 as a trunk maker by purchase (Andrews 1991, 94); 1646 as a pipe-maker (Oswald 1975, 204). Children: John (Buried 19.7.1619) (Andrews 1987b, 2).
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the charge but was still found guilty and fined £10. Watson also presented at Brighouse ‘[he] shall not at any time hereafter burne any pipes in any furnace now builded and made upon the backside of his dwellinge house in Halifax whereby the people passing alonge the streets may be annoyed with the smoke thereof, upon payne to forfeit for every time so doinge the summe of Twenty shillings’ (Fraser in litt 21.8.2000).
Elizabeth (baptised 19.8.1621) (Andrews 1991, 94). Gabriel took four apprentices, two in 1633 as trunk makers – Mark Burn of Doncaster and Robert Beckwith; and two in 1643 as apprentice trunk and tobacco pipe-makers - Francis Balden and Francis Wilday (ibid). GW
HW
IW
IW
IW
George Wilson (York) (1716). Died: Buried 14.6.1716 (Lawrence 1979, 82; Andrews 1991, 95). Andrews (1991, 95) notes that George was almost certainly a journeyman.
IW
John Watson (Hull) (1680). Brooks (in litt 15.6.1998) gives a date of 1680 for a John Watson but does not states from which source she obtained this date.
IW
?Joseph Watson (Hull) (1747-1754). Voted in elections (Oswald 1975, 203) Possible confusion with Joseph Walton (above).
IW
Jacob West (York) (1721). Free: 1721 (ibid).
IW
John West (York) (1710-1721). Children: James (baptised 11.8.1695; Free 1721 as a mariner) (Andrews 1991, 94). ?Jonathon (Free 1710 as a linen weaver) (Lawrence 1979, 202; Andrews 1980s, 32). John is described as a linen weaver at the time of his son, James, baptism in 1695 but is described as a pipe-maker when his son, James, obtains his freedom in 1721 (ibid).
IW
James Watson (Rotherham) (prior to1806). Married: Elizabeth (RArch). Children: George (ibid). Indenture dated 30.6.1806 regarding the mortgage of ‘…piece or parcel of ground and the messuage tenement or dwelling house, burning house and stove or drying house thereon erected and built situate and being at the bottom of a certain street called Westgate in Rotherham, aforesaid as the same premises are now in the possession or occupation of the said James Watson…’ to Nathaniel Cosins for the sum of £53. Further indenture of 13.9.1824 refers to this property being in a ‘runiated state and untenanted’ (ibid).
John Whitekerr (York) (1677-1681/2). Married: Sarah (daughter of Abraham Boyes) (Andrews 1991, 94). Children: ‘chrisom child’ (born and buried in York 27.5.1677) (ibid). Abraham (born 8.9.1678) (ibid). Frances (buried15.2.1682, daughter of widow Sarah Whitekerr) (ibid). Died: 1681 (within nine months prior to birth of Frances) (ibid). Andrews (1987, 5) notes that ‘no pipes of his [John Whitekerr] have been found’ and therefore suggests that he may have been working as a journeyman for Abraham Boyes. Andrews also suggests that John Whitekerr is the same person as John Whiteacre from Chilcompton in Somerset who was apprenticed to Flower Hunt of Bristol in 1670, but later moved to York (ibid) John Whitekerr appears to have died between May 1681 and February 1682 (Andrews 1991, 94).
IW
John Watson (Halifax) (1664). Appears in Wakefield Court Rolls for 1664 (Brooks in litt 15.6.1998) Refers to a ‘pipe furnace’ causing a nuisance. Watson objected to
John Wilde (Rotherham) (1722-1750). Married: Anne Littleforth 9.8.1722 (Oswald 1975, 202; Andrews in litt 30.5.1998). Children: Sally (baptised 23.9.1750) (ibid).
IW
John Windle (1) (Halifax) (pre 1757).
Henry Wilkins (Amsterdam) (1640-c1669). Born: In York 1614 (Duco 1981, 400). Married: (1) Sara Thomasdr. 5.5.1640 (originally from London, widow of a pipe-maker originally from Kent by the name of Tomas Thomasz.); died 1649 (ibid). (2) Eva Willems of Amsterdam 11.9.1649 (ibid). Children: Rogier (born 1641) (later became a pipe-maker) (ibid). Elizabeth (Lijsbeth) (born 1645) (ibid). Edward (Evert) (born c1649) (ibid). Died: By 1669 (ibid). At the time of Sara’s death in 1649 the three children, Rogier aged 8, Elizabeth aged 4 and Edward aged 3 months, ‘brought to the orphan’s court’ (ibid). Joseph Walton (Hull) (?1730/2-1754). Apprenticed: To John Goldwell (1) in 1730 according to Watkins (1979, 117) and in 1732 according to Oswald (1975, 203). Free: 1738 (ibid). Voted in 1747 and 1754 (ibid), but according to Oswald (1975, 203) this information applies to Joseph Watson (see below).
183
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Known from a trade token of 1668 showing a man smoking but may refer to a dealer in pipes or tobacco rather than a pipe-maker (Oswald 1975, 202; Berry 1982, 370).
Married: Mary (RDW Ref. AO 85 108). Children: John (ibid). Lease and release registered on 8th June 1757 between John Windle of Halifax, merchant, only son and heir of John Windle, late of Halifax pipe maker, deceased. Includes “messuage, dwelling house or tenement now used as a pipe shop ….. now in the possession tenure or occupation of the said John Windle”. (ibid). IW
John Windle (2) (Halifax) (1763). Took out a fire insurance policy with Sun Assurance on 30.6.1763 where his details appear as ‘John Windle of Halifax in the County of York, Pipe-maker, on his now dwelling house situated in Gibbet Lane in Halifax aforesaid brick and stone and slated £400’ (Fire insurance policy with Sun Assurance No. 200247, Vol 144).
IW
Joseph Windle (Halifax) (1744-1775). Died: 1775 (Oswald 1975, 202). Appears in the Apprenticeship Rolls for 1744, 1748 and 1749 (Brooks in litt 15.6.1998) ‘The most ingenious tobacco pipe-maker in England’ (Thoresby Soc. Vols 38-39).
IW
I (J) Windle (Leeds) (c1780-1820). Lettering I WINDLE IN LEEDS appears on three bowls found in Coventry and dated on typological grounds to 1780-1820 (Muldoon 1979, 277).
IW
James Woddell (Hull) (1772). Apprenticed: To William Westerdale in 1772 (Watkins 1979, 117).
IW
Joseph (John) Wood (Halifax) (1687). Apprenticed: To George Gill (Oswald 1975, 202). Referred to in George Gill’s will (ibid).
IW
John Wright (York) (1663-1697). Apprenticed: To Abraham Boyes (Andrews 1991, 95). Free: 1663 on payment of £1 as a pipe-maker (ibid). Children: Peter (baptised 8.7.1639) (ibid). John (Free 1697) (Oswald 1975, 204).
MW Matthew Wright (Hull) (1717). Apprenticed: To Thomas Cooke in 1717 (Watkins 1979, 117).
MW Michael Westerdale (1) (Hull) (1714-1757). Apprenticed: To Benjamin Bell in 1714 (Watkins 1979, 117). Free: 1721 (ibid). Children: Isabel (buried August 1727) (HTPR). Died: Buried 22.4.1757 (ibid). Michael had at least five apprentices between 1732 and 1765. Voted in 1724 and 1747 (Oswald 1975, 203). MW Michael Woodward (Easingwold) (c1668).
184
NW
Nathaniel Westall (Hull) (1695). Apprenticed: To John Leconby in 1679 (Watkins 1979, 117). Free: 1695 (Oswald 1975, 203). Although Nathaniel was bound apprentice to John Leaconby he appears to have taken his freedom from Henry Norman (1) (ibid). Brooks (in litt 15.6.1989) gives a date of 1694 for Nathaniel Westall but does not state from which sources she obtained this date.
NW
Nicholas Westall (Hull) (1688). Listed in an unpublished manuscript post 1964 (Place nd) although no sources are given.
RW
Roger Wilkins (Amsterdam) (1633-1649). Born: In York c1607 (Duco 1981, 400). Married: (1) Dorothea Willems from Den Briel in 1633 (ibid). (2) Elsie Green from England in July 1649 (ibid). Children: Joannes (later called Jan; baptised 2.1.1639; became a pipe-maker) (ibid). 7 other children from both marriages (ibid). Possibly a brother of Henry Wilkins. At the time of his first marriage to Dorothea Willems, Roger is described as a hairdresser. A Rogier Wilkins is referred to in the Orphanage register for 15.6.1649 when he is described as a pipe-maker. A uncle called Thomas Bird is also referred to in this document and appears to have been related to Rogers wife and also to the pipe-maker Edward Bird. At the time of his second marriage to Elsie Green of England, he signed the document with his monogram RW as it appears on his pipes. (ibid).
SW
Samuel Welch (Hull) (1798). Apprenticed: To Michael Westerdale (2) in 1798 (Watkins 1979, 117).
SW
S W Wilson, Clay Smoking Pipe Manufacturer (Leeds) (1729-1943). A catalogue exists for S W Wilson, clay smoking pipe manufacturer in Crosland Yard, Pontefract Lane, Leeds and states that the ‘Old Firm’ was established in 1729. Correspondence survive in the archives of York Castle Museum suggesting that the firm ceased production around 1943 when Mr Wilson offered a work bench and tools to the Museum. Mr Wilson states in his letter dated 15th
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1663 as a tobacco pipe-maker (Andrews 1991, 95).
November 1943 ‘some time ago you asked me to supply you with a bench and machine for making clay pipes. I beg to inform you that I can now let you have same as I am closing down my pipe works. If you still want this please let me know when you can call for same, as I want to leave the works by the end of November.’ TW
TW
TW
TW
WW William Wainwright (1) (Rotherham) (1709). Children: William (apprenticed to Samuel Hartley, cutler, 1709) (Crossley in litt 6.1.1992). WW William Wainwright (2) (Rotherham) (1722). Married: Charlotte Steel 10.4.1722 (Oswald 1975, 202; Andrews in litt 30.5.1998).
Thomas Watson (Halifax) (1687). Apprenticed: To George Gill (Oswald 1975, 202). Referred to in George Gill’s will (ibid).
WW William Wainwright (3) (Rotherham) (1781). Children: Thomas (apprenticed to John Gill, Razor grinder, in 1781 for 7 years) (Crossley in litt. 6.1.1992).
Thomas Watson (York) (1737-1750). Apprenticed: To Christopher Homes 5.11.1737 (Andrews 1988, 92). Married: Jane Jewitt 13.9.1747 (Andrews 1991, 93). Children: Barbara (baptised 23.6.1748) (ibid). John (born 22.10.1750; baptised 30.10.1750) (ibid). Andrews (1988, 92) notes that a Thomas Watson of the same parish (St. Michael-le-Belfry) can be traced from 1750-1776 as an innholder. Andrews suggests this is the same man and expresses doubt that Watson continued to make pipes after 1750 ‘unless…as a sideline to his occupation as an innkeeper’.
WW W Watson (Rotherham) (1775-1800). No documentary evidence. Pipe bowl bearing the moulded lettering W WATSON ROTHERHAM in relief around the rim found in association with the Lumley kiln in Doncaster. WW William Westerdale (Hull) (1754-1774). Voted in 1754 and 1774 (Oswald 1975, 203) and took at least three apprentices between 1764 and 1774 (Watkins 1979, 118). WW William White (Hull) (1751). Born: Son of William White of Grimsby Apprenticed: To John Robson in 1751 (ibid).
Thomas Westerdale (Hull) (1790-1806). Appears in the 1790 directory as a pipe-maker in Finkle Street (Oswald (1975, 203) says 1791). Took a number of apprentices including Joseph Scott Free in 1796, William Skinner bound in 1795, Robert Gowland bound in 1795 and an unnamed apprentice from 1796-1806 (Watkins 1979, 117-118).
WW William Wild (Rotherham) (1764-1774). Married: Sarah Marsden 5.11.1764 (Andrews in litt 18.6.1998). Mentioned in Guest’s History in 1774 (Oswald 1979, 202) WW William Windle (Halifax) (1725). Married: Ann Sharp, of Halifax Sept 1725 (HPR ref. D53/1/9).
Thomas Wild (?1) (Rotherham) (1716). Children: Robert (apprenticed to William Smith, file smith at Attercliffe, 1716 for 9-10 years) (Crossley in litt 6.1.1992).
TW
Thomas Wild (?2) (Rotherham) (1718). Married: Elizabeth Wainwright 14.4.1718 (Oswald 1975, 202; Andrews in litt 30.5.1998).
TW
Thomas Wild (?3) (Rotherham) (1777). Appears in the Quarter Sessions Records for Sheffield 1777 (Oswald 1975, 202).
TW
Thomas Wright (York) (1684). Free: 1663 (as a brick layer) (Andrews 1991, 95). Children: Edward (Free 1684) (ibid). Thomas listed as a pipe-maker in 1684 on the freedom of his son, Edward (i.e. not himself Free in 1684 as per Lawrence 1979, 82) Thomas is possibly the brother of John Wright, also Free in
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??
Un-named maker (Halifax) (c1706). (Goodchild in litt 23.11.2000). Existence of a pipe-maker noted by Goodchild, but not their name.
??
Un-named maker (Halifax) (c1727/28). (ibid). Existence of a pipe-maker noted by Goodchild, but not their name.
??
Un-named maker (Bradford) (c1718). (ibid). Existence of a pipe-maker noted by Goodchild, but not their name.
??
?Un-named maker (Ecclesfield) (c1687). Possible pipe-maker. Appears in the Quarter Sessions Rolls for the West Riding and is listed as a ‘piper’ (ibid). Existence of a pipe-maker noted by Goodchild, but not their name.
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
giving him his Burgesse Oath: provided also that the said Henry doe give bond with two sufficient surities unto this corporation that neither his wife nor children shall be chargeable to this town, bond of 50 pounds suerties Richard Harryman and Thomas Netles.
Appendix 2: Transcriptions of selected apprenticeship indentures, wills, inventories and quarter sessions documents. This appendix contains transcriptions of the following documents relating to Yorkshire clay tobacco pipemakers and to the growing of tobacco in Yorkshire. The documents have been transcribed by the author unless otherwise stated. All spellings are as the original documents.
Beverley Borough Records relating to Henry Stanley, tobacco pipe maker. Order for giving security at admission of a freeman null and void given to H Stanley, 1669 Ordered the same day that an order made in the last mayoralty of Mr [Dunne] [vidicicit] in the year 1662 for taking security to indemnify the town from Henry Stanley his wife and children upon his being admitted a Burgess, is hereby made void and also all other orders heretofore made of the same nature are likewise made void and null to all intents and purposes, and that the said Henry have is void delivered to him with her and his surities entered for the same purpose.
• Beverley Borough Records relating to Henry Stanley, tobacco pipemaker, 1662 • Beverley Borough Records relating to Henry Stanley, tobacco pipemaker, 1669 • Will of Henry Ludlam of Rotherham, 1669 (Borthwick Institute, York Vol. 50 Fol. 192) • Beverley Borough Records. House let to Henry Stanley, tobacco pipemaker, 1671 • Order to suppress the growing of tobacco in Yorkshire, 1677 (Wakefield Record Office, Ref. QS1/16/4/6/3) • Beverley Borough Records. House let to Roger Dawson and late of Henry Stanley, 1679 • Will of William Lee of Rotherham, 1680 (Borthwick Institute, York Vol. 59, Fol. 19) • Will of Richard Shafton (Shaftoe) of York, 1705 (Transcribed by John Andrews) • Inventory of William Spacie of York, 1710 (Transcribed by John Andrews) • Will of Christopher Boyes of York, 1725 (Transcribed by John Andrews) • Inventory of Christopher Boyes of York, 1725 (Transcribed by John Andrews) • Petition regarding Mary, wife of John Horsfield of Bradford, pipemaker, Bradford July 1728. (Wakefield Record Office, Ref. QS1/67/6) • Sentencing of Mary Horsfield, Bradford 17th July 1728 (Order Book 1728-33 – Wakefield Record Office, Ref. QS10/16) • Will of William Ramsden of York, 1769 (Transcribed by John Andrews) • Apprenticeship indenture of Joseph Scott to Thomas Westerdell, 1788 (Transcribed by Peter Rayner)
Will of Henry Ludlam, of Rotherham 1669 In the name of God Amen. The sixth day of Aprill in the yeare of our Lord one thousand six hundred sixtie nine I Henry Ludlam of Rotherham in the County of York Pipemaker sick in body but in perfect memory blessed be God for it, doe make this my last will and testament. First I give and bequeath my soule unto the hands of God that gave it and my body to the earth from whence it came, and I doe give unto Alice my second daughter all the goods that is in the litle parlor behind the shop and one longe table in the greate parlor and one bay mare and all the tobacco in the warehouse, further my will and mind is that I give all the rest of my estate to my wife and Elizabeth my eldest daughter and Joyse my youngest daughter to be equally divided amongst them three and my funerall charges to be paid out of their three parts witnesse ?Ralen Hurt, John ?Duro his mark, William Kay, John Richmond, William Stanley.
Beverley Borough Records relating to Henry Stanley, tobacco pipe maker. House let to H. Stanley, 10 Apr 1671. The same day ordered that all the messuage and backside with the appurtenances at the backside late in the occupation of Tho. Hardy is letten unto Henry Stanley tobacco pipe maker for 11 years commencing on the 25th March last past for the yearly rent of 2-6-8 payable on the 29th Sept. and 25th March by equal portions tenant [??] to repair all (the same being first repaired by towne) to pay taxes and hearth money: to have a lease sealed thereof at next meeting.
Beverley Borough Records relating to Henry Stanley, tobacco pipe maker. Henry Stanley Burgess, 8 Jan 1662 Ordered the same day that Henry Stanley tobacco pipe maker bee sworn as Burgess of this town he having paid to John Borell thirty shilling (received) in hand and also paying five pound three shillings four pence more being in all six pounds thirteen shillings and four pens upon
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Order to suppress the growing of tobacco in Yorkshire, 1677.
Will of Richard Shafton (Shaftoe) of York, 1705 (Transcribed by John Andrews)
To his majesties justices of the peace in the county of Yorkshire att their next sessions for the sayd county. To be left with Mr Richard Taylor wayter and searcher of his majesties customes att York.
In the name of God Amen, I Richard Shafton of the City of Yorke Tobacco pipe maker do make and ordain this my last Will and Testament: imprimis I give unto my son Joseph Shafton twenty shillings to be paid only upon the psonall demanding of the same, being in full of what he shall demand out of my psonall estate. I give unto my daughter Elizabeth the now wife of Willm ffoster twelve pence which with what I have heretofore given her is in full of her filial or childs part. I give to my son William Shafton twelve pence which with what I have heretofore given him is in full of his portion. I give to my son Richard Shafton five pounds to be paid withing twelve Calendar months next after my deceas; I also give unto the said Richard Shafton all my worke tooles belonging to the Pipe making Traide in my backe shop. I give to my Son George Shafton fifteen pounds Viz; five pound to be paid when hee goes apprentice and ten pounds to be paid him when hee is loose from his apprenticeship. I give unto my daughter Grace Shafton the somme of tenn pounds to be paid at her marriage or when she attaines the age of one and twenty yeares. But if either George Shafton or Grace Shafton shall happen to dye before their Legacies become due, that then the legacy of him or her so dying shall go to the survivor of them. I give and bequeath unto my daughter Sarah Shafton the somme of twenty pounds and one silver Cupp. And my will is that my daughter Sarah shall take care to brig upp the said Grace and George Shafton until they be fitt or apprentices or other services. And I order her to have the benefit or use of what I leave them until then. I also give unto my said Daughter Sarah all the rest residue and remainder of all my psonall estate and do hereby make her sole Executrix of this my last Will and Testament: In witness whereof I have hereunto putt my hand and seale and published this my last Will and Testament the thirteenth day of May Anno Dni 1705
After my hearty commendacions being informed that notwithstanding all former meanes used to prevent or supprese the planting of tobacco in England the laws in that behalf are still violated by planting it in diverse parts of your county. I have therefore thought it necessary to remind you of the said law and particularly of that made 22nd and 23rd of his majesties reigne, desiring that you will take care to issue your warrants to the respective high constables, petty constables and tything men and persue all other the trusts and the powers committed to your charge in this behalfe, wherein not doubting but you will use your endeavours as in a matter of soe great importance not only to his majesties customs, but to the trade and navigation of this kingdome, I bid you very heartily farewell and remayne Gent
Beverley Borough Records relating to Henry Stanley, tobacco pipe maker. House let to Roger Dawson, 1679. Ordered the same day all that messuage at backside with the appertenances now in occupation of Roger Dawson and late of Henry Stanley is let unto the said Roger for 11 years from Lady Day last at 5 l. rent – he to have a new lease thereof with covenant that the said Roger shall repair and perform such other covenants as in the old lease
Signed sealed published and declared to be my Last Will and Testament in the presence of James Moxon (signed) John Spacie (signed) Mark Walden Jnr (mark) Signed and sealed Tho. Lessington (signed) Richard Shafton
Will of William Lee of Rotherham, 1680 William Lee late of Rotherham in the County of Yorke, Pipemaker, being weak of body but of sound and perfect memory did the the [sic] 29th of January 1680 make his will nuncupative by word of mouth as followeth. Impremis he gave to his eldest sonne Francis Lee six pair of tobacco pipe moulds and two screws and if he was not content with that then twelve pence and nothing else, the rest of his goods and chattalls he gave to his wife Elizabeth towards the bringing up of his children and this he declared in the presence of us whose names are subscribed.
Note: Probate was granted in 1709 to the executrix Sarah Spacey wife of William Spacey, with William Spacey Tobacco Pipe maker of York and Henry Sleggs Clothier of York sureties.
Thomas Greane Martha ?Scholey ?Chester ?Woolline
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Inventory of William Spacie of York, 1710
Will of Christopher Boyes of York, 1725
(Transcribed by John Andrews)
(Transcribed by John Andrews)
An Inventory of ye goods of Will[ia]m Spacie late of ye City of Yorke dec[eas]ed
I, Christopher Boyes, of the City of York, trunkmaker, being of p’fect mind and memory do ordain this my last Will in form following: I give to my sone Christopher Boyes one hundred and forty pounds in money and goods viz, the money I lately paid Mrs Spendlove for him, one hundred thirtythree pounds or thereabouts and the rest in furniture which, with my wife’s jointure of the forepart of the house I dwell in is in full for his the portion & which furtniture is already in his possession.
£: s: d Impr[im]is in ye little Chamb[e]r: one bedstead w[i]th bedding and curtains It[em] 9 Chaires and a Chest of Drawers It[em] 1 lookeing glass and 6 pictures Goods in ye great chamb[e]r: 3 beds w[i]th beadsteads & all belonging to them It[em] 6 chests and a trunke It[em] 1 stand & a writer liedge and a table frame and 1 ovell table In ye Garrett one bushel 3 tubbs 3 p[ai]r paniors a Close Stoole & a panne & 2 Close baskitts It[em] 6 doz[en] bark beesoms & 4 doz[en] ling beesoms It[em] 13 p[ai]r[s] Sheets and 13 p[ai]r[s] Pillow-beares It[em] 6 doz[en] napkins It[em] 4 table Cloths It[em] other Course napkins It[em] Silver Plate In ye Parlor 2 tables and a forme It[em] 6 Chaires and a Stoole It[em] 2 Cushions It[em] 2 warming panns & a morter & 3 Candlesticks It[em] pewter It[em] beds and beadsteads and beding It[em] In ye Kitching 1 Jack and rainge and other iron things w[i]th iron potts and panns In ye Shopp Moulds Clay and pipes w[i]th worke tooles It[em] one Lead cestren It[em] washing Tubbs It[em] Shopp goods to ye Vallue It[em] Bacon and Cheese
2:00:00 0:19:00 0:05:00
Item. I give and devise to my son Samuel Boyes and his heirs the back part of the same house with the kitchen, two chambers, the chamber and garrett’s above and ye little yard and pipeshop with free passage, Ingresse, Egresse, Regresse, to and from ye street to these back the other, its appurtences without interruption of ye owner or occupier of the fores’d.
3:00:00 0:10:00 0:06:00
Item. I give to my daughter Rebecca Boyes all my leased house in North Street in the tenure of Mr Baynes and others . . . . . . and whatever belongs thereto.
0:09:00 0:07:00
And if my sone Samuel be not minded to follow my trade, but his sister should be so minded I order that she shall have these back part as tenant to her brother Samuel as long as she thinks fit at six pounds per annum. Also I appoint & make my son Samuel and daughter Rebecca joint exec’rs hereof & legators of my debts owing to me. Those upon bonds and specialities excepted for satisfying ye debts I owed & of my goods, chattels & p’sonal estate undisposed of equally to be divided between them. But if either of my executors are discontented with their share and will not be advised & reconciled by my friends, hereafter names or some . . . . . neighbours but occasion any suit at law or in Equity touching any part of my estate, the executor of such suit shall forfeit his or her share to my other executor to whome I herebygive the same accordingly and I do appoint and desire my good friends . . . . . Wilkinson Ald William Ramsell and Mr James Dodworth to act as . . . . . of my Will and moderate any dissents or controversy which may arise among my children and I do make void all other Wills whatsoever. Written of my hand and seal this sixth day of August 1725.
3:02:00 1:10:00 0:06:00 0:10:00 3:00:00 0:13:00 0:04:00 0:06:00 0:07:00 2:10:00 2:00:00
1:12:00
3:06:00 0:12:00 0:02:00 0:13:00 1:10:00
Signed, sealed and published before us and attested same by subscribing our names in ye testatore.
---------29:07:06 ----------
James Dodworthy William Ramsdell . . . . . Wilkinson
Jno: Gaile Rob: Jackson Hen: Sleggs James Todd (marke)
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A looking glass 1 pr of drawers An oak cupboard 1 oval table ffeather beads, bolster & pillows wth 6 ( ) at 8s 1 red rug bedstead & hangings close stoole & pan
Inventory of Christopher Boyes of York, 1725 (Transcribed by John Andrews) An inventory of the goods & chattels & personalle estate of Christopher Boyes, trunkmaker, in the City of York dec’d August ye 16th 1725 by . . . . . . . Item
Item
Contents of his purse & apparel In the kitchen, range & ( ) Jack 15s iron fenders 6s Spitts & frying pan 5 pr of tongs 3 fire shovels 1 Gallow balk (?) 7 3 re?kous brigs(?) 1 broiling iron & (. . . . . . .) 3 smoothing irons in heaters 1 iron pot, 1 iron pan 1 brass pot 6 pans 1 skellit tea kettle & coffee pot brass mortar & fender snuffers, diskes & other brasses warming pan bellows 2s 6d copper 1s 3 dressers & shelves 1 oval table and 5 chairs 20 pewter dishes & a cheeseplate 3 doz & 8 plates at 8s a dozen 1 flagon & quart mustard 6oz salt
In the hall. A looking glass An oval table & cain chairs & a courtchair A glass (sconces?) A chafeing dish A table in the passage A silver tankard @ 18 ounces & ½ at 5s Silver mugg 5 ounces & ½ at 5s Salvers pounds 4 penny 10 at 5s 2 salts 3 ounces 3 penny 10 at 5s 4 spoons 4 ounces 16 penny ( ) 2 cups 6 ounces & ½ 8 penny worth
In the far shoppe. 3 male trunks 2 port mantles 6 trunks covered 10 trunks joined, wigg boxes & pasteboard boxes
10:00:00 00:15:00 01:01:00 00:10:00 00:02:06 00:01:06
In the street chamber Feather beds, bolsters & pillows 2 blankitts Quilt Green rug Bedstead & hangings, curtain 1 table, 3 trunks, 5 chairs 1 seeing glass, 5 chairs stand, teaboard & 2 pictures 3 cushions 1s, stool 6d
00:03:00 00:02:06 00:05:00 00:09:00 00:06:00 00:15:00 00:08:00 00:05:06 00:08:00 00:06:00 00:03:06 01:15:00 00:05:00 02:06:08 01:09:04 00:03:06 ----------21:11:00
In the chamber of Mr Smiths shop 1 feather bed, bolster & pillows 2 blankitts 6s, quilt 6s bedstead, curtain rods, hangings drawers & table teatable, seeing glass 6 chairs, 15 pictures over chimney stoole & writing desk curtain rods & stand
02:00:00 In the chamber over the hall 1 featherbed, bolster & pillows 3 blankitts 18s, quilt 10s bedstead, hangings, curtain rails, cords seeing glass 10s, stand 6d case of drawers, table armchair & 6 cain chairs
01:01:00 00:01:00 00:00:09 00:01:06 04:12:06 01:07:06 02:01:00 00:15:09 01:04:00
A screen & table leafe A large table leafe Window curtains & rods, 1 pr sheets, pillow cloths marked 1 pr of sheets & pillow cloths marked 1 pr of sheets & pillow cloths marked 1 pr of pillow cloths marked 1 pr of sheets, marked, old sheet 1 turned sheett
01:14:00 ----------13:01:06 01:04:00 01:02:00 00:17:00 00:15:00 ----------03:18:00
In the chamber over the entry
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00:01:00 00:10:00 00:02:00 00:01:06 02:12:00 00:05:00 00:05:00 00:02:06 ----------03:19:00
02:10:00 00:06:00 00:05:00 00:07:06 00:10:00 00:15:00 00:07:00 00:01:00 00:01:06 ----------05:03:00 02:16:00 00:12:00 00:15:00 01:00:00 00:12:00 00:18:00 00:01:00 00:01:00 ----------06:15:00 02:17:06 01:08:00 01:00:00 00:10:06 01:02:06 01:10:00 ----------08:08:06 00:03:00 00:04:06 00:10:00 00:10:00 00:06:00 00:06:00 00:02:00 00:02:00 00:02:00
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
4 pr of coarse sheets 1 pr ( ) & pillow bears 4 pr sheetts & pillow cloths 1 pr sheetts & pillow cloths 5 bolster clotts & towels A table cloth, marked 2 doz napkins 6 coarse napkins, 1 table cloth
In the chamber over the back kitchen Feather bed Quilt 10s, 3 blankitts 10s Hanging 10s, beadstead 10s A glass, a table, 4 chairs & 1 stand 1 rugg, 6 blankitts & cover A bedbolster & pillows Quilt 6s, 3 blankitts 1s 6d Bedstead & hangings 5s A table 5s In the garrett Bed 5 s @ 4 ( ) 3 ruggs 1 table 3 boxes In the little chamber Bed ( ) @ 16s 2 beadsteads
In the closet 2 hundred & an ½ of pasteboards 9 horseskins 15 calveskins 7 seals 12 red bassons shears ( ) and other tools 19 rams of whitecap paper clay by estimate 40 tons brass moulds 20 slitt deals iron rack 5s 6b great cupboard 2s 6d drying grates 25 ( ) 21 @ 3d boards 15 screws 11g turfs 30000 lead cestern and 2 troughs joynts 20 doz locks & keys stock in pipes 6 gross 800 (rabits ?) 5000 sprigs locke joyntes 18 doz trunk handles 16 doz chain 8 yds corner plates 18
locks 2 doz locks 5 more locks 5 doz trunknails handles 3 doz 2 cubbitt stoolls 6 yds of cloth napkin press 2 copper pipes for bakeing 2 washing tubbs
00:04:00 00:01:05 00:04:06 00:01:00 00:01:00 00:01:00 00:01:06 00:05:00 00:04:00 00:02:00 -----------67:12:06 -----------In all 159:12:00 We whose names are handwritten have apprized the goods in this schedule containing 4 sides of paper
00:12:00 00:03:00 00:06:00 00:06:00 00:02:06 00:06:00 01:04:00 02:10:00 ----------[07:15:00]
03:04:00 01:00:00 01:00:00 00:12:06 00:08:06 02:16:00 00:10:06 00:05:00 00:05:00 [10:01:06]
Witness our hands Robert Smith Martin Pallister Leo Matthews Will Ramsdale
01:00:00 00:07:00 00:07:06
Petition regarding Mary, wife of John Horsfield of Bradford, pipemaker, Bradford July 1728.
01:16:00 00:05:00 ----------03:15:06
To the Honorable the Bench of Justices att Bradford. The humble petition of several of the inhabitants of the townshipp of Bradford, sheweth that Mary wife of John Horsfield of Bradford affordsaid pipemaker – some time before the last assises at York was committed to York Castle upon suspicion of entering the house of one Elizabeth Mercer widdow of Bradford afforsaid and taking there feloniously a considerable sume of money and had her tryall therefore att the said last assises, but the evidence not being full enough to induce the jury to find her guilty, shee was acquitted but not without the strongest suspicion of guilt. Since her deliverance shee the said Mary Horsfield hath again been taken upp and committed to ye house of correction on suspicion of the felonious taking out of the house of Wm Tring (?) of Bradford aforesaid Innholder in ye night time several sorts (?) of linen and is to take her tryall therefore att these present sessions and she the said Mary Horsfield hath committed diverse other felonyes in ye said town of Bradford but hath not been prosecuted for the same and ye petitioners now understanding that the said Mary still persists in her felonious designs and remains obstinate and incorrigible notwithstanding her confinement in ye two several Gaols which putts your petitioners and ye rest of the inhabitants of Bradford under angerous apprehensions after her releasement for prevention wherefore and to keep your petitions and the rest of the inhabitants safe in their houses from such desperate offenders, your petitioners prays judgement of
03:10:00 02:00:00 00:15:00 00:08:00 00:04:06 00:09:06 03:19:00 40:00:00 01:07:00 01:10:00 00:06:00 00:12:06 00:05:03 04:02:00 03:00:00 01:05:00 00:10:00 00:05:00 00:15:00 00:02:00 00:07:00 00:06:00 00:05:04 00:02:00 00:01:00
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An appraisement made of goods of William Ramsden in Goodramgate in York, deceased the 20th August 1763 ‘praised by us whose names are hereunto subscribed.
transportation upon her being found guilty if the same by your honours shall be thought expedient. If not that particular directions bee given for ye severe scourging of her body and ye petitioners shall ever prays(?).
Purse and apparel In the house and kitchen; one clock ten pewter dishes, eighteen plates one pewter case, three tables, nine chairs, one iron range and plates and tongs, one jack, one pot, one pan, one warming pan with other necessaries
Wm Wright, Wm. Rawson George Fletcher, Ro.Stansfield John Atkinson John Northend, Rich.Thompson Thomas Walker, Abm Swaine Wm Lister, Jere (?) Wilson Joseph ???
£6 0 0
£4 0 0
In the chamber: one bed & stocks hangings and bedding, one chester of drawers one corner cubbert with one silver pint and two spoons with other necessaries £6 0 0
Sentencing of Mary Horsfield, Bradford 17th July 1728 Whereas Jeremiah Oates, Thomas Walker and Mary Horsefield have severally been judicated and convicted at the said sessions of diverse ffelonys by them severally and respectively committed within the said Riding. The sentence of the said court was and at is ordered that they the said Jeramiah Oates, Thomas Walker and Mary Horsefield and every of them be transported into some of his majesties collonys or plantations in America there to be for the space of seven years, and it is further ordered that they the said Jeremiah Oates, Thomas Walker and Mary Horsefield be committed to and confined in his majesties Gaol the castle of York until such time as they can be sent from thence in order to be transported – To the Goaler [sic] or keeper of his majesties Goal [sic] the Castle of York.
In the garrett; one bed, bedstocks and bedding & one chest. Total
£2 10 0 -----------£18 10 0
Hen Royston Rob’t Taylor John Miles
Apprenticeship indenture of Joseph Scott to Thomas Westerdell, 1788 (Transcribed by Peter Rayner) NB: This is a pre-printed document with blanks left for the relevant details to be added by hand. The text in bold appears as hand-written text in the original document.
Will of William Ramsden of York, 1769 (Transcribed by John Andrews) In the name of God Amen. I William Ramsden of the City of York, pipemaker, being of perfect mind, memory and understanding, thank God for the same, do make this my last Will and Testament in manner following (that is to say) I give and bequeath unto my dear wife Elizabeth Ramsden all my personal estate & effects of what nature or sort soever the same are and do hereby make and appoint her sole executrix of this my last Will and Testament. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal the twentyfourth day of September in the year of our Lord One thousand Seven hundred and sixty. William Ramsden
This indenture made the twenty eighth day of October in the twenty ninth year of the reign of our sovereign Lord George the third by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the faith, &c and in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty eight – between Joseph Scott son of John Scott of the town and county of Kingston Upon Hull. Pipe maker of the one part, and Thomas Westerdell of the town and county of Kingston Upon Hull – aforesaid shipwright and chapman – of the other part, witnesseth, that the said Joseph Scott hath of his own free will, and with the consent of his father put and bound himself apprentice to and with the said Thomas Westerdell with him after the manner of an apprentice, to dwell, remain, and serve from the first day of January last past for, during, and until the term of seven years, then next following, be duly completed and ended. During all which term the said apprentice his said master well and truly shall serve; his secrets shall keep; his lawful commands shall do; fornication or adultery he shall not commit; hurt or damage to his said master he
Signed, Sealed, Published and declared by the said William Ramsden as and for his last Will and Testament in the presence of And’w Bulmer Rich’d Pickering
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
words at length, and the duty paid to the stamp office, if in London or within the weekly bills of mortality, within one month after the execution; and if in the country, and out of the said Bills of Mortality, within two months, to a distributor of the stam(p) or his substitute; otherwise the indenture will be void, the Master or Mistress forfeit fifty pounds and another penalty, and the apprentice is disabled to follow his trade or to be made free.
shall not do or consent to be done, but to his power shall let it, and forthwith, unless he be about his said Masters business there to be done; at dice, cards, tables, bowls, or any other unlawful game he shall not play; the goods of his said Master he shall not waste or lend, or give them to any person without his Master licence. Matrimony with any woman within the said term he shall not contract, nor from is Masters service at any time absent himself; but as a true and faithful apprentice he shall order and behave himself towards his said master and all his family, as well in words as deeds, during the said term. And true and just accounts of all his said Masters goods, chattels and money committed to his charge on which shall come to his hands, faithfully he shall give at all times, when thereunto required by his said Master, his executors, administrators, or assigns; and the said Thomas Westerdell the Master. For himself, his executors, administrators, and assigns, doth covenant, promise and grant by these presents, to and with the said Joseph Scott, the said apprentice, that he the said Master, his executors, administrators, or assigns, shall and will teach, learn, and inform him the said apprentice, or cause him to be taught, learnt, and informed in the art or business of a pipemaker which he the said Master now useth after the best manner of knowledge that he or they may or can, with all the circumstances thereunto belonging. And also shall find and provide to and for the said apprentice sufficient and enough meat drink and lodging suitable for such an apprentice during the said term and likewise to find shoes for his said apprentice for and during the first three years of his said apprentiship – the said John Scott the father taking care to find for his son all the rest of his apparel, cloathing, and washing during all the term aforesaid. And for the true performance of all and singular the covenants and agreements aforesaid, each of the parties aforesaid doth bind himself unto the other firmly by these presents. In witness whereof, the parties above-named to the present indentures interchangebly have set their hands and seals the day and year above written. Sealed and delivered (being first duly stamped) in the presence of John Scott (his mark) Mary Westerdell
Joseph Scott Thos Westerdell
John Yeoman May at 23 – 1796 Joseph Scott served his time as specified in the indenture to me Thos Westerdell
Memorandum – This indenture must bear the day it is executed, and what money or other thing is given or contracted for with the apprentice, must be inserted in
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Appendix 3: Collection Summaries – Part I Part I of this appendix contains details of those collections recorded specifically for the purposes of this research. For each collection the name, collection code, and address has been given. A brief summary of the nature of each collection is also given. All seventeenth and eighteenth century pipes have been recorded in detail on the Yorkshire Database and a selection from each collection have been illustrated in order to give an indication of the range of bowl forms present. These summaries have been arranged alphabetically by place, i.e. county then town.
• •
Collection Name: Tees Archaeology Collection Code: 0142 Address: Hartlepool, Cleveland Description: Collection recorded 1st June 1998. The collection has a large number of pipes ranging in date from the seventeenth century through to the nineteenth and early twentieth century. In addition to the seventeenth and eighteenth century material recorded in detail for the Yorkshire Database and the National Stamp Catalogue a number of later nineteenth century pipes were recorded, the most notable are as follows:
A brief description of the notable pipes from the nineteenth-century from each collection is given for completeness and, in some instances, a selection of these have been illustrated. Stamped marks from all periods have been impressed and details logged for the National Clay Tobacco Pipe Stamp Catalogue (NSC).
•
All illustrations in this appendix are at 1:1 and have been drawing by the author unless otherwise stated. All illustrations are arranged chronologically by site for each collection. In the captions, unless otherwise stated, all fragments are not burnished and all bowls have no internal bowl cross.
• • •
Collection Name: Hartlepool Museum Service Collection Code: 0156 Address: Sir William Grey House, Hartlepool, Cleveland Description: Collection recorded 1st June 1998. Miscellaneous collection of approximately 50 bowls, mainly nineteenth or twentieth century, some not accessioned. Marked or notable pieces include the following: • • • • •
•
46’83 – stub-stemmed bowl with LITTLE GEM on the right-hand side and the registration number 452747 on the left-hand side. 46’83 – Stoneware bowl 63’84 – Large Gambier head pipe (man with a beard) with enamel decoration, pattern number 866.
•
Burns cutty pipe with lettering along the side of the stem. 88’87’1 – Pipe with an animal climbing up a tree, possibly an opossum; stem missing but rest complete. Bowl with Masonic motifs dating from c18201860 with the lettering HILTON/ WHITBY moulded round the rim. 134’81’1 – Complete pipe with the lettering RUTHERFORD/THE WORKMAN in incuse letterings along the side of the stem. 3’84 – Pipe commemorating the Royal Jubilee 1837-1887 with the lettering A ADAMS/GATESHEAD along the side of the stem. 20’88 – Cadger bowl with brown varnish and the lettering McDOUGALL/ SCOTLAND along the sides of the stem.
193
Yarm 1977 – Complete bowl dating c1800-1840 with the lettering H.ROW/ YARM around the rim and with the bowl decorated with enclosed flutes and foliage. Yarm 1977 – Acorn style bowl with the lettering .ROW/Y… around the rim, presumably as above. SCW96 – Early nineteenth century bowl with a thistle and rose design; leaf decorated seams and the moulded initials WB. HMG86 – includes some very large context groups of good fresh material looks like it may be kiln waste although a large number of fragments have been smoked. All long stemmed pipes with pale green/yellow glaze. Includes plain bowls; ones with leaf decorated seams; hearts and foliage above enclosed flutes; religious figure groups above flutes, flowers etc. A group worthy of further study. TGP91 – Group includes strips of squashed pipe clay that may be production waste.
1.01
Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from the Boroughgate Excavation, 1970 (Acc No. SK70 A12 (2)); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 07090).
1.02
Heel type bowl dating from c1645-1660 from Brotton Playing Field (Acc No. OBPF/74 Trench D3); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 07122).
1.03
Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Brotton Playing Field (Acc No. BPF77 Trench J); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 07117).
1.04
Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Brotton Playing Field (Acc No. BPF 18/4/79
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
2.02
Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1675 from Middlegate, Hartlepool (Acc No. HMG86 A (114)); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07072).
2.03
Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1690 from Brotton Playing Field (Acc No. OB4/75 Trench E); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07121).
Heel type bowl dating Middlegate, Hartlepool (113)); stem bore 5/64”. OW on the sides of the (Pcode 07071).
2.04
Spur type bowl dating from c1670-1690 from Brotton Playing Field (Acc No. OBPF77 Trench J); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07124).
Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Morrison Hall, Hartlepool (Acc No. HMH87 A (122)); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07083).
2.05
Spur type bowl dating from c1670-1700 from Brotton Playing Field (Acc No. BPF78 Trench L); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07118).
Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Morrison Hall, Hartlepool (Acc No. HMH87 A (122)); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07084).
2.06
Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Brotton Playing Field (Acc No. BPF Trench L); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07116).
Spur type bowl dating from c1670-1690 from Morrison Hall, Hartlepool (Acc No. HMH87 A (121)); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07080).
2.07
Spur type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Morrison Hall, Hartlepool (Acc No. HMH87 A 03); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07087).
2.08
Spur type bowl dating from c1680-1720 from Morrison Hall, Hartlepool (Acc No. HMH87 A (121)); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07081).
2.09
Spur type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Morrison Hall, Hartlepool (Acc No. HMH87 A (122)); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 07085).
2.10
Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from the Rosedale Abbey Excavation, 1970 (Acc No. RE 5/70); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 07089).
2.11
Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from West Street (Acc No. YWS75 1 Area AC III); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 07134).
2.12
Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Westgate (Acc No. 1976/8 GW9); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07132).
2.13
Heel type bowl dating from c1635-1650 from Westgate (Acc No. 1976/8 GW13); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07128).
Trench N); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07113). 1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Brotton Playing Field (Acc No. BPR77 Trench K); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 07119).
1.10
Bowl dating from c1700-1770 from Brotton Playing Field (Acc No. OB4/75); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 07120).
1.11
Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Church Walk, Hartlepool (Acc No. HCW72 F15 D-1 1160.97); good burnish; rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim stem bore 5/64”. Marked with a castle on the heel. Possibly Scottish. (Pcode 02023).
1.12
1.13
2.01
Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Church Walk, Hartlepool (Acc No. HCW72 F14 D-3 1160.97); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials HN on the heel. (Pcode 02022). Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1700 from Church Walk, Hartlepool (Acc No. HCW72 F15 D-2 1154.97); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials EM on the sides of the bowl. Possible moulded decoration round rim; possible Norfolk maker (Atkin 1985b). (Pcode 07058). Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Middlegate, Hartlepool (Acc No. HMG86 A (114)); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07073).
194
from c1700-1750 from (Acc No. HMG86 A Marked with the initials heel. No rim surviving.
Susan D White
Figure 1: Pipes from the collections of Tees Archaeology. Scale 1:1.
195
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 2: Pipes from the collections of Tees Archaeology. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 3: Pipes from the collections of Tees Archaeology. Scale 1:1.
197
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
3.01
3.02
Bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Westgate (Acc No. 1976/8 GW2); rim bottered and three quarters milled (Pcode 07129).
3.03
Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Westgate (Acc No. 1976/8 GW28); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07130).
3.04
•
Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Westgate (Acc No. 1976/8 GW10); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07126).
• • • • • •
Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from Westgate (Acc No. 1976/8 GW109); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials RH on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 07127).
3.05
Bowl dating from c1680-1710 from the Friar Street Excavation, 1988 (Acc No. HFS88 A (01)); good burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07060).
3.06
Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Yarm (Acc No. Y80 (49)); poorly burnished; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07102).
3.07
Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Yarm (Acc No. Y77 (0)); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07096).
3.08
Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1750 from Yarm (Acc No. Y77 (0)); stem bore 5/64”. Marked with a crescent moon motif on sides of heel. (Pcode 07095).
3.09
Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1750 from Yarm (Acc No. 1977.8Y (0)); rim cut. Marked with the initials IO on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 07093).
• 4.01
Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Newport (Acc No. M36/1977); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 8/64”. Surface smooth and shiny but no obvious burnish lines. (Pcode 08107).
Figure 4: Pipe from the collections of the Dorman Museum, Middlesborough. Scale 1:1.
Collection Name: Dorman Museum Collection Code: 0157 Address: Middlesborough, Cleveland Description: Collection recorded on 2nd June 1998. The majority of the collection consisted of later nineteenthcentury material. There were three or four earlier pipes but most of these seem to be on loan from York Castle museum. The seventeenth- and eighteenth-century fragments were recorded in detail for the Yorkshire Database.
Collection Name: Bowes Museum Collection Code: 0143 Address: Barnard Castle, County Durham Description: Collection recorded in two separate visits, 3rd May 1995 and 3rd June 1998. In June 1998 three boxes of pipes, one from Chester-le-Street and two from Piercebridge, were taken back to Liverpool for recording. These boxes were returned in April 1999. Approximately 70-80 bowls and marked or decorated stems dating from the seventeenth or eighteenth century were recorded. These included a large group from Dalden Tower, which produced pipes mostly of late seventeenth-, or early eighteenth-century date.
The most notable pieces of the collection’s later material are as follows: •
D56/1974 – a late nineteenth-century bowl with leaf facing the smoker; leaf rib and three wide flutes. M1595/1979 – Plain thick, Irish style bowl with reworked stem mouthpiece. 136m/75 – Death or glory bowl RAOB bowl with roll spur and moulded milling M1239/1988 – Ally Sloper bowl M1596/1979 – reworked stem of a C Crop pipe bearing the registration number 159329. D56/1974 – bowl with a head on each side of the bowl and the relief moulded lettering JOHN BRIGHT/REFORM on left-hand side and W GLADSTONE /REFORM on the right-hand side. 1361/74 – spur bowl with the lettering TW moulded on the bowl facing the smoker.
1317/75 – an abraded Sherlock Holmes bowl
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The collection included a good group of complete clay pipes from the nineteenth century. The most notable of these are as follows:
5.04
Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Esp Green (Acc No. ESG 79 J2); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 07182).
•
C.CROP LONDON pipe, registration number 373036. Stub-stemmed Duchess of Devonshire complete with vulcanite mouthpiece; good condition; smoked. 1965.40.3 – RAOB with leaf decorated steams; turquoise tip; Southorn/Broseley 24 stem stamp. 1965.40.10 – Hussars pipe; turquoise tip; Broseley 24 stem mark; stem broken and repaired. 1965.40.7 – Burns cutty pipe; turquoise tip; Broseley 24 stem mark. 1965.40.8 – Small thorn design; Broseley 24 stamp; turquoise tip; stem broken and repaired. 1965.40.1 – Acorn bowl with branch spur/ Southorn stamp; turquoise tip. 1965.40.6 – Plain bowl with oval stem and Broseley 24 stamp; turquoise tip. 1965.40.5 – Plain spur bowl with deep moulded milling; Broseley 24 stamp and turquoise tip. 1972.19.11a – TW facing; heart with Erin under on left-hand side and hatched heart on right-hand side; complete; no tip coat; mould number on lefthand side but this is unclear. 1972.19.11b – Hatched shamrock on left-hand side with “vine” under; harp on right-hand side; leaf on heel; 151 on left-hand side of stem. 1972.19.11c – Lion and unicorn with shield and arms; mould 157 on left-hand side. Two complete pipes with metal covers and SCOTLAND on right-hand side of stem. 1965.584 – complete football cadger pipe; registration number 241693 1964.368 – complete lades head with bonnet pipe 1964.366 – complete pipe with Legs of Man motif; moulded milling; turquoise rip; mould number 602 on left-hand side of stem. 1964.360 – Complete plain spurless bowl Complete churchwarden type with moulded stem twist and brown-varnished tip. Three Pollock pipes with yellow tips.
5.05
Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 87 A113); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 07159).
5.06
Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Esp Green (Acc No. ESG 79 J2); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 07181).
5.07
Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1680 from Easington (Acc No. ESH 89); rim bottered and half milled. From east wing, south turret. (Pcode 07180).
5.08
Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 88 A207); rim wiped; milled on all surviving rim. (Pcode 07167)
5.09
Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 85 A016); rim bottered but not milled. Marked with the initials HI on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 07138).
5.10
Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 87 A083); rim wiped but not milled. (Pcode 07158).
5.11
Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 89 A043). (Pcode 07169).
5.12
Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL A015). Marked with the initials HI on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 07174).
5.13
Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 88 A165); rim bottered but not milled. Groove ?created by bottering tool, around all surviving rim. (Pcode 07161).
5.01
Spur type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 89 A415); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 07173).
5.14
Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 88 A164). Marked with a star on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 07160).
5.02
Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 88 A185); average burnish; rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 07165).
5.15
Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1740 from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 85 A016); rim internally trimmed and cut but not milled. (Pcode 07139).
5.03
Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 86 A032); rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 07156).
5.16
Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1740 from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 85 A016); rim cut but not milled. (Pcode 07142).
• • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • •
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
6.01
Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1740 from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 85 A016); rim wiped but not milled. Spur appears to have been broken off and scar trimmed. (Pcode 07140).
6.13
Bowl dating from c1680-1740 from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 86 A037); Marked with the initials HH on the sides of the stem. Lettering in sans serif script. (Pcode 07157).
6.02
Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 85 A016); rim internally trimmed and cut but not milled. Marked with the initials IH on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 07137).
7.01
Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from Middle Chare, Chester-le-Street (Acc No. CLS A38 5); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 8/64”. (Pcode 07316).
7.02 6.03
Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 85 A016); rim cut but not milled. Marked with the initials HI on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 07141).
Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from Middle Chare, Chester-le-Street (Acc No. CLS A37 1); rim bottered; milled on all surviving rim; bore 8/64”. (Pcode 07295).
7.03 6.04
Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 89 A356); rim cut but not milled. Marked with the initials HH on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 07170).
Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Middle Chare, Chester-le-Street (Acc No. CLS A34 1); rim bottered but not milled; bore 8/64”. (Pcode 07292).
7.04 6.05
Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 85 A016); rim cut but not milled. Marked with the initials IH on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 07143).
Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Middle Chare, Chester-le-Street (Acc No. CLS A50 1); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07321).
7.05 6.06
Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 88 A286). Marked with the initials HH on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 07168).
Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1675 from Middle Chare, Chester-le-Street (Acc No. CLS A37 3); rim bottered; three quarters milled; bore 8/64”. (Pcode 07297).
7.06 6.07
Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 29 (016)); rim cut but not milled. Marked with the initials HH/I on the sides of the heel; milled stem. Possible repair to stem that has been disguised by milled decoration. (Pcode 07136).
Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Middle Chare, Chester-le-Street (Acc No. CLS A38 20); rim bottered; milled on all surviving rim; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials WS on the heel Similar to a London Type 13. (Pcode 07309).
7.07
Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1675 from Middle Chare, Chester-le-Street (Acc No. CLS A38 21); rim bottered but not milled; bore 6/64”. Similar to a London Type 13. (Pcode 07310).
7.08
Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Middle Chare, Chester-le-Street (Acc No. CLS A37 2); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. Similar to a London Type 13. (Pcode 07296).
7.09
Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Middle Chare, Chester-le-Street (Acc No. CLS A13 1); rim bottered but not milled; bore 7/64”. Similar to a London Type 13. (Pcode 07287).
7.10
Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Middle Chare, Chester-le-Street (Acc No. CLS A38 22); rim bottered but not milled; bore 7/64”. Similar to a London Type 13. (Pcode 07311).
7.11
Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Middle Chare, Chester-le-Street (Acc No. CLS A1
6.08
Heel type bowl dating from c1600-1699 from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 88 A165); (Pcode 07162).
6.09
Stem fragment with milled decoration dating from the 17th or 18th century from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 016 Sf. 29).
6.10
Stem fragment with milled decoration dating from the 17th or 18th century from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL89.A358 Sf. 305).
6.11
Stem fragment with milled decoration dating from the 17th or 18th century from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL 016 Sf. 29).
6.12
Stem fragment with milled decoration dating from the 17th or 18th century from Dalden Tower (Acc No. DAL88.A206).
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Susan D White
8.10
Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Piercebridge general (Acc No. PB/TT77 20.7 C2); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl badly abraded; bag labelled PB/TT88 (C)/3. (Pcode 07245).
8.11
Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Piercebridge general (Acc No. PB/GV76 (8) C); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 8/64”. York Type 10; bag labelled PB/GV76 (8)/3. (Pcode 07214).
8.12
Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Piercebridge general (Acc No. PB/HS77 8.3 AQ); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Bag labelled PB/HS77 (AQ)/2. (Pcode 07233).
8.13
Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Piercebridge general (Acc No. PB/HS 78 17.4 PP); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bag labelled PB/HS78(PP)/1. (Pcode 07223).
Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Piercebridge general (Acc No. PB/GV76 (52) 2A); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Bag labelled PB/GV76 (52)/2. (Pcode 07209).
8.14
Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Piercebridge general (Acc No. PB/HS 77 26.3 AT2); average burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Bag labelled PB/HS77 (AT)/4. (Pcode 07222).
Spur type bowl dating from c1650-1680 from Piercebridge general (Acc No. PB/GV76 (16) 2B); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. Spur type; Tyneside type 6; bag labelled PB/GV76 (16)/16. (Pcode 07188).
9.01
Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Piercebridge general (Acc No. PB/GV76 (38) 2B); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. York Type 9; bag labelled PB/GV76 (38)/1. (Pcode 07204).
Spur type bowl dating from c1650-1680 from Piercebridge general (Acc No. PB/GV76 (38) 2B); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. Spur type; Tyneside type 6; bag labelled PB/GV76(38)/5. (Pcode 07202).
9.02
Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Piercebridge general (Acc No. PB/GV76 (16)/9); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with a dot on the sides of the bowl. Similar to Tyneside type 8; raised dot on LHS of bowl. (Pcode 07200).
9.03
Spur type bowl dating from c1650-1680 from Piercebridge general (Acc No. PB/GV76 (16) 2B); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with a dot on the sides of the bowl. Tyneside type 6; bag labelled PB/GV76 (16)/8. (Pcode 07189).
9.04
Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1720 from Roman Fort (Church Chare) (Acc No. CC90 41); stem bore 6/64”. No rim. (Pcode 07267).
9.05
Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1740 from Piercebridge general (Acc No. PB/ER77 1/5); Marked with a star above the initial R on the side of the heel. Tyneside form and mark. (Pcode 25323).
13); rim bottered but not milled; bore 5/64”. Similar to a London Type 13. (Pcode 07271). 8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08
8.09
Heel type bowl dating from c1625-1650 from Piercebridge general (Acc No. PB/HS77 22.9 GT); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bag labelled PB/HS77 (GT)/1. (Pcode 07227). Heel type bowl dating from c1645-1660 from Piercebridge general (Acc No. PB/HS77 25.1 AT2); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials I?G on the heel. Possible John Grayson of Newcastle; bag labelled PB/HS77 (AT)/8. (Pcode 02123). Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Piercebridge general (Acc No. PB/TV78 22.4 AS); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bag labelled PB/TV78 (AS)/2. (Pcode 07246).
Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Piercebridge general (Acc No. PB/HS78 12.7 PX); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled. Marked with the initials I? on the heel. Similar to a York type 9;bag labelled PB/HS78 (PX)/1. (Pcode 02124). Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Piercebridge general (Acc No. PB/GV76 (38) 2B); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 8/64”. Bag labelled PB/GV76 (38)/3. (Pcode 07203). Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Piercebridge general (Acc No. PB/GV76 (38) 2B); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the heel. Bag labelled PB/GV76 (38)/2. (Pcode 02121).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 5: Pipes from the collections of the Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 6: Pipes from the collections of the Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 7: Pipes from the collections of the Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 8: Pipes from the collections of the Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 9: Pipes from the collections of the Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 10: Pipes from the collections of the Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle. Scale 1:1.
9.06
9.07
9.08
9.09
9.10
Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Roman Fort (Church Chare) (Acc No. CC90 216); stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials MP on the sides of the heel. No rim. (Pcode 07263).
Marked with the initials IH on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 07257).
Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Piercebridge general (Acc No. PB/TT77 9.8 C(5)); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Stem has part of a Tyneside stem stamp; bag labelled PB/TT77 (C)/4. (Pcode 02130). Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Roman Fort (Church Chare) (Acc No. CC90 2); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials MP on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 07254).
9.11
Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Roman Fort (Church Chare) (Acc No. CC90 2); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07256).
9.12
Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Roman Fort (Church Chare) (Acc No. CC90 25); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07264).
10.01 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Roman Fort (Church Chare) (Acc No. CC90 2); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Very shiny surface but not burnished. (Pcode 07253).
Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Roman Fort (Church Chare) (Acc No. CC90 2); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials MP on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 07255).
10.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Roman Fort (Church Chare) (Acc No. CC90 2); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07252).
Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Roman Fort (Church Chare) (Acc No. CC90 2); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”.
10.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1720 from Roman Fort (Church Chare) (Acc No. CC90 2); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Marked with the initials MP on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 07258).
milled; stem bore 6/64”. This pipe has been published - Earnshaw 1988. (Pcode 08130).
10.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from Roman Fort (Church Chare) (Acc No. CC90 2); stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IG/C on the sides of the heel. No rim. (Pcode 07251).
11.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Chapel Street (Acc No. 1993/476); rim internally trimmed and bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 08120).
10.05 Spur type bowl dating from c1740-1800 from Roman Fort (Church Chare) (Acc No. CC90 58); stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials IH on the sides of the spur. No rim. (Pcode 07269).
11.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from the Old Town (Acc No. 1993/1027); milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. Milled spur . (Pcode 08129).
10.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1680 unprovenanced material; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07135).
11.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from Eastern Road Allotments; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 8/64”. Hull Type 2G; found in field behind former Eastern Road allotments. (Pcode 08121).
Collection Name: Sewerby Hall Collection Code: 0158 Address: Bridlington, East Riding of Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded 5th June 1998. The collection consisted of a range of pipes from the seventeenth through to the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Also in the collection were a set of pipe moulds and a branding iron marked ‘R Goforth’. A total of 29 bowls dating from the seventeenth and eighteenth century were recorded in detail for the Yorkshire Database. Of the remaining collection the most notable items are as follows: •
•
• • • • • • • • •
11.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1700 from Spring Bank Lane (Acc No. 1993/743 A.51.89); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 08131). 11.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Kirkgate (Acc No. 1993/928 KB80 A5 (19)); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 08123). 11.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Kirkgate (Acc No. 1993/944); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IH on the heel, plus moulded HI on sides of heel. This pipe has been published - Earnshaw 1988. (Pcode 02083).
1993/1011-1024 – bags of nineteenth-century kiln waste from New Pasture Lane, Bridlington. This includes a large number of wasted bowls studied by Earnshaw. Pieces of clay sheet smeared on paper, which would have been used to place over the pipes to protect them from discolouring fumes during firing. Large collection of un-glazed nipple mouthpieces. Large collection of cut mouthpieces glazed a pale yellow/green. 1998/34.39 – Stub stem socket pipe dating from c1840-1900 marked L.AIGUIER MARSEILLE. Turkish chibouk (cup and saucer type pipe). 1998/34.39 – Large and coarsely made socket of an ethnic pipe Terracotta stub stem pipe modelled as a horse’s head, possibly South European. Ethnic stone pipe in the form of a bird. Two footballer cadgers, one with a repaired stem one with a broken stem. A number of pipe moulds including four churchwardens.
11.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Kirkgate (Acc No. 1993/945 KB40 A4); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IH on the sides of the heel. This pipe has been published - Earnshaw 1988. (Pcode 08128). 11.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from Kirkgate (Acc No. 1993/941 KB80 A4 F4); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials H? on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 08124). 11.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from Kirkgate (Acc No. 1993/941 KB80 A6 F4); stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials HH on the sides of the heel. No rim surviving. (Pcode 08125). 12.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced material from Beverley (Acc No. 37); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 08108).
11.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Sewerby Road, opposite the priory (Acc No. 1993/1032); rim bottered and three quarters
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Figure 11: Pipes from the collections of the Sewerby Hall, Bridlington. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 12: Pipes from the collections of the Sewerby Hall, Bridlington. Scale 1:1.
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12.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced material from Beverley (Acc No. 37); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 08110).
12.13
Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Cowlam (Acc No. 1997/205; SF no. CV51 Tr7 SCRIM HALF(31)); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 08118).
12.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced material from Beverley (Acc No. 37); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08109).
12.14
Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1680 from Cowlam (Acc No. 1997/205); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. Heel broken. (Pcode 08119).
12.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 unprovenanced material from Beverley (Acc No. 37); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08111).
Collection Name: Humber Archaeology Partnership Collection Code: 0137 Address: Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded on 7th, 9th and 10th June 1999. Collection comprises a large quantity of excavated material from a number of sites in and around Hull including Beverley, Hedon and Howden. In total approximately 400 bowls and marked fragments dating from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were recorded in detail, no plain stems were recorded. In spite of spending three full days recording the following sites remain un-recorded HIC91, SPH98, SMM89, HIS89, HMC94, TSH96 together with the reference collection.
12.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material from Beverley (Acc No. 37); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 08112). 12.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material from Beverley (Acc No. 37); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 08113). 12.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material from Beverley (Acc No. 37); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials II flanking a fleur-de-lys on the heel; very highly fired ?waster. (Pcode 02084).
The collection included some later material the most notable of which is as follows: • •
12.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material from Beverley (Acc No. 37); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08115).
• •
12.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material from Beverley (Acc No. 37); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Labelled "This is a danes pipe dug up in Friars Lane Feb 28/80 bought for."; ?waster. (Pcode 08117).
STK98 – Kiln waste and muffle fragments from a nineteenth-century kiln. HMC94 259 – Complete black Italian stubstemmed pipe bowl. HMC94 – a number of nineteenth-century pipe bowls marked with local makers names including Stovin of Hull, Scott of Hull. HQS90 186 – Group of pipes including 3 moulded bowls one with flutes and stags head and G GOUDW…/ on the right-hand site. Also, a similar bowl with the makers name WESTERDALE.
13.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 from Beverley Gate (Acc No. 1374.1986 HU 36); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06164).
12.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1680 unprovenanced material from Beverley (Acc No. 37); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 08116).
13.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Beverley Gate (Acc No. BEG88 31); rim bottered and three quarters milled. Similar to a London Type 10. (Pcode 06269).
12.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from Cowlam (Acc No. 1997/205; SF no. CV SC Q3 52 Tr 2(3)); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials RE on the heel. (Pcode 02082).
13.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Beverley Gate (Acc No. BEG88 1); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Highly fired. (Pcode 06169).
12.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1680 unprovenanced material from Beverley (Acc No. 37); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 08114).
13.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Beverley Gate (Acc No. BEG88 2); rim bottered
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
14.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Beverley Gate (Acc No. BEG88 2); rim bottered and not milled. (Pcode 06225).
and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Cut heel. (Pcode 06227). 13.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Beverley Gate (Acc No. BEG88 216); rim bottered and not milled. (Pcode 06259).
14.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Beverley Gate (Acc No. 1374.1986 HU 22); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06159).
13.06 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Beverley Gate (Acc No. BEG88 2); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06228).
14.06 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Beverley Gate (Acc No. BEG88 2); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06226).
13.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1680 from Beverley Gate (Acc No. BEG88 2); rim bottered and half milled. Possibly Dutch; only traces of heel stamp survive; moulded pellets on the right hand side of bowl. (Pcode 02578).
14.07 Spur type bowl dating from c1740-1770 from Beverley Gate (Acc No. BEG88 116); rim cut and not milled; stem bore 4/64”. (Pcode 06214).
13.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Beverley Gate (Acc No. BEG88 216); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06260).
14.08 Bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Beverley Gate (Acc No. 1374.1986 HU 21); rim bottered and not milled. Marked with the initials RC on the sides of the bowl. (Pcode 06156).
13.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from Beverley Gate (Acc No. BEG88 216); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06261).
14.09 Spur type bowl dating from c1620-1650 from Bishop's Manor House (Acc No. HWN84 A 93); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06455).
13.10 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Beverley Gate (Acc No. BEG88 216); stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 062062).
14.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Bishop's Manor House (Acc No. HWN84 I 121); finely burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 06471).
13.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Beverley Gate (Acc No. BEG88 1); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06172).
14.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from Bishop's Manor House (Acc No. HWN84); no internal bowl cross; rim bottered and one quarter milled. Smooth shiny surface. (Pcode 06453).
13.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Beverley Gate (Acc No. BEG88 1); rim bottered and not milled. (Pcode 06173). 13.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Beverley Gate (Acc No. BEG88 45); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06277).
14.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Bishop's Manor House (Acc No. HWN84 H 28); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Possibly not a Yorkshire form. (Pcode 06465).
14.01 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Beverley Gate (Acc No. BEG88 1); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Spur form. (Pcode 06171).
15.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from Bishop's Manor House (Acc No. HWN84 A50); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06457).
14.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Beverley Gate (Acc No. BEG88 1); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Spur form similar to London Type 15. (Pcode 06170).
15.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from St Mary's Manor (Acc No. SMM89 60); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06482). 15.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from Iveson Close (Acc No. HIC91 U/S); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06513).
14.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Beverley Gate (Acc No. BEG88 2); rim bottered and not milled. (Pcode 06224).
15.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Fordyke (Acc No. FOR97 104); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06365).
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16.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from Queen Street (Acc No. HQS90 95); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Cut heel. (Pcode 06404).
15.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from High Street (Acc No. HIS99 U/S); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06488). 15.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 from High Street (Acc No. HIS99 U/S); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 06489).
16.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Queen Street (Acc No. HQS90 98); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06426).
15.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1740 from High Street (Acc No. HIS99 U/S); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Pellets moulded on side of bowl together with part of possible moulded stem decoration. (Pcode 06487).
16.05 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Queen Street (Acc No. HQS90 98); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06409). 16.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from Queen Street (Acc No. HQS90 U/S); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled heel. Burnt. (Pcode 06436).
15.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from Kingswood (Acc No. KWH96 18); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 06388). 15.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from Kingswood (Acc No. KWH78); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06375).
16.07 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1675 from Queen Street (Acc No. HQS90 U/S); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06438).
15.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Kingswood (Acc No. KWH78); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Cut heel. (Pcode 06378).
16.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1675 from Queen Street (Acc No. HQS90 98); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Hull Type 1d; two stem bores 6/64 and 7/616. (Pcode 06410).
15.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from Kingswood (Acc No. KWH96 2); good burnish; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials II on the heel. 3 joining pieces; heel and part of stem only. (Pcode 02627).
16.09 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sammy's Point (Acc No. SPH97 68); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Similar to a London Type 9. (Pcode 06318).
15.12 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from North Beckside (Acc No. NBS93 U/S); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06519).
16.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sammy's Point (Acc No. SPH97 105); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06301).
15.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 from Queen Street (Acc No. HQS90 37); finely burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Possibly Dutch. (Pcode 06393).
16.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Sammy's Point (Acc No. SPH99 1024); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Cut heel. cut mark on heel. (Pcode 06329).
15.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Queen Street (Acc No. HQS90 150); milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. Very black; rim badly damaged, heart shaped heel. (Pcode 06391).
16.12 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Sammy's Point (Acc No. SPH97 64); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 06315). 16.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Sammy's Point (Acc No. SPH97 64); rim bottered and half milled. (Pcode 06316).
16.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Queen Street (Acc No. HQS90 U/S); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06435).
17.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Stakis Casino, Castle Street (Acc No. STK98 176); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06494).
16.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Queen Street (Acc No. HQS90 U/S); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06437).
17.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Stakis Casino, Castle Street (Acc No. STK98 7);
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 13: Pipes from the collections of the Humber Archaeological Partnership, Hull. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 14: Pipes from the collections of the Humber Archaeological Partnership, Hull. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 15: Pipes from the collections of the Humber Archaeological Partnership, Hull. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 16: Pipes from the collections of the Humber Archaeological Partnership, Hull. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 17: Pipes from the collections of the Humber Archaeological Partnership, Hull. Scale 1:1.
17.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from Tower Street (Acc No. TSH96 416); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06357).
average burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06505). 17.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Stakis Casino, Castle Street (Acc No. STK98 5); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06500).
17.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Wylies Road (Acc No. BWR85 138); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06477).
17.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Tower Street (Acc No. TSH96 145); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Cut heel. (Pcode 06350).
17.08 Spur type bowl dating from c1670-1700 from Wylies Road (Acc No. BWR85 137); good burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06474).
17.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Tower Street (Acc No. HCT95 U/S); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 06343).
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18.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/156); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 08157).
Collection Name: Wilberforce House Museum Collection Code: 0162 Address: Kingston on Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded 8th June 1999. The collection included a large number of clay tobacco pipes, mostly unprovenanced. A large number of the pipes in the collection were simply listed as ‘Found in Store’, which meant that the original documentation could not be found. It may also have meant that the objects were pre1940’s acquisitions, with information destroyed in the Blitz. The museum had a run of Hull Museum Publications, which listed a number of tobacco pipes and smoking related objects
18.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/150); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08152). 18.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/177); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08174).
In total approximately 118 pipe fragments dating from the seventeenth or eighteenth century were recorded in detail for the Yorkshire database.
18.09 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/72); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 08197).
In addition to the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century material the most notable objects are as follows: • • • •
18.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/141); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 08148).
1/60/10 – an extremely fine meerschaum of a woman in a rather risqué pose smoking a cigar; very fine detail. 1/60/17 – large meerschaum of a woman’s head, very finely executed. 1/60/15 – meerschaum of a horse and castle dated 1812; elaborate brass fittings with mother of pearl detail. Oil on canvas of John Goforth Jr., who worked until 1910, titled ‘The last Beverley pipemaker’ by Fred Elwell RH (1870-1958).
18.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/152); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 08154). 18.12 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/167); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08166).
18.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from New Dock Walls (Acc No. 893.1982/118); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08239).
18.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/190); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 08182).
18.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/166); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Very shiny, but no obvious burnish lines. (Pcode 08165).
18.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/53); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 9/64”. (Pcode 08192).
18.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/170); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08167).
18.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/172); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08169).
18.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/151); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08153). 18.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/198); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08186).
19.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/27); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the moulded initials HI on the sides of the stem. Dutch. (Pcode 08189). 19.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
893.1982/116); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08139).
bore 7/64”. Complete pipe, stem length 24.3cm. (Pcode 08191).
19.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1675; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/163); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 08163).
20.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680; unprovenanced but probably from Hull; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 8/64”. Spur form; stem length 23.7cm. (Pcode 08217).
19.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1675; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/114); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 23507).
20.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/98); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08214).
19.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1675; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/173); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 08170).
20.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/180); rim wiped but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 08175).
19.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1675; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/186); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08179).
20.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/57); average burnish; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08194).
19.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680; unprovenanced but probably from Hull; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Heel form; stem length 19.0cm. (Pcode 08218).
20.06 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/93); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 08211).
19.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/86); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 08205).
20.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1700; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/2); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 08188).
19.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/85); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 08204).
20.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/192); stem bore 7/64”. No rim surviving. (Pcode 08184).
19.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/90); average burnish; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 08209).
20.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/158); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 08159). 20.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/95); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 08212).
19.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/108); poor burnish; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 08138).
21.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/37); average burnish; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials NT on the heel. (Pcode 02074).
19.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/105); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 08136).
21.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No.
20.01 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680; unprovenanced but probably from Hull (Acc No. 893.1982/5); rim bottered but not milled; stem
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Susan D White
Figure 18: Pipes from the collections of the Wilberforce House Museum, Hull. Scale 1:1.
221
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 19: Pipes from the collections of the Wilberforce House Museum, Hull. Scale 1:1.
222
Susan D White
Figure 20: Pipes from the collections of the Wilberforce House Museum, Hull. Scale 1:1.
223
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 21: Pipes from the collections of the Wilberforce House Museum, Hull. Scale 1:1.
224
Susan D White
21.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770; unprovenanced material in Wilberforce House Museum probably from London (Acc No. 76.52/11); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. Very shiny, but no obvious burnish lines. (Pcode 08224).
893.1982/87); rim internally trimmed and wiped but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08206). 21.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680; unprovenanced material in Wilberforce House Museum probably from London (Acc No. 76.52/3); rim cut; rim three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08226).
Collection Name: Stothard Collection Collection Code: 0146 Address: Kingston on Hull/Beverley area, East Riding of Yorkshire Description: Private collection from the Hull/Beverley area. A total of 24 pipes dating from the seventeenth and eighteenth century were selected from inclusion in the Yorkshire database.
21.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770; unprovenanced but probably from Hull; average burnish; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 08216). 21.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770; unprovenanced material in Wilberforce House Museum probably from London (Acc No. 76.52/8); average burnish; rim wiped but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08229).
22.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from the Old Town, Hull; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials GW on the heel. (Pcode 02605).
21.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770; unprovenanced material in Wilberforce House Museum probably from London (Acc No. 76.52/7); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 08228).
22.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1650 from the Old Town, Hull; good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the lettering ?4S on the heel. Dutch. (Pcode 02614).
21.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700; unprovenanced material in Wilberforce House Museum probably from London (Acc No. 78.48/7); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08236).
22.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from the Old Town, Hull; good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with a wheel or stylised rose on the heel. Dutch. (Pcode 02603).
21.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770; unprovenanced material in Wilberforce House Museum probably from London (Acc No. 21.49.2); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 08220). 21.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770; unprovenanced material in Wilberforce House Museum probably from London (Acc No. 21.49/3); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 08222). 21.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770; unprovenanced material in Wilberforce House Museum probably from London (Acc No. 76.52/4); average burnish; rim wiped but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 08227). 21.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770; unprovenanced material in Wilberforce House Museum probably from London (Acc No. 76.52/12); rim cut; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials IG/C on the sides of the heel. Second initial poorly moulded, could be a G or a C. (Pcode 08225). Figure 22: Pipes from the Stothard Collection. Scale 1:1
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
23.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2140); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 04782).
22.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1740-1800 from the Old Town, Hull; rim cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. Marked with the initials MR on the bowl facing the smoker. (Pcode 02613).
23.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2139); rim bottered and three quarters milled. (Pcode 04781).
Collection Name: Rayner Collection Collection Code: 0070 Address: Walkington, Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire Description: A substantial private collection recorded on a number of visits between 1998 and 2001. Part on the collection was borrowed for detailed recording back in Liverpool. Although the majority of the pipes in this collection were recovered from fields near Beverley there is also a large group from the Citadel in Hull. The collection includes some obvious wasters that are very highly fired and some of the bowls have slaggy material adhering to them. Possible kiln furniture in the form of pipe clay strips have been collected from the fields.
23.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2138); rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 04780). 23.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2137); rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 04779). 23.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2136); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 04778). 23.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from The Citadel, Hull; rim bottered and half milled. (Pcode 05046).
The collector has retained any unusual plain bowls as well as all marked bowls and stems. It is understood, however, that approximately 1,800 plain “Hull” type bowls dating from the mid seventeenth century have been sold overseas. In addition all plain stems from all periods have been discarded.
23.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1675 from The Citadel, Hull; rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 05043).
In addition to the 2,423 marked bowls and stems that were recorded in detail for the Yorkshire database the most notable finds are as follows:-
23.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1675 from The Citadel, Hull; rim bottered and half milled. Cut heel. (Pcode 05045).
•
23.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2132); rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 04776).
•
• • •
A collection of nineteenth-century imported marks, which include Fiolet (France); Goedewwagen (Holland); E Southorn (Broseley); T Penn and H Tunstall (both Leeds); Hirst (Hull) and W White (Glasgow). Collection of hair-curlers approximately half of which are marked. Two of these are marked HULL, which provides a rare confirmation of local manufacture. Fluted bowl with W BUTLER/SELBY moulded around the rim Indians and shield pipe dating from c1800-20 with very fine detail and the lettering D HODGSON/LEEDS moulded round the rim. Bowl decorated with a barrel and grapes with the lettering ERATT/BRIGG moulded round the rim.
23.12 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2216); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 04857). 23.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1675 from The Citadel, Hull; rim bottered and three quarters milled. (Pcode 05044). 23.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from The Citadel, Hull; rim bottered and half milled. (Pcode 04918). 24.01 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2186); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 04827).
23.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2141); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 04783).
24.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2229); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 04870).
23.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from The Citadel, Hull; rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05041).
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24.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2175); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 04816).
trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 04791). 25.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2164); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 04806).
24.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2180); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. No burnishing lines visible but surface of bowl smooth and shiny. (Pcode 04821).
25.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2171); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 04812).
24.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2145); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 04787).
25.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2153); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled. ?same mould as Pcode 4787. (Pcode 04795).
24.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2224); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 04865).
25.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2227); rim bottered and fully milled. Stem milled. (Pcode 05040).
24.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1675 from The Citadel, Hull; rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05042).
25.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2142); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 04784).
24.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2189); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 04830).
25.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1580-1610 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 124); stem bore 8/64”. No rim. (Pcode 03661).
24.09 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2227a); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 04868).
25.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1580-1610 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 338); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 9/64”. (Pcode 03875).
24.10 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2228); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 04869).
25.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1303); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with wheel on the heel. (Pcode 02900).
24.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2225); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 04866).
25.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Stem milled. (Pcode 03538).
24.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2226); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 04867). 24.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2102); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Similar to a Hull Type 2d. (Pcode 04745).
25.13 Spur type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 2); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Abraded surface. (Pcode 03539).
25.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2143); good burnish; rim internally trimmed, bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 04785).
26.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 104); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 03641).
25.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2148); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 04790).
26.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 120); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 03657).
25.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from The Citadel, Hull (Acc No. 2149); rim internally
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
26.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 122); rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 03659).
rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Part of a mark visible. (Pcode 21315).
26.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 123); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 03660).
26.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from King's Head, High Street, Hull (Acc No. 2463); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with a crowned rose on the heel. Dutch. (Pcode 23124).
26.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1650 from fieldwalking around Beverley. London heel type, probably just an accidental mark on the heel. (Pcode 02870).
26.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1650 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1997); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 04672).
26.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from King's Head, High Street, Hull (Acc No. 2456); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Dutch; mark poorly preserved, possibly a Tudor rose. (Pcode 21316).
26.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 136); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03673). 26.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1290); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with a wheel on the heel. (Pcode 02897).
26.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from King's Head, High Street, Hull (Acc No. 2462); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the lettering ?4TS on the heel. Dutch; stamped fleur de lys visible on stem. (Pcode 21321).
26.18 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 121); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03658).
26.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from King's Head, High Street, Hull (Acc No. 2458); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with a Tudor rose on the heel. Dutch. (Pcode 21318).
26.19 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1289); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with a wheel on the heel. (Pcode 02901).
26.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from King's Head, High Street, Hull (Acc No. 2454); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials GW on the heel. Gabriel Westoby of York. (Pcode 21312).
27.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 117); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 8/64”. Stem milled. (Pcode 03654).
26.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from King's Head, High Street, Hull (Acc No. 2452); rim internally trimmed, bottered and half milled. (Pcode 23542).
27.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 4); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03541).
26.11 Spur type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from King's Head, High Street, Hull (Acc No. 2451); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 23541).
27.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 105); finely burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 03642).
26.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from King's Head, High Street, Hull (Acc No. 2464); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with a crowned rose on the heel. Dutch. (Pcode 23125).
27.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 106); poorly burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 03643). 27.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1635-1650 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 562); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Same mould as Pcode 4088-4097. (Pcode 04087).
26.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from King's Head, High Street, Hull (Acc No. 2455);
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27.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 159); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03696).
27.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 146); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03683).
27.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 157); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03694).
28.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 107); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03644).
27.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 160); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03697).
28.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1297); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with a wheel on the heel. (Pcode 02894).
27.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1650 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1330); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials SV across the stem. (Pcode 02915). Drawing by D A Higgins.
28.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1980); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Heart shaped heel. (Pcode 04655). 28.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 108); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Very highly fired. (Pcode 03645).
27.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1332); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials SV across the stem. (Pcode 02917). Drawing by D A Higgins.
28.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 137); milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03674).
27.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1359); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials SV across the stem. (Pcode 02922). Drawing by D A Higgins.
28.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 139); milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03676).
27.12 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 6); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03543).
28.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1229); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with a ram on the heel. (Pcode 02876). Drawing by D A Higgins.
27.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 158); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03695).
28.08 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 12); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Abraded surface. (Pcode 03549).
27.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 150); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03687).
28.09 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 11); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Abraded surface. (Pcode 03548).
27.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 115); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03652).
28.10 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 13); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Very crudely made. (Pcode 03550).
27.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1233); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with a fleur-de-lys) on the heel in a diamond border. (Pcode 02868). Drawing by D A Higgins.
28.11 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 7); rim
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
with the initials GC on the heel. Heart shaped GC mark; pelleted border with initials above a flower. (Pcode 02160).
bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03544). 28.12 Stem fragment dating from c1650-1670 from fieldwalking around Beverley; 17th C mould decorated. The taper suggests that it may be part of the pipe illustrated in Figure 28.13. Drawing by D A Higgins.
29.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1451); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials GC on the heel. Heart shaped GC mark, single line border initials above a flower; large heel. (Pcode 03123).
28.13 Spur type bowl comprising three joining fragments dating from c1650-1670 from fieldwalking around Beverley; 17th C mould decorated design comprises a man profile on the right and a woman’s on the left. It is most likely that this is Charles II and Catherine of Braganza and may commemorate their marriage in 1662. From the same mould as Figure 28.14. Drawing by D A Higgins.
29.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1599); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials GC on the heel. Heart shaped GC mark; pelleted border with initials above a flower. (Pcode 02151). 29.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1531); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials GC on the heel. Heart shaped GC mark, single line border initials above a flower. (Pcode 03088).
28.14 Spur type bowl dating from c1630-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 2007); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. 17th C mould decorated as Figure 28.13 and possible from the same mould (Pcode 04680).
29.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1470); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials GC on the heel. Heart shaped GC mark; pelleted border with initials above a flower. (Pcode 03060).
28.15 Stem fragment dating from c1650-1670 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 2009); stem bore 7/64”. 17th C mould decorated; probably from same pipe as Pcode 4068. (Pcode 04682). Drawing by D A Higgins. 28.16 Stem fragment dating from c1630-1699 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 2008); stem bore 6/64”. 17th C mould decorated; Dutch (Pcode 04681). Drawing by D A Higgins.
29.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 2278); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials GC on the heel. . (Pcode 04698).
28.17 Stem fragment dating from c1620-1650 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1329); good burnish; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials SV across the stem. Stem only. (Pcode 02950). Drawing by D A Higgins.
29.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1659); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials GC on the heel. Heart shaped GC mark; pelleted border with initials above a flower; ?cast ref. 475.7 to 475.43. (Pcode 02210).
29.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1520); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials GC on the heel. Heart shaped GC mark; pelleted border with initials above a flower. (Pcode 03157).
29.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1666); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials GC on the heel. Heart shaped GC mark, double line border initials above flower. (Pcode 02224).
29.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1591); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials GC on the heel. Heart shaped GC mark; pelleted border with initials above a flower. (Pcode 03039).
29.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1559); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials GC on the heel. Heart shaped GC mark; pelleted border with initials above a flower. (Pcode 03068).
29.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1609); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked
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29.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1663); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials GC on the heel. Heart shaped GC mark, double line border initials above flower. (Pcode 02220).
bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03700). 30.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 236); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Stem shows signs of repair. (Pcode 03773).
30.01 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 9); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03546).
30.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1981); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Heart shaped heel; no milling but groove present. (Pcode 04656).
30.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from fieldwalking around Beverley; average burnish; rim bottered but not milled. Marked with the initials IG on the heel. (Pcode 02875). Drawing by D A Higgins.
30.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1372); poorly burnished; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials SV across the stem. (Pcode 02929). Drawing by D A Higgins
30.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 138); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03675).
30.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 167); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03704).
30.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 10); average burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03547).
30.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 469); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Heart shaped heel; waster. (Pcode 03994).
30.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 541); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Milled heel. Very crude; similar to a Hull Type 1a; same mould as Pcode 4067, 4068 and 4069; milled heel. (Pcode 04066).
30.16 Bowl dating from c1650-1750 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1910); stem bore 6/64”. Milled stem. (Pcode 04588).
30.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 543); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled heel. Similar to Pcode 3705; same mould as Pcode 4066, 4067 and 4069; milled heel. (Pcode 04068).
30.17 Bowl dating from c1650-1750 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1911); stem bore 6/64”. Cut marks on the stem, possibly used to disguise a repair; stem bore 4/64" at bowl end and 6/64" at other end. (Pcode 04589).
30.07 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 103); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. Similar to Pcode 3550; highly fired. (Pcode 03640).
31.01 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 547); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled decoration on the stem. (Pcode 04072).
30.08 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 14); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03551).
31.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 237); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03774).
30.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 511); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Similar to Pcode 3998; cut mark on heel. (Pcode 04036).
31.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 238); rim internally trimmed, bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03775).
30.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 163); rim
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
31.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1321); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials SV across the stem. Cross cut into heel. (Pcode 02926).
good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials SV across the stem. Similar to a Hull Type 3a. (Pcode 02959). Drawing by D A Higgins 32.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 470); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Heart shaped heel; waster. (Pcode 03995).
31.05 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 32); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 03569).
32.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 529); milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. Milled heel; milled on all of surviving rim. (Pcode 04054).
31.06 Bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 64); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 03601). 31.07 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 166); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. Very unusual spur bowl with multi stamp decoration and milled bands. (Pcode 02872). Drawing by D A Higgins.
32.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 170); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03707).
31.08 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 15); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 03552).
32.08 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 549); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”; milled decoration on the stem. (Pcode 04074).
31.09 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 552); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”; milled decoration on the bowl. (Pcode 04077).
32.09 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 51); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 03588).
31.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 235); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 03772).
32.10 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 16); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 03553).
31.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 168); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 03705).
32.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 473); rim internally trimmed and cut but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Narrow waisted. (Pcode 03998).
32.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 169); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03706).
32.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 171); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 03708).
32.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 512); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Cut mark on heel. (Pcode 04037).
33.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1379); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials II on the heel. Single line border with large tobacco plant flanked by initials II. (Pcode 02743). Drawing by D A Higgins
32.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1989); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Heart shaped heel. (Pcode 04664).
33.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 472); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03997).
32.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1341);
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34.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 232); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03769).
33.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1690 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1259); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IC on the heel. Single line border with IC at centre flanking tobacco plant. (Pcode 02781). Drawing by D A Higgins
34.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 233); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03770).
33.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 69); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03606).
34.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 234); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 03771).
33.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1149); good burnish; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials WF on the heel. (Pcode 02814). Drawing by D A Higgins
34.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 558); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Similar to a Hull Type 3a; milled decoration on the back of the bowl near the stem. (Pcode 04083).
33.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1387); good burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials RF on the heel. No obvious burnish lines but very highly polished; RF flanking tobacco plant. (Pcode 02862). Drawing by D A Higgins
34.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1733); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials NT on the heel. Similar to a Hull Type 3a. (Pcode 02290).
33.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1700 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1288); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials HN on the heel. Hull Type 2d/2e; ?Henry Norman of Hull. (Pcode 02865). Drawing by D A Higgins
34.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1700 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 239); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 8/64”. Very square heel; very shiny surface but no obvious signs of burnishing. (Pcode 03776).
33.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 475); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 04001).
34.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1206); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials FW on the heel. Similar to a Hull Type 3. (Pcode 02857). Drawing by D A Higgins
33.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 471); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03996).
34.08 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 95); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03632).
33.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 202); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03739).
34.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 249); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 03786).
33.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 556); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled decoration on the stem. (Pcode 04081).
34.10 Spur type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 553); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. Similar to Pcode 3786; milled decoration on the stem. (Pcode 04078).
33.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 172); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03709).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
34.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1267); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials RB on the heel. Single line border with RB at the centre. (Pcode 03226). Drawing by D A Higgins
the heel. ?Robert Chapman; Robert Carbut or Robert Cook; ?same mould as Pcode 4166-4171. (Pcode 04165). 35.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 413); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 03939).
35.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1720 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 2471); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials RF on the sides of the heel. Possibly same mould as Pcode 4693. (Pcode 23544).
35.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 661); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials TC on the sides of the heel. ?Thomas Chapman or Thomas Cooke; bowl patinated to give impression of white slip on red fabric. (Pcode 04186).
35.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from fieldwalking around Beverley; average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials NT on the heel. Similar to a Hull Type 4; no rim. (Pcode 02300). Drawing by D A Higgins
35.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1874); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials GI on the heel. (Pcode 04582). Drawing by D A Higgins
35.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 852); rim wiped but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials WW on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 04377).
35.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 823); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials WP on the sides of the heel. ?W Palmer/W Pattinson/ W Potter (1) or (2). (Pcode 04348).
35.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1838); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled. Marked with the initials ?SV on the heel. (Pcode 02446). Drawing by D A Higgins
36.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 485); poorly burnished; rim internally trimmed, bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 04010).
35.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1227); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials RL on the bowl facing the smoker. Examples from Kew Gardens; Southwark Bridge; and Crabtree Wharf, Fulham. (Pcode 02882). Drawing by D A Higgins
36.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 252); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03789).
35.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 631); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials RC on the sides of the heel. ?Robert Chapman; Robert Carbut or Robert Cook. (Pcode 04156).
36.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 591); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials RB on the sides of the heel. ?same mould as Pcode 4114-4116 & 4117; ? Robert Burrill 1 or 2, or Robert Bell. (Pcode 04116).
35.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 674); rim internally trimmed, bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials ID on the sides of the heel. ?John Dalton (1); similar to Pcode 4200-4206. (Pcode 04199).
36.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 410); rim internally trimmed and wiped but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 03936). 36.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 911); rim internally trimmed and cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials RT on the sides of the heel. ?Richard Tock (1) or (2)/Robert
35.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 640); good burnish; rim wiped but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials RC on the sides of
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4437-4439;
Norman (2); very crude lettering; same mould as Pcode 4336. (Pcode 04335).
36.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 685); rim internally trimmed and possibly wiped but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials IG on the sides of the heel. ?John Goldwell (1) or (2); same mould as Pcode 4211-4220. (Pcode 04210).
37.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 421); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Same mould as Pcode 3948, 3949 & 3950; mark illegible. (Pcode 03947).
Tock; ?same mould as Pcode internally trimmed. (Pcode 04436).
37.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1750 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 411); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 03937).
36.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 915); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials RT on the sides of the heel. ?Richard Tock (1) or (2)/Robert Tock; ?same mould as Pcode 4441-4451. (Pcode 04440).
37.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1730 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1266); poorly burnished; rim cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. Marked with the initials TT on the bowl facing the smoker. Moulded dots on heel. (Pcode 02884). Drawing by D A Higgins
36.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 962); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials RT on the sides of the heel. ?Richard Tock (1) or (2)/Robert Tock; shorter bowl. (Pcode 04487).
37.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 436) but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Lozenge of pellets on sides of the bowl and dot on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 03962).
36.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 583); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials RB on the sides of the heel. ?same mould as Pcode 4107, 4109-4113; ? Robert Burrill 1 or 2, or Robert Bell. (Pcode 04108).
37.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 250); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 03787). 37.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1710-1750 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 383); rim wiped but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 03909).
36.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 669); rim wiped but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials TC on the sides of the heel. ?Thomas Chapman, Thomas Cooke or Thomas Craven; ?same mould as Pcode 4193, 4195-4196. (Pcode 04194).
37.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1720 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 390); rim internally trimmed and wiped but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 03916).
36.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 794); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials WK on the sides of the heel. ?William Kyte of Hull; similar to a Hull Type 7e; same mould as Pcode 4320 & 4321. (Pcode 04319).
37.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 396); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Large heel. (Pcode 03922). 37.10 Spur type bowl dating from c1780-1810 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 765); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. Marked with the initials SG on the sides of the spur. Samuel Goldwell: inverted S; same mould as Pcode 42914294. (Pcode 04290).
36.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 629); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials RC on the sides of the heel. ?Robert Chapman; Robert Carbut or Robert Cook. (Pcode 04154).
37.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 412); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 03938).
37.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 810); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials HN on the sides of the heel. ?Henry
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
37.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 404); rim cut; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 03930).
dot on the side of the heel. Dot on both sides of heel. (Pcode 04024). 38.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 498); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with a dot on the side of the heel. Dot on smokers right. (Pcode 04023).
38.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 667); rim possibly wiped but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials TC on the sides of the heel. ?Thomas Chapman, Thomas Cooke or Thomas Craven; ?same mould as Pcode 4191. (Pcode 04192).
38.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1720 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 372); rim internally trimmed and cut but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 03898).
38.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 662); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials TC on the sides of the heel. ?Thomas Chapman, Thomas Cooke or Thomas Craven; ?same mould as Pcode 4188-4190. (Pcode 04187).
38.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1720 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 374); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 03900). 39.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1720 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 380); rim internally trimmed and cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. (Pcode 03906).
38.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 817); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials WP on the sides of the heel. ?W Palmer/W Pattinson/ W Potter (1) or (2); same mould as Pcode 4341, 4343-4344. (Pcode 04342).
39.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 394); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Very white fabric. (Pcode 03920).
38.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 932); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials RT on the sides of the heel. ?Richard Tock (1) or (2)/Robert Tock; ?same mould as Pcode 4452-4456, 4458-4468. (Pcode 04457).
39.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 402); rim internally trimmed but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Very small heel in relation to bowl size. (Pcode 03928).
38.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 826); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials IR on the sides of the heel. ?John Read or John Robson. (Pcode 04351).
39.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1720 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 379); rim internally trimmed and wiped but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 03905).
38.06 Bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 428); rim internally trimmed and wiped but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. (Pcode 03954).
39.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 407); rim internally trimmed and cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 03933).
38.07 Spur type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 253); rim wiped but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Flaring spur. (Pcode 03790).
39.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1720 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 373); stem bore 6/64”. Possible moulded decoration on right side of the bowl. (Pcode 03899).
38.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 500); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with a dot on the side of the heel. Dot on both sides of heel. (Pcode 04025).
39.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 251); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 03788). 39.08 Spur type bowl dating from c1710-1800 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 351); rim internally trimmed and cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. (Pcode 03877).
38.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 499); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with a
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Figure 23: Pipes from the Rayner Collection, Beverley. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 24: Pipes from the Rayner Collection, Beverley. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 25: Pipes from the Rayner Collection, Beverley. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 26: Pipes from the Rayner Collection, Beverley. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 27: Pipes from the Rayner Collection, Beverley. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 28: Pipes from the Rayner Collection, Beverley. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 29: Pipes from the Rayner Collection, Beverley. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 30: Pipes from the Rayner Collection, Beverley. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 31: Pipes from the Rayner Collection, Beverley. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 32: Pipes from the Rayner Collection, Beverley. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 33: Pipes from the Rayner Collection, Beverley. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 34: Pipes from the Rayner Collection, Beverley. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 35: Pipes from the Rayner Collection, Beverley. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 36: Pipes from the Rayner Collection, Beverley. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 37: Pipes from the Rayner Collection, Beverley. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 38: Pipes from the Rayner Collection, Beverley. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 39: Pipes from the Rayner Collection, Beverley. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 40: Pipes and hair curlers from the Rayner Collection, Beverley. Scale 1:1. 39.09 Spur type bowl dating from c1780-1810 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 805); stem bore 4/64”. Marked with the initials WM on the sides of the spur. No rim; ?same mould as Pcode 4331. (Pcode 04330).
sides of the spur. Samuel Goldwell; same mould as Pcode 4281-4289. (Pcode 04280). 39.11 Spur type bowl dating from c1780-1810 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 735); rim internally trimmed and cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. Marked with the initials IG on the sides of the spur. ?John Goldwell (2); same mould as Pcode 4259, 4261-4264. (Pcode 04260).
39.10 Spur type bowl dating from c1780-1810 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 755); rim internally trimmed and cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. Marked with the initials SG on the
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39.12 Bowl dating from c1710-1780 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 360); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 03886).
Collection Name: NCTPA Collection Code: 0135 Address: Liverpool, Merseyside Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. The NCTPA (National Clay Tobacco Pipe Archive) was formed in 1993 as a repository for objects and information relating to the pipe industry. Its substantial collection of clay tobacco pipes, publications and smoking related ephemera from all over the World is housed within the Department of Archaeology at the University of Liverpool.
40.01 Spur type bowl dating from c1710-1780 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 364); average burnish; rim wiped but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. (Pcode 03890). 40.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1710-1780 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 361); rim internally trimmed and cut but not milled; stem bore 3/64”. (Pcode 03887).
A total of 83 pipes were selected from the NSC database for inclusion in the Yorkshire database. The majority of these were recovered from sites in North-west Yorkshire, all dating from the seventeenth or early eighteenth century.
40.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1912); stem bore 6/64”. Marked with cut stem. (Pcode 04590). 40.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1750 from fieldwalking around Beverley (Acc No. 1908); stem bore 7/64”. Milled stem. (Pcode 04586). 40.05 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Louth, Lincolnshire; finely burnished; rim bottered and fully milled. Marked with the initials WL on the sides of the spur as well as the letters SV across the stem. Drawing by D A Higgins
Hair curlers recovered from fieldwalking Beverley and drawn by D A Higgins
around
40.06 Complete hair curler. 40.07 Complete hair curler, with burnished mid section. 40.08 Complete hair curler, 40.08 Complete hair curler, marked at one end with the initials WB. 40.10 Complete hair curler. 40.11 Complete hair curler, marked at one end with the initials WA. 40.12 Complete hair curler, marked at one end with the initials WA. 40.12 Half a hair curler, with striations clearly visible and stamped with the initials WA.
Figure 41: Yorkshire pipes in the collections of the NCTPA. Scale 1:1
40.13 Half a hair curler, marked with the crowned initials IB.
41.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced but probably from Darlington (Acc No. A170); rim bottered and m4 milled; stem
40.14 Half a hair curler, with a burnished mid section and stamped with the lettering HULL.
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bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials H on the heel. (Pcode 02014).
Collection Name: Stocks Collection Collection Code: 0221 Address: Wallasey, Merseyside Description: Private collection. Only two possible Yorkshire products were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire database. None illustrated.
41.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced but probably from Darlington; rim bottered and m/ milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06075). 41.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced but probably from Darlington (Acc No. A167); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Similar to a York Type 7. (Pcode 06071). 41.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Darlington (Acc No. A171); rim bottered and m1 milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06073).
Collection Name: White Collection Collection Code: 0160 Address: Wallasey, Merseyside Description: Private collection of clay tobacco pipes from Yorkshire and the Midlands ranging in date from the seventeenth century through to the early twentieth century. A total of 102 seventeenth- and eighteenthcentury pipes were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire database.
41.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Darlington (Acc No. A168); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06072).
43.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1600-1610, from Thorne (Acc No. 160300/15); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the letter S on the heel. (Pcode 08417).
41.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 unprovenanced but probably from Darlington (Acc No. A288); rim
43.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/34); rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 08433). 43.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/11); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with a horseshoe on the heel. (Pcode 08414).
Collection Name: Higgins Collection Collection Code: 0003 Address: Wallasey, Merseyside Description: A private collection comprising a large number of clay tobacco pipes and smoking related ephemera from all over the world. These object range in date from early seventeenth century through to the present day. Only one bowl dating from c1660-1680 was selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire database.
43.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/26); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 08425). 43.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/37); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08435).
42.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, from Wakefield. Good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08508).
43.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/39); rim internally trimmed and bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08437). 43.07 Spur type bowl dating from c1630-1650, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/36); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08436). 43.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/40); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08438). Figure 42: Pipe from Wakefield in the Higgins Collection. Scale 1:1.
43.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/62); rim bottered and
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one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08461).
three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 08455).
43.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/66); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08465).
44.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/59); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08458).
43.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/75); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 08474).
44.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/85); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08484).
43.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/64); rim internally trimmed and bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 8/64”. Heart shaped heel. (Pcode 08463).
44.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/31); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 08430).
43.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/50); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08449).
44.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1675 , from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/52); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. Similar to Hull Type 1. (Pcode 08451).
43.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/14); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Mark damaged but appears to be crowned initials. (Pcode 08407).
44.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/23); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials WL on the heel. Similar to Hull Type 2; mark applied at 90 degrees. (Pcode 08405).
43.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/47); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08446).
44.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/6); good burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials WL on the heel. Similar to Hull Type 2; possibly same mould as Pcode 8411 and 8412. (Pcode 08410).
43.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/13); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials RT on the heel. Very crude mark; heel has been milled and then mark applied. (Pcode 08416).
44.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/48); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Milled heel . (Pcode 08447).
43.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/69); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Very deep botter. (Pcode 08468).
44.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/44); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Very bulbous bowl form; possibly same mould as Pcode 08444. (Pcode 08443).
43.18 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/91); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08490).
44.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/16); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials ?H on the heel. (Pcode 08418).
43.19 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/86); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 08485). 43.20 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/30); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 08429).
44.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/78); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. Heart shaped heel. (Pcode 08477).
44.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1675, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/56); rim bottered and
44.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/19); rim internally
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 43: Yorkshire pipes from the White Collection. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 44: Yorkshire pipes from the White Collection. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 45: Yorkshire pipes from the White Collection. Scale 1:1.
trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IL across the stem. (Pcode 08420).
45.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1740-1800, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/96); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. (Pcode 08495).
45.01 Bowl dating from c1690-1710, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/99); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 08498).
45.05 Spur type bowl dating from c1740-1800, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/95); bowl cross (+); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 08494).
45.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1720, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/94); rim internally trimmed and bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 08493).
45.06 Stem fragment dating from c1640-1680, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/105); stem bore 6/64”. Part of a Dutch Jonah pipe. (Pcode 25449).
45.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1730-1760, from Thorne, (Acc No. 160300/97); rim internally trimmed and cut; rim not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials I?R/B on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 08496).
45.07 Heel bowl fragment dating from 1660-1680, from Scarborough (Acc No. 080699); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 25360).
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46.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Poor Farm (Acc No. BNAA); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 25434).
Collection Name: Scunthorpe Museum & Art Gallery Collection Code: 0134 Address: Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire Description: Collection recorded 10th May 1999 looking for Yorkshire products just outside the county in North Lincolnshire. This was a very substantial collection nearly all derived from field walking although there were some excavated groups including Kettleby Thorpe. At the time of the recording visit the catalogue of the collection was in the process of being computerised. The only way of finding any pipes, therefore, was to go through each box in turn. Only 40% of the boxes in the museum store were searched.
46.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Smithfield Farm; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 25447). 46.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 unprovenanced material from Brigg; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 25424). 46.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Winghale Priory (Acc No. KSWJ1); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 25361).
A total of 99 bowls and marked stems dating from the seventeenth and eighteenth century were recorded in detail. Due to the lack of time available no detailed record was made of any later material in the collection, however the following items were noted: • •
46.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Winghale Priory (Acc No. KSWJ1); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 25362).
Mill Field, Barton on Humber – Mould decorated bowl with vine leaves and grapes and the lettering HIRST HULL in relief on both sides of the bowl. Thornholme Priory (TP76.46) – stem with the incuse moulded lettering BURNISTON::BRIGG on the left hand side of the stem.
46.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Winghale Priory (Acc No. KSWJ1); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Cut heel. (Pcode 25363). 46.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Winghale Priory (Acc No. KSWJ1); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Heart shaped heel. (Pcode 25364).
46.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from College Yard excavations (Acc No. BD1BF CV82); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 25425).
47.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Winghale Priory (Acc No. KSWJ1); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Heart shaped heel. (Pcode 25365).
46.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Habrough Manor (Acc No. HAAA); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 25409).
47.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Winghale Priory (Acc No. KSWJ1); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 25366).
46.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Habrough Manor (Acc No. HAAA); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 25410).
47.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Hawesby cum Beesby (Acc No. HWAC 3); rim bottered but not milled. Cut heel. (Pcode 25414).
46.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Habrough Manor (Acc No. HAAB); stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IK on the sides of the heel. No rim surviving. (Pcode 25408).
47.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Goxhill (Acc No. GXAB); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 25405).
46.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Horse Paddocks; rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. Heart shaped heel. (Pcode 25444).
47.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Hawesby cum Beesby (Acc No. HWAC 3); stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials CC on the sides of the heel. No rim surviving; forward leaning transitional form. (Pcode 25417).
46.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Morley's Yard (Acc No. BRI BE); stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials RC on the sides of the bowl. Heel only. (Pcode 25431).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 46: Pipes from the collections of Scunthorpe Museum and Art Gallery. Scale 1:1
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Figure 47: Pipes from the collections of Scunthorpe Museum and Art Gallery. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
48.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, (Acc No. 5); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06569).
Collection Name: Raines Collection Collection Code: 0139 Address: Acaster Malbis, York, North Yorkshire Description: A private collection borrowed for recording in Liverpool from March to November 2000. The collection comprises approximately 500 bowls recovered from the fields around the village of Acaster Malbis. Approximately 340 of these bowls date from the seventeenth or eighteenth century and have been recorded in detail for the Yorkshire Database. The collection included a number of mould decorated pipes including examples with Masonic motifs; flutes and swags; floral motifs including the rose and thistle; and a very fine bowl depicting the Prussian Arms with supporters.
48.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, (Acc No. 40); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06603). 48.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, (Acc No. 36); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06599). 48.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, (Acc No. 22); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06585).
48.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1620, (Acc No. 188); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06743).
48.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, (Acc No. 15); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06578).
48.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640, (Acc No. 13); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06576).
48.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670, (Acc No. 30); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Heart shaped heel. (Pcode 06593).
48.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650, (Acc No. 44); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06607).
49.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670, (Acc No. 56); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 06619).
48.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640, (Acc No. 2); stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06566).
49.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670, (Acc No. 66); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Very bulbous. (Pcode 06629).
48.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, (Acc No. 20); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06583).
49.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, (Acc No. 94); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06656).
48.06 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660, (Acc No. 35); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06598).
49.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, (Acc No. 390); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials H?I/F flanking a Fleur-de-lys on the heel. (Pcode 06871).
48.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, (Acc No. 17); rim internally trimmed and bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 06580).
49.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, (Acc No. 90); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06652).
48.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, (Acc No. 32); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06595).
49.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, (Acc No. 154); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06713).
48.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, (Acc No. 21); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06584).
49.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, (Acc No. 74); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 06637).
48.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, (Acc No. 8); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06571).
49.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700, (Acc No. 107); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06667).
48.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, (Acc No. 11); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06574).
49.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, (Acc No. 174); rim internally trimmed and bottered and
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50.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700, (Acc No. 125); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06685).
three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06731). 49.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, (Acc No. 400); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the crowned initials IT on the heel. ?Ripon mark. (Pcode 06880).
50.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1700, (Acc No. 379); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials SH on the heel. Mark appears to have a crown above the initials, possibly Ripon maker. (Pcode 06859).
49.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, (Acc No. 96); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Milled heel. Very bulbous. (Pcode 06658).
51.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1700, (Acc No. 336); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 06815).
49.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, (Acc No. 337); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. Very bulbous; Abraham Boyes of York. (Pcode 06816).
51.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1680, (Acc No. 162); rim internally trimmed and bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06720).
50.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, (Acc No. 189); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Milled heel. Similar to York Type 11. (Pcode 06744).
51.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700, (Acc No. 186); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06741).
50.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, (Acc No. 106); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 8/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 06666).
51.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1700, (Acc No. 73); rim internally trimmed and bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06636).
50.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680, (Acc No. 109); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06669).
51.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1710, (Acc No. 373); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IT/D/I on the heel. Surname initial poorly impressed, possibly a T, D or I. (Pcode 06852).
50.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690, (Acc No. 402); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 06882).
51.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710, (Acc No. 103); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06665).
50.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1700, (Acc No. 163); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Similar to 1437. (Pcode 06721).
51.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690, (Acc No. 343); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. Similar to York Type 11; Abraham Boyes of York. (Pcode 06822).
50.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, (Acc No. 68); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06631).
51.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1700, (Acc No. 212); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 06765).
50.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700, (Acc No. 82); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06645).
51.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1700, (Acc No. 64); milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06627).
50.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700, (Acc No. 86); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled stem. Similar to Hull Type 2f. (Pcode 06649).
51.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710, (Acc No. 375); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 06854).
50.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1680, (Acc No. 123); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06683).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 48: Pipes from the Raines Collection, Acaster Malbis. Scale 1:1
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Figure 49: Pipes from the Raines Collection, Acaster Malbis. Scale 1:1
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 50: Pipes from the Raines Collection, Acaster Malbis. Scale 1:1
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Figure 51: Pipes from the Raines Collection, Acaster Malbis. Scale 1:1
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 52: Pipes from the Raines Collection, Acaster Malbis. Scale 1:1
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Figure 53: Pipes from the Raines Collection, Acaster Malbis. Scale 1:1
51.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710, (Acc No. 411); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials A?B on the heel. Similar to York type 15; mark possibly reads AB. (Pcode 06891).
Marked with the initials RS on the heel. ?Richard Shaftoe of York. (Pcode 06860). 52.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710, (Acc No. 357); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. Possibly a second Abraham Boyes of York. (Pcode 06835).
51.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710, (Acc No. 396); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. Similar to York Type 15; possibly a second Abraham Boyes of York. (Pcode 06876).
52.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710, (Acc No. 359); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. Possibly a second Abraham Boyes of York. (Pcode 06838).
52.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710, (Acc No. 195); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 06750).
52.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720, (Acc No. 423); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”.
52.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710, (Acc No. 380); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Skipton; rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 21224).
Marked with the initials WS on the heel. Similar to York Type 15; ?William Spacey of York. (Pcode 06902).
54.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from a building site on south side of the river near Skipton; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with a Wheel on the heel. (Pcode 21218).
52.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710, (Acc No. 260); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials RC on the sides of the heel. Hull Type 7b; Robert Chapman of Hull. (Pcode 06807).
54.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 from a building site on south side of the river near Skipton; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 21228).
52.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710, (Acc No. 226); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials R?E/F on the sides of the heel. Similar to Hull Type 4c; no known maker with these initials; similar examples from Beverley. (Pcode 06778).
54.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 from a building site on south side of the river near Skipton; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. Heart shaped heel; shiny surface but does not appear to be burnished. (Pcode 21220).
52.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1730, (Acc No. 205); rim internally trimmed and bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06759).
54.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from a building site on south side of the river near Skipton; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials HI on the heel. (Pcode 21217).
52.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710, (Acc No. 209); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials HB on the sides of the heel. Similar to York Type 15 but shorter; initials appear to read HB. (Pcode 06762).
54.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from a building site on south side of the river near Skipton; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 21221).
52.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1720, (Acc No. 214); stem bore 5/64”. Chester bowl form, similar to a Type 82. (Pcode 06767).
54.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from a building site on south side of the river near Skipton; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 21216).
52.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1730, (Acc No. 384); rim internally trimmed and wiped; rim not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. Possibly a second Abraham Boyes of York. (Pcode 06864).
54.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from a building site on south side of the river near Skipton rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 21239).
53.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1790-1820 (Acc No. 308). Armorial with initial S on smokers right and an anchor on smokers left.
54.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from a building site on south side of the river near Skipton; rim bottered; one-quarter milled; stem bore 5/64”. Abraded surface. (Pcode 21227).
53.04 Bowl dating from c1870-1910 (Acc No. 281). One of two bowls with this rose and thistle design; leaf decorated seams. 53.05 Spur type bowl dating from c1810-1860 (Acc No. 282). One of two bowls with this rose and thistle design.
54.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from a building site on south side of the river near Skipton; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 5/64”. Abraded surface. (Pcode 21240).
Collection Name: Tierney Collection Collection Code: 0234 Address: Barnoldswick, North Yorkshire Description: Private collection recorded on 23rd March 2001. Collection comprises approximately 30 seventeenth- and eighteenth-century bowls.
54.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from a building site on south side of the river near Skipton; rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 21232). 54.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670; unprovenanced material from the Skipton area;
54.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from a building site on south side of the river near
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Figure 54: Pipes from the Tierney Collection, Nr. Skipton. Scale 1:1
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 55: Pipes from the Tierney Collection, Nr. Skipton. Scale 1:1
54.19 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from a building site on south side of the river near Skipton; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 21231).
milled; stem bore 5/64”. No rim surviving. (Pcode 21242). 54.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650; unprovenanced material from the Skipton area rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 21245).
55.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from a building site on south side of the river near Skipton; not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Rim damaged. (Pcode 21230).
54.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from a building site on south side of the river near Skipton; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 21236).
55.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1700 from a building site on south side of the river near Skipton; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. No rim surviving. (Pcode 21241).
54.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from a building site on south side of the river near Skipton; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled. Abraded surface; no heel. (Pcode 21238).
55.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1670-1690; unprovenanced material from the Skipton area; stem bore 7/64”. No rim surviving. (Pcode 21244). 55.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from a building site on south side of the river near Skipton rim bottered; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials? S on the heel; very abraded. (Pcode 21219).
54.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670; unprovenanced material from the Skipton area; milled; stem bore 6/64”. Heel broken. (Pcode 21243). 54.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from a building site on south side of the river near Skipton; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 21229).
55.05 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1710; unprovenanced material from the Skipton area; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled. Spur broken; abraded surface. (Pcode 21246).
54.18 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from a building site on south side of the river near Skipton; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Abraded surface. (Pcode 21237).
Collection Name: Mining
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Collection Code: 0251 Address: Earby, Nr Skipton, North Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded 13th September 2001. The museum has a collection of around 60 relatively complete bowls with a few broken fragments and stems. The majority of these have been collected from disused mine workings. There is a small number of seventeenthcentury fragments but the majority are nineteenth century with a few dating from the early twentieth century. Most of the pipes were displayed in sealed cases and could not be examined more closely these include a bowl dating from c1640-1660 which appeared to have a stamped mark. The most notable later pipes from the collection are as follows; • • • •
• • • •
PIRM790 – complete RAOB bowl with the lettering WM TENNANT/ NEWCASTLE along the stem. PIRM 791 – plain bowl with the lettering WM TENNANT/NEWCASTLE along the stem. 796/794/774 – three TW bowls with hatched heart on one side of the bowl 24.55 P8 – Bowl with Masonic emblems on the left-hand side and a lion in a shield on the righthand side. 697 - Irish style bowl with the lettering TENNENT & SON/BERWICK along the stem.
56.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Lolly Scar Mine, Nidderdale (Acc No. 28); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 25169).
633 – metal pipe from the Raistrick Collection with the punched initials RW with a dot between them facing the smoker Boxing pipe showing the boxers Sayers and Heenan from c1860 Flutes and swags bowl with the lettering TD either side of the bowl Bowl with a ship on the left-hand side and Britannia on the right-hand side
56.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Swaledale Mines (Acc No. 27-58-P11); rim bottered; stem bore 7/64”. Badly abraded surface. (Pcode 25168).
Figure 56: Pipes from the collections of the Yorkshire Dales Museum of Lead Mining, Earby. Scale 1:1
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
56.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Greenhow Mines (Acc No. 22/53 P6); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 25167).
Similar example from KNC90 2087. (Pcode 06061). 57.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. KNC89 1168). Rim bottered and fully milled. One of two examples from this context. (Pcode 06044).
56.04 Spur type bowl made of metal dating from the nineteenth century, unprovenanced material in Earby Museum); stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials RW on the bowl facing the smoker. Metal pipe with brass soldered seams.
57.08 Bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. KNC90 2144). Rim bottered and fully milled; base of bowl missing. (Pcode 06064). 57.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. KNC90 2144). Rim bottered. Similar example Acc No. KNC90 2066. (Pcode 06066).
Collection Name: Mercer Art Gallery Collection Code: 0133 Address: Harrogate, North Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded 2nd May 1995. The collection comprised a large quantity of pipe fragments from excavations at Knaresborough Castle in 1988, 1989 and 1990. The group consisted mainly of seventeenthcentury material with some from the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Approximately 57 pipe fragments dated from the seventeenth and eighteenth century were recorded in detail for the Yorkshire Database.
57.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1670 (Acc No. KNC88 1023). Poor burnish; no rim surviving; heel stamped with an RH mark. (Pcode 03371). 57.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. KNC90 2051). Not burnished; no rim surviving. (Pcode 06054). 57.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1680 (Acc No. KNC89 1129). Not burnished; no rim surviving; stem broken off and rounded. (Pcode 06041).
In addition to those fragments recorded in detail there were a small number of later pipe fragments the most notable of which are as follows: • • • •
57.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. KNC90 2152). Not burnished; no rim surviving. Similar example from KNC89 1168. (Pcode 06069).
KNC/89/1156 – stem of a FOOTBALL PIPE KNC/89/2002 – stem of a mould decorated pipe with the pattern number 77 visible. KNC/88/1019 – hair curler KNC/90/2002 – stem with the lettering JWR W…/ IN LEEDS
57.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. KNC90 2014). Rim bottered but not milled. One of three examples from this context. (Pcode 06048).
57.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. KNC90 2144). Rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 06065).
57.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. KNC90 2144). Rim bottered and quarter milled. (Pcode 06070).
57.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. KNC90 2144). Rim bottered but not milled. One of two examples from this context. (Pcode 06067).
57.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. KNC90 2050). Rim bottered and partially milled. (Pcode 06051).
57.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. KNC88 1036) Rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 06035).
58.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. KNC). Rim bottered and fully milled. One of two examples from this context. (Pcode 06027).
57.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. KNC90 2144). Rim bottered but not milled. Pale yellow glaze on the bowl facing the smoker. (Pcode 06063).
58.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. KNC88 1075). Good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; heel stamped with the initials HF either side of a fleur-de-lys design. (Pcode 03369).
57.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. KNC). Not burnished; bottered and milled on all surviving rim. (Pcode 06031).
58.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. KNC90 2050). Rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 06052).
57.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. KNC90 2118). Rim bottered and fully milled.
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Figure 57: Pipes from The Mercer Art Gallery, Harrogate. Scale 1:1
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 58: Pipes from The Mercer Art Gallery, Harrogate. Scale 1:1
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Figure 59: Pipes from The Mercer Art Gallery, Harrogate. Scale 1:1
58.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. KNC90 2141). Not burnished but bowl appears to have been wiped; rim bottered and half milled. (Pcode 06062).
58.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 (Acc No. KNC90 2050). Good burnish; rim bottered and quarter milled; heel stamped with a TT mark. (Pcode 03388).
58.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. KNC). Rim bottered but not milled. One of two examples from this context. (Pcode 06028).
58.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 (Acc No. KNC90 2051). Rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 06053).
58.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 (Acc No. KNC90 2113). Rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 06060).
58.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 (Acc No. KNC88 1061). Not burnished; no rim surviving. (Pcode 06036).
58.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 (Acc No. KNC89 1153). Rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 06042).
58.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1700 (Acc No. KNC88 1081). Rim bottered but not milled; heel flared. (Pcode 06038).
58.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 (Acc No. KNC88 1075). Rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 06037).
58.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 (Acc No. KNC88 1003). Not burnished; no rim surviving. (Pcode 06033).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
60.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1640 (Acc No. T333). Rim bottered but not milled; heel missing.
58.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 (Acc No. KNC89 1153). Average burnish; rim bottered but not milled. Similar example from KNC90 2001. (Pcode 06043).
60.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. T334). Rim bottered and three quarters milled; heel stamped with a circular mark containing the initials IB.
59.01 Bowl dating from c1680-1710 (Acc No. KNC89 1038). Average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; plug of lead in the base of the bowl. (Pcode 06040).
60.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1850-1890 (Acc No. T335). Rim cut; stamped on the back of the bowl facing the smoker with the mark T. KAY/MAKER/LEEDS. The pipe has been well smoked.
59.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1720 (Acc No. KNC). Rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 06026).
60.05 Spurless type bowl dating from c1850-1920 (Acc No. T331). Rim cut.
59.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 (Acc No. KNC89 1247). Poor burnish; no rim surviving; stem stamped with a cross, or Roman numeral X in a circle approximately 17mm from the bowl. (Pcode 03363).
60.06 Mould decorated bowl dating from c1938-1953 (Acc No. 655); bearing the makers name W.BREWSTER on the smokers left and SUNDERLAND on the smokers right all in incuse serif lettering within a beaded border in relief.
59.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 (Acc No. KNC88 1003). Not burnished; cut rim; moulded initials SH on either side of the heel. Similar example from KNC89 1191, which may originate from the same mould. (Pcode 06032).
Collection Name: English Heritage Archaeological Store Collection Code: 0231 Address: Helmsley, North Yorkshire Description: Large collection of pipes recorded 21st March 2001 at this time arrangements were made to borrow a group of pipes from Scarborough Castle, Mount Grace Priory, Thornton Abbey and Clifford’s Tower for recording back in Liverpool. The clay tobacco pipes stored at Helmsley come from a number of sites in Yorkshire as well as some in Cumbria and North Lincolnshire. The pipes range from the early seventeenth century right through to the nineteenth and early twentieth century. In addition to those pipes from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries recorded in detail on the Yorkshire Database and for the National Stamp Catalogue the most notable nineteenth-century pipes are as follows:
59.05 Part of a wig curler with the initials WS impressed in to the end;) dating from the 18th century. 59.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 (Acc No. KNC90 2086). Not burnished; no rim surviving. (Pcode 06058).
Collection Name: Dales Countryside Museum Collection Code: 0131 Address: Hawes, Wensleydale, North Yorkshire Description: A small collection of pipes recorded on 3rd May 1995. The collection comprises just three bowls of seventeenth-century date with a number of later bowls, the most notable are as follows: • • •
• •
T331 – Woodstock pipe dating c1850-1920 T335 – small pipe with the lettering T KAY MAKER/LEEDS on the bowl facing the smoker. 655 – A complete moulded decorated bowl with the lettering W.BREWSTER SUNDERLAND moulded along the sides of the stem within a beaded border HAZFM 1629 – Complete pipe with two footballers on either side of the bowl and a ball on the front seam. HAZFM 198 – French bowl in the form of a rooster’s head.
• •
• •
•
60.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 (Acc No. T332). Average burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; heel stamped with a wheel mark.
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RB97 2 – TW spur bowl RVA 307 (85000368) – Bowl with Masonic decoration dating from c1800-1840. The initial T moulded on the right-hand side of the design. Fairly short bowl; spur missing. RVA 455 (8500372) – Spur bowl of c1810-1850 with small spur and quite crude leaf decorated seams. 88210211 – part of a bowl moulded in the form of a tankard c1870-1920. only part of a moulded name survives but probably a Tennant product from Newcastle. 88210265 – stem fragment with the incuse stem mark of TENNANT/BERWICK and the mould number 11 on the side of the stem.
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Figure 60: Pipes from the collections of the Dales Countryside Museum, Hawes. Scale 1:1 •
•
•
61.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Brougham Castle; average burnish; rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. EH Number 88212137. (Pcode 21095).
MG89 550 – Complete bowl with the incuse mark TW facing the smoker with a hatched heart on the right-hand side and a small dot on each side of the spur in relief. Box of pipes from Goodshaw Chapel (88074789) comprising a collection of plain stems, mouthpieces and bowl fragments all dating from the late eighteenth or nineteenth century. Overall this group is almost exclusively c1810-1850 in date. Group of pipes from excavations at Scarborough castle comprising 110 pipe fragments 38 of which date from the seventeenth century, 19 from the eighteenth and 53 from the nineteenth. Approximately two-thirds of these fragments are plain stems and mouthpieces. There were a small number of Dutch stems and some marked seventeenth-century bowls which are thought to be Scarborough products. The nineteenth-century material includes mould decorated bowls with ship and anchor motifs, flutes and swags and heart in hand motifs. A full report on the clay tobacco pipes has been prepared (White 2001b)
61.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from Baguley Hall (Acc No. BH77 2 (9)); stem bore 7/64”. Heel fragment only; possibly Chester; EH number 88074714. (Pcode 21101). 61.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Baguley Hall (Acc No. BH77 5 (6)); poorly burnished; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. EH number 88074710. (Pcode 21102). 61.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from Barnard Castle Excavations (Acc No. Gate House); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. EH Number 88106980/1. (Pcode 21117). 61.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 from excavations at Scarborough Castle 1977 (Acc No.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
62.02 Dutch stem fragment dating from c1690-1740 from excavations at Scarborough Castle 1977 (Acc No. Trench 1 Layer 8); stem bore 6/64”. Dutch with a stem twist. (Pcode 24941).
Trench 1 Layer 9); rim internally trimmed, bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 24946). 61.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from Barnard Castle Excavations (Acc No. Gate House); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with a Tudor Rose on the heel. EH Number 88106980/1. (Pcode 21118).
62.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from excavations at Scarborough Castle 1977 (Acc No. Trench 1 Layer 3); rim wiped and not milled; stem bore 4/64”. Marked with the initials I/TH on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 24950).
61.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from excavations at Scarborough Castle 1977 (Acc No. Trench 1 Layer 8); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Possibly Dutch. (Pcode 24937).
62.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from Helmsley Castle; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 5/64”. Very highly fired; heel trimmed at an angle; appears to have a cut on the heel but it has fractured along this line. (Pcode 21135).
61.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from excavations at Scarborough Castle 1977 (Acc No. Trench 1 Layer 3); rim internally trimmed and bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 24934).
62.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Helmsley Castle; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. EH Number 81003034. (Pcode 21130).
61.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from excavations at Scarborough Castle 1977 (Acc No. Trench 1 Layer 4); average burnish; rim internally trimmed and bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 24928).
62.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Helmsley Castle; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. EH Number 81003034. (Pcode 21131). 62.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Helmsley Castle; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. EH Number 81003034. (Pcode 21132).
61.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from excavations at Scarborough Castle 1977 (Acc No. Trench 1 Layer 9); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 24945).
62.08 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Helmsley Castle; no internal bowl cross; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. EH Number 81003034. (Pcode 21134).
61.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from excavations at Scarborough Castle 1977 (Acc No. Trench 1 Layer 8); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 24942).
62.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Helmsley Castle; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 21136).
61.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from excavations at Scarborough Castle 1977 (Acc No. Trench 1 Layer 4); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 24926).
62.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1700 from Helmsley Castle; poorly burnished; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials RS on the heel. (Pcode 21137).
61.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from excavations at Scarborough Castle 1977 (Acc No. Trench 1 Layer 4); good burnish; rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials RE on the heel. (Pcode 24927).
62.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Helmsley Castle; average burnish; rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials WS on the heel. EH Number 81003034. (Pcode 21129).
61.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from excavations at Scarborough Castle 1977 (Acc No. Trench 1 Layer 8); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials HH on the heel. (Pcode 24943).
62.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1730 from Helmsley Castle; rim internally trimmed, bottered and not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials IS on the heel. (Pcode 21138).
62.01 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from excavations at Scarborough Castle 1977 (Acc No. Trench 1 Layer 4); stem bore 5/64”. No rim surviving. (Pcode 24929).
62.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1730 from Helmsley Castle; rim internally trimmed, bottered
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63.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from Ravensdown Barracks (Acc No. RB98); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with a gauntlet and crown on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 21097).
and not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. Poorly preserved mark. (Pcode 21139). 63.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from Helmsley Castle; rim internally trimmed, bottered and not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Similar to Hull Type 7e. (Pcode 21140).
64.01 Bowl fragment dating from c1600-1630 from Richmond Castle; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim. Bowl fragment only; possibly not a Yorkshire product; very bulbous and forward leaning with a glossy surface; EH Number 81014036. (Pcode 21119).
63.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 from Mount Grace Priory (Acc No. MG91 1304); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 24570).
64.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Rievaulx Abbey (Acc No. RVA 310 (a)); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Heel broken; EH Number 85000367. (Pcode 21116).
63.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Mount Grace Priory (Acc No. MG91 1364); good burnish; rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials HF flanking a fleur-de-lys on the heel. Same die as Pcode 24560 but bowl form is different. (Pcode 24561).
64.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 from Rievaulx Abbey (Acc No. RVA 311 (a)); average burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. EH Number 85000373. (Pcode 21105).
63.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Mount Grace Priory (Acc No. MG91 1312); average burnish; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials HF flanking a fleur-de-lys on the heel. (Pcode 24560).
64.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Rievaulx Abbey (Acc No. RVA 312 (a)); no internal bowl cross; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Rather lumpy; shiny surface but no obvious burnish lines; EH Number 85000305. (Pcode 21111).
63.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Mount Grace Priory (Acc No. MG91 1364); no internal bowl cross; rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 24562).
64.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Rievaulx Abbey (Acc No. RVA 310 (d)); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 6/64”. EH Number 85000367. (Pcode 21113).
63.06 Bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Mount Grace Priory (Acc No. MG91 1300); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim. Small bowl fragment but appears to be quite early. (Pcode 24571).
64.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Rievaulx Abbey; average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. Similar to York Type 10; Abraham Boyes of York; Joins Pcode 21110; stem broken but appears to be worn and re-used; EH Number 85000305. (Pcode 21109).
63.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Mount Grace Priory (Acc No. MG91 1300); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 24572). 63.08 Spur type bowl dating from c1680-1720 from Ravensdown Barracks (Acc No. RB98); stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the lettering LEONARDHOLMES across the stem. (Pcode 20199).
64.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Rievaulx Abbey (Acc No. RVA 311 (b)); poorly burnished; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IM on the heel. EH Number 85000373. (Pcode 21104).
63.09 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1730 from Ravensdown Barracks (Acc No. RB98); stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 21098).
64.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1700 from Rievaulx Abbey (Acc No. RVA 310 (b)); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 5/64”. Similar to York Type 14; EH Number 85000367. (Pcode 21115).
63.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from Ravensdown Barracks (Acc No. RB98 107); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials ?C on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 21096).
64.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from Rievaulx Abbey (Acc No. RVA 312 (c)); no internal bowl cross; rim bottered and half milled;
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 61: Pipes held by English Heritage at their archaeological store in Helmsley. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 62: Pipes held by English Heritage at their archaeological store in Helmsley. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 63: Pipes held by English Heritage at their archaeological store in Helmsley. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 64: Pipes held by English Heritage at their archaeological store in Helmsley. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 65: Pipes held by English Heritage at their archaeological store in Helmsley. Scale 1:1.
65.01 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Whitby Abbey; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. EH Number 8807355. (Pcode 21122).
stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. Shiny surface but no obvious burnishing lines. (Pcode 21108). 64.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from Rievaulx Abbey (Acc No. RVA 310 (c)); no internal bowl cross; rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 6/64”. EH Number 85000367; very crudely made; surfaces abraded. (Pcode 21114).
65.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Whitby Abbey; rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials II on the heel. Possibly a Hull product; EH Number 8807355. (Pcode 21124).
64.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from Rievaulx Abbey (Acc No. RVA 308 (b)); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Appears to be water-worn; EH Number 85000369. (Pcode 21107).
65.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Whitby Abbey; no internal bowl cross; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials HH on the heel. Abraded surface; EH Number 8807355. (Pcode 21125).
64.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 from Whitby Abbey; no internal bowl cross; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. EH Number 8807355. (Pcode 21120).
65.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Whitby Abbey; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. EH Number 8807355. (Pcode 21127).
64.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Whitby Abbey; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. EH Number 8807355. (Pcode 21121).
65.05 Spur type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Whitby Abbey; rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Similar to Hull Type 4; very neatly finished; EH Number 8807355. (Pcode 21128).
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on the other, one with leaf vein decoration; four seventeenth-century bowls and miscellaneous stems; one eighteenth-century heel with moulded initials RW
Collection Name: Ryedale Folk Museum Collection Code: 0233 Address: Hutton le Hole, North Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded 22nd March 2001. The collection consists of approximately 50 pipes in the museum’s Social History collections. A total of just 8 pipes dating from the seventeenth or eighteenth century were recorded in detail for the Yorkshire database. The rest of the collection was very varied and included a South African stone pipe, a German porcelain bowl with stag transfer and metal cap, a cherry wood ‘block’ pipe and stem, elaborate wooden mans head/beard, Pollock pipes, a complete coloured ‘Ally Sloper’ pipe, a ‘Merry Christmas’ cadger with its tip missing and a little mid nineteenth-century pipe tied in a know and covered in yellowish brown glaze. Other pipes of note are as follows:
66.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from around Skelton (Acc No. 81/3); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with a wheel on the heel. (Pcode 21155). 66.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced material in Ryedale Museum (Acc No. C5790); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 21156). 66.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from around Skelton (Acc No. 82/26); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 21154).
From the Social History Collection • A1427 – Complete straw with red tip; horses hoof spur and wiped rim; marked C CROP/LONDON incuse moulded in sans serif within a beaded border; stem 132mm. • C6646 & C6639 – two examples of a spurless cutty pipe with boxers on, both unprovenanced. The lettering C HEENAN/ TOM SAYERS is moulded above the figures on both bowls. • 81/11 – Bowl with George and the dragon on the left-hand side and Britannia on the right-hand side, c1840-1860, with alternating oak leaves and acorns along the seams. Double ring mark on the spur. Very similar example in Pickering Museum but not so finely engraved. • C6652 – Spur bowl of c1820-1850 with bust on left-hand side with ?WELLINGTON above; leaf and acorn wreath on right-hand side surrounding the initials RA. • C6638 – Bowl of c1820-1850 with anchor motif on both sides; simple leaf decoration on all seams and the relief-moulded initials TH flanking the anchor. • 80/26 – Small Turks head socketed bowl with DUMERIL/LEURS moulded in relief with serifs on right-hand side of the stem; mould No. on lefthand side damaged at both ends but middle certainly ‘.02.’ could be 1025 or 202. Head has a pronounced ‘spike’ or projection at the front of the turban, which is distinctive. • C6611 – Stone pipe, possibly soapstone, from South Africa; two bands of hatched decoration at the rim; stem complete but heel missing.
66.04 Spur type bowl bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material in Ryedale Museum (Acc No. Box 149); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Broken in two. (Pcode 21160). 66.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material in Ryedale Museum (Acc No. Box 149); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 21159). 66.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material in Ryedale Museum (Acc No. C5791); stem bore 7/64”. Bulbous form but without a rim. (Pcode 21157). 66.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720 unprovenanced material in Ryedale Museum (Acc No. Box 149); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Pcode 21158). 66.08 Heel fragment dating from c1760-1800 unprovenanced material in Ryedale Museum (Acc No. Box 149); 5/64”. Marked with the initials RW on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 21161). 66.09 Spur type bowl bowl dating from c1820-1850 unprovenanced material in Ryedale Museum (Acc No. C6638); Ship and anchor motif on both sides; leaf decorated seams and initials TH in relief moulded serif, flanking the anchor. 66.10 Spur type bowl bowl dating from c1820-1850 unprovenanced material in Ryedale Museum (Acc No. C6652); Bust of ?Wellington on left hand side with a leaf and acorn wreath on the right hand side surrounding the initials RH.
From the Archaeology Collection • Box No. 145 Possibly Raymond Hayes’ Collection containing 12 decorated nineteenthcentury bowls including one bearing an American eagle on both sides of the bowl, one with Masonic motifs, one with fluted bowl with a thistle and shamrocks on one side and a rose and shamrocks
66.11 South African serpentine pipe bowl dating from the nineteenth century; unprovenanced material in Ryedale Museum (Acc No. C6611).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 66: Pipes in the collection of the Ryedale Folk Museum, Hutton-le-Hole. Scale 1:1.
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67.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Round Hill, Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A5.54); rim bottered and fully milled. Milled heel. (Pcode 07047).
Collection Name: Manor House Museum Collection Code: 0141 Address: Ilkley, North Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded on 4th April 2000. The collection consists of a number of seventeenth to nineteenth-century pipes. Approximately 50 seventeenthor eighteenth-century bowls and marked fragments were recorded in detail for the Yorkshire Database the majority of which were found locally. The collection also had a small number of nineteenth-century pipes the most notable of which are as follows: • • • • •
• •
67.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Round Hill, Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A5.54.3); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07049). 67.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A9.81.2); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07036).
A153.82 – part of a pipe bowl in the form of an elephant with a pannier on its back; very elaborately executed. 99392 – near complete bowl with leaf-decorated seams and with the lettering EC KEIGHLEY along both sides of the stem. A62.59 – large bowl with leaf-decorated seams with the lettering EC KEIGHLEY along both sides of the stem, very similar to the above. A52.65(3) – late nineteenth-century bowl with faint purplish rubber stamp on the bowl reading COMPLIMENTS OF THE SEASON A11.68.18 - Large burnished bowl with heel stamped with the crowned initials ES. Across the stem is stamped the lettering GOEDEWAAGEN/GOUDA A153.82 – Grey hound head in white pipe clay with a tapering hole of approximately 6mm diameter and 18mm deep. A11.68.5 – Large Irish style bowl with moulded milling stamped McLARDY’S DUBLIN facing the smoker.
67.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, unprovenanced material but probably from Ilkley (Acc No. J.E.P.); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. No burnish lines but smooth, shiny surface. (Pcode 07055). 67.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A9.81.4); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 07038). 67.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, unprovenanced material but probably from Ilkley (Acc No. A11.84); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. Local clay, very sandy, abrasive feel. (Pcode 07051). 67.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, unprovenanced material but probably from Ilkley (Acc No. A217.82); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Local clay, very sandy, abrasive feel. (Pcode 07052).
67.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1600-1610 (Acc No. A24.59); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 07043).
67.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A11.81.7); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07012).
67.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Bolton Church (Acc No. A80.61); rim bottered and fully milled. Bowl marked "Bolton BFD". (Pcode 07046).
67.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Station Road (Acc No. A6.81); rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Pipe marked "garden in Station Road, Baildon 1962". (Pcode 07050).
67.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Round Hill, Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A5.54.2); rim bottered; milled on all surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07048). 67.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, unprovenanced material but probably from Ilkley (Acc No. A217.82); rim bottered; milled on all surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Heart shaped heel. (Pcode 07053).
67.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A11.81.4); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IH on the heel. Rim slightly distorted, possible waster. (Pcode 07009).
67.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. A24.59); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07044).
67.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A11.81.9); poorly burnished; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
68.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A11.81.1); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07000).
6/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. Joins 3 stem fragments from A15.81. (Pcode 07013). 67.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from The Old Smithy (Acc No. A17.83); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. Local clay, very sandy, abrasive feel. (Pcode 07040).
68.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A11.81.10); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07001).
68.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A11.81.5); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07010).
68.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A11.81.6); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07011).
68.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A9.81.1); poorly burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the bowl facing the smoker. Rainford form. (Pcode 07039).
68.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1670 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A11.81.3); poorly burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials I?W on the heel. Joins bowl fragment from A13.81 and stem from A15.81. (Pcode 07008).
68.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A12.81.1); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Two joining fragments. (Pcode 07014).
69.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A11.81.13); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Abraded heel mark; possibly local clay. (Pcode 07004).
68.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from High Bradley (Acc No. A50.65); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 07042).
69.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A11.81.2); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07007).
68.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A11.81.12); rim bottered; milled on all surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07003).
69.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Bouldon Moor (Acc No. A161.82); stem bore 7/64”. Water worn. (Pcode 07041).
68.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A11.81.11); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. Abraded surface but appears to have been burnished. (Pcode 07002).
69.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720(Acc No. A25.59); rim bottered; milled on all surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07045). 69.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A8.81.6); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Local clay, very sandy, abrasive feel. (Pcode 07034).
68.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A11.81.14); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials AI on the heel. Two joining fragments A11.81.14 and A13.81. (Pcode 07005).
69.06 Spur type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A8.81.6); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Local clay, very sandy, abrasive feel. (Pcode 07035).
68.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A7.81.2); poorly burnished; rim bottered; milled on all surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IS on the heel. (Pcode 07029).
69.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A8.81.2); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 07030).
68.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A7.81.1); poorly burnished; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials S?P/D/B on the heel. Joins stem from A13.81. (Pcode 07028).
69.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A8.81.5); rim
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Figure 67: Pipes in the collection of the Manor House Museum, Ilkley. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 68: Pipes in the collection of the Manor House Museum, Ilkley. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 69: Pipes in the collection of the Manor House Museum, Ilkley. Scale 1:1
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07033).
•
69.09 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A8.81.3); rim wiped but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 07031).
•
•
69.10 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A14.81.10); stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 07026).
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69.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A10.81.4); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Local clay, very sandy, abrasive feel. (Pcode 06999).
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69.12 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from Blubberhouses Moor (Acc No. A14.81.3); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 07027).
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69.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770, unprovenanced material but probably from Ilkley (Acc No. J.E.P.); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07056).
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Collection Name: Beck Isle Museum of Rural Life Collection Code: 0232 Address: Pickering, North Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded on the 22nd March 2001. The collection had a dozen seventeenth-century and early eighteenth-century pipes including one with the moulded initials RC on the sides of the spur. This particular example can be attributed to Robert Chapman of Hull.
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A number of the pipes were on display in glass-fronted cabinets but the curator was happy to take these items off display for recording. The collection included the following: •
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Complete C. Crop, London pipe with varnished surface – meerschaum wash type with darker brown patches. It had a registration mark on both sides of the stem. Lettering C. CROP LONDON on the left-hand side and EXHIBITION 1862 on the right-hand side of the stem in serif letters. Near complete Cadger exhibition pipe with no varnish and no maker’s name.
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70.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640, unprovenanced material in the Beck Isle Museum (Acc No. PIKRL); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 21143).
There was a large collection (approx 60-70) nineteenthcentury decorated bowls all usual late nineteenth-century forms such as figurals, footballers and RAOB etc. The notable pieces include: •
PIKRL 4237 – Stem fragment with moulded mark T.PENN.LEEDS san-serif lettering on one side only. PIKRL 4222 – Black socketed bowl, made in a 3piece mould, crossed bones under; probably French; no mark; complete with cork mount and cane stem. PIKRL 4215 – Meerschaum wash THE TROOPER san-serif lettering on both sides; stem broken but worn for reuse; moulded milling round the rim. PIKRL 4237 – Thorn bowl with moulded milling, small bearded head (?sailor) in place of the spur. PIKRL 4237 – Bowl with a rose, 3 castles and a level on the left-hand side and Masonic emblems on the right-hand side; small IB moulded on heel/spur. PIKRL 4237 – Masonic decorated bowl with a crude heart in hand design on the left-hand side under swags with the initials HI PIKRL 1989.83.3 – Paddle steamer on left-hand side with steam train on right-hand side, with blurred lettering visible on left-hand side of the stem only; very narrow, upright letters, as seen on German pipes. PIKRL 1989.83.3 – Flutes and swags bowl with what appears to be the initials FS on either side of the bowl. PIKRL 1989.83.3 – TW incuse moulded mark on bowl; hatched heart on right-hand side; plain seams; spur missing; incuse moulded sans serif mark J.W.R.W./ /.LEEDS on stem. PIKRL 8228 – For Auld Lang Syne pipe; broad leaf seams; incuse moulded NO. 48 on left-hand side of the stem. PIKRL 8228 – Hatched loops, dots and collar with incuse moulded lettering 157 with serifs on lefthand side of stem. PIKRL 8228 – Stem with wood grain effect, ending at plain collar then 179 in incuse moulded serif lettering on left-hand side. PIKRL 8228 – Cutty stem with incuse moulded sans serif lettering 17TH LANCERS on both sides of the stem, no border. PIKRL 8228 – Stem with incuse moulded sans serif lettering W GUEST/BARNSLEY on stem, no border; cutty stem, opening to flattened mouthpiece.
70.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640, unprovenanced material in the Beck Isle Museum (Acc No. PIKRL 2414); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 21144).
PIKRL 4237 - An elaborate Masonic, seems to have WR initials; rather elongated spur
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Figure 70: Pipes in the collection of the Beck Isle Museum of Rural Life, Pickering. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 71: Complete pipe in the collection of the Beck Isle Museum of Rural Life, Pickering. Scale 1:1.
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70.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650, unprovenanced material in the Beck Isle Museum (Acc No. PIKRL); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 21146).
71.01
70.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, unprovenanced material in the Beck Isle Museum (Acc No. PIKRL 4237); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. Very crudely made; heart shaped heel. (Pcode 21142).
Complete spur type bowl dating from c18201860, unprovenanced material in the Beck Isle Museum (ACC No. PIKRL 4237); mould decorated bowl with St George and the dragon and the smokers left and Britannia on the smokers right; acorns and oak leaves along both seams; yellow/brown glaze at tip. Reduced pipe to show curve of stem.
Collection Name: Richmondshire Museum Collection Code: 0136 Address: Richmond, North Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded 3rd May 1985. The collection included a approximately 27 pipes dating from the seventeenth or eighteenth century along with a large number of nineteenth-century pipes. The most notable of the later material is as follows:
70.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, unprovenanced material in the Beck Isle Museum (Acc No. PIKRL 3877); rim bottered; milled on all surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 21148). 70.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, unprovenanced material in the Beck Isle Museum (Acc No. PIKRL 2414); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 21147).
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70.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, unprovenanced material in the Beck Isle Museum (Acc No. PIKRL 4237); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Heart shaped heel. (Pcode 21141).
• •
70.08 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680, unprovenanced material in the Beck Isle Museum (Acc No. PIKRL 2414); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 21149).
• •
70.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, unprovenanced material in the Beck Isle Museum (Acc No. PIKRL 2414); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 8/64”. Shiny surface but no obvious burnishing lines. (Pcode 21150).
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195a – complete RAOB bowl with the letters RAOB on both sides of the bowl. Traces of a Christian name initial W survives on the spur. 2591 – TW bowl with a hatched heart on the righthand side and a hatched hand on the left-hand side. 1357 – mould decorated bowl with a drum and flags design on both dies. 1357 – TW bowl with a hatched heart on the righthand side only. 1357 – two stems one with the lettering DUBLIN in a relief beaded border on both sides of the stem; the other with the lettering TENNANT in a dotted border on one side of the stem and BERWICK, also in a border on the other side. 195a – Fine bowl modelled as a bulls head, part of the incuse moulded mould number survives on the left-hand side of the stem reading ?10./; almost certainly French. 311/4 – For Auld Land Syne pipe with a star with a dot at the centre on the spur. 319 – Thick bowl with a coiled rope design. Bowl with a spur in the form of a dog’s head. 967 – Spurless bowl with T C DENHAM/RICHMOND stamped on the bowl facing the smoker; the mould number 140 appears on both sides of the stem in a relief-beaded border.
70.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690, unprovenanced material in the Beck Isle Museum (Acc No. PIKRL 2414); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. Very "grubby" can not see if it is burnished. (Pcode 21151).
• • •
70.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690, unprovenanced material in the Beck Isle Museum (Acc No. PIKRL 2414); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Very "grubby" can not see if it is burnished. (Pcode 21152).
72.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1580-1610 (Acc No. 58). Poorly burnished; rim bottered but not milled. 72.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 (Acc No. 58). Rim bottered but not milled; heel trimmed.
70.12 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1720, unprovenanced material in the Beck Isle Museum (Acc No. PIKRL); stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials RC on the sides of the heel. The initial R has been reversed; possibly Robert Chapman of Hull. (Pcode 21153).
72.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. 58). Rim bottered but not milled.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 72: Pipes in the collection of the Richmondshire Museum, Richmond. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 73: Pipes in the collection of Richmondshire Museum, Richmond. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
72.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. 58). Rim bottered but not milled; heel trimmed. one of two examples.
73.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1710. Not burnished; no rim surviving. 73.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 (No Acc No., in a bag marked “found in various places in Richmond”). Good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; heel trimmed; stem stamped with a small circular mark approximately 17mm from the bowl.
72.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. 58). Rim bottered but not milled; heel trimmed. 72.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. 58). Rim bottered but not milled; heel trimmed.
73.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 (Acc No. 1357). Good burnish; surviving rim bottered but not milled; heel stamped with the initials GB.
72.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. 58). Rim bottered but not milled; heel trimmed.
73.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 (Acc No. 187). No rim surviving; moulded initials RR on either side of the heel.
72.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. 58). Average burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; heel stamped with the initials HF either side of a fleur-de-lys motif.
73.06 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1710 (Acc No. 58). Rim cut but not milled; spur broken off.
72.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. 58). Rim bottered and three quarters milled; heel stamped with the initials HF either side of a fleurde-lys motif.
73.07 Heel type bowl dating from the 18th century (Acc No. 311/3). No rim surviving.
72.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. 58). Rim bottered but not milled; heel trimmed.
Collection Name: Scarborough Borough Council Collection Code: 0132 Address: Scarborough, North Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded during two visits, the first 4th June 1998, the second 8th June 1999. The collection comprises a large quantity of pipes from excavations in and around Scarborough. The pipe fragments range in date from the seventeenth through to the late nineteenth century. A total of 147 bowls and marked stems from the seventeenth and eighteenth century were recorded in detail for inclusion in the Yorkshire database. The collection included a large number of Dutch pipes including a very highly decorated baroque bowl with Tudor roses and grapes.
72.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. 58). Rim bottered but not milled; heel stamped with the initials IT. 72.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. 311/1). Rim bottered but not milled; heel trimmed. 72.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (from one of the museum’s display cases). Rim bottered and half milled; heel trimmed. 72.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 (Acc No. 58). Not burnished; bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; heel trimmed.
Of the later material the following was noted: • PDS D1 100 – Bowl dating from c1770-1820 with very faintly engraved royal arms on the bowl facing the smoker; no supporters. Crowned initials TN moulded on the sides of the spur. • 56.71 – Complete clay pipe with a curved stem measuring 42cm and brown/yellow glazed tip. Plain ribs half way up the bowl along the seams. • Mould decorated bowl with a shield containing three castles (?arms of Newcastle) with seahorse supporters and the lettering N’CASTLE PIPE CO in relief below. The initials EW are moulded on the sides of the spur. • PDS E3 101 – Modified pipe stem dating from c1700-1770, with two holes cut to the bore, possibly to produce a whistle.
72.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690. Rim bottered and three quarters milled; heel trimmed. 72.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690. Not burnished; bottered and milled on all surviving rim; heel trimmed. 72.17 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680. Rim bottered and three quarters milled. 72.18 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 (No Acc No., in a bag marked Αfound in various places in Richmond). Rim bottered and internally trimmed. 73.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 (Acc No. 2591). Not burnished; surviving rim bottered but not milled; heel flares slightly.
74.01 Spur type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from 1822 Sepulchure Street (Acc No. SS87 107); poorly
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75.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 640.39); rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05994).
burnished; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05941). 74.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from 119 Longwestgate (Acc No. LW90 1000); rim bottered but not milled; bore 8/64”. Marked with a crowned Tudor Rose on the heel; mould decorated, baroque style; Dutch. (Pcode 02056).
75.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 611.39); rim bottered but not milled; bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05965). 75.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 661.39); rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 6/64”. Heart shaped heel. (Pcode 06011).
74.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from 35 Castlegate (Acc No. CG91 102); rim bottered and half milled. Marked with the initials RF on the heel. (Pcode 02053).
75.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 630.39); rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05984).
74.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from 35 Castlegate (Acc No. CG91 115); rim bottered and half milled; bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials HH on the heel. (Pcode 02055).
75.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 614.39); rim bottered but not milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05968).
74.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from 35 Castlegate (Acc No. CG91 102); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05947).
75.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 622.39); rim bottered and half milled; bore 7/64”. Heart shaped heel. (Pcode 05977).
74.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 628.39); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05982).
75.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 613.39); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05967).
74.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 625.39); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05979).
75.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Garfield Road (Acc No. 513.39); rim bottered;; bore 7/64”. Pipe marked "dug up in Garfield Road, Scarborough". (Pcode 06023).
74.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 650.39); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 8/64”. (Pcode 06002).
75.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 642.39); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 8/64”. Heart shaped heel. (Pcode 05996).
74.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 604.39); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05958).
75.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 656.39); rim bottered but not milled; bore 6/64”. Possibly Dutch. (Pcode 06008).
74.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 648.39); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 8/64”. (Pcode 06001). 74.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 645.39); rim bottered and half milled; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05999).
75.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 606.39); rim bottered but not milled; bore 6/64”. Marked with the a pelleted Tudor rose on the sides of the bowl. Possibly Dutch. (Pcode 05959).
74.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 644.39); rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05998). 75.01 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 635.39); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05990).
75.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 657.39); rim bottered and one quarter milled; bore 7/64”. Heart shaped heel. (Pcode 06010).
75.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 610.39); rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05964).
76.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1645-1660 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 624.39); rim bottered and one quarter milled. Spur form. (Pcode 05978).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 74: Pipes in the collections of Scarborough Borough Council, Londesborough Lodge, Scarborough. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 75: Pipes in the collections of Scarborough Borough Council, Londesborough Lodge, Scarborough. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 76: Pipes in the collections of Scarborough Borough Council, Londesborough Lodge, Scarborough. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 77: Pipes in the collections of Scarborough Borough Council, Londesborough Lodge, Scarborough. Scale 1:1.
76.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 617.39); rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05972).
76.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 634.39); rim bottered but not milled; bore 7/64”. Heart shaped heel. (Pcode 05989).
76.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 652.39); rim bottered but not milled; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06004).
76.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Cooks Row (Acc No. 179.53); rim bottered but not milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06022).
76.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 653.39); rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06005).
76.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 734.38); bore 6/64”. No rim surviving. (Pcode 06012).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
77.08 Stem fragment dating from c1640-1670 from Auborough Street (Acc No. AU205). Moulded decoration in the form of flowers and tendrils. (Pcode 02591).
76.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Castle Hill (Acc No. 668.39); rim bottered and half milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06014). 76.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Cross Street (Acc No. 13.38); rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 8/64”. Pipe marked "Exc by Boro' engineers dept from Cross Street, Scarborough". (Pcode 05910).
Collection Name: Butterfield Collection Collection Code: 0250 Address: Nr. Skipton, North Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded on 13th September 2001. A private collection including six seventeenthcentury bowls from the Skipton area. Mr Butterfield also had a group of pipes collected from the fields near Carleton, these included 2 stamped bowls; 1 heel fragment; 3 bowl fragments; 4 fragments at the bowl/stem junction; 3 mouthpieces; 4 burnished stems possibly eighteenth century and 83 plain stems possibly seventeenth century. Notable later pipes include:
76.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Cross Street (Acc No. 735.38); rim cut; milled around all of the surviving rim; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05911). 76.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Cross Street (Acc No. 32.38); average burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials SB on the heel. (Pcode 02052).
• 76.12 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Paradise Street (Acc No. PDS B2 105); bore 6/64”. No rim surviving. (Pcode 05929).
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77.01 Spur type bowl dating from c1740-1800 from Paradise Street (Acc No. PDS B2 101); rim cut but not milled; bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials IH on the sides of the spur. Very short bowl. (Pcode 05926).
Thorn pipe found pushed into a stone wall at Manor House, Glusburn Complete, spurless pipe with the lettering MINERS PIPE along the left-hand side of the stem.
78.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from a field in Carleton; rim bottered but not milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials I? on the heel. (Pcode 25165).
77.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1740-1800 from Paradise Street (Acc No. PDS D1 100); rim cut but not milled; bore 3/64”. Marked with the initials *TN* on the sides of the spur. Royal coat of arms - no supporters. (Pcode 05931).
78.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Grimwith Reservoir; rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the heel. (Pcode 25161).
77.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1700-1799 from Princess Street (Acc No. PS93 B106); finely burnished; bore 5/64”. Possibly Dutch. (Pcode 06024). 77.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 1822 Sepulchure Street (Acc No. SS87 Spoil heap); rim bottered but not milled; bore 6/64”. Heart shaped heel. (Pcode 05942). 77.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Springfield, Quaker Mtg House (Acc No. SP T9 900); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06015). Figure 78: Pipes from the Butterfield Collection, Nr. Skipton. Scale 1:1.
77.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from St Thomas' Street (Acc No. STS 408); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05921).
Collection Name: The Craven Museum Collection Code: 0249 Address: Skipton, North Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded 13th September 2001. The collection included approximately 46 pipes dating
77.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from St Thomas' Street (Acc No. STS 601); rim bottered and half milled; bore 5/64”. (Pcode 05922).
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79.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Lea Green (Acc No. Lea Green); rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 25148).
from the seventeenth or eighteenth century. These pipes were mainly from the Skipton area and included a small number of marked pipes. Two bowls are clearly from London. The museum has two good-sized boxes full of miscellaneous finds in total, plus quite a number of pipes on display. Many decorated nineteenth-century forms. Notable pieces include: •
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•
79.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Park Hill (Acc No. Parkhill); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Donated by Mr Harland, Four Winds, Intake Lane, Grassington, Nr Skipton. (Pcode 25118).
GAR22 – Unusual bowl in the form of a cauldron with what looks like riveted strap work on it. The stem is formed in the shape of a figure, facing down, with legs crossed under the bowl. Shelf 34 – Horses hoof bowl with good design and brown enamel rim for the horse’s shoe. L Fiolet stamped on the stem. D1225 – Miners pipe with incuse moulded lettering on the left-hand side of the stem only D1306 – complete pipe identical to above D1971 – 15 miners pipes with moulded lettering as above D660 – W Southorn & Co churchwarden with stem twist. D661 – 2 complete pipes with glazed tips D1479 – Crystal palace cadger D3059 – Complete pipe with Ben Nevis on both sides of the stem in a beaded border A10 – Mixed group of pipes from Lea Green including some 17th and 18th century pieces. D1674 – Mixed group of pipes include 2 17th century bowls, one MAYO ST/DUBLIN stamp a number of plain stems and a mouthpiece. Large group of pipes from excavations at Canal Yard, Skipton. one context in particular (CY 3CFII) contains several hundred fragments, all mid 19th century (c1820-1860) with pale green and blotchy glazed tips. All bowls are rather battered but a limited range of forms seems to be present. Possibly a kiln group. On display - a boxing pipe. The bowl is damaged so that the name of the boxer cannot be read, but it is possibly Tom Sayers.
79.06
Spur type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Settle (Acc No. 106); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the bowl facing the smoker. S Lancs form. (Pcode 25135).
79.07 Spur type bowl dating from c1650-1670, unprovenanced material in Craven Museum (Acc No. Shelf 34); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the bowl facing the smoker. S Lancs form. (Pcode 25147). 79.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670, unprovenanced material in Craven Museum (Acc No. D940); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 25125). 79.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Grassington Moor (Acc No. 163g); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 25130). 79.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Old Grammar School (Acc No. D1665); rim bottered and half milled. Found by the Old Grammar School. (Pcode 25122). 79.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Ockley Road (Acc No. D1674); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 25132). 79.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Grimwith Reservoir (Acc No. 551); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 25152).
79.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from Settle (Acc No. 106); internal bowl cross; rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with a wheel motif on the heel. (Pcode 25134).
79.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Lea Green (Acc No. Lea Green); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 25123).
79.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from Grimwith Reservoir (Acc No. 551); average burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 25150).
79.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Grimwith Reservoir (Acc No. 551); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Very bulbous. (Pcode 25151).
79.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 from Calton Lodge (Acc No. 167c); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 25131).
79.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Grimwith Reservoir (Acc No. 551); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials ?G on the heel. (Pcode 25159).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 79: Pipes from the collections of the Craven Museum, Skipton. Scale 1:1
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Figure 80: Pipes from the Collections of the Craven Museum, Skipton. Scale 1:1
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 81: Pipes from the collections of the Craven Museum, Skipton. Scale 1:1
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79.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Skipton Castle (Acc No. D1838); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Found in the bailey (presumably Skipton castle). (Pcode 25127).
No. D1037); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Similar to London Type 22 - probably not a Yorkshire product. (Pcode 25128).
79.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Grimwith Reservoir (Acc No. 551); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials TT on the heel. (Pcode 25157).
80.10 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from Canal Yard (Acc No. 72); average burnish; rim bottered; milled on all surviving rim; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials ?H on the heel. Illegible mark. (Pcode 25139).
79.18 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Grimwith Reservoir (Acc No. 551); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the crowned initials IW on the heel. (Pcode 25158).
80.11 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from Canal Yard (Acc No. 72); average burnish; rim internally trimmed, bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials W?S on the heel. (Pcode 25140).
80.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Carleton (Acc No. 244); rim bottered but not milled. Micaceous fabric. (Pcode 25121).
80.12 Bowl dating from c1710-1730 from Canal Yard (Acc No. 72); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 25138).
80.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Cove Pasture (Acc No. Cove Pasture); rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 25149).
81.01 Cadger Churchwarden dating from c1850-1910 (Acc No. D660); rim cut and internally trimmed; lettering WS poorly impressed on the right-hand side of the spur; stem twist and the stamped mark W SOUTHORN & CO BROSELEY.
80.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Rylstone (Acc No. Rylstone); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Milled heel. Donated by Mr Harland, Four Winds, Intake Lane, Grassington, Nr Skipton. (Pcode 25116).
81.02 Spurless bowl dating from c1860; stem bore 6/64”. Moulded design of a boxer in a ring with the moulded lettering TOM (SAYERS) on the smokers right and (HEE)NAN on the smokers left. Pipe appears to commemorate a bout between Sayers and Heenan. The Museum of Yorkshire Dales Lead Mining at Earby holds a complete example from the same mould.
80.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Park Hill (Acc No. Parkhill); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Donated by Mr Harland, Four Winds, Intake Lane, Grassington, Nr Skipton. (Pcode 25115).
81.03 Unusual bowl in the form of a ‘cauldron’ dating from c1860-1910 (Acc No. GAR 22). The bowl appears to have riveted strap work on it; the stem is formed by a figure, facing down, with legs crossed under the bowl.
80.05 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Grimwith Reservoir (Acc No. 551); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 25153).
81.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1820-1860 (Acc No. FII CY6 a + b) from Canal Yard, Skipton, no internal bowl cross; stem bore 4/64”. Seven examples of this bowl recovered from a possible kiln dump.
80.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, unprovenanced material in Craven Museum (Acc No. D1037); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 25160). 80.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690, unprovenanced material in Craven Museum (Acc No. B38A); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 25141).
Collection Name: Thirsk Museum Collection Code: 0154 Address: Thirsk, North Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded 2nd June 1998. The collection comprises a range of pipes from the seventeenth through to the nineteenth and early twentieth century. only five pipes dating from the seventeenth or eighteenth century were recorded in detail for the Yorkshire Database. In addition, there was a range of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century pipes the most notable are as follows:
80.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Friends Meeting House (Acc No. Friends Mtg Hse); stem bore 7/64”. Donated by Mr Harland, Four Winds, Intake Lane, Grassington, Nr Skipton. (Pcode 25117). 80.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710, unprovenanced material in Craven Museum (Acc
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800 • • • • • • • • •
82.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Unprovenanced material in Thirsk Museum (Acc No.?305); average burnish; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IT on the heel. No rim. (Pcode 2031).
86.12 - Football and boot pipe; unusual in that it is slip cast and glazed externally. 65 - Complete cricketers pipe with large leaf on each seam; faint mould mark on the left-hand side of the stem, possibly No. 14. 277 – Complete ‘bulldog’ cutty 1059.4 – Complete spurless ‘Thorn’ design with Pollock type rustication added. 1113 – Complete miniature pipe Complete spurless pipe similar to a ‘Miner’ Complete Pollock’s pipe; unsmoked; dark red mouthpiece. Complete Pollock’s ‘Churchwarden’ with red tip in original box. 470 – Fluted bowl of c1790-1820 with swags above a small arrow motif. The initials JT relief moulded in serif lettering on the bowl facing the smoker.
82.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 32 Topcliffe Road; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08086). 82.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1710-1790 unprovenanced material in Thirsk Museum (Acc No. 305); rim internally trimmed, cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. (Pcode 08085). 82.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1730 unprovenanced material in Thirsk Museum; poorly burnished; rim appears to be cut. Pipe mounted inside a glass case. 82.06 Spur type bowl dating from c1790-1820 unprovenanced material in Thirsk Museum; not milled. Flutes and swags bowl marked with the moulded initials JT on the bowl facing the smoker
82.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 32 Topcliffe Road; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. Very badly abraded. (Pcode 08087).
Figure 82: Pipes from the collections of Thirsk Museum, Scale 1:1
were recorded in detail for the Yorkshire database. Most notable objects are as follows:
Collection Name: Whitby Museum Collection Code: 0155 Address: Whitby, North Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded 4th June 1998. Very fine collection of pipes and smoking related ephemera. A total of 25 seventeenth- and eighteenth-century pipes
•
314
SOH915 – Fluted bowl with most of stem surviving, dating from c1770-1800. The stem is marked with two roll stamp marks in the Midland
Susan D White
• • •
83.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 unprovenanced material in Whitby Museum (Acc No. 815 18); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08093).
style with the initials IS or SI incorporated into the design. Very fine collection of Ottoman style bowls SOH266 – Fine porcelain bowl SOH770 – Bowl in the form of a lady’s head.
83.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced material in Whitby Museum (Acc No. SOH250); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08099).
83.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Grathdale Church (Acc No. 807 23); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Pipe marked "Grathdale Church 1902". (Pcode 08105).
83.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced material in Whitby Museum (Acc No. 818 18); no rim surviving; rim one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08095).
83.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Meadowfields (Acc No. SOH802); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Pipe marked "Meadowfield". (Pcode 08106).
84.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced material in Whitby Museum (Acc No. 819 18); no rim surviving; rim not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Rim damaged; water rolled. (Pcode 08096).
83.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Whitby Abbey (Acc No. SOH 801); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials SB on the heel. Pipe marked "Whitby Abbey FKR". (Pcode 02043).
84.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 unprovenanced material in Whitby Museum (Acc No. 816 18); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08094).
83.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pannett Park (Acc No. SOH 805); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08089).
84.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 unprovenanced material in Whitby Museum (Acc No. SOH 809); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked on the heel with a ?tobacco plant motif. (Pcode 02042).
83.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Pannett Park (Acc No. SOH 805); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 08088). 83.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1680 from Pannett Park (Acc No. SOH 805); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials HH on the heel. Milled stem decoration. (Pcode 02041).
84.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced material in Whitby Museum (Acc No. SOH 811); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials ?IW on the heel. Surface covered with concretion; marked "Dr J E Hemingway 1936". (Pcode 02044).
83.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1640 unprovenanced but probably from York (Acc No. 813 52); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Pipe marked "York". (Pcode 08103).
84.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material in Whitby Museum (Acc No. SOH257); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 08100).
83.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced but probably from York (Acc No. 53 York); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Illegible mark on the heel. Pipe marked "York". (Pcode 02040).
84.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced material in Whitby Museum (Acc No. 1334); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 08090).
83.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced but probably from York (Acc No. SOH249); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Pipe marked "York". (Pcode 08104).
84.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material in Whitby Museum (Acc No. 824 23); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08097).
83.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 unprovenanced material in Whitby Museum (Acc No. B17 (?817) 18); milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Rim damaged. (Pcode 08098).
84.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 unprovenanced material in Whitby Museum; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. In an envelope marked "From Mr Wood, Paxo Cottage, Thorpe Fylingdales". (Pcode 08101).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 83: Pipes from the collections of Whitby Museum, Scale 1:1.
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Figure 84: Pipes from the collections of Whitby Museum, Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
84.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced material in Whitby Museum (Acc No. 804 23); no rim surviving; stem bore 8/64”. Rim damaged; very roughly made. (Pcode 08091).
stem bore 8/64”. Marked with a Fleur-de-lys on the heel. (Pcode 01941) 85.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I 1107); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Possibly Dutch. (Pcode 05634)
84.10 Spur type bowl dating from c1670-1690 unprovenanced material in Whitby Museum (Acc No. 808 23); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 08092).
85.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I 1105); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05630)
84.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 unprovenanced material in Whitby Museum; rim cut but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. In an envelope marked "From Mr Wood, Paxo Cottage, Thorpe Fylingdales". (Pcode 08102).
85.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I 1105); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05631)
Collection Name: York Archaeological Trust Collection Code: 0129 Address: York, North Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded during five visits to York between May 1995 and July 1997. In addition arrangements were made to borrow material from 13 sites in York for detailed studied in Liverpool. In total 732 pipes dating from the seventeenth or eighteenth century were recorded in detail for inclusion in the Yorkshire database. No plain stems were recorded. Very little later material was recorded however the following were noted: •
• •
• •
85.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 III 3103); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05651) 85.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I 1105); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05632) 85.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I 1105); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05628)
+1992.12 (3000) – Piece of hand rolled pipe clay covered in fingerprints with impressions along one side. These impressions have slight lines which could be mould seams or from a fluted bowl. This has been identified as kiln furniture. 1989.21 (1001) – Irish style bowl dating from c1850-1940 with a MILO/ STRAND bowl stamp and real milling. 1990.25 – Large group of approximately 35 plain nineteenth-century bowls, which may come from the same mould. All have been smoked therefore they are not kiln waste. Very large sections of stem survive, up to 25.5cm. This group may well contain complete pipes. 1991.18 (3005) – part of a coronation/jubilee pipe dating from c1887-1902. 1973.15 – bowl dating from first half of the nineteenth century with a shield containing three fleur-de-lys on both sides of the bowl.
85.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 III 3032); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05647) 85.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1982.3 1405); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05653) 85.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I 1286); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05639) 85.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I 1286); finely burnished; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials TB on the heel. (Pcode 01830)
85.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from 118126 Walmgate (Acc No. 1979.8 I 1094); very finely burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials BC on the heel. Heel fragment only. (Pcode 01943)
85.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I 1089); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05627)
85.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 118126 Walmgate (Acc No. 1979.8 II 2032); very finely burnished; rim bottered and fully milled;
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85.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I 1087); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05626)
one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01817) 86.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 III 3032); finely burnished; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials ?WM on the heel. (Pcode 01823)
85.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 III 3197); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05652)
86.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I 1046); poorly burnished; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials I- on the heel. (Pcode 01825)
85.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I 1105); rim internally trimmed and bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 01836)
86.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 III 3052); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05648)
85.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I 1105); poorly burnished; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05629)
86.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 III 3103); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials ID on the heel. (Pcode 01833)
85.18 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I 1063); poorly burnished; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the heel. (Pcode 01818)
86.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1982.3 1409); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials RS on the heel. (Pcode 01828)
85.19 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I 1107); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05636)
86.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 III 3002); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 8/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 05645)
85.20 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I U/S); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 8/64”. Bowl wiped. (Pcode 05643)
86.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I U/S); average burnish; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials RB on the heel. (Pcode 01829)
86.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I U/S); average burnish; rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01838)
86.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 1003); poorly burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials WM on the heel. (Pcode 01822)
86.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 1007); finely burnished; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01826)
87.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1680 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3); average burnish; rim internally trimmed, bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials RB on the heel. (Pcode 01820)
86.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 3002); poorly burnished; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01827)
87.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 1007); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 05624)
86.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I 1063); poorly burnished; rim internally trimmed, bottered and
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
87.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1730-1760 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I U/S); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. Marked with the initials RW on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 05641)
87.03 Bowl dating from c1680-1710 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 1007); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05623) 87.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 III 3052); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials RS on the heel. (Pcode 01832)
88.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from 1218 Swinegate (Acc No. 1990.28 1000); very finely burnished; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim. (Pcode 05678)
87.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I 1107); finely burnished; no rim surviving. Marked with the initials ID on the heel. No rim surviving. (Pcode 01839)
88.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 1218 Swinegate (Acc No. 1990.28 1127); rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 05681) 88.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 1218 Swinegate (Acc No. 1990.28 1073); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05680)
87.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1700 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I 1107); finely burnished; rim internally trimmed, bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IS on the heel. S on stamp is reversed. (Pcode 01831)
88.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 1218 Swinegate (Acc No. 1990.28 1000); rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 05677)
87.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I 1069); finely burnished; no rim surviving; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IS on the heel. No rim surviving. (Pcode 01840)
88.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 1218 Swinegate (Acc No. 1990.28 1000); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled. No heel. (Pcode 05679)
87.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 (Acc No. 1981.3 3000); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials RS on the heel. (Pcode 01824)
88.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1670 from 1317 Coney Street (Acc No. 1991.3 4003); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05692)
87.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 III 3016); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials RS on the heel. (Pcode 01819)
88.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 1317 Coney Street (Acc No. 1991.3 4003); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05691) 88.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 1317 Coney Street (Acc No. 1991.3 4003); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05693)
87.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 III 3041); no rim surviving; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials -D on the heel. Possible ID mark; No rim surviving. (Pcode 01834)
88.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 1317 Coney Street (Acc No. 1991.3 4003); finely burnished; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01789)
87.11 Spur type bowl dating from c1760-1800 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I U/S); rim cut and internally trimmed but not milled; stem bore 3/64”. (Pcode 05642)
88.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from 1317 Coney Street (Acc No. 1991.3 4003); rim bottered and three quarters milled. (Pcode 05694)
87.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I 1286); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials IS on the heel. (Pcode 01835)
88.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from 1317 Coney Street (Acc No. 1991.3 4003); average burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 05696)
87.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1730 from 1-2 Tower Street (Acc No. 1981.3 I 1107); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 05635)
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88.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from 1317 Coney Street (Acc No. 1991.3 1010); rim internally trimmed, bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01792)
bottered and fully milled. Yellow coloured clay. (Pcode 05704) 89.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1680 from 1420 Blossom Street (Acc No. 1991.11 2007); rim bottered and three quarters milled. (Pcode 05699)
88.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from 1317 Coney Street (Acc No. 1991.3 1010); rim internally trimmed, bottered and half milled. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01790)
89.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 1420 Blossom Street (Acc No. 1991.11 2007); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05700) 89.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 1420 Blossom Street (Acc No. 1991.11 2007); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim. (Pcode 05701)
88.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from 1317 Coney Street (Acc No. 1991.3 1010); rim internally trimmed, bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01791)
89.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from 1420 Blossom Street (Acc No. 1991.11 2007); no rim surviving. (Pcode 05702)
88.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from 1317 Coney Street (Acc No. 1991.3 1010); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01793)
89.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1680 from 1420 Blossom Street (Acc No. 1994.11); average burnish; no rim surviving. Marked with the initials -H on the heel. No rim surviving. (Pcode 03454)
89.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from 1317 Coney Street (Acc No. 1991.3 1010); rim internally trimmed, bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01794)
89.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from 1420 Blossom Street (Acc No. 1991.11 2007); no rim surviving. Marked with the initials IH on the heel. No rim surviving. (Pcode 03434) 89.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from 1420 Blossom Street (Acc No. 1991.11 2007); rim bottered and half milled. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 03435)
89.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1730 from 1317 Coney Street (Acc No. 1991.3 U/S); rim cut and internally trimmed but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01798)
89.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1710-1740 from 1420 Blossom Street (Acc No. 1991.11 2007); no rim surviving. (Pcode 05698)
89.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1710-1740 from 1317 Coney Street (Acc No. 1991.3 4026); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials WR on the sides of the heel. Very roughly made; slightly flared heel. (Pcode 05697)
90.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 1-9 Bridge Street (Acc No. 1985.17 1003); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the crowned initials SH on the heel. (Pcode 01954)
89.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from 14 Little Stonegate (Acc No. 1990.1 4000); average burnish; rim bottered and fully milled. Marked with the initials SBC on the heel. (Pcode 03430)
90.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 2 Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1991.18 8107); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05817)
89.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 14 Little Stonegate (Acc No. 1990.1 4029); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim. (Pcode 05707)
90.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 2 Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1991.18 7016); rim bottered but not milled. Very highly fired ?waster. (Pcode 05816)
89.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 4 Little Stonegate (Acc No. 1990.1 4000); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05706)
90.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 2 Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1991.18 U/S); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05820)
89.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 1420 Blossom Street (Acc No. 1991.11 2013); rim
321
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
90.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 2 Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1991.18 6003); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05814)
91.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1987.1 II 2043); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05490)
90.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1700 from 2 Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1991.18 U/S); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05821)
91.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1987.1 IV 4006); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05498)
90.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1730 from 2 Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1991.18 8129); rim cut but not milled. (Pcode 05818)
91.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1680 from Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1987.1 4006); no rim surviving. No rim surviving. (Pcode 05486)
90.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1730 from 2 Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1991.18 8129); rim cut but not milled. (Pcode 05819)
91.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1987.1 2057); finely burnished; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05472)
90.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1987.1 IV 4006); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim. (Pcode 05499)
91.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1987.1 2057); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05479)
90.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1987.1 4006); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05487)
91.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1987.1 2057); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05477)
90.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1987.1 IV 4006); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim. (Pcode 05500)
91.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1987.1 2057); average burnish; rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 05483)
90.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1987.1 IV 4003); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05496)
91.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1987.1 2057); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05476)
90.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1987.1 IV 4003); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05497)
91.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1987.1 2057); poorly burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Only part of the border of a heel mark survive. (Pcode 05481)
91.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1987.1 2057); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05473)
91.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1987.1 2057); very finely burnished; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05480)
91.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1987.1 2051); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”.Bowl possibly wiped. (Pcode 05470)
91.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1987.1 II 2043); finely burnished; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05491)
91.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. 1987.1 2057); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05471)
92.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1987.1 III 3009); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05494)
91.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1987.1 II 2043); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl possibly wiped. (Pcode 05489)
92.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Coffee Yard (Acc No. 1987.1 II 2122); rim bottered but not milled. Mark on the heel covered with iron concretions - totally illegible. (Pcode 05493)
322
Susan D White
92.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 14); finely burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials GW on the heel. (Pcode 01908)
92.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 75); average burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. (Pcode 01898)
92.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 6); rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 05660)
92.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 72); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IB flanking a Tudor rose on the heel. (Pcode 01885)
92.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 6); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05661)
92.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 89); average burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IS on the heel. (Pcode 01913)
92.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VII 1022); finely burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05669)
93.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 72); poorly burnished; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. (Pcode 01909)
92.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 75); average burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05663)
93.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 29); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. (Pcode 01907)
92.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 83); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05667)
93.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 72); average burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. (Pcode 01899)
92.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 16); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05656) 92.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 11); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 9/64”. (Pcode 05655)
93.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 80); average burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials WM on the heel. (Pcode 01897)
92.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VII 1171); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05670)
93.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1974.5 VII 741); poorly burnished; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials WM on the heel. (Pcode 01911)
92.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 72); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05662)
93.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VII 1001); poorly burnished; rim internally trimmed, bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials RS on the heel. (Pcode 01902)
92.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1699 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VII 1001); no rim surviving; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials D on the heel. (Pcode 01888) 92.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 107); average burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01873)
93.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VII 1193); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials RS on the heel. (Pcode 01903)
323
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
93.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 75); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled heel. Bowl wiped. (Pcode 01916)
7/64”. Marked with the initials RB on the heel. (Pcode 01881) 94.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 75); poorly burnished; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials WM on the heel. (Pcode 01894)
93.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 75); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05664)
94.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 14); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials WM on the heel. (Pcode 01892)
93.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 75); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05665) 93.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 75); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01869)
94.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 75); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials WM on the heel. (Pcode 01906)
93.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 14); average burnish; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01863)
94.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1680 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VII 1001); average burnish; rim bottered and one quarter milled. Marked with the initials RB on the heel. (Pcode 01884)
93.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VII 405); average burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01866)
94.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1680 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 74); average burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials WM on the heel. (Pcode 01895)
93.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 14); finely burnished; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the heel. (Pcode 01879)
94.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 V 2000); no rim surviving; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials RS on the heel. No rim surviving. (Pcode 01905)
93.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 83); average burnish; no rim surviving; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. No rim surviving. (Pcode 01874)
94.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VII 1001); average burnish; rim wiped; one quarter milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials ID on the heel. (Pcode 01886)
94.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VI 84); average burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 9/64”. Marked with the initials RF on the heel. (Pcode 01889)
94.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1710-1740 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 IV 1414); good burnish; rim cut but not milled. (Pcode 05654) 95.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 23 Clifford Street (Acc No. 1990.8 1015); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim. (Pcode 05708)
94.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 VII 1001); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials RF on the heel. (Pcode 01890)
95.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 23 Clifford Street (Acc No. 1990.8 3009); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05712)
94.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from 2133 Aldwark (Acc No. 1973.5 V 2000); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore
324
Susan D White
96.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 37 Bishopshill Senior (Acc No. 1973.15 Ic 10134); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05725)
95.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. 1990.8 2029); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05710) 95.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 23 Clifford Street (Acc No. 1990.8 1004); average burnish; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim. Marked with the initials IS on the heel. (Pcode 03451)
96.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 37 Bishopshill Senior (Acc No. 1973.15 III 10204); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled. Marked with the initials IT on the heel. (Pcode 03450)
95.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from 23 Clifford Street (Acc No. 1990.8 2029); rim bottered and one quarter milled. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01963)
96.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from 5 Rougier Street (Acc No. 1981.12 U/S); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05729)
95.06 Spur type bowl dating from c1760-1800 from 23 Clifford Street (Acc No. 1990.8 4006); rim cut but not milled. (Pcode 05716)
96.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from 50 Piccadilly (Acc No. 1992.10 U/S); average burnish; no rim surviving. Marked with the initials R?B/E on the heel. No rim surviving. (Pcode 03413)
95.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from 37 Bishopshill Senior (Acc No. 1973.15 Ic 10022); rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 05722)
96.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 84 Piccadilly (Acc No. 1991.16 U/S); average burnish; no rim surviving. Marked with the initials ID on the heel. No rim surviving. (Pcode 03444)
95.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from 37 Bishopshill Senior (Acc No. 1973.15 Ic 10000); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim. (Pcode 05721)
96.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 from 57 Bootham (Acc No. 1992.7 1013); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 05740)
95.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 37 Bishopshill Senior (Acc No. 1973.15 IIc 10106); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05726)
96.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 57 Bootham (Acc No. 1992.7 1006); finely burnished; rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05732)
95.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 37 Bishopshill Senior (Acc No. 1973.15 I 10022); rim bottered and three quarters milled. Marked with the initials WS on the heel. (Pcode 03449)
96.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 57 Bootham (Acc No. 1992.7 1015); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim. (Pcode 05742)
95.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 37 Bishopshill Senior (Acc No. 1973.15 IV 10310); finely burnished; rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 05727) 95.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 37 Bishopshill Senior (Acc No. 1973.15 IV 10325); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05728)
96.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 from 57 Bootham (Acc No. 1992.7 1009); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim. Marked with a wheel on the heel. (Pcode 03411)
95.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 37 Bishopshill Senior (Acc No. 1973.15 Ic 10134); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05723)
96.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 57 Bootham (Acc No. 1992.7 1006); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05733)
95.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 37 Bishopshill Senior (Acc No. 1973.15 I 10128); rim bottered and three quarters milled. (Pcode 05720)
96.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1680 from 57 Bootham (Acc No. 1992.7 1007); no rim surviving. No rim surviving. (Pcode 05736) 96.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 57 Bootham (Acc No. 1992.7 1006); rim bottered and three quarters milled. (Pcode 05735)
96.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 37 Bishopshill Senior (Acc No. 1973.15 Ic 10134); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05724)
325
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
97.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 57 Bootham (Acc No. 1992.7 1006); average burnish; rim internally trimmed, bottered and one quarter milled. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 03412)
97.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 9 Blake Street (Acc No. 1975.6 U/S); average burnish; rim bottered and one quarter milled. Marked with the initials ID on the heel. Very roughly made; slightly flared heel. (Pcode 03407)
97.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 57 Bootham (Acc No. 1992.7 1011); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05738)
97.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 9 Blake Street (Acc No. 1975.6 U/S); rim wiped but not milled. Heel broken. (Pcode 05825)
97.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1730 from 57 Bootham (Acc No. 1992.7 1009); no rim surviving. (Pcode 05737)
97.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 9 Blake Street (Acc No. 1975.6 U/S); good burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled. Marked with the initials WM on the heel. (Pcode 03405)
97.04 Bowl dating from c1680-1710 from 57 Bootham (Acc No. 1992.7 1013); rim bottered but not milled. No heel. (Pcode 05741)
97.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 9 Blake Street (Acc No. 1975.6 U/S); good burnish; rim bottered and one quarter milled. Marked with the initials RB on the heel. (Pcode 03408)
97.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from 628/21-7 Union Terrace (Acc No. 1972.18 4030); poorly burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with a wheel on the heel. (Pcode 01966)
97.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from 9 Blake Street (Acc No. 1975.6 U/S); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05827)
97.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from 628/21-7 Union Terrace (Acc No. 1972.18 5060); average burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with a wheel on the heel. (Pcode 01967)
98.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2250); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05846)
97.07 Spur type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from 628/21-7 Union Terrace (Acc No. 1972.18 6060); rim possibly bottered; three quarters milled. (Pcode 05746)
98.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2250); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05850)
97.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 5859 Skeldergate (Acc No. 1973.14 513); average burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IM on the heel. (Pcode 01978)
98.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2037); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05837) 98.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2276); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05856)
97.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from 9 Blake Street (Acc No. 1975.6 U/S); rim bottered but not milled. Marked with the initials GW on the heel. Yellow coloured clay. (Pcode 03406)
98.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2276); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05854)
97.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 9 Blake Street (Acc No. 1975.6 U/S); poorly burnished; rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 05824)
98.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2276); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05855)
97.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 9 Blake Street (Acc No. 1975.6 U/S); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05826)
98.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2081); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05839)
97.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from 9 Blake Street (Acc No. 1975.6 U/S); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05823)
326
Susan D White
98.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2206); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05843)
99.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1700 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2276); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 05858)
98.09 Bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2276); finely burnished; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. (Pcode 05853)
99.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1700 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2276); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05859)
98.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2276); average burnish; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials ID on the heel. (Pcode 01802)
99.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2276); rim internally trimmed and bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials RS on the heel. (Pcode 01801)
98.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2108); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05840)
99.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2001); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01843)
98.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 1023); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. Plug of clay blocking the bore hole in the base of the bowl. (Pcode 05832)
99.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2258); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01844)
98.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2250); average burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. (Pcode 01842)
99.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 1020); rim cut and internally trimmed but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the oval with line through centre. (Pcode 01845)
98.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 1091); average burnish; rim wiped but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials TL on the heel. (Pcode 01800)
99.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2250); no rim surviving; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05849) 99.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1730 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2276); rim cut and internally trimmed but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. (Pcode 05857)
99.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1700 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 1020); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05830)
100.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1710-1740 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2250); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05847)
99.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1680 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2001); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05834)
100.02 Bowl dating from c1730-1760 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2237); no rim surviving; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 05845)
99.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2276); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05860)
100.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1730-1760 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2079); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. (Pcode 05838)
99.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1680 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2250); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05848)
100.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1730-1760 from Albion Wharf (Acc No. 1989.1 2206); rim cut and internally trimmed but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 05844)
327
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
101.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from The Crown Court, York Castle (Acc No. 1989.7 2000); no rim surviving; stem bore 8/64”. Milled heel. No rim surviving. (Pcode 01667)
100.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Bedern Chapel (Acc No. 1980.20 II 9000); very finely burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with a Tudor rose on the heel. (Pcode 01949)
101.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from The Crown Court, York Castle (Acc No. 1989.7 U/S); average burnish; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01660)
100.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from the Barbican car park (Acc No. 1988.27 14025); rim bottered and one quarter milled. Marked with the initials ID on the heel. (Pcode 03438) 100.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from The Crown Court, York Castle (Acc No. 1989.7 1004); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05502)
101.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from The Crown Court, York Castle (Acc No. 1989.7 1004); average burnish; rim internally trimmed, bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials ID on the heel. (Pcode 01666)
100.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from The Crown Court, York Castle (Acc No. 1989.7 T1 U/S); poorly burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05508)
101.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from The Crown Court, York Castle (Acc No. 1989.7 2000); average burnish; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. (Pcode 01662)
100.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from The Crown Court, York Castle (Acc No. 1989.7 1004); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05504)
101.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from The Crown Court, York Castle (Acc No. 1989.7 1004); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 01659)
100.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1680 from The Crown Court, York Castle (Acc No. 1989.7 1004); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. (Pcode 01661)
101.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from The Crown Court, York Castle (Acc No. 1989.7 2000); no rim surviving; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials II on the heel. No rim surviving. (Pcode 01664)
100.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from The Crown Court, York Castle (Acc No. 1989.7 2000); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05506)
101.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from The Crown Court, York Castle (Acc No. 1989.7 1004); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IS on the heel. (Pcode 01665)
100.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from The Crown Court, York Castle (Acc No. 1989.7 1004); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05505) 100.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from The Crown Court, York Castle (Acc No. 1989.7 2000); finely burnished; no rim surviving; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IB flanking a crowned Tudor Rose on the heel. No rim surviving. (Pcode 01663)
101.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1740 from The Crown Court, York Castle (Acc No. 1989.7 1004); rim I?B but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 05503) 101.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1620 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1023); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05554)
101.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from The Crown Court, York Castle (Acc No. 1989.7 U/S); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05509)
101.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1620 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1095); average burnish; no rim surviving; stem bore 7/64”.No rim surviving. (Pcode 05598)
101.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from The Crown Court, York Castle (Acc No. 1989.7 2000); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05507)
328
Susan D White
102.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1095); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials GW on the heel. (Pcode 01669)
101.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1030); rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 05566) 101.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1076); finely burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05588)
102.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1095); finely burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials GW on the heel. (Pcode 01761)
102.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1076); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05589)
102.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1095); very finely burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials GW on the heel. Very crudely made, heel rough and untrimmed but has been stamped. (Pcode 01755)
102.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1004); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with a Wheel motif on the heel. (Pcode 01770)
102.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1027); finely burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials GW on the heel. (Pcode 01778)
102.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1001); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with a Wheel motif on the heel. (Pcode 01738)
102.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1053); average burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials GW on the heel. (Pcode 01777)
102.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1069); finely burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials TSK on the heel. Possibly Dutch. (Pcode 01672)
102.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1005); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Only part of the heel stamp's border survives. (Pcode 05520)
102.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1071); finely burnished; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials WG on the heel. Same die as Pcode 1739 (Cast ref 459.46). (Pcode 01775)
102.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1095); milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Very badly abraded; stamped heel mark very faint. (Pcode 01780)
102.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1017); finely burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials GW on the heel. (Pcode 01765)
102.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1076); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. Milled stem. (Pcode 05590)
102.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1054); very finely burnished; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials GW on the heel. (Pcode 05578)
102.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1027); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05558)
102.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1095); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials GW on the heel. Very crudely made, heel rough and untrimmed but has been stamped. (Pcode 01763)
102.18 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1053); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05577)
329
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
102.19 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1020); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05553)
103.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1071); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05584)
102.20 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1076); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05587)
103.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1095); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05599)
103.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1095); finely burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05596)
103.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1071); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05583)
103.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1095); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 9/64”. (Pcode 05597)
103.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1093); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05593)
103.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1049); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05570)
103.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1098); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05600)
103.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1071); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05582)
103.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1027); average burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 9/64”. (Pcode 05561)
103.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1025); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05556)
103.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1027); finely burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05562)
103.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1006); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05522)
103.18 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1076); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05586)
103.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1006); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05523)
103.19 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1025); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05555)
103.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1060); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05580)
103.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1095); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05595) 104.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1015); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05550)
103.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1049); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05574)
104.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1026); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05557)
103.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1027); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05560)
330
Susan D White
104.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1095); poorly burnished; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05594)
1095); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05595) 105.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1680 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1013); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”.Rough repair of damage caused by triming wire. (Pcode 05547)
104.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1027); finely burnished; no rim surviving; stem bore 8/64”.No rim surviving. (Pcode 05559)
105.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1680 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1026); finely burnished; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials ?ID on the heel. (Pcode 01678)
104.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1076); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05585)
105.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1042); average burnish; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials WM on the heel. (Pcode 01722)
104.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1060); rim wiped; one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05579) 104.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1006); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05521)
105.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1049); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05576)
104.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1048); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05568)
105.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1049); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05575)
104.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1049); average burnish; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”.No rim surviving. (Pcode 05572)
105.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1001); rim internally trimmed, bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05511) 105.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1092); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01732)
104.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1049); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05573) 104.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1001); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05510)
105.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1680 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1092); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05592)
104.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1092); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05591)
105.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1680 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1046); rim internally trimmed and wiped; half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05567)
104.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1060); poorly burnished; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials ID on the heel. (Pcode 01736)
105.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1013); rim internally trimmed, bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01771)
105.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45
331
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
105.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1013); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials ID on the heel. (Pcode 01772)
1991.19 1006); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 03443) 106.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1740 from the Merchant Taylor’s Hall, Aldwark (Acc No. 1991.19 1007); rim wiped but not milled. Marked with the initials ?WS on the heel. (Pcode 03441)
105.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1002); finely burnished; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05512)
106.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1730-1760 from the Merchant Taylor’s Hall, Aldwark (Acc No. 1991.19 1014); no rim surviving. No rim surviving. (Pcode 05811)
106.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1093); average burnish; rim internally trimmed, bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials RS on the heel. (Pcode 01679)
106.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from St Andrews Church (Acc No. 1988.6 6016); finely burnished; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials WM on the heel. (Pcode 01950)
106.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1085); finely burnished; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials RS on the heel. (Pcode 01721)
107.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1660 from Museum Street (Acc No. 1974.4 4); very finely burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Very finely made small pipe, possibly a miniature. (Pcode 05805)
106.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1013); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05548)
107.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from the Museum Gardens (Acc No. 1987.16); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05873)
106.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1071); finely burnished; no rim surviving; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IS on the heel. (Pcode 01774)
107.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Peasholme Green (Acc No. 1990.13 2048); poorly burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05865)
106.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1710-1740 from Judge’s Lodging, Lendal (Acc No. 1983.45 1049); rim cut and internally trimmed but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. (Pcode 05571)
107.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Peasholme Green (Acc No. 1990.13 2048); rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 05866) 107.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Peasholme Green (Acc No. 1990.13 4007); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05867)
106.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1680 from the Merchant Taylor’s Hall, Aldwark (Acc No. 1991.19 1006); no rim surviving. Marked with the initials WS on the heel. No rim surviving. (Pcode 03442)
107.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Peasholme Green (Acc No. 1990.13 4007); rim bottered but not milled. Surface abraded, cannot tell if bowl has been burnished. (Pcode 05868)
106.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from the Merchant Taylor’s Hall, Aldwark (Acc No. 1991.19 2013); no rim surviving. Marked with the initials RS on the heel. (Pcode 03439)
107.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Peasholme Green (Acc No. 1990.13 A1 U/S); rim internally trimmed, bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05869)
106.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from the Merchant Taylor’s Hall, Aldwark (Acc No. 1991.19 1011); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim. Marked with the initials IS on the heel. (Pcode 03440)
107.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1700 from Peasholme Green (Acc No. 1990.13 A1 U/S); rim internally trimmed, bottered and half milled. (Pcode 05870)
106.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from the Merchant Taylor’s Hall, Aldwark (Acc No.
332
Susan D White
108.07 Spur type bowl dating from c1670-1700 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1015); average burnish; rim IW but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials SH across the stem. (Pcode 01928)
107.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1680 from St Mary’s Castlegate (Acc No. 1975.25 U/S); finely burnished; rim internally trimmed, bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials RS on the heel. (Pcode 01948) 107.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1198); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05784)
108.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1056); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials WS on the heel. (Pcode 01929)
107.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1198); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05783)
108.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1001); no rim surviving. Marked with the initials WS on the heel. No rim surviving. (Pcode 05760)
107.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1001); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05757)
108.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1056); average burnish; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials SH on the heel. (Pcode 01930)
107.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1001); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05758) 108.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1001); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05759)
108.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1077); finely burnished; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05780)
108.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1125); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05782)
109.01 Spur type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05752)
108.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1077); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials RS on the heel. (Pcode 01934)
109.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1700 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1077); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials RS on the heel. (Pcode 01935)
108.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1001); average burnish; rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. (Pcode 01926)
109.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1001); no rim surviving. (Pcode 05761) 109.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1015); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05763)
108.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1700 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1077); average burnish; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials TL on the heel. (Pcode 01931)
109.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1730 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1060); rim cut and internally trimmed but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05768) 109.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1730 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1060); average burnish; rim cut and internally trimmed but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05769)
108.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1700 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1077); finely burnished; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 05779)
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
109.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1730 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1060); rim cut and internally trimmed but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 05770)
and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05618) 110.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from The Bedern (Acc No. 1974.13 IV U/S); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05609)
109.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1730 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1060); rim IW but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 05771)
110.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from The Bedern (Acc No. 1974.13 IV U/S); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05608)
109.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1730 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1060); rim wiped but not milled; stem bore 6/64”.Near complete pipe. (Pcode 05772)
110.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from The Bedern (Acc No. 1974.13 IV U/S); rim bottered and half milled. (Pcode 05610)
109.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1730 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1060); rim cut and internally trimmed but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 05773)
110.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from The Bedern (Acc No. 1973.13 U/S); average burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials TH on the heel. (Pcode 01813)
109.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1730 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1060); rim cut and internally trimmed but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 05774)
110.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from The Bedern (Acc No. 1973.13 II 37); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials RS on the heel. (Pcode 01811)
109.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1710-1740 from Skeldergate, City Mills (Acc No. 1983.2 1060); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 05776)
110.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from The Bedern (Acc No. 1974.13 III 1021); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05607)
110.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from The Bedern (Acc No. 1976.13 X 5027); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05615)
110.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from The Bedern (Acc No. 1974.13 IV U/S); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 08260)
110.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from The Bedern (Acc No. 1974.13 IV U/S); no rim surviving; stem bore 8/64”. No rim surviving. (Pcode 05611)
110.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from The Bedern (Acc No. 1977.13 X 6087); very finely burnished; rim wiped; three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials TB on the heel. Possibly not a Yorkshire form. (Pcode 01807)
110.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from The Bedern (Acc No. 1976.13 X 5027); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05614) 110.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from The Bedern (Acc No. 1977.13 X 6000); poorly burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with a Fleur-de-lys on the heel. (Pcode 01803)
111.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from The Bedern (Acc No. 1974.13 IV U/S); no rim surviving. Marked with the initials RS on the heel. No rim surviving. (Pcode 01810)
110.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from The Bedern (Acc No. 1976.13 X 5027); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05613)
111.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from The Bedern (Acc No. 1977.13 X 6000); average burnish; no rim surviving; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IS on the heel. No rim surviving. (Pcode 01805)
110.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from The Bedern (Acc No. 1980.13 XV); rim bottered
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111.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from the Stakis Hotel site, Leedhams (Acc No. 1988.24 7000); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05604)
111.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1680 from The Bedern (Acc No. 1976.13 X 5011); finely burnished; rim internally trimmed, bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials RB on the heel. (Pcode 01804)
111.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from the Stakis Hotel site, Leedhams (Acc No. 1988.24 7776); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Milled stem . (Pcode 05606)
111.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from The Bedern (Acc No. 1973.13 II 1); finely burnished; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IS on the heel. (Pcode 01812)
112.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from St Leonard’s Church, Church Hill, Malton (Acc No. 1991.5006 1047); rim internally trimmed, bottered and half milled. (Pcode 05793)
111.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from 20-24 Swinegate (Acc No. 1990.25 2000); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim. (Pcode 05881)
112.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from St Leonard’s Church, Church Hill, Malton (Acc No. 1991.5006 1058); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim. (Pcode 05794)
111.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 20-24 Swinegate (Acc No. 1990.25 U/S); finely burnished; no rim surviving. No rim surviving. (Pcode 05882)
112.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from St Leonard’s Church, Church Hill, Malton (Acc No. 1991.5006 2002); average burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 03448)
111.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 20-24 Swinegate (Acc No. 1990.25 1000); rim bottered and one quarter milled. (Pcode 05879)
112.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1710 from St Leonard’s Church, Church Hill, Malton (Acc No. 1991.5006 1013); no rim surviving. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. No rim surviving. (Pcode 03445)
111.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from St Saviorgate (Acc No. 1983.44 1001); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials GW on the heel. Possibly burnished, surface of bowl badly abraded. (Pcode 01940)
112.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1720 from St Leonard’s Church, Church Hill, Malton (Acc No. 1991.5006 1006); no rim surviving. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. Heel fragment only. (Pcode 03447)
111.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from St Saviorgate (Acc No. 1983.44 1001); finely burnished; rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05797)
112.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from York Castle car park (Acc No. 1992.5 2010); average burnish; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the crowned initials SH on the heel. (Pcode 01945)
111.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from St Saviorgate (Acc No. 1983.44 1001); rim internally trimmed, bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05795) 111.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from St Saviorgate (Acc No. 1983.44 1001); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05796)
112.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670, unprovenanced material held by the York Archaeological Trust (Acc No. 1994.483 U/S); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05466)
335
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 85: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
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Susan D White
Figure 86: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
337
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 87: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
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Susan D White
Figure 88: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
339
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 89: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
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Susan D White
Figure 90: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
341
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 91: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
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Susan D White
Figure 92: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
343
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 93: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
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Susan D White
Figure 94: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
345
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 95: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
346
Susan D White
Figure 96: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
347
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 97: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
348
Susan D White
Figure 98: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
349
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 99: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
350
Susan D White
Figure 100: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
351
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 101: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
352
Susan D White
Figure 102: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
353
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 103: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
354
Susan D White
Figure 104: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
355
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 105: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
356
Susan D White
Figure 106: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
357
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 107: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
358
Susan D White
Figure 108: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
359
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 109: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
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Susan D White
Figure 110: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
361
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 111: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
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Susan D White
Figure 112: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
363
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 113: Pipes held by the York Archaeological Trust, York. Scale 1:1.
113.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1660 from St George’s Field car park (Acc No. 1990.17 1011); no rim surviving; stem bore 7/64”. No rim surviving. (Pcode 05602)
112.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, unprovenanced material held by the York Archaeological Trust (Acc No. 1995.58 1011); average burnish; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled. Marked with the initials IB on the heel. (Pcode 03409)
113.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from St George’s Field car park (Acc No. 1990.17 1018); finely burnished; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials BC on the heel. (Pcode 01782)
112.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1700, unprovenanced material held by the York Archaeological Trust (Acc No. 1994.484 U/S); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05468) 112.10 Spur type bowl dating from c1760-1800, unprovenanced material held by the York Archaeological Trust (Acc No. 1994.484 U/S); no rim surviving. (Pcode 05467)
113.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from St George’s Field car park (Acc No. 1990.17 1061); average burnish; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials RS on the heel. (Pcode 01783)
112.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1760-1800 from Yarm (Acc No. OCM94 1010); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials BC on the SS. (Pcode 05812)
113.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from St George’s Field car park (Acc No. 1990.17
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114.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1680 from the Assize Court (Acc No. 21113.42E); rim internally trimmed and bottered; rim one quarter milled; bore 5/64”. (Pcode 07782).
1122); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 05603) 113.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from St George’s Field car park (Acc No. 1990.17 1011); rim cut and internally trimmed; one quarter milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01785)
114.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1700 from Blossom Street; good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials RS on the heel (Pcode 07888).
Collection Name: York Castle Museum Collection Code: 0150 Address: York, North Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded 15th September 2000. The collection comprises a large collection of clay tobacco pipes ranging in date from the seventeenth century through to the nineteenth and early twentieth century. In 1987 John Andrews prepared a detailed catalogue of the collection and included a sketch of each item.
114.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Falcon Street (Acc No. 1882); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials TA on the heel (Pcode 07961). 114.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Sand & gravel pit (Acc No. 212/42E); good burnish; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; bore 8/64”. (Pcode 07968). 114.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sand & gravel pit (Acc No. 212/42I); no internal bowl cross; rim bottered but not milled; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07969).
In 2000 a total of 211 seventeenth or eighteenth century bowls from the collection were recorded in detail for inclusion in the Yorkshire database. Fifty of these bowls, previously sketched by J Andrews, were re-drawn by S D White.
114.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 unprovenanced but probably from York (Acc No. 615.77f); finely burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07793).
The collection’s most notable item is a Turkish Pipe Box containing eight complete Ottoman style bowls; a cherry wood stem measuring 5ft in length; a selection of mouthpieces in amber, ivory and ebony together with an empty glass bottle originally containing aromatic water, as well as wires and cotton for cleaning the pipes.
114.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced but probably from York; rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07801).
114.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1590-1610 from the Assize Court (Acc No. 148.71); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07781).
114.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced but probably from York; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07798).
114.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1650 from the Assize Court (Acc No. 148.71); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with a star on the heel. Marked "Cambridge". (Pcode 07780).
114.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced but probably from York (Acc No. 147.71); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 6/64”. On loan to Dorman Museum, Middlesborough. (Pcode 07784).
114.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from the Assize Court (Acc No. 147.71); rim bottered but not milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07766).
115.01 Spur type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced but probably from York; no internal bowl cross; rim bottered and one quarter milled; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07800).
114.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from the Assize Court (Acc No. 147.71); good burnish; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07765).
115.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1650-1680 unprovenanced but probably from York; no internal bowl cross; rim bottered and fully milled; bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the bowl facing the smoker. Possible Rainford product. (Pcode 07802).
114.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from the Assize Court (Acc No. 147.71); finely burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials WS on the heel. (Pcode 07764).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
115.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 unprovenanced but probably from York (Acc No. 26.71); rim wiped; rim not milled; bore 6/64”. On loan to Dorman Museum, Middlesborough. (Pcode 07783).
115.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced but probably from York; rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07803). 115.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from York; rim bottered and half milled; bore 7/64”. Heartshaped heel. (Pcode 07797).
116.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 unprovenanced but probably from York; rim cut but not milled; bore 5/64”. On loan to Dorman Museum, Middlesborough; smoked after stem broken - see groove. (Pcode 07795).
115.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1650 unprovenanced but probably from York; rim internally trimmed and bottered; rim one quarter milled; bore 6/64”. In a box labelled "YH 1014". (Pcode 07799).
116.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1620-1640 unprovenanced from Yorkshire Museum, York (Acc No. 26.71); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07896).
115.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from York; average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the heel. Similar to Hull Type 2. (Pcode 07806).
116.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1640 unprovenanced from Yorkshire Museum, York (Acc No. 26.71); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. Milling very low. (Pcode 07895). 116.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced from Yorkshire Museum, York (Acc No. 26.71); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; bore 6/64”. Heart-shaped heel. (Pcode 07897).
115.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from York; rim bottered and one quarter milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials SI on the heel. Labelled "Pontefract maker"; shiny surface; S reversed. (Pcode 07808).
116.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced from Yorkshire Museum, York (Acc No. 26.71); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; bore 9/64”. Marked with the initials GC on the heel (Pcode 07894).
115.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced but probably from York; no internal bowl cross; rim bottered and half milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IH on the heel (Pcode 07807).
116.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced from Yorkshire Museum, York (Acc No. YM974/4); rim bottered but not milled; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07950).
115.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from York; rim internally trimmed and bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07796).
116.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced from Yorkshire Museum, York (Acc No. 26.71); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07889).
115.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from York (Acc No. 615.77c); rim bottered but not milled; bore 7/64”. Shiny surface but no apparent burnish lines. (Pcode 07790).
116.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced from Yorkshire Museum, York (Acc No. 26.71); no internal bowl cross; rim bottered but not milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials ID on the heel (Pcode 07900).
115.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1720 unprovenanced but probably from York; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; bore 5/64”. (Pcode 07804).
116.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced from Yorkshire Museum, York (Acc No. 26.71); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials TD on the heel (Pcode 07893).
115.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 unprovenanced but probably from York; finely burnished; rim bottered and one quarter milled; bore 4/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. Possibly Dutch. (Pcode 07805).
116.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced from Yorkshire Museum, York
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Susan D White
Figure 114: Pipes from the collections of York Castle Museum, York. Scale 1:1.
367
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 115: Pipes from the collections of York Castle Museum, York. Scale 1:1.
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Susan D White
Figure 116: Pipes from the collections of York Castle Museum, York. Scale 1:1.
369
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 117: Pipes from the collections of York Castle Museum, York. Scale 1:1.
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Susan D White
Figure 118: Pipes and hair curlers from the collections of York Castle Museum, York. Scale 1:1.
(Acc No. 26.71); no internal bowl cross; rim bottered and half milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials RS on the heel (Pcode 07904).
(Acc No. 26.71); rim bottered and half milled; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07891). 116.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced from Yorkshire Museum, York (Acc No. 26.71); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials HF (Fleur-de-lys) on the heel (Pcode 07901).
117.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 unprovenanced from Yorkshire Museum, York (Acc No. 26.71); good burnish; rim bottered and one quarter milled; bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials WS on the heel (Pcode 07892).
117.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced from Yorkshire Museum, York (Acc No. 26.71); finely burnished; rim bottered and half milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials ID on the heel. Similar to York Type 8; very neat. (Pcode 07902).
117.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1710 unprovenanced from Yorkshire Museum, York (Acc No. 26.71); good burnish; rim bottered and half milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials RS on the heel (Pcode 07903).
117.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced from Yorkshire Museum, York (Acc No. 26.71); good burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IS on the heel (Pcode 07899).
117.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 unprovenanced from Yorkshire Museum, York (Acc No. 26.71); rim internally trimmed and bottered; rim one quarter milled; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07890).
117.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced from Yorkshire Museum, York (Acc No. 26.71); rim bottered and half milled; bore 7/64”. Shiny surface but no obvious burnish lines. (Pcode 07898).
117.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from general; rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07964). 117.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1675 from general (Acc No. Malton 1835); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07963).
117.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1680 unprovenanced from Yorkshire Museum, York
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800 •
117.10 Spur type bowl dating from c1650-1680 unprovenanced material but probably from Rothwell, Leeds (Acc No. 170.49); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. Label reads "Mr Booth, 33 Willow Ave., Rothwell, Leeds". (Pcode 07958).
• •
117.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced material from Escrick (Acc No. 1106/6/50); rim bottered but not milled; bore 8/64”. (Pcode 07885).
• •
117.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material from Escrick (Acc No. 1106/5/50); rim bottered but not milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07884).
• • • •
118.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced material from Beverley; rim bottered but not milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07954).
• •
118.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Walmgate Bar (Acc No. X11.1938); rim bottered and half milled; bore 7/64”. York Type 10. (Pcode 07971).
•
118.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1680 from ?Bristol (Acc No. 148.71); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07955).
• • •
118.04 Half of a broken hair curler dating from the seventeenth or eighteenth century.
•
118.05 Half of a broken hair curler marked with the initials WB; dating from the seventeenth or eighteenth century.
•
•
Collection Name: Abbey House Museum Collection Code: 0130 Address: Kirkstall, Leeds, South Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded on 2nd May 1995. Collection included approximately 35 bowls of seventeenth- or eighteenth-century date, which include six with stamped marks. Also included a range of nineteenth-century mould decorated bowls as well as miscellaneous papers and photographs relating to the pipemaker Samson Strong and his pipeworks.
• • • • •
Most notable later pipes include: • • •
•
E/28/1967/4 – Complete cadger pipe with football and boot; boot is coloured black, the ball is coloured yellow Complete miniature pipe with spur and moulded milling Plain spur pipe, which appears to be unfired.
Complete Ben Nevis cutty with red paper label reading “McDougall’s Scotch porous pipe – quality guaranteed” on stem; varnished finish E/84/1962-10 – two Ben Nevis cutty pipes as above E/83/1968 – Complete pipe with thick spur complete with silver cap; cotton binding on tip. Two broken fluted bowls with leaf decorated seams and rope design around the rim. E/83/1968 – Broken long stemmed pipe with fluted bowl and leaf decorated seams; rope design around the rim; similar to the above. For Auld Lang Syne cutty pipe. Complete acorn pipe Complete Hussars pipe E/28/1968 – Complete TW cutty with hatched star on right-hand side. Rubber stamp on the left-hand side reading HAROLD BEST/COMMERCIAL HOTEL/WHINGATE/HOME BREWED ALES Complete claw pipe 104.31.53 – Ladies head and bonnet, glazed details marked L. FIOLET E/30/1967/1 – Stem with number 250 stamped on left-hand side; original a figure or animal on the top of the stem behind the bowl but this has broken off. 189 – Meerschaum claw pipe 104/38/53 – Asbestos pipe with metal mount 104/54/53 – Sub-stemmed pipe in form of a hand holding the bowl. LF stamped below the wrist 104/57/53 – Dark brown stoneware pipe with fluted design, possibly American E/41/1967/11 – Decorated bowl with figure of justice on right-hand side; possibly father time on left-hand side and a heart in hand motif on the bowl seam facing the smoker. E/44/1973/3 – Elaborate French pipe possibly commemorating the revolution; stamped LF on base of bowl; lettering 23.24.25 FEVRIER on side of the stem. 104/56/53 – Dublin bowl 104/60/53 – Early nineteenth-century Masonic bowl 104/59/53 – For Auld Lang Syne pipe 104/64/53 – Bird either side of the bowl; leaf decorated seams; possibly German 104/64/53 – Dog either side of the bowl; possibly German 104/64/53 – Basket design; possibly German
Photographs in a loose folder include the following: • Photo of Samson Strong’s workshop, York Road, Leeds (outside) • 14 photos illustrating pipe workshop at the museum/production process
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119.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds; rim wiped but not milled. (Pcode 05891). One of two pipes of this type, the second example is slightly taller.
4 photos of Samson Strong in his workshop, Jun 11 1934 from York Evening Post 4 photos of the kiln 2 exterior views of ?a pipe workshop (the chimney looks different to the York Road one) Cutting from Yorkshire Post, Sept 7 1951 giving details of Samson Strong 2 copies of Shepherds 1912 (Hull pipes)
119.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds (Acc No. 104/64/53); fully milled. (Pcode 05903).
119.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds; rim bottered and fully milled. Marked with wheel on the heel. (Pcode 08262).
119.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds; fully milled. (Pcode 05892).
119.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds (Acc No. 104/64/53); fully milled. (Pcode 05896).
119.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds; rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05886).
119.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds (Acc No. 104/64/53); fully milled. (Pcode 05897).
119.16 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds; rim three quarters milled. (Pcode 05887).
119.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds; rim bottered and three quarters milled. (Pcode 05883).
119.17 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds (Acc No. 130-54); rim not milled. Pipe labelled ‘found in an old mine at Castleton the Peak’. (Pcode 05908).
119.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds; rim bottered and half milled. (Pcode 05884).
120.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds; rim bottered and half milled. (Pcode 05888).
119.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds (Acc No. 104/64/53); rim three quarters milled. (Pcode 05899).
120.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds (Acc No. 104/64/53); fully milled. (Pcode 05904).
119.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds (Acc No. 104/64/53); rim one quarter milled. (Pcode 05900).
120.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds; average burnish; rim- and fully milled. Marked with the initials RS on the heel. (Pcode 03362).
119.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds (Acc No. 104/64/53); fully milled. (Pcode 05901).
120.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds (Acc No. 104/64/53); rim not milled. (Pcode 05905).
119.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds (Acc No. 104/64/53); fully milled. Milled heel. (Pcode 03357). One of two pipes of this type.
120.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1700 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds (Acc No. E/58/1967/16); rim bottered and half milled. Marked with the initials EW on the heel. (Pcode 03359).
119.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds (Acc No. 104/64/53); fully milled. (Pcode 05902).
120.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1700 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds (Acc No. E/58/1967 16); rim bottered and half milled.
119.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds; fully milled. (Pcode 05885).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 119: Pipes from the collections of the Abbey House Museum, Leeds. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 120: Pipes from the collections of the Abbey House Museum, Leeds. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 121: Pipes from the collections of the Abbey House Museum, Leeds. Scale 1:1.
Description: Material recorded over three visits, the first 3rd April 2000 then again on 23rd and 25th July 2001. Almost 400 pipe fragments of seventeenth- or eighteenthcentury dated were recorded from this collection. The majority of these were from a kiln site in Church Street belonging to S Lumley and many of them were mould decorated bowls with roll stamped stems. In addition to the pipes themselves the museum has a number of boxes containing pipe production waste and kiln furniture associated with the eighteenth-century kiln site. Rough sketches were made of some of the kiln furniture and muffle fragments and a number of record photographs taken. Other notable nineteenth-century pipes include:
Marked with the initials IG on the heel. (Pcode 03360). 120.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1700 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds; rim half milled. Marked with the initials AI on the heel. (Pcode 03361). 120.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1700 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds (Acc No. 104/64/53); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05895). 120.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds; rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 05889).
• •
120.10 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1710 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds (Acc No. E/58/1967 13); poorly burnished; rim bottered and one quarter milled. Marked with the lettering MICH PARK across the stem. Michael Parke of Gateshead. (Pcode 08261).
•
DC/AAG – six examples of a Masonic bowl with the lettering W WATSON ROTHERHAM along the seam. 159.77 – bowl with George and the dragon on one side and Britannia on the other. Bears the lettering INGHAM/THORNE around the rim. DC/AAG – spur bowl with large moulded initials JW on the sides of the bowl
122.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from 25 The Grove; average burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IH on the heel. (Pcode 06925).
121.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1750 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds (Acc No. 104/64/53). Badly burnt and discoloured. (Pcode 05898). 121.02 Bowl dating from c1780-1850 unprovenanced but probably from Leeds; rim cut. (Pcode 05890).
122.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1720 from 25 The Grove; bore 5/64”. Marked with illegible initials on the bowl facing the smoker. Heel damaged; no rim surviving. (Pcode 06924).
Collection Name: Doncaster Museum & Art Gallery Collection Code: 0140 Address: Doncaster, South Yorkshire
122.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Baxtergate, Site DA (Acc No. B/GATE 1966 U/S DA/GG); good burnish; rim internally trimmed and bottered; rim one quarter milled.
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Marked with the initials WR on the bowl facing the smoker. (Pcode 06928).
traces of clay on it and is most likely from the muffle. (Pcode 24809).
122.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Baxtergate, Site DA (Acc No. B/GATE 1966 U/S DA/BC); average burnish; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IS on the heel. (Pcode 06927).
123.01 Spur type bowl dating from c1760-1800 from Church Street, Site DC, DY, DX and DCH (Acc No. DC/AAG); rim cut but not milled; bore 4/64”. Waster associated with kiln waste from S Lumley kiln. (Pcode 24822). 123.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1760-1800 from Church Street, Site DC, DY, DX and DCH (Acc No. DC/AAG); rim internally trimmed and cut; bore 5/64”. S Lumley stamped stems associated with this design. (Pcode 24814).
122.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Church Street, Site DC, DY, DX and DCH (Acc No. DC/ACA); average burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials ?H on the heel. In a bag labelled "layer 11 under flagged floor 22.4.72". (Pcode 06986).
123.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1760-1800 from Church Street, Site DC, DY, DX and DCH (Acc No. DC/AGA); rim cut but not milled; bore 4/64”. S Lumley stamped stems associated with bowls of this design. (Pcode 24824).
122.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Church Street, Site DC, DY, DX and DCH (Acc No. DC/CI); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IH on the heel. (Pcode 06987).
123.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1760-1800 from Church Street, Site DC, DY, DX and DCH (Acc No. DC/AAG); rim internally trimmed and cut; rim not milled. (Pcode 24878).
122.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Church Street, Site DC, DY, DX and DCH (Acc No. DX/CT (X)); good burnish; bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the heel. No rim surviving. (Pcode 24717).
123.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1760-1800 from Church Street, Site DC, DY, DX and DCH (Acc No. DC/AAG); rim internally trimmed and cut; rim not milled; bore 5/64”. (Pcode 24828).
122.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1700 from Church Street, Site DC, DY, DX and DCH (Acc No. DX/CT (X)); average burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials WL on the heel. (Pcode 24720).
123.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1760-1800 from Church Street, Site DC, DY, DX and DCH (Acc No. DC/AAG); rim cut but not milled; bore 4/64”. Waster, whole bowl has traces of clay on it and is most likely from the muffle. (Pcode 24811).
122.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1720-1780 from Church Street, Site DC, DY, DX and DCH (Acc No. DCH/A); average burnish; + type bowl cross; rim wiped; rim not milled; bore 5/64”. (Pcode 06988).
123.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1760-1800 from Church Street, Site DC, DY, DX and DCH (Acc No. DC/AAG); rim cut but not milled; bore 3/64”. Marked with a dot and circle on the sides of the spur. Waster, whole bowl has traces of clay on it and is most likely from the muffle. Pedestal foot. (Pcode 24812).
122.10 Spur type bowl dating from c1740-1800 from Church Street, Site DC, DY, DX and DCH (Acc No. DC/AAG); rim cut but not milled. Waster; Whole bowl has traces of clay on it and is most likely from the muffle. (Pcode 24807).
123.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1720 from East of Sepulchure Gate, Site DEH (Acc No. DEH/H); bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials MP on the heel. Heel fragment only; burnt out void in heel. (Pcode 08376).
122.11 Bowl dating from c1740-1800 from Church Street, Site DC, DY, DX and DCH (Acc No. DC/AAG); rim cut but not milled. Waster, whole bowl has traces of clay on it and is most likely from the muffle. (Pcode 24810).
123.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from East side of St George's Gate, Site DR (Acc No. DR/AF); no internal bowl cross; rim bottered and fully milled; bore 9/64”. Marked with a wheel on the heel. Cannot see individual burnishing lines but very shiny surface. (Pcode 24713).
122.12 Spur type bowl dating from c1740-1780 from Church Street, Site DC, DY, DX and DCH (Acc No. DC/AAG); rim internally trimmed and cut; rim not milled; bore 4/64”. Waster; encrusted spur but possibly has dot and circle motif moulded on side of the spur. Whole bowl has
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
123.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from East side of St George's Gate, Site DR (Acc No. DR/AF); rim internally trimmed and bottered; rim fully milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 24722).
LUMLEY (DONR) on the bowl facing the smoker. (Pcode 06972). 124.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Lord Street, Site DF (Acc No. DF/BG); rim bottered but not milled; bore 7/64”. Milled heel (Pcode 24715).
123.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Fishergate (Acc No. F/GATE 1964 W/F1 DG/BG); rim internally trimmed and bottered; rim fully milled; bore 8/64”. Not smoked. (Pcode 06942).
124.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Lord Street, Site DF (Acc No. DF/BG); rim bottered but not milled; bore 7/64”. Milled heel (Pcode 24716).
123.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Fishergate (Acc No. F/GATE 1964 WF/1); rim internally trimmed and bottered; rim fully milled; bore 6/64”. Not smoked. (Pcode 06966).
124.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Low Fishergate (Acc No. DNB 92 1023); rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06973).
124.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Fishergate (Acc No. F/GATE 1964 DG/BG); rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 7/64”. Not smoked. (Pcode 06929).
124.12 Possibly a spur type bowl dating from c16601680 from Low Fishergate (Acc No. DNB 93 U/S); rim bottered and three quarters milled. (Pcode 06974).
124.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Fishergate (Acc No. F/GATE 1964 DG/BG); rim internally trimmed and bottered; rim three quarters milled; bore 6/64”. Not smoked. (Pcode 06930).
124.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Low Fishergate (Acc No. DNB 93 U/S); good burnish; rim bottered and half milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06975).
124.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Fishergate (Acc No. F/GATE 1964 W/F1 DG/BG); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. Very finely made; not smoked. (Pcode 06944).
125.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1720 from Market Place, Site DMP (Acc No. DMP/B 5); good burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IH on the heel. (Pcode 06977).
124.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Fishergate (Acc No. F/GATE 1964 W/F1 DG/BG); rim internally trimmed and bottered; rim fully milled; bore 6/64”. Similar to 1725; not smoked. (Pcode 06943).
125.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Market Place, Site DMP (Acc No. DMP77 AREA 3); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials ON flanking a castle on the heel. Very pink fabric. (Pcode 24719).
124.05 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Fishergate (Acc No. F/GATE 1964 W/F1 DG/BG); rim internally trimmed and bottered; rim fully milled; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06945).
125.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Market Place, Site DMP (Acc No. DMP77 AREA 3); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the heel. Very distinct mould flaws round heel. (Pcode 24718).
124.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Hall Gate (Acc No. DHG 95 1000); average burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; bore 6/64”. Heel mark badly damaged, possibly ?S. (Pcode 06967).
125.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from New Museum Site (1961), Site DK (Acc No. DK/AM); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 24655).
124.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Hall Gate (Acc No. DHG 95 1000); rim internally trimmed and bottered; rim one quarter milled; bore 7/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 06968).
125.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from New Museum Site (1961), Site DK (Acc No. DK/AM); good burnish; rim bottered and half milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IS on the heel. (Pcode 08377).
124.08 Possibly a spur type bowl dating from c17301760 from High Street, Site DJ (Acc No. DJ/EG); rim cut. Marked with the lettering
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125.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from North side of Church Way (St. George's), Site DT (Acc No. DT/JA); poorly burnished; rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 5/64”. Marked with the crowned initials SH on the heel. (Pcode 06982).
DQ/AE); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 9/64”. (Pcode 24657). 126.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from South side of Church Way, Site DQ (Acc No. DQ/EP $); good burnish; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials BC on the heel. (Pcode 08378).
125.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from North side of Church Way (St. George's), Site DT (Acc No. DT/LH); rim bottered and half milled. (Pcode 06984).
126.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from South side of Church Way, Site DQ (Acc No. DQ/GW); average burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials WL on the heel. (Pcode 06992).
125.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from North side of Church Way (St. George's), Site DT (Acc No. DT/HN); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IH on the heel. (Pcode 06981).
126.07 Possibly a spur type bowl dating from c17001770 from South side of Church Way, Site DQ (Acc No. DQ/SI); rim wiped; rim not milled. (Pcode 24658).
125.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from North side of Church Way (St. George's), Site DT (Acc No. DT/BA); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; bore 7/64”. Milled heel (Pcode 06979).
126.08 Possibly a heel type bowl dating from c16201640 from South side of High Street, Site DSR (Acc No. DSR/BB (5)); rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 24641).
125.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from North side of Church Way (St. George's), Site DT (Acc No. DT/KS); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; bore 6/64”. Milled heel (Pcode 06983).
126.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from South side of High Street, Site DSR (Acc No. DSR/BC (5)); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 6/64”. Burnt. (Pcode 24644).
125.11 Bowl dating from c1690-1720 from North side of Church Way, Site DV (Acc No. DV/AJ LAYER 1); average burnish; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim. Marked with the initials IH on the bowl facing the smoker. (Pcode 24721).
126.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from South side of High Street, Site DSR (Acc No. DSR/CC (5)); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 8/64”. Heel cut at an angle. (Pcode 24642). 126.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from South side of High Street, Site DSR (Acc No. DSR/BB (5)); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 24645).
125.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Roman Camp; poorly burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. (Pcode 06997).
126.12 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from South side of High Street, Site DSR (Acc No. DSR/BP (5)); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 5/64”. (Pcode 24648).
126.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Site DM (Acc No. DM/AN); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 24661).
126.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from South side of High Street, Site DSR (Acc No. DSR/AL (X)); average burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 6/64”. Marked with the crowned initials SH on the heel. (Pcode 08374).
126.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1670 from Site DM (Acc No. DM/BJ); good burnish; bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials GW on the heel. (Pcode 08379). 126.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1720 from Site DM (Acc No. DM/AP); bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials MP on the heel. No rim surviving; burnt out void in heel. (Pcode 24659).
126.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from South side of High Street, Site DSR (Acc No. DSR/BA (+)); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; bore 5/64”. (Pcode 24653).
126.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from South side of Church Way, Site DQ (Acc No.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
127.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Doncaster; no internal bowl cross; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06916).
127.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from St George's Church Yard; good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IP on the heel. (Pcode 06922).
127.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Doncaster (Acc No. DG91 208); poorly burnished; rim bottered but not milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IH on the heel. (Pcode 06911).
127.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from St George's Church Yard; average burnish; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials MP on the heel. (Pcode 06923). 127.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Thorne Peel Hill (Acc No. DTPH94 404); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; bore 6/64”. Milled heel (Pcode 24708).
127.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Doncaster; rim internally trimmed and bottered; rim half milled; bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials IH (Fleur-de-lys) on the heel. (Pcode 06918).
127.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Thorne Peel Hill (Acc No. DTPH94 404); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IH on the heel. (Pcode 24710).
128.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Doncaster (Acc No. DPS 92 U/S); rim internally trimmed and bottered; rim three quarters milled; bore 6/64”. Milled heel (Pcode 06914).
127.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Thorne Peel Hill (Acc No. DTPH94 404); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled. Marked with the initials IH on the heel. (Pcode 24711).
128.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 unprovenanced but probably from Doncaster (Acc No. DG91 102); average burnish; bore 4/64”. Marked with a dot and circle on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 06913).
127.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced but probably from Doncaster (Acc No. DG91 100); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06912).
128.03 Bowl dating from c1700-1770 unprovenanced but probably from Doncaster; average burnish; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials IH on the bowl facing the smoker. (Pcode 06917).
127.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced but probably from Doncaster (Acc No. DG91 500); rim internally trimmed and bottered; rim fully milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06941).
128.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from West side of St George's Gate, Site DS (Acc No. DS/AS); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06994). 128.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from West side of St George's Gate, Site DS (Acc No. HK83 501); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with a flower on the heel. (Pcode 24712).
127.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced but probably from Doncaster (Acc No. DG91 502); milled around all of the surviving rim; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06910). 127.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced but probably from Doncaster; rim internally trimmed and bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; bore 8/64”. (Pcode 06915).
128.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from West side of St George's Gate, Site DS (Acc No. DS/BA); poorly burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 24626). 128.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from West side of St George's Gate, Site DS (Acc No. DS/AT); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 24623).
127.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Doncaster (Acc No. DG91 125-1); poorly burnished; rim internally trimmed and bottered; rim three quarters milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials CF on the heel. Very crude mark. (Pcode 06909).
128.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from West side of St George's Gate, Site DS (Acc No. DS/AP); rim internally trimmed and bottered; rim fully milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 24637).
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Figure 122: Pipes from the collections of Doncaster Museum. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 123: Pipes from the collections of Doncaster Museum. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 124: Pipes from the collections of Doncaster Museum. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 125: Pipes from the collections of Doncaster Museum. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 126: Pipes from the collections of Doncaster Museum. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 127: Pipes from the collections of Doncaster Museum. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 128: Pipes from the collections of Doncaster Museum. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 129: Pipes from the collections of Doncaster Museum. Scale 1:1.
128.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from West side of St George's Gate, Site DS (Acc No. DS/AS); no internal bowl cross; rim bottered and fully milled; bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials GC on the heel. (Pcode 06995).
DS/AJ); rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 7/64”. Milled heel (Pcode 24625). 128.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from West side of St George's Gate, Site DS (Acc No. DS/AT); rim bottered and half milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 24635).
128.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from West side of St George's Gate, Site DS (Acc No. DS/AR); rim bottered and half milled; bore 6/64”. Heart shaped heel. (Pcode 24638). 128.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from West side of St George's Gate, Site DS (Acc No.
128.13 Spur type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from West side of St George's Gate, Site DS (Acc No. DS/AT X$S); rim bottered and half milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 24621).
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collection, including rough sketches of the pipes, compiled by students from Sheffield, although it is not clear when this cataloguing took place.
129.01 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from West side of St George's Gate, Site DS (Acc No. DS/AT); rim bottered but not milled; bore 5/64”. (Pcode 24622).
A total of 44 seventeenth- or eighteenth-century pipes were recorded in detail for the Yorkshire database. In addition to these 44 pipes and the material catalogued by the Sheffield students, other notable items in the collection include the following:
129.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from West side of St George's Gate, Site DS (Acc No. DS/AO); good burnish; rim internally trimmed and bottered; rim fully milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials SV across the stem. (Pcode 06993).
•
129.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from West side of St George's Gate, Site DS (Acc No. DS/AT); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; bore 5/64”. (Pcode 24633).
• •
129.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from West side of St George's Gate, Site DS (Acc No. DS/AQ); rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 24634).
•
129.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from West side of St George's Gate, Site DS (Acc No. DS/AR); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 24627).
• •
129.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from West side of St George's Gate, Site DS (Acc No. DS/BA); poorly burnished; rim bottered and half milled; bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IG on the heel. (Pcode 06996).
SH/87/80 – Bowl with incuse sans serif moulded stem mark reading No. 49 C. WARD/DONCASTER. Typical Midlands type of lion and unicorn arms with DIEU ET MON DROIT beneath it. SH/67/80 – Very water-rolled London Type 25 bowl with thin walls and stem. The moulded initials ?T/F/P and H can be seen on the heel. SH/88-80 – Plain bowl with ink stamp mark reading JACK BANKS / TINSLEY HOTEL / TINSLEY. SH/148-80.9 – Bowl fragment with Prince of Wales’ Feathers on the right-hand side with part of the word DONCASTER above. RAS/1995.75 – A pipe clay whistle in the form of a bird with very crisp detail; traces of dark brown paint survives overall; probably German. RAS/1995.91 – A pipe clay doll’s body with relief moulded decoration and two holes pierced right through the body for the attachment of arms and legs.
130.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 from Ickles Hall Farm (Acc No. SH/60/77); poorly burnished; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Ground end. (Pcode 06539).
129.07 Spur type bowl dating from c1760-1800 from Church Street, Site DC, DY, DX and DCH (Acc No. DC/ALF); rim cut but not milled; bore 5/64”. Composite drawing of a fluted bowl with leaf and tendril decoration; similar moulded stem decoration associated with a diamond pattern mark as well as with the S Lumley stamps.
130.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Alma Road (Acc No. RAS/1995.10); rim internally trimmed, bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06555). 130.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Alma Road (Acc No. RAS/1995.11); milled on all surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06556).
129.08 Stem fragment dating from c1760-1800 from Church Street, Site DC, DY, DX and DCH (Acc No. DY/DL); bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials SLUMLEY across the stem. Stem with a similar leaf and tentril moulded design as drawing 129.07 but in assocation with an S Lumley stamped mark. (Pcode 08357).
130.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, unprovenanced find from Rotherham (Acc No. SH/436/77); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06532).
Collection Name: Rotherham Museum Collection Code: 0138 Address: Rotherham, South Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded on 20th June 2000. The collection comprises a number of pipes ranging in date from the seventeenth century through to the early twentieth century. A catalogue exists of the pipe
130.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660, unprovenanced find from Rotherham (Acc No. SH/147/80); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Surface very rough and abraded. (Pcode 06529).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
131.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, unprovenanced find from Rotherham (Acc No. RAS/1995.18); rim internally trimmed, bottered and half milled; stem bore 5/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 06521).
130.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 15 Doncaster Place (Acc No. SH/113/80); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06553). 130.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Canklow (Acc No. RAS/1995.8); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 06561).
131.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Stone (Acc No. SH/372/93.5); rim internally trimmed, bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06547).
130.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Alma Road (Acc No. RAS/1995.9); rim internally trimmed, bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 06559).
131.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, unprovenanced find from Rotherham (Acc No. SH/85/80); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials TWon the sides of the heel. Milled heel. (Pcode 06537).
130.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Alma Road (Acc No. RAS/1995.19); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Double band of milling on the heel. (Pcode 06558).
131.05 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680, unprovenanced find from Rotherham (Acc No. SH/105/80); rim bottered and half milled. Marked with the initials II on the bowl facing the smoker. (Pcode 06542).
130.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1700 from Stone (Acc No. SH/372/93.2); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Cut marked on the heel. (Pcode 06544).
131.06 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680, unprovenanced find from Rotherham (Acc No. SH/434/77); rim bottered; milled on all surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06530).
130.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, unprovenanced find from Rotherham (Acc No. RAS/1995.31); possible bowl cross present (X) but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Milled heel. Very worn. (Pcode 06525).
131.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Stone (Acc No. SH/372/93.4); good burnish; rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials TB on the heel. (Pcode 06546).
130.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, unprovenanced find from Rotherham (Acc No. RAS/1995.28); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06523).
131.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Canklow (Acc No. RAS/1995.30); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06560).
130.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Treeton (Acc No. SH/153/74-10); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 06551).
131.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Stone (Acc No. SH/372/93.1); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 06543).
130.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, unprovenanced find from Rotherham (Acc No. SH/73/80); good burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled. Milled heel. (Pcode 06549).
131.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720, unprovenanced find from Rotherham (Acc No. SH/66/80); average burnish; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled. Marked on the bowl facing the smoker; mark illegible. (Pcode 06550).
130.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, unprovenanced find from Rotherham (Acc No. SH/438/77); average burnish; fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Shiny surface. (Pcode 06533). 131.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Fenton Lane, Kimberworth Park (Acc No. SH/70/75); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled heel. Shiny surface. (Pcode 06564).
131.11 Bowl dating from c1690-1720, unprovenanced find from Rotherham (Acc No. RAS/1995.70); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; Marked with the initials TW on the bowl facing the smoker. (Pcode 06528).
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Figure 130: Pipes from the collections of Rotherham Museum, Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 131: Pipes from the collections of Rotherham Museum, Scale 1:1.
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132.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from Catcliffe (Acc No. SH/253/74.8); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Similar to tall London Type 18; similar examples from Kelham Museum, Sheffield. (Pcode 06563).
Collection Name: ARCUS Collection Code: 0167 Address: Sheffield, South Yorkshire Description: Collection of clay tobacco pipes from excavations a Riverside Exchange in Sheffield. S D White has prepared a full report on the clay tobacco pipes from the site. The site yielded a total of 1067 pipe fragments mainly late eighteenth and nineteenth century, however 19 fragments were recorded in detail for inclusion in the Yorkshire database. The excavations produced a rather large number of roll stamp marks, 14 in all, from the eighteenth century. 133.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. 240H [14] (14125); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. 133.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. 240F [11] (11512): SF No. 0397); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Grove round rim rather than milling. (Pcode 08384). 133.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 (Acc No. 240D [5] (5003): SF No. 0013); stem bore 6/64”. Heel fragment; cut mark across the heel. (Pcode 08385). 133.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1740 (Acc No. 240F [11] (11179): SF No. 0307); good burnish; stem bore 5/64”. Heel only; poorly preserved moulded mark either B or P, no surname initial; stem decorated with milled bands. (Pcode 08386).
Figure 132: Pipes from the collections of Rotherham Museum, Scale 1:1.
133.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1740 (Acc No. 240H [14] (14005); good burnish; stem bore 5/64”.
131.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Stone (Acc No. SH/372/93.6); good burnish; rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 06548).
133.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1750-1800 (Acc No. 240F [11] (11467): SF No. 0495); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”.
132.01 Bowl dating from c1700-1770 from Riley's Garage, Westgate Green (Acc No. RAS/1995.14); good burnish; bowl cross present (X); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 06540).
133.07 Spur type bowl dating from c1770-1800 (Acc No. 240F [11] (11451): SF No. 0477); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. 133.08 Spur type bowl dating from c1820-1860 (Acc No. 240F [11] (11346): SF No. 0622); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”.
132.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1740-1800 from Riley's Garage, Westgate Green (Acc No. RAS/1995.33); rim internally trimmed and cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 06541).
133.09 Spur type bowl dating from c1840-1880 (Acc No. 240F [11] (11348): SF No. 0625); rim cut
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
135.01 Spur type bowl dating from c1840-1880 (Acc No. 240F [11] (11179): SF No. 0307); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”.
but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Possibly a Broseley product. 133.10 Bowl dating from c1800-1840 (Acc No. 240F [11] (U/S); rim wiped but not milled.
135.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1860-1900 (Acc No. 240F [11] (11348): SF No. 0625); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”.
134.01 Spur type bowl dating from c1810-1840 (Acc No. 240F [11] (11467): SF No. 0495); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the lettering T PINDER (SHEFFIELD) along the stem. Thomas Pinder is known to have been working in Sheffield c1825-1829.
135.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1860-1900; rim cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. Found in the goit and donated by Mr Crowther, ex site electrician. 135.04 Bowl dating from c1840-1910 (Acc No. 240F [11] (11247): SF No. 0361); rim cut with moulded milling; stem bore 4/64”. Marked with the lettering DUBLIN on the bowl facing the smoker. Irish style bowl.
134.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1810-1850 (Acc No. 240H [14] (14029); stem bore 4/64”. Very distincitive internal bowl cross similar to other examples from the Riverside Exchange site. 134.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1830-1850 (Acc No. 240F [11] (11064): SF No. 0073); rim cut with moulded milling; stem bore 5/64”. Similar examples of this design recorded in the collections of Sheffield Museum with letter J DEE SHEFFIELD around the rim. Dee known to have been working c1833-1841.
135.05 Bowl dating from c1850-1910 (Acc No. 240F [11] (11218): SF No. 0342); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. Acorn on either side of the bowl with a large oak leaf along the front seam.
134.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1810-1850 (Acc No. 240F [11] (11330): SF No. 0619); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. Poorly moulded lettering on the sides of the spur which appear to read FI.
135.06 Bowl dating from post 1879 (Acc No. 240F [4] (4037): SF No. 0145); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. Decorated spur pipe with the pattern number 102 moulded into the side of the stem. This particular pattern was produced by John Pollock and Son of Manchester; a company found in 1879.
134.05 Spur type bowl dating from c1840-1870 (Acc No. 240F [11] (11066): SF No. 0081); stem bore 4/64”.
135.07 Stem fragment dating from c1830-1860 (Acc No. 240F [11] (11057); bore 4/64”. Marked with the initials TUNSTALL (LEEDS) along the stem. Either George Tunstall (1840-1847) or Henry Tunstall (1836-1861), both working in Leeds.
134.06 Spur type bowl dating from c1840-1880 (Acc No. 240F [11] (11291): SF No. 0569); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. Marked with the lettering ERRATT SMITHFIELD moulded around the rim. Although documentary evidence shows that the Erratt family were working in Sheffield during the 1850s and 1860s, the bowl form would suggest that they may have been working as early as the 1840s.
135.08 Bowl dating from c1830-1880 (Acc No. 240F [11] (11290): SF No. 0565); stem bore 4/64”. Part of a head bowl, the ear is clearly visible. 135.09 Spur type bowl dating from the mid 19th century (Acc No. 240F [11] (11085): SF No. 0173); stem bore 5/64”. Dot and circle mark can be seen on the sides of the spur together with traces of a moulded design, which appears to be the bottom of the Prince of Wales feathers and may be part of the arms of Wakefield.
134.07 Bowl dating from c1810-1850 (Acc No. 240F [11] (11047): SF No. 0043); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Unusual combination of bowl form and pedestal base. 134.08 Spur type bowl dating from c1840-1880 (Acc No. 240D [5] (5003): SF No. 0106); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”.
135.10 Stem fragment dating from c1820-1860 (Acc No. 240F [11] (11555): SF No. 0641); bore 5/64”. Decorated with a moulded tendril design running along the sides of the stem.
134.09 Spur type bowl dating from c1840-1880 (Acc No. 240F [11] (11348): SF No. 0625); rim cut 134.10 but not milled; stem bore 4/64”.
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Figure 133: Pipes from the sites excavated by ARCUS, Sheffield. Scale 1:1. NB. All illustrations by the author but reproduced with the kind permission of ARCUS.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 134: Pipes from the sites excavated by ARCUS, Sheffield. Scale 1:1. NB. All illustrations by the author but reproduced with the kind permission of ARCUS.
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Figure 135: Pipes from the sites excavated by ARCUS, Sheffield. Scale 1:1. NB. All illustrations by the author but reproduced with the kind permission of ARCUS.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
135.11 Spur type bowl fragment dating from c18401860 (Acc No. 240F [11] (11179): SF No. 0307); stem bore 3/64”. Marked with the initials FC on the sides of the spur. Possibly Frederick Cartwright of Sheffield, recorded working from at least 1854-1860.
(Acc No. J1911.4); rim fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials MD on the heel. Broseley Type II. (Pcode 07387). 136.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 unprovenanced material in Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield (Acc No. SC1952 G3 2'-6'); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim. (Pcode 07390).
135.12 Spur type bowl fragment dating from c18401910 (Acc No. 240F [11] (11555): SF No. 0641); stem bore 4/64”. Marked with a shield on the sides of the spur.
136.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced material in Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07366).
135.13 Spur type bowl fragment dating from c18401910 (Acc No. 240F [4] (4035): SF No. 0065); stem bore 5/64”. Marked with Shamrocks on the sides of the spur.
136.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced material in Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield (Acc No. 9.6.82/106); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07380).
Collection Name: Kelham Island Industrial Museu Collection Code: 0145 Address: Sheffield, South Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded 19th June 2000. This is where Sheffield Museum’s Social History Collection is housed. The collection consists of a large number of clay tobacco pipes ranging in date from the seventeenth through to the nineteenth and early twentieth century. A total of 50 pipes dating to the seventeenth and eighteenth century were recorded in detail for the Yorkshire Database. The most note worthy of the rest of the collection include the following: • • •
• •
136.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced material in Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield (Acc No. 9.5.82/105); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Label reads "AD 1830, fairy pipe". (Pcode 07379). 136.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced material in Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 5/64”. Illegible heel mark. (Pcode 07373).
T1954.41 – an iron pipe with a 46cm stem An iron pipe with a curved stem approximately 14cm in length 1961.124 – group of bowls include 2-RAOB; 1 with a crown on one side and a head on the other; 1 armorial bearing the lettering DIEU ET MON DROIT; 1 with a skull and crossbones with the lettering DEATH OR GLORY; 1 with a grape design; and 1 plain X1975.443 – Bowl in the form of a cavalier’s head; marked C CROP LONDON a box of Broseley churchwardens complete with original box and packing material.
136.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material in Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield (Acc No. J1917.8); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07382). 136.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 unprovenanced material in Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07368). 136.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1720 unprovenanced material in Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield; average burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 07367).
136.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 unprovenanced but probably from Sheffield (Acc No. J1911.3); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07386).
136.12 Spur type bowl dating from c1680-1720 unprovenanced material in Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Shiny surface. (Pcode 07369).
136.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Sheffield (Acc No. 1960.45.B); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Heavily smoked. (Pcode 07376).
136.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 unprovenanced material in Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield (Acc No. 9.6.82/107); rim
136.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Sheffield
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bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07381).
and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07399).
136.14 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1720 unprovenanced material in Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield; average burnish; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled. (Pcode 07370).
137.10 Bowl dating from c1680-1720 from Sheffield Castle (Acc No. 1927.8); average burnish; rim cut but not milled. (Pcode 07401). 137.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Doncaster (Acc No. X1974.620a); poor burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 07395).
136.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720 unprovenanced material in Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield; good burnish; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled. Marked with the initials TW on the bowl facing the smoker. (Pcode 07372).
137.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 unprovenanced but probably from York (Acc No. J.93.1268 (L1 176)); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with a wheel mark on the heel. Bateman Collection; shiny surface. (Pcode 07383).
137.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Totley Moor; rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 07406).
138.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1730 possibly from Haddon in Cambridgeshire (Acc No. X1974.620b); good burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials WC on the heel. Broseley Type 5. (Pcode 07392).
137.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Dore New Road (Acc No. J1920.74); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 07389). 137.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Torside Reservoir (Acc No. 1974.623); rim bottered but not milled. Milled heel. (Pcode 07405).
138.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720 unprovenanced material in Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials HS on the heel. S reversed. (Pcode 07371).
137.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Temple Borough (Acc No. X1974.620c); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 07404).
138.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Ewden Reservoir and district (Acc No. 1974.623); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. ?Rainford product. (Pcode 07361).
137.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Sheffield Castle (Acc No. 1927.8); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07396).
138.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Ewden Reservoir and district (Acc No. 1974.623); rim bottered and fully milled. Possibly a mark on the bowl facing the smoker; South Lancashire form. (Pcode 07364).
137.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Sheffield Castle (Acc No. 1927.8); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07400).
138.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1630 from Middleton, Derbyshire (Acc No. J.93.1272); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 5/64”. Bateman Collection; not a Yorkshire product and not found in Yorkshire, therefore not included in the Database.
137.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sheffield Castle (Acc No. 1927.8); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07398). 137.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Sheffield Castle (Acc No. 1927.8); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the heel. (Pcode 07397).
138.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Middleton, Derbyshire (Acc No. J.93.1275); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Bateman Collection; not a Yorkshire product.
137.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Sheffield Castle (Acc No. 1927.8); rim bottered
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 136: Pipes from the collections of Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield. Scale 1:1
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Figure 137: Pipes from the collections of Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield. Scale 1:1
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 138: Pipes from the collections of Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield. Scale 1:1
Collection Name: Sheffield City Museum Collection Code: 0144 Address: Sheffield, South Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded 19th June 2000. The archaeological collections are housed here and consist of a reasonable sized collection of pipes from all periods, some of which are on display. Kelham Island Museum houses the Social History Collection. A total of 24 pipes dating from the seventeenth and eighteenth century were recorded in detail for the Yorkshire Database. There were one or two notable pipes in the collection, which are as follows:
and not found in Yorkshire, therefore not included in the Database. 138.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Middleton, Derbyshire (Acc No. J.93.1273); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Bateman Collection; not a Yorkshire product and not found in Yorkshire, therefore not included in the Database. 138.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 (Acc No. J93.1271); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. Bateman Collection L.1.68. (Pcode 07403).
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402
1995.90-15 – Finely executed mould-decorated bowl depicting a coat of arms with lion and
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139.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Odin's Mine; rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 9/64”. (Pcode 07356).
unicorn supporters and the lettering WILLIAM WILD. 1997.105 – Mould decorated bowl with flutes at the base of the bowl and crossed-pipes and a tankard on the top part of the bowl. 1985.819 – Complete bowl with a meerschaum wash and the lettering HAHN’S PRICE PIPE SHEFFIELD on the bowl facing the smoker. E2940 – Mould decorated bowl with a grape and tendril design on both sides and the moulded lettering J. DEE SHEFFIELD around the rim. Box containing five Broseley churchwardens (2 now broken). Label in box headed ‘Eyam House, Eyam, via Sheffield, Derbyshire. Telephone Eyam 219’ has a hand written text stating that these are “Genuine Broseley clay pipes made by William Southern & Co, clay tobacco pipe manufacturers, King St., Broseley, Salop”. The note also refers to “…getting a complete set of samples” and is signed E Walker. X1974.588 – presumably the sample referred to above. Large box containing a large number of pipes all with turquoise tips except an Elizabethan pattern which is plain. They all appear to be stamped ‘Broseley 24’. The box contains 2 Hussars heads (one broken); 5 plain spur/heel type with milled rims; 1 RAOB; 1 Burns Cutty; 12 Thorn; 18 Churchwardens (37.5cm stem).
139.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Odin's Mine; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 5/64”. Mark illegible. (Pcode 07357). 139.09 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Derwent, Derbyshire (Acc No. 1997.105); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07336). 139.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1720 from Midhope Reservoir (Acc No. X1975.598); average burnish; stem bore 6/64”. No rim surviving; illegible heel mark. (Pcode 07355). 139.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1630 from Sheffield Castle (Acc No. 1995.90.15 (H2-4 N. Ext)); good burnish; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07352). 139.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1650 from Sheffield Castle (Acc No. 1995.84.17); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Heel mark illegible. (Pcode 07340).
139.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Site SMT90 (Acc No. 1996.709.5); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 07358).
139.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sheffield Castle (Acc No. 1995.90.15 (G23-1I)); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 07350).
139.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. 1997.105); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07337).
139.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sheffield Castle (Acc No. 1995.90.15 (H23 C6)); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07351).
139.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. 1997.105); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials GR on the heel. (Pcode 07338).
139.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 from Sheffield Castle (Acc No. 1995.90.15); rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 07344).
139.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Westfield (Acc No. 1977.28); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07359).
139.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sheffield Castle (Acc No. 1995.84.17); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07341).
139.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 from 7 Storth Lane (Acc No. 1985.817); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Shiny surface. (Pcode 07332).
139.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sheffield Castle (Acc No. 1995.90.15); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07345).
139.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from 7 Storth Lane (Acc No. 1985.817); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07333).
139.18 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sheffield Castle (Acc No. 1995.84.17); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Shiny surface. (Pcode 07342).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 139: Pipes from the collection of Sheffield Museum. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 140: Pipes from the collection of Sheffield Museum. Scale 1:1.
140.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Sheffield Castle (Acc No. 1995.84.17); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07339).
Collection Name: Bradford Museum Collection Code: 0253 Contact Name: Anthea Bickley Address: Bolling Hall, Bradford, West Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded on 16th October 2000. Bradford Museum belongs to the same museum service as the Manor House Museum, Ilkley and a number of the pipes seen at Bradford had previously been recorded at Ilkley. There were very few seventeenth or eighteenth century pipes. There were a number of nineteenth-century pipes the most notable of which are as follows:
140.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Sheffield Castle (Acc No. 1995.90.15 (J24 P1)); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 07353). 140.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Sheffield Castle (Acc No. 1995.90.15); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07346).
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140.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Sheffield Castle (Acc No. 1995.90.15); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07347).
• •
140.05 Spur type bowl dating from c1740-1790 from Sheffield Castle (Acc No. 1995.90.15); rim internally trimmed and cut; stem bore 4/64”. Armorial with the lettering William Wild. (Pcode 07348).
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405
12 football pipes with meerschaum wash and bearing the pattern number 252 all have a white band near the mouthpiece and appear to originate from the same workshop. Miniature cherry wood pipe 133.46 – Flutes and swags bowl with the lettering ID moulded on either side of the bowl; stem has a knot tied in it. Substantial part of a French cadger with a JG stamped heel mark 99392 – Bowl with leaf decorated seams and moulded lettering E C KEIGHLEY Burns cutty with mould no 92
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 141: Pipes from the collection of Bolling Hall Museum, Bradford. Scale 1:1
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142.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 (Acc No. WH93 [20] (1059)); good burnish; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initial P on the heel. (Pcode 03415).
325/79 – RAOB bowl, full face, moulded milling RAOB bowl from same mould as above but the stem has been tampered with and is marked 45. 2 corrugated Pollock pipes one marked Ben Nevis on both sides of the stem and a mould number, possibly 34, on the left-hand side. B22/58 – Complete challenge shape with ochre tip, meerschaum wash and a blue ink mark. 3 Church warden pipes 8 pipes with distinctive patina and may also have had a rubber mouthpiece that has perished. These are the same as the football pipes. This group includes 1. a dog’s head on the heel (no pattern number), 2. a dog’s head with 150 on left-hand side, 2. plain spurless pipe with 248 on left-hand side, 4. & 5. two Burns Cutty pipes with 92 on left-hand side and with moulded, 6. small Irish style bowl with shamrocks on the heel and 241 on left-hand side of stem and DUBLIN on the bowl, 7. Plain spurless bowl with an illegible pattern number on the left-hand side, 8. plain heel type with 244 on the left hand side. Dutch looking meerschaum bowl with a thin vulcanite stem fitted. Plain pipe with coiled stem, fine spur type. Early nineteenth-century, tip now missing, well patinated and well smoked.
142.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 (Acc No. WH93 [20] (1059)); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 07467). 142.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1610-1640 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (1599)); stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07505). 142.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 (Acc No. WH91 [20] (500)); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07441). 142.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 (Acc No. WH97 [27] (3272)); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07597). 142.06 Bowl dating from c1610-1640 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (736)); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim. (Pcode 07519). 142.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (736)); milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 8/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 07516).
141.01 French Cadger bowl dating from c1850-1920, unprovenanced material in Bradford Museum. Good burnish; rim smoothed and fully milled; heel stamped with the initials JG within a floral border.
142.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 (Acc No. WH98 [27] (3113)); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 07620).
141.02 Miniature cherry wood pipe.
142.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (1599)); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 9/64”. Marked with a Fleur-de-lys on the heel. No burnish lines visible but surface very smooth and shiny. (Pcode 02716).
141.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710, unprovenanced material in Bradford Museum (labelled ‘tobacco pipe J Wild’ – possible donor); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”.
142.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. WH96 [27] (2828)); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07576).
Collection Name: Wood Hall Archaeological Trust Collection Code: 0147 Address: Cridling Stubbs, Knottingley, West Yorkshire Description: A collection of clay tobacco pipes from the excavations at Wood Hall Moated Manor comprising 294 bowls, 1606 stems and 36 mouthpieces, totalling 1936 fragments ranging in date from the late sixteenth century through to the nineteenth century. S D White has prepared a full report on the clay tobacco pipes from the excavation.
142.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. WH97 [27] (3001)); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07586). 142.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. WH97 [27] (3272)); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07598). 142.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. WH97 [27] (3272)); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Heart shaped heel. (Pcode 07599).
A total of 246 of the excavated fragments have been recorded in detail for inclusion in the Yorkshire database. The excavations produced two fragments from a possible multi-bowled pipe.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
143.08 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. WH93 [20] (1041)); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07466).
142.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (1593)); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with a wheel mark on the heel. (Pcode 02708).
143.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (1584)); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07477).
142.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (1593)); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07485).
143.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. WH91 [20] (?509)); good burnish; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials GC on the heel. Similar examples found on Tyneside and around Beverley. (Pcode 02715).
142.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (1593)); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07484). 142.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (736)); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07523).
143.11 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. WH97 [27] (3272)); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 07602).
142.18 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. WH92 [20] (589)); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07448).
143.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 (Acc No. WH93 [20] (1029)); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07459).
142.19 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. WH98 [27] (736)); bur-; rim bottered; stem bore 6/64”. Surface of bowl very badly abraded. (Pcode 07624).
143.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. WH97 [27] (3001)); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07587). 143.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. WH97 [27] (3280)); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07604).
142.20 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 (Acc No. WH97 [27] (3272)); bur-; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Badly abraded. (Pcode 07600).
143.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. WH93 [20] (1538)); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07469).
143.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. WH90 [15] (331)); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07418).
144.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (1595)); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07496).
143.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (736)); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07521). 143.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (1597)); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07498).
144.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (1597)); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07497).
143.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (736)); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07522).
144.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 (Acc No. WH97 [27] (3272)); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. Badly abraded. (Pcode 07601).
143.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 (Acc No. WH96 [20] (1002)); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07572).
144.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (736)); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07520).
143.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (736)); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07525).
144.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (736)); rim internally trimmed, bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07517).
143.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (736)); stem bore 7/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 07526).
144.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (736)); rim internally trimmed,
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Susan D White
145.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. WH90 [15] (384)); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07430).
bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07518). 144.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. WH97 [27] (3001)); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 07588).
145.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. WH92 [20] (810)); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07451).
144.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. WH97 [27] (3274)); good burnish; rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials SH on the heel. (Pcode 02693).
145.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (1904)); good burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07510).
144.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. WH97 [27] (3280)); bur-; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07605).
145.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. WH92 [20] (810)); good burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IH on the heel. Very neat mark. (Pcode 02719).
144.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. WH93 [20] (1029)); good burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 07456).
145.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. WH92 [20] (840)); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials ON (Castle) on the heel. Similar marks recovered from Pontefract Castle. (Pcode 02724).
144.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. WH97 [27] (3280)); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07606). 144.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (1041)); rim internally trimmed, bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07471).
145.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (736)); good burnish. Marked with the initials IB on the heel. Heel fragment only. (Pcode 02709).
144.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. WH90 [15] (375)); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07426).
145.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. WH98 [27] (3461)); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the heel. Examples of marks similar to this from excavations in York. (Pcode 02694).
144.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. WH94 [14] (1800)); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Similar to a York Type 9. (Pcode 07470).
145.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. WH96 [27] (3000)); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 07579).
145.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. WH97 [27] (3039)); good burnish; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IG on the heel. ?one of the Gill's of Potovens. (Pcode 02688).
145.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. WH95 [26] (2000)); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IH on the heel. (Pcode 02682).
145.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 (Acc No. WH93 [20] (1041)); average burnish; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the heel. (Pcode 02718).
145.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. WH97 [5] (2)); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials WL on the heel. Possibly William Lee of Rotherham. (Pcode 02684).
145.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1680 (Acc No. WH97 [27] (3272)); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials MP on the heel. (Pcode 02689).
145.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. WH96 [27] (3000)); good burnish; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. Very bulbous form. (Pcode 07578).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
146.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. WH97 [27] (3280)); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07603).
bottered and half milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials MH on the heel. (Pcode 02687).
146.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. WH97 [27] (736)); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07611).
147.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 (Acc No. WH91 [20] (500)); rim internally trimmed, bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07440).
146.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. U/S); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled. Marked with the initials IH on the heel. From a bag of material from Trench 20. (Pcode 02714).
147.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1740-1770 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (1593)); good burnish; rim wiped but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the crowned initials IG across the stem. (Pcode 02725).
146.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. WH97 [27] (736)); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07612).
147.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1720 (Acc No. WH93 [20] (1041)); average burnish; rim wiped but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IH across the stem. (Pcode 07465).
146.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. WH93 [20] (1041)); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials ON (Castle) on the heel. Similar to a style of mark recovered from Pontefract Castle. (Pcode 02717).
147.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 (Acc No. WH90 [15] (404)); good burnish; X type bowl cross; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials SH on the sides of the heel. Possibly S Hillary. (Pcode 07433).
146.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. WH92 [20] (590)); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled. Marked with the initials IH on the heel. (Pcode 02722).
147.07 Heel fragment dating from c1700-1770 (Acc No. WH96 [27] (3000)); stem bore 4/64”. Marked with the initials SH on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 07580).
146.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (1584)); rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07478).
147.09 Heel fragment dating from c1700-1750 (Acc No. WH90 [15] (334)); good burnish; stem bore 4/64”. Marked with a crowned rose on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 07419).
146.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. WH94 [20] (1584)); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07479).
148.01 Stem fragment dating from c1750-1770 (Acc No. WH92 [20] (590)); good burnish; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials (T)HOWIL(D) around the stem. Thomas Wild. (Pcode 02731).
146.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 (Acc No. WH92 [20] (810)); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07452).
148.02 Stem fragment dating from c1650-1750 (Acc No. WH96 [27] (3200)); stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials SV across the top of the stem. (Pcode 02691).
146.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 (Acc No. WH92 [20] (590)); good burnish; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials HS across the stem. No rim. (Pcode 02723).
148.03 Spur fragment dating from the late 18th century (Acc No. WH91 [20] (500)); stem bore 5/64”. Marked with a diamond pattern around the stem.
146.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 (Acc No. WH97 [14] (1828)); good burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials HS across the stem. Bag labelled WH97 [27] 3272 SF. 679. (Pcode 02692).
148.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1800-1820 (Acc No. WH91 [20] U/S); stem bore 4/64”. Britannia design, same as the 1797 issue coinage, design changed in 1821.
147.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 (Acc No. WH96 [27] (3003)); good burnish; rim
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Figure 142: Pipes recovered from excavations at Wood Hall Moated Manor. Scale 1:1. NB. All illustrations by the author but reproduced by kind permission of the Wood Hall Moated Manor Trust.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 143: Pipes recovered from excavations at Wood Hall Moated Manor. Scale 1:1. NB. All illustrations by the author but reproduced by kind permission of the Wood Hall Moated Manor Trust.
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Figure 144: Pipes recovered from excavations at Wood Hall Moated Manor. Scale 1:1. NB. All illustrations by the author but reproduced by kind permission of the Wood Hall Moated Manor Trust.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 145: Pipes recovered from excavations at Wood Hall Moated Manor. Scale 1:1. NB. All illustrations by the author but reproduced by kind permission of the Wood Hall Moated Manor Trust.
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Figure 146: Pipes recovered from excavations at Wood Hall Moated Manor. Scale: Pipes at 1:1, stamp details at 2:1. NB. All illustrations by the author but reproduced by kind permission of the Wood Hall Moated Manor Trust.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 147: Pipes recovered from excavations at Wood Hall Moated Manor. Scale: Pipes at 1:, stamp detail at 2:1. NB. All illustrations by the author but reproduced by kind permission of the Wood Hall Moated Manor Trust.
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Figure 148: Pipes recovered from excavations at Wood Hall Moated Manor. Scale 1:1. NB. All illustrations by the author but reproduced by kind permission of the Wood Hall Moated Manor Trust.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 149: Pipes recovered from excavations at Wood Hall Moated Manor. Scale 1:1. NB. All illustrations by the author but reproduced by kind permission of the Wood Hall Moated Manor Trust.
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148.05 Spur bowl dating from c1830-1860 (Acc No. WH92 [21] (921)); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. Rose and thistle design, from the same mould as an example from Pontefract Castle (PC82 [080] sf829).
milled; stem bore 5/64”. Enclosed flutes with a stags head facing the smoker. 149.06 Spur type bowl dating from 1815+ (Acc No. WH90 [15] (373)); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 3/64”. Marked with the initials THOM. on the smokers left. Similar design illustrated by Watkins 1979, 101 fig 46; most probably Thomas Westerdell(dale).
148.06 Spur type bowl dating from c1790-1820 (Acc No. WH90 [15] (384)); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. Marked with the initials TT on the smoker’s right. Design comprising a cup and a coat of arms.
149.07 Spur type bowl dating from c1790-1840 (Acc No. WH93 [20] (1281)); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Design comprising a standing supporter.
148.07 Spur type bowl dating from c1780-1850 (Acc No. WH97 [20] (2416)); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Masonic design.
149.08 Stem fragment dating from the 17th century (Acc No. WH94 [20] (1593)); stem bore 6/64”. Possibly part of a multi-bowled pipe.
148.08 Spur type bowl dating from c1780-1850 (Acc No. WH90 [15] (1)); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. Masonic design.
149.09 Stem fragment dating from the 17th century (Acc No. WH94 [20] (1582)); stem bore 7/64”. Possibly part of a multi-bowled pipe.
148.09 Spur type bowl dating from c1830-1860 (Acc No. WH90 [15] (331)); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 3/64”. Masonic design.
149.10 Hypothetical reconstruction of a multi-bowled pipe. The hatched areas give an indication of the possible location of the Wood Hall fragments.
148.10 Spur type bowl dating from c1820-1840 (Acc No. U/S); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. From a bag of material from Trench 20. Masonic design. 148.11 Spur type bowl dating from c1820-1870 (Acc No. WH90 [15] (1)); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Masonic design.
Collection Name: Tolson Memorial Museum Collection Code: 0149 Address: Huddersfield, West Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded 18th September 2000. A very large collection consisting of seventeenth and eighteenth century pipes as well as a large number of late nineteenth century pipes in a substantially complete and fresh condition. Although now mixed and boxed/bagged in various places, these must all have come from a common source. Some paper labels survive, as well as meerschaum washes pipes. Ranges from McLardy’s to Goedewaagen, Dumeril and Fiolet; mainly plain bowls, but lots with nice enamel decoration on the stem. A total of 88 pipes dating from the seventeenth or eighteenth century were recorded in detail for inclusion in the Yorkshire Database. Amongst the later material the following were the most noteworthy:
149.01 Spur type bowl dating from c1780-1850 (Acc No. WH90 [15] (331)); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Masonic design very similar to Figure 147.08 149.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1796-1818 (Acc No. WH90 [15] (399)); stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the lettering THOMASWESTERDELL on the sides of the bowl. Thomas Westerdell working in Alfred Gelder Street, Hull between 1796 and 1806. 149.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1830-1860 (Acc No. WH91 [20] (514)); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Ship and sailor design, similar examples found at Pontefract Castle.
• •
149.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1770-1800 (Acc No. WH90 [15] (375)); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. Enclosed flutes with a stags head facing the smoker. Traces of a dot and circle mark on the left hand side of the bowl.
• • •
149.05 Spur type bowl dating from c1770-1800 (Acc No. WH91 [20] (741)); rim wiped but not
A large number of complete French pipes with enamel stem decoration. Two complete meerschaum wash McLardy pipes (one plain Irish style, the other football/boot pipe) Three red Posner of London pipes. Meerschaum bowl in the form of a lady’s head Wooden pipe case containing a Gambier pipe with white enamel decoration and milled rim; mould no. 241.
150.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Bills o Jacks (Acc No. Box 3464); rim bottered;
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Labelled Trench G (88) base of (1). (Pcode 07750).
milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Label reads "pipe bowls excavated at Bills of Jacks, Saddleworth by Mr F Buckley pres 1945". (Pcode 07710).
150.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Oakwell Hall (Acc No. Box 11083); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the crowned initials IW on the heel. Labelled Trench G (88) base of (1). (Pcode 07749).
150.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Bills o Jacks (Acc No. Box 3464); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Label reads "pipe bowls excavated at Bills of Jacks, Saddleworth by Mr F Buckley pres 1945". (Pcode 07709).
150.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Oakwell Hall (Acc No. Box 11083); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Excavated 1977-78 TG (184) OH78. (Pcode 07748).
150.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690; labelled "found at Lepton" (Acc No. 12/76); good burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IG on the heel. Similar to 1449; mark upside down. (Pcode 07741).
150.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1700 from Picte Hill (Acc No. Box 3464); good burnish; stem bore 6/64”. No rim surviving. (Pcode 07751).
150.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Brushes Moor (Acc No. Box 3464); good burnish; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the bowl facing the smoker. Found on Brushes Moor by Mr John Rhodes; possible Rainford type. (Pcode 07712).
151.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Pike Farm Fields (Acc No. 83.108.59); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 076076). 151.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Pike Farm Fields (Acc No. 83.112.59); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07753).
150.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Dog Hill, Rishworth Moor (Acc No. Box 3464); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07734).
151.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1670 from Pike Farm Fields (Acc No. 83.110.59); rim bottered; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07677).
150.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Holdsworth House (Acc No. HH69J3(2)); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07740).
151.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Pike Farm Fields (Acc No. 83.111.59); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Possibly burnished. (Pcode 07678).
150.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1680 from Holdsworth House (Acc No. HH68Aii(10)); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials IG on the heel. (Pcode 07739).
151.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Saddleworth Moor (Acc No. Box 3464); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials PT on the heel. (Pcode 07756).
150.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Moors (Acc No. Box 3464); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Label reads "found on moors N of Slaithwaite G Fryer Malmsbridge 1960". (Pcode 07747).
151.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Rishworth Moor (Acc No. Box 3464); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IG on the heel. (Pcode 07755).
150.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Longcroft (Acc No. Box 3417); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. (Pcode 07708).
151.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Sowerby Castle (Acc No. Box 3464); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Labelled "Sowerby Castle 20.7.1965". (Pcode 07702).
150.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Oakwell Hall (Acc No. Box 11083); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials W on the heel.
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152.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 unprovenanced but probably from Huddersfield area (Acc No. Box 3464); rim internally trimmed and bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07682).
151.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Stoney Bank (Acc No. 60.16.47); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 5/64”. Labelled "Stoney Bank, New Mill". (Pcode 07757). 151.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Wrenthorpe (Acc No. 14.16.69); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 07705).
152.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced but probably from Huddersfield area (Acc No. A.9.57); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Labelled "from Brierley Collection". (Pcode 07680).
151.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Wrenthorpe (Acc No. 14.16.69); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07704).
152.06 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced but probably from Huddersfield area (Acc No. Box 3464); good burnish; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 07681).
151.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 (Acc No. Box 3464); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07735).
152.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced but probably from Huddersfield area (Acc No. Box 3464); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 5/64”. Shiny surface. (Pcode 07689).
151.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Wrenthorpe (Acc No. 14.16.69); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07703).
152.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced but probably from Huddersfield area (Acc No. A.7.57); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials RL on the heel. Labelled "Warlow Pike, Greenfield". (Pcode 07679).
151.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Thornhill Hall (Acc No. Box 3443); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07759). 151.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Woodkirk, near Batley (Acc No. WK50); finely burnished; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 07763).
152.09 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced but probably from Huddersfield area (Acc No. Box 3464); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07693).
151.15 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from Warlow Pike (Acc No. Box 3464); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 07762).
152.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced but probably from Huddersfield area (Acc No. Box 3464); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. Labelled "dug up in Storthes Hall grounds". (Pcode 07684).
152.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Huddersfield area (Acc No. Box 3464); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials HP on the heel. Possibly Staffordshire product. (Pcode 07683).
152.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Huddersfield area (Acc No. Box 3464); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. no provenance. (Pcode 07687).
152.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Brushes Moor (Acc No. A.6.57); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the bowl facing the smoker. Possibly Lancashire product. (Pcode 07711).
152.12 Spur type bowl dating from c1680-1700 unprovenanced but probably from Huddersfield area (Acc No. Box 3464); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Possible waster. (Pcode 07691).
152.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Emley (Acc No. Box 3464); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IG on the heel. Label reads "presented by Rev Eric W Bartlam, Elmley Loveth Rectory, Droitwich MCL1942". (Pcode 07688).
152.13 Spur type bowl dating from c1680-1700 unprovenanced but probably from Huddersfield area (Acc No. Box 3464); good burnish; rim
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 150: Pipes from the collection of the Tolson Memorial Museum, Huddersfield. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 151: Pipes from the collection of the Tolson Memorial Museum, Huddersfield. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 152: Pipes from the collection of the Tolson Memorial Museum, Huddersfield. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 153: Pipes from the collection of the Tolson Memorial Museum, Huddersfield. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
burnish; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. Labelled HX73c10k(1). (Pcode 07725).
bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07690). 152.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 unprovenanced but probably from Huddersfield area (Acc No. Box 3464); good burnish; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07686).
153.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Lower George Yard (Acc No. Box 11143); good burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IG on the heel. Well HX73a2d(2). (Pcode 07714).
153.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720 unprovenanced but probably from Huddersfield area (Acc No. Box 3464); good burnish; rim possibly wiped; rim one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IG across the top of the stem. Almost identical to a mark recorded from Barnard Castle and similar to a mark from Wood Hall Moated Manor. (Pcode 07685).
153.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from Lower George Yard (Acc No. Box 11143); good burnish; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. No heel; HX73 well A2a(2). (Pcode 07715). 153.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Lower George Yard (Acc No. Box 11401); good burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. Labelled HX73c7g(10). (Pcode 07723).
153.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720 unprovenanced but probably from Huddersfield area (Acc No. Box 3464); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07692).
153.13 Spur type bowl dating from c1730-1780 from Lower George Yard (Acc No. Box 11143); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. No spur; well HX73 A1a(2). (Pcode 07716).
153.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 from Lower George Yard (Acc No. Box 11401); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07721).
153.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced material from Bankfield Museum, Halifax (Acc No. Box 3398); good burnish; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07732).
153.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Lower George Yard (Acc No. Box 11401); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim. Labelled HX73 B2b (1). (Pcode 07720). 153.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Lower George Yard (Acc No. Box 11143); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Well HX73A1(2). (Pcode 07713).
153.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced material from Bankfield Museum, Halifax (Acc No. Box 3398); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07730).
153.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Lower George Yard (Acc No. Box 11401); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Labelled HX73 E4d (15). (Pcode 07719).
153.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced material from Bankfield Museum, Halifax (Acc No. Box 3398); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 07731).
153.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Lower George Yard (Acc No. Box 11401); good burnish; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials ?W on the heel. Mark poorly impressed; labelled HX73a1(1). (Pcode 07722). 153.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Lower George Yard (Acc No. Box 11401); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials ?? on the heel. Shiny surface; labelled HX73d6f(10). (Pcode 07724).
Collection Name: Pontefract Museum Collection Code: 0151 Address: Pontefract, West Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded on 14th September 2000. A total of 101 seventeenth- and eighteenth-century pipes were recorded in detail for the Yorkshire database. Only one of the pipes had a provenance – Horsefair – all other fragments recorded came from the Pontefract area.
153.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Lower George Yard (Acc No. Box 11401); good
154.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 unprovenanced material from Pontefract (Acc
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154.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 unprovenanced material from Pontefract (Acc No. P2000); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Label reads "from market gardener's shed, Valley Gardens Pontefract". (Pcode 07973).
No. P2000); rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 07976). 154.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 unprovenanced material from Pontefract. Milled on the front of the bowl away from the smoker. Ground rim. (Pcode 07996).
154.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material from Pontefract (Acc No. P2000); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the heel. (Pcode 07978).
154.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07991).
154.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material from Pontefract (Acc No. P2000); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the heel. (Pcode 07979).
154.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07989). 154.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07990).
155.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1690 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the heel. (Pcode 08003).
154.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced material from Pontefract (Acc No. P2000); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 07977).
155.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07986).
154.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07994).
155.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IH flanking an anchor on the heel. (Pcode 08006).
154.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material from Pontefract (Acc No. P2000); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled. Label reads "from market gardener's shed, Valley Gardens Pontefract"; no heel. (Pcode 07974).
155.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IH on the heel. (Pcode 08005).
154.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07992).
155.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IS on the heel. (Pcode 08007).
154.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07993).
155.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 unprovenanced material from Pontefract (Acc No. P2000); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 07975).
154.11 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 07997).
155.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials ON flanking a castle on the heel. (Pcode 08010).
154.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; average burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials MP on the heel. (Pcode 08008).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 154: Pipes from the collections of Pontefract Museum. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 155: Pipes from the collections of Pontefract Museum. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 156: Pipes from the collections of Pontefract Museum. Scale 1:1.
156.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1730 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; rim internally trimmed and wiped but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 07987).
155.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1690 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the heel. (Pcode 08004).
156.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1750 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; rim cut but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials SH on the SH. Possibly waster. (Pcode 07999).
155.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Similar examples from Low Mill, Dewsbury. (Pcode 07995).
156.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1750 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials SHILLARY around the stem. (Pcode 08002).
155.10 Spur type bowl dating from c1680-1710 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; average burnish; rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 07988).
156.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1750 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; stem bore 5/64”. No rim surviving. Stem marked with S HILLARY and a heart and fleur-de-lys, S reversed (RS/I/S). (Pcode 08000).
155.11 Spur type bowl dating from c1680-1710 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; stem bore 7/64”. No rim surviving. (Pcode 07998). 155.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 unprovenanced material from Pontefract; average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IL on the heel. (Pcode 08009).
156.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1750 from Horsefair; rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the lettering S HILLARY around the stem. (Pcode 08001).
430
Susan D White
157.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680, from Kirkhamgate; rim damaged; stem bore 6/64”.
Collection Name: Denham Collection Collection Code: 0236 Address: Wakefield, West Yorkshire Description: Private collection sent in to Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery for identification. only one bowl dating from c1660-1680 was recorded in detail for inclusion in the Yorkshire Database. There were a further 7 bowl fragments and 10 plain stems. With the exception of the 1660-1680 bowl fragment all the other pipes would fit within a date range of c1800-1840. The most notable of the later bowls are as follows: •
• •
157.02 Bowl dating from c1800-1840, from Kirkhamgate, no internal bowl cross; rim cut; fleur-de-lys within a shield on the smokers left and the crowned initials JG on the smokers right; simple leaf decorated seams; stem bore 4/64”. One of three examples of this design. 157.03 Bowl dating from c1820-1880, from Kirkhamgate; rim cut; stem bore 4/64”. Very crudely moulded flutes and swags design.
3 bowls of c1800-1840 with bold fleur-de-lys in shield on the left-hand side, crowned initials JG in a shield on the right-hand side. Two bowls not smoker and one with cracks and holes suggesting it may be a kiln waster. Bowl with fine, even flutes and large, rather crude letters above on the right-hand side reading RED HALL. Left-hand side of the bowl is missing. Similar bowl to above but clearly from a different mould.
157.04 Spur bowl dating from c1820-1850, from Kirkhamgate; rim missing; stem bore 4/64”. Traces of a relief line at the rim; 20 flutes moulded on the right-hand side and 21 moulded on to the left-hand side; moulded lettering RED HALL around the rim.
Figure 157: Pipes from the Denham Collection, Wakefield. Scale 1:1.
The collection comprises a substantial collection of curated and excavated pipes ranging in date from the seventeenth right through to the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In total 452 pipes dating from the seventeenth and eighteenth century were recorded in detail for inclusion in the Yorkshire Database. Of this 452, 312 were from the excavations at Sandal Castle.
Collection Name: Wakefield Museum & Art Gallery Collection Code: 0148 Address: Wakefield, West Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded during a number of visits between October 2000 and July 2001. In addition, the clay tobacco pipes from the excavations at Sandal Castle were borrowed for detailed recording in Liverpool.
431
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Amongst the later material the following were the most noteworthy: Social History Collection • Two complete Dutch pipes with moulded initials ES and a crown on the sides of the heel. The stems of both pipes are approximately 13 inches long. One has a green glaze over the bowl and most of the stem ending approximately 5 inches from the tip. The other has a clear glaze over ‘delft-blue’ decoration ending approximately 3½ inches from the end. • 70/41/2 – Midlands type arms displayed between a lion and unicorn with the lettering NO. 77 C.WARD/DONCASTER incuse moulded in sans serif on the sides of the stem. • Flutes and swags bowl with the lettering JG moulded either side of the seam facing the smoker. An almost identical pipe, but without the initials, from Red Hall. • 3 stems with J.W.R. WILSON LEEDS incuse moulded in sans serif on both sides of the stem, no border. • 2 stems with J.A.R. WILSON LEEDS incuse moulded in sans serif lettering on the side of the stem, no border. • 1 stem with J.THORNES 66 WEST/ / .ORD CIGAR & TOBACCO STORES incuse moulded in sans serif, no border. • 2 stems with J.GILL – MAKER/WAKEFIELD in sans serif lettering. • 1 stem with J.THORNES 66 & 68WE./ /.& CIGAR MANUFACTURER incuse moulded in sans serif, no border. • 1 stem with J.THORNES/65 & 67 LEEDS RD BRADFORD incuse moulded in sans serif within a dotted border. • Flutes and swags bowl with the lettering WR on either side of the seam facing the smoker. • Flutes and swags bowl with the lettering IS below the swags on both sides of the bowl; possibly J Shaw, Bradford. • Flutes and swags bowl with the lettering ID below the swags on both sides of the bowl; possibly Joseph Dodson, Birstall. • Bowl with a flower design on each side and the lettering WS either side of the seam facing the smoker. • Bowl with a stylised floral motif on both sides of the bowl and leaf decorated seams.
• • • • • • • • • • •
bowls and 20-25 stems. The bowls include two bowls from the same mould dating c1800-1840 with a very faint armorial – lion and unicorn supporters; a fluted bowl; a bowl with a large shield. Museum Enquiry 592 – Flutes and swags bowl with the initials ID below the swags on both sides of the bowl. Flutes and swags bowl with the initials CA below the swags on both sides of the bowl – Charles Allan of Pontefract. Complete footballer cutty. Fluted bowl with the lettering HUL./ …NBY on the sides. Flute and swags bowl fragment with the lettering JG either side of the mould seam facing the smoker. Part of a meerschaum wash cutty with very neat incuse letters, serif, in a relief moulded beaded border GARIBA…/…LLIARD. Bowl with as very well modelled greyhound on the stem behind the bowl. Fiolet stamp. 19th century bowl with panels above five flutes; leaf decorated seams. CAS77-8 (018) – ship and sailor bowl (similar examples recovered from Pontefract castle). CAS77-8 (018) – Flutes and swags bow with the initials JA below the swags on both sides of the bowl – John Allan of Pontefract. CAS82 S13 301 – Fluted bowl with the lettering W.BU[TL]ER/SELBY in large letters around the rim.
158.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from the Bowling Alley Site, Wakefield; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. Abraded surface. (Pcode 21174). 158.02 Stem fragment dating from c1690-1740 from John Bunny's House (Acc No. JB68); average burnish; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials IG across the stem. (Pcode 21176). 158.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Haselden Hall (Acc No. HH67); good burnish; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. Heel fragment only. (Pcode 21175). 158.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1730 from John Bunny's House (Acc No. JB68); poorly burnished; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 21177).
Museum Collection • Bowl with Masonic motifs on both sides of the bowl and the lettering C. WINDLE IN LEEDS moulded on either side of the mould seam away from the smoker. • 1999.15 – finds from various WARG excavations during the 1960s comprising approximately 14
158.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Kiln 1 (Acc No. 82.1.22); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 21178).
432
Susan D White
159.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Potovens; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 24706).
158.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Kiln 1 (Acc No. 82.1.22); rim internally trimmed, bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 21179).
159.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Potovens; average burnish; rim bottered; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 24705).
158.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Kiln 1 (Acc No. 82.1.22); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 21180).
159.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1680 from Potovens (Acc No. 1982.1); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. From Kiln 10. (Pcode 07670).
158.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 material from the Social History Collection; good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the crowned initials IW on the heel. (Pcode 08331).
159.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Potovens; good burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials WS on the heel. (Pcode 08311).
158.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1640 from Potovens; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 24667).
159.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from Rodger Lane (Acc No. RL1); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Heart shaped heel; Published by Bartlett 1971. (Pcode 21164).
158.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Potovens; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 5/64”. Very roughly trimmed heel. (Pcode 24693).
159.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Rodger Lane (Acc No. RL3); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Published by Bartlett 1971. (Pcode 21162).
158.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Potovens (Acc No. 82.1.22); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Possibly from Kiln 1. (Pcode 07671).
159.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from Rodger Lane (Acc No. RL7); stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IR on the heel. Heel fragment only; Published by Bartlett 1971. (Pcode 21168).
158.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Potovens (Acc No. BDSMN KIV); rim bottered and partially milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 24704).
159.10 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Rodger Lane (Acc No. RL4); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. Published by Bartlett 1971. (Pcode 21163).
158.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Potovens; rim bottered and three-quarters milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials MP on the heel. (Pcode 08313).
159.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Rodger Lane (Acc No. RL2); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Published by Bartlett 1971. (Pcode 21165).
158.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Potovens; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials MP on the heel. (Pcode 08312).
159.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Rodger Lane (Acc No. RL5); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials EC on the heel. Published by Bartlett 1971. (Pcode 21166).
158.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Potovens; good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials MP on the heel. (Pcode 08310).
159.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Rodger Lane (Acc No. RL6); stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. No rim surviving; Published by Bartlett 1971. (Pcode 21167).
159.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Potovens; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 24682). 159.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Potovens; rim bottered; stem bore 7/64”. Quite roughly finished. (Pcode 24707).
160.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. SH2013); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 08264).
433
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
160.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. SH2053); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08277).
160.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. SH2010); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08267).
160.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. SH2057); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Very neat. (Pcode 08287).
160.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. SH2016); stem bore 7/64”. Milled heel. No rim surviving; piece of stem wedged in bowl. (Pcode 08268).
160.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. SH2057); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IG on the heel. (Pcode 08302).
160.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. SH2053); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Heart shaped heel. (Pcode 08270).
160.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield; good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 08321).
160.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. SH2057); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08290).
161.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Very crudely made. (Pcode 08322).
160.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. SH2057); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Heart shaped heel. (Pcode 08295).
161.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Appears to be burnished. (Pcode 08327).
160.07 Spur type bowl dating from c1620-1640 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield; rim internally trimmed, bottered and threequarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. Labelled "172 1926 J Butterworth". (Pcode 08307).
161.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. SH2062); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08263).
160.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 08323).
161.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. SH2053); stem bore 7/64”. No rim surviving. (Pcode 08278).
160.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. SH2011); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08265).
161.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 08329).
160.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. SH2053); average burnish; rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08274).
161.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. SH2053); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. ?illegible mark. (Pcode 08285).
160.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. SH2057); rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08298).
161.07 Spur type bowl dating from c1650-1670 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield; rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 8/64”. Labelled "May 1909". (Pcode 08330).
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162.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from; good burnish; rim bottered and three-quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. (Pcode 08309).
161.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. SH2057); average burnish; rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IS on the heel. (Pcode 08304).
162.06 Spurless bowl dating from c1850-1910 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. SH2064); rim cut and not milled. Marked with the lettering T. KAY MAKER LEEDS on the bowl facing the smoker. (Pcode 21351).
161.09 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. SH2057); rim internally trimmed, bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 08299).
162.07 Spur type bowl dating from c1780-1800 from Possibly Castleford. Marked with the lettering C.WINDLE IN LEEDS on the bowl away from the smoker.
161.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. SH2057); good burnish; rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials MP on the heel. Labelled "No. 172 1926 J Butterworth". (Pcode 08301).
162.08 Spur type bowl dating from c1760-1800 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. SH2060); rim wiped and not milled; stem bore 5/64”.
161.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. SH2053); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Very bulbous. (Pcode 08284).
162.09 Spur type bowl dating from c1780-1820 Castleford (Acc No. CAS82 S13 301); rim cut. Marked with the lettering W. BU.ER SELBY around the rim. Would original have read W. BUTLER SELBY.
161.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. 1999.15); rim bottered and threequarters milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 21170).
162.10 Spur type bowl dating from c1810-1850 from Calder Grove; rim cut. Marked with the initials JG on the bowl facing the smoker.
161.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 08315).
163.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.126); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled at bowl/stem junction behind the heel; bowl height: 29.7cm; bowl width: 19.7cm; Mould Group 1 (Same as Pontefract Mould Group 1). (Pcode 23476).
162.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. 1999.15); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 21172).
163.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.115); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height: 30.3cm; bowl width: 18.5cm; Mould Group 2. (Pcode 23473).
162.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. 1999.15); average burnish; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 21169).
163.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.92); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height: 28.9cm; bowl width: 18.2cm; Mould Group 3. (Pcode 07657).
162.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1700-1750 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. 1962.49); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 08305).
163.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.49); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height: 27.7cm; bowl width: 17.7cm; Mould Group 4. (Pcode 23365).
162.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1720-1780 unprovenanced but probably from Wakefield (Acc No. 1962.49); good burnish; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. (Pcode 08306).
435
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
163.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.18); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Does not appear to have been smoked; bowl height: 29.1cm; bowl width: 18.2cm; Mould Group 5. (Pcode 23294).
with the initials .RW on the heel. Dutch; Mould Group 13. (Pcode 07656). 164.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.3); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials BC on the heel. (Pcode 07649).
163.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.98); rim bottered and fully milled. Milled heel. Bowl height: 30.8cm; bowl width: 18.5cm; Mould Group 6. (Pcode 07666).
164.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.7); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials GW on the heel. Gabriel Westoby of York. (Pcode 07654).
163.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.92); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Milled heel. Very distinctive mould flaws on the right hand side of stem; bowl height: 30.2cm; bowl width: 17.5cm; Mould Group 7. (Pcode 23429).
164.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.11); rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Bowl height:25.7cm; bowl width:17.1cm. (Pcode 23265).
163.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.14); rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height: 29.9cm; bowl width: 19.2cm; Mould Group 8. (Pcode 23278).
164.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.98); good burnish; rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Bowl height: 24.1cm; bowl width: 17.6cm. (Pcode 07667).
163.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.32); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 23337).
164.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.123); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height: 28.1cm; bowl width: 18.2cm. (Pcode 07631).
163.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.48); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height: 26.7cm; bowl width: 17.4cm; Mould Group 10. (Pcode 23362).
164.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.21); average burnish; rim bottered and fully milled. Part of a heel mark visible. Traces of first initial only, possibly F or E. (Pcode 07652).
163.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.33); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Heart shaped heel; bowl height: 29.9cm; bowl width: 18.7cm; Mould Group 11. (Pcode 23339).
164.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.27); rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height: 27.6cm; bowl width: 17.7cm. (Pcode 07635).
163.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.12); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Very small heel; bowl height: 29.4cm; bowl width: 19.1cm; Mould Group 12. (Pcode 23272).
164.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.27); rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height: 24.8cm; bowl width: 17.8. (Pcode 07636).
163.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.94); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials .RW on the heel. Mould Group 13; Dutch. (Pcode 07664).
164.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.98); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height: 28.8cm; bowl width: 17.1; Same mould as Pontefract Mould Group 11. (Pcode 07665).
164.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.9); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled. Marked
164.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.92); rim
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Susan D White
165.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.24); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Does not appear to have been smoked; bowl height: 27.1cm; bowl width: 18.4cm. (Pcode 23306).
bottered and fully milled. Bowl height: 29.1cm; bowl width: 18.7cm. (Pcode 07658). 164.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.12); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Milled at bowl/stem junction behind the heel; bowl height: 28.1cm; bowl width: 19.3cm; Mould Group 1 (Same as Pontefract Mould Group 1). (Pcode 23271).
165.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.15); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Quite forward leaning; bowl height: 28.2cm; bowl width: 18.1cm. (Pcode 23282).
164.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.12); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled heel. Bowl height:27.7cm; bowl width:18.2cm. (Pcode 23270).
165.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.26); rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height: 28.7cm; bowl width:18.7cm. (Pcode 23313).
164.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.39); rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height: 25.8cm; bowl width: 17.3cm. (Pcode 23341).
165.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.30); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Bowl height: 28.7cm; bowl width: 19.4cm; Mould Group 1 (Same as Pontefract Mould Group 1). (Pcode 23333).
164.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.33); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 23338).
165.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.11); rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height:29.9cm; bowl width:19.5cm. (Pcode 23263).
164.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.20); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height: 29.3cm; bowl width: 18.5; shiny surface but no obvious burnishing lines visible. (Pcode 23298).
165.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.11); rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height:29.2cm; bowl width:18.3cm; Mould Group 3. (Pcode 23264).
164.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.16); rim bottered and fully milled. Bowl height: 28.5cm; bowl width: 18.5cm. (Pcode 23290).
165.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.48); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height: 27.9cm; bowl width: 18.8; Same mould a Pontefract Mould Group 4. (Pcode 23363).
164.18 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.30); stem bore 6/64”. Heel fragment only; stem ground for reuse. (Pcode 23330).
165.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.54); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height: 28.8cm; bowl width: 18.8cm. (Pcode 23373).
164.19 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.24); rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Stem ground for reuse; bowl height: 27.1cm; bowl width: 17.9cm. (Pcode 23305).
165.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.54); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Milled heel. Bowl height: 30.1cm; bowl width: 18.5cm. (Pcode 23374).
165.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.13); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height: 30.5cm; bowl width: 18.2cm. (Pcode 23276).
165.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.56); rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled;
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
166.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.6); good burnish; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials IG across the stem. Heel only. (Pcode 07653). 166.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.92); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height: 24.1cm; bowl width: 16.8cm. (Pcode 23432).
stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height: 27.2cm; bowl width: 18.3cm. (Pcode 23381). 165.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.55); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled at bowl/stem junction behind the heel; bowl height: 31.3cm; bowl width: 18.9cm. (Pcode 23377). 165.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.63); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height: 25.7cm; bowl width: 17.9cm. (Pcode 23389).
166.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.109); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Bowl height: 27.3cm; bowl width: 17.9cm. (Pcode 23465).
165.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.58); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height: 26.9cm; bowl width: 17.5cm. (Pcode 23383).
166.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.36); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Broken stem ground for reuse: bowl height: 27.8cm; bowl width: 18.3cm. (Pcode 23482).
165.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.66); stem bore 6/64”. Milled heel. Rim missing; bowl height unmeasurable; bowl width: 18.8cm. (Pcode 23395).
166.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.111); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Bowl height: 26.5cm; bowl width: 17.9; deeply incised V shape scratched on heel. (Pcode 23469).
165.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.67); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled on the bowl away from the smoker. Bowl height: 29.6cm; bowl width: 19.6cm; Mould Group 1 (Same as Pontefract Mould Group 1). (Pcode 23396).
166.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.101); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 5/64”. Very shiny surface but no obvious burnishing lines visible; bowl height: 29.7cm; bowl width: 19.1cm. (Pcode 23462). 166.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.14); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height unmeasurable; bowl width: 18.7cm. (Pcode 23280).
165.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.67); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Bowl height: 28.7cm; bowl width: 18.8; Same mould as Pontefract Mould Group 12. (Pcode 23397). 165.18 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.76); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height: 29.6cm; bowl width: 18.7cm. (Pcode 23413).
166.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.126); rim internally trimmed, bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl height: 28.6cm; bowl width: 18.6cm. (Pcode 23477).
165.19 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.75); rim bottered and fully milled. Bowl height: 28.8cm; bowl width: 18.7cm. (Pcode 23412).
166.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.13); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 23277).
165.20 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.95); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Milled heel. Bowl height: 30.4cm; bowl width: 18.7cm. (Pcode 23446).
166.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.46); rim bottered and three-quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 23355).
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Susan D White
Figure 158: Pipes from the collections of Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery. Scale 1:1.
439
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 159: Pipes from the collections of Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery. Scale 1:1.
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Susan D White
Figure 160: Pipes from the collections of Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery. Scale 1:1.
441
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 161: Pipes from the collections of Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery. Scale 1:1.
442
Susan D White
Figure 162: Pipes from the collections of Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery. Scale 1:1.
443
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 163: Pipes from the collections of Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery. Scale 1:1.
444
Susan D White
Figure 164: Pipes from the collections of Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery. Scale 1:1.
445
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 165: Pipes from the collections of Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery. Scale 1:1.
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Susan D White
Figure 166: Pipes from the collections of Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery. Scale 1:1.
447
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 167: Privately owned. Permission to view and record this pipe arranged through Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery. Scale 1:1.
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Susan D White
168.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 116: SF No. 1220); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl No. 202. (Pcode 05307).
166.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.60); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Does not appear to be a Yorkshire form. (Pcode 23386).
168.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 083: SF No. 687); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05082).
166.12 Stem fragment dating from c1690-1720 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.5); good burnish; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials IG across the stem. Stem. (Pcode 07651).
168.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1625-1650 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 116: SF No. 1297); good burnish; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with a star on the heel. Bowl No. 242. (Pcode 02114).
166.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Sandal Castle (Acc No. 1983.10.1); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IG on the heel. (Pcode 07629).
168.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1625-1650 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 116: SF No. 1297); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl No. 239. (Pcode 05314).
167.01 Spur type bowl dating from c1770-1790 from St John's Square, Wakefield; rim cut and not milled. Marked with the lettering THOS GILL REDHALL on the bowl away from the smoker. Found under the floorboards of the house, which was built c1791/2; stem length 18 1/2 " (47cm). Reduced drawing shows curve of the stem. (Pcode 25458). This pipe is privately owned. Permission to record the pipe for this study was arranged through Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery.
168.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1625-1650 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 116: SF No. 1220); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl No. 188. (Pcode 05311). 168.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1625-1650 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC84 4435: SF No. 2697); rim bottered and milled on all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05453).
Collection Name: West Yorkshire Archaeological Services (WYAS) Collection Code: 0123 Address: Wakefield, West Yorkshire Description: Collection comprising pipes from a number of excavated sites in West Yorkshire the most substantial of which is Pontefract castle (Davey and White 2002; White and Davey forthcoming). In addition S D White has prepared reports on the pipes from the WYAS excavations at Bingley; Sovereign Street, Leeds (ibid 1999); Radcliffe Place, Wakefield; Malton (ibid 2001c); Old Hall Farm, Pontefract (White 2001a); Spink Lane, Pontefract (ibid 2002b) and Knaresborough Bus Station (ibid
168.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1625-1650 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 3061: SF No. 305); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05426). 168.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1625-1650 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 3064: SF No. 378); rim bottered and milled on all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05427). 168.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1625-1650 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 4001: SF No. 1834); stem bore 6/64”. No rim. (Pcode 05428).
A total of 680 seventeenth- and eighteenth-century pipes held in the WYAS collection have been recorded in detail for inclusion in the Yorkshire database.
168.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1625-1650 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC83 4236: SF No. 2271); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 25217).
168.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 246c: SF No. 1632); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Bowl No. 245. (Pcode 05416).
168.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1625-1650 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC83 U/S: SF No. 1909); milled on all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 05450).
168.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 209: SF No. 1404); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05397).
168.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1625-1650 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 097: SF No. 1016); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
7/64”. Very highly fired, ?waster. (Pcode 05134).
7/64”. Marked with the initials IH on the heel. Bowl No. 119. (Pcode 02111).
168.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1625-1650 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 090: SF No. 670); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05104).
169.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 103: SF No. 1110); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with a wheel (type 7) on the heel. Bowl No. 117; very smooth shiny surface. (Pcode 02109).
168.16 Bowl dating from c1625-1650 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 098: SF No. 1086); rim bottered and milled on all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl No. 25; all surviving rim milled. (Pcode 05166).
169.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 103: SF No. 1110); rim bottered and milled on all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with a wheel (type 16) on the heel. Bowl No. 118. (Pcode 02110).
168.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 109: SF No. 1222); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl No. 143. (Pcode 05270).
169.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 109: SF No. 1222); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl No. 135. (Pcode 05272).
168.18 Heel type bowl dating from c1625-1650 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 098: SF No. 1086); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Bowl No. 24. (Pcode 05144).
169.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 116: SF No. 1297); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. Bowl No. 237. (Pcode 02113).
168.19 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 150: SF No. 1314); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05394).
169.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 115: SF No. 1118); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl No. 162. (Pcode 05305).
168.20 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 103: SF No. 1110); rim bottered; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl No. 116; burnt; no rim. (Pcode 05236).
169.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 116: SF No. 1087); rim bottered and milled on all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials RB on the heel. Bowl No. 179; polished surface. (Pcode 02112).
169.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1625-1650 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 133: SF No. 1225); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05383). 169.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 099: SF No. 1014); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with a fleur-de-lys on the heel. Bowl No. 71; burnt. (Pcode 02108).
169.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 116: SF No. 1297); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl No. 216; same mould as bowl No. 120. (Pcode 05308).
169.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 099: SF No. 1014); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Bowl No. 52. (Pcode 05198).
169.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 116: SF No. 1220); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl No. 185; same mould as bowl No. 81. (Pcode 05310).
169.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 099: SF No. 1014); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl No. 54; very crudely made. (Pcode 05197).
169.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 116: SF No. 1297); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl No. 214; same mould as bowl No. 165. (Pcode 05313).
169.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 103: SF No. 1110); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore
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170.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC83 269: SF No. 1763); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05433).
169.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 116: SF No. 1087); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl No. 168; same mould as bowl No. 141. (Pcode 05312).
170.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC83 271: SF No. 1772); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Milled behind the heel. (Pcode 05435).
169.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 116: SF No. 1297); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Bowl No. 213; same mould as bowl No. 8; ground stem. (Pcode 05309).
170.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC83 271: SF No. 1772); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05436).
169.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC84 4435: SF No. 2697); rim bottered and milled on all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05455).
170.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC84 4435: SF No. 2697); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05454).
169.18 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 036: SF No. 350); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05069).
170.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC83 4001: SF No. 1880); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05445).
169.19 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 083: SF No. 687); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Shiny surface. (Pcode 05084).
170.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 133: SF No. 1411); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05385).
169.20 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC83 4001: SF No. 1883); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled behind the heel. (Pcode 05446).
170.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 133: SF No. 1411); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 05386).
170.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 109: SF No. 1222); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled heel. Bowl No. 133; same mould as bowl No. 46. (Pcode 05271).
170.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 082: SF No. 604); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05079).
170.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 098: SF No. 1086); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Bowl No. 18; same mould as bowl nos. 16, 17, 43 and 47. (Pcode 05141).
170.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 082: SF No. 604); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Shiny surface; very highly fired. (Pcode 05078).
170.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 3001: SF No. 215); rim bottered and milled on all of the surviving rim; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 05421).
170.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 082: SF No. 604); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Very neatly finished. (Pcode 05076).
170.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 114: SF No. 1111); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled behind the heel. Bowl No. 159; same mould as bowl No. 9. (Pcode 05301).
170.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC83 271: SF No. 1772); stem bore 8/64”. No rim. (Pcode 05437).
170.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 012: SF No. 216); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05061).
170.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 083: SF No. 687); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Shiny surface. (Pcode 05086).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
171.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 090: SF No. 670); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. Ground on front and sides of bowl. (Pcode 05114).
170.18 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 083: SF No. 687); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Shiny surface. (Pcode 05085). 170.19 Bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC84 U/S: SF No. 2541); rim internally trimmed and bottered and fully milled; stem bore -/64”. Bowl speckled with slaggy material. (Pcode 05460).
171.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 090: SF No. 670); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Appears to have been burnt. (Pcode 05109).
170.20 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 083: SF No. 687); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05083).
171.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 090: SF No. 670); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Milled behind the heel. (Pcode 05105).
171.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 209: SF No. 1404); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Cut mark on heel. (Pcode 05404).
171.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 090: SF No. 670); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 05106).
171.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 209: SF No. 1404); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05400).
171.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 090: SF No. 670); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05108).
171.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 209: SF No. 1404); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05398).
171.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 090: SF No. 670); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Appears to have been burnt. (Pcode 05107).
171.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 209: SF No. 1404); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05403).
171.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 098: SF No. 1086); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl No. 32. (Pcode 05143).
171.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 090: SF No. 670); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05112).
171.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 209: SF No. 1404); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Shiny surface. (Pcode 05401).
171.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 090: SF No. 670); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05113).
171.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 090: SF No. 670); milled on all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Rim broken and ground down. (Pcode 05111).
171.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 090: SF No. 670); good burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. Bowl No. 253; similar to 1249; very smooth and shiny surface. (Pcode 05110).
171.18 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 098: SF No. 1086); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl No. 28; same mould as bowl No. 193. (Pcode 05142).
171.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 097: SF No. 838); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05132).
172.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 110: SF No. 1112); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Bowl No. 153. (Pcode 05297).
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172.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 103: SF No. 1110); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl No. 96. (Pcode 05237).
1225); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled heel, along line of bowl from front to back; same mould as 1230. (Pcode 05384).
172.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 090: SF No. 670); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled behind the heel. (Pcode 05100).
172.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 209: SF No. 1404); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Same mould as Pcode 05412. (Pcode 05402).
172.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 090: SF No. 670); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Milled heel. Bowl No. 252; same mould as 1257. (Pcode 05101).
172.14 Bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC85 6001: SF No. 2858); good burnish; rim bottered and milled on all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. Milled on all surviving rim. (Pcode 05461).
172.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 029: SF No. 341); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05065).
172.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 083: SF No. 687); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Shiny surface. (Pcode 05087).
172.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 209: SF No. 1412); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05396).
172.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 099: SF No. 1121); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled heel. Bowl No. 74. (Pcode 05196).
172.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 090: SF No. 670); stem bore 6/64”. Milled heel. No rim. (Pcode 05102).
172.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 039: SF No. 2094); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05071).
172.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 097: SF No. 838); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 05131).
172.18 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 209: SF No. 1404); finely burnished; rim bottered and milled on all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05399).
172.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 090: SF No. 827); rim bottered and milled on all of the surviving rim; stem bore 8/64”. Not burnished but very smooth and shiny; end of stem ground. (Pcode 25234).
172.19 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC83 501: SF No. 1740); stem bore 6/64”. Heel fragment only. (Pcode 05449). 172.20 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 097: SF No. 1016); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 05133).
172.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 133: SF No. 1411); stem bore 7/64”. Milled heel. Two bands of milling. (Pcode 05388).
173.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 098: SF No. 1051); rim bottered and milled on all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl No. 7; very crudely made. (Pcode 05140).
172.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 133: SF No. 1411); rim bottered and milled on all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Milled behind the heel. Same mould as 1227; two marks in the mould that appear on this pipe but not on 1227 suggest relative chronology. (Pcode 05387).
173.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 099: SF No. 1121); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl No. 82. (Pcode 05199).
172.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 133: SF No.
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173.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 114: SF No. 1111); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Milled heel. Bowl No. 158; milled heel. (Pcode 05302).
1772); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 05434). 173.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 087: SF No. 674); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05096).
173.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 098: SF No. 1051); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl No. 5. (Pcode 05175).
173.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82i 083); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials TH on the heel. (Pcode 02116).
173.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1645-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 086: SF No. 829); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore /64”. (Pcode 05091).
173.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC88 U/S: SF No. 3757); good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the heel. Bowl fragment. (Pcode 02117).
173.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 098: SF No. 1086); stem bore 7/64”. Bowl No. 33; rim ground. (Pcode 05145).
173.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 150: SF No. 1314); good burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milling is very fine. (Pcode 05393).
173.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 116: SF No. 1297); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl No. 221; polished surface; hollow ground in to heel. (Pcode 05368).
173.18 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 086: SF No. 829); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05090).
173.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 103: SF No. 1110); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Bowl No. 95; end of stem ground. (Pcode 05262).
173.19 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC83 240: SF No. 1602); good burnish; rim bottered and milled on all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials TL on the heel. (Pcode 02099).
173.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1645-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 087: SF No. 674); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05097).
173.20 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC83 271: SF No. 1772); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore /64”. (Pcode 05438).
173.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 116: SF No. 1297); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Bowl No. 224; heart shaped heel. (Pcode 05371).
174.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 028: SF No. 337); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05063).
173.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 039: SF No. 351); rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05072).
174.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1680 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 086: SF No. 829); rim bottered and milled on all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Quite crudely made. (Pcode 05093).
173.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 098: SF No. 1086); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Milled behind the heel. Bowl No. 42; milled at bowl/stem junction behind the heel. (Pcode 051051).
174.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC84 4435: SF No. 2654); good burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the heel. (Pcode 02102).
173.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC83 271: SF No.
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174.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC83 240: SF No. 1602); good burnish; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IT on the heel. (Pcode 02098).
174.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 029: SF No. 341); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the heel. (Pcode 05064).
174.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 036: SF No. 350); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05070).
174.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC84 4351: SF No. 2521); good burnish; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the heel. No rim. (Pcode 02100).
174.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 098: SF No. 605); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials WH on the heel. Possibly William Hodgson (Oswald 1975, 200). (Pcode 02106).
174.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC84 4435: SF No. 2654); rim bottered and milled on all of the surviving rim; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 05456).
174.17 Stem fragment dating from c1660-1680 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC83 240: SF No. 1602); average burnish; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the crowned initials IH across the top of the stem. (Pcode 02097).
174.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 086: SF No. 829); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05088). 174.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 150: SF No. 1314); good burnish; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IH either side of a fleur-de-lys in a lozenge. Similar marks with HF from Knaresborough castle. (Pcode 05392).
174.18 Stem fragment dating from c1650-1799 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 3002: SF No. 608); stem bore 7/64”. Milled decoration (Pcode 25324). 174.19 Stem fragment dating from c1700-1770 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC83 279: SF No. 2099); good burnish; stem bore 4/64”. Stamped with bands round the stem. (Pcode 02115).
174.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 086: SF No. 829); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05092).
175.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 028: SF No. 337); good burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05062).
174.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 086); average burnish; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IMH on the heel. 3-letter mark. (Pcode 02091).
175.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 079: SF No. 610); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05075).
174.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 087); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials IH (Castle) on the heel. (Pcode 02094).
175.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1690 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 001: SF No. 1325); good burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the crowned initials IH on the heel. (Pcode 02105).
174.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 087); average burnish; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IG on the heel. (Pcode 02095).
175.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1700 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 001: SF No. 1325); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05058).
174.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC88 U/S: SF No. 3755); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IG on the heel. Bowl fragment. (Pcode 02118).
175.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 001: SF No. 1325); rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 05057).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
176.04 Bowl dating from c1830-1860 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 4001: SF No. 2111); rim wiped. Mould decorated bowl fragment with traces of a person smoking a pipe on both sides of the bowl; leaf decorated seams.
175.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1730 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 086: SF No. 829); stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05094). 175.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 087: SF No. 830); average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05099).
176.05 Bowl dating from c1850-1900 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 001: SF No. 603); rim cut; stem bore 5/64”. Mould decorated bowl with a rose and thistle design on both sides; leaf docrated border with ?shamorcks along the seam facing the smoker.
175.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 029: SF No. 341); rim internally trimmed and cut but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 05066).
176.06 Bowl dating from c1847-1884 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 277: SF No. 2111); rim cut; stem bore 5/64”. Mould decorated bowl with flutes and swags on both sides; the moulded initials JA can be seen on both sides of the bowl. This is most probably James Allen who was also working in the Castle Garth at Pontefract between 1847 and 1884.
175.09 Spur type bowl dating from c1700-1780 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. PC82 3001: SF No. 215); rim cut and milled on all of the surviving rim; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 05422). 175.10 Bowl dating from c1840-1860 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 278: SF No. 2133); rim cut; stem bore 5/64”. Composite drawing of a mould decorated bowl with an acorn design on both sides; large oak leaf on the back and an acorn spur. Fragments of 20 examples of this design, all from the same mould, were recovered from the same context.
176.07 Bowl dating from c1840-1860 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 278: SF No. 2123); rim cut; stem bore 5/64”. Composite drawing of a mould decorated bowl with a footballer on either side; styalised leaf decorated seams. Fragments of 21 examples of this design, all from the same mould, were recovered from this context.
175.11 Bowl dating from c1830-1860 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. U/S: SF No. 1800); rim cut; stem bore 4/64”. Mould decorated bowl with Britannian on the right and a ship on the left; leaf decorated seams.
176.08 Bowl dating from c1820-1850 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 086: SF No. 829); rim cut; stem bore 5/64”. Mould decorated bowl with Masonic motifs on both sides; the moulded initials IH can be seen near the rim. This is most probably John Haynes of Pontefract who is recorded as working between 1822 and 1844 (Oswald 1975, 200).
175.12 Bowl dating from c1830-1860 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 086: SF No. 829); rim cut; stem bore 4/64”. Mould decorated bowl with flowers, possibly roses, on both sides. Traces of moulded milling visible.
176.09 Bowl dating from c1830-1860 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 240: SF No. 1602); rim cut; stem bore 5/64”. Mould decorated bowl with Masonic motifs on both sides. The bowl is slightly distorted and appears to have 'sagged' during firing.
176.01 Bowl dating from c1840-1880 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 278: SF No. 2123); rim cut; stem bore 4/64”. Composite drawing of a mould decorated bowl tih a rose design on both sides; leaf decorated seams.
176.10 Bowl dating from c1830-1860 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 001: SF No. 1325); rim cut. Mould decorated bowl with Masonic motifs on both sides; the moulded initials IH can be seen near the rim. This is most probably John Haynes of Pontefract who is recorded as working between 1822 and 1844 (Oswald 1975, 200).
176.02 Bowl dating from c1790-1840 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 086: SF No. 829); rim cut; stem bore 5/64”. Mould decorated bowl with a series of narrow flutes on both sides. 176.03 Bowl dating from c1847-1884 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 086: SF No. 631); rim wiped; stem bore -/64”. Mould decorated bowl fragment with flutes and swags on both sides; the moulded initials CA can clearly be seen. This is most probably Charles Allen who was working in the Castle Garth at Pontefract between 1847 and 1884.
177.01 Bowl dating from c1810-1850 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 086: SF No. 829); rim cut; stem bore 5/64”. Mould decorated bowl with Masonic motifs on both sides of the bowl.
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177.02 Bowl dating from c1830-1860 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 240: SF No. 1602); rim cut; stem bore 4/64”. Mould decorated bowl with Masonic motifs on both sides of the bowl.
bore 5/64”. Mould decorated bowl with a sailor on the left and a ship on the right; leaf decorated seams. A rosse appears around the sailor and the ship and there is a moulded dot in a circle on the sides of the spur.
177.03 Bowl dating from c1830-1860 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 087: SF No. 830); rim cut; stem bore 5/64”. Mould decorated bowl with Masonic motifs on both sides of the bowl.
177.11 Bowl dating from c1830-1860 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 087: SF No. 830); stem bore 4/64”. Mould decorated bowl with a sailor on the left and a ship on the right; very poorly moulded design. The seams are decorated with leaves and pellets.
177.04 Bowl dating from c1840-1860 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 278: SF No. 2123); rim cut; stem bore 5/64”. Composite drawing of a plain, spurless bowl with moulded milling and stylised leaf decorated seams. Fragments of 8 examples of this design, all from the same mould, were recovered from this context.
178.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Sovereign Street, Leeds (Acc No. SOV98 1293); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Very crudely made. (Pcode 05465).
177.05 Bowl dating from post 1840 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 001: SF No. 192); rim cut; stem bore 5/64”. Mould decorated bowl with simplified Prince of Wales Feathers on both sides within a border; leaf decorated seams.
178.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Sovereign Street, Leeds (Acc No. SOV98 1206); good burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IW on the heel. (Pcode 02141).
177.06 Bowl dating from the late 19th century from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 086: SF No. 829); rim cut. Mould decorated bowl with a ship on the left and a ?sailor and flag on the right; seams decorated with acorns and oak leaves.
178.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Sovereign Street, Leeds (Acc No. SOV98 1204); good burnish; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 05463).
177.07 Bowl dating from c1810-1850 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 029: SF No. 341); stem bore 4/64”. Mould decorated bowl with a standing figure holding a floral wreath; no surviving rim.
178.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Sovereign Street, Leeds (Acc No. SOV98 1008); good burnish; rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 25450).
177.08 Bowl dating from c1847-1884 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 001: SF No. 1325); stem bore 5/64”. Mould decorated bowl with a sailor on the right and a ship on the left; leaf decorated seams and moulded milling. The initials CA can be seein either side of the sailors head. This is most probably Charles Allen who was working in the Castle Garth at Pontefract between 1847 and 1884. One of four examples recovered from the site, all from the same mould.
178.05 Stem fragment dating from c1680-1720 from Sovereign Street, Leeds (Acc No. SOV98 1000); good burnish; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials WH across the top of the stem c26mm from bowl. (Pcode 02142). 178.06 Stem fragment dating from c1650-1699 from Sovereign Street, Leeds (Acc No. SOV98 1008); stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials WH within a heart shaped border across the top of the stem. (Pcode 02143).
177.09 Bowl dating from c1830-1860 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 086: SF No. 631); rim cut; stem bore 5/64”. Mould decorated bowl with a sailor on the left and a ship on the right; seams decorated with pellets. There is a mould band running around the bowl just under the rim.
178.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1770 from Sovereign Street, Leeds (Acc No. SOV98 1159); stem bore 3/64”. (Pcode 25451). 178.08 Spur type bowl dating from c1820-1860 from Sovereign Street, Leeds (Acc No. SOV98 1061);
177.10 Bowl dating from c1830-1860 from Pontefract Castle (Acc No. 087: SF No. 830); rim cut; stem
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 168: Pipes recovered from excavations by the West Yorkshire Archaeological Services. illustrations by the author but reproduced by kind permission of WYAS.
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Figure 169: Pipes recovered from excavations by the West Yorkshire Archaeological Services. illustrations by the author but reproduced by kind permission of WYAS.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 170: Pipes recovered from excavations by the West Yorkshire Archaeological Services. illustrations by the author but reproduced by kind permission of WYAS.
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Figure 171: Pipes recovered from excavations by the West Yorkshire Archaeological Services. illustrations by the author but reproduced by kind permission of WYAS.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 172: Pipes recovered from excavations by the West Yorkshire Archaeological Services. illustrations by the author but reproduced by kind permission of WYAS.
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Figure 173: Pipes recovered from excavations by the West Yorkshire Archaeological Services. illustrations by the author but reproduced by kind permission of WYAS.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 174: Pipes recovered from excavations by the West Yorkshire Archaeological Services. illustrations by the author but reproduced by kind permission of WYAS.
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Figure 175: Pipes recovered from excavations by the West Yorkshire Archaeological Services. illustrations by the author but reproduced by kind permission of WYAS.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 176: Pipes recovered from excavations by the West Yorkshire Archaeological Services. illustrations by the author but reproduced by kind permission of WYAS.
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Figure 177: Pipes recovered from excavations by the West Yorkshire Archaeological Services. illustrations by the author but reproduced by kind permission of WYAS.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 178: Pipes recovered from excavations by the West Yorkshire Archaeological Services. illustrations by the author but reproduced by kind permission of WYAS.
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Figure 179: Pipes recovered from excavations by the West Yorkshire Archaeological Services. illustrations by the author but reproduced by kind permission of WYAS.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
179.08 Stem fragment dating from c1680-1720 from Radcliffe Place, Wakefield (Acc No. RPW01 U/S); finely burnished; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials IG on the top of the stem. Possibly one of the Gill family. (Pcode 25346).
rim cut and not milled; stem bore 4/64”. Very poorly moulded design but appears to depict a female figure holding a banner, on the smokers left, and a ?male figure on the smokers right. 178.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Old Hall Farm (Acc No. OHF96 2004); average burnish; rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IH on the heel. Similar mark and bowl form in Pontefract Museum collections and from the site of Wood Hall Moated Manor. (Pcode 21361).
179.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from Radcliffe Place, Wakefield (Acc No. RPW01 U/S); rim wiped but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 25341). 179.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Site 52, Bingley (Acc No. BIN99 Site 52); rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 6/64”. Very micaceous fabric. (Pcode 24965).
178.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Old Hall Farm (Acc No. OHF96 4083); average burnish; rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IS on the heel. Similar mark and bowl form in Pontefract Museum collections and from the site of Wood Hall Moated Manor. (Pcode 21362).
179.11 Spur type bowl dating from c1700-1720 from Site 38, Bingley (Acc No. BIN99 Site 38); rim wiped but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Wiped rim that may also have been bottered; very micaceous fabric. (Pcode 24964).
179.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Radcliffe Place, Wakefield (Acc No. RPW01 U/S); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 25325).
Collection Name: Mayfield Collection Collection Code: 0235 Address: Wrenthorpe, West Yorkshire Description: A private collection of seventeenth-century clay tobacco pipes discovered in Mr Mayfield’s garden when digging a foundation trench for an extension to his house. A total of 33 mid to late seventeenth-century bowls were recorded in detail for inclusion in the Yorkshire Database. Almost all the bowls range from c1640-1670 and reportedly came from a discrete layer, interpreted as kiln waste although no obvious wasters or kiln debris was collected. The group included a nineteenth-century stem and bowl fragments.
179.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Radcliffe Place, Wakefield (Acc No. RPW01 U/S); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 25332). 179.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Radcliffe Place, Wakefield (Acc No. RPW01 U/S); rim internally trimmed, bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 25329). 179.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Radcliffe Place, Wakefield (Acc No. RPW01 U/S); rim internally trimmed, bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 25342).
180.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660; rim bottered; stem bore 5/64”. Very highly fired; heavily encrusted. (Pcode 21190).
179.05 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Radcliffe Place, Wakefield (Acc No. RPW01 U/S); rim internally trimmed, bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Two joining fragments. (Pcode 25343).
180.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 21182). 180.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 21191).
179.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Radcliffe Place, Wakefield (Acc No. RPW01 U/S); rim internally trimmed, bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. Burnt. (Pcode 25344).
180.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1640-1660; average burnish; rim internally trimmed and bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials PL on the bowl facing the smoker. Rainford type. (Pcode 21192).
179.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Radcliffe Place, Wakefield (Acc No. RPW01 U/S); good burnish; rim bottered and milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Possibly Dutch. (Pcode 25345).
180.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660; rim internally trimmed and bottered and fully milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 21184).
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Figure 180: Pipes held by the Mayfield Collection, Wrenthorpe. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 181: Pipes held by the Mayfield Collection, Wrenthorpe. Scale 1:1.
180.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660; good burnish; rim internally trimmed and bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Same mould as Pcode 21187. (Pcode 21186).
180.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 21185). 180.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 21209).
180.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660; good burnish; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 21188).
180.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680; rim internally trimmed and bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 21198).
180.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680; rim bottered; stem bore 7/64”. Milled heel Bowl encrusted so cannot tell if it is burnished. (Pcode 21213).
180.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 21208).
180.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 21211).
180.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials IB on the heel. Possible Rainford type. (Pcode 21193).
180.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680; average burnish; rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Pink fabric. (Pcode 21197).
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181.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Very bulbous and very crudely made. (Pcode 21199).
Appendix 3: Collection Summaries – Part II Part II of this appendix contains details those collections that have been recorded as part of the National Clay Tobacco Pipe Stamp Catalogue that contain Yorkshire material, which has then been extracted for inclusion in the Yorkshire database. For each collection the name, collection code, contact name and address has been given and, where known, a brief summary of the nature of each collection is also given. A limited selection of illustrations of any seventeenth- or eighteenth-century pipes is provided where they exist. The collections are arranged alphabetically by place, i.e. county then town, with all United Kingdom collections given first.
181.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680; good burnish; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the initials WB on the heel. (Pcode 21194). 181.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680; rim internally trimmed and bottered but not milled; stem bore 7/64”. Quite poorly made. (Pcode 21210). 181.04 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Pink fabric. (Pcode 21201).
Collection Name: Oswald Collection Collection Code: 0066 Address: Cottenham, Cambridgeshire Description: A substantial private collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. As of in November 2001 the collection is believed to be in the care of Richard Le Cheminant in London.
181.05 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680; stem bore 7/64”. Waster very highly fired and distorted. (Pcode 21202). 181.05 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 21203).
Only one pipe was selected from the NSC database for inclusion in the Yorkshire database. A further 28 Yorkshire pipes found outside the county of Yorkshire are recorded in Oswald’s Pipe Stamp Index. None illustrated.
181.07 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1720; good burnish; rim internally trimmed and bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 21214).
Collection Name: Grosvenor Museum Collection Code: 0107 Address: Chester, Cheshire Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. A single stamped bowl dating from c16401660 was selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire Database.
Collection Name: Richardson Collection Collection Code: 0252 Address: Wrenthorpe, West Yorkshire Description: Private collection recorded by J M Clay and published as Clay pipes from Wrenthorpe in an un-named journal/newsletter. Two pipes were chosen for inclusion in the Yorkshire database, both stamped with the initials MP on the heel. None illustrated.
182.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Hamilton Place (Acc No. CHE/12HP92 1119); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials GC on the heel. (Pcode 08514).
Collection Name: Unknown Collection Code: 0001 Address: N/A Description: The details of a total of 265 pipes are included in the Yorkshire Database from an unknown or unspecified collections. The details for the majority of these pipes have been drawn from published sources or from photographs and sketches. All details, however slight, relating to either the collection or the provenance is given in the comments section for each individual pipe fragment. None illustrated.
Figure 182: Pipe from the collections of the Grosvenor Museum, Chester. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Collection Name: Cleveland County Archaeology Unit Collection Code: 0039 Address: Middlesborough, Cleveland Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. A total of 5 pipes were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire database. None illustrated.
183.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1680 from Hartlepool Southgate (Acc No. HLS73 SG 165); rim bottered but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. (Pcode 08080). 183.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Hartlepool Southgate (Acc No. HLS73 SG 1); rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 08075).
Collection Name: Carlisle Archaeological Unit Collection Code: 0104 Address: Carlisle, Cumbria Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. NSC database searched for Yorkshire material and five pipes were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire database. None illustrated.
183.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Hartlepool Southgate (Acc No. HLS73 SG 1); rim bottered and three quarters milled. (Pcode 08074). 183.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Hartlepool Southgate (Acc No. HLS73 SG 1); rim bottered but not milled. (Pcode 08544).
Collection Name: Carlisle Museum & Art Gallery Collection Code: 0103 Address: Carlisle, Cumbria Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. NSC database searched for Yorkshire material and two pipes were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire database. None illustrated.
183.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1740 from Hartlepool Southgate (Acc No. HLS73 SG); finely burnished; rim bottered and fully milled. Marked with the crowned initials DK on the heel. Dutch. (Pcode 03416). 183.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1690-1740 from Hartlepool Southgate (Acc No. HSL73 SG 156); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled. Marked with the initials DIK on the heel. (Pcode 03420).
Collection Name: Abbot Hall Art Gallery & Museum Collection Code: 0097 Address: Kendal, Cumbria Description: A total of 11 stamped pipes were selected all unprovenanced but thought to be from the Kendal area. None illustrated.
183.09 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from Hartlepool Southgate (Acc No. HLS73 SG 220); rim bottered but not milled. Spur broken. (Pcode 08543).
Collection Name: Royal Albert Memorial Museum Collection Code: 0060 Address: Exeter, Devon Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. Only three pipes selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire database all believed to originate from Hull. None illustrated.
183.10 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1710 from Hartlepool Southgate (Acc No. HLS73 SG 1); stem bore 6/64”. (Pcode 08541). 183.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1710-1740 from Hartlepool Southgate (Acc No. HLS73 SG 144); rim cut but not milled. (Pcode 08079).
Collection Name: Austin Collection Collection Code: 0152 Address: Lampeter, Dyfed Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. Group of excavation clay tobacco pipes from Hartlepool Southgate were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire Database.
183.12 Spur type bowl dating from c1740-1800 from Hartlepool Southgate (Acc No. HLS73 SG 80); rim cut but not milled; stem bore 5/64”. Marked with the crowned initials IS on the sides of the spur. (Pcode 08082). 183.13 Spur type bowl dating from c1740-1800 from Hartlepool Southgate (Acc No. HLS73 SG US); stem bore 6/64”. Marked with the crowned initials IS. Mould decorated stem. (Pcode 08083).
183.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1610-1640 from Hartlepool Southgate (Acc No. HLS73 SG 133); rim bottered and fully milled. Marked with a wheel on the heel. (Pcode 03417). 183.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Hartlepool Southgate (Acc No. HLS73 SG 1); rim bottered and fully milled. (Pcode 08542).
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Figure 183: Pipes from the Austin Collection recovered from excavations in Hartlepool. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
184.02 Spur type bowl dating from c1650-1680 from Cherry Tree House, Cherry Tree Road, Nether Edge; rim bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. Does not appear to be a Yorkshire form. (Pcode 25111).
Collection Name: Lampeter Arch Unit Collection Code: 0035 Address: Lampeter, Dyfed Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. A total of four stamped pipes were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire Database. None illustrated.
184.03 Spur type bowl dating from c1690-1720 from Cherry Tree House, Cherry Tree Road, Nether Edge; rim cut but not milled; stem bore 4/64”. Does not appear to be a Yorkshire form. (Pcode 25113).
Collection Name: Brackenridge Collection Collection Code: 0248 Address: Gloucester Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. NSC database searched for Yorkshire material and three pipes were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire database.
Collection Name: Salford Museum & Art Gallery Collection Code: 0093 Address: Salford, Greater Manchester Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. Four possible Yorkshire pipes were selected from the NSC database for inclusion in the Yorkshire database. None illustrated.
184.01 Spur type bowl dating from c1650-1680 from Cherry Tree House, Cherry Tree Road, Nether Edge; rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Does not appear to be a Yorkshire form. (Pcode 25112).
Collection Name: Central Excavation Unit (HMBC) Collection Code: 0111 Address: Portsmouth, Hampshire Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. NSC database searched for Yorkshire material and 29 pipes were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire database. None illustrated.
Collection Name: Davey Collection Collection Code: 0069 Address: Ballaugh, Isle of Man Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. A single stamped bowl dating from c16401660 was selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire Database. Not illustrated.
Collection Name: Fox Collection Collection Code: 0119 Address: Walton, Nr. Lutterworth, Leicestershire Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. A single stamped bowl dating from c16601690 was selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire Database. Not illustrated.
Collection Name: English Heritage Collection Code: 0198 Address: London Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. A total of 38 pipes, the majority of which
Figure 184: Pipes from the Brackenridge Collection. Scale 1:1
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185.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Wharram Percy (Acc No. WP89/74/321); stem bore 6/64”. Milled heel. Very bulbous bowl; no rim surviving. (Pcode 23521).
were recovered from Wharram Percy, were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire database. 185.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1580-1610 from Wharram Percy (Acc No. WP83/54/17); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 23539).
185.12 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Wharram Percy (Acc No. WP89/74/275); average burnish; rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IG on the heel. Possibly one of the Gills of Wakefield. (Pcode 23534).
185.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1650 from Wharram Percy (Acc No. WP88/74/106); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 23528).
185.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Wharram Percy (Acc No. WP81/54/202); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 23538).
185.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Wharram Percy (Acc No. WP88/74/284); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 23519).
185.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1750-1780 from Wharram Percy (Acc No. WP80/54/5); rim cut and not milled; stem bore 4/64”. Marked with the initials RW on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 23536).
185.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Wharram Percy (Acc No. WP89/74/299); rim bottered; stem bore 7/64”. Groove round rim rather than milling. (Pcode 23522). 185.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Wharram Percy (Acc No. WP88/74/287); rim bottered; stem bore 7/64”. Groove rather than milling;. (Pcode 23532).
Collection Name: Elkins Collection Collection Code: 0077 Address: Acton, London Description: Private collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. NSC database searched for Yorkshire material and two pipes were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire database. None illustrated.
185.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Wharram Percy (Acc No. WP89/74/349); rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 23516). 185.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Wharram Percy (Acc No. WP88/74/286); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”. (Pcode 23520).
Collection Name: North West Archaeological Trust (NWAT) Collection Code: 0222 Address: Liverpool, Merseyside Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. In the early 1990s the Trust folded and some of the collections formerly held by them passed on to other organisations such as the National Clay Tobacco Pipe Archive, Cheshire Museum Service and to Liverpool Museum services (National Museums and Galleries on Merseyside). Where the ultimate destination of the pipes from the NWAT is known a new collection code has been allocated, however if the current location of the pipe is not known it remains listed under the NWAT.
185.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Wharram Percy (Acc No. WP87/77/304); good burnish; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials RB on the heel. (Pcode 23512). 185.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Wharram Percy (Acc No. WP88/74/106); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; stem bore 7/64”. Very crudely made; indent in bowl facing the smoker caused by very rough triming. (Pcode 23529).
In total 71 seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century pipes were selected from the NSC for inclusion in the Yorkshire Database. The majority date from the first half of the seventeenth century.
185.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Wharram Percy (Acc No. WP76/30/25); rim bottered and not milled; stem bore 7/64”.Cut mark on the heel. Very shiny surface but no obvious burnishing lines; cut mark on heel; very heavy and chunky feel to the pipe. (Pcode 23513).
186.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGAE); rim
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 185: Pipes held by English Heritage from excavations at Wharram Percy. Scale 1:1.
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186.13 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGAH); rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 6/64”. Very smooth surface but not burnished. (Pcode 03498).
bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03495). 186.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1620-1640 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGAH); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 03503).
186.14 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGAH); rim bottered but not milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03502).
186.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1660 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGAD); finely burnished; bore 7/64”. Marked with what appears to be the lettering 4S on the heel. Possibly Dutch. (Pcode 01985).
186.15 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGBE); very smooth but not burnished; rim bottered and one quarter milled; bore 6/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 01988).
186.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1630-1660 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGAH); bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03500).
186.16 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGBF); rim bottered and half milled; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 03524).
186.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGAB); rim bottered but not milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03486).
186.17 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGBL); finely burnished; rim bottered and half milled; bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. (Pcode 01998).
186.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGAT); finely burnished; rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 7/64”. Very smooth surface but not burnished; possibly Dutch. (Pcode 03516).
186.18 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGAO); rim wiped; rim three quarters milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03514).
186.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGBE); rim bottered and one quarter milled; bore 7/64”. Milled heel. (Pcode 01987).
186.19 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGBL); rim bottered and three quarters milled; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 03530).
186.08 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGAB); rim bottered; milled around all of the surviving rim; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 03485). 186.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGBB); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. (Pcode 03518).
187.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1670-1680 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGAI); rim internally trimmed and bottered and fully milled; bore 6/64”. Very smooth surface but not burnished. (Pcode 03507).
186.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1660 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGAH); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 03501).
187.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGAA); rim bottered and half milled; bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials HH on the heel. (Pcode 01989).
186.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1640-1670 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGBF); rim bottered and fully milled; bore 7/64”. Very smooth surface but not burnished. (Pcode 03525).
187.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGAB); rim bottered; bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials RF on the heel. (Pcode 01991). 187.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGBL); average burnish; rim wiped; rim not milled; bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials NT on the heel. (Pcode 01997).
186.12 Spur type bowl dating from c1650-1699 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGAH); bore 6/64”. Spur type. (Pcode 03499).
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 186: Pipes recorded by the author on behalf of the North West Archaeological Trust (NWAT) from excavations at Scarborough Barbican. Scale 1:1.
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Figure 187: Pipes recorded by the author on behalf of the North West Archaeological Trust (NWAT) from excavations at Scarborough Barbican. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
187.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGBL); rim bottered but not milled; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 03529).
but not milled. Marked with the initials ?H on the heel. (Pcode 08510).
187.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGAN); rim bottered but not milled; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 03511). 187.07 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGAN); rim wiped; rim half milled; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 03512). 187.08 Spur type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGBL); rim bottered but not milled; bore 6/64”. (Pcode 03531). 187.09 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGAB); rim cut but not milled; bore 5/64”. Same mould as Pcode 25216. (Pcode 03484). 187.10 Heel type bowl dating from c1680-1710 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGAT); rim bottered but not milled; bore 4/64”. Marked with the initials RC on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 03515).
Figure 188: Pipes from the Dagnall Collection, Rainford. Scale 1:1.
Collection Name: Jennings Collection Collection Code: 0165 Address: York, North Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. A single bowl dating from c1660-1680 was selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire database. Not illustrated.
187.11 Heel type bowl dating from c1700-1740 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGAA); no rim surviving; bore 6/64”. Marked with the initials ?H on the sides of the heel. (Pcode 03478). 187.12 Dutch stem fragment dating from c1620-1700 from Scarborough Barbican (Acc No. SGAX); finely burnished; bore 7/64”. Marked with fleurde-lys in a lozenge. (Pcode 03517).
Collection Name: York Excavation Group Collection Code: 0164 Address: York, North Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. A total of 21 pipes were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire database. None illustrated.
Collection Name: Dagnall Collection Collection Code: 0161 Address: Rainford, Merseyside Description: Private collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. NSC database searched for Yorkshire material and two pipes were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire database.
Collection Name: Newark Museum Collection Code: 0122 Address: Newark, Nottinghamshire Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. only one pipe, dating from c1660-1690, was selected from the NSC database for inclusion in the Yorkshire database.
188.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1650-1670 from Stocks Reservoir; rim bottered and one quarter milled. (Pcode 08511). 188.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Stocks Reservoir; poorly burnished; rim bottered
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189.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690, unprovenanced material in the Newark Museum (labelled ‘found locally’). Good burnish; rim bottered; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with a 17spoked wheel on the heel. (Pcode 19491).
Collection Name: The Bassetlaw Museum Collection Code: 0207 Address: Retford, Nottinghamshire Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. A total of 7 stamped pipes were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire Database. None illustrated.
Figure 189: Pipe from the collections of Newark Museum. Scale 1:1.
Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. A total of 22 stamped pipes were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire Database. None illustrated.
Collection Name: Somerset County Museum Collection Code: 0061 Address: Taunton, Somerset Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. A single stamped pipe dating from 1660-1690 was selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire Database. None illustrated.
Collection Name: Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery Collection Code: 0027 Address: Birmingham, West Midlands Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. NSC database searched for Yorkshire material and three pipes were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire database. None illustrated.
Collection Name: Dept. of Archaeology, Sheffield Collection Code: 0153 Address: Sheffield, South Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. NSC database searched for Yorkshire material and three pipes were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire database. None illustrated.
Collection Name: Akerhagen Collection Collection Code: 0196 Address: Haninge, Sweden Description: Private collection. Only two pipes were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire database.
Collection Name: University of Sheffield Collection Code: 0212 Address: Sheffield, South Yorkshire Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. A total of 3 stamped pipes were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire Database. None illustrated.
190.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Stockholm Archipelago; rim bottered and one quarter milled; stem bore 8/64”. (Pcode 08513). 190.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 Stockholm Archipelago; good burnish; bottered and three quarters milled; stem 8/64”. Marked with the initials HN on the (Pcode 08512).
Collection Name: South Yorkshire Archaeology Unit Collection Code: 0166 Address: South Yorkshire
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 190: Pipes from the Akerhagen Collection, Sweden. Scale 1:1.
191.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Smiths Ordinary (18ST1-13) (Acc No. ST1-13 2494A/AA); rim bottered; stem bore 8/64”. Recorded by D A Higgins; one of 12 similar bowls of this type recovered from same site, also 6 similar examples from Van Sweringen sites. (Pcode 25114).
Collection Name: Historic St Mary's City Collection Code: 0245 Address: Maryland, USA Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. NSC database searched for Yorkshire material and a total of 7 pipes were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire database.
Figure 191: Pipes from the collections of Historic St Mary’s City, Maryland, USA. Scale 1:1.
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191.02 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Countrys House ST 1-13 (Acc No. ST1-13 1649T/AA); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IC on the heel. Recorded by D A Higgins. (Pcode 21984). 191.03 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Chancellors Point (18ST1-62) (Acc No. ST1-622/FS); stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials IC on the heel. Recorded by D A Higgins. (Pcode 22174). 191.04 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Chancellors Point (18ST1-62) (Acc No. 18 st 162-2/FT). Marked with the initials IC on the heel. Recorded by D A Higgins. (Pcode 22175).
Figure 192: Pipe from the collections of the Association for the preservation of Virginia Antiquities, Virginia, USA. Scale 1:1.
191.05 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from John Hicks Site ST 1-22 (Acc No. ST 1-22 115); average burnish; rim bottered and three quarters milled. Marked with the initials AB on the heel. Recorded by D A Higgins. (Pcode 22185).
Collection Name: Virginia Deptartment of Historic Resources Collection Code: 0238 Address: Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. A total of 3 pipes were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire Database. None illustrated.
191.06 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Smiths Townland ST 1-19 (Acc No. ST 1-19 394 P/AA); rim internally trimmed, bottered and three quarters milled; stem bore 7/64”. Recorded by D A Higgins. In the publication of this site it was noted that 16% of the assemblage appeared to be Yorkshire ‘bulbous’ forms (Riordan 1991, 92).
Collection Name: Colonial Williamsburg Collection Code: 0239 Address: Williamsburg, Virginia, USA Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. NSC database searched for Yorkshire material and two pipes were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire database.
Collection Name: Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory Collection Code: 0246 Address: Maryland, USA Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. Only two pipes were selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire Database. None illustrated.
193.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1690 from Pentran III (44HT44) (Acc No. F437.III SE); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 8/64”. Marked with the initials IC on the heel. Recorded by D A Higgins. (Pcode 21498).
Collection Name: Association for the preservation of Virginia Antiquities Collection Code: 0241 Address: Jamestown, Virginia, USA Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. NSC database searched and a total of 11 pipes selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire database. 192.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Jamestown Rediscovery (Acc No. JR3E); rim bottered and half milled; stem bore 7/64”. Marked with the initials RC on the heel. Recorded by D A Higgins. (Pcode 22196).
Figure 193: Pipe from the collections of Colonial Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA. Scale 1:1.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Collection Name: Flowerdew Hundred Collection Code: 0243 Address: Virginia, USA Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. NSC database searched for Yorkshire material and a single pipes was selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire database. 194.01 Heel type bowl dating from c1660-1680 from Site 44PG92 (Acc No. FHFA); rim bottered and fully milled; stem bore 9/64”. Marked with the initials RC on the heel. Recorded by D A Higgins. (Pcode 21658).
Figure 194: Pipe from the collections of Flowerdew Hundred, Virginia, USA. Scale 1:1.
Collection Name: Virginia Foundation for Archaeological Research Collection Code: 0244 Address: Virginia, U.S.A. Description: Collection recorded for the National Stamp Catalogue. only one possible Yorkshire product was selected for inclusion in the Yorkshire Database. Not illustrated.
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sheet. Each line is used to record an individual fragment or a group of fragments if their attributes are all the same. For each different context the bowls, stems and mouthpieces should be listed, in that order, with marked or decorated pieces coming before the plain examples within each category. The symbols /, 0 or - are used to mean 'yes', 'no' or 'can't tell' respectively. The following classes of information can then be recorded: -
Appendix 4: Draft guidelines for using the clay tobacco pipe record sheets INTRODUCTION This system has been designed to allow groups of pipes to be recorded in a standard manner. It has been conceived to deal primarily with excavated assemblages although it can easily be adapted for mixed or unstratified collections. The object has been to produce a flexible system, which includes all of the main categories of information commonly recorded by pipe researchers. Not all of these categories will necessarily be relevant to any given group but, when they are used, they allow quick and easy comparison of material both within and between sites.
Identification The context number and any individual small find or bag number for the piece(s) are recorded in the first two columns. Normally all the numbers actually written on each pipe are included here. Fab This column is used for recording fabric differences, where these can be seen. This might simply differentiate coarse, gritty, 'local' fabrics (L) from fine 'imported' clays (I). Where more detailed divisions can be made the codes used should be defined on the Group Summary Sheet.
An A3 format has been adopted for the recording sheets since this allows all the relevant data to be collected on one line. The information is, as far as possible, symbol coded in columns. There are three advantages to this. It is quick to compile, easy to scan for information and can be simply computerised. Three different types of sheet are used to build up the record for each site: -
B S M The number of bowl (B), stem (S) and mouthpiece (M) fragments recovered from each context is entered in these three columns. As entries on the right hand side of the sheet must relate to all of the fragments entered in these first columns, a number of different lines are usually required to build up a complete record of each context group.
- the group summary sheet - the clay tobacco pipe record sheet - the clay tobacco pipe summary sheet
The numbers of fragments entered are the numbers as excavated. Two or more joining pieces which have clearly damaged during recovery or handling are counted as one piece. Reconstructed fragments, which were damaged before deposition, are counted individually, being listed in their appropriate columns but on the same line. A note of any such joins or of other cross context joins should be placed in the final column.
These sheets are intended to provide a detailed catalogue of the individual fragments present from each site or collection for archive and research purposes. This record may be supplemented by additional notes and drawings, which collectively will form the basis for a synthesised written report. Each of these three types of sheet is described below, followed by an explanation of the categories of information collected and the codes used for recording.
If an unbroken pipe is recovered it is counted under the bowl column and an arrow (->) drawn across the stem and mouthpiece columns. The fact that the pipe is complete noted in the 'comments' column where details of the stem length, mouthpiece form and finish can be given. In this way details of the pipe can still be found on the form without distorting the count of fragments recorded in the columns.
THE GROUP SUMMARY SHEET Only one of these sheets is completed for each group. It acts as a guide to the record, which has been made and defines the way in which the record has been arrived at. The sheet sets out basic information about the material such as who has commissioned the work, where the material is from and exactly what the record consists of. It also gives details of how the record was compiled and by whom. Most of the categories are self-explanatory and do not need further clarification. The main thing to note is that flexibility to the recording system has been built in by allowing specific recording elements to be defined. For example, the bowl form typology or fabric types can be set on this sheet to define the codes used on the recording forms. The 'notes' section allows free text, which can be used to further define way in which the material has been studied and recorded.
Bowls (B) A bowl fragment is defined as any fragment with part of the base of the heel or spur surviving or with enough of the bowl to show its thickness (i.e., with any part of the internal bowl cavity surviving). The length of any surviving stem is irrelevant and is not counted separately in the stem column. This does not apply to re-assembled fragments of stem, which have been joined to a bowl fragment. These should be counted under the stem column on the same line.
THE CLAY TOBACCO PIPE RECORD SHEET The second sheet is used to list, in context order, the individual fragments making up each group. The site and total number of sheets completed is recorded at the top of the
Stems (S) A stem is any fragment with neither bowl nor mouthpiece surviving.
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F The types of finish are coded as follows: -
Mouthpieces (M) A mouthpiece is any piece with some or all the mouthpiece surviving.
0 RW GW GG YG CG *
MN Minimum number. The minimum number of pipes represented. Where this column is completed the methodology used should be stated on the group summary sheet. B/64 This records the stem bore(s) of the fragments listed on each line in 64ths of an inch, '7', for example, representing a fragment with a bore of 7/64". The means by which the bore has been measured should be stated on the Group Summary Sheet (e.g. ruler, butt end of imperial drill bit, travelling microscope). Where the stem bore at either end of a fragment varies only the smaller measurement should be recorded. For mouthpieces only the broken end is be measured.
No visible finish Red Wax Green Wax Green Glazed; often thin and light in colour Yellow Glaze Clear Glaze Other; specify under 'comments'
BOWL Four columns deal with various attributes of the bowl. These are: X Internal bowl crosses. The most common marks found on the internal base of a bowl are crosses. When viewed with the stem pointing down these can either appear as '+' or 'x'. These symbols should be used to indicate which type is present. If some other symbol or letter is found enter * and describe it in the comments section.
BUR Records burnishing on the fragments(s). This can either be a yes tick (/) where burnishing is present or it can be further graded as fine (F), good (G), average (A) or poor (P). A fine (F) burnish is when the polishing lines are so closely spaced and even that there are no gaps between and a fine very glossy surface is created. A good (G) burnish is well applied with close, even strokes. An average (A) burnish will have gaps of roughly equal width to the burnish lines and may be light and uneven. A poor (P) burnish is very scrappy and irregularly applied. Burnishing on the stem is usually less well applied than that on the bowl and can often only be noted as being present rather than being graded. Great care must be taken on the identification of burnishing, especially where naturally glossy fabrics are used. Burnished pipes exhibit the slight facets caused by polishing and, usually, an alternating surface of glossy and matt strips.
M/4 Milling. The amount of milling around the rim is estimated to the nearest quarter of a complete circumference so, for example, a half milled pipe is entered as 2. If no milling is present a 0 is entered, if milling is present but the rim damaged a / is entered, if no rim survives a - is entered. RIM Rim finish. The way in which the rim has been treated is coded:C Cut: the rim is formed by just a single horizontal knife cut. B Bottered: the rim has been smoothed with a bottering tool giving a rounded profile. I Internal knife cut: a knife has been used to cut clay from the inside of the bowl to make a thinner, finer rim. W Wiped: the rim has been wiped or smoothed (as opposed to being bottered).
TIP These two columns describe the tip or mouthpiece of the pipe. They record the type of mouthpiece (T) and finish (F) applied to it. T The types of mouthpiece are coded as follows:-
These codes may be used together. Thus CW is a rim that has been cut and wiped or IB is a rim that had been internally knife cut and bottered. These last two techniques are often very difficult to distinguish where they occur together and any results should be regarded cautiously looking for general trends rather than exact figures. As a general rule bottering produces a smooth, rounded and 'wiped' appearance near the rim as apposed to knife trimming which produces less even and deeper marks within the bowl with a fresher 'scraped' appearance to the surface.
C
Cut; the mouthpiece is formed by a simple cut end to the stem and no other moulded shape is present. R Rounded: the mouthpiece is formed in the mould as a simple rounded end. N Nipple: a circular sectioned stem, which terminates with a moulded nipple. D Diamond shaped: the stem ends with a diamond shaped cross section but without a nipple. DN Diamond nipple: where the stem takes on lozenge or sharply oval section in shape directly before the nipple. FO Flattened Oval: the stem takes on a flat, oval, section at the tip, without a nipple.
FORM The type number of the bowl form from a recognised typology, which should be entered on the status sheet. If the bowl falls between two forms these should
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DECORATION Describe or sketch any decorative treatment of the pipe.
both be entered (e.g. 25/27) and if the bowl is not a very good match it should be noted as a 'variant' of the basic form using the letter 'v' (e.g. 25v).
DATE The date range for the piece(s) recorded. This is an estimate of the likely period during which the pieces were made.
MARK The next five columns deal with any maker's mark. A sketch or transcription of the mark is written under MARK.
DR Drawing. Any letter or numeric code used to identify drawn examples. If both record sketches and full publication drawings are made these should be differentiated.
CAT NO = The National Catalogue number of any stamped mark. This is intended to relate specifically to the National Stamp Catalogue, which is being compiled at the University of Liverpool. Any alternative numbering system should be defined on the Group Summary Sheet.
COMMENTS Any comments or notes on the pipe(s) recorded. Particular note should be made to expand any column where * or an arrow has been entered and to note features such as cross context joins.
POS = Position the position/style of mark. The codes are:H On the base of the heel. SP On the base of the spur. BB Beneath the bowl where a pipe has neither heel nor spur. SH On the sides of the heel. SS On the sides of the spur. BF On the bowl facing the smoker. BL On the bowl, on the left hand side as smoked. BR On the bowl, on the right hand side as smoked. BA On the bowl facing away from the smoker. BS On the bowl sides. SX On the top of the stem, reading across it. SL On the stem, reading along it. SM Multiple individual stamps right around the stem, as a band or pattern. RS Roll stamped stem, a continuous band or zone around the stem. This may be plain or decorated but does not include milled decoration. SP Spiral stem stamp (one line mark applied on a spiral). ST Stem twist, a specific form of roll stamp forming a spiral of shallow grooves around the stem.
CONTEXT SUMMARY SHEET The third sheet is the context summary sheet that tabulates the cumulative information from the record sheets. It acts as an index as well as a summary and is of particular value for the excavator or finds assistant since it shows the overall date range for each context and the number of fragments upon which that date is based. CONTEXT The context number. PHASE the site phase or period to which the context belongs. B S M Totals of Bowl, Stem and Mouthpiece recovered from that context. TOT The total number of fragments from that context. DATE RANGE The overall date range of all the fragments recovered. If a more precise date for deposition can be suggested, for example where some material is likely to be either residual or intrusive, the date can be asterisked and further details given in the comments section.
TYPE The type of mark is recorded:-
BURNISH The total number of burnished bowl, stem and mouthpiece fragments is entered in the first column and then the ratio of burnished pieces, expressed as a percentage, in the second. This provides an indication of the 'quality' of the deposit since burnishing increased the price of a pipe.
I The primary pattern or motif is incuse. R The primary pattern or motif is in relief. A Applied mark formed of some medium other than clay such as a rubber stamp, transfer print or hand written mark.
MILLING INDEX The milling index is calculated by adding the figures for each complete rim in a context, which will range from 0-4, and dividing by the sum of the number recorded. This gives the average quantity of milling, measured in units of 1/4 of the circumference of the rim, for the pipes in that deposit. Since it cost more for fully milled pipes the closer the average approaches 4.0 the higher the 'quality' of the pipes.
METHOD The method by which the mark was formed:M S I TP HW *
Moulded mark. Stamped mark. Ink stamp (rubber stamp). Transfer printed mark. Hand written mark. Other, specify the exact type under comments.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
STAMPED The total number of stamped marks. MOULDED MARKS The total number of moulded marks. DECORATED The total number of decorated pipes. ILLUSTRATIONS The drawing numbers of all drawn pieces. KILN The total number of pieces considered to be kiln wasters is entered. This will often represent only the minimum number present since actual damage or discolouration occurs on a small percentage of all kiln waste. COMMENTS Brief comments on pieces of particular importance or the group as a whole.
D A Higgins & P J Davey Department of Archaeology, University of Liverpool November 1994
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1: PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION The primary data collection for this catalogue comprises a direct impression of each individual mark entered plus supporting details which are logged on a paper record sheet. From the impressions of each mark exact facsimiles can be created to form a permanent reference archive of all of the marks studied. The pipe stamps are impressed on standard sized blocks of plasticine, dusted with talcum powder as a releasing agent. For security, each mark is impressed twice and, on average, each plasticine block of 12.5cm x 20.5cm can record about 30-40 different pipes. When the block if full two permanent reference copies are made using a fine casting plaster. These casts provide an exact threedimensional copy of each mark and allow examples from widely separated collections to be directly compared.
Appendix 5: A catalogue of the clay tobacco pipe stamps found in England By D A Higgins Notes on the Recording System (last updated 4.10.2000) INTRODUCTION The Clay Tobacco Pipe Stamp Catalogue was started in 1988 with three principal aims:•
to compile as complete a catalogue as possible of all the stamped clay tobacco pipes which have been found in England
•
to identify and define each individual die type represented in the catalogue
•
to make the catalogue available as a standard reference work for the identification of pipe stamps and for other research
The data concerning each marked pipe is collected on a simple recording form in the same order that the impressions are made. The categories of information recorded on the form are entered into columns. Each line is used to record details of an individual stamp impression on a pipe, or, occasionally, for a group of identical impressions on the same part of a pipe. The categories of information recorded are as follows;
In order to achieve these aims, a rapid field recording system has been evolved whereby permanent and detailed impressions of each mark can be collected and stored for comparison and reference. A detailed twice life-size drawing of each individual die is made from the impressions and logged with the accompanying description. Wherever possible, these die types are then be linked to documented makers, thus providing an accurate dating and provenance for each mark.
COLL - Collection Name The common name of the collection or storage place of the pipes being examined is entered at the top of each recording sheet. This may be a museum name, archaeological unit or store, or the name of an individual who has a private collection of pipes. If the storage place is different from body responsible for the pipes (for example a separate storage building used by a museum) this should be made clear in the ‘text’ (see below). Private collections are generally entered by surname only (for example, ‘Thursfield Collection’).
The full catalogue holds details of the provenance, date and holding institution for each marked pipe as well as a classification of the type of mark, its location on the pipe, etc. The value of the catalogue as a research tool goes well beyond the simple identification of pipe stamps since all of this information is held on a relational database that can be accessed and interrogated in a variety of ways. The database can be used, for example, to look at the range of marks used by one maker, the stylistic development of marks by period or by region, or the evolution of trade and marketing patterns.
PRI - Private? The code Y (yes) or N (no) is entered to indicate whether the collection is privately owned or not. CONT - Contact The name of the person contacted or responsible for the collection is entered here. This is to provide a record of the contact or person dealing with the collection should further information / visits be required. TEL - Telephone The telephone number of the contact is entered. If this is at a different address to that given below (for example a home number for the curator of a museum which has no phone) this should be noted in the text section (see below).
The large number of pipes that are available for study has made it necessary to limit the range and complexity of the data recorded for each pipe. A recording system has, therefore, been designed to collect certain selected categories of information in the most efficient manner. It is this recording system, which is described in Section 1 below. The processing of the collected data is described in Section 2 and the archive storage and database in Section 3.
ADR/TOWN/CCOUNTY/POSTCODE The postal address of the collection is entered. The town, county (coded as CCOUNTY) and postcode are given separate sections to enable computer sorting of the addresses. The computer will only sort on the town given so, if an address has two place names in it, for example, ‘...Rainford, St Helens...’, both should be entered under ‘town’ so that the more specific place (i.e., Rainford) can be sorted by the computer.
Since its inception, the Catalogue has also taken in pipe stamps from places outside the main collection area, for example, from Wales, Scotland, Italy, the Netherlands, the United States of America, Panama and the Caribbean.
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The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
These codes may be used where a group of identical marks occur in one position, for example a pattern of marks on the bowl facing the smoker. In such a case the number of individual marks is listed in EX (below). Where the same mark appears on several parts of the pipe each area should be listed on a separate line with the appropriate code and the lines bracketed together (in the PCOD column) to indicate that they occur on the same pipe.
CTEXT - Collection text Notes regarding any of the above sections about the collection can be entered. In addition to commenting on any of the above entries it is also useful to note things which are likely to happen where known, for example, the retirement of a curator or the deposition of the finds elsewhere. COUNTY/PARISH/SITE The County, Parish and common name of the site where each fragment of pipe was found is recorded here. Present counties should be used. If only a general location or county for the find is known, this should still be entered in the appropriate column.
EX The number of examples of an individual die in a particular position on the pipe are recorded. For example, five identical impressions of a mark on the bowl facing the smoker would be entered here as ‘5’.
SCOD/CREF/DCOD/PCOD/CCOD These columns are for computerisation codes and are left blank during primary recording (see section 2 below).
DR This column is used to identify those pipes used for, or contributing to, a type drawing. It is consequently filled in after the primary recording (see section 2 below).
ACC Any museum accession number, words or other symbols written on the pipe to record or identify it are entered here.
DATE An assessment of the date of the piece is entered. Any date entered is not to be considered as sacrosanct since it is dependent on the dating evidence available and the experience of the recorder. It records what is currently considered to be the most likely date of the pipe.
MARK A sketch of the form of the mark is made. This need not be particularly detailed or accurate since it is only to facilitate data location within the recording system. If a pipe has more than one variety of mark stamped on it, each different mark should be placed on a separate line and the lines bracketed together in the PCOD column to indicate that they occur on the same piece. The same mark should be repeated, likewise bracketed, only of it occurs on different parts of the pipe (see POS below).
P11/P12/P13 etc Where a pipe is known to have been previously published a reference is entered here. The form allows for the recording of three previous publications (P1, P2, P3) of any particular pipe. The three columns are used to code the publication (column 1, as a numerical code), page number (column 2) and illustration number, if there is one (column 3). If a pipe is known to have been illustrated in a publication the code for which is not known, the page and figure numbers can still be added and the full title of the article noted in the PTEXT column. The code can then be added later.
POS The position of each mark is recorded. Usually each pipe has only one stamp on it and the following codes are used to indicate the position of it; H SH SS SP BB BF BL BR BA BS RS
SX SL SP SM ST
On the base of the heel. On the sides of the heel. On the sides of the spur. On the base of the spur. Beneath the bowl where a pipe has neither heel nor spur. On the bowl, facing the smoker. On the bowl, on the left hand side as smoked. On the bowl, on the right hand side as smoked. On the bowl, facing away from the smoker. On the sides of the bowl. Roll stamped stem, a continuous band or zone around the stem. This may be plain or decorated but does not include milled decoration. On the top of the stem, reading across it. On the stem, reading along it. Long, thin mark applied as a spiral around the stem. Multiple individual stamps right around the stem, as a band or pattern. Stem twist, a specific form of roll stamp forming a spiral of shallow grooves around the stem.
TEXT Any notes, comments or particular observations about the pipe or mark can be entered here. RECORDED BY/COMPLETED Finally, the name of the compiler and date the collection was recorded are entered on the side of the recording sheet.
2: DATA SORTING Once the plaster casts of the marks in each collection have been made up a second phase of recording must take place before the information can be added to the main database on the computer. This second phase consists primarily of adding codes to complete the recording sheets described above, and filling in die record sheets for new marks. In order to do this a number of sub-sections of the main recording system must be consulted. The full form of the database and all its sub-sections are described in section 3 below. The following codes must be added to the primary data collection sheets. SCOD This is the site code; a unique number allocated to each different site from which pipes are recorded.
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MARK A sketch of the mark is made to provide easy access to the data rows.
CREF This is the cast reference number; the individual number allocated to the pair of impressions of each individual die on each part of the pipe. One individual pipe may, therefore, have more than one CREF if stamped marks occur on more than one part of it. For example, two different stem borders applied to the same stem will each be allocated their own CREF. On the other hand, if there is more than one example of the same mark on the same part of the pipe then they can both be allocated the same CREF number. When a record sheet is being completed the plaster block is allocated the next number in a running sequence and each impression becomes a sub-division of that number. Thus a block with thirty-five impressions recorded on it may be the one hundred and twenty-third block in the system. The impressions on this block will therefore be identified as 123.1 to 123.35.
CREF The cast reference number of the type example is entered. More than one reference may be entered where more than one impression has been used to define the type drawing. FR A frame code is used to identify the shape of the outer border of the die. This breaks the dies into more manageable groups and is used to facilitate computer sorting of the marks. These are intended only as general classifications, and each form may include various sub-forms or types with decorated edges, for example spikes, trefoils or serrations. They have been kept as broad as possible in an attempt to avoid confusion between indistinct or overlapping forms. The codes used are;
DCOD/DR DCOD is the die code; the reference number of the specific die that created the impression(s) recorded on each line of data. Each die impression is compared with the type series of drawings held on a card index. If it is the same as one already illustrated the reference number can be inserted at once. If it adds detail to a mark previously illustrated it may be used to enhance the existing type drawing. If this is the case it must be checked against the original type specimen to confirm that it is the same die type and a T must be entered in the DR column to indicate that it has been used as part of a type drawing. If it completely replaces an existing type drawing a T should still be entered and the old one deleted, but in this case all other marks attributed to this die number should be checked against the new type specimen. If the die is previously un-recorded a T is likewise entered, a new die number allocated and a type drawing is made for inclusion in the card index. In addition details of the die are entered on a die record sheet (see 2.1 below).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 30 31 32 33 34 35 50 70 99
PCOD This is the pipe code; a unique reference number that must be allocated to each pipe entered on the record sheet. This number is not actually recorded on the pipe, it is just an open-ended sequence used to label the data in the recording system.
Un-bordered lettering, any arrangement Circular or sub circular Upright oval Intersecting ovals Horizontal oval Crescent Four lobes Multi-lobed, various forms Heart-shaped (indented top) Heart/shield intermediate forms Shield shaped Other symmetrical form Irregular border, or one following design/lettering Octagonal Square or squat rectangular Long rectangular Stepped rectangular Lozenge Concave-sided lozenge Roll-stamp (all forms, narrow or broad) Stem twists / spiral decoration Uncertain / indeterminate form
I/R I or R is entered to signify whether the primary lettering or motif of a mark is formed of an incuse or relief design.
CCOD This is the collection code; a unique number allocated to each different collection of pipes recorded.
CHRIS/SUR/PLACE/SLO The actual design of the mark is broken down into a number of elements. Any lettering or numbering is taken as the primary motif any used as key to indexing the mark. Four categories of written information may be defined; Christian name, surname, place name and any slogan or other information. The information depicted on the mark is broken into the appropriate columns. Thus, the initials ‘WS’ would be placed with the W in the Christian name column and the S in the surname column, while the mark ‘W.SOUTHORN & Co / BROSELEY 19’ has the W in the Christian name column, the Southorn in the surname column, Broseley in the place column and the ‘& Co’ and ‘19’ in the slogan/other column. This last column takes any details not included in the first three. In
P1 etc The reference code is added for any publications that do not already have one (see above).
2.1 THE DIE RECORD SHEET When a new die variant is identified details of the mark are entered onto a separate sheet. This is used to compile a sub-section of the database holding information about the different marks, the type drawings of which are held on a card index. The information recorded is as follows; DCOD A unique die code is allocated to each new type defined.
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3.2 Simple flower 3.3 Tudor rose 3.4 Crowned rose 3.5 Acorn 3.6 Leaf 3.7 3.8 3.9 Any other plant motif
cases where the manufacturer and place are tied up in a complex mark with other information it may be necessary to extract some information for other columns, but to include the whole mark again under slogan. This does not matter too much since the purpose of this section is to enable sorting and extraction of information primarily by makers name and place, and only then by any other information. To avoid confusion where other names occur on the mark, these too should be placed in the Christian name / surname columns. This means that initials such as AR, which sometimes occur with a crown for Queen Anne (Anne Regina), or the name of a tobacconist may be placed in these columns even though they are is not the initials or name of a pipemaker. An explanatory note should be added in the text column. This enables marks with names and initials to be found even when a user may be unsure of their exact meaning. Single letter marks are placed in the surname column and, once again, an explanatory note added to the text column if they do not in fact represent a surname. The place column is only used for towns or villages, street names etc being placed as slogans. Finally there are some marks that have no lettering or numbering on them. These are classified by the principal motif represented on the mark, which is entered in the symbol (SYM) column.
Group 4 - Animal motifs (including crests where animals occur). 4.1 Fish 4.2 Bird 4.3 Lion 4.4 Fox 4.5 Mythical/fantastic animal 4.6 Dog 4.7 4.8 4.9 Any other animal Group 5 - People (including crests where people occur). 5.1 Hand / gauntlet (no clear thumb) 5.2 Hand / gauntlet (thumb facing left) 5.3 Hand / gauntlet (thumb facing right) 5.4 Arms / legs 5.5 Bust 5.6 Full figure 5.7 Legendary / Mythical figures 5.8 5.9 Any other part of the body
SYM The symbol column is used for those marks without either lettering or numbering on them. In order to break down the diverse range of types they have been divided into ten broad categories, each of which may be further sub-divided to cater for the commonest groups encountered. This enables searching or comparison of symbol marks to be confined to as small a group as possible. The groups defined are;
Group 6 - Coats of Arms (for simple crests see 4/5 above). 6.1 London arms. 6.2 Chester arms. 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 Misc. & Unidentified arms
Group 1 - Simple geometric patterns. 1.1 Cross motif and variants 1.2 Radiating spokes 1.3 Spokes with dots between 1.4 Spokes with spikes between 1.5 Spokes with dots and spikes or other motifs 1.6 Star motif 1.7 1.8 1.9 Any other simple motif or other abstract pattern
Group 7 - Misc. Representational Objects (all). Group 8 - All roll stamps (without lettering). 8.1 Simple narrow borders (all) 8.2 Geometric designs 8.3 Zoomorphic / tulip / tendril / leaf types 8.4 Heart, star or fleur-de-lys types 8.5 Midlands type hatched oval borders 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 Any other border
Group 2 - Simple symbols (not falling within 3-9 below). 2.1 Heart 2.2 Crown 2.3 Crescent 2.4 Castle 2.5 Portcullis 2.6 Fleur-de-lys 2.7 2.8 2.9 Any other simple symbol
Group 9 - All stem twists and spiral roll stamps. 9.1 Plain stem twists (all, not die sorted) 9.2 Decorated stem twists
Group 3 - Plant motifs. 3.1 Pellet flower
494
Susan D White
Yorkshire. This is intended to iron out any teething problems with the system. For the time being, the twice life size images of the pipes are still held on card index but, ultimately, it is intended that digital images will be included as part of the database.
Group 10 - Unclassified / illegible marks. DATE This is the estimated date range during which the particular die was likely to have been used. A number of factors are taken into account in determining this date, for example, any known documentary dates for the maker and the typological and stylistic period to which the bowl and mark belong. Clearly this can only be a current estimate based on the available evidence. Further research or detailed local studies may well lead to modification of these dates.
To date, some 14,000 different stamped pipes have been impressed for the catalogue and some 2,000 different die types identified on the card index. The catalogue has recorded all the stamped pipes in more than half of the museum collections and archaeological stores in England. In addition, some foreign material has been added, including nearly 1,000 pipes from colonial sites in Maryland and Virginia. It is intended that the final version of the catalogue will be disseminated in digital format. Copies of all the plaster reference blocks are being deposited with the National Clay Tobacco Pipe Archive, which is housed at the University of Liverpool.
USER This is the pipemaker who is thought to have used the die. The attribution of marks is often difficult, and to a degree dependent on the amount of documentary research which has been carried out in a particular area. A maker may be entered here when there is good reason to think he used a particular die, but it must be remembered that subsequent research may alter this attribution.
David Higgins Third draft, October 2000.
CO This is the county in which a die is thought to have been used, or the country if the mark is foreign. PL This is the place in which a die is thought to have been used. TEXT Any notes concerning the die or its attribution. 3: ARCHIVE STORAGE AND THE DATABASE The data collection and sorting generates four main sets of data; the plaster casts of the marks, the primary record sheets, the card index of type drawings and the die record sheets recording details of these marks. In addition three other lists have to be maintained as part of the paper archive, i.e., details of collections, sites and publications. All of this information, with the exception of the type drawings, is held, ordered and interrogated through a computer database. The system has been designed with unique codes for each field of data so that the information can be used on a Structured Query Language system. The computer database contains a number of tables into which each category of information is fitted. There are tables, which just hold information about the sites, or the collections, or the casts. By using the various codes listed above it is possible to cross-refer to information held in different tables. Thus, the PCOD, DCOD, SCOD, CCOD and CREF (pipe code, die code, site code, collection code and cast reference) give access to information about a particular pipe, the mark on it with associated details, the site on which it was found, the collection in which it was stored and the reference number of the copy which has been made of it At present, inputting forms mirroring all the paper records have been designed using Access. Susie White from the Department of Archaeology at the University of Liverpool is currently carrying out a ‘field trial’ by using the system to record some 2,200 stamped pipes from collections in
495
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
natural. Amongst the many thousands of objects recovered from these excavations were 1,551 clay tobacco pipe fragments.
Appendix 6: Clay tobacco pipes from excavations at Sandal Castle. In 1983 a brief note was published on the clay tobacco pipes from Sandal Castle (Lawrence 1983, 285). A total of 1,551 clay tobacco pipe fragments were recovered from the excavations producing one of the finest Civil War assemblages from England and yet was summarised by Lawrence in a single paragraph. Many of the attribution given by Lawrence are incorrect and the illustrations have been poorly executed and reproduced at half life-size making them difficult to use. Even by the standards of the day, this report was totally inadequate particularly given the importance of such an assemblage.
On 20th July 1645 the Parliamentarians, encouraged by the surrender of Pontefract, made a formal request for the surrender of Sandal, but this request was turned down. Early in September 1645 the Parliamentarian troops under the leadership of General Poyntz surrounded the castle and began the bombardment of the castle with four ‘great guns’, which had been brought in from Hull. At this point Sandal was well provisioned and garrisoned by a force of about 100 officers and men. Several days of firing had resulted in the breaching in the walls and on 30th September preparations were made to storm the castle. After lengthy discussions, however, the defenders agreed to leave on favourable terms and the castle surrendered at 10am on 1st October 1645 (Mayes & Butler 1983).
As part of this present research arrangements were made to record and study the Sandal pipes in accordance with the draft guidelines, which had been proposed for the processing of excavated material (Higgins and Davey 1994). Details of this recording system used can be found in Appendix 4.
In 1646, on the orders of Parliament, the castle was stripped of its defences and made untenable. Although these destructions left Sandal with little economic potential, the earthworks and stonework continued to attract the interest of local, regional and even national antiquarians (ibid).
The details of each pipe fragment have been logged on an Excel spreadsheet, a copy of which is presented in this appendix at the end of this summary, noting whether it is a bowl (B), stem (S) or mouthpiece (M). For each fragment a date range has been given followed by details of the bore in 64” (B64); the quality of burnishing if present (Bur); the presence or absence of an internal bowl cross (BX); the amount of milling where relevant (M4); the rim finish (Rim); and the tip type (TT) and tip finish (TF) of any mouthpiece fragments. In addition, when marked the Christian name or initial is noted (Cname) together with the surname or initial (Sname). The position (P), type (T) and method of application (M) of that mark is noted. Where relevant the pipe code reference (Pcode), which cross-refers to the Yorkshire database, is also noted together with any comments.
The pipes A total of 1,551 fragments comprising 310 bowls, 1,200 stems, and 41 mouthpieces were recovered during the excavations. Of these, 1,464 fragments or 94% of the whole assemblage date from the Civil War activity at the castle making this one of the largest and most closely dated Civil War groups in the country, comparable with the group from Pontefract castle (Davey & White 2002). In order to give an indication of the temporal dispersion of pipes from the site the number of occurrences, per decade, of the dateable bowls were plotted on a bar chart (Figure 1). In order to do this each pipe bowl was examined and a bar entered for each decade of its conventional date range. For example, if a pipe bowl was dated from 1640 to 1660 the decades 1640 and 1650 were marked once. This method has the effect of smoothing out the curve created by the graph since it spreads the information over each decade rather than creating marked steps and plateaux, as is the case when broad typological groups are used, for example 1610 to 1640, 1640 to 1660 etc. The result is a more realistic picture of the main periods of activity on the site. The graph clearly shows that there was very little activity immediately before the Civil War period. There is a marked peak in the number of pipes deposited on the site during the Civil War, which then falls away sharply immediately after the war. From 1660 onwards there are very few pipes deposited on the site and may be nothing more than the result of rubbish left behind by the casual visitor.
In the following note a brief introduction to the Civil War activity at the castle is given. This is followed by a summary of the pipe analysis. A full discussion of the mould flaws identified can be found in Chapter 9. Sixtyfive pipe fragments were selected for illustration and drawings prepared at a scale of 1:1. These can be found in Appendix 3 Figures 163 to 166. Although it has not been possible to prepare a full report on the clay tobacco pipes from Sandal it is hoped that the following summary and detailed catalogue will highlight the importance of this quite outstanding assemblage. The clay tobacco pipes from Sandal Castle clearly warrant further, more detailed, analysis. Introduction Sandal Castle lies approximately 3 miles south of Wakefield (SE 433418). Extensive excavations were carried out on the site between 1964 and 1973 during which time most of the castle was excavated down to
496
Susan D White
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0 1610
1620
1630
1640
1650
1660
1670
1680
1690
1700
1710
Figure 1: Bowl date chart for Sandal Castle
It is interesting to note that the majority of the clay tobacco pipes were recovered from those areas under attack, namely along the west curtain wall and the keep. There was also a marked concentration of pipes around the forge, which was heavily used during the siege for the maintenance and repair of the defenders’ weapons.
At the time of writing this summary none of the original site notes from the excavation was available. The majority of the site codes assigned to the pipes, however, are the same as the site location codes allocated to the pottery (Mayes and Butler 1983, 205-206). Using these codes an attempt has been made to plot, as closely as possible, the find spots of the individual pipes (Figure 2) to give an indication of the activity within the castle itself. It should be noted that it has not been possible to identify finds spots for all the pipes.
A total of 13 marked fragments were recovered. These include one bowl fragment with an illegible heel stamp, the first initials possibly reads For E, dating from 16401660; two bowl fragments with a GW stamp on the heel
497
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Figure 2: Approximate find spots of the clay tobacco pipes from Sandal Castle. Each black dot represents a pipe. The white dots denote the marked fragments.
498
Susan D White
dating from 1620-1640 and attributed to Gabriel Westaby of York; one bowl fragment with the initials BC stamped on the heel also dating from 1620-1640 and possibly a London product. There were a total of five bowls with the initials RW stamped on the heel and dating from 1630-1660. These can be attributed to Roger Wilkins a Dutch maker who was born in York around 1607. All these RW pipes were produced in the same mould and stamped with the same die. These are the only examples of this RW mark recorded in the whole of Yorkshire and may, therefore, constitute a single consignment for use by the Officers stationed at the castle. Of slightly later date was one bowl stamped with the initials IG on the heel and dating from 1660-1680. In addition, there were three stems dating 1690-1730 also marked IG were recovered. All of these fragments may be attributed to one of the Gill’s of Wakefield. Analysis of the Civil War period bowls identified 13 individual mould groups, that is bowls that have tiny flaws on them indicating that they were produced in the same mould (See Chapter 9 for discussion). Interestingly Sandal Castle’s Mould Group 1, comprising 14 bowls, matched with 16 examples from the same mould that were recorded at Pontefract. Thirty-six of the Civil War bowls from Sandal have some bands of milling on or near the heel - 22 across the heel, 12 immediately behind the heel and two bowls with milling at the base of the heel on the front of the bowl. Some of the bowls from Pontefract castle also had this distinctive milling near the heel. Although milling on bowls and stems is known from other British sites, the nature of the milling and its close association with specific bowl types found around Sandal and Pontefract is unique. This could be the mark of a specific maker or workshop in the local area. As with assemblage from Pontefract Castle, Sandal produced a small number of modified stems, 16 in total together with four modified bowls. One of the stems showed tooth wear; 13 stem fragments had faceted or ground ends and may have been used for graffiti; and one stem and four bowls, which appeared to have the ends of the stem ground for re-use. With the exception of one nineteenth-century stem with ground ends, all the modified stems and bowl fragments date from the Civil War period. There was clearly links between Sandal and Pontefract – not just in terms of the troops serving at both castles but in the fact that it can be demonstrated through mould flaw analysis that bowls from the same workshop were being supplied to both castles. The clay tobacco pipes from the excavations at Sandal Castle are now in the care of Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery.
499
Table 1: Excel catalogue of the pipes from Sandal Castle.
500
SC73 CW/PQ
SC73 CW/PQ
CWX/T1
CWX/T1
1983.10.110
1983.10.111
1983.10.111
23468
CW/PQ
SC65 1
1983.10.110
1983.10.110
23467
CW/PQ
1983.10.11
23267
SC65 1
SC73 CW/PQ
1983.10.11
23266
SC65 1
1983.10.110
1983.10.11
23264
SC65 1
1983.10.110
1983.10.11
23263
SC65 1
SC73 CW/P1
1983.10.11
1983.10.109
23265
CW/P1
AK6 BAG 635
1983.10.108
CW/P1
AK5 BAG 610
1983.10.107
1983.10.109
AK5 BAG 610
1983.10.107
1983.10.109
AK4 BAG 627
1983.10.106
23466
AK3 BAG596
AK2 BAG 582
1983.10.105
AK1 BAG 424
AF1 BAG 205
1983.10.102
1983.10.104
AF1 BAG 205
1983.10.102
1983.10.103
AE1 BAG 254
1983.10.101
AF1 BAG205
AE1 BAG 254
1983.10.101
1983.10.102
AE1 BAG 254
1983.10.101
23465
23464
23463
AE1 BAG 25
1983.10.10
1983.10.100
07630
1983.10.101
BDX+ 376
AD2 BAG 244
1983.10.1
07629
23462
SF No
SC73 CW/V1
Pcode Acc No
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
1
2
3
1
4
6
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
2
5
1
S
1
M
Date
18th C
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1650
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
17th/18th C
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
18th/19th C
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
17th/18th C
1630-1660
1660-1690
H
H
H
-
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H/S
5
7
6
8
7
7
7
7
-
7
7
6
7
7
6
8
7
8
7
7
7
6
6
8
7
4
-
7
5
6
7
6
B64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
G
G
Bur
-
-
0
-
0
0
0
-
0
-
0
0
0
0
-
/
/
4
4
4
4
-
4
-
/
4
-
4
-
B
B
B
IB
IB
IB
-
B
-
-
B
-
B
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
BX M4 Rim TT
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
TF .R
I
Cname W
G
P H
H
Milled
S
Milled H
Sname Other
T M
Dwg
R S
1971
1970
1972
2011
2010
R S 1297
One broken just behind heel and band of milling visible
Heel fragment only
Similar to 1989 but with a smaller, rounder heel; HT: -; WD: 18.8; Mould Group 9
Similar to 1295; HT:-; WD: 18.0
Heel missing; similar to 1971; HT:-; WD:18.4
HT:29.2; WD:18.3; Mould Group 3
HT:29.9; WD:19.5
HT:25.7; WD:17.1
Heel fragment only
HT: 27.3; WD: 17.9
Heel fragment only
Similar to 1989 but with a smaller, rounder heel; HT:-; WD: 18.9; Mould Group 9
Very shiney surface but no obvious burnishing lines visible; HT: 29.7; WD: 19.1
Same as 1296; no rim; Mould Group 14
Comments
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
T1 2015
T1 2015
T4 BAG 32
1983.10.117
1983.10.117
1983.10.118
501
Table 1 (contd): Excel catalogue of the pipes from Sandal Castle.
V1 BAG 38
V1 BAG 38
CY/YY1
SC73 YY1
1983.10.12
1983.10.12
1983.10.12
1983.10.12
1983.10.120
1983.10.120
1983.10.121
1983.10.122
23271
23268
23269
23272
24573
C 1 66
C 1 66
C 1 66
C 1 66
C 1 66
1983.10.12
23270
C 1 66
1983.10.12
23273
TW1 BAG 79
SC73 R1
1983.10.116
1983.10.119
SC73 R1
1983.10.116
T4 BAG 32
SC73 R1
1983.10.116
1983.10.118
Q1 BAG 51
Q1 BAG 51
1983.10.115
1983.10.115
23473
SC73 P1
1983.10.114
23472
SC73 P1
1983.10.114
23471
SC73 P1
1983.10.113
1983.10.114
SC73 F522
1983.10.113
SC73 P1
SC73 F522
1983.10.113
1983.10.114
SC73 F522
1983.10.112
SC73 F522
DBS1 BAG 300
1983.10.112
1983.10.113
DBS1 BAG 300
1983.10.111
23469
23470
SF No
CWX/T1
Pcode Acc No
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
1
4
2
1
1
1
2
4
4
1
1
5
5
1
1
3
17
1
1
S
M
Date
1630-1670
1630-1670
17th/18th C
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
17th/18th C
1630-1670
1640-1660
-
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H/S
6
7
6
-
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
7
6
7
7
8
6
7
7
7
6
7
6
7
-
6
7
5
7
6
B64
0
0
G
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
G
0
0
Bur
0
0
-
0
-
0
0
0
0
-
-
0
/
4
4
4
/
4
-
4
4
-
-
4
B
B
B
IB
B
B
-
B
B
-
-
B
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
BX M4 Rim TT
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
TF
Cname
P
Milled BH
Milled H
Milled BA
Milled H
Sname Other
T M
Dwg
1975
1974
1973
2012
2016
Comments
Two joining stem fragments
Small bowl fragment
Very small heel; HT: 29.4; WD: 19.1; Mould Group 13
Similar to 1294; HT: 27.5; WD: 17.7
Similar to 1289; HT:28.1; WD: 18.7
Milled at bowl/stem junction behind the heel; HT: 28.1; WD: 19.3; Mould Group 1 (Same as Pontefract Mould Group 1)
HT:27.7; WD:18.2
Rim missing; appears to be the same mould as Pcode 23271; HT: -; WD: -; Mould Group 1 (Same as Pontefract Mould Group 1)
HT: 30.3; WD: 18.5; Mould Group 2
Similar to 2000; HT: 27.4; WD: 18.4
Heart shaped heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Similar to 1290; HT: 26.5; WD: 17.9; deeply incised V shape scratched on heel
Susan D White
Table 1 (contd): Excel catalogue of the pipes from Sandal Castle
502
YZ1 BAG 111
YZ1 BAG 111
Z1 BAG 62
Z1 BAG 62
Z1 BAG 62
1983.10.123
1983.10.123
1983.10.123
1983.10.124
1983.10.125
1983.10.125
1983.10.125
1983.10.126
1983.10.126
1983.10.126
23457
23458
23460
1983.10.13
1983.10.13
23275
23276
Z1+ BAG 151
1983.10.127
K 1 66
K 1 66
K 1 66
Z1+ BAG 151
1983.10.127
1983.10.13
Z1 BAG 62
1983.10.126
23274
Z1 BAG 62
Z1 BAG 62
1983.10.126
Z1 BAG 62
SC73 YY2
SC73 YY2
SC73 YY2
SC73 YY2
SC73 YY2
1983.10.126
23477
YZ1 BAG 111
1983.10.123
07634
1983.10.126
YY3 BAG 153
1983.10.123
07633
23476
SC73 YY2
1983.10.123
07631
SC73 YY2
1983.10.123
SC73 YY2
1983.10.123
23459
SC73 YY2
1983.10.123
SC73 YY2
SC73 YY2
1983.10.123
1983.10.123
SC73 YY2
1983.10.123
07632
SC73 YY1
1983.10.122
23475
SC73 YY1
SC73 YY1
1983.10.122
23474
1983.10.122
SF No
SC73 YY1
1983.10.122
Pcode Acc No
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
1
2
1
1
12
1
1
1
1
2
4
5
12
8
3
1
3
S
M
Date
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
19th C
18th/19th C
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
18th C
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H/S
7
7
7
6
7
4
5
7
7
7
6
8
6
7
8
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
5
7
6
8
7
7
8
7
B64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bur
0
0
0
0
0
-
-
-
-
0
0
-
0
0
-
/
/
4
4
4
-
-
-
4
4
4
-
4
4
-
B
B
B
IB
B
-
-
-
B
B
B
-
B
B
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
BX M4 Rim TT
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
TF
Cname
P
Milled H
Milled BH
Milled BH
Milled H
Sname Other
T M
1976
2014
2013
1288
Dwg
HT: 30.5; WD: 18.2
Similar to 1290; HT: -; WD: 18.0
Similar to 1288; HT: 28.8; WD: 17.7
Part of a curled pipe stem
HT: 28.6; WD: 18.6
Milled at bowl/stem junction behind the heel; HT: 29.7; WD: 19.7; Mould Group 1 (Same as Pontefract Mould Group 1)
One stem has ground facettes at both ends
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Similar to 1288; HT: 28.3; WD: 18.4
Same as 1288; HT: 27.9; WD: 18.1
HT: 28.1; WD: 18.2
Heel fragment only; milled at bowl/stem juntion behind the heel
Similar to 1288; HT: 29.1; WD: 18.1; Mould Group 3
Includes two joining stem fragments
One fragment shows possible teeth wear
Similar to 1989; HT: 29.8; WD: 19.5; Mould Group 1 (Same as Pontefract Mould Group 1)
Heel fragment only
Comments
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
1983.10.14
1983.10.14
1983.10.14
1983.10.15
1983.10.15
1983.10.15
1983.10.15
1983.10.15
1983.10.16
1983.10.16
1983.10.16
1983.10.16
1983.10.16
1983.10.16
1983.10.16
1983.10.16
23278
23279
23281
23282
23283
23284
23285
23286
23292
23287
23288
23289
23290
23291
23304
Table 1 (contd): Excel catalogue of the pipes from Sandal Castle.
503
1983.10.20
23298
1983.10.21
1983.10.20
23300
23301
1983.10.2
23302
1983.10.20
1983.10.19
23297
1983.10.21
1983.10.19
23296
07652
1983.10.18
23294
23299
1983.10.18
23295
1983.10.17
1983.10.14
23280
23293
L 1 66
L1 66
1983.10.13
23277
W 1 66
1976/21
J 1 66
J 1 66
J 1 66
MGC3
SC L7
SC L7
SC L6
SC L6
SC L5
L 1 66
L 1 66
L 1 66
L 1 66
L 1 66
L 1 66
SC K12
SC K12
SC K12
SC K12
SC K12
SC K3
SC K3
SC K3
SC K3
SF No
K 1 66
Pcode Acc No
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
1
1
S
M
Date
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1700-1750
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1650
1660-1680
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
-
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H/S
7
-
6
7
6
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
5
8
-
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
7
7
6
7
7
6
B64
0
A
0
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bur
-
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
/
-
/
-
4
4
4
4
4
-
4
4
/
/
4
-
4
4
/
4
-
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
-
B
-
B
B
B
B
B
-
IB
B
B
B
B
-
B
IB
B
B
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
BX M4 Rim TT
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
TF
?
R
I
Cname
?
W
G
P
T M
H
Milled H
H
Milled BH
Milled H
I
1982
1981
1980
1979
1978
HT:-; WD: 18.7
Comments
Heel fragment only
Traces of first initial only, possibly F or E
Similar to 1982; HT: 28.8; WD: 18.5
HT: 29.3; WD: 18.5; shiney surface but no obvious burnishing lines visible
Similar to 1970; HT: 30.8; WD: 19.8
Dutch; same as 1296; Mould Group 14
Similar to 1972; HT: 25.9; WD: 17.7
Milled at bowl/stem junction behind the heel; HT: 29.2; WD: 19.3; Possibly same mould as E; Mould Group 1 (Same as Pontefract Mould Group 1)
Does not appear to have been smoked; HT: 29.1; WD: 18.2; Mould Group 5
Small mould flaw on RHS of heel suggests this is probably from the same mould as examples from Pontefract Castle (Mould Group 7)
Similar to 1289; HT: -; WD:-, Mould Group 4
Similar to 1973; HT: 25.9; WD: 17.8
HT: 28.5; WD: 18.5
Similar to 1289
Similar to 1290; HT: 26.8; WD: 18.7
Similar to 1289; HT: 26.4; WD: 17.3
Heel fragment only
Similar to 1289; HT: 27.6; WD: 18.3
Similar to 1288; HT: 26.9; WD: 18.1
Similar to 1290; HT: 28.4; WD: 18.1
Possibly same mould as Pcode 7631; HT: 27.4; WD: 17.8
Quite forward leaning; HT: 28.2; WD: 18.1
Heel fragment only
Similar to 1970; HT:-; WD:19.2
2049 Similar to 2009; HT 29.9; WD 19.2; Mould Group 8
Dwg 1977
S 1301
R S
SX R S
Milled H
Sname Other
Susan D White
MSC67 D1
MSC67 D1
MSC67 D1
1983.10.24
1983.10.24
1983.10.24
1983.10.24
504
Table 1 (contd): Excel catalogue of the pipes from Sandal Castle.
MSC67 G1
MSC67 G1
MSC67 G1
1983.10.26
1983.10.26
1983.10.26
1983.10.26
1983.10.26
1983.10.26
1983.10.26
1983.10.26
1983.10.26
23311
23313
23315
23316
23317
1983.10.27
MSC67 G1
1983.10.26
23310
07644
MSC 67 G1
1983.10.26
23312
MSC67 F1
MSC 67 G1
MSC 67 G1
MSC 67 G1
MSC 67 G1
MSC 67 G1
MSC 67 G1
MSC 67 G1
1983.10.26
MSC67 E1
1983.10.25
23314
MSC67 E1
1983.10.25
MSC67 E1
MSC67 E1
1983.10.25
1983.10.25
MSC 67 E1
1983.10.25
MSC 67 D1
24574
23309
MSC 67 D1
1983.10.24
MSC 67 D1
23308
1983.10.23
23307
MSC67 B1
1983.10.22
1983.10.24
MSC67 A1
1983.10.22
23306
MSC67 A1
1983.10.22
MSC 67 D1
MSC67 A1
1983.10.22
1983.10.24
MSC67 A1
1983.10.22
23303
23305
SF No
MSC 67 A1
Pcode Acc No
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
4
8
2
1
7
1
1
2
10
1
2
5
1
S
1
1
M
Date
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
H
H
H
H
H
-
H
H
H
-
H
H
-
H
H
H
H/S
7
6
7
8
8
7
6
6
7
-
6
6
7
-
-
6
7
6
4
6
7
7
6
6
7
6
6
7
8
8
7
B64
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bur
0
-
-
-
0
-
0
0
-
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
/
-
-
-
4
4
4
-
/
/
/
-
4
4
4
-
-
-
-
-
IB
B
B
-
B
B
B
-
B
B
IB
-
-
C
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
BX M4 Rim TT
-
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
TF
Cname
P
Milled BH
Sname Other
T M
1985
1984
1983
Dwg
Comments
Similar to 1289; HT: -; WD: 17.5
1 with ground end
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
HT: 28.7; WD:18.7
No heel; similar to 1974; too fragmentary to take accurate measurements of the height and width
Similar to 1288; HT: 27.7; WD: 18.3
Heel fragment only; milled at bowl/stem junction behind the heel
Similar to 1980; HT: 27.3; WD: 17.1
Small bowl fragment
Too fragmentary to take accurate measurements for the height and width; heel trimmed flush with stem
Heel fragment only
Similar to 1971; HT:-; WD: 18.4
Does not appear to have been smoked; HT: 27.1; WD: 18.4
Similar to 1289; stem ground for reuse; HT: 27.1; WD: 17.9
3 with ground ends
Heel fragment only
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
07635
07636
07637
07638
07639
07640
07641
07642
07643
07645
07646
07647
07648
23399
23400
23401
23402
23403
23404
Table 1 (contd): Excel catalogue of the pipes from Sandal Castle.
505
SC67 F1
SC67 F1
SC67 F1
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
SC67 F1
1983.10.27
24614
SC67 F1
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
SC67 F1
1983.10.27
24576
SC67 F1
1983.10.27
23408
1983.10.27
SC67 F1
1983.10.27
23407
24575
MSC67 F1
1983.10.27
23406
SC67 F1
SC67 F1
SC67 F1
MSC67 F1
MSC67 F1
1983.10.27
23405
MSC67 F1
MSC67 F1
MSC67 F1
MSC67 F1
MSC67 F1
MSC67 F1
MSC67 F1
MSC67 F1
MSC67 F1
MSC67 F1
MSC67 F1
MSC67 F1
MSC67 F1
MSC67 F1
MSC67 F1
MSC67 F1
MSC67 F1
MSC67 F1
MSC67 F1
SF No
MSC67 F1
Pcode Acc No
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
3
1
24
8
1
53
4
26
S
1
1
M
Date
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
18th C
17th/18th C
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
-
-
-
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H/S
-
-
-
4
-
7
7
6
7
8
6
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
6
7
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
B64
-
-
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bur
0
0
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
-
/
/
/
/
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
4
-
-
4
/
4
/
/
/
4
4
4
B
IB
B
B
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
B
B
-
-
IB
IB
IB
B
IB
IB
IB
IB
IB
-
-
-
C
C
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
BX M4 Rim TT
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
TF
Cname
Sname Other
P
T M
Dwg 1290
1289
Comments
Small bowl fragment
Small bowl fragment
Small bowl fragment
Two with ground ends
Oval in section
Oval in section
Joining bowl and heel fragment; not enough surviving to take accurate measurements
Heart shaped heel fragment only
Heart shaped heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Similar to 1288; HT: 25.4; WD: 17.5
Similar to 1288; HT: 27.3; WD: 18.5
Similar to 1289; no rim
Similar to 1289; no rim
Similar to 1289; HT: 27.8; WD: 17.4
Similar to 1289; HT: -; WD: 17.9
Similar to 1289; HT: 27.4; WD: 17.7
Similar to 1289; shiney surface; HT: -; WD: 18.2; Mould Group 4
Similar to 1289; HT: 27.5; WD: -
Similar to 1289; HT: 24.5; WD: 18.1
Similar to 1289; HT: 27.3; WD: 18.1
HT: 24.8; WD: 17.8
HT: 27.6; WD: 17.7
Susan D White
MSC67 H1
MSC67 H1
MSC67 H1
MSC67 H1
1983.10.28
1983.10.28
1983.10.28
1983.10.28
1983.10.28
1983.10.28
1983.10.28
1983.10.28
1983.10.28
23322
23323
23324
23325
23320
506
Table 1 (contd): Excel catalogue of the pipes from Sandal Castle.
MSC 67 W6
MSC67 W6
1983.10.30
1983.10.30
1983.10.30
1983.10.30
1983.10.30
1983.10.30
1983.10.30
1983.10.30
23328
23329
23330
23331
23332
23333
23334
MSC 67 W6
MSC 67 W6
MSC 67 W6
MSC 67 W6
MSC 67 W6
MSC 67 W6
MSC 67 W6
1983.10.30
23327
SC K1
MSC67 I1
1983.10.29
1983.10.3
MSC67 I1
1983.10.29
MSC67 H1
1983.10.28
MSC 67 I1
MSC67 H1
1983.10.28
1983.10.29
MSC67 H1
1983.10.28
MSC 67 H1
MSC 67 H1
MSC 67 H1
MSC 67 H1
MSC 67 H1
07649
23326
24577
MSC 67 W6
1983.10.28
23321
MSC 67 H1
1983.10.28
MSC 67 H1
1983.10.28
1983.10.27
1983.10.27
24616
23319
SC67 F1
SC67 F1
1983.10.27
24615
23318
SF No
SC67 F1
Pcode Acc No
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
1
1
1
5
1
18
11
2
2
S
1
M
Date
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
19th C
18th/19th C
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
-
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
-
-
H/S
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
7
7
7
6
7
7
3
4
-
-
6
7
8
6
5
6
6
7
7
7
6
7
-
-
B64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
A
-
-
Bur
0
0
0
0
0
-
-
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
-
-
0
0
0
0
4
4
4
4
-
-
-
-
4
4
/
-
4
4
4
-
-
4
4
/
/
B
B
IB
B
-
-
-
-
B
B
B
-
B
B
B
-
-
B
B
IB
IB
C
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
BX M4 Rim TT
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
TF
B
Cname
C
H
P
Milled BH
Sname Other
Dwg
1987
1986
R S 1298
T M
Comments
Similar to 1985; HT: 28.7; WD: 19.2
HT: 28.7; WD: 19.4; Mould Group 1 (Same as Pontefract Mould Group 1)
Same as 1288; HT: 27.8; WD: 18.3
Same mould as 1292 but no milling on the heel; HT: 30.9; WD: 18.8; Mould Group 6
Heel fragment only; stem ground for reuse
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only; milled at bowl/stem junction behind the heel; Mould Group 1 (Same as Pontefract Mould Group 1)
Similar to 1971; HT: 27.9; WD: 17.5; Mould Group 10
Small bowl fragment
Heel fragment only
Similar to 1971: HT: 27.8; WD: 18.1
Similar to 1976; HT: 28.3; WD: 17.7
Similar to 1970; HT: 28.4; WD: 18.7
Heel fragment only; heel trimmed flush to the stem
Heel fragment only; shiney surface but no obvious burnishing lines visible
Similar to 1982; HT: 27.6; WD: 18.4
Similar to 1288; HT: 29.2; WD: 18.6
Small bowl fragment
Small bowl fragment
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
SC68 MM/F 198
1983.10.31
M3 447
1983.10.33
Table 1 (contd): Excel catalogue of the pipes from Sandal Castle.
507
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
24580
1983.10.36
24579
MF2 141
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
MF2 141
1983.10.36
24578
MF2 141
1983.10.36
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
1983.10.35
1983.10.36
M9 424
1983.10.34
1983.10.36
M5 459
1983.10.34
24584
M5 459
1983.10.33
23339
24583
M3 447
1983.10.33
23338
M3 447
M3 447
M1 445
1983.10.32
1983.10.33
M1 318
1983.10.32
23340
M1 308
1983.10.32
23337
M1 305
1983.10.32
M1 305
MSC67 W6
1983.10.30
1983.10.32
MSC67 W6
1983.10.30
M1 303
MSC67 W6
1983.10.30
M1 305
MSC67 W6
1983.10.30
1983.10.32
MSC67 W6
1983.10.30
1983.10.32
MSC67 W6
1983.10.30
23336
23335
MSC67 W6
1983.10.30
SF No
MSC67 W6
1983.10.30
Pcode Acc No
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
139
39
4
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
7
1
2
7
17
1
S
3
1
2
M
Date
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
19th C
18th/19th C
18th/19th C
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
-
-
-
-
-
H
H
H
H
H
H
H/S
-
-
-
-
-
7
6
-
8
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
-
7
7
7
4
4
5
6
6
6
7
9
B64
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
Bur
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
-
/
/
/
-
-
4
4
-
4
-
-
B
B
B
-
-
B
B
-
B
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
C
C
-
-
-
-
-
-
C
BX M4 Rim TT
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
YG
TF
Cname
P
Milled BH
Sname Other
T M
1990
1988
1989
Dwg
Small bowl fragment
Small bowl fragment
Small bowl fragment
Small bowl fragment
Small bowl fragment
One of the mouthpieces joins three of the stem fragments
Heart shaped heel; HT: 29.9; WD: 18.7; Mould Group 11
HT: 28.6; WD: 18.6; Mould Group 13
Heel fragment only, milled at the bowl/stem junction behind the heel.
HT: 29.9; WD: 19.1; Mould Group 1 (Same as Pontefract Mould Group 1)
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Glazed mouthpieces
Comments
Susan D White
Table 1 (contd): Excel catalogue of the pipes from Sandal Castle.
508
MF3 192
MF3 192
MF3 192
MH1 213
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.36
1983.10.37
1983.10.37
1983.10.37
1983.10.38
24582
23478
23479
23480
23481
23482
23483
23484
23485
23486
23487
23488
23489
23490
23491
23492
23493
23494
23495
23496
23497
23498
23499
23500
23501
23502
23341
MF2 141
1983.10.36
24581
MM 151
MM151
MM151
1983.10.39
1983.10.39
1983.10.39
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
MF2 141
SF No
MF2 141
Pcode Acc No
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
2
1
4
5
5
1
S
M
Date
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
-
-
H/S
6
7
7
7
6
7
8
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
6
6
7
7
7
7
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
-
-
B64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
-
Bur
0
0
-
0
-
0
-
-
-
0
-
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
-
0
0
4
/
4
/
/
4
4
4
4
4
4
/
/
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
4
-
-
-
/
/
IB
B
IB
IB
IB
B
IB
IB
IB
IB
B
IB
IB
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
B
IB
-
-
-
B
B
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
BX M4 Rim TT
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
TF
Cname
Sname Other
P
T M
1991
2015
Dwg
Comments
HT: 25.8; WD: 17.3
Similar to 2014: HT: 27.7; WD: 18.2
Similar to 2010; HT: 26.9; WD: 18.3
Similar to 1985; HT: 30.4; WD: 18.5
Similar to 2016: HT: -; WD: 18.2
Similar to 2010: HT: 28.8; WD: 17.9
Similar to 2010: HT: -; WD: 18.1
Similar to 2007; HT: 28.1; WD: 17.9
Similar to 2007: HT: 27.3; WD: 17.7
Similar to 2008; HT: 25.5; WD: 17.8
Similar to 1990; HT: 31.1; WD: 18.9; Mould Group 2
Three joining sherds; very fragmentary therefore unable to obtain accurate height and width measurements
Bowl fragment; HT: 27.6; WD:-
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Broken stem ground for reuse: HT: 27.8; WD: 18.3
Similar to 1289; HT: 27.2; WD: 17.7
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Small bowl fragment
Small bowl fragment
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
MG1
MG1
MG1
MG1
1983.10.45
1983.10.45
1983.10.46
1983.10.46
1983.10.46
1983.10.46
23346
23350
509
24586
Table 1 (contd): Excel catalogue of the pipes from Sandal Castle.
MH1 611
MG2
MG2
MG2
MG2
1983.10.46
1983.10.46
1983.10.46
1983.10.47
1983.10.47
1983.10.47
1983.10.47
23355
23353
23351
MG1 625
MG1 611
MG1 611
1983.10.46
23354
MG1 611
1983.10.46
23352
MF1 699
MF1 689
1983.10.45
MF1 682
MF1 679
MF1 679
23349
1983.10.45
MF1
1983.10.45
23348
MF1
1983.10.45
1983.10.45
MF1
1983.10.45
23347
MF1
1983.10.45
MF1
MF1
1983.10.45
1983.10.45
MD2 620
MD2 620
1983.10.44
1983.10.44
24585
23345
MO1 397
NE1 222
MO1 397
1983.10.42
1983.10.42
MO1 397
1983.10.42
1983.10.43
MN2 189
1983.10.41
23344
MN1 307
1983.10.40
23343
1983.10.40
MN1 307
MN1 307
1983.10.40
1983.10.40
MN1 307
1983.10.4
07650
23342
SF No
SC73 AD1
Pcode Acc No
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
1
4
7
4
12
1
3
1
21
41
4
1
5
11
1
2
2
S
1
1
2
1
M
Date
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1660-1680
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1620-1640
H
H
H
H
H
-
H
H
H
H
H
-
H
H
H
H
H
H/S
6
6
7
8
7
7
7
-
7
7
9
8
7
6
7
6
6
7
-
-
6
7
8
7
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
B64
P
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
G
Bur
-
-
-
-
-
0
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
0
0
4
-
3
/
/
-
-
4
/
4
4
/
4
-
-
/
4
B
-
B
B
B
-
-
B
B
B
B
B
IB
-
-
IB
B
C
-
-
-
-
-
C
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
C
-
C
-
-
-
-
BX M4 Rim TT
0
-
-
-
-
-
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
-
0
-
-
-
-
TF G
Cname W
Sname Other
P H
T M R S
1992
Dwg
Comments
Similar to 1988; HT: 28.4; WD: 18.4
Heel fragment only
Bowl fragment only
Similar to 1971; HT: -; WD: 18.6
Small bowl fragment
Heel fragment only
Similar to 1289; HT: 28.3; WD: 17.4
Similar to 1973; HT: 26.2; WD: 17.8
Similar to 1289; HT: 27.5; WD: 17.4
Similar to 1289; HT: 27.4; WD: 17.5
Small bowl fragment
One has oval section
Similar to 1290; HT: 27.5; WD: 18.5
Heel fragment only
One stem ground for reuse
Heel fragment only
Similar to 1289; HT: 26.8; WD: 17.4
Gabriel Westerby of York
Susan D White
MG17 636
MG4
1983.10.47
1983.10.47
1983.10.47
1983.10.47
1983.10.47
1983.10.47
1983.10.48
1983.10.48
23356
23360
23357
23359
23361
23358
23362
SC W1 66
ID2 856
M 815
MD 816
MK 818
WC 805
WC 805
WC 805
1983.10.49
1983.10.5
1983.10.50
1983.10.51
1983.10.52
1983.10.53
1983.10.54
1983.10.54
1983.10.54
23366
07651
Table 1 (contd): Excel catalogue of the pipes from Sandal Castle.
510
WC 805
WC 805
1983.10.54
1983.10.54
1983.10.54
1983.10.54
1983.10.54
1983.10.54
1983.10.54
23368
23369
23370
23371
23372
23373
WC 805
WC 805
WC 805
WC 805
WC 805
WC 805
1983.10.54
23367
WC 805
1983.10.54
23374
ID 819
ID 819
1983.10.49
23365
ID 819
ID 819
1983.10.49
1983.10.49
23364
MG4 662
MG4
1983.10.48
1983.10.48
23363
MG4
1983.10.48
24588
MG4
1983.10.48
24587
MG2 637
MG2 614
MG2 614
MG2 614
MG2 612
SF No
MG2 612
Pcode Acc No
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
4
11
28
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
S
2
3
1
M
Date
19th C
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
18th C
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
18th C
18th C
1630-1670
1690-1720
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
H
H
H
H
H
-
-
H
-
H
H
H
H
-
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H/S
4
7
6
-
7
6
-
-
6
5
6
7
7
6
6
6
5
6
7
7
7
7
8
-
-
7
7
6
7
7
7
6
7
B64
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
0
G
-
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bur
0
0
0
0
0
-
-
0
-
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
-
0
-
1
/
/
-
-
4
4
4
-
-
/
4
4
4
-
4
-
4
4
-
4
-
B
B
B
-
-
B
B
B
-
-
B
B
B
B
-
B
-
B
B
-
B
-
C
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
C
C
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
BX M4 Rim TT
YG
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
TF
I
Cname
G
P
T M
Milled H
SX R S
Milled H
Sname Other
1994
1995
Heel fragment only
Similar to 1971: HT: 27.7; WD: 18.6
Similar to 1990; HT: 29.1; WD: 18.9; Mould Group 11
Heel fragment only
Similar to 1985; HT: 27.1; WD: 18.9
Similar to 1982; HT: 27.3; WD: 17.7
HT: 27.9; WD: 18.8; Same mould a Pontefract Mould Group 4
HT: 28.8; WD: 18.8
Similar to 1982; HT: 28.8; WD: 18.4
Small bowl fragment
Similar to 1985; HT: -; WD: 18.7
Heel fragment only
Rim fragment only
Rim fragment only
HT: 30.1; WD: 18.5
Stem
Heel fragment only
2050 Similar to 1982; HT: 27.7; WD: 17.7; Mould Group 4 1300
1993
Comments Heel fragment only; possibly part of a heart shaped heel
2048 Similar to 1971; HT: 26.7; WD: 17.4; Mould Group 10
Dwg
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
MWC 842
MWC 842
MWC 842
1983.10.55
1983.10.56
1983.10.56
1983.10.56
1983.10.56
1983.10.56
1983.10.56
23376
23380
23378
23381
Table 1 (contd): Excel catalogue of the pipes from Sandal Castle.
511
1983.10.60
1983.10.60
23385
23386
BDA2
BDA2
BDA2
BDA1
1983.10.60
1983.10.60
SC72 MDX
BDA1
1983.10.6
1983.10.60
23384
07653
BCA+
1983.10.59
BB1
1983.10.58
BB1
BB1
1983.10.58
1983.10.58
BB1
1983.10.58
23383
BB/B
1983.10.57
BB1
BB/B
1983.10.57
1983.10.58
MWC 842
MWC 842
1983.10.56
1983.10.56
MWC 842
1983.10.56
MWC 830
MWC 830
WC1 808
WC1 808
23382
23379
MWC 830
1983.10.55
23375
WC1 808
1983.10.55
23377
WC1 808
WC1 808
1983.10.55
1983.10.55
WC1 808
1983.10.55
24589
WC1 808
1983.10.55
SF No
WC1 808
1983.10.55
Pcode Acc No
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
8
1
2
1
2
7
2
3
1
4
S
1
1
1
M
Date
1660-1680
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1690-1710
17th/18th C
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
19th C
17th/18th C
1640-1660
17th/18th C
17th/18th C
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
-
H/S
7
7
7
7
8
5
6
7
7
6
7
8
6
7
4
6
7
5
6
7
7
7
6
7
6
7
-
6
8
9
7
B64
0
0
0
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
G
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
Bur
0
-
-
0
0
-
0
0
-
0
-
-
0
0
4
/
/
-
/
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
4
4
B
B
B
-
B
-
-
IB
-
-
-
-
B
B
-
-
-
-
-
-
C
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
BX M4 Rim TT
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
YG
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
TF
I
Cname
G
P S
T M
1998
1997
1996
Dwg
1999
SX R S 1299
Milled BH
Milled BH
Milled BH
Milled
Sname Other
Comments
Does not appear to be a Yorkshire form
Similar to 1989; HT: 29.2; WD: 19.6; cut mark on heel running from front to back
Similar to 1970; HT: 29.6; WD: 18.7
Heel only
Oval in section
HT: 26.9; WD: 17.5
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only; milled at bowl/stem junction behind the heel
HT: 27.2; WD: 18.3
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only; milled at bowl/stem junction behind the heel
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Milled at bowl/stem junction behind the heel; HT: 31.3; WD: 18.9
One broken just behind heel and band of milling visible
Susan D White
MDX1
MDX1
MDX1
1983.10.63
1983.10.63
1983.10.63
MDX1
MDX2
MDX2
1983.10.63
1983.10.64
1983.10.64
Table 1 (contd): Excel catalogue of the pipes from Sandal Castle.
512
WCB
BD+ 438
BD+ 438
1983.10.67
1983.10.67
WCB
1983.10.66
WCB
WCB
1983.10.66
1983.10.66
WCB
1983.10.66
1983.10.66
WCB
1983.10.66
23395
MSB1
MSB1
1983.10.65
1983.10.65
MSB1
1983.10.65
1983.10.65
MSB1
1983.10.65
23394
MSB1
1983.10.64
23393
MDX2
1983.10.64
23392
MDX2
MDX2
MDX1
1983.10.63
1983.10.64
MDX1
1983.10.63
23391
23390
23389
KB2
1983.10.62
23388
KB2
KB2
1983.10.62
KB2
1983.10.62
1983.10.62
KB2
1983.10.62
23387
KB2
1983.10.62
24590
BDA2
1983.10.61
SF No
BDA2
1983.10.61
Pcode Acc No
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
1
2
1
3
1
3
2
1
4
3
4
7
1
1
1
6
6
6
12
1
2
1
S
1
M
Date
1630-1670
1630-1670
18th/19th C
1640-1660
17th/18th C
17th/18th C
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
18th C
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
19th C
18th/19th C
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
-
H/S
7
8
4
6
6
-
6
7
7
7
4
7
8
6
6
6
6
7
3
4
7
9
7
6
7
7
-
6
7
8
6
7
B64
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
Bur
0
-
0
-
0
0
0
-
-
0
-
-
-
-
4
-
4
-
-
/
-
-
-
-
B
-
B
-
-
B
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
C
-
-
-
BX M4 Rim TT
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
-
-
-
TF
Cname
P
Milled H
Milled H
Milled H
Sname Other
T M
2001
2000
Dwg
Rim missing; HT:-; WD: 18.8
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Similar to 1970; HT: 30.4; WD: 19.1
Rim missing; similar to 1970; HT:-; WD:-; Mould Group 7
Mould decoration, possibly part of a claw bowl
HT: 25.7; WD: 17.9
Heel fragment only; broken stem appears to have been ground, unclear if this was for reuse or if fragment was used as a piece of chalk
Heel fragment only
One stem ground for reuse; one stem facetted
Comments
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
1983.10.67
513
SC72 10
SC72 485
1983.10.69
1983.10.69
Table 1 (contd): Excel catalogue of the pipes from Sandal Castle.
23412
23411
24591
SC72 BDD+1
BDD/E+1 179
BDD/E+1 179
BDD/E+1 179
1983.10.76
1983.10.76
1983.10.76
BDD+1 506
1983.10.75
1983.10.75
SC72 759
BDD+1 506
1983.10.74
SC72 759
1983.10.74
1983.10.75
SC72 538
BDD+ 25
1983.10.72
1983.10.73
SC72 98
SC72 538
1983.10.71
1983.10.72
23409
SC72 94
SC72 94
1983.10.71
1983.10.71
SC72 94
1983.10.71
SC72 94
SC72 10
1983.10.69
1983.10.71
SC72 10
1983.10.69
SC W1 66
SC72 10
1983.10.69
SC70 504
SC72 83
1983.10.68
1983.10.7
SC72 435
1983.10.68
1983.10.70
SC72 435
1983.10.68
23410
07654
SC72 936
SC72 435
1983.10.67
1983.10.68
23398
SC72 543
1983.10.67
SC72 543
BD+ 67
1983.10.67
1983.10.67
BD+ 67
1983.10.67
23396
23397
SF No
BD+ 438
Pcode Acc No
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
1
2
6
1
1
1
2
1
5
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
4
3
1
3
1
S
1
1
1
M
Date
18th C
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
19th C
1640-1660
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1620-1640
1630-1670
19th C
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
17th/18th C
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
H
H
-
H
H
H
H
H
H
H/S
5
8
7
-
8
7
7
7
4
-
8
7
7
-
7
8
8
7
7
4
8
7
6
8
-
7
8
-
6
7
7
8
7
B64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
G
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bur
-
0
0
0
-
0
-
0
0
4
4
/
4
-
4
-
4
4
B
B
IB
B
-
B
-
B
B
-
-
N
-
-
-
-
C
-
-
-
BX M4 Rim TT
-
-
0
-
-
-
-
YG
-
-
-
TF
G
Cname
W
P
H
Milled H
Milled BA
Sname Other
R S
T M
Dwg
2004
2003
2002
Comments
Includes three joining pieces
HT: 28.8; WD: 18.7
Similar to 1985; HT: 28.8; WD: 18.6; Mould Group 2
Both ends of fragment ground
Similar to 1970: HT: 28.4; WD: 18.2
Heel fragment only; quite distinctive mould flaw on RHS of heel
Gabriel Westerby of York
One with ground end the other abraded
Abraded surface
Heel fragment only
HT: 28.7; WD: 18.8; Same mould as Pontefract Mould Group 12
HT: 29.6; WD: 19.6; Mould Group 1 (Same as Pontefract Mould Group 1)
Susan D White
SC72 87
SC72 128
SC72 128
SC72 108
1983.10.77
1983.10.77
1983.10.78
1983.10.78
1983.10.79
Table 1 (contd): Excel catalogue of the pipes from Sandal Castle.
514
SC72 351
SC72 71
1983.10.88
SC72 351
1983.10.87
1983.10.87
SC72 351
1983.10.87
23420
SC72 281
1983.10.87
SC72 281
1983.10.87
23422
SC72 281
BDX1 539
1983.10.87
1983.10.87
SC72 308
1983.10.86
BDX1 539
SC72 308
1983.10.86
1983.10.87
BDX+ 376
BDX+ 376
1983.10.86
1983.10.86
SC72 466
BDP1 541
1983.10.84
1983.10.85
SC72 542
SC72 52
1983.10.82
SC72 157
SC72 485
1983.10.82
1983.10.82
SC72 485
1983.10.82
1983.10.83
SC72 14
SC72 485
1983.10.82
1983.10.82
SC72 116
SC72 14
1983.10.82
1983.10.82
23421
23419
23418
23417
23415
23416
23414
SC72 348
SC72 87
1983.10.77
1983.10.81
SC72 107
1983.10.77
SC69 MG2
SC72 107
1983.10.77
1983.10.8
SC72 107
1983.10.76
23413
07655
SF No
SC72 179
Pcode Acc No
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
3
1
2
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
S
1
M
Date
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
S
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H/S
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
6
7
7
6
7
7
6
8
7
6
7
7
7
7
6
8
8
7
6
7
8
7
B64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bur
-
0
-
-
-
-
0
-
-
0
0
-
4
4
-
-
-
/
-
-
-
4
-
B
B
-
-
-
B
-
-
-
B
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
C
-
-
-
-
BX M4 Rim TT
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
-
-
-
-
TF
.R
Cname
W
H
P
Milled H
Milled BH
Milled H
Sname Other
R S
T M
Dwg
2006
2005
Comments
Spur fragment only
Similar to 1982; HT: -; WD: 17.8
Similar to 2009; HT: 32.3; WD: 19.1; Muold Group 8
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only; milled at bowl/stem junction behind the heel
Heel fragment only
Similar to 1982; HT: 28.3; WD: 18.1
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Same as 1296; no rim; Mould Group 14
HT: 29.6; WD: 18.7
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
MDX1 1056
MDX1 1056
MDX1 142
1983.10.92
1983.10.92
1983.10.92
Table 1 (contd): Excel catalogue of the pipes from Sandal Castle.
515
MDX1 182
MDX1 28
MDX1 30
MDX1 317
MDX1 37
1983.10.92
1983.10.92
1983.10.92
1983.10.92
1983.10.92
1983.10.92
07662
07663
MDX1 182
MDX1 182
1983.10.92
07661
MDX1 182
MDX1 182
1983.10.92
1983.10.92
07657
MDX1 154
23425
MDX1 154
MDX1 182
1983.10.92
07660
MDX1 154
1983.10.92
1983.10.92
07659
MDX1 154
MDX1 154
1983.10.92
1983.10.92
1983.10.92
MDX1 154
MDX+ 85
1983.10.91
1983.10.92
MDX+ 85
1983.10.91
MDX1 154
MDX+ 760
1983.10.91
1983.10.92
MDX+ 760
1983.10.91
MDX1 142
MDX+ 40
1983.10.91
1983.10.92
MDX+ 180
MDX+ 180
1983.10.91
1983.10.91
24593
23431
23424
SC72 467
1983.10.89
1983.10.90
SC72 407
1983.10.89
SC69 MG2 612
SC72 407
1983.10.89
23423
1983.10.9
BD2+ 473
1983.10.88
24592
07656
SF No
SC72 71
Pcode Acc No
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
1
3
4
1
3
3
5
1
1
2
1
2
1
8
1
2
2
1
1
6
1
S
1
M
Date
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
17th/18th C
17th/18th C
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
-
H
H
H
H
-
H/S
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
6
7
6
-
7
-
7
6
8
8
7
7
6
6
7
5
6
6
7
7
7
-
7
8
7
-
B64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
G
0
0
0
-
Bur
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
/
4
4
-
4
4
-
-
4
4
3
-
IB
B
B
B
-
B
B
-
-
B
B
IB
-
-
-
-
-
C
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
BX M4 Rim TT
-
-
-
-
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
TF
.R
Cname
W
P
H
Milled BH
Sname Other
Dwg
1294
R S 1296
T M
Comments
Similar to 1289; HT: 27.3; WD: 18.4
Similar to 1288; HT: 29.4; WD: 18.1
Similar to 1289; HT: 26.2; WD: 18.3
HT: 28.9; WD: 18.2; Mould Group 3
Heel fragment only
Similar to 1292; HT: 29.6; WD: 19.3; Mould Group 1 (Same as Pontefract Mould Group 1)
Same as 1288; HT: 28.5; WD: 18.7
Small bowl fragment
Heel fragment only
Similar to 1289; HT: 27.5; WD: 17.9
Dutch; Mould Group 14
Similar to 1988; milled at bowl/stem junction behind the heel; HT: -; WD: 19.1
Very small bowl fragment
Susan D White
Table 1 (contd): Excel catalogue of the pipes from Sandal Castle.
516
MDX2+ 544
MDX2+ 763
MDX2+ 763
1983.10.93
1983.10.93
1983.10.93
23437
MDX2+ 544
1983.10.93
23436
MDX2+ 544
MDX2+ 544
1983.10.93
1983.10.93
MDX2 968
MSDX1 508
1983.10.92
1983.10.93
MSDX1 508
1983.10.92
SC72MDX 1
MDX1 989
1983.10.92
1983.10.92
MDX1 969
MDX1 969
1983.10.92
MDX1 969
MDX1 81
1983.10.92
1983.10.92
MDX1 81
1983.10.92
1983.10.92
MDX1 81
MDX1 81
1983.10.92
1983.10.92
MDX1 81
1983.10.92
23435
07658
23429
23428
MDX1 762
MDX1 714
1983.10.92
1983.10.92
MDX1 714
1983.10.92
23432
MDX1 540
1983.10.92
23430
MDX1 540
1983.10.92
MDX1 540
MDX1 540
1983.10.92
1983.10.92
MDX1 540
1983.10.92
24594
MDX1 508
1983.10.92
MDX1 508
1983.10.92
MDX1 394
1983.10.92
23427
MDX1 394
1983.10.92
23426
MDX1 394
1983.10.92
SF No
MDX1 37
1983.10.92
Pcode Acc No
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
12
1
7
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
4
2
4
1
1
1
1
S
1
1
2
M
Date
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
18th/19th C
17th/18th C
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
19th C
18th C
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
18th C
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
-
H
H
H/S
7
6
7
8
6
7
7
-
4
6
7
6
6
7
4
5
-
8
7
7
6
7
6
-
8
7
-
6
7
5
7
6
6
B64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bur
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
4
4
-
4
4
1
4
-
/
4
4
B
B
-
B
B
B
B
-
B
B
B
-
-
-
C
C
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
C
BX M4 Rim TT
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
TF
Cname
P
Milled H
Sname Other
T M
1295
2007
2008
Dwg
One has a ground end
Similar to 1976; HT: 29.6; WD: 17.5
Similar to 1970; HT: 29.1; WD: 19.4
Heel fragment only; shows that stem was broken and repaired before firing
HT: 29.1; WD: 18.7
Very distinctive mould flaws on RHS of stem; HT: 30.2; WD: 17.5; Mould Group 7
Moulded relief beaded border on sides of the stem with name blanked out
Similar to 1995; HT: 29.1; WD: 18.4
HT: 24.1; WD: 16.8
Heel fragment only
Similar to 1289; HT: 27.7; WD: 17.4
Similar to 1289; HT: 27.7; WD: 18.5
Comments
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Table 1 (contd): Excel catalogue of the pipes from Sandal Castle
517
1983.10.96
1983.10.96
1983.10.96
1983.10.96
1983.10.96
23448
23449
23451
23452
AB1 BAG 69
1983.10.96
23447
AB1 BAG 69
1983.10.96
AB1 BAG 69
AB1 BAG 69
AB1 BAG 69
AB1 BAG 69
AB1 BAG 69
AB1 BAG 69
AB1 BAG 69
1983.10.96
1983.10.96
AB1 BAG 69
1983.10.96
23450
AA1 BAG 65
AA1 BAG 65
1983.10.95
AA1 BAG 65
AA1 BAG 65
AA1 BAG 65
AA1 BAG 65
AA1 BAG 65
AA1 BAG 65
AA1 BAG 65
AA1 BAG 65
AA1 BAG 65
AA1 BAG 65
MDX2+ 763
1983.10.95
23445
1983.10.95
23442
1983.10.95
1983.10.95
23440
23444
1983.10.95
23439
1983.10.95
1983.10.95
23443
1983.10.95
23438
1983.10.95
23446
1983.10.95
1983.10.95
1983.10.95
23441
AA1 BAG 65
1983.10.95
1983.10.95
AA1 BAG 65
1983.10.94
07664
1983.10.95
AA1 BAG 65
1983.10.93
23434
24597
AA1 BAG 65
1983.10.93
23433
24596
BDD/E+1 179
1983.10.93
24595
MDX2+ 763
SF No
MDX2+ 763
Pcode Acc No
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
12
6
2
1
1
24
9
6
S
1
2
1
M
Date
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
18th/19th C
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
17th/18th C
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
-
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
-
H
H
H
-
H/S
7
7
7
7
7
6
7
6
9
8
4
8
7
5
6
7
7
6
8
6
-
-
-
7
6
8
7
7
6
-
B64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
-
0
0
0
0
G
0
0
-
Bur
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
-
0
-
-
-
-
0
0
0
-
0
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
/
4
/
/
-
-
4
4
-
4
4
-
/
/
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
B
B
B
-
-
B
B
-
B
B
-
B
B
-
-
-
-
-
-
C
C
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
BX M4 Rim TT
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
TF
.R
Cname
W
P
Milled H
Milled H
Milled H
H
Milled H
Sname Other
R S
T M
2009
Comments
Heel fragment only
Same mould as Pcode 23429; Mould Group 7; HT: 27.7; WD: 17.4
Small bowl fragment
Bowl fragment only
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only; broken stem ground possibly for reuse
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Heart shaped heel fragment; HT:- WD: -
Same mould as Pcode 23294; Mould Group 5; HT: -; WD: -
Similar to 2005; HT: 26.6; WD: 19.7
Similar to 1290; HT: 27.2; WD: 18.7
Same mould as 1292; HT: 31.1; WD: 18.7; Mould Group 6
Heel fragment only; very distinctive mould flaws on both sides of the stem
Heel fragment only
HT: 30.4; WD: 18.7
Similar to 1989; HT: 31.1; WD: 19.5; Mould Group 1 (Same as Pontefract Mould Group 1)
Small bowl fragment
Bowl fragment
One stem facetted at both ends
2051 Same as 1296; Mould Group 14
Dwg
Susan D White
518
SC73 AD1
1983.10.98
1983.10.98
1983.10.98
1983.10.98
1983.10.98
1983.10.98
1983.10.98
07668
07669
24600
23455
23456
07667
1983.10.99
1983.10.98
07665
23461
SC73 AD1
1983.10.98
07666
AD1 BAG 38
SC73 AD1
SC73 AD1
SC73 AD1
SC73 AD1
SC73 AD1
SC73 AD1
SC73 AD1
SC73 AD1
1983.10.98
SC73 AD1
1983.10.98
24599
SC73 AD1
1983.10.98
SC73 AD1
SC73 AD1
1983.10.98
1983.10.98
SC73 AD1
1983.10.98
24598
AB1 BAG 69
AC2 BAG 100
23454
1983.10.96
1983.10.96
23453
1983.10.97
SF No
AB1 BAG 69
Pcode Acc No
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
4
40
12
3
5
1
S
1
M
Date
1640-1660
18th/19th C
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1640-1660
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1630-1670
1640-1660
1640-1660
H
H
H
H
-
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H/S
7
4
8
7
6
7
7
6
7
-
-
-
7
6
-
8
7
6
6
B64
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bur
-
0
-
-
-
-
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
-
4
-
-
-
4
/
4
4
0
-
4
/
-
IB
-
-
-
B
B
B
B
B
-
IB
B
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
C
-
-
BX M4 Rim TT
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
-
-
TF
Cname
P
Milled H
Sname Other
T M
1293
1291
1292
Dwg
Comments
Heart shaped heel fragment
HT: 24.1; WD: 17.6
Heel fragment only
Heel fragment only
Bowl fragment
Same as 1288; HT: 28.4; WD: 17.2
Similar to 1292; HT: -; WD: 19.3; Mould Group 1 (Same as Pontefract Mould Group 1)
HT: 28.8; WD: 17.1; Same mould as Pontefract Mould Group 11
HT: 30.8; WD: 18.5; Mould Group 6
Small bowl fragment
Very small bowl fragment
One stem has a facetted end
Similar to 1982; HT: 28.3; WD: 18.2
Similar to 1989; HT: 29.8; WD: 19.5; Mould Group 1 (Same as Pontefract Mould Group 1)
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Table 1 (contd): Excel catalogue of the pipes from Sandal Castle.
Susan D White
Appendix 7: Data summaries by geographical sub-division and period The summary of the data collected for each of the six geographical sub-divisions of the county of Yorkshire is presented in the following tables. These tables comprise of the following for each area:Table 1. All fragments. This table records a count of each of the following attributes; number of bowls and stems; bowl types, i.e. heel, spur or unidentifiable (bowls only); types of bowl and stem mark; grades of burnishing; stem bore; degree of milling (bowls only) and presence or absence and type of bowl cross (bowls only) The table is arranged to give a breakdown of each count in to those fragments that are unpublished (unpub), published (pub) or are fragments that have been imported (imp), for each of the seven chronological periods.
Table 2. Yorkshire products. As above but counts are given only of those fragments that are measurable and that have been identified as Yorkshire products, i.e. all obvious imports have been excluded. The table presents a count, which includes published and unpublished fragments followed by a percentage (%) that count represents for each of the seven chronological periods.
Table 3. Sites. Count of the fragments recorded from each site for each of the seven chronological periods. This table includes a simple running number sequence in the far left-hand column
Table 4. Collections. Count of the fragments recorded from each collection for each of the seven chronological periods. This table includes a simple running number sequence in the far left-hand column.
Table 5. Imports. Count of the fragments recorded for each of the seven chronological periods and their suggested place of origin. In addition to the above there are also a series of tables presenting figures for fragments of Yorkshire products found outside the county as Tables 1 to 4 above. In place of the Imports table (Table 5) there is a list of Yorkshire products found outside the county, details of which have been taken from Oswald’s Pipe Index (1991).
519
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
TABLE 1 – All fragments from West Yorkshire West Yorkshire
c1580-1610 Unpub Pub Imp
Count: Bowls & stems Bowls Stems
2 Totals:
Bowl Types: Bowls only Heel bowls Spur bowls Unidentified bowls
2
0
0
129 4 133
0
80 3 46 129
32
5
860 18 124 1002
12
1
5
43
2
Totals: Bowl Marks Stamped heel mark Moulded heel mark Moulded spur mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls
2
0
c1610-1640 c1640-1660 c1660-1690 c1690-1720 Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp 32 32
5 1 6
1002 4 1006
53
5
291
13
5
32
5
3
53
5
291
13
5
50 3
1 4
13
2 3
53
5
247 15 29 291
13
5
39 10 6 55
79
11
1
7
4
Totals:
2 2
0
0
Stem Marks Stamped stem mark Stem twist Unmarked stems Totals: Burnishing: Bowls & stems No burnishing Poor Average Good Fine Can't tell Totals: Stem bore: Bowls & stems Bore 3/64 Bore 4/64 Bore 5/64 Bore 6/64 Bore 7/64 Bore 8/64 Bore 9/64 Unmeasurable Totals: Milling: Bowls only M4 M3 M2 M1 M0 Milling on all surviving rim Unmeasurable Totals: Bowl Crosses: Bowls only Type X Type + No bowl cross Can't tell Totals:
117 129
31 32
1
0
0
2
0
2
0
1 2
1 1 2
0
0
3
1
1 4
0
0
1
0
0
12
855
37
2
169
4
2
1 1
53
1 5
30 55 2 35 291
1
16
5
13 2 12 26 4 4 61
2 3
1 21 15 11
13 61
29
1 17
2
1 5
0
8 133
1 32
6
0
1 14 68 10 1 39 133
0
59 4 1 1 4 25 35 129
6 2 32
0
56 73 129
1 31 32
1
8 13 6
5
5 32
1 6
22
3
1 1
520
208 290
1
107
1 1
1 5
2 5
5 5
11 47 2 91 1006
35 270 533 31 1 136 1006
2 13
1 5
1
3 8 13
12 30 5
1 1
6 53
3 5
62 291
10 13
5
28 9 3
1
3
2
5
32 12 26 8 115 32 66 291
3 1 6 13
4 1 5
215 76 291
5 8 13
5 6 2 53
567 435 1002
3 50 53
1
3
0
2
2 0
2
42 49
0
1 1
12
25 82 118 4
426 28 33 12 54 172 277 1002
2
3
955 1002
0
2
3
5
3 4
0
50 53
4
55 6 61
1 2
1 1 1 5
5 5
1 5 4 23 4 18 55
34 21 55
1
0
1 1 1
0
2
1
0
1 2
1 1
0
2
2 0
2
Susan D White
(Table 1 continued) West Yorkshire
c1700-1750 c1750-1800 Totals: TOTALS Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp
Count: Bowls & stems Bowls Stems Totals:
48 38 86
Totals:
21 12 15 48
Bowl Types: Bowls only Heel bowls Spur bowls Unidentified bowls Bowl Marks Stamped heel mark Moulded heel mark Moulded spur mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls
2
2
2
2
5 3 8
2 2
0 4 1 4
2 2
0
0
0
1532 100 55 0 1587 100
19 1 20
1632 55 1687
0
1249 95 62 5 221 0 1532 100
8 9 2 19
1344 67 221 1632
0
141 15 10 0 0 0 7 0 1 0 1360 85 1519 100
6 0 0 7 0 5 18
156 10 0 7 1 1445 1619
0 0 0 0
2 0 0 2
64 0 4 68
0
1197 71 2 0 56 1 180 18 8 0 144 10 1587 100
7 1 2 9 0 1 20
1268 2 57 198 8 154 1687
0
1 0 24 2 128 1 386 22 733 43 46 11 2 0 267 21 1587 100
0 0 0 6 9 0 0 5 20
1 26 129 408 776 57 2 288 1687
0
517 53 45 9 65 4 25 1 224 9 236 13 420 11 1532 100
6 0 1 2 3 4 3 19
570 54 69 26 233 249 431 1632
0
2 0 0 0 901 10 629 90 1532 100
0 0 18 1 19
2 0 911 719 1632
10
Totals: Stem Marks Stamped stem mark Stem twist Unmarked stems Totals: Burnishing: Bowls & stems No burnishing Poor Average Good Fine Can't tell Totals: Stem bore: Bowls & stems Bore 3/64 Bore 4/64 Bore 5/64 Bore 6/64 Bore 7/64 Bore 8/64 Bore 9/64 Unmeasurable Totals: Milling: Bowls only M4 M3 M2 M1 M0 Milling on all surviving rim Unmeasurable Totals: Bowl Crosses: Bowls only Type X Type + No bowl cross Can't tell Totals:
33 43
2 2
2 2
43
1 3 4 4
43
0
0
4
46
1
2
7
2 32 6 86 1 22 43 5 2
13 86
23 3 22 48
0
0
0
1 1 2
2
2
8
0
1 3 2
2
1 1 2
2
1 1 2
4 8
0
4 1 5
0
2 23 23 48
1 1 2
2
5
2
5
521
0
64 0 4 68
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
TABLE 2 – Yorkshire products from West Yorkshire West Yorkshire Pipes
c1580-1610 c1610-1640 c1640-1660 c1660-1690 c1690-1720 c1700-1750 c1750-1800 TOTAL Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total %
Count: All Bowls & stems Bowls Stems
2 100 Totals:
Bowl Types: Bowls only Heel bowls Spur bowls
2 100 2 100
Totals: All Marks Stamped Heels Moulded Heels Moulded Spurs Stamped Bowl marks Moulded Bowl marks Stamped Stems Stem Twists Unmarked fragments
2 100
156 98 3 2 159 100
1050 100 4 0 1054 100
107 97 3 3 110 100
909 98 17 2 926 100
8
5
46
4
3
Totals: Marks: Heel Bowls Stamped heel mark Moulded heel mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls
2 100 2 100
151 95 159 100 8
7
0
1005 95 1054 100 46
5
299 100 299 100
53 90 6 10 59 100
48 56 38 44 86 100
5 63 3 38 8 100
1613 97 54 3 1667 100
258 96 12 4 270 100
39 83 8 17 47 100
21 60 14 40 35 100
4 100 4 100
1336 96 58 4 1394 100
90
30
1
0
208 70 299 100 89
34
7
11
12
19
41 69 59 100 7
10
12
43
50
33 38 86 100
2 100 2 100
Marks: Spur Bowls Moulded spur mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Totals: Marks: Unidentified Bowls Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Totals: Marks: Stems Stamped stem mark Stem twist Unmarked stems Totals: Burnishing: Bowls & stems No burnishing Poor Average Good Fine Totals: Stem bore: Bowls & stems Bore 3/64 Bore 4/64 Bore 5/64 Bore 6/64 Bore 7/64 Bore 8/64 Bore 9/64 Totals:
11 1
0 0
0
1176 88 1336 100
17 100 17 100
12 100 12 100
8 100 8 100
14 100 14 100
1 25 3 75 4 100
1 2 57 98 58 100
124 100 124 100
29 100 29 100
6 100 6 100
13 100 13 100
1 100 1 100
219 100 219 100
46 100 46 100
2 100
150 10
48
11 52 21 100
0
50 50
1443 87 1667 100
32 82 39 100
0
1 1
0 4
169 66 258 100
0
2 100
1 62
863 95 909 100
0
2 100
3 38 8 100
9 1
99 93 107 100
3 100 3 100
0 N/A
13 50
18 10
Totals:
1 4
151 10
3 3 N/A 136
91
14
9
150 100
1 1 22 19 76 66 16 14 1 1 116 100
3
1
11
43
4
62
1 4 N/A
1 N/A
11 N/A
43 N/A
4 N/A
4 66 N/A
12 22 1 2 12 22 26 47 4 7 55 100
45
57
7
88
2 32
3 41
1
13
79 100
1 21 14 11
1 24 43 3 2
890
92
10 1 62 6 2 0 964 100
35 4 281 31 562 61 36 4 1 0 915 100
522
171
67
31 12 52 20 2 1 256 100
26 82 115 4
11 36 51 2
227 100
2 45 30 23
47 100
1 33 59 4 3
73 100
8 100
1 3
25 75
4 100
1261 83 1 0 55 4 189 12 8 1 1514 100 1 0 26 2 129 9 402 29 767 55 57 4 2 0 1384 100
Susan D White
(Table 2 continued) West Yorkshire Pipes
c1580-1610 c1610-1640 c1640-1660 c1660-1690 c1690-1720 c1700-1750 c1750-1800 TOTAL Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total %
Milling: Bowls only M4 M3 M2 M1 M0 Totals: Bowl Crosses: Bowls only Type X Type + No bowl cross Totals:
1 100 1 100
78 87 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 90 100
453 76 37 6 35 6 12 2 59 10 596 100
33 17 12 6 26 13 7 4 117 60 195 100
1 3 5 16 3 10 22 71 31 100
23 100 23 100 2
1 100 1 100
52 100 52 100
566 100 566 100
215 100 215 100
32 100 32 100
564 60 54 6 68 7 24 3 230 24 940 100
4 100 4 100
8
2
22 92 24 100
5 100 5 100
0
893 100 895 100
17 W. Yorkshire 18 W. Yorkshire 19 W. Yorkshire 20 W. Yorkshire 21 W. Yorkshire 22 W. Yorkshire 23 W. Yorkshire 24 W. Yorkshire 25 W. Yorkshire 26 W. Yorkshire 27 W. Yorkshire 28 W. Yorkshire 29 W. Yorkshire 30 W. Yorkshire 31 W. Yorkshire 32 W. Yorkshire 33 W. Yorkshire
Almondbury Attercliffe Baildon Bingley Site 38 Bingley Site 52 Bingley Site 52 Bingley The Old Smithy Birstall Oakwell Hall Blubberhouses Round Hill, Blubberhouses Moor Bouldon Bouldon Moor Bradford Bolton Church Castleford Bowling Alley Site Dewsbury Low Mill Dewsbury Thornhill Hall Emley Ewden Resevoir Fartown Halifax Grafton Lodge, Savile Park Halifax Lower George Yard Halifax Picte Hill Halifax Unprov. material from Bankfield Museum, Halifax Huddersfield Unprov. but probably from Huddersfield area Ilkley Station Road Ilkley Unprov. material but probably Ilkley Kirkhamgate Leeds 5 Lanslaw Close Leeds Kirkstall Abbey Leeds Manor Farm Green Leeds Sovereign Street Leeds Unprov. but probably from Leeds Leeds Unprov. material but probably from Rothwell, Leeds Lepton
523
4 1 1 1
1
1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 2
2 1
1 1 1 1
2
1 1 1
3
3
2
1
5
1
3 9 2 1
4 7 1 8 1 3
3
1
3 1 1
2 10 1
1 2 3 20 1
2 2
5 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 7 4 1 4
2 1
Totals
1750-1800
1700-1750
1690-1720
1660-1690
Site name Unprov. material in the Moorhouse Collection Longcroft Abyssinia Bridge
1640-1660
Parish
1610-1640
County 1 ?W. Yorkshire 2 W. Yorkshire 3 W. Yorkshire 4 W. Yorkshire 5 W. Yorkshire 6 W. Yorkshire 7 W. Yorkshire 8 W. Yorkshire 9 W. Yorkshire 10 W. Yorkshire 11 W. Yorkshire 12 W. Yorkshire 13 W. Yorkshire 14 W. Yorkshire 15 W. Yorkshire 16 W. Yorkshire
1580-1610
TABLE 3 – Sites for West Yorkshire
1 1
1
2 4 17 1 3 21 1 6 1 1 1 2 8 34 1 1
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
70 W. Yorkshire Wrenthorpe 71 W. Yorkshire 72 W. Yorkshire 73 W. Yorkshire
1
Wood Hall Moated Manor
1
Cupwith Moor Holdsworth House The Slack, Outlane Clack, field east of Methodist Sunday School Manor House Horsefair Old Hall Farm Pontefract Castle Tanners Lane (TAN 1985-79) Unprov. material from Pontefract Dog Hill, Rishworth Moor Pike Farm Fields Rishworth Moor Bills o Jacks Saddleworth Moor High Bradley Moors Sowerby Castle Dore New Road 105, Wrenthorpe Road, Potovens 75 Brandy Carr Road, Kirkhamgate Clarke Hall John Bunny's House Material from Social History Collection Potovens Radcliffe Place Sandal Castle Unprov. but probably from Wakefield Wrenthorpe St John's Square Woodkirk, near Batley 10 Jerry Clay Lane Kiln 1 Rodger Lane Fields on side of A650 Bradford-Wakefield Rd, 2m outside Wakefield Brushes Moor Haselden Hall Site code SMT90 Totals:
524
39 102
60
16
48
4 1 1 1
2
2 25 54 1 4 1 2
9 5
1 1 15 1 11
1 1 1 1 3
1 2 1 2 2
10 13 29
1 12 20 295 31 54
2
17 4 2
1
Totals 1
1
61 427 1 1 3 27
1750-1800
1700-1750
1690-1720
1660-1690
1640-1660
Site name Stoney Bank
1610-1640
County Parish 34 W. Yorkshire New Mill Nr. Cridling 35 W. Yorkshire Stubbs 36 W. Yorkshire Nr Huddersfield 37 W. Yorkshire Nr Huddersfield 38 W. Yorkshire Nr Huddersfield 39 W. Yorkshire Nr. Huddersfield 40 W. Yorkshire Otley 41 W. Yorkshire Pontefract 42 W. Yorkshire Pontefract 43 W. Yorkshire Pontefract 44 W. Yorkshire Pontefract 45 W. Yorkshire Pontefract 46 W. Yorkshire Rishworth 47 W. Yorkshire Rishworth 48 W. Yorkshire Rishworth 49 W. Yorkshire Saddleworth 50 W. Yorkshire Saddleworth 51 W. Yorkshire Skipton 52 W. Yorkshire Slaithwaite 53 W. Yorkshire Sowerby 54 W. Yorkshire Totley 55 W. Yorkshire Wakefield 56 W. Yorkshire Wakefield 57 W. Yorkshire Wakefield 58 W. Yorkshire Wakefield 59 W. Yorkshire Wakefield 60 W. Yorkshire Wakefield 61 W. Yorkshire Wakefield 62 W. Yorkshire Wakefield 63 W. Yorkshire Wakefield 64 W. Yorkshire Wakefield 65 W. Yorkshire Wakefield 66 W. Yorkshire West Ardsley 67 W. Yorkshire Wrenthorpe 68 W. Yorkshire Wrenthorpe 69 W. Yorkshire Wrenthorpe
1580-1610
(Table 3 continued)
41 4 19 1
15
1 2 2 3
1 1 2
1 1
3
1
2 268 1 4 1 1 1 1 3 2 539 3 100 1 6 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 2 2 1 56 22 312 68 84 1 1 1 33 4 8
2
2
2 1
2 1 1 8 1687
1 2 165 1059 304
61
88
Susan D White
1640-1660
1660-1690
1690-1720
1700-1750
1750-1800
Totals
Collection Name 1 Abbey House Museum, Leeds
1610-1640
1580-1610
TABLE 4 – Collections for West Yorkshire
10
20
2
1
1
34
2 Denham Collection
1
3 Higgins Collection
1
4 Kelham Island Industrial Museum
4
5 Manor House Museum, Ilkley
1
1
6 Mayfield Collection
1 1
1
1
6
6
2
17
15
1
6 1
17 33
7 NCTPA
1
1
8 Not known
2
3
10
3
2
1
9 Pontefract Museum
3
27
54
5
12
10 Richardson Collection
3 2
22 101
2
11 Sheffield City Museum
2
1
1
12 Stocks Collection 13 Tolson Memorial Museum, Huddersfield
3
14 Wakefield Museum & Art Gallery 15 West Yorkshire Archaeological Services 16 Wood Hall Archaeological Trust
1
1
1
2
40
35
9
1
88
26 347
67
8
3
451
90 500
30
13
19
2 654
39 102
60
16
48
2 268
1
1
17 York Castle Museum
2
18 Unknown
1 Totals:
2 165 1059 304
61
88
1
8 1687
?Tyneside
2
Gateshead Rainford
1
South Lancashire
3
2
Totals
1750-1800
1700-1750
1690-1720
1660-1690
1640-1660
Place of origin
1610-1640
1580-1610
TABLE 5 – Imports for West Yorkshire
2
1
1
1
4
1
4
Staffordshire
1
1
Uncertain, but not a Yorkshire product
1
1
The Netherlands Totals
0
525
6
1
6
5
7 5
2
2
0
20
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
TABLE 1 – All fragments for East Yorkshire East Yorkshire
c1580-1610 c1610-1640 c1640-1660 c1660-1690 c1690-1720 Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp
Count: Bowls & stems Bowls Stems
2 Totals:
Bowl Types: Bowls only Heel bowls Spur bowls Unidentified bowls
2
0
0
84 22 106
2 19 2 6 4 25
613 13 7 47 1 5 660 14 12
1179 38 1 1180 38
2 1 3
335 22 4 49 20 384 22 24
2 19
2 19
561 13 20 32 613 13
7
918 37 202 1 59 1179 38
1
0
73 6 5 84
309 21 1 1 25 335 22
36
2 17
397 10
3
294 36
2
Totals: Bowl Marks: Bowls only Stamped heel mark Moulded heel mark Moulded spur mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls
2
0
1 1
Totals:
2 2
0
0
Stem Marks: Bowl & stem fragments Stamped stem mark Stem twist Unmarked stems Totals: Burnishing: Bowls & stems No burnishing Poor Average Good Fine Can't tell Totals: Stem bore: Bowls & stems Bore 3/64 Bore 4/64 Bore 5/64 Bore 6/64 Bore 7/64 Bore 8/64 Bore 9/64 Unmeasurable
0
0
0
Milling: Bowls only M4 M3 M2 M1 M0 Milling on all surviving rim Unmeasurable
16
14 23
2
1 6
42 62
1
4 5
16
0
0
1 11 47 34 1 12 110
Totals:
1 2
Totals:
1 1 2
0
0
1 2
1
18 1 4 4 4 25
0
883 1 1179 38
1
3 14 4 4 4 4 25
4
8 1 1 177 335 22
4 4
1
84
21
0
1
1 85
0 21
471 1 9 1 5 11 1 1 2 1 170 12 1 660 14 12
967 1 3 46 8 45 2 117 29 1180 38
2
3 1 50 1 508 7 64 1 6 29 13 3 660 14 12
1 27 227 587 7 202 1 19 1 117 29 1181 38
1 7
40 1 49 87 2 65 1 717 3 34 2 187 29 1179 38
6 1 7
1042 6 137 32 1179 38
38 2 9
17
1
0
17 9 9 84
2 1 2 19
71 20 1 12 12 341 20 137 12 613 13
0
66 18 84
17 2 2 2 19
572 1 41 12 613 13
526
4
73 19 76 2 1
20
22 2 18 106
2
3 7
1 2
1
5
1
0
214 3 613 13
1 1
2
2
2
1
9
63 1
1
Bowl Crosses: Bowls only Type X Type + No bowl cross Can't tell
2 2 19
1
1 1 Totals:
48 84
5 2
1 1 1 3
1
3
1 2
3 1
1
2
2 2
214 2 17 6 18 2 28 1 6 6 112 18 384 22 24
6 67 178 108 4
1 3
2 8 9 4
21 18 1 384 22 24 4 1 15 16 167 2 14 118 20 335 22
307 2 28 20 335 22
1 2 1
4
4 4
Susan D White
(Table 1 continued) East Yorkshire
c1700-1750 c1750-1800 Totals: TOTALS Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp
Count: Bowls & stems Bowls Stems Totals:
459 21 112 571 21
1 3 4
60 17 77
1
Totals:
393 17 7 4 59 459 21
5 50 5 60
Totals:
1 2 355 15 4 2 2 99 459 21
Bowl Types: Bowls only Heel bowls Spur bowls Unidentified bowls Bowl Marks: Bowls only Stamped heel mark Moulded heel mark Moulded spur mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Stem Marks: Bowl & stem fragments Stamped stem mark Stem twist Unmarked stems
94
Totals: Burnishing: Bowls & stems No burnishing Poor Average Good Fine Can't tell
1
1
0
0
2 2
2732 96 33 248 3 37 2980 99 70
2828 251 3079
0
2261 90 30 286 6 2 185 0 1 2732 96 33
2351 292 185 2828
0
801 69 20 435 17 1 49 4 1 16 1 1 3 1 0 1428 4 10 2732 96 33
870 452 53 17 4 1432 2828
4 47 4
1
5 60
3
17
19 113
0
3
17
469
3
4
56
88 18 571 21
4
21 77
0
0
2
240
3 33
243
2
76 316
5 3 38
76 319
2 2
2241 7 34 11 0 75 10 0 115 1 21 12 9 526 81 7 2980 99 71
2248 11 85 116 12 607 3079
2 2
3 0 94 3 459 4 14 573 4 13 1258 7 25 305 1 5 27 1 0 261 82 10 2980 99 70
3 94 463 577 1265 306 28 343 3079
0
154 1 20 72 1 0 124 2 3 94 1 1 1551 7 7 80 2 0 657 82 2 2732 96 33
155 73 126 95 1558 82 739 2828
0
0 1 0 2481 12 30 250 84 3 2732 96 33
1 2493 334 2828
6 8
Totals: Stem bore: Bowls & stems Bore 3/64 Bore 4/64 Bore 5/64 Bore 6/64 Bore 7/64 Bore 8/64 Bore 9/64 Unmeasurable
2 43 350 107 8
Totals: Milling: Bowls only M4 M3 M2 M1 M0 Milling on all surviving rim Unmeasurable
3
61 18 571 21
Totals:
1 1 277 2 3 177 19 459 21
Totals:
1 437 3 21 18 459 21
Bowl Crosses: Bowls only Type X Type + No bowl cross Can't tell
527
3 1
4
1 44 11
21 77
1
32
1
28 60
1 1
0
56 4 60
0
0
0
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
TABLE 2 - Yorkshire products for East Yorkshire East Yorkshire
c1580-1610 c1610-1640 c1640-1660 c1660-1690 c1690-1720 c1700-1750 c1750-1800 TOTAL Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total %
Count:All Bowls & stems Bowls (all fragments) Stems
2 100 Totals:
Bowl Types: Bowls only Heel bowls Spur bowls
2 100 2 100
Totals: All Marks Stamped heels Moulded heels Moulded spurs Stamped bowl marks Moulded bowl marks Stamped stems Stem twists Unmarked fragments
2 100
67 79 18 21 85 100
619 94 43 6 662 100
56 90 6 10 62 100
569 97 18 3 587 100
21
404
25
6
Totals: Marks: Heel Bowls Stamped heel mark Moulded heel mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Totals:
2 100 2 100
2 100 2 100
Marks: Spur Bowls Moulded spur mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Totals: Marks: Unidentified bowls Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Totals: Marks: Stems Stamped stem mark Stem twist Unmarked stems Totals: Burnishing: Bowls & stems No burnishing Poor Average Good Fine Totals: Stem bore: Bowls & stems Bore 3/64 Bore 4/64 Bore 5/64 Bore 6/64 Bore 7/64 Bore 8/64 Bore 9/64 Totals:
7
61
0
0
0
0 N/A
326 99 2 1 328 100
376 97 11 3 387 100
5 9 50 91 55 100
2287 89 291 11 2578 100
330
27
3
15
1
71
166 29 570 100
6
17 94 18 100
869 71 1216 100 331
35
622 65 953 100 1 1
92 78
24 20
8 2 63
2 1 16
140 37 383 100 92 78 6
28 24 2
150 46 326 100
0 0
20
15
63
38 58 N/A
15 N/A
1 64 N/A
463 96 1 0 5 1 11 2 1 0 481 100
965 90 3 0 54 5 45 4 2 0 1069 100
50
4 6 1 1 67 100
1 1 8 12 30 43 29 42 1 1 69 100
2 0 51 8 501 80 63 10 6 1 623 100
528
1 90
2 0 35 9 409 100 36 18
91
6
1
3 369
59 100 59 100
58 100 58 100
91 1
117 20 588 100
1 50 1 50 2 100
32 100 32 100
61 1
1 63 1 0 0 15
202 99 204 100
5 100 5 100
13 19 N/A
3 369 4 2 2 91
4 2
2 8 1 4 22 88 25 100
50
1 50 1 50 2 100
953 82 204 18 1157 100
21
404
1
2 100
2795 93 214 7 3009 100
0 0
1
0
60 80 15 20 75 100
1 1
21
6 100 6 100
479 81 109 19 588 100
0
236 36 662 100
35 63 56 100
1215 100
353 92 29 8 382 100
1
58 68 85 100 38
1215 100
25 2 228 21 593 55 203 19 20 2 1069 100
199 6 20 27
79 2 8 11
252 100
4 60 172 104 4
1 17 50 30 1
344 100
5 45 11 100
4 47 4
5 63 5
15
20
5 7 75 100
4
80
1 20 5 100 47 3
94 6
0 50 100 1
20
4 80 5 100
850 451 52 16 4 211
28 15 2 1 0 7
1427 47 3011 100 851 37 451 19 6 0 2 0 1011 44 2321 100 52 18 7 2 1 0 231 79 291 100 3 2 1 1 180 98 184 100
15
210
19 110 N/A
15 N/A
71 281 N/A
468
97
56 100
6 8
1 2
482 100
56 100
2 43 350 106 8
1 44 11
0 8 69 21 2
509 100
2 79 20
56 100
2213 92 11 0 85 4 96 4 4 0 2409 100 3 1 91 3 449 17 565 21 1236 46 300 11 28 1 2672 100
Susan D White
(Table 2 continued)
Milling: Bowls only M4 M3 M2 M1 M0
1 100
Totals: Bowl Crosses: Bowls only Type X Type + No bowl cross Totals:
21 2 9
44 4 19
1 100
16 33 48 100
70 16 21 5 11 2 11 2 338 75 451 100
1 100 1 100
49 100 49 100
567 100 567 100
40 4 49 5 89 9 66 7 719 75 963 100
3 1 1 0 13 6 16 8 168 84 201 100
1 0 1 0 278 99 280 100
32 100 32 100
135 7 73 4 123 6 94 5 1551 78 1976 100
1046 100 1046 100
305 100 305 100
1 0 439 100 440 100
56 100 56 100
1 0 2463 100 2464 100
1640-1660
c1580-1610 c1610-1640 c1640-1660 c1660-1690 c1690-1720 c1700-1750 c1750-1800 TOTAL Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total %
1580-1610
East Yorkshire
1 City of Kingston on Hull 2 City of Kingston on Hull 3 City of Kingston on Hull 4 City of Kingston on Hull 5 City of Kingston on Hull 6 City of Kingston on Hull 7 City of Kingston on Hull 8 City of Kingston on Hull 9 City of Kingston on Hull 10 City of Kingston on Hull 11 City of Kingston on Hull 12 City of Kingston on Hull 13 City of Kingston on Hull 14 City of Kingston on Hull 15 City of Kingston on Hull 16 City of Kingston on Hull 17 City of Kingston on Hull 18 City of Kingston on Hull 19 City of Kingston on Hull 20 City of Kingston on Hull 21 City of Kingston on Hull 22 City of Kingston on Hull 23 City of Kingston on Hull 24 City of Kingston on Hull 25 City of Kingston on Hull 26 City of Kingston on Hull 27 City of Kingston on Hull 28 City of Kingston on Hull 29 City of Kingston on Hull 30 City of Kingston on Hull 31 City of Kingston on Hull 32 City of Kingston on Hull 33 East Riding of Yorkshire 34 East Riding of Yorkshire 35 East Riding of Yorkshire 36 East Riding of Yorkshire 37 East Riding of Yorkshire
529
3
27
5
14 297 1 4 9 1 2 1 1 1 4
1
3 1
93
12 1 4
12
3
7 1
2 20 1
4
12
1 2
2 1 2 9
4
11
3 4
1 1 2 1
2
1 7 7 8 1 1 33
48 35 6 1 20 1 89
3 4
4
2
2 1
2 10
8 11
1 1 1
2
1 1
1 1 2 1 58 549 535 339 527 1 5
Totals
Beverley Gate Blackfriargate, Old Town Citadel Curtain Wall Fordyke George Yark Gibralter Farm High Street Humber Street Iveson Close King Edward Street King Edward Street King's Head, High Street Kingswood Landness Lane Malmo Road New Dock Offices New Dock Walls Old Town Posterngate, Old Town Prince Street, Old Town Provincial Bank, Lowgate Queen Street Sammy's Point Stakis Casino, Castle Street Temples Entry, Old Town Tower Street Trinity Court, Old Town Unprov. but probably from Hull White Harte Hotel, Silver Street World's End Wyton, Old Town Spring Bank Lane Dyer's Lane Fieldwalking from around the town Holme Church Lane North Beckside
1750-1800
Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Hull Bempton Beverley Beverley Beverley Beverley
1700-1750
Site name
1690-1720
Parish
1660-1690
County
1610-1640
TABLE 3 – Sites for East Yorkshire
1 148 1 320 1 14 1 2 1 15 2 2 4 2 20 18 2 2 1 2 27 4 1 2 3 67 47 16 4 23 12 143 1 2 3 1 3 72 2082 1 5
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
38 East Riding of Yorkshire 39 East Riding of Yorkshire 40 East Riding of Yorkshire 41 East Riding of Yorkshire 42 East Riding of Yorkshire 43 East Riding of Yorkshire 44 East Riding of Yorkshire 45 East Riding of Yorkshire 46 East Riding of Yorkshire 47 East Riding of Yorkshire 48 East Riding of Yorkshire 49 East Riding of Yorkshire
1 1 7 2
1
1 5
1
7 10 3 1 2 2 1 13 1
Totals:
Totals
1750-1800
1700-1750
1690-1720
1660-1690
1640-1660
1610-1640
1580-1610
1
1 1 1 19 62 260 30 30 4 405 2 10 2 3 17 1 1 4 13 28 18 16 79 2 83 563 831 343 526 72 2420 3 3 1 1 5 13 2 6 26 4 7 10 3 24 27 65 1 7 100 1 1 2 110 674 1218 406 592 77 3079
?Lincoln
1
1
1
Central/Southern England
1
2
2
Chester
9
Gateshead
3
2
1
South Lancashire 5
The Netherlands Totals:
0
530
14 1
1
Uncertain, but not a Yorkshire product
Totals
1750-1800
1700-1750
1690-1720
1660-1690
1640-1660
1610-1640
1580-1610
TABLE 5 – Imports for East Yorkshire
?Nottingham
2
1
2
6
4
1
2 110 674 1218 406 592
TABLE 4 – Collections for East Yorkshire
Place of Origin
1
1 1
Sewerby Road, opposite the priory
Collection Name 1 Dorman Museum, Middlesborough 2 Elkins Collection 3 Humber Archaeology Partnership 4 NCTPA 5 Newarke Houses Museum 6 Not known 7 Rayner Collection 8 Royal Albert Memorial Museum 9 Scarborough Borough Council 10 Sewerby Hall 11 Stothard Collection 12 Wilberforce House Museum 13 York Castle Museum Totals:
1 1
6
25
5
1
12
1
25
12
3
24
4
44 2
70
Totals
1750-1800
1700-1750
site of Knights Hospitallers preceptory St Mary's Manor Unprov. material from Beverley Wylies Road Chapel Street Eastern Road Allotments Kirkgate Old Town Bishop's Manor House
1690-1720
Beverley Beverley Beverley Beverley Bridlington Bridlington Bridlington Bridlington Howden Market Weighton Newport Nr Bridlington
1660-1690
Site name
1640-1660
Parish
1610-1640
County
1580-1610
(Table 3 continued)
1 9 17 9 1 2 11 1 24 1 1 1 77 3079
Susan D White
TABLE 1 – All fragments for South Yorkshire South Yorkshire Count: Bowls & stems Bowls Stems Totals: Bowl Types: Bowls only Heel bowls Spur bowls Unidentified bowls Totals: Bowl Marks Stamped heel mark Moulded heel mark Moulded spur mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Totals: Stem Marks Stamped stem mark Stem twist Unmarked stems Totals: Burnishing: Bowls & stems No burnishing Poor Average Good Fine Can't tell Totals: Stem bore: Bowls & stems Bore 3/64 Bore 4/64 Bore 5/64 Bore 6/64 Bore 7/64 Bore 8/64 Bore 9/64 Unmeasurable Totals: Milling: Bowls only M4 M3 M2 M1 M0 Milling on all surviving rim Unmeasurable Totals: Bowl Crosses: Bowls only Type X Type + No bowl cross Can't tell Totals:
c1580-1610 c1610-1640 c1640-1660 c1660-1690 c1690-1720 Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp 1 1
26 0
0
26
0
22 1 3 26
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
126 1 127
0
115 6 5 126
8
3
4
3
4
3
2 2
3
4
8
2
164 1 165 134 20 10 164 48 1
2
2
2
2
2
1 1
2
2
2
1
2
1
0
0
18 26
0
0
116 124
3 3
2 4
113 164
0
0
0
0
0
8 1 3 2 1 1
0
0
12 26
0
1 4 9 4 2 6 26
1
1
0
1
0
0
1 5 2 26
0
19 7 26
1 1
0
0
0
97 1
3
3
0
23 127
0
3 38 59 6 1 20 127
0
51 25 11 4 7 18 10 126
0
94 32 126
18
1
3
0
0
0
531
12 1
3
2
3
2
2 1
2
3
1
2
2
1 2
25 46
1 2
1 3
0
0
3
3
1 1
0
0
1 4
71 6 23 19 1 45 165
1 2
12 50 70
1 1
2
1 4
8 25 165
2
2
1
1
6
0
33 7 6 46
2
8
3
0
46 2 48
1
1 2
18 2 10 12 2 2
3
3 1
1 1
2 4
26 27 32 5 39 15 20 164
1 2
2 2 4
130 34 164
2 2
2
3
3 3
1 4
6 48
1 10 18 4 1 14 48
1
1 1 2
2 3
1 1 1
2
2 3
1
1
1 2
3 2 5 4 19 3 10 46
1 2
2 3
1 1 2
37 9 46
1 1 2
1 2 3
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
(Table 1 continued) South Yorkshire Count: Bowls & stems Bowls Stems Totals: Bowl Types: Bowls only Heel bowls Spur bowls Unidentified bowls Totals: Bowl Marks Stamped heel mark Moulded heel mark Moulded spur mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Totals: Stem Marks Stamped stem mark Stem twist Unmarked stems Totals: Burnishing: Bowls & stems No burnishing Poor Average Good Fine Can't tell Totals: Stem bore: Bowls & stems Bore 3/64 Bore 4/64 Bore 5/64 Bore 6/64 Bore 7/64 Bore 8/64 Bore 9/64 Unmeasurable Totals: Milling: Bowls only M4 M3 M2 M1 M0 Milling on all surviving rim Unmeasurable Totals: Bowl Crosses: Bowls only Type X Type + No bowl cross Can't tell Totals:
c1700-1750 c1750-1800 Totals: TOTALS Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp 40 32 72 6 23 11 40
3
1
3
1
1 2
1
3
1
3 2 2
1
29 36
2 3
0
45 8 13 1 5 72
28 36 1 1
6 72
43 53 19 115
0
0
0
518 10 10 132 0 0 650 10 10
528 132 660
0
354 8 6 110 2 4 54 0 0 518 10 10
362 112 54 528
0
77 3 5 5 0 0 3 0 0 12 1 0 6 0 0 408 6 5 511 10 10
80 5 3 13 6 414 521
0
130 1 10 141
0 0 0 0
130 1 10 141
0
435 4 5 12 0 0 45 0 0 56 2 0 2 1 0 100 3 5 650 10 10
439 12 45 58 3 103 660
0
1 0 0 85 0 1 134 2 1 111 1 1 144 2 4 11 3 0 11 0 0 153 2 3 650 10 10
1 85 136 112 146 14 11 155 660
0
98 2 2 54 0 1 49 0 0 13 0 0 179 4 2 41 0 0 84 4 5 518 10 10
100 54 49 13 183 41 88 528
0
1 0 0 9 0 0 413 5 5 95 5 5 518 10 10
1 9 418 100 528
1
1 1
6 107 114
0
88 1 8 97
36
36
115 96 211
1
1 2 3
0
0
196 2 1 4
1
8 211
1
1
1 56 72
2 3
1
82 211
0
0
1 29
1
1
83
10 40
2 3
1
32 115
1 9 20 10 40
1 2 3
1 1
532
112 3 115
0
0
0 0 0 0
Susan D White
TABLE 2 – Yorkshire products from South Yorkshire South Yorkshire
c1580-1610 c1610-1640 c1640-1660 c1660-1690 c1690-1720 c1700-1750 c1750-1800 TOTAL Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total %
Count: Bowls & stems Bowls (all fragments) Stems Totals: Bowl Types: Bowls only Heel bowls Spur bowls Totals: All Marks Stamped heels Moulded heels Moulded spurs Stamped bowl marks Moulded bowl marks Stamped stems Stem twists Unmarked fragments
1 100
26 100
1 100 1 100 1 100 1 100
26 100
125 99 1 1 126 100
164 99 1 1 165 100
45 96 2 4 47 100
42 57 32 43 74 100
115 55 96 45 211 100
518 80 132 20 650 100
22 96 1 4 23 100
116 4 120
97 2 99
135 88 19 12 154 100
33 85 6 15 39 100
6 19 25 81 31 100
43 45 53 55 96 100
356 77 108 23 464 100
6
5
8
31
3
Totals: Marks: Heel Bowls Stamped heel mark Moulded heel mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls
1 100 1 100
Totals:
1 100
Marks: Spur Bowls Moulded spur mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Totals: Marks: Unidentified bowls Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Totals: Stem Marks Stamped stem mark Stem twist Unmarked stems Totals: Burnishing: Bowls & stems No burnishing Poor Average Good Fine Totals: Stem bore: Bowls & stems Bore 3/64 Bore 4/64 Bore 5/64 Bore 6/64 Bore 7/64 Bore 8/64 Bore 9/64 Totals:
18 69 26 100 8
36
14 64 22 100
49 1
30 1
11 1
23 2
2
1
8 3
2
117 93 126 100 6
5
110 95 116 100
113 68 165 100 49 1
36 1
85 63 135 100
17
3 2 3
4 3 4
6
36
49
24 51 47 100 11 1 4
33 3 12
17 52 33 100
30 41 74 100
3 1
0
0
1 100 1 100
4 100 4 100
11
17 89 19 100
1
0
0
3 100 3 100
5 100 5 100
10 100 10 100
0 N/A
1 100
8 1 3 2
57 7 21
14
86
1 100
1 100
1 100
1 5 4 20 9 45 4 20 2 10 20 100
3 N/A 97 1
93 1
6
6
104 100
3 3 37 35 57 53 9 8 1 1 107 100
533
75 5 5
2 33 6 100 8
43 100 43 100 1
2
50
23 92 25 100 2
6 11 46 87 53 100
18
9 82 11 100
19 100 19 100
3
36
1 1 N/A
1 4 N/A
36 N/A
88 1 8 97 N/A
72 60 6 5 23 19 19 16 1 1 121 100
17 40 2 5 10 23 13 30 1 2 43 100
12 51 69
9 36 49
8 6 140 100
11 18 5 1
31 51 14 3
35 100
44
66
8 12 14 21 1 1 67 100
28 36 1 1
42 55 2 2
66 100
21 1 1
271 76 356 100 3 3 3 3 6 6 96 89 108 100 5
3 50 6 100
3
0 N/A
6 3 88 42 1 0 115 55 211 100
17
5 83 6 100 3
0
50 17
2 2
1
75 12 5 1 3 0 13 2 6 1 130 20 1 0 417 64 650 100
196 2 1 4
97 1 0 2
203 100 1 56 72
1 43 56
129 100
9
49 91 54 100 130 1 10 141 N/A 435 79 12 2 45 8 58 10 3 1 553 100 1 0 84 17 135 27 111 22 142 29 14 3 11 2 498 100
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
(Table 2 continued) South Yorkshire Milling: Bowls only M4 M3 M2 M1 M0 Totals: Bowl Crosses: Bowls only Type X Type + No bowl cross Totals:
c1580-1610 c1610-1640 c1640-1660 c1660-1690 c1690-1720 c1700-1750 c1750-1800 TOTAL Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % 18
1 100 1 100
95
1 5 19 100
51 52 24 24 11 11 4 4 9 9 99 100
26 20 27 21 32 26 5 3 39 31 129 101 ?1
1 100 1 100
19 100 19 100
95 100 95 100
3 9 2 6 5 15 4 12 19 58 33 100
29 97 30 100
37 100 37 100
1 3 9 30 20 67 30 100
1
1
128 99 129 100
83 100 83 100
98 25 53 13 49 12 13 3 181 46 394 100
112 100 112 100
2 0 9 2 412 97 423 100
3
534
1 1
1 2 4 1
1
1 36
1 3
1
1
2
1 1
2 5 1
1 2 3 3 3 3 1 3 7
4 7 11 1 10 10 4 9 2 1 2 1 1
1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 4
1 1 1 1 2 2 2
3
Totals
1
c1750-1800
1 2
c1700-1750
c1690-1720
3 6
c1660-1690
c1640-1660
Parish Site name Barnby Dun 25 The Grove Barnsley Rockley Smithies Bawtry Church Street Castleford Roman excavations Doncaster Baxtergate, Site DA Doncaster Church Street, Site DC, DY, DX and DCH Doncaster East of Sepulchure Gate, Site DEH Doncaster East side of St George's Gate, Site DR Doncaster Fishergate Doncaster Hall Gate Doncaster High Fishergate, Site DCW Doncaster High Street, Site DJ Doncaster Lord Street, Site DF Doncaster Low Fishergate Doncaster Market Place, Site DMP Doncaster New Museum Site (1961), Site DK Doncaster North side of Church Way (St. George's), Site DT Doncaster North side of Church Way, Site DV Doncaster Site DM Doncaster South side of Church Way, Site DQ Doncaster South side of High Street, Site DSR Doncaster St George's Church Yard Doncaster Thorne Peel Hill Doncaster Unprovenanced but probably from Doncaster Doncaster West side of St George's Gate, Site DS Hellaby Hellaby Hall Maltby Stone Nethergreen 7 Storth Lane Nr Doncaster Roman Camp Nr Rotherham Catcliffe Nr Sheffield Temple Borough Nr Sheffield Torside Reservoir Nr Sheffield Westfield Rockley Rockley Furnaces Rotherham 15 Doncaster Place Rotherham Alma Road
c1610-1640
County 1 S. Yorkshire 2 S. Yorkshire 3 S. Yorkshire 4 S. Yorkshire 5 S. Yorkshire 6 S. Yorkshire 7 S. Yorkshire 8 S. Yorkshire 9 S. Yorkshire 10 S. Yorkshire 11 S. Yorkshire 12 S. Yorkshire 13 S. Yorkshire 14 S. Yorkshire 15 S. Yorkshire 16 S. Yorkshire 17 S. Yorkshire 18 S. Yorkshire 19 S. Yorkshire 20 S. Yorkshire 21 S. Yorkshire 22 S. Yorkshire 23 S. Yorkshire 24 S. Yorkshire 25 S. Yorkshire 26 S. Yorkshire 27 S. Yorkshire 28 S. Yorkshire 29 S. Yorkshire 30 S. Yorkshire 31 S. Yorkshire 32 S. Yorkshire 33 S. Yorkshire 34 S. Yorkshire 35 S. Yorkshire 36 S. Yorkshire
c1580-1610
TABLE 3 – Sites for South Yorkshire
2 5 1 1 9 1 1 1 4 32 182 219 1 2 1 3 37 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 5 3 1 7 4 3 3 4 14 2 3 1 5 11 1 15 3 4 3 2 24 1 24 13 6 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 2 5
Susan D White
1 1 3 13 2
7
8
1 1
1 1 5
2 5 1 5 6
1 6
1 1
1700-1750
1750-1800
2 1
1 2 1 16 9
7
9
58 15 2 23 5 9
22 50 1 2 26 130 167
46 199 2 5 1 1 1 1 11
9 1 1 2
10
8 50
1 1 1
75 211
535
1
2 1
1 1
0
0
2 1 4
1 2
3
1
1750-1800 Totals
1690-1720 1700-1750
1610-1640 1640-1660 1660-1690
Place of Origin Broseley Chester Rainford South Lancashire Unknown, but not a Yorkshire product Netherlands Totals:
1580-1610
TABLE 5 – Imports for S. Yorkshire
3 1 1 1 3 1 0 10
Totals
1690-1720
2 66 9 3 8 9 10
1660-1690
1640-1660
1610-1640
1580-1610
5 4
2 7
1 10 22 50 8 1 26 130 167 50
TABLE 4 – Collections for S. Yorkshire
Collection Name 1 ARCUS 2 Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery 3 Brackenridge Collection 4 Doncaster Museum & Art Gallery 5 Kelham Island Industrial Museum 6 Not known 7 Rotherham Museum 8 Sheffield City Museum 9 S. Yorkshire Archaeology Unit 10 University of Sheffield 11 Wakefield Museum & Art Gallery 12 White Collection 13 York Archaeological Trust Totals:
4 1 1 1 2
19 3 3 390 37 7 47 23 22 3 1 102 3 660
Totals
c1750-1800
2 1 1
c1700-1750
c1660-1690
1
c1690-1720
c1640-1660
Parish Site name Rotherham Canklow Rotherham Fenton Lane, Kimberworth Park Rotherham High Hazels Rotherham Ickles Hall Farm Rotherham Riley's Garage, Westgate Green Rotherham Treeton Rotherham Ulley Church Yard Rotherham Unprovenanced material Sheffield Cherry Tree House, Cherry Tree Road, Nether Edge Sheffield Midhope Reservoir Sheffield Riverside Exchange Sheffield Sheffield Castle Sheffield Stone lined drain at allotments Sheffield Totley Moor Sheffield Sheffield general Sheffield Unprovenanced material in Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield Stocksbridge Bolsterstone Glasshouse Thorne Thorne Area Totals:
c1610-1640
County 37 S. Yorkshire 38 S. Yorkshire 39 S. Yorkshire 40 S. Yorkshire 41 S. Yorkshire 42 S. Yorkshire 43 S. Yorkshire 44 S. Yorkshire 45 S. Yorkshire 46 S. Yorkshire 47 S. Yorkshire 48 S. Yorkshire 49 S. Yorkshire 50 S. Yorkshire 51 S. Yorkshire 52 S. Yorkshire 53 S. Yorkshire 54 S. Yorkshire
c1580-1610
(Table 3 continued)
3 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 22 3 1 7 9 19 1 23 1 1 1 10 19 2 2 11 102 75 211 660
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
TABLE 1 – All fragments for North-west Yorkshire North-west Yorkshire Count: Bowls & stems Bowls Stems Totals: Bowl Types: Bowls only Heel bowls Spur bowls Unidentified bowls Totals: Bowl Marks Stamped heel mark Moulded heel mark Moulded spur mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Totals: Stem Marks Stamped stem mark Stem twist Unmarked stems Totals: Burnishing: All fragments No burnishing Poor Average Good Fine Can't tell Totals: Stem bore: All fragments Bore 3/64 Bore 4/64 Bore 5/64 Bore 6/64 Bore 7/64 Bore 8/64 Bore 9/64 Unmeasurable Totals: Milling: Bowls only M4 M3 M2 M1 M0 Milling on all surviving rim Unmeasurable Totals: Bowl Crosses: Bowls only Type X Type + No bowl cross Can't tell Totals:
c1580-1610 c1610-1640 c1640-1660 c1660-1690 c1690-1720 Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp 2 2
0
1
20
1
20
1 1 2
0
0
142 2 144
18 2 0 20
124 3 127
0
113 15 14 142
5 12 1 0 18
105 6 13 124
17
1
25
19
0
1 1
1 20
0
7
2 2
0
0
0
1 1
2
2 2
0
0
1 1
13 20
0
0
0
2
1 1 2
1 1 97 124
3
2
3
2
3 89 5 5 4
26 8 10 44
1 1
3
19
0 10
8 1
39
11
10 4 2 5 60
1 1 1 1 13
1 23 14 4
3 6 2
9
18 60
1 2 1 13
1 1 1
6
1
1 1
1 1 1 4
1 1
2 2 4
1
24 127
7 16 63 17
1 1 13 3
5 16 59 12
1 1
1 3 8 2 1 5 20
0
41 144
2 0 20
35 127
2 1 4 4 5
0
30 9 19 9 34 10 31 142
2 0 18
10 7 17 13 41 13 23 124
1 1
6
19 4 15 44
0
124 18 142
16 2 0 18
110 14 124
1 1
4 2 6
33 11 44
0
1 1
13 7 20
0
536
1 1
9
2 5 2 1 1
1
10
1 0 20
0
0
1 4
19
13 144
1
1
3
4 20
0
3 1
30 41
19
6 1 3 20
4 9 1 13
1 1 4 6
126 1 3 1
1
1
8 3
12 1 2 1
0
0
1
2 3 1 6
1
0
3
1
44 16 60
0
10
1 1
3 1 13 0 18
1
6 3 9
0
0
0
3 1 120 141
1
3
1 1
2 3
Susan D White
(Table 1 continued) North-west Yorkshire Count: Bowls & stems Bowls Stems Totals: Bowl Types: Bowls only Heel bowls Spur bowls Unidentified bowls Totals: Bowl Marks Stamped heel mark Moulded heel mark Moulded spur mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Totals: Stem Marks Stamped stem mark Stem twist Unmarked stems Totals: Burnishing: All fragments No burnishing Poor Average Good Fine Can't tell Totals: Stem bore: All fragments Bore 3/64 Bore 4/64 Bore 5/64 Bore 6/64 Bore 7/64 Bore 8/64 Bore 9/64 Unmeasurable Totals: Milling: Bowls only M4 M3 M2 M1 M0 Milling on all surviving rim Unmeasurable Totals: Bowl Crosses: Bowls only Type X Type + No bowl cross Can't tell Totals:
c1700-1750 c1750-1800 Totals: TOTALS Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp 23 14 37
0
20 3 23
0
0
0
24 1
12 37
0
19 4 23
35 15 50
357 37 394
0
284 29 42 355
1 1 0 2
16 15 4 35
285 30 42 357
6
0
0
0
57 18 0 4 2 269 350
0 0 0 0 0 2 2
1 6 0 4 2 21 34
57 18 0 4 2 271 352
1 6
0
1
2
1
2
0
0
42 0 0 42
0 0 0 0
16 0 0 16
42 0 0 42
0
0
291 9 20 10 2 60 392
0 0 0 0 0 2 2
45 1 0 0 1 3 50
291 9 20 10 2 62 394
1 7
2 2
0
0
0 1 45 60 135 31 1 119 392
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
0 0 6 14 20 5 0 5 50
0 1 45 60 135 31 1 121 394
0
50 16 42 23 110 29 85 355
0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
3 2 6 4 9 5 6 35
50 16 42 23 110 29 87 357
0
0 0 300 55 355
0 0 0 2 2
0 0 27 8 35
0 0 300 57 357
2 5
0
1 9 13 23
0
2 0 2
6
9 11 1
16 37
0
355 37 392
5
15
15
2 2
6
15
7 22
6 1 7
7
2 2
0
3
0
0
3 6
5 1 6
537
0
0
0
0
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
TABLE 2 – Yorkshire products from North-west Yorkshire North-west Yorkshire
c1580-1610 c1610-1640 c1640-1660 c1660-1690 c1690-1720 c1700-1750 c1750-1800 TOTAL Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total
Count:Bowls & stems Bowls (all fragments) Stems
1 100 Totals:
Bowl Types: Bowls only Heel bowls Spur bowls Totals: All Marks Stamped heels Moulded heels Moulded spurs Stamped bowl marks Moulded bowl marks Stamped stems Stem twists Unmarked fragments
20 100
1 100
20 100
124 100
119 100
41 85 7 15 48 100
1 100
19 100
1 100
19 100
108 97 3 3 111 100
104 97 3 3 107 100
23 72 9 28 32 100
7
35
124 100
16
13
119 100
25
21
1
Totals: Marks: Heel Bowls Stamped heel mark Moulded heel mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls
1 100 1 100
13 65 20 100 7
Totals:
1 100 1 100
37
12 63 19 100
Marks: Spur Bowls Moulded spur mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Totals: Marks: Unidentified bowls Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Totals: Marks: Stems Stamped stem mark Stem twist Unmarked stems Totals: Burnishing: Bowls & stems No burnishing Poor Average Good Fine Totals: Stem bore: Bowls & stems Bore 3/64 Bore 4/64 Bore 5/64 Bore 6/64 Bore 7/64 Bore 8/64 Bore 9/64 Totals:
107 124
86 99
16
15
94 79 119 100 25
24
17 57 13 43 30 100 14 100 14 100
%
2 100 2 100
322 22 344
94 6 100
0
269 15 284
95 5 100
56 12
16 3
0
8 2
17 4
10
33
9
19
14
47
2 100
26
8
6 20 30 100
2 100
250 344
73 100
56 12
21 4
29 60 48 100 8 2
35 9
92 85 108 100
79 76 104 100
13 57 23 100
10
71
4 29 14 100
0
0
201 269
75 100
0
0
0
0
3 100 3 100
3 100 3 100
9 100 9 100
0
0
0
0
15 15
100 100
0
0
1 1
0
13 100 13 100
12 100 12 100
9 100 9 100
3 100 3 100
0
0
38 38
146 146
1
0 N/A
0 N/A
1 100
12 1 2 1
75 6 13 6
1 100
16 100
0
1 7 3 20 8 53 2 13 1 7 15 100
0
1 N/A 107 1 3 1
96 1 3 1
112 100
6 15 50 14
7 18 59 16
85 100
538
0 N/A 81 4 5 4
86 4 5 4
94 100
5 14 54 10
6 17 65 12
83 100
9
14
2
26
9 N/A
14 N/A
2 N/A
26 N/A
28
65
10 23 4 9 1 2 43 100
1 20 8 2
3 65 26 6
31 100
18 1
95 5
19 100
7 6 1
0
0
246 8 20 10 1 285
86 3 7 4 0 100
0
1 39 46 115 26 1 228
0 17 20 50 11 0 100
50 43 7
14 100
0
Susan D White
(Table 2 continued) North-west Yorkshire
c1580-1610 c1610-1640 c1640-1660 c1660-1690 c1690-1720 c1700-1750 c1750-1800 TOTAL Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total
Milling: Bowls only M4 M3 M2 M1 M0
10
Totals: Bowl Crosses: Bowls only Type X Type + No bowl cross Totals:
63
1 100 1 0
6 38 16 100
28 33 8 9 15 18 5 6 29 34 85 100
1 100 1 0
13 100 13 100
108 100 108 100
9 11 6 7 16 19 13 15 41 48 85 100
18 78 23 100
1 14 6 86 7 100
0
0
47 22 14 6 36 17 19 9 101 47 217 100
106 100 106 100
31 100 31 100
14 100 14 100
0
0
273 100 273 100
5
22
1 C. Durham Barnard Castle Barnard Castle Excavations 2 C. Durham Barnard Castle Inner Ward 3 C. Durham Barnard Castle Town Ward - Area 1 4 C. Durham Barnard Castle Town Ward - Area 2 5 C. Durham Barnard Castle Town Ward - Wet Moat 6 Lancashire Slaidburn Stocks Reservoir 7 N. Yorkshire Blubberhouses Blubberhouses Moor 8 N. Yorkshire Brownlow Near Lime Kiln 9 N. Yorkshire Burton in Lonsdale Castle earthworks 10 N. Yorkshire Calton Calton Lodge 11 N. Yorkshire Carleton a field in Carleton 12 N. Yorkshire Carleton 13 N. Yorkshire Glusburn Garden of Yew Cottage 14 N. Yorkshire Grassington Cove Pasture 15 N. Yorkshire Grassington Grassington Moor 16 N. Yorkshire Grassington Lea Green 17 N. Yorkshire Greenhow Hill Greenhow Mines 18 N. Yorkshire Kildwick Buidling site on south side of river 19 N. Yorkshire Knaresborough Knaresborough Castle 20 N. Yorkshire Piercebridge Bridge Head (abutment) 21 N. Yorkshire Piercebridge Piercebridge general 22 N. Yorkshire Richmond Richmond Castle 23 N. Yorkshire Richmond Unprov. but probably from Richmond 24 N. Yorkshire Ripon Bedern Bank 25 N. Yorkshire Ripon St Agnesgate 26 N. Yorkshire Settle 27 N. Yorkshire Sharrow Unprov. but probably from Sharrow 28 N. Yorkshire Skipton Canal Yard 29 N. Yorkshire Skipton Friends Meeting House 30 N. Yorkshire Skipton Ockley Road 31 N. Yorkshire Skipton Old Grammar School
2 2 1 1
3
1 1
11 13 10 18 16 2 34 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 4 1 26 57 1 1 81 1 26 26 2 2 1 5 1 2 1
1
2 2
3
10 4 2 5 5 5 1 1 5 19 10 1 1 1
3 2 6 5
1 2 1 2 1 1
1 2
1 1 4 12 9 2 24 15 1 1 37 31 1 1
1
8 4
1
1
1 3 13 7
4
7 8 9 11 2
1 2
1 4 1 1
32 N. Yorkshire Skipton
Park Hill
1
33 N. Yorkshire Skipton
Rylston
1
34 N. Yorkshire Skipton
Skipton Castle
1
1
35 N. Yorkshire Skipton
Unprov. material from Skipton area
1
1
36 N. Yorkshire Skipton
Unspecified site in Skipton or Skipton area
1
37 N. Yorkshire Skipton
Unprov. material in Craven Museum
6
539
3 6
1700-1750 1750-1800 Totals
Site name
1660-1690 1690-1720
Parish
1580-1610 1610-1640 1640-1660
TABLE 3 – Sites for North-west Yorkshire
County
%
1
1
1 1
4 1
5
1
12
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
38 N. Yorkshire Unknown Unprov. material in Dales Countryside Museum
1
2
3
39 N. Yorkshire Unknown Unprov. material in Richmondshire Museum 40 N. Yorkshire
Grimwith
41 N. Yorkshire
Grimwith Reservoir
42 N. Yorkshire
Lolly Scar Mine, Nidderdale
43 N. Yorkshire
Swaledale Mines
44 N. Yorkshire
Unprov. material in Bowes Museum
1 2 1
5
5
11 1
1
1
1
1
2 20 144 128 61 37
2 394
c1640-1660
c1660-1690
c1690-1720
c1700-1750
c1750-1800
1
38 6 4 1
32
7
4
1
11 1 2
11
2
19 15 10 1 7 1 17 10 2 128
3 10 3 11 1 8
1
5 24 22 2 8
1 2
1
2 4 1
1 4 5
2
19 14 1 20 144
13 15 1
5 2
1
61
37
1690-1720
1700-1750
3
5 2
5
2
1 3 1
1 1
0
3 14
5
20
9
540
2 1 13
1 7
0
Totals
1660-1690
1
1750-1800
1640-1660
Place of origin Gateshead London Newcastle North-east Rainford South Lancashire Tyneside The Netherlands Totals
1610-1640
1580-1610
TABLE 5 – Imports for North-west Yorkshire
14 2 3 3 1 3 21 3 50
Totals
c1610-1640
c1580-1610
TABLE 4 – Collections for North-west Yorkshire
Collection Name 1 Bowes Museum 2 Butterfield Collection 3 Central Excavation Unit (HMBC) 4 Dagnall Collection 5 Dales Countryside Museum 6 English Heritage Archaeological Store 7 Lampeter Arch Unit 8 Manor House Museum, Ilkley 9 Mercer Art Gallery, Harrogate 10 NCTPA 11 Not known 12 Richmondshire Museum 13 Somerset County Museum 14 The Craven Museum, Skipton 15 Tierney Collection 16 Yorkshire Dales Museum of Lead Mining Totals:
1 2
1
Totals:
Totals
1700-1750 1750-1800
1690-1720
1660-1690
Site name
1640-1660
Parish
1610-1640
County
1580-1610
(Table 3 continued)
83 6 28 2 3 3 4 34 57 62 4 1 27 1 46 31 3 2 394
Susan D White
TABLE 1 – All fragments for North-east Yorkshire North-east Yorkshire
c1580-1610 c1610-1640 c1640-1660 c1660-1690 c1690-1720 Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp
Count: Bowls & stems Bowls Stems Mouthpieces
1
Totals: Bowl Types: Bowls only Heel bowls Spur bowls Unidentified bowls
1
0
0
43 3 2 48
0
27 3 13 43
1
Totals: Bowl Marks Stamped heel mark Moulded heel mark Moulded spur mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls
1
0
1
2 2
174 10
5 13 8
142 12 7
6
37 13
2 1 1 13
1
4
184
5 21
149 12
6
50
3 14
1
1
5
1 2
111 5 58 174
107 12 9 26 142 12
0
21 6 10 37
1
14
1
5
Totals:
1 1
0
0
Stem Marks Stamped stem mark Stem twist Unmarked stems Totals: Burnishing: Bowls & Stems No burnishing Poor Average Good Fine Can't tell Totals: Stem bore: Bowls & Stems Bore 3/64 Bore 4/64 Bore 5/64 Bore 6/64 Bore 7/64 Bore 8/64 Bore 9/64 Unmeasurable Totals: Milling: Bowls only M4 M3 M2 M1 M0 Milling on all surviving rim Unmeasurable Totals: Bowl Crosses: Bowls only Type X Type + No bowl cross Can't tell Totals:
38 43
1 1
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
38 1 1
0
0
5 3 48
1 14 29 3
1
1
1 3
0
0
1 48
2
4 156 174 1 6
2
4 10
1 2
1
3 1 1
4
0
4 4 7 5 13
0
4
111 8 142 12
6
34
2
6
2 6 1 7 50
1 6 1 1 2 3 14
1 5 4 3
4
12 9 149 12
1 2
5
2 17 16 7
19 9 149 12
6
8 50
0
2 2 13 5 15 37
0
24 13 37
7 39 70 14
1
95 3 47 9 142 12
541
13
3
1 9 4 4 5 13
0
14
120 3 10 4
1 1 3 2 5 13
129 45 174
6
1
0 13
7 8 31 11 37 11 1 37 11 142 12
2 2
2 2
14
1
1 1
24 37
6
17 184
21 22 43
0
0
1 4
1 2
1
7
1 4 9 4 2
1 1
9 3 1
1
3 8
3 6 42 93 23
0
2
7
1 4 1 5 21
6 22 43
1 2
5
1 15
1
31
1
1
1
2
162 2 6 3 2 9 184
36 17 7 9 50 27 28 174
1
1
3
3 1
0
7 5 13
1
11
1
6
4 1 5 21
1 2 8
3
4
1 3 14
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
(Table 1 continued) North-east Yorkshire Count: Bowls & stems Bowls Stems Mouthpieces Totals: Bowl Types: Bowls only Heel bowls Spur bowls Unidentified bowls Totals: Bowl Marks Stamped heel mark Moulded heel mark Moulded spur mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Totals: Stem Marks Stamped stem mark Stem twist Unmarked stems Totals: Burnishing: Bowls & Stems No burnishing Poor Average Good Fine Can't tell Totals: Stem bore: Bowls & Stems Bore 3/64 Bore 4/64 Bore 5/64 Bore 6/64 Bore 7/64 Bore 8/64 Bore 9/64 Unmeasurable Totals: Milling: Bowls only M4 M3 M2 M1 M0 Milling on all surviving rim Unmeasurable Totals: Bowl Crosses: Bowls only Type X Type + No bowl cross Can't tell Totals:
c1700-1750 c1750-1800 Totals: TOTALS Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp 43 8
1
6 3
6 16
4
2
51
1
9
22
4
0
4 2 6
3 1 2 6
2
2 1
19 9 15 43 1 13 6
0
2
446 20 22 57 6 34 2 0 0 503 26 56
466 63 2 531
0
289 18 8 33 2 4 124 0 10 446 20 22
307 35 124 466
60 5 3 18 0 1 8 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 4 355 15 12 445 20 22
65 18 8 0 4 370 465
23 43
0
4 6
2 5
0
0
5
1
1
17
4
2
3 8
1
2 3
17
4
2
44
5
10
2 1 4 51
1 3 9
1 5 24 11
10 51
30 13 43
56 0 8 64
409 6 33 6 0 0 19 0 5 17 0 6 9 0 3 45 20 6 505 26 53
415 6 19 17 9 65 531
2
2 0 1 12 1 4 66 3 17 122 4 14 200 4 15 40 0 2 0 0 0 63 14 3 505 26 56
2 13 69 126 204 40 0 77 531
0
54 0 1 25 0 1 43 0 0 23 0 2 128 3 12 49 2 0 124 15 6 446 20 22
54 25 43 23 131 51 139 466
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 303 6 16 143 14 6 446 20 22
0 0 309 157 466
2 1 1
1
1 7 1
1
9
23 20 43
5 29 0 0 0 5 5 34
2
0
4 4
1 2 11
1 2
8 22
1 4
3
4
3 6
2 6
6 0
10 22
6
542
3 3 6
0
0
2 1 1
51 0 8 59
Susan D White
TABLE 2 – Yorkshire products from North-east Yorkshire North-east Yorkshire
c1580-1610 c1610-1640 c1640-1660 c1660-1690 c1690-1720 c1700-1750 c1750-1800 TOTAL Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total %
Count: All fragments Bowls (all fragments) Stems Mouthpieces
1 100
Totals: Bowl Types: Bowls only Heel bowls Spur bowls
1 100 1 100
Totals: All Marks Stamped heels Moulded heels Moulded spurs Stamped bowl marks Moulded bowl marks Stamped stems Stem twists Unmarked fragments
1 100
42 93 1 2 2 4 45 100 27 90 3 10 30 100 4
9
166 2
99 1
38 1
97 1
37 6
86 1
6 18
168 100
155 100
39
98
43
87
110 96 5 4 115 100
119 93 9 7 128 100
20 71 8 29 28 100
13
1
Totals: Marks: Heel Bowls Stamped heel mark Moulded heel mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls
1 100 1 100
41 91 45 100 4
Totals:
1 100 1 100
Marks: Spur Bowls Moulded spur mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Totals: Marks: Unidentified Bowls Stamped bowl marks Moulded bowl marks Unmarked bowls Totals: Marks: Stems Stamped stem mark Stem twist Unmarked stems Totals: Burnishing: Bowls & stems No burnishing Poor Average Good Fine Totals: Stem bore: Bowls & stems Bore 3/64 Bore 4/64 Bore 5/64 Bore 6/64 Bore 7/64 Bore 8/64 Bore 9/64 Totals:
15
23 85 27 100
99 1
8
1
154 92 168 100 13
12
97 88 110 100
154 1
35
1
23
1
119 77 155 100 35
29
84 71 119 100
25 75
24 100
444 29 2 475
93 6 0 100
19 79 5 21 24 100
3 75 1 25 4 100
299 31 330
91 9 100
9 2 1
23 5 3
1 13 4
2 30 9
2 1
9 4
62 17 6
13 4 1
1
3
5
12
18
78
26
5
2 9 23 100
363 474
77 100
5 68
3 100
62 18
21 6
5 26 19 100
3 100
219 299
73 100
5
16
26 67 39 100 9 2
45 10
9 45 20 100 1
13
20 47 43 100 1 13
4
80
0
0
3 100 3 100
5 100 5 100
9 100 9 100
7 88 8 100
1 20 5 100
1 100 1 100
26 31
84 100
0
0
12 100 12 100
51 100 51 100
26 100 26 100
10 100 10 100
13 100 13 100
2 100 2 100
114 114
100 100
83
19 100
26
90
1 17 6 100
19 100
3 29
10 100
382 6 14 11 3 416
92 1 3 3 1 100
1 9 52 112 189 38
0 2 13 28 47 9
401
100
1
0
0
1 100
1 100
1 100
1 100
1 100 1 100 37 1 1
90 2 2
2 5 41 100
1 14 27 3
2 31 60 7
45 100
50
1 100
1 50 2 100
1 100
148 95 2 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 156 100
2 2 33 90 21
1 1 22 61 14
148 100
543
117 3 10 4
87 2 7 3
134 100
6 40 67 14
5 31 53 11
127 100
5
0
0
32
97
1
3
33 100
1 12 15 4
3 38 47 13
32 100
39
95
8
80
2
5
2
20
41 100
10 100
1 4 18 10
2 13
3 12 55 30
33 100
13 87
15 100
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
(Table 2 continued) North-east Yorkshire
c1580-1610 c1610-1640 c1640-1660 c1660-1690 c1690-1720 c1700-1750 c1750-1800 TOTAL Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total %
Milling: Bowls only M4 M3 M2 M1 M0 Totals: Bowl Crosses: Bowls only Type X Type + No bowl cross Totals:
10
71
1 100 1 100
14 100
36 33 16 15 7 6 7 6 43 39 109 100
3 1
21 7
1 100 1 100
21 100 21 100
121 100 121 100
7 7 8 9 31 33 11 12 37 39 94 100
2 11 2 11 14 78 18 100
20 100 20 100
98 100 98 100
25 100 25 100
24 100 24 100
4 100 4 100
53 24 43 21 119 260
20 9 17 8 46 100
3 100 3 100
293 293
100 100
Unprov. material in Thirsk Museum
Wharram
Wharram Percy
39 N. Yorkshire
Whitby
Grathdale Church
3 1 4 6
1 8 12 1 9 3 4 2
2 4
2 1
1 2
1 1 1
3 3 1 1
1 1
3
3
1
1 20 4 2 1 1 1
3 56 1 3
24
4
1 1 1 2 2 2
5
4
1
1
8
1
3
12 2 3 2 4 1
2
1
3 3 15 1 1 6
26
17
1
2 2
3
1 11 1 7
4 1 3
1
13
16
3
2 1
3 8 1
1 1
1 1
1
544
5 5
5
1 2
5
Totals
1
1750-1800
Unknown
38 N. Yorkshire
1700-1750
37 N. Yorkshire
1690-1720
Meadowfields Nun Appleton House Unprov. material in Beck Isle Museum 111-113 High Street Rosedale Abbey Excavations 1970 119 Longwestgate 18-22 Sepulchure Street 24-26 The Bolts 35 Castlegate 4 North Street Auborough Street Castle Hill Cooks Row Cross Street Excavations at Scarborough Castle 1977 Gardens near tram station Garfield Road Paradise Street Princess Street Scarborough Barbican Springfield Springfield, Quaker Mtg House St Thomas' Street Unprov. but probably from Scarborough Orchard Field 32 Topcliffe Road Mount Grace Priory
Helmsley Castle Rievaulx Abbey Unprov. material in Ryedale Museum St Leonard's Church
1660-1690
Site name 1972 excavations Brotton Playing Field
1640-1660
Parish Tollesby Brotton Cowlam Helmsley Helmsley Hutton le Hole Malton Malton Marrick Nr Whitby Nun Appleton? Pickering Rosedale Rosedale Abbey Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Scarborough Skelton Thirsk Thirsk
1610-1640
County 1 Middlesborough 2 N. Yorkshire 3 N. Yorkshire 4 N. Yorkshire 5 N. Yorkshire 6 N. Yorkshire 7 N. Yorkshire 8 N. Yorkshire 9 N. Yorkshire 10 N. Yorkshire 11 N. Yorkshire 12 N. Yorkshire 13 N. Yorkshire 14 N. Yorkshire 15 N. Yorkshire 16 N. Yorkshire 17 N. Yorkshire 18 N. Yorkshire 19 N. Yorkshire 20 N. Yorkshire 21 N. Yorkshire 22 N. Yorkshire 23 N. Yorkshire 24 N. Yorkshire 25 N. Yorkshire 26 N. Yorkshire 27 N. Yorkshire 28 N. Yorkshire 29 N. Yorkshire 30 N. Yorkshire 31 N. Yorkshire 32 N. Yorkshire 33 N. Yorkshire 34 N. Yorkshire 35 N. Yorkshire 36 N. Yorkshire
1580-1610
TABLE 3 – Sites for North-east Yorkshire
9 14 16 12 14 6 6 3 3 1 27 13 2 1 2 6 1 10 3 10 59 1 3 28 1 1 27 2 71 8 7 6 1 21 2 13 2
1
39 1
Susan D White
2
Whitby
Unprov. material in Whitby Museum
2
8
4
1
42 N. Yorkshire
Whitby
Whitby Abbey
1
2
7
1
3
Old Boulby Manor
1
44 Redcar & Cleveland Guisborough
Westgate
1
2
45 Redcar & Cleveland Skelton
Boroughgate Excavation 1970
46 Redcar & Cleveland Skelton
Skelton general
1
1
47 Stockton-on-Tees
Egglescliffe
Church Yard
48 Stockton-on-Tees
Yarm
Garden of 6 Sefton Way
49 Stockton-on-Tees
Yarm
Yarm general
3
50 Stockton-on-Tees
Yarm
YHS83 excavations
1
51 Stockton-on-Tees
1
16
1
1
13
1
4
3
1
1
1 2 1
6
1
49 189 161
1690-1720
1700-1750
4 4 12 19 1 26 5 2 63
5 1 15 32
1 4 2 11
2 5 3
24 1 1 2
2
1
9 1 20 11
1 1 3 11 49 189
17 13 3 29 3 18 2 5 7 1 4 2 4 161
1 3 1 15 7
3
27 10 1
2 1 1 2 2 53
5 2 1 2 0
4 4
21 21
545
6
9 14
4 9
2
9
1 1 52
Totals
1750-1800
1690-1720
1700-1750
1660-1690
1640-1660
1610-1640
1580-1610
2
1 11
1
TABLE 5 – Imports for North-east Yorkshire
6
2 1
8 5 2 1 2 38 56
26
Totals
1660-1690
3 1 1 10
1750-1800
1640-1660
1
1610-1640
1580-1610
TABLE 4 – Collections for North-east Yorkshire
Collection Name 1 Beck Isle Museum of Rural Life 2 Cleveland County Archaeology Unit 3 English Heritage 4 English Heritage Archaeological Store 5 Kelham Island Industrial Museum 6 North West Archaeological Trust 7 Not known 8 Ryedale Folk Museum 9 Scarborough Borough Council 10 Sewerby Hall 11 Tees Archaeology 12 Thirsk Museum 13 West Yorkshire Archaeological Services 14 Whitby Museum 15 White Collection 16 York Archaeological Trust 17 York Castle Museum 18 York Excavation Group Totals:
1
1
Totals:
7 7
1
Thornaby-Yarm gas pipeline
Place of origin Gateshead London North-east England Southampton Sunderland The Netherlands Totals:
Totals
1660-1690
1
41 N. Yorkshire
1750-1800
Site name Pannett Park
1700-1750
Parish Whitby
43 Redcar & Cleveland Boulby
1690-1720
County 40 N. Yorkshire
1640-1660
1610-1640
1580-1610
(Table 3 continued)
13 12 38 76 1 71 21 8 146 3 55 4 27 22 2 8 3 21 531
1 2
7
6
24
2
3
1
1
53
52
26 531
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
TABLE 1 – All fragments for York and its environs York and its environs Count: Bowls & stems Bowls Stems Totals: Bowl Types: Bowls only Heel bowls Spur bowls Unidentified bowls Totals: Bowl Marks Stamped heel mark Moulded heel mark Moulded spur mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Totals: Stem Marks Stamped stem mark Stem twist Unmarked stems Totals: Burnishing: Bowls & stems No burnishing Poor Average Good Fine Can't tell Totals: Stem bore: bowls & stems Bore 3/64 Bore 4/64 Bore 5/64 Bore 6/64 Bore 7/64 Bore 8/64 Bore 9/64 Unmeasurable Totals: Milling: Bowls only M4 M3 M2 M1 M0 Milling on all surviving rim Unmeasurable Totals: Bowl Crosses: Bowls only Type X Type + No bowl cross Can't tell Totals:
c1580-1610 c1610-1640 c1640-1660 c1660-1690 c1690-1720 Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp 3 3
0
144
1
4
0
144
1
4
1
4
0
132 3 9 144
1
91
1
3
3
0
372 3 375
6 1 7 6
4
326 4 42 372
6
3
59
6
1
1 3 3
0
0
53 144
1
1 4
1 2 3
1
475 22 1 476 22
1 1 2
187 1 188
448 22 7 20 475 22
1
1
174 1 12 187
229 22
1
246 475 22
5 5
1 1 2
5
1
5
1
126 5
4
1
1
56 187
1 5
1
1
1
1
1
0
141
1
7 4 10 26 188
4 5
1
312 372
6
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1 0
0
0
0
0
44 1 4 3 73 19 144
2
1 3
0
0
1 3
2 1 3
0
0
1 1
0
0
94 5 1 1 12 15 16 144
1 1
0
127 17 144
1 1
2
0
3
1
232 15 21 10 21 76 375
1 2
10 40 73 1 20 144
3
3
0
4
4
1 1
4 4
4
4
546
4
8 85 138 67 6 71 375
1 7 7
2 3
1
7 7
108 18 18 16 154 25 33 372
4 2 6
351 21 372
6 6
2 3 1
1
1 1
0
251 9 84 44 16 72 22 476 22
1 27 92 214 59 7 1 76 21 476 22 59 42 94 56 146 25 21 53 1 475 22
435 40 22 475 22
1 1 2
1
7 60 62 31 1
1 2
27 188
1
1
1 1
1 6 25 50 77 7 21 187
179 8 187
1
2 2
1 1
5 5
2
1 1 4 5
1
1 5 5
1
Susan D White
(Table 1 continued) York and its environs Count: Bowls & stems Bowls Stems Totals: Bowl Types: Bowls only Heel bowls Spur bowls Unidentified bowls Totals: Bowl Marks Stamped heel mark Moulded heel mark Moulded spur mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Totals: Stem Marks Stamped stem mark Stem twist Unmarked stems Totals: Burnishing: Bowls & stems No burnishing Poor Average Good Fine Can't tell Totals: Stem bore: bowls & stems Bore 3/64 Bore 4/64 Bore 5/64 Bore 6/64 Bore 7/64 Bore 8/64 Bore 9/64 Unmeasurable Totals: Milling: Bowls only M4 M3 M2 M1 M0 Milling on all surviving rim Unmeasurable Totals: Bowl Crosses: Bowls only Type X Type + No bowl cross Can't tell Totals:
c1700-1750 c1750-1800 Totals: TOTALS Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp Unpub Pub Imp 73 3 76
15 22 37
1 1 2
68 2 3 73
15
1
5 11 2 1
1 1
54 73
13 15
1 1
5 6
3
22
1
3
3
22
1
3
69
18
1
6
19 37
1 2
3 9
1
1 1 2
1 2
5 9
15
1
6 3 9
5 1 6
0
0
2 2
1260 11 1271
49 23 72
8 7 15
1309 34 1343
0
1151 22 87 1260
49 0 0 49
7 1 0 8
1200 22 87 1309
0
510 16 3 2 0 729 1260
34 1 0 0 0 14 49
5 0 0 1 0 2 8
544 17 3 2 0 743 1309
2
11 0 1 12
23 0 0 23
7 0 0 7
34 0 1 35
2 2
745 25 118 62 120 201 1271
19 0 0 0 0 53 72
2 0 0 2 5 6 15
764 25 118 62 120 254 1343
2 2
1 19 137 265 426 200 14 209 1271
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 71 72
0 1 1 3 4 0 0 6 15
1 19 137 265 426 200 15 280 1343
0
262 71 138 123 461 73 132 1260
0 0 0 0 14 29 6 49
5 1 0 1 0 0 1 8
262 71 138 123 475 102 138 1309
0
0 0 1172 88 1260
0 0 0 49 49
0 0 8 0 8
0 0 1172 137 1309
1
0
2
0
2 1 4 76
10 40 16
10 76
64 1 8 73
72 1 73
37 37
13 2 15
15 15
0
0
6 1 1
6
1
6
1
6
547
0
0
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
TABLE 2 – Yorkshire products from York and its environs York and environs Count: All fragments Bowls (all fragments) Stems Totals: Bowl Types: Bowls only Heel bowls Spur bowls Totals: All Marks Stamped heels Moulded Heels Moulded spurs Stamped bowl marks Moulded bowl marks Stamped stems Stem twists Unmarked fragments Totals: Marks: Heel Bowls Stamped heel mark Moulded heel mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Totals: Marks: Spur Bowls Moulded spur mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Totals: Marks: Unidentified Bowls Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Totals: Marks: Stems Stamped stem mark Stem twist Unmarked stems Totals: Burnishing: Bowls & stems No burnishing Poor Average Good Fine Totals: Stem bore: Bowls & stems Bore 3/64 Bore 4/64 Bore 5/64 Bore 6/64 Bore 7/64 Bore 8/64 Bore 9/64 Totals:
c1580-1610 c1610-1640 c1640-1660 c1660-1690 c1690-1720 c1700-1750 c1750-1800 TOTAL Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % 3 100
141 100
3 100 3 100 3 100
141 100
377 99 2 1 379 100
496 100 0 496 100
129 98 3 2 132 100
332 99 3 1 335 100
89
63
65
17
1 3 100 3 100
52 37 141 100 89
3 100 3 100
69
40 31 129 100
6 86 1 14 7 100
1301 98 27 2 1328 100
469 99 7 1 476 100
178 99 1 1 179 100
82 98 2 2 84 100
5 100 5 100
1193 98 21 2 1214 100
250
129 5
6 12 2 1
68 3
2
313 83 379 100 65
191 100
87 78 24 22 111 100
50
191 100
20
267 80 332 100
5 11 2 1
24
245 49 497 100
57 30 191 100
250
129 5
53
219 47 469 100
72 3
44 25 178 100
1
14
1
66 111
59 78
6 12 1
7 15 1
5 7
539 17 3 1
41 1 0 0
28 71 86
63 77 82 100
0
0
2 100
1
20
741 1329
56 98
539 17 1
45 1 0
636 53 1193 100 3
14
0
0
3 100 3 100
3 100 3 100
7 100 7 100
1 100 1 100
2 100
4 80 5 100
18 86 21 100
0
0
9 100 9 100
42 100 42 100
20 100 20 100
12 100 12 100
3 100 3 100
1 100 1 100
87 100 87 100
24
1
27
24 N/A
1 N/A
1 28 N/A
88
86
97
6 100
7 4 4 3 8 5 161 100
2 1
2 1
0
0
2 100
2 100
3 100
3 100
0
0
43 36 1 1 4 3 2 2 71 59 121 100
10 8 36 30 73 61 1 1 120 100
1
1
1 2 N/A
1 N/A
232 78 15 5 21 8 9 3 21 6 298 100
251 62 9 2 84 21 44 11 15 4 403 100
8 3 84 28 138 46 67 22 6 2 303 100
1 0 27 7 91 23 214 54 59 15 8 2 400 100
548
0 N/A 142
6 60 61 31 1
4 38 38 19 0
159 100
89 100
10 39 16
15 60 25
65 100
6 100 1 1 2
25 25 50
4 100
762 25 118 60 115 1080
71 2 11 6 5 95
1 0 18 2 136 13 262 25 422 40 200 19 15 1 1054 100
Susan D White
(Table 2 continued) York and environs
c1580-1610 c1610-1640 c1640-1660 c1660-1690 c1690-1720 c1700-1750 c1750-1800 TOTAL Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total %
Milling: Bowls only M4 M3 M2 M1 M0 Totals: Bowl Crosses: Bowls only Type X Type + No bowl cross Totals:
2 100 2 100
90 83 5 4 1 1 1 1 12 11 109 100
107 34 18 6 18 6 16 5 154 49 313 100
59 15 41 11 94 24 56 14 146 36 396 100
1 1 6 3 25 16 49 31 78 49 159 100
77 100 77 100
6 100 6 100
257 24 70 7 138 13 122 11 475 45 1062 100
2 100 2 100
123 100 123 100
350 100 350 100
435 100 435 100
178 100 178 100
71 100 71 100
5 100 5 100
1164 100 1164 100
Unprov. material held by the YAT 115 Stockton Lane 118-126 Walmgate 1-2 Tower Street (Castle Garage) 12-18 Swinegate 125 Stockton Lane 13-17 Coney Street 14 Little Stonegate 14-20 Blossom Street 16-20 Blossom Street 1-9 Bridge Street 2 Coffee Yard 21-33 Aldwark 23 Clifford Street 29-31 Skeldergate 37 Bishophill Senior 5 Rougier Street 50 Piccadilly 57 Bootham 58-59 Skeldergate 6-28/21-7 Union Terrace 84 Piccadilly 9 Blake Street Albion Wharf Albion Wharf, 23-28 Skeldergate Allotments Assize Court Barbican carpark Bedern Chapel Bishopthorpe Blossom Street Castlegate Coffee Yard County Hospital, Monkgate Crown Court, York Castle
549
79 130 1 2 2 1 2
90
28
1
4 3 1
1
2 1 2 1 2
1 1 1 25 3 1 1 2 4 1 1 14 7 1 7 2 5 5
5
1
1 2
4 12
1
1
8 1 2
1
2 2 16 1 1 4
1 1 1 1 1 10
4
8
3
7 4 5 52 2 2 2 1 6 2 2 1 4 16
1 1 2 2 2
1 5
2 1
1 1
1 5
7 3
1 9
1 1 1 21 1 3
3 2 11
1 5 2
1
Totals
1700-1750
14
1750-1800
1690-1720
Unprov. material from Escrick Sand & gravel pit
1660-1690
Site name Local fields Post Office flower bed
1640-1660
Parish Acaster Malbis Acaster Malbis Earswick Escrick Heslington New Earswick Unknown York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York
1610-1640
County 1 North Yorkshire 2 North Yorkshire 3 North Yorkshire 4 North Yorkshire 5 North Yorkshire 6 North Yorkshire 7 Unknown 8 York 9 York 10 York 11 York 12 York 13 York 14 York 15 York 16 York 17 York 18 York 19 York 20 York 21 York 22 York 23 York 24 York 25 York 26 York 27 York 28 York 29 York 30 York 31 York 32 York 33 York 34 York 35 York 36 York 37 York 38 York 39 York 40 York 41 York
1580-1610
TABLE 3 – Sites for York and its environs
2 343 1 2 4 4 1 1 5 4 5 1 59 5 2 16 3 12 1 5 10 71 1 13 3 11 3 1 15 12 8 1 10 43 1 4 1 19 1 3 1 1 1 2 27 8 17
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
1 1
82 1 1
5 2 72 1 1 1
21 33
1 10
3
1
4 1 1 1
3 5 3
1 2 5 5
4 2 1 9 31 17
4 1 2 14 58 41 1
Totals
1700-1750
1660-1690
1610-1640
1580-1610
1750-1800
1 1 2 78 2 343 3 7 712 203 9 1343
1 1 9 25 6 37 79 130 90 28 2 232 228 81 44 59 113 16 4 382 498 193 113
1 2 3
2
2 2
2
2 2
Totals
1750-1800
1700-1750
1660-1690
1640-1660
1610-1640
1580-1610
1690-1720
2
1
550
1 8 3
3
4 3 145 382 498 193 113
1
0
1 2
Totals:
1
3 4
15 37
1
TABLE 5 – Imports for York and its environs
Place of Origin Chester ?Cambridge Rainford Uncertain, but not a Yorkshire form The Netherlands Totals:
15 1
1 1
1 1 1 14 1 2 118 1 10 3 145
1 2
1
TABLE 4 – Collections for York and its environs
Collection Name 1 Davey Collection 2 Jennings Collection 3 Kelham Island Industrial Museum 4 Not known 5 Raines Collection 6 Whitby Museum 7 York Archaeological Trust 8 York Castle Museum Totals:
14 3
1 2
4 1
3
1 4
3 1 1 1 9 15
Totals
1750-1800
1
1700-1750
1660-1690
2
1690-1720
1640-1660
1610-1640
Site name East side of the city wall Falcon Street Hungate Ideal Laundry, Trinity Lane Judges Lodging, Lendal Merchant Taylor's Hall Museum Gardens Museum Street, Lendal NER Station Peasholme Green Purey Cust Nuffield Hospital Rear of 13-19 Grape Lane Skeldergate, City Mills South Corner Tower, Roman Fortress St Andrewgate/Spen Lane St Andrews Church St Georges Field car park St Helens Square St Mary Castlegate St Saviours Church St Savioursgate Stakis Hotel site (Leedhams) Swinegate sewer The Bedern, south-west Unprov. but probably from York Unprov. from Yorkshire Museum, York Walmgate Bar York Castle York Castle Car park
1690-1720
Parish York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York York
1640-1660
County 42 York 43 York 44 York 45 York 46 York 47 York 48 York 49 York 50 York 51 York 52 York 53 York 54 York 55 York 56 York 57 York 58 York 59 York 60 York 61 York 62 York 63 York 64 York 65 York 66 York 67 York 68 York 69 York 70 York
1580-1610
(Table 3 continued)
3 1 31 2 203 6 2 2 1 6 1 1 43 38 1 11 7 7 1 1 1 9 3 4 26 105 66 1 1 4 9 1343
Susan D White
TABLE 1 – All fragments of Yorkshire products found outside the county Yorkshire Products
c1580-1610 c1610-1640 c1640-1660 c1660-1690 c1690-1720 Unpub Pub Unpub Pub Unpub Pub Unpub Pub Unpub Pub
Count: Bowls & stems Bowls Stems
2 Totals:
0
0
2
Bowl Types: Bowls only Heel bowls Spur bowls Unidentified bowls
20 0
2
Totals:
0
0
2
Bowl and stem marks Stamped heel mark Moulded heel mark Moulded spur mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Stamped stem mark Stem twist Unmarked stems Totals:
0
0
2
16
6 1 7
70
16
5
70
16
1 6
18
36
4
2 1
2
30 12
11 1
3 1
78
16
7
20
0
19
0
2
Burnishing: Bowls & stems No burnishing Poor Average Good Fine Very fine Can't tell
70 8 78
0
1 20
20
0
0
4
Totals:
0
2 2
0
Stem bore: Bowls & stems Bore 3/64 Bore 4/64 Bore 5/64 Bore 6/64 Bore 7/64 Bore 8/64 Bore 9/64 Unmeasurable Totals:
0
2 2
0
Milling: Bowls only M4 M3 M2 M1 M0 Milling on all surviving rim Unmeasurable
16 20
0
2 2
0
Bowl Crosses: Bowls only Type X Type + No bowl cross Can't tell Totals:
2 2
0
551
4
2 2
1
53 78
16 16
2 7
0
0
8
1 1 1 16 20
0
8 6 1 55 78
6 16
0
4 2 1 1 4 20 38 70
2 14 16
5 6
0
0
17 53 70
16 16
3 3 6
0
1
0
21
0
1
1
Totals:
16
0
1 1 16 20
0
2 18 20
2 8
3 2
2 7
0
1
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
(Table 1 continued) Yorkshire Products
c1700-1750 c1750-1800 Totals: Unpub Pub Unpub Pub Unpub
Count: Bowls & stems Bowls Stems Totals: Bowl Types: Bowls only Heel bowls Spur bowls Unidentified bowls
12 10 22
1 1
0
110 20 130
16 1 17
126 21 147
0
104 0 6 110
16 0 0 16
120 0 6 126
0
58 11 0 0 0 37 24 0 0 130
4 0 0 0 0 11 2 0 0 17
62 11 0 0 0 48 26 0 0 147
40 0 2 3 0 0 85 130
0 0 0 0 0 0 17 17
40 0 2 3 0 0 102 147
1
0 0 21 5 12 7 2 83 130
0 0 0 0 2 8 0 7 17
0 0 21 5 14 15 2 90 147
0
0
5 2 2 1 10 21 69 110
0 0 0 0 0 2 14 16
5 2 2 1 10 23 83 126
0
0 0 29 81 110
0 0 0 16 16
0 0 29 97 126
1 1
8
Totals: Bowl and stem marks Stamped heel mark Moulded heel mark Moulded spur mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Stamped stem mark Stem twist Unmarked stems
4 12
0
0
10
Totals: Burnishing: Bowls & stems No burnishing Poor Average Good Fine Very fine Can't tell
2 10
1
1
22
1
1
11
Totals: Stem bore: Bowls & stems Bore 3/64 Bore 4/64 Bore 5/64 Bore 6/64 Bore 7/64 Bore 8/64 Bore 9/64 Unmeasurable
11 22
1 1
11 2 1
Totals: Milling: Bowls only M4 M3 M2 M1 M0 Milling on all surviving rim Unmeasurable
8 22
1 1
1
1 1
4
Totals: Bowl Crosses: Bowls only Type X Type + No bowl cross Can't tell Totals:
8 12
7 5 12
552
0
0
TOTALS Pub
0
Susan D White
TABLE 2 – Measurable Yorkshire products found outside the county Yorkshire Products Count: All Bowls & stems Bowls Stems Totals: Bowl Types: Bowls only Heel bowls Spur bowls Totals: Marks: Bowls Stamped heel mark Moulded heel mark Moulded spur mark Stamped bowl mark Moulded bowl mark Unmarked bowls Stamped stem mark Stem twist Unmarked stems Totals: Burnishing: Bowls & stems No burnishing Poor Average Good Fine Very fine Totals: Stem bore: Bowls & stems Bore 3/64 Bore 4/64 Bore 5/64 Bore 6/64 Bore 7/64 Bore 8/64 Bore 9/64 Totals: Milling: Bowls only M4 M3 M2 M1 M0 Totals: Bowl Crosses: Bowls only Type X Type + No bowl cross Totals:
c1580-1610 c1610-1640 c1640-1660 c1660-1690 c1690-1720 c1700-1750 c1750-1800 TOTAL Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % Total % 2 100 0
0
0
0
20 100
2 100
20 100
86 91 8 9 94 100
2 100
19 100
86 100
4 100
8 100
2 100
19 100
86 100
4 100
8 100
2 100
18
40
2 1
29 14
10
43
3 1
43 14
2 11
9 48
1 100
49 25
33 17
1 100
147
100
40
91
2 2
5 5
0 44
0 100
38 9 22 27 4 100
2
0
0
2 100
90
10
20 100 4 100
0
0
0
0
4 100
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
44 14
12 52 11 48 23 100
94 100
7 100
23 100
21
84
4 100
11 100
2 2
8 8
25 100
8
1 100 1 100
0
0
86 14 100
119
100
119
100
62 11
42 7
4 100
11 100
0
11 2 1
79 14 7
1 100
3 2
14 100
1 100
21 5 12 15 2 55
26 11 11 5 47 100
100 100
26 60 40
0
126 21 147
1 25 1 25 1 25 4 100
8 26 14 45 1 3 31 100
1
1 33 3 100
4 36 2 18 1 9 1 9 3 27 11 100
1 100 1 100
4 100 4 100
0
0
5 2 2 1 9 19
1 100 1 100
17 100 17 100
3 100 3 100
7 100 7 100
0
0
28 28
1
0
25
41 13
43
6 86 1 14 7 100
33 0 33
553
5 100
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
5 England Cumbria
Carlisle
6 England Cumbria
Kendal
7 England 8 England 9 England 10 England 11 England
Cumbria Derbyshire Derbyshire Derbyshire Greater London
Penrith Bolsover Castleton Middleton London
12 England Greater London
London
13 England 14 England 15 England 16 England 17 England 18 England 19 England 20 England 21 England 22 England
Hartlepool South Kelsey Rainford Norwich Alkborough Brigg Scawby South Ferriby Lindisfarne Newark area
Hartlepool Lincolnshire Merseyside Norfolk North Lincolnshire North Lincolnshire North Lincolnshire North Lincolnshire Northumberland Nottinghamshire
23 England Stockton-on-Tees Stockton 24 England Unknown
Unknown
25 England Unknown
Unknown
26 England West Midlands 27 Sweden Unknown
Nottinghamshire Falun
28 Sweden Unknown
Hultestad
29 Sweden 30 Sweden 31 Sweden 32 Sweden 33 USA 34 USA 35 USA 36 USA 37 USA 38 USA 39 USA 40 USA 41 USA
Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Maryland Maryland Maryland Maryland Maryland Maryland Maryland Maryland Virginia
Jonkoping Stockholm Stockholm Tyreso Calvert County Jamestown St Mary's City St Mary's City St Mary's City St Mary's City St Mary's City St Mary's County Hampton
42 USA
Virginia
43 USA 44 USA
Virginia Virginia
1 1 1
1
1
3
1 2
6
11
11
2
2 3 2 1 1
3 2 1 1 2
2
1
1 7 1 1 3 1 11 1 1 1
7 1 1 4
Unprov. material Unprov. material Unprov. but probably from Stockton on Tees area Unprov. but probably from London Unprov. material in Salford Museum River Idle dredgings, 1988
1
1 2 1 6 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 3
Music Academy cellar Stockholm Archipelago
10
0
2
20
1 2 4
7
Wreck of the Kronan on E coast of Oland
554
3
1 1 5
1
Finds from the river River Thames, Queenhithe Dock Church Walk Excavation 1972 Winghale Priory Church Field Norwich Castle Walcot Westcroft Morley's Yard Horse Paddocks
Smith Site (18CV92) Jamestown Rediscovery Chancellors Point (18ST1-62) Countrys House ST 1-13 John Hicks Site ST 1-22 Smiths Ordinary (18ST1-13) Smith's Townland site Mattapany (18ST390) Pentran III (44HT44) Green Spring Plantation James City (44JC9) Prince George County Site 44PG92 Westmoreland Nominy Plantation (44WM12) Totals:
Totals
Durham
c1750-1800
4 England County Durham
Hamilton Place Clifton Middle Chare Unprov. but probably from Durham area Unprov. but probably from Carlisle area Unprov. but probably from Kendal Area Clifton Hall Bolsover Church Odin's Mine
c1700-1750
Chester Bristol Chester-le-Street
c1690-1720
1 England Cheshire 2 England City of Bristol 3 England County Durham
c1660-1690
Site name
c1640-1660
Parish
c1610-1640
Country County
c1580-1610
TABLE 3 – Sites for Yorkshire products found outside the county
1
7 1
25
25
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 9 1 2
1 1 2 2 1 11 2 3 1 1 9 1 2
1
1
1 4 94
1 4 1 147
7
23
Susan D White
10 4 1
11 2 1 1 1 1 2
3
1
3 2 1 1 1 7 1 2 1 1 42
1
1 1
3 12
1
10
2 1 7 3 1 1 0
2
20
1 1 94
7
23
Totals
c1750-1800
c1700-1750
c1690-1720
c1660-1690
c1640-1660
c1610-1640
Collection Name 1 Abbot Hall Art Gallery & Museum 2 Akerhagen Collection 3 Assoc for the preservation of Virginia Antiquities 4 Bowes Museum 5 Carlisle Archaeological Unit 6 Carlisle Museum & Art Gallery 7 Colonial Williamsburg 8 Department of Archaeology, Sheffield 9 Elkins Collection 10 Flowerdew Hundred 11 Fox Collection 12 Grosvenor Museum 13 Historic St Mary's City 14 Kelham Island Industrial Museum 15 Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory 16 NCTPA 17 Newark Museum 18 Not known 19 Oswald Collection 20 Salford Museum & Art Gallery 21 Scunthorpe Museum & Art Gallery 22 Sheffield City Museum 23 Tees Archaeology 24 The Bassetlaw Museum 25 Virginia Deptartment of Historic Resources 26 Virginia Foundation for Archaeological Research 27 Wilberforce House Museum 28 York Castle Museum Totals:
c1580-1610
TABLE 4 – Collections for Yorkshire products found outside the county
11 2 11 5 5 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 7 1 2 1 1 1 44 1 4 23 2 1 7 3 1 2 1 1 147
TABLE 5 – Possible Yorkshire products from Oswald’s stamp index (1991) Ref Page Country Site/Location H1 8 England Richmond, Hubbard Coll AB2 3b England Marston Moor AB2 6 England Rainford AB2 10b England Richmond, Hubbard Coll AB2 11b England Richmond, Hubbard Coll AB2 1 England Ripon Museum AB2 1 England Tuille House Museum, Carlisle HR9 3 England Richmond, Hubbard Coll HS8 1a England Binfield Coll, Exeter Museum IC11a 9 England Binfield Coll, Exeter Museum IC11a 8 England Bragge Coll, British Museum IC11a 9 England Bragge Coll, British Museum IC11a 10 England Bragge Coll, British Museum IC11a 8 England Moorfields IT9a 2a England Ripon Museum IT9a 2c England Ripon Museum IW10b 7i England Richmond, Hubbard Coll IW10b 7a England Trowden, East Lancs RB24 6a England Binfield Album, Exeter Mus RB24 10 England Kettleby Thorpe, Lincs RF12 4c England Leicester Museum RF12 1b England Meols, Cheshire RF12 2 England Middleton Moor, Yorkshire, B Smith Coll WW26a 4 England Newark Excavations AB2 7 Jamaica Port Royal AB2 9a Jamaica Port Royal IW10b 7d USA Colonial Williamsburg
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Date 1650-1670 1660-1680 1660-1680 1650-1670 1680-1710 1660-1680 1660-1680 1660-1680 1660-1680 1660-1680 1650-1670 1660-1680 1660-1680 1650-1670 1640-1660 1660-1680 1650-1670 1660-1690 1650-1720 1680-1720 1660-1680 1660-1680 1660-1680 1774 1660-1690 1650-1670 1660-1690
Mark Comments ?H Possible IH with fleur-de-lys in lozenge AB AB BAR VII AB AB AB AB HR HS IC IC IC IC IC IT Crowned IT IW IW RB RB RF RF RF Spur pipe with bowl mark WW Will Wild AB AB IW
The dynamics of regionalisation and trade: Yorkshire clay tobacco pipes c1600-1800
Results for: 1640-1660 bowl height
Appendix 8: Results from the bowl height and width ANOVA tests
Analysis of Variance Source DF SS MS F P Factor 5 70.24 14.05 3.37 0.006 Error 200 834.62 4.17 Total 205 904.86 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ---+---------+---------+---------+--West 34 31.456 1.860 (------*-----) East 37 32.022 2.511 (-----*------) South 33 33.197 2.239 (------*------) NW 19 32.526 2.366 (--------*---------) NE 49 32.459 1.773 (-----*----) York 34 31.603 1.570 (------*------) ---+---------+---------+---------+--Pooled StDev = 2.043 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0
One-way ANOVA Results for: 1640-1660 bowl width Analysis of Variance Source DF SS MS F P Factor 5 16.40 3.28 3.18 0.009 Error 199 204.91 1.03 Total 204 221.30 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ---------+---------+---------+------West 34 18.809 0.769 (-------*--------) East 37 19.081 0.917 (-------*-------) South 33 19.455 1.182 (-------*--------) NW 18 19.472 1.334 (-----------*-----------) NE 49 19.592 1.049 (------*------) York 34 19.103 0.911 (--------*-------) ---------+---------+---------+------Pooled StDev = 1.015 18.80 19.20 19.60
Results for: 1660-1690 bowl height Analysis of Variance Source DF SS MS F P Factor 5 218.15 43.63 9.14 0.000 Error 330 1575.92 4.78 Total 335 1794.06 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+---------+---------+---------+ West 57 35.133 1.836 (----*-----) East 65 36.900 2.346 (----*----) South 62 35.758 2.324 (-----*----) NW 43 35.151 2.240 (------*-----) NE 66 37.091 2.340 (----*----) York 43 35.523 1.819 (-----*------) ------+---------+---------+---------+ Pooled StDev = 2.185 35.0 36.0 37.0 38.0
Results for: 1660-1690 bowl width Analysis of Variance Source DF SS MS F P Factor 5 104.70 20.94 6.39 0.000 Error 331 1084.39 3.28 Total 336 1189.09 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ---+---------+---------+---------+--West 57 22.439 1.570 (------*-----) East 65 22.438 1.946 (------*-----) South 62 21.960 1.876 (------*-----) NW 44 22.500 1.536 (------*-------) NE 66 23.409 2.262 (-----*------) York 43 23.500 1.150 (-------*------) ---+---------+---------+---------+--Pooled StDev = 1.810 21.70 22.40 23.10 23.80
Results for: 1690-1720 bowl height Analysis of Variance Source DF SS MS F P Factor 5 260.0 52.0 3.58 0.005 Error 95 1379.0 14.5 Total 100 1639.0 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ----+---------+---------+---------+-West 21 44.476 3.265 (------*------) East 19 48.263 4.733 (------*------) South 18 43.889 4.006 (-------*------) NW 12 43.750 4.003 (--------*--------) NE 9 46.167 4.265 (---------*---------) York 22 46.000 2.828 (-----*-----) ----+---------+---------+---------+-Pooled StDev = 3.810 42.5 45.0 47.5 50.0
Results for: 1690-1720 bowl width Analysis of Variance Source DF SS MS F P Factor 5 21.48 4.30 3.97 0.003 Error 95 102.78 1.08 Total 100 124.26 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ---+---------+---------+---------+--West 21 21.224 1.119 (-----*------) East 19 21.816 1.030 (------*-----) South 18 20.778 0.732 (------*------) NW 12 20.750 1.340 (-------*--------) NE 9 21.833 1.225 (---------*---------) York 22 21.818 0.920 (------*-----) ---+---------+---------+---------+--Pooled StDev = 1.040 20.30 21.00 21.70 22.40
556
Susan D White
British Archaeological Reports (British Series 63) Oxford, 229-53.
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