The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe I: Britain: the Midlands and Eastern England 9780860540519, 9781407323268
251 9 55MB
English Pages [418] Year 1979
Polecaj historie
Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
EDITORIAL
REGIONAL VARIETIES OF CLAY TOBACCO-PIPE MARKINGS IN EASTERN ENGLAND
YORK PIPES AND THEIR MAKERS
HULL PIPES: A TYPOLOGY
THE PIPEMAKERS OF LINCOLNSHIRE
CLAY PIPES FROM VICARS' COURT, LINCOLN
CLAY PIPES ASSOCIATED WITH A 17th CENTURY POTTERY KILN AT BOSTON, LINCOLNSHIRE
A GROUP OF CLAY PIPES FROM LANGTON-BY-WRAGBY, LINCOLNSHIRE
THE CLAY TOBACCO PIPE INDUSTRY IN STAMFORD
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SOME NOTTINGHAM CLAY TOBACCO PIPES
MARKED CLAY PIPES FROM COVENTRY
LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY CLAY TOBACCO PIPES FROM WARWICK
THE TOBACCO CLAY PIPE MAKING INDUSTRY IN NORWICH
IDENTIFIABLE PIPES OF THE NORWICH MAKERS
CLAY PIPES FROM RESCUE EXCAVATIONS IN BEDFORD
COUNTY LISTS OF CLAY TOBACCO-PIPE MAKERS
Citation preview
The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe I. Britain: the Midlands and Eastern England edited by Peter Davey
BA.R .British Series 63 1 979
B.A.R.
B.A.R., 122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England
GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.
B.A.R. 63, 1979: "The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe, I" © The Individual Authors
The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860540519 paperback ISBN 9781407323268 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540519 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com
CONTENTS
P age L ist o f I l lustra t ions 1
ED ITORIAL
P . J . Davey
Reg iona l Var iet ies o f C lay Tobacco P ipe
f a in C
Mark ings i n Eastern Eng land
P eter K . Wel ls
York P ipes a nd t he ir Makers
S . L awrence
6 7
Hul l P ipes —a t ypo logy
G . Wa tk ins
8 5
The P ipe ma lers o f L inco lnsh ire
Peter K . Wel ls
1 23
C lay P ipes f ro m V icar 's Cour t , L inco ln
A . J . Wh i te
1 71
A . J . Wh ite
1 79
A . J . Wh ite
1 85
L incs.
A . C . Co mr ie
1 87
tingha m S ta t ist ica l Ana lysis o f s ome N ot
R . C . A lvey , R . R . L ax ton
C lay P ipes
a nd G . F . Paechter
29 2
Marked C lay P ipes f ro m Coven try
S . Mu ldoon
2 55
S . Tay lor a nd W. R . Gau l t
2 79
i n N orw ich
M. K arshner
2 95
I den t if iable P ipes o f t he N orw ich Makers
A . O swa ld
3 53
Bed ford
J . Hassal l
3 61
Coun ty L ists o f C lay Tobacco P ipe
W.
Mak ers
R
Wa lker a nd 3
C lay P ipes a ssoc ia ted w i th a 1 7 th c en tury k i ln a t Boston , L incs. A Group o f C lay P ipes f ro m L ang ton-byWragby , L incs. The C lay P ipe I ndustry i nS ta m ford ,
L a te 1 9 th c en tury C lay Tobacco P ipes f ro m Warw ick The C lay Tobacco P ipe Mak ing I ndustry
C lay P ipes f ro m Rescue Excava t ions i n
R .
Gau l t a nd
C . A lvey
3 63
L IST OF I LLUSTRATIONS
F igure
Page
ls I . C . Wa lker a nd P . K . Wel 1
tingha m-sty N ot le s te m mark ings
6
2
tingha m-sty N ot le s te m mark ings
9
3
tingha m-sty D istr ibu t ion map o f N ot le s te m- marks
1 3
4
L inco ln-sty le b ow l mark ings
1 4
5
L inco ln-sty le b ow l mark ings
1 6
6
L inco ln-sty le b ow l mark ings
1 8
7
D istr ibu t ion map o f L inco ln-sty le b ow l mark ings
2 0
8
Map o f L inco lnsh ire waterways a nd p ipe c en tres
2 2
9
D is tr ibu t ion map o f L inco ln-sty le mark ed b ow ls
2 6
S . L awrence 1
S i mp l if ied g enera l t ypo logy
6 9
2 a
G enera l t ypo logy , c on t inued
7 1
2 b
Maker 's marks
7 1
3
Mak er 's marks , c on t inued
7 3
4
Maker 's marks a nd s te m d ecora t ion
7 6
5
Unusua l p ipes
7 9
G . Wa tk ins 1
l p Hul ipe b ow l t ypo logy , s hapes
2
l p Hul ipe b ow l t ypo logy , s hapes
8 8
3
l maker Hul 's marks
9 1
4
l p D ecora ted Hul ipes
9 6
5
l p Decora ted Hul ipes , c on t inued
9 8
6
l p Decora ted Hul ipes, c on t inued
1 01
8 6
ls P . K . Wel 1
P ipes f ro m L inco lnsh ire
1 24
2
P ipe ma ld .ng c en tres o f L inco lnsh ire
1 26
A . J . Wh ite 1
C lay p ipes f ro m V icar 's Cour t
1 72
2
C lay p ipes f ro m V icar 's Court
1 74
3
C lay p ipes f ro m V icar 's Cour t
1 76
A . J . Wh i te 1
C lay p ipes f ro m Boston
1 80
2
C lay p ipes f ro m Boston
1 82
Page
F igure A. J . Wh ite 1
Group o f C lay p ipes f ro m L ang ton-by- Wragby
1 86
A . C . Co mr ie 1
ro m S ta m ford C lay p ipes f
2 03
2
C lay p ipes f ro m S ta mford
2 05
3
ro m S ta mford C lay p ipes f
2 07
4
ro m S ta mford C lay p ipes f
2 09
5
ro m S ta m ford C lay p ipes f
2 11
6
C lay p ipes f ro m S ta mford
2 13
7
ro m S ta m ford C lay p ipes f
2 15
8
2 17
9 1 0
ro m S ta m ford C lay p ipes f ro m S ta m ford C lay p ipes f ro m S ta m ford C lay p ipes f
2 22
1 1
ro m S ta mford C lay p ipes f
2 24
2 20
ter ax ton a nd G . F . Paech lvey , R . R . L R. C . A S ta mps a nd i n i t ials o f s te m d ecora t ion
2 30
2
P ipe measure men ts
2 36
3
P lo t o f h ypo thet ica l d a ta
2 36
4
tingha m p Princ ipa l c o mponen ts f or N ot ipes
2 38
5
ga inst P i P lo t V ,d 2 a nd d3 a
2 40
6
Wrigh t 's c lusters
2 46
7
H istor ica l d ates
2 48
8
S uggested p a irs o f p ipe mou lds
2 48
9
C luster Typo logy
2 50
S . Mu ldoon 1
a-8 os. l Coven try p ipes , n
2 56
2
Coven try p ipes , n os. 9 -13
2 58
3
9a-22b os. 1 Coven try p ip es , n
2 61
4
2 59
5
os. 1 4a-18 Coven try p ipes , n 3a-29 os. 2 Coven try p ipes , n
6
os. 3 0a-32a Coven try p ip es , n
2 64
7
os. 3 2b-33b Coven try p ip es , n
2 66
8
os. 3 3c-37 Coven try p ip es , n os. 3 Coven try p ip es , n 8a-40a i i i
2 67
9
2 63
2 69
1 0
os. 4 0b-40s Cove n try p ip es , n
2 71
1 1
os. 4 1-48b Cove n try p ipes , n
2 72
1 2
os. 4 9-54b Coven try p ip es , n
2 74
1 3
Coven try p ipes , n os. 5 4c-58c
2 75
1 4
Coven try p ipes , n os. 5 8d-60
2 77
S . Tay lor a nd W. R . Gau l t 1
-8 Warw ick p ipes , n os. 1
2 83
2
Warw ick p ipes , n os. 9 -18
2 85
3
Warw ick p ipes , n os. 1 9-28
2 87
4
Warw ick p ipes , n os. 2 9-39
2 89
F igure
Page
5
Warw ick p ipes , n os. 4 0-49
2 9 1
6
Wa rw ick p ipes , n os. 5 0-59
2 93
A . O swa ld 1
N orw ich p ipes
3 55
2
N orw ich p ipes
3 57
3
N orw ich p ipes
3 59
P la tes ls I . C . Wa lker a nd P . K . Wel 1
Du tch p ipe-ste m f rag men t
3 3
2
P ipe-ste m f rag men ts w i th Du tch d ecora t ion
3 4
3
Decorated Du tch p ipe-ste m f rag men t
3 4
4 a ,b
P ipe b owl b y Sw inyard
3 5
5 a ,b
P ipe b ow l b y S tephen L eigh
3 6
A . C . Co mr ie 1
Tobaccon ist 's t oken , 1 668
2 28
EDITORIAL
T he p ubl ica t ion o f C lay P ipes f or t he Archaeo log ist b y Adr ian O swald i n 1 975 ( BAR 1 4 ) h as p roved t o b e am i lestone i n p ipe s tud ies. H is c orpus o f Bri t ish makers , h is a na lysis o ft he h istor ica l a nd t echno log ica lb ackground o f t he i ndustry , t ogether w i th h is r ef ined t ypo logy a nd r eg iona l s urvey h ave p ro l v ided t he s tart ing p o in t f or a l a rchaeo log ists i n B r i ta in a nd a broad who a re f aced w ith t he t ask o f r ecord ing , i n terpret ing a nd p ubl ish ing l arge q uan t it ies o f ma ter ia l f ro m e xcava t ions a nd f i eld work .
The s uccess o f t he work p ro mp ted
t he E d itors o f BAR t o s uggest t o me i n t he s um mer o f 1 977 , t ha t Im ight c onsi der t he p oss ib i l ity o f e d i t ing a s equel t o t he O swa ld v o lume wh ich wou ld f ocus o n t he i n terna t ional t rad e i n c lay p ipes a nd wou ld b e a ble t o u p-da te t he 1 975 work where a ppropr ia te.
Ia greed a nd , d uring t he Au tumn o f 1 977 , wrote t o
a rchaeo log ists a l l o ver t he wor ld who w ere k nown t o b e i nvo lved i n p ipe s tud ies, o r w i th s i tes wh ich w ere p roduc ing s ign if ican t g roups o f p ipes.
I n v iew o f t he
g rea t d ivers ity o f a pproach a nd q uan t ity o f work b e ing c arr ied o u t i n d iferen t p ar ts o f Brita in a nd i nv ar ious r eg ions o f t he wor ld a range o f o b ject ives s ee med s u itable.
Four ma in t ypes o f c on tribu t ion w ere s uggested :
r eg iona l
s urveys, methodo log ica l s tud ies , t echno log ica l i nvest iga t ions a nd t he p resent a tion o f c losed a nd i ndependan t g roups f ro m e xcava t ions. The r esu l ts h ave s urpassed e xpec ta t ion . By F ebruary o f 1 979 ( on ly 6 week s a f ter t he c los ing d a te ) s o me 7 5 p apers h ad a rr ived , w i th n early 2 5 more p rom ised.
fic F ar f ro m mak ing u p as ing le v o lume s equel t o O swa ld , s uf ien t
ted s g ood materia l h as b een s ub m it o f ar t o make a t l east 8v o lumes o f a round 3 50 p ages e ach.
S uch a rich r esponse h as p osed i t s o wn p roble ms.
The Ed i tor
c ou ld n o t b e e xpec ted t o d eal w i th i ne xcess o f 2 ,500 BAR p ages a nd o ver 8 0 feren d if t a u thors a t o n e t ime.
N e ither was i tp rac t icable f or BAR t o p roduce
more t han o ne l ong p ipe v o lume p er q uar ter. S o i t was d ec ided t o c rea te a s pec ia l BAR c lay p ipe s er ies wh ich wou ld b e d iv ided b etween t he s tandard Br it ish a nd I n terna t iona l l i sts a ccord ing t o s ub jec t.
The f i rst v o lume wou ld
a ppear i n Apr il 1 979 a nd s ubsequen t o nes wou ld a ppear e ach q uarter u n t i l l c o mp lete. Th is wou ld a low a pract ica l e d itor ia l a nd p roduc t ion t imetable t o b e d ev ised , g ive t he p ossib i l i ty o f s o me u sefu l l a ter a dd i t ions i n p ar t icu lar r egions a nd l eave o pen t he o p t ion o f p roduc ing a fina l v o lume t o i nclude r ev is ions a nd s yn theses s t i mu la ted b y a r t icles i n p rev ious i ssues.
I tw ou ld a lso mean
ly t ha t n umbers c ou ld b e p u rchased i nd iv idual . The c ho ice o f t he East o f England , t he Mid lands a nd Eas t Angl ia a s t he a reas c overed b y t he f i rs t v o lume w as made f or p urely p ract ica l r eason s.
l A l
t he p apers were a va i lable f or t yp ing u p v ery s oon a f ter t he c los ing d a te , t here were n o p roble ms o f t ran sla t ion o r c o mmun icat ion a nd t he r eg ion s o d ef ined s ee med t o mak e g ood s en se.
l d The n ex t B r i t ish v o lume w il ea l w i th ma ter ia l
l c f ro m t he r est o f Eng land , wh i le t he t h ird w il oncen tra te o n k i ln s tud ies , t og ether w i th g roups f rom t he r e ma inder o f Br i ta in a nd I reland .
1
t A s t h is l a ter
w il l a ppear q u i te l a te i nt he s equence , f ur ther p apers d ea l ing w i th p ipes f rom Wa les , S co t land o r I reland c an s t il e i ncluded . l b
I ti s i n tended , a s f ar a s p os-
s ib le , t o a l ternate t he a ppearance o f Br it ish a nd I n terna t iona l v o lumes , s o t ha t n umber t wo , wh ich s hou ld a ppear i n J u ly o ft h is y ear , w il ea l w i th p ipes l d f ro m t he Un i ted S ta tes o f Amer ica. L ater I n terna t ional i ssues w il nclude l i o ne o n t he r est o f t he Americas, t wo o n Europe a nd o ne o n A fr ica a nd Austral as ia . The c on ten ts o f v o lume o ne g ive s o me i nd ica t ion o f t he r ange, t hough n o t n ecessar i ly o f t he emphasis o f s ubsequen t o nes a nd t he d egree t o w h ich t he o r ig ina l a i ms h ave b een r ea l ised .
Wa lker a nd Wel ave p roduced a n a dm irls h
a ble e xa mp le o f a reg iona l s tudy i nt heir p aper o n Eastern England . Once s u ff i c ien tb asic i n for ma t ion i s a va ilable f or a n a rea t h is a pproach must s urely p o in t t he way f orward f or workers i n o ther r eg ions. A lvey a nd L ax ton g ive a n i nd ica t ion o f t he r ea l v a lue a nd p o ten t ia l o f s ta t ist ica l methods a pp l ied t o p ipe s tud ies.
Excava ted g roups a nd museum c o lect ions a re wel epresen ted l l r
b y p apers o n Boston , Coven try , L angton -by -Wragby , L inco ln , Hul l, Warw ick a nd York . Three ma jor d ocumen tary s tud ies a re a lso i ncluded—those b y K arshner o n N orw ich , Co mr ie o n S ta mford a nd Wel ls o n L incolnsh ire —together w ith n ew c oun ty l i sts f or D erbysh ire , L e icestersh ire, N ot tingha msh ire, Warw icksh ire a nd Worcestersh ire.
These l a t ter e normously a ug men t a nd e x tend
t hose p ubl ished b y O swa ld o n ly f our y ears a go.
I ti s a lready c lear t ha t t h is
n ew e v idence , p ar t icu larly t ha t f ro m e xcava t ion s , h as n o t o n ly much t o ofer t he s oc ia l a nd e cono m ic h istor ian , b u t i s a lso f orc ing a r e-assess men t o f t he d ocumen ts t he mselves.
A s w i th a l l f u ture n u mbers t he f i rst i ssue s hou ld n o t b e t aken , i n a ny w ay , a s ad ef in it ive s ta te men t f or t he r eg ion c overed . Work i s p rogress ing a long d iferen t l ines a nd a t d i f feren t r a tes b o th w i th in B r i ta in a nd i n o ther p arts o f t he world .
The s er ies, when c o mp lete, s hou ld h ave i n troduced a massive n ew
b ody o f ma ter ia l t o t he s ub ject , t ogether w i th a var ie ty o f a pproaches t o i t s s tudy a nd i n terpreta t ion . I n t ime a c learer i dea o f i n terna t iona l p roduc t ion a nd t rade s hou ld emerge, w i th a d raw ing t ogether o f a pproach a nd g rea ter c omp arab i l i ty o f s ta te men t. Acknow ledge men ts The w r i ter i s g ratefu l t o Adr ian O swa ld a nd l a in Walker f or a good d ea l o fh elp fu l a dv ice a nd e ncourage men t , t o Ted Rhodes , h is p rofessor , f or h is s upport a nd t o K ay L ancaster f or h er r e-draw ing o f t he t hree Norw ich p ipe l i lustra t ions a nd f or a ssistance w i th p as t ing u p .
I n p art icu lar h e wou ld l ike
l t o a cknow ledge t he d ebt h e o wes t o P enny B rown w ho h and led a l most a l d ay t o d ay e d i tor ia l p roble ms a nd w ithou t whose h ard work a nd c al m s uppor t h e wou ld h ave l ong s ince b een e ngu l fed b y a cloud o f smok ing p ipes. P . J . D avey , I nst i tu te o f Ex tension S tud ies, Un ivers i ty o f L iverpoo l . March 2 0th 1 979
2
REGIONAL VAR IETIES OF CLAY TOBACCO-PIPE MARK INGS I N EASTERN ENGLAND b y I a in C . Wa lker a nd Pe ter K .Wel ls
ABSTRACT Trad i t ional , r eg iona l v ar iet ies o f c lay t obacco-p ipes i n Eng land ly h ave b een d ef ined i n t er ms o fb ow l f or ms. Th is p aper d iscusses a no ther method o f i den t ify ing r eg iona l p ipe t rad it ions , b y t he ir s ty le o f maker 's mark .
One s uch s ty le , wh ich a ppears a t t he b eg inn ing
o f t he 18 th c en tury a nd c on t inues f or c . 7 5 y ears, o ccurs o n t he u pp er s urface o f t he s te m , a nd h as a distr ibu t ion c en tred o n N ot tingh a msh ire; a no ther , wh ich a ppears c . 17 75 a nd c on t inues f or a pproxima te ly a c en tury , o ccurs o n t he b ow l , a nd h as a distr ibu t ion c en tred o n L inco lnsh ire.
The o r ig in a nd s pread o ft hese t wo f or ms o f mark ing
t hrough f am i ly a nd a ppren t icesh ip c onnect ions a nd l oca l t rade a re d iscussed ;
i n t he c ase o f t he L inco ln s ty le , c oasta l t rade c on tacts
e x tended t he a rea o ver wh ich makers u s ing t h is f or m o f mark ing a re f ound a l d own t he e ast c oast a nd a s f ar w est a long t he s ou th c oast l a s Dorset.
There i s p oss ib le Du tch i n f luence i n t he N ot tingha m-
s ty le mark ing; t he L inco ln s ty le was p robab ly d eveloped b y aL inco ln maker. S uggest ions a re made f or p oss ib le f ur ther d iscover ies o f b oth s ty les o f mark ing i n a reas where l oca l p ipe s tud ies h ave s o f ar b een l ack ing.
The s yste ma t ic s tudy o f c lay t obacco-p ipes a s a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l g oes b ack t o 19 51 ,when Adr ian O swa ld p ubl ished h is " Engl ish C lay Tobacco is p resen ted f or t he f irst t ime P ipes" i nt he Archaeo log ica l N ews L et t er. 1 Th a typo logy o f Engl ish c lay p ipes, a nd t he r ev ised a nd e xpanded v ersion o ft h is, p ubl ished i n t he s a me j ourna l i n 19 55 u nder t he t i t le " The Evo lu t ion a nd C hronnd r epubl ished a ga in i n t he s a me o logy o f Engl ish C lay Tobacco P ipes" 2 a j ourna l i n 19 61 w i th t he t ex t u pda ted3 h as r e ma ined , t hough n ow s o mewhat o u tdated , t he b asic s tudy o f Engl ish c lay p ipe t ypo logy .
To t h is must b e a dded
t wo o ther b asic s tud ies b y Oswa ld : h is " The Archaeo logy a nd E cono m ic H istory i st ing s o me 3 ,400 k nown o f Eng l ish C lay Tobacco P ipes" p ubl ished i n 19 604 l Engl ish p ipe makers a nd r epubl ished i n 19 67 a s as epara te b ook le t e n t i t led Engl ish C lay Tobacco P ipes w ith a n u pda ted b ibl iography b u t n o f ur ther r ev is ion ,
5
a nd h is " The C lay Tobacco P ipe :
I t s P lace i n Eng l ish C era m ics"
p ubl ished i n 19 70 6 a nd b r ing ing t he f i eld o f s tudy u p t o d ate i n t he l i gh t o f a d ecade o f work o n c lay p ipes a nd p ost- med ieva l a rchaeo logy b ut w ithou t al i s t o f makers .7
3
Wi th t he d evelop men t o f p ost- med ieva l a rchaeo logy , an umber o f o ther s cho lars h ave f ol swa ld 's p ioneer ing work , n o tab ly Dav id A tk inson i n l owed O S ussex ,
8
Brose ley ,
L ondon ,9 -11 Wil tsh ire ,1 2-15 Dorset 31 6 H ampsh ire , 17 a nd a t 1 8 a nd Er ic Parsons i n NE England . 19 These a nd o ther , s horter ,
ave b een , s ensib ly e nough , r eg iona l s tud ies d esigned t o amp l ip ub l ica t ions 20 h f y a nd mod ify O swa ld 's work—Parsons , f or e xa mp le , was a b le t o l i st 2 64 makers i n N orthumber land a nd Co. Durha m where O swald h ad b een a ble t o l i st o n ly 1 7 i n 1 960 , 2 1-22 w h ile i n SW Y orksh ire L awrence h as f ound 3 12 makers a s o pposed t o O swa ld 's 9 6; 2 3
b u t d istr ibu t ion maps o f Engl ish p ipe makers a re s t il o l t
q u i te a c ons iderable d egree d istr ibu t ion maps o f l oca l i n terest i n t he s tudy o f t he f i eld .
NW Eng land , f or e xa mp le , i s t erra i ncogn ita a s r egards p ipe mak ing ,
t hough o n ly r ecen t ly r eferences h ave b een p ubl ished2 4 t o a pipe i ndustry s tar ted a t Wh itehaven i n 1 697 f o low ing a n e ar l ier , u nsuccessfu l , a te mp t t o l t s tar t p ipe mak in g t here. L arge a reas o fe astern Eng land a re l ikew ise b lanks o n t he map . East Ang l ia , f or e xamp le , i s e ven more i ncogn i ta , i ft h is i s p ossible ,2 5 t han NW England ; a nd t here i s a yawn ing g ap b etween L inco lnsh ire , where o ne o f u s ( P. K . Wel ) h as b een work ing , a nd Parson 's e xcel t work i nt he N or thls l en East. The K ingston u pon Hul ndustry was e xa m ined b y S heppard a t t he b eg in l i n ing o ft h is c en tury i n as tudy2 6 w h ich was g ood f or i t s t ime b u t l argely l ack s b ow l f or ms; a nd a s yste ma t ic s tudy o f Hul ipes i s much t o b e d es ired , p arl p t i cu lar ly a s t h is a rea i s i m med ia tely a d jacen t t o t he L inco lnsh ire a rea wh ich w il e d iscussed b e low . 27 l b A s more d eta il h as b een s upp l ied b y t he r eg iona l s tud ies n o ted a bove , s o me p at ave b egun t o emerge. For e xa mp le , t he work o f A tk inson i n terns h L ondon , Wi l tsh ire , Ha mpsh ire , a nd Dorset a nd b y o ne o f u s ( I . C . Wa lker ) i n Br is to l h as s hown t ha t O swa ld 's t ype 9b ow l f or m , w h ich h e n o ted o ccurred f ro m c . 1 680 o n i n to t he 1 8th c en tury i n L ondon a nd t he West Coun try , c an i n f act b e d iv ided i n to t wo b as ical im ilar b u t q u i te d is t inct f or ms, t he L ondon-Home ly s Coun t ies f or m a nd t he Br isto l- West Coun try f or m .
The f or mer c ompr ise t hose
f rom L ondon , 28 S ussex , 29 t he Gravesend a rea o f K en t , 3° and t he p roducts o f a n 1 8th-cen tury p ipe k i ln a t Gu i ld ford i n S urrey ;3 1 t he l a ter a re t yp if ied b y t a l l t he c lass ic e ar l ier 1 8th c en tury B r isto l p roduc ts wh ich o ccur s o f requen t ly i n N or th Amer ica—the Rober t T ippe t a nd s im ilar p ipes 3 2 —p ipes f rom Mar lb orough 3 3 a nd S al isbury3 4 i n Wi l tsh ire , f ro m Hampsh ire ,3 5-37 a nd i n to e ast ern Dorset a nd S o merset38 a nd a s f ar n or th a s w es tern Oxfordsh ire 39 a nd e astern S hropsh ire. 4°
C loser w estern a nd n or thern b oundar ies f or t he d is-
t r ibu t ion o f t he L ondon-Ho me Coun t ies f or m a nd e astern a nd n or thern b ounda r ies f or t he Br isto l- West C oun try f or m s t il it l oca l r esearch ; t he t wo l awa f or ms a ppear t o o verlap i nt he S ou tha mp ton-Por ts mou th a rea ,4 1 w h ile t he Br isto l- West Coun try f or m d oes n o t p enetra te f ar i n to S o merset o r Dorset , where t he Taun ton-Sou th West p ipes o f t he e n t ire ly d iferen t Oswa ld t ype 1 0 b ow l-for m a re s tandard. 42 Ano ther r esu l t o ft hese l oca l s tud ies h as b een t o r evea l l oca l f ea tures i n p ipe mark ing , s o me o ft he m r unn ing i ndependen t ly o f f ea tures s uch a s b ow l f orm.
F or e xa mp le , L ondon p ipe makers b egan u sing t he ir i n it ia ls—one, e i ther
v er t ica l o r h or izon ta l , o n e i ther s ide o f a s mal l s keuo morph ic h eel , s o me t imes s ur moun ted b y a crown o r o ccas ional ly b y s o me o ther s ymbo l—as a mark c . 1 680 , 43
s o me 2 0 y ears b efore t he a ppearance o f t he L ondon-Home C oun t ies 4
t ype 9b ow l f orm ; a nd t h is r e ma ined a c harac ter ist ic f ea ture o f L ondon- made p ipes u n t il t he l a ter 1 8 th c en tury when b o th i ta nd t he L ondon-Ho me Coun t ies b ow l f or m h ad s pread t hroughou t most o f England , i nclud ing t o Br isto 1. 44 Ano ther e xa mp le o f al oca l p ipe mark i s t he mou ldi mpar ted c ircu lar c ar touche , v irtual ly a lways o nt he r igh t s ide o f t he b ow l , c arry ing—of ten i n c on junct ion w ith t he maker 's i n it ia ls i mpressed o nt he b ow l f ac ing t he smoker—the n a me , o r l ess c o m mon ly t he i n i t ia ls , o ft he maker a nd u sed b y Br is to l p ipe makers is s ty le o f mark ing f ro m c . 1 690 i n to t he s econd h a l f o ft he 1 8th c en tury . 45 Th i s v ir tual estr icted t o B r isto l makers, t he Ha mpsh ire a nd Wil tsh ire makers ly r who p roduced t he s a me B r isto l- West Coun try b ow l f or ms u sing f or marks t he ir n a me i mpressed , u sual nt hree l ines a nd o f ten f ro m s ta mps made u p f ro m ly i i nd iv idua l l et t er d ies , a cross t he t op o f t he s te m n ear t he b ow l . mark ing i s u sed b y makers a s c lose t o Br isto l a s Ba th46-48 d irec t ion s pread a s f ar a s Ch ichester i n SW S ussex49
Th is f or m o f
a nd i n t he o ppos ite
a nd Gu i ld ford i nw est
S urrey ;5 0 a nd wha t a ppears t o b e a loca l v ers ion o f t h is f or m u s ing a s ymbo l 1 — i n stead o f an a me h as b een f ound o n p ipes e xcava ted a t Poo le i nS E D orset 5 ap oss ible e xamp le o ft h is v ar ian t i s t he p ipes a t S a l isbury w ith t he t wo-headed e agle , t he a r ms o ft he c i ty o f N ew S aru m , i n t h is p os i t ion o n t he s te m. 5 2 Aga in , when B roseley makers a dop ted t he West C oun try t ype 9b ow l f or m ( s ee a bove ) t hey r e ta ined t he ir o wn v ery d ist inc t ive f or m o f mark ing—a s ta mp o r ig inal ly a pp l ied t o t he c haracter ist ical arge h eels o f t he ir l a ter 1 7 th c en tury p ipes ly l wh ich i mpar ted a mark c o mpr ising n or mal ly t he maker 's n ame , u sual ly i n t hree l i nes, t he l e ter ing b e ing r a ised f rom a depressed s urround a nd e ach l ine t s epara ted b y ar a ised b ar , t he who le f or m ing a depressed s quare—bu t moved i tt o t he t op o ft he s te m , c rossw ise , n ear t he b ow 1 . 53 I ti s w ith t h is l ast f or m o f l oca l t ra it , t he u se o f c haracter ist ic f or ms o f l oca l mark ing r a ther t han l oca l p ipe-bow l f or ms , t ha t t h is p aper i s p ar t icu lar ly c oncerned , a nd s pec i f ical i th t wo s ty lesof mark ing wh ich a ppear o n e astern ly w Eng land p ipes, o ne a stem mark ing a nd t he o ther ab ow l mark ing. G eneral , s te m d ecora t ion h as n ever b een c om mon o n Engl ish p ipes, ly p art icu lar ly b efore t he 1 9 th c en tury—indeed , t he F rench wr i ter Duha me l d u Monceau i nh is 1 771 t rea t ise o n p ipe mak ing s a id t ha t o ne o f t he d if ferences b e tween " Engl ish s ty le" a nd " Du tch s ty le" p ipes was t hat t he f or mer h ad n o 4 However , t here a re a t l east t wo ma jor c en tres i n Eng land s te m d ecora t ion .5 where p ipes w i th e labora tely-decora ted a nd marked s te ms w ere p roduced : i s Ches ter 55-57
a nd t he o ther i s N ot tingham ,
5 8-59
o ne
a nd i ti s t he l a t ter wh ich
w il l b e e xa m ined h ere. T he Not tingha m p ip e i ndustry h as r ecen t ly b een e xa m ined b y R . C . A lvey , a nd h e s hows t ha t t hroughou t most o f t he 1 8th c en tury N ot tingham makers f req uen t ly u sed most e labora te s te m d ecora t ion i ncorpora t ing t he ir n a me a nd s o me t imes t ha t o f t he t own . The d ecora t ion t ook t he f or m o f ab and r ound t he s te m , o f ten o f r a ther l i near d esigns b u t a lso u s in g d iaper ;
s p ira l ;
l ines o f l i near , s crol l, c ircu lar , o va l o r v aguely C lass ica l mo t ifs;
i nd iv idua l a nd c ar-
t ouches o f h era ld ic s ymbo ls, e i ther s epara tely o r i n c o mb ina t ion a nd w ith t he maker 's n a me ( and i fp resen t , t he n a me o f t he t own ) i n l ines e i ther w ith in t he b and o f d ecora t ion o r a t t he t op o r b ot t om o ft he band ( Figs. 1 -2 ). T he o r ig in s o f t h is s ty le o f mark ing a re a t p resen t o bscure , b u t as te m w ith t he n a me Wil lia m S e f ton a nd a no ther w i th t he n a me H . S ef ton i ncorpora ted
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i nt he d ecora t ion a lso i nc lude t he d a te 1 717 i n t he i nscr ip t ion ( F ig. 1 nos. 1 a nd 8 ) , i nd ica t ing t he d ecora t ion was i n u se b y t ha t t ime.
Un for tuna tely , many
o f t he makers whose n a mes a ppear o nt hese d ecora ted s te ms b e long t o f am i l ies where more t han o ne me mber h ad t he s ame f i rst n a me a nd i ti s t hus d if f icu l t t o g ive f i rm d a tes; t he p ar ish a nd o ther r ecords a re a lso r a ther s parse i n i n for ma t ion wh ich wou ld s ecurely d ate t hese makers. One p ipe mak ing f am i ly , t he Br insleys, a ppear t o h ave b een work ing , o n t he b asis o f p ar ish r ecords a nd b ow l f or ms, f ro m c . 1 650 t o c . 1 750 ; t he R . Br insley whose n ame a ppears o n d ecora ted s te ms ( Fig. 1 no. 1 4 ) w as p robably t he R ichard Br insley f ree 1 70 7/8 a nd r ecorded v o t ing i n 1 7 10 a nd t ak ing B en ja m in Marshal l ( see b elow ) a pprent i ce i n 1 724. Wil lia m S e f ton , a m e mber o f a no ther N o tt ingham p ipemak ing f am i ly ( F ig. 1 nos. 1 -7 ) , was work ing b y 1 704 a nd d ied i n 1 737 ; b ow ls w i th h is i n it ia ls c over t ypo log ical ly t he p er iod c . 1 670-1730 , h owever , p oss ibly s ugges t ing more t han o ne maker . The H . S ef ton r eferred t o o n t he o ther 1 717d a ted s te m a ppears t ob e u nknown i n t he N ot tingha m r ecords;
a pipe maker
Henry S ef ton d oes a ppear i nt he S tepney Par ish Reg ister a s marry ing i n 1 687 a nd l i v ing i n Bethna l G reen i n East L ondon , a nd h e was s t il l i n L ondon c . 1 696 fton when ( a s S af ) h e i s l i s ted a s a journeyman among t he 2 73 masters a nd l j ourneymen o ft he L ondon a nd West m inster p ipe makers ' g u ild w ho s wore a leliam o g iance t o Wil f O range . 6 1
tingha m maker o Af our th N ot ft h is p er iod w hose
n a me a ppears o n d ecora ted s te ms ( Fig. 1 nos. 1-12 , p rob. 1 3 ) i s J ohn Wr igh t , tingha m p a me mber o f a th ird N ot ipe mak ing f am i ly , who was b orn i n 1 688 o r 1 689 , w as r ecorded work ing 1 710 , a nd t ook J ohn C lay ton ( see b elow ) a ppren t ice i n 1 729 .
l Museums I ft he p ipes r ecorded b y A lvey a t t he L ondon a nd Gu i ldhal
w ith t he i n it ials TW o nt he b ow l f ac ing t he smoker i n c o mmon N o tt ingha m tingf ash ion a nd s te m d ecora t ion i nt he s ty le o f t ha t u sed b y J ohn Wyer o f N ot h am a nd o ther makers e lsewhere ( see b elow ) b u t w i thou t a ny n ame i ncorpora ted tingha m maker o h ave i ndeed t he i n it ia ls TW a nd n o t 1 W t hen af if th N ot f t h is p er iod u s ing t h is f or m o fd ecora t ion , Tho mas Wr ight , r ecorded v o t ing i n 1 710 a nd p resu mably a r ela t ive o f J ohn Wr ight , c an b e a dded . These f our o r f i ve makers a ppear t o h ave b een t he e ar l iest o f t hose k nown tingha m s t o h ave u sed t h is d ist inc t ive Not ty le o f p ipe mark ing , a nd t hough t here i s al ack o f p rec ision a s t o t he ir p er iod o f work ing a da te c . 1 700-10 f or t he ir h av ing b egun p ipe mak ing i s p robable ; t h is o f c ourse a grees q u ite w el l w ith t he t wo d ecora ted s te ms o fW il lia m a nd H . S ef ton b o th b ear ing t he d a te 1 717. O ther makers whose n a mes a ppear o n t hese d ecora ted s te ms a re o f a l a ter d a te , a nd i n s o me c ases a t l east c onnec t ions c an b e made b etween t he m a nd t he makers n o ted a bove a s a pparen t ly s tar t ing t h is f or m o f d ecora t ion i n N ot tingha m.
One, J ohn C lay ton ( Fig. 1 nos. 1 5-16 ), a ppren t iced 1 729 t o J ohn
Wr igh t , b eca me f ree 1 73 7/8 a nd was work ing a s l a te a s 1 774.
Ano ther n ame
t o a ppear o nt hese s te ms i s Marshal l ( F ig. 1 nos. 1 7-19 ); n o f i rst n a me i s g iven , a nd t hree N ot tingha m Marshal l p ipe makers a re k nown , b u t o ne , B en jam in , b eca me f ree 1 731 h av ing b een a ppre n t iced i n 1 724 t o t he R ichard B r insley n oted a bove a s p robably o ne o ft he e ar l iest N ot tingha m makers t o p u t d ecorat ion o ns te ms; ( t he o ther Marshal ls a re J oseph b orn 1 701 o r 1 702 a nd marr ied 1 724 , a nd J ohn who b ecame f ree 1 762 a nd i s n o ted t he f o l low ing y ear ; p res u mab ly t he Marshal ls a re y et a no ther N ot tingha m p ipe mak ing f am ily ). C lay ton , B en jam in Marshal l was work ing a s l a te a s 1 774.
L ike
Ano ther n a me t o
a ppear o nt hese s te ms i s t ha t o f J ames S ef ton ( Fig. 1 n os. 9 -10 ), w ho was 7
b orn 1 706 o r 1 707 , marr ied 1 752, a nd was s t il l ive i n 1 774 ; h is c onnect ion l a w ith t he o ther S ef ton p ipe makers i s a t p resen t u nknown , b u t i ti s h igh ly p roba ble h e was a younger r ela t ive o ft he Wil ef ton n o ted a bove. liam S
I n e ach o f
t hese c ases, t herefore, t here i s d ef in ite o r p robab le e v idence o f a ppren t ices h ip o r f am i ly c onnec t ions w ith t he e ar l iest N ot o u se t h is tingha m makers t s ty le o f d ecora t ion . The e ighth k nown n a me o n t hese s te ms i s t ha t o f J ohn Wyer ( Fig. 1 n o . 2 0 ), t o who m a r eference o ccurs i n 1 768 , t hough b ow ls 2 a tr ibu ted t o h im s uggest h e was work ing f ro m c . 1 720 .6 t
A s n o ted e ar l ier , t he a n teceden ts f or t h is s ty le o f mark ing a re a t p resen t u nknown : t he N ot v idence c urren t ly a va i lab le i nd ica tes o n ly t ha t i t tingha m e a ppears t here b y 1 717 a nd t he e ar l iest makers i den t if ied w ith i ta l a ppear t o l h ave c o m menced work ing c . 1 700-10 .
The o r ig in s o f t hese makers a re a lso
u nknown , e xcep t t ha t t he Br insleys a ppear t o h ave b een manu factur ing p ipes i n N ot ro m c . 1 650 a nd t here i s a poss ib i l ity t he S ef tons c ame c . 1 700 tingha m f f rom East L ondon , o ne o f t he e ar l iest p ipe mak ing c en tres i n England .6 -g T he o ther ma jor Eng l ish p ipe mak ing c en tre n o ted a bove w h ich p roduced e labora telyd ecora ted s te ms , Chester , a ppears t o h ave u sed t h is f or m o f mark ing f ro m t he e nd o f t he 1 7 th c en tury t o a t l east c . 1 760 ; b u t d esp i te t he o ccas iona l a pp earance o f a maker 's n a me o r o ther w ord ing i ncorpora ted i n t he d ecora t ion t here i s n o e v idence, a nd v ery l i t le l ikel ihood , t hat t here w ere a ny c onnect ions t b etween t hese t wo w idely-separa ted c en tres.
However , a de ta iled s tudy o f
t he C hester p ipe i ndustry h as y e t t o b e made. There a re , h owever , s im ilar it ies b etween t ypes o f Du tch s te m d ecora t ion a nd t he N ot ty le , p ar t icu larly t he s i mp ler f orms o ft he l a ter ( L f . tingha m s t F igs. 1 -2 a nd P ls.
1 -3 ) .
U n for tuna tely , n o d eta i led s tud ies h ave b een made
o ft hese Du tch s te ms, b u t t he s ty le w ith t he maker 's n a me f or m ing ab order a t o ne e nd o fb and o f d en t icu la ted l ines a nd t he n ame o f t he c i ty o f G ouda e dg ing t he o ther e nd ( P l . 1 ) i s c er ta in ly k nown o n m id-18th c en tury p roduc ts f ro m t ha t c i ty , wh ile t he more g enera l s ty le o f Du tch s te m d ecora t ion—a b and o f d en t icu lated l ines i n terspersed w ith l ines o f c on jo ined o pen c ircles ( P l . 2 ) —occur o n p ipes f ro m 1 7th-up t o 1 9 th-cen tury c on tex ts. The more e labora te f or m o f d ecora t ion s hown i n P l . 3 ,
a ga in q u i te s im ilar t o N ot xamp les, tingham e
o ccurs o n Gouda p ipes d a table t o t he e ar l ier 1 8th c en tury ;
a nd v ar ious f or ms o f
e labora te s te m d ecora t ion , i nc lud ing b ands, s o me t imes w ith t he maker 's n a me , a re k nown f ro m 1 7 th-cen tury Du tch p ipes . 6 4 I t wou ld c er ta in ly s ee m wor thwh i le t o l ook f or Du tch i n f luence e i ther i n t he f orm o f i ncreased Du tch t rade a t t h is t ime ( possibly r ef lected i n s h ipp ing r ecords o r i n a r tefact ma ter ia l f rom e xcava t ions ) o r —probably l ess l ikely— in t he f or m o f i mm igran t Du tch men : t hough f ew f inds h ave b een p ubl ished s o f ar , t here a re c er ta in ly Du tch p ipes f rom East Coas t c on tex ts . 6 5
I ndeed , t here i s f rom N ot ery d evo lved tingha m a v
v ersion o ft he S ir Wa l ter Ra legh Du tch p ipe b owl o ft he 1 7th c en tury a s w el l a s a w el lded s te m f rag men t o ft he s ame s or t o f p ipe; l - mou
a nd t hough t he l a t-
t er was a ssoc ia ted w i th 1 9 th-cen tury ma ter ia l a nd t hus may b elong t o a n a s-ye t o bscurely-known r ev iva l o f t h is f or m o f p ipe among Eng l ish p ipe makers i n t he 1 9th c en tury , t he b ow l f i ts w ha t a ppears t o b e a pat f r a ther p oor Eng l ish t ern o im ita t ions o f t h is s oph is t ica ted Du tch p ipe f ound s cat ar t icu lar ly o n o r t ered p n ear c oasta l s i tes. 6 6
I ti s a t l east p oss ib le t ha t Du tch t rade w ith e as tern
England— in t h is c ase w ith t he Hu mber a nd T ren t r iver s yste ms —brought Du tch p ipes t o t he a t ten t ion o f N ot tingha m p ipe makers.
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Nos. 1 , 2 , 6 -10 a dap ted f ro m n o. 3 a f ter H . S t; n cot os. 4 -5 P . K . ls f Wel i les; n o . 1 1 Doncaster Museu m . N ot t o un ifor m s ca le. s ketches b y R . C . A lvey ;
9
A lvey 's s urvey o ft he N ot ndustry s uggested t ha t i t s t rade was tingha m i p redo m inan t ly l oca l , w i th in a 20- m i le r ad ius o f t he t own , b u t w ith J ohn Wyer s te ms ( Fig. 1 no. 2 0 ) k nown f ro m B oston i n L inco lnsh ire , 4 7 m iles t o t he e ast , a nd S tony S trat ford i n n or thern Buck ingha msh ire , 6 3 m i les s ou th o f N ot , tingham a nd Tho mas Wr igh t p ipes f ro m L ondon , s ome 10 m i les S SE .67 Two o f t he S tony-S tra t ford e xa mp les d o a ppear t o i nclude t he i n it ia ls IW i n ab and i n t he Wyersty le d ecora t ion , s uggest ing t he maker c ou ld h ave b een J ohn Wyer , b u t t he l e t ters may i n f act b e p ar t o f a n i l leg ib le i nscr ip t ion wh ich d oes n o t a ppear t o b e e i ther Wyer 's n a me o r h is p lace o f work . At h ird e xamp le o f t h is s ty le o f d ecora t ion f ro m S tony S tra t ford a nd t he o ne f rom B oston h ave n o maker 's n a me o r i n it ia ls , a nd a s a l most-iden t ica l d ecora t ion a ppears o n p roducts o f o ther makers ( s ee F ig. 2 n os. 3 -4 , 6 -8;
s ee a lso p .
t r ibu t ions c an n o l onger b e c onsidered c er ta in .
1 1 b e low ) ,
t hese a t-
I n f act , s even s te m f ragmen ts
w ith t h is s ame d esign , a l l w ithou t maker 's n a mes, a re k nown f ro m e as tern L inco lnsh ire , o ne o f wh ich was f ound , i n a ssoc ia t ion w ith p ipes o f J ohn N ay lor o f Boston ( see p .15 b elow ), b enea th a ti led f l oor i n B oston Gu i ldhal l d ur ing 8 O n t h is s te m t he s pace where t he maker 's n ame u sual r estora t ion i n 1 970. 6 ly a ppears h as b een l e f t b lank .
The L ondon f i nds n o ted b y A lvey h ave a lready
b een men t ioned a bove : t hey a re p ipes i n t he L ondon a nd Gu ildhal i th l Museums w w ith TW o nt he b ow l f ac ing t he smoker a nd Wyer-sty le s te m d ecora t ion b u t w ith n o n a me i ncorpora ted. Un for tunately , n o i n forma t ion i s a va ilable a s t o t he c ircu mstances o f t he ir d iscovery ; i ti s a t p resen t n o t c erta in t ha t t hey w ere e ven f ound i n L ondon , t hough t he p resence o f s te ms w i th t h is f orm o f d ec ora t ion a s f ar s ou th a s S tony S tra t ford a nd t he ir k nown manu facture a t Camb r idge ( see b elow ), b o th p laces o n ly s o me 5 0 m iles f rom L ondon , s uggests t here wou ld h ave b een n o i nsur moun table d if f icu l ty i n s uch p ipes f ind ing t he ir way a s f ar s ou th a s L ondon . Ap ar t icu lar ly i n terest ing r eference t o N ot ipes o ccurs i n t he tingham p h ouseho ld a ccoun t b ook o f C har les Whar ton o f B ever ley Park s a t B ever ley i n Yorksh ire , wh ich c overed t he y ears 1 709-14. 69 Most o f h is p ipe p urchases w ere made b y a n a gen t , a pparen t ly i n K ingston u pon Hul l, a nd i n 1 714 t wo p urchases o f N ot tingha m p ipes a re r eferred t o .
T he p ipes w ere a pparen t ly
b ought i n Ga insborough , wh ich was p erhaps a s f ar a s N ot tingha m p ipes w ere n ormal ly t raded b y t he ir manu facturers ( t he n or ma l me thod o f s el ling p ipes a t t h is p er iod , a nd e ven i n to t he 2 0 th c en tury , wou ld h ave b een f or t he maker o r h is s taf f o r f am i ly t o s el l t he m o n c i ty r ounds o n f oo t a nd o n c oun try r ounds b y h orse ; 7° Ga insborough i s s o me 3 5 m i les f rom N ot tingham d own t he Tren t , a nd was at rans-sh ipp ing p or t o f s o me i mpor tance 7 1 ) , a nd s h ipped , p resuma bly b yb oa t , f ro m t here t o Hul nd t hence b y wa ter t o B ever ley . The c ost l a o f o ne s h ip men t—two g ross —was 7 s 3 d , a n e xpense wh ich e l ic ited t he marg ina l c o m men t " very d ear , v ery d ear ," f ro m Whar ton ; t h is i ncluded I s I d f or a b ox a nd c ord a nd 8 d f or f re igh t .
The c ost f or t he p ipes t he mselves c ame t o
2 s 9 d a gross , wh ich i s i n l ine w i th o ther, purchases b y Whar ton o f " best" Eng l ish p ipes ( 2 s 3 d-3s 3 d a gross ) a nd o f Du tch p ipes ( 2s 3 d-4s a gross ) wh ich a re k nown t o h ave b een s uper ior t o Engl ish p ipes , b u t n ot iceably more e xpens ive t han o rd inary p ipes b ough t b y Wharton ( I s 6 d-2s ag ross ) , wh ich l ast r ange o f p r ices s ee ms a verage f or o rd inary p ipes o ft h is p er iod .7 2 I ti s t e mp t ing t o s uggest t ha t t he N ot tingha m p ipes w h ich Whar ton s p en t s o much t o ly s g et s pec ial upp l ied w ere t he d ecora ted-ste m p roducts o f t ha t t own—they ly f c er ta in ly must h ave b een o f u nusual ine q ua l ity t o h ave b een wor th t he t rouble a nd e xpense. 1 0
Th is N ot ty le o f d ecora t ion , moreover , a ppears t o h ave s pread tingha m s t o makers b eyond t he immed iate a rea ; c onven ience a nd i n t he a bsence
a nd i ti s w ith t h is s pread ( assu m ing f or
a t p resen t o f e v idence t o t he c on trary t ha t N o t-
t ingha m i s t he o r ig in o ft h is s ty le o f mark ing ) t ha t t h is p aper i s p ar t icu lar ly i n terested . Ah igh ly-orna te s te m marked R ICHP/PAIN/DARBY ( s ic ) f ro m n ear L ong S ut , i n S E L inco lnsh ire ( F ig. 2 n o . 4 ), t on
7 3
must b e a product o f t he R ichard
Payne o f Derby r ecorded t ak ing a n a ppren t ice i n 17 62 a nd marry ing i n 17 65,
7 4
a nd i s v ery s im ilar i n d ecora t ion t o t he J ohn Wyer o f N ot te ms n o ted tingha m s a bove.
The s a me Wyer-sty le d ecora t ion was a lso u sed b y a no ther D erby maker ,
as te m f rag men t f ro m D erby w ith t he words S AL IS/BURY/DERBY ( Fig. 2 n o . 8 ) w i th in a r ec tangle i n t he Broseley manner 7 5
( see p .5 a bove ) b eing a tr ibut
t ab le t o e i ther G eorge S a l isbury , whose marr iage i s r ecorded i n 1 759 , o r J ohn S a l isbury , who was marr ied i n 1 786 ( i ft he l a ter , h e wou ld p robab ly b e t he t l a test-known maker o f N ot le d ecora ted s te ms; t he S a l isbury f am ily tingha m-sty c on t inued mak ing p ipes i nD erby i n to t he 1 9 th c en tury , b e ing r ecorded u p t o 6 1 849 ). 7
Another maker t o u se t h is Wyer s ty le o f d ecora t ion , a nd a lso t o u se
t he B roseley f or m o f mark ing t he maker 's n a me, was a Pau l Rob inson , as te m f rag men t marked PAVL/ROB IN/SON ( F ig. 2 n o . 7 )b e ing r ecorded f ro m Chest er f ield i n Derbysh ire. 7 7
Two makers o f t h is n a me a re k nown , Pau l s r., a
ter a p ot nd p ipe maker who a ppears t o h ave c arr ied o u t h is t rade i nb o th Chesterling p f i eld a nd Bo lsover , 5 1 m i les e ast o f C hesterf ie ld , a nd i s r ecorded s el ipes f ro m 1 743 a nd d y ing i n 1 756;
a nd h is s on Pau l j r., who c arr ied o nh is f a ther 's
l i bus iness a nd whose w il n 1 791 d escr ibed h im a s ap ipe maker.
7 8
Yet a no ther
s te m f rag men t w ith t he s a me Wyer-sty le d ecora t ion a nd w ith t he i nscr ip t ion C (? ). W IL IV INSON/Ca mb ( Fig. 2 n o. 3 )7 9 Ca mbr idgesh ire.
i nd ica tes t h is s ty le s pread S E a s f ar
uggests c . 1 800 , Wilk inson 's d ates a re u nknown—Oswa ld 8 ° s
b u t t h is i s s o mewha t l a ter t han a ny o ther maker k nown t o h ave u sed t h is s ty le o f mark ing a nd a da te s o mewhere i nt he m id-or l a ter 1 8 th c en tury i s more l ikely . These p art icu lar f inds a re o f i n terest o n t wo c oun ts.
F irst , t he p ar t icu lar
Wyer s ty le o f d ecora t ion a ppears t o h ave b een u sed b y makers i n c en tres a l most tingha m-sty a t t he e x tre mes o f t he k nown a rea o fg enera l N ot le s te m d ecora t ion : tingha m i tingha m N ot t sel f , Chester f ield 2 3 m iles NW o f N ot , D erby 1 4 m iles west , a nd Ca mbr idge 7 7 m i les S E.
S econd ly , Wyer p u t h is n a me i n ar ectangle
l w ith in h is d ecora t ion ( F ig . 1n o. 2 0 ) , a nd S a l isbury a nd Rob inson u sed t he f ul Broseley f or m o f mark ing maker 's n a mes o n s te ms , s uggest ing Broseley i nf luf ordsh e nce s pread ing NE f ro m S hropsh ire t hrough S taf ire a nd r each ing makers tingha m-sty o n a t l east t he w estern f r inge o f t he a rea where N ot le s te m d ecorat ion w as u sed —cer ta in ly t h is Broseley f or m o f mark ing r eached a s f ar S E a nd s ou th a s Ox fordsh ire a nd B r is to l i nt he 1 8 th c en tury .
8 1
Bo th S a l isbury a nd
Rob inson u sed b ars t o d iv ide t he l ines o f l et ter ing i n t he ir marks :
2 A tk inson8
n o tes t ha t t he b ars b egan t o d isappear o n Broseley marks c . 17 20-50 wh ile t he a dd i t ion o f t he p lace-na me t o t ha t o f t he maker was i n troduced i n Broseley C . 17 30-40 , a nd n e i ther o ft hese d a te r anges wou ld c on trad ic t t he k nown work i n g d a tes f or t he e lder Pau l Rob inson o r George S a l isbury. N ot le s te m d ecora t ion was a lso u sed b y makers i n o ther tingha m-sty c en tres.
T wo s te m f rag men ts, o ne f ro m B ingha m i n N ot ire a nd tingha msh
o ne f rom C laypo le i n L inco lnsh ire , e ach b ear t he s ta mp o f a maker n a med 1 1
Hardw ick ( Fig. 2 n o . 1 ) . The s te m f ro m B ingham i s n oted b y A lvey 8 3 a s t ha t tingha m maker o f a n u nrecorded N ot , b u t i ts ee ms l i kely t ha t t he maker w as Tho mas Hardw ick o f Ga insborough who i s r ecorded t here i n 1 760 a nd d ied i n 1 761.
Ano ther L inco lnsh ire v ers ion o f t he s ty le i s t ha t w i th t he n ame H eble-
lings o t hwh igh t ( s ic ) ( F ig. 2 n o . 5 ) . The Heb lethw ight f am ily ( var ious s pel f t he n a me a re f ound ) , who w ere p ipe makers i n L inco ln , w ere i nb us iness b y l work 1 662 a nd w ere s t il ing i n 1 729 , when S tephen H eblethw ight t ook a n a pprent i ce.
Two p ossib le c and ida tes f or u ser o f t he mark a re t h is S tephen , w ho was
t hew work ing f ro m 1 720 t o 1 729 , a nd Mat , who i s f i rst r ecorded i n 17 15 a nd d ied i n 17 29. I ti s , o f c ourse, q u ite l ikely t ha t t he t wo were r ela ted , a nd may e ven h ave worked t ogether a nd s hared t he mark , w h ich d oes n ot i nc lude a fi rst n a me o r i n i t ia l.
I fe i ther o ft hese t wo makers u sed t h is s tamp i tw ou ld a ppear
tingha m. t o b e t he e ar l iest-known e xa mp le o ft h is s ty le o f mark ing o u tside N ot ly a V ir tual s e ar ly , h owever , c ou ld b e p roducts o fS a muel L um ley o f Ro therha m , t who i s r ecorded marry ing t here i n 17 23 , a nd a s te m f rag men t p robab ly a tr ibut able t o C hr istopher Sm i th , a lso o f Ro therham , w ho was marr ied t here i n 1 724. D ecora ted s te ms marked S • LUMLEY ( F ig. 2 n o . 1) a nd ROTHERHAM w ere among was ters r ecovered d ur ing e xcava t ion o f a pipe k i ln a t Doncas ter , 1 m iles NE o f Ro therham , i n w ha t i s n ow C hurch S treet , w here a Sa muel L um ley , f i rst r ecorded i n Doncaster when h e was marr ied t here i n 1 753, was work ing b etween 1 757 a nd 17 66. The p resence o f L um ley 's Ro therham- marked s te ms a t t he Church S treet k i ln s i te s uggests h e may h ave moved t o Doncaster b y 1 757 ;
a l-
t erna t ively , t he D oncaster L um ley may h ave b een a son o ft he Ro therham maker who h ad marr ied i n Doncaster a nd moved t here b r ing ing w ith h im s o me o f h is f a ther 's e qu ip men t .
Excava t ions e lsewhere i n Doncaster a lso p roduced
as te m f rag men t w i th t he s a me f or m o f d ecora t ion a s t ha t u sed b y Wyer , Payne, S al isbury , Rob inson , a nd Wilk inson a nd n o ted a bove , b u t i t was t oo i nco mp lete t o s how a ny maker 's n a me .8 4
The p robable C hr istopher Sm ith p roduct c a me
f rom N ewark , 3 3 m i les S E o f Ro therham , a nd i n i t s s urv iv ing s ta te b ore o n ly t he maker 's s urname ( Fig. 2 n o. 2 ). 8 5
A t l east o ne o ther Ro therham maker
was u sing t h is f or m o f d ecora t ion l ater i n t he c en tury , a no ther s te m f rag men t lia m Wi ttr f ro m N ewark w i th t he n a me Wil ld ( F ig. 2 n o . 9 )b e ing a ibu table t o lia m Wi 74 ( t he Wil ld n o ted i n Ro therha m i n 17 ano ther s te m f rag men t , a ga in f rom N ewark a nd b ear ing o n ly t he n a me THOM ( F ig . 2n o . 6 ) , may p erhaps b e a product o f aTho mas Wild , t wo o f who m a re k nown f ro m Ro therham , o ne r ec orded marry ing t here i n 17 18 a nd t he o ther n o ted i n 1 777 , o r o f Tho mas Tho mpson , a lso o f Ro therha m , w ho i s r ecorded marry ing t here i n 1 722 ). 8 6 tingham D erby i s 1 4 m iles w est o f N ot , N ewark 1 6 m iles NE, C hesterf ield 2 3 m i les NW , L inco ln 3 4 m iles NE, Rotherha m 3 4 m iles NNW, Ga insborough 3 5 m i les NNE, Doncaster 4 0 m iles n or th , a nd Cambr idge 7 7 m iles S E ( F ig . 3 ) . l s Wh ile t he p resen t d istr ibu t ion i s s t il ketchy i n p laces , o ne m ight l ook f or a dd it i ona l makers i n c en tres i n D erbysh ire , L e icestersh ire, Ru t land , N or tha mp tonl s h ire, Hun t ingdon a nd P eterboroueh , a nd .Ca mbr idgesh ire , a l a reas w here l oca l p ipe s tud ies h ave y et t o b e d one .8 . 1 ting t Ad ist inc t ively L inco lnsh ire s ty le o f mark ing w as t ha t o f p ut he maker 's n a me a nd p lace o f work o n e i ther s ide o f t he b ow lb elow t he r im ( F igs . 4 -6) . N or mal ly , t he maker 's n a me was o nt he smoker 's l ef t o f t he b ow l a nd t he p lace o f work o n t he r igh t ; o ccas ional ly t h is was r eversed ( e .g . F ig . 4n os . 7 , 1 0-11) . P ipes marked i nt h is way i nvar iab ly h ad d ecora ted b ow ls , a nd b o th t he d ecora t ion 1 2
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5 0
M i les
S o l id c irc les
i nd ica te k nown p roduct ion c en tres ( na med ); o pen c irc les i nd ica te f ind-spo ts. The b roken l ine d el im i ts t he p resen t d istr ibu t ion o f f inds o f t h is t ype.
1 3
F ig. 4 .
L inco ln-s ty le b ow l mark ings. 1 4
P . K . Wel ls f i les.
S ca le 1 :1.
a nd t he l et ter ing were mou ld impar ted.
Var ia t ions i ncluded s i mp ly g iv ing t he
p lace o f work , ( e .g. MARKET/RASE N a nd L INC/OLN ), s o met i mes w ith t he maker 's i n i t ia ls o n t he s ides o ft he h eel ( e .g. F ig. 5 n o. 1 ) ;
a nd h av ing t he
l et ter ing i n t he m idd le o f ( aga in , F ig. 5 n o . 1 ) , o r a t t he f oo t o f ( e .g. F ig. 4 n o . 6 ) , t he b ow l s ides.
t The v ar ia t ion w ith l e ter ing a t t he f oo t o f t he b ow l
o ccurred a l most a s e ar ly a s t he v ers ion w ith t he n a me j ust b elow t he r im , 76 b o th f or ms b e ing u sed b y J ohn N ay lor , who was work ing i n Boston f ro m 17 t o 1 818.88 P resen t e v idence s uggests q u i te s trong ly t ha t t h is s ty le o f mark ing o r igi na ted i n L inco ln , where i t was i n u se a t l east b y t he l a ter 1 8th c en tury .
Aga in ,
tingha m d a s w i th t he N ot ecorated s te ms , i ti s p oss ible t o t race c onnect ions among k nown makers who u sed t hese marks.
P ipes marked NAYLOR/L INCOLN
( F ig. 4 n o. 1 ) w ere p resumably made b y J a mes N ay lor , who was a ppren t iced t hew H i n L inco ln i n 1 723 t o t he Mat eb lethw ight n o ted a bove ( p . 1 2) , t ook h is f reedom i n 17 34 , a nd r et ired i n 17 87 .
J a mes N ay lor 's s on J ohn , who m h e t ook
a ppren t ice i n 1 751 a nd who b eca me f ree i n 1 761, i s a l most c erta in ly t he J ohn N ay lor r eferred t o a bove a s work ing i n Boston , a nd w as p robab ly r espons ible f or t he s pread o f t he s ty le t o Boston ( Fig. 4 no. 3 ).
Two o ther a ppren t ices o f
71, t J a mes N ay lor w ere J ohn Hurst , who was a ppren t iced i n 17 ook h is f reedo m lia m Bar i n L inco ln i n 1 780 , a nd d ied t here i n 1 812; a nd Wil tra m , who was 75 a t aken a ppren t ice i n 17 nd d ied i n L inco ln i n 17 96.
A s econd Bar tra m ,
Tho mas , i s r ecorded i nt he Un iversa l Br it ish D irec tory a s work ing i n L inco ln i n 1 791 a nd 1 794 , a nd t he n a me Bar tra m o n a pipe b ow l f ro m L inco ln ( F ig. 4 n o . 4 ) c ou ld r efer t o e i ther o f t hese.
Ab ow l f rag men t f ro m L inco ln i nd ica tes
t ha t J ohn Hurst c er ta in ly u sed t h is f or m o f mark ing.
lia m Bartra m I n 17 93 Wil
t ook Edward L i lburn a ppren t ice, b u t when Bartra m d ied i n 17 96 L i lburn was a ss igned t o Hurst .
One o f L i lburn 's f el low-appren t ices i n Hurst 's workshop
lia m Sm was t ob e Wil i th , w ho was a ppren t iced i n 17 98 a nd e nfranch ised i n 1 806. lia m Sm L i lburn t ook h is f reedom i n 1 802, a nd i n 1 812 h e a nd W il i th j o in t ly t ook J a mes S torr a s t heir a ppren t ice.
Bo th L i lburn a nd Sm ith marked t he ir p ipes
o n t he b ow l ( Fig. 4 n os. 5 a nd 6 ) , a s d id J a mes S torr af ter h e h ad moved t o Ga in sborough b etween 1 820 a nd 1 826.
F igure 4 n o . 1 0 s hows o ne o f h is p ipes
lia m I wh ich was p robab ly made t o c o m me mora te t he a ccess ion o f Wil V i n 1 830. I ts hou ld b e n o ted , h owever , t ha t Edward S herrey o f Ga insborough , whose marr iage i s r ecorded i n 1 792 , was a lready mark ing h is p ipes i n t h is manner ( F ig. 4n o . 1) b efore h is d ea th i n 1 822.
(
A t l east t hree o ther Ga insborough makers —
1 828-51 ) a nd/or h is s on Tho mas I ( 1 1 . 851-69 ) , o ne o r 1 Tho mas Cu thber t I more o ft hree N ewbal r N ewba ld makers r ecorded i n t he 1 84 O s , a nd H enry l o Mar t in ( . 1 855-56 ), who w il e men t ioned a ga in l a ter—were t o u se t h is s ty le, 1 l b a s a lso d id t he N ightsca les f am ily o f S leaford , t he f irst o f who m , Wil , lia m I was i n Ga insborough i n 1 829 a nd 1 831 a nd h ad moved t o S leaford b y 1 835.
The
maker o f a b ow l marked N E WBALL/RETFORD f ound i n t he East Retford a rea o f N ot ire i s a t p resen t u n iden t if ied , b u t h e o r s he i s p resu mab ly r etingha msh l a ted t o t he N ewbal am i ly o f Ga insborough , East Re t ford b e ing o n ly 9 m iles l f SW o f Ga insborough.
Two o ther L inco ln makers w ho marked t he ir p ipes o n
t he b ow l a re Rob inson , k nown o n ly f ro m h is p ipes, wh ich a re o f a n e ar ly t ype ( Fig. 4 no. 2 ) , a nd Wil ister , work ing f ro m 1 815 t o 1 867 ( Fig. 4 n o . 9 ) . liam Bann W il urp in was af ree man o f L inco ln who v o ted t here i n 1 790 , 1 806, lia m T a nd 1 818. A t t he t ime o f t he 1 790 e lec t ion h e was work ing i n Boston , b u tb y
1 5
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L inco ln-sty le b ow l mark ings. 1 6
P . K . Wel ls f i les.
S ca le 1 : 1.
tingha msh 1 806 h e h ad moved t o N ewark i n N ot ire , where h e i s r ecorded a s l a te a s 1 823.
S evera l d es igns o f p ipe a re k nown w ith t he mark BUST ON/T URPIN
a nd BOSTON/ W •TURPIN , w h ich must p re-date h is move t o N ewark ( e .g . F ig. 4n o. 7 ) .
P ipes marked TURPIN/NE WARK ( Fig. 5 n o. 5 ) c ou ld b e b y t h is
maker o r J ohn Turp in o f N ewark , a lso a L inco ln f ree man , who v oted i n 1 790 a nd 1 806.
The r ela t ion sh ip b etween t hese t wo mak ers i s n o t k nown , b u t i ts ee ms
l ikely t ha t t hrough t he m t he s ty le r eached N ewark , t o b e t aken u p b y t he S i mn it t a nd Ed munds f am il ies a nd I ngra m Haw. t ha t t he s ty le r eturned t o N ewark makers.
There i s s o me e v idence t o s uggest
L inco lnsh ire t hrough l inks b etween Gran tha m a nd t he
The d istance b etween t he t owns i s o n ly 1 4 m i les a nd N ewark
p ipes a re f ound i n s o me n umbers i n a nd a round G ran tha m.
J ohn L yne S i mn i tt ,
l y work aN ewark maker , was a ctual ing i n Gran tha m i n 1 835, a nd i nt he 1 841 c ensus , w hen b ack i n N ewark , h ad l odg ing w i th h is f am i ly at en-year o ld b oy n a med C harles S tarr.
The S tarr f am i ly w ere t he p r inc ipa l p ipe makers i n
Gran tham f ro m t he m id-19 th c en tury u n t i l t he 1 920s , a nd R ichard S tarr , f l1 8467 6, made p ipes w i th h is n ame o n t he b ow l ( F ig. 5 n o. 4 ).
Af ur ther i n terest ing
p o in t i s t ha t t he b ow l d es ign u sed b y S tarr , w ith a f l eece o n o ne s ide a nd a whea tshea f o n t he o ther , i s i den t ica l t o t ha t o n p ipes made b y I ngra m Haw o f N ewark f l1 849-69 ( Fig. 5 n o. 6 ) a nd t ha t t here i s a n I ngra m Haw mou ld w ith l ec t h is d es ign among a c ol t ion o f mou lds i n Gran tha m Museum wh ich c a me f ro m t he S tarr p ipeworks when i tc losed i n t he 1 920s. I ngra m Haw 's a dop t ion o f t he L inco ln s ty le o f mark ing i s p ar t icu larly i n terest ing , f or i ti s p oss ible t ha t h e i s t he I ngra m Haw o r Maw r ecorded t ak ing 9 h is f reedo m i n York a s e ar ly a s 1 830 8
N ewark a nd a dop ted t he s ty le t here.
a nd t ha t h e s ubsequen t ly moved t o
Accord ing t o ad escendan t o f t he S i mn it t
f am i ly , t he J ohn L yne S i mn it o ted a bove marr ied a n Ann How ( s ic ) o f York t n i n 1 811, w h ich s uggests t here may h ave b een a c onnect ion b etween t he S i mn it t a nd Haw f am il ies wel efore I ngra m Haw a ppeared i n N ewark . l b
I ti s a t l east
p oss ib le t ha t I ngra m Haw w as a n ephew o r e ven a y ounger b ro ther o f Ann who c a me s ou th t o s eek b et pportun it ies —a t o ne p o in t h e a nd J ohn L yne S i mn i tt ter o b oth worked o n Cha tha m S treet i n N ewark , p erhaps s uggest ing t hey w ere i n p ar tnersh ip . Y e t a no ther L inco ln f ree man who worked i n Boston was J ohn Winn , who v o ted i n 1 806 a nd 1 808.
Rober t Winn , p resumably h is s on , was a lso f ree o f
L inco ln a nd work ing i n Bos ton f ro m 1 815 t o 1 827 .
S evera l d es igns o f p ipe a re
k nown w i th t he mark WINN/BOSTON ( e .g. F ig. 4 n o. 8 ) o r BOST ON/W INN . On ly t hree o ther i nd iv idua ls work ing i n s epara te c en tres i n L inco lnsh ire a re k nown t o h ave mou lded t heir n a mes o n t he b ow l i nt h is manner. One o f t hese i s aGr i msby mak er k nown o n ly b y h is p ipes, wh ich a re o f af a ir ly e ar ly t ype w i th in o ur r ange , a nd whose n a me i s t en ta t ively r ead a s Wilk ison o r Wa tk i (n )son .
The s econd i s George S pencer Wa tk inson o f Market Rasen , whose
f am ily made p ipes i n Gr i msby a nd who was a ppren t iced t o h is f a ther t here, mov ing t o Market Rasen i n 1 843, where h e worked u n t i l h is d ea th i n 1 885.
9 0
The t h ird maker i s J ohn Warrs ( F ig. 5 n o . 3 ) , who was w ork ing i n A l ford f ro m 1 851 t o 1 856;
a nd a fur ther p oss ible l ink c an b e made h ere i n t ha t ap ipe maker
n a med J oseph Warrs , p robab ly ab ro ther , was w ith J ohn Warrs i n A lford i n 1 851 a nd w as l i v ing n ex t d oor t o , a nd most l ikely work ing f or , G eorge Wa tk ins on a t Market Rasen a t t he t ime o f t he 1 861 c en sus.
1 7
n o i w i l m n D 1
3
F ig. 6 .
5
L inco ln-sty le b ow l mark ings. N o. 1a f ter a p ho tograph b y L . S . Hart ley ; n os. 2 -4 af ter s ketches b yA . H . O swa ld ; n o . 5 af ter A . J . A . Cooksey ; n os. 6 -7 Doncas ter Museu m. a pprox. 1 :1, n os. 5 -7 1 : 1.
1 8
Nos. 1 -4 s ca le
I n s u m mary , t he s ty le o f mark ing p ipes o nt he b ow l i n t he way d iscussed a bove s ee ms t o h ave o r ig ina ted i n L inco ln w ith J a mes N ay lor , f l1 734-87 , a nd t o h ave b een p assed o nt hrough t he a ppren t icesh ip s yste m t o s evera l o ther makers i nt he c i ty .
Through a ppren t ices mov ing away , t hrough f am ily r ela-
t ionsh ips , o r t hrough L in co ln f ree men work ing i n o ther t owns , t he s ty le s pread , r each ing Bos ton b efore 1 806, N ewark b efore 1 818 , Ga insborough b efore 1 822, S lea ford a f ter 1 835, G ran tha m a nd Market Rasen i n t he 1 840s , a nd A lford i n t he 1 850s.
Th is g ives a per iod o f a bou t ac en tury—fro m
1 870 —when t he s ty le was i n u se.
b efore c . 1 780 t o C .
The n umber o f L inco lnsh ire makers ' n a mes
k nown t o h ave b een mark ed i nt h is way i s 2 0 , wh ich r epresen ts a pprox i ma tely 1 2 p er c en t o f a l l L inco ln sh ire makers r ecorded i nt he p er iod 1 780 t o 1 870 , a nd 8 3 p er c en t o f t hose k nown t o h ave marked t he ir p ipes w i th s o me f or m o f n a me o r i n i t ia ls. I ti s i n terest ing t o n o te t ha t when t he d istr ibu t ion o f more t han a h undred p ipes b y t he Boston makers u s ing t h is t ype o f mark ing f ro m c . 1 780 t o C . 1 830 ted i s p lot , a n a rea o f 1 7 m iles r ad ius r ound B oston i s c overed.
Th is c o inc ides
a l most e xact ly w i th t he market r ad ius o f Boston i nt he e ar ly 1 9th c en tury , wh ich h as b een c alcu la ted a s c . 1 6 m iles b ased o n market-day l inks w ith t owns a nd a il ing-packets l i sted i n Wh ite 's D irec tory o f 1 826. v il lages b y c arr ier a nd-s
9 1
The d istr ibu t ion o f marked p ipes f ro m o ther t owns , b ased o n smal a mp les, l er s i s a s f o lows: l
S leaford , r ad ius 1 6 m iles;
A l ford , r ad ius 2 2 m i les;
Marke t Rasen , r ad ius 1 6 m iles;
L inco ln , r ad ius 3 3 m iles;
a nd Ga insborough , r ad ius
4 7 m i les ( Fig. 7 ) . S even teen th-cen tury e v idence s uggests t ha t g iven g ood r oads v i lagers l l iv ing a s f ar away a s 1 5 m iles f ro m P reston i n L ancash ire made r egu lar u se o f t ha t t own 's f ac il i t ies a nd t ha t t here was c on tact f ro m a s f ar away a s 2 0 m iles; a nd e v idence f or L ichf ield i n S taf ire i nd ica tes t ha t i tt oo a tracted t rade f ordsh t f ro m a pprox i ma tely a 1 5- m i le r ad ius .9 2 A ma jor f ac tor n a tural he l im i t l y was t o f ad ay 's r eturn j ourney b y h orse o r f oo t ;
a s n o ted a bove ( p . 1 0 ) , p ipe makers
f requen t ly made t heir c oun try r ounds b y h orse.
( f i
The d istr ibu t ion o f p ipes p ro-
d uced b y I saac B ilby 1 719 , D 1 728 ) o fS pa ld ing i n L inco lnsh ire f a ls w ith in l ar ad iu s o f C . 1 2 m iles o ft ha t t own 9 3 a nd i n E ssex , L . H . Gan t9 1 h as n o ted t ha t C o lchester- made p ip es o ccur u p t o 1 0 m i les f ro m t he c i ty c en tre;
wh ile
J ohn F reder ick Bryan t j r . o f Br isto l , t ry ing t o make a l i v ing t here i n t he h ard d ays i nt he e ar ly 1 780s w hen t he Br isto l p ipe i ndustry h ad b een s everely h it b y t he Amer ican Revo lu t ion 's c ut he Amer ican t rade o n wh ich t he Br isting of t t o l i ndus try h ad h eav ily r el ied f or i t s p rosper i ty , made t wo t r ips a w eek " abou t t he c oun try w i th a h a mper o f p ipes u pon my s hou lder, i nt ha t manner t ravel ling t en , f if teen , a nd o f ten t wen ty m i les o u t" wh i le h is w ife l ooked a f ter t he ir c i ty c usto mers. 95 However , w e a lso k now t ha t p ipes w ere t raded w el eyond a l b d ay 's j ourney f ro m t he ir p lace o f manu facture.
A bou t 1 780 Bryan t t w ice w en t
a s f ar a s Car marthen , o ver 8 0 m i les f ro m B r isto l , i n t he h ope ( un fu l f il ) o f l ed 6 f ind ing b usiness, " tha t p lace t ak ing o f g rea t q uan t i t ies o ft he B r isto l g oods" ;9 f
wh ile t he p ipe f ir m o f Turp in a nd S on o f Macclesf ield i n e astern Chesh ire, w h ich w as f ounded i n 1 840 a nd c on t inued i n p roduct ion u n t i l 1 927 ( i t was s t il l s el ccu mu la ted s tock i n 1 942 ), made t hree-day t r ips t hree o r f our t imes ling a ay ear c over ing l arge a reas o f Chesh ire , D erbysh ire, a nd S taf ire. f ordsh
9 7
Ano ther way i n wh ich p ip es r eached r ela t ively f ar f ro m t he ir p lace o f p roduct ion wou ld h ave b een t hrough p ed lars : i n a1 731 a dver t ise men t i nt he S ta mford
1 9
F ig. 7 . Radi i o f d istr ibu t ion o f L inco ln-sty le marked b owls p roduced a t s ix L inco lnsh ire c en tres. The b roken l ine d el im i ts t he p resen t k nown e x ten t o f f inds o f L inco ln-sty le marked b ow ls e xclud ing c oas ta l o u tl i ers ( see F ig. 9 ) . 2 0
ling Mercury a l oca l a lder man , Rober t Col ton , who 1 5 y ears e ar l ier h ad b een ting a dver t is ing a s a grocer s upp ly ing p ipeclay , a nnounced t ha t h e was n ow s et u p h is o wn p ipe ma ldng b usiness w i th " the b est o f workmen f ro m L ondon" a nd l Traders a p ro m is ing t ha t " al nd C hap men may b e f urn ished a t r easonable 8 r a tes". 9
I t i s c er ta in ly c l ear f ro m t he r adi hown o n F ig. 7t ha t p ipes made i s
i nt he c en tres n a med were s upp l ied i nt he ma jor i ty o f c ases f ar b eyond a p urely l oca l market; h owever , i ti s wor th n o t ing t ha t o n ly t he l argest o f t hese t rade r adi ha t o f Ga insborough ( 47 m iles ), e x tends b eyond t he a rea o ver wh ich i, t makers u s ing t h is f or m o f mark ing a re k nown t o h ave s et , a nd i ti s i n t h is tled e xtens ion— in to s ou thern Yorksh ire , w estern N ot ire, a nd D erbysh ire — tingha msh t ha t l oca l r esearch h as y et t o b e d one a nd may e x tend t he b orders o f t he a rea a t p resen t k nown t o i nclude p laces where makers were u s ing t h is s ty le.
How-
e ver , R ichard S tarr o f G ran tha m , whose p roduc ts w i th t h is f or m o f mark ing a re s o f ar k nown o n ly l ocal roduced p ipes w i th a dif t s ty le o f mark l y, p feren wh ich h ave b een r ecovered f ro m p laces a s f ar away a s 3 4 m iles f ro m Gran tha m , a nd a r ad ius o f t h is d istance wou ld e x tend b eyond t he a t-presen t k nown e x ten t o f L inco ln-sty le mark ings i n to s ou thern N ot ire , e astern L e icestertingha msh s h ire , a nd Ru t land , a ga in a reas w here l oca l r esearch i s s o f ar l ack ing.
I t
s hou ld a lso b e n o ted t ha t G eorge S pencer Wa tk inson o f Market Rasen a lso p rod uced p ipes w i th a dif t s ty le o f mark ing f ro m h is L inco ln-sty le p roduc ts f eren a nd t ha t t hese a re k nown f ro m f inds u p t o 3 1 m i les d istan t .
However , f inds
t o d a te s uggest at endency f or t hese t rade r adi o b e e astwards-b iased , t ha t i t i s , t o s uggest t rade was t owards t he L inco lnsh ire s eg men t o f t he c ircle. Tha t t h is may b e p ar t o f a more w idespread p red ispos it ion o n t he p ar t o f p ipe makers i n L inco lnsh ire t o p refer t ot rade w i th in t heir o wn c oun ty g a ins s o me s uppor t f ro m a n e xa m ina t ion o f t he v ar ious f ind-spo ts o f t he s im ilarly- marked p roduc ts o f o ther e astern L inco ln sh ire makers ( t hose o f L inco ln a nd S leaford ) n o ted i n Append ix I .
A s im ilar s i tua t ion o ccurs w ith t he s im ilar ly- marked p roduc ts o f
S tephen L e igh o f Ch iches ter ( p .28 b elow ) :
a l though C h ichester i s i n e x tre me
w estern S ussex—on ly 7 m iles f ro m t he Ha mpsh ire b order —f inds o ft hese p ipes l a re a l f ro m S ussex a nd f rom a s f ar d istan t a s 3 6 m iles ( Append ix I ).
Th is
a spec t o f l oca l market ing may b e wor th f urther e xa m ina t ion . Ano ther f ac tor wh ich must b e t aken i n to a ccoun t i n c ons ider ing t he d ist r ibu t ion o f p ipes a nd t he s pread o f i deas i s t he wa terway s yste m .
Wa terways
p layed a m a jor p ar t i n c o mmun ica t ions i n 1 8th-a nd e arly 1 9 th-cen tury L inc o lnsh ire a nd i ti s i n terest ing t o n o te t ha t t he h eyday o f t he c ana ls a nd n av igable r ivers i nt he c oun ty was f ro m C . 1 760 t o C . 1 830 , w h ich c o inc ides c losely w ith t he p er iod o f d evelop men t a nd s pread o f t he p ipe mark ing u nder d iscuss ion . F igure 8s hows t he r ela t ion sh ip o f t he wa terways t o t he c en tres p roduc ing t hese p ipes , t he d ates o f t he A c ts o f Parl ia men t a u thor izing t he c ana ls , a nd t he e ar l ies t-known d a tes o f makers u s ing t h is s ty le o f mark ing.
I t c an b e s een
f ro m t h is t ha t t he ma in c en tres o f p roduct ion—Boston , L inco ln , Ga insborough , a nd N ewark —are a l o n t he ma in Trent -W itha m wa terway a nd t ha t most o f t he l k nown move men ts o f makers f ro m o ne t own t o a no ther t ake p lace more o r l ess a long t he s a me a xes.
I t may a lso b e s ign if ican t t ha t t he f ind-spo ts f or a l 1 7 l
p ipes w i th t h is f or m o f mark ing s o f ar f ound o u ts ide a r ad ius o f 2 0 m i les f ro m t he ir p lace o f manu fac ture h ave b een c losely r ela ted t o t he wa terways o r t he c oast .
These p ipes w ere made b y s even d iferen t makers; t hree e ach f ro m
Ga insborough a nd L inco ln a nd o ne f ro m A lford. The f ur ther s pread o f t he s ty le away f rom L inco lnsh ire b y c oastw ise t rade i s d iscussed b elow ( p . 2 4 ) . 2 1
0
GA INSBOROUG H ( 1792 )
M ILES
1 0
• MARKET RAS EN ( l 84 -3 )
ALFORD (85 1)
. \
1
NE WAR K
Q7 90 )
. ( !
))
S LEAFORD
4 N OT T1N GHAM\ . ( 18 14 )
1 7 91 ,
( 1835)
B OSTON 0 776 )
/79
GRA N TH A M
( 1 849)
1 78 i
F ig. 8 . Map s how ing t he r ela t ionsh ip b etween t he n av igable wa terways o f L inco lnsh ire a nd t owns p roduc ing b ow ls w i th L inco ln-sty le mark ings. The d a tes i nb racke ts i nd ica te t he e arl iest-known work ing d a te o f makers u s ing t h is f or m o f mark ing i n e ach t own ;
t he d a tes b eside
t he wa terways a re t hose o f Acts o f Par l iamen t a u thor izing c ana l izat ion . The a rrows i nd ica te t he d irect ion o f k nown move men ts o f makers p roduc ing b ow ls i nt h is s ty le. On ly i n t he f our ma in c en tres o f L inco ln , Boston :,Ga insborough , a nd N ewark a re t here k nown t o h ave b een more t han o ne maker u s ing t he s ty le.
2 2
I mmed ia tely o u ts ide L inco lnsh ire a n u mber o f makers a re k nown t o h ave u sed t h is s tyle o f mark ing; a t K ingston u pon Hul nd Doncaster i n York sh ire , l a N ewark a nd Not n N ot ire, p oss ibly Chesterf ield i n Derbysh ire, tingha m i tingha msh a nd Wisbech i n Ca mbr idgesh ire. h ave u sed t h is s ty le :
I n Hul t l east s even makers a re k nown t o l, a
B ly th , Pacey , Ross , S cot herwood , Sm ith , a nd a n u nt, S
c er ta in n a me, p robably Westerda le.
Where t he s pur s urv ives, t he B ly th p ipes
h ave t he i n it ia ls E a nd B o nt he l ef t a nd r igh t s ides o f t he s pur , b u t u n for tuna tely a l t hree B ly ths r ecorded i n Hul ad f irs t n a mes b eg inn ing w i th t he l et ter El l h E l izabe th f l 1 826 , Edward 1 1 838-48 , a nd Edward J . f l1 863.
A v ar iety o f
b ow ls b y o ne o r more o ft hese makers i s k nown-exa mp les w ith s crol t ifs , l mo f l ora l p at , Br itann ia , a nd t he Hul oa t o f a r ms-wi th BLYTH ( i n o ne c ase terns l c BLYTHE) a nd HULL b elow t he r i m.
Wil , f l1 826-38 , a lso u sed t he lia m Pacey
Hul oa t o f a r ms , w i th PACY ( s ic ) a nd HULL b elow t he r im ( Fig. 5 n o . 8 ). l c o . 9 ) i s r ecorded 1 838-51. Char les Ross ( F ig. ,5 n
Ab ow l marked S cot t must
b elong t o e ither J ohn ( so met i mes l i sted a s J oseph ) S cot l 1 815-51 o r J oseph t f Henderson S cot 842-48 : i th as t he Pr ince o f Wa les 's F ea thers o n e ither t 1 1 s ide a nd S C OTT a nd HULL b elow t he r i m. To Mark S herwood ( l 1 838-51) c an b e a tr ibu ted t he b ow l marked SHER WOOD/HULL a nd i lustra ted i n F igure 5 t l n o. 1 0 .
Ab ow l w i th s cal rna men ta t ion a t i t s b ase a nd f lora l d es igns l op-shel l o
o n i t s s ides —one w ith a p lan t i n t he c en tre, t he o ther w ith ab ird—and SM ITH a nd HULL b elow t he r im c an b e a tr ibu ted t o S tephen Sm ith , who i s r ecorded t i n 1 838.
L ast ly , ab ow l w i th o n o ne s ide a n ude s avage w ith s h ield a nd s pear
a nd o nt he o ther a c oa t o f a r ms a nd s crol rna men t h as a n u ncer ta in n a mel o t en ta t ively r ead a s WEBSTER —and HULL b elow t he r im :
t h is i s p robably a
p roduc t o f o ne o ff ive West erda le p ipe makers r ecorded i n Hul etween 1 724 l b a nd 1 817 , most l ikely — in v iew o f t he d ates f or t he o ther Hul s ing t h is l makers u f or m o f mark ing- Michae l If l 1 806 o r Mary f l1 817.
9 9
Wha t i s p robably a var ian t o f t h is s ty le o f mark ing — it i s a lso u sed b y t he N orw ich maker G eorge B rowne ( see b elow , p .25 ) — is t he words H IRST ( s ic ) a nd HULL r unn ing u p t he b ow l am id a des ign o f s prays o f l eaves a nd b err ies: 1N t h is b ow l i s a ttr ibu table t o J ohn Hurst , r ecorded 1 838-63. 101 A t D oncaster , a t l eas t o ne maker was u s ing t h is s ty le o f mark ing w ith a t l east f our d if t f or ms o f d ecora t ion , e ach w ith a d iferen t v ers ion o f t he feren mark ing.
One b ow l ( Fig. 6 n o. 6 ) h as a w hea tshea f o n i t s l ef t s ide , ab ird o n
i t s r igh t , f lu t ing o nb o th s ides b elow t hese mo t ifs, a nd S HAROT
es i i and
DONCASTER i n s l igh t ly c onvex ly c urved p anels a bove t he mo t ifs;luz
a no ther
( 1%. 6 n o . 7 ) h as e labora te d ecora t ion a l most i den t ica l t o t he D rape o f Br igh ton a nd L e igh o f Ch ichester b ow ls d escr ibed b elow ( p . 2 8 ;
s ee P l . 5 a , b ) e xcep t
t ha t t he c en tra l mo t ifs a re r ep laced b y b lank s paces , w ith S HARRAT a nd ling r DONCASTER i n ab and b e low ab and o f mou lded m il ound t he r im ;
at h ird
d ep icts a rabb it o r h are o n t he l ef t s ide b e ing c hased b y t wo d ogs o n t he r ight , w ith DONCASTER o n t he l e f t s ide a nd SHARROTT ( s ic ) o n t he r igh t b elow t he r im ;
w h ile t he f ourth b ow l h as t wo c rudely-execu ted f i gures , a n a rcher k neel ing
a nd f ir ing ab ow t owards t he smoker o n t he l ef t s ide a nd wha t a ppears t o b e a s o ld ier s tand ing a nd h o ld ing a s pear u pr igh t i nh is l ef t h and o n t he r igh t s ide , w ith S HARR OTT o n t he l e f t s ide a nd DONCASTER o n t he r igh t b elow t he r i m. l f Al our b ow ls h ave l eaf d ecora t ion a long t he mou ld l ines.
1 u3
l A l t hese p ipes
t a re a tr ibu table t o t he J . S harra t ( t ) r ecorded i n Doncaster i n 1 838. 1 °4
2 3
Ab ow l r ecovered d ur ing e xcava t ion i n Chester f ield i n D erbysh ire w ith HE NRY o n t he l ef t s ide a nd RODE N o n t he r ight i mmed ia tely b elow t he r im 05 ( Fig. , 6 n o . 3 )1
i s a product o f a n a t-presen t u n iden t if ied maker.
T he Rodens ,
h owever , w ere a fa mous p ipe mak ing f am ily a t B roseley i nS hropsh ire , makers o f t ha t n a me b e ing r ecorded t here f ro m t he 1 650s u n t il t he 1 850s,
1 06
a nd wh i le
n o Henry Roden i s r ecorded t here i ts ee ms h ighly l i kely t ha t a me mber o f t h is f am ily moved e ast i n to Derbysh ire, p robably s ome t ime i n t he f irst h a lf o f t he 1 9th c en tury , s et u p b us iness t here , a nd a dop ted t h is f ash ionable s ty le o f mark ing f ro m h is e astern n e ighbours .
A s n o ted a bove ( p . 1 1) when d iscus-.
s ing t he N ot ty le o f d ecora t ion , Broseley i n f luence i n t he method o f tingha m s mark ing t he maker 's n a me w ith in t ha t d ecora t ion i s k nown f ro m p roduc ts o f Derby a nd C hesterf ield makers o f t he m id-or l a ter 1 8th c en tury , r e in forc ing t he s uggest ion t ha t Henry Roden was f ro m t he Broseley f am i ly a nd a lso s ugg est ing t ha t h e h ad moved t o a n a rea where h e k new Broseley makers h ad g one e ar l ier. I n N ot ire , e xa mp les o f t h is s ty le b y t he Edmunds, Haw , S i mn it tingha msh t, a nd Turp in f am i l ies o f N ewark h ave a lready b een n o ted ( p . 1 5-1 7 above) ; wh i le a t N ot he n a mes ED W .ARDS/NOTTING a nd HE N SON/NOTTIM o ccur tingha m t b o th o nb ow ls o therw ise u nmarked s ave f or l ea f d ecora t ion a long t he mou ld l ines a nd o nb ow ls w i th t h is d ecora t ion p lus f lu t ing.
T here a re t wo Edwardses n o ted
i n N ot , Tho mas f l1 814-34 a nd J ane f l 1 840 , a nd a lso t wo H ensons, tingha m Wil l 1 825-29 a nd L ucy f l 1 825-34.1 .07-T08 lia m f F inal , t he W isbech e xa mp le w i th N ICHOLS a nd WISBECH i m med ia tely ly b elow t he r im , i s i lustra ted i n F igure 5 n o. 7 . l
Th is i s a tr ibu tab le t o Mary t
N icho ls , f l 1 850 , o r p erhaps t o Wil icho las , f l1 850-65. 1 09 lia m N A l though t he d istr ibu t ion o f t hese Yorksh ire , N ot ire , a nd tingha msh Ca mbr idgesh ire makers i s im med ia tely a d jacen t t o t ha t o f t he L inco lnsh ire makers n o ted e ar l ier , n one o f t he f or mer ( w ith t he e xcep t ion o f t he N ewark S i mn it nd Turp ins a nd p robably t he N ewbal ing a t East Ret ford ) c an ts a l work b e c onnected , e ither b y f am ily o r a ppren t icesh ip t i es , t o t hose i n L inco lnsh ire. I ti s t rue t ha t a t p resen t r ela t ively l i tt le i s k nown a bou t a ny o f t he m , a nd t ha t s o me may t urn o u t t o h ave s uch c onnect ions; b u t o n t he who le i t a ppears t ha t t he u se o f t h is s ty le o f mark ing b y t hese p er ipheral makers r epresen ts a c hange i n t he manner i n wh ich t h is s ty le o f mark ing was s pread ing.
With in L inco ln-
s h ire t he s pread i s t hrough f am ily a nd a ppren t icesh ip c onnec t ions i n n early a l t he c ases k nown a nd t hroughou t t he who le p er iod t he s ty le o f mark ing was l i n u se.
With t he p er iphera l makers, h owever , t he s pread o f t h is s ty le o f
mark ing i s p robab ly t he r esu l t o f i ndependen t c opy ing b y makers u s ing i ta s a d ist inc t ive a nd p leasing mo t if ;
a nd a s i s d iscussed b elow , t h is a lso s ee ms
l ikely t o b e t he c ause o f t he s pread o f t h is s ty le q u i te w idely d own t he e ast a nd a long t he s ou th c oasts, a s i nd ica ted b y i t s s ca ttered a ppearance among p roducts o f N orfo lk , 9 ) .
S uf lk , Essex , L ondon , S urrey , S ussex , a nd D orset makers ( F ig. fo
E lsewhere , o ne o r t wo a t-presen t u nknown makers u s ing t h is f or m o f
mark ing m igh t b e l ooked f or im med ia tely t o t he SW a nd s ou th o f L inco lnsh ire —NE L e icestersh ire , Ru t land , t he S oke o f P eterborough , a nd t he I s le o f E ly , a l a reas wh ich s t il wai t l oca l p ipe s tud ies. l l a 10 I n N orfo lk , O swa ld 1
h as r ecen t ly n o ted b ow ls w ith t h is s ty le o f mark-
i ng p roduced b y s evera l makers —John Brown , s omeone Browne ( no f i rst n a me ) ,
2 4
a nd a maker k nown o n ly f ro m h is i n i t ia ls B a nd R o n t he l ef t a nd r ight s ides o f t he h eel , a l o f N orw ich ; a nd W. Harvey a nd J a mes Tay lor , b o th o f Grea t Yarl mou th .
J ohn Brown 's p ipes h ave t he N orw ich c oa t o f a r ms f ac ing t he smoker
a nd I OHN a nd BRO WN o n e i ther s ide o f t he b ase w ith in a s crol F ig. 6 n o. 2 ) ; l ( t he Browne b ow l h as l ea f d ecora t ion a long t he mou ld l ine away f ro m t he smoker , s tars o n e i ther s ide o f t he mou ld l ine f ac ing t he smoker , a n a n i ma l o n t he s ide w ith a bove i t al arge s tar o r p etal l ower , a nd im med ia tely b elow t he r im l ed f [ BR ]OWNE a nd NOR W ICH w ith a r ow o f s tars u nder t he words.
The b ow l w ith
t he i n it ia ls B a nd R o n e i th er s ide o f i t s h eel h as l ea f d ecora t ion a long t he mou ld l ine away f ro m t he smoker , a n i leg ible c oa t o f a r ms w ith s upporters f ac ing t he l smoker , a nd a n i leg ib le w ord o nt he l ef t s ide o f t he b ow l im med ia tely b elow t he l r im a nd NOR W ICH o n t he r ight .
J ohn Brown was a ppren t iced i n 17 60 t o t he
N orw ich p ipe maker R ichard Wil here a re n ine p ipe makers k nown w ith t he l et t; t n a me Browne i n N orw ich , a l work ing b etween t he 1 790s a nd t he 1 890s. l N orw ich maker w i th t he i n i t ia ls B . R . i s a t p resen t k nown .
N o
W. Harvey o f Grea t
Yar mou th—h is f i rst-na me i n i t ia l c o mes f ro m t he W a nd H o n t he l ef t a nd r igh t s ides o f t he h eel o f h is p ip es — is a hi ther to-unknown maker :
h is b ow ls h ave t he
a r ms o f t he Masons ' c o mpany —three c ast les a nd a p a ir o f c o mpasses —on t he l ef t s ide a nd c ompasses o nt he r igh t s ide , w ith t he words HARVEY a nd YARMOUTH b elow t he r im ( F ig .6
n o . 4 ).
The J a mes Tay lor b ow l h as b road f l u t ing
a nd YAR MOUTH —on t he l e f t s ide — a nd TAILOR ( s ic ) i n ab and i m med iately b elow t he r i m.
I t i s a tr ibu tab le t o o ne o f t hree J a mes Tay lors , J a mes If l 1 830-35, t
J a mes I f l1 836-53, o r J ames I I f l1 853-68;
a nd i n teres t ingly , i n v iew o f t he
r e marks e ar l ier a s t o a poss ible s pread o f t h is s ty le o f mark ing f ro m L inco lns h ire t o makers work ing i na reas t o t he s ou th a nd SW , was f ound n o t i n I psw ich b u t a t O akha m Cast le i n Ru t land .
O swa ld d a tes t he W. Harvey b ow ls t o c .
11
1 780-1800 a nd t he J ohn Brown e xa mp le t o c . 1 780 a t t he l a test ,
12 1
f ro m wh ich
t hey wou ld a ppear t o b e t he e ar l iest-known b ow ls o f t h is s ty le o f mark ing f ro m o u tside L inco lnsh ire ;
i ndeed , o n t hese d ates t hey a re v ery e ar ly—par t icu lar ly
t he J ohn Brown e xa mp le —even b y L inco lnsh ire s tandards.
Brown i n f act ,
a ssu m ing h e s erved t he t rad it iona l s even-year a ppren t icesh ip , c ou ld h ave b ec o me f ree i n 1 767 ( no c onn ect ions w ith L inco lnsh ire a re k nown ; R ichard Wil l et t, t o who m Brown h ad b een a ppren t iced , h ad t aken h is f reedo m i n N orw ich i n 1 756 ). 13 A v ar ia t ion p robab ly i nsp ired b y t h is s ty le o f mark ing a nd s im ilar t o t he l e Hurst o f Hul xa mp le n o ted e ar l ier ( p . 2 3 a bove ) i s a product o f G eorge Browne t o f Norw ich ( f l . 1 801-30 ), ab ow l w i th t he l e ters G a nd B o nt he l ef t a nd r igh t s ides o ft he h eel , as o ld ier p resen t ing a r ms o n t he l ef t s ide a nd a no ther w ith a m usket w ith b ayone t h e ld i n h is l ef t h and o n t he r igh t s ide , a nd t he words to m t GE ORGE a nd BRO WN ( s ic ) r unn ing f ro m b ot o t op o f t he b ow l o n t he l ef t a nd r igh t s ides r espect ively b e tween t he s o ld iers a nd t he l eaf d ecora t ion a long t he mou ld l ine a way f rom t he smoker.
1 14
However , av ery much e arl ier u se
o f s uch mark ing i s k nown f ro m p roducts o f S a muel B enbow , f l1 684-1709 a t to m t S tony S tra tford , Buck inghamsh ire , w ith S A MUE L r unn ing f ro m b ot o t op o n t he l ef t s ide o f a n o therw ise u ndecora ted b ow l a nd BE NBO W r unn ing f ro m to m o t op t o b ot n t he o ther s ide , b o th words mou ld impar ted , 15 a nd a p roduc t lia m Benbow o f Wil , a n o therw ise u nknown maker o f C . 1 700 p resumably r elat ed t o S a muel a nd k nown f ro m ab ow l s im ilar t o t he S a muel B enbow e xa mp le A l most e xac t ly t he f or m u sed b y S a muel Benbow a nd i n B ed ford Museu m . 16 a lso o ccurs o n a n o therw ise p la in b ow l f ro m C irencester i n G loucestersh ire 2 5
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D istr ibu t ion map o f L inco ln-sty le marked b owls.
S o l id c ircles irc les i nd ica te i nd ica te k nown p roduct ion c en tres ( named ); o pen c f i nd-spo ts. The b roken l ine d el im its t he p resen t d istr ibu t ion o f f i nds o f t h is t ype , e xclud ing t he d istr ibu t ion d own t he e ast a nd a long t he s ou th c oasts.
2 6
w ith t he n a me OKE LY mou ld impar ted a nd r unn ing f ro m t op t o b ot n i t s to m o r ight s ide ,
1 17
wh ich must b e a produc t o f o ne o f f our Br isto l makers o f t ha t
n a me work ing b etween t he 1 730s a nd t he 1 820s — most p robab ly , f ro m t he b ow l l work s hape , t he J ohn Okely f ree 1 768 , s t il ing 1 798 , a nd d ead b y 1 800h18 _ l y- marked b wh ile a no ther a l most i den t ical ow l i s k nown w i th PTAT ( s ic ) a nd to m o TAVNTON r unn ing f ro m t op t o b ot n t he l ef t a nd r igh t s ides, wh ich i s p res u mab ly a produc t o f o n e o f t he P rods o f Taun ton i nS o merset k nown t o h ave b een work ing t here i nt he l a te 1 7 th a nd l a te 1 8th- m id 1 9 th c en tury —Oswa ld 1 19 s uggests t he J ohn Prat t f l 1 791-98.
A l though , t herefore, t h is f or m o f mark ing
a ppears t o h ave b een r are i td oes o ccur i n a reas w idely s epara ted c hrono log ic al ly a nd g eograph ical ly .
I ndeed , e ven t he o r thodox L inco ln method o f mark ing
t he b ow l i s n o t t o tal ly w i thou t p receden t,
f or Roger Pond o f Hursley i n Ha mp-
s hire, f l1 718-43, p roduced ab ow l w ith h is n a me o n e i ther s ide n ear t he b ase a nd a n i ndec ipherable d esign a bove t h is a nd p oss ibly h is n a me a bove t ha t a ga in— i m med ia tely b elow t he r i m —on a t l east o ne s ide.
1 2
°
R eturn ing , h owever , t o e xa mp les o f t he L inco ln s ty le o f mark ing f ound d own t he e ast c oast , t here i s ab ow l f ro m n ear I psw ich , p robab ly d a tab le t o t he f irst h a l f o ft he 1 9 th c en tury , w i th n arrow v er t ica l r ibb ing , t he i n i t ia ls W a nd A o n t he l ef t a nd r igh t s ides o f t he h eel , a nd ADA MS a nd I PS W ICH i m med ia tely b elow t he r i m.
Th is i s p robably a produc t o f t he s econd o r t h ird o f t hree
l l ed Webster Ada ms ly f makers a l c al , ap ipe mak ing f am ily o r ig inal ro m S towmarket where t hey a re f i rs t n o ted i n t he t rade i n 1 689.
The f am ily a ppears t o
h ave b een p rosperous, Webster Ada ms I o wn ing a t h is d ea th i n 1 828 p roperty i n S tow market , N eedha m Market ( t he G eorge I nn ), a nd a p ipe f ac tory i n I psw ich , l ed t wh ich l ast h e w il o h is s on Webster I I , who was b ap t ized a t N eedha m Market i n 1 787 a nd d ied i n I psw ich i n 1 853.
I ti s p ossible t ha t Webster I( D 1 811 ) o b-
t a ined t h is I psw ich b usiness c . 1 775 a nd p u t i n h is s on Webster I a s manager ; t here i s , h owever , n o r eason t o d a te t he p ipe a s e ar ly a s t h is.
I n terest ing ly ,
t he s ame b ow l f or m w ith t he s a me r ibbed d ecora t ion a nd s a me i n it ia ls o n t he 21 tes u h eel i s a lso k nown w ith a r ow o f r oset nder t he r im i n p lace o f t he n a mes .1
I nt he L ondon a rea a lso , s evera l makers a re k nown t o h ave u sed t h is s ty le o f mark ing.
I n E ssex , Tho mas Ba l me o f Ro mford a nd a no ther Tho mas
Bal me ( or p oss ibly t he s ame, i fh is b us iness h ad b ranches ), i n East L ondon p roduced r eeded b owls w ith t he l et ters T a nd B o n t he l ef t a nd r igh t s ides o f 22 t he h ee l a nd BALME a nd r espect ively ROMFORD ( F ig. 6 n o . 1 )1 23 E N D1
i m med ia tely b elow t he r im .
24 1 805-11 1
a nd MILE
The Ro mford Tho mas Ba l me i s r ecorded
a nd t he East L ondon Tho mas Ba l me 1 805-40 ,
1 25
t t he l a ter 's
p re m ises b e ing a t Wen twor th P lace, n ow p ar t o f t he Mile End Road .1 26
An
o therw ise p la in b ow l w i th R MOORE o n i t s l ef t s ide a nd MAKER o n i t s r igh t t al i t le b elow t he r im i s k nown f ro m L ondon ; t h is maker i s p robab ly t he R . Moon a ppear ing i n a n 1 805 l i st o f me mbers o f t he L ondon p ipe makers ' g u ild a nd t he d ub iouslytranscr ibed n a me " Rodger D ix Moon" n o ted a s a n A ssistan t 27 —A tk inson a nd O swa ld d a te t he b ow l o f t he L ondon p ipe makers ' g u ild i n 1 821 1
t o c . 1 800-40.
1 28
Another b ow l , w i th a l terna t ing t h in f lu tes a nd r a ised l ines
a nd l ea f d ecora t ion a long t he mou ld l ines, h as t he l et ters Ia nd P o n t he l ef t a nd r igh t s ides o f t he h eel a nd t he n a me P ITT o n t he l ef t s ide o f t he b owl immed ia tely b elow t he r i m.
Wha t ( i f a ny th ing ) was o n t he r igh t s ide i s u nknown ,
a s t he p ipe i s k nown o n ly f ro m a draw ing o f t he l ef t s ide a nd i t s h eel mark , b u t t t who i tc a me f ro m K ew S ewage Works a nd c an b e a tr ibu ted t o t he J a mes P it i s r ecorded work ing n earby a t R ich mond f ro m 1 805 t o 1 811. 2 7
1 29-130
F ar ther a way , b u t s t il l i nS urrey , o ne o f t he Sw inyards work ing i n Gu i ld ford—e ither W il liam f l1 832-58 o r J a mes f l 1 839-51 —used t he i nscr ip t ion SW INYARD a nd G ILFORD ( s ic ) b elow t he r im o f ab ow l d ecorated w i th r eed ing a nd r ibb ing v ery s im ilar t o a t l east o ne o f t he Thomas Ba l me b ow ls n o ted a bove ( Pl . 4 a ,b ) .1 31 The Sw inyards w ere a p ro l if ic p ipe , mak ing f am ily i n L ondon , Buck ingha msh ire , S urrey , S ussex , a nd Hampsh ire f ro m t he l a te 1 8th c en tury i n to t h is. 1 32 A long t he s ou th c oast , t wo S ussex p ipe makers a re k nown t o h ave u sed t h is s ty le; a nd t wo b ow ls o ft h is s ty le , t hough n o tb ear ing maker 's n ames, a re k nown f ro m S E Dorset . I nS ussex , J ohn Drape o fB r ighton , f l1 832-67 , a nd S tephen L e igh o f Ch ichester , f l1 841-55 , e ach u sed a n a l mostiden t ica l f or m o f e labora tely-decora ted b ow l w i th r espect ive ly [ J? ]DRAPE / BR IGHTON a nd ling r S •L EIGH VCHICHESTER i n ab and b elow ab and o f mou lded m il ound t he r im ( Pl . 5 a ,b ). A s n oted a bove ( p .23) , t hese Drape a nd L e igh e xamp les a re a l most i den t ica l t o ap ipe p roduced b y t he c on te mporary Doncaster maker J . S harra t ( t ) : t he o n ly e ssen t ia l d iferences a re i n t he c en tra l mo t if o f t he d ecorat ion o ne ither s ide o f t he b ow l , t he D rape b ow ls h av ing t he Br ighton c oa t o f a r ms —a s h ield w ith t wo d o lph ins —on o ne, p oss ib ly b o th , s ides ( no w ho le s pec i mens h ave s o f ar b een f ound ); wh i le t he L e igh b ow ls , wh ich a re k nown i n 33 t wo s izes , h ave a r ose o nt he l e f t s ide a nd at h ist le o n t he r ight. 1
The S har-
r a t ( t ) b ow l , a s a lready n o ted , h as i t s c en tra l mo t ifs l ef t a s b lank s paces.
I t
s ee ms v ery l ikely t ha t o ne mou ldmaker w as s upp ly ing t h is s ty le o f mould w ith o p t iona l p ersona l ized c en tra l mo t ifs , a nd was s el ling t he m t o makers a s f ar a par t a s Yorksh ire a nd S ussex. 1 34 I n Dorset , a bow l f ound i n t he Poo le a rea b ears a n a r mor ia l d esign a nd h as I SLE o n t he l e f t s ide b elow t he r im a nd BRANKSEY o nt he r igh t , a n a pparen t c on f ir ma t ion o f a loca l b e l ief t ha t p ipes w ere a t o ne t ime made o n Brownsea I sland , k nown l ast c en tury a s B ranksey I sland a nd p r ior t o t ha tb y o ther v ar ian ts, wh ich l i es i n t he m idd le o f Poole Harbour a nd h ad p ipec lay d epos its ;1 35 wh i le f rom W i mborne M inster t here i s a fl u ted b ow l w ith * IM* o n t he l ef t s ide i n ab and i mmed ia tely b elow t he r im ( t he r igh t s ide h as n o i nscr ip t ion ) ( F ig. 5 n o . 5 ).
1 36
The o n ly e v idence k nown a t p resen t t o c onn ec t a ny o f t hese S E a nd s ou thern p ipe makers w i th L inco lnsh ire i s an ewspaper r eference t o t he d ea th i n 1 854 a t Ga insborough a t t he a ge o f 2 8 o f A l fred Mar t in " La te manager t o Messrs. Sw iny ard , p ipe manu facturers , L ambeth , L ondon" :1 37 Mar t in was a l mos t c erta in ly f rom a Ga insborough p ipe mak ing f am ily , f or aHenry Mart in i s n o ted work ing t here i n 1 855-56, a nd a s i nd ica ted e ar l ier ( p .15 a bove ) was p roduc ing b ow ls w ith t he L inco ln s ty le o f mark ing. I ndependen t i nven t ion o f t h is s ty le o f mark ing i s a lways p oss ible , b u t i n v iew o ft he e n thus iast ic manner i n wh ich p ipe mak ers p lag iar ized e ach o ther 's d es igns , n a mes , e tc., i n t he 1 9 th c en tury i ts ee ms much more p robable t ha t ly L ly a t h is s pec if ical inco lnsh ire d es ign was i n i t ial dop ted a s ad ist inc t ive f orm o f maker 's mark b ecause t he c oast ing t rade o r t he p ipeclay t rade f rom Poo le b rough t L inco lnsh ire p ipes s ou th. A c ompar ison b e tween t he d istr ibu t ion o f p ipes w ith t h is s ty le o f mark ing i n L inco lnsh ire a nd t hose f ound d own t he S E f a nd a long t he s ou th c oasts s hows c lear d i ferences.
I n L inco lnsh ire , t he d is-
t r ibu t ion s uggests a s pread f rom s o me c en tra l p o in t o f o r ig in , a nd a lmost a l l t he makers k nown t o h ave u sed t he s ty le c an b e s hown t o h ave h ad c onnect ions w ith e ach o ther e i ther t hrough a ppren t icesh ip o r f am ily t i es , a nd t here a re 2 8
c onnect ions u lt i ma tely g o ing b ack t o J ames N ay lor , t he e arl iest-known maker t o h ave u sed t h is s ty le , who was work ing i n t he r easonably-cen tra l l oca t ion o f L inco ln ; t he d istr ibu t ion o f t he s ty le d own t he S E a nd a long t he s ou th c oasts , b y c on trast , i nvo lves makers who w ith o ne l a te e xcep t ion h ave n o k nown c onn ect ions e ither among t he mselves o r w i th L inco lnsh ire , a nd wh ile t h is i s n o t t y et a c onclusive a rgumen t b ecause r ela t ively l i t le s tudy h as s o f ar b een made t ered l o f t hese makers , t he ir s cat oca t ions h ave n o c o m mon g eograph ical b ack38 g round s ave f or c oasta l t rade .1
I t i s p oss ible , i ndeed , t ha t t he s ing le — la te
—connect ion k nown b etween L inco lnsh ire a nd t he S E s cat , A l fred Mar t in 's t er emp loymen t w ith t he Sw inyard f am ily , o n ly emphasizes t he r ar i ty o f t hese c onn ect ion s, f or t he o ne f i rm u sing t he s ty le a nd n ot c on for m ing t o t he c oasta l d istr ibu t ion was t he b ranch o f t he Sw inyard f am ily i nb us iness a t Gu ild ford , a nd wh i le Mart in 's o b i tuary r efers t o h is h av ing b een manager o f t he Sw inyard f am ily 's L a mbeth works h e c ou ld h ave b een emp loyed e ar l ier b y t he f am ily i n o ne o ft he ir o ther b ranches , s uch a s t ha t a t Gu i ldford .
There i s o ne o ther
p oss ib le a ssoc ia t ion b etween t he n or thern o ccurrences o ft h is f or m o f mark ing a nd e xa mp les f ro m t he s ou th , a ga in l a te , a nd t ha t i s t he v ir tua l i den t ity o f mou lds u sed b y S harra t ( t ) i n Yorksh ire a nd Drape a nd L e igh i n S ussex :
o ne
wou ld g rea t ly l ike t o k now w ho made t hese mou lds a nd where. C er ta in ly t he o ccurrence o f t h is f or m o f mark ing a long t he s ou th c oast a s f ar a s t he Poo le a rea s trong ly s uggests a c onnect ion b etween t he s pread o f t h is f or m o f mark ing a nd t he c oastw ise t rade o f p ipeclay f ro m Poo le.
Un for-
t una tely , t he Poo le p ipec lay t rade h as n o t b een s tud ied , b u t c er ta in ly i nt he 1 7 th a nd e ar l ier 1 8th c en tury P oo le p ipeclay w as b e ing s h ipped a long t he s ou th c oast a nd u p t he e ast c oast a s f ar a s N ewcast le , w ith p or ts s uch a s Ch ichester , L ondon , I psw ich , Great Yar mou th , Boston , a nd Hul laces where p ipes l —al l p o f t h is s ty le were b eing p roduced a t a la ter d a te —a mong t hose s pec if ical o ted. ly n Fur ther , t he Chr ist mas 1 734-Chr istmas 1 735 p or t b ooks f or K ing 's L ynn r ecord p ipeclay b e ing s h ipped f ro m t here t o N orw ich a nd S pa ld ing a nd t he Chr istmas 1 683-Chr ist mas 1 684 p or t b ooks f or Br id l ing ton r ecord p ipeclay a rr iv ing t here f ro m Hul nd ica t ing t ha t t he l arger p or ts w ere r esh ipp ing p ipel, i 39 c lay t o smal en tres. 1 l er c
I sle o f Wigh t p ipeclay was a lso r each ing e as t-
c oast p or ts i n t he 1 7 th a nd e ar l ier 1 8 th c en tury.
I n t he 1 680s p ipeclay f ro m
4 ° w h ile i n 1 716 t he Rober t Cowes was b eing s h ipped t o N ewcast le a nd Hu1 1; 1
Col ton o f S ta mford r eferred t o e ar l ier ( p . 1 9-21) , a t t h is t ime a g rocer , n oted ling h e h ad " a v essel l a tely c o me i n w i th t he I s le o f Wigh t c lay" f or p ipe makers a nd i n 1 731, when a nnounc ing h e h ad s et u p h is own p ipe mak ing b usiness, h e n o ted h e was " the impor ter o f h is own c lays f ro m t he I sle o f Wh ite ( s ic )" .
1 41
Before
t he midd le o f t he 1 9 th c en tury , h owever , r eferences t o t he u se o f S ou th D evon c lay b eg in t o a ppear i n p ipe mak ing a ccoun ts a long w ith r eferences t o t he h ithert o s tandard Dorset c lay , a nd b y t he s econd h a lf o f t he c en tury S ou th D evon h as b eco me t he s tandard s ource f or p ipeclay ,
1 42
s o t ha t o ne may y et f ind L inco ln-
s ty le b ow ls a s f ar west a long t he s ou th . c oast a s t he N ew ton A bbo t-Te ignmou th a rea , t hough a n e xa m ina t ion b y o ne o f u s ( I . C . Wa lker ) i n 1 969 o f p ipe c ol l ect ions i n museu ms i n Devon a nd Cornwal ecorded n o e xa mp les. One c ur ious l r p o in t d oes r e ma in , h owever :
n o e xa mp les o f t h is f or m o f mark ing h ave b een
r ecorded f ro m N or thumber land a nd Co. Durha m , where t he N ewcast le-London c oastw ise c oal t rade m igh t h ave b een e xpected t o t ake t he m a nd w here Parsons 's 43 s tudy 1
wou ld s urely h ave r evealed s uch a rr iva ls.
2 9
D esp ite t he v ery e ar ly N orfo lk e xa mp les, t herefore , t here i s n o r eason t o d oubt t ha t t h is s ty le o fb ow l mark ing d oes i ndeed o r ig ina te i n L inco ln sh ire , t ha t i t s p robab le o r ig ina tor was J ames N ay lor o f L inco ln , a nd t ha t i tf i rst a p44 Wh ile t he s ty le was s preadp eared i nt he t h ird q uar ter o f t he 1 8 th c en tury .1 i ng t hrough a ppren t icesh ip a nd f am ily c onnect ions i n L inco lnsh ire, i t was
s pread ing i ndependen t ly d own t he e as t a nd a long t he s ou th c oasts, a nd a lso i n to a reas i mmed ia tely a d jacen t t o L inco lnsh ire i n a n a rc f ro m K ingston u pon Hul l i n t he n or th t o Wisbech i n t he s ou th , a s an umber o f u nrela ted makers b egan c opy ing i t . I t was a lready b e ing c op ied i n N orfo lk w el l b efore 1 800 , b u t d oes n ot a ppear t o h ave r eached S uf fo lk o r t he L ondon a rea b efore C . 1 800 n or t he a reas i m med ia tely a d jacen t t o L inco lnsh ire much b efore t he t h ird d ecade o f t he 1 9 th c en tury ; w h i le i ta ppears t o h ave r eached c oas ta l S ussex o n ly i nt he m id1 9 th c en tury .
Un fortuna tely , t he t wo S E Dorset e xamp les a re n o t d a table.
A s
i n L inco lnsh ire , t he s ty le a ppears t o h ave b een i nu se among t hese o u t ly ing makers f or t he b est p ar t o f 1 00 y ears , t hough n o t f or a ny th ing l ike t ha t l eng th o ft ime i n a ny o ne s pec if ic a rea. CONC LUSIONS The p urpose o ft h is p aper h as b een t o d escr ibe a nd d iscuss i n d eta il t wo d ist inct ive s ty les o f p ipe makers ' marks , o ne o n t he s te m a nd t he o ther o nt he b ow l , c urren t i n e ast-cen tra l England i n t he 1 8th a nd 1 9 th c en tur ies a nd t o e xam ine t he ir s pread i nt er ms o f f am ily a nd a ppren t icesh ip l i nks a nd t he d istr ibu t ion o f i ndiv idua l mak er 's p roduc ts i n t er ms o f t rade r adi f i o t he ir p roduc t ion c en tres.
I n t he c ase o f t he s econd s ty le o f mark ing d escr ibed,
t he d ist inct ive method o f p ut he maker 's n ame a nd p lace o f work o n t he ting t b ow l , t here i s a n a ddi t iona l w idespread s cat own t he e ast a nd a long t he t er d s ou th c oasts most p robably due t o c oasta l s h ipp ing t rade s preading t he i dea . D ist inc t ive l oca l s ty les o f mark ing p ipes s uch a s t he e xa mp les e xam ined h ere may p rove e qual sefu l i n r evea l ing l oca l t rade p at n o ther a reas, a nd ly u t erns i t he ir s tudy s ee ms a log ica l s tep f or r esearchers a f ter t he b asic s tud ies o f p roduc ing i lus tra ted c orpora o f l oca l c ol t ion s , l oca l b ow l t ypo log ies, a nd l l ec l i sts o f l oca l makers.
H owever , c erta in a reas, n o tably Yorksh ire , t he East
Mid lands , a nd East Ang l ia i n t he c ase o f t he t wo f orms o f mark ing s tud ied h ere , a re s t il n n eed o f t hese b asic s tud ies. l i The p ar t icu lar s tudy p resen ted h ere c an b enef it f ro m f urther r esearch i n a t l east t wo r espects :
o ne i s t he p roduc t ion o f s tud ies o f Yorksh ire, East
Mid lands, a nd East Ang l ian ma ter ia l , a nd t he o ther i s as earch f or more d a ta w ith in t he L inco lnsh ire-Not tingha msh ire r eg ion t o r ef ine a nd p erhaps mod ify t he c onc lusions p u t f orward h ere. I n p art icu lar , t he p oss ible Du tch o r ig in s f or t he f i rs t o f t he t wo s ty les o f mark ing d escribed , t he e labora te s te m d ecorat i on i ncorpora t ing t he maker 's n ame a nd p lace o f work , d eserve d eta iled s tudy ; a nd i ti s p robable t ha t c on t inued r esearch w il l a dd t o t he p resen t r a ther s ketchy k now ledge o ft he e x ten t o f t h is s ty le o f mark ing .
One wou ld a lso l i k e t o k now
w hether i ti s c o incidence t ha t t he t wo s ty les o f d ecora t ion d iscussed h ere, w h ile o bv ious ly n o t c onnected i n a ny a r t ist ic s en se, d o c over r a ther s im ilar g eog raph ica l a reas : t he s te m mark ing i s c en tred o n N ot tingha msh ire, a t l east o n p resen t e v idence , a nd c er ta in ly t he L inco ln sh ire i ndus try h as b een s tud ied i ne nough d e ta i l f or i tt ob e s a id w ith c on f idence t ha t t h is f or m o f mark ing was n o t much u sed b y L inco lnsh ire makers; b u t p ipes w ith t h is mark ing —one f rom
3 0
a s f ar a way a s D erby—cer ta in ly r eached L incolnsh ire.
The b ow l mark ing i s
ly a l c erta in ly c en tred o n L inco lnsh ire , b u t t he s ty le s pread t o c over v ir tual l t he a rea w here t he s te m mark ing h ad o ccurred.
Further , t he t wo s ty les o f
d ecora t ion a ppear t o s ucceed e ach o ther c hrono log ical ly , t he s te m mark ing b elong ing t o t he f i rst t hree-quar ters o r s o o f t he 18 th c en tury a nd t he b ow l mark ing c over ing a pprox i ma tely t he l ast q uar ter o f t he 1 8 th c en tury a nd t he f irst t hree-quar ters o ft he 1 9th c en tury : a s n o ted e ar l ier ( p . 1 0 a bove ), a N ot tingham-sty le s te m f rag men t o ccurred t ogether w ith L inco ln-sty le b owls i n ac on tex t a t Boston ;
a nd J a mes N ay lor o f L inco ln , who a ppears t o h ave o r ig ina-
t ed t he L inco ln s ty le o fb owl mark ing , h ad b een a n a ppren t ice o f Mat t hew Heblethw ight , t he f irst L inco ln maker k nown t o h ave a dop ted t he N ot tingha m s ty le o f s te m mark ing ( p . 1 5 ).
The wr iters wou ld b e g ratefu l f or a ny i n for ma-
t ion o nf i nds o fe i ther s ty le o f mark ing a nd f or a ny i n for ma t ion o n c hrono log ical t c on tex t o r o n maker i ft h is l a ter s hou ld b e ah i ther to-unknown i nd iv idua l .*
Th is p aper was wr it n 19 7476 a nd h as n o t b een u pda ted s ince , e xcep t ten i t ha t r eferences t o t he f i rst a u thor 's 1 973 Ph.D. t hesis h ave b een c hanged t o t he p ar t ly-upda ted p ubl ished v ersion o f t ha t s tudy , wh ich a ppeared i n 1 977 ( s ee n . 6 5 b elow ). However , v ar ious s ubsequen t f inds, p ar t icu lar ly o f L inco lns ty le b ow ls, c on f ir m a nd amp l ify a n umber o f t he s uggest ions a nd c onc lus ions p u t f orward i n t h is p aper. The a u thors h ope t o p ubl ish a t a fu ture d a te a shor t , s equel n o t ing t hese a nd a ny f ur ther d iscover ies a nd d iscussing t he ir s ign if ic ance.
3 1
AC I ZNOW LE DGE ME NTS
l We s hou ld l ike t o t hank s incerely a l t hose w ho have p repara t ion o ft h is p aper.
h el ped w ith t he
To Adr ian O swald i n p ar t icu lar w e owe a n i m mense
d ebt o f g ra t i tude , n o t o n ly f or h is p ioneer ing work o n c lay p ipes o ver t he p ast q uar ter-cen tury b u t f or h is u n fa i l ing g eneros i ty o ver t he y ears w ith ma ter ia l a nd e spec ial ly f or s upp ly ing much d a ta f or t h is p art icu lar p aper , a s t he f oo tn o tes w il l a t test .
We a lso o we ag rea t d ea l t o R . C . A lvey , f or a l low ing u s t o
u se u npubl ished i n for ma t ion a nd d raw ings a nd s upp ly ing o ther a ss istance; t o D . R . A tk inson , f or p er m ission t o u se u npub l ished i n for ma t ion a nd t o r eproduce P la tes 4 a ,b a nd 5 a ,b ; t o A . J . A . Cooksey , f or a l low ing u s t o u se h is t wo u np ub l ished p apers o n Poo le a nd Wi mborne Minster p ipes a nd f or a dd i t iona l i nf or ma t ion ; t o R . H . Cooper f or p er m it ting u s t o c i te h is t ranscr ip t o f t he L ondon a nd West m inster p ipe makers ' g u i ld 's o a th o f a l leg iance a nd f or a dd it iona l i n for ma t ion ;
t o M. J . Do lby , K eeper o f An t iqu it ies a t Doncaster Museum
f or i n for ma t ion o n Doncaster Museu m p ipes; t o G . Dowdel l f or s how ing o ne o f u s ( I . C . Walker ) mater ia l f ro m t he Poo le e xcava t ions i n 1 973 a nd f or i n for mat ion o n Poo le p ipes; t o G . J . Garra tt , ad escendan t o f t he S i mn itt p ipe mak i ig f am i ly o f N ewark , f or i n for ma t ion a bou t J ohn L yne S i mn it t;
a nd t o H . Oak-
Rh ind f or i n for ma t ion o n t he Ada ms p ipe mak ing f am i ly o f S tow market , N eedha m Marke t , a nd I psw ich .
To a l t he many l oca l p eop le w ho o ver t he y ears h ave l
s upp l ied u s w i th i nfor ma t ion o n f inds d iscussed h ere we s hou ld a lso l i k e t o e xp ress o ur s incere t hank s : c e ived .
w i thou t t he m , t h is p aper wou ld n ever h ave b een c on-
F igures 3 , 7 , a nd 9were d rawn b y J acquel ine Met iv ier o f t he d raugh t ing
f o s taf ft he R esearch D iv is ion o f t he N a t iona l H istor ic Parks a nd S ites Branch f t o f t he D epar t men t o f I nd ian a nd N or thern A fa irs, O tawa , Canada; a nd P lates 1 -3 a ppear b y p er m ission o f t he s a me D epar t men t .
3 2
P la te 1 .
Co mposi te p hotograph o f Du tch p ipe-ste m f rag men t d ecora ted w ith a b and o f d en t icula ted l ines b ordered a t t he t op b y t he maker 's n a me, P LE NS, a nd a t t he f oo t b y t he p lace o f manufact ure, GOUDA. S co t ia , Canada ;
Excava ted a t t he Fortress o f L ou isbourg , N ova c on tex t u nknown , b u t p resu mably f ro m t he
p er iod o f F rench o ccupa t ion , 1 716-58.
P la te 2 . Three p ipe-ste m f rag men ts s how ing t yp ica l Du tch d ecora t ion o f r ou let nd r uns o ft ouch ing o pen c irc les. ting a
F ortress o f L ou isbourg ,
1 716-50 c on tex t .
P la te 3 . D ecora ted Du tch p ipe-ste m f rag men t. S ix e xa mp les o ft h is s ty le k nown f ro m Fortress o f L ou isbourg , o ne i n a 1716-50 c on tex t a nd f ive i n 1 720t t 3 2 c on texts, o ne o f t he l a ter a tached t o ab ow l p robab ly o f l a te 1 7 the arly 1 8 th c en tury f or m.
P la te 4 a ,b. L ef t a nd r igh t s ides o f p ipe b ow l p roduced b y e i ther Wil lia m ( 1 1 1 8325 8 ) o r J a mes ( f l 1 839-51 ) Sw inyard o f Gu i ld ford.
The maker 's n a me,
SW INYARD , a ppears b e low t he r im o n t he l ef t s ide o f t he b ow l ; t he p lace o f manu fac ture , G ILFORD ( s ic ) , a ppears o nt he r ight s ide.
P la te 5 a ,b. L ef t a nd r igh t s ides o f p ipe b ow l p roduced b y S tephen L e igh o f C h ichester , f l1 841-55. The maker 's n ame , S•TRIGH •, app ears b e low t he b and o f mou lded m il ling r ound t he r im o n t he l ef t s ide o ft he b ow l ; t he p lace o f manu fac ture , CH ICHESTER , a ppears o n t he r igh t s ide. ( Pla tes 1 -3 c opyr ight D epar t men t o fI nd ian a nd N or thern A f fa irs , O t tawa , C anada ; P la tes 4 -5 c our tesy o f D . R . A tk inson .)
NOTES
1 .
A . H . O swa ld , " Engl ish C lay Tobacco P ipes" , A rchaeo log ica l N ews L et t er v o l . 3n o, 1 0 ( Apr i l 1 951 ) 1 53-59.
2 .
A . H . O swa ld , " The Evo lu t ion a nd Chrono logy o f Engl ish C lay Tobacco P ip es" , 2 _ 2 .c it. v o l . 5 no. 1 2 ( 1955 ) 2 43-50.
3 .
A . H . Oswa ld , " The Evo lu t ion a nd Chrono logy o f Engl ish C lay Tobacco P ipes" , o p .c it . v o l . 7n o . 3( Sep te mber 1 961) 5 5-62.
4 .
A . H . Oswa ld , " The A rchaeo logy a nd Econo m ic H istory o f Engl ish C lay I I Tobacco P ipes" , J ourna l o f t he Archaeo log ica l A ssoc ia t ion v o l. XX I B r i t ish Archaeo log ica l A ssoc ia t ion ( 3rd s er.) ( 1960 ) 4 0-102.
5 .
A . H . Oswa ld , Eng l ish C lay Tobacco P ipes ( 1967 ).
Br i t ish Archaeo log ica l
A ssociat ion , L ondon . 6 .
A . H . Oswa ld , " The C lay Tobacco P ipe :
I t s P lace i n Eng l ish C era m ics" ,
Engl ish C era m ic C irc le Transac t ions v o l . 7 pt 3 ( 1970 ) 2 22-45 a nd p ls. 2 001 4. 7 .
S ince t h is p aper was p repared , O swa ld 's mag ister ia l s urvey o f c lay t obacc o-p ipes i n Br ita in , C lay P ipes f or t he Archaeo log ist ( Br it ish Archaeo log ical R epor ts 1 4 ,1 975 ), h as a ppeared , wh ich i ncludes a l i st o f o ver 5 ,500 makers.
Though t h is work o f O swa ld 's a ppeared t oo l a te t o b e
u sed i n p repar ing t h is p aper , d a tes a nd o ther i n for ma t ion g iven f or v ar ious makers h ere h ave b een c hecked a ga inst t hose g iven b y O swald a nd where n ecessary c hanged t o t ake a ccoun t o f t he l a test i nfor ma t ion .
I n af ew i ns-
t ances r esearch i n t he c ourse o f c o mp il ing t h is p aper h as i n t urn r esu l ted i n u pda t ing o f O swa ld 's i n for ma t ion . 8 .
D . R . A tk inson , " A N ew L ist o f S ussex P ipe makers" , S ussex Archaeo lol ect g ical Col ions v o l . CV ( 1972 ) 3 7-43 s u m mar izes A tk inson 's p ubl ica t ions o nS ussex p ipes s ince 1 958.
9 .
1 0.
D . R . A tk inson , "Makers ' Marks o n C lay Tobacco P ipes f ound i n L ondon" , ter v A rchaeo log ica l N ews L et o l. 7 n o. 8 ( Apr il 1 962 ) 1 82-88. D . R . A tk inson , "Mak ers ' Marks o n C lay Tobacco P ipes f ound i n L ondon : P ar t I" , 2 p _ .c it . v o l . 7 no . 1 ( January/February 1 965 ) 2 49-56.
1.
D . R . A tk in son a nd A . H . O swa ld , " London C lay Tobacco P ipes" , J ourna l o f t he Archaeo log ica l A ssoc ia t ion v o l. =
I I ( 3rd s er.) ( 1969 )
1 71-227. 1 2.
D . R . A tk inson , " Tobacco P ipes a nd P ipe makers o f Mar lborough" , W i l tsh ire A rchaeo log ica l a nd N a tura l H istory Magazine v o l . 6 0 ( 1965 ) 8 5-95 ( re issued p r iva tely i n 1 969 w ith t wo e x tra p ages o f a dd it ions a nd c orrect ions ).
3 7
1 3.
D . R . A tk inson , " Clay Tobacco P ipes a nd P ipe makers o f S al isbury , Wi l tsh ire" , 2 _ p .c it . v o l . 6 5 ( 1970 ) 1 17-89 a nd p l . D (.
1 4.
f ry Hun D . R . A tk inson , " Jef t P ipes" ,
2 p .c it . v o l . 6 6 ( 1971) 1 56-61,
1 5.
D . R . A tk inson , " Fur ther N o tes o n t he C lay Tobacco P ipes a nd P ipe-
2 .c i t . v o l . 6 7 makers f ro m t he Mar lborough a nd S a l isbury D istr icts " , 2 ( 1972 ) 1 49-56. 1 6.
D . R . A tk inson , " Clay Tobacco P ipes f ound a t S ha f tesbury" , P roceed ings o f t he Dorset N a tura l H istory a nd Archaeo log ical S oc ie ty v o l . 9 1 ( 1970 ) 2 06-15.
1 7.
Papers o n P orts mou th a nd S ou tha mp ton p ip e makers a re i n p repara t ion , a s i s a p aper b y A tk inson a nd R . H . Cooper o n Winchester p ipes.
1 8.
D . R . A tk inson , Tobacco P ipes o f B roseley , S hropsh ire ( 1975 ). Pr iva te ly p r in ted .
1 9.
J . E . Parsons, " The Archaeo logy o f t he C lay Tobacco P ipe i n N or thEast England" , Archaeo log ia A el iana v o l . XLI 4 th s er.) ( 1964 ) 2 31-54. I (
2 0.
E l izabeth Wa tk ins , " Clay P ipes f ound i n D orset" , Proceed ings o f t he Dorset N a tura l H istory a nd Archaeo log ica l S oc iety v o l . 8 8 ( 1966 ) 2 16-33; M. B . Owen , " Clay Tobacco P ipes f ro m B a th" , Proceed ings o ft he S o merset Archaeo log ica l a nd N a tura l H istory S oc iety Vo l. 1 11 ( 1967 ) 5 15; S . L awrence ( w ith i n troduct ion b y L . A . S . Bu t ler ), " Clay Tobacco 5 P ipe Makers i n West Yorksh ire" , Yorksh ire Archaeo log ica l J ourna l v o l . XLV ( 1973 ) 1 89-93 ; P . S . Brown a nd J . M. S neddon , " Clay Tobacco P ipes f ro m Ba th" , N o tes & Quer ies f or S omerset a nd Dorset v o l. )
,
o
e
. cp
< . 4 7 1
( R) BR INSLEY
( a ) Not tingha m makers
4 - o
ct ,
o
c a . z 1 2 1 )
ec d o t
z
c a a ) c i )
R ichard Br insley
Probab le maker
2 > :
I lustra t ion l
APPENDIX I:NOTTINGHA M-STYLE STE M MARK INGS
4 -J . -
- 2 0
r n H
g
0
r x •
t-
f l 1704 , D1 737
r n
I N . ,.. . .
3 r 2 4 .. . . .
J a mes S ef ton
.. . 1
4 . ) -4-1
-,
F ig 1 nos 9 -10
-
41 . Z . •
c n
C I)
4 4
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r i)
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)S EFTON
5
7
( I . A
C d
1 1 : 3
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F ig 1n os 1 -7
, ....,
I .
n
.I .j
n
S· LUMLEY ROTHERHAM
(d) ·Rotherham makers
HARDWICK
Fig 2 no 1
Fig 2 no 11
(c) Gainsborough maker
HEBLETH WRIGHT [sic]
Fig 2 no 5
Samuel Lumley
Thomas Hardwick
Matthew Heblethwight Stephen Heblethwight
John Wyer
Fig 1 no 20
IOHN WYER
(b) Lincoln maker
John Wright
Probable maker
Fig 1 nos 11-12, prob. 13
Illustrations
(IN) (IN :) WRIGHT
Pipe mark
D 1729 an apprentice free 1739
field and Bolsover, Payne and Salisbury of Derby, and Wilkinson of Cambridge (qq. V.)
Robinson of Chester-
same style of stem decoration used by
Notes
Cl,aypole (Lines), Bingham (Notts).
Lincoln, Dunholme, Newton by Toft, Boston
Nottingham, Ruddlngton
Nottingham
Find-spots
M 1 723 Rotherham; same Samuel Lumley Doncaster (Yorks) or a relative (if so, prob. son) M 1753, ..!!_Doncaster 1757-66. Lumley/Rotherham marked stems among. kiln-wasters at Doncaster Lumley's kiln-site
fl 1760, D 1761
fl 1720-29
!J 1715-23 .,
fl 1768
B 1688 or 1689, fl 1710-29
Dates
11
32
28
4
distribution (miles)
Maximum radius known
C 7 J
0
0
C \ 1
O
C •1
g 74
R ichard P ayne
C q
( e ) C hester f ie ld a nd Bo lsover maker
W il i ld lia m W
Probab le maker
Chr istopher Sm i th
I l lustra t ion
L ong S ut t on ( L ines)
C hester f ie ld
Newark ( Not t s)
Newark ( Not ts)
5 0 0 r ' D C Y J
4 . 3 r n
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c d . ( 5 1 ) .
e -
C I ) C D
4 4
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48
Z
c r i
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H E
Probab le maker
t•••
c D
7 4 I
C . ( ?) W i lk inson
4 4
IS
0 0 t- a
r
C
0 C D
H
I l lustra t ion
o
c \ I
( g ) C ambr idge maker
c l d )
a
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7 4 9 > o
C D
4, 0
Cambr idge ( qq .V .)
N ewark ( Not ts)
( f ) 4 — )
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e a) 1 7_ 4 c z › , 4 " c z C O o
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0
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c i )
0 00
• 44
Buck ingha msh ire
0 " C I
L inco lnsh ire
Yorksh ire
-D oncas ter
S tony S tra tford
r c i i p
C D 4 >
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0 C . ) •Z
X C D
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. 48
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4
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C 7 J
c d
C 7 3
7
Probab le maker
Z 1 I7 1I
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c i ) " 2 ' Z 3 c d c i ) c d r 13
e
c d
c d
c d
I l lustra t ion
E 4 h D
c s , 0
2 $ 4 c d
Z 0
4' 4
H Z H W 0 Z 6 1
( e ) N or fo lk makers
Wil lia m T urp in
r 4 11 4
( d ) C a mbr idgesh ire maker
I l lustra t ion b k l P a e m o r
h T S i t i o a s n m
h G t L i ( ) a n r m n s e
L S t L ( i ) n o g u n o e s
r : IZ 1 1 7 11
D C Y ° a D L C
O akham ( Ru t land )
( i )
0 c r )
. o " 5
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; • I
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s on o f Webster
Z
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e « . 4
I n C O 0 L '• • . e • 1
Probab le maker
I : c 1 ; • 4
1 -4
a nd t he 1 890s
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YORK P IPES AND THE M , MA KERS b y S i mon L awrence
SUM MARY Th is p aper c h ief ly d escr ibes c lay p ipes f ound i n s evera l r ecen t e xcav a t ions i n York , a nd p rov ides at ypo logy f or d a t ing York p ipes.
N ew
i n for ma t ion h as b een i ncorppra ted i n to a r ev ised l i st o f York p ipemakers.
The p ipes s how s igns o f as trong l oca l i ndustry f ro m a bou t
1 640 t o 1 740 , a nd t h is i s b orne o u t b y d ocumen tary s ources.
However ,
e v idence o f manu facture f ro m 1 740 i s w eak , i nb oth d ocumen ta t ion a nd a rchaeo log ica l f inds.
The c lay p ipes d iscussed h ere a re i n s evera l g roups f ro m r ecen t e xcava t ions : y t he l a te Bryan H . S t . J . O 'Ne il f ro m a n e xcava t ion f i rst ly , t hose d escr ibed b
i n Hunga te . 1
Af ur ther g roup was f ound d ur ing t he York M inster r estora t ion ,
b y t he York Min ster A rchaeo logy Adv isory Co m m it t ee ; a nd t he t h ird g roup , t he l argest , i s t ha t f ound b y York A rchaeo log ica l Trust d ur ing t he c ourse o f t he ir v ar ious e xcava t ion s i n t he c ity .
Iam g ra tefu l t o t hese b od ies f or p er m iss ion
t o d escr ibe t he ir f inds. Add it ional ly , i n for ma t ion h as b een d rawn f ro m o ther ly T l p s ources , p r inc ipal . S heppard 's work o n Hul ipes .2 l h York a nd Hul ad much i n c o m mon a s 1 7 th c en tury c en tres o f p ipe p roducl b t i on , a nd a s w il e a pprec iated , b ow l s hapes i ng enera l a re v ery s im ilar , a s a re s ty les o f marks.
t l Th is p aper h as n o t a te mp ted t o e xclude p oss ible Hul
p ipes , b ecause o ft he f ine d iv id ing l ine , w h ich i n many c ases i s b lurred . O f p ipes r ecovered i n e xcava t ions , t he ma jor ity o r ig ina te f ro m t he p er iod 1 650-1690 ;
many a re marked— most o f ten w ith a s ta mp o n t he b ase.
of ten i ncorpora te a tobacco p lan t i n t he d es ign . f inely p roduced , f ew b e ing p o l ished ; a pp l ied .
S ta mps
ly Yo rk p ipes a re n o t u sual
ling a s ta mps a nd m il re o f ten h aphazard ly
t er f l. S o me o f t hose w ith b et in ishes may h ave b een i mpor ted f ro m Hul
York makers s ee m t o h ave h ad a n a tura l c onserva t is m i n s ty les —w i tness t he s low d evelop men t o f s hapes c . 1 640-90.
t I n a dd i t ion , t here w as l i t le a dven-
t ly t urous s te m d ecora t ion a te mp ted l ocal . Docu men tary e v idence b ack s u p t he n u mer ica l p revalence o f 1 7 th a nd e ar ly 1 8 th c en tury p ipes : 1 741.
t h ir ty-s ix makers . a re r ecorded d ur ing t he p er iod 1 650-
During t he p er iod 1 741-1800 , o n ly f ive makers w ere r ecorded i n o per-
a t ion , a nd t h is must e xp la in t he a l most c o mp lete l ack o f p ipes o f t h is p er iod. A s y e t , 1 9 th c en tury f ind s h ave b een m in i ma l ; t h is p aper i s r es tr icted t o t he t en when 1 7 th a nd 1 8th c en tur ies i n o rder t ha t a fur ther r epor t may b e wr it s u ff ic ien t q uan t it ies o f 1 9 th c en tury p ipes h ave b een amassed.
6 7
C hrono logy o f b ow l d eve lop men t ( f ig . 1 ) There h as n o t u n t i l n ow b een a ny t ypo logy f ul ly d evo ted t o York p ipes , a l though Adr ian O swa ld 3 p rov ided a u se fu l t ypo logy o f N .E . Eng land a nd Yorksh ire , b u t t h is was l im i ted , p erhaps , b y t he n ecessar i ly g enera lised a pproach o f h is work . 1 .
The e ar l ies t b ow ls d o n o t d a te t o b e fore c . 1 610 , a nd o n ly a v ery f ew b ow ls r ecovered h ave o r ig ina ted f ro m t h is p er iod ( 1 610-30 ) . t h is p er iod c on form t o L ondon s ty les ;
B ow ls o f
l i ti s l i ke ly t ha t mos t i fn o t a l
s uch b ow ls emana te f ro m L ondon o r t he H o me C oun t ies , a nd were p rol l ed A l b owls u n t i l c . 1 690 a re m il ,
b ab ly t ranspor ted u p t he c oas t .
w i th t he e xcep t ion o f t ype 1 2 , a nd e ar ly p ipes ( un t i l C . 1 640 , t ype 4 ) ly f l ed a re u sual ine ly mil .
N o p ipes o f t h is p er iod a re s tamped o r d ecor-
a ted . 2 .
l. Bases o n t h is t ype a re smal
3 .
ly Th is may r epresen t t he f irs t t ype made l ocal , b ecause o f i t s w ide mou th
T h is a lso i s aL ondon t ype.
c . 1 620-40 .
a nd f lared b ody s ty le , d epar t ing f ro m s ou thern s tyles o f t he s a me p er iod . l, n The b ase i s v ery smal ever s ta mped . 4 .
ly p T ypes 1 -4 a re u sual o l ished .
c . 1 620-40 .
l made Th is t ype i s wel , a nd t he b ase
h as b eco me a c on t inua t ion o f t he s te m . 5 .
l ed F ine ly mil .
c . 1 630-40 .
Ad ef in i te c hange h as o ccurred , a nd t h is i s t he f irs t s ta mped t ypely s evera l were c er ta in ly made l ocal , b u t L ondon makers ' i n i t ia ls o ccur a lso o n t h is t ype .
c . 1 640-60 .
ling i mil s h aphazard .
A marked d e ter iora t ion i n q ua l i ty , a nd
l, a S ta mps a re s i mple a nd smal nd t he b ase h as
d eve loped f ro m t he p rev ious t ype t o a ccom moda te a s ta mp . 6 .
T he g enes is o f t he ' bu lbous ' t ype , t he b as ic b ow l s hape f or a bou t 5 0 y ears , ly o l en l f ( un t i l c . 1 690 ) . T h is t ype i s u sual f e xcel t q ua l i ty , wel in ished , a nd made o f v ery c rea my c lay . S l igh t ly l arger b ase , n o t s tamped . C . 1 640-60 .
7 .
T he q ua l i ty o f t ype 6 h as g one . l y wh a nd c lay i s u sual i te .
ls T he b owl i s l arger , h as t h inner wal ,
ling i M il s a mere g roove .
C . 1 650-70 .
8 .
T he f irs t b ow l t ype t o b ear s tamps i n a ny s ign i f ican t q uan t i ty . 7 0.
9 .
ly s H igh q ua l i ty , u sual tone-co loured c lay. 8 0 .
A lways p o lished .
C . 1 650c . 1 660-
1 0 .
c . 1 660-80 .
1. 1
T ypes 1 0 a nd 1 1 a re t he c o m mones t t ypes f ound . T ype 1 1 a lso i s n o t g eneral f g ood q ua l i ty , b u t o f ten s tamped . B ases a re o f ten e x tre me ly ly o l arge .
1 2.
O f ten c oarse .
c . 1 660-90 .
Th is may n o t emana te f ro m York , b u t i t s s im i lar i ty o f mark a nd o ccurence i n s ign i f ican t q uan t i t ies s trong ly s ugges ts a l oca l o r ig in . r
I th as
ac ircu lar , p inched b ase ; c lay i s s tone-co loured . N ot mil . c . l ed 1 670-80 . I ts ee ms r a ther t oo f lared a s hape i n many c ases t o b e f ro m B roseley .
6 8
t o
1 3 F ig . 1 S i mp li f ied G enera l T ypo logy.
6 9
1 3 .
B owl wa lls n ow b eg in t o s tra igh ten o u t , i nd ica t ing t he l ine o f d evelopmen t f ro m t he ' bu lbous ' t ype 1 1 t o t ype 1 5.
1 4.
c . 1 670-80.
Th is h as a s l igh t ly p inched b ase , a nd a wide , f lared b owl .
F ound i n-
f requen t ly , a nd p resu mably a trans i t ionary s hape b e tween t he b u lbous ( 1650-90 ) p er iod a nd t he 1 690-1720 p er iod when t h inner , g racefu l p ipes were p roduced . 1 5 .
l made Wel .
c . 1 670-1700 .
The a pproach o f t he 1 8 th c en tury i s h era lded b y a marked c hange i n s ty le ;
l er t he b ase i s smal , mark ing t he p rogress ion f ro m t he w ide b ase
o f C . 1 660-90 t o t he ' spur ' o f t ype 2 0 . 1 6. 1 7.
c . 1 680-1710 .
c . 1 690-1720 . ls a B owl wal re n ow much t h inner t han a t a ny t ime b efore. n ow d isappeared ;
ling h M il as
ly t he o n ly d ecora t ion , wh ich i s n o t u sua l , i s o ccas ional l ow Throughou t t he 1 8 th c en tury c lay i s c reamy-yel .
f ound o n t he s te m . c . 1 700-30 . 1 8 .
ly A l though p roduced l ocal , t h is i s t he f irs t b owl t o b ear s im ilar it ies t o c on te mporary L ondon s tyles s ince t he e ar ly 1 7th c en tury .
Th is t ype
o ccurs i n L ondon a nd u p t he e as t c oas t , b u t t he n umber o f s uch b ow ls f ound i n York u ndoubted ly i nd ica te a l oca l o r ig in .
There i s o f ten a
l er b s l igh t ly smal ase t han o n t he c orrespond ing s ou thern t ype . ls a ly p l el wal re p rac t ical aral . t he s ides o f t he b ase . 1 9 .
2 0.
c . 1 710-40 .
l er t ls c Smal han t ype 1 8 , a nd t he wal urve r a ther more. l y. o ccurs o ccas ional
Th ihner s te ms .
b owl n ow p oin ts o u ts ide .
S te m d ecora t ion
c . 1 730-60 .
The b ase o f 1 9 h as c on tracted i n to a k ind o f s pur . n u mbers .
Bow l
ly b Occas ional ears mou lded i n it ia ls o n
T he f ron t l i p o f t he
l Does n o t b ear d ecora t ion . F ound i n v ery smal
C . 1 760-1800 .
Makers ' marks ( f igs . 2 , 3 , 4 ) Makers ' marks a ppear o n York p ipes f ro m c . 1 640 ( GW ) a nd o n L ondon p ipes f ound i n York f ro m s l igh t ly e ar l ier ( see f ig . 5 :
1a nd 2 ).
l b l o n t he smal ases d id n ot a low more c o mp lex marks ;
tle s L it pace
marks o f t h is p er iod
ly p t a re g eneral la in i n it ia ls , w i th o r w i thou t al i tle o rna men ta tion .
S ta mps
a re a l mos t a lways i n r el ie f , t he i ncuse e xamples p robably o r ig ina t ing f ro m e lsewhere .
f Fro m c . 1 650 u n t i l c . 1 690 t he l arge b ase a forded s pace f or
more e labora te marks , wh ich , w i th t wo e xcept ions ( f ig . 3 : 4 ) a re a lways c ircu lar .
3 0 , a nd f ig . 5 :
There s ee ms t o b e n o p recise g u ide f or d a t ing marks
o f t h is p er iod , b u t a s ar ough g u ide , s i mp le i n i t ia ls o ccur u n ti l c . 1 650 a nd a f ter c . 1 690 b ecause o f t he r es tr ict ion o n a dd i t iona l d ecora tion , b rough t a bou t b y l ack o f -space .
I n g enera l , York makers ' s tamps o f t he 1 7th c en tury c o m-
t ern p r ise a c ircu lar l ine i n r el ief , o f ten w i th s o me f or m o f d ot a nd s tar p at , o r w i th a t abacco p lan t i ncorpora ted i n to t he d es ign .
No d a ted p ipes h ave b een
ling. r ecovered n or d oes a ny b owl e ver b ear d ecorat ion o ther t han t he u sual mil S ta mps a lways o ccur o n t he b ase , a nd t here a re s evera l e xa mples o f d ecora ted s te ms b u t t h is l as t method o f d ecora t ion i s u nusua l .
A mere h and fu l o f e xam-
p les ( t ype 1 8 ) b ear makers ' i n i t ia ls , o ne e i ther s ide o f t he b ase , i n r e l ief . A l mos t w i thou t e xcept ion , d ecora t ion o r s ta mps a re i n r e l ief , l t ex t a l e xa mples a re i n r el ie f u n less o therwise s ta ted ). 7 0
( hence i n t he
F ig . 2 a
G enera l Typo logy , c on tinued .
c e F ig . 2 b
Makers ' Marks .
" i1
AB ( 1 -18 ) These s ta mps , t he c o m mones t o f York s ta mps , o ccur o n t wo g eneral ly d is t inct b ow l t ypes the f irst g roup d a t ing c . 1 650-90 ( t ypes 8 -11 ) , a nd t he s econd g roup d a t ing c . 1 680-1710 ( t ype 1 5 ) .
One s ing le b owl ( t ype 1 4 ) b ear ing
l i s i mple , smal n i t ia ls , o ccurs , wh ich s ee ms t o b e at rans i t ionary b owl b r idg ing t he g ap b e tween t he t wo ma in g roups . t he more c o m mon .
O f t hese g roups , t he e ar l ier i s
The s ta mps u sed o n e ach b ow l g roup a re d is t inc t ive :
t he
l arge e labora te s ta mps , o f i n i t ia ls s urrounded b y i n tr ica te t obacco p lan ts a re f ound o n t he 1 650-90 g roup.
ly c The s econd t ype g eneral onsis ts o f s i mple
i n i t ia ls , maybe w i th d ots o r s tars . The f irs t b a tch were u ndoubted ly made b y Abraham B oyes ( 1 ) who was ly r n ever a c tual ecorded a s a pipe maker .
H e was a ' t runk maker ' atrade
s o me t i mes u sed b y p ipe makers a s a p aren t t rade , p ar t icu lar ly when p ipels ( mak ing , a s at rade , was n o t a cceptab le i n t he F reedo m Rol see A ppend ix ). H is t oken o f 1 670 b ears t hree p ipes .
Thus h e worked f ro m a bou t 1 645 ( Free-
d om ) c. 1 680 , a nd t h is wou ld t i e i n w ith t he d a t ing o f t he f irs t g roup o f p ipes , A s econd Abraha m B oyes worked i n 1 711 a s at runk maker , a nd h ence p robab ly a s a pipe maker :
t h is wou ld f i t i n w i th t he s econd g roup o f p ipes .
I t may
j us t h ave b een t ha t t he s a me man worked 1 645-1711 o r l onger , bu t i ti s more l ikely t ha t as on c arr ied o n t he b us iness ;
h ence t he c o mpara t ive ly n ew s tyle
o f p ipe a f ter a bou t 1 680 . Abraha m B oyes ( 1 ) mus t a lso h ave e xpor ted p ipes t o Amer ica , f or s im il ar ly s tamped b u lbous t ypes a re f ound t here .4 i n Eng land .
P ipes o f h is a re f ound w ide ly
T he q ua l ity i s merely a verage -b u t t he s econd g roup i s r a ther
b et han t he f irs t . t er t
There a re many d i feren t s ta mp s ty les , a nd b owls a re f
o f ten e x tre me ly l arge . T B ( 1 9-23 ) 1 9. 2 0 .
Base o n ly , p robab ly C . 1 660-80. T ype 1 0 b owl ( c . 1 660-80 ). t he c ircle i s j agged :
2 1.
A c rude t ype o f mark , o n a p ecu liar b ow l ( n eares t t o t ype 1 1 , b u t w i th smal ase ) . l b
2. 2
An u nusua l mark i n t ha t t he i nner e dge o f
i ti s u sual o th , o r n e i ther e dge . ly b
C . 1 660-90 .
Mos t u nusua l f or Y orksh ire . s te m .
C . 1 660-80 .
B ow l t ype 1 0 b u t t he b ase r uns i n to t he
Very g ood q ua l i ty p ipe , a nd f ine mark .
mark o ccurs i n N or than ts , b u t w i thou t t he r ose .
A s im i lar
S heppard ( Hul . 2 1) l p
r ecords a c rown o ver a r ose , w i th f l eur-de-lys d ecora t ion o n t he s te m : b u t t he r ose a nd c rown a re n ot t he s a me , a nd t he p ipe i s p robab ly Du tch . A n earer e xa mp le t o t h is p ipe i s i lus tra ted i n BAR 1 4 ( f ig . 1 1 n o. 1 5 ). l Rose a nd c rown s ta mps o ccur more o f ten o n t he We lsh b order . 2 3.
Probab ly t ype 1 0 ( 9 _ . 1 660-80 ).
There i s n o r ecorded 1 7th c en tury maker
i n York w i th t hese i n i t ia ls , n or f ro m H ul l.
T he maker i s mos t p robab ly
f ro m York , a l though i t wou ld b ed i f icu l t t o a ss ign t he f ine 2 2 a nd t he f c oarse 2 1 t o t he s ame maker .
7 2
t o
44
/ 2 .
W
2 .3
1 7
3 2 .
3 7
4 1
4 . 7
2 . 1
3 0
3
3 1
3 '
311 -
3
4 1
L f g
39
4 0
i f d
4 5
4 1
5 o
q
5 6
F ig . 3
Makers ' Marks . c on tinued .
7 3
RB ( 2 4-28 ) 2 4.
_ .1 670-80 ) . Type 1 3 b owl ( 2.
N o s im i lar mark o ccurs e lsewhere a nd i t
wou ld b e mos t u nusua l f or R ober t Burr i l ( 1 ) o f Hul 1 675-1727 ) , b ecause l ( a l o ther e xa mples o f h is p ipes i n York a re u sual ood q ua l i ty bu lbous l ly g t ypes .
The d a te , h owever , wou ld f i t , a nd may r epresen t h is f i rs t p roduc t .
2 5 .
Base o n ly , p robab ly t ype 1 0 ( c . 1 660-80) .
2 6.
Types 1 0-11 ( c . 1 660-90 ).
2 7.
670-85 ) ; Large t ype 1 3 ( 2..1
2 8 .
T ype 1 0 ( c . 1 660-80 ) b u t smal ase ; l er b
i n tr ica te mark . a lso minus d o t .
The b u lbous t ypes marked RB a re o f ten p ol ished , a lways wel . l - made a re u sual e fined . l y wel l d
Marks
Al o d oubt Rober t B urr i l ( 1 ) o f Hul 1 675-1727 ) , l n l (
a par t f ro m 2 4 , wh ich may b e h is , b u t i s p oss ib ly York . BC ( 29 ) 2 9.
Probably t ype 5 ( L . 1 640-60 ) ;
as im i lar e xa mple o ccurs i n H ul Sheppard l (
n o . 3 6) , a nd o ne f ro m Wake f ie ld .
B ear ing i n mind t he s tyle o f mark ,
a nd d a te t h is i s p robably a London o r H o me C oun t ies maker : e xa mples h ave b een f ound i n L ondon ;
n u merous
a lso O akha m , S ussex , C hes ter
a nd S ha f tesbury. GC ( 30 ) 3 0 .
Three e xa mples h ave b een f ound i n York , b u t t h is d oes n ot i nd ica te manuf ac ture b ecause o f t he l arge n u mbers o f t h is mark f ound e lsewhere , a lthough t here i s an u mer ica l b ias t oward t he n or thern c oun t ies . i s s ou thern , C . 1 640-60 .
Bow l
N o o ther Y ork s ta mp b ears a h ear t-shape .
I C ( 3 1) 3 1.
O ther I C e xa mples a re f ound e lsewhere i n Yorksh ire , n otab ly i n Hul l. Th is s ee ms t o b e t he o n ly e xa mple f ound i n York .
Wh i le t h is p ar t icu lar
e xa mple may b e o f I saac Cary ( 1 672) , t he ma jor i ty n o d oub t o r ig ina te f ro m H ul ohn C hap man worked , l, where J
16 70-83 . P robab ly t ype 8 /10 .
D ( 3 2) 3 2.
Base o n ly .
Th is a ppears t o b e t he who le mark , a s i tt akes u p t he e n t ire
a rea o f t he b ase .
I t s o ccurrence i n N or than ts a nd t he Midlands t ype
b ow ls f ro m t he C oven try r eg ion ( 2 . 1 680 ) s ugges t t ha t t h is e xample t oo o r ig ina tes f ro m a round C oven try . I D ( 33-36) 3 . 3
Type 1 5/16 ( pronounced , smal ase ) C . 1 690-1720 . l b
G ood q ua l i ty ;
o ccurs a lso a t H ul l. 3 4 .
Base o n ly ;
p robab ly t ype 1 5 ( . 1 680-1710 ) .
3 5 .
T ype 1 6 ( p _ . 1 690-1720 ).
7 4
Wel e f ined mark . l d
3 6.
S l ight ly l arge t ype 7 .
( 1 650-70 ) .
3 3-5 p robab ly b e long t o J ohn Dawson , York ,
( 1 677-1702) o r p oss ib ly J acob
Day , Y ork ( 1 721) , wh i le 3 6 may b elong t o J ohn Dawson a t t he b eg inn ing o f h is c areer , o r s o me u nknown l oca l maker .
l o I D marks i n Hul ccur o n t he
s ide o n t he s pur . RF ( 3 7-39 ) f eren 3 7-9. S evera l e xamp les o ccur , e ach w i th s l igh t ly d if t s ta mps . 1 0/11 ( 1 660-90 ).
Types
A lways g ood q ua li ty b owls , p o l ished , a nd g ood marks .
l o The q ua l i ty i nd ica tes a poss ible Hul r ig in , b ecause o f t he s im i lar i ty t o t he RBtype p ipes , a nd b ecause n o York maker b ears t hese i n i t ia ls .
S heppard
l l ( a lso i lus tra tes o ne thus p erhaps a r e la t ion o f G eorge F ow ler , Hul 1 670-1) l ( o r E dward F owler , Hul 1 663-76 ). I G ( 4 0-42) 4 0-41. 4 2.
Pr obab ly t ype 1 0 ( c . 1 660-80 ).
T ype 1 0
1 660-80).
( ç _ .
N o k nown York maker h as t hese i n i t ia ls ;
o ther p ipes s ta mped I G a re f ound
i n Hul f ield a nd H a li fax , a nd p robably o r ig ina te f ro m J udi th G il l, Wake l, Wake f ie ld ( 1692-3 ) o r J ohn G il l i fax ( 1673 ) , a nd i n v iew o f t h is , i ti s l ike ly l, Ha t ha t t hese f ound i n York a re o f t he s a me makers . I H ( 4 3 ) 4 3.
T ype 1 0 ( ç _ . 1 660-80) ; R otherha m ,
( 1 704) .
p o l ished .
Un l ike ly t o b e J ohn H en froy o f
A lso f ound i n Hul l.
TH ( 4 ) 4 4. 4
T ype 8 ( g _ . 1 650-75 ).
Wel ipe , g ood mark . l made p
Tho mas H o l mes(1)
o f York ( 1 657-94 ). 45 ) I ( 4 5.
N eares t t ype 1 4 , b u t p robab ly c . 1 660-80 .
C rude mark ;
u nknown maker .
I L ( 4 6 ) 4 6.
T ype 8
1 650-75 ).
Assu med t o b e I L w i th t he L r eversed b ecause o f
as ta mp maker 's f au l t .
Poor mark , r a ther v ague .
An e xa mple f ro m
H ul as t hese i n i t ia ls i ncised . l h IM ( 4 7-50 ) 4 7-8 . T ype 7 , b u t w ider a nd s hor ter . 4 9.
I lustra ted b y S heppard . l
5 0.
T ype 1 0 ( . 1 660-80).
A ll g ood p ipes , c lear s ta mps .
1 650-70 ).
4 7-9 l i kely t o b e J ohn Mabson , York ( 1 673 )
o r J ohn Marshal 1 673 ) , r a ther t han J ohn Midd le ton , York , l, York ( who p robably made 5 0 . 7 5
( 1 679-1707 )
5 8
6 l
5 1
4 7 .
4 S "
6 4
$ x= c l
7 0
7 3
7 2
7 5.
7 1
7 6
f i e ) 7 1 ,
7 7
••• •• •••• • • ,
T o
1
-W e e \ 3
6 F ig . 4 Makers ' Marks a nd S te m Decora t ion .
7 6
W M ( 5 1-60). 5 1.
T ype 1 1
5 2.
T ype 8 ( 9 1 650-75 ) .
5 3 .
1 660-90 ).
Unusua l t ype :
Y orksh ire ' bu lbous ' b u t e ven l arger t han t ype 1 1, w i th
a n a ngu lar b ase.
( 9 1 660-90 ) .
5 4.
B ase o n ly ;
p robab ly t ype 1 2.
5. 5
S im i lar t o Brose ley 5 a , ac ircu lar b ase .
5
b u t o f ten a l i t le w ider. t
Al xa mp les h ave l York e
I n v iew o f t he mark , wh ich i s t ypica l f or York , a nd
t he n u mbers i n wh ich t he b ow l o ccurs , a York o r ig in i s more l i kely . ly Add itional , o ther W Msta mped p ipes , a l though b u lbous o f ten h ave a p inched b ase , u nusua l f or b u lbous t ypes . 5 6-7. T ype 1 1 ( 9 1 660-90 ) a s 5 9 , b u t t h is h as a l arger , p inched b ase . 5 8 .
T ype 1 0 ( 9 1 660-80 ).
5 9.
T ype 1 0/11 ( p _ . 1 660-90 ).
6 0.
T ype 1 1 ( 9 _ . 1 660-90 ).
An e nor mous mark !
l marks a Al re g ood , a nd d e ta i led .
B owl t ypes a re q u i te o f ten u nusua l , s o
t ypes g iven a re s o me t i mes t he n eares t a pprox i ma t ion .
l A l p robably made b y
liam Moore ( Wil 1 662-c . 1 670 ) , a l though i t i s i n teres t ing t o s ee a p ronounced Brose ley i n f luence o n s o me p ipes , i nc lud ing b u lbous t ypes . I S ( 6 1-64 ) 6 1.
l b Probab ly t ype 1 7 s mal ase .
6 2.
B ase o n ly .
6 3.
T ype 1 0 ( 9 1 660-80 ).
6 4.
Smal . l t ype 8
690-1730 ). ( 9..1
Very c rude , p oor mark .
( 9 . 1 650-75. )
6 1 may h ave b een made b y J ohn S ha f toe ( 1 ) ( 1712-33) , o r J ohn S torey , 1 713 ) , o r p oss ib ly J ohn S ha ftoe ( 2 ) ( 1 733-41) , a l l
o f York .
( 1699-
6 2-4 may wel l
o r ig ina te f ro m a n e ar lier maker i n York . RS ( 6 5-70 ) 6 5 .
660-80 ). A pprox i ma te ly t ype 1 0 ( 2..1
6. 6
B ase o n ly ;
6 7.
Unusua l type 1 0 w i th t he b ase a c on t inua t ion o f t he s te m , p inched a t s ides .
6 8 .
p robab ly c . 1 660-70 .
Wel l made.
G ood mark .
c . 1 660-70 :
S l ight ly l arger t han t ype 1 2 :
a s w i th t he W M e xa mp le , i ti s more l ikely
t o b e l oca l t han f rom Broseley ; i t s ee ms t oo w ide , a nd t he mark i s t ypical ire . c . 1 670-80 . l y Yorksh 6 9.
P oor mark ;
b ase o n ly .
7 0.
Type 1 5 c . 1 680-1710 .
A ll n o d oubt made b y R ichard S ha f toe , York , 7 7
( 1675-1718 ).
WS ( 7 1) 7 1.
Approx i ma te ly t ype 5 , ( 1634).
1 640-60 ) p robab ly Wil lia m S terr idge , London
Dup l icate f ound a t Queenh ithe, L ondon . P ipes f ound i n York o f
t h is d a te a re p ar t l oca l a nd p ar t impor ted f ro m t he S ou th . GW ( 7 2-73 ) 7 2-3 . Type 5
1 640-60 ).
G abr iel l Wes tby , York ( 1 635 :
' t runkmaker ').
One e xa mple f ound i n C ivi l War s iege ma ter ia l a t S anda l Cas t le mus t t herefore d a te t o a round 1 645 . IW ( 74-80 ) 7 4-80 .
Types 8 /9/10
1 650-80 ).
A lways wel ow ls ; l - made b
wh ich s o me t i mes b ear e v idence o f d oub le c ut . ting c o mbina t ions o f s tars , d o ts a nd b orders .
c lear marks ,
G rea t v ar ie ty o f
J ohn Wr igh t ( 1663-97) , Y ork .
S te m Decora t ion ( f ig . 4 ) 1 .
An i ncuse s ta mp , mos t l ike ly made f or a p ub lic h ouse ' The C rown '. Found a lso i n C hes ter , Ox ford a nd e lsewhere.
Probab ly c . 1 700-50 ,
a nd b ecause i ti s a n i so la ted e xa mp le , n o t f ro m York :
ncuse s ta mp a n—i
i s e x tre me ly r are f or Yorksh ire . 2 .
S im i lar marks a lso o ccur a t C hes ter , Ox ford a nd L ondon :
t hese h ave
d up l ica te b orders , b u t d i t mo ti fs i n t he o va l c ar touche . fferen t hree a rrows , p resu mab ly t he n a me o f a n i nn .
Th is h as
Mos t l ikely t o b e a
C hes ter maker , a s w i th t he f irs t s ta mp. 3 . 4 .
C o m mon ly o ccurs e lsewhere , b u t n o t a t Y ork .
C . 1 700-20 .
P os i t ioned t hree i nches f ro m b ow l , o f t ype 1 9
1 730-60 ).
I sola ted
e xa mple , p oss ibly l oca l . 5 .
I n tr ica te , wel lded d es ign ; l mou
i so la ted e xa mple.
O ther s im i lar e xam-
p les f ro m v ar ious s i tes i n Eng land s ugges t a Du tch o r ig in , p ar t icu lar ly a s t he mou ld ing i s s o f ine , a nd v ery h ard c lay.
Found w i th a L ondon
b ow l o f c . 1 630-50 , wh ich may b e ar ough g u ide a s t o i ts d a te , a lthough s o me e xa mples d a te t o t he e ar ly 1 8th c en tury . 6 .
A lso i lus tra ted b y S heppard ( Hul . 2 1) , o n t ype 6 o r 8 . l l p
Th is i s t he
o n ly s uch d ecora t ion t o h ave b een f ound i n York , o ther t han ab owl s ta mped w i th a f leur-de-lys ( f ig . 5 :
4 ), f ound i n t he n or th e as t a lso .
I ts ee ms d oubt fu l t ha t t h is i s f ro m Y ork .
F ig . 5 . 1 .
Unusua l P ipes
A whee l mo ti f , more l i ke ly t o emana te f ro m L ondon , where s evera l d up l ica tes o ccur .
2 .
A Du tch s tyle.
c . 1 630-60 .
Ad upl ica te o ccurs i n E xeter ;
c . 1 630-50 .
7 8
5
0 0
F ig . 5 Unusua l P ipes
7 9
3 .
C ooper i lus tra tes a s im i lar b ow l , l J ohn S ha f toe ( 1 ) York ( 1 712-33 ) .
6
marked 1 5 , wh ich h e a ss igns t o
Th is i s t ype 1 8 ( 2 . 1 710-40 ) , a nd may
wel e b y Wil a msden , p robab ly work ing 1 722-41. l b lia m R
T he b ase i s
smal han u sua l f or L ondon t ypes , a dd ing weigh t t o t he p oss ibi l i ty o f l er t al oca l o r ig in . 4 .
T ype 9 ( 2..1 660-80 ) .
G ood q ua l i ty , p o l ished a s u sua l f or t h is t ype .
S tamp c lear o ther t han i nd is t inc t a reas t o e i ther s ide o f t he f l eur-delys , wh ich may b e i n i t ia ls -p oss ib ly H o r W o n t he l e f t s ide .
S im i lar e xamples
i n t h is c oun try f ro m C ambr idge a nd Hul nd marks i ncorpora t ing f l eurl. a lustra tes a v ery s im ilar d e-lys o ccur i n t he n or th-eas t . Don D i feo 7 i l e xamp le a nd t he q ua l i ty o f t h is p ipe may mean a p oss ib le D u tch o r ig in . 5 .
Type 1 8/19. The d ecora t ion s ee ms h era ldic , b u t as earch t hrough t he i ns ign ia o f l oca l g en try o f t he p er iod h as n o t y ie lded a ny h e lp . Poss ib ly York e . 1 710-50 .
6 .
P ipes w i th o va l s haped b ases d o n o t o ccur i n frequen t ly i n Y ork , g eneral ly d a t ing c . 1 640-70 .
S o me t a i l o f i n to t he s te m . f
Many a re f ound i n
L inco ln —s h ire , b u t t he q uan t i ty h ere may i nd ica te t ha t i ti s aYork c hara c ter is t ic t oo . 7 .
A l f ound i n R ipon , e xcept ( b ) wh ich was f ound i n Y ork . l ( a )
C . 1 660-90 ,
( b )
c . 1 650-60 ,
( a ) ,
( b ) a nd ( e ) a re a l i ncuse . l
( c )e. 1620-40 ,
( d )e.1660-80 .
The p resence o f ac orone t o n t wo d i feren t makers ' s ta mps o np ipes f f ound i n R ipon s ee ms a l oca l c harac ter is t ic . L is t o f Makers A bbrev ia t ions u sed : P :
P ol ls
D :
D irec tory
PR :
Par ish R eg is ters
T pCo : t pm : F :
ls F reedo m R ol
DRA : RA
L is t o f T obacco P ipe makers C o t obacco p ipe maker I n for ma t ion f ro m D . R . A tk inson R euben Ashrey
1 823
D
A lso t obacco a nd f d s nuf ea ler .
WA
lia m A Wil ldr idge
1 846
WA
lia m a Wil nd J oseph A ldr idge
1 886
AB
Abraha m B oyes ( 1 )
1 645-1670
F.Token
AB
Abraham B oyes ( 2 )
1 711
F .
Ex por ted p ipes .
Abraham B oyes ( 1 ) was n ever r e ferred t o a s a pipe maker .
F reed i n
1 645 a s l t runk maker ' , mos t p robab ly a n om ina l , p aren t t rade a dopted
b y p ipe makers u n t i l t he t rade b eca me l ega l i n a bou t 1 670 . t oken b ears t hree p ipes .
H is 1 670
A s econd A braha m B oyes , whose s on was
f reed i n 1 711 , i s r ecorded a s a trunk maker .
I ti s n o t c er ta in whe ther
t wo men o f t h is n a me worked , a s i nd ica ted a bove , b u t a work ing l i fe o f 6 6 o r more y ears i s u n l ike ly , a nd i n a ny c ase t he 1 711 r eference i s t o
8 0
as on ind ica t ing ay ounger man .
B ecause t he p ipes r ecovered a re
g rouped i n to t wo p er iods , i ti s l ike ly t ha t t wo men worked . HB
H enry Brownbil l
1 793
PR
R ecorded a s work ing i n York a t t h is d a te , b u t k nown t o b e i n L iverpoo l , 1 796-1824 . I B
J ohn Burrel l
1 720-24
PR F
Married 1 720 Had s evera l c h i ldren bap tised 1 722-4 , a nd was f reed i n 1 721 , b u t l a ter , i n 1 724 v o ted i n Hu l ( Pol ). l ls I B
J oseph B irch
I C
I saac Cary
1 672
WC
Wi ll ia m C arr
1 725
PR
WC
W. J . C ooke a nd C o .
18 93-1900
D
CD
C har les Dun ing
1 727-33
I D
• J ohn Dawson
1 677-1702
I D
J acob Day
1 721
J ourney man i n 1 727 ;
1 725 ( bur ied ) PR
r ecorded a s t runk a nd p ipe maker a t f reedo m. F
I D
J oseph Deacon
18 16-39
WD
Wil lia m Dodgson
1 712-59
WE
Wil d munds lia m E
1 835-64
PD
CF
C har les F arneh il l
1 669-70
Token F
No t a ctual ecorded a s t pm : ly r
h is t oken b ears p ipes .
F PR
Freed i n 1 712, marr ied i n 1 713 , d ied 1 759 .
No t rade i s
r ecorded a t h is f reedo m . AH
Andrew Hal l
1 702-53
F reed i n 1 702 a s t runk a nd p ipe maker .
S ons f reed i n 1 739 a nd 1 753 ,
when h e was s t il trunk a nd p ipe maker . l a CH
C hr is topher Ho l mes
1 730-41
FP
EH
l ary E d mund H il
1 721-22
F PR
I H
I ngra m Haw
18 30
TH
Tho mas H o l mes ( 1 )
1 657-94
Freed i n 1 657 a s a n I nnho lder :
h e may h ave made p ipes b ecause TH
marked p ipes o f t h is p er iod o ccur . TH
Tho mas H ol mes ( 2 )
1 721-58
FP
F reed i n 1 721, g randson o f Tho mas H o l mes ( 1 ) .
H is f a ther , Ra lph ,
was a t runk maker a nd f a ther a lso o f C hr isopher H o l mes , p ipe maker . Vo ted i n 1 741 a nd h ad a s on , J ohn f reed i n 1 758 , whose t rade i s n ot r ecorded . I
J ohn J udge
18 51
I L
J a mes Lucas
18 17-35
I L
J ohn Lazenby
1 825-51
FPD
RL
R ober t Lazenby
1 802-46
FPD
WL
Wi ll ia m Lucas
1 838-46
WL
lia m L Wil ee
1 872
GM
G eorge Mason
1 800-66
Worked a t t he s a me a ddress 1 815-46 t ha t J ohn Lazenby worked a t i n 1 851
IM
J ohn Mabson
1 673
IM
J ohn Marsha ll
1 673
IM
J ohn Midd leton
1 679-1707
F reed a s t runk maker i n 1 679 ;
F PD
s on f reed 1 707, when J ohn was r ecorded
a s t p m.
8 1
IM
J oseph Mason
1 867-72
RM
Rober t Mor ley
1 703-39
RM
Ru th Mason
1 872-6
TM
Tho mas Mason
1 786
WM
lia m Moore Wil
1 662-c .1670 F Token
Freed 1 662 a s t runk maker . h im a trunk maker .
DRA
ls Token o f c . 1 670 b ears 4 p ipes , b u t c al
Large n umbers o f p ipes s ta mped W M mean t ha t h e
was c er ta in ly a pipe maker . CP
C har les P eers 1 818-78 FD The w ide d a te r ange g ives a p oss ibi li ty o f 2 m akers o f t h is n ame.
DP
Dav id P ick les
1 867
LP
J ohn P ick les
1 872
WP
Wil ax ton lia m P l
1 739
RR
Rober t R oches ter
1 826
WR
Wil lia m Ra msdel l
1 722-41
F P PR
There may c onceivab ly h ave b een t wo makers o f t h is n a me .
A WR h ad
c h i ldren b apt ised i n 1 722 a nd 1 725 , a nd a m aker o f t h is n a me was f reed i n 1 727 :
r ather l ate i n l i fe t o b e f reed.
Further more, It h ink i t
p robab le t ha t t he W. Ra msden 1 741 ( P ) may wel e t he s ame man . l b GS
G eorge S ha f toe
1 817-46
HS
Hannah S ha f toe
1 823-38
HS
H enry S ha f toe
1 851-72
I S
J ohn S torey
1 699-1713
D P
TpCo F
A j ourney man i n 1 699 , f reed i n 1 713. I S
J ohn S ha f toe ( 1 )
1 712-33
F PR
F reed i n 1 712 , h is s on J ohn ( 2 ) was f reed i n 1 733 , when b o th were p ipe makers . I S
J ohn S ha f toe ( 2 )
RS
R ichard S ha f toe
1 733-41
FP
1 675-1718
F PR
S on o f J ohn S ha f toe ( 1 ) B ough t h is o wn f reedo m i n 1 675 , b u t n o t rade was t hen r ecorded ;
h is
w i fe was b ur ied i n 1 698 , a nd i n 1 718 h is s on G eorge was f reed ( George 's t rade n ot r ecorded ) . WS
Wil pacey lia m S
1 706-28
F reed 1 706 , b u t n o t rade r ecorded .
FP
Vo ted 1 722 a nd h is s on was f reed
i n 1 728 . FW
Francis Wi lk inson ( 1 ) Freed 1 690 ;
FW
1 690-1721
F
s on Franc is ( 2 ) f reed 1 721 when b oth were t p ms .
Franc is Wi lk inson ( 2 )
1 721
S on o f F ranc is Wi lk inson ( 1 ). GW
Gabr iel tby l Wes
1 635
F reed a s at runk maker i n 1 635 .
N ever o therwise r e ferred t o , s o t here
mus t b e s o me e le men t o f d oubt i n a scr ibing p ipes t o h im . GW
G eorge Wi lson
1 716 ( d ied )
IW
J ohn Wr igh t
1 663-97
IW
J ohn Wes t
Freed 1 663 .
PR
S on J ohn ( no r ecorded t rade ) f reed 1 697. 1 721
DRA
F reed i n 1 710 a s al inen weaver . TW
Tho mas Wr igh t
1 684
TW
Tho mas Wadd ing ton a nd S on
1 861-1921
The f irs t Tho mas worked 1 882 ;
D
t he s econd 1 903 . 8 2
Dry s a lters 1 921-38 .
APPENDIX Below is a list of York trunkmakers, from the Freedom Rolls, 1635-1835 .. There is much evidence in the following list to link pipe and trunkmakers, but to what extent is not certain: hence many of the following may well be trunk makers only. The following references illustrate the link: John Townsend (1) fined together with a William Newnham, for leaving a 'trunke' or waterpipe in the road. 1683 Fined again for laying a pipe or :rron�ke from the Thames through ( the wall or Banek of the River into his yard in R other-i th .� Manor of Rotherhithe Court Book 1668-1732). 8
1674
It appears that so.me pipemakers bought their Freedom as 'trtinkmaker'. Gabriell Westby, freed 1635 as a trunkmaker, is not called a pipemaker, but pipes of the period and bearing his initials, and which are likely to be local,. have been found. Other examples occur: Abraham Boyes (1) bought his freedom as a trunkmaker in 1645, but his subsequent token of 1670 bears three tobacco pipes. William Moore, freed 1662, issued a token bearing four pipes. No trunkmaker appears before 1635 in the lists, and it seems that none occur after 1810. It is interesting to note that only in York does the link between tobacco pipe and waterpipe (trunk) makers exist; perhaps the type of clay used fav oured this link. Conclusive evidence would be a clay water pipe bearing a tobacco pipemaker's monogram. 1635 1635 1641 1645 1649 1655 1655 1659; 1661 1662 1672 1672 1676 1679 1679
Gabriell Westby, trunkmaker. Thomas Waller, trunkmaker, son of William Waller, maltster. Richard Beckwith, trunkmaker. Abraham Boyes, trunkmaker, by redemption. William Williamson, trunkmaker. Richard Cliffe, trunkmaker, son of John Cliffe. Henry Leach, trunkmaker, son of Jesper Leach, chirurgion. William Beeforth, trunkmaker. Richard Holdsworth, trunkmaker, son of John Holdsworth. William Moore, trunkmaker, son of William Moore, currier. Roger Smyth, trunkmaker, son of Samuell Smyth, gunsmith. Ralph Beeforth, trunkmaker, son of Robert Beeforth. Edward Wilson, trunkmaker, son of Edward Wilson, tanner. Thomas Robinson, trunkmaker. John Middleton, trunkmaker, son of George Middleton, merchant taylor. N. B. John Middleton was a pipemaker by 1707 when son George was freed
William Wilson, son of William Wiison, trunkmaker. Thomas Beeforth, trunkmak.er, son of Wm. Beeforth, trunkmaker. Thomas Bonnall, trunkmaker. Andrew Hall, pipe and trunkmaker. 1711 - -Chris Boyes, son of Abraham�oyes, __ trW1lanaker. 1713 Ralph Holmes, son of Ralph Holmes, trunk�ai��-r. 1713 Edward Wilson, son of Edward Wilson, trunkmaker. 1721 Thomas Holmes, pipemaker, son of Ralph Holmes, trunkmaker. 1726 William Wilson, trunkmaker, son of Will Wilson. trunkmaker. 1 733 Charles Duning trunk and pipemaker. 1684 1688 1-693 1702
83
1 734
F rancis Chadock t runk maker , s on o f Thomas Chadock , b lacks m i th .
1 739
Row land Hal l, c oachmaker a nd c arpen ter , s on o f Andrew Hal l, p ipe maker a nd t runkmaker .
1 741
R oger J udson , t runk maker .
1 753
J ohn Hal l, s tay maker , s on o f Andrew Hal l, p ipe a nd t runk maker .
1 760
J ohn S i mpson , t runkmaker .
1 784
lia m C f ord Wil lif , J unr ., t runk maker .
1 787
lia m J Wil udson , t runk maker .
1 795
G eorge J enn ings , t runk maker .
1 802
Tho mas J udson , t runk maker .
1 810
tle G eorge C at , t runk maker . l Wi Wil lson , t runk maker , was C ha mber la in i n 1 741.
REFERENCES 1 .
Bryan H . S t. J . O 'Neil , ' A N ote o n C lay P ipes f ro m Hungate, York '; Yorksh ire Archaeo log ica l S oc. J ournal , Vo l . XL ( 1959-62 ), p . 3 78.
2 .
l Tobacco P Tho mas S heppard , Early Hul ipes a nd t heir Makers;
l Hul
Museu m Publ icat ions V I , March 1 912. 3 .
C lay P ipes f or t he Archaeo log ist b y Adr ian O swald , B . A. R. 1 4 ( 19 75 ).
4 .
R . F . Marx , C lay P ipes f ro m Port Roya l ;
5 .
D . R .
6 .
T . P . Cooper , The S tory o f t he Tobacco P ipe , The Rel iquary , Apr il 1 907.
7 .
l ect Don Dl ico , 5 7 C lay P ipes f ro m h is c ol ion , Amsterda m 1 974, f ig. 1 0.
8 .
J a ma ica Nat. Trust, 19 67.
A tk inson , Tobacco P ipes o f Broseley .
t ers c ' London Pot . 1 510-1710 ', b y Rhoda Edwards, J ourna l o f Cera m ic H istory , N o . 6p 7 11.
ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS Iam e xceeding ly g ra tefu l t o Adr ian Oswa ld f or t he i nva luab le a ss is tance a nd a dv ice h e h as g iven me o ver t he y ears . a nd D . R . A tk inson f or i n for ma t ion ;
My t hanks a lso t o Er ic Parsons
t o York Archaeolog ica l Trus t , a nd York
t ee f M ins ter Archaeo logy Adv isory C omm it or a ccess t o t heir p ipes . l p Wa tk ings h as g iven v a luab le i n for ma t ion c oncern ing Hul ipes .
8 4
Gareth
HULL P IPES : A TYPOLOGY b y Gareth Wa tk ins
l c T ho mas S heppard's p ioneer p aper o n Hul lay p ipes ( Sheppard, 1 912 ) h as s tood f or n ear ly s even ty y ears a s t he o n ly p ubl ished work o nt h is impor tan t l r t p roduct ion c en tre. I ts t il eta ins much o f i t s u sefu lness. Th is a r t icle a te mp ts l's i t o e xpand S heppard ' s o r ig ina l work a nd t o p resen t i n for ma t ion o n H ul ndustry i n af orm more a ppropr ia te t o t he c onven t ions o f c on te mporary a rchaeo logy .
A
t ypo logy o f Hul l p ipe s hapes h as t herefore b een e stabl ished; i ti s da ted s o lely l i b y p ipes b ear ing mak ers ' marks. Hul s h igh ly f ortuna te i n t h is r espec t s ince al arge p ropor t ion o ft he p ipes made i nt he t own b ear t heir maker ' i n it ials, a nd av ery h igh p ropor t ion o f makers i nt h is p er iod w ere b urgesses o f t he t own a nd l s. a re c onsequen t ly l i sted i nt he t own 's Appren t ice a nd F reedom Rol
Ac o m-
l p rehens ive l i st o f makers f ro m t hese a nd o ther s ources i s i ncluded . A smal l p s a mp le o f Hul ipes h as b een s ub jected t o t h in-sect ion a na lys is; t he r esu l ts, wh ich w ere e ncourag ing , a re a lso i ncluded .
Cons iderable work r e ma ins t o b e
d one, p ar t icu lar ly o nt he u npubl ished Par ish Reg isters , t he Por t a nd R iver l - made p Books , t he d istr ibu t ion o f Hul ipes a nd o n ma ter ia l e xcava ted f ro m l l s s tra t i f ied a rchaeo log ica l d epos its; a l o f wh ich w il erve t o r ef ine t he d a t ing o f t he t ypo logy . Th is a rt icle, t herefore, i s i n tended a s a gu ide t o t he i den t if il p l, i c a t ion o f Hul ipes; d iscuss ion o f t he w ider a spects o f t he i ndustry w il ti s h oped , a ppear i n a fu ture p ubl ica t ion . Typo logy l p A s n oted b y S heppard , t he e ar l iest k nown Hul ipe maker i s Hugh A tk inson , who b ought h is f reedo m i n 1 644. I ti s l ikely t ha t h e e stabl ished t he i ndustry i n l, a Hul nd , h av ing n o l oca l c o mpet it ion , d id n o t n eed t o d ist ingu ish h is p ipes b y mark ing t he m w i th h is i n i t ia ls. H is f i rst t wo k nown a ppren t ices t ook u p t he ir r espec t ive f reedo ms i n 1 653 a nd 1 660/ 1 b u t a lso d id n o t mark t he ir p ipes.
I t
i s n o t p ossible, t herefore t o i den t ify t hese e ar l iest Hul l - made p ipes b y mark . Type I( F ig.1) l, T hese, t he e ar l iest p ipes wh ich c an b e a ttr ibu ted w ith c er ta in ty t o Hul a re v ery s im ilar t o L ondon t ypes 1 2 a nd 1 3 ( Atk inson & O swa ld 1 969 ) a nd O swa ld 's g enera l t ype 6 ( Oswa ld 1 975 ), wh ich i s d a ted c .1660-80. The t ype c on t inued i n p roduct ion i n L inco lnsh ire u n t i l c . 1 690 ( Mann 1 977 , n os. 1 05, 1 06 ). The b ow l i s s o mewha tb u lbous a nd t h ick-wal led ; t he b ase s hape v ar ies f ro m r ound t o o va l t o h ear t-shaped . Most e xa mp les s how s igns o f r ough k n ifel t r i mm ing ; a l a re d ecora ted w ith a groove u ndernea th t he r i m wh ich s omet i mes e x tends c o mp letely r ound t he b ow lb u t i s more u sual ly c on f ined t o t he b ack o f l y ag t he b ow l . O ccas ional roove h as b een c u t i n to t he h eel . The s te m b ore d ia me ter ( SBD ) o f t h is t ype i s c o m mon ly
8 5
7/ 64 "
b u t o ccasional /64" . ly 8
F ig. 1
Hul l p ipe b ow l t ypo logy , s hap es I -II I.
8 6
S ca le 1 : 1.
I a.
Round h eel. N on e marked .
T b.
H eart-shaped h eel . Mark n o. 2 4.
l c.
More u pr igh t v ersion o fl b , w ider mou th.
Marks n os. 2 4 a nd 4 8.
I d . L arger v ers ion o f I a/b. N one marked . Da t ing : N o. 2 4 i s t he mark o f Edward F ow ler , f ree 1 663, a l ive i n 1 671, p roba bly d ead b y 1 676.
The t ype may t hus b e a ss igned t o t he p er iod c . 1 660-c.1675.
Type I ( 'Yorksh ire b u lbous" ) ( F ig. 1 ) T he s ty le o fb ow l , w h ich was e x tre mely c ommon i n Hul l i n t he l a te s event een th c en tury , was p robably c op ied f rom t he makers o f York , s ince York t ype 8c an b e d ated t o t he p er iod c . 1 650-75 ( Lawrence 1 979 ) w hereas t he e ar l iest p oss ib le d ate f or i t s p roduc t ion i n Hul l i s 1 663. The t h ick-wal l ed b ow ls o f t h is t ype o f ten s how s igns o f c rude k n ifetr imm ing.
Marked e xa mp les a re c o m mon ly
p o l ished b u t u nmarked e xa mp les a re r arely s o t rea ted .
Prac t ical ly a l l b owls
o f t h is s hape b ear a form o f d ecora t ion b enea th t he r im , e i ther a s i mp le i nc ised t ed p tern i l l ine o r a rou let at n o ne o ft hree s ty les ( i lustra ted b enea th b ow l l i e ). The d es ign may e x tend a round t he c ircumference o f t he b ow l o r b e l im i ted t o t he b ack o f t he b ow l. P ipes o f t h is t ype h ave a n e x tre mely l arge r ound b ase; ly t ting o o ccas ional h is a lso b ears a line o f r ou let r as i mp le g roove.
O swa ld
l ( pers. c om m .) s ugges ts t ha t p ipes may h ave b een marked i nt h is way t o a low t he maker t o r ecogn ise h is o u tpu t f or t he a ssess men t o f p iecework .
One e x-
t ern d ly a amp le o ft ype H i h as b een f ound wh ich b ears a r ou le tte p at iagonal round t he s te m. Ha. l ib. I lc.
SBD e ither
7/ 64 "
o r 8 /64".
l b Smal u lbous, Mark s 2 5 a nd 2 7. A s Ha b u t w ith w ider mou th. Marks 2 a nd 5 . Med iu m-s ized , f orwardlean ing. Marks 3 , 5 , 8 , 9 , 1 2, 1 3 , 1 6, 1 7 , 2 3, 2 8 a nd 4 8.
Hd .
U pright v ersion o fH c.
He.
L arger v ers ion o f l i d . L arger v ers ion o f ' l c.
Ig. I lh. H i.
Mark s 3 , 8 , 1 0 , 1 3 , 1 6, 2 8 , 3 4 , 3 5, 3 9 a nd 4 0. 1, 1 3 , 1 6, 1 7 , 2 2, 2 7 a nd 2 9 . Marks 4 , 1 and 1 2. Marks 3 , 8
, 1 1 a nd 2 1. L arger v ers ion o f ' I f . Marks 5 , 9 L arge b u lbous , f orwardlean ing. Mark s 1 0 , 1 2, 1 4 , 2 1, 2 8 a nd 3 1. L arge b u lbous, u pr igh t. Mark n o .9 .
Da t ing : S hape Ha b ears t he mark o f o n ly o ne maker ; G eorge Fow ler , who p roba bly d ied b efore 1 676 ; a nd s o may b e d a ted c . 1 660-c. 1 675. S hapes 2 bi b ear t he marks o f makers w ho were work ing i n t he d ecades f rom 1 660 t o 1 700. N o c hrono log ica l p rogress ion c an b e d etec ted i nb ow ls 2 bi ; t hey a re p robab ly c ont e mporary. Type I I ( Fig. 1 ) T h is s hape, i nw h ich t he s ides o f t he b ow l a re a l most p aral l el , i s s im i lar t o L ondon t ype 1 8 ( Atk inson & O swa ld 1 96 9 )a nd O swa ld ( 1975 ) t ype G 7 , b o th o f wh ich a re d a ted c . 1 660-80. The t ype i s f ound i n Hul l i n t wo s izes, t he l arger l o ft he t wo b eing t he more c o m mon . A l e xamp les s o f ar e xam ined b ear makers ' mark s o nt he h eel a nd a re p o l ished . An i nc ised l ine i s s omet i mes p resen t ted b enea th t he r im o n t he b ack o f t he b ow l b u t t he t ype d oes n ot b ear r ou let d ecora t ion .
SBD e i ther
7/ 64 "
o r 8 /64".
8 7
Hul l p ipe b ow l t ypo logy , s hapes ] T V-VI I I. 8 8
S ca le 1 : 1.
l I la .
n i b .
l v Smal ers ion .
Marks 5 , 6a nd 4 1.
L arge v ersion .
Mark s 4 1 a nd 4 7.
Da t ing : The t hree makers k nown t o h ave p roduced t h is t ype t ook u p t he ir f reed o ms i n 1 682, 1 683 a nd 1 689 ; t he s ty le wou ld t herefore a ppear t o h ave b een c urr en t i n Hul f ter i t s p opu lar i ty i n L ondon h ad waned. l a
The t ype i s n o t c o m mon
a nd may n ot h ave h ad a long " l ife" ; p roduct ion may h ave c eased b y c . 1 710. Type I V ( Fig. 2 ) Th is t ype i s s im ilar t o O swa ld 's t ypes G8 a nd G9 , d a ted c . 1 680-1710 ( Oswa ld 1 975 ). Most Hu lb ow ls o f t h is t ype a re n ea t ly f in ished a nd h ighly p o ll i shed ; a pprox i ma tely h al f o f t hose e xa m ined b ear e i ther a n i nc ised l i ne o r r oul et te-decora t ion b enea th t he r i m.
SBD i s
7/ 64 " .
The v ast ma jor i ty b ear mak-
l r e rs ' marks i n r el ief o n t he smal ound h eel , b u t t ype I Vd r epresen ts t he f i rst l s b reak w i th t h is t rad i t ion i n Hul ince o n t h is mou ldi mpar ted o n t he s ide o ft he h eel .
t ype t he maker 's i n i t ia ls a re
l v I Va . Smal ersion . Rare. Marks ( rel ief ) 3 7 a nd 4 2. I Vb. Med iu m-s ized v ers ion . Marks ( r el ief ) 1 5, 1 8 a nd 1 9. We. I V&
L arge v ersion . Marks ( rel ief ) 1 5, 4 3, 4 4 a nd 4 5. Med iu m-sized v ers ion . Marks ( mou ldi mpar ted ) 5 2 a nd 5 4.
l makers a Da t ing : F ive d if feren t Hul re k nown t o h ave p roduced t h is t ype o f p ipe; l a l w ere work ing i nt he 1 68d s b u t t wo o ft he m d ied i nt he d ecade 1 700-1710. O swa ld 's d a te r ange f or t he t ype o f c . 1 680-1710 i s t herefore c on f ir med. Type V ( Fig. 2 ) l Museums l ect Th is t ype i s e x tremely r are; Hul ' c ol ion o f p ipes c on ta ins l o n ly t hree e xa mp les, a l o f w h ich b ear t he mou ld-i mpar ted i n it ia ls B .B. o n t he s ides o ft he t h in p o in ted s pur. N one o f t hese e xa mp les a re p o l ished . ls a wal re f a ir ly t h in ; SBD i s 6 /64”. Mark n o. 4 9.
Bow l
Da t ing : Ben ja m in B el l w as work ing i n 1 709 ; h e i s n o t l i sted i n t he Poor Ra te Asses men t L ist af ter 1 726. The t ype may t hus b e d a ted a pprox i ma tely 1 710-1725. Type V I ( Fig.2 ) Th is i s a lso a n e x tre mely r are t ype. Two e xa mp les a re k nown ; b o th a re h igh ly p o l ished a nd o ne b ears a n i nc ised l ine b enea th t he r im o n t he b ack o ft he b ow l . SBD i s 6 /64 t t. Mark n o. 5 6. Da t ing : Th is t ype was p robably p roduced b y J ohn Da l ton t he e lder , who t ook u p h is f reedo m i n 1 695 a nd w as d ead b y 1 723, a nd may t hus b e d a ted c . 1 690-1720. Type V I I ( Fig.2 ) Dur ing t he e arly y ears o f t he e igh teen th c en tury makers i n Hul l c eased t o p roduce d ist inc t ive l oca l t ypes o f p ipes. Type V I , wh ich i s b y f ar t he most I c o mmon ly e ncoun tered i ne ighteen th c en tury d epos its, i s v ery s im ilar t o c ont e mporary p ipes made i n L ondon a nd t he S ou th-East ( Atk inson & O swa ld 1 969 , n o. 2 5 , O swa ld 1 975 n os. G 10-12 ). Bow ls a re g eneral h in-wal ; n one a re ly t l ed d ecorated w ith i nc ised l i nes o r m il ling.
8 9
The v ast ma jor i ty b ear t he maker 's
i n i t ia ls ( mou ldi mpar ted o n t he s ide o f t he s pur ). VI rof ile f ron t a nd b ack . I a. Convex p
Rare.
Unpo l ished.
SBD 6 /64".
Mark
5 0. VI . I b. Co m mon
Approx i mately h a l f o f t he e xa mp les e xa m ined were p o l ished .
SBD 5 /64" o r 6 /64". VI . I c. Co m mon
Marks 5 0 , 5 3, 5 5 , 6 1 a nd 6 8.
S im ilar t o VI u t w ith l ess c onvex b ack . Ib b
SBD 5 /64" , o ccas ional /64" a nd 6 /64" . ly 4
5 0% w ere p o l ished .
Marks 5 1, 5 7 , 5 8 , 6 0 , 6 3, 6 4,
6 5, 6 7 a nd 6 8. VI . Rare. Tal ers ion o f V Ic. Id l er v I V i le. Forwardlean ing b ow l . 5 /64".
H igh ly p o l ished. SBD 5 /64" .
Mark 6 2.
Unco m mon . U sual l ight ly p o l ished . ly s
SBD
Marks 5 8 a nd 6 6.
Da t ing : The s ub-types o f s hape VI an b e a ss igned d if feren t d a te r anges; t hese I c a re a t p resen t r a ther b road s ince t he d up l ica t ion o f makers ' i n it ia ls a lows a l n u mber o f p oss ib le a tr ibu t ions. t
V Ia was p roduced b y Ben ja m in B el robI l, who p
a bly c eased p roduct ion i n 1 726; t hus c. 1710-25.
VI anges f ro m B en ja m in B el Ib r l
t o Wil le ( work ing i n 1 754 a nd 1 774 ); t hus c . 1 710-75. lia m Westerda
Bo th VI Ia
a nd b , w i th t he ir c onvex s ides, c losely r ese mble East Ang l ian p ipes o ft he f i rst h a l f o f t he e igh teen th c en tury ( Oswa ld & A tk inson 1 979 ).
V Ic r anges f ro m Wi lI
l ia m Ky le ( f ree 1 700 ) t o Wil le ; t hus c . 1 700-75. lia m Westerda
V Id was p roI
d uced b y Henry N or man ( 2 ); t hus c . 1 700-60 , b u t t he t al arrow b ow l a nd t h ickl n i sh s te m p o in t t o t he p er iod c . 1 710-40 ( Laws & O swa ld 1 979 ).
Vi le was pro-
duced b y J ohn Go ldwel hus— c . 1 710-75. l; t Type V I ( F ig. 2 ) I I Th is t ype, w ith i t s u pr igh t b ow l , t h in wal nd p o in ted s pur , a n t ic ipa tes ls a n ineteen th c en tury s ty les. h ave SBD o f
4/ 64 ",
On ly t wo e xa mp les a re k nown ; b o th a re p o l ished ,
a nd b ear t he maker 's i n i t ia ls o n t he s ides o ft he s pur .Mark n o. 5 9 .
Da t ing : Mark 5 9 i s t ha t o f J ohn Go ldwel l. 1 707 ; a no ther v o ted i n 1 774.
A man o f t h is n a me b ecame f ree i n
The t h ickr ess o f t he b ow l a nd s te m p o in t t o ad a te
o f c . 1 780-1810 ( Laws & O swa ld 1 979 ) a nd s o t he s ty le may b e a tr ibu ted t o t he t l a te-p l's p er iod o f J ohn Go ldwel roduct ion . Makers ' marks ( F ig. 3 ) a ) I n r el ief o n t he h eel . 1 .
l ( no t i lustra ted ) Design a s n o. 2 3, b u t w ith t he i n it ia ls MB.
I ti s p ub-
l i shed b y S heppard ( 1912, n o . 3 6 ) b u t n o e xa mp le o f i th as b een f ound l Museu ms l ec l maker. i n Hul ' c ol t ion ; i t may n o t b e t he mark o f a H ul 2 .
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape I l b.
3 .
O ccurs o nb ow l s hapes Ic , d , f .
4 .
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape Ie.
5 .
O ccurs o nb ow l s hapes I l b , c , ga nd I na .
6 .
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape l i la.
7 .
l t ( no t i lustra ted ) .Publ ished b y S heppard ( 19 12, n o . 1 1a ; t he l e ters RB s epara ted b y a n i nco mp lete t obacco p lan t ). amp les o f t h is mark .
9 0
l Hul
Museu ms h ave n o e x-
1 0
T e 0 9 )
t Z 4
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
1 7
1 8
1 9
20
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 4
2 5
2 7
2 8
2 9
3 1
3 4
35
3 6
3 7
3 9
40
4 1
4 2
4 3
4 4
45
47
48
1
49
50
c g r -) c l 5 3
t 1
57
e
5 1
r m
5 4
1
6 1
65
55
5 6
59
60
Zr.« 6 2
6 3
64
u = l r-Y
( 2 x . r; A
i
58
1
66
F ig. 3
5 2
6 7
Hul l makers ' marks.
9 1
S ca le 1 :1.
68
t ibu l ( Atr t ion n os. 2 -7 : Rober t Burr il 1 ) ( f ree 1 683, work ing i n 1 724 ). 8 .
O ccurs o nb ow l s hapes I l e , d , f .
9 .
O ccurs o nb ow l s hapes He , g ,
1 0.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hapes Id , h .
1 1.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hapes l i e , g .
1 2.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hapes I le , f , h .
1 3.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hapes Ic , d , e
1 4.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape I l h.
1 5.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hapes I Vb , c .
tr At ibu t ion n os. 1 6.
8 -15; J ohn C hap man ( I ) ( f ree 1 670 , work ing i n 1 683 ).
Occurs o nb ow l s hapes He , d , e .
One e xamp le i s k nown i n w h ich t h is
mark h as b een s ta mped o nt he s te m o f ap ipe. 1 7.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hapes He , e .
1 8.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape I Vb.
1 9. 2 0.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape I Vb. On ly o ne e xa mp le o f t he mark i s k nown ; t he b ow l was b roken a nd c ou ld n o tb e c lassif ied.
tr At ibu t ion n os. 1 6-20 : Tho mas Cooke ( f ree 1 678 , d ied 1 720 ).
I t i s p ossible
t ha t n os. 1 8-20 a re t he marks o f Tho mas Chap man ( f ree 1 700,
?work ing i n
1 706 ). 2 1.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hapes Ig , h .
tr licar. At ibu t ion n o . 2 1: E i ther J ohn Eggleston o r J ohn El
The f or mer i s t he
more l ikely s ince t he d eta iled r ender ing o f t he t obacco p lan t i n t he d esign s ee ms t o h ave b een p opu lar w ith makers work ing i n t he 1 67 4 a nd 8 0 ' s;
l E l icar b eca me
t ed i af ree man i n 1 691, whereas Egg leston was a dm it n 1 679 . 2 2.
l Museums h Hul ave t wo e xa mp les o f p ip 3s b ear in g t h is mark ; o ne i s b roken
l s b u tt he o ther i s o f Hul hape l i e. i s k nown .
l ( N o Hul or York ) maker w ith t hese i n it ia ls
l ed " S ince o ne o f t he e xa mp les i s l abel Bever ley" i t may b e long t o a n
u nknown maker work ing i n t ha t t own . 2 3.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape He.
tr At ibu t ion n o. 2 3 : Barbara Fow ler ( work ing i n 1 676 ) 2 4.
O ccurs o nb owl s hapes l b , c .
2 5.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape Ia.
2 6.
l ( no t i lustra ted ) Publ ished b y S heppard ( 19 12, n o. l b ; t he i n i t ia ls EF w ith n o a dd it iona l d ecora t ion ).
N o e xa mp les o ft h is mark h ave b een f ound i n
l ec l Museums. t he c ol t ion a t Hul 2 7.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hapes ha , e .
tr At ibu t ion n os. 2 4-7 : Edward F ow ler ( f ree 1 663 , a l ive i n 1 671, d ead b y 1 676 ). 2 8. 2 9.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hapes He , d , h . O ccurs o nb ow l s hape H e.
3 0.
l ( no t i lustra ted ). Pub l ished b y S heppard ( 19 12 , n o . 2 b ; t he i n i t ia ls GF s epara ted b y as ty l ized t obacco p lan t ). l Museu ms l ect t he Hul ' c ol ion . 9 2
N o e xa mp les h ave b een f ound i n
tr At ibu t ion n os. 2 8-30 : G eorge Fow ler ( f ree 1 670 ). 3 1.
l Museu ms h Hul ave o ne e xa mp le o ft h is mark .
l maker w N o Hul ith t hese
i l b I n i t ia ls i s k nown , b ut t he s ta mp o ccurs o n a H ul ow l s hape ( Ih ). 3 2.
l ( no t i lustra ted )
l MuseN o e xa mp les o ft h is mark h ave b een f ound i n Hul
l ect l ums ' c ol ion , b u t i ti s i lustra ted b y S heppard ( 1912, n o. 3 6; t he l et ters WF s epara ted b y a tobacco p lan t ). 3 3.
l ( no t i lustra ted ) S heppard 1 912 n o. 7 ; t he i n i t ia ls I L s epara ted b y a tobacco p lan t.
l Museu ms i S ince n o e xa mp les o f t h is h ave b een f ound i n Hul ti s
p robably a w orn v ersion o f n o. 2 1. 3 4.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape Id .
3 5.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape I ld .
3 6.
On ly o ne e xa mp le o ft h is mark i s k nown , s ta mped o nb oth e nds o f a w igc ur ler.
3 7.
F or f ur ther c o m men t s ee L e Che m inan t ( 1979 ).
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape I Va.
tr At ibu t ion n os.
3 4-7 : H enry N or man ( 1 ) ( f ree 1 674, p robab ly d ead b y 17 09 ).
No. 3 7 c ou ld a lso b e t he mark o f Henry N or man ( 2 ) ( f ree 1 700 ). 3 8.
l ( no t i lustra ted ) S heppard 1 912 n o. 5 ; t he i n it ia ls I P s epara ted b y t wo l Museu ms; i s tars. N o e xa mp les o ft h is mark h ave b een f ound i n Hul t i s p robably a worn v ers ion o f n o. 1 3 o r 1 4.
3 9.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape Id .
ing i n 1 669/70 ). tr At ibu t ion n o . 3 9 Henry S tan ley o f B ever ley ( f ree 1 66 2 /3 ,work 4 0.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape Id .
4 1.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hapes I l Ia, b .
4 2.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape I Va.
4 3.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape I Vc.
4. 4 4 5.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape We. O ccurs o nb ow l s hape I S /c.
4 6.
( no t i lustra ted ) S heppard 1 912 n o. 1 0a ; t he i n it ia ls NT s epar ted b y a verl t i ca l b ar w i th t hree d o ts a bove.
N o e xa mp les o ft h is h ave b een f ound i n
Hul l Museu ms. At ibu t ion n os. 4 0-6 : N icho las Tarbo ton ( 1 ) ( f ree 1 689 , d ead b y 17 09 ) a nd tr N icho las Tarbo ton ( 2 ) ( f ree 1 720 ).
N os. 4 0 a nd 4 1 a re a l most c er ta in ly mark s
o f t he e lder Tarbo ton ; n os. 4 2-5 c ou ld b e e ither. 47 .
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape I lb. l
At ibu t ion n o. 4 7 : F ranc is Wood ( f ree 1 682, work ing i n 1 686 ). tr 4 8.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hapes I c , Ic. b ) Mou ldi mpar ted o n t he s ide o f t he s pur. ( N . B. a n u mber o f t hese marks
c an b e a tr ibu ted t o d if feren t makers w ho h ad t he s a me i n it ia ls; a l t he k nown t l a l terna t ives a re s pec if ied b elow .) 4 9.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape V .
5 0.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hapes V Ia , b . I
9 3
tr At ibu t ion n os. 4 9-50 : 5 1.
l ( B en ja m in B el work ing i n 17 09 a nd 17 26 ) .
Occurs o nb ow l s hape V i le.
tr l ( At ibu t ion n o. 5 1: E ither Rober t B el work ing i n 1 710 a nd 1 725 ) , Rober t l ( l ( Burr il 1 ) ( f ree 1 683, work ing i n 17 24 ) o r Robert Burr il 2 ) ( f ree 17 27 , w ork74 i ng 17 ); t he l ast n a med b e ing t he most l ikely . 5 2.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape I Vd.
5 3.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape V I lb.
tr At ibu t ion n os. 5 2-3 : Robert Chapman ( f ree 1 681, work ing i n 1 711 ). 5 4.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape I Vd .
5 5.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape V I lb.
tr At ibu t ion n os. 5 4-5 : E i ther Tho mas Chapman ( f ree 17 00 , work ing i n 17 06 ), Tho mas Cooke ( f ree 1 67 8 , d ied 17 20 ) o r p ossib ly Tho mas Craven ( f ree 17 27 ) . P ipes marked w ith t hese i n i t ia ls a re a lso c o m mon i n L inco lnsh ire ( i nf . A . O swa ld ) a nd may p oss ibly b e long t o a maker o ft ha t c oun ty . 5 6.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape V I.
tr At ibu t ion n o . 5 6 : E ither J ohn Da l ton ( 1 ) ( Free 1 695, d ead b y 17 23 ) o r J ohn Da l ton ( 2 ) ( f ree 17 23, work ing i n 17 24 ). 5 7.
I O ccurs o nb ow l s hape V Ic.
5 8.
I Occurs o nb ow l s hapes V Ic , e .
5 9.
I. O ccurs o nb ow l s hape V II
tr l ( 74; t At ibu t ion n os. 5 7-9 : J ohn G o ldwel f ree 1 707 , work ing i n 17 here were p oss ib ly t wo makers o f t h is n a me ). 6 0.
O ccurs o nb ow l
s hape Vi le.
tr lia m K At ibu t ion n o . 6 0 : Wil yte ( f ree 1 700 , work ing i n 17 09 ) . 6 1.
I Occurs o nb ow l s hape V Ib.
6 2.
I O ccurs o nb ow l s hape V Id .
tr At ibu t ion n os. 6 1-2 : Henry N or man ( 2 ) ( f ree 1 700 , a l ive i n 17 59 , d ead b y 17 61 ) 6 3.
I O ccurs o nb ow l s hape V Ic.
tr At ibu t ion n o. 6 3 :
lia m Pat tinson ( liam Pot t er ( E i ther Wil f ree 17 00 ) , Wil 1 )
lia m Pot t er ( liam ( work ing i n 17 09) , Wil 2 ) ( f ree 1 717 , work ing i n 17 54 ) o r Wil Pa l mer ( f ree 1 721, work ing 1 724 ). 6 4.
I O ccurs o nb ow l s hape V Ic.
6 5.
I Occurs o nb ow l s hape V Ic.
6 6.
I O ccurs o nb ow l s hape V Ie.
tr At ibu t ion n os. 6 4-6 : e i ther J ohn R ead ( f ree 17 27 , work ing i n 17 54 ) o r J ohn Robson ( f ree 1 723, work ing i n 17 54 ). 9 4
6 7.
O ccurs o nb ow l s hape Vi le.
tr At ibu t ion n o. 6 7 : E ither
R ichard Took ( 1 ) ( work ing i n 1 724, )R ichard Tock
( 2 ) ( f ree 1 739 ) o r Rober t Tock ( f ree 1 746 ). 6 8.
Ib O ccurs o nb ow l s hapes VI , c .
tr liam Westerda At ibu t ion n o . 6 8 : Wil le ( work ing 1 754 a nd 1 774 ). Decora ted p ipes ( F igs. 4 -6 ) l T he u se o f e ngraved mou lds t o p roduce h igh ly d ecora ted p ipes b egan i n Hul i n t he c losing y ears o f t he e ighteen th c en tury a nd r eached a p eak b etween 1 830 f t a nd 1 850. Th ir ty-four d i feren t t ypes o f d ecora ted p ipes c an d ef in itely b e a tr il b bu ted t o Hul y t he ir i nscr ip t ions ( and t wo t o Bever ley ); many o f t he u n inscr ibed l Museu ms l ect e xamp les i n Hul ' c ol ion w ere p robably made i n t he c ity b u t a re n o t i nc luded i nt he c a ta logue b e low.
I n t he v ast ma jor ity o f c ases t he makers '
s urname a ppears o n t he l ef t-hand s ide o f t he b ow l ( when h e ld i n t he smok ing l p osi t ion ) a nd t he word Hu l o n t he r ight-hand s ide.
On ly o ne e xa mp le i s k nown
o f a m akers ' n a me a ppear ing o n t he s te m o f a pipe ( no. 1 5 ), a l though t h is p ract ice i s c o m mon o u ts ide Y orksh ire.
A n u mber o f d esigns were p roduced b y more
t han o ne manu facturer , t he most c o m mon b e ing t he g rape-v ine mo t if ( wh ich was u sed b y a t l eas t f our ), b u t n o r eference h as b een f ound t o a ny mou ld- maker workl. i ng i n Hul
Most o f t he men whose n a mes a ppear o n t hese p ipes were f ree men
l, p o f Hul erhaps s uggest ing t ha t t he o rgan isa t ion a nd c on tro l o f t he i ndustry was much t he s a me i n t he e ar ly n ine teen th c en tury a s i th ad b een i n t he l a te s event een th .
The d istr ibu t ion a nd e cono m ics o f t he d ecora ted p ipe i ndustry i s d is-
ls ( le l c ussed i n d eta il b y Wa lker a nd Wel 1979 ); f or p aral ls o f many o f t he Hul d esign s t he r eader i s r eferred t o t ha t p aper. 1 .
D es ign : L .H.S. t he f i gure o f Bacchus w i th a r ms o u t-stretched h o ld ing a
t mug a nd a g ob le t , s i t ing a str ide ab arrel ; R .H.S. a s n o. 1 6. I nscr ip t ion : t he o ne k nown e xa mp le o f t h is p ipe i s r ather worn , b u t a ppears t o b ear t he i n it ia ls I A o n e i ther s ide o f t he j o in . A ttr ibu t ion : E i ther J ohn A squ ith ( work ing 1 806 , dead b y 1 809 ) o r more p roba bly J oshua A squ i th ( work ing 1 822 a nd 1 834 ). 2 .
D es ign : L .H.S. n one ; R .H.S. n one.
I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. BLYTH w ith l et ter E o n t he s pur; R .H.S. HULL w ith l et ter B o n t he s pur. A ttr ibu t ion : E ither Edward B ly th ( work ing 1 798 a nd 1 820 ) , h is w ife E l izabe th ( work ing 1 823 a nd 1 826 ) o r h is s on Edward D enn ison ( work ing 1 829 a nd 1 863 ). l ( 3 . D es ign : L .H.S. t hree l i ons p assan t ; R .H.S. a r ms o f Hul t hree c rowns ). t I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. E . BLYTH, w ith l e ter E o n t he s pur ; R . H.S . HULL , w i th ter B o l et n t he s pur. tr At ibu t ion : a s n o. 2 . 4 .
D es ign : L .H.S . t he h ead o f a? l ion ; R .H.S. a ? un icorn ; b ack o fb owl ab adge
l ( t oo w orn t o a low i den t if ica t ion b u t p robably t he a r ms o f England ). I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. E . D . BLYTH; R .H.S. HULL. A ttr ibu t ion : Edward D enn ison B ly th ( work ing 1 829 a nd 1 863 ).
9 5
: E
4
1 6 HI R s TI 1VI .
1 5 F ig. 4
D ecora ted Hul l p ipes.
9 6
S ca le 1 : 1.
5 .
Des ign : L . H.S. a s R .H.S.; R .H.S. a f lower b etween t wo b ranches o f l eaves.
t I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. BLYTH; R .H.S. HULL , w ith t he l e ter B o n t he s pur. tr At ibu t ion : a s n o.2. 6 .
Des ign : L . H.S. mason ic s y mbo ls a bove f lu t ing; R .H.S. d itto.
I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. BLYTH; R . H.S. BEVERLEY; a n i n it ia l , p robably t he l et ter B , a ppears o nb oth s ides o f t he s pur. tr lia m B At ibu t ion : Wil ly th ( work ing i n 1 836 a nd 1 848, d ead b y 1 851). 7 .
l ( no t i lustra ted ) Des ign : L .H.S. a s n o. 1 6; R .H.S. a s n o. 1 6.
I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. BLYTH; R .H.S. HULL. tr At ibu t ion : a s n o. 2 . 8 .
l ( no t i lustra ted ) Des ign : L .H.S. a s n o. 3 9 ; R . H.S. a s n o. 3 9.
I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. BLYTH; R .H.S. HULL. tr At ibu t ion : a s n o. 2 . 9 .
l l ow ( no t i lustra ted ) S heppard ( 1912, n o. 7 2) h as t he f ol ing e n try : "
b ow l o rna men ted o n e ach s ide w ith a r epresen ta t ion o f Br itann ia; o n o ne s ide s it t ing , o n t he o ther s tand ing , w ith t he words " BLYTH-HULL" a bove; h eel s purred , w ith t he i n it ia ls E .1 3. o n t he s ides".
There a re n o e xa mp les o f t h is
l Museu ms l ect i n Hul ' p resen t c ol ion . tr At ibu t ion : a s n o. 2 . l 1 0. ( no t i lustra ted ) Des ign : L . H.S. s im ilar t o R . H.S. n o. 4 0; R .H.S. a s n o. 3 9. I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. BLYTH; R .H.S. BEVERLEY. tr At ibu t ion : a s n o. 6 . 1 t ern b 1. Design : L .H.S. a fl u ted p at elow a l ine o f f l eurs-de-l is; R . H.S. a s L .H.S. I nscr ip t ion :
L .H.S. BROMBY; R .H.S. HULL.
lia m Wi A ttr ibu t ion : Wil lk inson Bro mby ( work ing 1 835-63 a nd 1 882-9 ). l 1 2. ( no t i lustra ted ) Design : L .H.S. a s n o. 1 6; R . H.S. a s n o. 1 6. I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. BROMBY; R .H.S. HULL. tr At ibu t ion : a s n o. 1 1. l 1 3. ( no t i lustra ted ) Design : L .H.S. a s R . H.S. n o. 4 0; R . H.S. a s n o. 3 9. I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. ERATT; R .H.S. HULL . tr lia m Erat t ( t At ibu t ion : E ither Wil work ing i n 1 835 a nd 1 842 ) o r J a mes Erat ( work ing i n 1 846 a nd 1 848 ). l 1 4. ( no t i lustra ted ) Design :
L .H.S. a s n o. 4 6; R .H.S. a s n o. 4 6; b ack o f
b ow l a s n o. 4 6. I nscr ip t ion : ( f ron t o f b ow l , i n as em i-c ircle a bove t he I nd ian 's p add le ) L .H.S. ROBERT; R . H.S. GO WLA ND. tr At ibu t ion : Rober t Gowland ( work ing i7 90 , 1 791 a nd p robably 1 815 ). 1 5. Design : L .H.S. a s tand ing f igure; R .H.S. a s L .H.S. On ly o ne e xa mp le o f t h is t ype i s k nown ; t he b owl i s b roken a nd v ery worn. I nscr ip t ion : ( in a p anel o n t he s te m ) : HERST HUL (L ). tr At ibu t ion : J ohn H irst ( work ing 1 831 a nd 1 867 ). 1 6. Design : L .H.S. a v ine w ith b unches o f g rapes; R .H.S. a s L . H.S.
9 7
Ket t
MI I I I I M I i i.
2 1
A
" • 4 :e.
2 3
2 7
D ecora ted Hul l p ipes ( con t inued ). 9 8
S ca le 1 : 1.
I nscr ip t ion : L .H . S . H IRST; R .H.S . HULL . A ttr ibu t ion : a s n o . 1 5. 1 7. ( no t i lustra ted ) Des ign : L .H .S . a s n o. 1 6; R .H.S. a s n o. 1 6. l I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. H IRST; R .H.S . HULL. The i nscr ip t ions a re p laced h or iz on tal bove t he d esign s. ly a At ibu t ion : a s n o. 1 5. tr 1 8. D es ign :
L .H.S. a fes toon o rnamen t a bove f lu t ing ; R .H.S. a s L .H.S.
I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. PACY ; R .H.§ . HULL . lia m Pacy ( A ttr ibu t ion : Wil work in g i n 1 823 a nd 1 851 ). l 1 9. ( no t i lustra ted ) D esign : L .H.S. t hree c rowns i n as h ie ld , w i th in a l eaf a nd b ranch b order , o ver f lu t ing ; R .H.S. a s L .H.S. I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. PACY; R.H.S. HULL . A ttr ibu t ion : a s n o . 1 8. 2 0. D es ign : L .H.S. n one ;R .H.S. n one. I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. RE NARDSON ; R . H.S. .. OVES. Th is c ou ld r efer t o a n l c l ed t a rea o f Hul al he G roves , b u t n one o f t he Renard s on f am i ly a re k nown l t o h ave worked t here , a nd t here a re n o o ther e xa mp les k nown where a H ul p ipemaker h as h ad h is a ddress i ncorpora ted i n a mou ld. tr l i At ibu t ion : Four me mbers o f t he R enard s on f am ily worked i n Hul n t he n ineteen th c en tury :
George ( 1817 a nd 1 823 ), Tho mas ( 1817 a nd 1 851) , Rober t
( 1829 a nd 1 867 ) a nd Henry ( 1867 ). 2 1. Des ign : L .H.S . ak neel ing s lave h o lding a c ha in ; R .H.S. a s tanding f i gure h o lding af lag. I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. ROSS ; R .H.S. HULL . tr At ibu t ion : Char les Ross ( work ing 1 830 a nd 1 853 ). 2 l 2. ( no t i lustra ted) Design : L .H.S . at wo-handled c up w i th in a l eaf a nd b ranch b order ; R . H.S. a s L .H.S. I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. ROSS; R .H.S . HULL . A ttr ibu t ion : As n o. 2 1. 2 3. Des ign : L .H.S. a h and o ver a s phere ( mason ic ) w ith in a leaf a nd b ranch b order ; R . H.S. a s L .H.S. I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. ROSS ; R .H.S. HULL . tr At ibu t ion : a s n o. 2 1. t o. 2 4. Des ign : L .H.S. mason ic s y mbo l ; R .H.S. d it I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. S COTT; R .H.S . HULL . tr t f At ibu t ion : Three ( poss ibly f our ) g enera t ions o f t he S cot am ily were p ipel. J t ed f makers i n Hul oseph ( son o f J ohn ) was a dm it ree man i n 1 796.
He s ee ms
t o h ave h anded t he b us iness o ver t o h is s on J oseph Henderson i n 1 839 , s o i t i s l ike ly t ha t t he s on u sed t he s a me mou lds a s h is f a ther.
The l ast r eference
t i t o J oseph Henderson i s i n 1 855 ( a l though a J oseph S cot s r ecorded i n 1 861 ). t's k S ee " Scot i ln dump" ( b elow ). 2 5. Des ign : L .H.S . a two-hand led c up o n ap edesta l b ase w ith in ab ranch a nd l eaf b order ; R .H.S. a c rown w ith in a s im ilar b order. I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. S COTT; R .H.S. HULL . tr At ibu t ion : a s n o. 2 4. S ee " Sco tt 's k i ln d u mp" ( be low ).
9 9
2 6. Des ign : L .H.S. t he Pr ince o f Wa les ' f ea thers; R .H.S. a s L .H.S. I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. S COTT; R .H.S. HULL. A ttr ibu t ion : a s n o. 2 4. S ee " Scot t's k i ln d ump" ( be low ). 2 7. Des ign : L .H.S. f lu ted ; R .H.S . a s L .H.S. I nscr ip t ion : n one. At tr ibu t ion : S cot t, a s n o. 2 4. S ee " Scot t's k i ln d ump" ( below ). 2 8. Design : L .H.S. t wo b ands o f f lu t ing ; R .H.S . a s L .H .S. I nscr ip t ion : n one. tr t, a At ibu t ion : S cot s n o. 2 4.
t's k S ee " Scot i ln d ump" ( below ).
2 9. pes ign : L .H.S. a festoon o rna men t a bove f l u t ing; R .H.S. a s L .H.S. I nscr ip t ion : n one. tr t, a At ibu t ion : S cot s n o. 2 4.
t's k S ee " Scot i ln d u mp" ( below ).
3 0. Des ign : L . H.S. a s tag 's h ead a bove a c rown ; R .H.S . a n e ag le. I nscr ip t ion : n one. tr t, a At ibu t ion : S cot s n o. 2 4. 3 1-34.
Des ign :
t's k S ee " Scot i ln d ump" ( below ).
n one.
I n scr ip t ion : n one. t t, a t's k A tr ibu t ion : S cot s n o. 2 4. S ee " Scot i ln d ump" ( below ). 3 5. Des ign : L .H.S. t hree l eaves o n t he b ase o ft he b ow l ; R .H.S . a s L . H.S ; a ' f in ' o f c lay p ro trudes f ro m t he f ron t a nd b ack o f t he b ow l . I nscr ip t ion : n one. t, a A ttr ibu t ion : S cot s n o. 2 4.
t's k S ee " Scot i ln d ump" ( be low ).
3 6. Des ign : L .H.S. ab ird w ith o u t-stre tched w ings w i th in a l ea f a nd b ranch l ( b order ; R .H.S. t he a r ms o f Hul t hree c rowns ). I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S . S C O TT ; R . H.S. HULL . tr At ibu t ion : a s n o . 2 4. 3 7. Des ign : L .H.S. Br itann ia h o ld ing a n a nchor ; R .H.S. Br itann ia w ith ab ow a nd o l ive b ranch. I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. S COTT; R . H.S. HULL. tr At ibu t ion a s n o. 2 4. l t 3 8. ( no t i lustra ted ) Des ign : L .H.S. a s n o . 1 8; R .H.S. d i to. I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. S HER WOOD; R .H.S. HULL . A ttr ibu t ion : Mark S herwood ( work ing i n 1 851 ).
I ti s i n terest ing t o n o te t ha t
lia m Pacy S herwood , i n a dd i t ion t o t ak ing o ver t he p re m ises o f Wil , a lso t ook o ver t he d es ign o f h is mou ld . 3 9. Des ign : L .H.S. a p ane l s how ing a w hea tsheaf w i th in a l eaf a nd b ranch b order , o ver f lu t ing a nd b enea th a line o f c rosses; R .H.S. a s L .H.S. b u t w i th a bird a s t he c en tra l mo t if . I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. SMITH; R .H.S. HULL . A ttr ibu t ion : S tephen Sm ith ( work ing 1 818 a nd 1 859 ). 4 0. Design : L .H.S . u nclear , b u t may b e t wo s tags ' h eads w ithin a leaf a nd b ranch b order ; R .H.S. a c rossed whea tsheaf w i th in a s im ilar b order. I nscr ip t ion: L .H.S . S TOV IN ; R .H.S.HULL. tr lia m S At ibu t ion : Wil tov in ( work ing 1 840 a nd 1 863 ).
1 00
WR I G 141
43 F ig. 6
D ecora ted Hul l p ipes ( con t inued ) 1 01
S ca le 1 :1.
l 4 1. ( no t i lustra ted ) Des ign :
L .H.S . a s n o . 4 0 ; R .H.S. a s L .H.S. n o . 4 0.
I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. S TOVIN ; R .H.S. HULL. tr At ibu t ion : a s n o . 4 0. l 4 2. ( no t i lustra ted ) Des ign : L .H.S. a s n o. 4 6; R
. a s n o . 4 6; b ack o f
b ow l a s n o . 4 6. ly o I nscr ip t ion : ( p laced v er t ical n e i ther s ide o ft he f ron t marg in )
L .H.S.
u nclear , b u t p oss ibly WESTERDEL ; R.H.S. HULL . tr l At ibu t ion : Three makers o f t h is n ame a re k nown t o h ave b een work ing i n Hul i nt he a ppropr ia te p er iod ; Tho mas ( 1784 a nd 1 796 ), Michael ( 1798 , d ied 1 812 ) a nd Mary ( 1814 a nd 1 823 ). The d es ign o f t he a rms o n t he b ack o f t he b ow l ( see n o. 4 6 ) s uggests t ha t t he l ast n a med i s t he most l i kely. 4 3. Des ign : L .H.S . b road f l u t ing; R .H.S . a s L .H .S.; b ack o fb ow l a n e igh tp o in ted s tar. I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. WR IGHT; R .H.S . HULL . A ttr ibu t ion : p robably Ma thew Wr igh t ( 2 ) ( work ing 1 810 a nd 1 822 ) s ince t he le d es ign i s c lose ly p aral led b y b ow ls o f Winn o f Boston ( 1815-27 ) a nd Bar tra m o f L inco ln ( l ast k nown d a te 1 796 ) ( Mann 1 977 , n o . 1 79 ). 4 l 4. ( no t i lustra ted ) Des ign : L .H.S . a s n o. 4 6; R .H.S . a s n o. 4 6; b ack o fb ow l a s n o. 4 6. I nscr ip t ion : ( in p lace o f t he b order b enea th t he f i gure o n n o. 4 6 ): L .H .S . WRIGHT; R .H.S. HULL. t A tr ibu t ion : Mathew Wr igh t ( 2 ) ( work ing 1 810 a nd 1 822 ). l 4 5. ( no t i lustra ted ) Design : L .H.S. a s n o . 1 6; R .H.S. a s n o . 1 6. I nscr ip t ion : L .H.S. n one ; R .H.S. HULL. tr At ibu t ion : n one. 4 6. Design : L .H.S. a n u pr igh t ? Red I nd ian , n aked e xcep t f or a head-dress, t h o ld ing a p add le ; R .H.S. d i to ; b ack o fb ow l t he a r ms o f Prussia.
These a lso
o ccur o n Du tch p ipes o f t he p er iod 1 815-30 , a nd O swa ld ( pers. c o m m.) s ugges ts tle o t ha t t hey a re r e la ted t o t he b at f Wa ter loo ; t he d es ign s hou ld t herefore b e d a ted t o p ost -1815. I nscr ip t ion : n one. tr l, s At ibu t ion : amongst o ther p laces, Hul ince t he d es ign i s f ound o n p ipes l Makers wh ich b ear Hul ' n a mes. t's k S cot i ln d u mp lia m House i Dur ing t he c onstruct ion o f K ing W il n L owga te i n 19 76 mechan ica l e xcava t ion b rough t t o l i gh t a q uan t ity o f ma ter ia l w h ich h as b een i den t if ied a s r efuse f ro m a p ipe k i ln .
The d ebr is c ons isted o fb roken s te ms embedded i n
f i red c lay , s lag , n umerous b roken s te ms ( so me o f w h ich w ere g lazed g reen a t t ery o t he t ip ), p ot f t he f irst h alf o f t he e ighteen th c en tury , a nd a n u mber o f l l b roken p ipe b owls, a l o f w h ich a re i lustra ted a bove. O f t he 1 24 b ow ls r ec overed , 6 3 a re u ndecora ted ( nos. 3 1-34 ), 4 4 a re d ecora ted b u t b ear n o i nsc r ip t ion ( nos. 2 7-30 , 3 5 ), a nd t he r e ma in ing 1 7 a re i nscr ibed w ith t he maker 's n a me ( nos. 2 4-6, 3 ).
N os. 2 4, 2 5 a nd 2 6 b ear t he words " SC OTT HULL"
t t ( a nd c an t hus b e a tr ibu ted t o J oseph S cot work ing f ro m 1 798 t o 1 839 )
a nd h is
t ( s on J oseph Henderson S cot who t ook o ver h is f a ther 's p re m ises i n 1 839 a nd worked u n t i l 1 855 o r l a ter ).
However , t he d epos it a lso i ncluded o ne e xa mp le
o f n o. 3 , p roduced b y a me mber o f t he B ly th f am i ly , a nd p o in ts t o t he p oss ib il i ty 1 02
t ha t t he k i ln i n wh ich t hese p ipes were f i red was u sed b y more t han o ne maker. The s tudy o f t he ma ter ia l f rom t he Bren tford k i ln ( Laws & O swa ld 1 979 ) s hows t ha t t h is p ract ice was n o tu nco m mon .
One o ft he d ecora ted p ipes was u nbroken
a nd h ad b een u sed f or smok ing; i t was s im ilar t o n o. 3 5 b u t h ad a design i nc orpora t ing f our l eaves i nstead o f t hree , a nd may b e t he model o n wh ich t he d es ign o f n o. 3 5 was b ased. The f inds w ere n o t r ela ted t o a ny s truc ture. N o p ipe maker i s k nown t o h ave worked o n t he s i te a nd s o t he d epos it i s b est r eg arded a s ad u mp o f k i ln waste. L ist o f makers Th is l i st s upersedes t ha t p ubl ished b y O swa ld ( 1975 ). I ti s b ased p r i mar ily o n Appren t ice Rol ls, F reedom Rol ls a nd D ire c tor ies w ith a dd it iona l i n for ma t ion f ro m P ol l Books , t he 1 851 Census a nd o ther m inor s ources s pec if ied b e low. Those s ources c o mb ine t o g ive a reasonably c omp le te p icture o f t he n a ture o f t he i ndustry i n Hul l, b u t a l l h ave c er ta in l im ita t ions. S heppard ( 1912 ) e x trac ted a l l p ipe makers f rom t he F reedo m Rol l s who t ook u p t he ir f reedom p r ior t o 1 700 ; t h is p resen t l i st a dds t hose o f t he e ighte en th a nd n ine teen th c en tur ies , a nd s upp l ies t he r e la ted e v idence f rom t he ls. A ppren t ice Rol
ly c The t wo s ources a re n o t t o tal o mp lemen tary s ince a
n u rnber o f makers a re r e ferred t o i n o ther d ocumen ts a s f ree men b u t a re n o t e n tered i n t he F reedom Rol l s. There a re a lso many e xamp les o f men w ho w ere b ound a ppren t ice
t o p ipe makers b u t whose a dm iss ion t o t he f ranch ise i s
n o t r ecorded ; most o ft ho se p robably d id n o t c o mp le te t he ir a ppren t icesh ip a nd s o s hou ld n o t b e r egarded a s p ipemakers i n t he ir o wn r ight. A l though t he i ndustry i n Hul l w as n o t r egu la ted b y ag u ild , t here i s e v idence t ha t , i n t he e ar l ier p er iod a t l east , b urgess-sh ip was a necessary p re-cond it ion o f s et ting u p a s a pipe maker i nt he t own .
F or e xamp le i n c . 1 683 N icho las Tarbo ton ( 1 )
w as r efused a dm ission t o t he f ranch ise o n t he g rounds t ha t t here w ere a lready t oo many p ipe makers i n t he t own .
One o f t he f ew e ar ly e igh teen th c en tury l oca l
makers k nown who was n o t af ree man i s Wil lia m Pot t er ( 1 ); h e worked i n S cu lc oa ts, a s mal l v i l lage o u ts ide t he b oundary o f t he t own . I n t he p er iod 1 720-9 e ach o f t he t wen ty-one makers whose n a me i s f i rst r ecorded i n t ha t d ecade i s a free man . The v ast ma jor i ty o f Hul l -type makers ' marks c an b e i den t if ied b y r eference t o t he F reedo m Rol ls, a ga in s uggest ing t ha t t h is s ource p rov ides a reasonably c o mp lete l i s t o f t he p ipe makers work ing i n Hul l i n t he s even teen th a nd e ighteen th c en tur ies. Refor m i n 1 832 a t temp ted t o r e move t he f inanc ia l r ewards o fb urgess-sh ip , b u t e x ten sive p urchas ing o f v o tes c on t inued i n Hul l f or t he n ex t t wo d ecades , a nd i s d ocu men ted i n ar epor t b y Roya l Com m issioners. l wor I tw as s t il thwh i le t o b eco me a freeman o f t he t own a nd t hereby h ave v o tes l a t o s el t e lect ion t ime , s o t he p ract ice o f t ak ing u p f reedom t hrough p atr i mony o r a ppren t icesh ip c on t inued i n to t he m idd le o f t he n ine teen th c en tury . The l ast e nro l men t o f a pipe maker t ook p lace i n .t 8 51 . l i Every a va i lable D irec tory o f Hul n t he r elevan t p er iod h as b een s tud ied ; t h is t ype o f s ource i s n o tor iously u nrel iable. Con fus ion s ome t i mes a r ises o ver w hether a n a ddress g iven r e fers t o aworkshop ( perhaps o f i n terest t o f u ture i ndust ira l a rchaeo log ists ) o r mere ly t o ar es idence.
Th is s ource a lso s upp l ies
e xamp les o f men who , i n a dd it ion t o b e ing p ipe makers, h ad o ther o ccupa t ions, o f w h ich t he most c om mon i s t ha t o f mar ine s tores d ea ler.
1 03
I
0
0
\J1
0
1 640-9 1 650-9
' 0E6 T-0T ST z ' PEDGP
1 660-9 1 670-9 1 680-9 1 690-9 1 700-9 1 710-9 1 720-9 1 730-9
1
1 740-9 1 750-9 1 760-9 1 770-9 1 780-9 1 790-9 1 800-9 1 8 10-9 , 1 820-9 1 830-9 1 840-9 1 850-9 1 860-9 1 870-9 1 880-9 1 890 -9
1 900-9 1 910-9 1 920 -9
1 1 04
I n 1 851 Census s upp l ies much i n terest ing b iograph ica l d e ta il , i nclud ing i n for ma t ion a bou t t he move men ts o f i nd iv idua l p ipe makers.
For e xa mp le
l a R ichard L ip t ish was work ing i n Hul t t he t ime o f t he c ensus; h e was b orn i n tingha m S urrey a nd h ad c h ildren b orn i n L e icester a nd N ot .
Presu mably h e
tl l. worked h is way u p t he c oun try b efore s et ing i n Hul The l i st i s o rdered b y t he me thod o r ig ina ted b y O swa ld ; i n a lphabe t ica l o rder o f i n i t ia ls. Table 1 s hows t he n umber o f p ipe makers ( exclud ing a ppren t ices ) k nown l i f ro m t he s ources s o f ar s tud ied t o h ave b een work ing i n Hul n e ach d ecade b etween 1 640 a nd 1 930.
The a ctua l n u mber was o bv iously g rea ter t han t ha t
l s hown , b u t t he h istogra m g ives a r ough g u ide t o t he f luc tua t ions o f t he Hul i ndustry .
I ti s c lose ly c o mparable t o t hose p ubl ished f or t he i ndustr ies a t
S ou thamp ton ( Arno ld 1 977 , 3 25 ) a nd Br isto l ( Jackson a nd Pr ice 1 974 , 1 5, 2 3 ). Tables 2 a a nd 2 b s how t he n u mber o f p ipe makers men t ioned i n t he F reedo m ls i a nd A ppren t ice Rol n e ach d ecade.
O ther f ree men a re k nown whose n a mes
l s; t a re n o t e n tered i n t he Freedo m Rol hey a re n o t i ncluded i n t he h istogra m. t ed a EA E l izabeth A tk inson : Appr. a dm it s f ree men i n 1 670 , 1 670 , 1 673, 1 674 ( FR ). Wife o f Hugh. GA G eorge Good Andrew : Bound a ppr. t o Edw. B ly th i n 1 820 ( AR ). t ed f HA Hugh A tk inson : Bough t h is f reedo m i n 1 644. Appr. a dm it ree i n 1 653, 1 660/1, 1 663 ( FR ).
Dead b y 1 670 , s ince h is w ife E l izabe th h ad a ppr. o f
t ed i h er own a dm it n t ha t y ear. t ed f l ( I A J ohn A tk inson : Adm it ree i n 1 729 b y a ppr. t o J ohn Go ldwel 1 ) ( FR ) ls V o ted 1 747 ( Pol ). ta m A squ i th a nd Cot : work ing i n B lanke t Row 1 790-1803 ( D ). 806 ( D ). Dead b y 1 809 , when p re m ises I A J ohn A squ ith : Work ing i n B lanke t Row.1 a nd s tockin-trade a dver t ised t o l et ( Hul ). l Adv., a I A J oshua Asqu ith : Work ing i n B lanke t Row 1 822-1834 ( D ). Decora ted p ipe n o. 1 ? MA Mar ia Amos: Work ing i n Dagger L ane 1 803-6 ( D ). WA Wil irey : Work ing i n C har io t S t. 1 823 ( 1 D ). lia m A BB B en ja m in B el is s on Robert b ound a ppr. t o h im i n 1 709. l: H 1 713-23, 1 714-21, 1 717-24 a nd 1 724-? Work ing i n F ink le S t . b ow ls V , V Ia VI I I b.
( AR , FR ).
Had a ppr.
Vo ted 1 724 ( Pol ). ls
1 724-6 , b u t n o t i n 1 727 ( Poor Ra tes ).
Marks 4 9-50 ,
EB Edward B ly th : ( Oswald 1 975 l i s ts a n Edward B ly th work ing i n L iverpoo l i n 1 774 ).
Took a ppr. i n 1 798 , 1 817 , . 1 820 ( AR ).
H is s on Wil ound a ppr. lia m b
t o h im i n 1 811, f ree 1 825; h is s on Edward Denn ison a dm itted f ree i n 1 829 ( AR , FR ).
Wr igh t a nd B ly th work ing i nH igh S tree t 1 803-6 ( D ).
Decora ted
p ipes n os. 2 , 5 , 7 , 8a nd 9 can b e a tr ibu ted t o h im , b u t were more p robt a b ly p roduced b y E . D . B ly th. EB Edward Denn ison B ly th : Ad m it ree i n 1 829 b y p a tr i mony ( FR ). t ed f
Took
a ppr. i n 1 830 , 1 833, 1 838 , 1 840 ( AR ) . Work ing i n Col t. 1 831-63 ( I D ). lier S D ecora ted p ipe n o. 4 .
N os. 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 8a nd 9 w ere p robably p roduced b y h i m. 1 05
t ed t l i P ipe makers a dm it o t he f reedo m o f Hul n e ach d ecade
Table 2 a
1 640-1860.
S ource :
ls F reedo m Rol .
-20
10-
5
C T
\ L D
Table 2 b
L C\ \ ID
0 \ O
C ! . 0
C •
c e . s
c r,
C ' c t c \ /
0
Ov• 0 r r N
f a • N
o \
C 2 L c \
\ O
N
N
U )
0 C V t O
N umber o f a ppren t ice p ipe makers b ound i n e ach d ecade 1 6401 860.
S ource :
l s. Appren t ice Rol
-10-
5 6 • 1
C s,
C
0
1 5 »,
. \
C N /
0 c v
C Y\
1 06
t o
lia m EB Edward J ohn B ly th : Born i n Bever ley 1 836, s on o f Frances a nd ?W il ( census ).
l a Work ing i n Hul t West S t . 1 851-67 a nd Cannon Passage 1 885-
9 5 ( census , D ). EB E l izabeth B ly th : ?w ife o f Edward .
Work ing i n Char io t S t . 1 823-6 ( D ).
Decorated p ipes n os. 2 , 5 , 7 , 8o r 9 cou ld h ave b een p roduced b y h er , b u t w ere more p robab ly made b y E . D . B ly th. EB Edward Burn iston : Work ing i n Carr L ane 1 838-42 ( D ).
Poss ibly r ela ted
t o P eter a nd Char les Burn iston o f Bever ley a nd Gr i msby 1 851-77 ( Oswa ld 1 975 ). FB Frances B ly th : Born B ed ford 1 813. Bever ley 1 836-48.
lia m. ?w ife o f Wil
HB Harr iet Ba iley : Born N or man ton , Derbs., 1 823. C . 1 850 ( census ).
Ch ildren b orn i n
Work ing i n West S t. 1 851 ( census ). lia m Wife o f Wil , who d ied
lier S Work ing i n Col t., 1 851 ( D ).
l 1 I B J ohn B igg ins : Born Hul 816 ( census ). t ed f a dm it ree i n 1 839 ( AR , FR ).
Bound a ppr. t o Chas. Ross i n 1 830 ,
Work ing a t Hu mber Bank 1 846 ( D ) a nd 1 851
( census ), when h e was emp loy ing t wo men . I B J a mes B ly th : Work ing i n S pr ing S t. 1 861 ( D ). lier S I B J ohn Edward B ly th : Work ing i n Col t. 1 863 ( D ).
Probab ly a m ispr in t
f or Edward J ohn B ly th. I B J ohn Bo v Ves : Bound a ppr. t o S tephen Sm ith i n 1 824 ( AR ). I B J acob Brown : Bound a ppr. t o Rb t. Burr il 1 ) i n 17 20 ( AR ). l ( I B J ohn Burn iston : Work ing i n B lanke t Row 1 831-59 ( D ). I B J ohn Burr il o f York ): Ad m it ree man b y p a tr i mony o f Rbt. Burr il 1 ) l ( t ed f l ( i n 17 09 ( FR ) .
Vo ted 1 724, a t wh ich d a te h e was work ing i n York ( Pol ). ls
A J ohn Burr il dm it ree man o f York i n 1 721 ( O 'Ne i l 1 961). l a ted f
RB Rober t Bat ppr. t o W m. P ot 2 ) i n 1 724 ( AR ). t: Bound a t er ( RB Rober t Beacrof t : Bound a ppr. t o S a m. Go ldwel n 17 49 , a dm itted f ree man l i i n 1 767 ( AR , FR ). RB Rober t Bel l: Bound a ppr. t o h is f a ther Ben ja m in i n 17 09 ( AR ) b u t a dm it t ed f reeman b y p a tr i mony i n 1 710 ( FR ). Had a ppr. 17 17-25 ( AR , FR ). Vo ted 17 24 ( Pol ). ls
Work ing n ex t d oor t o h is f a ther i n F ink le S t . 1 724-5 ( Poor
Ra tes ). Mark n o. 5 1 ( bow l V i le ) c ou ld b e long t o h im , Rb t. Burr il 1 ) o r l ( Rbt . Burr il 2 ). l ( RB Rober t B ibby :
Bound a ppr. t o Edw. . Fow ler i n 1 671.
On t he d ea th o f
Fow ler t he i nden ture was r e-enrol n t he n a me o f h is w idow Barbara , l ed i i n 1 676 ( AR ). RB Rober t B il ton ( o f L eeds ): i n 1 802 ( FR ).
t ed f l b Ad m it ree man o f Hul y p a tr i mony o f Tho mas
Work ing i n L eeds 1 817-38 ( Oswa ld 1 975 ).
RB R ichard Bromby : Work ing i n N or th S t. 1 889-97 a nd i nS a l thouse L ane 1 899 ( D ).
1 07
RB Rober t Burr il 1 ): Bound a ppr. t o Henry N or man ( 1 ) i n 1 675 , a dm i tted f reel ( man i n 1 683.
Had a ppr. 1 685-?, 1 685-1700 , 1 686-1695,
1 726, 1 720-?,
? -1727 ( AR , FR ).
Vo ted 1 724 ( Pol ). ls
p a tr i mony i n 1 709 , 1 723 a nd 1 727 ( FR ). Ma .
? -1723 , 1 716-
S ons a dm i tted b y
Mark s n os. 2 -7 , b ow ls I lb-g ,
Mark n o. 5 1 ( bow l V Ic ) c ou ld b elong t o h im , h is s on , o r Rbt. Bel I l.
RB Robert Burr il 2 ) : Ad m it ree man b y p a tr i mony o f Rbt . ( 1 ) i n 1 727 ( FR ). l ( t ed f Vo ted 1 747 , 1 754, 1 774 ( Pol ). ls
Mark n o. 5 1 ( bow l VI ) c ou ld b e long t o Ic
h im , h is f a ther , o r Rbt . Bel l. SB S a muel Burr il l:
Ad m it ree man b y p a tr i mony o f Rbt. ( 1 ) i n 1 723 ( FR ). t ed f
Vo ted 1 724 ( Pol ). ls TB Tho mas Ba te man :
Bound a ppr. t o Thos. Cooke i n 1 688 ( AR ).
TB Tho mas B il ton ( o f L eeds ): Bound a ppr. t o Mich. Westerda le ( 1 ) i n 1 757 , a dm it ree man i n 1 765. t ed f 1 774 ( Pol ). ls
Wi tness i n 1 767 ( AR , FR ).
Work ing i n L eeds
S on Rober t a dm it n 1 802 ( FR ). t ed i
WB Wil i ley : Work ing i n Col t. 1 848 ( D ). lia m Ba lier S
Husband o f Harr iet , d ied
C . 1 850 ( census ). lia m Bann WB Wil ister :
t i t ed f Bound a ppr. t o J os. S cot n 1 805, a dm it ree man
i n 1 818 ( AR , FR ). lia m Best WB Wil :
t ed f Bound a ppr. t o Franc is Wood i n 1 686, a dm it ree man i n
1 698 ( AR , FR ).
lia m Best r A Wil es iden t o nB lack fr iargate 1 724-7 ( Poor
Ra tes ). lia m B WB Wil irk : Work ing i nS cu lcoa tes 1 817 ( KHRO ,a ). lia m B WB Wil ly th ( o f Bever ley ) :
Bound a ppr. t oh is f a ther Edward i n 1 811, a d-
t ed f mit ree man i n 1 825 ( AR , FR ).
Took a ppr . i n 1 825 a nd 1 841 ( AR ).
tingha m 1 Wxn. B ly th work ing i n N ot 818-20 ( Oswa ld 1 975 ). i n Bever ley 1 836-48 ( census ). ( D ).
C h ildren b orn
l L Work ing i n Wel ane , Bever ley i n 1 840
D ied b efore 1 851 ( census ).
D ecora ted p ipes n os. 6 a nd 1 0.
lia m Bracebr WB Wil idge ( 1 ) : Bound a ppr. t o Henry N or man ( 1 ) i n 1 676. n ess i n 1 692/3 ( AR ).
A
Da te o f a dm iss ion t o f reedo m n o t k nown .
Wi t-
S on a dm it-
t ed i n 1 728 ( FR ). lia m Bracebr WB Wil idge ( 2 ) :
Ad m i tted f ree man b y p a tr i mony i n 1 728 ( FR ).
lia m Wilk WB Wil inson Bro mby :
t ed f Ad m it ree man i n 1 835 ( Corr. Prac t.) •
Work ing i n Moxon S t . 1 838-9 , Green L ane 1 846 , S a l thouse L ane 1 851-63 , N or th S t. 1 882-5 a nd Mar lborough Grove 1 889 ( D ).
Decora ted p ipes n os.
1 1 a nd 1 2. lia m Brown WB Wil : Work ing i n N orth S t. 1 899-1903. d ea ler , A l ic ia S t., i n 1 904.
Work ing a s a clay p ipe
P ipe manu fac turer , West Parade , 1 906-
1 910 , Boo th S t . 1 912 ( D ). lia m Burn WB Wil iston : Work ing i n B lanke t Row 1 835 ( D ). ta m a Cot nd J ohnson :
t a m work A Geo. Cot ing i n L inco ln 1 752-80 a nd aW m.
Co tta m i n L inco ln 1 752 a nd G a insborough 1 756-73 ( Oswa ld 1 975 ).
l A Hul
ta m a d irectory o f 1 792 l i sts Cot nd J ohnson a s p ipe makers i nH igh S t . b u t 1 08
t h is may b e am istake f or a man n a med J ohnson Cot s l a ter r et a m who i c orded a s a merchan t 's c lerk .
S ee a lso Asqu i th a nd Cot t a m.
CC Chr istopher Cook ( o f Gr i msby ) : H is s on Rbt. b ound a ppr. t o Mich. Westerd a le ( 1 ) i n 17 47( AR ). I C J ohn Cha mbers :
Bound a ppr. t o Ben j. Bel n 17 24 ( AR ). l i
I C J a mes Chapman :
Bound a ppr. t o Edw. D . B ly th i n 1 84 0 ( AR ).
I C J ohn Chap man ( 1 ) :
Adm i tted f ree man 1 670 b y a ppr. t o E l iz. A tk inson .
a dm it 678/9 , 1 682 ( FR ). t ed 1
Ap pr.
Work ing i n 1 683 ( Sheppard 1 912, e x HCBB ).
Marks n os. 2 -7 , b ow ls Ic-i , I Vb-c. I C J ohn Chap man ( 2 ); Bound a ppr. t o W m. Westerda le i n 17 64 ( AR ). I C
J ames Coverda le : Bound a ppr. t o R ich. Tock ( 1 ) i n 17 20 ( AR ).
PC
Ph i l ip Carbu t :
Bound a ppr. t o W m. Pot 2 ) i n 1 722 ( AR ). t er (
RC
Robert Carbu t :
RC
Robert Cook ( o f Gr i msby ): S on o f Chr is. Cook o f Gr i msby , p ipe maker. Bound a ppr. t o Mich. Westerda le ( 1 ) i n 1 747 ( AR ). May n o t h ave c o m-
Bound a ppr. t o Henry N or man ( 2 ) i n 17 30 ( AR ).
p leted h is a ppr. i n Hul ince aRb t. Cook b eca me a f ree man o f Gr i msby l, s i n 17 69 a f ter a ppr. t o W m. Cook o ft ha t t own ( Wel 74 ). l s 19 RC
Robert Chap man : Ad m it ree man i n 1 681 b y a ppr. t o Edw. Fow ler. t ed f a ppr. 1 699-1707 , 1 702-?.1706-1714 , 1 708-?, 1 711-27 ,
Had
? -1740 ( AR , FR ).
Marks n os. 5 2-3 , b ow ls I Vd , RC
R ichard Cu thber t : Work ing a t Hodgson S t . 1 882-1907 ( D ).
SC
S amue l Constable : Bound a ppr. t o Henry N or man ( 2 ) i n 17 24 ( AR ).
TC
Tho mas Chap man : Bound a ppr. t o Thos. Cooke i n 1 682, a dm it ree man t ed f i n 17 00.
A Thos. C hap man w i tnessed t he i nden ture o f a n a ppr. p ipe maker
i n 17 06 ( AR, FR ).
Mark s 1 8-20 ( bow l I Vb ), 5 4 ( IVd ) a nd 5 5 ( VI ) c an b e Ib
a tr ibuted t o e ither h im , Thos. Cooke , o r Thos. Craven . t TC
Tho mas Cooke : Born 1 656, d ied 1 720 ( Sheppard 1 912 q uo t ing Gen t 17 35 ). Ad m it ree man i n 1 678 b y a ppr. t o J ohn Chap man ( 1 ). t ed f 1 682-1 7 00 , 1 688-?, 1 69 3-?, ( AR, FR ).
Had a ppr.
? -1 7 00 , 1 699-1706, 17 05-?, 17 12-?, 17 17- ?
I n 1 704 a p roperty i n t he Ropery owned b y p ipe maker Henry
N or man ( 1 ) was mor tgaged t o h im ( KHRO , b ). a s ad ea ler i n p ipes ( Sheppard 1 912, 5 ).
He may a lso h ave a cted
Marks 1 6-20 , b ow ls Ic-e,IVb.
Marks 1 8-20 ( IVb ) a nd 5 4 ( IVd ) c an b e a tr ibu ted t o h im o r t o Tho mas t C hap man . TC
Tho mas Craven :
Adm it ree man b y p a tr i mony i n 1 727 ( FR ). t ed f
Mark 5 5
( bow l V Ib ) c an b e a tr ibu ted t o h im o r t o Tho mas Chap man . I t TC
Tho mas Crag il l:
WC
Wil : Bound a ppr. t o Ben j. Bel n 17 17 , a dm it ree man i n lia m Carr l i t ed f 1 724. Witness i n 1 732, 17 64 a nd 1 772 ( AR, FR ). Vo ted 17 54 , 17 Pol ). 74 ( ls
I D
J ohn Da l ton ( 1 ) :
Bound a ppr. t o W m. B ly th i n 1 825 ( AR ).
Adm it ree man i n 1 695 b y a ppr. t o Rbt . Burr il 1 ). t ed f l (
D ead b y 1 723 when h is s on was a dm it FR ). t ed ( b e a ttr ibu ted t o h im o r h is s on . 1 09
Mark 5 6 ( bow l V I ) c an
I D
ls ( Pol ). I D PD
ted f Ad m it ree man i n 1 723 b y p a tr i mony ( FR ).
J ohn Da l ton ( 2 ):
Vo ted 1 724
t Mark 5 6 ( bow l V I ) c an b e a tr ibu ted t o h im o r h is f a ther.
J ohn Dav ison :
Bound a ppr. t o Edw. B ly th i n 1 798 ( AR ).
Peter Dav ison : Work ing i n 1 798 when h is s on J ohn was b ound a ppr. ( AR ).
RD R ichard Wilk ins Drewery :
Ch ild b ap t ised 1 792.
l. f ree man i n 1 802 b y a ppr. t o S a m. Go ldwel mony i n 1 825 ( FR ).
( S t. M. PR ).
t ed Ad m it
H is s on a dm itted b y p a tr i-
Work ing i n B lanket Row 1 826, N or th S t. 1 831 a nd
Hodgson S t. 1 835-8 ( D ). TD Tho mas Dean :
Bound a ppr. t o Mich. Westerda le ( 1 ) i n 1 753 ( AR ).
TD Tho mas Drewery : I E
J ohn Eggleston :
ted f Ad m it ree man b y p a tr i mony o f R ich. W. i n 1 825 ( FR ).
Ad m i tted f ree man b y a ppr. t o S usanna K ilha m i n 1 679 ( FR ).
licar. Mark n o. 2 1 ( bow ls Hg-h )--a l though t h is c ou ld b e t he mark o f J ohn El I E
licar J ohn El :
ted f Bound a ppr. t o Henry N or man ( 1 ) i n 1 683 , a dm it ree man
i n 1 691 ( AR, FR ).
Mark n o. 2 1 ( bow ls Hg-h ) c ou ld b e h is, b u t i s more
p robably t he mark o f J ohn Eggleston . I E
t: Work lier S J a mes Erat ing i n Col t. 1 846-8 ( D ). pecora ted p ipe n o. 1 3 c ou ld b e h is, o r W m. Erra tt 's.
WE
lia m Erat t: Wil
Bound a ppr. t o Edw. S ayers ( 1 ) i n 1 831 ( AR ).
Work ing
a s ap ipe maker i n Witha m i n 1 835, a s ad ea ler i n mar ine s tores, Cross lier S S tree t , i n 1 838-9 a nd i s l i sted u nder b oth o ccupat ions a t Col t. 1 842 ( D ). BF
t's. Decorated p ipe n o. 1 3 c ou ld b e h is, o r J a mes Erat
Barbara Fowler : Wife o f Edward . t ransferred t o h er ( FR ).
EF
Edward Fow ler :
I n 1 676 , a f ter h is d ea th , a n a ppr. was
Mark n o. 2 3, b ow l Hc.
ted f Ad m it ree man i n 1 663 b y a ppr. t o Hugh A tk inson .
Took a ppr. i n 1 671, b u t p robably d ied i n 1 676 s ince i n t ha t y ear t he a ppr. was t ransferred t o h is w ife.
t ed i Another a ppr. was a dm it n 1 681, b u t
was p robably l a te i nt ak ing u p h is f reedom.
Mark s 2 4-7, b ow ls l b-c , Ha ,
He. GF
George Fow ler :
Adm itted f ree man i n 1 670 b y a ppr. t o E l iz. A tk inson ( FR ).
Witness i n 1 671 ( AR ). I G
Marks 2 8-30 , b ow ls Hc-e, Ih.
J a mes S tephenson Ga ir ( 1 ): Work ing a s Ga ir a nd S on i n F ink le S t. i n 1 826 lier S a nd Col t. i n 1 831 ( D ).
I G
J a mes S tephenson Ga ir ( 2 ):
I G
l L J ohn Goforth ( 1 a nd ? 2 ) ( o f Bever ley ) : Work ing a t T indal ane , Bever ley i n 1 840 a nd 1 899-1910 ( D ).
a s a bove.
Probably t wo makers o f t he s a me n a me.
l Museu ms h Hul ave a p a in t ing s how ing t he " last Beverley p ipe maker" a t work . I G
l ( J ohn Go ldwel 1 ): i n 1 707.
t ed f Bound a ppr. t o Rbt. Chap man i n 1 699 , a dm it ree man
Had a ppr. 1 709-17 , 1 714-?, 1 7 17-?,
ls Vo ted 1 724 ( Pol ).
? -1729 , 1 730-8
( FR , AR ).
Work ing i n B lanket Row 1 724-36 ( Poor Rates ).
t ed b S a muel a dm it y p a tr i mony 1 745 ( FR ). I. V II
1 10
S on
Marks 5 7-9 , b ow ls Vi le , e ,
I G
l ( J ohn Go ldwel ?2 ):
ls Vo ted 1 774 ( Pol ).
I G
J oseph Green : Bound a ppr. t o J ohn Robson i n 17 25 ( AR ).
t hew Goodbarne MG Mat :
I I Mark 5 9 , b ow l V I?
l ( t ed Bound a ppr. t o Rbt . Burr il 1 ) i n 1 716, a dm it
f ree man i n 17 26 ( AR , FR ). RG Rober t Gow land : Bound a ppr. t o Thos. Westerda le i n 1 784, b u t i nden ture l ed b c ancel efore e xp ira t ion b y c onsen t o fb o th p ar t ies ( AR ). H igh S t. 1 790-1 ( D ).
Decora ted p ipe n o. 1 4.
Work ing i n
P robably work ing i n 1 815
( see d ecora ted p ipe n o . 4 6 ). SG
l: Adm t ed f S amuel Go ldwel it ree man i n 1 745 b y p a tr i mony o f J ohn ( 1 ). 76-?, ? a ppr. 17 49 -67 , 1 763-?, 17 -1802 ( AR , FR ). ls 1 774 ( Pol ).
Took
Voted 17 47 , 1 754,
Work ing i n B lanket Row 1 747-52 i n p re m ises p rev iously
o ccup ied b y h is f a ther ( Poor Rates ).
I nsured t h is p roperty p lus t hree dwel-
l i ng h ouses f or £ 200 i n 1 762 ( Sun A ssurance ). l an TG Tho mas Gal t : Work ing i nS a l thouse L ane i n 19 00 ( D ). ted f TG Tho mas Goodbarn : Bound a ppr. t o Thos. Cooke i n 1 699 , a dm it ree man i n 1 706.
Witness i n 17 12 ( AR , FR ).
lia m Gal l an WG Wil t : Work ing i n Hanover S quare i n 1 892 a nd a t S a l thouse L ane 1 897-1 9 01 ( D ). AH
A lber t Edward H irst : Work ing i n G lasgow S t. i n 1 888 ( D )
GH
George Harr ison : Bound a ppr. t o Mich. Westerda le ( 2 ) i n 1 803 ( AR ).
GH
George Hodgson : I ssued a trade t oken i n 1 668 , t he d es ign o f wh ich s hows a m an smok ing ( Boyne 1 858 , 1 1 ).
Poss ibly a pipe maker , b u t more l ikely
at obaccon ist . J E
J ä mes H irst : Work ing i n Cann ing S t . 1 874-6 ( D ).
M
l 1 J ohn H irst : Born Hul 807 ( census ). l i er S t. 1 834-51 ( D ).
Work ing i n Chapel S t. 1 831 a nd Co l-
Corr. Had h is own manu fac tory b u i l t i n 1 85 2 /3 (
Pract.); work ing a t Cann ing S t. 1 857-67.
A lso l i sted a s a pipe maker
a nd d ea ler i n mar ine s tores , Cross S t . 1 842-8 ( D ).
Decora ted p ipes n os.
1 5-17. I I
J ohn J oseph H irst :
? born Hul 38 ( census ), l 18
? son o f a bove.
Work ing i n
Hodgson S t. 1 882, Whee ler S t . 1 888-93 ( D ). I I
J ohn How ton : Bound a ppr. t o S a m. S i lkwood i n 17 84 ( AR ).
I I
J ohn Hu tch inson : Bound a ppr. t o R ich. Tock ( 1 ) i n 17 25.
Work ing 1 776
when h e w itnessed t he a ppr. o f h is s on ( AR ). RH
Ra lph Hare : Adm it ree man i n 1 727 b y a ppr. t o Rbt . Burr il 1 ) ( FR ). ted f l ( Vo ted 17 47 , 1 754 ( Pol ). ls
RH
R ichard H i lton : Work ing i n B lanket Row 1 810-17 ( D ).
A . R . H i l ton work-
i ng i n Wh itby i n 1 851 ( Oswa ld 1 975 ). WH
W il tch inson : S on o f J ohn . lia m Hu
Bound a ppr. t o S a m. Go ldwel n 1 776 l i
( AR ).
11
f erson GJ G eorge J ef :
l 1 Born Hul 837.
lier S Work ing i n Col t. i n 1 851, a ged
1 4 ( census ). ferson l 1 HJ Henry J ef : Born Hul 811 ( census ).
lier S Work ing i n Col t. 1 842-89
1 )) • (
RJ R ichard J ackson : Bound a ppr. t o S a m. Go ldwel n 1 763 ( AR ). l i EK
E lex . K itchen :
MK
Michael K enny : Bound a ppr . t o J ohn Go 'dwel 1 ) i n 1 714 ( AR ). l (
S K
Bound a ppr. t o Henry N or man ( 2 ) i n 1 709 ( AR ).
S usanna K i lha m : Wife o f Tho mas.
TK Tho mas K i lha m :
Appr. a dm i tted f ree man i n 1 679 ( FR ).
Ad m i tted f ree man i n 1 653 b y a ppr. t o Hugh A tk inson .
a dm it n 1 664 a nd 1 666. t ed i
Appr.
Dead b y 1 679 s ince h is w idow h ad a ppr. o f h er
own a dm it n t ha t y ear ( FR ). t ed i WK Wil y te : lia m K i n 1 700.
Bound a ppr. t o Rbt. Burr il 1 ) i n 1 685, a dm it ree man l ( t ed f
Witness i n 1 709 ( AR ,FR ).
HL Henry L und :
Mark n o . 6 0 , b ow l VI I c.
Adm it ree man i n 1 700 b y a ppr. t o Henry Nor man ( 1 ) ( FR ). t ed f
I L J ohn L econby : Ad m it ree man i n 1 666 b y a ppr . t o Thos. K i lha m. t ed f
Had
a ppr. 1 679-?, 1 694-1702 ( AR,FR ), S ee mark n o . 3 3 RL R ichard L ip t ish : Born i n S urrey 1 811. N ot 839 a nd Hul 849. tingha m 1 l 1
Ch ildren b orn i n L e icester i n 1 835,
Work ing i n Col t . i n 1 851 ( census ). lier S
S L S a mue l L ee land ( 1 ): Bound a ppr. t o R ich. Tock ( 1 ) i n 1 719 ( AR ). S L S a muel L ee land ( 2 ) : VL Va len t ine L awson :
Ad m i tted f ree man b y p a tr i mony i n 1 727 ( FR ). Bound a ppr. t o J ohn Robson i n 1 726, a dm it ree man ted f
i n 1 735 ( AR , FR ). I N A
J ohn Mansf ield :
M I
J ohn Michael :
Bound a ppr. t o Mich. Westerda le ( 1 ) i n 1 732 ( AR ). Bound a ppr. t o Thos. Cooke i n 1 693 ( AR ).
TM Tho mas Miss ing t ine : Bound a ppr. t o Rbt . C hapman i n 1 702.
Witness i n
1 717 ( AR ). W M Wil : Bound a ppr. t o Henry N or man ( 1 ) i n 1 679 ( AR ). lia m Mowbray CN Chr istopher N or man :
Adm it ree man b y p a tr i mony o f Henry ( 1 ) i n 1 724 t ed f
( FR ). HN Henry N ew march : HN Henry N or man ( 1 ):
Bound a ppr. t o S tephen Sm i th i n 1 832 ( AR ).
ppr . t o E l iz. A tk inson . Ad m it ree man i n 1 674 b y a t ed f
Had a ppr. 1 675-83, 1 676-?, 1 679-?, 1 682-?, 1 683-91, ( AR , FR ).
? -1695,
? -1700
Bough t ap roper ty i nt he Ropery i n 1 686, mor tgaged i tt o Thos.
Cooke p ipe maker , a nd s o ld i ti n 1 704 ( KHRO ,b ).
An i nden ture o f 1 706
r efers t o " Henry N or man ; J un ior" s o p resumably N or man s en ior i s s t il l a l ive , b u t a n i nden ture o f 1 709 r efers t o j ust " Henry N or man" , s o t he e lder N or man may h ave d ied b y t h is d a te. H is s ons Henry ( 2 ) a nd Chr ist opher a dm it ree men i n 1 700 a nd 1 724 r espec t ively ( AR , FR ). t ed f
Mark
n os. 3 4-7, b ow ls Id , I Va , a l though mark n o . 3 7 c ou ld a lso b e t ha t o f h is s on .
12 1
H I N T Henry Nor man ( 2 ): A dm i tted f ree man b y p a tr i mony o f Henry ( 1 ) i n 1 700. Had a ppr. 1 702-?, 1 706-14, 17 24-?, 17 30-?, a nd a lso 1 709-?, 17 13-21, 1 7J8-26 a nd 1 720-? ( a l though i ti s p ossible t ha t t hese l ast f our w ere a ppr. t o h is f a ther ).
( AR ,FR. )
Vo ted 1 724 a nd 1 754 ( Pol ). ls
I n 1 726 h e p urchased
t he p roper ty i nt he Ropery w h ich h is f a ther h ad s o ld i n 1 704, a nd t ook o u t mor tgages o n i ti n 1 731, 1 745, 1 747 , 1 749 a nd 17 59 . o f t he p roperty i n 1 761 ( KHRO ,b ).
H is h e irs d isposed
Marks 6 1-2, b ow ls VI , d . Ib
Mark n o.
3 7 ( bow l I Va ) c ou ld b e t ha t o f h im o r h is f a ther. WN Wil icho ls : lia m N
Bound a ppr. t o Mich. Westerdale ( 1 ) i n 1 731, a dm it t ed
f ree man i n 1 741 ( AR , FR ). I P
J ohn Page :
A dm it ree man i n 1 673 b y a ppr. t o E l iz. A tk inson ( FR ). ted f
J ohn Page was work ing i n Ca mbr idge i n 1 683 ( Flood 1 976).
A
S ee mark
n o. 3 8. I P
J ohn Wa tson Peacock : Bound a ppr. t o Edw. S ayers ( 1 ) i n 1 826 ( AR ).
I P
J ames Pr iest ley : Born 1 811 i n Yorksh ire. L odg ing w i th Mar tha S co tt p ipemaker i n 1 851 ( cen sus ). Work ing i n Posternga te 1 861-3, H igh S t. 1 8678 2 ( D ).
RP Robert Page :
Adm it ree man b y a ppr. i n 1 685 ( FR ). ted f
TP Tho mas Pa te:
Adm it ree man i n 1 660/ 1 b y a ppr. t o Hugh A tk inson ( FR ). ted f
W P Wil : lia m Pacy 1 823-51 ( D ).
Born Ca mbr idge 1 781 ( census ).
Work ing i n Winco lm lee
Decora ted p ipes n os. 1 8 , 1 9.
W P Wil l mer : Bound a ppr. t o Henry N or man ( ?2 ) i n 1 713, a dm itted lia m Pa f ree man i n 17 21 ( AR , FR ) . Voted 1 724 ( Pol ). ls
Mark n o. 6 3 ( bow l VI )? Ic
W P Wil : Ad m it ree man b y a ppr. t o Thos. Cooke i n 17 00 ( FR ). lia m Pat tinson t ed f Mark n o . 6 3 ( bow l V Ic )? I W P Wil 1 ): H is s on b ound a ppr. i n 1 709 , a t w h ich d ate h e was worklia m Pot t er ( i ng i nS cu lcoa tes ( AR ). Mark n o. 6 3 ( bow l VI )? Ic WP Wil 2 ) : , lia m Pot t er ( f ree man i n 17 17 . 1 754 ( Pol ). ls
Bound a ppr. t o J ohn Go ldwel 1 ) i n 1 709 , a dm it l ( t ed Had a ppr. 1 722-?, 17 24-? ( AR ,FR ) . Voted 1 724 , 1 747 ,
?w i tness i n 1 757 ( AR ).
Mark n o. 6 3 ( bow l V Ic )? I
W P Wil iest ley : Work ing i n Posternga te i n 1 863 ( D ). lia m Pr p r in t f or J a mes, q .v . WP Wil : Born N ew land , Hul n 1 839. lia m Pul l un l, i
Probab ly a mis-
Work ing , a ged 1 2 , w ith
h is s tep-fa ther Thos. Renardson a t Col t. i n 1 851 ( census ). lier S BR
B r ian Re my :
CR
C harles Ross :
Bound a ppr . t o J ohn Go ldwel 1 ) i n 1 717 ( AR ). l ( Adm it ree man i n 1 840 ( Corr. Prac t .). t ed f
9 , 1 845-51 ( AR , FR ).
Had a ppr. 1 830-
Work ing i nH igh S t. 1 831, My ton S t . 1 834-51 ( D ).
Had a h ouse a nd a shop i n Bur ton S t . i n 1 853 ( Corr. Pract.). Ross work ing i n L ou th 1 851-85 ( Oswa ld 1 575 ). GR
G eorge Renardson : Work ing i n C ast le S t . 1 817-23. T Renardson .)
A Char les
Decora ted p ipes n os. 2 1-3. ( En try f or 1 817 i s G &
AG eo . Renardson v ic tual ecorded i n 1 826 ( D ). l er r
t ed p ipe n p. 2 0?
13 1
Decora-
HR Henry Renardson : Work ing i n B lanke t Row 1 867 ( D ).
Decora ted p ipe n o .
2 0? I R
J ohn Read :
Ad m i tted f ree man b y a ppr. t o N ich . Tarbo ton ( 2 ) i n 1 72 7 ( FR ).
Vo ted 1 747 , 17 54 ( Pol ). ls
Marks n os. 6 4-6 ( bow ls V Ic, e ) c ou ld b elong I
t o h im o r t o J ohn Robson . I R
J ohn Robson : Bound a ppr. t o Ben j. B el n 1 713, a dm it ree man i n 1 723 l i ted f Had a ppr . 1 725-? . 1 726-35 , 1 751 ? ( AR , FR ). Vo ted 17 24 , 1 754 ( Pol ). ls AJ ohn Rob inson v o ted i n 1 747 ; t h is i s p robably a n e rror f or J ohn Robson . Marks n os. 6 4-6 ( bow ls V L Ic , e ) c ou ld b elong t o h im o r t o J ohn Read.
I R
J er im iah Rya l :
Bound a ppr. t o Thos. Westerda le i n 1 796, a dm i tted f ree man
i n 1 806 ( AR, FR ). RR Robert Renardson : 1 848-67 ( D ).
Work ing i n 1 829 ( Hul dv., b ), a nd a t Hodgson S t . l A
Decora ted p ipe n o. 2 0?
TR Tho mas Renardson : Born i n Hul n 1 795 ( census ). l i S cot n 1 810 ( AR ). t i
Bound a ppr. t o J oseph
Work ing a t Cast le S t. i n 1 81 7 ( G & T Renardson ),
My ton S t . i n 18 26 ( D ), a nd Col t. i n 1 851 ( census ). lier S
Decora ted p ipe
n o. 2 0? WR Wil il ppr. t o Rbt. Chap man i n 1 708 ( AR ). lia m Ra msd l: Bound a WR Wil : Bound a ppr. t o Thos. Cooke i n 1 705 ( AR ). lia m Raven B S Ben ja m in S tevenson : Bound a ppr. t o Henry N or man ( ?2 ) i n 1 718 , a dm it ted f ree man i n 17 26 ( AR , FR ). DS
Dav id S ta ther :
Bound a ppr. t o Henry N or man ( 2 ) i n 1 702 ( AR ).
ES Edward S argean t :
Ad m it ree man i n 17 40 b y a ppr. t o Rbt . C hap man . t ed f
F ined f or n o t t ak ing u p h is f reedo m i n d ue t ime ( FR ). ES Edward S ayers ( 1 ) :
Born Ashford , K en t i n 1 798 ( census ).
J os. S cot n 1 810 , a dm it ree man i n 1 818 ( AR, FR ). t i t ed f 1 826 a nd 1 831 ( AR ). ( D ).
Bound a ppr. t o Took a ppr. i n
Work ing i n Carr L ane 1 823-31, S ykes S t . 1 835-51
S on a dm it ree man i n 1 850 ( FR ). t ed f
ES Edward S ayers ( 2 ): S on o f Edward ( 1 ). Born Hul n 1 829 ( census ). Adm i tl i t ed f ree man b y P a tr i mony i n 1 850 ( FR ). Work ing i n Winco lm lee 1 851 ( census ) a nd S a l thouse L ane 1 863-92 ( D ). ES Edward S tou t : F S
Bound a ppr. t o J os .Scot n 1 815 ( AR ). t i
F ranc is S tonehouse : Work ing a t West S t. 1 882-5, Mar lborough Terrace 1 888-1903.
Recorded a s a mar ine s tores d ea ler i n 1 888 ( D ).
Recorded
work ing i n Gr i msby i n 1 892 ( Wel 74 ). ls 19 HS Henry S tan ley ( o f B ever ley ) :
Bough t h is f reedo m i n 1 662/3;
t o i n 1 669/70 ( Bev . Boro . Rec.).
a lso r eferred
Mark n o . 3 9 , b ow l Id .
I S J ohn S cot is s on b ound a ppr. i n 1 788 ( AR ). t: H I S
J oseph S cot t: i n 17 96.
Bound a ppr. t o Thos. Westerda le i n 17 88 , a dm itt ed f ree man
Had a ppr. 1 805-18 , 1 810-?, 1 810-18 , 1 815-?
( AR ,FR ).
Work -
i ng i n Dagger L ane 1 810-26, Posternga te 1 831 a nd S tewar t 's Yard ( High
14
t ed f S on a dm it ree man i n 1 839 ( FR ).
S t.) 1 834-9 ( D ).
Decora ted p ipes
n os. 2 4-37 were made b y h im a nd/or h is s on . I S
t: J oseph Henderson S cot
l 1 Born i n Hul 816 ( census ).
t ed f ree man b y p a tr i mony i n 1 839 ( FR ).
S on o f J oseph.
Ad m i t-
Work ing a t S tewar t 's Yard ( High
t r AJ oseph S cot ecorded a t Posternga te i n 18 57 a nd
S t .) 1 840-55 ( D ).
H a le 's En try ( Mark e t P lace ) i n 1 861 ( D ).
Decora ted p ipes n os. 2 4-37
w ere made b y h im a nd/or h is f a ther. I S
J a mes S haw : Bound a ppr. t o Edw . D . B ly th i n 1 830 ( AR ).
I S
J ohn S ilkwood :
ted f l ( Adm it ree man b y a ppr. t o Rbt . Burr il 1 ) i n 1 723 ( FR ).
Vo ted 1 724, 1 754 ( Po lls ). I S
t ed f S on a dm it ree man i n 1 768 ( FR ).
J ohn S tonehouse : Work ing a t Mar lborough T errace 1 904-22, a nd w i th O l iver a s S tonehouse Bros. a t t he s a me a ddress 1 925-9. a lso a ppear i n G r i msby d irec tor ies 1 885-9.
The S tonehouse Bros.
A George S tonehouse was
work ing i n Gateshead 1 902-35 ( Parsons 1 964, 2 53 ); h e i s o n r ecord s ayl ( i ng h e c a me f ro m a n o ld-establ ished f am i ly o f p ipe makers i n Hul i n f . E . Parsons ). MS
t: Mar tha S cot
Born Horncas t le , L incs., i n 1 785.
a widow i n 1 851.
Probab ly t he w ife o f J oseph ;
Work ing a t S tewart 's Yard ( High S t.) i n 1 838 ( D ).
For
t. d ecora ted p ipes s ee J oseph S cot MS
t: Vo ls Mar maduke S cut ted 1 774 ( Pol ).
A man o ft he s a me n a me h ad a c h ild
b ap t ized a t Ga insborough i n 1 788 ( Oswa ld 1 975 ). MS
Mark S herwood : Work ing i n Winco lm lee i n 18 51 ( D ).
OS
O l iver S tonehouse : Work ing w ith J ohn a s S tonehouse Bros., Mar lborough T errace 1 925-9.
RS
Rober t S uddaby :
S S
S a muel S earge :
Decora ted p ipe n o . 3 8.
A f ter t ha t d ate h e i s l i sted a s as hopkeeper ( D ).
Bound a ppr. t o W m. B ly th i n 1 841 ( AR ). t ed f Bound a ppr. t o Henry N or man ( 2 ) i n 1 706 , a dm it ree man
i n 1 714 ( AR, FR ). S S
ling S tephen S h il : Recorded a t S ykes S t. 1 855 , S a l thouse L ane 1 861, Dav is lier S S t. 1 863 a nd Col t. 1 882 ( D ).
S S
S amuel S i lkwood :
t ed f Adm it ree man i n 1 768 b y p a tr i mony o f J ohn ( FR ).
ls V o ted 1 774 ( Pol ). S S
S tephen Sm i th : P ract.).
l 1 Born Hul 796 ( census ).
t ed f Ad m it ree man i n 1 818 ( Corr.
Took a ppr. i n 1 824 a nd 1 832 ( AR ).
L ane 1 831-59 ( D ). TS
Took a ppr. i n 1 784 ( AR ).
Tho mas S harp :
Work ing i n Wa terhouse
Decorated p ipe n o. 3 9.
l 1 Born Hul 809.
Ch ildren b orn i n Ga insborough 1 834,
l 1 Brad ford 1 835 a nd L e icester 1 838; work ing i n Hul 851 ( census );
i n
L ower Un ion S t. 1 876-85 ( D ). TS
T ho mas S i lborne :
ted f B ound a ppr. t o J ohn L econby i n 1 694, a dm it ree man
i n 1 702 ( AR , FR ). TS
Tob ias S ke l ton :
B ound a ppr. t o Henry N or man ( 1 ) i n 1 682 ( AR ).
WS
lia m S W il k inner : Bound a ppr. t o Thos. Westerdale i n 1 795 ( AR ).
WS
lia m Sm W il ith :
B ound a ppr. t o Thos. Cooke i n 1 712 ( AR ).
1 15
lia m S WS Wil torey :
t ed f Bound a ppr. t o Chas. Ross i n 1 845, a dm it ree man
i n 1 851 ( AR , FR ). lia m S l 1 WS Wil tov in : Born i n Hul 818 ( census ). Work ing i nH igh S t. 1 840 , Chapel L ane 1 846 a nd Ropery S t . 1 863 ( D ). BT
B en ja m in Tay lor : i n 1 727.
CT
D ecora ted p ipes n os. 4 0-1.
ted f Bound a ppr. t o Rb t. Chap man i n 1 711, a dm it ree man
ted f H is s on a dm it ree man i n 1 768 ( AR, FR ).
Char les Te mper ton :
l 1 Born i n Hul 818 ( cen sus ).
1 842-8 a nd Por ter S t . 1 851. I T
J ohn Tay lor :
I T
J oseph Tay lor :
I T
J ohn Thorp :
Recorded i n O sborne S t.
Work ing i n My ton S t. 1 857-63 ( D ).
Bound a ppr. t o Henry N or man ( ?2 ) i n 1 720 ( AR ). t ed f Adm it ree man b y p a tr i mony o f Ben ja m in i n 1 768 ( FR ).
l 1 Born i n Hul 809 ( census ).
Recorded i n Moxon S t . 1 838-9 ,
lier S Carr L ane 1 846 a nd Col t . 1 848-51 ( D ). NT
l C N icho las Tarbo ton ( 1 ): S erved h is a ppr. i nS e lby . Came t o Hul . 1 683 l b u t was n o t a lowed t o s et u p i nb us iness s ince t here were a lready t oo many p ipe makers i n t he t own ( Sheppard 1 912, e x . HCBB ).
He t herefore moved
o u ts ide t he t own 's b oundary t o S cu lcoa tes, where h is c h ildren were b apt i sed 1 684-9 ( Scu l . P .R.).
t ed He was d ead b y 1 709 w hen h is s on Tho mas was a dm it
t o Franc is Wood. f ree man .
t ed f l i Ad m it reeman o f Hul n 1 689/90 b y a ppr.
lia m b t ed f S ons N ico las ( 2 ) a nd W il o th a dm it ree men i n 1 720.
Marks 4 0-1, b ow ls Id , I Ia , b .
Marks 4 2-5 ( bow ls I Va , c ) b elong t o
e ither h im o r h is s on . N I '
N icho las Tarbo ton ( 2 ) :
l, 1 Born S cu lcoa tes , n ear Hul 689 ( Scu l . P . R.).
t ed f Ad m it ree man b y p a tr i mony i n 1 720 ( FR ). ( AR ).
ls Vo ted 1 724 , 1 747 ( Pol ).
Had a ppr. ? -1727 , 1 723-?
Marks 4 2-5 ( bow ls I Va , c )b elong t o
e ither h im o r h is f a ther. RT R ichard Tock ( Tuck ) ( 1 ) : A Tuck f am ily was work ing i n Can terbury ls 1 620-1722 ( Oswa ld 1 975 ). Vo ted 1 724 ( Pol ). A R ichard Tock i s r ec orded i n Hu mber Ward i n t he Poor Rate r eturns o f 1 735. " poor" a nd p a id n o r a tes.
H e i s marked
S ons a dm itted f ree men i n 1 739 a nd 1 746 ( FR ).
I Mark 6 7 ( bow l V Ic )? RT R ichard Tock ( 2 ): 1 739 ( FR ). RT Rober t Tock :
t ed f Adm it ree man b y a ppr. t o h is f a ther R ichard ( 1 ) i n
Mark 6 7 ( bow l Vi le )? t ed f Ad m it ree man b y p a tr i mony o fR ichard ( 1 ) i n 1 746 ( FR ).
I Mark 6 7 ( bow l V Ic )? TT
Tho mas Tarbo ton : ( FR ).
TT
t ed f Adm it ree man b y p a tr i mony o f N icho las ( 1 ) i n 1 709
ls Vo ted 1 724 a nd 1 754 ( Pol ).
Tho mas Tho mpson :
t ed Bound a ppr. t o Wrn. Wes terda le i n 1 767 , a dm it
f ree man i n 1 774 ( AR , FR ). TT
Tho mas Thornaby :
ls Vo ted 1 774 ( Pol ).
t ed f Bound a ppr. t o Rbt . B e ll i n 1 717 , a dm it ree man
i n 1 725 ( AR , FR ). TT
Tho mas Thorp :
Bound a ppr. t o Edw. B ly th i n 1 817 ( AR ).
WT
lia m Tarbo Wil ton ( o f Gr i msby ):
t ed f l b Adm it ree man o f Hul y p atr i mony
16
o f N icho las ( 1 ) i n 1 720 ( FR ). 1 974). WT
Took a ppr. i n Gr i msby i n 1 724 ( Wel ls
Vo ted i n Hul n 1 724 ( Pol ). l i ls
W il lor : lia m Tay
DU Dav id U fhay :
Adm it ree man i n 1 664 b y a ppr. t o Thos. K ilha m ( FR ). t ed f
Bound a ppr. t o Rb t. Burr il 1 ) i n 1 685 ( AR ). l (
W V Wil is: lia m Venn
Bound a ppr. t o N ich .Tarboton ( 2 ) i n 1 723 ( AR ).
Wr igh t a nd B ly the : Work ing i n H igh S t. 1 803-6 ( D ).
S ee Edward B ly th , Mat t hew
Wr ight ( 2 ). DW
D av id Wilson :
FW
F rancis Wood :
Bound a ppr. t o Edw. D . B ly th i n 1 838 ( AR ). Adm it ree man i n 1 682 b y a ppr. t o J ohn Chap man ( 1 ). t ed f
Had a ppr . ? 1682-1689/90 , 1 686-98 ( AR, FR ). 1W
J oseph Wa l ton :
Bound a ppr. t o J ohn Go ldwel 1 ) i n 1 730 , a dm it reel ( t ed f
man i n 1 738 ( AR , FR ). IW
J ohn We lch :
1W
J ohn Westcot t:
Mark n o. 4 7 , b ow l 1 1b.
Voted i n 1 747 a nd 1 754 ( Pol ). ls
Bound a ppr. t o Edw. D . B ly th i n 1 833 ( AR ). Born i n Hul 813 ( census ). l 1
Work ing a t Col t . 1 848, lier S
C arr Lane 1 851-5 ( D ). 1W
J a mes Woddel l:
Bound a ppr. t o W m. Westerda le i n 1 772 ( AR ).
IW
J oseph Wray : Work ing i n B lack fr iarga te i n 1 839 ( D ).
IW
J ohn J oseph Wr igleswor th :
Born i n Hul 818 ( census ). l 1
Work ing a t
Hu mber Bank i n 1 838 , Col t. 1 848 a nd Hu mber Bank 1 857-67 ( D ). lier S The 1 851 c ensus r efers t o h im a s ad ealer ( sh ipp ing ). M W Mary Westerda le : Work ing i n F ink le S t. 1 814-23 ( D ).
Decora ted p ipe
n o. 4 2. M W Michael Westerdale ( 1 ): f ree man i n 1 721. ( AR, FR ).
Bound a ppr. t o Ben j. Bel l i n 1 714, a dm it t ed
Had a ppr. 1 732-?,
? -1741, 1 747-?, 1 753-?, 17 57-65
ls Vo ted 1 724, 1 747 ( Pol ).
M W M ichael Westerda le ( 2 ):
Date o f a dm iss ion t o t he f ranch ise n o t ' mown .
Took a ppr. i n 1 798 , 1 803 ( AR ). 1 812 ( S t. M. P .R.).
Work ing i n F ink le S t. 1 803-10 ( D ).
D ied
Probab ly t he h usband o f Mary .
t hew Wr M W Mat ight ( 1 ): Bound a ppr. t o Thos. Cooke i n 1 717 ( AR ). t hew Wr M W Mat igh t ( 2 ): Work ing i nH igh S t. 1 810-22 ( D ).
En tr ies i n t he y ears
1 803-6 r efer t o Wr ight a nd B ly the work ing a t t h is a ddress.
Decora ted
p ipes n os. 4 3-4. NW
l: N a than iel Westal
t ed f Bound a ppr. t o J ohn L econby i n 1 679 , b u t a dm it ree-
man b y a ppr. t o Henry Nor man ( 1 ) i n 1 695 ( AR, FR ). SW S pencer Wa tk inson : Work ing i nH igh S t . 1 826 ( D ).
A man o f t he s a me n a me
a ppears i n Br igg D irector ies 1 826-34, a nd i n t he 1 841 c ensus i n Gr i msby ls 1 ( Wel 974 ). SW S a muel We lch :
D ied i n Gr i msby 1 872 ( Mann 1 977 ). Bound a ppr. t o Mich. Westerdale ( 2 ) i n 1 798 ( AR ).
T W Tho mas Westerd a le : The 1 790 d irectory h as t wo e n tr ies i n t h is n a me , a p ipe maker i n F ink le S t . a nd a s h ip b u ilder i n S al thouse L ane, b u t t hey 1 17
c ou ld w el l b e t he s a me man . J os. S cot t w as b ound a ppr. t o Thos. Westerd a le " sh ipwr ight" i n 1 788 b u t a dm it ted f ree man by a ppr. t o Thos. Westerda le " p ipe maker" i n 1 793; W m. S k inner was b ound a ppr. t o Thos. Westerda le " p ipe maker c hap man" i n 1 795 ; Rb t. Gow land ( who l a ter worked a s a pipe maker ) was b ound a ppr . t o Thos. Westerda le " sh ipwr igh t c hapman" i n 1 784. 1 796-1806.
Thos. Westerda le p ipe maker a lso h ad a n a ppr.
There a re f i f ty e n tr ies o f a ppr. t o Thos. Westerda le s h ip-
w r igh t , s h ipbu ilder a nd s h ipowner i n t he p er iod 1 779-1802 ( AR, FR ). W W Wil 1 ) : Work ing i n West S t . i n 1 838 ( D ). lia m Westcot t ( W W Wil lia m Westcot t ( 2 ) :
Born i n Hul l i n 1 836.
Work ing w i th h is f a ther J ohn
a s a n a ppr. i n 1 851 ( census ). lia m Westerdale ls W W Wil : Vo ted i n 1 754 a nd 1 774 ( Pol ). 1 767-74, 1 772-?
( AR , FR ).
Had a ppr. 1 764-?,
Ic Mark n o. 6 8 ( bow ls V I lb , VI ).
lia m Wh W W Wil i te ( 1 ) ( o f Gr i msby ) : H is s on b ound a ppr. t o J ohn Robson o f l i Hul n 1 751 ( AR ). lia m Wh W W Wil i te ( 2 ) : lia m Wr W W Wil igh t ( 1 ) :
S on o f a bove. l i Born i n Hul n 1 805 ( census ).
Work ing i n Mason S t.
1 848-51 ( D ). lia m Wr lier S W W Wil igh t ( 2 ) : Work ing i n Col t . 1 851-61 ( D ). Rela ted Occupa t ions lis The 1 985 d irectory i nc ludes t wo p ipe c lay merchan ts; Tho mas F . Cal o fH igh S t . a nd Henry Wh itehead o f J unct ion P lace. D irec tor ies o f 1 921 a nd 1 922 r efer t o Dav id S ale m o f 1 5 Farr ingdon Ave , L ondon E .0 . 4 a s at obacco p ipe maker a nd importer , a nd t he 1 897 d irectory l i sts J a mes O 'Ne il o f Med ley S t., l a Hul s a pipe r epa irer. Th in-sec t ion Ana lys is l s l p I A smal a mp le o f Hul ipe t ypes I , I V a nd V I h as b een a na lysed b y Dr. L . S . Dav idson o f L iverpoo l Un iversi ty . I nc lus ion Dens ity :
l ow H is r esu l ts a nd c onclus ions f ol :
L ow o r v ery l ow b u t w ith a f ew e xa mp les o f h igher d ens it ies
( 4-XL , 5 -L , 1 - ML , 1 -M , 1 -H M ). I nc lus ion t ype : Withou t e xcep t ion t he i nc lus ion t ype i s d om ina ted b y q uartz, w ith p roport ions o ver 9 0% , a nd v ery s ubord ina te p ropor t ions o fb rown c lay ;
a ggre-
g a tes a nd s ub-opaques a re c o m mon . l w I nclus ion s izes : Quar tz i nclu sions a re f a ir ly smal ith a max i mum d ia meter o f 0 .3 m m a nd a n a verage o f 0 .19 m m.
l Brown c lay w here p resen t t ends t o b e smal
i n d ia meter , a verag ing 0 .2 m m , a nd a ggrega tes a verage 0 .47 m m . Quartz r ich :
8 % .
t erned e Pat x t inc t ion :
9 2% .
Ho mogen ity : 4 2% Pre f. O r .: 4 2% .
18
Ma in d ist ingu ish ing f ea tures : d om inated b y q uar tz.
L ow t o v ery l ow
i nc lus ion d ens ity .
I nc lusions
H igh i nc idence o f i nho mogene ity w ith s treaks a nd b ands o f
d if feren t c lay c o mposi t ion s.
Pat x t inct ion n or mal resen t a nd ma tr ix t erned e ly p
s eldo m r ich i n q uar tz. S a mp le : The s a mp le o f 1 2 may j ust b e s uf fic ien t t o b e r epresen ta t ive s ince a h igh d egree o f c ons istency i s f ound i n i nc lus ion t ype a nd s ize a l though c onsidera ble v ar ia t ion i s f ound i n i nc lus ion d ens ity. Acknow ledge men ts Iwou ld l ike t o t hank a l who h ave h elped i n t he p roduc t ion o f t h is a r t icle : l Ben Wh itwel l, L ee El liot t, I an L ovelock ( t yp ing ), Chr is Brown a nd S i mon L awr ence ( i lustra t ions , f igs. 1 -2 a nd 3 -6 r espec t ive ly ) , Wil f Wh it , Chr is l t aker Know les , R . N ew ton , Pa tr ick L e-R iz, t he s taf fs o f Hul l Museu ms, Record O ff i ce a nd L ocal H is tory L ibrary , a nd a l o ther r esearchers who h ave s o f reely l g iven a dv ice a nd i n for ma t ion , p art icu lar ly Adr ian O swa ld a nd S i mon L awrence. Th is p aper s te ms f ro m r esearch i n to t he p ipe i ndustry u nder taken t o f urt her u nderstand ing o f t he p ost- med ieva l c era m ics e xcava ted i n Hul ar t icu lar ly l, p t hose f ro m s i tes e xcava ted b y t he Hu mbers ide Archaeo log ica l Un i t f ro m 1 975 t o 1 978.
Ap rogra m me o f r epor ts d escr ib ing e xcava t ions i n t he c i ty ( wh ich was a
ma jor i n ternat iona l p or t i n l ate med ieva l t imes ) i s c urren tly b e ing p ub l ished i n t he O ld Town Repor t S er ies o f t he East R id ing Archaeo log ica l S oc iety . Abbrev ia t ions a ppr.
Appren t ice , a ppren t icesh ip .
AR
Appren t ice Rol ls.
Bev . Boro. Rec.
Bever ley Borough Records.
Corr. Pract.
Corrup t Prac t ices. D irec tor ies.
FR
ls. Freedo m Rol
HCBB
l C Hul orpora t ion Bench Books.
l Adv Hul .
l Adver Hul t iser.
KHRO
l Record Of f K ingston u pon Hul ice.
ls Pol
l Books. Pol
SBD
S te m b ore d ia me ter
S cu l . PR
S cu lcoa tes P ar ish Reg ister.
S t. M. PR.
S t. Mary 's Par ish Records.
S ources u sed , a nd works c i ted i n t he t ex t ls Appren t ice Rol :
8v o ls., 1 667-1929 ( KHRO ).
Arno ld , C . J ., 1 977 .
" The C lay Tobacco-p ipe i ndustry :
An Econo m ic S tudy"
t ery a i n Pot nd Ear ly Co m merce; e d . D . P . S . Peacock , A cade m ic Press ( London ). A tk in son , D . R . a nd O swa ld , A ., 1 969.
" London C lay t obacco-p ipes" i n J ourna l
o f t he Br it ish A rchaeo log ica l A ssoc ia t ion , v o l . 3 2. Bever ley Borough Records : S er ies
v o l . =
1 575-1821.
IV ( 1932 ).
1 19
Yorksh ire A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty Record
Boyne , W., 1 858.
Tokens i ssued i n t he s even teen th , e ighteen th a nd n ine teen th
c en tur ies i n Yorksh ire. Census o f 1 851.
( Loca l H istory L ibrary , Hul l.)
Corrup t Prac t ices : Repor t o f t he Co m m iss ioners
i n to t he Ex istence o f
Corrup t Prac t ices i n t he Borough o f K ingston-upon-Hul 2 v o ls.) HMSO l ( 1 853. D irector ies o f Hul l:
A tk inson 1 888 , B a ines 1 823 , Bat 791/2, 1 803 , 1 806, tle 1
1 810 , 1 814 , 1 817 , 1 822 , B r i t ish 1 790 , Brown 1 897 , Bu tcher 1 874 /5 , C lay ton 1 803, Cook 1 895, 1 899 , 1 901, Craggs 1 835, Freebody 1 851, l 1 l Trades 1 ly 1 Hul 876, Hul 928 , 1 930 , J ones 1 863/4, K el 857 , 1 861, 1 885 , 1 892, 1 893 , 1 900 , 1 903-16 ( annua l ) , 1 919 , 1 921, 1 922 , 1 925, 1 926, le 1 1 929 , 1 930 , 1 933, 1 939 , Melv il 855, N ob le 1 838 , P igo t 1 834, 1 840 , Purdon 1 839 , S tephenson 1 842, 1 848 , Wh i te 1 826, 1 831, 1 838 , 1 840 , 1 846, 1 851, 1 858 , 1 859 , 1 867 , 1 882 , 1 895 , Wr igh t 1 863. F lood , R . J ., 1 976. ls Freedo m Rol : Gen t , T ., 1 735. l Adver Hul t iser.
C lay Tobacco P ipes i n Cambr idgesh ire ( O leander Press ).
3v o ls. 1 369 t o d ate ( len to ). l. H istory o f Hul a ) J anuary 7 th 1 809 ;
b ) March 1 829 ( Loca l H istory L ibrary ).
l Corpora Hul t ion Bench Book n o. 8 , p . 5 7 ( KHRO ). J ackson , R . G . a nd Pr ice , R . H ., 1 974. a nd t he ir marks.
Br isto l C lay P ipes :
AS tudy o f makers
Br isto l C ity Museu m Research Monograph n o. 1 .
l Record Of fice l a IRO Hul , a ) n ame i ndex , b ) t i t le d eeds ( BRA 3 4/1, 3 , 4 , 5 , 9 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 4, 2 3 ). L awrence , S ., 1 979.
" York p ipes a nd t he ir makers" i n t h is v o lume.
L aws , A ., a nd O swa ld , A ., 1 979. S treet , Bren t ford".
lia m H " The K iln o f Wil ea th , 1 738-1745, H igh
The A rchaeo logy o f t he C lay Tobacco P ipe , BAR ,
f orthco m ing. L e Che m inan t , R . A . C ., 1 979 . ap rel im inary s tudy".
" The d evelop men t o f t he p ipeclay h a ir c urler :
The Archaeo logy o f t he C lay Tobacco P ipe , BAR ,
f or thco m ing. Mann , J . E ., 1 977. C lay Tobacco P ipes f ro m Excava t ions i n L inco ln 1 970-4. L inco ln Archaeo log ica l Trust Monograph S er ies, XV-I , ( C. B .A .) . O 'Ne il , B . H . S t . J ., 1 961.
" A N o te o n C lay P ipes f ro m Hunga te , York" i n
Yorksh ire Archaeo log ica l J ourn a l , v o l . 4 0 , p ar t 1 59 , 3 78-81. O swa ld , A ., 1 975.
C lay P ipes f or t he Archaeo log ist .
Br i t ish A rchaeo log ica l
Repor t N o . 1 4. O swa ld , A . a nd A tk inson , D . R ., 1 979.
" Ar mor ia l P ipes".
The A rchaeo logy
o f t he C lay Tobacco P ipe , BAR , f or thco m ing . Parsons, J . E ., 1 964.
" The Archaeo logy o f t he C lay Tobacco-p ipe i n N orth-
I ( East Eng land" i n Archaeo log ia Ae l iana , v o l . XLI 4 th s er ies ). l Books f Pol or t he y ears 1 724 , 1 747 , 1 754 a nd 1 774 ( Loca l H istory L ibrary ). Poor Ra tes f or t he y ears 1 724-7 a nd 1 736 ( K F IRO ). S cu lcoa tes Par ish Reg ister ( par t 1 ) 1 538-1772. I ( v o l . O CUI 1958-9 ). 1 20
Yorks.
Par. Reg. S oc iety ,
S heppard, T ., 1 912.
Ear ly Hul l Tobacco P ipes a nd t he ir Makers.
Hul l Museu m
P ubl ica t ion n o. 6 ( 2nd Ed it ion ). S t. Mary 's Par ish Records. g a te , Hul l.
Unpub l ished ma ter ia l i nS t . Mary 's Church , L ow-
Wa lker , I . C . a nd Wel l s, P . K ., 1 979 . " Reg iona l v ar iet ies o f c lay t obaccop ipe mark ings i n Eas tern Eng land" , i n t h is v o lu me. Wel ls , P . K ., 1 974.
L inco lnsh ire C lay P ipe Makers , L inco ln C ity a nd Coun ty
Museu m.
1 21
THE P IPE MAKERS OF L INCOLNSHIRE ls b y P . K . Wel
I n troduct ion •
P ipe mak ing s ee ms t o h ave r eached L inco lnsh ire a round 1 640 , t he f irst
r ecorded maker b e ing i n G a insborough i n 1 645 .
A t t h is s a me t ime , d ur ing
l, L t he 1 640s, t he f i rst makers were a lso r ecorded i n N or thamp ton , H ul iverp oo l , C hester , G ateshead a nd York .
By t he e nd o f t he s even teen th c entury
p ipe mak ing was e stab l ished i n s ix L inco lnsh ire t owns, G a insborough , L inco ln , B oston , S pa ld ing , S tamford a nd H orncast le . ( See F ig . 2 . ) Wi th t he e xcep t ion o f t he l ast , a l l o f t hese t owns were a ccess ib le b y wa ter , a p robab le f actor i n f t he i n i t ia l g row th o f t he t rade, c lay b eing h eavy a nd d i f icu lt t o t ransport o verl and a t t ha t t ime . I n L inco ln , G a insborough a nd Boston t he a reas f requen ted l b y p ipe makers were a l c lose t o t he wa ters ide a nd i n t he p oorer a reas o f t he t own . T he e ar l iest G r i msby maker i s r ecorded i n 1 724 b ut i t s g eograph ica l p os i t ion makes i tl i ke ly t ha t p ipe mak ing wou ld h ave b egun t here s o me t ime b e fore t ha t d a te . Fro m t hen o n n o n ew c en tres a ppear t o h ave b een e stab l ished u n t i l t he n ine teenth c entury p ipemak ing 'e xp losion ' ,when f ro m a bou t 1 820 o nwards t en more t owns were a dded t o t he l i st , a l though s evera l o f t hese o n ly b y v ir tue o f h av ing o ne k i ln p roduc ing p ipes. The map ( Fig . 2 ) s hows a l l o f t he t owns where p ipes a re k nown t o h ave b een made , w i th t he o veral l p er iod o f p roduct ion . Where f i nds o f marked p ipes make i tp ossib le t o p lo t d istances, t he v ast ma jor i ty a re f ound w i th in a r ad ius o fb e tween t en a nd t wen ty mi les f ro m t he p lace o f manufacture . I n f act , a bout f i f teen mi les s ee ms t o h ave b een a vera ge a nd o n t he map a r ad ius o f f i f teen m i les i s d rawn a round H orncast le t o i nd ica te t he a verage t rad ing d istance a round e ach c en tre .
I ft h is f i f teen mi le
r ad ius were t o b e d rawn a round e ach o f t he f irst s even c en tres t o b e e stab l ished i tw ou ld b e s een t ha t t he who le c oun try i s a l most c o mp lete ly c overed . T he max i mu m r adi i b ased o n t he f ur thest k nown f indspo ts a re g iven f or i nd iv idua l t owns a nd makers i n t he l i st wh ich f o l lows. Ev idence f ro m p roba te i nven tor ies d a t ing t o t he s even teen th a nd e igh teen th c entur ies s uggests t ha t t he p ack h orse w as a s tandard means o f d istr ibut ing t he p ipes, wh i lst i n t he n ine teen th c entury b oth h orse a nd c ar t a nd h andcar t a re r ecorded . E st i ma tes o f t he n u mbers i nvo lved i n p ipe mak ing a re v ery d if f icu lt t o o bta in a nd r eal ly o n ly r ef lect t he a va i lab i l i ty o f d ocu mentary e v idence .
Even
i n t he n ine teen th c en tury when r ecords a re f a ir ly n u merous t here i s as udden l eap f ro m t h ir tytwo makers k nown t o b e work ing i n 1 850 t o e igh ty-six i n 1 851. T h is, o f c ourse, r ef lects a f a ir ly d e ta i led s tudy o f t he 1 851 c ensus r eturns a nd s ugges ts t ha t e ven i n t he n i ne teen th c entury t he n u mbers o f k nown makers c an p robab ly b e a t l east d oub led i n n on-census y ears . The h ighest n u mber o f makers k nown t o b e work ing i n a ny o ne y ear b e tween 1 650 a nd 1 700
1 23
F ig. 1
P ipes f ro m L inco lnsh ire. 1 24
I s s ix , b etween 1 700 a nd 1 750 —e igh t ; t h ir ty-f ive .
1 750 t o 1 800 —twe lve, 1 800 t o 1 850 —
Then , a s h as b een s ta ted ,co mes a peak o f e igh ty-s ix i n 1 851 l ead-
i ng t o t he f ol l ow ing d ec l ine — th ir ty-one r ecorded makers i n 1 861, f i f teen i n 18 71, n ine i n 1 881, e igh t i n 18 91, s even i n 1 901 a nd f our i n 1 911. The l ast f our s e ts o f f i gures a re t aken f ro m t he c ensus a bstracts o f t he a ppropr ia te y ears, b u t t he c ensus f or 18 61 a nd 1 871 r equ ires f ur ther s tudy . l The f o low ing l i st o f L inco lnsh ire makers i s g iven b y t owns, i n a lphabe t ica l o rder , w i th b r ie f n otes o n t he i ndustry i n e ach t own a nd o n t he i nd iv idua l makers .
l Many L inco lnsh ire p ipes h ave a lready b een i lustrated e lsewhere
a nd t o a vo id u nnecessary d up l ica t ion where t h is i s t he c ase r eference t o t he a ppropr ia te p ub l ica t ion i s g iven . Abb r ev ia t ions A .R .
ls Appren t icesh ip R ol
B .B .G . Reg ister o f B oston Bur ia l Ground Census
Census Enu mera tor ' sR eturns
d .
Year o f d ea th
D .
Trade d irectory
f l .
Known t o b e work ing
G .B .R .
Gr i msby C e metery Bur ia l R eg ister
G .C .B .
Gr i msby C our t B ooks
l I lust .
l I lustra ted i n
I NV .
Proba te I nven tory
M. B .
Marr iage b ond
f N .R .O . Nor than ts Record O f ice ls Pol
ls b Pol ook o r l i st
P .R .
Par ish r eg ister
R .E .
Reg ister o f E lec tors
S .H .B .
l B S ta mford Hal ooks
ALFORD T here i s n o e v idence o f p ipe mak ing i n A lford u n t i l t he m idd le o f t he n inet een th c en tury a nd t hen i ts ee ms t o h ave l asted o n ly f or a bou t t en y ears.
En-
t r ies i n t rade d irec tor ies s uggest t ha t t here were t wo k i lns, o ne a t West End o pera t ing 18 49-50 b u t n o t men t ioned i n t he 1 851 c ensus, a nd o ne a t S ou th End o pera t ing 1 856-57. A lford- made p ipes h ave b een f ound a t Boston , Wa in f lee t a nd H orncast le, a d istr ibut ion r ad ius o f t wen ty-one mi les . A lford makers Harr is, J oseph .
f l . 1 857 .
Work ing a t S ou th End . Harr ison , J ohn .
D
P oss ib ly a directory e rror f or J oseph Warrs.
f l . 1 849.
D
Work ing a t West End . Harr ison , Rober t .
f l . 1 849-50 .
Work ing a t West End .
D
R e la t ionsh ip t o J ohn Harr ison u nknown .
1 25
•
GRi M38Y
, ;
( 1724 /992)
c
1 F ig. 7 .
2 15
3
BER W ICK o n t he o ther s ide o f t he s te m .
T h is p ipe was p robab ly made
t o c o mme mora te t he c rown ing o f t he Pr ince o f Wa les i n 1 880 o r 1 910 . 1 2 . P ipe w i th t he f i gures o f t wo f a mous g enera ls o f t he Boer War . h as t he n a mes FRENCH a nd ROB(ERTS ) . 1 3 .
The s tem
D a te 1 899-1902 .
L arge h eavy c urved p ipe w ith meta l ( brass ) e nd t o t ake wood o r amber mouthp iece , d a te p robab ly 1 880+ .
1 4 .
P ipe s im i lar t o n u mber 1 3 b ut w i th s tra igh t s te m wh ich i s b roken . 1 880+ .
Da te
S te m Frag men ts Very f ew s te m f rag men ts were f ound a nd o f t hose t ha t were o n ly o ne b ears a ny i n terest : 1 . A l most c o mp le te s te m w i th b ow l m issing . O n o ne s ide a re t he words: EYE PEEPS a nd o n t he o ther wha t a ppears t o b e a Russian word : TOHPACA . 1 856 .
T h is p ipe may b e s o me th ing t o d o w ith t he Cr i mean War 1 854-
S ITE 4 T h is i s t he s i te o f t he o ld S tamford r acecourse a bou t 2 -m i les s outh o f S ta m ford t o t he West o f t he A l r oad .
T he f i e ld i s l oca ted a t t he j unct ion o f
l a f e wh t he r oad t o Easton o n t he H il nd t he o ld r oad t o K ings C l if ich d isappears t er l w u nder W it ing a ir f ie ld . T he N or th e dge o f t he s i te h as a smal ood r unn ing a long t he b oundary a nd a lso t he r e ma ins o f t he o ld g randstand i n t he Nor th l ( West c orner a nd a n o ld wel w ith modern b r ick c over ing ) i nt he N or th East c orner .
l T here i s a hedge a long t he East a nd S outh b oundar ies a nd a smal
wood t o t he West ; t he f i e ld a nd r ace track w ere u nder c u lt iva t ion a nd h ad b een h arrowed a t t he t ime o f t he i nvest iga t ion . l ed i S tamford r acecourse was e stab l ished i n 1 717 , i t was r e model n 1 818 b y t he Marquess o f Exe ter when t he s tra igh t mi le w as a dded a nd t he g rounds were e nc losed w ith r a i ls.
ly b T he g randstand was o r ig inal u i lt i n 1 766 a nd
was p rogress ive ly a l tered t hroughou t t he y ears . c losed i n 1 875 .
ly T he r acecourse w as f inal
When t he r acecourse was o pen r efreshmen tb oo ths were l oca ted o n t he N or th a nd East e dges o f t he g rounds i n t he a ng le b e tween t he t wo r oads wh ich r an a long t he b oundar ies o f t he g rounds.
I ti s o n t he s i tes o f t hese b ooths a nd
b eh ind t he o ld g randstand t ha t t he ma jor i ty o f p ipe f rag men ts h ave b een f ound . T he w ooded a rea wh ich r uns a long t he N or th e dge a nd b eh ind t he g randl r s tand h as t he r e ma ins o f a w al unn ing a long t he r oadside, t here i s a lso a le p aral l l i ne o f t rees wh ich r un j ust i ns ide t he w ood n ex t t o t he f i e ld wh ich l a c ou ld h ave b een t he o ld h edgerow . A long t he b ase o f t he wal re f rag men ts o f b roken c rockery , g lass a nd c lay p ipes wh ich w ere p robab ly d u mped t here f ro m t he b oo ths a nd t he g randstand . 8t o 1 0 i nches b e low t he s ur face . t he l i ne o f t he
T he d ep th o f t hese d eposits a re b etween
A long t he f i e ld e dge o f t he wood , a nd a long
le p aral l l i ne o f t rees t here a re t housands o f c lay p ipe s te m
f ragmen ts l y ing o n a nd j ust b e low t he s ur face .
2 16
J- -1 1 % % ‘ % t %
\
2
1
6
1 0
1
$ a ,
H
L A T E
T e
1
• • • • • •
1-4 7 kei -p g : .7 i F ig. 8 .
2 17
- - -‘ 1
4
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9
-
2
The e dge o ft he c u l t iva ted f i eld a nd t he a rea a round t he wel l a lso h ave t hese p ipe f rag men ts o n t he s urface, h owever a long t he East e dge o ft he f i eld t here a re f ewer f rag men ts t han o nt he N orth. A l most w ithou t e xcep t ion t he s te m f rag men ts h ad r eta ined t heir s urface g laze a nd w ere o ft he t h in s te m med , n arrow b ore, 1 9 th c en tury t ype.
On ly t wo
o f s evera l t housand f rag men ts h ad a ny mark ings a nd t hese a re s hown i n F ig. 1 2. On ly o ne c o mp lete b ow l was f ound , t he r e ma inder b eing f rag men ts o n ly ; t h is i s s urpr ising i n v iew o f t he l arge n u mber o f s te m f rag men ts o n t he s i te, more c o mp lete b ow ls wou ld h ave b een e xpected. S ITE 4 F ig. 8 Bow l F rag men ts 1 .
l ed b Th ick wal roken b ow l , t h ick s te m , 6 / 64" s te m b ore d iameter , r ebus o ft hree b al ls o n t he s ide o f f la t f oo t . fts k o n S ite 6 ( Longstaf i ln ).
Maker u nknown b u t s ee c o m men ts
Da te p robably 1 720-1770.
( Oswa ld L ondon
t ype 2 5.) 2 .
l ed b Th in wal ow l , b roken , 4 /64" s te m b ore d ia meter. r ebus o f as h ield o nt he s ide o f s pur.
l, Bow l f a ir ly smal
Th is r ebus h as b een f ound o n p ipes
l and ( f ound i n t he R iver Wel S i te I . a nd 2 ).
l Da te a bou t 1 840-1875 smal
v ers ion o f O swa ld L ondon t ype 2 8. 3 .
Two b roken f rag men ts o f n u mber 2 a bove b oth w ith s purs a nd r ebus.
4 .
l ed b Th in wal ow l , t h in s te m , s te m b ore d iameter 5 /64" , i n i t ia ls GL o n f S s pur ( George L ongstaf ta mford 1 847-1873 ).
Bow l p la in w ith n o mark ings
( Oswa ld L ondon t ype 2 8 ). 5 .
Four s pur f rag men ts o f s im ilar n a ture t o n umber 4 a bove.
6 .
As f or n umber 4 a bove b u t w ith o ak leaves d es ign o n mou ld j o in o nb ow l a nd 4 /64" s te m b ore d iame ter.
7 .
S ix b roken b ow l a nd s pur f rag men ts a s f or n u mber 6 a bove.
8 .
B roken s pur f rag men t p robab ly c . 1 840-1875.
S te m b ore d iame ter 5 /64" ,
r ebus o f as ix-po in ted s tar o n s pur. 9 .
1 0.
l ed b B roken t h in wal ow l f rag men t w i th h err ing-bone p a ttern o n mou ld j o in , p robab ly c . 1 850. l ed b B roken t h in wal ow l f rag men t w ith c rude mou ld ing o f f lu t ing o n s ides a nd d o ts a long t he mou ld j o in a nd t he t op o f t he b ow l. 1 780-1820 ( Oswa ld L ondon t ype 2 6 o r 2 7 ).
1 1.
Da te a bou t
l ed b Broken t h in wal ow l a nd s te m f rag men t w i th c rude mou ld ing o f f lut ing o n s ide o fb ow l , s te m b ore d ia meter 5 /64".
Da te a bou t 1 780-1820
( Oswa ld L ondon t ype 2 6 o r 2 7 ). S te m F rag men ts 1 .
S te m f rag men t 4 /64" s te m b ore d ia meter . o n o ne s ide a nd
2 .
1 9 th c en tury .
Marked HT....
LATE o n t he o ther.
Decora ted p ipe s te m f rag men t 4 /64" s te m b ore d ia me ter , marked PET... . o n o ne s ide o n ly p robably 1 9th c en tury . 2 18
S ITE 5 Th is s i te c onsists o ft wo f i e lds a bou t 3 /4 m ile N or th o fS tamford , t o t he l ef t o f t he A6121 r oad t o B ourne , j ust S ou th o f Borderv il l e.
The f i e lds a re t o
t he N orth o ft he e lectr ic ity p y lon l i ne wh ich r uns a long t he e dge o ft he h ousing e sta te a nd t hrough t he g rounds o f t he Fane s choo l. f ie lds r unn ing East/West .
Ad eep v al isects t he l ey b
The t wo f i e lds i nvest iga ted l i e w ith in t he p o in ts A t o Fs hown o n t he Bo th t he f i elds i nves t igated h ad r ecen t ly b een p loughed a nd t here h ad b een h eavy r a in f ol l ow ing t he p lough ing wh ich h ad washed most o f t he p ipes e tc. o u t o f t he s o il . I n t he l arger f i eld n ex t t o t he A 6121 t here w ere n umerous f rag men ts o f p ot , o yster s hel nd c lay t obacco p ipes. V ery f ew f rag men ts o fg lass tery ls a were f ound a nd t hose t ha t w ere d iscovered w ere ma in ly v ery t h ick a nd d ark g reen .
The p ot rag men ts were a l f a irly smal hese were e xam ined b y t ery f l l; t
Mr. Garry T il fS tamford a nd i den t if ied a s am ix ture o f 1 7 th , 1 8 th a nd 1 9 th l o c en tury s toneware e tc.
The c lay p ipe f rag men ts f ound i n t h is f i eld w ere a lso
f rom t he s a me t hree c en tur ies. I nt he smal i e ld t o t he West o f t he l arger f i e ld t he p ot rag men ts l er f tery f s ee med t o b e ma in ly 1 9 th c en tury a s were t he p ipe f rag men ts. The r ubb ish p i t a t t he N or th e nd o f t he f i eld was p robably a n o ld marl p i t o r s tone p i t a nd h as b een f i led w ith f ar m r ubb ish. Th is p i t was n o t e xcavated a nd may b e wor th l i nvest iga t ion i nt he f u ture. The ma jor i ty o f 1 7th a nd 1 8th c en tury p ipe f ragmen ts w ere f ound o nt he S ou th s lope o f t he l arge f i eld a bou t h a l f w ay d own t o t he v al ot . The p ipe f rag men ts f ound a t b o th t he Nor th a nd S ou th t op ley b t om e dges o f t he f i eld w ere ma in ly 1 9 th c en tury . The p ot nd p ipe f rag men ts tery a were s cat ven ly o ver t he s urfaces o fb o th f i elds a nd n o a rea o f c oncen tratered e t ion s ee med t o e x ist. A t t he t ime o f t he i nvest iga t ion t he f i elds w ere b e ing c u l t iva ted b y af ar mer , Mr. Ron Kn igh t o f Church F ar m , Grea t Caster ton . N e i ther Mr. K n igh t n or t wo f ar m l abourers , Mr. D erek S is more o f L it r Mr. F rank Bonner tle Casterton o o f Borderv il ou ld r e me mber a ny t ipp ing o n t he f i elds b u t t hey a l s a id t ha t l e, c l c lay p ipes w ere f requen t ly f ound a f ter p lough ing. T he r easons f or t he p ot nd p ipe f rag men ts b e ing i n t he f i e lds c ou ld tery a b e : a .
The p resence o f a rubb ish t ip i n t he a rea a nd t he f rag men ts a re b e ing d ragged u pb yt he c u l t iva t ion o ft he f i elds. Th is i s u n l ikely b ecause o f t he w ide a rea o ver w h ich t he f rag men ts a re d ispersed , t he l ack o f a n a rea o f c oncen tra t ion a nd a lso t he d a t ing o f t he f rag men ts o ver t hree c en tur ies. I ti s u n l ikely t ha t a tip wou ld h ave b een i n u se f or s uch a l ong p er iod.
b .
Mud a nd r ubb ish f rom t he R iver Wel ou ld h ave b een s pread o n t he l and c f i elds t o c on so l ida te t he c lay a nd a c t a s a fert il iser. Th is i s a poss ib il ity b u t a s t he f i e lds a re s o me d istance f ro m t he Wel ti s u n l ikely t ha t l and i mud wou ld h ave b een t ranspor ted t h is f ar.
C .
M idden r ubb ish f rom t he t own was s pread o nt he f i elds. Th is i s c erta in ly t he most l ikely s o lu t ion a s t h is was a com mon method o f r ubb ish d isposa l
2 19
2
1
3 -6
1
O ' t eursm J.-a &C 0P
, 1 4
0
3 t j%N .N .A .N .X1 X - 1 \N N NV1
F ig. 9 .
20 2
I NS
r igh t u p u n t il t he e nd o ft he 1 9 th c en tury .
Th is wou ld a lso a ccoun t f or
t he w ide a rea o f d ispersa l o ft he f rag men ts a nd a lso t he v ar ious c en tur ies t o w h ich t he f ragmen ts h ave b een i den t if ied. T he p ipe f rag men ts f ound a re l i sted a nd d raw ings o ft he more i n terest ing p ieces a re g iven . There a re i n a dd it ion t wo f rag men ts o f 1 8 th c en tury w igc ur lers s hown a s t hese w ere b y-products o ft he c lay p ipe maker 's a rt. S ITE 5 F ig. 9 Bowl F rag men ts 1 .
Smal arrel-shaped b ow l 1 640-1660 , r ou let im , n o maker 's mark , l b ted r f oo t miss ing , s te m b ore d iameter 7 /64" , ( 0 .L .10 ).
2 .
A s f or n umber 1 , b ow l b roken , r ound f l a t f oot .
3 .
T h in wal ow l , 1 820-1840 , d ecora ted w ith o ak leaves o nt he mou ld l ed b j o in , s pur b roken o , n o makers mark , s te m b ore d iameter 5 /64" f ( O .L .10 ).
4 .
A s f or n umber 3 w i th s pur , makers i n i t ia ls o n s pur GL , p robab ly George L ongstaf ta mford 1 847-1873. f S
5 .
Two s purs f ro m b ow ls p robably s im ilar t o n umber 3 , i n i t ia ls o n s purs GL p robably G eorge L ongstaf tamford 1 847-1873. fS
6 .
S evera l f rag men ts o fb ow ls s im i lar t o n umber 3w ith o ak leaves o n j o in .
S te m F rag men ts a nd O ther O b jects I .
1 9 th c en tury , g ood s urface g laze , d ia meter a bou t 1 /4" , s te m b ore d iame ter 5 /64" , t hree f rag men ts marked : thorn & Co B roseley 1 ( probably W. S ou thorn & Co , B roseley .Sou 1 802-41) 1 7/ 18th c en tury , p oor s urface g laze , d iameter a bou t 3 /8 " , b ore d iameter 4 /64-5/64".
2 .
Two 1 8th c en tury w ig c urler f rag men ts , o ne marked w ith t he i n it ia ls WB.
S ITE 6 Th is i s t he s i te o fa tobacco p ipe- makers k i ln a nd i s l oca ted u nder t he b u ild ings o ft he S ta mford s choo l . The l oca t ion i s o n w ha t was p art o fE lm S tree t a nd Nor th S tree t i nw ha t was k nown a s t he k i ln a rea o ft he t own . The l s ite was e xcava ted i n 1 972 b u t i th as u n for tuna tely b een f i led w ith c oncre te a s a bu ild ing f ounda t ion .
led East S The s tree t n ow c al treet i s p art o ft he o ld
l e N or th S treet a nd h as b een r ena med. E lm S treet s t il x ists b u t t he h ouses s top a t n umber 1 5, t he r e ma inder o ft he r oad n ow b e ing u nder t he s choo l . The f l f am ily o f L ongstaf i ved a t n umber 1 5 a nd 1 6 E lm S tree t a nd a s t he b u ild ings b acked o n to Nor th S tree t a nd were l oca ted i nt he n arrow s tr ip o f l and b e tween t he t wo s treets t he b us iness a ddress was o f ten g iven a s N orth S treet. l o T he s ite o f t he k i ln w as e xa m ined b y Mr. Garry T il fS tamford b u t d ue l t o t he s hortage o ft ime a va ilable a f u l e xam ina t ion c ou ld n o tb e made b efore l t he c on tractors f i led t he s i te w i th c oncre te.
l s Mr. T il ta ted t ha t t here a ppeared
t o b e e v idence o f a n e ven o lder k i ln u nder t he o ne f ound b u t h e was u nable t o 2 21
1
1 A
3
5
4 F ig. 1 0.
2 22
i nvest iga te t h is f urther. A d escr ip t ion o f t he f ind ing o ft he k i ln i s g iven i n Append ix A . Draw ings o f s o me o f t he p ipes t ha t were f ound i n t he k i ln a re s hown i n F ig. 1 0.
I t i s i n t erest ing t o n o te t ha t t he L ongstaffs mus t h ave f ound
t he p ipe- mak ing b usiness p rof i table s ince a s l a te a s 1 873 t hey s ub m it lans t ed p f or improve men ts t o t he k i ln . O f t he p ipes f ound n one h ad t he i n i t ia ls GL wh ich a re n ormal ound o n t he L ongsta ff p ipes; h owever t here were makers ' marks ly f o n s o me o f t he m b u t t hese a re more l ikely t o b e t he mou ld- maker 's mark .
I t
i s l ike ly t ha t i n t he 1 9 th c en tury mou lds w ere b ought f ro m a maker 's c a talogue a nd c er ta in ly t he mark s hown i n p ipe n umber 1h as b een f ound i n o ther p ar ts o f t he c oun try. Mr. T il lso s ta ted t ha t ap ipe f rag men t f ound h ad o n i tt hree b al n l a ls o t he f oo t a nd t h is may b elong t o a n e arl ier p er iod.
A p ipe f rag men t f ound o n
t he S tam ford r acecourse a rea ( s ite N o. 4 ) w ith s im ilar mark ings s ee med t o b e v ery e ar ly 1 9 th c en tury i fn o t e ar l ier. S ITE 7 The s ite i s l oca ted a t 1 3 S t. Mary 's H il l, a med ieva l merchan t 's h ouse w ith a n u ndercrof t , s i tua ted t o t he N or th o f t he ma in t own b r idge.
Dur ing 1 967 ,
a l tera t ions i n t he y ard a t t he r ear o ft h is h ouse d isclosed a p i t c on ta in ing 1 7 th c en tury a nd e ar ly 1 8th c en tury c lay p ipes.
The f inds were a ssoc ia ted w ith a
c lay f l oor a nd t he r e ma ins o f a timber f l oor a t g round l evel , s uppor ted b y p osts. Th is was p ossib ly t he l a tr ine o f af or mer i nn . P ipes The p ipes t ha t were f ound o n t he s i te a re s hown i n F ig. 1 1 a nd a re h eld i nt he S tamford Town Museu m , t hey d a te f ro m a bou t 1 620-1720. made b y e ar ly L ondon makers.
O f t hose f ound
l a l a ppear t o b e
p erhaps t he most i n terest ing a re t he t wo made f ro m r ed c lay ;
The p ipes w ere r ecovered f ro m a d ep th o f
3 -4 f ee t. 1 .
l f l ed r Smal orward l ean ing b ow l w ith m il im , af l a t f oo t w ith a maker 's mark o n i ti n t he s hape o f as tar ( t h is mark i s s hown i n O swa ld 's b ook L ondon C lay Tobacco P ipes ).
S te m b ore d ia me ter
7/ 64
i nches.
Da te
C . 1 610-1640 ( 0 .L .4 ) . 2 .
S im ilar t o n u mber 1 above b u t w ith t he maker 's mark o f as poked whee l . S te m b ore d ia me ter 8 /64 i nches.
3 .
Da te C . 1 610-1640 ( O .L .5 ).
S im i lar t o n u mber 2 a bove b u t w i th maker 's mark o f ar ose s ur moun ted b y a crown a nd t he i n i t ia ls GC.
Possibly George Cross o f L ondon .
S te m b ore d iameter 6 /64 i nches. 4 .
F our p ipes w i th e gg-shaped f l a t f ee t , m il i m. l ed r 6 /64 i nches.
5 .
( O .L .5 ).
S te m b ore d ia me ter
Da te c . 1 640-1670 ( O .L .11 ).
Two p ipes i n r ed c lay .
N o m il n r im , h ear t s haped f oo t. ling o
b ore d ia meter 6 /64 i nches. 6 .
Da te c . 1 610-1640.
Da te c . 1 640-1670.
S te m
( 0 .L .11).
One p ipe w i th h eav i ly r ou let im , s l igh t ly b u lbous b ow l , h ear t s haped t ed r f ee t.
S te m b ore d ia meter 6 /64 i nches.
23 2
Date c . 1 640-1670 ( O .L .11 ).
s t \ Jc
1
2
I t-
3
5
7
8
F ig. 1. 24 2
7 .
l ed r O ne p ipe w i th m il im , f l a t r ound f oo t.
S te m b ore d ia me ter 6 /64 i nches.
D a te c . 1 660-1680 ( O .L .10 ). — 8 .
O ne p ipe w i th f orward l ean ing b ow l , m il l ed r im , s pur. t er 6 /64 i nches.
9 .
S te m b ore d ia me-
Da te c . 1 660-1690 ( 0 .L .15 ).
T h in wal pr ight b ow l . l ed u
S te m b ore d ia me ter 5 /64 i nches.
1 750 ( O .L .25 ).
25 2
Da te c . 1 700-
APPEND IX A CLAY P IPE K ILN , NORTH S TREET, S TA MFORD
On Wednesday , 3 rd May , 1 972 o n ab u ild ing s i te a t t he r ear o ft he Grammar S choo l , a Clay P ipe K i ln was d iscovered b y emp loyees o fS hef ord , field & F Bu ild ing Con trac tors. Un for tuna tely , t he s i te h ad b een d isturbed a ta n e ar l ier d a te b y at rench , t he k i ln i t se lf b e ing f i led b y 1 9 th c en tury d e mo l it ion d ebr is. l The k i ln , b el ieved t ob e e ar ly 1 9 th c en tury , was i den t if ied b y Mr. G . M . T il ro m p ieces o fb urn t c lay c ol ted b y t he b u ild ing c on tractors. Mr. T il l f l ec l r etr ieved a s much k i ln ma ter ia l a s p ossib le a nd made d raw ings b efore i t was a ga in d estroyed.
The k i ln was b r ick-bu il t w ith h ome- made c lay b r ick l in ing.
The k i ln f urn iture , s aggars e tc., were c onstruc ted o f c rushed p ipes a nd f i re c lay .
S o f ar much o f t he ma ter ia l r e tr ieved r equ ires i den t if ica t ion , a nd i ti s
h oped t ob e i n c on tact w ith a museum wh ich h as d one t h is t ype o f e xcava t ion b efore. The c lay p ipes r ecovered a re a l l o f o ne f orm wh ich i s p oss ib ly e ar ly 1 9 th c en tury .
Three d i feren t marks were r ecorded . f
Th is i s , a s f ar a s i s k nown , t he f i rst c lay p ipe k i ln t o b e d iscovered i n S tamford .
2 26
LOCAL RECORDS AND B IBL IOGRAPHY
l t l ec I nt he S tamford T own Hal here i s a fine c ol t ion o f o ld b ooks a nd manuscr ip ts wh ich a re h e ld i n t he t own a rch ives a nd i n t he Ph il lip 's c ol l ect ion . l B The S tamford Hal ooks h ave p rov ided a w ea l th o f i n for ma t ion a nd warran t f ur ther s tudy f or a ny a ppren t ice i nden tures f or p ipe makers.
The S ta m ford
S urvey G roup a lso h as a few l oca l r ecords, h owever most o f t hese a re e x trac ts f ro m t he t own r ecords.
l The f o low ing i s a li s t o f d ocu men ts e xa m ined i nt he
l a Town Hal nd t hose h eld b y t he S urvey Group a re i nd ica ted w ith a n a ster isk . t The l e ters i nt he r igh th and c o lu mn a re t he a bbrev ia t ions u sed i n t he " source o f o f i n forma t ion" c o lu mn i n p art 2 . LOCAL REC ORDS Do lby 's A l manac.
1 899-1905;
DA
Encroach men ts o nt he Manor ia l L and o f S ta mford Manor f or 18 46.
EML
Free mens Rol ls. Free mens S tamp Book . Hear th Tax Re turns f or L inco lnsh ire. J ohnstones A l manac.
* HT
1 836, 1 834.
Mid land C oun t ies Adver t iser.
1 836, 1 858.
MCA
f Northamp tonsh ire Records Of ice.
NRO
l B Pol ooks a nd Trade D irector ies f or S ta mford.
17 34, 1 809 ,
PB TD
1 812, 1 830-32, 1 836-39 , 1 845, 1 847-49 , 1 851-52, 1 858-61, 1 876-82, 1 884, 1 887 . t ers A Pot l manac.
1 901-06.
Reg ister o f E lec tors.
1 845-1914.
RE
l and Reg ister o f Boa ts o n t he R iver Wel . S ta mford A l manac. S ta mford .
1 835.
ls a Cour t Rol nd Proba te I nven tor ies.
*S CR
S ta mford C e metery Bur ia l Records. l Books. S ta mford Hal
1 461-1 7 21.
BR
f ( f =f o l io )
SHB
S t. George 's Church Par ish R ecords.
1 600-1 9 10.
PR
S t . Mar t in 's Church Par ish Records.
1 600-1910.
PR
B IBL IOGRAPHY ls a A lford , B . W. E . 1 970. WD & HO Wil nd t he D evelop men t o f t he UK Tobacco I ndu stry 1 786-1 9 65. A tk inson , D . &O swa ld A . 1 965. Drakard .
1 860.
Har t ley , J . 19 75.
L ondon C lay Tobacco P ipes.
H istory o f S ta mford. - DRA K Ex tract s f ro m t he S ta mford Mercury .
Ho lgar th , W. E . R ., 1 962.
P ipes o f C lay .
* SM
I n L inco lnsh ire L ife.
S pr ing 19 62
V o l . 2 No . 1 . O swa ld , A . 19 75.
C lay P ipes f or t he Archaeo log ist.
o log ica l Repor ts N o. 1 4.
BAR 1 4 27 2
Oxford.
Br it ish Archae-
Prat . E . t, E Rogers, A .
AH istory o f Transpor t a nd C o mmun ica t ion . The Growth o fS ta mford .
S i mpson , J . 1 882.
L inco lnsh ire Trades mens T okens o f t he 1 7th C en tury .
S i mpson , J . 1 881.
Ex trac ts f ro m t he Par ish R eg isters o fS ta mford .
Rel iquary a nd Quarterly J ourna l . ls, P Wel . 1 973.
L inco lnsh ire P ipe Makers.
P la te 1 .
C ity a nd C oun ty Museu m.
Tobaccon ist 's t oken , 1 668.
2 28
I n
XPR
1 7C TT
S TATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SOME NOTTINGHA M CLAY TOBACCO P IPES b y R . C . A lvey , R . R . L ax ton a nd G . F . Paechter
1 .
I n troduct ion I nt wo p rev ious p ap ers t he f i rst t wo a u thors c arr ied o u t ap r inc ipa l c o m-
tingha m p onen t a nd a c luster a na lys is o f s o me c lay t obacco p ipes made i n N ot d ur ing t he p er iod 1 670-1730. l ect b igger c ol ion .
H ere w e r epea t t hese a na lyses b u t o n as l ight ly
Fur ther more, w e n ow k now a c ons iderable amoun t a bou t
t he ma in p ipe- makers o ft he p er iod a nd t hese h istor ica l f ac ts a re u sed h ere t o t est i deas s uggested b y t he p urely f or ma l a na lyses.
I n p art icu lar, t hey c on f ir m
t ha t t he i st Pr inc ipa l C omponen t g ives r ise t o ac hrono log ica l s equence f or N ot ipes, t ha t t he v o lu me V o f t he p ipe b ow l i ncreases s tead ily t hroughtingha m p o u t t he p eriod w h i lst a t t he s a me t ime t he s te m b ore d ia meter d oes d ecrease s l igh t ly t hough i t s v ar ia t ion i ndependen t o f t ime i s c onsiderably g reater.
By
means o f c luster a na lysis w e h ave t r ied t o d escr ibe t he d if feren t p ipe mou lds u sed b y t he p ipe- makers t hroughou t t heir l ives.
As a r esu l t w e h ave p u t f orward
t he s uggest ion t ha t e ach p ipe- maker u sual ad t wo mou lds a t a ny o ne t i me. ly h We a re n o t a b le t o t est t h is f urther h ere b u t w e d o s ugges t v arious l ines o f e nq u iry f or f u ture i nvest iga t ions. 2 .
tingha m P The e arly N ot ipe I ndus try T he Engl ish c lay p ipe i ndustry a nd t he method o f manu facture o f p ipes
a re d escribed i n c onsiderable d eta i l i n O swa ld ( 1975, Ch. 1t o 3 ).
tingThe Not
h am i ndustry s ee ms t o h ave s tar ted i n t he m id 1 7 th c en tury a nd c on t inued u n t il t he b eg inn ing o f t he 1 920s ( Alvey 1 972 ).
l s For r easons wh ich w il oon b e made
c lear , t he c oncern h ere i s w ith t he e ar ly p er iod f ro m a bou t 1 670 t o a pprox i ma tely 1 730.
l S o f ar a s w e c an t e l , b o th f ro m h istor ica l d ocu men ts a nd t he s urv iv ing
p ipes t he mselves t he p er iod i s d om ina ted b y f our n a mes : R . Br insley , I . J a mes, W. S e f ton a nd J . Wr ight .
We s ay ' na mes' q u i te d el ibera tely b ecause we a re
l ect c on f iden t we h ave i n o ur c ol ion p ipes b y t wo ( or e ven p oss ib ly t hree ) R ichard Br insleys a nd t wo J a mes ( John a nd I saac ).
I ndeed , o ne o ft he p rob le ms we h ave
s et o urselves i s t o f ind o u t w h ich R ichard made wh ich p ip es a nd wh ich o f t he J a mes ' p ipes w ere made b y J ohn a nd wh ich b y I saac. tingha m t Most p ipes f ro m t he p er iod f ound i n N ot oday d o n o t h ave i den t ifyi ng marks o n t he m. These w e i gnore a nd c onsider o n ly t hose s ta mped w ith t he makers ' mark . Th is mark a l most a lways t akes t he f or m o f t he makers ' i n it ia ls i ncised o n t he p ipe a bou t h a l fway u p t he b ow l f ac ing t he s te m.
Af ew p ipes h ave
l a l ed a a s w el sta mp d ecora t ion r ol round t he s te m a nd a c oup le h ave t h is s te m d ecora t ion b y i t sel f .
Th is l a tter f or m o f mark ing , o n t he s te m b y i t self , a ppears
t o h ave b eco me t he a ccep ted mode t owards t he e nd o f t he p er iod b e ing c onsidered ; c lear ly t h is makes p ip e i den t if ica t ion e x tre mely d if f icu l t a nd i s t he r eason why tingham p o ur a na lysis o f N ot ipes e nds where i td oes —abou t 1 730. 2 29
c p
, 2
» q `
I t
(
» C ü
. 1, e.
E ` 2
7 1/ " '' •e / "
a ,
2 .
i . ' ' ,
2"
I I ,
C , )
4
9
ri1
•
( .0
i f / (N
G raphs o f V , d2 a nd d3 a ga inst P i.
•
were s im i lar t o p ipes f rom t he d i f feren t P .C. g roups ( we c arr ied o ut av isua l i nspect ion a nd measured where p ossib le ) . Th is c ons isted o f 5b y Br insley a nd 6b y J ames s im i lar t o t hose i n Group 1 , 6b y Br insley , 6b y J ames, 6b y W. S ef ton a nd 6b y Wr igh t s im i lar t o t hose i n Group 2a nd 2b y W. S ef ton s im i lar t o t hose i n Group 3 . T he c lays o f t hese p ipes were c he m ical ly a na lysed b y X-ray F luorescen t S pectro me try a nd i ts howed q u i te c lear ly t ha t t he d if ferences i n t he c hem ica l c o mpos it ions were b e tween p ipes f ro m t he d i f feren t P .C. Groups r a ther t han b etween p ipes b y t he d if feren t makers.
Th is r esu lt p rov ides u s
w ith i ndependen t e v idence f or t he i n tegr i ty o f o ur P . C . g roups. O f c ourse, t h is d oes n ot t el l u s t ha t o ur g roups a re c hrono log ica l, t hough a n i n terpretat i on o ft he e xper i men t i st ha t t he c lays u sed b y t he Not tingham p ipe makers c hanged f ro m t ime t o t ime d ur ing t he p er iod . ( The f u l l d eta i ls o f t he c he m ica l methods u sed a nd t he r esu lts o bta ined c an b e f ound i n A lvey a nd L ax ton 1 978 . ) 6 .
C luster Ana lys is I fw e a re c orrect i n o ur i n terpre ta t ion , t hen , t he i st p .c . P i g ives u s a
p icture o f h ow N ot tingha m p ipes g radual ly c hanged d ur ing t he p er iod 1 670 t o 1 730 .
N ow we n eed t o l ook a t t he d if e tween t he p ipes i n a no ther f erences b
way i n o rder t o t ack le a no ther p rob le m .
S ince p ipes were mou lded we e xpect
p ipes made i n t he s a me mou ld t o l ook a l ike . O f c ourse , t hey w il o tb e i den t il n c a l i n s hape a nd s ize ; n orma l work ing c ond i t ions f or mou ld ing , d ry ing a nd f ir ing w il roduce d if ferences b etween t he m . l p more a l ike t han p ipes f rom d if t mou lds. f eren
H owever , we e xpec t t he m t o b e T he t ask we s e t o urse lves i s t o
s epara te t he c ol ion o f p ipes made b y a m aker ( and p oss ib ly h is s on ) i n to l ect s ets o fp ipes e ach made i nt he s a me mou ld .
I f we c an a ch ieve t h is, t hen we
w il now h ow many mou lds t he makes u sed i n h is work ing l i fe a nd , p erhaps, l k h ow many h e was u sing a t a ny o ne t ime . T here a re many d if f icu lt ies i n s uch a n a na lys is. I n t he f irst p lace we h ave o n ly t he e v idence o ft he p ipes i n o ur d a ta b ank a nd t hese may n o t i nc lude s a mp les f ro m a l t he mou lds u sed b y a pipe maker . l I n t he s econd p lace t here i s t he t echn ica l d if f icu lty o f d ist ingu ish ing b e tween p ipes f rom d if feren t b ut s im i lar mou lds, f or e xa mp le , a m a tch ing p a ir . C luster Ana lysis i s t he me thod we u se t o h e lp u s i n t h is e ndeavour ; i ti s a forma l p roc edure t o s p l it a s e t o f d ata p o in ts i n to c lusters o f 'n ear ' p o in ts s o t ha t t he c orrespond ing p ipes a re s im i lar t o e ach o ther wh i lst p ipes w ith d a ta p o in ts i n d if feren t c lusters a re d iss im i lar i n s o me i mpor tan t r espects . The h oped f or i n terpre ta t ion i s t ha t e ach c luster w il orrespond t o a dist inct mou ld . l c Aga in a s w i th Pr incipa l C omponen t Ana lysis, i ti st he i n terpreta t ion t ha t i s t he d if f icu lty a nd n eeds t o b e t ested w ith a s many i ndependen t t ests a s p oss ib le . T he b ook b y Everet 1974) c on ta ins a n i n troduc t ion t o c luster ing me thods . t ( We h ave u sed o ne o ft he s tandard methods o f c luster a na lys is a nd t he b as ic c o mpu ter p rogra m u sed , CAR M , was t aken f ro m t he s ta t ist ics p ackage PM MD c o mp i led b y M . Youngman o f t he Depar tmen t o f Educat ion , Un ivers ity o f N ott ingham . We a re g ra tefu l t o Mr . Young man f or a low ing u s t o u se i t . We w il l l i lustra te t he t echn ique w ith a n e xa mp le we u sed e ar l ier i n a n a r t ic le i n S c ience l a nd Archaeo logy a nd t hank i t s Ed itor Dr . J . D . W i lcock f or a low ing u s t o d o s o . l
2 41
Exa mp le l I n v ery b road o ut l ine t he p rocess g oes a s f o lows. l arge n u mber N o f c lusters ( e .g . N t o f i nd ) .
We b eg in w ith s o me
2 0 , wh ich i s many more t han we e xpec t
l oca t er g Real t ion o f p o in ts t akes p lace i ft hey c an b e b et rouped .
Two
c lusters a re t hen ama lga ma ted ( accord ing t o af i xed c r i ter ion) a nd p oin ts r ea l loca ted f ro m t he o ld c lusters i ft hey c an n ow b e b et t er p laced i n o thers i n t h is n ew c luster ing .
Two c lusters among t he n ew ( N-1) c lusters a re t hen
ama lga ma ted a nd t he who le p rocess r epea ted a ga in a nd a ga in t o g e t as e t o f kc lusters f or e ach k= N , N-1, l a loca t ion ) .
, 3 ,2 ,1 ( an a gg lo mera t ive p rocedure w i th r e-
The who le p rogra m i s r epea ted s evera l t imes w ith d if feren t
g roup ings t o s tar t w ith .
l The c lusters a t e ach k leve l f or a l r uns a re c o m-
p ared t o s ee i ft he s a me ( or e ssen t ia lly t he s ame ) kc lusters a re a ppear ing e ach l er v t ime , a t l east f or t he smal a lues o f k( k
1 2 , s ay ) .
l ecThe Br isto l C ity Museu m v ery k ind ly made a va i lab le t o u s a large c ol t i on o f c lay p ipes f ound t oge ther o n as i te i n t he c i ty .
( See J ackson a nd Pr ice
[ J &P ], 1 974 Append ix I , where s o me o f t he ma ter ia l i s d escr ibed a nd s a mp le l ect p ipes d rawn . ) We measured s o me o f t he g roups o f p ipes i n t h is c ol ion tingha m p w i th t he s a me a ppara tus we h ad u sed f or t he N ot ipes ( see o ur 1 974 p aper f or a d escr ip t ion o f t h is a pparatus) .
I n p ar t icu lar we measured
( i ) 1 6 v ery s im i lar p ipes w ith t he l et ters PY mou lded o n t he s ides o f t he b ow ls ( J &P , p . 1 18 ) ; i) (
2 1 v ery s im i lar p ipes w ith t he l et ters I C e nc losed i n a h ear t mou lded o n t he s ides o f t he b ow ls ( J &P , p . 1 16, t op r ight h and ) .
Tab le 2 .
The mean v a lues f or e ach o f t he g roups o f Br isto l p ipes ( V i n ml , l eng ths i n mm )
D i mens ion
Y-P p ipes ( 8 )
V
P -Y p ipes ( 8 )
I C p ipes ( 21)
3 .9
4 .2
5.0
H i
2 2 .6
2 2 .4
2 4 .8
D2
2 0 .7
2 1.3
2 2 .5
D2-Di
5 .6
5 .4
6.6
D3-D2
0 .2
O .5
0.4
D3-D4
8 .3
9 .8
8 .9
( h i-d5 )/ } 11 '
O .4
0 .3
0 .4
hi)/D 2 ( h 2-
1 .0
1 .0
1 .0
d i
8 .9
9.1
8 .5
d 2
2 .1
2 .1
2 .1
d 3
4 .1
3 .4
4 .8
d 4 d 5
6 .5 8 .9
7 .3 9 .3
7 .1 5 .9
These p ipes h ave b een d a ted t o t he e ar ly 17 80s ( J &P , p . 1 15) .
Now i ti s
l n t he s a me p robab ly c orrec t t o a ssu me t ha t t hese 2 1 I C p ipes were a l made i mou ld .
O f t hel6PY p ipes, h a lf h ad Y mou lded o n t he l ef t a nd P o n t he r igh t
( Y-P p ipes) wh i lst t he o ther h a lf h ad P mou lded o n t he l e f t a nd Y o n t he r igh t s ide ( P-Y p ipes) o f t he b ow l .
Therefore i ti s v ery r easonab le t o a ssu me t ha t
t hese t wo s e ts o f p ipes w ere made i n t wo v ery s im i lar mou lds. 2 42
We a pp l ied t he CAR M c luster a na lys is p rogra m t o t h is s e t o f 3 7 p ipes . The p rogra m was r un s evera l t imes w ith t h is d a ta s tar t ing f ro m s evera l d if feren t r ando m ly c hosen c lusters .
( Th is i s n ecessary b ecause a ny o ne s e t
o f i n it ia l c lusters may i n f luence t o s o me e x ten t t he f ina l c lusters o bta ined . ) l The f o low ing o ne s tar t ing f ro m 1 7 c lusters was q u ite t yp ica l . T he Y-P p ipes a re n u mbered 1t o 8 , t he P-Y p ipes 9 to 1 6 a nd t he I C p ipes 1 7 t o 3 7 .
We r ecord h ere t he a ctua l c lusters o bta ined a t t he 5 -, 4 -and 3 -
a nd 2 -c luster s tages . 5 -cluster s tage C luster 1
( 1 ,3 ,9)
C luster 2
( 2 ,4,6,7 ,8 )
C luster 3
( 5 ,10 ,11,12 ,13,14 ,15,16)
C luster 4
( 17 ,18 ,19,20 ,24 ,27 ,28 ,29,30,32,33 ,35,36,37 )
C luster 5
( 21,22 ,23 ,25,26 ,31,34)
l oca C lusters 4 a nd 5 m erged , n o r eal t ion , t o g ive t he 4 -c luster s tage C luster 1
( 1 ,3 ,9)
C luster 2
( 2 ,4,6,7 ,8 )
C luster 3
( 5 ,10 ,11,12 ,13 ,14 ,15 ,16)
C luster 4
( 17 ,18 ,...,37 )
l ocated C lusters 1a nd 2merged , p ipe 9 r eal , t o g ive t he 3 -c luster s tage C luster 1
( 1 ,2 ,3 ,4,5,6,7 ,8 )
C luster 2
( 5 ,9 ,10 ,11,12 ,13 ,14 ,15,16)
C luster 3
( 17 ,18 ,...,37 )
l oca C lusters 1a nd 2merged, n o r eal t ion , t o g ive t he 2 -c luster s tage C luster 1
( 1 ,2 , .. , 16 )
The PY p ipes
C luster 2
( 17 ,...,37 )
The I C p ipes
I ti sp erhaps n ot t oo s urpr is ing t ha t t he PY a nd I C p ipes h ave b een c lust ered s epara te ly a t t he 2 -c luster s tage s ince t he means a re q u i te d if feren t i n af ew d i mensions ( see T ab le 1 ) . But a t t he 3 -c luster s tage i th as d one a much f iner a na lys is a nd s epara ted t he p ipes f ro m t he t wo s im i lar mou lds i n to t wo c lusters w ith o n ly o ne e rror . T h is e xa mp le , a nd s ome o thers l i ke i t , g ive u s e very r eason t o h ope t ha t t h is c luster ing p rogra m c an y ie ld mean ing fu l c lusters ( i .e . c orrespond ing t o tingham p mou lds) f or t he N ot ipes. O bv ious ly n o th ing i s g uaran teed . tingha m p Not ipe d a ta I n o ur 1 977 a r t ic le ( s ee p . 2 2) we u sed t he i dea o f 'c o-c luster ing ' wheretingha m p i n we c ompared t he c luster ing o f t he Not ipes t o t ha t o f t he t wo s ets o f Br isto l p ipes u sed i n t he a bove e xa mp le .
2 43
l n I n c on trast we w il ow u se t he
t en t CAR M p rogra m b y i t se lf b ecause s ince t ha t a r t ic le was wr it he p rogram h as h ad a dd it iona l s ta t ist ica l t ests a dded t o i t . O ne g rea t d if f icu l ty w i th t he t echn ique i s t o d ec ide wha t i s t he b est n u mber o f c lusters a t wh ich t o f in ish . I n t he a bove e xa mp le we k new b eforehand t ha t 3was v ery p robab ly t he c orrec t n u mber . Bu t h ow c ou ld we h ave d ec ided t h is w ithou t p r ior k mow ledge? —wh ich tingha m p i s c lear ly t he c ase w ith t he Not ipes. T here i s n o r u le o r t heory f or t h is b u t t he p rogra m o utput d oes p rov ide s ta t is t ica l a ids t o h e lp u s make a w ise d ec ision . Each t ime t wo c lusters o f d a ta p o in ts a re merged af usion c of e f ic ien t i s c a lcu la ted . R ough ly s peak ing , i ft wo s uch c lusters a re n ear ' t o fic e ach o ther , t hen t he f us ion c oef ien t h as a l ow v a lue wh i lst i ft hey a re 'f ar a par t ' i th as a high v a lue ( i n t he me thod o f Ward u sed h ere t he v a lue o f t h is fic c oef ien t a lso d epends o n t he s ize o f t he t wo c lusters merged ) . When t he fic l merg ing p rocess s tar ts, w ith many c lusters, t h is c oef ien t t ends t o b e smal ly a nd i ncreases b ut g radual .
I fa t s o me p o in t i n t he merg ing p rocess t he
fic t v a lue o f t h is f usion c oef ien t i ncreases s harp ly , we p ay p ar t icu lar a ten t ion t o t he c lusters j ust p r ior t o t h is s harp i ncrease .
l i There a re a s w el n t he
CAR M p rogra m c er ta in s ta t ist ica l t ests wh ich t est t he h ypothes is t hat a ny t wo f eren c lusters a re g enu ine ly d if t , a nd n o t j ust t wo s a mp les f ro m o ne b ig c luster . These f orma l a ids mere ly h e lp u s t o make r a t iona l d ec isions i nt he f ace o f a v ast amoun t o f d a ta . F or e ach maker ( and p oss ib ly s on ) we g ive a tab le o f c luster s ize, mean v a lues o ft he 1 3 c oord ina tes f or e ach c luster a nd t he p .c . Group 1 , 2 o r 3t o wh ich
t hey b e long ( i n o ne o r t wo c ases a few o ut l iers b e long t o ap .c. Group
l d if feren t f ro m t ha t o f t he ma in s e t i n t he c luster ) . I n a l c ases i tc an b e a ssu med t ha t t he c lusters s a t isfy t he s ta t ist ica l h ypotheses t ha t t hey a re d ist inc t ( a t 9 5% c on f idence l eve l I n a one-way a na lys is o f v ar iance u s ing t he F t est ) .
Each a na lys is o f a m akers
p ipes i s made o n t he b asis o f 3 runs s tar-
t ing f ro m d if feren t i n i t ia l c lusters w ith a t l eas t 2 8 c lusters e ach t ime . T he n u mbers g iven t o t he c lusters a re t hose u sed i n t he 1 977 p aper .
T hus
i f we g ive t he n u mber 3 /4 t o ac luster i tr efers t o t he f ac t t ha t i ti s i n e ssence t he ama lga ma t ion o f c lusters n u mbered 3 and 4 in t he p rev ious a nalysis. R ichard Br ins leys ( 48 p ipes) l A l 3r uns s uggested 5 clusters a s o p t i mum, 2g ave e xact ly t he s a me p ipes f ered f i n e ach c luster wh i lst t he t h ird d if rom t hem i n o n ly a f ew c ases. T h is c o mpares t o t he 6 clusters p rev iously s e lected i n o ur 1 977 a na lysis b ased o n 4 2 p ipes . H owever , a par t f ro m t he ama lga ma t ion o f t wo o f t he c lusters, t he f f f i na l r esu lts o f t he p resen t a nd t he p rev ious e for t a re n o t t oo d i feren t ( s ee T ab le 3 ) . T he d istr ibu t ion o f t he d if feren t s tamps o f i n it ia ls u sed o n t he p ipes i n t he v ar ious c lusters i s s hown i n T ab le 4 . We s uggest t ha t t he 5 clusters c orrespond t o 5d if feren t mou lds u sed b y t he Br ins leys a nd f ro m t he e v idence o f t he ir a ssoc iat ion w i th t he v ar ious P .C. ly g l o G roups, t ha t t he l arge s ta mp g radual ave w ay t o t he smal ne .
( Note t ha t
t he f our p ipes w ith t he B s ta mped i n r everse a re e n t ire ly w ith in o ne c luster 3 /4 . )F ur thermore , we migh t c on jecture t ha t a l though t he t wo B r insleys worked t oge ther o ver a l ong p er iod o f t ime u sing t he s a me mou lds, t hey u sed d if feren t s ta mps, t he e lder u s ing t he l arge a nd t he y ounger t he smal l s tamp o f i n it ia ls. 2 44
Tab le 4 .
R . Br insleys : D istr ibu t ion o f s ta mps o f i n it ia ls among c lusters
C luster P .C. N o .
Key :
N u mbers o f
Group
L .
S .
R .B
1
1
9
1
0
2
1
6
3
0
3 /4
2
4
8
4
5
2
0
9
0
6
3
0
4
0
L =l arge ;
S= s ma l ; l
R . B =Reversed B
J a mes ' ( 63 p ipes) A l 3r uns s uggested t he s a me 6 clusters a s o p t i mu m a nd t hese were t he l s a me a s t hose o bta ined i n t he 1 977 a na lys is b ased o n 5 8 p ipes ( see Tab le 5 ) . T he d istr ibu t ion o f t he d i feren t s ta mps o f i n i t ia ls u sed o n t he p ipes i n f t he v ar ious c lusters i s a s f ol l ows. Table 6 .
J a mes ' :
C luster N o.
Key :
D is tr ibu t ion o f s ta mps o f i n i t ia ls among c lusters
P •C •
N umbers o f
G roup
L .
1
1
1
2
1
7
S . 1 0
S h. 2
1
1
3
1
3
5
2
4
1
3
6
1
5
2
0
1
9
6
2
4
4
3
L= large ;
S .
= s mal h. = s h ield l; S
We s uggest t ha t t hese 6 c lus ters c orrespond t o 6d if feren t mou lds u sed b y t he J a mes, J ohn a nd I saac. Wha t i s s tr ik ing f ro m Table 6 i s t ha t t he t wo c lusters 1 a nd 2o f r a ther s im i lar p ipes a re s trong ly a ssoc ia ted w i th t he s ta mps o f smal l a nd l arge i n i t ia ls , r espect ive ly .
Th is, we a rgue , l ends s uppor t t o
t he ir i n tegr ity a s c orrespond ing t o g enu ine ly d if feren t s e ts o f p ipes . mark t ha t c lusters 3 and 6a re v ery c lose t o t he P .C . Groups 3 jus t i n Group 1 and 6 just i n Group 2 ) . W.
S e f ton ( 46 p ipes ):
were f ound.
1 /2
( We r e-
b order w ith
T he 1 977 a na lysis was o n 3 9 p ipes o n ly a nd 6 c lusters
Among t he e x tra 7p ipes a re 4 f ound i n Derby .
Al uns o f t he l 3r
p resen t a na lys is s ugges ted t he s a me 7 clusters, b u t t hese a re s o mewha t d iff eren t f ro m 1 977 o nes.
T he o r ig ina l c luster 1 c ons ist ing o f 2p ipes o n ly ( see
A lvey a nd Lax ton 1 977 , Table 2 ) h as n ow d isappeared. C lusters 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 a nd 6 are e ssen t ial he s a me i nb o th t he 1 977 a nd t he p resen t a na lys is. The ly t Derby s et o f 4p ipes f or m s an ew c luster , n umbered 7 , a nd o ne o ft he o ther p ipes r ecen t ly a dded t o t he d a ta b ank f or ms t he n ew c luster b y i t self ( see Table 7 ) .
2 45
D—D 3 2 2 22 . 8 2 . 7 3 . 6 2 . 5 . 4 3 2 12 . 3
3 8 i4 9LL T rI
. 1 4 8
V
5 . 52
0 11 1 1 1 2 3 •1 3 11 z e 1 11 5 11 6 3
WR IGHT 'S F ig. 6 .
C LUSTERS
1 ,2&3
D ist inct ion o f ma in c lusters o f Wr ight 's p ipes.
2 46
T he d istr ibu t ion o ft he d if feren t s tamps o f i n it ia ls u sed o nt he p ipes i n t he v ar ious c lusters i s a s f o lows. l Table 8 .
W. S ef ton : D is tr ibu t ion o f s tamps o f i n it ia ls among c lusters
C lu ster P .C. N o.
K ey :
Group
N u mbers o f L .
S .
S /S
2 3
2 2
4 5 3 5
0 1
4
2
5 3
3
5
2
2 0
2
7
2
0
0
4
6 8
3 3
3 0 0 0
5 1
L . = large; S . = smal /S = sh ields/ste m l; S
A ga in we i n terpre t t hese 7 clusters a s g roups o f p ipes f rom 7d i feren t f mou lds u sed b y S ef ton . T he 4 p ipes i n t he ' Derby ' c luster a re q u i te d iferen t f ro m a ny o f t he o ther S ef ton p ipes w e h ave f ound i n N ot nd w e wonder tingham a whether h e h ad a separa te s ty le o f p ipe t o s upp ly t owns o u tside t he c i ty.
There
i s l i t le t hat c an b e s a id a bou t h ow S ef ton v ar ied h is u se o f t he d if feren t s ty les t o f i n i t ia ls i nc ised o nh is p ipes e xcep t t ha t h e t ook t o u s ing a s h ield a nd s te m d ecora t ion t oward s t he e nd o ft he p er iod. J . Wr igh t ( 4 1 p ipes ):
We h ave f ound n o more p ipes made b y Wr igh t s ince t he
1 974 a r t icle was w r it . t en
A l 3 runs s uggested t he s a me 5 c lusters o f p ipes; l
t he 2 c lu sters 4 a nd 5 with j ust o ne p ipe e ach a re a s e ar l ier , c luster 2 i s e ssent ial he s a me a s t he e ar l ier c luster 2b u t t he n ew c luster 1 is a un ion o f t he ly t o ld c luster 1 and h a l f o ft he o ld c luster 3 o ft he 1 977 a na lysis ( see Table 9 ) . • H ere t he i n terpre ta t ion i s u nclear s ince t wo o ft he c lusters a re s ing le tons; p erhaps w e w il e c on ten tt o s ay t ha t Wr igh t u sed a t l east 4 mou lds d ur ing h is l b work ing l i fe ( t he b ow l o ft he p ipe i n c luster 4 was b ad ly d istorted s o t ha t i t may wel l b e f ro m t he s a me mou ld a s t he p ipe i n c luster 5 ). Fur ther more, t here i s n o h e lp f ro m t he i ncised i n it ia ls s ince Wr igh t u sed t he s a me smal ta mp o n lish s a ll h is p ipes i nt he c ol l ect ion e xcep t f or f our w h ich h ad s te m d ecora t ions.
The
t wo p ipes i n c lusters 4 a nd 5h ad s te m d ecora t ions o n ly wh ilst o ne i n c luster 1 a nd o ne i n c lus ter 3 h ad b o th t he i n i t ia ls o n t he b ow l a nd a ste m d ecora t ion . A s a fina l e xa mp le o f wha t c luster a na lys is c an d o w e w il l s how h ow t he t hree Wr ight c lusters 1 , 2 and 3 w ere d ist ingu ished b y CAR M. The o u tpu t o f ac o mpu ter r un i nd ica tes i n wh ich o f t he 1 3 c oord ina tes t he v ar ious c lusters d ifered most s ign if ican tly . Here i ts howed t ha t t hese t hree c lusters d if fered a g rea t d eal i n e i ther t heir v a lues o fVo r o f ( D 3 -D 2)o r o fb oth , a s c an b e s een i n t he o ppos ite g raph . 7 .
S ummary a nd Conclus ions T he impor tan t h istor ica l d a tes a nd t heir r ela t ionsh ips t o t he P .C. Groups
a re s hown i n F ig. 7 . 2 47
4 1
5 P C 1 7 P IPES 4 2 P IPES
G ROUP
1 s t
P R INC IPAL C OMPONENT P C G ROUP
1 2 6 P IPES
B Y RB R INSLEY B Y J AMES
P C
2
2 1 P IPES 3 2 P IPES
B Y J AMES B Y WS EFTON
3 9 P IPES
B Y J WR IGHT
G ROUP
3
5P IPES B Y R B R INSLEY
B Y RB R INSLEY
1 4 P IPES B Y W S EFTON 2P IPES B Y J WR IGHT
JC LAYTON A PPRENT ICE T O JWR IGHT
WS EFTON D IED
TD ODOS APPRENT ICE T O WS E ,T ON 1 7 2 6
TC REW A PPRENT ICE T O WS EF T ON
WS E, T ON D AUGHTER B ORN 1 70 2 /3
RB R INSLEY MARR IED 1 68 2 RB R INSLEY B URGESS 1 67 7
0 1 617
JWR IGHT MARR IED A GED 2 7 1 71 6
B R INSLEY y oungr e B URGESS 1 70 7 /8
JJ AMES HARR E D 1 68 4
TC RE W B URGESS 1 7 1 6/ 17
IJ AMES B URGESS
1 618 0
1 69 0
BMARSHALL APPRENT ICE T O RB R INSLEY 1 7 2 4
B R INSLEY D IED 7 129 1
JJ AMES D IED
1 700
1 71 0
B .MARSHALL B URGESS 1 7 3 1 /2
IJ AMES D IED 1 7 2 3
I to
1 720 N ot t os ca le
F ig. 7 .
H istor ica l d ates.
2 n
PC .
4 3 I u
H I
B R B---- -R ,, —
—4
—
3
1
,' 3 I
—
I
2
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5 F ig . 8 .
1 s t PC .
S uggested p a irs o f mou lds.
2 48
P C . G ROUP 3
st Pr inc ipa l T h is s hows q u i te c learly t ha t o ur i n terpreta t ion o ft he i Co mpon en t o f t he P .C.A. ( s ee F ig. 4 ) a s a time-ax is i s l argely c orrect . Dur ing t he p er iod 1 670-90 i t wou ld s ee m t ha t o n ly t he e lder R ichard B r insley a nd J ohn J a mes w ere p ract ic ing p ip e makers; P .C. G roup 1 consists o f 1 7 p ipes b y Br insley a nd 4 2 b y J a mes. Dur ing t he p er iod 1 690-1715 a l f our p ipe makers l a nd/or t he ir s ons w ere p roduc ing p ipes ( John Wr igh t was marr ied i n 1 716 a t t he a ge o f 2 7 s o t ha t i nt he n or ma l c ourse o f e ven ts h e wou ld h ave b een a pipemaker f ro m a bou t 1 710 o nwards ); P .C. Group 2 c ons ists o f 2 6 p ipes b y t he Br insleys , 2 1 b y t he J ames, 3 2 b y W. S ef ton a nd 3 9 b y Wr igh t. Bo th t he J a mes d ied r a ther e ar ly i nt he p er iod 1 715-1730 l eav ing o n ly t he y ounger Br insley , W. S ef ton a nd Wr igh t ; P .C. Group 3 cons ists o f 5p ipes b y Br insley , 1 4 b y W. S ef ton a nd 2b y Wrigh t . On ly J . Wr ight w as a l ive i n 1 730. T he ma tch ing o f t hese h istor ica l d a tes w i th t he P .C. Groups r e in forces t he c on ten t ion , f i rst p u t f orward i n A lvey a nd L ax ton , 1 977 , t ha t t he g rea test c hange i nt he f or m o f p ipes d ur ing t he p er iod 1 670 t o 1 730 i s t he o veral ncrease l i i n s ize o ft he p ipe b ow ls , i n p ar t icu lar , t he i ncrease i nt he v o lume V . Furthermore , w e c an n ow w ith c on f idence s ay s ome th ing a bou t t he s te m b ore c on troversy ( see Wa lker , 1 967 a nd Wh i tehouse , 1 966 ). F igure 5 can n ow b e d ef in itely i n teroes i ndeed d ecrease marg ina lp reted a s s how ing t ha t t he s te m b ore d ia meter d2 d l y f rom 1 670 t o 1 730 b u t t ha t i t s v ar iat ion i ndependen t o f t ime ( i .e. a long t he 2 nd Pr inc ipa l Co mponen t , s ee e qua t ion ( 2) s much more p ronounced. Th is l a ter ) i t f act may a ccoun t f or t he d if icu l t ies e ncoun tered a t t imes i n u s ing t he s te m b ore s ize t o d ate c erta in a rchaeolog ica l p rovenances. S ubstan t ia l i ndependen t e v idence f or t he v iew t ha t t he c lusters c orrespond t o s ets o fp ipes f ro m d is t inct mou lds i s l ack ing a t p resen t. As i nd ica ted i n t he p rev ious s ect ion , t he d iferen t t ypes o f s tamps o f t he maker 's i n it ia ls a ford a f l i t le e v idence t ha t a few o ft he c lusters h ave a r ea l ity o ther t han t he ir f or ma l t e x istence. The t ypo logy i n F ig . 9f or N ot n i t ial ipes 1 670-1730 , i s tingha m i l ed p s uggested b y t h is a na lys is. On t he b as is o f t he P r inc ipa l Co mponen t a nd C luster a na lysis t here i s s o me e v idence t ha t e ach p ipe maker u sual sed t wo s o mewha t s im i lar mou lds a t a ny ly u o ne t ime. Th is, o f c ourse , wou ld b e ar easonab le p o l icy t o a dop t a s a n i nsurance a ga ins t b reakage o r l oss.
The i dea i s h in ted a t i n F ig . 8 in wh ich mean v a lues
o f c lusters a re p lot n t he P . C .A . g raph ( 1 st a nd 2 nd p r inc ipa l c o mponen ts t ed o o f a xes) a nd s uggested p a irs o f mou lds j oined . F u ture i nvest iga t ions w il epend o n c er ta in c ircumstances. Recen t e xcal d v a t ions h ave y ie lded s o me more p ipes f ro m t he p er iod , i nc lud ing o ne b y J a mes o f a G roup 3 type. There s ee m t o b e t wo p ossible l ines t o d evelop . The f irst i s t o c ol t a nd measure p ar t ly d a maged p ipes , o f wh ich t here i s ap len t ifu l l ec s upp ly , a nd z o c luster t hese t ogether w i th c o mp lete o nes b y means o f ap rogra m wh ich a lows f or i ncomp le te d a ta. By t h is means we s hou ld b e a b le t o d ef ine l more c learly t he c lusters o f p ipes.
Fur ther more, w e may b e a b le t o c he m ical ly
a na lyse s o me o ft hese d a maged o nes t o t est p ar t ial ur i dea o f ' ma tch ingly o p a irs o f mou lds —for i fi ndeed s uch p a irs a re b eing u sed a t t he s a me t ime t o p roduce p ipes t hen t he p ipe c lays must b e i den t ica l .
2 49
6
5
IJ AMES
P C G ROUP 1 670 1690
PC G ROUP 1 690-17 15
1
F ig. 9 .
2
C luster Typo logy.
2 50
PC G ROUP 7 15-1730 1
3
Ad eta iled s ty l ist ic e xa m ina t ion o f t he r ol te m-sta mps b y o ur makers l ed s a nd t he ir a ppren t ices i s n eeded.
I f s uccessfu l s uch a n e nqu iry may c arry u s
b eyond 1 730 i n to t he s econd h a lf o ft he 1 8th c en tury , a bou t wh ich we k now l i t le t a t p resen t. We wou ld l ike t o t hank t he N ot nd i t s s taf or t he tingha m Records Of fice a f f h elp t hey h ave g iven u s i n o ur s earch f or h istor ica l r ecords.
B IBL IOGRAPHY
A lvey , R . C ., 1 972.
' Clay P ipe Makers o f N ot ' , Trans. Thoro ton S oc. tingha m
N ot ire , LXXV I , 3 5-45. tingha msh A lvey , R . C . a nd L ax ton , R . R ., 19 74.
' Ana lys is o f s o me N ot lay tingha m c
p ipes' , S c ience a nd A rchaeo logy , N o. 1 3, 3 -12. A lvey , R . C . a nd L ax ton , R . R ., 19 77.
' Fur ther Ana lys is o f s o me N ot tingha m
c lay p ipes ' , S c ience a nd A rchaeo logy , N o. 1 9 , 2 0-29. A lvey , R . C . a nd L ax ton , R . R ., 19 78.
' A n o te o n t he Che m ica l Ana lysis o f
0 , 2 , 1 89-1 9 6. tingha m C s o me N ot lay Tobacco P ipes ' , Archaeo metry e 2 B in ford , L . R ., 1 962.
' New me thod o f Ca lcu la t ing Da tes f ro m K ao l in P ipe
S te m S a mp les ' , S ou th-Eastern Archaeo logy Con ference N ews L et , 9 , t er 1( Papers p resen ted a tt he i st a nd 2 nd Con ference o n H istor ic S ite Archaeo logy ), 1 9-21. B lagg , T . M., 1 955, N o tt ingha msh ire Marr iage L icences , The Br it ish Record S oc iety. Everet ., 1 974. t, B Hope , K ., 19 68.
C luster Ana lys is , He ine mann , L ondon . Me thods o f Mu lt ivar ia te Ana lys is,
L ondon Un ivers i ty Press,
L ondon , 4 0-67. J ackson , R . G . a nd Pr ice , R . H ., 1 974.
Br isto l C lay P ipes , a study o f makers
a nd t he ir mark s , Br isto l C ity Museum : Research Monograph , N o. I . K endal ., 1 957. l, M. G 1 0-36.
Ac ourse i n Mu l t ivar ia te Ana lys is, Gr if in , L ondon , f
O swa ld , A ., 19 75.
C lay P ipes f or t he Archaeo log ist , Br it ish Archaeo log ica l Repor ts, N o . 1 4.
Ph il . W. a li more, W. P nd Ward , J ., Ed itors , 1 900 , N ot ish tingha m Par Reg ister ( S t . Mary 's Church ) , Marr iages , Vo l . I , 1 566-1763. Ph il , W. P . W. a nd Ward , J ., Ed itors, 19 01. N ot ish li more tingha m Par Reg ister ( St Peters ' Church ) , Marr iages , 1 572-1812. Ph il . W. a nd Ward , J ., Ed itors, 1 902. li more, W. P
N ot ish tingha m Par
R eg ister ( S t. N icho las ' Church ), Marr iages, 1 562-1812. Rogers , J . E . Thoro ld , 1 920.
I ndustr ia l a nd Co m merc ia l H istory o f Eng land ,
L ondon , 2 98 . 2 51
Wa lker ,
I . C ., 1 967 .
' S ta t ist ical Me thods f or Da t ing C lay P ipe F rag men ts ' ,
Post- Med ieva l Archaeo logy , 1 , 9 0-101. Wh itehouse , D . B ., 1 966.
' The Bore D ia meter o f C lay Tobacco P ipes made
a t Br isto l b etween 1 620 a nd 1 850 , o log ica l S oc., 8 5, 2 02-206.
2 52
Trans. Br isto l a nd G loucs. A rchae-
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MARKED CLAY P IPES FROM COVENTRY b y S ara Mu ldoon Draw ings b y C hr is P owel l
I NTRODUCTION T h is p aper i s b ased o n t he c lay p ipe c ol ion a t t he H erber t Museu m , l ect Coven try .
The c ol ion was s tarted i n t he 1 920s b u t b y f ar t he g reatest p rol ect
p ort ion was amassed b y Mr. J . B . S hel ton , " the l oca l p ioneer o f r escue a rchaeo logy" ( Ry lat 977 p . 2 3) who f ro m 1 927 t o 1 958 worked a l most a lone t 1 a nd u n a ided w i th in t he c i ty , c onduc t ing smal xcavat ions wherever a nd whenl e e ver h e c ou ld . U n for tuna tely , t he ma jor i ty o f p ipes c ol y S hel ton h ave lected b n o e xac t p rovenance, b u t a l a re k nown t o h ave b een f ound i n t he a rea c overed l by t he a nc ien t c i ty .
A l t he p ipes i ncluded i n t h is s tudy w ere f ound i n Coven try , l
a nd most a re f ro m t he c i ty c en tre. T h is s tudy i ncludes a l c lay p ipes marked b y i n it ial o r n a me w i th in t he l c o llec t ion , a nd h as b een e x tended t o i nc lude ' mu lberry ' p ipes a nd 1 7th c en tury t ypes b ear ing s y mbo ls b u t n o l e ters . t a t
P ipes b ear ing s y mbo ls o n ly a re p laced
t he b eg inn ing o f t he c a ta logue , e xcept when t hey a re k nown t o h ave b een
made b y a p ar t icu lar p erson ( i .e . n os . 3 1-33 made b y t he H o l t f am i ly ) .
There-
a f ter , t he p ipes a re a rranged a lphabe t ical ly . P ipes b ear ing i n i t ia ls o n ly a re n orma l ly p laced b e fore t hose b ear ing s urnames . T he work mos t u sed f or r e ference when p repar ing t h is c a ta logue h as b een Adr ian O swald 's ( 1975 ) C lay P ipes f or t he Archaeo log ist , a nd h is s yste m o f s hape c lassif icat ion h as b een u sed e x tens ively .
Both O swald 's a nd A tk inson 's
( Brose ley t ypes i n Oswa ld ) f igures a re r e ferred t o p re f ixed b y al e t ter ( deno ti ng g eograph ica l a rea as u sed b y Oswa ld ) f ol l owed b y t he f igure n u mber . A l l d rawings a re a c tua l s ize , e xcep t where o therw ise i nd ica ted . CATALOGUE P IPES W ITHOUT MAKERS ' I N ITIALS OR NA MES "Mu lberry" P ipes T h is t ype h as a wide d is tr ibu t ion t hroughou t t he M id lands . Oswa ld ( 1 975 p .96 ) h as s ugges ted t ha t t he d ecora t ion i s p oss ib ly a n a lehouse s ign . l a .
2 e xa mp les .
R ou let im a nd smal ear t-shaped h ee l . t ed r l h
S hape G 5 ,
c .1650-1660 o r s l igh t ly e ar l ier , c .f . Oswa ld ( 1975 ) p . 9 6. b .
5 exa mples .
R ou let t ed r im a nd h ear t-shaped h ee l .
c .
1 exa mple . L arger b ow l t han l a-b , smal l s pur , a nd r ou let t ed r im . s im i lar t o G 17 a nd f ig . 1 6 n o . 1 7. c .1650-70 . 2 55
S hape G 5 ( E .1640-60 ) . S hape
l b
3 b
3 a
6
5
F ig . 1
2 56
i d
l c Smal urv ing s pur a nd l arge b owl n arrowing s l igh t ly t o t he
2 exa mples .
t ed r Rou let im .
mou th.
c .1660-90.
C .f . Oswa ld ( 1969 ) f ig . 5 6 n o . 4 9
a nd p .136. P ipes w i th h ee ls b ear ing s y mbo ls o n ly 2
2 exa mples .
Re l ie f mark :
H ear t s urrounded b y p el ts . le
s haped h ee l a nd r ou let im . t ed r 3 a
1e xa mple .
R el ief mark ;
F la t h ear t-
S hape G 4 ( 2.. 1600-40 ).
c rowned Tudor r ose .
F la t h ear t-shaped
h ee l a nd r ou le tted r im .
S hape G 4 , ( .1600-40 ).
f ig . 5 8 n o . 6 9b , p .138 ;
( 1975 ) p .66, f ig . 2 2. n o . 2a nd A tk inson ( 1972)
f ig . 8 1 n o . 3 .
C .f . Oswa ld ( 1 969 )
A tk inson d a tes t h is mark t o c .1625 .
Poss ib le Du tch im-
p or t . b
1e xa mple.
Mark o n ly i lus tra ted . l
? f leur-del is o ver .
Re l ie f mark o f Tudor r ose w i th
S hape G 5 ( c.1640-60 ) w ith t h ick s te m a nd r ou let t ed
r im . 4
1e xa mple .
Rel ief mark :
r oset . te
Smal u lbous b ow l w i th p ronounced l b
s wel , f la t h ee l a nd r ou let im . ling t ed r p .130 a nd f ig . 5 8 n o . 7 0 j , p .138 . 5
1 exa mple .
R el ief mark :
r oset . te
6
1e xa mple .
R el ief mark ;
d ia mond .
7
1e xa mple .
Rel ief mark :
s tar .
5 6 n o. 3 8 . a nd p .134 .
C .f . Oswa ld ( 1969 ) f ig . 5 3 n o. 1 0d ,
Poss ible Du tch impor t . S hape G 4
( ç .
1 600-40 ).
Rou let im . t ed r
Rou let i m. t ed r
S hape G 4 ( 1600-40 ).
C .f . Oswa ld ( 1969 ) f ig .
1 600-40 .
8
1e xa mple .
I ncuse mark :
wheel .
S im i lar t o s hape B y2B o r B 9. c .1660-90 .
9
1e xa mple .
I ncuse h ear t-shaped mark e nclos ing p el n r e l ief . l et i
DECORATED AND MARKED P IPE S TE MS : 1 0
1e xa mple .
Rel ief mark :
S hape By3.
MAKERS UNKNO WN
C hes ter Ar ms . 1 8 th c en tury t ype ,
( Oswa ld
1 975 p l. I V n o . 8 a nd n .72 ). 1 1
1e xa mple . I OS -.
c .1710-70
( Oswa ld 1 975 p .83 ).
P IPES MARKED WITH MAKERS ' NA MES OR I N ITIALS 1 2
T .A. 9 e xa mples , c .1718.
Marks a scr ibed t o T i m Averne o f Warwick ,
( Gau l t , 1 979).
1 2a 1 e xa mple . r im .
4 types .
Rel ief mark o n h ee l :
TA w i th g aun t le t b etween .
Rou let t ed
Oswa ld ( 1975 p .63 ) s ta tes t ha t t he u se o f ag aun t let b e tween i n i tia ls
d a tes f ro m t he p er iod c .1690-1720.
1 3
b 2 exa mples .
Re l ie f mark :
TA w i th t wo d o ts a bove , a nd o ne b e low i n it ia ls .
c2 exa mp les .
R el ief mark :
TA w i th wavy l ine a bove a nd b elow i n i t ia ls .
d 4e xa mples .
Rel ief mark :
TA w i th t hree d o ts a bove a nd two b e low i n i t ia ls .
1e xa mple .
Rel ie f mark o n h ee l :
EB w i th in o c tagon .
(.. 1680-1730 ) .
2 57
S hape B y5a
9
1 0
ü v ) A( 2
-
t
1 1
1 2b
g 1 2c
F ig . 2 2 58
F ig . 3 2 59
1 4
I .B . 3 5 e xa mples , 9 types . Da ted b y Oswa ld t o c .1670-1710 ( p ers . le c o m m fw i th p aral ls f ro m A thers tone a nd P ack i— n g ton , Warw icksh ire . Presu mably a l oca l maker . l o I B w i th s crol ver .
1 4a 9 e xamp les , w i th s l igh t v ar ia t ions w i th in t h is g roup .
l One e xa mp le ( i lus tra ted ) a lso h as i n i t ia ls o n e i ther s ide o f h ee l .
Th is
e xample i s ag ood q ua l i ty , p o l ished p ipe . b 4e xamp les .
I ncuse mark :
I B w i th b roken " ped i men t" o ver .
c 7e xamp les . R e l ie f mark : I B w i th in t oo thed r ec tang le ( 6 x 5m m ). t l p l e ted r im a nd wel ronounced h ee l . Oswa ld t ype M3 . d 2e xamples .
Mark s im i lar t o 1 4c b u t s l igh t ly l arger f or mat ( 7 x6mm )
a nd a do t b e tween i n i t ia ls . e 1e xamp le .
R ou-
B ow l s hape a lso s im i lar t o 1 4c.
R e l ief mark :
I B o nb ack o f b ow l .
S pur .
ting o N o r ou let n
r im f 5 examples .
R e l ie f mark :
I B w i th s tar a bove a nd b e low .
S im i lar i n
s hape t o 1 4c b u t w i th a more s lender h ee l . g 5e xamp les . r im .
1 5
R e l ie f mark :
h 1e xample .
Mark a s 1 4g b u t w i th in b eaded c irc le
j 1e xamp le .
R e l ief mark :
Rou let t ed
S hape a s 1 4 f .
I B , i n i t ia ls c lose t ogether .
S hape a s 1 4f .
1e xamp le . I ncuse mark o n h ee l : WB . R ou let im . S hape G 4 ( 1600t ed r 4 0 ). C .f . Oswa ld ( 1969 ) f ig . 5 7 n o . 6 0 , p .138 . Poss ibly Wil tchlia m Ba e lor , L ondon , 1 619-35 .
1 6
I B w i th d o t a bove a nd b e low i n i t ia ls .
S hape a s 1 4f .
4e xamp les .
( Oswa ld 1 975 p p .79 a nd 1 32 ) .
R e l ie f mark o n s te m :
a t ions w i th in t h is g roup ;
I OHN BO W/LDS .
Three s l igh t v ar i-
o ne mark o f l arger f or ma t w i th s tar a f ter S .
S hape B y6 ( .1720 ) , a nd c .f . a lso Oswa ld ( 1 975 ) f ig . 1 3 n o . 2 8 a nd p .78 where i ti s s ugges ted t ha t t h is i s aB rose leytype mark c .1720-40 . a le ls a t Hanes A bbey , G louces tersh ire . l 1 7
1e xamp le .
ANDR BRAD/LEY .
S hape B y5c .
Andrew Brad ley ,
Par-
Brose ley ,
c .1690-1720 ( Oswa ld 1 975 p .190 ) . 1 8
1e xample .
I OHN/BRAD(LEY ).
B rose ley mark o n s te m , c .1740-60
( Oswa ld 1 975 p .190 ) . 1 9
S .D . c .1670-1720 . ( Oswa ld , p ers . c o mm ) . 2 0 e xa mples , 8ma in t ypes . P oss ibly a l oca l maker . A l marks i n r e l ie f . l a 1e xamp le . b 2e xamp les .
H ee l mark : H ee l mark :
h ee l a nd r ou le tted r im .
S D w i th d o t o ver i n i t ia ls . S D w i th t hree d o ts o ver .
R ou let im . t ed r N ea t wedge-shaped
One e xample i np a le o range u npol ished c lay .
c 2e xamp les . H ee l mark : SD i n l arge l e ters ( he igh t 3.5 m m ) w i th d o t t b e low . S hape a s 1 9b. d 5 examples . H ee l mark : SD . ac rea m-co loured c lay .
S hape a s 1 9b .
2 60
One u npo lished e xa mp le i n
1 9h
1 9c
1 9d
1 9e
1 9f
2 1
2b 2
F " : -
F ig . 4
2 6 1 .
19g
e 1e xamp le .
H ear t-shaped mark , b u t i n i t ia ls s im i lar t o 1 9d .
P ipe s im i lar
i n s hape t o 1 9b . f 1e xamp le .
R e l ie f mark :
s tyl ised t obacco p lan t ) . g 5e xamp les .
S D w i th in c irc le , i nver ted T b elow ( Poss ib ly
S hape a s 1 9b.
R e l ie f mark :
S D w i th o pen c rown o ver .
Rou let im . t ed r
S hape a s 1 9b w i th t he e xcept ion o f o ne h igh ly p o l ished e xa mp le , s hape a s 1 9h , a nd w i th mark o nb ack o f b ow l . h 3e xamp les .
Mark o nb ack o f b ow l :
p o l ished , b ow l s hape B y6. t han t he h ee led t ypes . 2 0
1e xamp le .
SD w i th c losed c rown o ver .
H igh ly
Th is s tyle o f p ipe i s p erhaps s l igh t ly l a ter
C .f . Oswa ld ( 1 970 ) p 1 .205 n o . 3 6c a nd p . 2 42.
R e l ief mark o n s te m :
b e r ead a s e i ther B o r H .
S AM D --
n
-.
t T he f our th l e ter c an
1 ting o S hape B y6 ( .. 1720 1 , n o r ou let n r im .
Oswa ld ( 1970 p 1 .205 n o . 3 6d p .242 , a nd 1 975 p .83 ) , d a tes p ipe t o c .17001 750/60 . 2 1
3 examp les .
MOR M IS/DECON .
o n l arge r ound b ase . 2 2
TE .
Broseley t ype B y5 ;
c .1680-1720 .
4e xamp les , 2 types .
a 1e xamp le . b e low .
R e l ief mark o n h ee l :
TE w i th t wo d o ts a bove i n i t ia ls , o ne d o t
R ou let im , s hape B y2B ( .1660-80 ) . t ed r
b 3e xamp les .
TE w i th t wo d o ts a bove i n i t ia ls .
2 3a 2 e xamp les , o ne w i th s hape a s 2 3c . r im .
f u ll n ame-s ta mp
( Oswa ld 1 975 p .190 ).
S hape B y3.
R e l ie f mark o n h ee l :
I G .
Rou let t ed
S hape G 4 ( 92 1 600-40 ) .
b 1e xamp le :
R e l ie f mark o n h ee l :
l ets I G s urrounded b y p el .
R e l ief mark o n h ee l :
I G w i th s tar a bove a nd b e low i n i tia ls .
S hape a s 2 3a
c .1600-40 . c 1e xamp le .
S hape G 5 ( .1640-60 ). 2 4
1e xamp le . c irc le .
R e l ief mark o n h ee l a nd o n b ack o f b ow l :
2 5a 2 e xamp les .
S quare r e l ief mark o n h ee l :
I H .
P oss ib ly J ohn H ughes , B rose ley , c .1650-1700 . b 1e xamp le .
R e l ief mark o n h ee l :
ma t a nd d o t b e tween i n i t ia ls . 2 6
le RG w i th in p el ted
S hape B y2b ( 1 660-80 ) . t ed r R ou let im .
S hape B y5a .
( Oswa ld 1 975 p .190 ).
I H w i th in t oo thed s quare .
L arger f or-
S a me s hape a s 2 5a .
1e xample . R e l ief mark o n h ee l : TH w i th in h ear t ; s tar b e low i n i t ia ls . t ed r R ou let im . S hape G 4/5 , b u t a lso s i mi lar t o B y1a . Oswa ld ( 1975 p .66) s ta tes t ha t h ear t-shaped marks a re c o m mon i n B erksh ire , B uck inghaml ey s h ire , Ox fordsh ire a nd t he Tha mes Val . r ange o f c .1600-40 , a nd p erhaps l a ter .
2 7a 1 e xamp le .
R el ie f mark o n r ound h ee l :
S hape B y3/5a .
T h is g ives a p robab le d a te
TH w i th t obacco p lan t b etween .
c .1680-1700 ( Oswa ld , p ers . c omm ).
b 1e xamp le . R e l ie f mark o nb ase : TH w i th t wo d o ts a bove i n i t ia ls a nd o ne b e low . P o l ished b owl , s l igh t ly l arger t han 2 7a , a nd h ee l l ess s p layed . S hape B y5a . 2 62
2 3C
2 3b
2 4 2 5a
2 5b
2 7a
2 7b
F ig . 2 63
5
3 0a
3 0b
-
3 2a
v , ? )r
\
F ig .
6
2 8
3 exa mples .
Re l ie f mou ld-i mpar ted mark o nb o th s ides o f b ow l :
t ed r l s f l eur-de-l is . Rou let im a nd smal pur .
TH u nder
Oswa ld ( 1 975 ) f ig . 1 4 n o. 2
a nd p p.70 a nd 8 4 d a tes t h is p ipe t o c .1670-90 . 2 9
1e xa mple .
S quare b ase s ta mp i n r e l ie f :
WILL HAR/PER .
lia m Harper was b W il orn i n 1 696 a nd d ied i n 1 736 3 0a 1 e xa mple .
R el ief mark o n r ound b ase :
a bly J ohn Har tshorne , Brose ley , O swa ld 1 975 p .190 )
S hape B y5c.
( Oswa ld 1 975 p .191).
I OHN HART .
S hape B y3.
Prob-
( c .f . Oswa ld a nd J ames 1 955 p .223 a nd
1 644-88 o r 1 650-1700 .
b .10 e xa mples ( 9 marks 9 x 8m m ) w i th o ne v ar ian t o f s l igh t ly l arger f or ma t ( 1 0 x9m m ). 3 1
I OHN HARTS/HORNE.
S hape B y5 .
Da te a s 3 0a .
These p ipes a re n o t marked b u t a n i ndex r ecord e n try made i n t he 1 920 's s ta tes t ha t t hey a re "modern ( i .e . 1 9th c en tury )
p ipes made a t
S toke P ipe Factory , B ray 's Lane , wh ich c losed i n 1 91-" .
I ft h is s ta te-
men t i s c orrect t hen t he p ipes mus t p resu mably h ave b een made b y o ne o f t he Ho l t f a mi ly. 3 2a . G . H . Ho l t .
1e xa mple o f 3 1a , b , d , t wo e xa mples o f 3 1c .
Bray 's L ane a nd F ie ld R ow , S toke , C oven try , c .1873-1915
( Gau l t , 1 979 ). C i ty Ar ms .
8e xamples .
Mou lded d ecora t ion o nb ow l :
Lady G odiva/
No maker 's mark , b u t a ccord ing t o t he Museu m 's r ecords
l t he e xa mp le i lus tra ted was "made i n 1 910 b y G . H . Ho l t , F ie ld R ow , B ray 's Lane , C oven try ." b ,7 e xa mples .
Mou lded d ecora t ion o n b o th s ides o f b owl :
I ncuse mark o n s te m : c .5 e xa mples .
G . H . HOLT/COVENTRY .
Mou lded d ecora t ion o n b owl :
Arms )/CITY OF S PIRES . F leur-delis
o n s pur .
Lady G od iva .
F leur-de-l is o n s pur .
CA MERA PR INCIPIS ( C i ty
I ncuse mark o n s te m :
C ITY/COVENTRY .
No maker 's n a me , b u t v ery s im i lar i n s hape a nd
s ty le t o 3 2b . d .1 e xa mple .
I ncuse mark o n s te m :
G . H . HOLT/COVENTRY .
P la in p ipe ,
n o s pur o r h ee l , w i th s hor t s te m a nd s qua t b ow l . 3 3
J ohn Ho l t .
Nunea ton , c .1848-1866 , a nd S toke , C oven try , c .1868-1903 .
( Gau l t 1 979 ). a .5 e xa mples . NUNEATON .
I ncuse mark o nb ack o f b owl w i th in s h ield :
J . HOLT
F our e xa mp les o f t h is mark a re o n p ipe s hape 3 3b , a nd
h ave i n i tia ls JH i n r e l ief o n s pur . b .8 e xa mples , t wo s pur t ypes . COVE NTRY .
I ncuse mark o nb ack o f b ow l :
Rel ief mark o n s pur :
JH .
J . HOLT
Two e xa mples o f p ipes w i th
t h is i ncuse mark h ave s hor ter s purs wh ich d o n ot b ear i n i t ia ls , a nd t he b ow ls a re more u pr igh t a nd l ess f lared . c .2 e xa mples .
Rel ie f marks o n s pur :
JH .
" Oak lea f
d ecora t ion o n f ron t
a nd b ack o f b ow l . d .1 e xa mple . e .3 e xa mples .
Rel ie f mark o n s pur :
JH .
I ncuse mark o n s te m :
Ver t ica l r ibbing i n r e l ief o nb owl .
J . HOLT/COVENTRY .
R el ief d e-
c ora t ion o f s h ield o nb o th s ides o f b owl a nd" fea ther" a t f ron t a nd b ack o f b ow l .
2 65
, 4 1 , 1 7 1 \
3 2c
7r
Q P J
3 2d
//
1 4 , . . . 2 :12
ZO -
( N UN
‘ J I -1°
Ep ,ToN
L T
3 3a
F ig . 7
2 66
3 3d
b owl f ront
3 3e L 4 üü1 1l 1 \ \ \
2 1 :2, 1 e )Ly 1
_
3 3f
7 /7
j y r T r I@ T
0
3 5
0 0J
3 6
F ig .
2 67
f . 2e xa mples .
I ncuse mark o n s te m :
J . HOLT/COVENTRY .
t ed R ou let
r im . 1 1 e xa mples , 5 m inor v ar ian ts .
3 4
S hape B y5.
c .1660-1700 ( Oswa ld 1 975 p .191) . l a .1 e xa mple , i lus tra ted :
Tho mas Hughes , Brose ley ,
R e l ief s tamps o n h eel :
THO/MAS/HVGH .
l l t b .2 e xa mp les , THO/HVG/HES , smal e ter ing ( mark 8x 8 m m, n ot l i lus tra ted ) . t l c .4 e xamples , a s b , b u t l arger l e ter ing ( mark 1 0 x1 0 min . ,n o t i lus tra ted ). d .1 e xamp le , a s b , b u t w i th in s h ie ld , e .3 e xamples , THO M/HVG/HES , 3 5
2e xamples .
l ( no t i lus tra ted ).
l ( not i lustra ted ).
l n Ful a me s ta mp o n h ee l :
I OHN/LEGG .
S hape B y5 .
J ohn
Legg , Broseley , c .1655-99 ( Oswa ld 1 975 p .191). 3 6
1e xa mple . r im .
3 7
1e xa mple . B y5 .
R el ief mark o n h ee l :
RM w i th d o t a bove i n i tia ls .
t ed Rou let
S hape G 4 ( .1600-40 ). Na me a nd d a te s ta mp o n h eel : I OHN/ MATS/1689.
S hape
C h i ldren b orn t o aJ ohn Ma ts o f Brose ley i n 1 649 a nd 1 663.
( Oswa ld
1 975 f ig . 1 a nd p .32 a nd 1 91). 3 8
O 'Br ien , Mayo S treet , Dubl in , c .1860-90 .
( Oswa ld 1 975 p .206 ) , a nd c .f .
a lso Oswa ld ( 1 975 ) f ig . 1 1 n o . 1 9 , p .68 , Map 7 , p .108 , n o . 2 and Ashura c ( 1970 ) f ig . 4 4 n o . 5 a nd p .134. a .2 e xa mples .
I ncuse s ta mp o nb ack o f b ow l :
O 'BR IEN M AYO S T DUBLIN
w i th in o va l . b .1 e xa mple .
I ncuse mark o nb ack o f b owl : O 'BR IEN 'S 6 1 a nd t wo s ha m-
r ocks w i th in o va l . c .1 e xamp le .
S hape a s 3 8a .
I ncuse mark o nb ack o f b owl: O 'BR IEN 6 1 w ith in o va l.
S hape
a s 3 8a . 3 9.
EP .10 e xamples , 4 ma in t ypes .
l A l marks i n r e lief .
Da ted c .1680-1710 .
( Oswa ld , p ers . c o mm .) a . 3e xa mples . r im .
H ee l- mark :
EP s ur moun ted b y ac losed c rown .
t ed Rou let
S hape M3.
b .4 e xa mples .
EP .
t ed r Rou let im , s hape s im i lar t o 3 9a .
c .2 e xamples .
EP .
ting o l er b N o r ou let n r im a nd smal owl s ize t han 3 9b.
d .1 e xa mple .
S pur- mark :
EP .
S hape B y6 ( .1720 ).
G ood q ua l i ty , p o l ished
p ipe . 4 0
I P .
9 6 e xa mples , 1 7 ma in g roups .
C oven try , c .1710 .
mark t o c .1680-1720.
l A l marks i n r e l ie f .
a .IP w i th in b eaded c ircle . a i .
4e xa mples .
ti G au l t ( 1 979 ) l i s ts a J ohn P ot fer ,
Oswa ld ( 1970 ) p 1 .205 n o . 3 3 a nd p .242 d a te s t h is
Do t b etween i n it ia ls .
S hape M2 ( .1680-1700 ).
o f b ow l a nd r ou le tted r im .
S purred p ipe w i th mark o n b ack
Var ian t w i th in g roup :
b le mish o r s pur . 2 68
l ' t a i l ' o f Ph as smal
1 1 Lulu
3 8b \M AYO
s r
3 8c
3 8a
°Qe .11,1
3 9c
4 0a i 4 0a i x 2 / , 7' . 7 >pprox.
, G 15 ) , 1
4 0a i ii
4 0a i i
F ig .
2 69
9
a u. 5 e xa mples . i i.1 e ai xa mple .
S hape M3.
t ed r Mark o n h ee l a nd r ou let im .
t ed r Min ia ture p ipe w i th mark o n h ee l a nd r ou let im .
b .7 e xa mples .
I P w i th in n o tched c ircle , a nd d o t b etween i n i t ia ls .
c .6 e xa mples .
l oped c I P w i th in s cal ircle .
Two e xa mp les o n s hape 4 0c i
i. a nd f our o n 4 0ci d .4 e xa mples .
I Pw i th in n o tched s quare .
I nver ted t r iang le b e tween i n i t ia ls .
One e xa mple o f t h is mark o n s hape 4 0b. e .7 e xa mples .
Mark o n h ee l :
f .1 2 e xa mples . L P
tters j l e o ined .
I P ;
l o w i th s crol ver .
S hape a s 4 0e . C .f . Oswa ld ( 1970 ) p l .
2 05 n o . 3 3b a nd p .242. t l er a Mark s im i lar t o 4 0 f b u t l e ters smal nd f ur ther a par t .
g .5 e xa mples .
F our e xa mples o f t h is mark o n s hape 4 0a i a nd o ne o n 4 0a ii . i. s hape a s 4 0ai
h .2 e xa mples .
Mark s im i lar t o 4 0 f :
j . 6e xa mples .
Mark o n h eel :
i. I P w i th f leur-de-lis o ver . S hape a s 4 0ai
k .7 e xa mples .
Mark o n h eel :
I P w i th o rna te t obacco p lan t b etween .
a gona l mark .
( 1975 ) F ig . 6 M3 p .48 d a tes t h is t o c .1660-90 . 1 . 8e xa mples .
Oc t-
C .f . Oswa ld ( 1970 ) p 1 .205 n o . 3 3a . a nd p .242 , a nd Oswa ld
Mark o n h ee l :
i. S hape a s 4 0ai
I P w i th d ebased t obacco p lan t b e tween i n i t ia ls .
S hape a s 4 0e . r n2 e xa mples .
I P w i th d ebased t obacco p lan t b e tween i n i t ia ls ( s im ilar t o
4 0 1 ).
i, t One e xample o n s hape 4 0ai hree o n 4 0e , a nd t hree a s d rawn ,
4 0m .
t er t These l at ypes a re g ood q ua l i ty , p o l ished p ipes w i th s pur , n o
ting o r ou let n r im , a nd w i th mark o nb ack o f b ow l , s im i lar t o s hape S 14. n .5 e xa mples .
H ee l- mark :
Heigh t o f l et ters : I 13 (
5 .5 m m ).
H eavy s quare
h eel , s lender b owl . p .3 e xa mples .
Mark s im i lar t o 4 0n , b u t l e tters smal heigh t 4m m ). l er (
S hape a s 4 0n . q .4 e xa mples .
Mark s im i lar t o 4 0p , s hape a s 4 0a i ( t hree e xamp les ) a nd
4 0e ( one e xa mple ). r .2 e xa mples . s .1 e xa mple . 4 1
2e xa mples .
I P w i th o ne s tar a bove , t wo b e low .
I P w ith o ne s tar a bove , a nd o ne b e low . Rel ief mark o n h eel :
O l iver Pr ice , 2 .1684-94. 4 2
1e xa mple .
S hape a s 4 0ai i. S hape a s 4 0ai i.
OP w i th in t oo thed o b long .
S hape B y5 .
( Oswa ld 1 975 p .191) .
R el ief mark o nb ack o f b ow l :
S P w i th c losed c rown o ver .
1720 ) S hape B y6 ( 2.. • 4 3 4 . 4
1e xa mple . 3e xa mples .
R el ief mark o n h ee l :
TP . S hape B y2b
Ful tamp o n h eel; l -na me s
e i ther J ohn P h--e o r Pr ice .
. 1660-80 ) .
I OHN/P--/E*S .
S hape B y5 ( 2 .1680-1730 ).
2 70
Th is c ou ld b e
4 0c i i 4 0b
4 0c i
4 0d
4 0e
4 0f
• 40g
4 0h
40j
4 0k 4 01 x 2 a pprox.
4 0q
40r
F ig . 1 0 2 71
4 0s
4 5
4 8b
( s )
4 5
1e xa mple .
I ncuse s tamp o n b ack o f b ow l :
POSEN(ER ) LON (DON ) .Dav id
( 1 866-94 ) o r Ado lph ( 1878-99 ) Posener , a nd C o ., b o th o f Mansel treet , l S L ondon . 4 6
( Oswa ld , 1 975 p .142) .
1e xa mple .
I ncuse mark o nb ase :
R ou let im . t ed r
I R w i th d ia mond b etween i n i t ia ls .
S hape G 4 ( .1600-40 ) b u t s ee a lso Oswa ld ( 1960 ) f ig . 2 0
a nd p .48 ; ( 1975 ) f ig . 2 no . 1 3 a nd p .34 ; a nd A tk inson ( 1971) f ig . 3 2 n o . 8 a nd p .75 . 4 7
2e xa mples . s te m .
4 8
Re l ie f mark o n s pur :
th p lane o f WR , i n i t ia ls p aral lw i le
1750-1820 ). S im i lar i n s hape t o S 16 ( c..
2e xa mples . Al fred R ober ts , N or tha mpton , 18 . 85-1920
( Oswa ld 1 975 ,
p .185 ). a
1e xa mple .
I ncuse mark o n s te m w i th in b eaded l ozenge i n r e l ief :A.
ROBERTS/NORTHA MPTON . b
1e xa mple .
Mark a s 4 8a .
B ow l mou lded i n im i ta t ion o f f ur .
R el ief d ecora t iono n b ow l :
h ear t o n h and o n
b o th s ides a nd l eaves a t f ron t a nd b ack . 4 9
1e xa mple .
H ee l mark i nre l ief :
RS w i th t wo d o ts b e low .
A tk inson s hape
B y5a ( L .1680-1730 ) . 5 0
1e xa mple .
l -name s Ful ta mp o n h ee l :
GEORG/S M ITH .
S hape By5 . G eorge
Sm i th , Brose ley , b orn 1 661, a nd d ied 1 712. ( Oswa ld 1 975 p .191). 5 1
2e xa mples .
I ncuse mark o n s te m :
H . SMITH/COVENTRY .
h ead o n f ron t o f p ipe . 5 2
1e xa mple.
H enry Sm i th
fa Mou lded d ecora t ion o f b uf lo 's
C oven try , c .1871-c .1905 ( Gau l t 1 979 ).
t ed r H eav i ly r ou let im .
I ncuse mark o n s te m :
S INGL(ETON )/ ( WOLVERH )A MPTON .
C . S ing leton , Wo lverhampton , c .1 8 40 ( Oswa ld 1 975 p .193 ).
Mou lded
d ecora t ion o f c law h o ld ing p ipe-bowl . 5 3
1e xa mple .
I ncuse mark o n s te m :
E . SOUTHORN BROSELEY 10 . E.
S ou thorn c .1 8 56-1 8 74/7 , s ee Wa lker ( 1 976) p .145-8 , a nd n .45 , f or e xplana tion o f n umber a f ter BROSELEY . 5 4
lia m S Wa lker 1 976 p . 1 45-8 ). Wil ou thorn & C o ., Broseley , c . 18 23-1 8 7 1 /8 (
a
1e xample .
I ncuse mark o n s te m :
-ORN & CO 3 SALOP .
b
1e xa mple .
I ncuse mark o n s te m :
W. S OUTHORN & CO BROSELEY 2 2.
c
1e xa mple .
Mark a s 5 4c b u t n o . 2 3 .
d
1e xample .
Mark a s54c b u t n o . 2 4.
There a re o ther p ipe-s te ms i n t he
l ect f eren c ol ion marked W.S OUTHORN & CO BROSELEY , b u t w i th d if t n umbers . 5 5
2e xa mples . Mou lded r el ie f mark o n s pur : JT . Mou lded d ecora tion o f s ea ted b ird o n o ne s ide o f b ow l a nd f l ying o ird o n o ther . Probab ly J oseph Tay lor o f S pon S tree t , C oven try ,
5 6
1e xa mple . w i th in s hie ld .
Gau l t 1 979 ). 18 23-1 8 5 1 /4 . (
I ncuse mark o nb ack o f b owl : P. TAYLO (R ) COVENTR(Y ) S purred p ipe .
Mrs . PhoebeT ay lor , S toke ,
c . 1 854-1 8 65 ( Gau l t 1 979.)
2 73
C oven try ,
5 o
4 9
,
5 1
1 1 ,5 M I T i L / 77 9
C0VE :i ` l
7 n ,m
; '(
5 2
5 3
k \ Mr T c ) ( cc
_
_
, r, e a-feed-eel(
5 4a
5 4b
F ig . 1 2
2 74
E . Sou -THOR N g R o sE Lr y 10
5 4c
5 5
5 6 P . T A YLC Co v Es .v r-p .
5 7a
5 7b
5 8a
5 8b
5 8c
2 75
( R)
( Y)
5 7a
•
1e xa mple .
Re lie f mark o n h eel :
S hape B y3 .
Round h eel a nd r ou let t ed r im .
EW w i th d otabove a nd b e low .
ee l : R e l ief marko n h
4e xa mples .
EW w i th in h ear t ,
s tar b e low.
680-1730 ). S hape By5 ( 2..1 5 8
IW .15 e xa mples , 8t ypes .
Four marks a re h ear t-shaped , c o m mon i n
Berksh ire , Buck ingha msh ire , Ox fordsh ire a nd t he Tha mes V al l ey ( Oswa ld , 1 975 p . 6 6). a
5e xa mples .
Al n r e l ie f o n h ee l . l marks i
IW ( wi th in h ear t ) , d o t b e tween i n i t ia ls , c lover b elow.
Large h ear t-shaped b ase a nd r ou let im . t ed r
S hape G 5 o r S 2/ 3, C .
1 640-60 . •
2e xa mples .
IW w i th in h ear t , 2s tars a bove i n i t ia ls , c lub b e low.
A l though t he marks o n t hese t wo p ipes a re t he s a me , o ne i s smal l er ( 6 mm ) t han t he e xa mple i lus tra ted ( 8 mm ) . l r i ms , l arge b ases ,
B o th p ipes h ave r ou let t ed
650-60 ) s im i lar t o s hapes G 5 ( L . 1 640-60 ), S 3 ( 2..1
a nd B 4. c
1e xa mple .
IW w i th in h ear t , do t b e low .
" Ch inned" p ipe.
O swa ld
s hape G 5 o r S 3 c . 1 640-60 . d
2e xa mples .
IW w i th d o t b e low w i th in h ear t .
Marksi m i lar t o 5 8c.
Oswa ld s hape G 4 ( L . 1 600-40 ) o r S i ( L . 1 620-60 ) . e
1e xa mple .
IW w i th in o va l , t obacco p lan t b etween i n i tia ls . O swa ld
s hape G 5 ( c . 1 640-60 ) o r S 3 ( L . 1 650-60 ) . f
1e xa mple .
IW w i th in t oothed c irc le .
r ou let im . t ed r •
1e xa mple . By 2 a/b
P ipe h as wel e fined h eela nd l d
S hape M3 ( L . 1 600-90) o r B y2b ( L . 1 660-80 ) .
IW w i th in t oothedcirc le.
S hape M3 ( 2 . 1 660-90 ) o r
1 660-80 ).
h
2e xa mp les. IW w i th d o t b e low .
5 9
1e xa mple .
S hape B y3 .
Re l ief mark o nb ase :
r ou let im . t ed r
RW .
G ood q ua l i ty p ol ished p ipewi th
S im i lar t o 0 6 ( c . 1 660-80 ) ;
a lso t o s hapes W12/13
( L . 1 660-70 ). 6 0
3e xa mples .
R el ief mark o n f ron t o f b ow l :
H igh ly d ecora ted p ipe . s h ie ld :
IWINDLE I N LEEDS .
On l ef t h and s ide o f b ow l :
S ocie ty o f Free mason 's
o n ac hevron b e tween t hree t owers a rgen t a pa ir o f c o mpasses
o pen c hevron-ways o f t he f irs t . R igh t h and s ide o f b ow l : s ex tan t , o pen b ook .
( Parker 1 970 p . 1 31).
Mason ic s y mbo ls :
c o mpasses , s e t-square ,
?Pr ince o f Wa les f ea thers a bove.
S purred p ipe w i th f lared mou th .
?Crown a bove . Gb e low.
Oswa ld s hape G 23 ( L . 1 760-1800 ).
Da ted b y an ote w i th t he p ipe t o 1 759 b u t I . Wa lker ( 10/71 p ers . c o mm .) d a tes i tt o t he e ar ly 1 9th c en tury.
2 76
5 8f
5 8h
6 0
F ig . 1 4
2 77
B IBLIOGRAPHY Ashurs t , D . 1 970 . Yorksh ire .
E xcava t ions a t Gawber G lasshouse , n ear Barns ley , Pos t-Medieva l Archaeo logy , Vo l . 4p . 1 34-135 .
A tk inson , D . R ., i n Moorhouse , S . 1 971. Ha mpsh ire.
( c _ . 1 540-1645 ). _
F inds f ro m Basing H ouse ,
Par t Two .
P os t- Med ieva l A rchaeology ,
Vo l . 5p . 7 2-76. A tk inson , D . R . 1 972.
Ab r ie f g u ide f or t he i den ti fica t ion o f Du tch c lay
t obacco p ipes f ound i n Eng land .
P os t- Med ieva l Archaeology , Vol . 6 ,
p . 1 75-182. Gau l t , W. R ., 1 979. s h ire.
Coun ty L ists o f C lay Tobacco P ipe Makers : Warw ick-
I n t h is v o lu me, p p . 8 92-407.
Oswa ld , A ., a nd J a mes , R . E . 1 955 . Par t 2 .
Deta i led L is ts .
Oswa ld , A . 1 960 .
Tobacco P ipes o f B roseley , S hropsh ire .
Archaeo log ica l N ews let t er , Vo l . 5p . 2 22-225 .
The Archaeo logy a nd E cono m ic H is tory o f Eng l ish C lay
Tobacco P ipes .
The J ourna l o f t he Br i t ish Archaeo log ica l A ssocia t ion ,
Th ird S er ies , V ol . 2 3 , p . 4 0-102. Oswa ld , A . 1 969.
Marked C lay P ipes f ro m P ly mou th , D evon .
P os t- Med ieva l
Archaeology , Vo l . 3p . 1 22-142. Oswa ld , A . 1 970.
The C lay Tobacco P ipe :
i t s p lace i n Eng lish C era mics ,
Transact ions o f t he Eng l ish C era m ic C ircle , Vo l. 7 Part 3 , p . 2 22-245 . Oswa ld , A . 1 975 .
C lay P ipes f or t he Archaeo log is t .
Ox ford , B r i t ish
Archaeo log ica l R epor ts , 1 4. Parker , J .,
( 2nd Ed .) 1 970 .
A G lossary o f t he T er ms u sed i n H era ldry .
N ew ton A bbo t , Dav id a nd C har les . P igot a nd C o ., 1 835. s ect ion
Na t iona l a nd C o m merc ia l D irectory :
Warwicksh ire
L ondon , J . P igo t a nd C o ., p . 4 93-g24 .
t, M Ry lat , 1 977.
C i ty o f C oven try :
Archaeology a nd Deve lop men t .
C oven try , C oven try Museums . Wa lker , I . C . 1 976.
C hurchwarden C lay Tobacco P ipes a nd t he S ou thorn
P ipe mak ing Fa m i ly o f B roseley , S hropsh ire . Vo l . 1 0 , p . 1 42-149 .
2 78
Pos t- Medieva l Archaeo log y ,
LATE N INETEE NTH CE N TURY CLAY TOBACC O P IPES FROM WAR W IC K b y S . Tay lor a nd W. R . Gau l t
T he o b ject o f t he a r t icle i s t o i l lustrate, a nd o f fer a possib le d a te o f manu fac ture f or , al arge q uan t ity o f c lay t obacco p ipe f rag men ts f ound o n t he s ite o f t he ' p ipe manu factory ' , Market S treet , Warw ick .
The f actory i s c learly
ipes r ecovered marked o n t he Board o fH ea l th map o f Warw ick ( 1851). 1 The p f ro m t he e xcava t ion b y S teven Tay lor w ere v ir tual l u nused , a nd w ere f ound ly a l i n t wo smal irch-l ined s u mps o r s oak-aways , a nd w ere n ei ther s tra t if ied n or l b a ssoc ia ted w i th a ny o ther b u ild ing r e ma ins.
For r easons wh ich w il e p rel b
s en ted l a ter , t he p ipes s ee m t o d a te f ro m t he p er iod 1 870-1890.
A l though t h is
p robab ly r epresen ts t he f ina l l ink t ha t Warw ick h ad w ith p ipe mak ing , i t may b e o f s ome i n terest t o r ecord h ere i t s d evelop men t i n t he t own . The e arl iest k nown r eference t o p ipe mak ing a t Warw ick i s o n at rade t oken i ssued i n 1 666 b ear ing t he i n i t ia ls RW a nd t he l egend ' Rob : Wh in icke. P ipe :/Maker . in . Warrw ick ' .2 maker .
I t must b e a ssu med t ha t h e was a tobacco p ine
N oth ing more i s k nown a bou t h im , b u t h e c ou ld h ave b een t he Robert
Wh innock o f Market S treet Ward , r eferred t o i n t he Hear th Tax o f 1 67 6.
The
e ighteen th c en tury i s a l most a s s parsely r epresen ted , b u t marked p ipes a re k nown f ro m t h is p er iod . f or £ 3.
I n 1 718 , J . Averne was a ppren t iced t o T i m Averne
P ipes w i th smal ound b ases w ith t he i n it ia ls TA, s o met i mes w ith l, r
a g aun t let b etween , a re f ound i n Warw icksh ire a nd a tr ibu ted t o T i m Averne. t A lso , s te m mark s o f I OHN/ABB/OTT
3
c an b e l inked d irec t ly t o t he J ohn Abbo t
who i s k nown t o h ave t aken o n E l izabeth N ason a s a n a ppren t ice i n 17 57. 4 N ineteen th c en tury c lay t obacco p ipe p roduct ion was c en tred o n ' Pipe Yard ' i n Market S treet , o r Wal s i t was k nown b efore 1 826. l Dyke a
The Poor
re i nva luable i n e stabl ish ing t he s uccess ive o ccuRate B ook s f or S t . Mary 5 a p iers o f t he s ite.
The f i rs t k nown p ipe maker t here was J oseph Rob ins , f ro m
J u ly 1 808 t o e ar ly 1 814. as tab le.
D ur ing t h is p er iod , e n tr ies r efer t o ' P ipe House ' a nd
Bap t is ma l r ecords o f s ix c h i ldren b orn t o Mary a nd J oseph Rob ins,
r ecord h im a s a pipe maker a nd a lso n o te t ha t o ne c h ild was b orn a t Hul n l i February , 18 06.
March , 1 814 i s g iven a s t he d a te when S a muel Cha mber la in
( 1 788-1828 ) t ook u p t enancy o f t he p ipe f actory .
H is t rade i s c on f ir med i n
b ap t is ma l r ecords , a n a ppren t icesh ip i n 1 817 , a nd a direc tory r eference i n 1 822.
H e d ied i n March , 1 828.
L a ter t ha t s a me y ear , J ohn S i m mons ( 1804-1853 ) f ro m W i lneco tebeca me i nvo lved w ith , a nd e ven tual , b o th t he p roperty i n P ipe Yard a nd t he l y owned s hop.
As ingle , p la in b ow l w i th impressed b acksta mp U .S i m mons W arw ick ' ,
i s i n t he Warw ick Museu m a nd b ears s o le w itness t o h is o ccupa t ion . i n N ove mber , 1 853.
He d ied
S arah S i m mons , t he w ife o f J ohn , c on t inued t o own t he
p roper ty b u t S a muel Cha mberla in , t he s on o f S a muel Chamberla in men t ioned p rev iously , p roduced t he p ipes.
He , i n h is t urn , e ven tual he p roperty l y owned t
a nd emp loyed , amongst o thers , o ne R ix Watson . 2 79
Dur ing t he d ecade f rom 1 846, t wo p ipe makers s ee m t o h ave s tar ted u p o n t he ir own . J a mes Dav is moved f ro m P ipe Yard t o S a l t isford , b u t b y t he 1 861 p opu la t ion c ensus h e was b ack i n P ipe Yard w ith R ix Wa tson . T he o ther was J ohn S um mers i n t he H igh S treet i n t he m id-1850s.
H e may w el l h ave b een
r eta iler. These t wo e xcep t ions a par t , t he o ther n a mes g iven i n t he l i st o f as h av ing w orked a t Warw ick , c an h e a sWarw icksh ire t obacco p ipe makers 6 a s umed t o h ave b een workers emp loyed b y t he v ar ious owners a ssoc ia ted w ith t he f actory . By 1 863 , S a muel Cha mber la in was s t il nown a s a tobacco p ipe maker , l k b u t h ad a lso b eco me t he l i cen sed v ictual f t he ' Three Tuns ' i n Sm ith S treet , l er o p resumably l eav ing t he p ipe mak ing t o R ix Wa tson . S a mue l Chamber la in may h ave d ied i n t he e arly 1 880s a s ownersh ip p assed t o h is w ife Mary Ann i n 1 884. F ro m a bou t 1 880 , R ix Wa tson was a lso k nown a s a fi sh monger , b u t a l c onn ecl t i ons w ith t obacco p ipe mak ing w ere s evered i n 1 892 when h e b ecame c aretak er o f t he Pos t O f ice i n O ld S quare. f Turn ing o ur a ten t ion t o t he p ipes, i tc an b e s een t ha t af a ir p roport ion o f t t he m h ave s o me s ort o f mark . The p ipe w ith t he s pur mark GP, a nd t he ' Hoof ' p ipe o f I G.Pr iest/Can ton ' a re a ssumed t o b elong t o t he s ame mak er , b ut a s y et t hey c anno t h elp u s w i th d a t ing a s n o th in g i s k nown a bou t h i m.
However, t he
marked p ipes o f Tho mas R eyno lds ( 1 825-1891) p rov ide t he c lue t o d a te, a s s ome b ear t he a ddress ' Aston Road '.
B ir m ingha m t rade d irector ies o f t he p er iod
s how t ha t Tho mas moved f ro m 3 1 L ower Windsor S treet t o 1 00 A ston Road i n 1 872.
On h is d ea th i n 1 891, t he p re m ises i n A ston Road w ere t aken o ver b y
E . A . Wood .
I ti s c once ivable t ha t R ix Wa tson u sed s econd h and mou lds, b u t
t h is i s r endered l ess l ikely b y t he p resence o f t he ' Car ter B anbury ' b acks tamped p ipe. Th is i s n o t a m ou ld i mpar ted mark b u t was a pp l ied a f ter mou ldi ng a nd p r ior t o f i r ing , a nd R ix Watson i s u n l ike ly t o h ave marked h is own p ipes w ith t he t rade mark o f a no ther. a t l east u n t il 1 876 ,
7
The Carter f am ily made p ipes i n Banbury
s o w e c an s ay w i th s o me c erta in ty t ha t t he p ipes were made
i nt he p er iod 1 870-1890.
Wha t p robab ly h appened t hen i s t ha t , d ue t o t he g enera l
d ec l ine i n p opu lar ity o ft he c lay smok ing p ipe a f t er t he Cr i mean War , R ix Wa tson f ound i ti ncreas ingly u nprof i table t o make h is own p ipes. Th is p resumably f orced h im t o a ug men t h is l i v ing b y b ecom ing a f i sh monger , a nd e ven tual e ly h may w el ave c eased mak ing h is own p ipes, p referr ing t o s el ip es made b y l h l p o thers. Many o f t he p ipes h ave s tr ik ing s im i lar i t ies w ith t hose f ound b y Peter Wel nt he l a test l ayers o ft he Rosegar th S tree t k i ln a t Boston , 8a nd must r els i p resen t t he work o f t he s a me mou ld- maker.
A lso , o ther d esigns may b e f ound
i lustra ted i n Hol 's p ipe c a ta logue o f a bou t 1 913 ,9 a nd o f c ourse t he b aske t l l and w eave d es ign i s s t il o t h is d ay. Th is s hows h ow d i f icult i ti st o d ate l made t f t hese ' Na t iona l ' t ypes w ith a ny d egree o f c er ta in ty. O f t he t hree c omp lete p ipes r ecovered , p erhaps t he most i n teres t ing i s t he a dver t ise men t p ipe f or ' Fox & Co.s Wines & S p ir i ts ' , w ith t he wrap-around f ox o n t he b ow l . w e d o n o t y et k now t o who m t h is r efers.
2 80
Un for tuna tely ,
NOTES
1 .
Pr in ts a re a va ilable o f t he Board o f Hea l th map ( 1851) o f Warw ick ( sca le 1 0 f t t o 1m ile ), t he o r ig ina l o f wh ich i s i n t he Warw ick Coun ty Record O f ice. f
2 .
An e xa mp le o f t h is t oken i s i n t he B ir m ingha m Museu m .
3 .
S te m mark o n a pipe i n t he p r iva te c ol ion o f Mr. S . Bal l ect l.
4 .
Record o f a ppren t icesh ip DR126/793 a t Warw ick Record Of ice.
5 .
Poor Ra te Books r ecord t he t enan ts a nd owners o f p roper t ies i n s treet o rder.
N o t rades a re g iven , b u t u sefu l p enc i l n o tes a ppear i n t he mar-
g ins e .g. ' t aken o ver b y ...
' l ef t t own ...
e tc.
Warw ick Coun ty Record
Of ice. 6 .
C o mprehens ive l i sts o f p ipe makers o f v ar ious c oun t ies a ppear i n t h is v o lume.
7 .
A . O swald , 19 75 :
C lay P ipes f or t he A rchaeo log ist .
8 .
l s, 19 P . K . Wel 70 :
The Excava t ion o f a 19 th C en tury C lay Tobacco P ipe
K i ln i n Boston , L inco lnsh ire. 9 .
l and's p Ac opy o f Hol ipe c a ta logue ( 2 . 19 13 ) h as b een d eposi ted a t Coven try Museu m.
AC KNO WLEDGE MENTS
The a u thors wou ld w ish t o t hank Mr. A . O swa ld , Mr. L . J . S trueb ig o f l N uneaton Museum a nd Miss J . Morr is o f Warw ick Museu m , f or k ind ly a low ing t he ir p ipes f ro m t he e xcava t ion t o b e d rawn , where e xa mp les n o l onger e x ist f l ect i n t he o ic ia l c ol ion .
2 81
F ig. 1 I . 2 .
N egro h ead , q u i te p ossibly b y T . Reyno lds. L ozenge l a t t ice-work o n r igh t s ide o fb ow l o n ly.
Four p eta l s pur
mark , a nd ' T. REYNOLDS/ASTON ROAD ' i ncuse s te m mark . 3 .
Smal l, p la in p ipe w ith mou ld i mpar ted r ou le tt ing a round t he r i m. S ha mrock s pur mark a nd ' T. R... / ... AD ' i ncuse s te m mark i n a b eaded f ra me.
4 .
Ten r a ised d o ts e i ther s ide o fb ow l o n as t ipp led g round . ' T. . ./ ...D ' i ncuse s te m mark i nb eaded f ra me.
5 .
L ion a nd C rown d esign w ith s h ield s haped s pur mark . ' T.REYNOLDS/ASTON .ROAD ' i ncuse , mou ld i mpar ted s te m mark .
6 .
ted c H eavy f lu ted d es ign w i th d ot ircle s pur mark .
' T... / ... D '
i ncuse s te m mark i nb eaded f ra me. 7 .
t oned c f. Hand d es ign w i th b ut uf
8 .
P la in p ipe w ith d o tted c ircle s pur mark .
I T. RE../ ... OAD ' s te m mark .
' CARTER BANBURY '.
2 82
I ncuse b acksta mp o f
I .
2 .
3 .
5 .
6 .
a 1 : 1 2 83
F ig. 2 9 .
Smal l, p la in b ow l w i th b ut t on s pur. p ar t ing l i nes.
S ty l ised l eaf mou ld ing a long t he
1 0.
Roya l c oa t o f a r ms a nd c rowned f i gure.
S pur mark o f GP.
1.
Horse 's h oof d esign w ith ‚G .PREEST/CA NTON ' i ncuse s te m mark i n b eaded f ra me.
1 2. 1 3.
Reg i men ta l b ow l s how ing t he S taf f ordsh ire K no t . Hun t ing p ipe w ith d og 's h ead s pur.
L ef t h and s ide o fb ow l h as c rossed
g uns, w hereas r ight h and s ide h as s ome s or t o f g a me b ird. l and ( See Hol 's c a ta logue N o. 5 4.)
1 4.
P la in G ladstone.
1 5.
led b S o-cal asket d es ign w ith o ak leaf a nd a corn mo t if .
1 6.
P la in b ow l w ith a can thus? l eaf d ecora t ion o nt he f ron t p ar t ing l i ne. Unmarked s pur .
1 7.
Comp letely p la in b ow l w ith s trange p ro trud ing s pur.
1 8.
P la in b ow l w ith r i m mou ld ing a nd g racefu l s pur.
2 84
1 0 .
< CANT©h i>
I 2 .
I 3 .
) Y J
H Ä
u ) C ;JUu L _ ey u • L Ju \ . ,L j uL sj
1 5 .
I : 1 2 85
F ig. 3 1 9.
l, b l work o Smal u lbous p ipe w ith i n tr ica te s crol nb owl .
2 0.
fa Roya l An ted i luv ian O rder o f Buf loes p ipe.
l and ( See Hol 's
) fa ty N Buf loe Cut o . 34 /5 . 2 1.
RAOB p ipe o f a dif t d es ign . feren
2. 2
Med iu m Knot ipe , s ee Hol 's N o. 7 6. t ed p l and
2 3 &24.
S im ilar d es igns o f a B eaded Cut . ty
( See Hol 's l and
N o. 3 4/6.) 2 5.
F leur-de-l is a nd i leg ible mot ich p robab ly r ead ' ICH D IEN '. l t o wh
2 6.
Cut i th l a t iced s h ield d esign . ty w t
J ohn Ho l t p roduced a s im i lar d esign
a t Coven try a round t he s a me t ime. 2 7. 2 8.
Cr icke t d es ign w i th ' Tit-fee t '. Co mp lete p ipe a dvert ising ' FOX & CO .s/ WINES & SPIRITS ' , i ncu se i n ab eaded f ra me.
2 86
2 2 .
2 4 .
2 6 .
2 8 . -
. , .„ . . , . ,. . . .7 , i r_ 1 , , „ .-_ ,„ . „ . . . . . . .
1 : 2 87
F ig. 4 2 9.
Rust ic l og d es ign .
3 0.
B ird 's c law c lasp ing b ow l.
3 1.
Wooden g ra in e ffect.
3 2.
S pur less b ow l w ith s qu irrel d esign .
3 3.
D el ica te l eaf d esign s urround ing t he b ase o f t he b ow l .
3 4.
S cot tish Cut ty d es ign w i th t h ist le f l ower a nd l eaves.
3 5.
f Branches a nd g enera l wooden e fec t.
T he i ncuse moulded n umber
' 5 1' may b e ac a ta logue n umber o r e ven t he mou ld maker 's i den t if ica t ion . 3 6.
Man a nd Parachu te d es ign w ith i ncuse mou lded N o. ' 58 '. N .B. e xa mp les o ft h is p ipe e x ist w ith t he t op o ft he p arachu te m iss ing d ue t o t he b ow lb e ing c u t d own .
3 7.
Heavy , Rose d ecora t ion o n o ne s ide o n ly , w ith t he n u mber ' 6 6' mou lded i n to t he s te m .
3 8.
Oak d es ign w i th l eaf mo t if a t t he f ron t a nd a corn s ides a nd s pur.
3 9.
S ty l ised a corn d es ign .
2 88
2 9 ,
3 1 .
3 . 3
2 0
3 7
1 : 2 89
F ig . 5 4 0.
R ibbed b ow l w ith s crol l o rna men ta t ion a round t he r im , s pur less.
4. 1
L arge r ibbed d esign , s pur less.
4. 2
S ty l ised t u l ip d esign , s pur less.
4. 3
R ibbed d esign .
4 4.
R ibbed d esign w ith s h ield s pur mark—s im i lar t o 5 .
4. 5
Smal l b ow l w i th s harp ly p o in ted f l u tes.
4. 6
R ibbed d es ign , s purless.
4. 7
Baske t w eave a nd Rose mo t if .
4. 8
Basket w eave , d es ign s t il oday. l made t
4. 9
C o mp lete p ipe o fb aske t w eave d esign .
40 .
44 .
4 9 .
I : 1 2 91
F ig. 6 5 0.
Th ick wal Navvy ' p ipe w ith i ncuse DUBL IN i n o va l b acksta mp . l ed ' N .B.
Th is d oes n o t mean t ha t t he p ipe w as made i n Dubl in , i t was
a pp l ied t o a ppea l t o t he p a tr io t ic s en t i men ts o f I r ish im m igran ts. 5 1.
S im i lar t o a bove, b u t w i th ERIN a nd h arp b acksta mp .
5 2.
Smal l er v ers ion o f t he ' Navvy ' p ipe , w ithou t b acks ta mp .
5 3-59.
P la in , u nmarked p ipes o f d i f feren t d es igns.
One p ipe c omp lete.
5 3 .
5 5 .
5 6 .
5 8 .
5 9 .
1 : 2 93
THE TOBACCO CLAY P IPE MA K ING I NDUSTRY I N NOR W ICH b y Mary K arshner
Whereas One o f t he L a mps b y t he Red-wel roke s o me l were b n igh t s ince b y t hrow ing a T obacco-p ipe a t t he G lass; a re t o c er t if ie ,
T hese
T hat t i s a ny P erson w il l make a D iscovery
o f t he P erson t ha t d id i tt o T ho mas Havers, E sq ., h e s hal l r ece ive F ive s h il eward . lings r 1F ebruary 1 710 The Norw ich G azet te
THE EARLY P IPE MAK ING I NDUSTRY I N NOR W ICH c , 1 660-1730 . B o th t he d ocu men tary a nd a r t ifactua l e v idence s how t ha t al oca l p ipe mak ing i ndustry was e stab l ished i n N orw ich b y 1 660 .
An i nk l ing o f a p re-
l men 1 660 p ipe maker i n N orw ich c ones f ro m t he e nrol t o f Henry F enn a s a f ree man i n 1 664 .
F enn i s t he o n ly e ar ly p ipe maker t o h ave o bta ined h is
f reedo m b y means o f a ppren t icesh ip .
H is master was Tho mas L ove .
Un for-
t una te ly , t here were a n u mber o f p eop le n a med T ho mas L ove i n Norw ich a t t ha t t ime s o n o th ing more c an b e d ef in i te ly t raced a bout h im .
A l though t he
p re-1660 p ipes c lose ly r ese mb led L ondon t ypes, t h is wou ld n ot mean t ha t t hey c ou ld n ot h ave b een made i n Norw ich b y makers t ra ined i n L ondon who b rough t t he ir mou lds w ith t he m a nd l a ter d eve loped d if feren t s hapes.
How-
e ver , n o n a mes o f Norw ich makers t ie u p w i th k nown L ondon makers. G rea t Yarmouth a nd K ings L ynn h ave e ar l ier p ipe makers t han Norw ich . I n t he e ar ly s even teen th c en tury , L ynn was b eco ming a n i mpor tan t r ed istr ib ut ion c en tre f or b o th r eady made p ipes a nd p ipe c lay .
1
The e ar l iest r e5ord-
e d p ipe maker t here was W il eca me alree man i n 1 654 . lia m Mason who b Yarmou th was r ece iv ing p ipe c lay f ro m P oo le i n 1 638 . u sed i n t he manufacture o f t in g lazed
P ipe c lay was a lso
d e lf t ' p ot nd s toneware b u t n e ither t ery a
o f t hese wares were b e ing p roduced i n N or fo lk a t t ha t t ime .
I n March 1 637 ,
-year o ld Yar mou th p ipe maker , was a sk ing p er m ission G eorge S eaburn , a 4 43 t o s et n Hol . tle i l and
Ac oup le o f mon ths l a ter a s im i lar r equest c a me f ro m
a2 2 y ear o ld L ondon p ipe maker who was 'd es irous t o p asse i n to H ol l and t here t o w orke o f h is t rade .'
5
However , t he most s urpr is ing e n try i n t he
r eg ister o f p assengers em igra t ing f ro m Yar mou th h e lps t o d estroy a ny a rgu• men t t ha t K ings L ynn a nd G rea t Yarmou th wou ld h ave d eve loped a pipe mak ing i ndustry b efore N orw ich b ecause o f t he ir a dvan tage a s s ea p or ts. was g o ing o n i n a t l east o ne smal n land Nor fo lk t own b efore 1 650 . l i
2 95
P ipe mak ing
Apr i1 he 1 5th 1 637 . 1 t
T he e xa m inact ion o f Robert Par ish :
o f N ew
Buckenha m T obacco p ipe maker a ged 2 5 y eares i s d es irous t o p asse t o R ot n H ol ith E l izabe th : h is w ife a nd t here t o i nhab it . t erda m i l and w
6
t hese w il l h ave t o r e ma in t an ta l iz ing h in ts o f e ar l ier p ipe mak ing a ct iv i ty i n N orw ich b ecause t he f irst c oncre te e v idence o f t he t rade d oes n o t o ccur u n t i l 1 662 . T he e ar l iest r ecorded N orw ich p ipe maker i s G i les Ca mbe ( or Ca t hy ) who b ecame a f reeman o n 8N ove mber 1 662 . b ut S o lo mon ' s trade was n o t g iven .
H e was t he s on o f S o lo mon C ambe
G i les p assed o n h is s k il ls t o t wo s ons,
Dav id a nd S a mue l , who b oth b eca me f ree men o n 6August 1 698 .
N o th ing more
i s k nown a bout Dav id b ut S a mue l d id e xerc ise h is r igh t t o v ote i n t he e lect ions o f 1 710 a nd 1 714 . A t t ha t t ime h e l i ved i n t he p ar ish o f S t . M ichae l a t Thorn where h e d ied i n 1 729 . T here were s evera l more p ipe makers w ork ing a long w ith G i les Cambe i n t he 1 660s, ( see T ab le I )f or e xa mp le , Wil liam P ol l ard , s on o f ab arber , who b ecame a f ree man i n 1 666 .
AW il ol ecorded i n t he 1 671 h ear th lia m P l ard was r
t ax r etu r ns a s h av ing 3h ear ths i n t he p ar ish o f S t . M ichae l a t T horn .
P ol l ard
was c er ta in ly a l ive i n 1 691 when h e was o ne o f t he v a luers f or a proba te i nvent ory o f a nother p ipe maker , L awrence Mose ly .
( See Append ix 1 .) Mose ly was
n ot e nrol s a free man b ut h e p robab ly h ad a ppren t ices o r o ther men work ing l ed a f or h im .
I n t he h ear th t ax r eturns a 'L awr Mose ly ' w ith o ne h ear th was l i v ing
i n S t . S tephens ward .
There was a lso t he men t ion i n 1 689 o f t he b ur ia l o f
Edward t he s on o f 'L arance Mos ly ' i n t he p ar ish o f S t . M ichae l a t T horn .
N o
r ecord o f Mose ly ' sb ur ia l h as b een f ound i n t he p ar ish r eg isters . T here were o n ly t hree men t ions o f t obacco p ipe makers i n t he Norw ich a ppren t ice e nrol l men ts . T h is p robab ly o n ly r e f lects f au l ty r ecord ing . J ohn P ound s uggests t ha t f or t he p er iod 1 551 t o 1 675 b e tween 6 0% a nd 8 0% o f t he a ppren t icesh ip i nden tures were n o t o f f ic ial ly r ecorded . 7 The p ipe makers ' l ed were n a ppren t ices t ha t were e nrol ot b ound t o f ree men n or d id t hey s ubs equen t ly b eco me f ree men .
liam Pr R ichard S k ipper w as b ound t o Wil i me f or
s even y ears, s tar t ing i n 1 699 a nd T ho mas S a l ter was a ppren t iced t o J ane Morgan , w idow , f or 7y ears b eg inn ing i n 1 693 . J ane Morgan was p robab ly c arry ing o n h er l a te h usband ' sb us iness. B o th a ppren t ices c a me f ro m o u ts ide N orw ich .
Upon c o mp le t ion o f t he ir a ppren t icesh ips t hey were t o r ece ive
d oub le a ppare l . 8 T he t h ird r eference t o a pipemaker was Wil liam S y monds lia m whose s on , Wil , was b ound t o a w orsted w eaver i n 1 693 . T he p roba te i nven tor ies o f L awrence Mose ly ( Append ix 1 ) a nd Wil liam Harp ley 9 g ive a n i nd ica t ion o f t he t oo ls a nd e qu ipmen t u sed a nd t he e cono m ic s ta tus o f p ipe makers. Harp ley , a Grea t Yarmou th p ipe maker , l ef t g oods l et t wor v a lued a t £ 21 O s 8 d o f wh ich was c lay wor th £ 2 , b il th £ 2 l Os O d , a nd h is t oo ls w or th £ 1.
H e h ad l Os i n r eady- made p ipes a t t he t ime o f h is d ea th .
L awrence Mose ly h ad 1 2s wor th o f b urn t p ipes i nt he k i tchen a nd £ 2 O s O d o f u nburn t p ipes, wood , a nd c lay i n t he s hop . H e a lso h ad 3p a irs o f s crews a nd f ive mou lds v a lued a t £ 3 . The t o ta l v a lue o f h is g oods was £ 21 O ls 0 0d . Mose ly p robab ly emp loyed s evera l a ss istan ts j udg ing b y t he n u mber o f mou lds a nd s crews t ha t h e p ossessed . B o th men f i red t he ir k i lns w ith w ood . T he a ctua l k i ln was n o t wor thy o f men t ion i n t he i nven tor ies.
2 96
Th is was a lso t rue
i n a th ird i nven tory o f t h is p er iod , t ha t o f Wil ase, liam C
T obacco Ware Maker '
o f D ownha m Marke t . b y h is w il l 1 1
1 0 A l though h e was aman o f c onsiderab le means j udg ing i n wh ich h e men t ions a nu mber o f f reeho ld a nd c opyho ld messuages,
l ed £ h is i nven tor ied g oods o n ly t o tal 35 4 s l id . c if ic a bout p ipe mak ing e qu ip men t .
T he i nven tory i s n ot v ery s pe-
I n ' t he T obacco p ipe s hop ' h e h ad '4 s k innes
l o f c lay w [i ]th y e ma ter ia ls t o make t obacco p ipes a t £ 3 4 s 0 6d ' a nd 'h is H obbs g ood & Bad a t £ 1 l Os 0 0d .'
1 0
'Hobbs ' may mean t oo ls .1 2
l o f H arp ley , Mose ly , a nd C ase were n o t v ery wel f i n c o mpar ison w ith o ther men f or who m p roba te i nven tor ies s urv ive . H arp ley ' s inven tory d oes n ot s pec ify s epara te r ooms, b u t Mose ly ' smen t ions t he k i tchen c ha mber, t he k itchen , a nd t he s hop .
ly C ase h ad s even r oo ms a nd a s tab le a nd was g eneral
t er s e n joy ing a b et tandard o f l i v ing t han t he o ther t wo .
Harp ley h ad a s i lver
b eaker a nd t wo s i lver s poons whereas Mose ly o n ly a sp ired t o b rass a nd p ew ter . l J ohn P ound f ound t ha t t he med ian v a lue o f a l i nven tor ies i n t he p er iod 1 584 3 Mose ly a nd Harp ley b are ly e xceeded £ 21 o f g oods t o 1 675 was £ 74 7 s 3 d .1 l b a nd C ase was a lso wel e low t he med ian .
liam B I n v iv id c on trast , W il urwood ,
at obaccon ist a t Bungay , h ad g oods v a lued a t £ 925 0 3s 0 3d i n h is 1 669 i nvent ory .
1 4
A N orw ich t obaccon ist whose i nven tory was made i n t he s a me y ear
lia m Harp a s Wil ley ' s le f t g oods v a lued a t £ 121 8 s 1d .15 T he v a lue o f t he g oods l e f t b y t he t obacco p ipe makers h e lps t o e xp la in why t he s even teen th a nd e igh teen th c en tury makers were n o t more p ro m inen t i n a rch iva l ma ter ia l . 6 0% o f N orw ich ' sh ouseho lds were e xe mp t f ro m t he h ear th t ax o n t he g rounds o fp over ty a nd i n o ne p ar ish where i ti s k nown t ha t p ipe makers l i ved , S t . M ichae l a t T horn , 8 0% were t oo p oor t o p ay t he t ax .1 6 The e xe mp t ions i nc luded e veryone whose a nnua l v a lue o f t he h ouse was 2 0s o r te l ess o r whose l ands, t ene men ts, g oods, a nd c hat ls were wor th l ess t han £ 10 . K i lns w ere n o t c oun ted a s h ear ths .
1 7
p roba te i nven tory was n o t n ecessary .
I fa person l e f t l ess t han £ 5 i n g oods a I fL awrence Mose ly r epresen ted a
r easonab ly s uccessfu l p ipe maker emp loy ing a ppren t ices a nd a ssistan ts, i ti s more t han p robab le t ha t n o t o n ly t hose a ss istan ts b u t a lso Mose ly ' sl ess s ucc essfu l c o mpe t itors wou ld n o t h ave l e f t e nough wor ld ly g oods t o make a p rob a te i nven tory n ecessary . N one o f t he p ipe makers i n t he e ar ly p er iod a ppear t o h ave owned t he ir work ing p re m ises. N o d eeds h ave b een f ound r e la t ing t o a ny o f t hese men . l l S a mue l Canby was n ot d eno ted i n t he p ol i sts a s a freeho lder . I n t he N orw ich te f l Gazet or t he week c o mmenc ing 9 A ugust 1 707 t he f o low ing a dver t ise men t a ppeared : A C onven ien t H ouse n ex t t he R iver n ear C on isford G a tes, w ith a K i ln f i t f or a P ipe-burner , t o b e L e t . I nqu ire o f Mr . S amue l Hasbar t , l er D ist il , i n Magda len S tree t , N orw ich .1 8 T he r iver l oca t ion wou ld c lear ly b e a dvan tageous f or r ece iving s h ip men ts o f c lay b u t e i ther t he r en t w as t oo h igh , t he k i ln t oo d i lap idated , o r t here were j ust n o p ipe makers l ook ing f or p re m ises a t t ha t t ime b ecause a f ter f i ve weeks o f r unn ing t he s a me a dver t ise men t , Mr . H asbar t d ec ided h e was n ot g o ing t o f ind a n i n terested p ipe maker s o , o n 2 0 S ep te mber , h e a l tered i tt o r ead : A C onven ien t H ouse n ex t t he R iver n ear C on isford G a tes, f i t f or a Weaver , t o b e L e t . • 19 2 97
I n L ondon t he ma jor c oncen tra t ions o f p ipemakers were i n t he p oorer a reas a nd i n 1 695 n o p ipe makers were r ecorded l i v ing w i th in t he wal l s. O swa ld s uggests t h is may h ave b een d ue n ot e n t ire ly t o p over ty b ut a lso t o t he n a ture o f t he t rade .
2 0
I n N orw ich , t he e ar ly p ipemakers were l i v ing i n p oor a reas
b ut t hey a re l oca ted i n t he midst o f t he c i ty .
A l though n o r ecorded o b ject ions
h ave y e t b een f ound t o t he smoke g enerated i n t he k i ln f i r ings, t he c i ty d id h ave o b ject ions t o t obacco smok ing o n t he s tree t .
I n t he C our t Books i ti s d ec lared
l man t i n 1 677 , 'B el o p roc la im t ha t n o p erson p resu me t o t ake t obacco i n t he s tree ts b y d ay o r n igh t ...
2 1
f T he p ena lty f or t h is o fence was a 1 2d f ine o r t o
b e s e t i n t he s tocks f or o ne h our .
2 2
T he c hurchwardens e n joyed t he ir p ipes o f t obacco .
There a re n u merous
r eferences i n c hurchwardens ' a ccoun ts t o p aymen ts f or t obacco a nd p ipes . T hese g ive s o me h in t t o t he market ing o f t he p ipes.
I n 1 686 i n S t . Andrews
t s was p p ar ish , a R ober t Wat a id o n d if feren t o ccas ions f or s upp ly ing t obacco ls t a nd p ipes, w ine , a nd r ol o b e d istr ibuted t o t he p ar ish p oor .2 3 T he c hurchl h wardens a t S t . J ohn T i mberh il ad a p enchan t f or p lu ms a nd t obacco . T hey lings e s pen t s evera l s h il ach y ear f ro m 1 696 t o 1 698 i n p urchasing t hose i t ems l. f ro m a Mr . Wal p ipes .
Greengrocers were a c ommon p lace t o b uy t obacco a nd
2 4
T here were s pec ia l ized t obaccon ist ' s shops a t t ha t t ime a s e v idenced
t on b y t he p roba te i nven tory o f T ho mas Hut .
2 5
A t t he t ime o f h is d eath h e h ad
lings. 2g ross o f c lay p ipes i n s tock wh ich were v a lued a t 2 sh il
F ro m t he
l aneous r m iscel eferences t o t he p urchase o f t obacco p ipes, t here a lways s ee med t o b e a m idd le man . T he p ipes were n ever b ough t f ro m a r ecogn isab le p ipe maker . I nnkeepers, p ub l icans, a pothecar ies, g reengrocers, t a l low l c hand lers, a nd t obaccon ists a l s tocked c lay p ipes . THE NOR W ICH P IPE MA K ING I NDUSTRY c . 1 730-1780 The e v idence o f p ipe mak ing i n N orw ich i sv ery s can ty d ur ing t h is p er iod . l l O n ly t hree p ipe makers b eca me f ree men a nd o ne a ppeared o n a pol i st who was n o t i den t if ied a s a pipe maker i n t he f reemen ' sb ook .
( He may h ave b een
l ed a 6 e nrol s a w orsted weaver . ) Two a ppren t ice p ipe makers were r ecorded .2 T here c ou ld b e s evera l e xp lana t ions f or t h is d ear th o f p ipe makers . The r ec ords f or t he s econd h a lf o f t he e igh teen th c en tury a re n ot v ery g ood f or i dent i fy ing t rades . The r ecord ing o f men o bta in ing t he ir f reedo m b ecame s o mewha t h aphazard a nd t here were o f ten p rob le ms a t e lec t ions i n d eter m in ing who w as e n t it led t o v ote .
l men A s s een p rev ious ly , t he e nrol t o f a ppren t ices was n ever
ly c arr ied o ut f a ith ful .
l t The marke t f or c lay p ipes was s t il here e ven t hough
f h t he u se o f s nuf ad b eco me v ery p opu lar . f ro m p ipe makers .
I n f ac t a no ther p roduc t was n eeded
Ha ir c ur lers made f rom p ipe c lay were u sed o n t he e labo-
r a te p erukes wh ich were f ash ionab le . O n t he a va i lab le e v idence i tl ooks a s i f t he i ndustry v ir tual ly d ied o ut i n N orw ich a nd p ipes were b eing s upp l ied f rom e lsewhere .
T h is t heory i s f ur ther s upported b y t he i n forma t ion t ha t o ne o f t he
f ree men , J ohn Rob inson , was f ound l i v ing i nY armouth o ne y ear a f ter b ecomi ng a f ree man . However , a t l east t wo f reemen c on t inued t o work i n Norw ich b ecause p ipes marked w ith t he ir i n it ia ls h ave b een f ound . A more l i ke ly e xp lana t ion i s t ha t p ipe mak ing may h ave b een c arr ied o n a l most e xc lus ive ly a s as econdary t rade a nd t hus wou ld b e h idden f ro m d ocumen tary s ources. F ro m t he e ar l ier e v idence , p ipe mak ing d id n o t a ppear t o
2 98
b e a very p rof itab le v en ture , s o i t may h ave b een a bsorbed b y p ub l icans a nd o thers .
Two o f t he l a te e igh teen th/ear ly n ineteen th c entury p ipe makers were
l l l i sted a s ac arpen ter a nd ab r icklayer i n t he f ree men ' s books a nd p ol i sts. On ly t he t rade d irector ies i nd ica ted t ha t t hey a lso made c lay p ipes. THE NOR W ICH P IPE MAK ING I NDUSTRY c . 17 80-1900 I n t he n ine teen th c en tury t he p ipe mak ing i ndustry e xper ienced a ma jor r ev iva l .
l. Th is was n o t o n ly t rue i n Norw ich b ut e lsewhere i n Eng land a s wel
t er d S o me o f t h is i ncrease i n p ipe mak ing a ct iv i ty s i mp ly r ef lects b et ocu ment ary means o f i den t ify ing makers b u t e ven t ak ing t ha t i n to a ccoun t t here was r ea l g row th i n t he i ndustry f ro m 18 00 t o a bout 18 60 . a re a m a jor n ew s ource f or l oca t ing p ipe makers .
The t rade d irector ies I n t he e ar l iest d irectory f or
Norw ich wh ich a ppeared i n 17 83 , t wo makers were l i sted .
O ne , T ho mas
Sm i th , was l oca ted a t 1 , N e ther Westw ick b ut n o more i s k nown a bou t h im . The s econd , Chad F isher , o pera ted f ro m Woo lpack Yard , S t . J ohn T i mberl l men h i l. A lthough t here i s n o r ecord o f h is e nrol t a s af ree man , h e d id v ote i n s evera l e lec t ions. I n t he 1 786 a nd 1 794 e lect ions h is o ccupa t ion was g iven l l l ed a a s c arpen ter b ut i n t he 1 802 p ol i st h e was c al pipe maker .
He owned
l a p roper ty i n t wo p ar ishes, S t . J ohn T i mberh il nd S t . M ichae l a t Thorn .
A f ter
l was owned b h is d ea th i n 18 05 o r 1 806, h is p roper ty a t S t . J ohn T i mberh il y t. h is w idow b ut o ccup ied b y a Mr . F it
F isher ' s St . Michae l a t Thorn p roper ty
lia m F t i was b ough t f ro m h im b y W il it n 18 03 . lia m F t was a Wil it pipe maker who b y 18 11 was i n p ar tnersh ip w i th S tephen Crotch .
They l a ter s p l it u p a nd Crotch moved h is o pera t ion t o t he
l p ar ish o f A l S a in ts .
lia m F t was p Wil it robab ly t he f a ther o f Ben ja m in ,
t, a l Rober t , a nd p oss ib ly J ohn F it l o f who m c on t inued i n t he s a me t rade , f irst o n Ber S tree t a nd l a ter b ranch ing o u t t o Cherry S tree t i n L akenha m .
A
ts, t lia ms, Na t h ird g enera t ion o f F it wo Wil than ie l, Bar tho lo mew , Corne l ius, a nd Edward , c arr ied o n t he b us iness a t t wo l oca t ions o n Ber S tree t a nd a lso Cherry S treet . a ny e lec t ion .
t f No me mber o f t he F it am i ly b eca me a f ree man o r v o ted i n l T hey a l s omewha t i nexp l icab ly d isappeared b y 18 66, e ven t hough
t he t h ird g enera t ion wou ld o n ly b e i n t he midd le o f t he ir work ing l i ves . lia m Brown were work l I n 1 792 , T ho mas a nd Wil ing a t 3 0 A l S a in ts Green . They were p robab ly b ro thers a nd a ga in g ave r ise t o t hree g enera t ions o f p ipe makers . u n t i l 1 844 .
l l ed b lia m Brown The A l S a in ts G reen b usiness was c on trol y Wil l S tephen Cro tch was a lso r es id ing i n A l S a in ts p ar ish f ro m a t l east
l i lia m Brown 18 30 t o 1 839 b u t i ti s n o t p ossib le t o t el fh e was work ing w ith Wil . l Cur ious ly , a n A l S ain ts G reen l oca t ion was n ot l i sted i n a ny o f t he d irector ies b e tween 1 811 a nd 18 50 when S a mue l Pye r an a p ipe mak ing b usiness t here f or as hor t t ime . He l e f t s o me t i me b e tween 1 853 a nd 18 57 .
J oseph Brown , who
was p robab ly t he s on o f T ho mas, was e stab l ished i n S t . S tephens p ar ish b y ling f 18 27 a nd a n 18 30 d irectory g ave h is p rec ise l oca t ion a s Wel ton Yard o f S t . S tephens S treet .
l P oss ib ly t he p ipes made b y h is f a ther a nd u nc le a t A l
S a in ts G reen were s o ld f ro m t he S t . S tephens S tree t s hop .
P ipe mak ing was
l. c arr ied o n b y J oseph a nd h is s on , J oseph T ho mas, a t Wel Ing ton Yard u n t i l l ed Wel ling 18 94 . I n f act , a l though a lways c al ton Yard d ur ing t he s o journ o f f ly k t he Browns, i t was l a ter o f ic ial nown a s P ipe B urners Yard .
2 7
The a c-
t ua l p re m ises h ave b een o b l itera ted b y t he r edeve lop men t o f S t . S tephens S tree t . 2 99
T he l argest manufactory was t ha t o f J ohn L inco ln . p eop le a t t he t ime o f t he 1 851 c ensus. b oys, 4 w o men a nd 1g ir l .
He emp loyed 6 0
I n 1 861, h e was emp loy ing 1 2 men , 1 5
H owever , n ot a l o ft hese were p ipe makers b ecause l
L inco ln ' sb us iness was more d ivers if ied , mak ing p ipes, l uc ifer ma tches, a nd s p l in t a nd w il oxes . l ow b
He h ad s erved h is a ppren t icesh ip u nder ap ipe maker .
H is h ouse a nd s hop were o n P u mp S tree t a nd h e h ad a factory, s heds, a nd y ards i n t he K ing S treet , S t . F ai ths L ane , S ynagogue S t . a rea , a l o f wh ich i s n ow l u ndernea th Watney Mann ' sK ing S tree t Brewery .
T he b usiness was t aken o ver
b y Wil n 1 866 who a dded b lack ing a nd i nk works t o t he r ange o f lia m Wat ts i p roducts .
I n 1 871, Wat loy ing 1 2 men , 3wo men a nd 1 3 b oys, b u t h e ts was emp
s ee ms t o h ave r un i n to b ad t imes b ecause b y 1 876 l and h e owned was i n t rust eesh ip a nd h e was o pera t ing f ro m a pub l ic h ouse o n K ing S tree t w here h e was s t il i sted a s a pipe , ma tch , i nk a nd b lack ing manufacturer b u t n o f ur ther l l d irectory l i st ings were f ound a f ter 1 877 . A l o f t hese p ipe makers were work ing i n r ough ly t he s a me a reas t ha t l t he s even teen th c entury makers h ad b een l oca ted b u t t here i s n o a pparen t c ont inu i ty o f t he p rec ise p os it ions . T hese were v ery c rowded a reas o f N orw ich y e t a l s or ts o f o ther t ypes o f i ndustr ia l a c t iv i t ies were g o ing o n t here . l
P ipe
mak ing b y n o means h ad b een f orced o ut o f t he c i ty c en tre b ecause o f t he u np leasan tness i t must h ave p roduced w ith t he k i ln f i r ings. P ipes w ere b e ing made a t an u mber o f o ther l oca t ions i n t he c i ty .
I n a n
1 801 d irectory , Wil lpo le was l i sted a s b e ing ab r ick layer a nd p ipe liam Wa maker l i v ing a t 1 3 C o legate S tree t . He h ad b ecome a free man b r ick layer i n 1 792 a nd i n t he p ol i sts h e was d eno ted a s s uch . He owned p roper ty i n t he l l p ar ish o f S t . M ichae l C os lany .
T h is p ar ish was o ne o f t he f ew wh ich n ot o n ly
a ssessed r en ta l v a lue b u t a lso s tock i n t he l and t ax r eturns.
Wa lpo le ' ss tock
a ssess men ts r anged f ro m £ 20 i n 1 797 t o £ 60 i n 1 804 . I n 1 797 , o f 7 1 p eop le l i sted o n ly 2 4 h ad s tock a ssess men ts b u t o f t hose , Wa lpo le ' s£ 20 was wel l b e low t he med ian .
The f igure f or s tock was d e term ined a s 6% o f t he c ap ita l
v a lue o f t he p erson ' sr eady money , d ebts d ue , g oods, wares, merchand ize , o ther c hat ls, o r p ersona l e sta te .2 8 A t t ha t r a te , Wa lpo le wou ld h ave h ad te a bou t £ 333 w or th o f c ap ita l .
T he mean a verage f or 2 0 i nsurance p o l ic ies
t aken o ut b y p ipe makers w i th t he S un A ssurance C o mpany f ro m 1 766 t o 1 774 was £ 378 .2 9 T h is i s o n ly a r ough c o mpar ison b ecause t he t wo f i gures were f or v ery d i feren t p urposes a nd t here i s n o way o f d e term in ing i ft he p ipe f makers were u nder i nsur ing o r o ver i nsur ing t he ir p roper ty . Fro m 1 830 t o 1 861 a nother p ipe maker w orked i n a nearby a rea , D ia l Yard o f f C os lan .y S tree t .
J ohn Me tca lf was l i sted a s a pub l ican i n t he 1 830 r a te
b ooks a nd h e was n ot p icked u p i nt he 1 841 c ensus p oss ib ly b ecause h e was s t il l g iv ing h is p rofess ion a s p ub l ican . AW il tca lf , who migh t h ave b een liam Me J ohn ' s son , c on t inued p ipe mak ing u n t i l 1.8 90 b u t h e w orked a t P lough Yard i n S t . Margare t ' s par ish . Ay ard o f f Magda len S tree t was a nother p ipe mak ing l oca t ion . Graves worked t here f ro m 1 833 t o 1 851.
Tho mas
I t was t he o n ly p lace i nt he c i ty where
t he r a t ing o f f ic ia ls s pec if ical ly n o ted t he a ct iv i ty b e ing c arr ied o n t here . T he p roper ty d escr ip t ion was g iven a s 'P ipe O f f ice ' a nd t he l oca t ion w as 'P ipe O f f ice Yard ' . T he c ensus o f f ic ia ls c al l ed i t' l owned a l o ft he p re m ises.
sYard ' b ecuase a Mr . Mol le tt
Ne ither n a me s urv ived f or t he 1 885 O rdnance 3 00
S urvey map s o t he p rec ise l oca t ion i s u ncer ta in .
L eonard H icks was i n p ar-
t nersh ip w ith G raves f or t he f i rst f i ve y ears a nd t hen h e s ee ms t o h ave a f f i l iat ed w i th t he F it t f am i ly . T he o ne p lace t ha t r e ta ins a na me i nd ica t ing p rev ious p ipe mak ing a ct iv it i es i s P ipe Burners Yard o f f S t . Bened icts S tree t .
The S t . Bened icts p ipe
makers were a nother Brown f am i ly p robab ly n ot r e lated t o t he A l l S a in ts/S t . S tephens Brown f am i ly . G eorge Brown was f i rst men t ioned i n a n 1 801 d irect ory , h e s ubsequen t ly b eca me a f ree man i n 1 803 a nd worked i n a yard o f f S t . Bened ic ts S tree t u n t i l h is d ea th a t a ge 5 3 i n 1 831.
G eorge ' s wife S arah c ar-
r ied o n t he b us iness a f ter h is d ea th a nd t wo o f h is s ons were p ipe makers, o ne o f t hem , Wil lia m , work ing u n t i l t he 1 860s . T h is y ard was v ar ious ly c al l ed P ipe Makers Yard , P ipe B urners Yard a nd f requen t ly Brown ' sYard . The y ard e x tended f ro m S t . B ened icts S tree t t o P ot t erga te b ut a m odern o f f ice b lock n ow o ccup ies t he P ot t erga te s ide . T he b u i ld ing i s a pt ly n a med 'K i ln House ' a l though t he owners were c er ta in ly n ot t h ink ing o f al ow ly p ipe k i ln when t hey b estowed t ha t n a me u pon i t . l C T he l ast ma jor p ipe mak ing c en tre was B ul lose i n S t . J ames p ar ish . liam Hensel l was work t Wil ing t here i n 1 825 . A f ter h e d ied , S a mue l L ovet c arr ied o n p roduc ing p ipes a t t he s a me l oca t ion u n t i l 1 883 .
The l ast maker
i n t ha t a rea was G eorge H ink ins who was n ot h eard o f a f ter 1 896 .
I n 1 890,
b oth a 'P ipe makers R ow ' a nd 'P ipe makers Yard ' were l i sted o f f Bul l C lose . l l A l most a l o f t hese p laces, B er S tree t , A l S a in ts G reen , S t . S tephens S tree t , P u mp S tree t/S t . F a i ths L ane , C os lany S tree t , Magda len S tree t , S t . l C Bened ic ts S tree t , a nd B ul lose , a t o ne t ime o r a nother were r eferred t o a s P ipe Makers Yard o r P ipe B urners R ow , e tc .
W ith s evera l o f t he m t he t erm
l was o n ly f l ee t ing ly u sed . F or i nstance a t A l S a in ts Green , d esp ite b e ing t he s cene o f p ipe mak ing f or o ver 6 0 y ears, o n ly o nce, i n t he 1 851 c ensus, was a p roper ty t here r eferred t o a s
B urners Yard ' . Wel ling ton Yard o f f S t .
S tephens S tree t was n ever c al l ed P ipe B urners Yard u n t i l a f ter t ha t a ct iv ity h ad c eased . T oday o n ly o ne o f t he p lace n a mes h as r e ma ined , t he y ard o f f S t . B ened icts S tree t .
T here i s n o r eason t o b e l ieve t hat t he o r ig in o f t hese
n a mes was a ny e ar l ier t han t he n ine teen th c en tury . T he k i lns u sed b y t he p ipe makers were c er ta in ly n ot c ons idered f eatures f o f i n terest t o a ny o f t he t ax o r r a te o f ic ia ls . n oted 'B ak ing O f f ice ' o r
I n t he l and t ax t he c lerks o f ten
D ye O f f ice ' b ut n ever men t ioned t he e x istence o f
p ipe k i lns . The r a tes l i s ted t he p re m ises a s 'workshop ' o r h ouse a nd s hop ' o r e ven j ust h ouse ' i n s o me i nstances where t here must h ave b een a k i ln p resen t . J ohn L inco ln h ad t he most e x tens ive w ork ing p re m ises a nd must h ave h ad ak i ln b ut t he p roper ty d escr ip t ions g o t n o more s pec if ic t han ' shop ' , ' house ',
t age ' e ng ine h ouse ' ,'y ard ' ,' shed ' ,a nd 'c ot ' w ith t he o ccasiona l
'e tc .' t hrown i n .
O n ly i nt he p ar ish o f S t . C le men ts With in d id a r a t ing c lerk
f d escr ibe a p roper ty a s a P ipe O f ice .' A s men t ioned e ar l ier , t he k i lns n o t u nco mmon ly a d joined t he h ouse o r workshop a nd t hey were n ot v ery l arge . I t i s u n for tuna te t ha t t he N orw ich Un ion i nsurance r eg isters d o n o t s urv ive f or t h is p er iod b ecause t hey w ou ld h ave p rov ided more d e ta i led i n forma t ion a bou t t he p rem ises t han t he r a te d escr ip t ions d id . T he o n ly p lace where a ny k i ln ma ter ia l h as b een r ecovered i s P ipe Bu r ners f Yard o f S t . B ened icts S tree t .
3 0
I tc ons ists o f s evera l l u mps o f d istorted b urn t 3 01
c lay w i th p ipe s te ms a nd b ow ls embedded i n i ta nd a par t o f wha t w as p robab ly t he c en tra l c o lu mn i n t he k i ln . S o me o f t he b urn t c lay w ith p ipe s te ms was a p ar t o f t he k i ln f abr ic b u t t he b urn t ma ter ia l w i th b ow ls embedded i n i ti s p roba b ly t he r e ma ins o f s o me p ipes wh ich b ad ly m isf ired .
T he owner o f t he S c ien-
t i f ic Ang l ian B ook S hop ( 30 8 13 0A S t . Bened ic ts S t .) r epor ted f i nd ing p ipe k i ln r e ma ins i n s i tu when h e was d o ing s o me a l tera t ions t o h is b u ild ing b ut u n fort una te ly h e d id n ot r epor t t h is t o t he museu m u n t i l a f ter i t was t oo l a te t o i nvest iga te i t .
H is p re m ises b ack o n t o a yard wh ich i s a bou t 3 75 f ee t w est o f P ipe
Burners Yard o n S t . B ened icts S tree t .
P ipes made a t J ohn L inco ln ' s factory
were f ound i n t he a rea where h is p re m ises were b ut n one o f t hem w ere k i ln wasters .
3 1
N o t o n ly i s more k nown a bout t he men r unn ing p ipe mak ing b usinesses d irector ies a nd r a tes b ut d ue t o t he i n troduct ion o f as tandard ized n a t iona l c ensus p rocedure i n 18 31, f ar more i s k nown a bou t t he p eop le who w ere p rev ious ly
s ub-docu men tary ,' i .e . t he a ss istan ts, a ppren t ices, w omen a nd
c h i ldren work ing i n t he i ndustry . A t t en y ear i n terva ls f ro m 18 41 o nward t he c ensus e nu mera tors r ecorded d e ta i led i n forma t ion wh ich i nc luded t he a ges, r e la t ionsh ips, mar ita l s tatus, o ccupa t ions, a nd p laces o f b ir th o f a l t he meml b ers o f ah ouseho ld .
T he e nu merators wen t a long s tree t b y s tree t s o t ha t i n-
f orma t ion a bou t t he n e ighborhood c an a lso b e g leaned f rom t he ir b ooks . T he p ipe mak ing i ndustry was n ever l arge f or i tp robab ly o n ly s upp l ied t he n eeds o f Norw ich a nd s o me o f t he i m med ia te s urround ing a reas .
( Very f ew p laces
e ver b eca me a ctua l e xpor t c en tres f or p ipes d ue t o t he e ase o f s et p a ting u l oca l i ndustry a nd t he d if f icu lty o f t ranspor t ing t he f i n ished a r t ic le .) K ings L ynn , Grea t Yar mou th , Wel , a nd T het ford a l h ad p ipe makers l s, Wy mondham l i n t he n ine teen th c entury . e ngaged i n p ipe mak ing .
A t t he N orw ich i ndustry ' s peak a bou t 6 0 p eop le w ere
T he master p ipe makers s o me t i mes owned t he ir p re m ises b u t f requen t ly r en ted t he m .
T he ir r a te a ssess men ts were wel e low t he med ian f or o ther l b
p roper t ies i n t he s a me p ar ishes .
I nd iv idua l makers e xper ienced n o t iceab le
u ps a nd d owns where s o me t i mes t hey a ta ined t he s tatus o f p roper ty ownersh ip t o n ly t o b e f ound r en t ing p roper ty s evera l y ears l a ter . Two d irec tor ies o f 1 850 l i sted a tota l o f 1 makers wh ich l eaves a t l east 4 3 workers o f al ower s ta tus. T hey s e ldo m a ppeared i n t he r a te b ooks a nd when t hey d id i t was u sua lly i n a mu lt ip le e n try s uch a s 'F iddy a nd o thers ' o r l ost a s o ne o f t he a nony mous
o thers .'
J ol nd a nother .' ly a
Many were
T he c ensus i n forma t ion s hows t ha t t hey
g eneral i ved i n t he c our t a nd y ards i n t he c i ty , o f ten n ear o ne o f t he p ipe ly l mak ing a reas .
S o me o f t he ir emp loyers may h ave r en ted t ene men ts t o t hem b ut
t h is was n ot c o m mon .
J ohn L inco ln h ad s evera l c ot nd S amue l L ovet t t ages a t a
o ne t ime owned t hree t ene men ts .
T he workers o ccasional hared at ene men t ly s
w ith a nother f am i ly b u t t h is was r e la t ive ly r are .
I n 18 51 i n P ipe B urners Yard ,
S t . B ened icts S t ., t he r es iden ts were made u p o f t he f o low ing h eads o f h ousel h o ld : ab r ick layer ( w i th t en i n t he h ouseho ld ) , ap ipe maker , ag rocery p or ter , a n u pho lsterer , a dea ler i n e ar thenware ( whose h ouseho ld i nc luded g randch i ldren ) , a pauper c harwo man , t wo d ress makers, a s hoe maker , a ta i lor , a cordwa iner , ab ucke t maker , ac ab ine t maker , a nd a no ther p ipemaker ( who h ad t wo l odgers) . T he c harwo man a nd t wo d ress makers were f e ma le h eads o f h ouseho ld , b e ing e i ther w idowed o r s ing le . T h is was t yp ica l o f t he n e ighbourhoods i n wh ich p ipe makers l i ved . 3 02
T he p ipe makers ' w ives o f ten h ad j obs a nd t he ir c h i ldren were p u t t o work a s s oon a s p ossib le .
I n 18 51 a nd 18 61, n ear ly h a lf o f t he w ives h ad j obs .
ly t S evera l h e lped i n t he p ipe mak ing b us iness b ut more u sual hey worked i n o ne o ft he t ex t i le t rades . T he w idows o f p ipe makers were o f ten f ound work ing a s c harwo men o r washerwo men .
T he f e ma le c h i ldren u sual id t ex t i le r e laly d
t ed j obs . The ma le c h i ldren s o me t i mes f o l lowed t he ir f a thers i n to p ipe mak ing . T he n ex t most p opu lar t rades t aken u p b y s ons o f p ipe makers were t hose i nvo lv ed w i th meta l work ing ; i ron mongers, t i n p la te workers, e tc . I t was n ot u nu sua l f or t he f am i lies t o h ave l odgers, p art icu lar ly a f ter t he h ead o f t he h ouseh o ld h ad d ied a nd h is w idow was l e f t t o t ry t o make e nds mee t . wen t i n to p ipe mak ing c ame f ro m much t he s a me b ackground .
T he b oys who T he ir f a thers
ly i were u sual n t he s hoe o r t ex t i le t rades. O n ly t wo makers, J ohn L inco ln a nd J ohn B ul l ock , h ad s ervan ts .
J ohn
L inco ln , t he most p rosperous o f a l l t he p ipe makers, h ad t wo s ervan ts. J ohn B ul l ock was r unn ing a pub l ic h ouse a nd may h ave d er ived t he e x tra i nco me f ro m t ha t e n terprise t o b e a ble t o a f ford a s ervan t . N oth ing i s k nown f ro m N orw ich a bou t t he wages p a id t o workers o r t he s el ling p r ices o f t he p ipes i n t he n ine teen th c entury .
However , a journey man
p ipe maker i n L inco lnsh ire d id r ecord a nu mber o f t hese d eta i ls i n a journa l h e k ep t i nt he mid -n ine teen th c en tury . J ourney men were p a id a t p iece work r a tes wh ich v ar ied a ccord ing t o t he s ize o f t he p ipe made .
F or 2 foo t l ong
c hurch-
wardens ' h e r ece ived I s 6 d a gross, f or 1 8 i nch 'c o mmon c lays ' I s a g ross, f or 1 0 i nch d and ies ' 9 d a gross, a nd f or 4 1 i nch 'c ut ties ' 7 1da gross. I ft he j ourneyman was a good w orker h e c ou ld e arn 2 0 t o 2 4s a w eek . P ipe t r i m mers were p a id f ro m I d t o 3 d a gross a ccord ing t o t he s ize o f t he p ipe .
3 2
T he d istr ibu t ion o ft he p ipes was d one b y t he j ourney man o r y ounger a ss istan ts . Rober t C ar ter was d escr ibed i n t he 18 61 c ensus a s Travel l er w i th p ipes a nd ma tches .' H e l i ved o n P u mp S tree t s o h e was p resumab ly emp loyed b y J ohn L inco ln .
T he smal l er p ipes were s o ld who lesa le f or a bou t 1 6d a g ross.
3 3
T he p ipes were a va i lab le f ro m t obaccon ist ' ss hops, i nns a nd p ub l ic h ouses, a nd g rocers .
The r eta i l p r ices v ar ied f ro m 2 d o r 3 d f or a c hurchwarden ' t o 3o r
ties 4 for 1 d f or t he s hor t 'c ut .'
3 4
A t i nns a nd p ubs a jar o f t obacco was o f ten
k ep t o n t he c oun ter a long w i th j ug o f n ew c lay p ipes o f a ssorted s izes.
The
p ipes w ere u sed b y t he smokers a nd r eturned a t c losing t ime . T he i nn k eeper u sual ly p laced t he p ipes i n a n i ron c age a nd p ut i ti n t he f ire a t n igh t t o s ter i l ize t hem .
3 5
T he n ineteen th c en tury N orw ich p ipes were of ten h igh ly d ecora ted . Brown , o ne o f t he W il lia m Browns, T ho mas Brown F it t, J oseph Brown
pa nd
G eorge
( 2 ) , Ben ja m in F it t, R ober t
3 ) , Wil lia m H ensel l, a nd J ohn L inco ln a l l p roduced
p ipes marked w i th t he ir i n i t ia ls .
S o me o f t he e labora te mou lded d esigns i n-
c luded t he C i ty Ar ms, t he Mason ' sArms, a f igure smok ing a pipe , a figure h o ld ing t he l eaves o f a tobacco p lan t w ith ab arre l n ex t t o h im , a knee ling f i gure , a ha lf n ude wo man p erhaps r epresen t ing L iber ty , as o ld ier p resen t ing a rms, t he Pr ince o f Wa les ' f ea thers, a un icorn , ar a mpan t l i on , a nd a deer s tre tch ing t o r each l eaves.
I n a dd i t ion t o t he d ecora ted b ow ls, many o f t he s te ms h ad t he
n ames o f t he maker a nd t he s tree t n a me a long w i th v ar ious v inel ike d ecora t ions . l Undecora ted b ow ls w i th s i mp ly t he maker ' si n it ia ls were p roduced b y a l o f t he a bove makers.
3 03
I ti s o f ten men t ioned t ha t t he p eop le i nvo lved i n p ipe mak ing w ere i t iner6 T h is may h ave b een t rue i n t he s even teen th a nd e igh teen th c en tur ies b u t a n t .3 t he Norw ich d a ta i s t oo f rag men tary t o e i ther c on f irm o r d eny t h is .
C er ta in ly
b y t he mid-n ine teen th c en tury t here was n o more move men t i n a nd o u t o f t he i ndustry t han o ne migh t e xpect f ro m a ny t rade . T here s ee med t o b e s uf ien t fic work f or t hose i nvo lved . I t was n ot a n i ndustry wh ich was a t tract ing p eop le f ro m o uts ide t he c i ty , f or w ith v ery f ew e xcep t ions a l t he mid-n ine teen th c enl t ury p ipe makers were b orn i n Norw ich . A lthough n o t a trade where o ne c ou ld f i nd f a me a nd r iches, t he workers made e nough t o k eep b ody a nd s ou l t oge ther . N o p ipe makers were f ound i n t he workhouse , a l though o ne l anded i np r ison a nd a nother was c omm it o t he A sy lu m f or P auper L una t ics. t ed t J udg ing b y t he d irector ies, t he p eak o f t he p ipe mak ing i ndustry was r eached i n t he 1 850s a nd 1 860s w i th a fa ir ly r ap id d ec l ine f o low ing . Th is w as d ue t o l r easonab ly p r iced s ubst itu tes e n ter ing t he marke t . Meerschau m p ipes h ad b een a va i lab le f or s o me t ime b ut t hey were v ery e xpens ive .
F a irho lt d escr ibed G er-
man b r iar p ipes i n 1 859 : Wooden p ipes o f t h is k ind h ave b een i n troduced i n Eng land ; a nd p ipes made o fb r iar r oo t a re n ow c om mon i n o ur s hops, b ut e xpens ive , t he b ow ls c ost ing a bou t 3 sh il ach . 3 7 lings e However , t hey b eca me c heaper a nd t hey w ere f ar more d urab le t han t he e asi ly b reakab le c lay p ipes. c heaper .
C igars were a lso b ecom ing more p opu lar a s t hey b eca me
Or ig inal very h eavy d uty was l ev ied o n t hem b ut t h is was r educed ly a
a nd b y 1 859 F a irho lt s tated 't ha t f u ly h a lf t he q uan t ity o f t obacco smoked i n o ur l l arge t owns i s i n t he f orm o f c igars .' 38 H e wen t o n t o l i st 6 8 d if feren t v ar iet i es o f c igars .
T he c heapest were s el or I d e ach . ling f
3 9
J ohn S tevens i n a n
a dver t ise men t i n a n 1 859 N orw ich d irec tory c al i mse lf a 'C igar Merchan t l ed h a nd T obaccon ist ' a nd l i sted h is s tock a s 'F ore ign c igars o f t he F inest Brands. S nuf n e very v ar ie ty . S yr ian , T urk ish & a l t he T obaccos o f t he L evan t a nd fs i l Amer ica .
A L arge a ssor t men t o f Meershcaum P ipes.'
4 0
Three p ipe makers
c on t inued i n to t he 1 890s b ut i n t wo d irec tor ies o f 1 900 n o t obacco p ipe makers were l i sted i n Norw ich . P ipe mak ing was a lways a smal ndustry i n N orw ich d esigned t o s upp ly l i t he l oca l smokers ' n eeds . I tn ever a ppears t o h ave b een a h igh ly p rof i tab le b us iness, i n f act s o me t i mes i t was p rac t ised b y p eop le w i th o ther o ccupa t ions s uch a s p ub l ican , b r ick layer , a nd c arpen ter . T he masters n eeded a r e lat ive ly smal t o f c ap ita l i n o rder t o o bta in t he n ecessary p re m ises, e qu ip men t , l amoun a nd s upp l ies . The workers were men ia l l abourers who p er formed v ery r epei t ive t asks wh ich r equ ired modera te s k il i th b oys a nd a few women emp loyed t l w d o ing t he l esser t asks . Smal s t he i ndustry w as, t obacco p ipe mak ing i n l a Norw ich d id c on t inue f or n ear ly t wo a nd a ha lf c en tur ies.
3 04
r 7 4
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T homas S a lter
N icho las Bax ter G i les C a mbe
Andrew Bar ton
K nown P ipe Makers Work ing i n Norw ich B etween 1 660 a nd 1 730
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F e ma les*
1 861 f ro m Census I n for ma t ion
s . TuaX o g a apun
APPENDIX 1 LA WRENCE MOSELY t S PROBATE I NVENTORY
4 th 1 691 A ugust ye 2 At rue & e xact I nven tory o f t he g oods, Chat ls, te u tensel fects o f L awrence Mose ly , L a te ls & e f o ft he C i ty o f N orvw ]ch , T obacco p ipe maker v [i a s t hey were v al ppr ised b y l ued & a W il ol , &J oseph Mose ly , u pon liam P l ard t he d ay & y eare a bove s a id , a s f o lowe th l I nt he K i tch in C ha mber L npr im is
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I n t he K itch in I t [e m ] a no ther f ea ther b ed & b ed s tead w [i ]th a l t l f urn iture t herun to b e long ing
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S um T o tal l ( Norw ich Consistory C our t Proba te I nven tory ( 3 5/B74)
3 07
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APPENDIX 2 CO M MENTS ON MAJOR S OURCES
Proba te I nven tor ies O n ly o ne N orw ich t obacco p ipe maker ' s proba te i nven tory i s e x tan t .
H ow-
e ver , i ti s v ery p oss ib le t ha t p eop le were p roduc ing c lay p ipes a s a secondary o ccupa t ion .
Ic hecked a r ando m s a mp le o f i nven tor ies o f i nnkeepers, a le
h ouse k eepers a nd g rocers w ith n o r esu l ts.
H owever , Mrs. Pr iest ly i s work-
i ng t hrough a l l o f t he N orw ich p roba te i nven tor ies s ystema t ical ly a nd r ecordi ng o n c ompu ter t he i n forma t ion c on ta ined i n t hem .
A t t h is t ime s he i s o n ly
u p t o t he e ar ly s even teen th c en tury b ut e ventual ly s he may c o me a cross p eop le p ossess ing p ipe mak ing e qu ip men t who were n o t p rev ious ly i den t if ied a s p ipe makers . Free mens B ooks T hese were o ne o f t he b est s ources b u t s ome t i mes a person w as e nrol l ed a s a free man i n o ne t rade b ut s ubsequen t ly p ract iced a no ther . s evera l i nstances o f t h is w ith p ipe makers.
T here a re
T here a re a lso s evera l v o ters i n
l l l men t he p ol i sts f or who m Ic an t race n o e nrol t a s af ree man . Appren t ice R ol ls Theore t ical ly t hey a re a va luab le s ource b ut , a s n o ted i n t he t ex t , i n r ea l ity a l arge p ropor t ion o f a ppren t icesh ip i nden tures were n ever o f f ic ial ly e nr ol l ed . Enrol l ed D eeds These were c hecked f or k nown p ipe makers a nd Mr . S a mue l H asbar t i s i n tr igu ing p roper ty t ha t h e wan ted t o l e t t o ap ipe b urner b ut n oth ing o f i n terest was f ound . L and T ax R eturns Ic hecked a l l t he r e levan t p ar ishes t ha t h ad k nown p ipe makers i n t he m b u t a s i n a l l o f t hese t h ings o ne i s a t t he mercy o f t he c lerks who r ecorded t he i nf orma t ion a nd o f ten t hey d id n o t b o ther t o p rov ide f irst n ames o r i n i t ia ls f or t he p eop le r ecorded . Ano ther ma jor d rawback i s t ha t i n 1 798 t he owners w ere g iven t he o p t ion t o r edee m t he ir l and f ro m t he t ax a nd b y 1 815 a bou t o neth ird o f t he l and h ad b een r edee med . T he n ames o f t he owners o f t he r edeemed l and g eneral ly d isappear f ro m t he a ssess men ts. P ar ish R ecords Un for tuna te ly a l l t he p ar ish r ecords f or S t . M ichae l a t Thorn , where s o me o f t he s even teen th c en tury makers l i ved , w ere d estroyed d ur ing Wor ld War I . A lthough t he Archdeaconry Reg ister B il ls c an h e lp f i l l i n t he g aps, a l l t he p ar ish p oor r a te a nd c hurchwardens ' r ecords a re g one .
S im i lar ly, s ome o f t he o ther
k ey p ar ish r ecords were t oo f rag i le t o b e p roduced .
I t was h ard t o i nvest iga te
b ur ia ls b ecause f requen t ly a person was b ur ied i n ap ar ish d if feren t f ro m t he o ne i n wh ich h e l i ved .
N one o f t he p ar ish r ecords t ha t Il ooked a t g ave t he p ro-
f ession o r t rade o f t he i nd iv idual . 3 08
P ol l L ists T hese a re a no ther v ery g ood s ource b u t a f ter 1 830 i n Norw ich t hey d id n ot l i st t he v oters ' t rade o r p rofession . D irector ies T hese were p roduced f or t wo ma jor p urposes, t o h e lp f ac i l ita te t rade a nd t o a id t he p ost o f f ice w h ich was s tar t ing a house-to-house p osta l d e l iver ies. Fro m t he 1 820s o nward a class o f p rofess iona l d irectory p ub l ishers emerged who emp loyed s k il l ed a gents t o c ol l ect t he i n forma t ion . T here were a var ie ty o f me thods u sed t o g a ther t he d a ta s o s o me d irec tor ies were more a ccurate t han o thers. T here was f i erce c o mpe t it ion b e tween t he d if feren t c o mp i lers a nd t hey o f ten p lag iar ized b ut t hey o n ly s eemed t o c opy t he h istor ica l t ex ts a nd 1 n ot t he l i sts o f n a mes a nd t rades .4
Rates Au sefu l s ource b u t u n l ike most o ther p laces where t he p roper t ies were l i sted h ouse b y h ouse , s tree t b y s tree t , i n N orw ich t he l i st ings were a lphabet i ca l b y o wner . C ensus E nu mera tors ' B ooks T hese d o n o t e x ist f or t he f i rst n a t iona l c ensus i n 1 831.
T he i n for ma t ion i n
t he 1 841 c ensus was n o t a s d e ta i led a s t he l a ter c ensuses. I td id n o t i nc lude t he r e la t ionsh ips b e tween me mbers o f t he h ouseho ld a nd a ges were o f ten r ounded t o t he n earest 5 years . n ine teen th c entury .
T h is i s b y f ar t he b est s ource f or t he m id-and l a te
3 09
Append ix 3 : ALPHABET ICAL L IST OF NOR W ICH CLAY P IPE MA KERS FRO M DOCU MENTARY SOURCES A bbrev ia t ions: A .R .
Appren t ice R ol ls
Arch .
Archdeaconry Reg istry B il ls
CEB
C ensus Enu mera tors ' B ooks
d au .
d augh ter
b ro .
b rother
s is .
s ister
D ir .
D irectory
Har .
L aurence Har ley
H .T .
Hear th T ax
I nv .
Proba te I nven tory
L .T .
L and Tax
o cc .
o ccup ier
O sw .
Adr ian O swa ld
own .
owner
P ol l
P ol l L ists
P .R . Ra te
Par ish r eg isters G enera l a nd D istr ict Ra tes, Board o f H ea l th Ra tes, S ewer I rr iga t ion Ra tes.
N otes: C ensus I nforma t ion :
I ft he p erson was d escr ibed a s ap ipe maker o r t obacco
p ipe maker t h is i n forma t ion h as n ot b een r epea ted . w ives a nd c h i ldren h ave b een l i sted .
The o ccupa t ions o f t he
I n a n e n try s uch a s 'w ife , d au . d ress-
maker , 2d au . 2 sons,' t he p ipe maker h ad a to ta l o f 3d augh ters . Ra tes:
The v a lue g iven i s t he r en ta l v a lue o r g ross r en ta l v a lue .
B etween
1 843 a nd 1 844 t here was a r eassess men t b ecause t he r en ta l v a lue o n a l l t he p roper t ies j u mps. Age :
I s g iven o n ly when i t was p rov ided b y t he s ource .
B ib: The n u mber r efers t o t he s pec if ic s ource . r efers t o as econdary s ource . S ee Append ix 2f or more d e ta i ls a bou t s ources.
3 10
S ee t he b ib liography .
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NOTES 1 .
P arsons, p . 2 33.
2 .
O swald , BAR , p . 1 89.
3 .
Wil , p . 1 30 . l an
4 .
J ewson , p . 1 7.
5 .
J ewson , p . 3 6.
6 .
I b id ., p . 2 4.
7 .
Pound , p . 5 5.
8 .
N orw ich A sse mb ly Book o f P roceed ings , Book 4 , 19 4d , 1 98.
9 .
Wil ley , G reat Yar mou th , t obacco p ipe maker , 1 674-5, p arcel lia m Harp 3 , n o. 1 47 , N orfo lk Archdeaconry P roba te I nven tor ies.
1O .
Wil , t obacco ware mak er, 1 692 , N orw ich lia m Case, Downha m Market C onsistory Court P robate I nven tories, I nv. 6 6/53.
1. 1
Wil , t obacco p ipe maker , 1 692, N orw ich lia m Case, Downha m Market Con sistory Court Wil 0 Bukenha m. l s, 9
1 2.
O swald , q uo t ing H . Oak Rh ind , BAR , p . 2 4.
1 3.
P ound , p . 3 7.
1 4.
Burwoode, Wil , Bungay , t obacco merchan t , 1 669 , N orw ich COr iSiSlia m t ory Court P roba te I nven tor ies, I nv. 5 3/B131.
1 5.
Hut , Tho mas, N orw ich , t obaccon ist , 1 674-5, N orfo lk A rchdeaconry t on P roba te I nven tor ies , p arcel 9 , n o. 3 3.
1 6.
Pound , p p . 4 5, 4 8.
1 7.
Dowel . 1 66. l, p
1 8.
C rossgrove Papers , The N orw ich Gazet l . 1 , 9 -16 August , 1 707 , t e, Vo p . i v .
1 9.
I b id ., 2 0-27 S ep te mber 17 07 , p . i v .
2 0.
O swald , ECC, p . 2 29.
2 1.
Rye , Deposi t ions..., p . 1 46.
2. 2
I b id .
2 3.
S t . Andrews p ar ish p apers b equea thed t o t he Cast le b y F . R . Beecheno , P 1 63 A .
2 4.
S t. J ohn T i mberh il ' a ccoun t b ook w ith r a te a ssess men ts l, Churchwardens f rom 17 20 , PD 7 4/27.
2 5.
Hut , Tho mas, N orw ich , t obaccon ist , 1 674-5 , N or fo lk A rchdeaconry t on Proba te I nven tor ies , p arcel 9 , n o. 3 3.
2 6.
The t wo a ppren t ices , J ohn Brown a nd
Barry , a nd o ne o f t he f ree-
men , R ichard Wil let t, a re k nown o n ly f ro m Adr ian O swa ld 's r esearch. The r ecords t hey a ppear i n a re i n L ondon a nd Ih ave n o t s een t he m. 3 43
2 7.
K el ly 's D irec tory 1 937.
2 8.
Dowel l, p . 8 4.
2 9.
Ada ms , S un A ssurance , p p . 2 2-37.
3 0.
Br idewel l Museum.
3 1.
Br idewel l Museu m , a ce. n o . 2 55.970.
3 2.
Hal l garth, p . 3 4.
3 3.
Fa irho l t .
3 4.
Hal l gar th , p . 3 4.
3 5.
Hal l gar th , p . 3 4.
3 6.
O swa ld , BAR , p . 4 8 a nd Parsons, p p . 2 34-5.
3 7.
Fa irho l t , p p . 1 98-199.
3 8.
I b id ., p p . 2 20-221.
3 9.
I b id ., p .
4 0.
Rogers ' D irec tory o f N orw ich a nd N e ighborhood , p . 2 7.
4 1.
N or ton .
2 21.
B IBL IOGRAPHY
I . PR I MARY SOURCES A .
Manuscr ip ts, microf i l ms, a nd p r in ted t ranscr ip ts.
( Un less o therw ise
l f s ta ted a l c an b e f ound i n t he N or fo lk R ecords O f ice . ) Reg isters o f Free men lican 1 . M il , Percy , The Reg ister o f t he Freemen o f Norw ich 1 548-1713, J arro ld a nd S ons, N orw ich , 1 934. lican 2 . M il , P ercy , The Free men o f N orw ich 1 714-1752 : A Transcr ip t o f t he I I Th ird Reg ister , N or fo lk Record S oc ie ty , V o l . XX I , 1 952 . 3 . F our th Reg ister o f Free men 1 752-1818 , C ase 1 7 , S he lf C , B ook 4 . 4 . F if th R eg ister o f Free men 1 818-1837 , Case 1 7 , S he lf C , Book 5 . Appren t icesh ip I nden tures 5 . Appren t icesh ip I nden tures 1 758-1867 , Case 1 7 , S he lf A , Box 1 5G . 6 . N orw ich A sse mb ly Book o f Proceed ings, B ook 4 , 1 625-1749, C ase 1 6, S he lf D , Book 4 , 1 94d , 1 97 , 1 98 . 7 . S t . P e ter Parmen terga te , 9 4 Appren t icesh ip I nden tures 1 585-1839, PD 1 62/71. C ensus R ecords 8 . C ensus o f t he Par ish o f S t . J ohn d e S epu lchre 1 831, PD 9 0/86 . 9 . C ensus o f t he Par ish o f S t . P e ter S ou thga te 1 831, PD 1 63/22 . 1 0 .
C ensus Enu mera tors ' Books 1 841, P ub l ic R ecord O f f ice , HO 1 0 7/7 8 7-791. 3 44
I I.
C ensus Enu mera tors ' Books 1 851, HO 1 07/ 1812-1816 .
1 2 .
P age, R . A . F ., N orw ich C ensus 1 851 p t . 1 : S t . Mar t in a t Pa lace a nd I, 1 S t . Mart in a t O ak , N orfo lk G enealogy , Vo l . VI 975.
1 3 .
f C ensus Enu mera tors ' Books 1 861, P ub l ic Record O f ice , RG 9 / 1210-1219 .
1 4 .
f C ensus Enu mera tors ' Books 1 871, P ub lic Record O f ice , RG 1 0/ 1812 , 1 813 , 1 815 .
Hear th T ax Returns 1 5 .
H ear th Tax Returns, Case 1 3 ( a ) .
ls Norw ich Archdeaconry R eg istry B il 1 6 .
S t . M ichae l a t Thorn , C ase 3 1, S he lves D a nd E .
1 7 .
S t . P eter S outhga te , C ase 3 1, S he lves D a nd E .
1 8 .
S t . S tephen , Case 3 1, S he lves D a nd E .
Par ish R ecords 1 9 .
A l S ain ts, Churchwardens ' a ccoun t b ooks w i th v estry minutes a nd r a te l d e ta i ls t o 1 851, PD 7 4/68 .
1 9a . A l S a in ts Bur ia ls PD 7 4/52 . l 1 9b 2 0 .
A l S a in ts Bur ia ls PD 7 4/53 . l S t . Andrews p ar ish p apers b equea thed t o t he C ast le b y F .R . Beecheno , P1 63 A .
2 1.
S t . E the ldreda , P ar ish Reg ister c on ta in ing S t . Pe ter S outhga te 1 685-1719, PD 4 / 1.
2 2 .
S t . Gregory , Par ish R eg ister Bur ia ls 1 813-1856, PD 5 9/ 12 ( S ) .
l, Churchwardens 2 3 . S t . J ohn T i mberh il ' a ccoun tb ook w i th r a te a ssess men ts f rom 1 720 , PD 7 4/27 . 2 4 .
S t . P eter Parmen terga te, Par ish Reg ister Bur ia ls 1 854-1883 , PD 1 62/21 ( S
Land T ax Returns 2 5 .
A l S a in ts, 1 798-1832 , C ase 2 3 , S he lf D , Box 1 . l
2 6 .
S t . C le men t , 1 798-1832 , Case 2 3 , S he lf D , B ox 2 .
2 7 .
S t . G regory , 1 798-1832 , Case 2 3 , S he lf D , Box 3 .
2 8 .
S t . J a mes, 1 798-1832 , C ase 2 3 , S he lf D , Box 3 .
2 9 .
S t . J ohn d e S epu lchre , 1 798-1832 , C ase 2 3 , S he lf D , Box 4 .
3 0 .
S t . J ohn T i mberh il 710-1797 , C ase 2 3 , S he lf B , Box 1 . l, 1
3 1.
S t . J ohn T i mberh il 798-1832 , Case 2 3 , S he lf D , Box 4 . l, 1
3 2 .
S t . M ichae l C oslany , 1 710-1797 , C ase 2 3 , S he lf B , Box 5 .
3 . 3
S t . M ichae l C oslany, 1 798-1832 , Case 2 3 , S he lf E , Box 2 .
3 4 .
S t . M ichae l a t T horn , 1 710-1797 , C ase 2 3 , S he lf B , B ox 4 .
3 4a . S t . M ichae l a t Thorn , 1 798-1832 , Case 2 3 , S he lf E , Box 2 . 3 45
3 5 .
S t . P eter Parmen terga te , 1 798-1832 , Case 2 3 , S he lf E , Box 3 .
3 6 .
S t . S tephen , 1 798-1832 , Case 2 3, S he lf E , B ox 4 .
ls Norw ich C onsistory C our t Wil 3 7 .
Burwood , Wil lia m, Bungay , t obacco merchan t , 1 669, O . W . 19 .
3 8 .
But ler , Frances, Ha leswor th , S uf f., p ipe maker , 1 766, 1 18 Wh isson .
3 9 .
Carr , J a mes, Norw ich , p ipe maker , 1 725, 4 6 Gregson .
4 0 .
Case, Wi ll ia m , Downha m Market , t obacco p ipe maker , 1 692 , 9 0 Buken h am .
4 1.
Cop land , Ambrose, Ched iston, S uf f., t obaccon ist , 1 699, 3 3 P at t eson .
4 2 .
Dunn , Rober t , K ings L ynn , p ipe maker , 1 737, 1 32 C lax ton .
4 3 .
Ty ler , S a mue l, Nor th Wa lsha m, p ipe maker , 1 736, 4 5 Page .
4 4 . Ur ing , Na than ie l, Wa ls ingha m Parva , t obaccon ist , 1 707, 3 1 A l lexander. Norw ich C onsistory C our t Proba te I nven tor ies 4 5 .
lia m Burwoode, Wil , Bungay , t obacco merchan t , 1 669, I nv . 5 3/B131.
4 6 .
lia m, Downha m Market, t Case, Wil obacco ware maker , 1 692 , I nv. 6 6/53 .
4 7 .
f., t K eab le, Rober t , Ha leswor th , S uf obaccon ist , 1 686, I nv . 6 4/ 140.
4 8 .
Mose ly, L awrence, Norw ich , p ipe maker , 1 691, I nv . 6 5/B74 .
4 9 . Ur ing , Na than ie l, Wa lsingha m Parva , t obaccon ist , 1 707, I nv . 8 7/293 . Nor fo lk Archdeaconry Probate I nven tor ies 5 0 .
Harp ley , Wil , Great Yar mouth , t obacco p ipe maker , 1 674-5, p arce l lia m 3 , n o . 1 47 .
5 1.
Hut , Tho mas, Norw ich , t obaccon ist , 1 674-5, p arce l 9 , n o . 3 3 . t on
Poor a nd Genera l D istr ict Ra te Books 5 2 . J une 1 825, N/T23/Book 1 . 5 3 . Dece mber 1 827 , N/T23/Book 8 . 5 4 .
S ep te mber 1 830, N/T23/Book 1 8 .
5 . J une 1 833 , N/T23/Book 2 7 . 5 5 6 .
S ep te mber 1 835, N/T23/Book 3 5 .
5 7 .
March 1 838 , N/T23/Book 4 4 .
5 8 . Dece mber 1 841, N/T23/Book 5 7 . 5 9 . J une 1 843 , N/T23/Book 6 1. 6 0 . Dece mber 1 844, N/T23/Book 6 6 . Board o f Hea lth Genera l Ra tes 6 1.
S ep te mber 1 853 , N/T2/Book 2 .
6 2 .
S ep te mber 1 853 , N/T2/Book 3 . 3 46
6 3 . S epte mber 1 853 , N/T2/Book 4 . 6 4 . S ep te mber 1 857 , N/T2/Book 5 . 6 5. S ep te mber 1 857 , N/T2/Book 6 . 6 . 6
March 1 857 , N/T2/Book 7 .
6 7 .
March 1 857 , N/T2/Book 8 .
6 8 .
March 1 861, N/T2/Book 9 .
6 9 .
March 1 861, N/T2/Book 1 0 .
7 0 .
March 1 861, N/T2/Book 1 1.
7 1.
March 1 861, N/T2/Book 1 2 .
7 2 . S ep te mber 1 866, N/T2/Book 1 3 . 7 3 .
S ep te mber 1 866, N/T2/Book 1 4 .
7 4 .
March 1 866, N/T2/Book 1 5 .
Genera l D istr ic t a nd S ewerage a nd I rr iga t ion Ra tes o f t he Norw ich Board o f Hea l th 7 5 .
March 1 871, N/T2/Book 1 6 .
7 6 .
March 1 871, N/T2/Book 1 7 .
7 . 7
March 1 871, N/T2/Book 2 0 .
7 8 .
March 1 871, N/T2/Book 2 1.
7 9 .
March 1 876, N/T2/Book 2 2 .
8 0 .
March 1 876, N/T2/Book 2 3 .
8 1.
S ep te mber 1 876, N/T2/Book 2 6 .
Enrol l ed Deeds 8 2 . Wa lpo le, Wil nd w ife t o J ohn C ou lson , 1 796, Ro ll 1 3 Herr ing . lia m a 8 3 .
C hr ist ian , R u th t o P e ter Hasber t , S t . Pe ter o f C on isford , 1 684 •
8 4 .
H asber t , P e ter t o J ohn Hur ton , S t . Pe ter o f C on isford , 1 685 .
8 5 .
Moore, J ohn t o P e ter Hasber t , S t . Pe ter S outhga te , 1 662 .
8 6 .
H asber t , S a mue l t o J ohn Webber , C on isford , 1 732 .
M iscel l aneous 8 7 .
S oc iety o f Fr iends B ur ia l N otes 1 862-1873 , S F 3 93 .
8 . 8
K irkpa tr ick ' sN o tes o n S t . M ichae l a t T horn , Case 2 1, S he lf F , 3 4 .
8 9 .
N orw ich Un ion , miscel o l ic ies, N orw ich Un ion Museu m . l aneous p
9 0 .
R ye , Wa lter , Deposi t ions t aken b efore t he Mayor a nd A lder men o f N orw ich 1 549-1567 a nd Ex tracts f ro m t he C our t Books o f t he C i ty o f N orw ich 1 666-1688 , N orw ich , 1 905 .
3 47
B . Pr in ted s ources ( Un less o therw ise s ta ted a l l c an b e f ound i n t he C o l man a nd Rye L oca l H istory L ibrary .) P ol l L ists ( l isted i n c hrono log ica l o rder ) 1 01.
E lect ion o f 1 8 O ctober 1 710 .
1 02 .
E lect ion o f 2 F ebruary 1 714 .
1 03 .
E lect ions o f 1 9 F ebruary a nd 1 5 May 1 734 .
1 04 .
E lec t ion o f 2 7 March 1 761.
1 05 .
E lec t ion o f 1 8 March 1 768 .
1 06 .
E lec t ion o f 1 1 S ep te mber 1 780 .
1 07 .
E lec t ion o f 1 5 March 1 787 w i th p ol l l i s t f or 1 786 e lect ion t hat was d ec lared i nva l id .
1 08 .
E lec t ion o f 1 8 J une 1 790 .
1 09 .
E lect ion o f 1 794 .
1 10 .
E lec t ion o f 1 796 .
1 11.
E lect ion o f 5 Ju ly 1 802 .
1 12 .
E lect ion o f 7& 8 O ctober 1 812 .
1 13 .
E lect ion o f 2 9 &3 0 J u ly 1 830 .
1 14 .
Grea t Yar mou th P ol l Books, E lect ions o f 1 757 , 1 777 , 1 790, 1 795, 1 796, 1 807 , 1 812 , 1 818 , 1 820 , 1 826 , 1 830 , 1 831 ( Bound t ogether ) .
Newspapers 1 15 .
te Crossgrove Papers, 'T he Norw ich G azet ' o r 'The L oya l Packe t ', Vo ls . 1 -6, 1 707-1712 .
D irector ies 1 16 .
1 784 ;
( l isted i n c hrono log ica l o rder )
Chase , W., The Norw ich D irectory , N orw ich , 1 783 ( S econd e d it ion w ith c orrect ions s upp lied J an . 3 , 1 784) .
1 17 .
1 792 ;
Un iversa l Br i t ish D irectory o f Trade, C o m merce a nd Manufacture, L ondon .
1 18 .
1 801:
1 19 .
1 811:
P eck , T ho mas, The N orw ich D irectory , J . Payne, N orw ich . Berry , C ., A C onc ise H istory a nd D irec tory o f t he C i ty o f Norw ich
C . Berry , J un ., Norw ich .
1 20 .
1 830 :
P igo t a nd C o ., Na t iona l C o m merc ia l D irectory , L ondon .
1 21.
lia m t eer a 1 836 : Wh i te, Wil , H istory , G azet nd D irectory o f N or fo lk , fie Rob t . L eader , S hef ld .
1 22 .
1 839 :
lia m R obson , Wil , C o m merc ia l D irectory o f L ondon a nd S ix C oun t ies f orm ing t he N or fo lk C ircu i t , L ondon .
1 23 .
1 840 :
P igot a nd C o ., Na t iona l a nd C o mmerc ia l D irectory a nd Topog raphy , L ondon .
1 24 .
1 842 : B ly th , G .K ., The N orw ich G u ide a nd D irectory , L ondon . 3 48
1 25 .
1 845 :
Wh i te, Wil , Nor fo lk D irectory , Dav id a nd Char les Repr in t liam 1 969
1 26 .
1 846 :
Kel , W., P ost O f ice D irectory o f L ondon a nd N ine Coun t ies, ly f L ondon .
1 27 .
1 850 :
Hun t a nd C o ., D irectory o f East Nor fo lk w ith p ar t o f S uf lk , fo B . W . G ard iner , L ondon .
1 28 .
1 850 :
S la ters ( l a ter P igot a nd Co .) , Na t iona l a nd Co m merc ia l D irect ory a nd T opography , L ondon .
1 29 .
1 852 :
Mason , Norw ich D irectory a nd H andbook , L ondon .
1 30 .
1 853 :
K el nd C o ., P ost O f ice D irectory o f Ca mbr idge , Nor fo lk a nd ly a f S uf lk fo
1 31.
1 854 :
L ondon .
Wh ite, Franc is, H istory, G azet nd D irectory o f Nor fo lk ? t eer a S hef ld . fie
1 32 .
1 856:
Me lv il nd C o ., D irectory a nd Gazet f Norw ich , e tc . le a t eer o ( t owns i n N or fo lk a nd S uf lk ) , J arro ld a nd S ons, Norw ich . fo
1 33 .
1 858 :
K el nd C o ., P ost O f ice D irec tory o f N or fo lk , L andon . ly a f
1 34 .
1 859:
Rogers, D irectory o f N orw ich a nd Ne ighborhood , J arro ld a nd S ons, Norw ich .
1 35 .
1 863 :
Harrod, J .G . a nd C o ., P osta l a nd C o m merc ia l D irectory o f N or fo lk a nd N orw ich , L ondon .
1 36 .
1 864 :
S i mpson , N orw ich D irectory a nd C our t G u ide , L ondon .
1 37 .
1 864 :
Wh ite , Wil , H istory , G azet nd D irectory o f N or fo lk , liam t eer a S hef ld . fie
1 38 .
1 865:
K el , E .R ., The P ost Of irectory o f Nor fo lk , L ondon . ly fice D
1 39 .
1 867 :
Ma th ieson , N orw ich D irectory , N orw ich .
1 40 .
1 868 :
Harrod , J .G . a nd C o ., Posta l a nd C o m merc ia l D irectory o f Nor fo lk a nd N orw ich , L ondon .
1 41.
1 872 :
Harrod , J .G . a nd C o ., Posta l a nd Co m merc ia l D irectory o f Nor fo lk a nd N orw ich , L ondon a nd N orw ich .
1 42 .
1 875 :
ly fice D Kel , E .R . e d ., P ost Of irectory o f N or fo lk , L ondon .
1 43 .
1 877 :
Co l man , D irec tory o f N orw ich , Norw ich .
1 44 .
1 877 :
Harrod, J .G . a nd C o ., Roya l C oun ty D irectory o f Nor fo lk w ith fo L owestof t i n S uf lk , N orw ich .
1 45 .
1 879 :
Ham i lton , J .J ., The I mper ia l Posta l D irectory o f t he C i ty a nd C oun ty o f N orw ich , N orw ich . ly fice D K el , E .R ., T he P ost Of irec tory o f Nor fo lk , L ondon .
1 46 .
1 879 :
1 47 .
1 883 :
f Eyre Bros., P ost O f ice, N orw ich D istr ict D irectory , L ondon .
1 48 .
1 883 :
ly Ke lly , E .R . e d ., K el ' s Directory o f C a mbr idgesh ire, N or fo lk fo a nd S uf lk
L ondon .
3 49
1 49 .
1 883 : Wh ite , Wil , H istory , G azet nd D irectory o f N or fo lk , lia m t eer a S hef ld . fie
1 50 .
1 886 : J arro ld a nd S ons, N orw ich D irectory , N orw ich .
1 51.
1 888 :
1 52 .
1 889 : J arro ld a nd S ons, D irectory o f t he C i ty o f N orw ich , L ondon .
1 53 .
1 890 :
K el ly a nd Co ., K el ly ' s Directory o f N or fo lk , L ondon .
Wh i te, Wil , H istory ,G azet nd D irectory o f N orfo lk , lia m t eer a S hef ld . fie
1 54 .
1 892 :
1 55 .
1 894 : J arro ld a nd S ons, D irectory o f t he C i ty o f N orw ich , L ondon .
1 56 .
1 896 : J arro ld a nd S ons, D irectory o f t he C i ty o f N orw ich , L ondon .
1 57 .
1 896 :
K el ly a nd C o ., K el ly ' s Directory o f N or fo lk , L ondon .
1 58 .
1 900 :
J arro ld a nd S ons, D irectory o f t he C ity o f N orw ich , L ondon
1 59 .
1 900 :
K el ly a nd C o ., K el ly ' s Direc tory o f N or fo lk , L ondon .
1 60 .
1 937 :
K el ly a nd C o ., K el ly ' s Directory o f N orfo lk , L ondon .
I .
K el nd C o ., K el ' s Directory o f N or fo lk , L ondon . ly a ly
MAPS Norw ich With in t he Wal l s, 1 883 S urvey p ub l ished i n 1 884-5, O rdnance S urvey . N orw ich , H istor ic T owns A t las. Ordnance S urvey Maps 1 914, 1 928 a nd 1 938 .
I . I
S ECONDARY SOURCES Ada ms, E l izabe th , " The Bow I nsurances a nd Re la ted Mat t ers,"
Eng l ish
C era m ic C irc le Transact ions, V o l . 9 , P t . 1 , 1 973, p p . 6 7-108 . Ada ms, E l izabe th , " Cera m ic I nsurances i n t he S un C o mpany A rch ives 1 766-1774," Transact ions o f t he Eng l ish Cera m ic C irc le , Vo l. 1 0 , P t .1, 1 976, p p . 1 -38 . A tk inson , D .R . a nd O swa ld , A ., " A Br ief Gu ide f or t he I den t if icat ion o f Dutch C lay T obacco P ipes F ound i n Eng land ,"
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c haeo logy , Vo l . 6 , 1 972 , p p . 1 75-182 . A tk inson , D .R ., T obacco P ipes o f Brose ley , S hropsh ire, Har t-Ta lbo t , E ssex , 1 975 . A tk inson , D .R . a nd O swa ld , A ., " London C lay T obacco P ipes ," J ourna l o f t he Archaeo log ica l A ssoc ia t ion , p . 1 71-227 . p Cannon , J ohn , " Pol l Books,"
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2 83-286 . J ewson , Char les B oard man , Transcr ip t o f Three Reg isters o f Passengers f ro m G rea t Yarmouth t o Hol nd New Eng land 1 637-1639, N or fo lk l and a Record S oc ie ty , V o l . XXV , 1 954 . K iddel .J .B . , " Wil bso lon , J un ior , o f Grea t Yar mouth ," Transl, A lia m A a ct ions o f t he Eng l ish C era m ic C irc le , V o l . 5 , P t . 1 , 1 960, p . 6 3 . N orr is, N .E. S ., " A V ictor ian P ipe K i ln i n L ewes,"
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Archaeo logy , V o l . 4 , 1 970, p p . 1 68-170 . N or ton , J ane E ., G u ide t o t he 'Nat iona l a nd Prov inc ia l D irector ies o f Eng land a nd Wa les e xc lud ing L ondon P ub l ished b efore 1 856, O f ices f o f t he R oya l H istor ica l S oc ie ty , L ondon , 1 950 . O swa ld , Adr ian , C lay P ipes f or t he Archaeo log ist , Br it ish Archaeo log ic a l Repor ts, N o . 1 4, 1 975 . O swa ld , Adr ian , " The C lay T obacco P ipe : I t s P lace i n Eng lish C era m ics," Transact ions o f t he Eng l ish Cera m ic C irc le , Vo l . 7 , P t . 3 , 1 970, p . 2 22-245 . p O swa ld , Adr ian , " The Archaeo logy a nd E cono m ic H istory o f Eng l ish C lay T obacco P ipes,"
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Wea ther il l, L orna a nd E dwards, R hoda , " Pot t ery Mak ing i n L ondon a nd Wh i tehaven i n t he L a te S even teen th C en tury ," P ost Med ieva l Archaeo logy , Vo l . 5 , 1 971, p p . 1 60-181. Wil , T .S ., T he Eng l ish C oast ing Trade 1 600-1750 , l an v ers ity Press, 1 938 .
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Yorksh ire Museu m , N otes c o mp i led i n 1 955 o n c lay p ipe mak ing .
3 52
I DENT IFIABLE P IPES OF THE NOR W ICH MAKERS b y Adr ian O swa ld N orw ich Museu ms h ave many c lay p ipes i n t he ir c ol l ect ions i nc lud ing n u mbers f ro m e xcava t ions .
Pr ior t o t he midd le o f t he 1 7 th c en tury t here i s
n o e v idence o f l oca l t ypes a nd p resu mab ly most o f t he e ar l ier p ipes were s upp l ied f ro m L ondon , b u t t here i s a notab le a bsence o f c o mmon L ondon t ypes a f ter c . 1 650 , wh ich must b e d ue t o t he g row th o f t he l oca l i ndustry . O ft hese l oca l p ipes r e la t ive ly f ew a re i den t if iab le w i th makers . The e ar l iest ( by n o means a cer ta in ty ) i s No . 1 4 o f L awrence Mos ley 1 671-91. The t ype w ith s tra igh t s ided b ow l a nd l arge b ase i s wel l r epresen ted i n L ond on p ost-1660 u n t i l a bou t 1 690, w i th i n frequen t marks. T he Norw ich p ipes o f t h is s hape were ma in ly marked w i th mou lded i n it ia ls i n t he s ide o f t he b ase a s e ar ly a s 1 670 b u tn one o ft hese c an b e r e la ted t o a maker . T he c o mmon e igh teen th c en tury s hape i n Norw ich i s r epresen ted b y Nos. f l a a nd 1 6-19 . T he t ype d i fers f ro m t he L ondon v ar ie t ies ma in ly i n t he s l igh t ly o va l s hape , t h ick b ow ls a nd s tems a nd h ear t s haped b ases. c lay s ee ms l oca l, a nd i so f ten s l igh t ly r edd ish . i den t if ied i n i t ia ls .
The
There a re n u mbers o f u n-
T he p ipes o f t he l a te 1 8 th a nd 1 9th c en tur ies c onform i n t ype t o t he n at erns b t i ona l p at u t t he N orw ich makers p roduced i n t h is p er iod a s er ies o f l d d ecora ted b ow ls, ma in ly i n h igher r e l ief t han e lsewhere, w ith s crol ecorat ion o nt he s tems, Nos . 3 -6, 8 , 1 0-12 . I n c on form i ty w i th t he p ract ice n oted e lsewhere t he mou ld l i nes o n t he b ase o f t he s purs were n ot r e moved af ter c . 1 8 2 0 . -
3 53
F ig . 1 . . 1 .
Perhaps Wil lia m Ada mson .
Free c . 1 767 .
( a ) Cast le Museu m . c . 1 770
( b ) Br idewel l Museu m c . 1 770-80 .
2 .
Probab ly Wil lia m At t er ton .
F l. 1 830-54 .
3 .
G eorge Brown (e) 1 801-31.
( a-e) Mou ld l i ne i s l ef t o n t he b ase .
( a ) Typ ica l s crol l d ecora ted s te m . ( b ) 2e xa mp les.
Br idewel l Museu m .
( d ) F igure h o ld ing t obacco p lan t a nd r ol l.
Reverse :
man smok ing .
( e ) Has a s o ld ier a t t he p resen t o n r everse . 4 .
J oseph Brown (e) ( a )
( 2 )
1 878-92 .
Mou ld l i ne i s l e f t o n t he b ase .
Crude Hanover ian Arms w i th Hon i S o lt Qu i Ma l yP ense r ound . to No mot .
Very t h in s te m .
( b ) &( d ) Arms o f Norw ich .
l Museu m Br idewel .
Pr ince o f Wa les f ea thers o n r everse .
Cast le a nd Br idewel . l Museu ms ( c ) &( e ) C ou ld b e J oseph Brown (e) ( 3 ) 1 891-94 .
Type 3 c a lso marked
J /B . A lso p roduced t ype 3 (c) 5 .
J ohn Brown . F l .
c . 1 770-90 .
Ar ms o f Norw ich c o mb ined w ith Pr ince o f Wa les f ea thers . l i ne r e moved f ro m b ase .
2 exa mp les .
3 54
Cast le Museu m .
Mou ld
3 c
4 a
4 e
C 'etre reet t s -Not e r
i reeJ05 04 .2 1 xe w l sc
r U
g i p ee z i p ci n )1 I ZZ W IN EE
4 d
3 55
4 c
F ig . 2 . 6 .
Tho mas Browne ( 1 ) 1 792-1844 o r ( 2 ) 18 26-30 . ( a ) Masons Arms a nd s igns.
Mou ld l i ne r e ma ins.
3 exa mp les.
Br idewel l Museu m, ( b ) Very t h in s te m C ast le Museu m . 7 .
G eorge C arver 18 51.
8 .
Ben ja m in F it t 18 31-61 ( a )
Man smok ing . r e ma ins .
( b ) 9 .
1 0 .
2 exa mp les.
Cast le Museu m .
R everse f i gure w ith a n a nchor .
2 exa mp les.
Mou ld l i ne r e ma ins.
73-1802 Chad F isher 17 ( a ) &( c ) Cast le Museu m .
Mou ld l ine
Br idewel l Museu m .
Cast le Museu m .
l Museu m ( b ) Br idewel . Mou ld l i ne r e ma ins.
t. 18 Rober t F it 25-65 . l Museu m a Br idewel nd Cast le Museu m .
O ccurs w i th a nd w i thout i n it ia ls
o n t he s pur . O thers a s 3 c a nd 9 b a bove w i th i n i ta ls o n s pur .
Mou ld l i ne r e ma ins o n
l most b ut n ot a l . 1 1.
lia m Hensel l. W il
18 25-53 .
l l Museu m a A l p ipes a t Br idewel nd mou ld l i ne r e ma ins . ( a ) H igh r e l ief .
l o I nd ian w i th t obacco r ol n b o th s ides .
( b ) S lave k nee l ing t o l i ber ty . A lso a nother f l u ted a s 3 a w ith i n i t ia ls W/H o n s pur .
3 56
9 c
1 0
3 57
F ig . 3 . 1 2 .
J ohn L inco ln 1 818-66 .
Mou ld l i ne r e ma ins.
l ( a ) S trangers Hal l Museu m ( b ) ( c ) ( d) Br idewel . ( e ) &( f ) Cast le Museu m . H e a lso p roduced t ype 3 (c) . 1 3 .
P erhaps J ane Morgan .
1 693 .
l A l s igned I /M o n s pur . ( a ) (c) Cast le Museu m f ro m a n e xcava ted g roup d a ted 1 700-4 . ( a ) i ncused Io n b ack o f s te m . l ect ( d ) c rowned f ro m L owestof t , Car ter C ol ion . 1 4 .
Probab ly L awrence Mos ley . Cast le Museu m .
1 671-91.
P o l ished .
F ro m a n e xcava ted g roup d a ted 1 660-90 .
Mark i n r e l ief . 1 5 .
l ( Probab ly S a mue l R ussel 1 ) .
1 841-61.
C ast le Museu m . 1 6 .
P oss ib ly R ichard S k ipper a ppren t iced 1 699 . C ast le Museu m .
1 7 .
1 8 .
Many w i th h ear t s haped b ases .
P oss ib ly T ho mas S a lter a ppren t iced 1 693 . C ast le Museu m .
F l. 1 709
F l. 1 703 4 -
Fro m a n e xcava ted g roup 1 700-40 .
P erhaps a p ar tnersh ip o f ( 16) a nd ( 17 ) . Mark a pparen t ly R S/TS .
C ast le Museu m .
Another f rom L owesto f t ,
l. L ar ter C ol 1 9 .
P erhaps W m . S y monds, who i n 1 693 a ppren t iced h is s on t o aworsted weaver . C ast le Museu m . F ro m a n e xcava ted f roup 1 700-40 . l et t 1 T h is t ype o f b ow l a nd mark ing was u sed b y R ichard Wil 756-60 .
3 58
1 J ( e
9 JL I I R 1 2a
eum 0N-z h uco w
1 2b
1 2e
1 3b
0
1 3c
0
0
1 9
CLAY P IPES FROM RESCUE EXCAVATIONS I N BEDFORD b y J ane Hassal l
O ver 3 0 s i tes o f v ar ious s izes d at ing f ro m Midd le S axon t o P ost- Med ieva l t imes , h ave b een e xcava ted i n B ed ford b etween 1 967-1977.
The r esu l ts a re
p ubl ished b y Dav id Baker , Evelyn B aker , J ane Hassal nd Angela S i mco i n a l a monograph e d it ion o f t he B edfordsh ire A rchaeo log ica l J ourna l , v o l .13, 1 978. The d eta i ls o f t he c lay p ipe f inds f ro m B edford a re i ncluded i n t he v o lu me, a nd a s um mary o f t he method o f s tudy i s ofered h ere. The r escue r easons f or d igg ing i n t he t own w ere ma in ly c oncerned w ith tle men a scer ta in ing t he e x ten t o f t he S axon a nd Med ieva l s et t a nd t he n a ture o f B edford C ast le.
V ery f ew s tra t if ied P ost-Med ieva l d epos its w ere e ncoun tered ,
b u t c lay p ipe b ow ls a nd s te ms w ere f ound a nd s a mp led f ro m most s i tes , a nd o ver 5 00 f rag men ts w ere e xa m ined. An o u t l ine t ypo logy h as b een f or med i n w h ich 1 9 d iferen t b ow l t ypes a nd 5 6 d ecora t ive e le men ts h ave b een r ecogn ised .
l As er ies o f d raw ings i lustra t ing
t he r ange o f b ow l s hapes , mot ifs a nd s ta mps may b e f ound i n t he B edford p ubl ica t ion .
At able w i th a descr ip t ion o f t he b ow ls , O swa ld t ype n umber w here a pp l i-
c able, d a te, d ecora t ion a nd c ata logue n u mber h as b een c o mp i led a s a gu ide t o l t he i lustra t ions. C lay p ipe f rag men ts d a t ing f ro m t he e arly 1 7 th-la te 1 91 c en tury a re p res en t.
The ir c hrono logy i s b ased p ar t ly o n d a ted t ypo logy ( Osward 1 975 f ig.39
a nd 4 G ) a nd p ar t ly o n a few i den t if iable s ta mps f ro m k nown B ed ford p ipe makers. A l though O swa ld h as l i sted 3 7 p ip ernakers i n B ed fordsh ire , o n ly 7 pipe f rag men ts c ou ld b e a ssigned t o t he m . l as F ew , i fa ny p ipes, w ere c o mp lete a nd t oo smal a mp le was r ecovered t o make s te m-bore a na lysis f easible.
S ecurely d ated c on tex ts a re n eeded f ro m
f u ture e xcava t ions b efore a ny more d eta iled t rea t men t c an r easonably b e a pp l ied t o t he B ed ford c lay p ip es.
O swa ld , A . 1 975 .
C lay p ip es f or t he Archaeo log ist , B r it ish Archaeo log ica l
R epor ts 1 4, 1 975.
2R1
COUNTY L ISTS OF CLAY TOBACCO-PIPE MA KERS
D erbysh ire , b y R . C . A lvey , L e icestersh ire, b y W. R . Gau l t , tingha msh N ot ire , b y R . C . A lvey a nd W. R . G au l t , Warw icksh ire a nd Worcestersh ire, b y W. R . G au l t
Abbrev ia t ions T he s ta tus o f t he p erson i s i nd ica ted , w here k nown , b y t he c haracter i n t he l ef t- most c o lu mn .
i .e.
A A ppren t ice J Journey man T Pipe t r i m mer , p o l isher , o r f in isher e tc. + M arked p ipes k nown f ro m t h is p er iod ? C er ta in ly a pipe maker , b u t n o t n ecessar ily i n t ha t c oun ty The ' + ' s ign i n t he d a tes i s t o s ign ify ' a t l east t ha t d a te a nd p erhaps b efore ( or a f ter )' , w hereas t he ' c ' means ' round a bou t '. t l T he c ode l e ters f or t he r eferences a re a s f o lows : App
-A ppren t icesh ip
BAR 1 4
-E n tr ies t aken f ro m O swa ld 's l i sts w ithou t f ur ther a dd it ion s o r c on f ir ma t ion . Popu la t ion c en sus r eturns.
c b
-A
ly e c h i ld b orn t here ( usual x c ensus ).
Trade d irec tory . l s. F reedom r ol I nv
ly a l. I nven tory , u sual ssoc ia ted w ith a wil Master t ak ing o n a ppren t ices.
M L ic.
Marr iage l i cence.
PRB
Par ish r eg ister o fb ap t is ms.
PRb
Par ish r eg ister o f b ur ia ls.
PR M
Par ish r eg ister o f marr iages.
PRO
f Publ ic Records O f ice ( London ).
tingha m W & WL -W a tch a nd Ward L ist ( Not ). l aneous d S ome o ther m iscel ocu men t .
3 63
AC KNOWLEDGE ME N U
The a u thors w ish t o a cknow ledge Adr ian O swald f or h is h elp a nd e ncourage men t l ters. i n a l p ipe mat Derbysh ire :
l ow They a re a lso i ndeb ted t o t he f ol ing :
f o f t he s taf f t he D erbysh ire R ecord O f ice, Mat lock .
L e icestersh ire :
fs o f t he s taf f L e icestersh ire Record O f ice , Coven try & War-
l ect f w icksh ire Col ion , Warw ick County Record O f ice , B ir m ingha m R eference l L f L ibrary , Gu ildhal ibrary , a nd t he P ubl ic Record O f ice , L ondon ; a nd f or ls, J l, a ly a dd it iona l r eferences Robert Moore , P e ter Wel ohn Dan iel nd e spec ial Dav id H igg ins. tingha msh N ot ire :
fs o tingha m Reference L tingha mt he s taf f N ot ibrary a nd N ot
f s h ire Record O f ice;
ls, a nd f or a dd it ional r eferen ces Rober t Moore , P eter Wel
ly P a nd e spec ial eter Ha m mond . fs o f Warw icksh ire : t he s taf f L e icestersh ire Record O f ice , Coven try & Warw ickl ec f s h ire Col t ion , Warw ick Coun ty Record O f ice ,
B ir m ingha m Re ference
l L f L ibrary , Gu ildhal ibrary , a nd t he Publ ic Record O f ice , L ondon ; a nd f or ls. a dd it iona l r eferences Robert Moore a nd P eter Wel f o f Worcestersh ire: t he s taf f Worcestersh ire a nd H erefordsh ire R ecord O f ice , Worcester. l et t, w S pec ia l t hanks a re e x tended t o C hr ist ine Gau l t a nd Dav id Col ho g ave much o f t he ir s pare t ime i n a ssist ing w ith t he r esearch.
3 64
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References
e
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1 837 Chesterf ield
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c .1840 Eck ington
C . 1 831 L oughborough , L e ics.
1 820 Chesterf ie ld
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References
=
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c . 1 838 Bra mp ton
1 796 Bra mp ton
1 2 8 t B p a m o n c r .
c ) 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 ° I
References
= r t
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r z nuc ) o ur z oc . )c )a
c d % . 4 " C S 0 0
—
nnn 1 4850-1851+
+ 1888-1893+
+ 1786-1818+
+ 1831-1846+
zznn
+ 1851-1858+
+ 1818-1831+
+ 1775-1785+
+ 1871-1874+
c u i
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1 4 2 8 3 + -
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Derbysh ire ( con t inued )
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c d
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0 0 i n 0 0
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C . 1 825 L e icestersh ire _
C A
1 822 S heff ield
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c . 1 841 S aw ley , Derbys. _
+ 1841-1846+
c . )n op ac zon
+ 1867-1871+
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+ 1830-1851+
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c. 1829 Worcester
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Worcestershire Clay Tobacco-Pipe Makers
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