The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe IX, Parts i and ii: More Pipes from the Midlands and Southern England 9781407391335, 9781407391342, 9780860543558, 9781407317595

Table of contents :
COVER -- Part I
Copyright
CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
EDITORIAL
OBITUARY: DR. I. C. WALKER
ON THE LIFE OF CLAY PIPE MOULDS
MATHEMATICAL APPROACHES TO RECORDING THE STEM CURVATURES OF CLAY TOBACCO PIPES
REGISTERED AND PATENTED CLAY TOBACCO PIPES
CLAY PIPES FROM NORTON PRIORY
THE NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LYME CLAY TOBACCO PIPE INDUSTRY
COVER -- Part II
Copyright
CONTENTS
LEICESTER CLAY TOBACCO PIPES
CLAY PIPES FROM A 17th-CENTURY WELL/CESSPIT ON ST. STEPHEN'S STREET, NORWICH
PIPES ATTRIBUTED TO WILLIAM HENSELL, CLAY TOBACCO-PIPE MAKER OF NORWICH NORFOLK
CLAY TOBACCO PIPES FROM 27 GEORGE STREET, HEMEL HEMPSTEAD
STAMP AND MOULDINGS IN CLAY PIPES FOUND IN LONDON
INTERNAL BOWL MARKS IN PIPES FROM LONDON
THE DICK WHITTINGTON PIPE
CLAY TOBACCO PIPES FROM THE DORKING AREA OF SURREY
THE THORNTONS OF DORKING: CLAY TOBACCO PIPE MAKERS
CLAY TOBACCO PIPES FROM SHEPTON MALLET, SOMERSET
PIPES AND PIPEMAKING IN BARNSTAPLE, DEVON

Citation preview

The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe IX. More Pipes from the Midlands and Southern England

edited by

Peter Davey

Part i

BAR Br itish Ser ies 146(i)

1985

B.A.R.

5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0ES, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R Walker, M.A.

BAR

©

1 46

(I), 1 985: 'The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe, IX' Part I

The Individual Authors,1985

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407391335 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407391342 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860543558 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407317595 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860543558 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

C ONTENTS P art O ne P age L ist o f I llustrations E ditorial

P .J. D avey

1

O bituary : D r. I .C. W alker

L .A .S. B utler

3

O n t he L ife o f C lay P ipe M oulds

A . O swald

5

M athematical A pproaches t o R ecording t he S tem C urvature o f C lay T obacco P ipes

D .A . H iggins

2 3

R egistered a nd P atented C lay T obacco P ipes

P .J. H ammond

2 9

C lay P ipes f rom N orton P riory, C heshire

P .J. D avey

1 57

T he N ewcastle-under -L yme C lay T obacco P ipe I ndustry

D . B arker

2 37

D .A . H iggins

2 91

S . A tkin & P .J. D avey

30 9

P art T wo L eicester C lay T obacco P ipes

C lay T obacco P ipes f rom a 1 7th - c entury W ell/Cesspit o n S t. S tephen's S treet, Norw ich P ipes a ttributed t o W illiam H ensell , C lay T obacco-Pipe M aker o f N orwich , N orfolk C lay T obacco P ipes f rom 2 7, G eorge S treet , H emel H empstead nd M ouldings o n C lay P ipes S tamps a f ound i n L ondon I nternal B owl M arks i n P ipes f rom L ondon T he D ick W hittington P ipe C lay T obacco P ipes f rom t he D orking a rea o f S urrey T he T horntons o f D orking : C lay T obacco P ipe M akers

C lay T obacco P ipes f rom S hepton M allet, S omerset

D .A. H iggins

4 35

A . G rant & D . J emmett

4 39

P ipes a nd P ipe-Making i n B arnstaple , D evon

L IST O F I LLUSTRATIONS P art O ne F igure

P age

A . O swald 1 2

3

4

E vidence o f a lteration t o M oulds n os. 1 -12 S urvival o f o ld-fashioned s hapes i n d ated a rchaeological c ontexts A -C S urvival o f o ld-fashioned s hapes i n d ated a rchaeological c ontexts D -F

1 4 1 6

1 8

S urvival o f o ld-fashioned s hapes i n d ated 2 0

a rchaeological c ontexts C -H

D .A . H iggins 1

P oints o f M easure ment f or C alculating S tem C urvature

2 5

P .J. H ammond 3 4

1

K ey t o D iamond R egistration M arks

2

C opies o f t he o riginal r epresentations f or d iamond r egistrations C opies o f t he o riginal r epresentations f or

4 8

3

d iamond r egistrations ornamental). n os 1 -6 lay p ipes ( R egistered c ornamental). n os 7 13 R egistered c lay p ipes (

5 0 5 2 5 8

lay p ipes ( ornamental). n os. 1 418 R egistered c non-ornamental). n os. 1 9-21 lay p ipes ( R egistered c os. 2 2-29 R egistered c lay p ipes. n os. 3 0-36 R egistered c lay p ipes. n os. 3 7-43 R egistered c lay p ipes. n A dverts r eproduced f rom T he T obacco T rade R eview f or r egistered d esigns b y W illiam H enry C owland

6 2 6 4

a nd E dward P ollock A dverts r eproduced f rom t he T obacco T rade R eview f or r egistered d esigns b y C harles C rop & S ons a nd

7 8

4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1

1 2

6 9 7 3 7 6

1 3

T he H arburger G ummi- K amm C ompany R egistered c lay p ipes. n os. 4 4-49

8 0 8 2

1 4 1 5

R egistered c lay p ipes. n os. 5 0-56 R egistered c lay p ipes. n os. 5 7-63

8 6

1 6

R egistered c lay p ipes. n os. 6 4-68

1 7 1 8

R egistered c lay p ipes. n os. 6 9-73 R egistered c lay p ipes. n os. 7 4 79

1 9

T he D uke P ipe a ) C artoon o f t he D uke f rom ' The S tar' n ewspaper b ) D rawing o f t he D uke P ipe c ) C opy o f t he o riginal r epresentation

8 9 9 4

d rawing

9 6 9 9 1 02

2 0

C opies o f t he o riginal t rade m arks s ubmitted i n T he T rade M ark J ournal

14

2 1

D itto

16

2 2 2 3

D itto C lay p ipes b earing r egistered t rade m arks . n os . 8 08 4 C lay p ipes b earing r egistered t rade m arks . n os . 8 58 9

18

2 4

1 20 1 22

2 5

A dverts r eproduced f rom T he T obacco T rade R eview f or t rade m arks r egistered b y W illiam T homas B lake a nd S amuel M cLardy

2 6

C lay p ipes b earing a pparently u nregistered t rade m arks. n os. 9 0-98 C lay p ipes b earing t he w ord ' P atent ' o n t hem . n os .

1 28

9 9103

1 37

2 7 2 8

1 24

A dverts r eproduced f rom T he T obacco T rade R eview f or t he P atents b y ( or c laimed b y) E . S outhorn , A . &D . P osener , a nd W . W hite & S on A dvert r eproduced f rom T he T obacco T rade R eview f or t he P atent b y A .A . P ercy C opies b ased o n t he o riginal s pecification d rawings o f P atents b y C harles C rop & S ons . n os . 1 04106

2 9 3 0

1 40 1 42 1 44

P .J . D avey P lan 1 D ensity o f p ipe d istributions a t N orton P riory

1 63

P lan 2 D istribution o f w ide-bore p ipes a t N orton P riory

1 65

P lan 3 D istribution o f n arrow-bore p ipes a t N orton P riory

1 65

1 2

U nmarked s eventeenth c entury b owls ( Nos. U nmarked s eventeenth c entury b owls ( Nos.

3

H eel-marked s eventeenth c entury b owls ( Nos. 1 9-26)

4

S eventeenth c entury s purred b owls s tamped o n f ront i n as emi-circular ' halo' f rame ( Nos. 2 8-34) S eventeenth c entury s purred b owls s tamped o n f ront i n as emi-circular ' halo' f rame ( Nos. 3 5-42)

5

1 -9) 1 018)

1 71 1 73 1 75 1 77 1 79

6

S eventeenth c entury s purred b owls, w ithout m akers

7 8

m arks ( Nos. 4 3-50) E arly e ighteenth c entury b owls ( Nos.51 57) E ighteenth c entury b owls ( Nos. 5 8-67)

1 81 1 83 1 85

9 1 0

N ineteenth c entury b owls ( Nos 6 8-75) N ineteenth c entury b owls ( Nos. 7 6-81)

1 87 1 89

1 1 2

D ecorated C hester S tems ( Nos. 8 2-85) D ecorated C hester S tems ( Nos. 8 6-88)

1 91 1 93

1 3 1 4

C hester a nd O ther D ecorated S tems ( Nos. 8 9-96) B owls a nd D ecorated C hester S tems ( Nos. 9 7104)

1 95 1 97

1 5 1 6 1 7

B owls a nd D ecorated C hester S tems ( Nos. D ecorated C hester S tems ( Nos. 13115) D ecorated C hester S tems ( Nos. 16119)

2 01 2 01 2 03

1 8

D ecorated S tems , M outhpieces , N ear-Mouthpieces ( Nos. 1 20145)

1 9 2 0

N orton V illage, P it G roup 1 ( Nos. 1 46155) N orton V illage, P it G roup 2 ( Nos. 1 56158) a nd S outh L ancashire B owls ( 159162)

2 1

N orton V illage, E ighteenth a nd N ineteenth C entury B owls ( Nos. 1 63169)

1 05112)

2 05 2 07 2 09 2 11

22

Twenty-two : Norton Village, marked or decorated stems (Nos. 170-177)

213

D. Barker 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Clay tobacco pipe makers in Newcastle-Under-Lyme in the 17th and 18th centuries Clay tobacco pipe makers in Newcastle-Under-Lyme in the 19th century Addresses in Newcastle-Under-Lyme at which pipemakers are listed Newcastle-Under-Lyme circa 1850 showing streets (in capitals) in which pipemakers are listed Marked Newcastle pipes: Charles Riggs, Types I-IVa. nos. 1-9 Marked Newcastle pipes: Ch arles Riggs, Types V-IX. nos. 10 -19 Marked Newcastle pipes: Ch arles Riggs, Types x-xv. nos. 20-29 Marked Newcastle pipes: Ch arles Riggs, Types XVa-XIX. nos. 30-40 Marked Newcastle pipes: Randle Baddeley nos. 41-50 Marked Newcastle pipes: Miscellaneous nos. 51-61 Some other marked pipes from North Staffordshire. nos. 62-70 Marked Potteries pipes. nos. 71-77 Some unmarked pipes with relief moulded decoration from North Staffordshire. nos. 78-89 Some unmarked pipes with relief mounted decoration from North Staffordshire. nos. 90-100 Some unmarked and decorated pipes from North Staffordshire. nos. 101-115 Some unmarked and undecorated pipes from North Staffordshire. nos. 116-130 Some unmarked and undecorated pipes from North Staffordshire. nos. 131-142

242 243 244 245 264 266 267 269 270 272 274 278 279 281 282 284 285

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Part Two D.A. Higgins 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Clay pipes from Leicester. nos. 1-17 Clay pipes from Leicester (nos. 18, 23-29) and county • (nos. 19-22) Clay pipes from Leicester. nos. 30-43 Unprovenanced pipes, and those from ou tside the county. nos. 44-58 Clay pipes from Elbow Lane, Leicester. nos. 59-87 " " " " nos. 88-102 " " " " nos. 103-135

292 294 296 297 299 301 303

S. Atkin & P . J. Davey l 2A 2B 3 4 5

Map of Norwich Location site of Site 301N St. Stephen's Street on 1885 O. S. Map Modern location plan of Site 301N Clay pipes from Site 301N , Norwich . nos . 1-12 Clay pipes from Site 301N, Norwich . nos . 13-20 Regression analyses for Bowl Height, Mouth Diameter and Stern-bore

310 310 310 312 314 318

D .J. Woodc,ock 1

2 3 4

Josiah W edgwood's black and white jasper cameo medallion (1) Indian Prince ( ?), Oriental M erchant ( ?), Tur k's Head (?) pipe, c. 1825- c. 1835 (2) Hensell's anti-slavery design- Moulds 1 & 2 (3 & 4) Hensell's anti-slavery design- Moulds 3 & 4 (5 & 6); Anti-slavery design by un known maker (7); Reeded design (8) Plain types 1-3 (9-1); Stern fragrrents (12-14)

326 328 330 332

D .A . Higgins 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Hernel Hempstead 1877, site location 27 George Street, location of trenches Pipes from 27 George Street, Hernel Hempstead. nos. 1-18 .Pipes from 27 George Street, Hemel Hempstead. nos. 19-34 Pipes from 27 George Street, Hemel Hempstead. nos. 35-49 Pipes from 27 George Street, Hemel Hempstead. nos. 50-63 Pipes from 27 George Street, Hemel Hempstead. nos. 64-76 Pipes from 27 George Street, Hemel Hempstead. nos. 77-95 Pipes from 27 George Street, and St. Albans Museum nos . 96-118 Pipes from the City Museum, St. Albans. nos. 119127 Pipes from the City Museum, St. Albans. nos. 128137 Pipes from St. Albans Museum and Hemel Hempstead. nos . 138-148

338 339 341 342 344 345 346 348 349 351 352 354

C . Tatman 1 2 3 4

Pipes •Pipes Pipes Pipes

nos. nos. nos . nos.

1-12 . c. 1610- c. 1680 13-24 . c. 1660- c. 1710 25-30e . c. 1700- c. 1790 31-39 . c. 1775- c. 1849

364 366 368 370

5 6 7 8 9 10

Pipes nos. 40-49. c. 1830Pipes nos. 50-58. c. 1840Pipes nos. 59-64. c. 1839Pipes nos. 65-72. c. 1860Pipes nos. 73-81. c. 1850Addenda Pipes. nos. 82-89.

c. c. c. c. c.

1860 1869 185o+ 190o+ 1910

374 376 378 380 382 384

E. & B. Jarzembowski 1 2

3

Single bar; Double bar; Triple bar; Five bar Cross or X (Nos. 1-7) Double bar crossed by a single bar; Double bar crossed by a double bar; X plus bar; X plus two bars; Two crosses/ Xs combined; Base stamp (Nos. 8-13) Rosette; Base stamp; Letter N; Letter S; Letter T; Letter W; Ribs; Platform with five holes; (Nos. 14-21)

390

392 395

R. Le Cheminant 1

The Dick Whittington Pipe

403

D.A. Higgins 1 2 3 4 5

Pipes from Brockham and Caterham. nos. 1-4 Pipes from the Old Wesleyan Chapel. nos. 5-19 Mr. A. Street's collection of Pipes. nos. 20-28 Darking Pipes including 1980 Excavation. nos. 29-40 Darking Pipes, 1981 Excavation. nos. 41-58

406 408 409 412 416

D.A. Higgins 1 7

Darking Tithe map showing the Thornton's Property after 1776 The Thornton's Family Tree

424 430

D.A. Higgins 1 2

Park House, Shepton Mallet, Plain Pipes and Wigcurlers. nos. 1-21 Park House, Shepton Mallet, Marked and Decorated Pipes. nos. 22-38

436 437

A. Grant & D. Jemnett Map 1 Map 2 1 2 3

4

North Devon Barnstaple Bond of Peter Takell William Thorne's Ad vertisement in the 'Exeter Flying Post' of 13th October 1853 ''For the Land of Gold" William Thorne's Advertisement in the 'Exeter Flying Post' of 12th January 1854 •�arnstaple Pipes for Ever!" John Seldon's Advertisements in the 'North Devon Journal'

442 444 446 464 465 466

5

Group I: Group

6

Group Group Group

7

Group Groop

8

Group

9

Group

10

Group

11

Groop Group

12

Group Group

13

Group Group

14

Groop Group

15

Group

16

Group

17

Group Groop

18

Group Group

19

Group Group

20

Group Group

Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 8. Nos. 1-8 II: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 20. Nos. 9-10 III: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 23. Nos. 11-12 IV: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 24. Nos. 13-16 V: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 29. Nos. 17-20 V: Barnstaple, Castle, 1974. Layer 29. Nos. 21-28 VI: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 30. Nos. 29-32 VI: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 30. Nos. 33-39 VI: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 30. Nos. 40--49 VII: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 31. Nos. 50-59 VII: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 31. Nos. 60-67 VIII: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 37. Nos. 68-69 IX: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 45. Nos. 70-75 X: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 45/47. (Interface) Nos. 76-82 XI: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 51. Nos. 83-87 XII: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 65. Nos. 88-93 XIII: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 66. Nos. 94-100 VIV: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 67. Nos. 101-103 XIV: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 67. Nos. 104-115 )�IV: Barnstaple Castle, 1974, Layer 67. Nos. 116-126 XIV: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 67. Nos. 127-135 XV: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 68. Nos. 136-138 XV: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 68. Nos. 139-143 XVI: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 69. Nos. 144-149 XVI: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 69. Nos. 150-151 XVII: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 72. Nos. 152-159 XVII: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 72. Nos. 160-162 XVIII: Barnstaple Castle, 1974. Layer 74. Nos. 163-170

490 490 492 492 492 494 494 496 497 498 500 500 502 502 504 504 506 506 507 508 510 510 512 512 514 514 515 515

2 1

G roup X IX : B arnstaple C astle, 1 974. L ayer 7 5/76. N os. 1 71-173

5 17

2 3

K iln F ragmen t: B arnstaple C astle , 1 974. L ayer 2 8 . N o. 1 74 G roup X X : H olland S treet, B arnstaple, 1 974. N os. 1 75186 G roup X X : H olland S treet , B arnstaple , 1 974.

2 4

N os. 1 87189 G roup X XI :Holland S treet ,Barnstaple ,1974 . N os. 1 90195 G roup X XI : H olland S treet , B arnstaple , 1 974 .

2 2

N os. 2 5 2 6 2 7

2 8

1 96-207

2 9

5 18 5 20 5 20 5 21

G roup X XI : H olland S treet , B arnstaple , N os. 2 08-219 G roup X XI : H olland S treet, B arnstaple, N os. 2 20-231 G roup X XI : H olland S treet , B arnstaple , N os. 2 32-233

1 974. 5 22 1 974. 5 24 1 974. 5 26

G roup XX II : H olland S treet , B arnstaple , N os. 2 34-240 G roup XX II : H olland S treet , B arnstaple , N os. 2 41-242 G roup X XIII : P aiges L ane , B arnstaple, N os. 2 43-251

5 17

1 974. 5 26 1 974. 5 28

1 974. 5 28

3 1

G roup XX III : P aiges L ane , B arnstaple , 1 974. N os. 2 52-253 G roup X XIV : J oy S treet , B arnstaple , 1 974. N os. 2 54-256 A ppendix l B T rinity S treet c ar p ark , B arnstaple , 1 981. N os. 1 -9 A ppendix IT h : S toke B eara , n ear B arnstaple. N os. 1 -9

3 2 3 3

A ppendix I lIB: O ld T apeley r ubbish d ump. N os. 1 -8 A ppendix I VB : W ater L ane , B arnstaple. N os. 1 11

5 36 5 38

3 4 3 5

A ppendix I VB : A ppendix I VB :

W ater L ane , B arnstaple. N os. 1 3-24 W ater L ane , B arnstaple. N os. 2 5-28 R iver T aw. N os. 2 9-32

5 39

3 6 3 7 3 8

A ppendix V B : A ppendix V B : A ppendix V IB :

L ower G orwell , B arnstaple. N os. 1 12 L ower G orwell , B arnstaple. N os. 1 319 S ticklepath , B arnstaple. N os. 1 11 S ticklepath , B arnstaple. N os. 1 2-23

5 42 5 44 5 45 5 46 5 48

3 0

5 29 5 29 5 33 5 34

5 40

3 9

A ppendix V IB:

4 0 4 1

A ppendix V IB : S ticklepath , B arnstaple. N os. 2 4-30 A ppendix V IIB: N orth D evon A thenaeum C ollection B arnstaple. N os. 1 12 A ppendix V IIB: N orth D evon A thenaeum C ollection ,

5 50

4 2

B arnstaple. N os. 1 117 A ppendix V IIB: N orth D evon A thenaeum C ollection , B arnstaple. N os. 1 8-26

5 51

4 3

5 52

E DITORIAL

T he n inth N umber o f t he A rchaeology o f t he C lay T obacco P ipe c ontains 1 6 a rticles c overing a v ariety o f c entres a nd p eriods i n E ngland .

g eneral t opics , p roduction a nd c onsumption G eneral p apers i nclude f urther d iscussion

o f t he l ife o f p ipe m oulds b y A drian O swald , a s uggested r ecording m ethod f or t he c urvature o f p ipe s tems b y D avid H iggins a nd t he f irst c omprehensive p ublication o f R egistered a nd P atented p ipes b y P eter H ammond . A lthough t his l atter d eals w ith e vidence f rom t he L ondon P atent O ffice i t h as w ider r elavence a s I rish , S cottish , G erman a nd F rench m akers a lso r egistered t heir d esigns i n L ondon . T his p aper w ill c arify m any o f t he o bscure m arkings o ften n oted o n f ragments o f n ineteenth c entury p ipes a nd a lso i ntroduce c lose d ating o f s ome s pecific t ypes . T he r est o f t he N umber c ontains p apers o n i ndividual c entres , s ites o r a reas w hich a re p resented r oughly i n n orth t o s outh o rder . T hey r ange f rom m ajor p apers o n N ewcastle-under -Lyme b y D avid B arker a nd B arnstaple b y A lison G rant a nd D avid J em i nett w hich c ombine d ocumentary a nd p ipe e vidence , t o t he s tudy o f e xcavated g roups s uch a s t hose f rom N orton P riory , N orwich ( Suzanne A tkin) o r H emel H empstead ( David H iggins) .

T he p roduction c entre s tudies

f ill

i mportant

g aps

i n o ur

k nowledge o f r egional v ariations a nd c hronologies . T hese a re v ital f or t he a ssessment o f g roups f rom a rchaeological s ites , a t w hich p ipes c an p rovide a s ensitive m easure o f t rading a nd m arketing c ontacts a s t hey v ary w ith t ime a nd s pace . D avid H iggins h as w ritten a n a ccount o f L eicester p ipes, d escribed s ome m ateria l f rom S hepton M allet , a s w ell a s g iving u s s ome f urther e vidence f or S urrey . F inally , m ore p ipes f rom L ondon a re i ncluded . R ichard L e C heminant d escribes t he f amous D ick W hittington P ipe , C oh n T atman p resents a f urther s ignificant g roup o f L ondon f inds a nd E d J arzembowski a nalyses t he p roblem o f t hose c urious i nternal b owl m arks . T he s tudy o f c lay p ipes i n B ritain a nd I reland m ay b e d escribed a s b eing i n a s econd s tage o f d evelopment . T he f irst s aw t hose m ajor s urveys o f t he f ield , i ts p roblems a nd p otential c arried o ut i n t he 6 0 's a nd 7 0 's b y O swald , A tkinson a nd o thers . T his s econd p hase i s a ttempting t o d efine , w ith s ome p recision , t he p roducts o f e ach m ajor c entre a nd t o d eal i n am ore s cientific way w ith t he p roducts o f e xcavations , w hich a re b ecoming i ncreasingly d irected t o t he s tudy o f p ost-medieval s ites a nd a ctivities . T he n ext B ritish v olume w ill b e s uch a f irst d etailed s urvey o f t he S cottish e vidence .

T his i s n ow i n t he f inal s tages o f p reparation .

A n I rish v olume

i s a lso p lanned. I t i s c lear f rom t his N umber i n w hich 1 ,394 i ndividual p ipes a re f igured , t hat t here a re s till l arge a reas o f E ngland a bout w hich l ittle i s k nown a nd f or w hich t here i s o nly i nadequate e xcavational e vidence . T he a mount o f n ew e vidence s till a ppearing i s a larming . T his l arge q uantity o f m aterial a nd t he s cale o f p ublication r equired a rgues s trongly f or a s pecialist J ournal o f p ipe s tudies , w hether B ritish o r I nternational . U ntil t his d evelops I a m p repared t o c onsider f urther p apers , o f t he s cope a nd q uality o f t hose

p resented h ere ,

f or a

f urther E nglish v ok ; ne.

T he t hird s tage o f c lay p ipe r esearch m ust s urely a ttempt t o g et s ome k ind o f o rder i nto a ll t he e vidence w e n ow h ave . T his m ust i nclude s ome k ind o f n ational o r i nternational m ark i ndex , a n a nalytic b ibliography a nd s ome k ind o f s tandardised , m achine b ased , i nformation s ystem f or n ew d ata .

W e s hould b egin t o s et o ur m inds t o t hese p roblems. I n t he p roduction o f t his N umber ,

Ia m v ery g rateful f or t he f orbearance

o f t he a uthors , s ome o f whom h ave e xperienced d elays d ue t o m y l ack o f e nergy a t t imes . Ia m v ery g rateful t o P auling S kipworth w ho h as h elped i n av ariety o f w ays , b oth e ditorial a nd a dministrative a nd w ithout w hom t his p ublication w ould h ave b een f urther d elayed . K ay L ancaster v ery k indly h elped w ith s ome f inal d rawings a nd P hilippa T omlinson n obly a ssisted w ith t he l atest s tage o f a dding c aptions a nd p age n umbers t o t he i llustrations .

P .J. D avey. L iverpool. S eptember 1 985.

2

O BITUARY :

t he

D R. I . C . W ALKER

T he d eath o f D r . l ain W alker f rom c ancer i n h is m id-forties h as r obbed a rchaeological w orld o f a n otable s cholar a nd a s pecialist o f

c onsiderable d istinction . l ain W alker w as e ducated i n E dinburgh a nd t ook h is M A a t t he U niversity o f E dinburgh . W hile t here h e c oncentrated o n B ritish a nd E uropean p rehistory u nder P rofessor P igott . H is u ndergraduate d issertation , af ield s tudy o f a g roup o f c airns i n n orth-east S cotland , w as o f s uch e xcellence t hat h e w as a warded t he C halmers-Jervise p rize o f t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f S cotland i n 1 965 a nd ' The C lava C airns' w as p ublished i n t heir P roceedings.

R ather

t han p ursue

a r esearch

c areer

i n p rehistoric

a rchaeology , l ain t ook u p ap ost a s s taff a rchaeologist a t t he f ortress o f L ouisbourg i n 1 962 a nd w orked i n t hat t axing e nvironment f or f our y ears b efore m oving t o O ttawa t o w ork i n t he R esearch D ivision o f t he N ational H istoric S ites S ervice . T his o ffice p rovided a c ongenial a tmosphere , a n e ncouragement t o s cholarship a nd a n o pportunity t o u nderstand t he w idespread n ature o f a rchaeological w ork o n C anadian H istoric S ites . W hile h e w as w ith t he S ervice h e w as p romoted t o H ead o f A rtefact R esearch i n 1 970 a nd c ould d evelop b oth h is p articular i nterests i n c lay p ipes a nd h is m ore g eneral c oncerns w ith t he r elationships b etween h istoric a rchaeology a nd s ocial h istory. T he s pecific i nterest i n c lay p ipes h as b orne f ruit i n an umber o f w ays : h e s tudied t he c lay t obacco p ipe i ndustry o f B ristol i n c onsiderable d etail , p resenting a d octorate t hesis t o t he U niversity o f B ath i n 1 973 a nd p ublishing h is m agnum o pus i n 1 977 ( ironically p ublished i n O ttawa r ather t han i n B ristol) ; h e u ndertook r esearch t ravel , w ith t he a id o f a C anada C ouncil F ellowship , t o s tudy c lay p ipe-making b y t raditional m ethods i n G ouda a nd i n t he W esterwald ; h e p ublished a s teady s tream o f a rticles o n p ipe-making , p ipe-makers a nd t he p ipes t hemselves . H e a lso s aw w ith c larity t he v alue o f p ipes a s c losely d atable a rtefacts a nd e xamined h ow t hey c ould a ssist i n a rchaeological r esearch i n N orth America a nd W est A frica , e nhancing a ny s tudy o f c olonial t rade . H is m ore g eneral c oncern w as w ith t he i ntegration o f a rtefact r esearch w ithin t he b roader f ield o f p ost-medieval , i ndustrial a nd ' historic ' a rchaeology . H e n ever l ost s ight o f t he d ictum t hat t he p roper s ubject f or a rchaeological s tudy i s n ot a rtefacts but m an , a nd t his i s p erhaps b est e xpressed i n h is e ntertaining a rticle ' Whither I ndustrial A rchaeology? ' ( 1 975) . T his q uest f or r esearch d irections a nd p riorities a nd h is e mphasis o n t he i nter-disciplinary r elationship o f a rchaeology t o t he p arallel b ut w ider f ields o f s ocio-economic h istory l ed l ain W alker t o m ove f rom A rtefact R esearch t o ap ost i n t he H istory D ivision o f t he N ational M useum o f M an i n 1 978 . S oon a fter h is m ove t o t he M useum h e w as e lected F SA b ut w as n ever a ble t o v isit B urlington H ouse t o b e f ormally a dmitted F ellow , a s h e h ad h oped t o d o . I ll-health i n t he l ast y ear o f h is l ife c louded w hat h ad b een ac hallenging ,

d eveloping a nd p roductive c areer .

3

D r . Walker w as a c lear , i ncisive a nd a musing s peaker , well a ble t o d evelop h is o wn a rguments a nd t o c riticise o thers b oth c onstructively a nd c haritably .

H e w as a f luent w riter ,

w idely r ead i n a n umber o f a reas a nd

s upreme i n h is c hosen t opic . H e w as a p erson o f m uch g enerosity t oward h is f ellow s cholars , t hough i ntolerant o f s lapdash m ethods a nd I ll-digested t hought . T he f ields o f p ost-medieval a rchaeology i n g eneral a nd c lay p ipes i n

p articular

w ill

b e

t he

p oorer

w ithout

h is

a dvice

a nd

l iterary

c ontributions.

L AWRENCE B UTLER D ept. o f A rchaeology T he U niversity o f L eeds.

4

O N T HE L IFE O F C LAY P IPE M OULDS A drian O swald

S ummary T he e vidence f or t he d uration o f t he u se o f a m ould r ests o n t he m aterial o f t he m ould , t he n umber i n u se b y a ny o ne m aker , t he c hanges o f s ignature b y d ifferent o wners b y a lteration t o t he m ould o r a dditional s tamps o n t he b owl a nd t he l ongevity o f o ut-moded s hapes i n d ated a rchaelogical g roups . C onsideration o f t hese f actors s uggests a n a verage m ould l ife o f 3 0 y ears e xtending e xceptionally t o 5 0 y ears .

I n

t he

d ating

o f

p ipes

b y

t ypology

t here

h as

a lways

b een

t he

p ossibility t hat t he m ould o f a ny o ne p ipe m ay h ave b een i n u se f or a l ong p eriod , p articularly i f t he m odel w as a p opular s tyle . I n l arge g roups o f p ipes t here a re s ometimes e xamples o f e arly t ypes m arching w ith m uch l ater o nes ( Figs . 2 , 3 , 4 ) a nd h ere i t i s c ustomary t o d ate b y t he l atest e xamples . B ut w here f ew o r s ingle p ipes r equire t o b e d ated t he m argin o f e rror f rom t he u se o f a n o ld m ould c an b e g reat. I n H olland D on I X ico ( 1) g ives e xamples o f t he d uration o f u se o f b rass m oulds : ( 1 )

A m ould m ade i n 1 767

w ife .

f or t he m arriage o f W illiam V a nd h is

I t w as a ltered i n t he 1 9th c entury a nd s harpening m ade t he

s tem a nd b owl o val . T he s tem w as s hortened f rom 3 9 t o 1 4 c ms . c . 1 850-70 a nd a m outhpiece f ashioned a nd t he h eel e nlarged . P ipes w ere m ade f rom t his m ould u ntil s ometime i n t he 1 920 's .

T he l ife

o f t he m ould w as t hus a bout 1 40 y ears . ( 2 ) A m ould w ith t he A rms o f H olland a nd G roningen A rms m ade a bout 1 800 w hich was a ltered t o as horter s tem w ith a b utton m outhpiece a bout 1 900 , ( 3 )

A m ould

t hus g iving a l ife o f a bout 1 00 y ears.

o f H endrik v an d er P ool

1 839-65 w hich w as

s till

u sed b y t he G oudewagen f actory a bout 1 900 t hus h aving a m in imum l ife o f 4 0 y ears. D üco f urther s tates t hat a fter s ome d egree o f u se , t he i ron p ins o f t he mould n eeded r eplacing a nd t his w ear c aused t he m ould t o c lose l ess a ccurately . I n t urn t his l oss o f a ccuracy c aused a m ore p ronounced m ould l ine n eeding f urther t rimming a nd i n t he c ase o f p ipes d ecorated o n t he b owl a d isplacement o f p attern b etween o ne h alf a nd t he o ther . E ventually t he p ins h ad t o b e r emoved a nd t he m ould h alves s harpened o n t he m aster l ead f orm t aken o f t he o riginal m ould . T his p rocess t ended t o m ake t he b owl a nd t he s tem o val . D oes t his D utch e vidence o f m ould l ife a pply t o B ritish p ipes? T he f actors i nvolved a re ( 1)

T he m aterial f rom w hich t he m oulds w ere m ade , i ron o nes w ould

5

o bviously l ast l onger t han b rass o r l ead . ( 2) T he n umber o f m oulds u sed b y a n y o ne m aker ; g reater t he r ate o f w ear .

t he f ewer t he

( 3) E vidence o f a lteration t o t he m ould a nd i n p articular t o a c hange o f t he l ettering o f t he m ark , i mplying a n ew o wnership a nd a l onger l ife. ( 4) E vidence o f s uch a c hange o f o wnership , a ddition o f ad ifferent m aker's i nitials.

i mplied b y

t he

( 5) E vidence f rom t he o utmoded s hapes s urviving i n a rchaeological g roups o f p ipes .

M aterials f rom w hich m oulds w ere m ade. T here a ppear t o b e n o e xtant p ipe m oulds i n B ritain e arlier t han t he 1 8th c entury . Y et m oulded p ipes s eem t o h ave b een m ade f rom a lmost t he s tart o f c lay p ipe u se i n t he 1 5 70 ' s a nd w ere c ertainly t he r ule b y t he e nd o f t he 1 6th c entury . T his i s n ot s urprising f or t here e x isted a t radition o f

m aking o bjects

f rom m oulds

a s f ar b ack a s A nglo—Saxon d ays .

O ne

m ay

i nstance t he c ast p ewter b rooches f rom t he C heapside h oard o f t he l ate 1 0th c entury ( 2) , t he f ine d etail o n p ewter c ruets o f t he 1 3th c entury f rom L udlow a nd W eoley c astles ( 3 ) , a nd t he w ell k nown l ead a nd p ewter p ilgrims b adges o f t he 1 4th a nd 1 5th c enturies . ( 4) S tone m oulds f or s uch o bjects a re i n m useum c ollections ( 5) , n or w ere s uch m oulds u sed m erely f or m etal w ork f or m oulded p ipeclay s tatuettes o f s aints a re r ecorded f rom t he 1 5th a nd 1 6th c enturies . ( 6 ) T hus t he t echnique f or m oulding t he e arliest p ipes w as a vailable . T he m aterial o f p ipemoulds i n B ritain i n t he 1 6th a nd 1 7th c entury i s n ot r eally k nown b ut B rass w as c ertainly t he m aterial u sed i n H olland f rom t he e arly 1 7th c entury u ntil l ate i n t he 1 8th a nd i t i s f irst m entioned i n E ngland i n 1 693 b y J ohn H oughton . ( 7) I t m ay w ell b e t hat b rass m oulds w ere n ot i n u se u ntil w ell o n i n t he 1 7th c entury s ince t he m anufactures o f b rass ( i .e .

c opper a nd z inc) a s a part f rom b ronze ( copper a nd t in) w as n ot

f ully

e stablished i n E ngland , u nder t he a uspices o f G erman c apitalists , . until t he e nd o f t he 1 6th c entury . ( 8) T he a bsence o f f ully d ecorated p ipe b owls i n t his c ountry i n t he 1 7th c entury ( which w ere f ashionable i n H olland) m ay b e d ue t o n ot u sing h ard m etal m oulds s uch a s b rass .

I t s eems t hat t here i s n o

f urther m ention o f b rass m oulds a fter H oughton u ntil 1 848 when U re i n t he ' D ictionary o f A rts ' s peaks o f ' B rass o r I ron m oulds h inged ' . ( 9) T here i s a b rass m ould o f J ohn G offord 1 840+ i n B everley M useum d epicting a s ailing s hip a nd a n a nchor . T here a re a n umber o f i ron m oulds o f t he 1 9th c entury e xtant b ut t he u se o f i ron f or a m ould p robably s tarted i n t he 1 8th c entury , p erhaps b etween 1 700 a nd 1 720 . I t w as a t t his t ime t ha t t he t ops o f b owls w ere c ut o ff w ith a k nife i nstead o f b eing t rimmed w ith a b utton a nd r ouletted b y h and . T he r culetted m illing r ound t he l ip c ertainly d isappears f rom m ost E nglish p ipes a t t his t ime a lthough i t c ontinues o n D utch e xamples . T his i mplies t he u se o f a n i ron m ould w ith a s lot i n t he t op s uch a s i s f ound o n a ll 1 9th c entury e xamples . T he f irm o f P ollock o f M anchester i ssued a d ouble c entenary p ipe i n 1 915 w hich w as a pparently m ade f rom a n i ron m ould o f 1 715 .(10) T here a re t hree v arieties r ound t he r im a pplied b y h and ,

6

a nother h as

r ouletting m ould i mparted a nd s till a nother i s o verstamped

i ndelibly E .R . C oronation 1 953 . I t w ould s eem t hat t he o riginal m ould w hich i s t hat o f at ypical l ong p ipe c . 1 3" o f t he e arly 1 8th c entury w as s horened a nd t hen h ad r ouletting f or t he l ip o f t he b owl e ngraved i nto i t . T in i s r eferred t o i n 1 685 when W illiam N eale w as a pprenticed t o W ililiam W oodford o f W est W ellow , H ants -(11) H e w as t o h ave a t t he e nd o f h is t ime

1 010 ,

d ouble a pparell a nd o ne m ould o f ' tinn ' t o m ake p ipes w ith .

W hether ' t inn ' i s i n f act t he m etal o r p ewter c annot b e e stablished b ut i t s hould b e n oted t hat t he i nventory o f t he p ipemaker N icholas H ambly o f T ruro i n 1 690 s peaks o f ac hamber p ot , c andlestick , c up , 3p lates a nd 5 p orage d ishes o f t yn a nd i n t he s ame d ocument r efers t o 1 8 s mall ' p utter ' d ishes ,

t hus

d istinguishing b etween t he

t wo m etals .

H is p ipe m oulds a re

m entioned b ut t he m aterial i s n ot s tated. O f o ther m etals t he m ention o f l ead i s f ound i n America f rom 1 772 o nwards ( 12) w hen A ust a t B ethabara , N . C arolina h ad t hree l ead m oulds . I n 1 817 a r eward o f 2d ollars w as o ffered f or i nformation o n ap ipe m ould m ade o f l ead a nd p lated w ith c opper , s tolen f rom t he w orks o f E dward T homas i n L ancaster , O hio . ( 13) A lso a t L ancaster Z uriel S wopes u sed l ead m oulds a bout 1 830 hit t hey p roved t oo s oft a nd w ere r eplaced w ith b lock t in . ( 13) A part f rom m etal t he o ther p ossible m aterial w as p ossibly w ood . c entury mould i n s ycamore w ith a k nife

s lot

i s

A 1 9th

f igured i n t he P into

C ollection o f T reen . ( 14) I n 1 906 C .E . B enham w riting i n t he E ssex C ounty S tandard s tates t hat t he l ast C olchester p ipemaker i n t he 1 9th c entury u sed moulds o f w ood . W ooden m oulds w ere u sed i n P oland i n t he l ate 1 7th c entury .

( 15)

I n B uckinghamshire f our m akers b etween c . 1 6801720 s igned

t heir n ames i n r elief i n m ould i mparted l etters o n t heir b owls . ( Fig . 1 . N o . 1 2) . T he l ettering s uggests p erhaps a w ooden m ould o r a t l east a v ery s oft m etal o ne .

( 16)

T he n umber o f m oulds u sed b y a ny o ne m aker U ntil l ate i n t he 1 7th c entury

t here s eems

t o b e

l ittle d ocumentary

e vidence o n t his p oint . B efore t he e nd o f t he 1 6th c entury t here w as c onsiderable d ifferentiation i n p ipe b owl s hapes a nd a lso i n l ength o f s tem ( 17) , i mplying t he u se o f m ore t han o ne m ould b y a m aker . D ocumentary e vidence o f t his d oes n ot e xist u ntil t he p ublication i n 1 668 o f H andle H omes ' ' Academy o f A rmour ' , m aterial f or w hich h ad b een c ollected f rom a bout 1 649 . p ipes ,

H e s peaks o f ' s euerail M olds f or s eurall f ashions a s L arke H eele f lat h eele p ipes , r ound b oils o r h ead , l ong b oils , l ong s hanks , m idle

s hanks o r e nds , w rought p ipes i n t he h ead a nd s hort s hanks o r e nds , s mooth p ipes , g leased p ipes . T he l ast t wo c ategories m ust r efer t o t he f inish ; s imilar t o t he D utch f ijne o r p olished p ipes a nd p orceleijne p ipes , s imilar t o t he f ijne b ut m ore c arefully f inished . ( 18) T hus H ome i ndicates e ight d ifferent s tyles o f m ould . T here a re s ome w ills a nd i nventories w hich g ive f urther d etails n amely : 1 663. 1 670

H ugh L yon o f W indle 3 v ises a nd 3 p airs o f m oulds £ 2 J ohn B arnard o f B od i nin h ad 3 p ipe m oulds v alue 1 0-?

I nv . W ill

1 671

J ohn F ox o f S palding h ad 6 p airs o f m oulds

Inv .

1 676 1 689 .

J ames R arford o f B oston h ad 5 p airs o f m oulds J ohn N evill o f P eterborough h ad 8 p airs o f m oulds

I nv. I nv .

7

l ate

1 691. 1 709

L awrence M oseley o f N orwich h ad 5 m oulds v alue £ 3 J oshua B illing o f R ainford h ad 3 p airs o f m oulds

Inv . Inv .

1 727

W illiam A rtwell o f A rundel h ad 2 p airs o f s crews

Inv .

a nd m oulds. 1 787 T he S alisbury J ournal o f 2 5th M ay a dvertised t he s ale o f t he W illiam B rown 's h ouse i n F rench S t . , S outhampton w ith s tock a nd 1 0

p airs o f m oulds . B rown r ecorded f rom 1 753-87 h ad a S un I nsurance p olicy f or £ 200 i n 1 772 w hich w as t he a verage a mount f or p ipemakers.

l ong

-

A greement o f t he B ristol G uild l imited t he s ize o f p ipes t o f ive ; 1 6" h eel t o p oint , D utch 1 4" , J a i nayca 1 3" , P enned h eels a nd G auntlets

11 4 " a nd V irginia 8 " . A ll m oulds w ere t o b e s hortened a ccordingly t o c onform w ith t hese f ive s izes . ( 19) I n 1 727 t he i nventory o f H enry H oar o f B ristol l ists 1 0 m oulds i n h is e ffect ; 1F ine M ould

v alue 1 2/

1D utch M ould

9 /

1P icked h eel

1 0/

1G auntlet

6 /6

1J amaica

6 /

2V irginia

£ 1

2P icked

1 2/

1V irginia M ould H eel

8 /

H oar w as m aster o f t he B ristol C ompany i n 1 716 a nd p resumably w ould h ave m ore m oulds t han t he a verage m ember . ( 20) T he B ristol P ipemakers B ook

c arried a n a dvertisement i n 1 799 o f

p rices: ( 21) L ong P ipes g lazed 5 /

u nglazed 4 /6 p er g ross I '

"

3 /6

3 /

"

3 /

2 /6

( These p resumably a re p rices f or d ifferent l engths)

C ommon L ong P ipes

1 /8 p er g ross

S hort p ipes f or

1 /4 a nd 1 /2 p er g ross

( presumably g lazed a nd u nglazed)

1 /4 ,

( These p resumably 2 d ifferent l engths

W . I ndia m arkets S hort p ipes f or

1 /3 ,

1 /2 a nd 1 / p er g ross

A mer ican m arkets

S hort p ipes f or I rish a nd S panish

g lazed a nd u nglazed) 1 /3 ,

1 /2 a nd 1 / p er g ross

( presumably d ifferent l engths)

m arkets A nd p ipes m ade e xactly t o p atterns f or A frica o r a ny o ther m arket.

8

T his l ist i mplies 1 0 m oulds i n u se a part f rom s pecial o nes .

T he s tock

b ook o f C aleb W ilson mr . o f S underland i n 1 821 q uotes 7 t ypes o f p ipes v arying i n l ength f rom 2 2" t o 8 " a nd f rom 9 / p er g ross t o 1 /4.(22) A n i nvoice o f J a n s C olhoun o f G lasgow f or 1 8th J uly 1 699 l ists 7 b arrels a nd o ne h oghead o f T obacco p ipes s hipped o n b oard t he R ising S un f or t he S cottish D arien C ompany a nd i ncludes 8 d ifferent k inds o f p ipe v iz; N o 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ;

2 2 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 4

1 09 G ross S hort C aledonian

1 2D C r £ 5-9-0

6 ; 1 4 7 ; 1 4 a nd 1H ogshead N o. 8 .

=

2 0 C ross L ong D itto 8C asks t o p ack t hem i n C arriage t o t he b oat

G r/ £ 2-0 -0 1 2-0 1 -6

8 -2-6

T hus f rom d ocumentary s ources w e h ave a m aximum o f 8m oulds p er m aker i n t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 7th c entury a nd o f 1 0 f or t he 1 8th c entury. S ome o ther e vidence i s a vailable f rom t he p ipes i dentified w ith m akers . T hese g ive a p icture o f t he n umber o f m oulds e mployed a s s hown o n t he T able b elow . T his m ay m erely r eflect t he s uccess o f d ifferent l ines b y a m aker b ut t he m ultiplicity o f t ypes u sed b y s ome m akers u p t o c . 1 680 s eems m ore l ikely t he r esult o f h eavy m ould w ear d ue t o t he e mployment o f s oft m ould m aterial . T he r eduction o f t he n umbers i n t he 1 8th c entury s eems t o b e p art o f a d eliberate p olicy , e .g . t he B ristol M ould a greement but p robably a lso r eflects t he u se o f i ron m oulds,

T able

l asting l onger .

o f p robable m akers u sing 7 o r m ore

m oulds a s i ndicated b y t he

d ifferent p rofiles o f t he p ipes

P lace M aik

N o. o f M oulds

C . 1 5901620

L ondon W B i ncuse

1 6

c . 1 620-50

L ondon. P C r elief

1 0

D ate r ange

W S

‚ I

ncus e B ristol. R B i t i f E L i

1 0 1 8 1 9( min)

9

M aker s uggested

? Wm . B achelor.

( 1) s igned 1 619 C harter P eter C ornish . s igned 1 634 C harter W i n . S terridge 1 634 C harter R ich. B erriman 1 619-52 E dward L ewis 1 631-52

T ABLE 1 c ontd.

D ate r ange

P lace M ark

N o. o f

M aker s uggested

M oulds

c . 1 640-70

1 6501700

C hester. A L r elief Y ork A B r elief B ristol F H i ncuse G lasgow I C r elief H ull R B r elief B roseley R L e tc. r elief B ristol L E i ncuse R 1

1 700-30

E L r elief L ondon A A r elief N ottingham W S C oventry I P

o f

B ristol H E a nd f ull

1 9

A . L ancton ( 1657-64 A braham B oyes ( 1) 1 645-70 F lower H unt. 1 651-72 8 J an s C oihoun 1 668-95 obt. B urrill 1 6831724 1 2 ( min) R 1 5 ( mm ) R ich . L egg ( 2) 1 651 ( b)1714

1 5( min) 1 0

( ob) 8 ( mm ) L luellin E vans 1 661-88 1 6 ( n u n) R ichard N onney 1 6521713 7 E d L ewis ( 2) 1 678-1722 9 A . A ndrews 1 6941716 7 W m . S efton 1 702-29 1 0 J ohn P ettifer. 1 710 ( s . 8

a pprentice) H enry E dwards 1 6991731

n ame l i l T E R a nd f ull

1 0 1 3

H enry H oar 1 6991728 E dward R eed. 1 706-34

1 730-60 1 720-80

n ame 4 B rent f ord. W H r elief 1 8 B ristol G E a nd f ull

1 7801820

n ame B ristol S R r elief

1 0

S am . R ichards ( 2) O r ( 3) 1 77418 17

P ortchester

1 3

J ohn F rost ( 2) 1 80914

W m . H eath. 1 723-63 G eo . E bbery 1 721-85

( Children b apt.) 1 820-50 1 805-76

N orthampton F S r elief 9 L ondon , B alme f amily 1 6

F . S treet. 1 824-50 ( ob). T homas 1 805-45 , 3m oulds I ' P aul 1 832-66 I '

1 8561904 E dinburgh . C hristie 1 68 c . 1 912 M anchester . H ollands286 1 955 E dinburgh . W hites 2 000

E vidence o f a lteration t o m oulds

W illiam 1 856-61 G eorge 1 867-76 7 m oulds W m . C hristie 1 856-1904 F irm o perating 1 8711940 I t 1 8051955 i f

it

F ig. I . ( nos 1 , 2 , 3 )

T he i ncorporation o f m aker 's n ames o r i nitials i n t he m ould i s f irst f ound a bout 1 690 i n t he B uckingham a rea w hen f our m akers , S amuel B enbow 1 6841709 ( 3 p ipes f rom S toney S tratford a rea a nd o ne i n I spwich M useum) , W illiam B enbow ( pipe N orthants c . 1 680-90 ,

i n B edford M useum) , J ohn G eis ( pipe f rom S yresham , a nd a nother a t S toney S tratford) , a nd G eorge W eaver

1 693-4 A ylesbury ( pipe f rom W inslow) s igned t heir p ipes i n r elief v ertically o n t he s ides o f t he b owl . ( fig . 1 . N o . 1 2) S ince p revious m arks w ere m ade w ith s tamps o f v arious k inds a ny a lteration w ould o ccur o n s uch s tamps a nd n ot o n t he m oulds a nd i n f act a re n ot f ound , s ince t he o bvious c ourse would h ave b een t o c hange t he s tamp . M ould m ark a lterations a re r are , p ossibly

1 0

b ecause t hey w ere s o w ell d one a s n ot t o b e v isible o n t he p ipes . T hree s uch c hanges a re i llustrated o n F ig . 1 . i ndicating a m ould l ife o f t hirty t o f orty y ears. O thers h ave b een i llustrated o r n oted a s f ollo ws : B rentford , E /H a ltered t o D /C ( or p ossibly C /C) . O f m akers i n t he L ondon a rea E dward H enwood o f L imehouse b aptised a d aughter i n 1 743 a nd D aniel C rabb o f C lerkenwell t ook a n a pprentice f or £ 20 i n 1 723 , a re t he o nly p ossibilities a t p resent k nown . T his a lteration c ame f rom W illiam H eath 's k iln a nd f our d uplicates f rom t he e xcavation o f t he s urrounding a rea . p ipes d ecorated w ith B acchus o n ab arrel o ccupied t he f ill 1 764-70 . T he p ipe i tself w ould d ate t o c . 1 730-40 s o t he h ave b een 4 0 y ears . ( A . L aws a nd A . O swald . ' The K iln o f o f t he C lay T ob . P ipe , B .A .R . B rit . S er . 9 7 v ol V I. F ig . 3 2). A lso f rom H eath 's k iln C /D a ltered t o W /P .

D /C

o f t he k iln d ated m ould l ife m ight Wm . H eath . ' A rch 1 0 N o . 1 7 a nd p .

T he l atter m ark c ould b e

Wm . P earce 1 733-74 o f B ristol b ut a L ondon o utvoter i n 1 754 .

C /D c ould

p ossibly b e D aniel C rabb ( letters i n n on n ormal p osition o n s ides o f t he s pur . I f s o a nd a ssuming P earce l eft L ondon c . 1 770 t he m aximum m ould l ife w ould b e 5 0 y ears . T he s hape o f t he p ipe w ould f it a d ate c . 1 720-40 . ( Laws a nd O swald a s a bove F ig .

1 1 . N o .

2 8) .

S ussex . F ollowing e xamples g iven P ipes a nd p ipemakers' 1 977. A ppendix D .

b y p .

D .R . 2 3.

A tkinson

' S ussex C lay T ob .

W/A W illiam A rtwell 1 6931727 ( ob) l arge l etters n early o bliterating s mall o nes ( Fig . 4 . N o . 5 ) . T he p ipe d ate m ust b e c . 1 710-30 s o t he m ould l ife c annot b e m ore t han a bout 2 0 y ears. J ames B arrington 1 8621910 p ut B arrington/Brighton o n t he b ack o f a b owl w hich h ad t he i nitials J /D o n t he s pur o riginally w ith a n H e ngraved o ver t he J . J ohn D rape o f B righton c eased w ork i n 1 867 a nd t his p ipe d ates t o a bout 1 850 s o a m ould l ife o f a bout 5 0 y ears i s p ossible . O ther p ipes b y B arrington h ave J /H o n t he s pur , t he H e ngraved o ver K a nd t races o f J . K EMP/GREENWICH m oulded i n r elief o n t he s tem . K emp h as n ot b een t raced a t G reenwich b ut a J . K emp w as w orking a t M anchester i n 1 828 . P ipe d ates a bout 1 860 a nd a m ould l ife o f 5 0 y ears s eems p ossible . H /B o ver 11W H enry B artlett o f B righton w orking 1 841-51 u sing a m ould o f J ohn W inter w orking a t L ewes 1 832-34 t hus g iving a p ossible m ould l ife o f 3 0 y ears. S toney S tratford . B edford ( ob 1 721) a nd

W /W t o W /B o n a p ipe c . 1 720 p erhaps Wm . W est o f Wm . B rown o f t he s ame 1 720-32 when h e t ook a n

a pprentice . B rown c ould h ave w orked u ntil c . 1 750 a nd a m ould l ife o f a bout 5 0 y ears i s t herefore p ossible. ( v . n ote 1 7. P l 4 . N o. 1 5) S urrey P ipe .

B .A .R .

D . H iggins ' Surrey C lay T ob . P ipes . ' B rit .

S er .

9 7 .

v ol V I

p p .

A rch . o f t he C lay T ob .

1 89-290 i llustrates w hat a ppear t o

b e a ltered m arks b ut d oes n ot s pecify t han a s s uch . e .g . F ig . 8N o . 7 . p erhaps G /H a ltered t o G /O a nd p erhaps F ig . 3 1. N o. 1 2. p ossibly L /H t o J /H. I f t he i dentification o f t he m akers i s c orrect t hen t he m ax imum l ife o f a ny o ne m ould w ould s eem t o h ave b een n ot m ore t han 5 0 y ears . T he p eriod c overed b y t hese a lterations i s t he 1 8th a nd 1 9th c enturies w hen i ron m oulds

1

w ere i n u se .

A s horter l ife m ight t herefore b e e xpected f or m oulds i n a

s ofter m etal . A part f rom t he a lteration o f t he i nitials t here i s s ome o ther e vidence o f a l ong l ife i n m oulds .

T he o vality n oted b y D üco i s o ften q uite m arked

i n c ollections o f s tems o f t he 1 8th c entury a nd o n b owls o f t he l atter p art o f t hat c entury a nd t he b eginning o f t he n ext . T he d isplacement o f p attern o n s ome

d ecorated b owls c an s ometimes b e s een b ut i n a ll t hese c ases a nd

a lso i n t he m atter o f w orn p atterns a n e stimate o f t ime i s n ot p ossible . B ut i t s hould b e n oted t hat s ome o f H enry L eigh 's P ortchester p ipes m ade i n 1 932 w ere f rom m oulds a h undred y ears e arlier . ( 23)

E vidence o f ac hange i n o wnership A part f rom t he a lteration o f i nitials i n t he m ould , c hange o f o wnership c an b e s hown b y t he i mpressing o f d ifferent i nitials o r n ames o n t he b ack o f t he b owl , l eaving t he m oulded i nitials i ntact o n t he s pur o r m oulded c artouche . T his p ractice m ay b e s een o n b owls o f B ristol o rigin e arly i n t he 1 8th c entury. I n F ig . 1 . N o . 8h as o n t he b ack o f t he b owl t he i ncuse i nitials H H , p robably o f H enry H oar w orking 1 699 t o 1 739 a nd o n t he s ide i n a m oulded c artouche R . T eppot r eferring p robably t o R obert T ippet ( 2 ) working 1 678 t o a bout 1 720 . H oar w as a n a pprentice o f T ippet a nd t he p ipe d ates t o a bout 1 700 , s o a m ould l ife o f 3 0-40 y ears i s p ossible . N o . 9 w ith t he i ncuse i nitials R T h as t he c artouche o f L luellin E vans w ho w orked f rom 1 660 t o a d ate b etween 1 693 a nd 1 698 . T he p ipe s hape m ight p ossibly b e a s e arly a s 1 680 b ut 1 690 i s m ore l ikely . T he R T i nitials c ould b e t hose o f R obert T ippet ( 2) . S o am ould l ife o f 3 0-40 y ears i s a gain i ndicated . N o . 1 1 w ith t he i ncuse i nitials E R a nd t he c artouche E vans w ith a n a nchor may p robably b e r eferred t o E dward R eed 1 706-34 a nd Master o f t he B ristol C ompany i n 1 715 . E vans 1 700 .

T he E vans

c artouche h as b een c onsidered

t hat

o f

I saac

1 6991712 a nd M aster i n 1 710 . T he p ipe b y t ypology d ates t o a bout H ere a gain a m ould l ife o f a bout 3 0 y ears s eems l ikely .

I n t he 1 9th c entury t hese o wnership c hanges w ere s ignalled b y i mpressing t he n ame a nd o ften t he p lace o n t he b ack o f t he b owl . F ig . 1 . N o . 4 . i s a n e arly i nstance o f t his p ractice w here W ebb h as b een i mpressed o n t he b ack o f ab owl w ith m oulded M /S i nitials . T he b owl i s o f aL ondon t ype f ound i n d eposits o f c . 1 770-90 ( e .g . B edford S q .) . T he o nly maker r ecorded s o f ar i n L ondon w ith t he i nitials M /S i s M ark S tone w ho b aptised a c hild a t S outhwark i n 1 727 ; h e m ay p ossibly h ave b een t he s ame M ark S tone w ho b ecame a pprenticed t o R obert T ippet ( 2) a t B ristol i n 1 714 , a nd w ho w as p resumably b orn a bout 1 704 . H e w ould t herefore b e a bout 6 0-70 w hen t his m ould w as m ade , but t here a re a n umber o f c ases o f l ong l ived p ipemakers . W ebbs w ere m aking p ipes i n L ondon f rom 1 686 a nd t his m ark c ould r elate t o G eorge(l) 1 805 28 , J ames ( 2) 1 805 o r P aul 1 80511 . A ll w ere m embers o f t he L ondon C ompany . T his w ould g ive a p ossible l ife s pan f or t he m ould o f a bout 5 0 y ears , m ore t han t he o ther e xamples s hown o n F ig . 1 . I t c an b e s aid t hat o wnership c hanges a re n ot v ery h elpful i n d etermining m ould l ife .

S urvival o f o ld s hapes f ashioned i n d ated a rchaeological c ontexts. I n m ost g roups o f p ipes f rom d ated c ontexts t here a re o ften a f ew o r j ust t he o dd o ne t hat t ypologically a re e arlier t han t he g roup .

1 2

T heir

p resence m ay b e d ue t o a s lip i n s tratigraphy ,

o r a r esidue o f r ubbish o f

t imes p ast o r , a s i n t he c ase o f s tock o f a b usiness , t hings f orgotten i n , ( perhaps) , a c ellar . ( 24) T hey m ay i ndeed r epresent t he c ontinued u se o f a n o ld mould t o m ake a p ipe o f ap opular d esign o r e ven f or a s pecial p urpose . F igs . 2 , 3a nd 4 s how g roups w ith s uch s urvivals . I f o ld m oulds a re r esponsible f or t hese o ut d ated s hapes t hen t heir u se o ver 5 0-70 y ears i s i mplied .

I t w ould b e t edious t o i nstance a ll s uch g roups b ut s ome t hat

h ave b een i llustrated e lsewhere m ust b e m entioned : M artins H undred , V irginia . 4p ipes f rom t he g rave o f av ictim o f t he 1 622 m assacre i nclude o ne v ery s mall t ype 3 G p ipe w hich s hould d ate t o c . 1 5801610 . ( 25) D ated b y a v ictim o f t he s ame m assacre a p it ( CGER 4 115 , s ite H ) c ontained a gain t hree v ery s mall p ipes w hich w ould n ormally b e d ated n ot l ater t han 1 600 . ( 26) N oel F l ume , t he e xcavator , s uggested t hat t hese w ere i ntended f or c hildren s ince t he a vailability o f t obacco i n V irginia w ould h ardly c all f or i mporting p ipes o f s uch s mall c apacity . B ut t he n umbers o f s mall c apacity p ipes f rom L ondon a nd e lsewhere i n B ritain a ll p robably d ating p rior t o 1 600 s urely e xcludes t he c hild t heory , b ut m ight p erhaps i nclude w omen . I f s uch p ipes w ere m ade f or t he f emale s ex t heir c ontinued m aking f rom s mall m oulds m ight w ell e xtend t o c . 1 620 v ictim o f t his m assacre d ating t his p it w as f emale) . P ossibly , t oo , s mall p ipes w ere u sed w hen s moking a p articularly v irulent t obacco o r o ther s ubstance , b ut t he m ost l ikely e xplanation i s t hat t hese p ipes

t han ( the s uch s ome w ere

d eliberately m ade a s m iniatures ( 29). A t a ll e vents h ere i s s ome e vidence o f t he l ife o f at ype o f m ould l asting a p ossible 3 0 y ears. F igs. 2 , 3a nd 4 i llustrate g roups f rom L ondon , O xford a nd E xeter w hich a gain d isplay s ome e vidence o f s hape s urvival c overing a m aximum o f 7 0 y ears .

S ome o f t he p ublished g roups f rom C hester ( 27) s how s imilar r anges

w ith a m aximum o f a bout 4 0 y ears . A n u npublished g roup f rom e xcavations a t S hedfield H ouse , R ants w ith a c losing d ate o f c . 1 770 ( Dr W all W orcester p orcelain) c ontained a s tem o f ap ipe b y J ohn E dmonds w orking c . 1 725-55 a nd o ther b owls o f s purred S outhern t ypes c . 1 740 . I t m ust b e a dmitted t hat n one o f t hese g roups i ndicate a m ould l ife o f m uch m ore t han 5 0 y ears o n b alance a nd u sually t he s hapes f all w ithin a b racket o f s ome t hirty y ears .

F ig. 1 . A ltered M arks. ( 1)

W/T a ltered t o A /T .

Maker W/T u nknown .

A /T c ould b e T homas

A bbott o f B anbury 1 833-5 i f t he n ormal h abit o f m arking t he s urname o n t he r ight h and s ide o f t hew s pur w as i gnored f or t he r eason t hat t he o bliteration o f a n a rm o f t he W w as e asier t han t he c onversion o f T . t o A . D ate o f t he p ipe p robably c . 1 800-20 f or t he b ase m ould l ine w as r emoved . M ould l ife p erhaps 4 0 y ears. ( 2) Mould i mparted aB ristol t ype o f m ark . B ristol

O xford E xcavations. c artouche m ark I E a ltered t o I H . T his i s P ossibly J oseph E dwards ( 2) o f T emple P arish

1 7741823 w ho i s k nown t o h ave e xported t o I reland .

J ohn H arris o f t he s ame p arish , M ould l ife p erhaps 4 0 y ears.

f ree 1 782 .

C ork E xcavations.

1 3

I H p ossibly

D ate o f p ipe c . 1 780-1820 .

4

7

F ig. 1 :

E vidence o f a lteration t o N oulds. N os. 1 -12.

1 4

( 3)

? R/E a ltered t o R IP .

R /E u nknown .

R /P p robably R obert P attison

o f G ould S t . B ermondsey w ho t ook a S un A ssurance f or £ 400 i n 1 755 . p ipe c .

1 730-40 .

D ate o f

M ould l ife p erhaps 3 0 y ears.

C hanges o f O wnership. ( 4)

W ebb i ncised o n t he b ack o f

t he b owl ,

M /S m oulded o n t he s pur .

T he o nly p ossible M S k nown m ight b e M ark S tone ( b .c . 1 704) a pprenticed t o R obert T ippett ( 2) o f B ristol i n 1 714 a nd t aken o ver b y K atherine A bbott i n 1 718 . H e may w ell h ave b een t he M ark S tone whose s on N athaniel w as b aptised i n S outhwark i n 1 727 . P ipe d ate i s c . 1 770-80 w hich w ould m ean a w orking l ife f or S tone o f s ome 5 0 y ears , a l ife p aralleled b y o ther m akers e .g . W illiam H eath o f B rentford w orking f rom 1 723-4 t o 1 763-4 . W ebb m ay h ave b een P aul , G eorge o r J ames w orking i n W estminster 1 805-28 a nd p robably b efore .

M ould l ife p erhaps a m aximum o f 5 0 y ears .

( 5)

I . W ild i ncised o n t he b ack o f t he b owl ,

C heminant C oil . B /W m oulded o n t he s pur .

J oseph W ild o f H orsley D own b aptised a d aughter i n 1 809 . B /W u nknown . D ate o f p ipe c . 1 820-50 . P ossible m ould l ife o f 5 0 y ears. K ew S ewage W orks. ( 6) L ongworth i ncised o n t he b ack o f t he b owl , W /S o n t he s pur . C . L ongworth w orking a t E arl 's C ourt i n 1 854 a nd B attersea 1 862 . W /S p ossibly W illiam S wann , a n a ssistant o f t he C ompany i n 1 821 , s ince t he p ipe d ate i s c . 1 820 , b ut t here a re o ther p ossibilities . Mould l ife 3 0-50 y ears . C heminant C oll . ( 7)

WA I pswich i ncised o n t he b ack o f t he b owl ,

1 /W m oulded o n t he

s pur . P robably W ebster A dams ( 3) 1 787-1853 . o b . IN c ould b e J ohn W oodward o f I pswich 1 797 ( b) 1 870 ( ob ) w ho r an A dams P ipe o ffice a fter h is d eath but m ore l ikely J ohn W enham o f S tow i narket 1 802 ( b ) 1 862 , w orking c . -

-

1 820-60 .

P ipe d ate c . 1 820-40 .

M ould l ife 3 0-40 y ears.

I pswich M useum .

( 8) M ould i mparted c artouche R . T EPPETT , H H i ncised o n t he b ack o f t he b owl . B ristol P ipe , R . T ippett ( 2) 1 678-1722 . H enry H oar h is a pprentice . F ree i n 1 699 d ied b etween 1 728 a nd 3 9 . P ipe d ate c . 1 700-20 . M ould l ife p ossibly 3 0 y ears . ( 9) b owl .

P ort R oyal .

M ould i mparted c artouche . L . E vans . R T i ncised o n t he b ack o f t he L luellin E vans o f B ristol w as F ree i n 1 660 , ' h is w ill w as p roved i n

1 688 a nd h e w as d ead b y t hen ' . R obert T ippett ( 2) a bove w as h is a pprentice . T he d ate o f t he p ipe m ust b e c . 1 680-90 b y r eason o f s hape a nd t he c artouche m ark a nd m ust h ave b een m ade l ate i n E vans ' l ife . T ippett c learly t ook o ver h is o ld m aster 's m ould , b ut o f c ourse t he R T m ark c ould b e t hat o f R . T ippett ( 3) F ree 1 713-1716 ( ob) . Mould l ife p robably a bout 3 0 y ears . W hitson a nd R osemary S t . B ristol . ( 10) s pur .

J . Smith .

P ort R oyal .

E ton i ncised o n t he b ack o f t he b owL , 1 1W o n t he

S mith w as w orking a t E ton 1 872-1903 .

1 /W p robably W alsh o f E ton 1 846

( D ir) who m ay b e t he J ohn W alsh r ecorded i n S t . C u es p arish , R eading i n 1 827. P ipe d ate c . 1 860-70. M ould l ife p erhaps 4 0 y ears. C heminant C oll. ( 11)

M ould i mparted c artouche E vans E R i ncised o n t he

b ack

o f

t he

b owl . E vans h as b een a ttributed t o I saac , F ree o f B ristol 1 699 , w ill p roved 1 712 , M aster o f t he C ompany 1 710 . E R p robably E dward R eed . 1 706-44 , M aster 1 715. P ipe d ate c . 1 70010. M ould l ife 3 0-40 y ears. B ristol M useum .

1 5

A

B

C

F ig . 2 :

S urvival o f o ld f ashioned s hapes i n d ated a rchaeological c ontexts .

A —C. 1 6

M ould i mparted n ames o n t he b owl. ( 12)

a .

G eorge W eaver. F rom W inslow.

b .

J ohn G eies.

C hen ilnant C oll.

S yresham ( between B rackley a nd B uckingham)

N either o f t hese m akers a re r ecorded b ut t his s tyle o f m arking i s a f eature o f t he B ucks , B eds a nd N orthants a rea ( e .g . S amuel B enbow 1 6841709 S toney S tratford) . T hese p ipes , t ypologically , f all w ithin a b racket 1 6701 700.

T he l ettering s uggests a w ooden m ould.

F ig. 2 . A .

P it N .S. 7 3. C AA .

E xeter E xcavation

T he l argest p ipe i s a n E xeter t ype w hich s urvives i nto t he 1 8th c entury ( see F ig . 3 . F .) . T he i ncuse I R m ark o n L ondon p ipes o f t he e arly 1 7th c entury i s w ell k nown a nd m ay h ave b een t he m ark o f J ohn R osse w ho s igned t he 1 619 a nd 1 634 C harters o f t he L ondon C ompany o f w hich h e w as t he M aster . G W i s a n u nknown m aker b ut t he t ype o f p ipe i s l ocal a nd l asts f rom a bout 1 640 t o 1 680 . T he r emaining p ipe i s a c ommon E xeter t ype m ake f rom a bout 1 690 i nto t he 1 8th c entury. T he d ate r ange o f t he g roup i s p erhaps a m aximum o f 6 0 y ears f rom a bout 1 630-90 . B .

E R 157.

F rom t he C entral C riminal C ourt. L ondon . M us. L ondon.

A ssociated w ith a f luted D elft p late a nd g lass b ottles d ateable t o 1 645-65 . T he l atest p ipe i n t he g roup ( 1 ) i s t he c ylindrical b owl t ype ( 17G) w hich b egins i n L ondon a nd N orwich a bout 1 665 . T he p ipe m arked W I i n r elief i n a s hield a nd w ell p olished m ay h ave b een m ade b y W illiam J effes who s igned t he 1 619 C harter . A c omplete p ipe w ith t his m ark m easures 8 1 /4" a nd i s i n t he M useum o f L ondon . J effes i s u nlikely t o h ave b een m anufacturing m uch a fter 1 640 .

T he p ossible m aximum d ate r ange f or

t he g roup i s t hus a bout 1 620-70 . C .

P it

a t B ankside P ower S tation w ith D elft a nd M etropolitan s lipware c .

1 650-70. The l atest p ipe i s t hat m arked hR c rowned , w ith t he t op b utton f inished a nd m ust d ate c . 1 700-20 . P erhaps t he e arliest i s t hat m arked G B o n t he s tem a bout 1 650-60 , p ossibly t he p roduct o f G eroge B aldwin w ho h ad a c hild b aptised i n S outhwark i n 1 667 . T he p ipe m arked A /A H orizontally c ould b e a n e arly e xample c . 1 680 o f A rthur ( Anthony) A ndrews 1 6941716 ( see F ig . 4G roup G .).

T he d ate r ange o f t he g roup i s t hus c . 1 6501720.

F ig. 3 . D.

O xford E xcavations.

T his g roup c ontained t hree m arks a ll o n t he s tem ; a s quare m ark o f J ohn B radley o f B roseley n ot l ater t han c . 1 730 ; t hat o f T homas W iddows o f M arlborough p robably l ies w ithin t he p eriod c . 1 720-50 f or h e t ook a n a pprentice i n 1 718 ;

t he m ark o f as pread e agle o r s wan w ith t wo n ecks o n a

h eavy s tem o ccurs o n an umber o f p ipes f rom t hese e xcavations a nd t he m aker m ay w ell b e l ocal . T he l atter p ipe a nd t hat o f W iddows w ere b oth w ell p olished . T he o ther p ipes a re a ll l ocal t ypes ; ( 1 ) a gain p olished h as a n

1 7

D

3

4

4 -1

S urvival o f o ld f ashioned s hapes i n d ated a rchaeological c ontexts . 1 8

a ngular s houlder h alfway d own t he b owl a t ypical l ocal f eature f rom c . 1 6509 0 , ( 2) s hows t he s played b ase o r s pur w hich i s f ound i nfrequently o n L ondon p ipes c . 1 750-70 , ( 3) w ith a n arrow b owl a nd a t op f inished w ith a b utton h as a s hallow n arrow b ase a nd t hick s tem a nd r elates t othe y ears 1 700-20 . A fter t hat d ate t he t op o f t he b owl w as g enerally c ut f lat w ith a k nife. T he d ate r ange f or t he g roup m ight w ell b e f rom c . 1 6901750. E .

E G. 7 3. F . 1 00 , E xeter E xcavations.

T his w as a l arge g roup o f l ocal t ypes w ith o ne D utch p ipe b earing a c rowned 9 6 i n r elief o n t he b ase o f t he s pur . T his m ark w as u sed b y t hree m akers; G ijsbert d e M unich J acobus S to i nman P ieter S tomman

1 736-46 1 748-68 1 770

T ypologically t he p ipe l ies w ithin a 1 745-70 b racket. O f t he l ocal p ipes ( 1) w as m ade b etween 1 660-80 ,

( 2) 1 670-90

( 3), ( 4) a nd ( 5) a nd p robably ( 6) w ere a ll m ade i n E xeter. T he f irst t hree w ere m ade b etween 1 690 a nd 1 730 a nd ( 6 ) w ith a m ould i mparted s un s eems t o h ave b een p opular i n E xeter b etween c . 1 720 a nd 1 750 . T he d ate r ange f or t he g roup w ould p robably l ie b etween 1 680 a nd 1 750 w ith n os. ( 1) a nd ( 2) a s s urvivals. F . T his t ype o f l ocal b owl w as a l ocal E xeter t ype o ccurring c ommonly i n d eposits o f c . 1 6801700 . T his p articular p ipe w as f ound i n a c ellar a t 1 7 S i nyther S t . , E xeter i n at in b ox w ith a p iece o f p aper d ated

1 737 a nd c ould

t herefore h ave b een t he p roduct o f a n o ld m ould .

F ig. 4 G .

G roup E R 2 60 . This

g roup

M us. L ondon. c ontained

t wo

d ecorated b owls

f rom d ifferent m ulds

c ommemorating A dmiral V ernon 's v ictory a t C artagena i n 1 741 w hen h e t ork t he G alicia , f lagship o f t he S panish C hief A dmiral , D on . B las . F ull d i ails a re k nown f rom a m uch m ore p erfect m ould i n t he C heminant c ollection , f rom P aul 's P ier W harf a nd t here i s a nother e xample f rom E bury S t . s igned B /A o n t he s pur ( Atkinson C oil.). P resumably t hese p ipes d ate t o 1 74 1-2. T he f ront m ould l ine f lowers o n t he e xamples i n t his g roup d iffer f rom t hose o f t he C heminant c ollection. ( 28) O f t he o ther m arked p ipes t hose c arrying A /A o n t he s ides o f t he b ase , o n t ype d ate t o t he y ears c . 1 6801710 a nd m ay r elate t o A rthur ( Anthony) A ndrews f ree o f L ondon 1 694 w ho t ook a n a pprentice 1 716 , w hile t hat m arked P C a nd o f a t ype d ating t o c . 1 650-60 c ould p ossibly b e a l ate p roduct o f P eter C ornish w ho s igned t he C harter o f t he 1 634 L ondon C ompany . P ipe N o . 1 . i s a t ypical O xford t ype p ipe c . 1 6801700 a nd ( 2) a h eeless e xport t ype 2 7G c . 1 730-60 . T he d ate r ange f or t he g roup c ould b e c . 1 6901750 w ith P C

1 9

F ig . 4 :

S urvival o f o ld f ashioned s hapes i n d ated a rchaeological c ontexts .

G -H . 2 0

a s as urvival. H . G roup E R M us. L ondon .

2 116 .

F rom F enchurch S t .

1 968 w ith g lass

b ottle c . 1 730-50 .

T his g roup h ad a n umber o f m arked p ipes; C /S p lain a nd c rowned p ossibly G eorge S tray ( sen . 1 6991725 o r J nr . 1 763 a t E xecution D ock) ; E IS p erhaps E dward S mith F ree 1 699 o r E dward S teele F ree 1 686 a nd W /W a m ark w hich c ould r elate t o an umber o f m akers . S ymbol m arks C rown/Crown , D ot/Dot a nd R osette/Rosette a lso o ccurred a nd w ere f ound i n t he B rentford e xcavation d eposits o f c . 1 730-60 . T he n umber o f b owls o f d ifferent t ypes r ecorded w ere ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6)

3 2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

8 3 8 1 7 9 ( one c omplete 1 5 3 /4" l ong) 2 2

T hese n umbers s uggest t hat t hese d ifferent t ypes w hich i n s hape s hould r ange f rom c . 1 6701740 m ay h ave b een i n u se a t o ne a nd t he s ame t ime . N o . 1 . i s a s urvival f rom c . 1 660 .

E ND N OTES 1 .

D .H .

D co .

' De T echniek v an h et P ijmakersbedrijt

A rchaeology o f 2 04-20.

t he C lay T obacco P ipe .

B .A .R .

m t .

t e G ouda.

S re .

I V .

1 980 .

T he p p .

2 .

G uildhall M us. C at. 1 908 .

3 .

T rans. B irm . A rch . S oc. V ol. 6 8. 1 972.

4 .

C at. G uildhall M us.

5 .

N otable C oventry M useum .

6 .

C at. G uildhall M us. p . 1 56.

7 .

H oughton J . ' A C ollection f or i mprovement o f H usbandry a nd T rade ' . 1 963. p . 2 05.

8 .

H . H amilton . ' T he E nglish B rass a nd C opper I ndustries E d. 1 967. C hap. 1 .

t o 1 800 ' .

9 .

U re , 6 3.

1 848 .

1 0.

A .

p p.

p .

p p.

7 0-71.

3 36-7.

' D ictionary o f A rts ,

I .C. W alker .

19.

M anufactures a nd M ines ' .

p p .

2 nd

2 62-

' Clay t obacco p ipes w ith p articular r eference t o t he

B ristol i ndustry'.

P arks C anada 1 977.

1.

S outhampton A pprenticeship R ecords.

1 2.

W alker o p. c it. p . 2 07.

2 1

p .

1 42.

1 3.

S udbury, B .

' Historic C lay T obacco P 'pemakers i n t he U .S .A .

B .A .R .

S er . 6 0 . 1 979 . v ol . I I. p . 1 91. H e i llurtrates a lso a l ead m ould s et i n w hite o ak . P l . 5 8 . A lso a l ead m ould f or m aking 6 s hort s temmed p ipes a t o ne t ime. C om m ent o n S wopes m culds. p . 1 96. 1 4.

C onnoisseur E ncyclopaedia o f A ntiques. V ol. I V. p .

1 5.

W alker o p. c it. P . 1 67.

1 6.

S amuel

B enbow ,

S toney

S tratford

1 684 709

i s

1 69.

t he

1 959 .

o nly

o ne

o f

t hese

m akers f ully d ocumented . 1 7.

A r ange o f 3 0 d ifferent s hapes i s g iven i n O swald , A . t he A rchaeologist'.

1 8. 1 9.

B .A .R . 1 4. 1 975.

D .H . D üco. o p. c it. N ote 1 . J ackson ,

R .G . a nd P rice ,

R esearch M onograph . N o. 1 .

p .

1 93.

R .H . p p.

' Bristol

M SS N o. 1 8. 1 728 .

2 1.

N ote 1 9.

2 2.

I nformation f rom t he l ate J .E. P arsons. C .J .

B ristol

Mus .

B ristol C ity A rchives.

o p. c it. p . 8 4.

A rnold .

' 1 9th

c ent

C lay

T obacc c ,

P ipe

H ants . P roc . R ants . F ield C lub . , 3 1. 1 976 . 2 4.

C lay P ip 's' .

8 3 -85. 1 974 .

2 0.

2 3.

' Clay p ipes f or

F ig . 2 . f rom c . 1 5701610.

p .

I ndustry

a t

P ortchester ' .

6 0 .

A . O swald . ' The C lay T obacco P ipe . i ts p lace I n E nglish C eramics' . T rans . E ng . C eramic C ircle . 7 . P t. 3 . 1 970 . P l . 2 14 . T he c ellar i n C racechurch S t . L ondon c ontained a r ich s tock o f g lass a nd p ' . tery f rom c . 1 600-65.

2 5.

A . N o l H ume. ' Clay T obacco P ipes e xcavated a t Mar ' V irginia'. 1 976-78 . B .A .R . I nternational S er. 6 0. 1 979.

2 6.

L etter D r. I . N ol H ume.

2 7.

J . R utter a nd P .J . D avey. S eries 7 8 .

2 8 .

1 981.

4u rdred ,

F ig .

9 .

F eb. 1 2. 1 980. ' Clay P ipes f rom C hester ' .

B .A .R . B ritish

1 980. G roups 5 , 8 , 9 , 1 a nd 1 3.

F ull d etails o f t he V ernon b owl a re g iven b y R . l e C heminu 9 7 .

V ol . V I .

o n t he V ernon B owl'. 2 9.

irc

' The A rchaeology o f t he C lay T obacco P i r

in B .A .R . ' A N ote

p p. 8 7-89 .

Dko o p c it n ote 1 . I llustrates p .

2 44 N os .

1 519 t wo mir '

r e p ipes

m arked MS a nd S M w ith n ormal s ize p ipes o f c . 1 640 a nd s tat ( ,P ,h is v iew t hat b oth w ere m ade a t t he s ame t ime. T he t ext f igures h ave a ll b een r e-drawn b y K ay L ancaster.

2 2

M ATHEMATICAL A PPROACHES T O R ECORDING T HE S TEM C URVATURES O F C LAY T OBACCO P IPES D . A . H iggins

R ecent

a dvances

i n

t he

a pproach

t o

r eassembling

c lay

t obacco

p ipes

( H iggins 1 982) h ave m eant t hat m ore c omplete e xamples a re n ow b ecoming a vailable f or s tudy . S ince t he s tem c urvature w as e ffected b y f ashion a nd t hus v aries w ith t ime t hese c omplete p ipes p rovide i mportant n ew d ata f or s tudy . T he t ime h as c ome t o s tart o rdering t he i nformation o n s tem c urvature i n s uch a w ay t hat i t i s c omparable , a nd t hat q uestions a bout i ts o rigin a nd d evelopment c an b e a sked . W e d o n ot k now f or e xample e xactly w here o r w hen c urved s tems f irst a ppeared , a nd h ow t he f ashions c hange b y t ime , a rea a nd/or s ocial s tatus . T his

p aper

h ad

b een

w ritten

i n

a n a ttempt

t o p rovide

s tandard

m easurements w hich c an b e u sed t o d efine t he c urvature o f a ny c omplete p ipe . A lthough t he a im i s s imple s uch m easurements a re f raught w ith d ifficulties a nd i t i s n ot a ltogether c lear e xactly w hich o f t hem w ill b e o f t he m ost u se . H owever s ince c omplete p ipes w ill b e c omparatively r are i t i s w orth m aking a n umber o f c alculations s o t hat a r ange o f d ata i s a vailable f or c omparison . A s a n e xample t he t wo c omplete p ipes r eassembled f rom f ragments s ealed b ehind a f ireplace a t W illey F arm , C aterham i n S urrey h ave b een u sed . T hey a re i llustrated i n t his v olume ( Higgins , C lay T obacco P ipes f rom t he D orking A rea o f S urrey , p . 4 06 , F ig 1 , n os . 2 &3 ) . O ne p ipe ( RC) w as m ade b y R obert C orney o f C roydon , a nd t he o ther ( IJ) b y J ohn J ewester o f K ent S treet , L ondon . T hey b oth d ate t o c 1 810-50 . T he f irst a nd m ost b asic m easurement m ust b e o f t he c omplete s tem l ength i tself . I t i s i mportant t o m ake s ure t hat t he p ipe a ctually h as a m outhpiece u sually a r ounded o r k nife t rimmed e nd a nd i s n ot j ust b roken -

-

o ff n ear i t w hich m akes a ll t he c alculations i nvalid . T he s tem l ength i s d etermined ( Fig 1 ) b y m easuring t he u nderside o f t he s tem f rom t he u nderneath o f t he m outhpiece ( A ) t o t he b ack o f t he s pur ( B ) . A n a ccurate f lexible t ape i s t he b est w ay o f d oing t his . T he R C p ipe h as a . l ength o f 3 83mm a nd t he L I o ne o f 3 64mm . N ext t he m aximum d eviation o f t he s tem f rom a t heoretical s traight l ine c an b e w orked o ut . A ll l onger s temmed p ipes w ere m ade i n s traight m oulds s ince t he b ore h as t o b e m ade w ith a s traight w ire . A ny s ubsequent c urvature i s t herefore e ither t he r esult o f a ccidental w arping o r d eliberate s haping a nd t he t wo s hould b e e asy t o d istinguish . A s traight l ine c an b e d rawn f rom t he m outhpiece ( A) t o t he p oint w here t he p rojected l ines o f t he s tem a nd b ack o f t he s pur c ross ( B) . U sing t his a s ab ase l ine t he m aximum -

d eviation a t r ight a ngles t o t he u nderside o f t he s tem ( CD) c an b e e asily m easured i n t his e xample 2 1mm a nd 2 9 .4mm r espectively . I n s ome c ases t he -

s tem s eems t o h ave a d eliberate c onvex c urve f rom A t o B r ather t han t he m ore u sual c oncave o ne i llustrated h ere ( je t he p oint D f alls b elow t he l ine A B) . T he m aximum d eviation i s s till m easured t o t he u nderside o f t he s tem b ut i n t his c ase i t c an b e e xpressed a s an egative n umber .

2 3

A lthough t he m aximum d eviation g ives a u seful a nd e asily m easured v alue i t d oes n ot n ecessarily g ive a g ood i ndication o f t he d egree o f s tem c urvature . F or e xample p ipes o f 2 00mm a nd 4 00mm l ength may b oth h ave m aximum d eviations o f 4 0mm , but w ould h ave v ery d ifferent s tem c urves . T he f ollowing c alculations a re a ll d esigned t o g ive s tandard m easurements which i n s ome w ay r eflect t his d egree o f c urvature. T he

f irst

m ethod i s

t o a verage

t he a ngles f ormed b y t he e nds o f

b ase l ine A B a nd t he m aximum p oint o f d eviation D ( Fig 2 ,

t he

a ngles p & q ) .

S ince t he c urve w ill p robably n ot b e s trictly r egular ( ie A C w ill n ot e qual C B) i t i s n ecessary t o a verage t he a ngles p a nd q . B oth h ave t o b e c alculated s ince a ssuming C D i s c entral ( je d ividing A B b y t wo) w ould a lter t heir r elative v alues , a nd t hus t he a verage . S ince t he t angent o f t he a ngle p = C D A C ( both o f w hich a re k nown v alues) , a nd l ikewise t an q = C D C B w e c an w ork o ut b oth a ngles , w hich w hen s ummed a nd d ivided b y t wo w ill g ive u s a n a verage . T hat i s :— C D 2 -( tan -1

F or t he R C p ipe A C

=

1 98mm , C B

tan 1(

1( 21

C D

A C + t an ' =

1 81mm a nd C D

1 98) + t an - 1 (2 1

2 1mm .

=

S o :-

1 81))

+ (tan 10 .1060606 + t an— ' 0 .116022) + (6.0541919 + 6 .6179873) = 6 .3360896 ° o r 6°2 0' T he I J p ipe h as v alues o f 1 90 ,

1 67 a nd 2 9 .5 r espectively g iving a n

a verage a ngle o f 9 .4216096 ° o r 9°2 5 ' . A n a lternative w ay o f e xpressing t his d ifference b etween t he e nds o f t he b ase l ine ( A a nd B ) a nd t he p oint D i s t o a verage t he r ise f or a g iven l ength o f t he s tem . I f t he p oint D i s a ssumed t o b e c en tral t he v alue C D g ives t he r ise f rom t he b ase l ine o ver h alf o f t he s tem . D ividing t his b y h alf o f t he s tem l ength t he a verage r ise p er m i n o f t he s tem l ength i s g iven . S o f or t he R C p ipe :2 1

( 1 x3 83) = 2 1

1 91.5 = 0 .1096605 i

T he r esult c an b e m ade m ore c omprehensible b y e xpressing i t a s a n a verage r ise o ver l Omm o f s tem b y m ultiplying b y

1 0 .

T he s tem o f t he R C

p ipe t herefore r ises b y a n a verage o f l . lOmm o ver a l Omm l ength .

T he r ise

f or t ie U p ipe i s 1 .62 r nm . T hese m ethods a re u seful i n t hat t hey q ualify t he d egree o f c urvature i rrespective o f l ength . T hey w ill e nable u s t o d efine t he t ype o f c urve t hat w as f ashionable a t a ny p eriod a s a n a ngle o r g radient w hich c an b e p lotted w ith o ther i nformation i n v arious w ays . T hey d o n ot h owever r elate t o t hr l ' cagth o f t he p ipe i n a ny w ay . T he r elationship o f l ength t o c : urvat I ir 5 s t he m ost d ifficult e ach c o rtt b i tte i n t his r espect . t he p ipe.tem d escribes a n a rc o f n ecessary t o d ivide A B b y t wo s o

t o d efine a nd t he T hey a re a ll b ased a c ircle ( Fig 3 ) . t hat A C = C B ( here

f ollowing c alculations o n t he a ssumption t hat I n t his r espect i t i s g iven t he v alue x ) . D C

( given a s y ) t hen b ecomes p art o f t he r adius o f ac ircle ( r ) w ith i ts c entre a t 0 .

2 4

F i g 1

A

B F ig 2

0

F ig. 1 :

P oints o f mea surement f or c alculating s tem c urvature.

2 5

T he

f irst

t hing t o c alculate i s t he r adius o f t he c ircle .

f orms a r ight a ngle t riangle w e k now t hat r2 m ust e qual ( Pythagoras).

r2

C r

S ince C O -

y )2 + x

I f r 2 = ( r -y )2 + x 2 2 = r 2 + y2 2 ry + x 2 ry = y2 +2x -

r

F or t he R C p ipe x F or t he I J p ipe x

=

1 89.5 , y 1 78.5 , y

2 1 s o r= 8 65.5mm 2 9.5 s o r=5 54 .8mm

= =

F rom t his w e c an w ork o ut t he c ircumference ( C

=

2 r ) .

I f p i i s t aken

a s 3 . 142 t he R C p ipe h as a C o f 5 438 .8mm a nd t he I J p ipe o f 3 486 .3mm . H aving f ound t hat i t i s p ossible t o w ork o ut t he l ength o f t he a rc A B , t his c an n ow b e u sed a s a c heck o n t he c alculations s ince i t i s t he f irst m easurement t aken f rom t he p ipe .

A rc A B

r Z

=

W here Z i s t he a ngle s ubtended

1 80

a t t he c entre o f t he c ircle b y t he b ase l ine A B ( Fig. 3 )

W e c alculate Z b y d oubling t he a ngle a ( since t riangles C OB a nd C OA a re s ymmetrical). T o f ind a :b s in

r

s o

Z° 2 sin

1

S ubstituting t his i n t he a bove f ormula w e c an f ind t he a rc A B . t he R C p ipe :-

S o f or

1 89.5

Z=

2s in - ' 8 65.5

Z s o Z

= =

2s in1 0 .21895 2 5.295 ° o r 2 5° 1 7' r Z

T hus a rc A B =

=

3 .142 x 8 65.5 x 2 5.295 1 80

=

6 8787.248 1 80

=

3 82 .15mm ,

w hich w ithin e xperimental l imits i s e qual t o

t he m easured v alue o f 3 83mm

( since e rrors a re b ound t o o ccur i n t he m easurements a nd a ssumptions m ade) . T he I J p ipe h as a v alue Z o f 3 7 .537°

( 37°

t he

3 2 ') g iving a c alculated

l ength o f 3 63 .5mm , w hich i s a lso e qual w ithin e xperimental m easured v alue o f 3 64mm .

2 6

t hrough

l imits

t o

t he

T his a rc c an t hen b e e xpressed a s a p ercentage o f t he c ircumference g iving a n i ndication o f h ow l ong t he s tem ( AB) i s i n r elation t o t he c ircumference c hosen f or i t.

T he e quation i s s imply :-

a rc A B C

x

1 0

3 82.15 S o f or t he R C p ipe 5 438 .8 x 1 00

7 .03% ,

=

3 63.5 a nd f or t he I J p ipe 3 486.3 x 1 00

=

1 0 .45%.

F rom t hese c alculations w e a re t herefore a ble t o b uild u p a s tandard b ody o f d ata d efining v arious a spects o f t he s tem c urvature f or e ach p ipe :-

S tem l ength

R C 3 83mm

M aximum d eviation A verage a ngle A verage r ise o ver l Omm

2 1mm 6 °20' 1 .10mm

925' 1 .62mm

8 65.5mm 5 438 .8 mm 3 82.15mm

5 54.8mm 3 486 .3mm 3 63.5mm

R adius o f c urvature C ircumference A rc A B %o f c ircumference

I J 3 64mm

7 .03%

1 0 .45%

T hese a ll s how t hat a lthough t hey a re o f t he s ame d ate t here a re c lear d ifferences b etween t hese t wo p ipes . A ll t he v alues s how i n v arious w ays t hat t he I J p ipe i s s horter w ith a m ore s harply c urved s tem t han t he R C p ipe . W hen e nough c omplete p ipes h ave b een r ecorded i n t his w ay i t w ill b e p ossible t o s ee w hich m easurements a re m ost u seful i n p lotting t he d ata . W e s hould t hen b e a ble t o b uild u p g raphs t o o utline t he d evelopment a nd r ange o f c urvature t hroughout t he c ountry .

A CKNOWLEDGEMENT I am

m ost

g rateful

t o

M iss

F .

R ichards

m athematics i nvolved i n t hese c alculations n ot h ave b een p ossible .

-

f or

h er

h elp

w ith

t he

w ithout w hich t his p aper w ould

B IBLIOGRAPHY H iggins D .A .

1 982

R econstruction a nd I nterpretation o f t he P ipes

( from a k iln s ite a t R ainford) , i n T he A rchaeology o f t he C lay T obacco P ipe V ol V II, E d. P . D avey, B .A .R . 1 00 , p 197-209.

2 7

R EGISTERED A ND P ATENTED C LAY T OBACCO P IPES P eter J . H ammond P age I NTRODUCTION

3 0

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS

3 1

I )

3 3

I I)

R EGISTERED D ESIGNS O N C LAY P IPES H istory a nd D evelopment o f R egistered D esigns.

3 3

D evelopment o f R egistered D esigns o n C lay P ipes. M ethod o f L isting.

3 6 4 6

P art A :

R egistered D esigns f rom 1 8421883 ( Diamond R egistrations). R egistered D esigns f rom 1 8841912 ( Registered

4 7

P art B :

N umbers).

6 8

R EGISTERED T RABE M ARKS O N C LAY P IPES P art A :

12

T rade M arks p roduced b y k nown c lay p ipe m akers o r m erchants , o r w here c lay p ipes a re s pecified i n t he C lass o f G oods.

15

P art B :

T rade m arks o ccurring o n p ipes o f u nspecified m aterial. 1 25

P art C :

U nregistered T rade M arks.

1 29

I II)

P ATENTED C LAY P IPES

1 32

I V)

C ONCLUSION

1 48

A PPENDIX :

S ummary l ist o f R egistered D esigns , T rade 1 50

M arks a nd P atents.

2 9

I NTRODUCTION T he m ain p ortion o f t his p aper i s c oncerned w ith r egistered d esigns f or c lay p ipes , w hich c oncerns p ipes t hat c arried d iamond r egistration m arks o r R egistered N umbers o n t hem . T his f ollows e xtensive r esearch a t t he P ublic R ecord O ffice , L ondon , i nto t he o riginal P atent O ffice D esign r ecords a nd a s ar esult I h ave b een a ble t o c ompile a c omplete l ist o f a ll t he c lay p ipes t hat h ad t heir d esigns r egistered , h undred.

t he t otal n umber b eing o ver t hree-

T his p aper i s t herefore i ntended a s a r eference s ource t o e nable s uch p ipes t o b e i dentified a nd t o b e a ble t o d etermine t he e xact d ates o f r egistration . F requently p ipes b earing r egistrhtion m arks d o n ot c arry t he m aker 's n ame , e stablish a ll r egistration m oulding , a nd s everal o f t he

b ut b y r eferring t o t hese l ists i t i s n ow p ossible t o k nown d etails c oncerning s uch p ipes . I n a ddition , d iamond m arks o n p ipes c an b e d ifficult t o d ecipher d ue t o p oor l ikewise p ipes b earing R egistered N umbers o n t hem m ay h ave n umerals m issing d ue t o d amage . H owever , b y c onsulting t he

d etails o f d esigns i n t he f ollowing p ages t hese p ipes s hould b e a ble t o b e t raced . A s ar esult i t i s h oped t hat t his p aper w ill b e o f e normous u se t o c ollectors a nd r esearchers a like i n t he i dentification o f c lay p ipes b earing r egistered

d esigns .

A s a f ollow u p t o t his r esearch , Ih ave a lso e xamined t he T rade M ark J ournals p ublished b y t he P atent O ffice t o t race c lay p ipes b earing s uch m arks . A gain , a s w ith r egistered d esigns , t here w ere m ore o f t hose t han h ad p reviously b een t hought .

F inally ,

t he P atent J ournals a nd A bridgements

t o T obacco P atents h ave b een c onsulted t o i dentify v arious p atented p ipes , d etails o f w hich w ill b e f ound t owards t he e nd o f t his p aper .

c lay

A ll t he p ipes i llustrated a re d rawn f rom e xamples i n m y o wn c ollection o r f rom t hose o f

f ellow c ollectors o r m useums .

j udge

l ists ,

f rom

t he

t here

a re

a g reat

m any

A s y ou w ill b e a ble m ore

o f

t o

t hese p ipes ,

p articularly t hose b earing r egistered d esigns , t hat a re s till a waiting d iscovery.

3 0

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS T he c overage o f t his p aper c ould n ot h ave b een n early a s c omprehensive w ithout t he h elp o f a ll t he f ellow c ollectors w ho a llowed m e t o e xamine a nd d raw p ipes f rom t heir c ollections , o r w ho s upplied d rawings f or m e . T hanks t herefore g o t o G eoff S tratton , R ichard l e C heminant , R oger F resco-Corbu , D iana F reeman , J ohn F ox , D iedre L e F aye , A nne F . D avid , a nd T ony F ranklin . I n a ddition I w ould e specially l ike t o t hank M alcolm G reen , w ho h as g reatly a ssisted m e i n k eeping a s pecial l ook o ut f or r egistered p ipes , a nd w ho h as s upplied a n umber o f e xcellent d rawings .

D etails

o f

t he

s ources

f or

t he

p ipes i llustrated a re g iven b elow . I w ould a lso l ike t o t hank t he s taff o f t he P ublic R ecord O ffice , K ew , f or t heir p atience a nd h ard w ork w hile I c onsulted s o m any o f t he b ulky D esign r egisters . I a lso a cknowledge t he p ermission g iven b y t he P ublic R ecord O fice t o r eproduce s ome o f t he r epresentations o f d esigns a nd l ikewise t he p ermission g iven b y t he B ritish L ibrary t o r eproduce e xtracts a nd a dvertisements f rom t he T obacco T rade R eview. P ermission i s a lso a cknowledged f rom t he C ontroller o f H er M ajesty 's S tationery O ffice f or r eproducing e x tracts f rom P atents , a nd f inally I w ould l ike t o t hank t he s taff o f N ottingham C entral L ibrary f or u nlimited a ccess t o t he P atent a nd T rade M ark J ournals h eld i n t heir p ossession .

T he d rawings w ere s upplied b y t he f ollowing : M yself 1 ,2,3 ,4 ,5 ,8 ,9 ,11,12 ,13,14 ,15 ,16 ,17,22 ,23 ,24 ,25 ,26 2 9 ,30 ,31,33 ,35 ,36 ,37 , 3 9 ,4 1 ,4 2 ,4 3 ,4 8 ,4 9 ,51,52 ,56 ,57,58 ,59 ,60 ,62,65 ,68 ,69 ,7 1,7 2 , 7 3 , 7 4 , 7 5 , 7 6 , 7 7 ,7 8 ,7 9 ,8 0 ,8 1 ,8 2,83 ,84 ,85 ,86 ,88 ,89 ,90 ,92 ,94 ,95 ,96 ,9 7 ,9 8 , 9 9 , 1 00 ,1 01 , 1 02,103. I n a ddition I m ade s ome d rawings b ased o n o nes b y : 1 8 ,41 ( stem p art) M . G reen ; 2 7 ,34 ,45 C . S tratton ; 4 6 ,53 ,54 ,70 R . F resco Cprbu 9 1 -

-

D . F reeman; 2 8 T . F ranklin; o rnamen tal r epresentations; 1 04 ,105 ,106 -

M . G reen :

-

-

1 9,20,21 O riginal n on O riginal p atent d rawings. -

-

6 ,7 ,10 ,38 ,40 ,44 ,47 ,50 ,55 ,61,63 ,64 ,66 ,67,87,93.

C . M iller ( via D . L e F aye) :

F igure 1 9b .

A .F. D avid : 3 2. P lease n ote t hat d rawings 4 5 ,46 ,53 ,54 a nd 7 0 a re n ot t o e xact s cale. T he p ipes i llustrated a re o wned b y t he f ollowing : M yself :

2 ,3 ,4 ,5,8 ,9 ,11,12 ,13 ,14 ,15 ,16 ,22 ,23 ,24 ,25 ,26 ,29 ,30 ,31,33 ,35 ,

3 6 ,3 7 ,3 9 ,4 1 ,4 2 ,43 ,48 ,49 ,52 ,56 ,57,58 ,59 ,60 ,62 ,65 ,, 7 1 , 7 2 , 7 3 , 7 4 , 7 5 ,76 ,77 , 7 8 ,7 9 ,8 0 ,8 1 ,8 2 ,8 3 ,8 4 ,85 ,86 ,88 ,89 ,90 ,92,94 ,96 ,97 ,99 ,1 00 ,1 01 , 1 02 , 1 03 . M . G reen :

6 ,18 ,38 ,40 ,44 ,55 ,61,63 ,64 ,66 ,67,69 ,87,93 ,98.

G . S tratton :

7 ,27 ,34 ,45 ,50 ,95.

3 1

R . F resco-Corbu : B . S cott : A

1 0.

F . D avid :

J . F ox :

4 6 ,53 ,54 ,70.

3 2.

5 1.

D . F reeman :

9 1.

R . L e C heminant : D . L e F aye :

F igure 1 9b.

L incoln M useum : T ruro M useum : U nknown :

6 8.

1 . 1 7.

2 8.

3 2

I :

R EGISTERED D ESIGNS O N C LAY P IPES

H ISTORY A ND D ESCRIPTION O F R EGISTERED D ESIGNS

A s urprisingly h igh n umber o f

c lay p ipes w ere

r egistered t o p revent

o ther m akers f rom c opying t heir d esigns . T he t otal n umber o f t hree-hundred a nd f ive i ncludes t en p rovisional a pplications t hat d id n ot r eceive c omplete r egistrations , but e xcludes s even o thers w here c ertificates w ere n ot i ssued . T herefore t he p otential t otal o f d esigns a pplied f or e quals t hree-hundred a nd t welve . B asically t he d esigns c ame u nder t wo s eries , b etween

1 842

t o

1 883

w here

t he

d iamond

f irstly t hose r egistered

r egistration

m ark w as u sed ,

a nd

s econdly t he R egistered N umber s eries w hich c ommenced i n 1 884 . T he r ecords o f e ach s eries a re d ivided i nto s ets o f r egisters a nd r epresentations , t he r i ving d etails o n t he p ersons r egistering a rticles w ith t he d ate o f r egistration , a nd t he l atter c ontaining d rawings o r p hotographs o f e ach a rticle ( with t he m aker 's n ame a nd a ddress n ormally a dded i n t he d iamond r egistration s eries) .

A ll t hese r ecords ,

u p

t o e arly

1 910 ,

a re n ow

r etained a t t he P ublic R ecord O ffice , K ew . F ollowing t he D esigns A ct o f 1 842,

t hirteen c lasses o f o rnamental

d esigns w ere i ntroduced , c lay p ipes f alling w ithin C lass I V ( Earthenware) . T hree y ears p rotection w as g iven t o t he p roprietors o r m anufacturers o f r egistered a rticles , a ny p erson i nfringing t he c opyright b eing l iable t o a p enalty o f b etween £ 5 a nd £ 30 f or e ach o ffence . A f urther A ct i n 1 843 e xtended p rotection t o u seful, a s o pposed t o o rnamental , m anufactured a rticles. A s a lready m entioned ,

t he s ystem o f r egistration u p t o t he e nd o f 1 883

i nvolved t he u se o f t he d iamond-registration m ark .

T his m ark c onsisted o f a

s eries o f p anels c ontaining n umbers o r l etters a nd t he w hole f orming a c ode b y w hich t he d ate o f r egistration o f t he m anufactured a rticle c an b e a scertained . F rom 1 842 t o 1 867 t he y ear l etter a ppears i n t he t op p anel ( below t he C lass n umber I V) , a nd f rom 1 868 t o t he e nd o f 1 883 t he y ear l etter a ppears

i n t he r ight-hand p anel .

T he k eys t o t he c ode n umbers a nd

l etters a re s hown i n f ig. 1 . T he ( P .R .0 .

r epresentations

f or

B T 4 3) a re d ivided b y

t he o rnamental t he C lass

o f

d iamond - r egistration s eries

g oods ,

s o a ll t he e arthenware

a rticles a re f ound t ogether w ithin a s mall n umber o f v olumes . E ach i tem r egistered w as g iven a n umber a nd t hese a re i ncluded i n t he f ollowing l ists t o m ake r eference e asier . F igures 2 a nd 3 s how c opies o f r epresentation d rawings f rom t his s et o f r ecords s o t hat t he r eader m ay s ee t he f orm t hat t hey t ook . T he r egisters f or t he o rnamental s eries ( P .R .O . B T 4 4) a re a lso d ivided i nto c lasses , a ll t he e arthenware g roup c oming u nder o ne v olume . T he n on-ornamental o r u seful d esigns c ontained a s mall n umber o f r eferences t o c lay p ipes . T he r epresentations ( P .R .0 . B T 4 5) w ere a rranged i n n umerical o rder a s o pposed t o h aving d ifferent r egisters f or d ifferent c lasses , a nd t he r egisters ( P .R .0 . B T 4 6) w ere s imilarly a rranged. F ortunately ,

t he d esigns i n t his s eries c onsist o f m ore w ritten d etail ,

3 3

a nd

P ATENT O FFICE D ESIGN R EGISTRATION M APKS. T he d i amond s hape m a rk ( r eg i s t ra t ion d i amond ) w a s u s ed t od eno te ar e g i s te red d e s ign w i th t h e B r i t ish P a ten t o f f ice a nd w a s u s ed f r om 1 842 t o 1 883 . C lass o f Goods

D ay o f M on th

Manufac tu re r D ay o Month

Month

Y ear

Mon t h

Manu tac tu rer MARK USED UNT IL 1 868

MARK U SED AFTER

1 869

Y EAR L ETTER 1 81 42 X 1 8/ 3 H 1 81 + 1+ C 1 8 1 4 .5 A 1 846 I 1 81 4 .7 F 1 8 1 +8 U 1 81 +9 S 1 850 V

P 1 852 D 1 853 Y 1 851 4 . J 1 851

1 855

E

1 856 L 1 857 K 1 858 B 1 859 M

1 860 Z 1 861 R 1 862 0 1 863 G 1 861 4 . N 1 865

W

1 866 0 1 867 T

1 868 X 1 869 H 1 870

C

1 871 A 1 872 I 1 873 F 1 874 U 1 875 S

1 376 1 877 1 878 1 879 1 880 1 881 1 882 1 883

V P D Y J E L K

M ONTH L ETTER. J ANaC

F EB-G

M AR-W

A PR-H

M AY E

J UN- f t

J UL-I

A UG R

S EP-D

O CT-B

N OV K

D EC-A

F ig. 1 :

K ey t o D iamond R egistration M arks.

3 4

e xtracts

h ave

b een r eproduced

w here

r elevant .

S everal

o ther

d esigns

f or

p ipes o f o ther m aterials a nd a lso f or v arious s tem m ounts w ere a lso i ncluded b ut t hese h ave n ot b een l isted i n t his p aper . T he D esigns A ct o f 1 850 m ade i t p ossible t o r egister p rovisionally f or o ne y ear a ny d esign t hat c ould b e r egistered u nder t he 1 842 a nd 1 843 A cts , w ithout p rejudice t o i ts l ater r egistration . T he r epresentations ( P .R .O . B T 4 7) a nd r egisters ( P .R .O . B T 4 8 ) w ere d ivided i nto o rnamental a nd n ono rnamental s eries b ut o nly i ncluded a f ew r eferences t o c lay p ipes , i ndicating t hat o nly a f ew m akers t ook a dvantage o f t his f acility . s eventeen p ipes r egistered t hat a re l ikely t o b e c lay,

O f t he

s even r eceived

c omplete r egistrations . D etails a re g iven a t t he e nd o f t he s ections o n o rnamental a nd n on-ornamental d esigns i n P art A . P rovisional r egistrations w ere d iscontinued a fter 1 883 . T he P atents ,

D esigns a nd T rade M arks A ct

o f

1 883 a malgamated a ll t he

p revious c ategories i nto w hich d esigns h ad b een d ivided ,

a nd r egistered a ll

a rticles , b oth o rnamental a nd u seful, i nto a s ingle n umerical s eries r eferred t o a s R egistered N umbers ( 1 ) . C onsequently a lthough c lass n umbers w ere s till g iven w ithin t he r egisters f or e ach a rticle , t hey a re a ll m ixed t ogether a nd a s a r esult a c omplete s earch t hrough a ll t he r egisters w as n ecessary i n o rder t o e xtract a ll t he r eferences t o c lay p ipes ( 2) . A lthough m ost o f t he p ipes w ere r egistered u nder C lass I V a s e xpected , a h andful o f d esigns w ere r egistered u nder C lass I II ( 3) . T he r egisters ( P .R .O . B T 5 1) c onsisted o f o ne h undred a nd t hirty e ight v olumes , a nd t hus t he s earch t hrough t hem w as v ery t ime c onsuming . O nce I h ad a c omplete l ist o f t he c lay p ipes t hat w ere r egistered ,

e ach

h ad t o b e c hecked i n t he r epresentations t o r ecord t he n ature o f e ach d esign . A s t he r epresentations ( P .R .O . B T 5 0) c ontained a ll c lasses o f g oods t hey w ere a s a r esult v ery t hick v olumes , a nd w ith t he p ipe d esigns b eing v ery s cattered w ithin t hem a g reat m any o f t hem h ad t o b e c onsulted . M any o f t he e ntries f or c lay p ipes c onsisted o f p hotographs i nstead o f d rawings , a f ew o f w hich h ad b ecome v ery f aded . I n t hese c ases i t w as d ifficult t o d istinguish m any d etails a nd t herefore n ot m uch w ill b e k nown a bout s uch p ipes u ntil a ctual e xamples c ome t o l ight . i n a ddition , t he i dentification o f m any o f t he h ead p ipes r emains a p roblem , f or t he n ames o f t he p ersons b eing r epresented w ere r arely g iven i n t he r egisters . E ven i f s ome w riting w as p resent o n t he d rawing o r p hotograph c ontained i n t he r epresentations ,

i t w as u sually d eleted t o p revent i t f rom b eing l egible .

T he P atents a nd D esigns A ct o f 1 907 p ermitted t he r enewal o f R egistered D esigns f or a f urther f ive y ears , a nd a n umber o f p ipes h ad t heir c opyright e xtended i n t his w ay . T he r epresentations a nd r egisters ( P .R .O . B T 5 2 a nd 5 3 r espectively) t ook a s imilar f orm t o t he p revious o nes , t he d ifference b eing t hat t he r egisters c ontained m ore e ntries p er p age .

m ain T he

r egistered d esign r ecords h eld a t t he P ublic R ecord O ffice f inish i n e arly 1 910 a nd t hereafter t hey a re s till i n t he c ustody o f t he P atent O ffice ( 4) . T hese have a lso b een s earched a s f ar a s D ecember 3 1st, 1 910 ( Rd . N o . 5 75786);

a s earch a fter t his d ate w as n ot j ustified a s i t w as t hought

u nlikely t hat a ny m ore c lay p ipes w ould h ave b een r egistered , a part f rom o ne e xample t hat w as a lready k nown ( 5) .

3 5

D EVELOPMENT O F R EGISTERED D ESIGNS O N C LAY P IPES T he e arliest d esigns o f c lay p ipes t o b ecome r egistered r elated m ainly t o t heir f unctional a spect ,

w ith v arious i nnovations c oncerning t he r emoval

o r f iltering o f t he t obacco j uices o r s moke . T he f irst t wo s uch d esigns , b oth i n t he n on-ornamental s eries , w ere s ubmitted i n 1 851, o ne b y E dward U pward , ab uilder , a nd t he o ther b y t he p ipemaker J ohn G eorge R eynolds , t hen o f B ristol . L ouis M aximilien F iolet f ollowed s uit i n 1 853 b y t he r egistration o f h is ' Syphon P ipe ' . L ater i n t he 1 850 's s everal o ther m akers s ubmitted o ther r elated d esigns , s till m ainly w ithin t he n ono rnamental s eries , i ncluding o nes b y J ames H owland a nd m ore b y J ohn G eorge R eynolds . T he l atter m aker s ubmitted t he f irst t ruly o rnamental d esign i n 1 859 , w hich w as c alled t he ' British N ational P ipe ' a nd c arried t he d ecoration o f t he R oyal A rms. T he

v ery

e nd

o f

t he

d ecade

s aw

t he

i ntroduction

o f

p ipes

b eing

r egistered o f t he r ifle t heme . T he p opularity o f t his d esign a rose f rom t he i ntroduction o f a V olunteer F orce i n M ay , 1 859 , t he p rogress o f w hich Q ueen V ictoria f ollowed w ith g reat e nthusiasm .

O n J uly 2 nd ,

1 860 s he

p ersonally i naugurated t he N ational R ifle A ssociation , f ormed a s ar esult o f t he i ncreasing V olunteer m ovement a nd t he g eneral a doption a t t hat t ime o f t he u se o f t he r ifle b y t he a rmy . I ts m ain a ims w ere " the e ncouragement o f V olunteer R ifle C orps a nd t he p romotion o f r ifle-shooting t hroughout G reat B ritain " . O bviously t he v olunteer m ovement m ust h ave i nfluenced t he t opics o f t he d ay f or s o m any d esigns o n t he t heme t o b e r egistered . T he f irst o f t hese w as s ubmitted b y W illiam S aul o f L ondon i n D ecember , 1 859 ( 125135) a nd i n J anuary , 1 860 f ive m ore r ifle d esigns w ere r egistered . T hese w ere f ollowed b y an umber o f o thers l ater i n t he s ame y ear a nd i n 1 861. N ot s uprisingly , s ome o f t hese p ipes w ere v ery s imilar i n a ppearance d ue t o t he r elatively h igh n umber r egistered . T he f irst o f m any p ipes d epicting s ports w ere f irst r egistered i n 1 860 , s ome c ommemorating p articular s porting e vents a nd p ersonalities , a nd o thers d epicting s ports i n g eneral . P ugilism w as a f avourite s ubject , t he f irst o f s uch p ipes r egistered i n F ebruary, 1 860 b y W illiam B rown o f L ondon ( 126578) a nd w as e ntitled ' P ugilistic e ncounter ' . T his m ay w ell h ave b een i n a nticipation o f t he f amous f ight b etween A merican J ohn C . H eenan a nd t he E nglish c hampion T om S ayers , w hich t ook p lace o n A pril 1 7th , 1 860 . H eenan r eturned t o E ngland t hree y ears l ater t o m eet a nother E nglish c hampion , T om K ing . B oth C harles C rop ( 6) a nd W illiam B rown r egistered p ipes c ommemorating t hese f ighters ( 161614 a nd 1 63790 r espectively) . A nother f amous American f ight which t ook p lace o n 1 9th D ecember , 1 887 b etween L ondon-born J em S mith a nd t he f amous American p ugilist , J ake K lirain , w as d epicted o n t wo r egistered p ipes . G eorge P riest o f C anton n ear C ardiff s ubmitted a p ipe d escribed a s ' two p ugilists i n f ighting a ttitude ' o n 1 0th N ovember

( Rd .

N o .

8 6705) a nd C harles C rop

&S ons r egistered o ne o nly f our

d ays b efore t he f ight t ook p lace o n 1 5th D ecember ( Rd . N o . b owl s haped a s t he h ead o f J em S mith .

8 9618) w ith t he

O ther s porting a ctivities d epicted i ncluded f ootball , t ennis , r ugby , r owing , g olf a nd c ricket , m ost o f t hese d esigns s howing a spects o f t he g ames o n t he b owls o r t he s tem. O ne o f t he m ore o rnate v ersions w as a p ipe s haped a s ac ricket b at a nd b all r egistered b y B enjamin J acobs o f L ondon i n 1 862 ( 153592) , w ith t he b all f orming t he b owl . A g olf p ipe b ased o n t he s ame i dea w as r egistered b y E dward P ollock o f M anchester i n 1 892 ( Rd . N o . 1 95922) , t his p ipe t hough w as ' r emoved b y o rder o f t he c ourt ' ay ear l ater . J ulius W indenger & C o . o f G ermany r egistered a ' P lay U p ' p ipe i n t he s hape

3 6

o f a l eg a nd b oot k icking a f ootball ( Rd . N o . 3 59766) i n 1 900 a nd t his d esign w as c opied b y s everal o ther m akers . H orse-racing w as a lso d epicted o n an umber o f p ipes , s everal b y T homas H olland o f M anchester i n 1 877 , a nd a p articularly n ice e xample w ith t he b owl s haped

a s

a h orse 's

h ead was

r egistered

b y

S amuel

McLardy,

a lso

o f

M anchester , i n N ovember , 1 880 ( 357848) . T his w as m ade t o c ommemorate t he w inner o f t he S t . L eger r ace a t D oncaster t hat y ear w hich w as b y a r aceh orse c alled ' R obert t he D evil ' .

C harles C rop & S ons r egistered a s imilar

l ooking p ipe i n 1 894 ( Rd . N o . 2 36417) , f ollowed b y a n e ven m ore a mbitious e xample t en y ears l ater w ith a j ockey s hown o n t op o n i t ( Rd . N o . 4 27510) ( 7) . P ossibly r elated t o t his t heme w as a p ipe r egistered b y S amuel M cLardy i n 1 889 w ith t he b owl s haped a s a n u pturned h orse 's h oof ( Rd . N o . 1 21416) . E ven f ishing w as s hown o n t wo r egistered p ipes , b oth s ubmitted b y S amuel McLardy o ne i n 1 884 ( Rd . N o . 6 387) , a nd t he o ther t wenty y ears l ater i n 1 904 ( Rd. N o. 4 30100). -

T urning n ow t o p ortrait p ipes ,

t he f irst p ipe w ith a b owl s haped a s a

m an 's h ead t o b e r egistered w as b y C harles C rop i n J anuary ,

1 861 ( 137570) ;

a

c opy o f t he o riginal r epresentation d rawing o f t his p ipe i s s hown i n f igure 3 . N o more h ead p ipes f ollowed u ntil C rop r egistered o ne r esembling D israeli

i n M arch ,

1 867

( 207074) .

T he

s ame

m aker

c ontinued

t o p roduce

s everal h ead p ipes a fter t his d ate , b ut n o o ther m akers f ollowed h is e xample u ntil A . G isclon o f F rance r egistered o ne i n A pril , 1 876 ( 300314) . B y t he e arly t o m id 1 880's s everal m akers w ere r egistering t hem . S uprisingly ,

n o p ipes w ith b owls s haped a s l adies h eads w ere r egistered

u ntil 1 889 , when C harles C rop & S ons r egistered a p articularly o rnate e xample o f a l ady h olding a n u mbrella o r p arasol ( Rd . N o . 1 23125) . N o m ore w ere s ubmitted f or r egistration u ntil f our y ears l ater , i n 1 893 ( Rd . N o . 2 15626) , a fter which t he s ame f irm r egistered s ome p articularly f ine e xamples , t wo o f t he b est b eing l adies w earing l arge f eathered h ats , w hich w ere r egistered i n 1 900 ( Rd. N o. 3 56110) a nd 1 901 D uring t he 1 890 's o nwards ,

C harles C rop

( Rd. N o. 3 73036).

& S ons

w ere u sing t hree-piece

m oulds t o m inimise a ny d istortion o f f acial f eatures d uring t rimming ,

a nd

t hey a lso e xperimented w ith h aving t he f aces t urned t o o ne s ide o r l ooking u pwards, which m ust h ave b een v ery d ifficult f or t he m ould-makers t o p roduce . M any s uch p ipes o f t he p eriod a lso h ad d etachable s tems , m eaning t hat o nly t he b owl a nd t he s tem p art c loseby w ere m ade o f c lay a nd w ere f itted w ith s eparate s tems o f a m ore d urable m aterial , u sually v ulcanite . I n f act a s mall n umber o f r egistered d esigns , p articularly b y t he f irm o f C rop ,

w ere r egistered t wice

-

o ne v ersion w ith t he n ormal c lay s tem a nd

a nother f itted w ith a v ulcanite s tem ( 8) , a nd l ikewise a f ew w ere a lso r egistered i n C lass I II ( wood). I n t he l ists I h ave s tated i dentifications o f s ubjects o n t he p ipes w here k nown f rom a ctual e xamples o r w here t he i nformation w as g iven i n t he r egisters o r r epresentations . H owever , w ith a c onsiderable n umber o f d esigns t he i dentifications o f p eople p ortrayed c an o nly b e s uggested b ut a s m ore a nd m ore o f t he p ipes t hemselves c ome t o l ight t his p roblem s hould b e r esolved .

O f c ourse a f air p roportion o f h ead p ipes, p articularly t he

l adies h eads , w ere p robably n ot i ntended t o r epresent a ny p articular p ersons a t a ll , a nd i nstead w ere l ikely t o b e e xamples o f t he t ypical f ashions o f t he p eriod.

3 7

A mongst t he s ubjects p ortrayed o n h ead p ipes , a s w ell a s o n s ome o f m ore s imple d esigns , w ere p olitical a nd r egimental h eroes o f t he p eriod . H arry ( 7 ) W illiam B aker r egistered

ap ipe i n 1 886 ( Rd . N o . 4 8149) w ith t he b usts

o f G ladstone , S alisbury , P arnell a nd t he f igure o f B ritannia d epicted o n t he b owl , a nd C harles C rop h ad p reviously r egistered a n umber o f h ead p ipes r esembling P rime-ministers , s uch a s D israeli a lready m entioned . T he n otorious D r . K eneally a nd t he s py-scandal h ero A lfred D reyfus w ere a lso r epresented o n p ipes b y C rop , t he f ormer b eing r egistered i n 1 875 ( 289905) a nd t he l atter i n 1 899 ( Rd . N o . 3 45182) . G eneral G ordon 's t ragic d eath i n 1 885 w as c ommemorated b y T homas D avidson j unior o f G lasgow ( Rd . N o . 2 2419) , a nd t he G enerals o f t he B oer W ar a t t he t urn o f t he c entury , i n p articular K itchener , R oberts a nd B aden-Powell , w ere t he s ubjects o f a n umber o f p ipes t hat w ere r egistered a t t hat t ime. T he R oyal f amily w ere o f c ourse r epresented t oo . A s e arly a s F ebruary , 1 863 , C rop r egistered a p ipe a pparently s howing P rince E dward a nd P rincess A lexandra w ho w ere m arried t hat y ear . T he P rince I mperial o f F rance , w ho w as k illed i n t he Z ulu W ar i n 1 879 a nd b uried i n E ngland , w as t he s ubject o f ap ipe r egistered b y H arry W illiam B aker o f S tepney ( 336926) ( 9) . A lthough Q ueen V ictoria w as c ommemorated o n ag reat m an y p ipes , o nly o ne s uch p ipe w as r egisterd . T his o ne h ad t he b owl s haped a s h er h ead a nd w as r egistered b y C rop i n 1 897 ( Rd . N o . 2 91715) , t he y ear o f h er D iamond J ubilee ( 10) . L ater i n t he s ame y ear , t he f irm o f C rop r egistered a p ipe w ith t he b owl s haped a s t he h ead o f P rince E dward ,

t hen t he P rince o f Wales ( Rd . N o .

2 99810) . A s pate o f r egistered d esigns f ollowed i n 1 901 a nd 1 902 t o c elebrate t he C oronation o f E dward V II a nd Q ueen A lexandra , w hen s ome f abulous e xamples w ere p roduced . F iolet o f S t . O mer r egistered p ipes w ith t he b owls s haped a s t he h eads o f t he K ing a nd Q ueen i n M arch a nd M ay 1 901 ( Rd. N o . 's 3 71687 a nd 3 74642 r espectively) , a nd C harles C rop & S ons r egistered t wo s imilar p ipes i n F ebruary a nd M arch , 1 902 ( Rd . N o . 's 3 87657 a nd 3 89119 r espectively) ( 11) . J ulius W ingender & C o . o f G ermany p roduced ap ipe d epicting t he m onarchs o n e ach s ide o f t he b owl ( Rd . N o . 3 75693) a nd A lfred C harles J ack o f E ssex p roduced a n ' EMPIRE P IPE ' w ith t he b owl s haped a s a c rown ( Rd . N o . 3 93026) . I n 1 906 , W illiam J ohn B rown o f S tepney r egistered a p ipe r esembling Q ueen E lizabeth I , d epicted w earing a j ewelled h ead-dress a nd l ooking q uite s pectacular ( 12) . t heme

t o b e

r egistered w as

T he f inal p ipe o f t he r oyal

o ne w ith t he b owl s haped a s t he h ead o f K ing

G eorge V ( Rd . N o . 5 62809) a nd w as s ubmitted b y W illiam T homas O sborn & C o . , t obacconists o f L ondon ,

i n 1 910 ( 13) .

O ther p ipes s how p eople i n d ifferent u niforms o r o ccupations . E xamples i nclude s oldiers a nd s ailors , t wo p ipes w ith t he b owls s haped a s t he h eads o f s oldiers b eing r egistered b y C rop i n 1 890 a nd 1 900 ( Rd . N o . 's 1 61371 a nd 3 53104 r espectively) . A lfred C harles J ack p roduced a ' Tommy A tkins ' p ipe i n 1 900 ( Rd . N o . 3 54468) , f ollowed b y ap ipe s haped a s a s ailor 's h ead l ater i n t he s ame y ear ( Rd . N o . 3 58794) . M iners w ere d epicted o n ac ouple o f p ipes r egistered b y T homas H olland i n 1 877 ( 310898 a nd 3 13058) , a nd t he f ollowing y ear h e s ubmitted a p ipe s howing a s chool m aster w ith h is c lass a long t he s tem ( 325718) . C harles C rop & S ons r egistered a p ipe w ith t he b owl s haped a s t he h ead o f as chool m aster i n 1 890 ( Rd. N o. 1 42144). P opular c omic o r f olk c haracters w ere a lso r epresented .

A lly S loper ,

p opularised b y t he l ate V ictorian c omic c alled " Ally S loper 's H alf H oliday" w as f eatured o n a n umber o f r egistered p ipes , e ach s howing h is c haracteristic l arge n ose ( 14) . T he f irst o f t hese w as a p ipe s haped a s h is h ead , w hich w as r egistered b y S amuel M cLardy i n 1 886 ( Rd . N o . 5 5343) . C harles C rop & S ons p roduced t heir o wn v ersion n early s ix y ears l ater t hen

3 8

t hey r egistered a n A lly S loper h ead i n 1 892 ( Rd . N o . 1 88791) .

T his o ne h ad

t he f ace n ear t o t he b ase o f t he b owl l ooking d ownwards a nd w earing a t all b illowing h at . A l arger i dentical v ersion w ith a v ulcanite s tem w as r egistered b y t he s ame m akers t he f ollowing y ear ( Rd . N o . 2 06856) . B uffalo B ill C ody , t he f amous s howman , w as r epresented o n ap ipe p roduced b y C rop i n 1 887 ( Rd . N o . 8 1616) , a nd i ncidently b ecame t he s ubject o f a c ourt c ase b etween C rop a nd a nother p ipe m aker d iscussed l ater . J ohn B ull was d epicted o n ap ipe t hat W illiam B rown r egistered i n 1 902 p ipe p reviously r egistered b y C rop i n 1 884 ( Rd . N o .

N o . 4 01848) ; a 2 100) c ould a lso

( Rd .

r epresent t he s ame c haracter . C rop a lso r egistered a p ipe g iven t he t itle o f ' Mexican J oe ' i n 1 888 ( Rd . N o . 9 1969) , b ut s o f ar t his c haracter r emains u nidentified. E ven M ephastopheles

w as

p rivileged

t o b e r epresented o n a r egistered

c lay p ipe . W illiam J ohn B rown o f S tepney r egistered s uch a n e xample i n 1 888 ( Rd . N o . 1 03171) , w hich h ad t he b owl i n t he s hape o f t he D evil 's e vill ooking h ead , w ith p ointed f eatures a nd w earing a f eathered h at . Ap ipe o f a s imilar t heme w as r egistered b y S harman & L ong , t obacconists o f L incoln , i n 1 904 ( Rd . N o . 4 27018) , w hich d epicted t he h ead o f t he l egendary L incoln I mp . F inally , C oh n L unn , a t obacconist o f O xford , r egistered a r ather u gly h ead p ipe i n t he s ane y ear e ntitled ' Brasenose' ( Rd. N o. 4 32507). P ipes p ortraying v arious h istorical c haracters , i ncluding t he p ainter R ubens a nd A dmiral N elson w ere a lso r egistered , a long w ith t he o ne t hat c ould r epresent Q ueen E lizabeth I a lready m entioned ,

a nd o ne o r t wo o thers

t hat c ould b e S hakespeare. F lowers

a nd

f oliage

b ecame

p opular

r egistered

d esigns

i n

1 861 ,

w ith

a pples , p ears a nd f lowers o ften b eing p roduced . A c ommonly f ound e xample i s a p ear-shaped b owl w ith a l eaf c urled r ound t he s tem , which was r egistered b y H enry J oseph o f L ondon i n M ay , 1 861 ( 140695) ; p resumably t his w as i n p roduction m uch l onger t han h is o ther s imilar l ooking p ipes P ipes w ith b owls s haped a s a nimals , b irds o r f ish , o r a s t heir h eads , b ecame p opular d uring t his p eriod .

T he

f ist

o f

t hese w as

( 15) . a lso

r egistered b y

C harles C rop i n N ovember , 1 861 ( 146618) w hich d epicted a k angaroo , a nd h e c losely f ollowed t his d esign b y p roducing t wo p ipes c leverly s howing p elicans e ating f ish , a nd a nother d esign s howing a b ear . T here w as a nother u psurge o f a nimal p ipes i n t he m id t o l ate 1 870 's , w hen a n umber o f m akers r egistered t hem ( including t he h orse p ipes a lready d escribed) . E benezer C hurch o f L ondon r egistered s ome s imple l ooking p ipes w ith r ats a nd m ice p laced i n d ifferent p ositions , a nd h e r egistered a p articularly n ice p ipe w ith t he b owl s haped a s a b ull 's h ead i n N ovember , 1 876 ( 305217) . T his p ipe c ould a lternatively b e r epresenting a b uffalo , t he R oyal A ntediluvian O rder o f B uffaloes . r egistered a p ipe s pecifically f or t his p urpose i n b uffalo 's h ead d epicted o n t he f ront o f t he b owl

t he w ell-known s ymbol o f W illiam B oud o f L ondon 1 880 ( 347463) w hich h ad a a nd a n i ntricate ' R .A .O .B . '

m otif o n t he s ides . S amuel M cLardy f ollowed s uit i n 1 894 w ith h is v ersion o f t he R .A .O .B . p ipe ( Rd . N o . 2 45215) ; t he s ame m aker w ent o ne s tep f urther i n 1 902 when h e r egistered a d etailed p ipe w ith t he b owl s haped a s a b uffalo's h ead ( Rd. N o. 3 89600) ( 16). H enry D ewy , ap rominent G loucester t obacconist , s ubmitted a f ish p ipe i n 1 885 ( Rd . N o . N o . 4 1948) , p hotographic b owl s haped

3 9986) f ollowed b y a s nake p ipe e arly t he f ollowing y ear ( Rd . e ach c ontaining t he i nnovation o f s mall h oles c ontaining v iews ( 17) . H arriett S ilk o f L ondon p roduced a p ipe w ith t he a s t he h ead o f a d og i n 1 889 ( Rd . N o . 1 23647) . a nd a s plendid

3 9

r am 's h ead w as r egistered b y C rop f our y erass l ater ( Rd. N o. 2 18042). A mongst t he b irds d epicted w ere p elicans , a s a lready m entioned , a nd a lso p heasants a nd c ockrels . T wo p ipes w ere r egistered t hat w ere s haped a s u pturned b irds ' h eads , o ne i n 1 875 ( 293105) w hich h ad t he b eak e xtending a long t he s tem ( 18) , a nd t he o ther a y ear l ater w hich r epresented a p heasant ( 305022) . s plendidly

Two o f t he l ast c lay p ipes e ver t o b e r egistered i ncluded a s haped b owl r esembling a c ockrel , w hich w as m ade b y F rederick

P arnell o f L ondon ( Rd . N o . 5 36890) a nd a nother w as a b owl s haped a s a b ear s itting o n ab ranch , b y A . S paull ( Rd . N o . 5 52852) . B oth o f t hese w ere r egistered i n 1 909 . C rop e ven r egistered a p ipe i n 1 894 w hich h ad a b owl s haped a s a b ird 's n est B irds'

c laws

w ere

( Rd .

N o .

v ery

2 36418) .

p opular

s ubjects

o n

s uprisingly a n umber o f t hese c ame t o b e r egistered .

c lay

p ipes ,

a nd

n ot

A n ' eagle 's c law c lay

c igar h older ' w as r egistered b y H arry W illiam B aker i n 1 879 ( 342768) , w hich h e f ollowed w ith a n ' eagle 's c law ' p ipe i n 1 883 ( 405416) . T he l atter w as u nusually s haped f or t he t alons e xtended f rom t he b owl t o t he s tem a nd n ot v isa-versa . C rop p roduced a l arge a nd d ecorative c law p ipe i n 1 889 ( Rd . N o . 1 28041) w hich w as i mproved e ven f urther i n 1 898 w ith a p ipe b earing m ore p rominent c laws o r t alons ( Rd . N o . 3 18759) . A t t he o ther e nd o f t he s cale , E benezer J ohn C hurch p roduced a p ipe i n 1 890 w hich c onsisted o f ap lain b owl h eld b y a v ery s mall c law ( or p aw) ( Rd . N o . 1 50285) . O n t he s ame l ines , s ome p ipes h ad b owls h eld b y h uman h ands ,

o r ac ombination o f t he t wo w as

e ven u sed . T he f irst ' h and a nd e gg ' p ipe w as r egistered 18240) , o nce a gain b y C rop , w hich a lso s howed t he c uff . e longated v ersion l ater i n t he s ame y ear ( Rd . N o .

i n 1 889 ( Rd . N o . H e s ubmitted a n

1 24670) a nd e xpanded t he

i dea i n 1 890 b y p roducing a p ipe w ith t he b owl i n t he s hape o f a n a corn h eld b y ah uman h and ( Rd . N o . 1 63599) . T he s ame m akers w ere e ven m ore a mbitious i on 1 893 w hen a n o rnate c law h olding a h and p ipe w as r egistered ( Rd . N o . 2 18043) . A s w ith t heir b ird 's c law p ipe, t he f irm o f C rop p roduced a l arger a nd m ore o rnate h and a nd e gg b owl i n 1 898 ( Rd . N o . 3 18760) . T he o nly o ther m aker t o r egister a h and p ipe w as H . B aker ( Harry o r H enry) i n 1 895 , w hen h e s ubmitted a d esign s howing a h and e xtending b elow t he s tem a nd s upporting a b all b eneath t he b owl ( Rd. N o . 2 59260). A mongst

o ther

s ubjects

t o

I nternational E xhibition o f 1 862 .

b e

p ortrayed

o n r egistered

p ipes

w as

t he

T his w as t he s ubject o f a l arge ' c adger '

p ipe ( 152603) s ubmitted b y C harles C rop i n J une o f t hat y ear ,

w ith t he b owl

d epicting t he t emporary E xhibition b uilding t hat w as e rected i n S outh K ensington f or t he p urpose . T he p ipe a lso s hows a s team e ngine a nd w hat a ppears t o b e a l ife-boat o r r escue b oat c lose t o a s tricken s hip . O ther p ipe m akers c opied t he i dea a nd p roduced p ipes s howing C rystal P alace ( 19) , w hich w as o f c ourse a f amous b uilding i n i ts o wn r ight . T wo o ther ' c adger ' p ipes w ere a lso r egistered l ater , n amely t he l arge n egro b y T homas H olland i n 1 873 ( 269622) ( 20) , a nd S amuel M cLardy 's f ootball p ipe i n 1 894 ( Rd . N o . 2 41693) ( 21) . E ngineering f eats s uch a s t he b uilding o f t he M anchester S hip C anal w ere c ommemorated b y S amuel M cLardy w ith h is D aniel A damson p ipe ( Rd . N o . 3 3097) a nd b y G eorge H olland ( 22) , a lso o f M anchester , w ith a p ipe d epicting a s team s hip o n t he s tem ( Rd . N o . 3 8168) . B oth p ipes w ere r egistered d uring 1 885 , t he y ear i n w hich t he C anal w as o pened ( 23) . P eter M cLean o f D undee c elebrated t he o pening o f t he f amous F orth B ridge b y h is r egistration o f t wo F orth B ridge p ipes i n 1 890 ( Rd . N o . 's 1 47863 i n C lass I V a nd 1 48639 i n C lass I II) . M iscellaneous s ubjects s uch a s p ipes s haped a s a xes , o ne i n t he s hape o f aw alking s tick a nd h at , a nd o thers s haped a s b ugles w ere a lso r egistered .

4 0

M ichael H yams o f L ondon w ent s o f ar a s t o r egister a ' C rucifixion P ipe ' i n 1 860 ,

d epicting J esus o n t he c rucifixion c ross

o n

t he

f ront

o f

t he

b owl

( 136076) . P ipes o f t his n ature a re e xtremely r are ( 24) . E ven a f riendship p ipe w ith t he b owl p ortraying t wo m en s haking h ands o n e ither s ide w as r egistered b y a B lackburn t obacconist i n 1 884 . O n t he s tem w as t he m otif ' G OOD M ORNING J OHN T here

w ere

a lso

-

s ome

G OOD M ORNING J IM ' s imple

d esigns

o f

( Rd . N o . 6 388) . p ipes

t hat

o ught

t o

b e

m entioned . T hese i ncluded t he u se o f s piked d ecorations , ' bulldog ' t ype b owls ( widen t owards t he t op a nd t hen n arrow a gain ) , a nd u nusually p laced s purs E benezer C hurch b eing r esponsible f or m any o f t hese . S ome d esigns -

w ere s o s imple t hat t here d oes n ot s eem t o b e a ny r eason f or h aving t hem r egistered , a n e xample o f t his b eing ' T he R ifle P ipe ' r egistered b y J ohn G eorge R eynolds o f L ondon i n 1 860 ( 125340) . F inally , an umber o f u nusual i nnovations w ere a lso r egistered w ithin t he o rnamental s eries t hat r elate m ore t o t he f unctional a spect o f p ipes ,

s ome

o f w hich c an b e a ssociated w ith p atents . E xamples i nclude t he ' P aragon P ipe ' o f 1 854 ( the f irst k nown p ipe t o b e r egistered i n t he o rnamental s eries) , w hich h ad a n a ir-way t hrough t he s pur o ver w hich a d etachable c ap c ould b e f itted ( 95259) . T his d esign w as v ery s imilar t o F iolet 's n on o rnamental d esign r egistered t he p revious y ear a nd c ould i n f act b e a c opy o f i t . O ther s imilar d esigns f ollowed l ater , o ne b y E dward G am ier , a L ondon t obacconist ,

i n 1 892

( Rd . N o .

1 96929) a nd o ne b y J ames W illiam

P rince , a p ipemaker o f M anchester , r egistered i n 1 901 ( Rd . N o . 3 84715) . S amuel McLardy 's " supports f or p lug" a nd " nicotine r esevoir" d esigns , b oth r egistered i n 1 884 ( Rd . N o . 's 2 452 a nd 2 453) w ould h ave b een m ore s uitable a s P atents . H e l ater s tarted a pplying f or s uch f rom 1 886 o nwards ( see P art I II) . W illiam B rown 's d esigns o f ' inner b owls' ( Rd . N o . 's 2 1834 a nd 3 77283) w ere b ased o n t he s ame p rincipal a s A rchibald A llan P ercy 's P atent o f 1 880. An umber o f o ther s ubjects a lso s ubmitted a mongst t he r egistered d esigns w ill b e f ound w hen e xamining t he l ists. S everal i nteresting a nd u seful a dditional p ieces o f i nformation r elevant t o r egistered d esigns h ave c ome t o l ight d uring t he c ourse o f m y r esearch. F irstly, t here a re a f ew a dverts a nd n ews-items c oncerning s everal d esigns t hat w ere p ublished i n t he m onthly ‚ T obacco T rade R eview ' ( 25) , a nd t hese h ave b een r eproduced w here r elevant i n t he f ollowing p ages . C harles C rop & S ons w ere a mong st t he m anufacturers t hat s ubmitted a dvertisments , a ll b eing o f a s tandard l ayout d uring t he 1 890 's a nd a ll l isting e xamples o f s ome o f t heir p opular d esigns . F or e xample , t heir a dverts i n 1 892 s tated t hat t hey w ere t he i nventors o f t he ' c elebrated m eerschaum - w ashed c olouring p ipes ' a nd w ere m anufacturers o f r egistered n ovelties i ncluding "Uncle T om" , " Sambo" , " The P oliceman" , " African C ap" P ipe , " Jewelled H and" , " Buffalo B ill" , & c . ; a lso c ompetition c lays ' . I n 1 894 t his l ist h ad b een c hanged t o " Uncle T on i" , " Sambo" , " Buffalo B ill" , ' Knock-out P atent" , " Sam W eller" ,

" Daisy" a nd C ' ( see F igure 1 2) , a nd i n J anuary ,

1 896 " Rugby a nd

A ssociates" w as i nserted i nstead o f " Sam W eller" . I n N ovember o f t he s ame y ear t he a dvert w as a ltered t o ' thirgwin W hite-Eyed K affir" ( enamelled e ye) , " Buffalo B ill" , ' Knock -o ut P atent" , ' Father C hristmas" , ' Daisy" & c . ' , a nd i n M arch 1 897 "Qu een V ictoria" w as i nserted i nstead o f " Father C hristmas" . F inally, i n M ay 1 898 t he a dverts w ere c hanged t o " Chirgwin W hite-eyed K affir" ( enamelled e ye) , " Buffalo B ill" , " Knock-out P atent" , " Porous M agnesia P ipe" a nd c . '

4 1

S ome o f t hese t itles w ere a lready a pparent f rom k nown p ipes a nd f rom t he i nformation g iven i n t he D esign r ecords t hemselves . H owever , t here a re o thers s uch a s " Uncle T om" , " Sam W eller" a nd t he " Chirgwin W hite—eyed K affir" w here t he s pecific r egistrations a re n ot c ertain a t t his s tage a nd c an o nly b e s peculated .

T he d ating o f t he a dverts h elps e liminate t he d ate

r anges i n w hich t hese p articular p ipes w ould h ave b een r egistered , a nd t hus i n t he l ists I h ave i ndicated t he m ost l ikely r egistrations t o w hich t hese t itles c ould r efer . T he i dentification o f " The P oliceman" p ipe h owever r emains a p roblem f or n o d esign t hat o bviously r epresented a p oliceman w as d iscovered . I t i s q uite p ossible t hough t hat t his r egistration w as u nclear o r

r esembled

a nother

c haracter .

T he

' Father C hristmas" p ipe

t oo i s

n ot

i dentifiable , t hough t he f irm o f C rop d id m anufacture a l arge ' cadger ' v ersion t hat d efinitely w as n ot r egistered b ut t o w hich t he a dvert c ould s till r efer . A s a lready m entioned , t he c orrect i dentification o f m ore o f t he c haracters p ortrayed w ill b ecome m ore a pparent w hen m ore e xamples o f t he a ctual p ipes c ome t o l ight . T wo P atents a re a lso m entioned i n t he a dverts , n amely t he ' Knock—out P atent" ( Patent N o . 1 4 ,671 o f 1 892) a nd t he ' Porous M agnesia P ipe" ( likely t o r elate t o P atent N o . t hese p atents w ill b e f ound i n S ection I II .

6 747 o f 1 898) .

D etails o f

I t i s c lear f rom t he a bove m entioned a dverts t hat t he " Buffalo B ill" , " Daisy" a nd " Knock—out P atent" p ipes m ust h ave b een a mongst t he m ost p opular o f t he d esigns t hat C harles C rop & S ons p roduced . C ertainly " Buffalo B ill" p ipes a re f requently f ound b earing t heir n ame b ut w ith n o R egistered N umber , i ndicating t hat i t w as s till i n p roduction o ver t hree y ears r egistered .

a fter i t

T his r ule c annot b e a pplied t o a ll d esigns t hough ,

w as

f or s everal

m akers r etained m arks o n p ipes l ong a fter t hey h ad e xpired. T he o ther m ain p roductive s ources o f i nformation c onsisted o f r eports o f t wo c ourt c ases i nvolving i nfringement o f r egistered d esigns ; t hese g o i nto c onsiderable d etail a nd t herefore m ake v ery i nteresting s tudy. T he f irst o f t hese r eports w as p ublished i n ' T he T imes ' o n O ctober 5 th , 1 877 ,

p age

1 2

( 26) .

T he

d efendant

i n

t he c ase w as W illiam R ensher

( 27) ;

t his w as m ispelt H incher i n t he a rticle a nd h as t herefore b een a ltered a ccordingly ; ' A t W orship S treet , W illiam H ensher , p ipe m aker o f M ount S treet , B ethnal G reen R oad , a ppeared t o as ummons c harging h im w ith h aving a pplied a f raudulent i mitation o f ac ertain r egistered d esign w ith i ntent , & c . , Mr . B .J . A bbot s upported t he s ummons . T he c omplainant , E benezer C hurch , p ipe m anufacturer , o f N orth S treet , K ings C ross

s aid

t hat

o n t he

1 9th J une

l ast ,

h e

r egistered t he

d esign o f ac lay p ipe a s t he " Danube B ramble" . I n S eptember l ast h e f ound o ut t hat a n i mitation o f t hat p ipe w as b eing m ade a nd s old , a nd h e w ent t o t he d efendant 's p lace i n M ount S treet , B ethnal G reen , h aving f ound t hat h e w as t he m aker , a nd p urchased t hree d ozen . T he w ife s erved h im , a nd a dmitted t hat h er h usband m ade t hem . T he w itness p roduced a c opy o f h is p ipe b earing t he c opyright m ark a nd a p ipe p urchased f rom t he d efendant . M r . A bbot s aid t hat t he s ummons w as t aken o ut u nder t he 7 th s ection o f t he A ct .

5 a nd

6 V ic ,

c ap .

1 00 .

T he p enalty w as

£ 30 .

T he

d efendant s aid t hat h e w as n ot g uilty a nd p ointed o ut t hat t here w as a d ifference i n t he p ipes , t he o rnamentation t horns o n o ne p ipe b eing m uch l arger t han o n t he o ther . Mr . B ushby, h aving i nspected

t he

p ipe ,

r emarked

t hat

i t w as

s ufficient t o c onstitute a n o riginality .

4 2

a d ifference n ot

H e o rdered h im t o p ay a

f ine o f £ 5 a nd £ 2 . i mprisonment ,

4 s .

c osts .

I n d efault o f p ayment t wo m onths

T he d efendant w as l ocked u p ' .

I t i s i nteresting t o n ote h ere t hat a lthough t he p ipe c oncerned ( 3 11049) w as n ot g iven a t itle i n t he r epresentations o f r egistered d esigns , t he a dditional d etails t his i nformation . T he

s econd

s upplied w ithin t his r eported c ase p rovides u s w ith

c ourt

c ase ,

w hich

w as

e ntitled

' Pipe

D esigns

a nd

I mitations ' , w as r eported i n t he ' T obacco T rade R eview ' o n D ecember i st , 1 888 a nd t his g oes i nto e ven m ore d etail r egarding t he v arious p arties a nd w itnesses c oncerned :' T he c ase o f C . C rop & S ons v . H . W . B aker & C o . w as h eard b efore M r . J ustice C hitty i n t he C hancery D ivision o f t he H igh C ourt o f J ustice , o n W ednesday , N ovember 2 1st . T he p laintiffs , w ho a re m anufacturers o f t obacco p ipes , c arrying o n b usiness o n a l arge s cale a t B rooksby W orks , B rooksby W alk , H omerton , a re i nventors a nd p roprietors o f t he c opyright i n a d esign f or c lay t obacco p ipes a nd c igar h olders w hich w as d uly r egistered o n S eptember 2 1st , 1 887 , t he d esign c onsisting o f t he f ormation o f t he b owl o f t he p ipe o r c igar h older w ith t he h ead o f aw ell k nown p ublic c haracter . T he p laintiffs a lleged t hat t hey h ad s old a l arge n umber o f p ipes s ince t hey w ere p ut o n t he m arket i n O ctober , 1 887, a nd h ad e xpended c onsiderable s ums o f m oney i n t he p roduction a nd i ntroduction t hereof .

T he d efendants ,

w ho r esided

a t 1 0 , C hurch R ow , A idgate , w ere a lso m anufacturers o f t obacco p ipes , a nd i t w as a lleged t hat t hey h ad r ecently , w ith t he k nowledge o f t he p laintiffs ' r egistration , m anufactured a nd s old c lay p ipes o f t he s ame d esign w hich w ere f raudulent a nd o bvious i mitations . T he p laintiffs c laimed a n i njunction t o p revent t he d efendant f rom i nfringing t heir r egistered d esign . I t a ppeared t hat o ne H ensher h ad b een p rosecuted u nder t he M erchandise M arks A ct , a nd B aker t hen a ppeared a nd a dmitted h e w as t he m aker o f t he p ipes , s o t hat t here w as n ow n o d ispute o n t he q uestion o f f acts . Mr . R omer , Q .C . , a nd Mr . V ernon S mith a ppeared p laintiffs , a nd t he d efendant a ppeared i n p erson . M r . C . C rop w as c alled ,

f or

t he

a nd g ave e vidence i n s upport o f t he

c ase. O ne o f t he d esigns w as f or a " Buffalo B ill" p ipe. T he d efendant d enied t hat " Buffalo B ill" w as a n ew d esign f or ap ipe , o r t hat h e h ad c opied t he p laintiff 's p ipe , a nd p roduced t he f ollowing e vidence t o s how t hat " Buffalo B ill" p ipes w ere s old b efore t he p laintiffs r egistered t heir d esign . A lbert S earle ,

a t obacconist ,

d eposed t hat h e h ad b ought a nd

s old t he " Forester" p ipe u nder t he n ame o f " Buffalo B ill" o n S eptember 1 6th , 1 887 , f rom t he d efendant 's s on , t hem o n ac ard w hich h e h ad p repared. H arry B aker ,

s on o f t he D efendant ,

w itness.

4 3

a nd s o d escribed

p roved t he s ale

t o l ast

H enry H opkins , p ipe -mould m aker t o t he t rade , d eposed t hat h e h ad m ade t he m ould f or t he p ipe s old b y d efendant .

H e

r eceived

t he o rder b efore C hristmas , 1 887 . T he i nstructions w ere f or a f ace m ould " not l ike M r. C rop's". H e k new t he p laintiffs' p ipe. G eorge H ensher s aid h e s old " Buffalo B ill" p ipes a s l ong a go a s l ast s ummer t welve m onths . H ad s howcards f or t hem p rinted b y P laford ,

o f H ackney R oad .

H ad b ought " Buffalo B ill" p ipes o f t he

d efendant , t he p laintiffs , a nd o ther m anufacturers. Mr . R omer o bserved t hat t he p laintiffs d id n ot c laim t he e xclusive r ight t o t he n ame " Buffalo B ill". M r . B rown s aid

t hat h e w as t he m aker o f t he " Masher" p ipe ,

w hich c ame o ut f our y ears a go . H e a fterwards s topped t he e ye g lass u p , a nd t hen s old i t a s " Sullivan" . T he " Forester" , w hich c ame o ut s ome e ight o r t en y ears b ack , w as n ow s old a s " Buffalo B ill" . H e f irst s aw a f ace-and-h at p ipe s even o r e ight y ears a go . C ross-examined : H e h ad s ubmitted t o a p erpetual i njunction r estraining h im f rom i nfringing t he p aintiffs ' r egistered d esign . T he D efendant t hen s ummed u p

t he c ase ,

a nd

s ubmitted t hat

t here w as n o s imilarity b etween h is p ipe a nd t he p laintiffs ' . A fter p ointing o ut t he r espects i n w hich t he t wo p ipes d iffered. H is L ordship p roceeded t o d eliver j udgment . H e s aid t he o nly q uestion b efore t he C ourt w as t hat o f i nfringement . H e h ad t he t wo p ipes b efore h im , a nd i t w as t rue , a s t he d efendant s aid , t hey w ere n ot i dentical , b ut t hey w ere s o n early a like t hat i t w as h ardly p ossible t o d istinguish t he o ne f rom t he o ther . I t h ad b een t he d efendant 's m isfortune t o h ave e mployed a p ipe-mould m aker n amed H opkins , a nd h is m isfortune t hat h e g ave s pecial i nstructions n ot t o m ake a p ipe l ike t he p laintiffs ' . I t w as a lso a m isfortune t hat H opkins i nstructions . I t h ad b een s aid t hat t o m ake a t hing l ike s omething e lse , " Make i t a s n ear l ike i t a s p ossible" ,

d id n ot c arry o ut t hese w hen y ou t old a p erson n ot i t w as t antamount t o s aying , a nd i n t he p resent c ase t he

p ipe-mould m aker h ad t hem s o a like t hat t hey w ere a lmost i ndistinguishable . T he p laintiffs w ere e ntitled t o t he i njunction c laimed ,

w ith c osts . '

F rom t he a bove a ccount w e a gain k now t he i dentification o f t he d esign c oncerned

( Rd .

r epresentations . p oints . F irstly ,

N o .

8 1616) ,

w hich

w as

p reviously

T he d etails g iven i n t he c ase a s s tated b y M r . B rown ( almost

u ncertain

f rom

t he

r aise s ome i nteresting c ertainly W illiam J ohn

B rown o f S tepney) , i t m ust h ave b een c ommon p ractice t o r e-title o ld p ipe d esigns t o k eep u p w ith c ontemporary t rends . T his c an s ometimes b e s een o n t he p ipes t hemselves w hen s ome w riting m ay h ave b een o bliterated b y e rasing t he l etters i n t he p ipe m ould , o r b y a dding w riting i mpressed i nto t he m ould s o t hat i t r eproduces i n r elief o nto t he p ipe . T he l atter e xamples c an u sually b e d istinguished f rom o riginal m oulds c ontaining i mpressed w riting b ecause i f t he p ipe m aker h as a dded p rinting h imself i t w ill o ften l ook a mateur a nd b e u neven . T he

r eferences

t o t he p ipe-mould m aker c oncerned ,

H enry H opkins ,

a re

a lso o f p articular i nterest b ecause s urprisingly v ery l ittle i nformation i s

4 4

r ecorded o n t he s ubject . O nly t hree s uch m akers a re r ecorded i n t he L ondon D irectories d uring t he s econd h alf o f t he n ineteenth c entury , t wo o f t hese a lso b eing p ipe m akers ( 28) . T he d etails g iven i n t he c ourt c ase t ells u s t hat t he p ipe-mould makers m ust t hemselves , f or B aker o rdered " a l ack o f d ocumentation , p ipe-mould t he p rincipal p ipe m aking c entres

h ave m odelled t he o rders f or d esigns p ipe n ot l ike Mr . C rop's" . D espite t he m akers m ust h ave b een a ctive i n m ost o f t o c ater f or t he d emand f or n ew m oulds

( 29) . S ome p ipe m akers a lternatively s eem t o h ave p laced o rders w ith i ronf ounders f or s uch p urposes , t hese m akers p resumably s upplying t he f ounders w ith m odels o f t he p ipes r equired . T his w as c ertainly t he c ase w ith S amuel M cLardy o f Manchester , f or i n a n a ccount o n t he M anchester c lay p ipe i ndustry p ublished i n t he ' T obacco T rade R eview ' o f i st , N ovember , 1 894 , i t i s s tated t hat :t he s moker 's c raving f or n ovelties i s i nsatiable ,

a nd w hile

M r . M cLardy h as a t t hese w orks o ver f ive-hundred m oulds s tored i n r acks a nd n umbered , h e i s c onstantly a dding t o t he s tock . S ome o f t hese a re v ery c ostly , a nd M r . M cLardy p ointed o ut a n ew o ne w hich h ad j ust c ome f rom t he f oundry , a nd w ould c ost w ith t he r egistration ( many o f M r . M cLardy 's d esigns a re r egistered) f rom £ 6 t o £ 7. W hen a bout a d ozen o f t hese a re r equired b efore o perations c an b e c ommenced ,

t he r eader m ay h ave s ome i dea o f t he

c ost o f p lacing a n ew c lay o n t he m arket ' . I t i s w orth n oting h ere

t he

m ention o f e xcessive c ost

f or p roducing

r egistered p ipes , t he p ipe r eferred t o h ere i ncidentally b eing h is l arge f ootball ' c adger ' p ipe ( Rd . N o . 2 41693) w hich h ad b een r egistered o n 6 th , O ctober . M ention w as a lso m ade i n t he c ourt c ase t hat C harles C rop & S ons ' h ad e xpended c onsiderable s ums o f m oney i n t he p roduction a nd i ntroduction ' o f t heir ' Buffalo B ill" p ipe . R egarding C rop , t here i s W illiam B aker , s ame a ddresses

t he f irm o f H .W . B aker & C o . , i nvolved i n t he c ourt c ase w ith s till u ncertainty a s t o w hether t his r efers t o H enry o r H arry a s e ach r egistered p ipes a nd e ach s eems t o h ave l ived a t t he ( 30) . I t w ould a ppear t hat H enry w as s enior a nd t hat H arry

w as h is s on m entioned i n t he c ourt c ase. C harles C rop & S ons t hemselves were f orced t o c ancel o ne o f t heir r egistered d esigns b ecause o f t he r equest o f a nother m anufacturer . T his w as ‚ The R ugby P ipe ' t hat t he f ormer r egistered o n 9 th , O ctober , 1 894 ( Rd . N o . 2 41792) where t he b owl was s haped a s a r ugby b all , b eing h eld b y a p layer d epicted l aying a long t he s tem . T he H arburger G ummi -K amm C ompany , b riar p ipe m anufacturers o f G ermany , h ad a lready r egistered s uch a d esign i n C lass I II o n 7 th , A pril , 1 894 ( Rd . N o . 2 30285) . O n D ecember 2 1st , 1 894 t he s olicitors o f t his c ompany a pplied t o t he R egistrar o f D esigns t o r emove C rops ' d esign f rom t he r egister , a nd t his w as r eported i n ' The T obacco T rade R eview ' o f i st . J anuary ,

1 895 :

‚ The a pplicants ( The H arturger G ummi -K amm C ompany) h ad r egistered a d esign f or a p ipe i n w ood i n C lass 3 , w hich r efers t o a rticles i n w ood , b one , i vory & c . ; w hilst t he r espondents ( Charles C rop & S ons) h ad r egistered , i t w as b elieved , a n e xactly s imilar d esign i n C lass 4 , w hich c omprised a rticles i n g lass , p orcelain , c ement & c . T he d ifference w as t hat t he a pplicants c ould n ot s ee t he d esign a ctually r egistered b y t he r espondents w ithout a n o rder f rom t he C ourt , b ut h e p roduced a c lay p ipe s old b y t he r espondents , w hich h e w as i nformed , w as i n a ccordance w ith t heir

4 5

r egistered d esign . T he r espondents d id n ot b elieved t hey w ould r aise n o o bjection ' .

a ppear ,

a nd h e

An ote i n t he D esign R egister s ays t hat t his d esign was r emoved b y o rder o f t he C ourt o n 2 9th , J anuary , 1 895 a nd i n ' T he T obacco T rade R eview ' o f i st . M arch t he H arburger G ummi — Kamm C ompany i nserted a n a dvertisement t o c onfirm t hat t his w as s o ( see f igure 1 2) . T he s ame f irm m ay h ave b een r esponsible f or o rdering t he r emoval o f E dward P ollock 's ' G olf P ipe ' o ne a nd ah alf y ears p reviously

( Rd . N o .

1 95922) ,

f or t hey s eem t o h ave p roduced a

n umber o f e laborate s porting p ipes b ased o n a s imilar t heme . H owever , d espite c ontacting t he p resent f irm i n P ollock I h ave b een u nable t o c onfirm t his. W ith t he t wo d esigns t hat w ere r emoved b y o rder o f t he C ourt l t w ould a ppear t hat a ctual C ourt c ases d id n ot t ake p lace b etween t he m akers i nvolved b ut m erely t hat t he C ourt 's p ermission w as r equired t o r emove a d esign t hat h ad a lready b een r egistered . B ecause t he d ates o f r emoval a re g iven w e k now t hat C rops ' ' Rugby P ipe ' c ould o nly h ave b een p roduced w ith a r egistered n umber o n i t f or a bout t hree m onths a nd P ollock 's ' G olf P ipe ' l ikewise w as o nly i n p roduction f or a m aximum o f n early e leven m onths ( taking i nto a ccount t he t ime t hat i t w ould h ave t aken t o p lace t he p ipes o nto t he m arket a fter t heir r egistration ) . C onsequently b oth p ipes w ould b e v ery r are t o f ind t oday , t hough t he p ossibility m ust n ot b e d iscounted . F urther i nformation o n r egistered d esigns w ill n o d oubt b e d iscovered i n t he f uture , n ot o nly f rom t he p ipes t hemselves , b ut a lso f rom f urther r esearch .

T he

m ain

p ipe

m anufacturers

a lmost

c ertainly

p roduced

c atalogues , M cLardy f or o ne i s c ertainly k nown t o h ave d one s o ( 3 1) . O nce a ny s urviving e xamples o f t hese c ome t o l ight t he i dentification a nd t itles o f m any m ore o f t he r egistered d esigns w ill b ecome k nown . M ore a dverts o r r eports c oncerning i nfringements o f d esigns c ould a lso y et b e d iscovered , a nd t herefore t here i s s till m uch p otential f or f urther r esearch i nto t his f ascinating

s ubject .

M ETHOD O F L ISTING T he d etails

g iven f or e ach d esign i n t he f ollowing l ists d iffer

s lightly f or e ach s eries . i s g iven f irst , f ollowed , I n P art B ,

I n P art A , t he d ate o f t he d iamond—registration i n b rackets , b y t he n umber t hat i t w as d enoted .

t he R egistered N umber i s g iven f irst ,

f ollowed b y t he d ate o f

r egistration . B oth s eries g ive t he n ames a nd a ddresses o f t he m akers o r p roprietors c oncerned , f ollowed b y d etails o f e ach d esign . W hen c onsulting t he l atter , p lease n ote t hat t he ' front o f t he b owl ' r efers t o t hat f arthest f rom t he s moker , a nd t he ' back o f t he b owl ' t o t hat n earest t he s moker . A n ' u pward s tem ' i ndicates t hat t he s tem c urves a t a n a ngle t o t he b owl a nd i s t herefore n ot p erpendicular w ith i t . A ' detachable s tem ' r efers t o a s eperate m outhpiece o f d ifferent m aterial a s p reviously m entioned , a n a 11 c lay s tem i mitating t he l atter b eing t ermed ' d etachable s tyle ' . R egarding h ead p ipes , a ' collar ' p resent i ndicates t hat t he b ase o f t he b owl b roadens o ut t o r esemble t he t op o f t he s houlders , a nd a ' p ointed c ollar ' m eans t hat t he b ase t apers t o a p oint a t t he f ront o f t he p ipe , a s o pposed t o b eing r ounded . I t i s h oped t hat t he u se o f t hese g eneral t erms i n t he d escription o f t he r egistered d esigns w ill h elp e nable t he r eader t o

4 6

v is i .alise t he a ctual p ipes m ore c learly .

P ART A : R EGISTERED D ESIGNS F ROM 1 842

-

1 883 ( DIAMOND R EGISTRATIONS)

O RNAMENTAL D ESIGNS C omplete R egistrations 6 th , M arch 1 854 ( 95259) C . L ongworth , W hite H art H ouse , E arls C ourt, B rompton , M iddlesex . D esign : ' Paragon P ipe ' p lain c utty w ith l arge s pur w ith c ap o ver i t . T he s tem b ore h ole c omes o ut o f t he s pur i nto t he a ir a nd t hen b ack u p t he s pur -

i nto t he b owl. 2 2nd , S eptember 1 854 ( 969 11) W illiam B ush , 2 90 H igh H olborn , L ondon . D esign : ' R eservoir P ipe ' c lay b owl w ith w ood b ase a nd s tem a nd a n i vory -

m outhpiece. 2 0th ,_December 1 855 ( 102907) G eorge H aywood M illard , B irmingham , W arwicks

-

m anufacturer.

D esign : P lain c utty w ith a ' double s pur ' b eneath b owl e nabling t he p ipe t o s tand u pright. P rovisionally r egistered o n 2 2nd , O ctober 1 855 ( No. 4 07). 2 0th , F ebruary 1 856 ( 103832) W olf a nd B aker , S ambrook C ourt, B asinghall S treet , L ondon . D esign :

' P ipe s ocket '

-

d etachable p ipe w ith l ong o rnamental s tem ( clay ? ) ;

p lain b owl. 1 6th , M arch 1 859 ( 118810) J ohn G eorge R eynolds, 2 2 A ndersons B uildings, C ity R oad , L ondon. D esign : ' B ritish N ational P ipe ' c utty w ith p lain b owl a nd t he R oyal A rms s urmounted o n t he s tem w ith ' OUR G OOD O LD E NGLISH C LAY' w ritten a long i t. -

2 1st , M ay 1 859 ( 120390) J ohn G ardner ,

R ose C ottage ,

m anufacturer. D esign : ' Veined m arble c lay p ipe '

P ortland S t . ,

-

W alworth ,

L ondon

-

p ipe

p lain c utty c overed w ith a m arble

e ffect; n o s pur. 2 7th , D ecember 1 859 ( 125135) W illiam S aul, 2 8 D evonshire S treet , D esign :

I slington , L ondon .

R ifleman l aying a long t he s tem a nd l eaning a gainst t he b owl w hich

i s i n t he s hape o f ac annon . 6 th , J anuary 1 860 ( 125288) T homas F ielding M arriot , H alifax . D esign :

' V olunteer R ifle P ipe '

-

r ifle m an d epicted l aying a long t he s tem

w ith h ead t owards b owl . S mall b owl w ith n o s pur . b owl w ith r iflemen w ithin a nd m otif i n c ircle.

R ound b adge o n f ront o f

9 th , J anuary 1 860 ( 125340) J ohn G eorge R eynolds, 2 2 A ndersons B uildings, C ity R oad , L ondon. D esign :

' T he R ifle P ipe '

p lain p ipe w ith u pward p ointing s tem .

4 7

N o s pur .

. C LAS5JV 6 1 1 27682

Pr 1w7èt0' )W 4 7 tO C

1 Z I1

2

* 7'

CLASS I V

D1 1S /CN fPIP E

t e c Lf l k jm y j i

a

Propr iet or f f ih i

a / gd F ig. 2 :

/ c

e 1 f á 2 cf i � t 2i ea

C opies o f t he o riginal r epresentations f or d iamond r egistrations.

4 8

P rovisionally r egistered o n 6 th ,

J anuary 1 860 ( No . 5 03) .

S ee d rawing n o . 1

( Figure 4 ). 1 2th , J anuary 1 860 ( 125422) S idney F rankau & C o., 7 9 ß lshopsgate S treet , L ondon . D esign : ' R ifleman 's P ipe ' p ipe i n s hape o f r ifle ; t he b utt -

b owl.

1 4th , J anuary 1 860 ( 125642) N . H yams & C o., 7 7 W hitecross S treet , L ondon. D esign : ' Rifle P ipe ' b ugle w ith c rown a bove s urrounded -

s urmounted o n s tem n ear t o b owl.

V ery s imilar t o 1 25288.

b y

l eaves

N o s pur.

1 6th , J anuary 1 860 ( 125650) E dwin S outhorn , B roseley. D esign : R ifleman d epicted l aying s pur.

f orming t he

S ee P atent N o. 8 7 o f 1 860.

o n

s tem ;

b adge

d epicted

o n b owl .

N o

( 50)

2 nd , F ebruary 1 860 ( 126084) J ohn G eorge R eynolds, 3 3 W harf R oad , C ity B asin , L ondon . D esign : P lain p ipe w ith n o s pur . F orward l eaning b owl . N o a pparent r eason f or i t b eing r egistered d esign . P rovisionally r egistered o n 3 1st , J anuary 1 860 ( No. 5 05). 2 0th , F ebruary 1 860 ( 126578) W illiam B rown , 4 -5 E dgar P lace , J ames S treet, M ile E nd , O ld T own. D esign : ' P ugulistic E ncounter ' g narled t ree t runk t ype b owl w ith b ase a nd t wo m en d epicted f ighting o n t he s tem , c lose t o t he b owl. -

f lat

1 6th , M arch 1 860 ( 127171) W illiam P ervgia & J ames P arks , 2 5 Y ork S treet , W estminster. D esign :

' V olunteer R ifle P ipe '

b ase o f b owl a nd a ll o f s tem s haped a s a

-

r ifle w ith a s entry's h at f orming t he r est o f t he b owl. 3 rd , A pril 1 860 ( 127682) W illiam B rown , 4 -5 E dgar P lace , J ames S treet , M ile E nd , O ld T own , M iddlesex . D esign : ' Cricketers ' g narled t ree t runk t ype b owl w ith f lat b ase a nd t wo c ricket p layers w ith w icket i nbetween d epicted o n s tem , c lose t o b owl . S ee -

c opy o f o riginal r epresentation ( 1 27683)

-

f igure 2 .

W illiam B rown , 4 -5 E dgar P lace , J ames S treet , M ile E nd , O ld T own ,

M iddlesex. D esign : ' Mounted R iflemen '

-

g narled t ree t runk t ype b owl w ith f lat b ase

a nd a r ifleman r iding a h orse d epicted o n t he s tem w ith a s mall t ree i n f ront. S ee c opy o f o riginal r epresentation f igure 2 . -

9 th , J une 1 860 ( 130581) C harles C rop , L ondon. D esign :

R ifleman

m outhpiece.

2 7 T urner S quare a nd 3 6 G reat J ames S treet ,

w ith

r ifle

f orming

t he

s tem,

f acing

H oxton ,

t owards

t he

H is l egs a re s urrounding a b arrel w hich f orms t he b owl.

9 th , A ugust 1 860 ( 131683) J ames H owland , 1 8 S hip Y ard , T emple B ar. D esign : ' B ugle S moking P ipe ' p ipe i n s hape o f a b ugle . r egistered o n 1th , J uly 1 860 ( No. 5 32). -

4 9

P rovisionally

e L d4 1 3756 I e%tL

1

/

4 a/ Ja 4d c

&

C LS 44 1 37 5 Q

L &; , /

4 e a / ,L i

c l ��I e w

1 37570j J1 4 ," aJ-1

F ig. 3 :

C opies o f t he o riginal r epresentations f or d iamond r egistrations.

5 0

2 4th , N ovember 1 860 ( 136076) M ichael H yams & C o., 7 7 W hitecross S treet , L ondon . D esign : ' Crucifix ion P ipe ' o rnamental b owl w ith J esus o n c rucifixion -

c ross d epicted o n f ront.

U pward s tem .

1th , J anuary 1 861 ( 137390) H enry J oseph , 2 4 H oundsditch , L ondon N E . D esign : B owl i n s hape o f f lower o r f ruit w ith s epals a round b ase . V ery r ound . B ranch f orming s pur w ith a l eaf c urled r ound t he s tem c lose t o t he b owl . ( 137391)

H enry J oseph ,

2 4 H oundsditch , L ondon N E.

D esign : B owl i n s hape o f l obed f ruit o r f lower . H as u ndulating t op a nd i s v ery r ound . B ranch f orming s pur w ith a l eaf c urled r ound t he s tem c lose t o t he b owl. 2 3rd , J anuary 1 861 ( 137568) C harles C rop, 3 6 G reat J ames S treet , H oxton. D esign : S oldier h olding a b anner s aying ' L IBERTY ' o n s tem c lose t o b ack o f b owl. B owl p lain ( 32). S ee c opy o f o riginal r epresentation f igure 3 . -

( 137569) C harles C rop, 3 6 G reat J am es S treet , H oxton. D esign : P art o f s tem s haped a s ab ranch w ith a p ear o n t he e nd w hich f orms t he b owl . L eaf c urled r ound s tem c lose t o b owl . S ee c opy o f o riginal r epresentation

-

f igure 3 .

( 137570) C harles C rop, 3 6 G reat J ames S treet, H oxton . D esign : B owl i n s hape o f m an 's h ead w earing a s hort h at .

H as b ushy b eard

a nd m oustache . U nidentified . U pward s tem w ith ' C .CROP L ONDON ' i n p atterned b order a long i t. S ee c opy o f o riginal r epresentation f igure 3 . -

-

2 nd , A pril 1 861 ( 139315) B enjamin J acobs,

1B irds B uildings, G lobe R oad , M ile E nd , O ld

T own , M iddlesex . D esign : P lain p ipe w ith C oat o f A rms d epicted o n t he s tem t o c onsist o f a n e mu a nd a k angaroo ( 33). 1 6th , A pril 1 861 ( 139856) J ames H owland ,

1 8 S hip B ar ,

a nd r epresentation ) a nd W illiam H owland ,

-

s upporters s eem

N o s pur.

S trand

( in p rovisional r egistration

1 7 W estbourne G rove ,

B ayswater ( in

r egister). D esign : ' The R ifle C igar P ipe ' p ipe s eems t o b e i n t he s hape o f ab ugle w ith a c url i n t he s tem . T apers o utwards a t b oth e nds . P rovisionally -

r egistered o n 3 rd , D ecember 1 860 ( No. 5 49). 2 5th , A pril 1 861 ( 140223) J ohn H iggins , A ldersgate S treet , C ity. D esign : B owl h as C oat o f A rms o n b ack , s imilar t o A rms o n 1 39315 .

N o

s pur; s hort s traight s tem . 1 4th , M ay 1 861 ( 140695) H enry J oseph , 2 4 H oundsditch , L ondon . D esign : B owl i n s hape o f p ear . B ranch f orming s pur w ith a l eaf r ound t he s tem c lose t o b owl.

S ee d rawing n o. 2 ( figure 4 ).

5 1

c urled

5

F ig. 4 :

R egistered c lay p ipes ( ornamental)

5 2

N os. 1 -6.

( 140696)

H enry J oseph , 2 4 H oundsditch , L ondon.

D esign :

B owl i n s hape o f a pple ( very r ound) .

l eaf c urled r ound t he s tem c lose t o t he b owl a nd 1 40695 a ll b y t he s ame m aker .

B ranch f orming s pur w ith a -

a s i n e xamples 1 37390 , 1 37391

3 0th , J uly 1 861 ( 142235)

C harles C rop, 3 6 G reat J ames S treet , H ox ton.

D esign :

H orse w ith r ider d epicted o n s tem n ear t o b owl ; t he r ider h olding a

b anner w hich s ays ' ITALY'. ( 142236)

P lain b owl w ith n o s pur ( 34).

C harles C rop, 3 6 G reat J au s S treet , H oxton .

D esign : M ilitary C oat o f A rms d epicted o n s tem n ear t o b owl . S upporters c onsist o f a r ifleman a nd s oldier a nd a bove t he s hield i s a s tag 's h ead . P lain b owl w ith n o s pur. 2 2nd , A ugust 1 861 ( 142848) D esign : s pur.

M ichael H yams & C o. 5 5 B ath S treet , C ity R oad , L ondon . ' R ifle P ipe ' b ugle a nd l eaves S ee d rawing n o. 3 ( figure 4 ). -

d epicted

o n

f ront

o f

b owl .

N o

2 ugust 1 861 ( 142859) B enjamin J acobs, G lobe R oad , M ile E nd , O ld T own , M iddlesex . D esign : B owl h as p rojection f rom b ase c urving u pwards t o f ront o f b owl w ith as tag 's h ead a bove i t . A r ifleman i s d epicted o n t he s ide o f t he b owl a nd a b ugle i s r esting o n t he s tem a nd o n t he b ack o f t he b owl . H as u pward s ter n . ( 142860) D esign :

B enjamin J acobs, G lobe R oad , M ile E nd , O ld T own , M iddlesex. A b ird ( ? ) w ith a s hield d epicted o n s ide o f b owl w ith a n a nimal

( dog o r f ox?) o n g narled s tem . ( 142861)

B enjamin J acobs, G lobe R oad , M ile E nd , O ld T own , M iddlesex .

D esign : M ottled b owl w ith s loping b ranch-like s pur a nd p rojecting s talks o n t he s tem ( one a bove a nd o ne b elow).

t wo

l eaves

6 th , N ovember 1 861 ( 146123) C harles C rop, 3 6 G reat J ames S treet , L ondon. D esign : S hort p ipe w ith p lain v ery - r ound b owl a nd u pward s tem . ( 146124) C harles C rop, 3 6 G reat J ames S treet , L ondon. D esign : B owl s hapes a s a b ugle w ith a w idening t op . e xtends u p

f rom

t he s tem .

P art

w ith

N o s pur.

o f

t he

b ugle

A r ifleman w ith r ifle i s d epicted r esting o n

b ack o f t he b owl f acing t owards t he s tem . 2 1st, N ovember 1 861 ( 146618) C harles C rop, 3 6 G reat J ames S treet, L ondon . D esign : B owl i n s hape o f a s itting k angaroo f acing f rontwards a bove l evel o f t op o f b owl . d rawing n o.4 ( figure 4 ).

w ith h ead

H as f lat b ase a nd a s hort u pward s ter n .

S ee

3 0th , N ovember 1 861 ( 147019) C harles C rop, 3 6 G reat J ames S treet, L ondon. D esign : B owl i n s hape o f as itting p elican f acing f rontwards w ith h ead b ent d ownwards e ating a f ish . H as f lat b ase a nd a s hort u pward s tem . i st, J anuary 1 862 ( 148173) C harles C rop, 3 6 G reat J ames S treet, L ondon .

5 3

D esign :

B owl i n s hape o f as itting p elican f acing f rontwards w ith h ead b ent

d ownwards e ating a f ish . S imilar t o 1 47019 b ut p elican i s d epicted s itting o n ab ranch w hich i s d ivided i nto t wo . S hort u pward s tem . 2 5th , J anuary 1 862 ( 148872) D esign :

C harles C rop, 3 6 G reat J ames S treet , L ondon. B owl i n s hape o f a b ear c limbing a b ranch ,

t he b ranch b eing a long

t he f ront o f t he b owl e xtending f rom t he s tem ( 35).

S traight s tem .

1 0th , F ebruary 1 862 ( 149291) E dward K eevil, 2 7 M erchants Q uay, D ublin . D esign : H arp o n f ront o f b owl a nd s hamrock l eaf o n e ach s ide . w hich s ays o n i t ' ERIN G O B RACH' ( IRELAND F OR E VER) ( 36).

U pward s tem

2 0th , F ebruary 1 862 ( 149487)

J oseph T ownsend , 4 2 C rown S treet , F insbury, L ondon.

D esign : W alking s tick f orming s tem w ith h at p laced o n o ne e nd o f i t w hich f orms t he b owl. 1 7th , J une 1 862 ( 152613) C harles C rop, 3 6 G reat J ames S treet, L ondon . D esign : L arge ' c adger ' p ipe w ith t he b owl d epicting t he 1 862 E xhibition

b uilding

K ensington ,

L ondon .

w hich w as

e rected s pecially

N o s pur p resent .

8 th , A ugust 1 862 ( 153592) B enjamin J acobs ,

I nternational

f or t he p urpose a t

S ee d rawing n o .

S outh

5 ( figure 4 ) ( 37) .

1B irds B uilding , G lobe R oad , M ile E nd , O ld T own ,

M iddlesex . D esign : ( 153593)

P ipe i n s hape o f ac ricket b at a nd b all, t he b all f orming t he b owl. B enjamin J acobs ,

1B irds B uilding , G lobe R oad , M ile E nd , O ld T own ,

M iddlesex. D esign : B owl i n s hape o f a s itting g reyhound s itting e rect a nd f rontwards. H ead o f d og a bove l evel o f t op o f b owl. U pward s tem . -

1 2th , F ebruary 1 863 ( 159873) C harles C rop,

f acing

3 6 G reat J ames S treet, L ondon .

D esign : B owl h as u nidentified s ide v iews o f f aces o n i t a m an 's o n t he l eft-hand s ide f rom t he s moker a nd a w oman 's o n t he r ight ; p ossibly P rince E dward a nd P rincess A lexandra w ho w ere m arried o n 1 0th , M arch . E ach i s -

s urrounded b y s prigs.

N o s purs.

1 7th , A pril 1 863 ( 161614) C harles C rop, 3 6 G reat J ames S treet, L ondon. D esign : E ach s ide o f b owl i n s hape o f m an 's h ead T om K ing o n l eft h and-

s ide f rom s moker a nd J .C. H eenan o n o ther ( both f amous b oxers). 4 th , M ay 1 863 ( 162084) C harles C rop, 3 6 G reat J ames S treet, L ondon . D esign : L obed d ecoration a t b ase o f b owl r esembling a n o pening b ud . o f b owl p lain . N o s pur. 2 0th , J une 1 863 ( 163703) C harles C rop, 3 6 G reat J ames S treet , L ondon. D esign : P lain p ipe w ith n o s pur . N o a pparent r eason r egistered .

S tem

i ncluded

t he w riting " CROP

...

C UTTY" a nd

f or

i t

R est

b eing

'OXT0N-LONDON" ,

w ith t he d iamond r egistration m ark a lso o n t he s tem ( information f rom D iana

5 4

F reeman). 2 5t 1, J une 1 863 ( 163790) W illiam B rown , 4 -5 E dgar P lace , J ames S treet, M ile E nd. D esign : M an 's f ace l ooking s ideways d epicted w ithin a n o val b order o n e ach s ide o f b owl ;

T om K ing o n o ne s ide a nd H eenan o n t he o ther .

P ipe i s s hown i n a d ark c olour e xcept f or t he a round

f aces a nd

t he

U pward s tem . o val b orders

t hem .

9 th , M ay 1 865 ( 186716) W illiam B rown , 9C ologne S treet , S tepney. D esign : P ipe s haped l ike a l antern w ith a c urved s tem a nd a r ibbed f lowerl ike b owl. 2nd , J anuary 1 867 ( 205717) A lfred S mart , 1 59 F enchurch S treet , L ondon . D esign : B owl s haped a s a n a corn . B owl t apers i nwards a t t he t op a nd h as a l id o n i t.

L ong s tem .

2 8th , M arch 1 867 ( 207074" C harles C rop,

3 6 G reat J ames S treet , L ondon .

D esign : B owl i n s hape o f m an 's h ead b earing a s trong r esemblance t o B enjamin D israeli ( he b ecame P rime-minister f or a s hort w hile t he f ollowing y ear). 9 th , M ay 1 867 ( 208035) C harles C rop, 3 6 G reat J ames S treet , L ondon . D esign :

B owl i n s hape o f m an 's h ead w ith s ideboards.

U nidentified.

i st, J une 1 867 ( 208631) C harles C rop, 3 6 G reat J ames S treet , L ondon . D esign : B owl i n s hape o f m an 's h ead w ith s ideboards b earing a s trong r esemblance t o W illiam G ladstone ( he b ecame l eader o f t he L iberal P arty t hat y ear). 2 1st, J anuary 1 870 ( 238184) C harles C rop, 3 6 G re , D esign : B owl i n s hape o f m an '

Ja mes S . e et , L ondon. h ead w it ] s ideboards . S imilar t o 2 08035 b ut

w ith a n u pward s tem . 1 3th , J anuary 1 873 ( 269622) T homas H olland ,

1 7 B lackburn S treet , B arlow S treet , R ochdale R oad ,

M anchester . D esign : L arge ' cadger ' p ipe w ith b owl i n s hape o f an egro 's h ead . s pur.

8 th , M arch 1 873 ( 271114) E benezer C hurch , D esign : t op.

N o

S ee d rawing n o. 6 ( figure 4 ).

2 8 N orth S treet , P entonville R oad.

P lain p ipe w ith f orward l eaning b owl w hich w idens c onsiderably a t F orward p ointing s pur.

2 6th , M arch 1 873 ( 271554) E benezer C hurch , 2 8 N orth S treet , P entonville R oad. D esign : t op .

P lain p ipe w ith f orward l eaning b owl w hich w idens c onsiderably a t I dentical t o 2 71114 b ut w ith n ormal s pur i nstead .

p ipe i s n ow k nown ( Coh n T atman).

A n e xample o f t his

T he m ark a ppears o n t he b ack o f t he b owl.

5 5

2 nd , S eptember 1 873 ( 275763) T heophilus A dino M ilo , 7 0 C amberwell G rove, S E. D esign : R oyal C oat o f A rms d epicted o n f ront o f P rovisionally r egistered o n 1 4th , J uly 1 873 ( No . 152). 1 7th , S eptember 1 873 ( 276215) W etzlar b rothers , L ondon . D esign :

b owl.

N o

s pur .

S t . C laude, F rance a nd 3 6 B assinghall S t . ,

P lain p ipe , a pparently d etachable , w ith a c ontinuation o f s tem f rom

f ront o f b owl f or a bout h alf a n i nch .

N o s pur .

( 276217) E dward W olf, 5 4 F ore S treet , L ondon . D esign : P lain p ipe , a pparently c omposed o f s everal p ieces i ncluding a l arge p rotruding b ase t o t he b owl. 8 th O ctober 1 873 ( 276890) E benezer C hurch , 2 8 N orth S treet , K ings C ross, L ondon. D esign : P lain p ipe w ith u nusual s pur c onsisting o f t wo p rojections o ne a t b ase o f b owl a nd o ne p arrellel t o s tem a t f ront o f b owl . B owl l eans -

f orward. ( 276891) D esign :

E benezer C hurch , 2 8 N orth S treet , K ings C ross, L ondon. P lain p ipe w ith u nusual s pur i dentical t o 2 76890 b ut w ith a m ore

u pright b owl. 1 0th , J anuary 1 874 ( 279651) E benezer C hurch , 2 8 N orth S treet , K ings C ross , L ondon . D esign : P lain p ipe w ith u nusual s pur i dentical t o t hat i n 2 76890 a nd 2 76891 .

B owl w idens

c onsiderably

t owards

t op

a nd t he p ipe h as a n u pward

s tem . ( 279652) D esign :

E benezer C hurch ,

2 8 N orth S treet , K ings C ross , L ondon .

P lain p ipe w ith n o s pur .

F orward l eaning b owl.

1 3th , M arch 1 875 ( 289905) C harles C rop. D esign : B owl s haped a s t he h i d o f t he o utrageous D r . K eneally ( 38) .

H as

b eard a nd i s w earing g lasses. 2 6th , J uly 1 875 ( 293105) J ohn F reidrich , 5 0 F rith S treet, S oho, L ondon . D esign :

B owl i n s hape o f a n u pturned b ird 's h ead w ith i ts b eak f orming t he

s tem ( 39). 2 9th , A pril 1 876 ( 300314) A . G iscion , F rance. D esign : B owl i n s hape o f a m an 's h ead b owler h at a nd a p ince—n ez.

-

h as s ideboards a nd i s w earing a

U nidentified.

1 3th , J une 1 876 ( 301229) E . C hurch , 2 8 N orth S treet , L ondon . D esign : P lain p ipe w ith s loping b owl a nd r ats ( or m ice) d epicted a long t he s tem . ( 301330) E . C hurch , 2 8 N orth S treet, L ondon. D esign : P lain p ipe w ith u pright b owl w hich h as s ome r ats ( or m ice) c limbing u p i t.

5 6

( 301331)

E . C hurch , 2 8 N orth S treet , L ondon .

D esign : P lain p ipe w ith u pright b owl a nd r ats ( or m ice) o n b owl a nd s tem . S ee d rawing n o. 7 ( figure 5 ). 1 st, A ugust 1 876 ( 302231) D esign :

J ohn S chuler & M artin H offman , 3 70 O xford S treet, L ondon. B owl h as b adge

o r s hield d epicted o n t he

c onsiderably t owards t op . u pward.

T he t op

o f

f ront

a nd

b owl

w idens

t he b owl i s c urved a nd t he s tem i s

3 0th , S eptember 1 876 ( 303978) D esign :

E . C hurch ,

2 8 N orth S treet , K ings C ross , L ondon.

P lain p ipe w ith f orward s loping s pur .

2 nd , N ovember 1 876 ( 304953) H enry W . R eville , D esign : ( 304954)

1M arlboro V illa , E aling , M iddlesex .

ead a t b ase o f b owl n ear e nd o f s tem . C ockrel's h eville , H enry W . R

1M arlboro V illa , E aling ,

ead a t b ase o f D esign : C ockrel 's h t han 3 04953. 4 th , N ovember 1 876 ( 305022) H enry W . R eville , D esign :

b owl n ear e nd o f

M iddlesex . s tem ;

l arger i n s ize

1M arlboro V illa , E aling , M iddlesex.

B owl i n t he s hape o f a n u pturned p heasant's h ead.

1 5th , N ovember 1 876 ( 305217)

E . C hurch , 2 8 N orth S treet, K ings C ross , L ondon.

D esign :

B owl i n t he s hape

o f a b ull 's h ead w ith h orns a t

t he

f ront .

U pward s tem . 2 3rd , A pril 1 877 ( 309622) T . H olland ,

1 7

B lackburn

M anchester . D esign : P ipe h as p lain f orward d epicted a long t he s tem . S m 5 ). 1 2th , J une 1 877 ( 3 10898) T . H olland ,

1 7

S treet ,

B arlow

S treet ,

R ochdale

R oad ,

l eaning b owl w ith t wo h orses w ith r iders ' r " s pur . S ee d rawing n o . 8 ( figure

B lackburn

S treet ,

B arlow

S treet ,

R ochdale R oad ,

M anchester . D esign : P ipe h as p lain b owl w ith a m iner l eaning a gainst t he b ack o f b owl . H e h as a p ick i n o ne h and a nd i s w earing a c ap . A t l east s izes o f t his p ipe a re k nown. S ee d rawing n o. 9 ( figure 5 ).

t wo d ifferent

1 9th , J une 1 877 ( 311049) E . C hurch , 2 8 N orth S treet, K ings C ross , L ondon. D esign : ' D unube b ramble ' d etachable s piked b owl w ith f orward—leaning s pur . L eaf d ecoration a t e nd o f s tem p art . S ee d etails o n C hurch v . -

H ensher c ourt c ase i n D iscussion . ( 311050) D esign :

E . C hurch , 2 8 N orth S treet , K ings C ross , L ondon . D etachable p lain b owl w ith d ecorated c urved s pur .

L eaf d ecoration

a t e nd o f s tem p art . 1 6th , A ugust 1 877 ( 3 13058) T . H olland ,

1 7

B lackburn

S treet ,

5 7

B arlow

S treet ,

R ochdale

R oad ,

F ig. 5 :

R egistered c lay p ipes ( ornamental) N os. 7 -13.

5 8

M anchester . D esign : P lain f orward-leaning b owl w ith p itman o r w oman d ragging a c art o n t he s tem c lose t o t he b owl. 2 6th , S eptember 1 877 ( 314621)

W illiam S tewart & S on ,

1 5 G ildart G ardens , L iverpool.

D esign : P lain f orward-leaning b owl w ith a c urved s pur . A s erpent i s d epicted a long t he s tem w ith i ts n eck c urled r ound i tself a nd w ith t he h ead r esting o n t he b ack o f t he b owl. ( 3 14648)

T .

H olland ,

1 7

S ee d rawing n o. 1 0 ( figure 5 ).

B lackburn

S treet ,

B arlow

S treet ,

R ochdale R oad ,

M anchester . D esign :

P lain b owl w ith s pur .

T wo h orses w ith r iders d epicted a long t he

s tem f acing t he s moker ; o ne s lightly m ounting t he o ther . ( 3 14649)

T .

H olland ,

1 7

B lackburn S treet ,

M anchester . D esign : P lain b owl w ith s pur .

B arlow

S treet ,

R ochdale

R oad ,

O ne h orse w ith r ider d epicted a long

t he

s tem . 7t

ctober 1 877

( 315485) W illiam S tewart & S on , 1 5 G ildart G ardens , L iverpool. D esign : P lain f orward-leaning b owl w ith c urved s pur . R owing b oat d epicted a long t he s tem w ith f our m en r owing ( facing t he b owl) a nd o ne s itting a t t he b owl-end o f t he b oat . T he s ame m aker a lso p roduced a p ipe d epicting a s ingle r ower o n t he s tem b earing t he s ame d iamond-registration , t hough t he l atter w as n o i n f act r egistered. 2 4th , O ctober 1 877 ( 3 15562) T . H olland ,

1 7

S ee d rawing n o. 1

B lackburn S treet ,

B arlow

( figure 5 ).

S treet ,

R ochdale R oad ,

M anchester. D esign : P lain b owl w ith s pur . T wo g reyhounds d epicted r unning a long t he s tem c hasing a r abbit ( facing t owards t he s moker) . S ee d rawing n o . 1 2 ( figure 5 ). ( 3 15563)

T .

H olland ,

1 7

B lac '

M anchester. D esign : P lain b owl w ith s pur . s tem

-

i dentical t o 3 14648

b ut

' r n

S tre

t ,

B arlow

S treet ,

R ochdale R oad ,

T hree h orses w ith r iders d epicted a long t he w ith a n e x tra h orse a nd r ider f urther a long

t he s te i n t owards t he m outhpiece. ( 3 15564) G eorge B eckett & C o ., 4 5 T itheham S treet , L iverpool. D esign : S oldiers k illing m an w ith b ayonets d epicted o n t he b owl .

C annon

o n s tem w ith i nitials ' G .B. & C o.'. 2 1st , N ovember 1 877 ( 3 16524) T . H olland ,

1 7

B lackburn

S treet ,

B arlow

S treet ,

R ochdale R oad ,

M anchester. M an p ushing a p ig d epicted o n t he s tem D esign : P lain b owl w ith n o s pur . 1 3 ( f i g u r e 5 ) . c lose t o t he b owl. S ee d raw ing n o.

( 3 16525)

T .

H olland ,

1 7

B lackburn

S treet ,

B arlow

S treet ,

R ochdale R oad ,

M anchester . D esign : P lain b owl w ith s pur . L ong f lat b oat d epicted a long m ost o f t he s tem w ith e ight m en r owing a nd o ne m an s itting a t t he m outhpiece e nd . F lag o n b owl e nd o f b oat ( 40).

5 9

1 2th , D ecember 1 877 ( 317054) T . H olland ,

1 7

B lackburn S treet ,

S treet ,

B arlow

R ochdale

R oad ,

M anchester. he b owl o ne w ith a D esign : T wo m en d epicted f ighting o n t he s ide o f t s h o w n o n t h e e n d o f t he b ayonet a nd o ne w ith a c utlass . A f leeing w oman i s s tem c lose t o t he b owl. ( 3 17055)

T .

H olland ,

F orward p ointing s pur. 1 7

B lackburn

S treet ,

S treet ,

B arlow

R ochdale

R oad ,

M anchester. ines o r s croll work D esign : S quare s haped b owl w ith b irds a nd w avy l d epicted o n e ach s ide. 6 th , M arch 1 878 ( 319199) T . H olland ,

F lat b ase.

1 7

B lackburn S treet ,

B arlow

M anchester . D esign : P lain b owl w ith f orward l eaning s pur . w oman) d epicted a long t he s tem f acing t he b owl. ( 319200)

T .

H olland ,

1 7

B lackburn

S treet ,

S treet ,

R ochdale

R oad ,

O ne h orse w ith r ider

( a

S imilar t o 3 14649 .

B arlow

S treet ,

R ochdale

R oad ,

M anchester. nign : P lain b owl w ith f orward l eaning s pur . T wo m en d epicted a long s tem c lose t o b owl a pparently r epresenting N elson l aying i n t he a rms o f H ardy. T herefore t he p ipe c ould h ave b een e ntitled " Kiss M e H ardy" . -

6 th , A pril 1 878 ( 320247) E . C hurch , K ings C ross , L ondon . D esign : ' L ITTLE D UCHESS ' d etachable p lain b owl w ith f orward l eaning s pur . -

L eaf d ecoration o f e nd o f s tem p art . ( 320248) D esign :

E . C hurch , K ings C ross , L ondon . ' AUSTRALIAN R AT ' r at d epicted b eneath b owl a nd o ne o n s tem . -

S imilar t o 3 01331. ( 320249) E . C hurch , K ings C ross , L ondon . D esign : ' L ITTLE D ANUBE ' s piked b owl a nd s tem w ith f orward l eaning s pur . -

3 1st, M ay 1 878 ( 322122) B enjamin J acobs,

1

C lark S t

-e et ,

S idney S treet, C ommercial

S treet , L ondon E . D esign : D etachable b owl s haped a s t wo s haking h ands ( the h ands m eeting a t t he s tem/bowl j unction). 5 th , S eptember 1 878 ( 325717) T . H olland ,

1 7

B lackburn

M anchester. D esign : P lain b owl w ith n o s pur .

S treet ,

B arlow

S treet ,

R ochdale

R oad ,

T wo c ricket p layers d epicted o n t he s tem

w ith a w icket i nbetween . ( 325718)

T .

H olland ,

1 7

B lackburn S treet ,

B arlow

S treet ,

R ochdale

R oad ,

M anchester . D esign : P lain b owl w ith s pur . S chool m aster w ith t welve c hildren s itting a t d esks i n p airs d epicted a long t he s tem ( the t eacher s tanding n ear t o t he b ack o f t he b owl). 2 0th , D ecember 1 878 ( 330574) D esign :

E . C hurch , K ings C ross , L ondon . ' BELGIAN P EAR' b owl s haped a s ap ear w ith t wo l eaves a t t he b ase. -

6 0

2 7th , M arch 1 879 ( 333776) E . C hurch , K ings C ross , L ondon. D esign : B owl s haped a s a c ow 's h ead ( no h orns) w ith t he t op b eing p lain .

o f t he b owl

7 th , J uly 1 879 ( 336926)

H arry W illiam B aker , 3 -5 O cean S treet , S tepney, L ondon .

D esign : ' PRINCE I MP ERIAL ' b owl s haped a s t he h ead o f t he F rench P rince I mperial, w ho d ied t he p revious m onth. S ee d rawing n o. 1 4 ( figure 6 ). -

1 7th ,

S eptember 1 879

( 339906) D esign :

E . C hurch , K ings C ross , L ondon . D etachable s piked b owl .

S imilar t o 3 11049 b ut w ith f luting o n t he

e nd o f t he s tem p art i nstead o f l eaves. 1 2th , N ovember 1 879 ( 342768) D esign :

H arry W illiam B aker , 3 -5 O cean S treet , S tepney , L ondon-E. ' Eagle 's c law c igar h older ' am initure b ird 's c law p ipe w ith -

s lightly c urved s tem . 2 6th ,_January 1 880 ( 345718) D avid O ppenheimer & C o.,

7 0 &7 1 W atling S treet , L ondon.

D esign : P ipe c ase w ith t hree d etachable p ipe b owls w ithin a nd o ne s tem . T he b owls a re i dentical i n d esign ( plain w ith r idged t ops i .e . w idening n ear t he t op w ith b eading ) b ut o f d ifferent s izes . R egistered i n C lasses I I a nd I V ( II f or t he w ooden c ase a nd I V f or t he c lay p ipes) . 1th , M arch 1 880 ( 347463)

W . B oud ,

1 06 B randon S treet , W alworth , L ondon .

D esign :

' RAOB '

b owl ( Royal A ntedeluvian O rder o f t he B uffaloes) w ith

-

i ntricate m otif o n e ach s ide o f t he b owl a nd a f ull b ull 's h ead d epicted o n t he f ront. S ee d rawing n o. 1 5 ( figure 6 ). 1 2th , M ay 1 880 ( 349840)

D avid

O ppenheimer

& C o .

7 0

mer chants. D esign : P ipe i n t he s hape o f i a xe w it

& 7 1

Watling S treet ,

L ondon

-

t he a xe-head f orming t he b owl.

4 th , N ovember 1 880 ( 357848) S amuel M cLardy , 1 6 M iller S treet , M anchester. D esign : O rnate b owl i n t he s hape o f a h orse 's h ead . C urved u pward s tem w ith ' REGd N 0Vr 1 880 R OBERT T HE D EVIL ' o n i t , c ommemorating t he w inner o f t he S t. L eger R ace t hat y ear .

S ee d rawing n o. 1 6 ( figure 6 ).

5 th , F ebruary 1 881 ( 366655) D esign :

E . C hurch , K ings C ross, L ondon. ' X VII C ENTURY N O . 1 ' p lain f orward-leaning b owl w ith s piked s tem . -

( 366656) E . C hurch , K ings C ross , L ondon . D esign : ' X VII C ENTURY N O . 2 ' p lain u pright b owl w ith s pur i n a n u nusually f orward p osition . S piked s tem . -

2 3rd , J uly 1 881 ( 367391) H . D ewy, 1 31 W estgate S treet , G loucester. D esign : V ery e laborate b owl s haped a s a r ather u gly

m an h olding a y oung

g irl o r c hild i n h is a rms . T he g irl o r c hild i s o n t he b ack o f t he b owl w ith t he m an 's h ead t urned t owards h er . N o s pur . S ee d rawing n o . 1 7

6 1

1 4

1 7

1 8

F ig. 6 :

R egistered c lay p ipes ( ornamental) N os. 1 4-18.

6 2

( figure 6 ). 2 5th , F ebruary 1 882 ( 377562) E . C hurch , K ings C ross , L ondon . D esign : P lain p ipe w ith s lightly t wisted s te i n . 1 0th , J uly 1 882 ( 383214) E . T . F orsdike & C o., 6 1 R ochdale R oad, M anchester. D esign :

B owl i n t he

r ings.

F luted a t b ase.

s hape

o f

a N egro 's

h ead

w earing

d iamond-shaped

e ar

9 th , O ctober 1 882 ( 387779) W illiam B aker , 2 3 H amilton R oad , G rove R oad , B ow , L ondon. D esign : ' E gyptian W ar P ipe ' o ne s ide o f b owl i s d ecorated w ith t he h ead o f G eneral W olseley w ith t wo r ifles , al ion a nd a n E gyptian s phinx , a nd t he -

o ther s ide h as a l ion w ith a c rown a nd a s kull a nd c rossbones . S ee d rawing n o 1 8 ( figure 6 ) . ( 4 1) . N ote t hat t he p ipe i llustrated i s a l ater v ersion , p robably b y ad ifferent p ipe-maker . B aker 's o riginal h ad s ome w riting a long t he s tem a nd t he d iamond r egistration m ark w as o n t he b ack o f t he b owl. 1 6th _October 1 883 ( 4 041b) H .W . B aker , 2 3 H amilton R oad, G rove R oad , B ow , L ondon . D esign : ' E agle 's C law ' t alons p rotruding f rom

-

b owl s haped a s t he s caled l eg o f a n e agle w ith t he t he b ase o f t he b owl o nto t he s tem . B owl l eans

f orward c onsiderably.

P rovisional R egistrations 2 2nd, O ctober 1 855 ( 407) G eorge H aywood M illard a nd J ohn K endrick ,

1 3 Wrottesley S treet,

S malibrook , B irmingham . W arwicks. D esign : S ee c omplete r egistration o f 2 0th , D ecember 1 855 ( 102907). 6 th , J anuary 1 860 ( 503) J ohn G eorge R eynolds, 2 2 D esign : ' T he R ifle P ipe ' . S e

n dersons 3 uildings, C ity R oad , M iddlesex . c omplete r egistration o f 9 th , J anuary 1 860

( 125340). 3 1st, J anuary 1 860 ( 505)

J ohn G eorge R eynolds, 2 2 A ndersons B uilding , C ity R oad , M iddlesex .

D esign : P lain p ipe . ( 126084).

S ee c omplete r egistration o f 2 nd , F ebruary 1 860

1th, J uly 1 860 ( 532) J ames H owland , 1 8 S hip Y ard , T emple B ar. D esign :

' B ugle

s moking p ipe ' .

S ee

c omplete r egistration o f

9 th ,

A ugust

1 860 ( 131683). 3 rd, D ecember 1 860 ( 549) J ames H owland , 1 8 S hip Y ard , T emple B ar. D esign : ' T he R ifle C igar P ipe ' . S ee c omplete r egistration o f 1 861

( 139856).

2 4th , M ay 1 861 ( 571) T homas M ilo , 4 02 S trand.

6 3

1 6th ,

A pril

1 9

C

2 1

F ig. 7 :

R egistered c lay p ipes ( non-ornamental) N os. 1 9-21.

6 4

D esign : P lain p ipe w ith n o s pur . R owing b oat d epicted a long t he s tem w ith t wo m en r owing , a nd who a re l eaning b ackwards t owards t he m outhpiece . R egistration n ot c ompleted. 2 4th , A ugust 1 861 ( 588)

J ames R owland , 1 8 S hip Y ard , S trand.

D esign : P ipe h as a s erpent d epicted c oiled a round t he s tem w ith t he h ead f acing t he b owl. N o s pur p resent. R egistration n ot c ompleted. 1 8th , D ecember 1 861 ( 630) J ames R owland , 1 8 S hip Y ard , S trand. D esign : ' T he W aterman P ipe ' p ipe h as a s quare-shaped s tem c oloured y ellow -

i n t he r epresentation d rawing a nd w ith a n ormal r ound m outhpiece w hich I s c oloured white . T he s tem c ontinues b eyond t he b owl a nd f lattens t o a p oint . T he b owl i s i n t he s hape o f aW aterman 's h at ( resembling a t op h at) a nd i s c oloured b lack . N o s pur p resent. R egistration n ot c ompleted. 2 5th , J anuary 1 869 0 D uke S treet , L incolns I nn F ields. ( R63) ‚ Ta ip s R owland , 2 wins s moking p ipe ' p lain p ipe w ith t wo b owls , o ne D esign : ' T he S iamese T onnected a t t he b ase . U pward c urved s tem w ith n o b ehind t he o ther a nd c ather r ounded. R egistration n ot c ompleted. s pur p resent. B owls r -

1 4th , J uly 1 873 ( 1152) D esign :

T heophilus A dino M ilo , 7 0 C amberwell G rove S .E. R oyal A rms p ipe . S ee c omplete r egistration o f 2 nd , S eptember 1 873

( 275763).

N ON O RNAMENTAL D ESIGNS C omplete R egistrations 9 th , J anuary 1 851 ( 2624) E dward U pward , 5 1 S outh M oulton S treet b uilder. D esign : T he R espirator P ipe ' l ong c lay p ipe w ith e xtra b ore h ole t hrough -

-

s tem p arallel w ith n ormal s tem b ore ,

w hich e xtends t o t he f ar s ide o f t he

b owl , s o a s " to e nable t he s moker t o i nhale a tmospheric a ir t hrough t he m outh a t e ach r espiration w ithout d epending e ntirely u pon t he n ostrils f or t he i nflation o f t he l ungs w hile s moking , a t t he s ame t ime i t c ounteracts t he h eating e ffects o f t he s moke i n t he m outh o r t ongue" . 3 rd S eptember 1 851 ( 2933) J ohn G eorge R eynolds, 9 A rleston S treet , B ristol ( 42). D esign : T he F ebrua o r F ilter P ipe ' p ipe b owl c ontains f ilter -

i nserted

i nto t he b ase m ade o f p orous p ipe c lay, " which r eceives t he o il o f t he t obacco a nd p urifies t he s moke". S ee d rawing n o. 1 9 ( figure 7 ).

6 5

2 7th , O ctober 1 853 ( 3523) L ouis M aximilien F iolet ,

1 8 W ilson S treet ,

F insbury ,

L ondon

-

c lay

p ipe m anufacturer . D esign : t F iolet 's S yphon P ipe ' t he s tem b ore p asses t hrough a n e nlarged s pur i nto a d etachable c hamber o r r eservoir b elow t he b owl a nd a s eparate -

b ore c onnects t his w ith t he b owl . T he p urpose o f t his d esign " is t o p revent t he o il o r m oisture o f t he t obacco f ouling t he t ube o f t he p ipe o r e ntering i nto t he m outh" . S ee d rawing n o . 2 0 ( figure 7 ) . 2 5th , M arch 1 858 ( 4070) A lfred S mart & J ames R owland , F enchurch S treet, L ondon. D esign : ' T he S mokers ' S weet H eart ' n ormal c lay b owl w ith a g lass o r m etal -

s piral t ube c ontained w ithin t he s tem f or " cooling a nd p urification o f t he s moke a s i t p asses t hrough t he p ipe" . D esign p rovisionally r egistered o n 1 2th F ebruary 1 858 ( No . 9 60) . J ohn G eorge R eynolds a lso p rovisionally r egistered a s imilar p ipe o n 3 1st , A ugust 1 857 ( No . 9 22).

P rovisional R egistrations 3 1st , A ugust 1 857 ( 922) J ohn G eorge R eynolds, 2 2 A ndersons B uildings, C ity R oad, L ondon. D esign : ' T he N apolean C rystal S yphon P ipe ' t he s tem c ontains a n e asily c leaned g lass t ube w hich " prevents p assage o f a ny o bnoxious s ubstance o r -

e ssential o il i nto t he s moker's m outh" .

R egistration n ot c ompleted .

1 2th , F ebruary 1 858 ( 960) A lfred S mart & J ames H owland , F enchurch S treet , L ondon. D esign : ' The S mokers' S weet H eart' . S ee c omplete r egistration o f 1 2th M arch 1 858 ( No. 4 070). 2 5th , M arch 1 858 ( 970) B annister F letcher , B ond C ourt H ouse , W aibrook , L ondon . D esign : ' The S alvum P ipe ' t he b ore a t t he m outhpiece e nd o f t he p ipe b e u pwards t o t he t op o f t he s tem . T his " diffuses s moke p leasantly i n -

t he m outh a nd p revents s moke f m i mping ing d irectly a nd i n a c oncentrated s tream o n t he p alate o r t ongue '. T he d iagrams t hat w ere i ncluded w ith t his d esign s howed v arious mouthp a ces p lus o ne c lay p ipe , t he l atter b eing r eproduced a s d rawing n o. 2 1 (f igure 7 ).

R egistration n ot c ompleted.

2 0th , M ay 1 858 ( 983) J ames H owland , N ew C hurch S treet , S trand . D esign : ' T he P aragon P ipe ' m iddle o f s tem w idens i nto a b ulb o r r esevdir ; t his ' ! c oo l s s moke a nd c ollects o il a nd o ther i mpurities" . N ote t hat J ames -

H owland h ad c opied t he t itle o f t his p ipe ,

e ither i ntentionally o r b y

a ccident , f rom t he o rnamental d esign o f t he s ame n ame r egistered b y C . L ongworth o n 6 th , M arch 1 854 ( 95259). R egistration n ot c ompleted. 3 rd S eptember 1 862 ( 1376) T homas F isher , R emington S treet , C ity R oad. D esign : T he s tem b ore e xtends b eyond t he f ront o f t he b owl , " plug o r s topper c an b e i nserted

...

i nto which a

t o c lean s tem r emove p lug a nd u se a

b rush o r l iquid o r b oth" .

R egistration n ot c ompleted .

i st, D ecember 1 862 ( 1395) J ames E dwin W alton ,

1 5 V ictoria T errace , H ollaway, M iddlesex .

6 6

D esign :

' D ouble b owl s moking p ipe '

-

c onsists i n h aving a n i nner b owl w ith

h oles i n i ts b ase t o " prevent o il f rom t obacco p assing i nto m outh o f s moker a nd r endering p ipe c ool a nd p leasant t o s moke".

R egistration n ot c ompleted.

1 4th , J une 1 865 ( 1626)

T homas P ope ,

hA J ames S treet, O ld S treet , E .C.

D esign : P ipe i ncorporates a c leaning p in w hich i s k ept w ithin a g roove r unning a long t he u nderside o f t he s tem f rom t he s pur t o t he m outhpiece . R egistration n ot c ompleted .

T otal n umber o f c lay p ipes r egistered u p t o 1 883 ( i .e . t hose b earing d iamond r egistration m arks o n t hem) 1 24. T here w ere a lso t en o thers t hat w ere p rovisionally r egistered b ut d id n ot r eceive f ull r egistration .

6 7

P ART B : R EGISTERED D ESIGNS F ROM 1 884

-

1 912 ( REGISTERED N UMBERS)

R egistered N o. 2 23 R egistered 1 2th , J anuary 1 884 b y E benezer C hurch , C ross t obacco p ipe m aker .

2 8 N orth

S treet ,

K ings

-

D esign : D etachable s piked b owl w ith f our s pur -l ike p rojections a t t he e nd o f t he s tem p art f acing t owards t he m outhpiece. N o s pur. R egistered N o. 2 100 R egistered 1 8th , F ebruary 1 884 b y C harles C ro p , L ondon p ipe m anufacturer .

B rooksbys W alk ,

H omerton ,

-

D esign :

B owl

i n s hape o f m an 's h ead w ith c ountry h at a nd h as m oustache .

B ow t ie . P robably J ohn B ull . S ee d rawing n o. 2 2 ( Figure 8 ).

K nown i n a t l east t wo d ifferent s izes .

R egistered N o. 2 452 e gfst -e d M anchester

-

2 5th F ebruary 1 884 t obacco p ipe m aker.

b y

S amuel

M cLardy ,

1 6

Miller S treet ,

D esign : ' S upports f or p lug ' n ormal p lain c utty w ith a n u nusual i nternal d esign t o b owl , c onsisting o f t hree l obes e xtending f rom t he s tem-bore u p t he w all o f t he b owl e nding h alf-way u p . -

R egistered N o. 2 453 R egistered

2 5th ,

F ebruary

1 884 b y S amuel M cLardy,

1 6 Miller S treet ,

M anchester t obacco p ipe m aker . D esign : ' N icotine r eservoir ' p lain b owl w ith u pward s tem . -

-

C ap o ver l ong

p rotruding s pur a cting a s a f ilter w ith t he a ir-way g oing t hrough i t ( similar d esign t o 9 6911 i n d iamond r egistration s eries) . T his d esign b ecame e ntitled 'The G ordon ' ( 43) . R egistered N o. 5 381 R egistered 1 7th , A pril 1 884 b y C harles C rop & S ons , B rooksbys W alk , H omerton , L ondon p ipe m anufacturers .

B rooksbys Works ,

-

D esign : B owl i n s hape o f m an 's h ead , a pparently m iddle-aged . W earing b ow t ie . N o b eard a nd n o s pur . ' C . C ROP L ONDON ' i n f ancy r ibbon a long s tem . U nidentified. -

R egistered N o. 6 387 R egistered 7 th M ay

1 884 b y S amuel M cLardy ,

1 6 M iller S treet ,

p ipe m anufacturer . D esign : B owl d ecorated w ith f ishing s cene o n f ront

-

M anchester

-

m an h olding r od w ith

t ree b ehind o n o ne s ide a nd a c ow g razing b eneath a t ree o n t he o ther . S tem h as w riting o n i t , ( Figure 8 ) .

p robably s aying ' F ISHING P IPE ' .

S ee d rawing n o .

2 3

R egistered N o. 6 388 R egistered 7 th , t obacconist.

M ay

1 884

b y

G eorge

C hew ,

6 L imbrick,

B lackburn

-

D esign : T wo s tanding m en s haking h ands d epicted o n e ach s ide o f b owl . ' G OOD M ORNING J OHN G OOD M ORNING J IM ' a long s tem . K nown i n a t l east t hree -

d ifferent s tyles.

S ee d rawing n o. 2 4 ( Figure 8 ).

6 8

2 5

2 6

2 7

F ig . 8 :

R egistered c lay p ipes. N os. 2 2-29.

6 9

R egistered N o. 2 0218 R egistered 1 0th , J anuary 1 885 b y C harles C rop & S ons , B rooksbys W orks, B rooksbys W alk , H omerton E f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers . D esign : B owl i n s hape o f m an 's h ead . H as s ideboards a nd i s w earing -

s pectacles.

N o s pur .

U nidentified.

R egistered N o. 2 1834 R egistered 1 0th , O ctober 1 885 b y W illiam B rown & S on ,

1B ohn S treet,

S tepney , L ondon E p ipe m anufacturer. D esign : C lay p ipe s topper o r i nner b owl d esigned t o b e i nserted i nto t he b owl o f t he p ipe . I t w idens a t t he t op t o r est o n t he t op o f a b owl a nd i s d ecorated a t t his p oint b y al ine o f b eading . I t i s s imilar t o t he s topper t hat f its i n t he p ipe r egistered i n 1 901 b y t he s ame m aker ( Rd. N o. 3 77283). R egistered N o 2 2419 R egistered 1 8th , F ebruary 1 885 b y T homas D avidson J unior & C ompany, C aledonian P ipe W orks, G arngad H ill , G lasgow t obacco p ipe m anufacturer. D esign : B owl i n s hape o f G eneral G ordon 's h ead . H as l ong s ideboards a nd -

m oustache . S imple c ollar w ith u ndulating d ecoration o n i t . W earing a s hallow f ez. T he p ipe c ommemorates h is d eath o n 1 6th , J anuary 1 885 when t he M andi ' s f ollowers b esieged K hartum. ' DAVIDSON G LASGOW' o n s tem . -

R egistered N o 3 1279 R egistered 1 1th , A ugust 1 885 b y E benezer C hurch , 2 8 N orth S treet , K ings C ross p ipe m anufacturer. D esign : D etachable p lain b owl w ith a f ew -

s pikes

o n i t .

F our s pur-like

p rojections a t e nd o f t he s tem p art f acing t owards m outhpiece . R d. N o. 2 23 b ut w ith f ewer s pikes.

S imilar t o

R egistered N o. 3 1280 R egistered 1 1th , A ugust 1 885 b y E benezer C hurch , 2 8 N orth S treet , K ings C ross p ipe m anufacturer . D esign : D etachable p lain b owl n amed t he ' C hancellor ' . B owl o f t he b ulldog t ype i .e . w idening n ear t op a nd t hen t apering i nwards a gain . F our s purl ike p rojections a t e nd o f t he s tem p art f acing t oward t he m outhpiece . N o s pur . K nown t o h ave s till b een i n p roduction f ive y ears l ater ( 4 4 ) . S ee -

-

d rawing n o .

2 5 ( Figure 8 ) .

R egistered N o. 3 3097 R egistered 1 0th , S eptember 1 885 b y S amuel M cLardy,

1 6 Miller S treet ,

M anchester p ipe m anufacturer. D esign : ' A d esign f or c lay p ipes b earing a l ikeness o f D . A damson , p romoter -

o f t he M anchester S hip C anal ' l arge b eard.

-

b owl i n s hape o f h ead o f D aniel A damson w ith

C urved s tem .

R egistered N o. 3 8168 R egistered 1 7th , N ovember 1 885 b y G eorge H olland , 3 9 N elson S treet , R ochdale R oad , M anchester , L ancs p ipe m anufacturer. D esign : L arge s team s hip d epicted a long t he s tem w ith w aves a lso s hown . -

P lain b owl w ith s pur .

S ee d rawing n o . 2 6 ( Figure 8 ) .

R egistered N o. 3 8899 R egistered 2 8th , N ovember 1 885 b y C harles C rop

&S ons ,

5 0 B rooksbys Walk ,

H omerton , L ondon E t obacco p ipe m anufacturers . D esign : B owl i n s hape o f m an 's h ead . H as s ideboards a nd m onocle i n l eft e ye . N o s pur . P robably r epresents t he M arquis o f S alisbury w ho b ecame -

P rime M inister t hat y ear .

7 0

R egistered N o. 3 9986 R egistered 2 1st , D ecember 1 885 b y H enry D ewy ( trading a s H . D ewy & C ompany) , 4 W orcester S treet , G loucester t obacconist , o utfitter a nd t obacco p ipe -

m anufacturers. D esign : ' F ish p attern c lay p ipe w ith h ole f or p hotographic v iew h eld b y t he t ail o f t he f ish c urled o ver i ts b ack ' b owl i n s hape o f f ish w ith f ins o n b ack a nd f ront o f b owl a nd t he f ish 's m outh f orming t he t op o f t he b owl . T ail o f f ish o n s tem , c urling u pwards o nto t he t op o f t he s tem w here i t h as -

v iewing h ole t hrough i t.

S tem s lightly c urved.

R egistered N o. 4 1948 R egistered 2 7th , J anuary 1 886 b y H enry D ewy ( trading a s H . D ewy & C ompany) , 4W orcester S treet , G loucester m anufacturer a nd i mporter o f t obacconists ' -

g oods. D esign : ' Clay t obacco p ipe w ith a s nake r ound t he s tem a nd t he h ead i n f ront o f b owl t o h old p hotograph i n e ye o f s nake ' s nake 's h ead o n b ack o f -

b owl w ith t he r est o f t he b owl b eing p lain . R egistered N o. 4 8149 e giste d 3 0th , A pril 1 886 b y W illiam B aker , 2 3 H amilton R oad , G rove R oad , B ow E p ipe m anufacturer . D esign : ' P attern o f p ipe b earing l ikeness o f M r . G ladstone , -

L ord S alisbury ,

M r . P arnell a nd B rittania ' t wo f aces d epicted o n e ach s ide o f t he b owl w ith t heir n ames w ritten i n r elief b elow. S ee d rawing n o. 2 7 ( Figure 8 ). -

R egistered N o. 5 0173 R egistered 2 nd , J une 1 886 b y E benezer C hurch ,

2 8 N orth S treet , K ings C ross

-

t obacco p ipe m anufacturer. D esign : D etachable t ype b owl , p lain w ith v ery l ong f orward l eaning s pur . L eaf t ype d ecoration i n m iddle o f s tem w here i t w idens ( representing t he d etachable s tyle e nd o f s tem) R egistered N o. 5 5343 R egistered 3 1st , A ugust 1 886 b y S amuel M cLardy , 1 6 M iller S treet , M anchester p ipe m anufacturer. D esign : B owl i n s hape o f h ead o f c artoon c haracter A lly S loper w ith l arge -

n ose o n f ront.

S ee d rawing n o. 2 8 ( Figure 8 ).

R egistered N o. 6 9748 R egistered 1 5th , M arch 1 887 b y H ugh C ochrane ,

2 1 C raven T errace , H yde P ark ,

L ondon W t obacconist. D esign : B owl i n s hape o f a d ice w ith d ifferent n umbers -

d epicted o n t he

s ides a nd a ' four ' o n t op . T op o f b owl s quare i n p lan w ith r ound i nside . S tem f its i nto t he b ase o f t he b owl . A lso r egistered u nder 6 9747 t his -

d esign b eing i dentical

but

p erhaps o f d ifferent m aterial .

R egistered N o. 8 1616 R egistered 2 1st , S eptember 1 887 b y C harles C rop & S ons ,

5 0 B rooksbys W alk ,

H omerton , L ondon E f ancy t obacco p ipe m anufacturers . D esign : B owl i n s hape o f h ead o f ' B uffalo B ill ' C ody . W earing a c owboy h at a nd h as s mall b eard a nd m oustache . C urved s tem . S ee r eport o f t he C ourt c ase b etween C rop a nd B aker ( discussed i n d etail a t t he b eginning) a nd -

a dvert i n F igure 1 2.

A lso s ee d rawing n o. 2 9 ( Figure 8 ).

R egistered N o. 8 6705 R egistered 1 0th , N ovember 1 887 b y G eorge P riest , 1 5 W yndam C rescent , C anton ,

7 1

C ardiff , S outh W ales

-

t obacco p ipe m anufacturer.

D esign : ' O rnamentation c onsists o f t wo p ugilists i n f ighting a ttitude o n b oth s ides o f b owl ' b owl h as s tanding b oxer a nd o ne k neeling o r s itting o n l eft-hand s ide o f b owl ( from s moker) , b oth f acing e ach o ther , a nd o ther s ide -

h as t wo s tanding b oxers f acing e ach o ther . h as a s pur .

B owl h as m illing a round r im a nd

R egistered N o.88787 R egistered 5 th , D ecember 1 887 b y C harles C rop & S ons , B rooksbys Works , B rooksbys W alk , H omerton E . p ipe m anufacturers . -

D esign :

B owl i n s hape o f am an 's h ead w earing a b owler h at .

H as m oustache

a nd c ollar . S tem c urved . U nidentified . P ossibly m eant t o b e t he e xplorer H enry M orton S tanley w ho w as r umoured t o b e d ead a t t hat t ime ( news c ame o ne y ear l ater t hat h e w as s till a live) . 9 ).

S ee d rawing n o . 3 0 ( Figure

R egistered N o. 8 9618 R egistered 1 5th , D ecember 1 887 b y C harles C rop & S ons , B rooksby Works , H omer ton p ipe m anufacturers. -

D esign : ' J en S mith , p ugulist ' d eleted i n r egistration b ook . B owl i n s hape m an 's h ead w earing b owler h at . O riginal p hotograph b adly d eteriorated a nd t herefore n o m ore d etails a re d istinguishable. R egistered N o. 9 0264 R egistered 2 8th , D ecember 1 887 b y C harles C rop , L ondon t obacco p ipe m anufacturers .

B rooksbys W alk ,

H omerton ,

-

D esign : B owl i n s hape o f y oung m an 's h ead w earing a b owler h at . H as a m oustache a nd c ollar . S imilar t o R d . N o . 8 8787 . S ee d rawing n o . 3 1 ( Figure 9 ) ; n ote t hat i n t his e xample s ome o f t he f igures a nd n umbers a re r eversed. R egistered N o. 9 1969 R egistered 2 1st , J anuary 1 888 b y C harles C rop & S ons , H omerton p ipe m anufacturers .

B rooksbys Walk ,

-

D esign : ' Pipe i n s hape o f M exican J oe ' w earing a t all a nd w ide b owler h at . H as S tem c urved. -

b owl i n s hape o f am an 's h ead m oustache a nd a f rilly c ollar .

R egistered N o. 9 3528 R egistered 1 3th , -

F ebruary 1 888 b y W .J . B rown & S ons ,

1B ohn S treet , S tepney

p ipe m akers.

D esign : ' C ontesting f or t he b elt ' b owl p lain w ith a b elt a round i t . T wo b oxers s tanding o n t he s tem . S tem d iamond s haped i n s ection a nd t he p ipe -

h as t wo s mall f orward-leaning s purs, o ne i n f ront o f t he o ther. R egistered N o. 9 3821 R egistered 1 7th , F ebruary 1 888 b y C harles C rop & S ons , B rooksbys Works , H omerton E . t obacco p ipe m anufacturers . D esign : O rnate p ipe w ith a n aked g irl r iding o n a s ea s erpent o r m onster -

d epicted o n t he b ack o f t he b owl a nd o n t he s tem . B owl i tself i s f luted a nd h as a c ut-away t op. N o s pur. S ee d rawing n o. 3 2 ( Figure 9 ). R egistered N o. 9 5399 R egistered 8 th , M arch B rooksbys W alk

-

1 888 b y C harles

C rop

& S ons ,

B rooksbys Works ,

p ipe m anufacturers .

D esign : B owl i n s hape o f m an 's h ead r esembling a c hina-man . s hallow b owler t ype h at. P ointed c ollar . S tem c urved.

7 2

W earing a

L Ot 4 DO N

3 4

3 5

!

4 4 11

T4g C PC

3 6

F ig. 9 :

TER

R egistered c lay p ipes. N os. 3 0-36.

7 3

R egistered N o. 9 6825 R egistered 2 9th , M arch ,

1 888 b y C harles C rop & S ons , 5 0 &5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

H omerton E . f ancy t obacco p ipe m anufacturers . D esign : B owl i n s hape o f m an 's h ead w earing a b owler h at . O riginal p hotograph b adly d eteriorated a nd t herefore n o m ore d etails a re -

d istinguishable

e xcept

t hat

t here

d oes

n ot

a ppear

t o

b e a b eard

o r

m oustache. R egistered N o. 1 03171 R egistered 6 th , m akers. D esign :

J uly 1 888 b y W .J . B rown & S on ,

1B ohn S treet ,

S tepney

-

p ipe

B owl i n s hape o f a n e vil l ooking h ead p robably r epresenting

M ephastopheles . W earing a f eathered h at , d ouble p ointed a t t he f ront . T he n ose , b eard a nd c ollar a re a lso p ointed . C urved u pward s tem . H as s lanting e yes.

S ee d rawing n o. 3 3 ( Figure 9 ).

R egistered N o. 1 07696 R egistered 1 0th , S eptember

1 888 b y C harles C rop

& S ons ,

B rooksbys W orks ,

B rooksbys W alk , H omerton p ipe m anufacturers . D esign : O rnate p ipe c onsisting o f am an a t t he e nd o f t he s tem s upporting a , T ide - n g f luted b owl , p robably r epresenting a p arachute . B owl h as -

u ndulating t op .

S tem c urved ( 45) .

R egistered N o. 18240 R egistered 1 4th , J anuary 1 889 b y C harles C rop & S ons , B rooksbys W orks , H omerton p ipe m anufacturers . D esign : D etachable b owl s haped a s ah and h olding a n e gg . -

e nd o f s tem p art.

C uff d epicted o n

S ee d rawing n o. 3 4 ( Figure 9 ).

R egistered N o. 1 20852 R egistered 5 th , M arch 1 889 b y S amuel M cLardy , 1 6 M iller S treet , M anchester p ipe m anufacturer. D esign : S piked b owl w ith a f oot k icking a f ootball a s t he s pur .

-

S ee

d rawing n o. 3 5 ( Figure 9 ). R egistered N o. 1 21416 R egistered 1 5th , M arch 1 889 b y S amuel M cLardy ,

1 6 M iller S treet , M anchester

p ipe m anufacturer . D esign : B owl s haped a s a n u pturned h orse 's h oof w ith a h orse -s hoe m oulded -

o nto t he t op o f t he b owl w hich i s r idged a t t he b ack. R egistered N o. 1 22566 R egistered 3 0th , M arch 1 889 b y S amuel M cLardy ,

1 6 M iller S treet , M anchester

p ipe m anufacturer. D esign : D etachable p lain b owl w ith s pur . S traight s tem ( flush w ith m outhpiece) w ith met al e nd t o c lay p art t o f it a v ulcanite m outhpiece. -

R egistered N o. 1 23125 R egistered 9 th , A pril 1 889 b y C harles C rop & S ons , B rooksbys W orks , H omerton p ipe m anufacturers . D esign : O rnate b owl s haped a s a l ady 's h ead w ith h er h air t ied i nto a b un . -

H er a rms a re s hown h olding a l arge u mbrella w hich p artly c overs t he t op o f t he b owl. C ollar d ecorative a nd a n ecklace i s p resent. R egistered N o. 1 23647 R egistered 1 8th , A pril, N orth B ow E .

-

1 889 b y H arriet S ilk ,

p ipe m anufacturer .

7 4

1 2 M ilton R oad , O ld F ord ,

D esign : C ollar

B owl s haped a s a d og 's h ead . d epicted a round i ts n eck .

( deleted i n r epresentation).

H as a l arge s nout a nd d rooping e ars .

P ipe h as

i mpressed w riting a long

s tem

S tem c urved.

R egistered N o. 1 24591 R egistered 3 rd , M ay 1 889 b y J ames L uinton ,

1 7 F insbury P avement E .C .

t obacconist. D esign : P ipe

c entury

i mitating

a l ate

s eventeenth

o r

e arly

c entury c lay w ith t he c haracteristic f orward l eaning b owl , t he r im a nd a f lat h eel p resent . S ection o f p ipe s hown w idens

t owards

m outhpiece .

R est

o f

s tem n ot

s hown

b ut

-

-

e ighteenth

m illing a round s tem a ir-way

p resumably

t he

w idening a llowed t he b owl t o b e f itted o nto a s eparate s tem . R egistered N o. 1 24670 R egistered 4 th , M ay 1 889 b y C harles C rop & S ons , B rooksbys W orks , B rooksbys W alk , H omerton p ipe m anufacturers . D esign : D etachable s tyle b owl w ith s lightly c urved s tem . A n e longated h and i s h olding t he b owl . T op o f b owl i s t win-humped . T his i s p ossibly t he d esign e ntitled ' J ewelled H and ' r eferred t o i n t heir a dverts o f 1 892 a nd -

1 893. R egistered N o. 1 28041 R egistered i st , J uly 1 889 b y C harles C rop & S ons , B rooksbys W orks , H omerton pipe m anufacturers . D esign : L arge d ecorative b ird 's c law b owl w ith s lightly c urved s tem . T win-humped t op t o b owl a s i n R d. N o. 1 24670. R egistered N o. 1 29289 R egistered 2 3rd , J uly 1 889 b y C harles C rop & S ons , B rooksbys W orks , H omerton p ipe m anufacturers . D esign : B owl h as I rish h arp -

a bove d epicted o n o ne s ide;

s urrounded b y s hamrock l eaves w ith a c rown o ther s ide n ot s hown .

A r ibbon i s s hown

b eneath t he d ecoration w hich w ould h ave c ontained s ome w riting b ut t his i s d eleted i n t he r epresentation . R egistered N o. 1 36876 R egistered 2 9th , O ctober 1 889 b y C harles C rop & S ons ,

B rooksbys Walk ,

H omerton E . t obacco p ipe m anufacturers . D esign : D etachable s tyle . B owl i n s hape o f m an 's h ead , a pparently m iddle-aged w ith r eceeding h air . A n e lephant i s d epicted o n e ach s ide o f -

t he s tem.

U nidentified

-

p ossibly L ivingstone ?

R egistered N o. 1 37125 R egistered 3 1st , O ctober 1 889 b y C harles C rop & S ons ,

B rooksbys W alk ,

H omerton , L ondon t obacco p ipe m anufacturers . D esign : B owl d ecorated w ith b oys p laying a g ame o f f ootball . -

s hown .

S pur s haped a s a f ootball .

G oal a lso

T here i s a b ulge t o t he b ack o f t he

b owl i n t he d esign d rawing. R egistered N o. 1 39047 R egistered 2 5th , N ovember

1 889

b y

C harles

C rop

& S ons ,

B rooksbys

W orks ,

H omerton , L ondon t obacco p ipe m anufacturers . uman a rm w ith a D esign : B owl a nd h alf o f s tem i n s hape o f am uscular h s h o w n a l o n g s tem . c rossed c hain a round t he u pper-arm ( bowl) . H and a lso -

R est o f s tem s lightly c urved.

7 5

3 7 3 9

4 2

43

L O NDON F ig.

1 0 :

R egistered c lay p ipes. N os. 3 7-43.

7 6

R egistered N o. 1 41225 R egistered 2 7th , D ecember t obacco p ipe m anufacturer. D esign :

1 889 b y G . H ensher ,

B owl i n s hape o f m an 's h ead ,

2 6 W ennington G rove R oad

-

a pparently m iddle-aged a nd h as a

m oustache . O riginal p hotograph r ather f aded s o n o m ore d etails a re d istinguishable . B owl i s r ounded a t t he t op t o m ake t he t op o f t he h ead m ore r ealistic.

A ppears t o h ave a s imple c ollar.

U nidentified.

R egistered N o. 1 41606 R egistered

6 th ,

J anuary

1 890 b y E dward P ollock ,

3 3

& 3 5 G artside S treet ,

M anchester t obacco p ipe m anufacturer . D esign : A m an k icking a f ootball d epicted o n t he s tem c lose t o t he b owl a nd f acing t he m outhpiece . T he b owl i s p lain e xcept f or a g oal d epicted o n t he b ack. F orward-leaning s pur. -

R egistered N o. 1 42144 R egistered 1 4th , J anuary 1 890 b y C harles C rop & S ons , B rooksbys W alk , H omerton f ancy t obacco p ipe m anufacturers . D esign : B owl i n t he s hape o f a s chool-master 's h ead . W earing a m ortar-

b oard h at a nd i s w earing s pectacles.

H as a b eard.

R egistered N o. 1 44211 R egistered 1 5th , F ebruary 1 890 b y E dward P ollock , 3 3 &3 5 G artside S treet , M anchester t obacco p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : ' The C ricketer ' l ong b at e xtending b eneath s tem t o b ase o f b owl -

-

a nd s pur i n t he s hape o f t he b ase o f b at w ith a c ricket b all . B owl p lain e xcept f or a w icket d epicted o n t he f ront ( 46) . S ee d rawing n o . 3 6 ( Figure 9 ) a nd a dverts i n F igure 1. R egistered N o. 1 47863 R egistered 9 th , A pril 1 890 b y P eter M cLean ,

1 6 H igh S treet , D undee

p ipe i mporter a nd m anufacturer. D esign : R epresentation s hows a d rawing o f t he F orth B ridge

-

-

t obacco

t his i s t he

s ubject p ortrayed o n t he p ipe . T he b ridge w as o pened t o t raffic t hat y ear . S ee d rawing n o . 3 7 ( Figure 1 0) . T he s ame m aker r egistered a n i dentical d esign i n C lass I II o n 3 0th , A pril ( Rd. N o. 1 48639). R egistered N o. 1 47957 R egistered 2 1st , A pril B rooksbys W alk , H on rton

1 890 b y C harles C rop -

& S ons ,

B rooksbys W orks ,

p ipe m anufacturers.

D esign : B owl i n s hape o f a n egro 's h ead w earing a s oft h at . H as p ointed c ollar w ith h igh p ointed c ollar-piece a round h is n eck . H e h as a s hort t riple-pointed b eard . U pward s tem . S ee d rawing n o . 3 8 ( Figure 1 0) . P ossibly ' Uncle T om" o r %ambo" a dvertised f rom 1 892 t o 1 896 ( see a lso R d . N o . 1 59329) . R egistered N o. 1 50285 R egistered 3 rd , J une 1 890 b y E benezer J ohn C hurch , K ings C ross , N . t obacco p ipe m aker . D esign : B owl s upported b y av ery s mall c law o r p aw , N o s pur. S ee d rawing n o. 3 9 ( Figure 1 0).

2 3 & 2 5 N orth S treet ,

-

r est o f b owl i s p lain .

R egistered N o. 1 59329 R egistered 2 1st , O ctober 1 890 b y C harles C rop & S ons , B rooksbys W alk , H o n rton E . f ancy t obacco p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : B owl i n s hape o f an egro t ype h ead w earing a c owboy h at. H as c ollar . S tem c urved . U nidentified . S ee d rawing n o . 4 0 ( Figure 1 0) . -

7 7

T H E .W. . �, . q RAg P I P E L

Y

RE GIST ERE D No . 1 91 ,788 .

W . H . C O WLAND & C O b eg t oc a l lt h ea t tent i o n o f t he T r ade t o t he a boue d es ign i n c l oy . T h e f i nes t s pec imen o f ap ort ra i t -p ipe e u er p rodu ced . • S o ld , Moun ted i nV u lcan i te , a tG d . e a ch r e ta i l . S a inp1 e a nd Pri ce s ent

t o a ny T obaccon i st o n a pp1 i ca ti,.

A lso Reg istered P ropr ietors o f t he

TA -RA

BOO M-DE -AYE

M A R VE LLO US

WORKS -18 ,

SUCCESS

I SL INGTON

c

X I I .

IN

CLAY .

LO N D O N .

GREEN ,

.

-

L ONDON .

xx

ATTE4r:9N I S CALLE D TO

T he "W . G . GRACE" P IPE ( R e g d . ) , AP o r t ra it Model o ft he f amou s C r icke ter . Sma l l s i te j u s t p roduced . O rd er e ar ly .

C OWLAND 'S P I PE W ORKS , 1 8 , I s l i ng t on G r e en , L ONDON , N . C lay s0 /a l ld e scr ip ti o ns .

i o n s .R epa ir sf o rt h e T rad e .

cx

r

FOR THE CR ICKET S E A S ON. SUPE RIO R 30

30

w

COLO U RI N G .

_

Ii Q

Xi

C

M anu fa c turer o f a l l k inds o f T obacco C lay P ipes ,

33

&

35 ,

GARTS I DE

STREET ,

MA NCHESTE R . I l lu tra t ed

-

-

--- -- -- - ---

-

F or the C ric ket an d G- l f in g Se ason .

T HE THE

GOLF

P IPE .

o r E D WARD P OLLOCK (TOBACCOsasCLAY

ALL

r uua r v yted

F ig .

1:

' ataloO UO

I ' oa

T-

F ree t o

C RICKETER -

)3 &3 5 , G A R T S IDE S T R E E T , M A NC H E S T ER .

l Fholesale

osifi,.

A dverts r eproduced f rom T he T obacco T rade R eview : C owland a nd E dward P ollock.

( Registered d esigns).

7 8

P

u yers m y .

S uperior C olo uring .

THE

K n-D : 4 OF

P IPES ,

Fr C a e t e a 1 n 6u e

W illiam H enry

P ossibly " Uncle T om" o r " Sambo" a dvertised f rom 1 892 t o 1 896 . R egistered N o. 1 59330 R egistered 2 1st , O ctober 1 890 b y C harles C rop & S ons , H o n rton E . f ancy t obacco p ipe m anufacturers.

B rooksbys W alk ,

-

D esign : B owl i n s hape o f am an 's h ead w earing a l ong s ou 'wester t ype h at . H as b eard. P robably r epresents a s ailor. C urved s tem . R egistered N o. 1 61371 R egistered 2 0th , N ovember 1 890 b y C harles C rop & S ons , B rooksbys W alk , H on rton E . t obacco p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : D etachable b owl s haped a s t he h ead o f s oldier , w earing t he c haracteristic L egion h elmet . -

s imple c ollar .

a F rench F oreign L egion H as m oustache a nd h as a

U nidentified.

R egistered N o. 1 63599 R egistered 2 9th , D ecember 1 890 b y C harles C rop

&S ons ,

5 0 B rooksbys W alk ,

H omerton , L ondon E . f ancy t obacco p ipe m anufacturers . D esign : B owl s haped a s a n a corn h eld b y ah uman h and a t t he b ase . C uff o n s tem . S tem c urved . S imilar t o h and h olding e gg t ype ( for e xample R d . -

t o.

18

O).

R egistered N o. 1 68234 R egistered 1 4th , M arch 1 891 b y C harles C rop & S ons ,

5 0 B rooksbys W alk ,

H o n rton E . c lay p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : T ennis p ipe . A t ennis r acket e xtends a long t he b ase o f t he s tem t o f orm a s loping s pur . N et d epicted a round t he b ase o f t he b owl w ith a b all -

a bove. R egistered N o. 1 78569 R egistered 1 4th , S eptember 1 891 b y H arry B aker ,

1 06 R oman R oad , O ld F ord E .

t obacco p ipe m anufacturer . D esign : S et o f p lain b owls w ith h oles n ear t he b ase w here a s eperate s tem -

i s d esigned t o b e i nserted. R egistered N o. 1 88791 R egistered 7 th , M arch ,

B owls r ound a t t he b ase.

1 892 b y C harles C rop & S ons ,

5 0 B rooksbys W alk ,

H o n rton , L ondon N . t obacco p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : B owl i n s hape o f a n A lly S loper t ype h ead w ith a l arge d ownward p ointing n ose . W earing a b illowing t all h at , r ather l ike a c hef 's . S tem -

c urved .

S ee d rawing n o . 4 1

( Figure 1 0) .

R egistered N o. 1 88792 R egistered 7 th , M arch 1 892 b y C harles C rop & S ons ,

5 0 B rooksbys W alk ,

H on rton , L ondon N . t obacco p ipe m anufacturers . D esign : B owl i n s hape o f am an 's h ead w earing a t op h at . N o b eard o r m oustache p resent a nd t he m outh i s s hown s lightly o pen . P ointed c ollar . -

S tem c urved. R egistered N o. 1 91787 R egistered 3 0th , A pril 1 892 b y W illiam H enry C owland , L ondon D esign :

-

1 8 I slington G reen ,

m anufacturer a nd i mporter o f t obaccoinists' f ancy g oods. ' T a-Ra B oom -D e -A ye c lay ' p ipe d epicts t his f amous m usic-hall -

d ance b y h aving a d ancing l ady w earing a l arge f rilly d ress w ith o ne a rm o utstreched o n t he s tem c lose t o t he b owl . H er l egs a re s paced w ide a s t hough d ancing a nd s he i s d epicted w earing a f eathered h at . T he p ipe h as t he ‚ T a Ra B oom-De-Aye ' m otif a long t he s tem ,

7 9

t hough i n t he r epresentation

CH ARLES CROP & SONS9 F ANCY C LAY T OBACCO P IPES , WEQLESALX AND EXPORT

9 TFACTU1 tER3 O F A LL R INDS O F

EN 'TORS O F THE

C ELEBRATED MEERSCHAUM -WASHED C OLOUR ING P IPES I nc lud ing R eg istered Nove lt ies —" Unc le T om ." "Sa mbo ," "Buf fa lo B i l l ," "Knock -oat Patent ," "Sa m We l ler ," "Da isy ," &c .; a lso C o mpet it ion C lays; AND I MPORTERS O F E VERY D ESCR IPT ION O F

C " G C) M anu f a c t o ry —BROO l BY WORKS , B ROOKSBY WALK , H OM 1RTON . L ONDON . E .

NOT ICE i sh ereby g iven t hat t he HARBT TRGER i rMMr -KAMM C or r 'a t cv h av ing c rea ted ,a nd o nt he 7 th Apr i l , 1 894 ,r eg istered . t he d es ign N o .2 30 ,285 ,a nd

t ha t Messr s . C lL tRLEK C ROP & S ONS , h av ing o n t he 9 th O c tober ,1 894 ,r eg is tered as im i lar d e dgn , under t he - No . 2 41 ,792 , i t w as , with t h e c on sen t o f Mes sr s CuA 1u .Es C aoe & S ONS , o nt he 2 9 th t hy o f J anuary , 1 895 , o rdered b y t he H igh C our t o f J us t ice ,C hancery D iv is ion , t hat t he Reg ister o f D es igns b e r ect if ied b y r e mov ing t herefro m t he a bove -ment ioned d es ign No . 2 41 ,792 . Da ted t h is 2 5th c l ay o f F ebruary , 1 895 . ( S ig . ) SHARPE , PARKER , PRITCHARD , & BARHA M , S o l ic i to rs f or t he HARBUR&ER GcMM I -R slM C OMPANY , 1 2 , NEW C OURT , CAREY S TREET , W .C .

A NE W DEPARTURE

Regd . N os . 2 53515 a nd 2 53516 .

I N

CLAY BO WLS WITH ORNA MENTAL VULCAN ITE STE MS , C omb in ing t he c o o l s t re et s mok ing f r om C lay w i th t he c l ean l ine ss a nd p l ea san tne ss o f Vu lcan i te Mou thp iec es . Done i n O rnamen ta l D e s ign s , S U ITABLE F OR ANY G ENTLEMAN . FURT HER PATTER NS A llE IN PREPAR ATIO N . TO BE HAD OF ALL W HOLESALE TOBACCONISTS . A LSO

BRIAR BO WLS wi t h VULCANITE S TE MS ,

v i a . —Ihc "RUGBY" F oo tba l l P ip es ( R eg i s te red N o . 2 30 ,285 ) , t he p rev ious "Foo tb a l l" P ipe ( Leg a nd B a l l ) , " k tEVOLVER" P ipe s , a nd o the r w e l l -known d e s ign s , a l so i n Vu lcan ite C igar a nd C igarette Ho lders , Match Boxes . P ipe S te ms f o r B r iar -P ipe a nd C lay -P ipe Make r s a nd R epa i re rs ( p la in o r mouLt e c i w i th metal m oun ts ) . Vu lcan ite Sheets a nd Rods f o r Manu fac tu r e rs o f Hand -made P ipe s . Re ta i lers will N O T be supplied d irect .

rrIE

F ig .

1 2 :

I 4 A R13 U1 4a ,

&

CR IPPLEGATE

i .i. C .

BUILDI NGS ,

C o .,

LONDON ,

E .C .

A dverts r eproduced f rom T he T obacco T rade R eview : C harles C rop & S ons , a nd T he H arburger Gummi— Kamm C ompany. ( Registered d esigns).

8 0

d rawing t his h as b een d eleted . s pur .

S ee d rawing n o . 4 2

T he r est o f t he p ipe i s p lain a nd i t h as n o ( Figure 1 0) ,

p art o f w hich i s b ased o n t he

o riginal r epresentation , a nd t he a dvert i n F igure 1. R egistered N o. 1 91788 R egistered 3 0th , A pril 1 892 b y W illiam H enry C owland , L ondon D esign :

-

1 8 I slington G reen ,

m anufacturer a nd i mporter o f t obacconists ' f ancy g oods . ' W . C . G race p ipe ' d etachable b owl s haped a s t he h ead o f -

f amous c ricketer .

t his

H e h as a t hick b eard a nd b ushy m oustache w ith h is h air

r eceeding a t t he f ront . Ap air o f c rossed c ricket b ats w ith b alls a re d epicted o n t he s tem p art . H is n ame a ppears a long t he s tem t hough i n t he r epresentation d rawing t his h as b een d eleted .

S ee d rawing n o .

4 3 ( Figure

1 0) a nd t he a dverts i n F igure 1. R egistered N o. 1 95922 R egistered 2 5th , J uly 1 892 b y E dward P ollock ,

3 3 &3 5 G artside S treet ,

M anchester c lay p ipe m anufacturer . D esign : 't he G olf P ipe ' b owl i n t he s hape o f a g olf b all r esting o n a -

-

c urved g olf-club w hich f orms t he s tem . T he l atter i s d etachable . S ee a dvert i n F igure 1 . D ESIGN R EMOVED F ROM R EGISTER B Y O RDER O F T HE C OURT . D a ted 3th ,

J une 1 893 .

R egistered N o. 1 96929 R egistered 1 6th , A ugust

1 892

b y E dward G am ier ,

2 M ill S treet,

W .

t obacconist. D esign : A n u nusually s haped p ipe i ncorporating a f iltering s ystem . L arge c avity b eneath b ase o f b owl e xtending i nto a n u pward c urved s tem . N arrow p assage b etween t his c avity a nd t he b owl i tself , t he i nterior o f t he b owl b eing c up s haped .

S tem p art o f p ipe m ay b e s eperate f itting .

R egistered N o. 1 97391 R egistered 2 3rd , A ugust 1 892 b y E benezer J ohn C hurch ,

2 3 &2 5 N orth S treet ,

K ings C ross , N . t obacco p ipe m aker . D esign : S piked p ipe w ith a b ranch - t ype d ecoration a t -

j unction .

t he

s tem/bowl

U pright b owl.

R egistered N o. 2 01219 R egistered 2 1st , O ctober 1 892 b y C harles C rop

& S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

H ou rton , L ondon f ancy t obacco p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : B owl s haped a s a m an 's h ead i n T udor-style f ashion . H as s mall p ointed b eard a nd a m oustache a nd i s w earing a s loping c loth h at , h igher o n -

o ne

s ide o f

t he b owl t han t he o ther .

H as p ointed c ollar .

P erhaps

r epresenting S hakespeare? R egisterd N o. 2 06856 R egistered i st , F ebruary

1 893 b y C harles C rop

& S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

H onErton N . f ancy t obacco p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : A lly S loper s tyle b owl w earing t all b illowing h at . -

R d. N o. 1 88791

b ut

I dentical t o

i s d etachable.

R egistered N o. 2 06857 R egistered i st , F ebruary

1 893 b y C harles C rop

& S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

H on Erton N . f ancy t obacco p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : D etachable b owl i n s hape o f m an 's h ead . H as b eard a nd m oustache a nd i s w earing a l ow h at w ith a f eather t ype s urround a t t he t op . P ointed -

c ollar .

U nidentified .

8 1

45

46

R 2 N 2452 15 49

F ig. 1 3:

R egistered c lay p ipes.

8 2

N os. 4 4-49.

R egistered N o. 2 06858 R egistered i st , F ebruary H on rton N . D esign :

-

1 893 b y C harles C rop

& S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

f ancy t obacco p ipe m anufacturers.

S imilar b owl t o R d. N o. 2 06857 b ut w ith n ormal c lay s tem .

R egistered N o. 2 10635 R egistered

1 4th ,

A pril

1 893 b y W illiam H enry C arrington & C o . ,

S treet, M anchester m anufacturer o f t obacconists' f ancy g oods. D esign : B owl i n s hape o f a n egro 's h ead , w earing e ar-rings .

3 8 T homas

-

S ee d rawing

n o. 4 4 ( Figure 1 3). R egistered N o. 2 15626 R egistered 2 5th , J uly 1 893 b y C harles C rop & S ons , 5 2 B rooksbys W alk , H on rton , L ondon E . t obacco p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : D etachable b owl i n s hape o f al ady 's h ead . R ather p retty w ith w avy -

h air a nd h as a f rilly w ide c ollar . A l arge r ose i s d epicted o n t he s ide o f t he h ead . U nidentified . P ossibly ' Daisy" a s a dvertised b etween 1 894 a nd 1 898 .

S ee d rawing n o. 4 5 ( Figure 1 3).

R egistered N o. 2 17205 R egistered 2 5th , A ugust

1 893 b y W illiam H enry C owland ,

1 8 I slington G reen ,

L ondon t obacco p ipe m anufacturer . D esign : B owl i n s hape o f a s itting k angaroo w ith p aws c lenched a nd o utstretching . F acing f rontwards w ith t he t ail w inding r ound t he u pward -

s tem . T he h ead i s h igher t han t he t op o f t he b owl a nd h as p ointed e ars . S im ilar i n d esign t o 1 46618 i n d iamond-registration s eries. R egistered N o. 2 18042 R egistered 9 th , S eptember 1 893 b y C harles C rop

& S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

H o n rton f ancy t obacco p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : O rnate b owl s haped a s t he h ead o f a r am , f acing f rontwards . l arge c urved h orns. V ery d etailed. S tem c urved. -

R egistered N o. 2 18043 R egistered 9 th , S eptember ,

1 893 b y C harles C rop & S ons ,

H as

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

H o n rton f ancy t obacco p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : O rnate b owl s haped a s a h ighly-scaled b ird 's c law e xtending f rom -

t he t op o f t he b owl t o t he b ase a nd h olding a h uman h and w hich e xtends f rom t he s tem . H as c uff n ear b owl . T he t op o f t he b owl o r c law i s f luted . S tem s lightly c urved. R egistered N o. 2 29679 R egistered 2 2nd , M arch 1 894 b y C harles C rop & S ons , 5 2 B rooksbys Walk , H o r r rton , L ondon N . p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : D etachable b owl s haped a a m an 's h ead w ith r eceeding h air . H as n o b eard o r m oustache . S imple c ollar . S mall l eaves o r f lowers a round t he e nd -

o f t he s tem p art.

U nidentified.

R egistered N o. 2 36417 R egistered 2 1st , J uly

1 894 b y C harles C rop & S ons ,

H o n rton , L ondon N . t obacco p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : L arge d etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f a

5 2 B rooksbys Walk ,

-

h orse 's h ead .

P art o f

h airy m ane c lose t o e nd o f s tem p art . D esign s imilar t o 3 57848 i n d iamond r egistration s eries. S ee d rawing n o. 4 6 ( Figure 1 3). R egistered N o. 2 36418 R egistered 2 1st , J uly

1 894 b y C harles C rop & S ons ,

8 3

5 2 B rooksbys Walk ,

H omerton , L ondon N .

t obacco p ipe m anufacturers.

-

D esign : B owl i n t he s hape o f ab ird 's n est c omposed o f b ranches a nd t wigs a ll a round i t . A b ranch e xtends f rom t he s tem t o t he b ase o f t he b owl o n w hich t he n est i s r esting . S tem c urved u pwards . S ee d rawing n o . 4 7 ( Figure 1 3). -

R egistered N o. 2 37200 R egistered 3 rd , A ugust 1 894 b y C harles C rop & S ons , 5 2 B rooksbys Walk , H omer ton , L ondon N E. c lay t obacco p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f a m an 's h ead . -

H e a ppears

t o b e

m iddle-aged a nd h as a l ong c urved m oustache a nd a b eard . S imple c ollar w ith b ow t ie o n f ront . T he s tem h as s ome w riting o n i t, p robably t he i dentity o f t he p erson c oncerned , b ut t his h as b een d eleted i n t he d esign r epresentation . R egistered N o. 2 41693 R egistered 6 th , O ctober ,

1 894 b y S amuel M cLardy , 6 7 S hudehill , M anchester

p ipe m anufacturer. D esign : L arge ' c adger ' p ipe w ith f ootball p layers d epicted a round t he b owl ( three o n e ach s ide) a nd a b oot k icking a f ootball a s t he s pur .

S ee

d rawing n o . 4 8 ( Figure 1 3). R egistered N o. 2 41792 R egigistered 9 th , O ctober 1 894 b y C harles C rop ,

B rooksbys W alk , H omerton

-

f ancy t obacco p ipe m aker. D esign : ' The R ugby P ipe ' b owl i n t he s hape o f ar ugby b all a nd i s h eld b y a r ugby p layer d epicted l aying a long t he t op o f t he s tem . D ESIGN R EMOVED F ROM R EGISTER B Y O RDER O F T HE C OURT . D ated 2 9th , J anuary 1 895 . S ee a dvert b y T he H arburger G ummi Kamm C ompany i n F igure 1 2 a nd a lso t he -

d iscussion c oncerning t his a t t he b eginning o f S ection I ( pp 4 5-6 a bove). R egistered N o. 2 42719 R egistered 2 2nd , O ctober 1 894 b y C harles C rop & S ons , 5 2 B rooksbys W alk , H omerton , L ondon N . f ancy c lay t obacco p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : D etachable b owl a pparently s haped a s a w oman 's h ead . T he h air i s f airly s traight a nd s he ( or h e) i s w earing a l ow h at w ith a l arge r im o n t he f ront w ith w hat a ppears t o b e af lower b elow . S imple p ointed c ollar . T he m outh i s s lightly o pen . U nidentified . T his p ipe c ould p ossibly b e s howing -

" Sam W eller" a s a dvertised i n 1 894 a nd 1 895. R egistered N o. 2 45215 R egistered 2 9th , N ovember 1 894 b y S amuel M cLardy , 6 7 S hudehill , M anchester . D esign : R AOB ' b owl w ith t he f ull b ull 's h ead , a nd t he m otif a bove d epicted o n t he f ront o f t he b owl . R est o f b owl p lain . S everal v ariations k nown . S ee d rawing n o. 4 9 ( Figure 1 3). R egistered N o. 2 53516 R egistered 2 2nd , A pril 1 895 b y D r . F L T raun , t rading a s H arh irger G ummi Kamm C ompany, M eyerstrasse 6 0 , H amburg , G ermany. D esign : C lay b owl w ith t he b ase e laborately s haped a s a s wan , f acing f rontwards , a nd w ith d etachable s tem . A ccording t o t he a dvert s hown i n F igure 1 2 c oncerning t his p ipe , t he o rnamental p art o f t he p ipe i s m ade o f v ulcanite , t hough I h ave a b owl o f i dentical d esign w ithin m y c ollection t hat i s e ntirely m ade o f c lay . T his d esign w as a lso r egistered o n t he s ame d ate i n C lass I II ( Rd. N o. 2 53515) ( 47). R egistered N o. 2 54338

8 4

R egistered 4 th ,

M ay 1 895 b y P eter McLean ,

m anufacturer. D esign : P lain p ipe w ith n o

s pur .

D undee

c lay

-

N othing a pparently

t obacco p ipe

u nusual

a bout

i t

e xcept f or a s lightly w ider m outhpiece. R egistered N o. 2 59260 R egistered 8 th , A ugust

1 895 b y H . B aker ,

7 9 S t . S tevens R oad, O ld F ord,

L ondon E . c lay p ipe m anufacturer . D esign : C uff a round p art o f s tem w ith h and e xtending f rom i t t owards h owl -

b eneath t he s tem a nd t he f ingers h olding a b all b eneath t he b owl , f orming t he s pur . T he p ipe i s o f t he d etachable s tyle w ith t he s tem s lightly c urved.

P lain b owl.

R egistered N o. 2 65060 R egistered 2 nd , N ovember

1 895 b y C harles C rop

& S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

H omerton f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers. D esign : D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f ar ugby b oot f acing f rontwards i .e . t he f oot e xtending b eyond t he b owl . D etailed . ' R UGBY A ND A SSOCIATION ' -

w ritten o n s ide o f b oot ( deleted i n r epresentation d rawing). R egistered N o. 2 65061 R egistered 2 nd , N ovember

1 895 b y C harles C rop

& S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

H o n rton f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers. D esign : B owl i n t he s hape o f a r ugby b oot , v ery s imilar t o R d . N o . 2 65060 b ut f acing t he o ther w ay i .e . w ith t he f oot t owards t he s tem . D etailed . ' RUGBY A ND A SSOCIATION ' written o n t he s ide o f b oot ( deleted i n -

r epresentation d rawing). R egistered N o. 2 76952 R egistered 3 0th , M ay

S ee d rawing n o. 5 0 ( Figure 1 4).

1 896 b y C harles C rop

&S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys Walk ,

H ou rton t obacco p ipe m akers. D esign : B owl i n t he s hape o f am an 's h ead w ith r eceeding h air . d epicted w earing a m ask a round h is e yes o r i t i s p ainted m aking -

s hapes a round h is e yes .

P ointed c ollar a nd u pward s tem .

H e i s d iamond

P robably a c lown

o r c ircus m an o r p ossibly t he " Chirgwin W hite-eyed K affir" a dvertised f rom N ovember 1 896 . R egistered N o. 2 88125 R egistered 1 2th , N ovember 1 89

b y C harl is C rop & S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

H om arton f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers. Des i gn : D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f al a d y' s h ead. S he h as w avy h air c overed w ith a l ong s hawl e xtending o ver t he b ack o f t he c ollar . -

C ollar p ointed a t f ront . l ooking u pwards.

I n t he r epresentation d rawing s he a ppears t o b e

U nidentified.

R egistered N o. 2 91715 R egistered 9 th , J anuary 1 897 b y C harles C rop & S ons , 5 0 B rooksbys Walk , H on rton . D esign : D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f t he h ead o f Q ueen V ictoria

( 1897

w as t he y ear o f h er D iamond J ubilee). R egistered N o. 2 99810 R egistered 3 1st , M ay H o r r rton D esign :

-

1 897 b y C harles C rop

f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers. D etachable b owl i n t he s hape

P rince o f W ales .

o f

&S ons ,

t he h ead

o f

5 2 B rooksbys W alk , P rince E dward ,

H e h as m oustache a nd b eard a nd a p ointed c ollar .

8 5

t he

P rince

50

5 3

5 6

F ig. 1 4:

R egistered c lay p ipes. N os. 5 0-56.

8 6

o f W ales f eathers d epicted o n t he e nd o f t he s tem p art . ( Figure 1 4).

S ee d rawing n o . 5 1

R egistered N o. 3 06412 R egistered 2 nd , O ctober 1 897 b y C harles C rop & S ons , 5 2 B rooksbys W alk , H o n rton f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers. -

D esign : D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f aw oman 's h ead s hown g rinn ing w ith h er t eeth s howing . S he h as l ong h air w ith a f rilly s hawl o ver i t w hich h as a r ibbon o n t he f ront .

T here i s a l arge b rooch o r b utton o n t he f ront o f

t he c ollar . U nidentified . I n t he r epresentation d rawing t he h ead s eems t o b e t urned s lightly t o o ne s ide. R egistered N o. 3 11305 R egistered 2 3rd D ecember 1 897 b y C harles C rop H o n rton f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers.

& S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

-

D esign : D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f a m an 's h ead w earing a s triped h elmet w ith a r aised c ross o n t he f ront o f i t . N o b eard o r m oustache p resent. S imple c ollar . U nidentified. R egistered N o. 3 12471 R egistered

1 5th ,

J anuary

1 898 b y C harles C rop

& S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

H o i r rton f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers. D esign : D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f a l ady 's h ead , -

p ossibly t urned t o

o ne s ide a ccording t o t he r epresentation d rawing . S he i s w earing a s mall b eret o n o ne s ide o f h er h ead a nd h as f airly s hort h air . P ointed c ollar w ith s ome c ord o r r ibbon d epicted a round m ost o f i t . U nidentified . R egistered N o. 3 18759 R egistered 1 1th , M ay 1 898 b y C harles C rop & S ons , 5 2 B rooksbys Walk , H on rton f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers. D esign : L arge d etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f a b ird 's c law . H as l arge p rotruding t alons a nd m ost o f t he b owl i s o rnately c overed w ith s cales . -

E nd o f s tem p art i s f itted w ith a m etal a ttachment f or t he v ulcanite s tem , o n which a re t he 5 2 ( Figure 1 4).

i nitials

' C .C .S . ' ( Charles C rop

& S ons) .

S ee d rawing n o .

R egistered N o. 3 18760 R egistered 1 1th , M ay 1 898 b y C harles C rop H on rton f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers.

& S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

-

D esign : p art.

L arge d etachable b owl h eld b y a l arge h and . S ee d rawing n o. 5 3 ( Figure 1 4).

C uff o n e nd o f s tem

R egistered N o. 3 26032 R egistered 2 4th ,

S eptember 1 898 b y C harles C rop & S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

H o n rton f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers. D esign : D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f t he h ead o f K itchener ( he w on t he B attle o f O mdurman e arlier t hat m onth a nd m arched i nto K hartum a nd h eld a -

m emorial s ervice f or G eneral G ordon .

T his

f eat

e arned h im

t he

t itle o f

B aron K itchener o f K hartum) . T he b owl s hows h im w ith h is m oustache a nd r eceeding h air . P ointed c ollar , d ecorated w ith a m edal ( 48) . S ee d rawing n o. 5 4 ( Figure 1 4). R egistered N o. 3 26979 R egistered 8 th ,

O ctober 1 898 b y C harles C rop

&S ons ,

H o r rerton f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers. D esign : D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f a l ady 's h ead . i nto a b un w ith f lowers a round i t n o h at i s p resent .

B rooksbys W alk ,

-

-

8 7

H er h air i s t ied T he f ront o f h er

hair is decorated with small curls or flowers. She has a high collar at the back of her neck and there is a flower on the front of it. Unidentified. See drawing no. 55 (Figure 14). Registered No. 326980 Registered 8th, October 1898 by Charles Crop & Sons, 52 Brooksbys Walk, Horrerton - fancy tobacco pipe makers. All her hair is Design: Detachable bowl in the shape of a lady's head. tied back into a bun. She is wearing a hat with a large bow depicted on the right-hand side (from smoker), and her collar sticks out at the back of Unidentified. her neck. Registered No 326981 Registered 8 th, October 1898 by Charles Crop & Sons, 52 Brooksbys Walk, Horrerton - fancy tobacco pipe makers. Design: Detachable bowl in the shape of a lady's head, turned to one side (left from smoker). Has short wavy hair with a serated shawl over the back of her head which is covered in small rings or circles. Slightly fancy pointed collar. Unidentified. See drawing no. 56 (Figure 14). Registered No. 337785 Registered 4th, May 1899 by Charles Crop & Sons, 52 Brooksbys Walk, Homerton - fancy tobacco pipe makers. Design: Detachable bowl in the shape of the head of Rubens, the famous painter. He is depicted with a curved moustache and a short wavy beard and he is wearing a sloping hat. The pipe has 'P.P. Rubens 1577 - 1640' on its stem part. Registered No. 338129 Registered 12th, May 1899 by Charles Crop & Sons, 52 Brooksbys Walk, Horrerton - fancy tobacco pipe makers. Design: Bowl in the shape of a man's head. He has long straggly hair and a small moustache rut no beard. Fancy collar with decoration around it and a serated base. Not detachable. Unidentified. Registered No. 345182 Registered 14th, September 1899 by Charles Crop & Sons, 52 Brooksbys Walk, Horrerton - fancy tobacco pipe makers. Design: Detachable bowl in the shape of the head of Alfred Dreyfus, who was centre of the famous 'Dreyfus case' from which he was finaliy acquitted at the beginning of September, 1899. He is depicted with a moustache and wearing spectacles and a tall cap. There is the number '14' on each side of his collar. See drawing no. 57 (Figure 15). Registered No. 350122 Registered 4th, December 1899 by Thomas Melchoir de L oecker, 42 Tabernacle Street, Finsbury, London E.C. - clay pipe manufacturer's agent (L. Fiolet of St. Omer). Design: Detachable bowl in the shape of a General's head, probably Kitchener or Buller. His helmet is dark-coloured around its rim at the top and lighter-coloured around its centre. He has a moustache. The top of the collar is dark-coloured and the pupils of his eyes are coloured black. See drawing no. 58 (Figure 15). Registered No. 351446 Registered 6 th, January 19 00 by Charles Crop & Sons, 52 Brooksbys Walk, Hoirerton - fancy tobacco pipe manufacturers. 88

F ig. 1 5:

R egistered c lay p ipes. N os. 5 7-63.

8 9

D esign :

D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f am an 's h ead .

w ith a l arge n eck p iece .

H as a h andsome f ace

m oustache a nd a p ointed b eard . P ointed c ollar w ith f rilly H e i s d epicted w earing a n o ld-fashioned f eathered h at .

U nidentified. R egistered N o. 3 52153 R egistered 1 9th , J anuary

1 900 b y

J ames

N athaniel

S heppard ,

5 1

M aidstone

S treet , G oldsmith R cM , H ackney R oad , N .E. t obacco p ipe m anufacturer. D esign : D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f at he h ead o f B aden-Powell . H e h as a m oustache a nd i s w earing a w ide-rimmed h at . T he t op o f h is s hirt i s -

s hown a t

t he b ase o f

t he b owl .

T he p ipe w as a lso m ade w ith a n a ll c lay

s tem . R egistered N o. 3 52681 R egistered 3 1st , J anuary S treet ,

F insbury ,

1 900 b y T homas M eichoir d e L oecker ,

L ondon E .C .

-

c lay p ipe

4 2 T abernacle

m anufacturer 's a gent .

( L .

F iolet

o f S t. O mer). D esign : D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f a G eneral 's h ead , p ossibly K itchener . H as a b ushy m oustache . P upils o f e yes c oloured b lack w ith c oloured e ye-brows , m oustache , c ollar a nd l apels. S ee d rawing n o . 5 9 r :

1 5) .

R egistered N o. 3 52934 R egistered 6 th , F ebruary ,

1 900 b y E dward P ollock , K irk S treet ,

A r icoats, M anchester t obacco c lay p ipe m anufacturer. D esign : B owl i n s hape o f am an 's h ead , p robably L ord R oberts .

E very S treet ,

-

m oustache a nd

w earing a t all

S imple c ollar.

U pward s tem .

R egistered N o. 3 53104 R egistered 1 0th , F ebruary H om arton D esign :

-

t apering h at ,

s lightly

1 900 b y C harles C rop & S ons ,

c urved

b ush

t ype

h at

w ith

t he

i nitials

i ts

b ase .

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers. D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f a s oldier 's h ead .

a s trapped

H as a b ushy a t

' C .I.V . '

H e i s w earing ( City

I mperial

V olunteers) o n o ne s ide ( left f rom s moker) . H e h as a m oustache a nd h as a p ointed c ollar w ith l apel b adges o n t he s ides . T his p ipe w as a lso m ade w ith a n ormal c lay s tem a nd w ithout t he i nitials o n t he s ide o f t he h at , a nd C rop r egistered a n i dentical v ersion o f t he l atter i n C lass M arch 1 900 ( Rd. N o. 3 54787). S ee d rawing n o . 6 0 ( Figure 1 5). R egistered N o. 3 53737 R egistered 2 2nd J anuary

1 900 b y H . B aker ,

8 3 F ord S treet ,

II o n

O ld F ord ,

1 7th ,

L ondon

E . c lay p ipe m aker. D esign : ' The C lay P ipe S topper ' o r ' Inner B owl ' . R epresentation p hotographs v ery f aded b ut t hey a ppear t o s how a n i nner b owl w ith a r im a t -

t he

t op

t o f it o nto t he t op o f a p ipe b owl .

T here a re t wo h oles i n t he

b ase o f i t. R egistered N o. 3 54468 R egistered 9 th , M arch 1 900 b y J ack

&C o . ,

3P ark P lace ,

m anufacturer. D esign : B owl i n t he s hape o f a m an 's h ead . a round h is h air . p rint a long t he A TKINS' ,

t he f amous c haracter n ame f or a s oldier .

9 0

-

p ipe

A s carf o r c loth i s t ied

H e h as a m oustache a nd a s imple c ollar . s tem i n t he r epresentation p hotograph i s

( Figure 1 5).

L eyton

W ritten i n b lue t he n ame ' TOMMY

S ee d rawing n o . 6 1

R egistered N o. 3 55559 R egistered 2 nd , A pril 1 900 b y W illiam B rown ,

1B ohn S treet , S tepney , L ondon

t obacco p ipe m anufacturer . D esign : D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f am an 's h ead w earing a w ide-rimmed -

a nd s trapped b ush-type h at w ith a p lume a nd i nitials ' N .S .W .L . ' ( New S outh W ales L ancers 7 ) o n o ne s ide ( left f rom s moker) . H e h as a m oustache a nd t he c ollar i s d ecorated. S ee d rawing n o. 6 2 ( Figure 1 5). R egistered N o. 3 56110 R egistered 1 7th , A pril 1 900 b y C harles C rop & S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

H onerton f ancy t obacco p ipe m aker. D esign : D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f av ery o rnate l ady 's h ead . -

S he i s

w earing a l arge f eathered h at w ith a p lume o n t he f ront a nd a w ide r im , a nd s he h as a h igh c ollar w ith a b ig b ow o n t he f ront . H er h air i s w avy a nd m ay b e t ied a t t he b ack . T he v ulcanite s tem i s s ilver-mounted . R egistered N o. 3 56369 R egistered 2 3rd , S treet ,

A pril

F insbury ,

1 900 b y T homas M elchoir d e L oecker ,

L ondon E .C .

-

S t. O mer). D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f a m an 's h ead . -

'-

:

h air a nd a moustache . c ollar. U nidentified.

4 2 T abernacle

c lay p ipe m anufacturer 's a gent ( L . F iolet o f H e h as s hort w avy

S ome l eaves a re d epicted a round t he t op o f h is

R egistered N o. 3 56577 R egistered 2 8th , A pril 1 900 b y C harles C rop & S ons , 5 2 B rooksbys W alk , H on rton f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers. D esign : D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f a m an 's h ead , p robably a G eneral s uch a s R oberts o r K itchener . H e i s w earing a s trapped b ush-type h at, -

t urned u p o n o ne s ide w ith a b utton o r b uckle o n i t a nd a lso a f eather o r p lume . H e h as a m oustache . T he c ollar r esembles t he t op o f au niform w ith ac hain a round i t. R egistered N o. 3 58794 R egistered 1 4th , J une 1 900 b y A lfred C harles J ack ,

3 P ark P lace ,

L eyton

-

c lay p ipe m aker. D esign : D etachable s tyle p ipe w ith t he b owl i n t he s hape o f as ailor 's h ead . H e i s w earing a f lat s ailor 's h at w ith a b ow o n t he f ront a nd ' H .M .S . P OWERFUL'

o n t he s ide o f i t .

H e h as n o b eard o r m oustache .

P ointed

c ollar w ith t he t op o f h is s hirt c ollar o verlapping t he s ides n ear h is n eck . S ee d rawing n o. 6 3 ( Figure 1 5). R egistered N o. 3 59475 R egistered 2 8th , J une

1 900 b y C harles C rop & S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

H omerton f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers. D esign : F at d etachable b owl w ith a n u pward p ointing , s ilver m ounted s tem . L eft-hand s ide o f b owl ( from s moker) s hows t he h ead o f B aden-Powell w earing -

a b ush

t ype h at .

H e h as a m oustache a nd t he t op o f a u niform i s s hown .

T he o ther s ide o f t he b owl s hows t he h ead o f S ir C . W hite w ith m edals o n t he t op o f h is c oat . H as r eceeding h air a nd h as a m oustache . N o s pur p resent ( 48). R egistered N o. 3 59761 R egistered 5 th , J uly 1 900 b y J ulius W indenger & C o . , o f R hine ,

G ermany

-

-

H oehr ,

n ear C oblenz ,

c lay p ipe m anufacturers .

D esign : D etachable b owl w ith s ilver-mounted s tem . B owl i n t he s hape o f a l ady's h ead w ith a s hort f rilly h at. C atalogue N o. 7 22/33.

9 1

R egistered N o. 3 59762 R egistered 5 th ,

J uly 1 900 b y J ulius W indenger & C o . ,

-

H oehr ,

n ear C oblenz ,

o f R hine , G e L11 i n y c lay p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : D etachable b owl w ith s ilver m ounted s tem . B owl a ppears t o b e i n t he s hape o f an egro's h ead w ith a f rilly c ollar. C atalogue N o. 7 20 . -

R egistered N o. 3 59763 R egistered 5 th ,

J uly 1 900 b y J ulius W indenger & C o . ,

o f R hine , G ermany

-

-

H oehr ,

n ear C oblenz ,

c lay p ipe m anufacturers.

D esign : D etachable b owl w ith s ilver m ounted s tem . w ith s pur. C atalogue N o. 7 57.

S piked u pright

b owl

R egistered N o. 3 59764 R egistered 5 th ,

J uly 1 900 b y J ulius W indenger & C o . ,

o f R hine , G ermany c lay p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : D etachable b owl w ith s ilver m ounted s tem . l ady 's h ead w earing a h at w ith f lowers a round i t .

-

H oehr ,

n ear C oblenz ,

-

i nto a b un.

F rilly c ollar.

B owl i n t he s hape o f a S he h as w avy h air t ied

C atalogue N o. 7 21.

R egistered N o. 3 59765 c 4t - rpd 5 th , J uly 1 900 b y J ulius W indenger & C o . ,

-

H oehr ,

o f R hine , G ermany c lay p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f a l ady 's h ead .

n ear C oblenz ,

-

i nto a b un a nd s he i s n ot w earing a h at . C atalogue N o. 7 69.

H er h air i s t ied

T op o f h er c oat c ollar i s s hown .

R egistered N o. 3 59766 R egistered 5 th , J uly 1 900 b y J ulius W indenger & C o . , o f R hine , G ermany c lay p ipe m anufacturers.

-

Hoe hr ,

n ear C oblenz ,

-

D esign : D etachable b owl w ith s ilver m ounted s tem . T he c lay p art o f t he s tem i s s haped a s a l eg w earing a f ootball b oot k icking a l arge f ootball , w hich f orms t he b owl . T he b oot i s d etailed a nd w ritten a cross t he b all i s ' PLAY U P '

( probably

' G OAL ' o n o ther s ide) .

C atalogue N o .

7 58 .

R egistered N o. 3 59767 R egistered 5 th ,

J uly 1 900 b y J ulius W indenger & C o . ,

o f R hine , G ermany c lay p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : D etachable b owl w ith s ilver m ounted s tem .

-

H oehr ,

n ear C oblenz ,

-

l ady 's h ead w ith h er h air t ied i nto a b un .

B owl i n t he s hape o f a

S he i s n ot w earing a h at .

T he

h ead i s i dentical t o R d . N o . 3 59765 e xcept f or a d ifferent d esign t o t he c ollar a nd t he o ther p ipe d oes n ot h ave a s ilver m ounted s tem . C atalogue N o. 7 71. R egistered N o. 3 59768 R egistered 5 th , J uly 1 900 b y J ulius W indenger & C o . , H oehr , n ear C oblenz , o f R hine , G ermany c lay p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : D etachable b owl s haped a s a l ady 's h ead w ith h er h air t ied i nto a -

-

b un . S he i s w earing a s imple s hort h at w ith a r im . C atalogue N o. 7 66 ( or 7 68). R egistered N o. 3 59769 R egistered 5 th , J uly 1 900 b y J ulius W indenger & C o . ,

-

S imple c ollar .

H oehr ,

n ear C oblenz ,

o f R hine , G ermany c lay p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : D etachable b owl w ith s ilver m ounted s tem . B owi i n t he s hape o f a J ockey 's h ead w earing t he c haracteristic J ockey 's c ap . A ppears t o b e -

l ooking u pwards.

C atalogue n umber n ot g iven.

9 2

R egistered N o. 3 59770 R egistered 5 th , J uly 1 900 b y J ulius W indenger & C o . , o f R hine , G ermany c lay p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : D etachable b owl w ith s ilver m ounted s tem .

-

H oehr ,

n ear C oblenz ,

-

B owl i n t he s hape o f a

l ady 's h ead . S he i s w earing a h eadscarf w hich e xtends f rom h er f orehead a nd d own t owards h er n eck . H as e ar-rings . F rilly c ollar . C atalogue N o . 7 70 . R egistered N o. 3 61236 R egistered 3 1st , J uly

1 900 b y C harles C rop & S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

H omerton f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers. D esign : F at d etachable b owl w ith a n u pward p ointing , s ilver m ounted s tem . E ach s ide o f t he b owl d epicts a G eneral 's h ead . O n t he l eft-hand s ide ( from -

s moker) i s t he h ead o f am an w ho h as a m oustache a nd i s n ot w earing a nything o n h is h ead . F ive m edals a re d epicted o n t he t op o f h is u niform . T he o ther s ide s hows a m an 's h ead w earing a h elmet . H e h as a m oustache a nd a ppears t o h ave a f labby c hin . T op o f u niform s hown . B usts p robably r epresent G eneral R oberts a nd K itchener. R egistered N o. 3 61831 R egistered 1 5th , A ugust 1 900 b y J ulius W indenger & C o . , c lay p ipe m anufacturers. D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f am an 's h ead .

-

D esign :

-

H oehr ,

n ear

W earing a t all

t apering h at w ith a l eaf t ype d ecoration d own t he s ides . H e h as a m oustache . D esign v ery s imilar t o R d . N o . 3 52934 a nd c ould t herefore b e G eneral

R oberts .

R egistered N o. 3 61832 R egistered 1 5th , A ugust

1 900 b y J ulius W indenger & C o . ,

-

H oehr ,

n ear

C oblenz c lay p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f am an 's h ead . W earing a t all s trapped h elmet c overed i n a w avy d ecoration a nd h as a c hain a nd p innacle d epicted o n t he f ront . H e h as a m oustache . S imple c ollar . P robably -

r epresents o ne o f t he B oer W ar G enerals. R egistered N o. 3 62327 R egistered 2 4th , A ugust

1 900 b y W . B rown ,

1B ohn S treet ,

S tepney ,

L ondon

c lay p ipe m aker. D esign : D etachable b owl ? ( unclear f rom p hotograph i n r epresentation) . I n t he s hape o f av ery o rnate l ady 's h ead . S he i s w earing a l arge b onnet w ith f lowers o n i t . T his i s c onnected t o h er c ollar b y aw ide s trap , t he c ollar h aving a l arge f lower o n t he f ront.

U nidentified.

R egistered N o. 3 66644 R egistered 2 3rd , N ovember 1 900 b y C harles C rop

&S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

H om arton f ancy t obacco p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : F at d etachable b owl w ith a c urved u pward - p ointing s ilver m ounted s tem . A C oat o f A rms i s d epicted o n t he s ide o f t he b owl c omprising o f a -

k angaroo a nd a n e mu s upporting a s hield , c ommemorating t he A ct o f P arliament o f 9 th , J uly 1 900 w hich m ade A ustralia p art o f t he B ritish C ommonwealth ( the A rms w ere c onstituted o n i st , J anuary 1 901) . A r ibbon i s s hown b eneath t he s hield w ith f lowers ,

a nd a f an s hape i s d epicted a bove .

N o s pur p resent .

S ee d iamond-r egistrations 1 39315 a nd 1 40223. R egistered N o. 3 71687 R egistered 1 8th , M arch S treet ,

F insbury ,

1 901

L ondon E .C .

b y T homas -

M elchoir d e L oecker ,

4 2 T abernacle

c lay p ipe m anufacturer 's a gent ( L . F iolet o f

9 3

6 4

6 6

6 7

1

W ' !

04,

F ig. 1 6 :

R egistered c lay p ipes. N os. 6 4-68.

9 4

S t. O mer). D esign : B owl s haped a s h ead o f E dward V II . ab eard . s tamped

W avy h air . t rade m ark

p hotographs .

H as b ushy c urved m oustache a nd

C ollar h as l apels o n e ach s ide . L . F iolet 's u sual c an b e s een o n t he s tem i n t he r epresentation

W hen r eferring t o d rawing n o .

6 4

( Figure

1 6) ,

t he w ording

' D UC D Y ORK ' i s a lso p resent , w hich c reates a p uzzle , f or E dward n ever w as D uke o f Y ork . H is s on , t hen P rince G eorge , w as h owever c reated D uke o f Y ork i n 1 892 b efore b ecoming P rince o f W ales i n N ovember 1 901 . P erhaps t his w as e ither a m istake o n t he m aker 's p art o r a lternatively t his p ipe c ould h ave b een r e—issued w hen G eorge b ecame K ing i n 1 910 . I t i s d oubtful w hether a p ipe w ould h ave b een r egistered s pecifically t o d epict G eorge i n 1 901 f or o f c ourse K ing E dward a nd Q ueen A lexandra w ere t he t opic o f t he d ay .

S ee a lso R d . N o .

3 74642 .

( Queen A lexandra) .

R egistered N o. 3 73036 R egistered 2 0th , A pril 1 901 b y C harles C rop & S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys Walk ,

H o n rton , L ondon E . f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers. D esign : D etachable b owl s haped a s t he h ead o f t he D uchess o f G loucester . -

v ery o rnately p roduced . T he f ace i s d epicted o n o ne s ide o f t he b owl ( right f rom s moker) a nd s he i s w earing a l arge a nd w ide f eathered h at . T he c o iiar i s l ong a nd f rilly a nd h er h air i s l ong a nd v ery c urly . T his p ipe w as a lso r egistered i n C lass I II o n 2 3rd , M ay 1 901 ( Rd . N o . 3 74529) . ( Figure

A t l east t hree c lay v ersions a re k nown .

S ee d rawing n o .

6 5

1 6) .

R egistered N o. 3 74642 R egistered 2 5th , M ay 1 901 b y T homas M eichoir d e L oecker , 4 2 T abernacle S treet , F insbury , L ondon E .C . c lay p ipe m anufacturer 's a gent ( L . F iolet o f -

S t. O mer). D esign : B owl i n t he s hape o f t he h ead o f Q ueen A lexandra . S he i s d epicted w earing a c rown w hich h as a c oloured b and a round i ts b ase , a nd s he h as c urly s hort

h air .

T he p upils

o f h er e yes a nd h er e yebrows a re c oloured b lack .

S he h as a s imple c ollar w ith f our b uttons o n i t , a nd i s w earing a t wo—tier n ecklace ( or n eck—piece) . S ee R d . N o . 3 71687 ( Edward V II p ipe) . S ee d rawing N o. 6 6 ( Figure 1 6). R egistered N o. 3 75693 R egistered 2 0th , J une 1 901 b y J ulius W indenger & C o . ,

-

H oehr ,

n ear C oblenz

i n t he G erman E mpire m anufacturers. D esign : F at b owl w ith a n u pward s tem p ossibly d etachable ( bowl o nly s hown i n r epresentation) . D epicts t he bus t s o f E dward V II a nd Q ueen A lexandra , t he f ormer o n t he l eft—hand s ide ( from s moker) a nd t he l atter o n t he o ther -

-

s ide.

B oth a re d epicted w earing c rowns.

N o s pur p resent.

R egistered N o. 3 77283 R egistered 2 4th , J uly 1 901 b y W illiam B rown ,

1B ohn S treet ,

m anufacturer. D esign : D etachable p lain b owl w ith a n u pward s tem .

S tepney

-

p ipe

T he b owl i s o f a n

s ual s hape i n t hat t he s tem d i vides i nto t wo n ear t he b owl w ith a ' b ranch ' j oining t he b owl h alf — w ay u p w ith a g ap i nbetween . T he b owl h as a

u nu

l ine

o f

b eading a round t he

t op ,

a bove w hich a s eperate

' i nner

b owl '

f its

i nto i t . T he l atter i s s imilar t o R d . N o . 2 1834 b y t he s ame m aker a nd t o R d . N o . 3 53737 b y H . B aker . T wo d ifferent v ariations a re k nown , a s s hown i n d rawings 6 7 a nd 6 8 ( Figure 1 6). R egistered N o. 3 83714 R egistered 2 7th , N ovember

1 901 b y C harles C rop

9 5

& S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

6 9

7 1

E MP lR E 6 REGE

7 3

F ig. 1 7:

R egistered c lay p ipes. N os 6 9-73.

9 6

H omerton D esign :

f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers.

-

D etachable b owl

w ith

a c urved u pward s tem .

A l arge

s hield i s

d epicted c overing t he w hole o f t he f ront o f t he b owl . W ithin t he s hield i s al arge c ross w ith a d ecoration o f f ine d ots w ithin e ach q uarter . N o o ther d ecoration i s i ncluded i n t he q uarters e xcept f or t he t op l eft-hand o ne w hich c ontains w hat a ppears t o b e a n a rrow o r ab ird . S hield u nidentified . T he r est o f t he b owl i s n ot s hown i n t he r epresentation d rawing b ut i s p resumably p lain . R egistered N o. 3 84715 R egistered

1 7th ,

D ecember 1 901 b y J ames W illiam P rince ,

8 3 V arley S treet ,

O ldham R oad , M anchester c lay t obacco p ipe m anufacturer. D esign : U nusually-shaped b owl w ith a n u pward s tem . T he s tem e xtends i nto -

al arge h ollow f oot , e xtending b eyond t he b ase o f t he b owl ,

t he b owl b eing

s urmounted o n t op o f i t . T he l atter i s e gg-shaped a nd a ppears t o b e p lain . T he b asic d esign a nd s hape o f t he p ipe i s s imilar t o t hat o f R d. N o. 1 96929. R egistered N o. 3 87657 R egistered 2 2nd , F ebruary H om arton V II .

1 902 b y C harles C rop

&S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers. V ery o rnate d etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f t he h ead o f K ing E dward H as a n u pward-curved s ilver m ounted s tem . T he f ace i s d etailed a nd -

t he c haracteristic b eard a nd c urved m oustache a re p resent . N o c rown i s p resent . T he c ollar i s d ecorated w ith m any s tuds w hich a ppear t o b e c oloured . T he p ipe w ould h ave b een m ade f or h is C oronation t hat y ear . S ee R d . N o. 3 89119 ( Queen A lexandra b owl).

S ee d rawing n o. 6 9 ( Figure 1 7).

R egistered N o. 3 89119 R egistered 2 5th , M arch 1 902 b y C harles C rop & S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

H o n ierton f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers. D esign : V ery o rnate d etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f t he h ead o f Q ueen A lexandra . H as a n u pward-curved s ilver m ounted s tem . S he i s w earing w hat -

a ppears t o b e av eil o ver t he b ack o f h er h ead a nd n eck a nd i s n ot w earing a c rown . T he c ollar i s d ecorated w ith a n ecklace a nd m any s tuds a nd j ewels . T his p ipe w ould h ave b een m ade f or h er C oronation w ith E dward V II . N o. 3 87657 ( King E dward V II b owl). S ee d rawing n o. 7 0 ( Figure 1 7). R egistered N o. 3 89600 R egistered 1 1th , A pril 1 902 b y S amuel M cLardy ,

6 7 S hudehill ,

S ee R d .

M anchester

-

m anufacturer. D esign : D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f a b ull 's h ead w ith s hort o utward p ointing h orns . T he h ead i s v ery d etailed w ith t he f ine h air o f t he f ace s hown c learly . O n t he s tem p art i s t he m otif t R .A .0 .B . ' . ( 49) . R egistered N o. 3 93026 R egistered 2 5th , J une 1 902 b y A .C . J ack ,

3P ark P lace ,

L eyton ,

E ssex

-

c lay

p ipe m aker. D esign : D etachable s tyle p ipe w ith u pward s tem w ith t he b owl i n t he s hape o f aR oyal C rown . T he s tem e x tends b eyond t he b ase o f t he b owl a nd b ecomes f lattened . O n t he s tem p art i s w ritten ' EMPIRE P IPE' . c ommemorates t he C oronation o f E dward V II a nd Q ueen A lexandra . n o . 7 1

T his p ipe S ee d rawing

( Figure 1 7) .

R egistered N o. 3 95212 R egistered 1 3th , A ugust 1 902 b y C harles C rop & S ons , 5 2 B rooksbys W alk , H om arton D esign :

-

f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers. D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f a m an 's h ead w ith a b eard a nd a

9 7

m oustache .

H e i s w earing a w ide b ush-type h at .

T he t op o f h is c oat ,

a lmost i ncluding t he t ops o f h is a rms i s a lso s hown , a long w ith t he t op o f h is w aistcoat w hich h as a s carf i nside a round h is n eck . P ossibly B adenP owell? R egistered N o. 3 99939 R egistered

3 0th ,

O ctober

1 902 b y C harles

C rop

& S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

H omerton f ancy t obacco p ipe m anufacturers . D esign : D etachable b owl w ith u pward s ilver m ounted s tem . -

I n t he s hape o f

am an 's h ead w ith a b ushy m oustache a nd a s mall b eard . H e i s w earing a l arge w avy b ush-type h at , u neven a t t he t op . T he t op o f a w orking j acket i s s hown w ith a n u pright c ollar a nd what a ppears t o b e a s carf i nside . U nidentified. R egistered N o. 4 01848 R egistered 6 th ,

D ecember ,

1 902 b y W illiam B rown ,

1 B ohn S treet ,

L ondon E . p ipe m anufacturer. D esign : D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f t he h ead o f J ohn B ull ,

S tepney ,

-

t he f amous

c haracter n ame . H e i s d epicted w earing a h at a nd h e h as a n u pright c ollar w ith a b ow t ie o n t he f ront. S ee d rawing n o. 7 2 ( Figure 1 7). R egistered N o. 4 17918 R egistered 2 4th , S eptember 1 903 b y T homas M eichoir d e L oecker , 4 2 T abernacle S treet , F insbury , L ondon E .C . c lay p ipe m anufacturer 's a gent ( L . F iolet o f -

S t . Omer) . D esign : B owl i n t he s hape o f a m an 's h ead w ith a m oustache . H e h as s hortish w avy h air w ith a h igh f orehead . T here a re w rinkles n ear h is e yes . H is c ollar i s r ound i n s hape w ith a n u pward c urve d epicted o n t he f ront o f i t . S ome r elief w riting o r d ecoration i s p resent a long t he s traight s tem , b ut t his i s n ot v ery c lear i n t he r epresentation p hotograph. U nidentified. R egistered N o. 4 27018 R egistered 1 2th , F eburary 1 904 b y S harman & L ong , 3 42 H igh S treet , L incoln c igar a nd t obacco m anufacturers .

-

C opyright e xtended o n 2 6th , F ebruary 1 909

u nder t he 1 907 A ct. D esign : B owl i n t he s hape o f t he f amous a nd l egendary L incoln I mp .

H e h as

ap air o f h orns r esembling t he D evil p rotruding u pwards f rom t he s ides o f h is h ead . T he n ame ' L INCOLN I MP ' i s w ritten a long t he s tem . H is m outh i s s hown o pen w ith t eeth s howing. S ee d rawing n o. 7 3 ( Figure 1 7). R egistered N o. 4 27510 R egistered 2 5th , F ebruary

1 904 b y C harles C rop & S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

H on rton f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers. D esign : V ery o rnate d etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f a j ockey o n ah orse 's -

h ead .

T he p ipe h as a n u pward c urving s liver m ounted s tem w ith t he i nitials

o n t he s ilver p art . T he j ockey i s i n a l eaning r iding p osition o n t op o f t he h orse's h ead w ith h is l egs s tretched o ver t he n eck a nd h e i s w earing a r ounded j ockey 's c ap . T he h orse 's h ead i tself i s v ery s imilar t o t hat r egistered b y C rop a s R d . N o . 2 36417 i n 1 894 . R egistered N o. 4 28276 R egistered 5 th , M arch

1 904 b y E dward H arry B reese ,

3 46A S ummer L ane ,

B irmingham t obacconist. D esign : B owl h as a l arge w indmill i n r elief d epicted o n t he f ront . -

f orward-leaning s pur i s i n t he s hape o f a b unch o f

g rapes a nd t here

T he i s a

s imple l eaf-type d ecoration e xtending f rom t he s tem t o t he b ase o f t he b owl . T he w indmill a nd t he m outhpiece o f t he p ipe a re d ark-coloured.

9 8

P d 7 6

7 5

7 8

7 9

F ig. 1 8: R egistered c lay p ipes.

9

N os. 7 4-79.

R egistered N o. 4 30100 R egistered 7 th , A pril

1 904

b y

G eorge

H all

T urpin ,

B enjamin

J ohn T urpin ,

a nd J ames B eech T urpin , t rading a s T urpin & S ons , a ll o f C rompton W orks , C rompton R oad , M acclesfield , C heshire t obacco p ipe m akers . D esign : B owl s haped a s t he h ead o f C hamberlain . H as s imple f eatures a nd a -

s imple c ollar . H as n o b eard o r m oustache . A m onocle i s d epicted i n o ne e ye . T urpin & S ons c oloured t he s urface o f s ome o f t hese p ipes b rown . ( 52) R egistered N o. 4 30209 R egistered 9 th , A pril p ipe m anufacturer .

1 904 b y

S amuel

M cLardy ,

6 7

S hudehill ,

M anchester

C opyright e xtended o n 1 0th , 'March 1 909 u nder t he

-

1 907

A ct. D esign : ' T HE A NGLER ' l eft-hand s ide o f t he b owl ( from s moker ) d epicts a s tanding m an h olding a f ishing-net u pright , a nd t he o ther s ide d epicts a s tanding m an w ith a b ag o ver h is s houlders h olding a f ishing-rod i n s ome w ater . T he b owl h as m illing a round t he r im a nd h as a s pur . S ee d rawing -

n o . 7 4 ( Figure 1 8) . R egistered N o. 4 32507 R egistered 1 6th , M ay

1 904

b y

C oh n L unn ,

2 2

H igh

S treet ,

O xford

-

L lSt. C opyright e x tended o n 1 9th , A pril 1 909 a nd o n 2 4th , J une 1 914 u nder t he 1 907 A ct . R egistered u nder C lass II i nstead o f I V , b ut i s k nown

t o h ave b een m ade i n c lay. D esign : ' THE B RASENOSE ' a d etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f a r ather u gly -

m an 's h ead .

H e h as a l ong d ownward-curving n ose a nd l arge

e yes .

U pward

s ter n . R egistered N o. 4 46863 R egistered 1 6th , D ecember 1 904 b y W illiam N aismith C hristie ,

2S t . A nthony

L ane , L eith , N . B ritain p ipe m anufacturer. D esign : P lain p ipe w ith a f at b owl a nd s tem , b ecoming t hinner h alfway -

t owards t he m cuthp!ece . a nd

t herefore

t here

N o s pur .

d oes

T his s hape w as c ommon w ith c utty p ipes

n ot a ppear t o b e a ny p articular r eason

f or

r egistering t he d esign . R egistered N o. 4 30634 R egistered 2 1st , F ebruary ,

1 905

b y

H erbert

S tation R oad , U pper N orwood , L ondon S .E. D esign : P lain p ipe r esembling a b riar .

-

G oldsmith ,

6 C rystal

P alace ,

t obacconist. F our p rotruding a irways f rom s tem

i nto b owl . R egistered N o. 4 52747 R egistered 2 1st , M arch

1 905

b y

J oseph H olland ,

2 0 B lackburn S treet ,

R ochdale , M anchester t obacco p ipe m anufacturer. D esign : P lain p ipe w ith a n u pward-curved s tem . F at b owl w ith n o s pur . ' L ITTLE G EM ' w ritten a long t he s tem . T here w as n ot a nything u nusual a bout t his p ipe e xcept t hat i t c arried a p aper l abel s aying ' C OLOURING C LAY ' o n -

i t ,

a s d id m any o f H olland 's p ipes .

S ee d rawing n o . 7 5 ( Figure 1 8) .

R egistered N o. 4 52750 R egistered 2 1st ,

M arch 1 905 b y C harles C rop & S ons , 5 2 B rookshys W alk ,

H o i rerton f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers. D esign : D etachable b owl w ith a s ilver m ounted s tem . -

B owl i n t he s hape o f

ay oung m an 's h ead . H e h as a h andsome f ace w ith a m oustache a nd h as l ong b ushy h air . S imple c ollar w ith t he t ops o f t he s houlders s hown . U nidentified.

1 00

R egistered N o. 4 53602 R egistered 3 rd , A pril 1 905 b y H erbert G oldsmith ,

6C rystal P alace ,

R oad , U pper N orwood , L ondon S .E. t obaccon ist. D esign : P lain p ipe r esembling a b riar . I dentical t o R d . N o .

S tation

-

4 50634 b ut

s tem i s c urved , n ot s traight . R eg istered N o.456793 R egistered 2 0th , M ay

1 905 b y C harles C rop

&S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

H o n rton f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers. D esign : D etachable b owl w ith a s ilver m ounted s tem . B owl i n t he s hape o f a l ady's h ead . S he i s w earing a l arge c urved h at w ith a f eather o r p lume b illowing o ut o f o ne s ide a nd r ound t he t op o f t he h at . S he h as w avy h air -

a nd a l inear c ollar ( like f olded s carf) .

U nidentified .

R egistered N o. 4 62689 R egistered 1 6th , A ugust 1 905 b y W .J . B rown & S ons ,

1B ohn S treet , S tepney

-

c lay p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : B owl i n t he s hape o f t he h ead o f A dmiral N elson , c ommemorating t he c entenary o f h is d eath w hich w as o n 2 1st , O ctober 1 805 . H e i s s hown w earing h is l arge A dmiral 's h at a long w ith t he t op o f h is u niform w hich h as b uttons a nc i apcls o n i t . O n t he f ront o f t he h at a nd c oat a ppear t o b e l arge r osettes.

S ee d rawing n o. 7 6 ( Figure 1 8).

R egistered N o. 4 72300 R egistered 1 6th , J anuary

1 906 b y C harles C rop

& S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

H o r rerton f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers. D esign : D etachable b owl w ith s ilver m ounted s tem . B owl i n t he s hape o f a m an 's h ead t urned t o o ne s ide ( to t he l eft o f t he b owl f rom s moker) . H e h as l ong h air a nd i s w earing a s loping h at w ith a l arge f eather a round t he t op o f i t . H e h as a c urved m oustache a nd a s mall b eard . P lain c ollar . -

U nidentified , t hough h e p robably r epresents a n E lizabethan c haracter. R egistered N o. 4 81745 R egistered 3 0th , J une 1 906 b y W .J . B rown ,

1B ohn S treet ,

S tepney

-

t obacco

p ipe m anufacturer . D esign : V ery e laborate d etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f a l ady 's h ead r esembling Q ueen E lizabeth I . w hich e xtends d own e ach s ide w ide .

S he h as

S he i s w earing a l ong a nd s tudded h ead-dress o f h er f ace o nto h er s houlders , b eing v ery

j ewels o n h er f ore-head .

T he c ollar c urves c ownwards a nd

t he t op o f h er t unic o r d ress i s s hown . R egistered N o. 4 86101 R egistered 3 0th , A ugust 1 906 b y C harles C rop & S ons , 5 2 B rooksbys W alk , H omerton f ancy t obacco p ipe m anufacturers . D esign : V ery e laborate d etachable b owl w ith s ilver m ounted s tem . -

T he b owl

i s i n t he s hape o f al ady 's h ead w earing a n e normous f eathered h at, t he f eathers b eing a long t he t op a nd b ehind . S he h as w avy h air a nd t he c ollar i s f rilly, a nd p ointed a nd i s s tudded w ith j ewels. U nidentified. R egistered N o. 5 36890 R egistered 1 0th , F ebruary

1 909 b y F rederick P arnell ,

1 2 & 1 4 P laistow P ark

R oad , P laistcw , E ssex c lay p ipe m anufacturer. D esign : A n e laborate b owl i n t he s hape o f a c ockrel , -

s hown s tanding o n a

b ranch w hich f orms t he s tem . t he r est o f t he b owl . T he

I ts h ead i s a t t he f ront a nd i s h igher t han f eathers a re d etailed w ith t he t ail f eathers

b eing p rominently d epicted.

U pward s tem .

1 01

S ee d rawing n o. 7 7 ( Figure 1 8).

THE P EE 1

UE3T ION:

b.

Wbs $ . I T &x MT L &ni T '

Th.

E5

(s or ty f o r Lpd T at.,—I ,

5 574 6 5

F ig.

1 9:

T he D uke P ipe a ) C artoon f rom ' The S tar ' b ) D rawing o f t he D uke P ipe c ) C opy o f t he o riginal r epresentation .

1 02

R egistered N o. 5 52852 R egistered 1 9th , N ovember

1 909 b y A .

S paull ,

6 7 G range W alk ,

B ermondsey ,

L ondon E .C. c lay t obacco p ipe m anufacturer . D esign : D etachable s tyle b owl i n t he s hape o f a b ear s itting o n ab ranch . -

T he b ear i s s itting u pright a nd i s f acing t he f ront , w ith h is h ead a bove t he l evel o f t he t op o f t he b owl . T he u pward-curved s tem i s s haped a s ab ranch f rom t he p art where i t widens i n t he m iddle t o t he b owl , a nd e xtends s lightly b eyond t he f ront o f t he b ear. S ee d rawing n o. 7 8 ( Figure 1 8). R egistered N o. 5 53760 R egistered 8 th , D ecember

1 909

b y

W illiam C oles ,

2 5 R anelaugh R oad ,

P addington W . h ouse p ainter a nd d ecorator. D esign : P ipe i n t he s hape o f ad ividing b ranch w ith t he b owl d ecorated w ith h olly a nd b erries . T he t wo e nds o f t he b ranch e xtend e ither s ide b eyond -

t he f ront o f t he b owl.

L ikely t o b e aC hristmas P ipe.

R egistered N o. 5 54168 R egistered 1 6th , D ecember ,

1 909 b y T homas E lrick ,

1 4 C anal P lace , A berdeen

t obacco p ipe m anufacturer. D esign : P lain g rey-coloured p ipe r esembling a b riar .

N o s pur .

-

N o

d ecoration a pparent. R egistered N o. 5 57465 R egistered 1 6th , F ebruary

1 910 b y C harles C rop

& S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

H omerton N .E . t obacco p ipe m anufacturers A ND T he S tar N ewspaper C ompany L td., S tonecutter S treet , L ondon E .C. N ewspaper p roprietors. D esign : D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f t he h ead o f aD uke , w earing a s imple c oronet . T he f ace i s s lightly t urned t o o ne s ide a nd a ppears t o b e -

-

r ather u gly . S imple c ollar . T he d esign o f t he p ipe i s b ased o n a s eries o f C artoons t hat a ppeared w ith t he ' S tar ' n ewspaper a nd i ts s ister p aper , t he ' Morning L eader ' , d uring t he b eginning o f 1 910 . T he p rincipal c artoon t hat t he p ipe i s b ased o n a ppeared i n t he ' S tar ' o n M onday , J anuary 2 4th a nd t his d epicts a D uke o r P eer s aying " What ? T ax M Y L and" ( see c opy) . T he p ipe h as t he s ame m otif w ritten o n i ts s tem p art a nd u nderneath t he b owl i s ' M orning L eader C artoon ' a nd t hen t he R egistered N umber . I t s eem s trange t hat t he p ipe s hould s ay ‚ Morning L eader ' o n i t w hen i n f act t he c artoon o n w hich t he p ipe i s b ased a ppeared i n t he ' S tar ' p erhaps t his i s j ust a n e rror o n t he p art o f t he m ould m aker . T he w hole s ubject o f L and-T ax m ust h ave b een a v ery d ebatable o ne a t t hat t ime f or a p ipe t o b e p roduced -

s atiricically t aking- o ff a t ypical D uke .

S ee f igure 1 9 .

R egistered N o 5 62809 R egistered 1 8th , M ay 1 910 b y W illiam T homas O sborn ( trading a s W .J . O sborn & C o .) 4 7 B lackfriars R oad , L ondon S .E. w holesale t obacconists. D esign : D etachable b owl i n t he s hape o f t he h ead o f K ing G eorge V . -

as hort b eard a nd a b ushy m oustache .

H e h as

T he c ollar i s d ecorative w ith l apels

o n t he s houlders. R egistered N o. 6 08536 R egistered 4 th , O ctober 1 912 b y J oseph H olland & S ons ,

2 0 B lackburn S treet ,

R ochdale R oad , M anchester t obacco c lay p ipe m anufacturers. D esign : S hort p lain p ipe w ith a s imple d ecoration o f c ircles o n e ach s ide , -

r esembling a b all u sed i n t he g ame o f b owls o r ac ricket b all . i s t he w riting ' B OLOR . P IPE ' ( perhaps a n a bbreviation f or

? ) .

N o s pur i s p resent.

S ee d rawing n o. 7 9 ( Figure 1 8).

1 03

O n t he s tem ' B OWLER P IPE '

T otal

n umber o f

c lay p ipes

R egistered N umbers o n t hem)

=

r egistered a fter

1 883

( i .e .

t hose b earing

1 71.

T here w ere a lso s even o thers a pplied f or t hat d id n ot r eceive c ertificates.

U NCERTIFIED R EGISTERED D ESIGNS B Y P IPE M AKERS I n a ll c ases t he d esigns a pplied f or a re u nknown , a nd t herefore a lthough t hey w ere r egistered i n C lass I V t hey n eed n ot n ecessarily h ave b een c lay p ipes.

R egistered N o. 4 6376 R egistered 3 0th ,

March 1 886 b y R obert S inclair ,

N ewcastle u pon T yne

t obacconist. C ERTIFICATE N OT I SSUED. R egistered N o. 1 41335 R egistered 3 0th , D ecember 1 889 b y C harles C rop. C ERTIFICATE N OT I SSUED. R egistered N o. 2 91714 R egistered 9 th , J anuary 1 897 b y C harles C rop & S ons , 5 0 B rooksbys Walk , H on rton. C ERTIFICATE N OT I SSUED. R egistered N o. 3 59760 R egistered 5 th , J uly 1 900 b y J ulius W indenger & C o . , H oe l ir ,

n ear C oblenz o f

R hine , G ermany c lay p ipe m anufacturers. C ERTIFICATE N OT I SSUED. -

R egistered N o. 3 59771 R egistered 5 th , J uly 1 900 b y J ulius W indenger & C o . , H oehr , R hine , C eu iiny c lay p ipe m anufacturers. C ERTIFICATE N OT I SSUED. -

R egistered N o. 3 68206 R egistered 2 nd , J anuary 1 901 b y J ulius W indenger & C o. C ERTIFICATE N OT I SSUED. R egistered N o. 3 81411 R egistered 1 2th , O ctober 1 901 b y W . B rown. C ERTIFICATE N OT I SSUED.

1 04

n ear C oblenz o f

O THER R EGISTERED D ESIGNS B Y P IPE M AKERS B ETWEEN 1 842

-

1 910

A ll t he f ollowing d esigns w ere r egistered i n C lass I V b ut a re n ot c lay p ipes.

1s t, D ecember 1 873 ( 278760) C harles C rop & S ons , B rooksby W orks , H omerton. D esign : B ack o f af ire g rate. R egisterd N o. 1 29210 R egistered

1 3tr i ,

J uly

1 889 b y T .

R eynolds ,

M idland P ipe W orks ,

1 00 A ston

R oad , B irmingham t obacco p ipe m anufacturer . D esign : ' Asbestos s tar f uel f or g as f ires'. -

R egistered N o. 1 78474 R egistered 1 2th , S eptember , 1 891 b y T . R eynolds , M idland P ipe W orks , A ston R oad , B irmingham t obacco p ipe m anufacturer .

1 00

-

D esign:

A n a sbestos o r p ipe-clay g adget f or a g as f ire.

R egistered N o. 1 83397 R egistered 2 0th ,

N ovember 1 891 b y D uncan M cDougall & C o . ,

S t. R ollox , G lasgow

-

1 8 C harles S treet ,

c lay t obacco p ipe m anufacturers.

D esign : A b ox o r c ontainer f or t he c arrying o f l ong c lay p ipes . T he b ox i s s quare i n p lan a nd h as g rooves a long t wo o pposite s ides t o a llow t he b owls t o b e p laced u pside d own . T he p ipes a re a rranged a lternately t hroughout t he b ox t o a llow r oom f or t he b owls a t e ach e nd . R egistered N o. 3 84121 R egistered

4 th ,

D ecember

1 901

b y C harles

C rop

& S ons ,

H ou rton f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers. D esign : A n o rnate s tatuette o f K ing E dward V II .

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

-

d epicted w earing a c rown . 3 84122 ( Queen A lexandra).

V ery d etailed a nd h e i s

P resumably m ade o f p ipe-clay .

S ee R d . N o .

R egistered N o. 3 84122 R egistered 4 th , D ecember 1 901 b y C harles C rop H o n 'erton f ancy t obacco p ipe m akers.

& S ons ,

5 2 B rooksbys W alk ,

-

D esign :

A n o rnate s tatuette

o f Q ueen A lexandra .

d epicted w earing a c rown . 3 84121 ( Edward V ii).

V ery d etailed a nd s he i s

P resumably m ade o f p ipe-clay .

S ee R d . N o .

R egistered N o. 3 87175 R egistered

1 5th ,

F ebruary

1 902

K ings C ross R oad , L ondon W .C.

-

b y E benezer J ohn C hurch ,

7 F l olford S treet ,

c lay p ipe m anufacturer.

D esign : A l ong u nidentified o bject w hich h as a d ouble-prong r esembling a s imple f ork 9 I t i s s tar -s haped i n s ection .

a t

o ne e nd

R egistered N o. 3 87176 R egistered 1 5th , F ebruary 1 902 b y E benezer J ohn C hurch , K ings C ross R oad , L ondon W .C. c lay p ipe m anufacturer.

7 H olford S treet ,

-

D esign :

A l ong

u nidentified

r esembling a s imple f ork ? ' s tem' o f i t i s t wisted .

o bject

w hich

h as

a d ouble-prong a t

o ne e nd

I dentical t o R d . N o . 3 87175 e xcept t hat t he

1 05

o's 4 26857-8 ( Registered 1 7th , F ebruary 1 904) R egistered N o. 4 34080 ( Registered 4 th , J une 1 904) R egistered N o. 4 43835 ( Registered 2 4th , O ctober 1 904) R egistered N o. 4 46472 ( Registered 9 th , D ecember 1 904) R egistered N o. R egistered N o. R egistered N o . R egistered N o. R egistered N o. R egistered N

4 47781 ( Registered 6 th , J anuary 1 905) 4 51467 ( Registered 3 rd , F ebruary 1 905) 4 66730-3 ( Registered 7 th , O ctober 1 905) 5 03472 ( Registered 3 1st , M ay 1 907) 5 18830 ( Registered 1 4th , J anuary 1 908) -

A ll r egistered b y E dward A lbert W ood , D esign :

r efused .

1 00 A ston R d ., B irmingham.

A ll a sbestos g as-fire g adgets.

R egistered N o. 5 34031 R egistered 9 th , D ecember

1 908 b y

L ondon E . t obacco p ipe m aker. D esign : A f ilter o r a ppliance

W illiam

B rown ,

1 B ohn S treet ,

S tepney ,

-

t o

f it

f ull o f h oles.

1 06

o ver a g as

r ing .

D ish-shaped

a nd

N OTES

( Section I ).

1 )

P rotection w as s till g iven f or t hree y ears.

2 )

M anuscript i ndexes t o R egistered N umbers w ere c ompiled u p t o t he 1 890 's b ut t hese w ere f ound t o c ontain e rrors . I ndexes w ere a lso p ublished i n t he P atent J ournal b ut a c omplete s earch t hrough t he r egisters w as t he o nly w ay t o e xtract a t horough l ist o f p ersons r egistering c lay p ipes . O nce t his l ist h ad b een c ompiled t he i ndexes w ere c onsulted t o c ompare a nd c heck t he e ntries a nd b y d oing t his I w as a lso a ble t o s eek o ut o ther e ntries r egistered i n C lass I II.

3 )

A lthough C lass I II w as i n f act p reviously f or i tems m ade o f g lass , s everal r eferences t o p ipes s uggests t hat

t he

s ubject

m atter

t he

f or t his

c lass w as c hanged a t s ome t ime f or i tems m ade o f w ood , p robably i n 1 884 . M ention t hat C lass I II w as f or i tems o f w ood i s m ade i n t he c ourt c ase c oncerning t he H arburger G ummi Kamm C ompany a gainst C harles C rop & S ons i n 1 894-5 ( see D evelopment o f R egistered D esigns c f . 4 )

p p

4 5-6 b elow) .

T hese a re a vailable f or p ublic i nspection o n p ayment o f an ormal f ee a t t he D esigns R egistry a t S tate H ouse , H igh H olborn , L ondon .

5 )

T he

i ndexes

t o d esigns

c ontained w ithin t he P atent J ournals h ave b een

c hecked u p t o 1 920 f or l ikely m akers b ut n one w ere f ound. 6 )

C harles C rop w as a n ative o f S tepney ,

b eing b orn c .

1 822 .

I t i s n ot

y et c ertain w hen h e s tarted p ipemaking t hough h e w as c ertainly d oing s o b y t he 1 840 's . T he l ater a dverts ( see F igure 1 2) m ention t hat t he f irm w as e stablished i n 1 820 , t hough I h ave n ot y et b een a ble t o p rove t hat t his w as s o . C harles C rop 's f ather t hough w as n ot a p ipe m aker s o t here m ust b een a nother f amily c onnection i f t he f irm r eally w as e stablished w hen t hey s aid t hey w ere . C harles C rop 's t hree s ons , J ohn , C harles a nd S amuel a ll b ecame p ipemakers a nd t hey b ecame c alled C harles C rop & S ons i n t he 1 870 's , b y w hich t ime t hey h ad b ecome e stablished a t B rooksbys W alk , H omerton . C harles C rop s enior d ied a ged 6 0 i n J anuary 1 883 , a nd s o a ll f uture d esigns w ere s ubmitted b y h is s ons . T he f irm a ppears t o h ave c losed a t a round 1 924 . A d etailed p aper c oncerning t he C rop f amily i s h oped t o b e c ompiled a t al ater d ate . 7 .

S everal o ther s uch h orses ' h eads w ere p roduced b y o ther p ipe m akers t hat w ere n ot r egistered ,

i n p articular b y t he F rench m akers F iolet a nd

G isclon . 8 .

A n

e xample

o f

t his

i s

t he

A lly

S loper p ipe

( Rd .

N o . 's

1 88791

a nd

2 06856). 9 .

T he p ipe w as r egistered o nly f ive d ays b efore t he f uneral t ook p lace.

1 0 . O f t he m any m akers t hat p roduced s imilar p ipes , o ne o f t he b est e xamples w as b y C anbier , i n 1 887.

w hich w as p roduced f or Q ueen V ictoria 's C olden J ubilee

1. T he s ame f irm a lso r egistered t wo p ipe-clay s tatuettes ( see ' O ther R egistered D esigns b y P ipe m akers' a t t he e nd o f P art B ). 1 2. T he

i dentification i s n ot y et c ertain a t t his s tage .

I llustrations o f

t his p ipe a ppear i n ' C lay P ipes ' b y E dward F letcher ( Southern C ollectors

1 07

P ublications , 1 977) P . 1 2 , a nd i n ' Prospecting a nd C ollecting C lay P ipes ' b y J ohn W ebb a nd A lec C hilds ( Bottle & R elics P ublications , 1 976) p .

5 4 .

1 3. T his p ipe w as r egistered o n M ay 1 8th ,

o nly t welve d ays a fter E dward V II

h ad d ied. 1 4. S ometimes t he n ose w as p ainted r ed t o a dd t o t he e ffect. 1 5. F urther e vidence t o s upport t his a rises f rom t he f act t hat t he d iamond r egistration m ark i s u sually v ery p oorly m oulded a nd d ifficult t o r ead , a s i n M ichael H yam 's ' R ifle P ipe ' r egistered t hree m onths l ater ( 142848) . 1 6. C harles

C rop

r egistered.

& S ons a lso p roduced a v ery s imilar p ipe w hich w as

n ot

T heir v ersion w as p ainted a nd h ad i nset e yes.

1 7. W illiam T homas

B lake

h ad

a dvertised

t his i nnovation i n

1 877

( Tobacco

T rade R eview), h is v ersion b eing c alled t he ' Micro—Photo P ipe'. 1 8. J ohn F reidrich ,

w ho

mee rschaum p ipe m aker.

r egistered

t his p ipe ,

a ppears

t o h ave b een a

F iolet a lso p roduced p ipes o f i dentical d esign .

1 9. O ne e xample w as m ade b y L ondon p ipe m aker , W illiam T homas B lake. 2 0. T he f irm o f J oseph H olland & S ons c ontinued t o p roduce t his p ipe , t hough t hey o bliterated t he n ame o n t he s tem , a nd t he d iamond r egistration m ark b ecame l ess c lear w ith t he c ontinuing u se o f t he s ame m ould . T hey i llustrated t his p ipe i n t heir c atalogue a nd i t w as a vailable p ainted b lack w ith r ed l ips.

C opies w ere a lso m ade b y o ther m akers.

2 1. J oseph H olland & S ons p roduced a p lain v ersion o f t his p ipe , c onsisting o f ap lain b owl w ith t he f oot k icking a b all f or t le s pur , w hich t hey a lso a dvertised i n t heir c atalogue. 2 2. G eorge H olland w as t he o nly s on o f T homas ,

b eing b orn i n 1 850 .

S everal

m embers o f t he f amily w ere i nvolved i n p ipe—making t hrough s uccessive g enerations. 2 3. S ee a lso t he R egistered t rade—mark b y J ohn B lenkin S mith ( Rd . N o . 4 7213) f or h is

' Ship C anal C lay P ipe'.

2 4. G ambier a lso p roduced a v ery r are h ead o f J esus. 2 5. F irst p ublished i n 1 868 a nd p roduced u ntil t he 1 930's. 2 6 . R eferred

t o

i n a f ootnote

i n

I . C .

W alker 's

' Churchwarden C lay

P ipes a nd t he S outhorn P ipemaking f amily o f B roseley, ( Journal o f t he S ociety f or P ost M edieval A rchaeology N o.

T obacco

S hropshire '

1 0 ,

1 976).

2 7. T wo p ipemakers o f t his n ame a re l isted i n O swald 's L ondon L ist ( Clay P ipes f or t he A rchaeologist, B ritish A rchaeological R eports, 1 975) : W illiam H ensher ( 1) 1 852

7 5 a t S pitalfields , a nd ( 2) 1 890

-

9 6 a t

B ethnal G reen . 2 8. T he p ipe— iould m akers w ere :

R ichard J ones & S on o f K ent S treet ,

B orough

c . 1 845 1 862; W illiam B ishop, 9 5 O ld S treet, S t . L ukes E .G . i n 1 861; a nd W illiam H enry J ames G rout o f R ailway A rch , S hadwell a nd 1 { avering -

1 08

S treet ,

R atcliffe E . i n 1 871 .

2 9 . E xamples b eing J ames S cott o f N ottingham ( known t o h ave s upplied p ipem akers a s f ar a way a s B irmingham) a nd T urpin & S ons o f M acclesfield ( known t o h ave p ipemakers.

s upplied

p ipe-makers

i n L eeds) .

3 0 . H arry W illiam B aker o f 3 -5 O cean S treet ,

B oth w ere

a lso

S tepney s ubmitted R egistered

d esigns i n 1 879 a nd t he s ame m aker i s l isted a t 2 3 , H amilton R oad f or d esigns s ubmitted i n t he 1 880 's . A H enry W illiam B aker i s l isted a t t he s ame a ddresses i n t he L ondon D irectories . T he l atter b ecame b ankrupt i n 1 887 a t 2 3 , H amilton R oad , a nd d etails g iven i n t he ' Tobacco T rade R eview ' ( December 1 887) s tate t hat H enry W illiam B aker h ad c arried o n h is b usiness u ntil S eptember , 1 886 . H e a ttributed h is f ailure a nd d eficency t o l osses b y h is o wn h orses , b ad d ebts , a nd t o h is e xpenses h aving b een i n e xcess o f h is p rofits , ' owing t o b adness o f t rade ' . T herefore t his i s u nlikely t o b e t he s ame H .W . B aker w ho w as i nvolved i n t he c ourt c ase w ith C rop f or t he ' B uffalo B ill ' p ipe w as s aid t o h ave b een i n p roduction d uring 1 887 8 8 . T he H . W . B aker i nvolved i n t he l atter i s s aid t o h ave b een r esiding a t 1 0 , C hurch R ow , A idgate , t hough -

i n t he 1 881 C ensus t hey a re n ot t here . AH enry W illiam B aker , a ged 3 4 , i s i sted a t 2 3 , H amilton R oad h owever , a nd t his s ame p erson d ied i n J anuary , 1 894 a ged 4 8 when h e i s s till d escribed a s a p ipemaker . C ertainly m ore r esearch i s r equired t o c larify t he d etails o f t he B aker f amily. 3 1. S ee M cLardy's a dvert i n F igure 2 5 3 2. T his m ay r elate t o t he u niting I talian p atriot ,

( p.

1 24 b elow).

o f I taly

t hat y ear w hen G aribaldi ,

a n

e stablished I taly a s a u nited a nd i ndependent n ation ,

w hich b rought h im e nduring f ame . H e h ad w on b attles i n 1 860 a nd h anded t he c onquered K ingdom o f S icily a nd N aples t o K ing V ictor E mmanuel o f S ardinia. 3 3 . T his f orms t he A rms o f A ustralia , w hich l ater b ecame c onstituted i n 1 901 ( See R d. N o. 3 66644). 3 4 . S ee n ote 3 2. 3 5 . A s imilar l ooking p ipe w as a lso m ade b y P eter P ope o f L ondon ( Malcolm G reen c ollection) , w ho i s l ikely t o b e t he f ather o f E dward P eter P ope ( see R egistered t rade m ark 2 04609). 3 6. T his

w as

l ater c opied b y

s everal o ther m akers ,

i ncluding M cDougall

&

C o., o f G lasgow ( catalogue n o. 8 6). 3 7. A c rude c opy o f C rop 's p ipe w as m ade b y J .E . F eron o f G lasgow ,

p ossibly

d uring t he s ame t ime w hen t he r egistration w as s till i n f orce . 3 8. T he T obaccco T rade R eview o f 1 0 ,

J uly 1 875 i ncluded t he f ollowing

r eport : ' The K eneally P ipe .... i s t he n ovelty o f M r . C rop, t he c lay p ipe m anufacturer o f H omerton . T he n otoriety w hich t he s ponsor h as -

o btained a mongst w hat M r . B right j ustly c alls t he ' r esiduum ' w ill n o d oubt d o ag reat d eal i n t he w ay o f p opularising t his n ew p attern , a nd t his e nd w ill b e t he m ore e asily o btained b y t he c heapness o f t he p ipe

i tself .

A s

o ur r eaders w ill h ave n o d oubt a nticipated ,

1 09

Mr .

C rop 's n ovelty

( which

i s

r egistered) c onsists

o nly

i n t he

a pplication o f t he h ead o f t he l earned d octor t o t he s hape o f t he b owl o f a n o rdinary c lay p ipe . O n t he d arker s ide o f t he h istoric p age , D r . K eneally h as a lready a chieved a p rominent p osition ' . 3 9. L ikely t o b e m eerschaum .

S ee n ote 1 8.

4 0. T his

f amous

c ould

r epresent

t he

b oat

r ace

h eld

' e ights ' o f O xford a nd C ambridge U niversities ,

a nnually

b etween

t he

w hich h appened t o e nd a s

ad ead h eat i n 1 877. 4 1. I llustrated

i n

' P rospecting

& C ollecting C lay P ipes ' b y J ohn W ebb a nd

A lec C hilds p . 6 8 ( Bottle & R elics P ublications , 1 976) . W olseley c rushed t he r ebellion o f t he E gyptian A rmy u nder a rabi P asha a t T el el K ebir a nd o ccupied C airo i n 1 882 .

T he s ame y ear h e was p romoted

G eneral a nd c reated a B aron . 4 2. B y

1 853 ,

J .G .

R eynolds

h ad

m oved

t o L ondon

f or

h e

p rovisionally

r egistered a b ox o r p acking c ase c alled t he " Arca P roleous" o n 2 0th , M ay ( No . 5 13) w hen h is a ddress w as 2 2 , A nderson B uildings , a s g iven i n h is l ater r egistrations o f p ipes . 4 3. I n a d etailed a rticle e ntitled ' Making T obacco P ipes a t N ewton H eath ' p ublished i n T he T obacco T rade R eview o f J uly , i st 1 887 i s m entioned t he f ollowing : ' .. A nother -

s peciality

h ere ,

t he

' tordon" ,

i s

a r egistered

p ipe d esigned t o p revent t he p assage o f n icotine a long t he s tem . T his i s f itted w ith a c lay p lug i n t he b owl , a nd a h ole i s p ierced t hrough t he b ottom a nd t hrough t he n ipple , u pon which

a l ittle

m ovable m etal c ap

i s

f ixed which

r eceives t he t obacco j uice a s i t d rains d own ' . 4 4. W ithin m y c ollection I h ave a c law b owl o f t he d esign R d . N o . 1 50285 b ut s tamped w ith ' R d . N o . 3 1280 ' , i ndicating t hat t his p ipe m ust h ave s till b een i n p roduction a t t hat t ime f or t he l ater r egistered d esign t o b e a ccidently s tamped w ith t he w rong n umber . 4 5. I llustrated i n ' P rospecting a nd C ollecting C lay P ipes ' b y J ohn W ebb a nd A lec C hilds ( Bottle & R elics P ublications, 1 976) p . 9 1. 4 6. T his p ipe i s s till m anufactured t oday b y t he f irm o f J ohn P ollock. 4 7. T he s ame f irm a lso s ubmitted t wo o ther r egistrations i n C lass I V , n amely R d . N o . 's 2 10760 o n 1 7th , A pril 1 893 a nd 3 00409 o n 1 6th , J uly 1 897 ( the l atter d esign w as a lso r egistered u nder C lass I II a s R d . N o . 3 00408) . T hese d esigns a re u nknown a t p resent a nd s o h ave n ot b een i ncluded i n t he m ain l ist . S hould t hey t urn o ut t o b e p ipes t hey n eed n ot n ecessarily b e o f c lay b ut c ould , f or e xample , b e o f m eerschaum . 4 8. I llustrated

i n

' European

C ollectors P ocket G uides ,

P ipes '

1 982) p .

b y

R oger

F resco COrbU

( Antique

1 0.

4 9. S amuel M cLardy a lso r egistered a p ipe o n 3 0th , M arch 1 898 i n C lass I II ( Rd . N o . 3 16657) w hich w as i n t he s hape o f ap ike, t he a xe - t ype h ead f orming t he b owl a nd t he h atchet p rojection f orming t he s pur . T his i s l ikely t o h ave b een a b riar p ipe.

10

50. The mould for this pipe still survives with the present generation of the Southern family and would have been a three-piece mould, with the bowl and the mouthpiece of the pipe being moulded in seperate pieces, giving rise to the possibility of the rifle design being used on the stems of different types of pipes. The mould is stamped faintly 'E. COTTER IL - KING ST BIRMM', of E dwin Cotteril & Co., patent lock manu factur er, Vittoria Work s, Birming ham. My thanks to Ivor and Gra hame Southern for allowing me to examine this mould (cf. p. 49 above). 51. It would appear that James Nathaniel Sheppard worked with or for Alfred Charles Jack, for one of these pipes is now known bearing a paper label showing the trade-mark 'LAVAMER' - as shown on the pipe in drawing no. 86 (F igure 24). See Clay Pipe Collectors Club Newsletter no. 8, October 1984 for illustration of Rd. No. 352153 (cf. p. 90 above). 52. This pipe is illustrated in the Turpin catalogue as no. 115. Several examples of this pipe still surviving with the Turpin family have blue­ ink stamps on their stems bearing political slogans, such as 'BROTHERTON FOR WAKEFIELD', 'CHAMBERIAIN FOR EVER', 'TARRIF REFORM THIS TIME' and 'WE ARE FOLLOWING HIS FOOTSTEPS'. A special publication dealing with the Turpin & Sons pipe making business of Macclesfield is hoped to be published in due course (cf. p. 100 above).

111

R EGISTERED T RADE M ARKS O N C LAY P IPES T he u se o f r egistered t rade m arks c ommenced i n 1 876 a nd t hey w ere l isted o n av ery r egular b asis , u nder f ifty c lasses , i n t he T rade Mark J ournal . T he e arly i ndexes f or t hese g ave t he p roprietors ' n ames , t he c lass o f g oods a nd t he t ype o f a rticles b eing r egistered , s o i t w as a s imple t ask t o e xamine t he i ndexes f or m ention o f t obacco p ipes . H owever , a fter 1 883 n ames o nly w ere g iven a nd s o I h ave s earched a ll t he J ournals a fter t his d ate u ntil t he e nd o f 1 905 i n f ull t o c heck t he i tems r egistered u nder C lass 5 0 w hich w as f or m iscellanous a rticles i ncluding t obacco p ipes . F ollowing 1 905 I h ave c hecked t he i ndexes f or l ikely n ames a s a f ull s earch d id n ot s eem j ustified. A c onsiderable n umber o f t rade m arks f or t obacco p ipes w ere r egistered , s ome f or a ll t ypes o f p ipes a nd s ome f or e ither c lay , b riar o r m eerschaum . T he d etails o n t he g oods v aried , a nd f requently t he t ypes o f t obacco p ipes -

w ere n ot s pecified . t he f irst d ealing

T herefore I h ave d ivided t his s ection i nto t wo p arts , w ith t rade m arks r egistered b y k nown c lay p ipe

‚ n anu ac irers a nd m erchants a nd/or w here c lay p ipes h ave b een s pecified , a nd t he s econd p art d ealing w ith p ipes o f u nknown m aterial . S ome o f t he m akers o r m erchants i n t he l atter p art a re k nown t o h ave p roduced o r t raded m ainly i n b riar o r m eerschaum p ipes ( such a s W illiam H enry P ierce o f M anchester) b ut h ave b een l isted b ecause t hey a re k nown t o h ave p roduced s mall n umbers o f c lays . M ost o f t he m akers h owever i n t he s econd p art a re n ot k nown a nd s o c ould b e m anufacturers o f c lay , b riar o r m eerschaum p ipes . F inally , a f urther l arge n umber o f t rade m arks b y k nown m akers o f b riar o r m eerschaum p ipes h ave b een o mitted . O f t he t rade m arks p roduced b y m anufacturers o r m erchants o f c lay p ipes , p erhaps F rance .

t he

m ost

f amiliar a re

t hose

r egistered

b y

G ambier

a nd F iolet

o f

B ecause t he d etails g iven f or e ach t rade m ark i ncluded t he l ength

o f t ime t hat a ny p articular d evice o r m ark h ad b een i n u se , w e t herefore k now t he e xact y ears i n w hich t hese m akers e stablished t heir w ell k nown m arks . T his i s n ot o nly u seful i n t he d ating o f t he p ipes t hemselves , b ut a lso i n g iving m ore p recise d etails c oncerning t he a ctual m akers . F or i nstance , w e n ow k now t hat G ambier m ust h ave s tarted u sing h is s tamped i nitials ' J .G . ' o n p ipes a s e arly a s 1 794 , a long w ith h is m otif ' G ambier a P aris m * ) ( Rd . N o . 's 1 3768 a nd 1 3769 r espectively) . T he l atter m ust h ave h ad t he w ord D epose ( registered) a dded i n 1 862 , a ccording t o a l ater t rade m ark ( Rd . N o . 1 64599) , a nd t he u se o f ' CREME G ambier ' i n c onjunction w ith t he l atter m otif m ust h ave c ommenced t wo y ears l ater , i n 1 864 ( Rd . N o . 1 64601) . F inally t he s igniture ' G ambier ' , w ith o r w ithout ' P ARIS ' a dded , c o n in nced u sage i n 1 873 ( Rd. N o.'s 1 3770 a nd 1 64600). L ouis M aximilien F iolet m ust h ave b egan u sing h is f amiliar t rade ' L . F iolet a S t . O mer ' i n 1 833 ( Rd . N o . 4 998) .

m ark

H is o ther c ommon m ark o n

p ipes , t he s tamped i nitials T L .F . w as n ot r egistered . O ther l ong r unning m arks w ere r egistered b y D . M cDougall & C ompany , w hich b egan u sage i n 1 846 ( Rd . N o . 1534) , E dwin S outhorn 's s tem m ark ( 1) , w hich s tarted i n 1 858 ( Rd . N o . 5 112) , a nd P osener 's s tamp ' SMOKE P OSENER 'S P IPES , M ANUFACTORY L ONDON ' , i n 1 861 ( Rd . N o . 4 345) . T he t rade m arks a lso i nclude w ell k nown b rand n ames , W illiam T homas B lake 's

' H EALTH E XHIBITION C LAYS ' ,

12

i n p articular

w hich w as s tamped o n h is

' f ilter p ipes ' f irst d isplayed a t t he 1 884 I nternational H ealth E xhibition . O ther b rand n ames i ncluded A lfred C harles J ack 's t L AVEMER ? a nd E dward P eter P ope 's m arks ,

' V ELENA ' . S everal v ariations o f p ipes a re k nown t wo o f w hich a re i llustrated i n F igure 2 4 .

t hat

b ear

t hese

T he l ast c lay p ipe m akers t o r egister t rade m arks w ere C harles T ennant & S on o f T weedmouth , B erwick o n T weed . T his w as a p rolific f irm , t he T ennant f amily h aving b een p roducing p ipes i n B erwick a nd N ewcastle f or m any y ears ( 2). F inally

t here a re a f ew

o ther

a ppear t o h ave b een r egistered , S ection i n P art C .

t rade m arks f ound o n p ipes t hat d o n ot

t hese a re d iscussed a t t he e nd o f t his

13

DAVm PoSE E, o n b eha lf o f S e lf a nd . Par tner , ADOLPH P O SENER , t r ad ing a sD . POSENER AND C o . , 6 1 , Man se l l S treet , G oodman 's F ie ld s , L ondon; P ipe Manuf ac turer s .

Rd No.4345

Rd.No, ,4346

DP)

DAr in P osE r a , o n b eha lf o f S e lf a nd P ar tner , ADOLPH P o sn iu ,t rad ing a sD . POSENER AND C o . , 6 1 , Man se l l S treet , G oodman 's F ie ld s , L ondon; P ipe Manuf a c turers .

POSENER , o n b eha lf o f S e lf a nd P ar tner , ADOLPH P O SENER ,t r ad ing a sD . POSENER A ND C o . . 6 1 , Man se l l S tree t , G oodman 's F ie ld s , L ondon; P ipe Manuf ac turer s .

DAV ID

Rd 0No, , 43L 4 .7

Rd , ,No

0L 998

L .F i o l e t

àS ? Om e n TRADE MARK Rd0No. 5 11 2

F ig. 2 0 :

ON P IPE STEM

E . SOUTHORN BROSELEY .

L ou ts

F IOLET ,

S a in t Omer , France;

C lay P ipe Manufacturer .

EDWTN SOOrHORN ,

B ro se ley , S a lop; Manufacturer o fT obacco P ip e s , C igar T ube s , &c .

C opies o f t he o riginal t rade m arks i n T he T rade M ark J ournal.

1 14

R EGISTERED T RADE M ARKS O N C LAY T OBACCO P IPES A )

T RADE M ARKS P RODUCED B Y K NOWN C LAY P IPE MAKERS O R M ERCHANTS ,

O R W HERE

C LAY P IPES A RE S PECIFIED I N T HE C LASS O F G OODS.

R egistered N o. 1 262 R egistered 2 6th , J anuary

1 876

b y

J oseph

I zod ,

4 3 A lmermanbury ,

i mporter a nd m anufacturer o f t obacconists ' f ancy g oods . w ood , n i eerchaum o r c lay. M otif : S quashed v ertical

d iamond

c ontaining

t he

L ondon

C lass 5 0 :

l etters

-

P ipes o f

' X .L .N .T . ' .

M ark

p reviously i n u se f or t hree a nd a h alf y ears b efore 2 4th , J anuary 1 876 ( 3). R egistered N o.'s 4 345 , 4 346 a nd 4 347 R egistered 3 0th , M arch 1 876 b y D avid P osener , A dolph P osener ,

t rading a s D . P osener & C o . ,

o n b ehalf o f s elf a nd p artner , G oodman 's F ields , L ondon

-

p ipe

m anufacturers. C lass 5 0 : T obacco p ipes. M otifs : 4 345 c onsists o f a s emi-circle w ith f lat b ase c ontaining t he c aption ' SMOKE P OSENER 'S P IPES , M ANUFACTORY L ONDON ' . M ark p reviously i n u se f or f ifteen y ears b efore 2 5th , M arch 1 876 . S ee f igure 2 0 . 4 346 c onsists o f a s mall o val c ontaining t he l etters ' A .D .P . ' . M ark p reviously i n u se f or o ver t wo y ears b efore 2 5th , March 1 876 . S ee f igure 2 0 . 4 3476 c onsists b eing f igure

o f

a n o blong

s eparated

i nto

c ontaining s maller

t he

l etters

o vals .

M ark

' R .I .N .K . ' ,

p reviously

t he n ot

o uter

l etters

i n u se .

S ee

2 0 .

R egistered N o. 4 998 R egistered 2 0th , A pril 1 876 b y L ouis F iolet ,

S t .

O mer ,

F rance

-

c lay p ipe

m anufacturer. C lass 5 0 : T obacco p ipes. M otif : ' L . F iolet a S t . O mer ' i n n eat i talics . M ark p reviously i n u se f or f orty-three y ears b efore 1 5th , A pril 1 876 . S ee f igure 1 0 a nd d rawing n o . 8 0

( Figure

2 3) .

R egistered N o. 5 112 R egistered 2 4th , A pril 1 876 b y E dwin S outhorn , B roseley, S alop m anufacturer o f t obacco p ipes , c igar t ubes , a nd c . C lass 5 0 : T obacco p ipes , -

c igar t ubes a nd h olders o r m outh p ieces , a nd c lay s quares . M otif : ' E . S OUTHORN B ROSELEY ' o n p ipe s tem . M ark p reviously i n u se a bout e ighteen y ears b efore 6 th , A pril 1 876 . 8 1

( Figure

f or

S ee f igure 2 0 a nd d rawing n o .

2 3) .

R egistered N o. 1534 R egistered 4 th , A pril 1 877 b y C ampbell R odger , o f a nd b ehalf o f D . M cDougall & C ompany ,

2 75

P arliamentary

R oad ,

G lasgow

-

c lay

t obacco

m anufacturers . C lass 5 0 : C lay t obacco p ipes o f a ll d escriptions . M otif : ' McDOUGALL ' . M ark p reviously i n u se f or t hirty-one y ears

p ipe b efore

2 nd , A pril 1 877 ( 4). R egistered N o.'s 1 3768 , 1 3769 a nd 1 3770 R egistered 2 7th , N ovember 1 877 b y J ules E mile P roteau o f a nd b ehalf o f t he f irm o f V euve H asslauer a nd D e C hampeaux ( successors t o J . G ambler) o f G ivet ( Ardennes) a nd P aris , F rance C lay P ipe M anufacturers . C lass 5 0 : T obacco -

p ipes m ade o f c lay. M otif : 1 3768 c onsists o f a s mall d otted c ircle c ontaining t he i nitials ' J .G . ' . M ark p rev iously i n u se f or e ighty -o ne y ears b efore 1 3th , A ugust

15

a nd on b eha lf o f t he F irm o f V vE H ASSLAUXR . AND D i e CnALPEArX ( Succe ssors t o J . G tBrz 1 t ) , G ive t ( Ardenne s ) , a nd Par ia , F rance; C l ay P ipe Manufacturers .

JULES EMILE PnorEAu, o f

Rd.No 0 1: 3 7 68

PaoT u , o f a nd o n b eha lf o f t he F irm o f Vr i ivE H ASSLAUER AND D E C AMPEAUX

JULES EMILE

Rd.N001 3 769

G am b i e r aPar is

( Successors t o

J . Gi

rEn ) ,

G ivet ( Ardenne s ) , a nd P ar i s , F rance; C lay P ipe Manufacturer s .

J u ris EMru P nor s&u , o f a ud o n b eha lf o f t he F ir m o f VEuvE H ASSLAUER A ND D E CHA MPEAUX ( Succes sors t o J . G 13rER), G ive t ( Ardenne s ) , a nd Par is , F rance; C lay P ipe Manufac turer s .

Rd ,.No0 1: 3 77 0

ARCU IDALD ALLAN PERCY ,

6 8 ,

Trongate ,

G la sgow , L anarksh ire , Nor th B r i ta in; C igar Impor ter a nd T oboccon i s ts ' Ou tf i t ter .

Rd0No0255 82

MO KE W ITHOUT N IC OT I NE

F ig. 2 1:

C opies o f t he o riginal t rade m arks i n T he T rade M ark J ournal.

11 6

1 875 .

S ee

f igure 2 1 a nd d rawing n o .

8 2

( Figure

2 3) .

1 3769 c onsists

o f

t he c aption ' G ambier a P aris m *M ' i n n eat i talics . M ark p reviously i n u se f or e ighty-one y ears b efore 1 3th , A ugust 1 875 . S ee f igure 2 1 a nd d rawing n o . 8 2 ( Figure 2 3) . 1 3770 c onsists o f t he s ignature ' Gambier ' . Mark p reviously i n u se f or t wo y ears b efore 1 3th , A ugust 1 875 . S ee f igure 2 1 a nd d rawing n o .

8 4 .

R egistered N o.'s 2 1477 a nd 2 1478 R egistered 1th , N ovember 1 879 a nd 6 th , A pril , 1 880 r espectively H enry P ierce o n a nd b ehalf o f t he f irm o f W .H . P ierce & C o . ,

b y W illiam

4 4 S hudehull ,

M anchester , L ancs t obacco p ipe m anufacturers . C lass 5 0 : T obacco P ipes . M otifs : 2 1477 c onsists o f a n o val c ontaining t he i nitials t W .H .P .. M ark -

p reviously i n u se f or s even y ears b efore 8 th , O ctober 1 879 . 2 1478 c onsists o f t he c aption ' P ROPER P IPE ' i n f ancy l etters w ith t he s ignature o f ' W . F I . P ierce & C o . ' b eneath .

M ark p reviously n ot u sed .

R egistered N o. 2 5582 R egistered 2 5th , J anuary

1 881

b y A rchibald A llan P ercy,

G lasgow, L anarkshire , N orth B ritain

o utfitter. C lass 5 0 : P ipes f or s moking t obacco. Motif : A n i ntricate a dvertisment s howing t he n ames o f p ipes.

M ark n ot p reviously i n u se.

6 8 T rongate ,

c igar i mporter a nd t obacconists '

-

v arious s tyles

o f

S ee f igure 2 1 ( 5).

R egistered N o. 2 5930

do l ph P osener , t rading a s A dolph P o se ner & R egistered 3 0th , M arch 1 88 1 b y A C o . , 6 1 a nd 6 2 M ansell S treet , G oodman 's F ields , L ondon p ipe m anufacturer . -

C lass 5 0 : T obacco p ipes a nd t ubes f or c igars a nd c igarettes. M otif : R EFORM ' , e ach l etter c ontained i n ad iamond s urround a nd a ll j oined t ogether.

M ark n ot p reviously i n u se.

R egistered N o. 3 9031 ugust 1 884 b y W illiam T homas B lake , 1 75 C it y R oad , Re g is t ered 1 5th , A p ipe m anufacturer. C lass 5 0 : T obacco P ipes. M otif : ' HEALTH E XHIBITION C LAYS' . Mark n ot p reviously i n u se .

L ondon

-

S ee

a dvert i n F igure 2 5. R egistered N o. 3 9956 R egistered i st , O ctober 1 884 b y A dolph P osener , t rading a s A dolph P osener & C o . , 6 1 a nd 6 2 M ansell S treet, G oodman 's F ields , L ondon E . m erchant . -

C lass 5 0 : T obacco P ipes . M otif : ' The " N'Oil" P ipe'.

M ark n ot p reviously i n u se.

R egistered N o. 4 2774 a nd 4 2996 R egistered 1 0th , F ebruary a nd 1 9th F ebruary 1 885 r espectively , b y H annah E liza R eynolds , 2 45 O ld F ord R oad , B ow, Middlesex P ipe a nd c lay m anufacturer a nd m anufacturer o f f ire c lay g oods . 4 2774 C lass 1 6 : P ipes , f ire b acks , c heeks a nd o ther c lay g oods a nd f ire b alls i ncluded i n c lass 1 6 . -

4 2996 C lass 5 0 : C lay t obacco p ipes f or e xport ( 6) M otif : A r eversed l etter ' R ' a nd a n ormal ' R ' j oined t ogether , M ARK ' o n e ach s ide.

w ith

TRADE

M ark n ot p reviously i n u se.

istered N o .472i3 R eg oh n B lenkin S mith , 4 7 N elson Street, Re g is t ered 3 rd , S eptember 1 885 by J R ochdale R oad , M anchester , L ancashire c lay t obacco p ipe m aker . C lass 5 0 : -

C lay t obacco p ipes . M otif " SHIP C ANAL" C LAY P IPE '.

M ark

n ot

p reviously i n u se .

t he p ipe i llustrated a s d rawing n o. 8 5 ( Figure 2 4).

17

P robably f or

Rd.No . , 16 4599 1 64 ,599 . Toba cco P ipes o f C lay . The F irm o f l Teuve I lA s s u uitit AND DE CHAMr ux ( Succes so rs t o J . G AMB lER ) , G ivet ( Ardennes) , a nd P a r is , F rance ( r epre sen ted b y Lo uis Au eE Q UENTI N) ; P ipe Manufacture r s . -5th May 1 892 . Mark u sed b y a pp l ic an t s a nd p redece ssors i n b us ines s f or u pwards o f t h ir teen y ea r s b efore t he 1 3 th Augus t 1 875 . Addr e s s f or S erv ic e i n t h e U n i t ed K ingdom , do £ M . .& Win . C lark , 5 3 , Chancery L ane , London .

a m 1i er

a Pa r i s

M * M.

Dpo

Rd 0No. 164600

r .. .

:C re me : O AMB IER

Rd.No , , 164601

Gamb ier a Par 18

Dep os e '

a RANDE ‚ MARQUE

Rd.No. 164602

aa r ruier

a ?an s

F ig. 2 2:

C opies o f t he o riginal t rade m arks i n T he T rade M ark J ournal .

1 18

R d. N o. 4 7403 R egistered 1 2th , S eptember , 1 885 b y H enry D ewy ( trading a s H . D ewy & C o .) , 4 , W orcester S treet , G loucester t obacco p ipe m anufacturer . C lass 5 0 : C lay -

t obacco M otif :

P ipes . E lomgated d iamond c ontaining t he c aption ' GLOUCESTER C LAYS ' w ith a

l etter

' D ' a bove a nd a l atter

' C '

b elow

( Dewy ,

G loucester) .

M ark

n ot

p reviously i n u se . R d. N o. 6 0219 R egistered 1 8th , N ewcastle-on-Tyne

D ecember , -

1 886 b y R obert S inclair , 9B lenheim S treet ,

t obacco m anufacturer .

C lass 5 0 :

T obacco p ipes

o f

a ll

k inds. M otif : ' DOUGLAS ' w ith a r ound c ircle w ith d otted s urround c ontaining a n u nidentified d ecoration. M ark n ot p reviously i n u se. R d. N o. 7 1697 R egistered 1 6th , &C o . ,

J anuary ,

1 888 b y A dolph P osener ,

t rading a s A dolph P osener

6 1 M ansell S treet , G oodman 's F ields , L ondon

C lass 5 0 : S moking p ipes a nd t ubes. M otif : ' FRITZ ' ( Portrait o f a b earded m an) .

-

P ipe m anufacturer .

M ark n ot p reviously

i n u se .

( 7) R d. N o. 8 6045 889 b y H enry D ewy ( trading a s H . D ewy & C o .) , 4 F ebruary , 1 loucester t obacconists ' o utfitter . C lass 5 0 : a nd 3 6 W orcester S treet , G T obacco p ipes. and. M ark n ot p reviously i n u se. M otif : ' Plunger' i n l ong h R egistered 5 th ,

-

R d. N o. 9 4976 R egistered 6 th , J anuary , 1 890 b y A lfred C harles J ack , L awley S treet , L ower C lapton , L ondon . N .E. m anufacturer. C lass 5 0 : S moking p ipes. M otif : ' LAVANER ' . M ark n ot p reviously i n u se . S ee d rawing n o . 8 6 ( Fig . -

2 4). R d. N o.'s 1 64599 3, 1 64600 , 1 64601 a nd 1 64602 R egistered 5 th , M ay , 1 892 b y V euve H asslauer a nd D e C hampeaux ( successors t o J . G ambier) , G ivet ( Ardennes) , a nd P aris , F rance ( represented b y L ouis A ime Q uentin) P ipe M anufacturers. 1 64599 , 1 64501 a nd 1 64602 C lass 5 0 : -

T obacco P ipes o f c lay;

1 64600 C lass

5 0 : T obacco P ipes o f w ood. M otifs : 1 64599 c onsists o f c aption ' G ambier a P aris ' m* M D epose ' i n n eat i talics . M ark p reviously i n u se f or o ver t hirteen y ears b efore 1 3th , A ugust , 1 875 . S ee f ig . 2 2 a nd d rawing n o . 8 2 ( fig . 2 3) . 1 64600 c onsists o f t he s ignature ' Gambier ' ( as ' P ARIS ' b elow . M ark p reviously i n u se s ince 1 873 .

i n R d . N o . 1 3700) w ith S ee f ig . 2 2 .

1 64601 c onsists o f c aption ' G ambier a P aris ' m* M D éposé ' a s i n 1 64599 , w ith a r ectangle a bove w ith d otted s urround c ontaining ' Creme G AMBlER ' . M ark p reviously i n u se f or e leven y ears b efore 1 3th , A ugust , 1 875 . S ee f ig . 2 2 a nd d rawing n o . 1 64602 c onsists

8 3 ( fig . 2 3) . o f s ignature

G ambier a P aris N .H .' b elow. R d. N o. 1 79696 R egistered 2 7th ,

A pril ,

' G ambier

‚

a s i n 1 64600 ,

w ith ' G RANDE M ARQUE

M ark n ot p reviously i n u se.

1 894 b y S amuel M cLardy ,

S ee f ig. 2 2.

6 7 S hudehill ,

t obacco p ipe m anufacturer. C lass 5 0 : T obacco P ipes. M otif : A s hamrock t ype l eaf c ontaining t he i nitials ' MA -C . ' . p rev iously i n u se . p lain p ipe

S ee d rawing n o . 8 7 ( Fig .

s ometimes f ound w ith

-

M ark n ot n ot

2 4) a nd a dvert i n F ig . 2 5 .

' M .A .C . 'S C UTTY ' a long i ts

19

M anchester

A

s tem c ould a lso

L f ' io 1 e a S Om e r D e po se ' 8 0

E .SOUTHORN B ROS ELE T 2 .

8 1

G am b i e r a P a r i s D epo se 8 2

0 ( )00066 ( 000 8 3

C reme GA M IER

F ig. 2 3:

C lay p ipes b earing r egistered t rade m arks. N os. 8 0-84.

1 20

b e d erived f rom t his t rade m ark. R d. N o. 1 82831 R egistered 1 2th , O ctober , 1 894 b y S amuel M cLardy , 6 7 S hudehill , M anchester t obacco p ipe m anufacturer a nd i mporter . C lass 5 0 : T obacco P ipes a nd c igar a nd c igarette h olders n ot o f p recious m etal o r o f i mitation p recious m etal ( 8). M otif : A t riangle c ontaining t he i nitials ' S M cL ' . M ark p reviously i n u se f rom o ver o ne y ear b efore 1 3th , A ugust , 1 875 . S ee a dvert i n F ig . 2 5 . T he s ame m ark i n a n o val w as a lso u sed o n p ipes. R d. N o. 1 96623 R egistered 1 1th , G lasgow

-

J uly ,

1 896 b y A rchibald A llan P ercy ,

T obacco p ipe a nd c over m anufacturer .

3 8 S auchiehall S treet ,

C lass 5 0 :

T obacco p ipes a nd

p ipe c overs , a ll b eing o f m aterial i ncluded i n c lass 5 0 . M otif: ' HONEYMOON'. M ark n ot p reviously i n u se. R d . N o. 1 99046 R egistered

2 9th ,

O ctober ,

1 896

b y

A rchibald A llan

P ercy ,

3 8

S auchiehall

S treet , G lasgow T obacco p ipe a nd c over m anufacturer . C lass 5 0 : p ipes a nd c overs , a ll b eing o f m aterial i ncluded i n c lass 5 0 . M otif: ' WHITE H EATHER'. M ark n ot p reviously i n u se. -

T obacco

R d . N o. 2 04609 R egistered 4 th , M ay , 1 897 b y E dward P eter P ope , 7 1 S handy S treet , M ile E nd , E . p ipe m anufacturer. C lass 5 0 : C lay t obacco p ipes. M otif : ' VELENA ' . M ark n ot p reviously i n u se . S ee d rawing n o . 8 8 ( Fig . -

2 4). R d. N o. 2 09285 R egistered 1 6th , N ovember , 1 897 b y W illiam W hite & S on , 1 5 G ibson S treet , G lasgow t obacco p ipe m anufacturers. C lass 5 0 : T obacco p ipes. M otif : ' WHITE 'S A BSORBENT P IPE' w ith s ignature o f W illiam White j un . b eneath. M ark n ot p reviously i n u se. -

R d. N o. 2 12454 R egistered 9 th ,

M arch ,

1 898

b y

K eys ,

H itch

& C o . ,

2 T albot

C ourt ,

G racechurch S treet , L ondon E ast I ndian a nd c olonial m erchants . C lass 5 0 : T obacco p ipes o f w ood , m eershaum a nd c lay , a lso c igar a nd c igarette h olders a nd t ubes a ll o f w ood , m eershaum o r a mber . M otif : A k ey w ith t he i nitials ' W .J .K . ' a cross i t . -

M ark n ot p reviously i n

u se. R d. N o. 2 19316 R egistered 1 5th , D ecember , &C o .) ,

1 898 b y A dolph P osener ( trading a s A dolph P osener

6 1 M ansell S treet , G oodman 's F ields , L ondon

-

t obacco p ipe a nd c igar

a nd c igarette t ube m anufacturer . C lass 5 0 : S moking t obacco p ipes , c igar a nd c igarette t ubes , n ot o f p recious m etal o r o f i mitation p recious m etal. M otif : A n o val c ontaining t he i nitials ' A .D .P . ' . M ark u sed c ontinuously s ince s ix m onths a nd u pwards b efore 1 3th , A ugust, 1 875.

S ee 4 345.

R d. N o. 2 15457 R egistered 6 th , J uly , 1 898 b y W illiam W hite & S on , 1 5 G ibson S treet , G lasgow t obacco p ipe m anufacturers. C lass 5 0 : T obacco p ipes. -

M otif :

' ALLSORBO'.

M ark n ot p reviously i n u se.

1 21

8 5 -

I •M A

S H 1P C ANA'>

.

8 8

F ig. 2 4 :

C lay p ipes b earing r egistered t rade m arks. N os. 8 5-89.

1 22

I I

/

R d. N o. 2 24426 R egistered 2 2nd , F ebruary, D undee P ipe m anufacturer . o r c lay. -

Motif :

1 902 b y P eter McLean , 5 7 C ommercial S treet , C lass 5 0 :

T obacco p ipes f or s moking , i n w ood

A s implified f ace , c onsisting o f t wo e yes a nd a m outh w ith t he

l etters

' L ' ,

' U ' ,

a nd

' I '

i nbetween ,

t he

s ignificance o f t he l etters i s n ot k nown.

' u '

f orming

t he

n ose .

T he

M ark n ot p reviously i n u se.

R egistered N o. 2 79969 R egistered 1 9th , F ebruary, 1 906 b y P eter McLean , 5 7 C ommercial S treet, D undee W holesale d ealer a nd m anufacturer . C lass 5 0 : T obacco p ipes i n b riar o r c lay. -

M otif :

' Dorothea' i n l ong h and.

M ark n ot p reviously i n u se.

R egistered N o. 3 02788 R egistered 5 th , M ay, 1 908 b y P hillip J ames B reen , 3 0 E rskine S treet , L iverpool a gent . C lass 5 0 : T obacco p ipes , p arts o f t obacco p ipes ( such p arts b eing m ade o f m aterial i ncluded i n c lass 5 0) a nd c ollar s tuds o f -

m aterial i ncluded i n c lass 5 0. M otif : ' BREENO ' . M ark n ot p reviously i n u se .

R egistered N o. 3 31695 R egistered 8 th , March ,

S ee d rawing n o . 8 9 ( Figure

1 911 b y C has . T ennant & S on , T weed T obacco P ipe

Works , Main S treet , T weedmouth , B erwick o n T weed m anufacturers. C lass 5 0 : T obacco p ipes.

-

C lay t obacco p ipe

Motif : ' TENNANT 'S I DL' w ith s igniature o f C has . T ennant & S on b eneath . M ark n ot p reviously i n u se . R egistered N o. 3 42586 R egistered 2 2nd , J une , 1 912 b y C has . T ennant & S on , T weed T obacco P ipe Works , Main S treet , T weedmouth , B erwick o n T weed C lay t obacco p ipe m anufacturers. C lass 5 0 : C lay t obacco p ipes. -

Motif: ' TENNANT 'S I DL' w ith s ignature o f C has . T ennant & S on b eneath . I dentical t o 3 31695 b ut l arger i n s ize. R egistered N o. 3 57272 R egistered 1 9th , D ecember ,

1 913 b y C harles T ennant & S on L td . , T weed T obacco

P ipe Works,

Tweedmouth ,

M ain S treet ,

B erwick o n T weed

-

T obacco P ipe

M anufacturers. C lass 5 0 : T obacco P ipes. M otif : ' BORDER G EM'. M ark n ot p reviously u sed. R egistered N os. 3 57413 a nd 3 57414 R egistered 2 9th , D ecember , 1 913 b y C harles T ennant & S on L td . , T weed T obacco P ipe Works , M ain S treet , T weedmouth , B erwick o n Tweed T obacco P ipe -

M anufacturers. C lass 5 0 : T obacco P ipes. M otif : ' CLIPPER' a nd ' Z ENITH' r espectively.

1 23

M arks n ot p reviously u sed.

H E ALT H E X HI BITIO N CL A YS . ( RE GISTE RED

TR AD E M AR K . ) a nd M e ta l Mouthpieces . i nL ea ther C a ses ,b o th l o ng and k idney .

f i tted w ith b est Vu lcan ite

S PEC IAL IT IES .

(T HE BE NT & STRAI G HT AR MY , CAVA LIER . H A N D & EGG , ALBERT , HO RSE HOOF , DE AT H - HEAD , NE GRO , & JACOB M O U NTED CLA YS . FO R CO LO URI N G CO NTESTS.

' .

_

W.

_

_

T . BLAKE .

TELEG RA MS:

Manufactory —1 , PO WNALL ROAD , DALsTON

ESTABL ISHED

LoiDo ,

N .E . ( l a te

MANC1IEST J1 ? . .

T r ad e

Marks .

Road) .

TELE GRA MS: N L ARDY ,

1 865 .

3 ICLARD 'V , SRUDE1I1LL .

C i t y

S AMUE L M G-L A RDY ,

SHUDE I j ILL , MANCUESTE IL

T r ad e M a r ks .

T o b a c c o P i p e M a n u f a c t u r e r + -A A ND I MPORTER O FT OBACCON IST 8 ' F ANCY G OODS ,

6 7 , SHU DEHILL , R eg istered .

M A N C H E ST E R .

R eg istered .

F i r s t c l a s s a s s o r tm en t o f t h e f o lk /w i ng G o od s a l wa y s i n s t o ck . N ew G o od s c o ns t a n t l y a r r i v i ng .

P IPES , C HERRY , C LAY , P la in & M oun t ed . B R IAR , V u l can i te , H orn , a nd Amber T i p s . M E ERSC HAU M P l PE S , P l a in a nd C a rv ed C l aw s , H and s , & c . POUC H ES , C HA 1 V IP ION , . C ROCOD ILE , P R INCE O F WALES . L ea ther , Embro ide red ' P lu sh , & c . DESCRIPTIVE AND I LLUSTRATED CATALO GUE POST FREE .

R epr esen ta t l ue s u L c i t a l l t h e P r inc i pa l T owns i n t h e U n i ted K i ngd om , w here s amp l e s c an b e s e en b y a ppo i ntmen t . F ig . 2 5 :

A dverts r eproduced f rom T he T obacco T rade R eview : B lake a nd S amuel M cLardy ( trade m arks).

1 24

W illiam Thomas

B )

T RADE M ARKS O CCURING O N P IPES O F U NSPECIFIED M ATERIAL.

R egistered N o. 1340 R egistered 2 0th , M arch , L ondon

-

nrchant.

M otif :

1 877 b y G eorge W illiam J ennings ,

C lass 5 0 :

A h orse—shoe c ontaining ' THE A .B.C . ' .

p reviously b efore 2 0th , M arch ,

9 7 N ewgate S treet ,

P ipes f or s moking t obacco. M ark i n u se t welve y ears

1 877 ( 9).

R egistered N o. 2 0859 R egistered 1th , A ugust , 1 879 b y W illiam P aine , B atson , 6 2 C hurch S treet , a nd S t . J ohn 's L ane , L iverpool , L ancs w ine m erchant a nd t obacconist. -

C lass 5 0 : T obacco P ipes . M otif : ' W .P .B . ' . M ark i n u se f our a nd a h alf y ears p reviously b efore 7 th , A ugust,

1 879 ( 10).

R egistered N o. 2 1843 R egistered 2 8th , J anuary,

1 880 b y E dwin B arling & W illiam B arling ,

A rlington P lace , A rlington R oad ,

C amden T own ,

M iddlesex

-

t obacco p ipe m anufacturers. C lass 5 0 : T obacco p ipes. M otif : A b ivalve s hell c ontaining t he i nitials T .B.

2

s ilversmiths a nd & S . ' .

M ark n ot

p reviously i n u se . R egistered N o. 2 2382 R egistered 1 0th , M ay , 1 880 b y W illiam H enry P ierce , o n b ehalf o f t he f irm o f W .H . P ierce & C o . , 4 4 S hudehill , M anchester , L ancs t obacco p ipe -

m anufacturers. C lass 5 0 : T obacco P ipes. Mo t if : A c ircle w ith a h orse c hestnut le a f i nterwoven , t he c ircle c ontaining t he i nitials ' W.H .P . ' a nd ' CHESTNUT ' . M ark n ot i n u se p reviously., R egistered N o. 2 5372 R egistered 1th , D ecember ,

1 880 b y H enry F lachfield ,

f irm o f J . F lachfield & C ompany ,

o f a nd b ehalf o f t he

3 6 B assinghall S treet ,

L ondon

-

a nd i mporters. C lass 5 0 : T obacco P ipes. M otif : A j ockey r iding a h orse ( t he h orse f acing t he l eft) .

m erchants M ark

n ot

u sed p reviously. R egistered N o. 5 0803 R egistered 4 th , F ebruary , L ondon M otif :

-

1 886 b y F rank S aul R othschild ,

t obacco p ipe m anufacturer. ' SYLVA'.

C lass 5 0 :

1 7 L ittle B ritain ,

T obacco P ipes.

M ark n ot i n u se p reviously.

R egistered N o. 5 4564 R egistered 8 th , J une ,

1 886 b y J acobs, H art & C o . , 2L ondon Wall A venue,

L ondon W all , L ondon P ipe m anufacturers. C lass 5 0 : T obacco P ipes. Mot if : A l emon c ontaining t he l et ters ' LNN'. M ark n ot i n u se p reviously. -

R egistered N o. 5 5844 R egistered 1 0th , A ugust , P ierce

&C o .,

1 886 b y W illiam H enry P ierce ,

3W atling S treet ,

S hudehill ,

Manchester

M anufacturer a nd i mporter o f t obacconists ' f ancy g oods . P ipes. M otif :

' J UBILEE ' w ith s igniture o f W .H .

i n u se p reviously. 1 25

P ierce & C o . ,

t rading a s W .H . -

T obacco P ipe

C lass 5 0 : b eneath .

T obacco M ark n ot

R egistered N o. 6 2560 R egistered 2 5th , F ebruary , L ondon E .C . M otif :

1 887 b y F rank S aul R othschild ,

T obacco P ipe M anufacturer .

' FIREFLY'.

C lass 5 0 :

1 7 L ittle B ritain ,

T obacco P ipes .

M ark n ot i n u se p reviously.

R egistered N o. 6 9504 R egistered 1 6th , N ovember , 1 887 b y G eorge H awkins B onner , S treet, C haring C ross , L ondon w ine a nd s pirit m erchant. -

1 4 C ockspur C lass 5 0 :

T obacco p ipes a nd c igar a nd c igarette h olders. M otif:

' OLD C HUM '.

M ark n ot i n u se p reviously.

R egistered N o. 7 2651 R egistered 1 3th , F ebruary , 1 888 b y C harles J ackson , 3 5 U pper T albot S treet a nd 1 05 W ollaton S treet , N ottingham m anufacturer a nd e ngineer . C lass 5 0 : -

T obacco p ipes , c igar h olders , c igar t ubes a nd c igarette h olders . M otif : A h orse 's h ead w ith ' J ACKSON 'S A s B est O s ' a bove a nd b elow . M ark n ot u sed p reviously . A lthough t he w ord ' A sbestos ' i s s pecified , p ipes h ave b een f ound o f J ackson 's P atent ( see P atent N o .

1 453 o f 1 883) w hich s eem t o

b e m ade o f n ormal p ipe c lay . R egistered N o. 7 7249 R egistered 2 3rd , J uly ,

1 888

b y F rederick

C haratan ,

7 4 L eadenhall S treet ,

L ondon E .G. P ipe M anufacturer. C lass 5 0 : P ipes f or s moking. M otif : ' Ever S weet' i n n eat l ong -h and. M ark n ot p reviously i n u se. -

R egistered N o. 8 5045 R egistered 1 4th , J anuary, S treet ,

m anufacturing p erfumers. M otif:

1 889 b y R . H ovenden & S ons , 3 1 a nd 3 2 B erner 's

O xford S treet a nd 9 1, ' THE C YCLIST'.

1 3th ,

F insbury ,

L ondon

-

T obacco P ipes.

M ark n ot p reviously i n u se.

R egistered N o. 8 9137 R egistered

9 3 a nd 9 5 C ity R oad ,

C lass 5 0 :

A pril ,

b y G eorge H astings ,

1 889

5 0 P arliament H ill R oad ,

P ipe m erchant . C lass 5 0 : T obacco s moking H ampstead , L ondon T obacco h olders , n ot o f p recious m etal o r i mitation p ipes , c igar a nd c igarette -

p recious m etal. M otif : ' YELLOW K ING'.

ot p reviously i n u se. M ark n

R egistered N o. 9 4871 R egistered 3 0th , D ecember , S outh H ornsey , M iddlesex -

P ipes. M otif :

' Uncle G eorge'.

R egistered N o. 9 9506 R egistered 2 8th , J uly,

1 889 b y G eorge W illiam L ander , 4 A rthur R oad , c ommercial t raveller . C lass 5 0 T obacco -

M ark n ot p reviously i n u se.

1 890 b y W illiam H enry P ierce , 3 Watling S treet ,

M anchester , L ancs T obacco P ipe M anufacturer. C lass 5 0 : P ipes. M otif : ' CANTILEVER ' i n f ancy l etters. M ark n ot p reviously u sed . -

R egistered N o. 9 9791 R egistered 1 3th , A ugust , 1 890 b y E dwin B arling , W illiam B arling , A lfred B arling a nd W alter B arling t rading a s B . B arling & S ons , 1 1 P ark S treet , C amden T own , L ondon N .W. M anufactuerS o f t obacconists ' f ancy g oods . C lass 5 0 : T obacco p ipes a nd t obacconists' f ancy g oods i ncluded i n c lass 5 0. M otif : I nitials ' E .B.' a nd ' W .B.'. M arks i n u se s ince 1 869. S ee P art C . -

1 26

R egistered N o. 1 50667 R egistered 2 5th , S eptember , Y orks M otif :

-

1 890 b y J oseph B rown ,

5 W indsor S treet ,

H ull ,

P ipe m ount m anufacturer. C lass 5 0 : T obacco p ipes. ' FORTH B RIDGE P IPE'. M ark n ot p reviously u sed.

R egistered N o. 1 56689 R egistered 2 9th , M ay , 1 891 b y t he f irm t rading a s L ewis 's , R anelagh S treet , L iverpool G eneral d ealers . C lass 5 0 : T obacco p ipes a nd c igar a nd -

c igarette h olders. M otif : ' FOOTBALL'.

M ark n ot p reviously i n u se.

R egistered N o. 1 57684 R egistered 2 1st , J uly ,

1 891

b y

S amuel

M arshall

B ull ,

4 1

W orship

S treet ,

L ondon E .G . I mporter o f t obacconists ' f ancy g oods . C lass 5 0 : T obacco p ipes , c igar a nd c igarette h olders , a nd w alking s ticks ( wood) . M otif : A s hamrock t ype l eaf c ontaining t he l etter ' Y ' , ' A ' , a nd ' Z ' . w ith -

"CLUB" S ERIES' b eneath .

M ark n ot p reviously i n u se.

R egistered N o. 1 58007 R egistered 6 th , A ugust , 1 891 b y t he f irm o f F rank S tafford , 1 2 G eorge Y ard , Tom hard S treet , L ondon E .C . P ipe m anufacturers . C lass 5 0 : T obacco -

p ipes. M otif :

A l ighthouse .

M ark n ot p reviously i n u se.

R egistered N o. 1 62538 R egistered 8 th , F ebruary , 1 892 b y J ames R osling , 8 2 W estbourne P ark R oad , B ayswater , L ondon W . w arehouseman . C lass 5 0 : T obacco p ipes. M otif : ' The S pitfire ' i n l ong-hand. M ark n ot p reviously i n u se. -

R egistered N o. 1 65261 R egistered 4 th , J une , 1 892 b y L ouis A rthur N athan , 6 5 D ashwood H ouse , 9N ew B road S teet ,

L ondon E .G .

t obacco. M otif : ' K LA-ORA '.

-

E xport m erchant .

C lass 5 0 :

P ipes

f or

s moking

M ark n ot p reviously i n u se.

R egistered N o. 1 67768 R egistered 1 5th , O ctober , 1 892 b y E dward P earson , 4 1 H assett R oad , H omerton , L ondon T obacco P ipe M anufacturer. C lass 5 0 : T obacco p ipes. M otif : A n a lmost u nreadable w ord t hat a ppears t o s ay ' Edyner ' ( written i n -

l ong-hand).

M ark n ot p reviously i n u se.

R egistered N o. 1 66865 R egistered 2 nd , S eptember , 1 892 b y H enry J ulius L yons , 1 T urner C ourt , 8 7 A rgyle S treet , G lasgow f oreign c ommission a gent a nd m erchant . C lass 5 0 : -

T obacco p ipes. M otif : ' THE C RONIES'.

M ark n ot p reviously i n u se.

R egistered N o. 1 82408 R egistered 2 4th , S eptember , W idnes ,

L ancs

-

m erchant .

1 894 b y J oseph W alwy i i W hite , C lass

5 0 :

T obacco p ipes ,

O ld P ublic H all ,

c igar

h olders

a nd

c igarette h olders. M otif : A n u ndulating s nake w ith l etters f orming ' PYTHON ' i nterspersed b etween t he c urves. R egistered L ondon E .G. M otif :

2 0th , -

M ark n ot p reviously i n u se.

F ebruary ,

m anufacturer.

' MASTA '.

1 896

b y E dwin M iller R ichford ,

C lass 5 0 :

T obacco p ipes.

M ark n ot p reviously i n u se.

1 27

4 4

S now

H ill ,

•R . 5 41 A

0-

9 1 ' S GfFogo

9 3

92

9 5

94

F ig .

2 6 :

C lay p ipes b earing a pparently u nregistered t rade m arks . N os . 9 8.

1 28

9 0-

R egistered N o. 2 20608 R egistered 1 0th , F ebruary ,

1 899 b y A lbert L esser F reidlander ,

a s L esser F reidlander , t obacconists ' f ancy g oods .

3 H oundsditch , L ondon E .C . i mporter o f C lass 5 0 : S moking p ipes , c igar h olders a nd

c igarette h olders . M otif : A n o val c ontaining

t he

i nitials

' L .F .L . ' .

M ark

u sed

f rom a p eriod c om n ncing a t l east t wo y ears b efore 1 3th , A ugust , R egistered N o. 2 25391 R egistered 2 3rd , A ugust , G lasgow M otif :

C )

1 899 b y M cKenzie & C o . ,

P ipe m anufacturers.

-

' CONSOLIO'.

a lso t rading

-

C lass 5 0 :

c ontinuously 1 875.

4 0 R oyal E xchange S quare ,

P ipes f or s moking t obacco.

M ark n ot p reviously i n u se.

U NREGISTERED T RADE M ARKS. A n umber o f c lay p ipes a re k nown t hat b ear t he w ord ' trade m ark ' o n

t hem , b ut t hat d o n ot a ppear t o h ave b een r egistered .

S everal m akers

a pparently u sed a s tamp o r a p articular t ype o f d ecoration t o d enote t hat t hey w ere t he m akers a nd s imply a dded ' t rade m ark ' t o c onfirm t hat t his w as t heir o wn m ark . T his i n t urn w ould d iscourage o ther m akers f rom c opying t hem a nd o f c ourse m any w ould n ot b e a ware t hat t he m arks i n q uestion w ere n ot i n f act r egistered . W ith s ome o f t he m akers i nvolved b eing u nknown h owever ,

i t i s p ossible t hat s ome o f t he m arks m ay h ave b een r egistered i n

d ifferent c lasses t his w ould p robably b e t he c ase w ith a g eneral m erchant o r d ealer i n t obacconists ' f ancy g oods . W hen c onducting m y s earch t hough , a s pecial l ook o ut f or t hese w as m ade a nd t herefore t he p ossibility o f a ny -

o f t hem b eing r egistered i s s lim . Amongst

t he k nown

m akers

t o

s tamp

t heir p ipes w ith ' t rade

m ark t w as

R ichard S mith ( senior o r j unior) o f L ondon . T he m ark c onsists o f t he s tamped I nitials ' R .S . ' o n t he b ack o f t he b owl a nd w as u sed o n av ariety o f p ipes , s uch a s t hose d epicted i n d rawings 9 0 a nd 9 1 ( Figure 2 6) . C onfirmation t hat t hese i nitials r epresent R ichard Smith ( and n ot , f or e xample , R oland S mithe t nan o f B roseley o r R obert S inclair o f N ewcastle) i s e vident f rom t he p ipe s hown i n d rawing n o . 9 1, w hich w ould h ave s aid ' SMOKE S MITHS

-

3 8 G IFFORD S T . N . ' o n i ts s tem , ac ommon e nough m otif o n t heir

p ipes. E benezer C hurch o f L ondon ( 11) a lso u sed a s imple ' trade m ark t s tamp o n s ome o f h is p ipes , c onsisting o f a n o val c ontaining t he m ark ' CHURCH L ONDON ' , a s s hown i n d rawing n o . 9 2 ( Figure 2 6) . I t i s i nteresting t o n ote t hat i n s ome L ondon D irectories o f t he 1 880 p eriod , t he f ollowing w as a dded -

f or t he e ntry f or t his m aker : ' D esigner & M anufacturer i n s pecialite c lays , " CHURCH" i s b randed o n e ach p ipe . I n t he T obacco T rade R eview f or t he s ame p eriod ,

C hurch w as a dvertising t he b rand n ame " University C lays" ,

t hough a s

y et I h ave n ever a ctually s een t his b randed o n ap ipe. T he o ther t rade m arks i llustrated i n F igure 2 6 a re a ll b y u nknown m akers o r m erchants . T hese c onsist o f a b owl d ecoration d epicting a f ancy c ross ( drawing n o . 9 3) , a nd v arious s ets o f I nitials . S everal p ipes a re k nown t hat

a ppear t o b e s tamped w ith t he

l etter

1 29

' B .J .M ' ,

i ncluding a f ancy b owl

s haped a s a n o wl ( 12) , a nd t he t wo p ipes s hown i n d rawings 9 4 a nd 9 5 . A t p resent , t he o nly i dea t hat I c an p ut f orward f or t he i dentification o f t hese i nitials i s t hat t hey r epresent ' B enjamin J acobs M aker ' . N o p ipes -

a re k nown t o m yself t hat b ear t he f ull n ame o f t his m aker a nd t herefore t he p ossibility o f h im u sing i nitials o nly c annot b e r uled o ut. A nother u nidentified p ipe f rom L ondon b ears t he s tamped i nitials C .

N . ' ,

n o . 9 6) . o f

t he

l ast

i nitial

F inally ,

p ossibly

s tanding

f or ' Maker ' a gain

( see d rawing

t here a re s ome p ipes t hat b ear a s imple s tamp c onsisting

a w reath o r l eaf d ecoration ,

o ne c ontaining t he i nitials

' W .B . ' a nd t he

o ther c ontaining ' TRADE MARK ' ( drawings 9 7 a nd 9 8 r espectively) . T he s imilarity o f t he d ecoration i n e ach c ase s uggests t hat t hey w ere p roduced b y t he s ame m aker . O f c ourse t here a re a n umber o f p ossible L ondon m akers w ho c ould h ave p roduced p ipes b earing t he i nitials ' W .B . ' , s uch a s W illiam B rown o r W illiam B oud , but t hey c ould a lso a ctually b e o ne o f t he r egistered t rade m arks s ubmitted b y B . B arling & S ons , m anufacturers o f t obacconists ' f ancy g oods ,

l isted i n P art B ( Rd . N o . 9 9791) .

T he l atter c onsisted o f t he

i nitials ' E.B.' a nd ' W.B.' a nd e ach h ad b een i n u se s ince 1 863 ( 13). A s w ith p ipes b earing r egistered d esigns , t he c orrect i dentification o f m ore o f t hese m arks s hould b ecome e asier w hen m ore o f t he p ipes c ome t o l ight . F urther i nformation , s uch a s m ore a dvertising l iterature D irectory r eferences , m ay a lso p rovide a c learer p icture.

o r

N OTES 1 )

E dwin S outhorn i nserted s ome a dverts i n T he T obacco T rade R eview i n 1 869 w hich a dvertised h is ' B roseley G lazed T obacco P ipes ' . I n s mall p rint w as t he f ollowing :— ' Chemists , g rocers a nd a ll r espectable T obacconists a re s upplied w ith t he f ar—famed B roseley p ipes , c igar t ubes a nd h olders , i n c ases c ontaining f rom o ne d ozen t o o ne g ross , e ach p ipe a nd c ase b earing m y s tamp a nd T rade M ark , w ithout which N ONE A RE G ENUINE . B eware o f s purious a nd v ile i mitations o f t he P atent B roseley p ipes , s tamped ' W.S. & C o . , B roseley ' a nd ' Brosley ' , n ow b eing o ffered b y u nprincipled a gents a nd i tinerants .

L ist o f s orts a nd p rices s ent o n

a pplication t o t he a bove a ddress ' . T he ' W.S. & C o . ' t o w hich E dwin S outhorn r efers w ill o f c ourse m ean ' William S outhorn & C o . ' , i ndicating t hat t here m ust h ave b een s ome i ntense r ivalry b etween t hem . 2 )

T he T ennant f amily w ere i nvolved i n m aking c lay p ipes f rom t he 1 850 's o nwards . C harles T ennant , a n ative o f S cotland , e stablished h is b usiness o n M ain S treet , T weedmouth , f irstly a s ap ainter a nd g lazier , a nd l ater a s a g rocer a nd p ipe m anufacturer . B y 1 871 h e w as e mploying e ighteen m en ,

t welve w omen ,

f our g irls a nd o ne b oy i n h is p ipemaking

b usiness . C harles T ennant d ied i n N ovember , 1 873 a nd l eft h is b usiness t o h is s econd e ldest s on R obert . I n t he m eantime, h is e ldest s on W illiam m oved t o N ewcastle w here h e e stablished a b usiness a t B ell 's C ourt , P ilgrim S treet . W hen R obert T ennant o f T weedmouth d ied i n 1 906 t he b usiness w as t ransferred t o h is g randson R obert T ennant T ait

1 30

-

w ho

i n t urn h ad m arried C atherine R ichardson T ennant , o ne o f t he d aughters o f W illiam T ennant a nd t herefore h is a unt ! R obert T ennant T ait s eems t o h ave c ontinued t he T weedmouth b usiness u ntil c . 1 930 . A d etailed -

p aper o n t he T ennant c ourse . 3 )

J oseph c lasses : C lass j ars ;

I zod a lso

f amily a nd t heir p ipes w ill b e

r egistered

t his

t rade

c ompiled

i n

d ue

m ark u nder t he f ollowing

-

1 4 m etal m atch , f uzee o r v esuvian c ases ; C lass 1 6 T obacco C lass 3 7 l eather c igar , t uzee a nd v esuvian c ases ; C lass 4 2 -

-

-

-

c achou a romatise ; C lass 4 5 m anufactured t obacco , c igarettes , a nd C lass 4 7 m atches a nd v esuvians . -

c igars

a nd

-

4 )

M cDougal a lso u sed a t rade m ark, b ut t his w as n ot r egistered.

5 )

T his d evice w as d escribed a s ' A c hild 's h ead ,

a s word a nd a p en c rossed

& c . ' . T he s ame m ark w as a lso r egistered u nder C lass 4 5 t obacco , c igars a nd c igarettes . 6 )

-

Smoking

H annah E liza R eynolds w as t he w idow o f J ohn G eorge R eynolds , w ho d ied i n N ovember ,

1 877 .

H er d eath f ollowed i n A pril ,

1 886 ,

t hough t he L ondon

D irectories s till l ist h er i n 1 890 7 )

T he i dentification o f ' F ritz ' i s g iven i n a n ews-item p ublished i n T he T obacco T rade R eview o n i st , A pril ,

1 888 :-

" Fritz" a nd " Wm . O 'brien" C lay P ipes. ' Messrs A dolph P osener & C o . , M ansell S treet ,

E . ,

m anufactuers o f

t he

well k nown " Army & N avy" c lays h ave j ust b rought o ut t he a bove t wo s easonable n ovelties . T hey a re m ade i n o rdinary c lay , a nd a lso i n l ight " Mexican! 'c lay , a nd a re g ood m odels o f t he c elebrities w hose n ames t hey b ear . S eeing t hat " Unser F ritz" , t he G erman Emporer , a nd Mr . W illiam O 'brien o f ' Plan o f C ampaign" f ame , a re p rominently b efore t he p ublic , M essrs. P oseners' n ew g oods s hould m eet w ith a r eady s ale'. 8 )

M ctardy a lso r egistered t his m ark u nder C lass 4 0

-

T obacco p ouches m ade

o f r ubber. 9 )

T his m ark w as a lso r egistered u nder C lass 6 -

C hest p rotector , a nd C lass 3 9

-

1 0) T his m ark w as a lso r egistered u nder C lass 4 3 a nd s pirits, a nd C lass 4 5

-

S ewing m achines ; C lass 1

-

D esk a nd D iary A lmanac. -

F ermented l iquors ,

w ines

T obacco.

1) E benezer C hurch d ied i n J uly ,

1 886 ,

a fter w hich h is b usiness w as o wned

b y h is e ldest s on , E benezer J ohn C hurch . 1 2) J ohn F ox c ollection . 1 3) B enjamin B arling & S ons s eem t o h ave s pecialized i n m eerschaum p ipes , f or t hey h ad a s tand a t t he 1 851 G reat E xhibition w here t hey e xhibited ' an a ssortment o f s ilver m ounted m eerschaum p ipes.

1 31

I II: P ATENTED C LAY P IPES C ompared t o t he e normous q uantity o f b riars , w ere p atented .

O f

t hese ,

m ost

r elate

r elatively f ew c lay p ipes

t o i nnovations

n icotine a nd o ther t obacco s ubstances t o p revent t hem

i n t he

r emoval

r eaching

o f

t he s moker

( or s o t hey c laimed) . O ccasionally t hese p ipes w ere m ade o f m ore t han o ne m aterial , f or e xample w ith a c lay b owl ( and/or i nner b owl) w ith a v ulcanite o r a mber s tem . O ther p atents r elate t o t he c omposition o r f inishing o f c lay p ipes t o i mprove t heir q uality . I n c ompiling t he f ollowing l ist I h ave

s earched

t he A bridgments

f or

T obacco P atents ( Class 1 30) i n f ull t o s eek o ut t he c lay p ipe r elated m aterial . H owever , t he a bridgements o nly c ontain d etails o f t he p atents w here t he P atent O ffice h ad r eceived t he c omplete s pecifications ; a n umber o f o ther p atents f or p ipes w ere a pplied f or w here t he f ull s pecifications w ere n ot s ent w ithin t he r equired t en m onth l imit , a nd t hus b ecame v oid . T he i ndexes t o t he P atent J ournals h ave t herefore a lso b een s earched f or r eferences t o t he l atter p atent a pplications . U nfortunately , d etails o f t he p atents t hemselves i n t he J ournals a re b rief , b ut s uffice t o i dentify a ny p atent k nown f rom a ctual p ipes . O ne n otable e xample o f t his i s a t winb owled p ipe , b earing ' PATENT N O . 8 899 ' o n e ach b owl , f requently f ound i n t he L ondon a nd E ssex a rea . T his w as d iscovered t o h ave b een p atented b y W illiam J ohn B rown o f S tepney o n J une , 9 th , 1 890 . B ecause t he p ipe h as b een f ound i n f airly l arge n umbers , i t i s r easonable t o a ssume t hat B rown c ontinued t o m anufacture t hese p ipes a fter t he p atent h ad i nfact b ecome v oid. O n t he o ther h and t here a re t hree o ther p atents t hat I h ave b een u nable t o t race d espite t horough e xamination o f t he n ame a nd s ubject i ndexes t o t he P atent J ournals . T he f irst o f t hese i s ap ipe m arked ' COOKE 'S P ATENT ' -

i n r elief o n t he s tem , ( see d rawing n o . 9 9) w hich w as m ade b y S amuel G reaves C ooke o f N ottingham , l isted a s ap ipe m aker i n 1 855 ( 1) . T he b owl o f t he p ipe c ommemorates S ir R obert P eel a nd t he D uke o f W ellington , w ho d ied i n 1 850 a nd 1 852 1 853 t o 1 855 .

r espectively h ence t he p ipe c an b e a ccurately d ated t o c . A s n o a ctual p atent b y C ooke h as b een t raced , i t i s l ikely -

t hat t his p ipe m aker w as m erely t aking p reventative m easures t o d iscourage o ther l ocal p ipe m akers f rom c opying t he d esign . c oncerns t he ' P atent-washed ' c lays a dvertised b y

T he s econd s uch p atent D avid P osener o f L ondon

d uring t he 1 870 's ( see f ig . 1 8) a nd a lso m entioned i n a g eneral a rticle o n p ipes i n t he T obacco T rade R eview o f i st , M ay , 1 887 . T he l atter s tated t hat :' Mr .

D avid

P osener

. ..

d iscovered

o r

i nvented

a p rocess

b y which c lay p ipes c ould b e p olished a nd c oated o r e namelled, g reatly t o t he improvement o f t heir a ppearance ; a nd t hat E nglish c lay p ipes s o p olished a nd c oated , w hen s moked , c oloured q uickly a nd w ell'. T he o nly p atent r elating t o p ipes t hat c ould b e t raced t o D avid o r A dolph P osener w as N o . 1 403 o f 1 869 , b ut t his w as n ot c oncerned w ith t he t reatment o f t he p ipe s urface ( 2) . T here w ere h owever a n umber o f o ther s uch p atents , s uch a s t hose b y E dwin S outhorn a nd J ohn G eorge R eynolds i n 1 860 a nd J ean B aptiste C retal i n 1 861. F urthermore, i n t he 1 851 G reat E xhibition ,

t wo o f t he t hree c lay p ipe m anufacturers w ho t ook p art c laimed

1 32

v arious F irstly ,

i nnovations r elating t o t he t reatment o f t he p ipe s urface . W illiam S outhorn & C o . o f B roseley d isplayed " tobacco p ipes o f

p repared c lay w hich g ives t hem a m ore p orous q uality ; w ith i mproved g laze a nd g reen l ip" . S econdly , L ouis F iolet o f S t . O mer d isplayed a n a ssortment o f p ipes a nd m ention w as m ade t hat " by m eans o f a n e namel i nvented b y t he e xhibitor , b rilliancy c an b e g iven t o t he p lainest p ipes" . T his o f c ourse r efers t o t he c haracteristic c oloured e namels t hat m ade F rench c lay p ipes s o f amous . T hirdly , D umeril & S on o f S t . O mer d isplayed " clay p ipes , p atented , a nd p ipe-clay s tatuettes" . T he l atter f irm c ertainly d id n ot a pply f or a ny p atents a t t he B ritish P atent O ffice , t hough t hey c ould o f c ourse h ave d one s o i n F rance i f t he f acility e xisted . C harles C rop & S ons a lso c laimed t o b e ' i nventors o f t he c elebrated m eerschaum -washed c olouring p ipes ' ( see a dvert i n F igure 1 2) , s o i t w ould c ertainly a ppear t hat D avid P osener d id n ot i nvent t he p rocess .

T he o ther m ystery p atent i s a p ipe w ith a n

e xtension b eyond t he b owl b earing a c opper c ap f or t he r emoval o f n icotine . I t w as known a s ' THE V ERY T HING P ATENT ' ( see d rawing n o . 1 00) a nd was m anufactured b y W illiam W hite & S on o f G lasgow d uring t he 1 880 's ( 3 ) .

I t

i s p ossible t hat t he p ipe c ould h ave b een p atented b y ap erson e mployed b y t he f irm , a s w ith t he l ater p atents w hich w ere s ubmitted b y R obert H enry L aing ( 4) . H owever , d espite s earching t he s ubject i ndexes t his p atent h as n ot b een f ound ; i t c ertainly d id n ot c arry a c omplete s pecification . t he o ther a lternative o f c ourse i s t hat t his p ipe was n ot p atented a t a ll . A nother p ipe b y a n u nknown m aker b earing t he d ecoration o f P eter P an a nd s ome b ubbles h as ' PATENT A PPLIED F OR ' a long t he s tem . T his w as p robably i ntended a s ab ubble p ipe a nd c ould t herefore b e o f ar elatively l ate d ate . B y

s tudying t he d etails o f t he v arious p atents i t i s p ossible t o

d etermine t he d evelopment o f s ome o f t he i nnovations , m uch i n t he s ame w ay a s w ith r egistered d esigns . F or e xample t he s everal p atents i n 1 860 a nd 1 861 r elating t o t he t reatment o r c olouring o f t he p ipe s urface s uggests t hat t hese p rocesses w ere i ntroduced i n E ngland a round t his t ime . L ikewise , t he u se o f t ransfer d esigns o r d evices m entioned i n E dwin S outhorn 's p atent o f 1 860 i ndicates t hat t his p rocess w as a lso i ntroduced d uring t he s ame p eriod ( 5) . F urthermore , t he i nformation g iven w ith t his p atent t ells u s a bout t he d ifferent c hemicals t hat w ere r equired f or t he v arying c olours o f t he t ransfers . D etails o f t he c hemicals u sed a re a lso p rovided w ith t he p atents c oncerning t he c omposition o f p ipes , s uch a s w ith J ames L angstein 's p atent i n 1 860 a nd W illiam N aismith C hristie 's p atent o f 1 897 which b oth d ealt w ith t he p orousity o f t he c lay . M ichael H yam 's p atent o f 1 861 w hich c oncerned t he s trength a nd a romatic p roperties o f p ipes a lso l isted a c onsiderable n umber o f s ubstances t hat c ould b e u sed. Most m entioned .

o f

t he p atents

d ealt

d esign s eries ( and a h andful c onsisting o f r emovable c aps, r emoval, i tself .

w ith t he r emoval o f n icotine ,

a s a lready

S ome w ere s imilar t o t he d esigns s ubmitted i n t he n on-o rnamental s ubmitted i n t he o rnamentlal s eries) , p lugs o r r eservoirs t o f acilitate e asy

e ither w ithin t he b owl o r s tem o f t he p ipe o r w ithin t he c lay F inally , s ome o f t he p atents h ad i ncreased w idths o r l engths o f

t he a ir - w ays , e ither b y u sing t he s ides o f t he b owl o r t hrough i mprovisations w ithin t he s tem . A ll t hese i nnovations t ook p lace t hroughout t he w hole p eriod ( i .e . c . 1 850 1 905) , t hough w ith i ncreasing -

r egularity i n t he 1 880 's a nd

1 890 's .

When c ompiling t his r esearch , t he P atent J ournals h ave a lso b een c hecked t o o btain t he a ddresses o f t he p atentees k nown f rom t he T obacco A bridgements , a s t he l atter d id n ot c ontain t his i nformation . M ost o f t he d etails i n t he f ollowing p ages a re t herefore c omprised b oth f rom t he T obacco

1 33

A bridgments a nd t he P atent J ournals

c ombined ,

e xcept

i n t he

c ases o f

t he

p atents t hat d id n ot r eceive c omplete s pecifications. F inally ,

p atents

o f a n umber o f c lay p ipe m aking m achines w ere a lso

i ncluded i n t he T obacco A bridgments . A s t his s ubject i s o f i nterest i n i ts o wn r ight a nd b ecause t he i nformation i s o f c onsiderable d etail , t his w ill f orm t he b asis o f a f uture p aper .

1 34

T he a rrangement o f d etails i n t he f ollowing l ist i s a s f oll o ws:D ate a nd n umber o f p atent a s g iven i n t he P atent J ournal , d etails

o r

e xtract

f rom

c omplete s pecification .

t he T obacco A bridgments

L ondon .

f ollowed b y

t he p atent c arried a

O ther i nformation h as b een a dded w here r elevant.

4 th , O ctober , 1 856 : N o. 2 327 A lexis P icard , 3 9 R ue d e l 'Echiquier , F insbury ,

i f

P aris ,

F rance & 4 S outh S treet ,

( associated w ith C retal A iné & C o o f S t . M alo

S 92 , 1 980 p . 8 9). F or " An i mproved t obacco p ipe". ' Clay & c . p ipes a re f ormed w ith a r emovable c ollecting n icotine a nd c ' .

r eservoir

-

s ee B .A. R .

o n s tem

f or

( cap o ver a h ole i n t he b ase o f t he s tem) ( 6 ) .

2 nd , M arch , 1 859 : N o. 5 61 W illiam B rown , 4 & 5E dgar P lace , M ile E nd , M iddlesex p ipe m aker . F or " Improvements i n m anufacture o f p ipe m ounts o r s tems , c igar t ubes a nd -

s imilar a rticles" ' R elates t o t he u se o f o rdinary E nglish p ipe-clay i n t he m anufacture o f p ipe s tems , c igar h olders & c .

T he p arts a re o rnamented b y m oulding o r b y h and '

( provisional p rotection o nly) . 7 th , N ovemeber ,

1 859 : N o. 2 532

H . B arker , H astings , S ussex t obacco a nd c igar d ealer . F or " An i mprovement i n c lay, m eerschaum a nd o ther p ipes". ' T he b owls o f c lay , m eerschaum , w ood a nd o ther p ipes h ave s traight o r c urved -

g rooves d own t he i nside o f t he b owl t o i ncrease t he d raught . T he g rooves m ay b e f ormed b etween p rojections o r b e s unk i nto t he s ides o f t he b owl'. 1 2th , J anuary , 1 860: N o. 8 7 S idney F rankau , B ishopsgate , L ondon

-

m erchant.

F or " An i mprovement i n p ipes f or s moking". ' S tem o f a t obacco p ipe i s m ade i n f orm o f a r ifle o r m usket ' ( provisional p rotection o nly). S ee d iamond-registration n o. 1 25422 o f t he s ame d ate. 2 7th , M arch , 1 860 : N o. 7 93 J ames L angstein , C haring C ross , M iddlesex

-

t obacconist.

F or " Improvements i n m anufacture o f t obacco p ipes". ‚ T o r ender c lay p ipes h ighly a bsorbent o f t he e ssential o ils o f t obacco , t hey a re m ade o f am ix ture o f p ulverised p ipe-clay a nd m agnesium c arbonate . T he m ixture i s s ifted , w ater i s a dded t o p roduce a p lastic c omposition , a nd t he p ipes a re t hen m oulded , d ried a nd b aked o r f ired . A t ac ertain s tage t he p ipes a re d ipped i n aw eak s olution o f s odium c alcite t o i mpart t hem t he n ecessary s trength . ' 2 8th , A pril ,

1 860 : N o . 1 081

E dwin S outhorn , B roseley, S alop. F or " An i mprovement i n , o r a ddition t o ,

t obacco p ipes ,

a nd i mprovements i n

m anufacture a nd o rnamentation o f t obacco p ipes" . ‚ T he s tem o f ap orou s c lay p ipe i s s urrounded b y a c hamber c ontaining w ater , f or c ooling a nd r emoving t he v olatile m atter . T he p ortion o f t he s tem s urrounded b y t he t ube m ay b e p ierced w ith s mall h oles t o a id t he d issolution o f t he c ondensed v olatile m atter . T he e x terior s urfaces o f t he

1 35

p ipe

m ay

b e c oated a fter t he p ipes a re b urnt w ith a s olution o f s oluble

g lass c onsisting o f s ilicate o f p otash o r s oda .

P ipes m ay b e o rnamented b y

t ransferring t o t hem d esigns o r d evices p rinted i n t issue o r t ransfer p aper . T he d esigns a re f ixed b y t he u sual b urning p rocess . F or b lue d esigns , t he p atterns a re p rinted w ith b lack o xide o f c obalt a nd n itrate o f s oda , m ixed t ogether w ith o il . F erric o xide i s u sed t o p roduce b rown d esigns , m agnesium o xide , a nd c hromium o xide f or g reen ' . S ee t he a dvert i n F igure 2 8 . E dwin S outhorn c alled h is f ilter p ipe " The B roseley P atent N arghilé". 1 3th , D ecember , 1 860 J ohn G eorge m anufacturer.

N o. 3 058

R eynolds,

3 3

Wharf

R oad ,

C ity

R oad ,

M iddlesex

-

P ipe

F or " Improvements i n c oating o r c overing t he s urface o f s moking p ipes a nd o ther a rticles , f ictile , m etallic , o r o therwise , t o o btain o rnamental a nd u seful e ffects" . ' The s urface o f t obacco p ipes & c . a re c oloured a nd p reserved a nd t he p ores c losed b y m eans o f al acquer m ade b y b oiling w ater i n l inseed o il a nd a dding t erpentine . e xclude d ust

T he s urface t reated d uring t he p rocess .

i s d ried o r b aked , c are b eing t aken t o T he s urface i s c oloured b y p assing i t

t hrough o r o ver a c lear f lame a nd a b low p ipe i s u sed t o g ive a d arker t int t o s ome p arts . A dditional c oatings c an b e a pplied , t he s urface b eing h eated a fter e ach a pplication t o u nite t he s uccessive c oatings . T he a bove m entioned l acquer m ay b e m ixed w ith , o r r eplaced b y , c opal a nd o ther v arnishes , r esins , f ish g lue , o r a ny o ther g elatinous o r g lutinous s ubstance w hich m ay b e a pplied a s a c oating . i ntroduced i nto t he l acquer . ' 2 4th , A ugust, 1 861

C olouring

m atters

m ay a lso

b e

N o. 2 114

M ichael H yams , 5 5 B ath S treet , C ity R oad , M iddlesex . F or " Improvements i n t he m anufacture o f s moking p ipes a nd c igar t ubes ,

a nd

p reparing ‚ w ashing , c oating , c overing a nd o therwise i mpregnating t hem w ith a romatic s ubstances i n as olid , l iquid o r a eriform s tate". ' T o i mpart s trength , s weetness a nd c . t o p ipes a nd c igar t ubes , o ne o r m ore o f t he f ollowing s ubstances s alt , s odium c arbonate , i ron o xide , t reacle , h oney , s ugar , s accharine s ubstances , a lkaline s alts a nd n on—alkaline s alts -

-

a re m ixed w ith t he p ipe—clay . P ipes c an a lso b e g iven a romatic p roperties b y r emoving t he g lazed s urface a nd b oiling t hem i n as olution o r i nfusion o f m ixed s pices, c ascarilla b ark, v anilla , o r o ther a romatic a gents.' 3 1st, D ecember ,

1 861 : N o. 3 273

J ean B aptiste C retal , S t. M alo , F rance m anufacturer. F or " A n ew p rocess f or c olouring s moking p ipes". -

' A p ipe i s c oloured b y d ipping i t a loes ,

i n a s olution o f a lcohol ,

a nd t hen h eating i t i n a n o ven .

a s olution o f m ilk a nd c aramel ; ' karabe' a nd h eated i n a n o ven .'

T o c olour t he b owl ,

t he c oloured p ipe i s

" cashoe" ,

a nd

i t i s d ipped i n

t hen v arnished w ith

2 3rd , J une, 1 865 : N o. 1 683 L esley W hite , P aisley, R enfrew , N orth B ritain . F or " Improvemen ts i n c lay t obacco p ipes" . ' C lay p ipes a re m ade i n o ne p iece w ith a n e nlarged b ore n ear t he b owl b y m oulding t he s tem r ound a c ore o f a ny l ight c omh istable s ubstance s uch a s w ood o r p aper . A fter f iring , t he a shes r emaining i n t he p ipe a re b lown o ut .

T he s mall b ore i n t he t erminal p art p referably e nters

t he u pper p art

o f t he e nlarged b ore s o t hat t he o ils a nd j uices m ay b e r etained .

T he b owl

i s m oulded w ith a p erforated d iaphragm i n t he b ottom , t he p erforations b eing

1 36

99

1 03

1 02

W HITES PATE NT

F ig. 2 7:

C lay p ipes b earing t he w ord ' Patent'.

1 37

N os. 9 9-103.

p erfectly m ade i n ac ircle.' 7 th , M ay , 1 869 : N o. 1 403 D avid P osener & A dolph P osener ,

b oth o f M ansell S treet ,

G oodman 's F ields ,

M iddlesex P ipe M anufacturers. F or " Improvements i n p ipes f or s moking t obacco". ' A p lug m ade o f p orous o r a bsorbant m aterial i s p laced a t t he b ottom o f t he -

b owl o f t he t obacco p ipes f or t he p urpose o f a bsorbing t he o il , n icotine o r m oisture , w hile i t i s b eing s moked.' 7 th , M ay, 1 870 : N o. 1 305 W illiam T homas B lake , 2 37 C ity R oad & M ichael H yams , 5 5 B ath S treet , b oth o f S t. L uke's p arish , M iddlesex . F or " Improvements i n t obacco p ipes". ' The b owl i s m ade i n t he f orm o f a' V ' d ivided d own t he c entre .

T obacco i s

p ut i n o ne o f t he c avities s o f ormed a nd t he o ther i s f illed w ith c harcoal a nd p rovided w ith a c ap .

Smoke p asses t hrough t he c harcoal , b y which

n icotine a nd o ther i mpurities a re a bsorbed.' 4 th , J uly ,

1 872 : N o. 2 016

J ohn C rop, H o i r rton , M iddlesex . F or " Improvements i n t obacco p ipes" ' The b owl i s m ade i n t he f orm o f a ' V ' d ivided d own t he c entre . T obacco i s p ut i n o ne o f t he c avities s o f ormed a nd t he o ther i s f illed w ith c harcoal a nd p rovided w ith a c ap .

Smoke p asses t hrough t he c harcoal , b y which

n icotine a nd o ther i mpurities a re a bsorbed.'

( 7)

6 th , J uly , 1 878 : N o. 2 706 A lexandrer L iston , G lasg o w ,L arnark , N orth B ritain m achinist. F or " Improvements i n p rinting , o rnamental o r o ther d ivices u pon e arthenware a rticles , ' pipe-clay ' s quares , c lay t obacco p ipes a nd o ther t obacco -

p ipes, a nd i n a pparatus t herefor". S pecification n ot c ompleted. 2 8th , J une ,

1 880 : N o. 2 634

A rchibald A llan P ercy, G lasgow , L anark, N orth B ritain . F or " Improvements i n p ipes f or s moking t obacco". ‚ The i nvention c onsists , f irstly , i n m aking t he b owl o f t he p ipe d ouble , t he i nner b owl b eing s ecured i n t he o uter o ne ... T he i nner b owl c ommunicates b y ah ole o r h oles w ith t he a nnular s pace b etween t he b owls , f rom w hich t he s moke i s d rawn t hrough a c hannel i nto t he s tem ... T he n icotine a nd o ther o ily m atters a re d eposited i n t he b ottom a nd c an b e r emoved o n w ithdrawing t he i nner b owl . Ar emovable t rough m ay b e i nserted i n t he s tem o f t he p ipe t o c atch a ny n icotine w hich p asses t hrough ... I n a nother a rrangement a h ollow p lug i s u sed , b eing p erforated f or t he p assage o f t he s moke . T he n icotine c ollects i nside t he p lug a nd i s r emoved b y t aking o ut t he t op o f t he p lug . P lugs o f t his k ind c an b e u sed i n a n o rdinary p ipe b owl . I n a nother m odification , a n i nterior b owl , p referably o f c lay , i s u sed i n c onjunction w ith a v ertical t ube f ormed o r f ixed i n t he b ottom o f t he o uter b owl , t he n icotine & c . b eing d eposited i n t he s pace r ound t he t ube ... T he i nvention r elates , s econdly , t o l ids f or t obacco p ipes . T he l id c onsists o f s egments w ith t ail p ieces w ith s lots t hrough w hich a s crew p asses t o a n ut b earing o n ad isc b y l oosening w hich t he s egments m ay b e d rawn o utwards o r p ushed i nwards 1( 8) . S ee d rawing n o . 1 02 ( Figure 2 7) a nd t he a dvert i n F igure 2 9.

1 38

2 0th , M arch , 1 883 : N o . 1 453 C harles J ackson , N ottingham . F or"Improvements i n c onstruction o f t obacco p ipes ,

t he a pplication o f

t obacco t o t he s ame , a nd t o c igarettes". ' A sbestos p ipes w ith o r w ithout m outhpieces o f a mber & c .

. ..

P ipes m ade o f

o ther m aterials t han a sbestos m ay h ave a l ining o f a sbestos . ' S ee R egistered T rade m ark N o . 2 0th , J une , 1 883

7 2651 ( 1888) .

N o. 3 056

E dward W ard , L iverpool . F or " Improvements i n t obacco p ipes". ' O ne o r m ore p erforations i n b ottom o f b owl c onduct t he n icotine t o a c up f ormed u nderneath a nd c ontaining a n a bsorbant s uch a s s ponge o r c harcoal , w hich m ay b e i nserted i n t he c up o r f ixed t o i ts c over o r s topper . T he n icotine c up m ay b e f ormed i n v arious w ays . I n c lay p ipes a t ube i s f ormed b eneath t he c entre o f t he b owl a nd i s p rovided w ith a r emovable c over o r s topper ( preferably h ollow) . S ometimes t he s topper c onsists o f ap iece o f c ork f ixed t o a l arger p iece o f w ood m ay b e o mitted'

. ..

I n s pecial c ases t he n icotine c up

( provisional r egistration).

1 6th , A ugust, 1 886 : N o. 1 0 ,462 S amuel M cLardy, 4 S t. A nn 's S quare , M anchester ( Patent O ffice b ranch). F or"An i mprovement i n t obacco p ipes". ' T obacco p ipes a re m ade w ith a t elescopic m ount c onsisting o f t wo p arallel t ubes which f orm a c hamber t o p revent n icotine & c . p assing f rom t he b owl t o t he

m outhpiece '

( 9 ) .

2 8th , F ebruary , 1 887 : N o. 3 065 J ohn C harles White a nd C harles W illiam White ,

6 2 S t . V incent S treet ,

G lasgow. F or " Improvements i n t obacco p ipes". S pecification n ot c ompleted . T his p atent i s l ikely t o r efer t o t he ' J ubilee ' P ipe w hich w as r eviewed i n t he T obacco T rade R eview o n i st , J une , 1 887 ( 10). 2 4th , J uly, 1 888 : N o . 1 0 ,671 H enry D ewy , t rading a s H . D ewy & C o., W orcester S treet , G loucester. F or " Removing t he n icotine f rom t he p ipe w hich h e c alls t he ' washer p ipe " . ‚ T he s tem i s m ade w ith a l arge b ore i n w hich p rojects a t ube o r r od c arrying aw asher o r d isc f or c leaning o ut t he b ore w hen i t i s w ithdrawn t herefrom .' T he R egistered T rade m ark N o . 8 6045 o f 1 889 b y D ewy e ntitled ' P lunger ' c ould w ell r efer t o t his P atent . 1 4th , N ovember , 1 888 : N o. 1 6,552 W illiam H enry P ierce, 6 B ank S treet , M anchester. F or " An i mproved p ipe f or s moking t obacco". T he a irway i n t he s tem d oubles b ack o n i tself s o t hat t he s moke h as t o t ransverse n early

t hree t imes

t he

l ength o f t he

s tem b efore e ntering t he

s moker's m outh . 5 th , A pril , 1 889 : N o . 5 837 S amuel M cLardy, 4 S t. A nn 's S quare , M anchester ( Patent O ffice b ranch). F or " An i mproved t obacco p ipe". T he s tem i s m ade w ith t wo c hambers s eperated b y a r emovable p lug ( screwed i nto s tem a nd a ttached t o t he b owl).

1 39

IE D

VV

S Q U r 1 F l EE C) 1

E N

.

BROSELEY AS K

P I P EW ORK S ,

FO R

ED W IN SOUTHoRN 'S PATEN T B R O S t LE Y S

S HROPSH IRE .

POSENER 'S M ade of

t u e

CELEBRATED

P IPES ,

best prepared Clay , in all t h e .re west D es i gns .

PATENT W AS HED PREPARED GOOSE BONE , GOOSE QUILL , MOUNTED , AND S ILVER MOUNTED , I N AND OUT OF CASES . Tor P r ices , r ef er t o "Tobacco T rade Rev iew" o f June 1 0 , o r o n a ppl ica t ion t o t he Manufac turer s ,

ID

J O S H N _ H

—

&

C

0

-

7

P ipe Manufac turer s ,a nd . I mpor ter s o fT obaccon i s t s 'F ancy G ood s , 44

&

441 ,

M A I I TS E L L

ST RE ET

M I% T O UI ES, L O N D O N ,

E. C .

POSENER 'S

PATENT

CLAYS

COLO UR EQUAL TO MEERSCHAU M , a nd P r izes r anging f ro m £ 1 t o 41 0 h ave b een awarded t o smokers o f t he . ie P ipes . I ,o r P r ices a pp ly t o

1 ).

s

c

p 0 i & 8 1 , ManseU -s treet . h l inor ies , L ondon ,

Manufacturers a nd Im p or ters o f SR I AR a nd MEERSCHAU i P IPES a nd TOBACCONlnT FA NCY GOODS , Who lesa le a nd f o r Yxpor ta t ion .

PRESERVE

YO UR

HEALTH

A ND

SMO KE

W H IT E 'S A q SQR P ENT . P i P E . TE NT

p

NO N ICOT INE . NO F OULNESS . AP ERFECT S MOKER . T h is i st he most Absorbent P ipe p roduced .a s mayb e, p roved b yf i l l ing b ow lw ith wa ter , wh ich w i l ld isappear I n am inu te 's t ime . R ecom mended b y Med ica lM en .

GREAT

P I PE-COL OU RI NG

conf ined t o Tobacconists and Assistants .

W JV[ .

W

F ig . 2 8 :

III T E

8G

S O N,

£ 10

CONTEST ,

i n pr izes .

G i bsc r n

For particulars , apply t o

S tx ' e et.

A dverts r eproduced f rom T he T obacco T rade R eview : &D . P osener a nd W . W hite & S on ( patents).

1 40

E .

G

L A S G O

S outhorn ,

A .

W-

9 th , J une,

1 890 : N o. 8 899

W illiam J ohn B rown ,

1B ohn S treet , S tepney, L ondon.

F or " A d ouble b owl v ertical d raught f iltering c lay t obacco p ipe". S pecification n ot c ompleted. S ee d rawing n o. 1 01 ( Figure 2 7). 2 8th , J une ,

1 890 : N o. 1 0 ,016

C harles C rop & J ohn C rop, B rooksbys W alk , H onErton. F or " An i mprovement i n t he m anufacture o f t obacco p ipes a nd c igar a nd c igarette h olders". S pecification n ot c ompleted.

2nd , S eptember, 1 890 : N o. 1 4,920 E benezer J ohn C hurch ,

2 3 ( should b e 2 8) N orth S treet , K ings C ross , L ondon .

F or"A s piral b ore c lay t obacco p ipe o r s tem".

' C onsists i n m aking c lay p ipes w ith a h elical o r s piral b ore . m ade b y t wisting o r s crewing a h elical b ore t hrough t he s tem ' .

T he b ore i s

4 th , O ctober , 1 890 : N o. 1 5,714 E .J . C hurch , 2 3 N orth S treet , K ings C ross , L ondon. k or ' A s jiral p lug t obacco p ipe o r s tem". S pecification n ot c ompleted. 1 5th , A ugust, 1 892 : N o. 1 4,671 M essrs C harles C rop & S on ( John C rop), 5 0 B rooksbys W alk , H omerton , L ondon . F or " The ' Knock—out' p ipe". ' Under t he b owl i s a r emovable r eservoir ( B) f rom w hich a p assage ( A) c ommunicates w ith t he b owl , a nd a s eperate p assage ( C) c ommunicates w ith t he b ore o f

t he s tem ' .

S ee d rawing n o .

1 04 ( Figure 3 0) ( 11) .

3 0th , J une , 1 894 : N o. 1 2,702 R obert H enry L aing o f t he f irm o f W illiam W hite & S on ,

9 6 B uchanan S treet ,

G lasgow ( Patent O ffice b ranch). F or " Improvements i n t obacco p ipes". S pecification n ot c ompleted. 2 5th , A pril , 1 895 : N o. 8 178 N . M acphail , G lasgow. F or " A n ew m ode a nd m eans f or c olouring w hite c lay p ipes". S pecification n ot c ompleted. 1th , S eptember , 1 895 : N o. 1 6 ,995 W illiam J ohn B rown s enior , 4 3 S outhampton B uildings , ( Patent O ffice). F or " Improvements i n t obacco p ipes" ( 12). ' R elates m ore p articularly t o c lay p ipes ,

a nd

C hancery L ane ,

c onsists

L ondon

i n p roviding

t hem

w ith a f iltering t ube c ontaining a sbestos o r o ther s uitable a bsorbent o r f iltering m aterial . T he t ube i s f itted w ith a p lug s o t hat t he a bsorbent m ay b e c leaned o r r enewed . ' 1 6th , D ecember, 1 896 : N o. 2 8,789 C harles F rancis R avenhill , 4 W orcester S treet, G loucester

-

S treet ,

G loucester a nd 2 3 ,

B rook

t obacco p ipe m anufacturer ( 13).

F or " Improved g laze f or c lay t obacco p ipes". ' R elates t o t he g lazing a nd c olouring o f

c lay

p ipes

i n

i mitation o f

m eerschaum , b riar , o r a s a sbestos p ipes . T o p roduce a n i mitation m eerschuam , t he p ipe i s c oated w ith a g laze c onsisting o f 1 -o z . g um d ammar

1 41

T H EE A RT U L YP A RAWSE

NERCY 'S

4

B EST S MOKE .

„

t a U

l iatent

[ IPE

i N THE

W OR LD s '

' lv r

u'

I

c ooLEa S MOKE U NXNOWN

I V

C L ! lY -BRA ,R -MEERSCHM iM.

P L AY

* V * " �

TO BE HA D I N

P IP

1 ; � PER GROSS .

I NV IS I BLE

PH OTO '

Packed , i n One -Gross B oxes .

LE A VES

( S ixty Dif ferent Sub jects ).

C AS ES

T O F IT T HESE

F irst Qua l i ty , 6 ,6 p er d ozen . B andso inc

Sho w

Cards

X

2 ' -

p er

I G ross .

P IPES .

S econd Qua l i ty , 3 , - p er d ozen .

and H andbills with

a ll

Goods .

P arce ls amount ing t o £5 s en t Carr iage P a id , F ive p er Cen t . D iscount . E xtract fro n " Tobacco

Trade

Revie w ," June

lOt! ., 1S81 .

L E G I ON O F H O NOUR P I PE C OVER . Mr . ARC HIBALD A . PERCY , 6 8 , Trongate , G lasgow ,

C ;

Has f orwarded a s s amp le s o f h i s New C over , p a ten ted i n G ree t B r i ta in a nd o n t he C on t inen t . A t f i r e t e igh t i t may h e c ons idered i nnpprop rit te t o s ty le t he s ub jec t o f t h is n o t ice a member o f t he L eg ion o f Honour , b ut t he r ea son i t h as b een s oc aled a ppear s t o b e t ha t i tb ear s ag roa t r e semb lance t o t ha t f a mous d ecorat ion , a nd i ft he r eader c an i mag ine al i ght b ut c ompac t a r t ic le o f t he s hape o f t h e Leg ion o f Honour , w i th a c l ip o n t he s inder T 4x trem i ty o f e ach a rm ( a l l o f wh i ch a rm s , i f may b e m ent i oned , move t e les cop ica l ly t owa rd s t he c en tre ) , h e w i l l h ave a f a ir i dea o f t hi s i ngen ious i nven t ion . I t h a s b een s a id t ha t " two s t ar s k eep n o t t heir mo t ion i no ne s pher e ," a nd u n t i l Mr . PEECT 'S C over c a me u nder o ur n o t ice w e a r e b ound t os ay t hat u t i l i ty a ud e 1 e a nte , a s r egards t h i s a r t ic le , s eemed t o u s s worn e ne m ie s . I n t h is s imp le c octr ivence , h ow erer , b o th a ppea r i n separab ly c omb in ed . wh tther w e r egard t he p re t ty c l a sps o f t he C over i ue lf , o r t he c l ever way i n wh ich t h ed ia me ter o f t he r im ' i se n larg ed o r t hm ic ih cd t o f i t a ny o rd ina ry p ipe ,f rom t he s ma l le st c l ay t o t he l a rge st b r iar o r m eer schaum; o r a ga in , w he ther we l o ok a t t he n ea tne s s o f t he c y l ind r ica l s crew ' wh ich a c ts l i ke a v i ce j a k eep ing a ny s i ze t o whF 'h t he C ov e r i ss et ,o r t he p re t ty o rnamen t wh ich i tf o rm s , w e p er ce ive t b ' .t Mr . PERCY h as a ch i tv ed a s ucces s. No t t he l e as t a dvan tage o f t h is P ipe C ov er t os woke ' i st he sma l l s pa te i tw i ll t ake u p i nt he p ocke t , f o ld ing u p t o t he s i zs o f as i xp enue a nd i t c an b e e a s i ly a d jus ted t o f i t a ny p ipe . I t wi ll be v ery useful t o t he t obaccon ist , a s i t s aves h au l keeping t he m any s izes r equ ired, and with on ly one of t hese NO W Covers i n s tock he need not l ose a s a 'e . We u nd er s tand t hey a r e m ade f r om t he b e st G erman S i lver ( P la ted ) , wh i ch r e ta ins i t s c o lour .

0

PE R

G R OSS .

Cheques and P. O . Ordc.s m ade payable t o t he F atentee —

ARCHD . ALLAN

P ERCY , 6 8 , T ronga te , GLASGO W .

SP ECI AL

F ig . 2 9 :

T E R MS

TO

SHIPP E RS .

A dvert r eproduced f rom t he T obacco T rade R eviwe :A .A . P ercy ( patent).

1 42

d issolved i n 4 o z. o f t urpentine a nd a dded t o 1 5 o z. o f p olishing c opal v arnish , a nd i s t hen s toved a t a bout 1 50 d egrees F . B y v arying t he i ngredients , a d arker c olour i n i mitation o f b riar p ipes m ay b e p roduced . T o p roduce a s till d arker c olour , s uch a s a n i mitation o f a sbestos p ipes , t he p ipe i s f irst b urned i n a p ot w ith c ork d ust a nd s awdust , a nd i s t hen g lazed w ith a m ixture o f t ar , t urpentine , a nd b lack p olishing P ontypool v arnish.' 2 7th , J uly , 1 897 : N o. 1 7,560 W illiam N ais r nith C hristie , 1 02 P leasance , E dinburgh. F or " Improved c lay p ipes f or s moking". ' C lay t obacco p ipes a re r endered m ore p orous b y a dding a nimal o r v egetable c harcoal t o t he c lay i n t he p roportion o f a bout o ne p art o f c harcoal t o t hree p arts o f c lay'. 7 th , D ecember ,

1 897 : N o. 2 8 ,849

R obert H enry L aing , 9 6 B uchanan S treet, G lasgow ( Patent O ffice b ranch). F or " Improvements i n a nd r elating t o c omposition o f s moking p ipes a nd c igar a nd c igarette h olders" . ' T he c omposition o f t obacco p ipes a nd h olders a re m ade f rom a m ixture o f o ne p arL o f n agnesia a nd t en p arts o f c hina c lay , t o w hich m ay b e a dded c alcined b ones o r b one d ust a nd f lint . T hese a re m ixed a nd m ade i nto p ipes a fter t he m anner o f m aking c lay p ipes . P lugs f or p ipe b owls m ay a lso b e m ade f rom t his c omposition .' T he t rade m arks ' WHITE 'S A BSORBENT P IPE ' a nd ' A LSORBO ' r egistered b y W illiam W hite & S on i n 1 897 ( Rd . N o . 2 09285) a nd 1 898 ( Rd . N o . 2 15457) a re l ikely t o r efer t o t his p atent ( 14) . D rawing n o . 1 03 ( Figure 2 7) m ay b e r elated t o t his p atent , o r t hat b y G eorge A ugustus W hite o f L iverpool i n 1 903 ( Patent N o . 2 0 ,690) .

S ee a lso t he a dvert i n F igure 2 8 .

1 5th , M arch , 1 898 : N o. 6 276 A lfred W allace H edderwick , 1 21 W est G eorge S treet, G lasgow ( 15). F or " An i mproved c omposition f or u se i n m aking t obacco p ipes , c igarette h olders ,

c igar

a nd

f ilters a nd o ther a rticles w hich r eouire t o b e o f a n

a bsorbent o r p orous n ature". S pecification n ot c ompleted . 1 9th , M arch , 1 898 N o. 6 747 C harles C rop, 5 2 B rooksbys W alk , H omerton , L ondon . F or " Carbon n icotine t rap o r f ilter f or t obacco p ipes". S pecification n ot c ompleted. 2 2nd , J une, 1 898 : 1 3 ,843 W illiam N aisndth C hristie , 1 54 S t. V incent S treet, G lasgow. F or " Improvements i n s moking p ipes, c igars a nd c igarette h olders". ' T he b owl o r s tem o f ap ipe i s p rovided w ith o ne o r m ore v entilators a t s ome p oint b etween t he b urning t obacco a nd t he m outhpiece e nd.' 2 4th , J uly , 1 903

N o . 1 6,333

C harles C rop , 5 2 B rooksbys W alk , H omerton , L ondon . F or " Improvements i n t obacco p ipes". ' Smoke p asses f rom t he b owl t o t he c hamber ( B ) w hich i s c overed b y ac ap ( C) a nd c ontains a n a bsorbent b lock ( E) , c omposed o f m agnesia a nd c arbon . s tem i s f itted t o f lange ( D).' S ee d rawing n o. 1 05 ( Figure 3 0). 2 6th , S eptember , 1 903 : N o. 2 0,690 G eorge A ugustus W hite , 4C layton S quare , L iverpool.

1 43

T he

1 04

1 05

f

F ig .

3 0 :

C opies o f

o riginal

s pecification d rawings o f p atents b y C harles

C rop & S ons. N os. 1 04-106.

1 44

F or " Improvements i n t he m anufacture o f t obacco p ipes". ' C lay p ipes a re m ade l ighter i n w eight a nd m ore p orous b y m ixing t he p ipe c lay when d ry w ith f inely p owdered v egetable c harcoal . T he p ipes a re m oulded i n t he o rdinary w ay a nd t hen f ired i n ak iln , t he c arbon b urns a way l eaving t he c lay v ery l ight a nd a bsorbent . ' D rawing n o . 1 03 ( Figure 2 7) m ay b e r elated t o t his p atent o r t hat b y W illiam W hite & S on i n 1 898 ( Patent N o . 2 8,849 o r 1 898). 3 0th , J une ,

1 904 : N o. 1 4,724

C harles C rop, 5 2 B rooksbys W alk , H omerton , L ondon ( 16). F or " Improvements i n t obacco p ipes". ' T he o utlet f rom t he b ottom o f t he b owl ( A ) l eads i nto a c hamber ( B ) , w hich c ontains a n a bsorbent b lock c omposed o f c arbon a nd m agnesia a nd i s c losed w ith a s topper ( H) . A p assage ( H ) i s b ored t hrough t he p art j oining t he b owl a nd s tem i nto c hamber ( B) , a nd c ommunicates w ith t he b ore o f t he s tem , i ts u pper p art b eing c losed b y a s mall p lug ( F) . ' S ee d rawing n o . 1 06 ( F igure

3 0) .

1 7th , M ay, 1 905 : N o . 1 0,333 W illiam N aisu tith C hristie , 3 7 W est N ile S treet, G lasgow. F or " An i mproved p reparation o f c lay t o r ender c lay u nbreakable". ' I n o rder t o m ake c lay p ipes u nbreakable a nd p orous ,

s moking

p ipes

o xide o f i ron o r z inc

a nd m agnesia a re m ixed w ith t he c lay w hen i n t he p ug m ill.'

N otes 1 )

( Section I II).

I n t he C ensus R eturns ,

p arish r egisters a nd i n m ost D irectories , S amuel

G reaves C ooke i s l isted a s ag rocer a nd l ater a s as ize m anufacturer a nd b one b oiler . T herefore p ipe-making w as n ot h is m ain s ource o f i ncome . O ne o f h is c hildren ( born i n 1 842) w as n amed A rthur W ellington C ooke , i ndicating t hat S amuel C ooke must h ave b een a k een f ollower o f t he P rime-minister . F or m ore d etails c oncerning t his p ipe s ee ' P ipemaking i n N ottingham a fter 1 800 ' b y P eter J . H ammond ( British A rchaeological R eports 1 00, 2 )

1 982) , p ages 4 0 a nd 4 1.

T hey a lso s ubmitted t wo o ther p atents, a s f ollows : a )

2 7th , N ovember , 1 858 : N o. 2 699 D avid P osener , W indmill S treet , H aymarket a nd F rederick C onstantine K innear o f H oxton . F or ' Means o f p reserving l ife a nd p roperty i n n avigation".

b )

2 4th , S eptember , 1 862 : N o. 2 606 A dolph a nd D avid P osener , R upert S treet, H aymarket, M iddlesex . F or " Manufacture o f i ndia r ubber a nd o ther t obacco p ouches,

o r

p urses". 3 )

A f eature c oncerning t he T obacco e xhibits i n t he G lasgow I nternational E xhibition o f 1 888 ( Tobacco T rade R eview , i st , J une , 1 888) m entioned a n e xhibited b y W illiam W hite & S on , i ncluding a d isplay o f s ome o f t heir p ipes : ' They a re v ery t astefully a rranged , -

1 45

a nd c onsist o f " cream washed" ,

" vulcanite" ,

" Jubilee P atents" ,

" sand - p apered" ,

" calcined" , " black" ,

" Cavalier" , " stained" , a nd " The V ery T hing P atent" c lays. 4 )

A R ichard B race L aing a lso s ubmitted s ome p atents o n b ehalf o f t he f irm o f W illiam W hite & S on , t hese r elating t o c lay p ipe - m aking m achinery . R obert H enry L aing a lso s ubmitted s imilar p atents.

5 )

T he u se o f p rinted t ransfers o n p ipes w as s oon s ucceeded b y t he u se o f i ndelible i nk s tamps , w hich b oth E dwin S outhorn a nd W illiam S outhorn & C o . u sed i n g reat n umbers . T hese a ppear t o h ave b een c ommissioned m ainly b y v arious b reweries , p ublic h ouses , t obacconists a nd s ome a ssociations . O ver 3 ,000 s uch s tamps s till s urvive i n t he p ossession o f t he p resent S outhorn f amily.

6 )

T his p atent b ecame v oid i n 1 860 d ue t o n on-p ayment o f t he r enewal f ee.

7 )

I n t he

D escriptive

a nd

C hronological L ists

o f

P atents

t hat

were

p ublished b etween 1 867 a nd 1 875 , t he p atentees d escribed t heir p atent a s f ollows: -

' The p rincipal f eature o f t his p ipe i s t hat a s mall b ore t ube i s f ixed o nti t he e nd o f t he m outhpiece , a nd p rojects i nto a s pace m uch l arger t han i n o rdinary p ipes . W e a rgue t hat w hatever l eaves t he m outh a nd t ravels d own t he m outhpiece t hrough t he s mall t ube , a nd f alls i nto t he l arge s pace , c annot p ossibly r eturn t o t he m outh ; t he s ame r ule a pplies t o t he d ischarge o f o il f rom t he b urning t obacco i n t he b owl . W e a lso p rovide t hese p ipes w ith a c hannel f or t he e gress o f a ll a ccumulation i n t he l arge s pace r eferred t o . A nother s anitary n ovelty i s t he p lacing i n t he s pace , d isinfectant'. 8 )

A r eview

o f

a p iece

o f

c amphor ,

t his p ipe a ppeared

' Tobacco' o n 5 th , O ctober ,

w hich

r enders

t he

s moke

a

i n t he s hort-lived J ournal c alled

1 882 :-

' O f t he m any p ipes t hat h ave b een i nvented , i rrespective o f t he m aterial o f w hich t hey h ave b een f ormed , c omparitively f ew h ave p ossessed i n t hemselves t hose e ssential m erits which w ould g ive t hem a l onger e xistence t han t he f ancy o f ad ay , a nd e nable t hem t o s tand t o t he t est o f t ime . C lay p ipes h ave a lways b een r egarded w ith f avour b y s mokers , n o m atter o f w hat r ank o r s tation i n l ife , w ho , e ven i f a bove t he u se o f t hem i n ap ublic w ay , d o n ot d isclaim t hem i n t he h ome o r s tudy . T heir g reatest d rawback , e specially t o t hose c lassed a s ' c utties ' o r ' s traws ' i s t he h eat t hey g enerate . T o o vercome t his , M r . A .A . P ercy ( 68 T rongate , G lasgow) h as r ecently m anufactured a c lay p ipe , s tyled ' P ercy 's P atent I vanhoe P ipe ' w hich h as b een p rotected b y L etters P atent i n G reat B ritain a nd o n t he C ontinent . T his p ipe i s s o c onstructed t hat t he s moke i s d rawn f rom t he t op o f t he p ipe-bowl t hrough a n i nner c up , w hich i s s ecurely h eld i n I ts p osition b y ac ork r ing , w hich a lso k eeps t he p ipe a ir t ight . T hrough p erforations i n t he b ottom o f t he i nner c up , t he n icotine f alls i nto t he o uter b owl , f rom where i t c an b e r emoved a t t he s moker 's p leasure . T he d raught h ole I s s o s ituated t hat a c hoke u p i mpossible .

t he s moker 's ' bele n oir ' i s r endered w ell-nigh A n i ndian r ubber r ing a round t he m outhpiece p revents t he

-

-

p ipe s ticking t o t he l ips . W e h ave h ad t he p leasure o f e xperimenting o n o ne o f a c ollection o f p ipes f orwarded u s b y M r . P ercy a nd o btained a s c ool a nd c omfortable a s moke a s w e c ould d esire ... Mr . P ercy h as a nother n ovelty c alled ' Magic I vanhoe P apers ' , o ne o f w hich , w hen p laced b etween c up a nd b owl o f t he I vanhoe P ipe w hen s moking d evelops i nto a p hotograph ',

1 46

A .A . P ercy p atented

f urther p ipe c aps a nd c overs i n 1 893 ,

1 894 a nd

1 896. 9 )

A r eview o f t his p ipe a ppeared i n t he T obacco T rade R eview o f i st , A ugust, 1 887 w hen i t w as r eferred t o a s t he ' Simplex ' P ipe.

1 0) T he r eview w as a s f ollows: ' Messrs . W illiam W hite & S on , o f G ibson S treet , G lasgow , m anufacturers o f t he w ell-known 2 1-inch L ong S cotch C lay P ipes , h ave p atented a n ovel i nvention f or m eeting t he n icotine d ifficulty . T he b owl o f t he p ipe , w hich i s m ade o f c lay , i s n ot d irectly c onnected w ith t he s tem , b ut t here i s a s mall u pward p assage f rom i t t o a n o rnamental p iece o f w ork o n t he e xterior , w hich b ears a m etal c ap . U pon r eaching t his c ap , t he s moke g oes d own a nother p assage i nto t he s tem , a nd i t i s j ustly c laimed b y t he i nventors t hat t here m ust b e a v ery l arge a ccumulation o f n icotine b efore a ny o f i t c an r each t he m outh o f t he s moker . T he c ontrivance w ill u ndoubtedly b e a g reat b oon t o t he l over o f t he s weet c lay p ipe . L ike t he r est o f t he p roductions o f t he f irm , t he p ipe i s s oft-burned .

I t i s t o b e c alled t he ' J ubilee ' P ipe ' .

C har-es C rop & S ons w ere s till a dvertising t his p ipe i n a dverts w ithin t he T obacco T rade R eview u ntil a t l east 1 898 ( see f igure 1 2 f or a n e xample). 1 2) W .J .

B rown s ubmitted a f urther p atent

l ater t he s ame y ear

( No .

2 1 ,288)

w hen h is a ddress w as g iven a s 1B ohn S treet , S tepney , E . , t obacco p ipe m anufacturer . T his p atent w as c oncerned w ith m aking p ipe m ounts o ut o f v ulcanite o r x ylonite i nstead o f m etal .

T he l atter w as s aid t o b e t he

c ause o f ' cancer o f t he t ongue a nd o ther s erious a ilments ' . M r . B rown c laimed t hat ' in a ddition t o i ts b eing c onductive t o t he h ealth a nd c omfort o f t he s moker , i t m aterially p rolongs t he l ife o f t he p ipe , a s i t c ombines d urability w ith o rnamental a ppearance , w hile t he m ount c an b e r eadily r emoved a nd c leaned w hen d esired ' . 1 3) R avert hill w as p resumably t he s uccessor t o t he b usiness o f H enry D ewy ,

f or

t he a ddress i s t he s ame. 1 4) A p ipe

i s k nown w ith t he b owl i n t he s hape o f t he h ead o f S hakespeare

w ith a s tamp b eneath t he b owl c onsisting o f t he n ame W illiam W hite & S on a nd t heir t rade m ark ' A LLSORBO ' , w ith ' Patent ' a dded b elow ( information f rom M alcolm G reen). 1 5) A P ercy D avid H edderwick h ad p atented ' improvements i n a pparatus t o b e u sed i n m aking t obacco p ipes ' a long w ith T homas D avidson j unior i n 1 888 ( Patent N o . 1 5 ,513) . I f t his H edderwick i s r elated t hen i t i s l ikely t hat t he f irm o f T homas D avidson w as a lso i nvolved w ith t he p atent o f 1 898. 1 6) I nterestingly ,

C harles C rop

& S ons a lso p atented s ome i tems o ther t han

p ipes, a s f ollows : a ) 1 2th , M arch , 1 898 N o. 6 154 F or " Improvements i n a nd r elating i llumination" .

1 47

t o

i ncandescent

g as

a nd

o il

b ) 1 6th , J une ,

1 904 : N o. 1 3,637

C harles C rop , 5 2 B rooksbys W alk , H omerton , L ondon . F " Improvements i n n on-refillable b ottles a nd t he l ike". C ) 1 5th , S eptember , 1 906 N o. 2 0,510 H enry G eorge , C harles C rop a nd J ohn C rop , 5 2 B rooksbys W alk , H omerton , L ondon . F or " Improved s elf-locking d evice f or b oxes, r eceptacles" .

1 48

c abinets , a nd o ther

I V :C ONCLUSION

F ollowing t he s tudy o f r egistered c lay p ipes i t i s v ery a pparent t hat a n umber o f p ipe m anufacturers w ere p articularly k een t o g ain m onopolies i n t he p roduction o f v arious d esigns , a nd t hat c ompetition m ust h ave b een v ery f ierce. B y f ar t he m ost p rominent o f t hese m akers w as t he f irm o f C harles C rop & S ons o f L ondon , w ho b etween 1 860 a nd 1 910 r egistered a t otal o f o ne h undred a nd t wo d esigns ( 1) , w hich w as o ver o ne t hird o f t he t otal n umber o f d esigns s ubmitted f or c lay p ipes . E benezer C hurch , a lso o f L ondon , c ame n ext w ith t wenty — s ix r egistered d esigns , f ollowed b y T homas H olland o f M anchester w ho s ubmitted s ixteen . W illiam J ohn B rown & S on o f L ondon r egistered f ourteen d esigns ( 2) a nd f inally , J ulius W indenger o f G ermany ( 3) a nd S amuel M cLardy o f M anchester r egistered t hirteen e ach .

A ll t he o ther m akers l isted

r egistered s maller q uantities o f p ipes. E vidence o f s tiff c ompetition i s a pparent f rom t he f act t hat p ipes r egistered b y d ifferent m akers f requently l ooked v ery s imilar i n a ppearance , t hose d esigns w here c ertificates w ere n ot i ssued p robably b eing t oo s imilar t o w arrant o riginality . T he m akers i nvolved o bviously c losely o bserved e ach o thers ' a ctivities , r esulting a s w e h ave s een i n a t l east t wo c ourt c ases c oncerning i nfringment o f d esigns a nd a lso i n t wo c ourt a ctions t hat l ed t o t he r emoval o f t wo d esigns f rom t he r egister. N ot o nly i s c ompetition a mongst m akers e vident , f ashions i n t he p ipes t hemselves .

b ut

a lso t he c hanging

I t i s o bvious f rom m any o f t he d esigns

r egistered t hat t he m akers f ollowed t he g eneral h eadlines i n t he m edia w ith c lose i nterest a nd s trived t o p roduce t he f irst a nd b est d esigns a s q uickly a s p ossible . S ometimes s uch p ipes h ad b een r egistered o nly d ays a fter a c ertain e vent t ook p lace , o r e ven i n a nticipation o f i t , i n o rder t o g ain a s trong f ooting i n t heir s ale . T his w as o ne o f t he b ig a dvantages a bout c lay p ipes a s t heir a daptability a nd q uick t urnover e nsured a r eady m arket. W e c an s ee t he g reater d iversity a nd t he i ncreasing o rnamental s kills t o w hich p ipe m akers w ent t o i n p roducing t heir d esigns a nd t he i ntroduction o f n ew t rends c an b e t raced . P erhaps t he m ost s ignificant o f t hese w as t he i ncreasing p opularity o f p ipes w ith t he b owls s haped a s t he h eads o f v arious m en , w hich , a ccording t o t he d esigns t hat w ere r egistered , t ook p lace I n t he l ater

1 870 's a nd e arly

1 800 's

( 4) .

T his

I s a lso c orraborated b y t he

s tatement t hat t he p ipemaker W illiam J ohn B rown g ave i n t he c ourt c ase b etween C rop a nd B aker i n 1 888 , w hen h e s aid t hat h e " first s aw a f ace a nd h at p ipe s even o r e ight y ears a go" ( 5) . P ipes w ith b owls s haped a s l adies h eads

b ecame p opular i n t he

1 890 's ,

w ith s ome v ery

o rnate e xamples b eing

p roduced. A fter

1 904

t he n umbers

o f p ipes b eing r egistered d ropped c onsiderably

a nd c ontinued t o d ecline ( with n o p ipes a t a ll b eing r egistered I n 1 907 a nd 1 908) u ntil 1 912 w hen t he l ast k nown c lay p ipe w as r egistered. A s f ar a s r egistered t rade m arks a re c oncerned ,

t here w as a s pate o f

r egistrations I n 1 876 a nd 1 877 b y m akers e ndevouring t o s ubmit m arks t hat

h ad b een i n u se f or a c onsiderable l ength o f t ime .

T his w as f ollowed b y a

r egular a ppearance o f m ainly n ew m arks w hich c ontinued r ight t hrough u ntil 1 913 when t he l ast o nes ( by C harles T ennant & S on) a ppear t o h ave b een r egistered . A f ew o f t he m arks w ere r egistered b y m akers w ho h ad a lso r egistered d esigns o f p ipes , s uch a s S amuel M cLardy a nd A lfred C harles J ack . S uprisingly , C harles C rop & S ons d id n ot c hoose t o r egister a ny t rade m arks , a nd s imilarly i t i s r ather s trange t hat t he c reative a nd p roductive f irm o f G ambier d id n ot s ubmit a ny r egistered d esigns ( 6 ) . F inally ,

w ith p atents t here w as a s cattering o f e ntries f or c lay p ipes

r ight t hrough f rom 1 856 t o a t l east 1 905 , m embers o f t he C rop f amily , W illiam J ohn B rown , a nd S amuel McLardy a gain f iguring p rominently . S ometimes p atents w ere i nter-related w ith r egistered d esigns o r t rade m arks , e xamples

o f

t he

f ormer g enerally b eing i n t he n on-ornamental

e xamples o f t he l atter b eing s ubmitted b y D ewy a nd W hite ( 7 ) .

s eries ,

a nd

T he g eneral

i ntroduction o f ' colouring ' p ipes a nd a lso t he u se o f t ransfer p rinting o n p ipes c learly t ook p lace a t a round 1 860 a ccording t o t he p atents s ubmitted , t hough g enerally p atents w ere c oncerned w ith t he c onstructional o r f unctional a spects o f p ipes i n c ontrast t o t he o rnamental e mphasis o f m ost r egistered d esigns. A s

r esult o f t his s tudy w e h ave a n a ccurate d ocumentary p icture o f t he

l ater V ictorian a nd E dwardian d evelopment o f c lay p ipes a nd t he i ndustry a s aw hole .

I t w as t his p eriod t hat w itnessed t he g eneral i ntroduction o f t he

m ore e laborate a nd i nnovations , a nd s aw t hem r each t heir p eak o f p erfection w ith s ome v ery i maganitive a nd a rtistic e xamples b eing p roduced . T his w as q uickly f ollowed b y t he d emise o f t he c lay p ipe m aking i ndustry , w ith n o k nown d esigns , p atents o r t rade m arks r egistered a t a ll b y t he o utbreak o f t he F irst W orld W ar.

N OTES 1 )

T his e xcludes t wo d esigns t hat w ere n ot c ertified a nd t hree o thers t hat w ere n ot p ipes .

2 )

T his e xcludes o ne d esign t hat w as n ot c ertified a nd o ne o ther t hat w as n ot a p ipe.

3 )

T his e xcludes t hree d esigns t hat w ere n ot c ertified.

4 )

A n i tem h eaded ' P enny c lay p ipes ' p ublished i n t he T obacco T rade R eview o f 1 9th , J anuary, 1 875 h elps c onfirm t his w hen i t s ays :' A n ew f eature i n t he m anufacture o f c lay p ipes h as j ust b een i ntroduced b y M .L . F iolet ( should b e L .M . F iolet) o f S t . O mer , F rance . T he p ipes a re m ade o f c lay , b ut t he b owls c onsist o f a rtistically - s haped h eads o f c elebrities . T he p ipes a re s old a t t he n ominal s um o f a p enny , a nd w ill n o d oubt h ave a r eady s ale ' .

5 )

R eported i n T he T obacco T rade R eview o f i st , D ecember ,

1 888 ( see p p 4 34

a bove f or t he f ull a ccount). 6 )

L ike F iolet ,

G ambier h ad L ondon a gents w ho c ould h ave s ubmitted d esigns

f or r egistration ( as w ith R egistered T rade M arks 1 64599 a nd 1 64602) . 7 )

S ee P atent N o. 1 0 ,671 o f 1 888 a nd P atent N o. 2 8 ,849 o f 1 897.

1 49

A PPENDIX S UMMARY L IST O F P ROPRIETORS O F R EGISTERED D ESIGNS, R EGISTERED T R ADE M ARKS A ND P ATENTS.

T his f orm :

l ist

i s

a rranged

a iphebetically

b y

p roprietor

i n

t he

f ollowing

-

a ) D iamond R egistrations ( ornamental a nd n on-ornamental ,

c omplete

u nless o therwise s tated). b ) R egistered N umbers ( excluding u ncertified d esigns a nd d esigns s ubmitted b y p ipe m akers t hat a re n ot p ipes). c ) R egistered T rade M arks ( excluding t rade m arks o ccuring o n p ipes o f u nspecified m aterial a nd u nregistered t rade m arks). d ) P atents ( the y ear i s g iven i n a ddition t o t he P atent N umber).

B AKER H .W. ( London) a ) 3 36926 , 3 42768 , 3 87779 , 4 05416 ( ornamental). b )

4 8149 , 1 78569 , 2 59260 , 3 53737.

B ARKER , H . ( Hastings) d )

N o. 2 532 o f 1 859.

B ECKETT. C . ( Liverpool) a ) 3 15564 ( ornamen tal). B LAKE W . T . ( London) c ) d )

3 9031. N o. 1 305 o f 1 870 ( with M . H yams).

B OUD W . a )

( London)

3 47463 ( ornamental).

B REEN P .J. ( Liverpool) c )

3 02788.

B REESE E .H. ( Birmingham) h )

4 28276.

B ROWN W .J. ( London) a ) 1 26578 , 1 27682 , 1 27683 , 1 63790 , 1 86716 ( ornamental). b ) 2 1834 , 9 3528 , 1 03171, 3 55559 , 3 62327, 3 77283, 4 01848 , 4 62689 , 4 81745. d )

N o. 5 61 o f 1 859 , N o. 8 899 o f 1 890 , N o. 1 6 ,995 o f 1 895.

B USH W . a )

( London)

9 6911 ( ornamental).

C ARRINGTON W .H. b )

( Manchester)

2 10635.

1 50

C HEW C . ( Blackburn) b )

6 388.

C HRISTIE W .N. ( Leith , E dinburgh a nd G lasgow). b ) d )

4 46863. N o. 1 7,560 o f 1 897, N o. 1 3 ,843 o f 1 898 , N o. 1 0 ,333 o f 1 905.

C HURCH E . ( London) a ) 27 114 , 2 71554 , 2 76890 , 2 76891, 2 79651 , 2 79652 , 3 01229 , 3 01330 , 3 01331 , 3 03978 , 3 05217, 3 11049 , 3 11050 , 3 20247, 3 20248 , 3 20249 , 3 30574, 3 33776 , 3 39906 , b )

3 66655 3, 3 66656 ,

3 77562 ( ornamental) .

2 23 ,31279 , 3 1280 , 5 0173.

C HURCH E .J. b ) d )

( London)

1 50285, 1 97391. N o 's. 1 4 ,920 a nd 1 5 ,714 o f 1 890.

C OC F IRANE H . b )

( London)

6 9748.

C OLES W ( London) b )

5 537o0.

C OWLAN ] D W .H. ( London) b ) 1 91787, 1 91788 , 2 17205. C RETAL J .B. d )

( St. M alo , F rance)

N o. 3 273 o f 1 861.

C ROP C . &S ONS ( London) a ) 1 30581, 1 37568 , 1 37569 , 1 47019 , b )

1 48173 ,

1 48872 ,

1 37570 ,

1 42235 ,

1 42236 ,

1 46123 ,

1 46124 ,

1 46618 ,

1 52613 ,

1 59873 ,

1 61614 ,

1 62084 ,

1 63703 ,

2 07074 ,

2 08035 , 2 08631, 2 38 184 , 2 89905 ( ornamental). 2 100, 5 381, 2 0218 , 3 8899 , 8 1616 , 8 8787, 8 9618 , 9 0264, 9 1969 , 9 3821, 9 5399 9 9 6825 3, 1 07696 , 18240 , 1 23125 , 1 24670 , 1 28041 , 1 29289 , 1 36876 , 1 37125 , 1 39047 , 1 42144 , 1 47957 , 1 59329 , 1 59330 , 1 61371 , 1 63599 , 1 68234 , 1 88791, 1 88792 , 2 01219 , 2 06856 , 2 06857 , 2 06858 , 2 15626 , 2 18042 , 2 18043 , 2 29679 , 2 36417 , 2 36418 , 2 37200 , 2 41792 , 2 42719 , 2 65060 , 2 65061, 2 76952 , 2 88125 , 2 91715 , 2 99810 , 3 06412 , 3 11305 , 3 12471, 3 18759 , 3 18760 , 3 26032 , 3 26979 9, 3 26980 , 3 26981 , 3 37785 , 3 38129 , 3 45182 , 3 51446 , 3 53104 , 3 56110 , 3 56577 , 3 59475 , 3 61236 , 3 66644 , 3 73036 , 3 83714 , 3 87657 , 3 89119 , 3 95212 , 3 99939 , 4 27510 , 4 52750 , 4 56793 , 4 72300 , 4 86101 ,

5 57465 ,

( the l atter w ith

T he S tar N ewspaper). d )

N o . 2 016 o f 1 872, N o . 1 0 ,016 o f 1 890 , N o . 1 4 ,671 o f 1 892, N o . 6 747 o f 1 898 , N o. 1 6 ,333 o f 1 903 , N o. 1 4 ,724 o f 1 904.

D AVIDSON T . J un. & C o., b )

( Glasgow)

2 2419.

D EWY H . ( Gloucester) a ) 3 67391 ( ornan ntal). b )

3 9986 , 4 1948 .

c ) d )

4 7403, 8 6045. N o. 1 0 , 6 71 o r 1 888.

1 51

E LRICK T . ( Aberdeen) b )

5 54168.

F IOLET L .M . ( St. O mer , F rance) a ) b )

3 523 ( non-ornamental). 3 50122 , 3 52681, 3 56369 ,

3 71687,

3 74687, 3 74642 ,

4 17918 ( all v ia T .

M eichoir d e L oecker). C )

4 998.

F ISHER T . ( London). a ) P rovisional N o. 1 376 ( non-ornamental). F LETCHER B . ( LONDON) a ) P rovisional N o. 9 70 ( non-ornamental). F ORSDIKE E .T. & C o. a )

F RANKAU S . &C o. a ) d )

( Manchester).

3 83214 ( ornamental). ( London)

1 25422 ( ornamental). N o. 8 7 o r 1 860.

F REIDRICH J . ( London) a ) 2 93105 ( ornamental). G AMBlER J . ( Givet a nd P aris, F rance) C) 1 3768 , 1 3769 , 1 3770 , 1 64599 , 1 64600 , V ieuve H asslauer d e C hampeaux). G ARDNER J . ( London) a ) 1 20390 ( ornamental). G ARNIER E . ( London) b )

1 96929.

G ISCLON A . ( France) a )

3 00314 ( ornamental).

G OLDSMITH H . b )

( London)

4 50634, 4 53602.

H ARBURGHER G UMMI-KAMM C OMPANY ( Germany) b )

2 53516 ( see n ote 4 7, S ection I ).

H EDDERWICK A .W. ( Glasgow) d )

N o. 6 276 o f 1 898.

H ENSHER G . ( London) b )

1 41225.

H IGGINS J . ( London) a )

1 40223 ( ornamental).

H OLLAND G . ( Manchester) b )

3 8 168.

1 52

1 64601,

1 64602

( by s uccessors

H OLLAND J . &S ons ( Manchester) b ) 4 52747, 6 08536. H OLLAND T . ( Manchester) a ) 2 69622 , 3 09622 , 3 1 898 , 3 13058 , 3 14648 , 3 14649 , 3 15562 , 3 15563 , 3 16524 , 3 16525, 3 17054 , 3 17055 , 3 19199 , 3 19200 , 3 25717, 3 25718 ( ornamenetal). R OWLAND J . ( London) a ) 1 31 683 , 1 39856 ( orname ntal p reviously prov is ona l ly r egistered : N o . 's 5 32 a nd 5 49 r espectively); 5 88 , 6 30 , 8 63 ( ornamental p rovisional o nly). 4 070 ( non-ornamental p reviously p rovisionally r egistered : N o . 9 60 -

-

-

w ith A . S mart), 9 83 ( non-orna m ental

-

p rovisional o nly).

H YAMS M & C o. ( London ) a ) 1 25642, 1 36076 , 1 42848 ( orna m ental) d ) N o. 2 114 o f 1 861, N o. 1 305 o f 1 870 ( the l atter w ith W .T. B lake). I ZOD J . c )

( London)

1 262.

J ACK A . C . &C o. ( London) b )

3 54468 , 3 58794, 3 93026.

c )

9 4976.

J ACKSON C . ( Nottingham) d )

N o. 1 453 o f 1 883.

J ACOBS B . ( London) a) 1 39315 , 1 42859 ,

1 42860

J OSEPH H . ( London) a ) 1 37390 , 1 37391,

1 40695 ,

,

1 4286

1 , 1 53592,

1 40696 ( ornamental).

K EEVIL E . ( Dublin) a ) 1 49291 ( ornamental). K EYS, H ITCH & C o. ( London) c )

2 12454.

L ANGSTEIN J . d )

d )

( London )

N o. 7 93 o f 1 860.

L ISTON A .

( Glasgow)

N o. 2 706 o f 1 878 .

L ONGWOR T E C . ( London ) a ) 9 5259 ( ornamental) L UINTON J . b )

b )

( Oxford)

4 32507.

M acPHAIL N . d )

( London)

1 24591.

L UNN C .

1 53593

( Glasgow)

N o. 8 178 o f 1 895.

1 53

,3 22122

( ornamental).

M CDOUGALL D . &C o. c )

( Glasgow)

1534

M cLARDY S . a )

( Manchester)

3 57848 ( ornamen tal).

b ) C ) d )

5343 , 1 20852 , 2 452 , 2 453 , 6 387 , 3 3097 , 5 3 89600 , 4 30209 . 1 79696 , 1 82831. 837 o f 1 889. N o. 1 0 , 4 62 o f 1 886 , N o. 5

M cLEAN P . b ) c )

( Dundee)

1 47863 , 2 54338 . 2 24426 , 2 79969.

M ARRIOTT T . F . a )

1 21416 ,

( Halifax)

1 25288 ( ornamen tal)

M ELCHIOR d e L OECKER T .:

S ee F IOLET L .M .

M ILLARD G . H . ( Birmingham) a ) 1 02907 a nd P rovisional N o. 4 07 ( ornamental). M ILO T heo A . a )

( London)

2 75763 a nd P rovisional N o. 152 ( ornamental).

M ILO T hos. ( London) a ) P rovisional N o. 5 71 ( ornamental). O PPENHEIMER D . &C o. ( London) a ) 3 45718 , 3 49840 ( ornamental) O SBORN W . T . ( London) b ) 5 62809 . P ARES J .:

S ee P ERVGIA W .

P ARNELL F .

( London).

b )

5 36890.

P ERCY A . A . c ) d )

( Glasgow)

2 5582, 1 99046. N o. 2 634 o f 1 880.

P ERVGIA W . &P ARES J . ( London) a )

1 27171

( ornamen tal)

P ICARD A . ( France) d ) N o. 2 327 o f 1 856. P IERCE W . H . ( Manchester) c )

2 1477, 2 1478.

d )

N o. 1 6 , 5 52 o f 1 888.

P OLLOCK E . ( Manchester) b ) 1 41606 , 1 44211, 1 95922 , 3 52934.

1 54

1 22566 ,

2 41693 ,

2 45215 ,

P OPE E . P . c )

( London)

2 04609.

P OPE T . ( London) a ) P rovisional N o. 1 626 ( non ornamental). P OSENER A . &D . ( London) c ) 4 345 , 4 346 , 4 347, 2 5930 , 3 9956 , 7 1697, 2 19316. d )

N o. 1 403 o f 1 869.

P RIEST G . b )

( Canton)

8 6705.

P RINCE J . W . ( Manchester) b )

3 84715.

R AVENHILL C . F . ( Gloucester) d )

N o. 2 8 , 7 89 o f 1 896.

R EVILLE H . W . ( London) a ) 3 04953, 3 04954, 3 05022 ( ornamental). R EYNOLDS H . E . ( London) c )

4 2996.

R EYNOLDS J . G . ( Bristol a nd L ondon) a ) 1 18810 , 1 25340 , 1 26084 ( ornamental p rovisionally r egistered :

-

t he

l atter

t wo

p reviously

N os . 5 03 a nd 5 05 r espectively) .

2 933 a nd P rovisional N o. 9 22 ( non-ornamental). d )

N o. 3 058 o f 1 860.

S AUL W . ( London) a ) 1 25135 ( ornamental). S CHULER J . &H OFFMAN M . a )

( London)

3 02231 ( orna mental).

S HARMAN & L ONG ( Lincoln) b )

4 27018.

S HEPPAR D J• N . b )

S ILK H . b )

( London)

1 23647.

S INCLAIR R . c )

( London)

3 52153.

( Newcastle)

6 0219.

S M ART A . ( London) a ) 2 05717 ( ornamental)

4 070

a nd

P rovisional

w ith J . H owland ) . S MITH J . B . ( Manchester) c )

4 7213.

1 55

N o .

9 60

( non ornamental

-

S OUTHORN E . a ) c ) d )

S PAUL A . b )

( Broseley)

1 25650 ( ornamental). 5 112. N o. 1 081 o f 1 860. ( London)

5 52852.

S TAR N EWSPAPER :

S ee C ROP C . &S ONS.

S TEWART W . &S ON ( Liverpool) a )

3 14621, 3 15485 ( ornamental).

T ENNANT C . &S ON ( Berwick) c )

3 31695 , 3 42586 , 3 57272 , 3 57413 , 3 57414.

T OWNSEND J . ( London) a ) 1 49487 ( ornamental). T URPIN & S ONS ( Macclesfield) b )

4 30100.

U PWARD E . a )

( London)

2 624 ( non-ornamental).

W ALTON J . E . a )

( Liverpool)

P rovisional N o. 1 395 ( non-ornamental).

W ARD E . ( Liverpool) d ) N o. 3 056 o f 1 883. W ETZLAR B ROTHERS ( France a nd L ondon) a )

2 76215 ( ornamental).

W HITE C . A . ( Liverpool) d )

N o. 2 0 , 6 90 o f 1 903.

W HITE L . d )

( Paisley)

N o. 1 683 o f 1 865.

W HITE W .& S ON ( Glasgow) c ) d )

2 09285 , 2 15457. N o . 3 065 o f 1 887 , N o . 1 2 , 7 02 o f 1 894 ( via R .H . L aing) , N o . 2 8 , 4 89 o f 1 897 ( via R .H . L aing).

W INDENGER J . &C o. ( Germany) b ) 3 59761 , 3 59762 , 3 59763 , 3 59764 ,

3 59765 ,

3 59766 ,

3 59767 ,

3 59768 ,

3 59769 ,

3 59770 , 3 61831, 3 61832 , 3 75693. W OLF E . ( London) a )

2 76217 ( ornamental).

W OLF & B AKER ( London) a ) 1 03832 ( ornamental). N ote t hat t he o nly m anufacturers w ho s ubmitted a ll t hree c ategories ( i .e . R egistered D esigns , T rade m arks a nd P atents) w ere H . D ewy , S . M cLardy a nd E . S outhorn .

1 56

C LAY P IPES F ROM N ORTON P RIORY P ETER D AVEY w ith a n H istorical I ntroduction b y J . P ATRICK G REENE

I ntroduction T he a im o f

t his p aper

i s

t o c onsider a ll f inds o f c lay t obacco p ipes

r ecovered f rom t he N orton P riory e xcavations b etween 1 971

a nd

1 982 .

T he

p ipes h ave b een r ecorded a nd s tudied a ccording t o t he G uidelines p roduced b y t he writer i n 1 981 ( Davey 1 981) . T he r eport i s d ivided i nto f ive p arts . F irst , t here i s a s ummary o f t he h istorical e vidence f or a ctivity o n t he P riory s ite d uring t he t ime i n w hich t he c lay p ipes w ere b eing u sed , b y P atrick G reene . S econdly t he p ipes t hemselves a re p resented , w ith s ome 1 45 fgures an d a ccompanying t ext. T hirdly , t here i s ' ad iscussion o f t he e vidence p rovided b y t he p ipes f or t he P riory c ontexts i n g eneral a nd a lso a c onsideration o f s ome o f t he m ore i nteresting a nd i mportant i ndividual c ontexts . F ourthly , t here f ollows a c onsideration o f t he s ocio-e conomic i mplications o f t he p ipe e vidence a nd a c omparison b etween t he P riory e vidence a nd t hat f rom N orton V illage . F inally t he s ignificance o f t he p ipes i n r egional p ipe s tudies i s c onsidered . I n a ddition t here i s a n i ndex o f a ll t he p ipe d ata f rom t he s ite, a b ibliography a nd a cknowledgements .

T he a rchive o f p ipe i nformation f rom N orton i s h eld i n

t he N orton P riory M useum a nd c onsists o f t he p ipes t hemselves, a ll t he o riginal d rawings a nd n otes a bout t he p ipes , c orrespondance , s mall f inds l ists

e tc .

H ISTORICAL B ACKGROUND b y J . P atrick G reene. I n 1 115 a n A ugustinian p riory was f ounded b y W illiam f itz N igel a t R uncorn i n C heshire ( Tait 1 939) . R uncorn i s o n t he s outh b ank o f t he M ersey e stuary , 1 8km f rom L iverpool a nd 2 0km f rom C hester . I n 134 t he f ounder 's s on m oved t he c anons t o a n ew s ite i n t he m anor o f N orton , 4 km e ast o f R uncorn . T he r eligious h ouse c ontinued o n t hat s ite f or f our c enturies u ntil

t he D issolution i n 1 536 ;

i n 1 391

i t h ad r eceived t he

r elatively u nusual d istinction f or a n A ugustinian h ouse o f b eing e levated t o t he r ank o f a bbey ( the c riteria f or e levation a re d iscussed i n G reene 1 979) . I n 1 545 t he a bbey a nd i ts l ands w ere s old t o o ne R ichard B rooke , ak night w ith a p osition a t c ourt ( Vice A dmiral o f E ngland) t hat m ade h im t ypical o f t hose f or w hom t he D issolution p rovided o pportunities f or l and a cquisition a nd a ggrandisement . B rookes o wned N orton f or t he n ext f our c enturies , f irst a dapting t he m onastic b uildings a s a h ome , a nd t hen r eplacing t hem w ith a c ountry h ouse i n t he s econd q uarter o f t he e ighteenth c entury . T he h ouse was a bandoned i n 1 922 a nd was d emolished i n 1 928 . T he s ite was p resented t o R uncorn D evelopment C orporation i n 1 966 b y S ir R ichard B rooke , t he n inth b aronet .

1 57

T he E xcavation F ollowing a p ilot e xcavation i n 1 970 u ndertaken b y H ugh T hompson , t he writer d irected a l arge s cale e xcavation f or t he R uncorn D evelopment C orporation w ith w ork t aking p lace e very y ear f rom 1 971 t o 1 982 ( summaries i n G reene , 1 972 , 1 974 , 1 980 a nd a lso a nnually i n M edieval A rchaeology a nd C heshire A rchaeological B ulletin ) . F urther s easons w ere d irected b y B evis S ale i n 1 983 , 1 984 , a nd 1 985 . When t he p roject s tarted, o nly t he u ndercroft o f t he w est ( cellarer 's) r ange s urvived a bove g round . A s e xcavation p rogressed , t he r emains o f t he c hurch , c hapter h ouse , d ormitory a nd r efectory r anges , t he c loister a nd t he k itchens w ere r evealed . W ork t hen c oncentrated o n t he o uter c ourtyard , t he m oat s ystem o f t he p riory , i ndustrial a reas t o t he n orth e tc . H istorical r esearch p roceeded i n p arallel a nd t ogether t he t wo s ources o f i nformation s hed l ight o n t he w hole d evelopment o f t he s ite ( Greene 1 984) . I t i s t he p ost-medieval p eriod t hat i s r elevant t o t he s tudy o f c lay p ipes ,

a nd w hich w ill b e d escribed h ere .

T he T udor H ouse W hen S ir R ichard B rooke b ought N orton A bbey b uildings o f t he o uter c ourt i nto h is r esidence .

i n 1 545 h e c onverted t he T here w ere t wo r easons

f or t he r etention o f t he m edieval b uildings . T he f irst i s t hat t he l ife s tyle a nd a ccommodation o f a l ate-medieval a bbot w ere s imilar t o t hat o f a s ecular l ord . T he a daptation o f t hose b uildings t hat h ad b een t he a bbot 's q uarters w ould h ave b een r eadily a chieved . A t N orton t hese c onsisted o f t he u pper f loor o f t he w est r ange , a nd a t ower h ouse a dded t o i t i n t he f ourteenth c entury . O ther b uildings s urrounding t he m onastic c ourtyard t he s ervice b uildings o f t he a bbey w ould h ave h ad a c ontinuing f unction a nd w ould b e l ikely t o b e r etained . T he k itchens a nd g uest q uarters would -

-

l ikewise h ave

b een a n a sset

t o

t he n ew

o wners .

T he

s econd

f actor

t hat

m ilitated a gainst c hange w as t he f inancial p osition o f t he B rookes . T he £ 1.500 p urchase p rice i nvolved h eavy m ortgages a nd a l arge d ebt t o t he C rown ( Cal . P atent R olls , M ary , 2 4 D ec 1 553) . T he c onsequences o f t hese t wo f actors i s t hat l ittle n ew c onstruction w ork t ook p lace , a nd o nly i n i solated m inor c ases d id t he e xcavation r eveal t he f oundations o f s ixteenth c entury

b uildings .

T he f ate o f t he c hurch a nd t he o ther c laustral b uildings w as v ery d ifferent . T he c hurch was a lmost c ertainly d emolished s oon a fter t he B rooke p urchase , a nd t he o ther r anges w ith t he e laborate c loister f ollowed s oon a fterwards . T he l ack o f d ebris o n t he s ite p oints t o a m ethodical a nd e fficient o peration b y t he B rookes , e ngaging i n a ll p robability i n ap rocess o f a sset-stripping i n o rder t o r ealise p art o f t heir i nvestment. I n e ffect ,

t he n ew o wners o f N orton t urned t heir b acks o n t he c loister

w hich h ad p reviously b een a t t he h eart o f t he o rder ,

c ommunity .

t he f ocus o f a ctivity m oved t o t he o uter c ourt .

U nder t he n ew

T he c loister g arth

h ad b een i n t he f orm o f a l ow l ying ( presumably g rassed) a rea s urrounded b y a b road , p artially d ecorative d rain . A part f rom a f ew d iscarded s andstone b locks , t he r ubbish t hat a ccumulated t here w as d omestic i n o rigin . T he l ower water-logged l ayers p roduced m uch i n t he way o f o rganic o bjects ( shoes , w ooden b owls, e tc .) a s well a s p ottery a nd l arge q uantities o f a nimal b ones . T he h igher l evel ( consisting o f b lack c harcoal r ich s oil i n w hich i t w as i mpossible t o d istinguish I ndividual l ayers) y ielded , a mongst o ther f inds , f ragments o f c lay p ipe . I n a ssociation w ere c onsiderable q uantities o f p ottery ,

a nimal b one a nd g lass .

1 58

T here c an b e

l ittle d oubt

t hat t he c loister w as t he p rincipal d umping g round f or t he o ccupants o f t he T udor H ouse , d espite i ts p roximity t o t heir r esidence .

T he G eorgian H ouse V ery

f ew d ocuments s urvive

i n t he B rooke

c ollection ,

t he r emnants

o f

which a re h oused i n t he C heshire R ecord O ffice . N either t hey n or a ny r eference e lsewhere h as r evealed t he y ear i n w hich t he l argely m edieval b uildings w ere d emolished t o b e r eplaced b y a G eorgian C ountry H ouse o f c lassical a ppearance , n or t he n ame o f i ts a rchitect . T he n ew h ouse h ad n ot b een b uilt w hen t he B uck b rothers d rew N orton P riory ( to w hich n ame t he h ouse h ad

r everted) i n 1 727 .

I n 1 757 ,

h owever ,

a n e state m ap

Q .E .

1 757)

s hows t he p lan o f t he c lassical h ouse , t hough w ith s ome o f t he m edieval b uildings o f t he o uter c ourt s uch a s t he g ate h ouse s till s tanding . I n a f ew p laces o n t he s ite , p articularly i n t he s outh w est p art , i t h as b een p ossible t o i dentify a n h orizon a ssociated w ith t he d emolition o f t he m edieval/Tudor k itchens p rior t o l andscaping o perations . C lay p ipes i n t hese c ontexts , a s w ell a s f oundation t renches a nd ( rather m ore u sefully) d rains a ssociated w ith t he f irst p hase o f t he n ew h ouse , r ef ine t his d ate r ange .

c ould h elp t o

A m ajor i mpact o f t he c ountry h ouse i n t erms o f t he a rchaeology o f t he s ite i s d ue t o g ardening a ctivities . T he f irst p hase o f t he l andscaping , i ncluding a f ormal g arden t o t he e ast

o f

t he h ouse a nd c overing t he a rea

p reviously o ccupied b y t he c loister , i s s hown o n t he 1 757 m ap , b ut i t w as f ollowed b y s everal o ther w ide r anging s chemes, p articularly i n t he n ineteenth c entury . T he t urning o f t he s oil a nd t he c learance o f ' r ubble ' h ad a major i mpact o n a rchaeological d eposits p articularly t he l ater -

l ayers . G ardening u ndoubtedly d iminished t he n umber o f c ontexts i n w hich t he c lay p ipes m ight o therwise h ave b een f ound . M any h ave c ome f rom g arden s oil ,

h owever.

T he h ouse l ikewise u nderwent a n umber o f m odifications . T hese i ncluded t he c onstruction o f as outh r ange i n t he l atter h alf o f t he e ighteenth c entury , a nd a t raditionally r eputed ( but o therwise u ncollaborated) s eries o f m odifications t o t he i nterior a nd n orth f acade b y J ames W yatt i n t he l ate e ighteenth c entury ( attributed i n P evsner & H ubbard 1 971 , 2 97) . A n umber o f c hanges w ere m ade i n 1 868 w hich i ncluded t he c onstruction o f ap orch o n t he w est f ront l eading t o t he m edieval u ndercroft w hich b ecame t he e ntrance h all o f t he h ouse . B y t he e arly t wentieth c entury t he h ouse w as b ecoming i ncreasingly o utdated . T he c ost o f m odernisation a t at ime w hen p ollution w as h aving s evere e ffects o n t he p arkland t rees e ventually p ersuaded t he B rookes t o l eave N orton i n 1 922 . I n 1 928 t he h ouse w as d emolished , l eaving o nly t he m edieval u ndercroft s tanding . T he

s eries o f m odifications t o t he h ouse a nd t he g rounds r esulted i n a

n umber o f a rchaeological c ontexts i n w hich c lay p ipes h ave b een f ound.

T he S mokers N orton P riory p rovides a n i nteresting s ource o f c lay p ipes f or t he a rchaeologist t o s tudy a s t he u sers o f t he p ipes c an b e f airly c losely d efined . T hroughout t he p eriod d uring which c lay p ipe f ragments w ere d iscarded a t N orton P riory i t w as i n t he o wnership a nd o ccupation o f j ust o ne f amily, t he B rookes . T he f amily c ould b e d escribed a s t ypical

1 59

l andowning g entry , w ith a f airly m odest s eat , s ubstantial l and h oldings ( 6 ,200 a cres w orth £ 13 ,000 i n a nnual r ental i n 1 893) a nd f rom 1 662 o f t he r ank o f b aronet . T he s ite o f t heir m ansion h ad n o a djoining s ettlement . I t w as 1 . 5km f rom b oth t he t ownship v illage o f N orton a nd H alton , t he s mall b orough w hich ,

a s t he s eat o f t he B arons o f H alton ,

w as t he a dministrative

c entre o f t he a rea . I t c an t herefore b e a ssumed t hat t he s mokers who u sed t he c lay p ipes w ere m embers o f t he B rooke f amily , t heir g uests , a nd t heir s ervants .

O f t he l atter ,

s ome w ill h ave ' l ived i n ' a nd t he r emainder w ill

h ave c ome e ach d ay f rom t he a djacent v illages . T he c ollection o f c lay p ipes f rom N orton P riory ,

w ithin t he l imits s et

b y t he v agaries o f d eposition , s urvival a nd r etrieval , s hould p rovide a n i nteresting c omparison w ith t hose f rom d ifferent s ocial c ontex ts . T he c ollection f rom N orton V illage ( Greene a nd H ough 1 977) o r f rom a n u rban s etting m ight b e e xpected t o s how m arked d ifferences i n , f or e xample , q uality a nd o rigin .

T HE P IPES A t -ta1

o f

1 115

f ragments

o f

c lay

p ipe

was

r ecovered

f rom

t he

e xcavations f rom 7 7 t renches a nd 2 13 c ontexts , i ncluding 2 8 f ragments f rom 7 t renches, 1 5 c ontexts i n t he P laying F ields a nd 2 5 f ragments i n 5 u nstratified g roups . T he i llustrations w hich f ollow a re i ntended t o i nclude a ll t he m ajor f orms a nd d ecoration t ypes . I n f act 9 6 o ut o f 1 51 b owls a re i llustrated t ogether w ith 2 4 d ecorated s tems ( Figures 1 -145) . T he p ipes a re p resented i n r ough c hronological o rder s tarting with t he e arlier 1 7th c entury b owls a nd f inishing w ith t he d ecorated s tems . A t t he e nd o f t his s eries t he w hole g roup 3 1(1) i s p resented a s a s ingle s equence . T he p ipes f rom N orton V illage ( Figures 1 46-177) a re i ncluded f or c omparative p urposes a nd i n o rder t o b ring t he p revious p ublication u p t o d ate ( Davey 1 977) . T he d ata f or a ll t he p ipes a re c ontained i n A ppendix 1 ( p .214 231) . I n t he c aptions f or t he f igures t he i nformation i s p resented i n t he f ollowing o rder , e ach c ategory b eing s eparated b y as emi—colon : f ig . n umber ; d escription , i ncluding a ny p eculiarities o f f abric ; d ecoration , i f a ny ; s tem—bore d iameter i n / 64" , w here m easurable ; t rench , c ontext a nd s mall—find n umber , where a ppropriate ; d etails o f o ther e xamples f rom N orton n ot i llustrated ;

c omparanda p refaced b y c f ; p robable s ource a nd d ate r ange .

T HE P IPES I N C ONTEXT H aving d escribed t he p ipes w hich w ere u sed a nd l ost a t N orton P riory a nd s uggested t heir o rigins a nd d ating , i t r emains t o a ssess what t his c ategory o f a rtifactual e vidence c an t ell u s a bout t he s ite i tself a nd t he v ariety o f p ast a ctivities a nd e vents w hich h ave l eft a rchaeological t race b etween a round 1 600 u ntil i ts a bandonment i n t he t wentieth c entury . U nfortunately , a lthough o ver 100 p ipe f ragments w ere r ecovered f rom t he P riory e xcavations t hese c ame f rom 1 98 c ontexts i n 7 0 o ut o f t he 1 17 t renches e xcavated . O nly 1 9 c ontexts c ontained m ore t han 1 2 p ieces ,

1 2 h ad m ore t han 2 0 ,

2o ver

5 0 a nd o nly o ne ( 32/1) o ver 1 00 ( 175) . A s i t i s c learly d angerous t o g eneralise o n t he b asis o f a v ery f ew p ipes o r t o m ake c onfident c hronological s tatements b ased o n t hem , o nly t he l argest 1 9 g roups w ill b e d iscussed h ere . E ven t hen s ome c aution s hould b e s hown i n t heir i nterpretation . W here p ossible a ssociated p ottery a nd o ther a rtifacts h ave b een s tudied a s ac ross—check o n t he p ipes.

1 60

T here a re t hree m ain t ypes o f p ipe p roducing c ontexts a t N orton . F irst , t here a re t he t opsoil a nd g eneral l ayers w hich c over w hole t renches . A lthough t hese o ften c ontain m ixed m edieval a nd p ost—medieval m aterial , t he l atest d atable p ipes , t ogether w ith a p rofile o f t he r ange o f p ipes p resent , m ay g ive a n i ndication o f t he l ast o ccasion t he c ontext was o pen f or r ubbish . C learly , c hanges i n g ardening p olicy b etween l awns a nd t erraces a nd f lower o r v egetable b eds w ill c onsiderably a lter t he s cale o f a rtifact r etention i n s pecific a reas . S econdly , t here a re t hose c ontexts w hich r epresent b uilding a ctivity o n t he s ite , w hether d emolition , c onstruction o r a lteration . A s t he d ate o f t he d emolition o f t he T udor h ouse a nd t he c onstruction o f t he G eorgian o ne i s n ot e ntirely c lear ( cf G reene s upra) , i t i s p ossible t hat t he p ipes a nd o ther a ssociated e vidence m ight h elp t o m ake t his more p recise . F inally, t he b iggest g roup o f t he l arger p ipe c ontaining l ayers ( 9 c ontexts) i s a ssociated w ith r ubbish d eposition i n t he c loister a rea i mmediately e ast o f t he T udor h ouse . T hese a re s ome o f t he r ichest l ayers e xcavated a t N orton P riory a nd t aken t ogether g ive a v ery g ood i nsight i nto t he e conomy o f t he B rooke f amily i n t he s eventeenth a nd e arly e ighteenth c enturies.

G eneral! t opsoil l ayers S ix o f t hese c ontained m ore t han 1 2 f ragments , 10(1)) were t opsoil a nd t he o ther t hree ( 68(2) ,

t hree ( 108(1) ,

1 09(1) a nd

1 04(4) a nd 1 16(12) were

g eneral l ayers . T he t opsoil l ayers c ontained m edieval , p ost—medieval a nd m odern m aterial u p t o t he l ate n ineteenth c entury , a ll m ixed t ogether . 6 8(2) a nd 1 16(12) a lso c ontained n ineteenth c entury a s well a s e arlier f inds ,

b ut 1 04(4) ,

w hich w as s ealed b y ah ard c lay l ayer ( 3 ) s eems t o h ave

r eceived i ts l atest r ubbish d uring t he m iddle o f t he e ighteenth c entury . T he m eaning o f t he g eographical s pead o f a ll p ipes o ver t he w hole s ite i s d iscussed b elow .

B uilding c onstruction , d emolition a nd a lteration l ayers Four o f t he l arger l ayers r epresent h ouse b uilding , o r d emolition a ctivities . 13(10 ) , t he d emolition l ayer f or t he T udor k itchens c ontains p ipes which r ange f rom a round 1 650 t o 1 750 i n d ate . T he e arlier d ate i s c lear f rom t he s mall s tamped s purred b owl ( Figure 3 4) , w hile t he h orizontal m outh a nd e xtended , e legant f orm o f F igure 6 6 s uggests a f inal d ate t owards t he m iddle o f t he 1 8th c entury . T his l atter i s c onfirmed b y t he p rese nce o f white b odied , s alt g lazed s toneware a s well a s c hocolate — d ipped a nd m ottled wares t ypical o f t he f irst h alf o f t he c entury . 3 2(1) i s m ore d ifficult t o i nterpret . T his i s t he l argest s ingle g roup o f p ipe f ragments f rom

N orton c ontaining

1 74

f ragments .

A lthough

c lassified a s a t opsoil

f ind, a long w ith m uch n ineteenth a nd t wentieth c entury m aterial , t he e xcavator d escribes t he p ipes a s f orming a c ompact g roup d istinct f rom t he r est o f t he l ayer a nd v ery p robably c ontemporary w ith t he c onstruction o f t he h ouse . T he n arrow r ange o f b owl f orms p resent s ix d ate f rom 1 740-60 a nd t wo 1 730-50 t ogether w ith t he m ean f or t he C hester O val a nd B order -

-

t ypes o ccurir ig o n t hem s uggest a d ate v ery c lose t o 1 750 f or t he d eposition o f t he g roup . T his , t hen , a grees w ell w ith t he d emolition m aterial a lready d iscussed . T he d emolition o f t he T udor H ouse was c ertainly s till i n p rogress b y t he 1 730s a nd p robably c ontinued u ntil w ell i nto t he 1 740s . T he House was p robably b uilt, t hat i s n o f urther r ubbish d eposits were p roduced , b y 1 750 . T hese d ates a gree w ith t he a bsence o f t he h ouse o n t he

1 61

B uck v iew o f 1 727 a nd i ts p resence o n a n e state m ap o f 1 757.

T he p ipe

e vidence s trongly s uggests t hat t he h ouse w as a ctually b uilt t owards t he e nd o f t his p eriod.

T he c loister r ubbish d eposits O f t he l argest n ineteen p ipe - c ontaining l ayers n ine c ome f rom t he c loister r ubbish d eposits ( 3(4) , 6 (12) , 3 1(3) , 6 3(3) , 6 3(5) , 6 4(2) , 6 7(6) , 6 8 (3) , 7 2(5)) . M ost a re c ontexts w ithin a ' b lack s oil ' w hich c overed m ost o f t he a rea o f t he s ite b elow t he G eorgian d emolition l ayers . 6 7(6) p rovides a t ypical d escription : ' b lack s oil , u p t o 4 0cms t hick , c ontaining m uch c oal , p ottery a nd b one ' . T he p ottery i ncludes S outh L ancashire y ellow w ares , b rown s toneware ( so - c alled ' T iger W are ' ) , o range a nd y ellow t hrown s lip - t railed p lates o f S tafordshire t ype , h ollow s lipwares , d elft a nd a q uantity o f b rown g lazed v essels i n av ariety o f f orms . A ll o f t hese , w ithout t he e vidence o f t he p ipes , w ould s uggest a d eposition d ate s omewhere i n t he s eventeenth c entury .

T his k ind o f p icture i s r epeated i n m ost o f

t he r emaining c ontexts . T aken t ogether t he p ipe e vidence s uggests t hat t he c hronology o f r ubbish d eposition i n t he c loisters c overed t he w hole o f t he r fperth c entury a nd t he f irst f ew y ears o f t he e ighteenth . T he e arliest p ipes f rom N orton P riory ( Figures 1 -9) a ll c ome f rom t he c loister a rea , a nd t he e arliest o f a ll f rom 3 (4) ( Figure 1 ) . T his i ndicates t hat r ubbish w as a lready b eing d eposited i n t he c loisters b y 1 600 . T he b ulk o f t he r emaining p ipes d ate f rom t he m iddle o f t he c entury , 1 6401660 , w ith o nly a f ew l ater e xamples . T renches 6 3 a nd 6 7 g ive a g ood i dea o f t he s equence , w here s eparate l ayers w ere e xcavated w ithin t he r ubbish d eposits . 6 3(3) c overs t he w hole r ange 1 6401730 , w hile 6 3(6) i ncludes t wo b owls o f 1 640-1660 . 6 7(2) c overs t he s eventeenth t o t wentieth c enturies , 6 7(6) t he m id s eventeenth a nd 6 7(10) t he e arly p art o f t he c entury .

6 (12) ,

t rench c ontaining m id-seventeenth c entury p ottery a nd p ipes 1 6401660 ,

m ay a lso i ndicate

t hat

s ome

ar obber

o f

t he p eriod

d emolition h ad a lready

s tarted o n

p arts o f t he s ite p erhaps a c entury b efore t he c onstruction o f t he G eorgian h ouse . A s t he u pper l ayer o f t his T rench 6 (1) c ontains p ipes o f 1 7001730 , i t m ust b e p ossible t hat t he c ontents o f t he l ower l ayers a re a ll r esidual a nd t hat t he w hole t rench d ates f rom t he e ighteenth c entury . E ven t aking i nto a ccount t he g eneral d ecline i n t obacco p ipe s moking w hich o ccured f rom t he l ate s eventeenth c entury o nwards t here s till a ppears t o b e as harp d ecline i n n umbers o f p ipes r ecovered f rom t he c loisters a fter a round 1 660 . T his s uggests t hat t he B rookes m ay h ave o rganised s ome o ther m eans o f r ubbish d isposal o r u sed a n a rea w hich i s o utside t he r ange o f t he r ecent e xcavations.

P IPE D ISTRIBUTION ( Plans. 1 -3) A part

f rom

t he

c onsideration o f

s pecific c ontexts ,

i f

t he d ensity o f

f inds b y a rea f rom t he s ite a s aw hole i s c onsidered ( Plan 1 , A ppendix T wo) i t i s c lear t hat t here i s n ot a n e ven d istribution . T he t renches o ver t he m onastic c hurch , f or e xample , p roduced v ery f ew p ipes , f ew h aving m ore t han 1 % o f a ll t he p ipes f rom t he s ite . T he c loister , b y c ontrast , i ncludes a n umber o f t renches w ith 3 % 5 % o f t he t otal ( Trs . 3 1, 6 7 a nd 6 4) , t wo w ith 6 % 1 0% ( 63 a nd 6 4) a nd o ne w ith a round 2 0% o f t he t otal ( 32) . T his r eflects v ery w ell t he c loister 's r ole a s a n a rea o f r ubbish d eposition a nd s uggests t hat m uch o f t he c hurch r emained p ermanent g rass f or m ost o f t he p ost-medieval p eriod , w ith v ery f ew o pportunities t o r eceive r ubbish . T wo o ther t renches 1 09 w ith 1% 1 5% o f t he t otal a nd 13 w ith 3 % 5 % a re -

-

-

-

-

1 62

1 63

t he o nly d ense c oncentrations o utside t he c loisters . B oth c ould h ave b een o pen a t a v ariety o f t imes a fter t he D issolution a nd t hus h ave r eceived r ubbish . A s t o t he c hronology o f t his d istribution , i t i s p ossible t o d istinguish c rudely b etween t he e arliest p ipes l ost , o n t he b asis o f b ore d iameters o f 8a nd 9 /64" a nd t he l atest , w ith b ores o f 4a nd 5 /64" ( Plans 2 3 ) . T his s hows t hat t he c loister a rea h as b y f ar t he m ajority o f t he e arly f inds , a nd w ith t he s pecial e xception o f 3 2(1) , v ery f ew l ater o nes . B y c ontrast t renches 1 09 a nd 1 13 s eem t o h ave b een r eceiving p ipe r ubbish t hroughout t he p eriod f rom t he 1 7th t o 2 0th c enturies .

S OCIO-ECONOMIC C ONSIDERATIONS T he

e xcavation

o f m ore o r l ess c ontemporary p ipe p roducing l evels

a t

N orton P riory a nd a t t he d ependant t ownship o f N orton V illage ( Greene a nd H ough 1 977) , b oth o n a f airly l arge s cale a lmost 2 000sq/m a t t he v illage -

a nd a m inimum o f 4 ,200sq/m o f t renches c ontaining p ipes a t t he P riory p rovide a u nique o pportunity t o c ompare p ipes s moked b y t he c ottagers i n t he -

v illage w ith t hose u sed b y

t he B rookes a nd

t heir

r etainers

a t

t he

Manor

H ouse o f N orton P riory.

D istribution D ensities

T o b egin w ith t here i s am arked d ifference i n t he

d ensity o f p ipe d istributions . A lthough t he o verall d ensity o f p ipes a t t he P riory i s s ignificantly g reater t han t hat f or t he V illage ( 0 . 14 f rags p er s q/r n a s o pposed t o 0 .25 p er s q/r n f or t he P riory) , t he d ensest c oncentrations o f a ll o ccur i n t wo p its ( 4/17 a nd 4 /23) o n t he V illage s ite . T hese

p its

h ave

a d ensity

o f

9 .0

f rags

p er

s q/r n

a nd

3 .5

p er

s q/r n

r espectively , b ut t ogether o nly o ccupy a n a rea o f 1 0 .25 s q/r n . B y c ontrast t he d ensest g rouping f rom t he P riory o ccurs i n a m uch l arger a rea o f t he C loisters ( Trs . 3 2 , 6 4 , 6 8 a nd 7 6) , t otalling 12 s q/r n w ith a d ensity o f 2 . 7 f rags p er s q/r n . T hese d ifferences i llustrate v ery w ell t he p roduct o f r adically d ifferent r ubbish d isposal m ethods o n t he t wo s ites . T he q uantity o f p ipes f rom t he V illage i s e xaggerated b y t he d egree o f b reakdown r esulting f rom t heir d eposition i nto g arden a nd p lough s oils . A t t he P riory t he b owl/stem f ragments r atio i s 1 42/824 o r 1 :5 .8 . A t t he V illage i t i s 2 6/284 o r 1 :10 .9 . t wice a s b roken u p a s

I n o ther w ords p ipes f rom t he V illage a re r oughly t hose f ror n t he P riory . T aking t his i nto a ccount

f inds f rom t he P riory a re p robably t hree o r f our t imes a s c ommon a s t hose f rom t he V illage . T his a lmost c ertainly r eflects t he s maller n umber o f p otential

s mokers

r epresented b y

t wo o r t hree c ottages a s

o pposed

t o t he

w hole e ntourage o f t he P riory .

D ating T here i s a lso a d ifference i n c hronology .

T he e arliest p ipes f rom t he

V illage d ate f rom t he m iddle o f t he s eventeenth c entury ; t hose f rom t he P riory b egin a round 1 600 ( e .g . F igures 1 -4) . T his s uggests t hat t he B rookes t hemselves m ay h ave t aken u p s moking a t a t ime when t he p rice o f t obacco w as s till v ery h igh ( Roessingh 1 976) , w hile t he v ery m uch p oorer i nhabitants o f t he V illage h as t o w ait u ntil a lmost h alf a c entury l ater , when t he p rice h ad d eclined t o a l evel within t he r each o f m ost o f t he p opulation .

1 64

LS 1

L_

F 0 0

P lan 2 .

D istribution o f p ipes o f 9 a nd 8 6 4th o f a n i nch b ore. ( Tudor H ouse p lan i n t hick l ines)

I

P lan 3 :

D istribution o f p ipes o f 5 a nd 4 6 4ths o f a n i nch b ore. ( Georgian H ouse p lan i n t hick l ines)

Q uality G iven

t he k nown

c lass

d ifference

b etween

t he

i nhabitants

o f

t he

t wo

s ites a nd t heir c lose g eographical p roximity , v ariations i n q uality b etween t he p ipes u sed m ay c onfidently b e a ttributed t o s ocial s tatus . T hese m ay p rove u seful v ariables w hen p ipes o f u nknown o r d oubtful s tatus , f rom o ther s ites i n t he r egion a re b eing s tudied . O n an umber o f c riteria t he p ipes f rom t he P riory a re c onsistently o f a h igher q uality t han t hose f rom t he v illage . L ooking a t m ould q uality a nd f inish i t i s q uite c lear t hat t he e arly g roup o f P riory p ipes ( Figures 1 -6) a re v ery m uch b etter m ade t han t hose f rom t he V illage . I n f act t he p it g roups f rom t he v illage ( 4/ 17 a nd 4 /23 : F igures 1 47-155) c ontain s ome o f t he m ost c rudely m ade f inds f rom a nywhere

i n

t he n orth-west .

T he

c lay u sed ,

f abric A (cf D avey 1 977 ,

8 3)

a ppears t o b e v ery p oorly p repared , w ith l arge i nclusions , o verfired w ith f requently c racked s urfaces , m arked w ith t races o f g rass o r s traw . T he b owls a re u ndecorated , w ith e rratic c urvature , o ften a ssyn ietric t o t he s tem . N othing o f t his p oor q uality o ccurs a mong t he P riory f inds . E ven w hen t he S outh L ancashire m arked , s purred b owls a re c onsidered , a lthough a r ange o f q ualities i s r epresented a t t he P riory , i ncluding s ome v ery f inely f inished e xamples ( e .g . F igures 3 5 , 3 7 , & 4 8) , t he f ew f rom t he V illage a re o f t he o orest p roducts f rom t hat s ource ( e .g . F igures 1 59162) . I n a ddition t he P riory c an b oast a n umber o f h igh q uality e xamples

( e .g . F igures 2 1,

2 4 ,

s eventeenth c entury f lat-heeled

2 7 & 4 2) .

F or t he f irst h alf o f t he e ighteenth c entury t he d ifferences b etween t he t wo a ssemblages a re , p erhaps , m ore m arked . W hile a t N orton V illage o nly t wo p robably C hester r oller-stamped s tems ( Figures 1 70 & 1 71) a re a ccompanied b y t wo S outh L ancashire e xamples

( Figures

1 73

& 1 74) t ogether

w ith t hree b owls i n f abric B , w hich i s p robably f rom a l ocal s ource ( Figures 1 63 , 1 65 & 1 65) , a t t he P riory a w ide r ange o f t he f inest q uality C hester p roducts o f t he f irst f orty o r f ifty y ears o f t he c entury a re p resent ( e .g . F igures 5 2, 5 8-67, 8 2-91) . E ven o mitting t he o ustanding g roup ( 32(1)) t here i s n o d oubt t hat s tatus h as p layed a m ajor r ole i n t he o bserved v ariability b etween t he t wo s ites . A n a dditional p ossible m easure o f s elling p rice f or p ipes , p articularly i n t he s eventeenth c entury , i s w hether o r n ot t hey h ave b een f inished b y b urnishing . E vidence f rom t he N etherlands s uggests t hat t here was a c onsiderable d ifference i n p rice b etween b urnished a nd n on-burnished p ipes f rom t he s ame m ould ( Duco 1 978) . A t N orton P riory 8 % o f a ll s tratified p ipe f ragments r ecovered a re b urnished ( 85 o ut o f 1 062) w hile a t t he V illage o nly 1 % a re s o d ecorated ( 4 o ut o f 3 48) . I f t he c omparison i s l imited t o s eventeenth c entury p ipes ,

c ounting t hose w ith

f rom

9 t o

6 /64

i nch

b ore

d iameters , 1 0 .8% f rom t he P riory a re b urnished ( 77 o ut o f 7 13 ) a nd o nly 2 O ut o f 3 23 ( 0 .6%) f rom t he V illage . I n o ther w ords e ighteen t imes a s m any b urnished p ipes w ere u sed i n t he s eventeenth c entury a t t he P riory t han a t t he V illage . T his r esult s eems t o c onfirm t he u se o f b urnishing a s a m arker o f s tatus a nd e mphasises f urther t he q ualitative d ifferences b etween t he p ipes u sed a nd l ost a t t he t wo s ites .

T HE N ORTON P IPES I N AR EGIONAL C ONTEXT F our m ain s ources f or t he N orton p ipes c an b e i dentified : L ondon , S outh L ancashire , C hester a nd H olland . F ive b owls f rom e arly c ontexts a re i n L ondon f orms a nd m ay w ell r epresent t he f irst m ovement o f p ipes I nto t he r egion

i n t he

e arly y ears

o f

t he

s eventeenth c entury .

1 66

T hey

s eem

q uite

d istinct f rom t he e arliest k nown l ocal p roducts s uch a s t he P rincess S treet , C hester g roup ( cf R utter a nd D avey 1 980 , 6 2-70) w hich p robably b egins a round 1 640 o r t he k iln a ssemblage f rom R ainford o f r oughly t he s ame d ate ( Higgins 1 982 , 2 01-205) . A s p ipes o f t his s lightly e arlier p eriod a re r ather r are , h owever , i t i s p ossible t hat t his s mall g roup m ay b e t he f irst l ocal p roducts f ollowing L ondon m odels r ather c losely .

I n t he a bsence o f

s pecifically L ondon m arks i t i s i mpossible t o r esolve t his i ssue . O f t he e arly f inds f rom C hester , a lthough i ncuse a nd u nlettered m arks o ccur w hich c an b e p aralleled i n L ondon a nd e lsewhere , n one h ave L ondon l etter m arks ( Rutter a nd D avey 1 980 ,

1 02-104) .

T he b iggest g roup o f s eventeenth c entury p ipes f rom N orton a re o f t ypes a ssigned t o t he S outh L ancashire a rea , c entred o n R ainford . T hese a re o f t wo m ain t ypes : a f lat h eeled f orm w ith a v ariety o f r elief m arks , o ften i ncorporating s mall c rosses a nd c rescents a round t he i nitials ( e .g . F igures 1 9-26) a nd a s mall s purred f orm w ith a r elief m ark o n t he f ront o f t he b owl f acing t he s moker , u sually c onsisting o f as emi-circular f rame s urmounted b y a c rest ( e .g . F igures 2 8-41) . W hilst a n umber o f t he f irst t ype h ave b een f ound o n k iln s ites i n R ainford , b earing I B , R Y a nd p ossibly H L i nitials ( cf H iggins 1 982 , 1 97-209 , D avey 1 978 , 5 , F igure 2 1 a nd D agnall 1 982 , 1 61, F igure 6 , n o . 9r espectively) , n one o f t he s purred f orms h ave y et b een i dentified a s k iln p roducts f rom f ieldwalking , a nd , a lthough m any a re c ommon s urface f inds f rom t he R ainford a rea , a s ignificant n umber o f t he N orton f inds h ave n ot s o f ar b een r ecorded f rom R ainford . I n t he c aptions t o t he i llustrations t hese p ipes a re r eferred t o a s ' South L ancashire T ype ' . I t r emains f or f urther d etailed s tudies o f l arge a ssemblages f rom t he r egion t o a ttempt t o f ocus o n t he a ctual p roduction c entres f or m any o f t hese s purred f orms . I t i s s ignificant t hat r ecent e xcavations i n D rogheda , o n t he e ast c oast o f I reland , n orth o f D ublin , p roduced l arge n umbers o f t hese s purred f orms a nd , a gain , o nly s ome o f t hese c an b e p aralleled w ith a ctual R ainford f inds ( Norton 1 984 , 2 02-203) . O ne p ossibility i s t hat R ainford f amilies w ere a lso a ctive i n L iverpool , b y 1 660.

p roducing

p ipes o n ar easonable s cale t here

S uch a s eparate L iverpool p roduction would

a lso

a ct

a s

a

d ispersal f ocus f or p ipes m ade i n R ainford a nd o ther c entres i n t he h interland . M any o f t he u nmarked N orton f inds s hould , o n g rounds o f f orm a nd f abric , b elong t o t he s ame g eneral g rouping ( e .g . F igures 118 , 4 3 47) . I t i s i nteresting t o n ote t hat whilst i n f ieldwalking g roups f rom R ainford a round 5 0% o f a ll s purred f inds a re m arked ( Davey 1 978 , 6 ) , a t N orton P riory o nly f ive u nmarked e xamples w ere r ecovered , c ompared w ith a t otal o f 3 0 s tamped p ipes i n t his s ame r ange o f f orms ( 83%) . A t D rogheda a ll t wenty f ive ' South L ancashire ' s purred b owls were s tamped ( Norton 1 984, 2 02) . T his m ay s uggest t hat s tamping w as c arried o ut f or i dentification p urposes w hen p ipes w ere t raded f ar a field , b ut t hat f or h ome c onsumption t his w as l ess i mportant . I f t his i s t he c ase i t d id n ot a pply t o t he f lat h eeled f orms a s t he e ight s tamped N orton f inds ( Figures 1 9-26) a re m atched b y e ighteen s imilar f orms w ithout m aker m arks .

I t i s p ossible t hat t here m ay

b e as light c hronological d istinction t o b e m ade b etween t hese s purred a nd f lat h eeled p ipes a nd t hat s tamping p ractise a ltered o ver a f airly s hort p eriod .

F urther r esearch i s n eeded t o s ort o ut where a ll t hese ' South

L ancashire ' f orms w ere m ade a nd t heir p recise c hronology . T he o ther m ajor s ource f or t he p ipes r ecovered a t N orton i s C hester . D uring t he s eventeenth c entury C hester m akers m arked t heir p ipes o nly r arely . T his t ends t o m ake i dentification m ore d ifficult d uring t his p eriod . B oth s purred a nd f lat h eeled f orms , a nalagous w ith t hose f rom R ainford , were p roduced i n l arge q uantities . I n g eneral t hey a re o f a h igher q uality , w ith m uch m ore s ymmetric m oulding , b etter f inishing a nd a

1 67

w hiter , p urer c lay , p robably d eriving f rom N orth D evon ( cf R utter & D avey 1 980, 4 7) . A c lose s tudy o f t he N orton m aterial r eveals a n umber o f p ossible C hester p roducts . O f t he s purred f orms F igure 4 4 i s o f s ufficient q uality a nd f abric t o h ave b een m ade i n C hester , F igure 4 2, w ith t he g auntlett s tamp c an b e c ompared w ith a n umber o f C hester f inds , which , a lthough o bviously v ery m uch B roseley i nfluenced , m ay well b e l ocal p roducts . O nly a t t he e nd o f t he c entury d o u ndisputed C hester p ipes o ccur , w ith t he f inds o f t wo l ozenge s tamped s tems , p robably d ating f rom 1 6901710 ( Figures 8 2-83) . T he f irst h alf o f t he e ighteenth c entury s hows a d ramatic c hange . N ow f inely m ade C hester r oller-stamped s tems o ccur i n a bundance a nd R ainford t ype p roducts , e xcept a t t he V illage a re v ery r are . T he r ange o f s tamp a nd b order t ypes p resent s uggests p urchase o f p ipes i n C hester , r ather t han r eliance o n o ne o r t wo s uppliers . T his s udden ' t ake o ver ' o f p ipe s upplies t o N orton P riory i s ag ood i ndication o f t he r apid r ise m ade b y t he C hester i ndustry d uring t his p eriod a nd o f i ts e ntry i nto t he q uality m arket. F inally , t hree p ipes , o ne b owl f ragment a nd t wo s tems , a re D utch ( Figs . 2 7 1, 9 3 & 9 4) . T his r einforces t he i mpression f rom o ther s ites i n t he n orth-west t hat , e ven o n s ites o f h igh s ocial p enetration o f t his a rea w as v ery s light.

a nd

e conomic

c lass ,

D utch

A cknowledgements Ia m g rateful t o P atrick G reene w ho s uggested t hat I m ight l ike t o l ook a t a ll t he p ipes f rom N orton a nd w rite t his a rticle . D uring t he w ork , which h as s tretched o ver a p eriod o f a lmost t en y ears B eryl N oake , f inds a ssistant a t t he P riory , h as b een u nfailingly h elpful a nd p atient . I n i ts f inal f orm t his p aper o wes m uch t o C atherine S tarkey w ho o rganised a ll t he t ables , c hecked t he i nformation c ontained i n t hem a nd p roduced t he f inal d rawings . I am a lso g rateful t o D avid H iggins who s pent a g ood d eal o f t ime r econstructing t he l arge g roup 3 1(1) a nd h elping t o m ake s ense o f i ts c ontents , t o R on D agnall w ho h as p rovided m e w ith d etails o f h is R ainford t ypology f rom f ieldwalking a nd e xcavation f inds t here ,

a nd t o J anet R utter

who h as c ompared a ll t he C hester p roducts w ith t he t ype-series a t t he G rosvenor M useum a nd w hose i dentifications a re i ncluded h ere . J ohn E sling b egan t he d rawing o f p lans 1 -3 , w hich w ere c ompleted b y K ay L ancaster .

1 68

T HE I LLUSTRATIONS T he i llustrations a re i ntended t o i nclude a ll

t he

d ecoration t ypes p resent a t P riory a nd a t N orton V illage .

m ain

f orms a nd

T hey b egin w ith

as eries o f b owls i n r ough c hronological o rder ( Figs. 1 -10; N os . 1- 8 1) , f ollowed b y t he d ecorated a nd m aker m arked s tems ( Figs . 113 ; N os . 8 2-96) . T he l arge e ighteenth c entury g roup N P 7 1 3 2 ( 1) i s t hen p resented a s a c ontinuous s equence ( Figs. 1 4-18 ; N os . 9 7-145) . T he f inal f our f igures ( 19-22) c onsist o f t he p ipes f rom N orton V illage ( Nos . 1 46177) . p ipes a re d rawn a nd p ublished a t x 1 , a nd t he s tamps a t x 2 ,

A ll t he w ith t he

e xception o f t he N orton V illage r oller s tamps w hich a re a lso a t x 1 . T he

d escriptions f ollow

t he

s ame g eneral s equence ,

e ach s ection b eing

s eparated f rom t he o thers b y as emi-colon : d es r iptior i o f t he o bject i tself , e specially f eatures s uch a s b urnishing , p olishing , f inishing q uality o r f abric t ype , w hich c annot b e s een i n t he d rawing ; s tem-bore i n / 64" , where m easurable ; where t wo e nds h ave d ifferent

-

v alues t he s maller i s g iven ; s ite c ode; t hose w ithout l etters a re f rom t he P riory i tself , t hose p refaced P F a re f rom e xcavations i n t he P laying F ields a round t he

-

P riory , w hilst t hose b eginning L F a re f rom L odge F arm , N orton V illage ; t he f irst f igure i s t he y ear o f e xcavation , t he s econd t he t rench n umber a nd t he t hird , u sually i n b rackets , i s t he c ontext n umber ; t he s mall f inds n umber , w here g iven ( SF) t he r ecord s ketch n umber i n t he a rchive ( SK) ;

a nd

i n

t he

c ase

o f

N orton

V illage

m aterial,

t he

p revious

p ublication n umber ( OP) f ollow ( cf . D avey 1 977a) ; -

a l ist

o f

f urther

e xamples

f rom

t he P riory

where

t hese

a re

n ot

p ublished ; -

-

c omparanda; d iscussion ,

w here a ppropriate ,

f ollowed b y a n a ssessment o f s ource a nd

p robable d ate.

1 69

F igure O ne : U nmarked s eventeenth c entury b owls ( Nos. 1 -9). 1 .

Small d amaged b owl ,

w ell m oulded;

b ottered n ot m illed ;

7 /64" ;

h ighly b urnished a nd p olished ;

7 1 3 (4) , S F 1 33, S K 2 /11; c f . A tkinson &

O swald 1 969 , F ig. 1 , n o. 3 ; p robably L ondon 1 580 1610. 2 .

S mall , e legant , w ell m ade b owl , w ith a n arrow , a ngled h eel ; m illed a ll r ound ; 8 /64" ; 7 2 7 4(2) , S K 6 /48 ; c f . A tkinson & O swald 1 969 , F ig . 1 , n o . 4 ; p robably L ondon 1 6101640 .

3 .

S imilar f orm t o 2 , b ut s maller , w ith l ess a ngled h eel ; m illed a ll r ound ; 8 /64 1, 7 2 5 7(6) , S F 3 09 , S K 7 /59 ; c f . A tkinson & O swald 1 969 , F ig . 1 , n o. 4 ; p robably L ondon 1 610H 1640.

4 .

L arger ,

m ore

r oughly

m oulded

b owl ,

w ith

s mall ,

p ronounced ,

c ircular

h eel ; m illed ; 7 /64" ; 7 2 6 7(10) , S F 3 86, S K 4 /32; p ossibly r elated t o A tkinson & O swald 1 969 , F ig . 1 , n o . 7 , b ut a l arger v ersion ; p ossibly L ondon 1 6201650. 5 .

W ell f inished b owl , b ottered a nd m illed ; d ense w hite c lay b ody ; 7 /64" , 7 2 6 7(6) , S F 4 26 , S K 1/96 ; c f . A tkinson & O swald 1 969 , F ig . 1 , n o . 4 o r R utter & D avey 1 980 , 2 16 , F ig . 7 6 , C hester F orm 1 8 ; p ossibly L ondon o r C hester 1 630 1650.

6 .

M ore c rudely m oulded b owl w ith i ncomplete m illing ;

d ark g rey r educed

f abric ; 8 /64" ; 7 2 6 7(2) , S F 3 84, S K 1 1/94; c f . D avey 1 978 , 3 , F ig . 1 , n o. 1; p robably S outh L ancashire 1 640 1660 . 7 .

B owl w ith a p ronounced f orward l ean ; f loors i n m oulding a nd m i i -1ing 8 /64" ; 7 2 6 7(6) , S F 4 24 , S K 1 1/94; c f . D avey 1 978 , 3 , F ig . 1 , n o . 1; p robably S outh L ancashire 1 640 d660.

8 .

C rude b owl , b ottered , n ot m illed ; p oorly b urnished ; 8 /64" , 7 2 6 3()) , S F 3 94 , S K 1 0/82; c f . D avey 1 978 , 3 , F ig . 1 , n o . 9 ; p robably S outh L ancashire 1 6401660.

9 .

B owl ,

s imilar t o 7 , l ightly p olished ; 7 /64" ; 7 2 6 4(2) , S F 4 02 , S K J O 8 5 ;

c f. D avey 1 978 ,

3 , F ig. 1 , n o. 1 0; p robably S outh L ancashire 1 6401660.

1 70

1

3

2

a

4

6

7Q

9

F ig. 1 :

1 71

0

F igure T wo : U nmarked s eventeenth c entury b owls ( Nos. 1 0. B owl ,

p artially m illed ,

c rudely b urnished ;

8 /64" ;

1 0-18).

7 2 6 8(3) ,

S F 3 73 ,

S K

1/101; n o g ood p arallels. 1. I nelegant b owl , w ide a nd c rude m illing , d eep b ottering ; p ink s urface ; 8 /64; 7 2 7 2(5) , S F 4 07, S K 5 /40; c f . H iggins 1 982, 2 02, F ig . 2 2, n o . 1 f rom t he R ainford k iln g roup ; S outh L ancashire 1 6401660. 1 2. C rude , p artially m illed b owl , p oorly t rimmed ; c oarse , o ff-white , b ody w ith m any i nclusions ; 6 /64" ; 7 2 7 6(1) , S K 6 /49 ; c f . D avey & o thers 1 982 , 1 95, F ig. 1 3, n o. 8 , f rom R ainford ; S outh L ancashire 1 6601680. 1 3, B owl w ith s trongly c onvex b ack p rofile ; l inear m illing ; w ire m arks o n h l ; 7 /64" , 7 2 6 7(6) , S F 4 08 , S K 1 1/93; c f . D avey 1 980, 2 9 , F ig . 1 0 , n o. 1 2 f rom o rdsall h all ; S outh L ancashire 1 640-1660. : T ie dnt f orm w ith a p ronounced h eel ; c ut o ff m outh ; m illing r ound s tem ; 7 /64" ; 7 2 6 3(3) , S F 3 93 , S K 5 /37 ; c f . D avey 1 978 , 5 , F ig . 2 , n os . 2 0 & 2 1 a nd H iggins 1 982 , 2 02, F ig . 2 2, n o . 4 b oth f rom R ainford ; S outh -

L ancashire 1 6601680 . 1 5. B owl , v ery s imilar t o 1 4 , l ow m illing ; c asting s eams v isible ; 6 /64" ; 6 8(2), S F 4 32, S K 4 /35 ; S outh L ancashire 1 6601680.

7 2

1 6. G ood q uality b owl , w ith f ine m illing ; b ottered ; d ense , w ell r efined c lay ; 7 /64" ; 7 7 1 09(43b) , S K 1 8/128 ; c f . D avey & P ierce 1 977 , 1 04 , F ig . 3 9 , n o. 3 , f rom W arrington ; S outh L ancashire 1 660 1680 . 1 7. A ssymetric f orm , c onstricted n ear h eel ; p oor q uality m illing ; 8 /64" ; 7 3 7 0(12) , S K 1 8/130 ; c f . B earpark 1 980k , 4 2 , n o . 3 , f rom B ewsey O ld H all , W arrington ; S outh L ancashire 1 6601680. 1 8. M edium q uality b owl , w ith a p ronounced f orward l ean ; d ense y ellow c lay ; 8 /64" ; 8 1 8 9(5) , S K 1 8/131; c f . D avey 1 977b , 5 3 , F ig . 2 3; S outh L ancashire 1 660 1680.

1 72

1 0

0

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

F ig. 2 :

1 73

F igure T hree : H eel-marked s eventeenth c entury b owls ( Nos. 1 917). 1 9. C A i n r elief w ith a n i rregular , d eeply c ut ,

s piralling f rame ; 7 /64" ;

7 3

7 7(2) , S F 4 83 , S K 6 /44; c f. D avey & P ierce 1 977, F ig . 4 0 , n o . 7 ; S outh L ancashire 1 6401670. 2 0 . A B w ith c rescent a bove m ould a nd s tamp ; 7 /64" ,

i n 7 5

r elief ; d ouble c ircle f rame ; g ood q uality 1 03(9) , S F 8 23 , S K 1 5/108 ; c f . D agnall P 84

( Found n ear R uncorn C anal); S outh L ancashire 1 6501670. 2 1. W E i n r elief , n o f rame ; e legant b owl , f inely b urnished ; 7 /64" ; 7 2 6 4(2) , S F 4 01 , S K 5 /41; c f . R utter & D avey 1 980 , n os .

4 7 a nd 4 9 ,

f rom C hester ,

l ow m illing ; 12 , F ig . 3 7 ,

w hich h as a s imilar b owl

f orm

b ut

d ifferent d ie ; B roseley s tyle , b ut p robably n ot m ade i n B roseley i tself 1 6601880. 2 2. L igatured H L i ncuse ; a verage q uality b owl , w ith o ff-white f abric ; 7 /64" ; 7 1 3 2(2) , S F 1 89 , S K 8 /63 ; c f . D avey 1 980 , 2 7-30 , F ig . 1, n o . 2 4 , f rom 0 rdsa11 H all , S alford a nd D avey & P etch 1 976 , 1 2 , f rom W arrington ; D agnall P 70 , 1 6401660 .

b ut t he N orton e xample h as a w ider s tamp ;

S outh L ancashire

2 3. H eel f ragment w ith P L i n r elief i n ac ircular f rame ; v ery a braded , b ody a s 2 2; 7 /64" ; 8 2 1 17(9) , S K 1 8/135 ; c f . D avey & P ierce 1 977 , F ig . 4 0 , N o . 9f rom W arrington a nd R utter & D avey 1 980 , D agnall P 83; S outh L ancashire 1 6501680. 2 4. R L

w ith

s tar a nd c rescent

i n a c ircular f rame ;

1 19 , F ig. 4 2 , n o . 7 8 ;

b owl

l opsided i n a ll

d imensions ; p oor f inish a nd m illing ; d istorted b ore 8 /64" ; 7 2 5 7(6) , S F 3 10 , S K 4 /28 ; o ne o f av ariety o f s imilar s tamps w ith i nitials c ombined w ith d ifferent c ombinations o f c rescents a nd s tars c f . D avey & P ierce 1 977 , F ig. 1 4 , n o. 1 8 f rom W arrington ; S outh L ancashire 1 6401660. 2 5. H S ( S r eversed) i n ad ouble c ircle f rame ; b owl v ery a braded ; p oorly f inished ; c lay a s 2 2 ; 6 /64" ; L ancashire t ype ; 1 6501670 .

7 6 7 6(9) ,

S K 1 8/125 ;

an ew s tamp o f S outh

2 6. T B w ith a d ot b etween t he l etters i n a d ouble c ircle f rame ; a ssymetric b owl , w ell f inished ; 7 /64" ; 7 2 U /P , S K 1 8 1 26 ; f orm a re n ot l ocal; o rigin u ncertain 1 6501670. 2 7. H eel f ragment s tamped w ith a s hip b urnished ;

i n d etail t he s tamp a nd

i n r elief w ithin a c ircular

b ore v ery h igh i n t he c ross-section ;

6 /64" ,

f rame ;

7 3 9 2(2) , S F 4 86 ,

S K 1 8/127 ; c f . D uco 1 978 , 1 23, 1 47, F ig . 4 06 ; p robably G ouda i n t he N etherlands r ecorded b etween 1 724 t o 1 900 ; t his e xample p ossibly l ate 1 7th c entury.

1 74

2 0

1 9

2 6

2 5

2 7

F ig. 3 :

1 75

F igure F our : S eventeenth c entury b owl s tamped o n t he f ront i n a s end-circle ' halo' f rame ( Nos. 2 8-34). 2 8. E A ; c rudely b urnished a nd d amaged ; 6 /64" ; 7 1 3 1 ( 1) , S F 9 5 , S K 2 /16 ; s tamp i s d rawn f rom 7 1 3 5(1) S F 2 12 ; t here a re t hree f urther e xamples , a ll a pparently t he s ame d ie ( 77 1 10(5) , 7 7 1 10(1) a nd 7 3 7 7(1) ; c f . D avey & P ierce 1 977, 1 06, F ig . 4 0 , n o . 1 5 , b ut a d ifferent d ie ; S outh L ancashire 1 6401660 . 2 9. E B o n a n a braded b owl w ith a ssymetric m illing ; 6 /64" , S T < 4 /31; D agnall P 71; S outh L ancashire 1 6401660. 3 0 . T B

• n a b owl w ith n eat ,

p arallel-sided s pur ;

7 2 6 4(2) , S F 3 72 ,

p olished ;

d ense b ody w ith

r educed c ore ; 9 /64" , 7 1 6 (12) , S F 8 , S K 1 /8 ; c f . D avey & P ierce 1 977 , 1 06 , F ig . 4 0 , n os. 1 -2 f rom W arrington , b ut m any d ies a re k nown ; s ee a lso F igs. 3 1-33 b elow ; S outh L ancashire 1 6401660. 3 1. l B a s 3 0 , b ut i ncludes a n umber o f d ots ; b owl d amaged a t s tem c ontact p oint; 7 1 3 5(1) , S F 2 11, S T < 3 /21; S outh L ancashire 1 6401660. 3 2. l B s tamp , p ossibly a r ecut d ie o f 3 2; b owl i s p oorly m illed ; d ense g ritting f abric w ith o pen t exture; 9 /64" ; 7 1 2 9(3) , S F 7 6 , S K 2 /12 ; S outh L ancashire 1 6401660. 3 3. l B s tamp w ith r ather m ore s imple l ettering o n a b ulbous b owl ; 7 6(X), S T < 1 7?123; S outh L ancashire 1 6401660. I n a ddition t wo f urther l B s tamps w ere f ound , 7 9(20) a nd 7 6 1 08(1).

b oth b arely l egible

3 4. T B n eatly a pplied o n a r ather u nusual b owl f orm ; 1 084 , S T < 1 7/124 ; n o p arallels L ancashire 1 6401660.

f or s tamp o r b owl

1 76

7 /4" ;

7 /64" ; f orm ;

-

7 9 13(10) ,

7 6 7 3

S F

p ossibly S outh

2 8

0

3 0

3 1

0

3 3

3 2

F ig. 4 : 1 77

F igure F ive : S eventeenth c entury b owls s tamped o n t he f ront i n as emi-cirular ' halo' f rame ( Nos. 3 5-42). 3 5 . C H o r G H , p laced h igh o n a g ood q uality , b urnished b owl; 7 /64" ; 7 2 6 3(6), S K 1 0/83; c f. D avey & F etch 1 976 , 1 2; S outh L ancashire 1 640-1660. 3 6 . H H

w ith t wo d ots b etween t he l etters ,

o n ag ood q uality p olished b owl ;

m illing r ather l ow ; 7 / 64" ; 7 2 3 1(3) , S F 2 85 , S K 4 /25 ; s tamp d rawn f rom 7 1 ( 3(4) , S F 6 0 ; c f . D avey & P ierce 1 977 , 1 07 , F ig . 4 1, n o . 2 0 f rom W arrington a nd R utter & D avey 1 980 , 1 31 , F ig . 4 9 , n o . 14 f rom C hester ; S outh L ancashire 1 6401660 . O ther e xamples , p robably f rom t he s ame d ie , t hough o ften p oorly i mpressed , f rom 7 5 1 04(7) , 7 9 13(1) , 7 2 3 1(3) , 7 1 2 5(10). 7 . H L

' l igatured) o n a n a verage q uality m ould ;

6 /64" ;

7 2 6 4(2) ,

S F 4 13 ,

S K

5 /39 ; t his i s t he f irst r ecorded e xample a s ab owl s tamp , t hough c ommon o n t he h eel e .g. n o. 2 2 a bove ; S outh L ancashire 1 6401660. 3 8. G M i n c oarse l ettering o n ab owl w ith u neven s urfaces a nd r educed c ore ; 7 /64" ; 7 1 3 (4) , S F 1 4 , S R 1 /5 ; a n ew s tamp ; S outh L ancashire 1 6401660 . T hree o ther e xamples w ere f ound , p robably t he s ame d ie , f rom 7 6 1 08(1) , 7 5 1 03(14), 7 1 2 7(4). 3 9 . C M i n m uch f iner l ettering o n ag ood q uality , b urnished b owl ; 7 /64" , 8 1 8 9(1) , S R 1 7/122 ; a n ew s tamp ; S outh L ancashire 1 6401660 . A f urther e xample w as f ound i n 7 2 3 1(3). 4 0 . V ery n eat H N s tamp o n a b urnished a nd p olished b owl ; s tamped a fter m illing ; 7 /64" ; 7 1 3 5(1) , S F 1 44 , S R 3 /19 ; an ew s tamp ; S outh L ancashire 1 6401660. 4 1. T S ( S r eversed) o n a v ery d amaged , b urnished b owl ; 7 /64" ; 7 1 2 7(4) , S F 17 , S R 2 /17 ; c f . D avey 1 977a , 8 8 , F ig . 3 1 , n o . 1 6 , n ow r ecognized a s a T S s tamp , p robably t he s ame d ie ( no . 1 61 b elow) ; S outh L ancashire 1 6401 660. 4 2. G auntlet o n as mall B roseley T ype 2 f orm ; p olished ; l ow m illing , r educed c ore ; 7 /64" ; 7 2 7 2(5) , S F 3 98 , S R 5 /38 ; c f . A tkinson 1 975, 2 4-26 , F ig . 1 ; s ource u nknown ; 1 6401660.

1 78

3 8

3 7

3 9

4 1

F ig. 5 :

1 79

F igure S ix : S eventeenth c entury s purred b owls, w ithout m akers m arks ( Nos. 4 3-50). 4 3. D amaged b owl i n t wo p ieces ; b ody a s 2 2 ; 6 /64" ; 7 1 1 2(7) , S F 8 6 , S K 2 /15 ; c f . R utter & D avey 1 980 , 2 19 , F ig . 7 9 , C hester F orm 5 4; o n b asis o n f abric p robably S outh L ancashire 1 6401660 . 4 4. W ell m ade b owl f rom a g ood q uality m ould ; f ine , d ense o ff-white f abric ; 8 /64" ;

7 2 3 2(3) ,

S F 2 89 ,

S K 7 /57 ;

c f .

C hester F orm 5 4 a s N o . 4 3 a bove ;

p robably C hester 1 6401660. 4 5. T hick

w alled ,

s lightly

a braded

b owl

i n a l ow

f ired ,

m icaceous

c lay ;

m illing w eel e xecuted ; 6 /64" ; 7 1 1 97e,

1 6(6) , S F 5 0 , S K 2 /9 ; c f . D avey & P etch a 6501670. 1 4 , F ig. 9 , 2 nd r , f irst l eft; S outh L a ncashire'1

4 6. B owl a s 4 5 ; a braded ,

b ut w ith t races o f b urnishing ;

7 /64" ;

7 1 7 (16) ,

S F

8 0 , S K 2 /13; S outh L ancashire 1 640-1660. 4 7. A n u nusual , m ore p arallel s ided f orm ; c oarse , o ff-white f abric w ith m any i nclusions ; f ine m illing ; 7 /64" ; 7 1 3 5(1) , S F 1 55 , S K 1 7/129 ; d ifficult t o p arallel, b ut p robably S outh L ancashire 1 6401660. 4 8. E legant b owl w ith m oulded d ecoration d epicting m ulberries , o n b oth s ides ; b urnished a nd p olished ; h eel d amaged ; 7 /64" , 7 2 6 3(6) , S F 3 48 , S K 4 /29 ; m ulberry p ipes o ccur a t C hester b ut o n d ifferent f orms a nd i n q uite a d ifferent s tyle o f d ecoration c f . R utter & D avey 1 980 , 1 32 , F ig . 5 0 , N o . 3 -6 ; t his h as m ore i n c ommon w ith M idlands e xamples c f . M uldoon 1 979 , 2 56 , F ig . 1 , n os . l a i d a nd i s v ery c lose t o a S urrey f ind a lso a ttributed t o t he M idlands c f . H iggins 1 981, 2 51, F ig . 1 0 , n o . 2 ; -

p robably m ade s omewhere i n t he E nglish M idlands 1 6401660. 4 9 . F ire d amaged b owl,

r im a nd h eel b roken ;

7 /64" ;

7 1

1 3(1) ,

S F 7 7,

S K

1 5/114; c f. D avey 1 978 , F ig. 2 , n o. 1 9 ; S outh L ancashire 1 6401660. 5 0. L arger s purred f orm ; t he f ront o nly ;

l ow q uality m oulding a nd c oarse f abric ;

7 2 5 8(1) ,

S F 3 50 ,

S K 7 /61; c f . D avey 1 978 ,

S outh L ancashire 1 6601690.

1 80

m illed o n

7 , F ig .

3 , F ;

4 3

4 5

4 7

0

4 9

C 2

F ig. 6 :

1 81

F igure S even : E arly e ighteenth c entury b owls ( Nos. 5 1-57). 5 1. C rude b owl ; d amaged b efore f iring s o t hat t he h eel h as c ollapsed ;

t hick

w alled ; b adly f ired ; c oarse o ff-white f abric ; 6 /64" ; 7 3 8 4(lb) , S K 7 /53 ; n o g ood c omparisons ; o n g rounds o f f abric t ype p ossibly S outh L ancashire 1 6801710 . 5 2. T hin w alled , e legant b owl ; f ine d ense w hite f abric ; h eel d amaged i n m anufacture ; 6 /64" ; 7 2 6 4(2) , S F 4 14 , S K 5 /42 ; c f . R utter & D avey 1 980 , 2 21, F ig. 8 1, C hester F orm 7 8 ; p robably C hester 1 7101730. A. T hi , , kw alled b owl , m oulded d ecoration o n h eel ; l ow f ired m icaceous c lay ; s lightly a braded ; F ig .

3 , H ;

7 /64" ,

o n g rounds

o f

7 6 1 08 (1) , f abric

S K 1 8/138 ;

t ype ,

r elated t o D avey 1 978 ,

p robably

S outh L ancashire

7 ,

1 710-

1 740 . 5 4. G ood q uality m ould , b ut f abric a nd f iring a s 5 3, 6 /64" ; 7 2 6 8(2) ; S F 4 33, S K 5 /36; c f. D avey 1 978 , 7 , F ig. 3 , H ; S outh L ancashire 1 7001730. 5 5. C rudely b urnished b owl; a t race o f m illing o n t he b ack ; f abric a nd f iring a s 5 3; 7 /64" ; 7 3 8 4 0a) , S K 7 /54; a f lat h eeled v ersion o f R ainford F orm C c f. D avey 1 978 , 7 , F ig. 3 ; S outh L ancashire 1 7001730. 5 6. W ell m ade , c rudely b urnished b owl ; l B o r I P h eel s tamp i n r elief w ithin ad ouble c ircle f rame; p artially m illed ; 7 /64" ; 7 3 6 5(6) , S F 4 88 , S K 6 /51; n o p arallels f ound ; s ource u nknown 1 6801720. 5 7. V ery d amaged b owl a s 5 3 , b ut w ith a s horter , m ore s traightened b ody ; 6 /64" ; 7 3 U /P , S F 6 26 , S K 1 5/116; r elated t o R ainford F orm H a bove ; S outh L ancashire 1 7101740.

1 82

5 2

5 3

5 6

5 7

F ig. 7 :

1 83

F igure E ight: E ighteenth c entury b owls ( Nos. 5 8-67). 5 8. P olished b owl i n d ense w hite f abric ; b ottered r im ; d amaged h eel ; 7 /64" ; 7 2 6 3(3) , S F 3 49 , S K 1 0/88 ; R utter & D avey 1 980 , 2 21 , F ig . 8 1 ; C hester F orm 7 8 , 1 7101720. 5 9 . P olished b owl i n d ense w hite b ody w ith f ew i nclusions ; c ut o ff r im ; 7 /64" ; 7 1 6 (8) , S F 1 8 , S K 1 5/115 ; R utter & D avey 1 980 , 2 22 , F ig . 8 2; C hester F orm 8 8 ,

1 7201740 .

6 0. P olished b owl ; d amaged m outh ;

c ut o ff r im ;

7 /64" ;

7 2 5 7(17) , S F 3 11 ,

7 /6 ; R utter & D avey 1 980 , 2 21, F ig. 8 1; C hester F orm 7 8 ,

S K

1 7101720.

6 1. A braded a nd d amaged b owl ; c ut o ff r im ; o ff-white f abric ; 7 /64" ; 7 2 6 4(2) , S F 4 15 , S K 4 /33 ; R utter 1 980-81 , 8 1-2 , F ig . 2 4 , n o . 7 s imilar -

e xample f rom H uxley i n C heshire ; p ossibly S outh L ancashire ,

1 7001730.

6 2. P olished b owl i n t wo p ieces ; c ut o ff r im ; 6 /64" ; 7 7 10(5) , S K 1 8/137 ; R utter & D avey 1 980 , 2 22 , F ig. 8 2; C hester F orm 8 7 , 1 720-1740 . 6 3. B owl i n v ery d ense, c lean b ody; h igh q uality m oulding; c ut o ff r im ; 6 /64" ;

7 7

1 09(43a) ,

S K

1 8/136 ;

R utter & D avey

1 980 ,

2 21,

F ig.

8 1;

C hester F orm 7 9 , 1 7101720. 6 4. G ood q uality b owl , w ith a b ackward l eaning h eel ; d amaged m outh ; c ut o ff r im ;

7 /64" ,

7 56 1 04(4) ,

S F 8 49 ,

S K 1 5/118 ; R utter & D avey 1 980 ,

8 3 ,

F ig .

1 8 , n os. 9 10 ; C hester 1 7101730. 6 5. D amaged b owl , w ith a c oarser b ody a nd r educed c ore ; 7 /55; p robably S outh L ancashire 1 7201750 . 6 6. B owl f ragment ;

6 /64" ;

7 3 8 4(lc) ,

S K

c oarse o ff-white b ody ; t hin w alled ; 6 /64" , 7 9 13(10) , S K

1 8/ 134 ; D avey & P ierce 1 977 ,

1 04 ,

F ig . 3 9 , n o .

5 f rom W arrington ;

S outh

L ancashire 1 7101740. 6 7. B owl , f abric a s 6 3 ; s played h eel ; 5 /64" ; P F 7 4 2 2(7) , S K 1 2/102 ; R utter &D avey 1 980 , 8 5 , F ig. 1 9 , n os. 3 -4; C hester 1 7201740.

1 84

5 8

-

5 9

6 5

F ig. 8 :

1 85

6 0

F igure N ine : N ineteenth c entury b owls ( Nos. 6 8-75). 6 8. B owl a nd s tem i n f our p ieces ;

m oulded d ecoration i n t he f orm o f a h ead ,

t he t wo h alves o f t he mould j oining t hrough t he n ose a nd f orehead ; s chematic h air a nd s ide-burns; c asting s eams u ntrimmed ; 4 /64" ; 7 5 1 04(18) , S F 8 41 , S K 1 5/107 ; f or a n e quivalent e xample f rom M anchester c f . A rnold 1 983 , 7 1, F ig . 5 6, n o . 3 1; p robably p roduced i n t he n orthw est , l ater n ineteenth c entury . 6 9. F ive

j oining

f ragments

o f

a b owl

w ith

m oulded

l eaf

a nd

b ranch

d ecoration ; a s mall s hield , j ust a bove t he s pur , i s v isible o n t he l eft s ide o nly ; 5 /64" ; P F 7 4 2 4(2) , S F 8 53 , S K 1 2/103; l eaf a nd f lower d esigns a re c ommon a ll o ver t he c ountry d uring t he n ineteenth c entury. 7 0. D amaged b owl w ith a lternating l ines o f m oulded p ellets a nd l inear , l obed a nd i achured p anels; 5 /64" ; 7 2 5 5(4) , S F 2 86 , S K 4 /26; v ery s imilar m oulded f ragment f rom C hester ( Rutter & D avey 1 980 , 2 10 , F ig . 7 3 , n o . 1 8) a nd M anchester ( Arnold 1 983 , 7 0 , F ig . 5 5 , n o . 2 2) ; p robably l ocally m ade ,

n ineteenth c entury .

7 1. Moulded b owl , s imilar t o 7 0 , b ut m ore e laborately d ecorated w ith a l arger s urface a rea c overed b y t he p ellets a nd l obes a nd t he l obes m uch m ore f inely h achured ; 5 /64" ; 7 1 1 7(1) , S F 5 7 , S K 1 2/106 ; v ery s imilar m oulds f rom M anchester ( Arnold 1 983, 7 0 , F ig . 5 5 , n o . 2 4) a nd a N ottingham p roduct o f W alter D aft , 1 8801910 ( Hammond 1 982 , 4 9 , F ig . 1 3 , n o. 6 7); p robably l ocally m ade , n ineteenth c entury. 7 2. S ix j oining s herds o f a f inely m oulded b owl , w ith f luted p anels o n t he l ower p art a nd a s croll d esign a bove ; 8 2 16(12) , S K 1 7/133 ; a c ommon t ype o f n ineteenth c entury d ecoration e .g . T aylor a nd G ault 1 979 , 2 902 91 , F ig . 5 , n o . 4 0 , f rom W arwick , p robably l ocally m ade , n ineteenth c entury. 7 3. S tem a nd b ase o f b owl f ragment , w ith m oulded ' random ' d ot d esign ; 7 6 7 6(9), S K 1 7/132; n ineteenth c entury.

4 /64" ;

7 4. S tem a nd s pur f ragment ;

4 /64" ;

a m oulded s tar o n t he s ides o f t he s pur ;

7 7 1 09(1) , S K 1 8/149 ; a v ery c ommon f eature o n n ineteenth c entury s purred b owls c f. H iggins 1 981, 2 26-238 , S urrey; p robably l ocally m ade. 7 5. S tem a nd s pur f ragment ; a v ery s mall ' p ine c one ' o n e ither s ide o f t he s pur ; 5 /64" ; 7 1 1 7(1) , S K 1 8/150 ; a v ery s imilar e xample w as r ecovered o n t he k iln s ite a t R ookery F arm , R ainford ( Dagnall 1 982 , 1 83 , F ig . 3 , R ); n ineteenth c entury, p robably l ocal.

1 86

1

7 1

7 3

7 2

7 4

ve

F ig. 9 :

1 87

F igure T en : N ineteenth c entury b owls ( Nos. 7 6-81). 7 6. B owl w ith d amaged h eel ; 7 2 6 7(2) ,

S F 3 71,

m ould s eams ' d isguised ' b y l eaf m oulding ;

S R 4 /30 ;

5 /64" ;

t his i s p robably t he m ost c ommon s ingle f orm

o f d ecoration o n n ineteenth c entury p ipes. 7 7. S tem a nd b ase o f 4 /64" ;

7 1 3 0(3) ,

b owl w ith l eaf d ecoration ,

S F 1 64 ,

S R 3 /20 ;

n ot u nlike

n o .

6 9 a bove ;

n ineteenth c entury .

7 8. P lain b owl ; m any s cratches o n t he m ould ; p oorly f inished ; 5 /64" ; 7 5 1 04( /5) , S R 1 5/119 ; c f . R utter & D avey 1 980 , 9 6-97 , F ig . 2 8 , n o . 4 , f or as imilar f orm ; e arly n ineteenth c entury. 7 9. S purless b owl ,

s tamped D UBLIN o n t he f ront ;

t he f irst t hree l etters o f

t he s tamp a re d amaged ; 5 /64" ; 7 2 5 7(4) , S F 3 03 , S R 4 /27 ; C urzon 1 977 , 4 2 , F ig . 1 4 , f or a s imilar l ocal f ind f rom N orthwich a nd P enny 1 976 f or a d iscussion o f t he L ancaster f inds o f ' I rish ' s tamps ; d espite s tamp , p robably a l ocal l ate n ineteenth c entury o r e arly t wentieth c entury p roduct, c opying b riar f orms. 8 0. A p lain ,

s purless b owl ;

3 /64" ;

7 1

3 0(1) ,

S F 8 2 ,

S R 2 /14 ;

a nother b riar

s keuomorph ; l ate n ineteenth o r e arly t wentieth c entury. 8 1. D amaged b owl ;

s cratches o n t he m ould ;

p oorly f inished ;

5 /64" ,

S F 4 2 , S R 1 /3; n ineteenth c entury.

N .B.

S ource u nknown f or a ll t hese , b ut p robably l ocally m ade.

1 88

7 1

1 ( 1) 2

7 6

7 7

C

7 8

7 9

8 1

0 F ig. 1 0:

1 89

F igure E leven : D ecorated C hester S tems ( Nos. 8 2-85). A ll r eferences a re t o R utter & D avey 1 980. 8 2. B urnished

s tem i n a f ine ,

w hite ,

d ense b ody ; L ozenge 2 ;

a l arge c rown

w ith a c rescent b ordered b y t welve s mall l ozenges c ontaining t en r ather c rude f leur-dey-lys a nd t he i nitial T O i n o pposite c orners ; h atching o n i nterior o f c rown ; 7 /64" ; 7 2 7 2(2) , S F 6 40 , S K 1 5/112 ; 1 43145 , F ig . 5 2 , N o.

;a ttributed t o T homas o r T imothy O rmes ,

1 6901710.

8 3. S tem a s 8 2 ; L ozenge 3 ; al arge c rown w ith a c rescent b ordered b y t welve s mall l ozenges c ontaining f leur-de-lys ; h atching o n t he i nterior o f t he c rown ; 7 /64" ; 7 1 1 1(3) , S F 3 8 , S K 1 5/113; 1 43-145 , F ig . 5 2 , n o . 3 ; p ossibly a v ariant a s t he c rescent i s l arge a nd t here i s h atching o n t he i nterior o f t he c rown ; 1 6901710. 8 4. A r ather w orn ,

l ightly p olished s tem i n d ense w hite c lay ; O val 1 2 ;

a n

e agle d isplayed o n a p ebble-like p latform ; B order 5 2; a n e xtended p innacle a nd d ot d esign ; 5 /64" ; P F 7 4 1 6 (1) ; 1 50152 , 1 76177 , F igs . 5 4 &6 0; 1 6901715. 8 5. B urnished s tem , s lightly w orn ; s tamped i mpressions n ot v ery c lear ; t he u pper p art o f an ew ? anthropomorphic o val ; B order 5 2, a s 8 4 a bove ; 7 /64" ;

P F

7 4

1 6(5) ;

1 76177 ,

F ig . 6 0 ;

1 90

1 6901715 .

8 2

8 4

8 5

8 3

F igure T welve : D ecorated C hester S tems ( Nos. 8 6-88). A ll R eferences a re t o R utter & D avey 1 980. 8 6. P olished s tem i n d ark g rey ,

d ense c lay ;

f umed ;

g ood s tamp i mpressions ;

O val 4 8 , s howing t he a rms o f t he C ounty o f C heshire t hree g arbs o r w heatsheafs , w ith a s word b etween ; t wo i mpressions o f B order 1 6 , a -

p innacle a nd d ot d esign ; 5 /64" ; 7 7 1 09(71) ; 1 59164 , 1 68169 , F igs . 5 6 & 5 8 ; D avey & R utter g ive t he O val a d ate r ange o f 1 730-1760 , a nd t he B order o ne o f 1 6901715 ; e ither t he O val w as , i n f act , i n u se e arlier t han p reviously t hought , o r t he b order w as u sed f or a l onger p eriod ; g iven t he a ssociation o f B order 1 6 w ith O val 5 4 , n o . 8 8 b elow, t he l atter s eems t he m ore l ikely ; p ossibly 1 7201750 . 8 7. S tem ; d iscoloured a nd w arped b y h eat ,

p robably i n a d omestic f ire ;

f ragments o f c linker a dhering t o t he s urface ; s tamped i mpressions b arely v isible ; p robably O val 5 4 , s howing t he C heshire a rms ; p ossibly B order 5 5 , a f airly b road t ulip a nd t endril d esign ; 5 /64" ; 7 7 1 09(71) ; 1 59164 , 1 76178 , F igs. 5 6 &6 0; 1 7201750. 8 8. S tem ,

s tamped

B order 1 6 ; &5 8 ;

a cross

5 /64" ;

m ould

7 4 1 02(2) ,

s eams , S F 8 55 ,

w hich a re s till v isible ; S K 7 /56 ;

1 59164 ,

1 68169 ,

1 7201750.

A f urther e xample o f B order 1 6 w as r ecovered f rom 7 7 1 09(1).

1 92

O val 5 4 , F igs . 5 6

8 6

8 7

J JJJ 8 8

F ig . 1 2:

1 93

F igure T hirteen : C hester a nd O ther D ecorated S tems ( Nos. 8 9-96). A ll r eferences a re t o R utter & D avey 1 980 , u nless o therwise s tated.

C hester S tamps 8 9. S tem i n p ure , d ense , w hite c lay ; i ncomplete p innacle a nd d ot b order ; 7 /64" ; 7 1 1 9(16) , S K 6 /50 ; 1 68172 , F ig . 5 8 ; s imilar , but n ot t he s ame a s B order 2 9 t his e xample h as t ransverse l ine ; C hester 1 6901715. -

m ore

d ots

a nd

l acks

t he

s ingle

9 0. F ragmentary s tem a nd b order r oller-stamp ; f loral a nd t endril d ecoration ; 6 /64" ; 7 1 1 3(1) , S K 1 7/145 ; c lose t o C hester B order 8 8 c f . 1 81185 , F ig . 6 1; C hester 1 7101730 . 9 1. V ery n arrow s tem ; c lay f umed d ark g rey ; v ery p oorly i mpressed B order 1 10; t hree b road z ones o f d iffering f loral d ecoration ; 5 /64" ; 7 7 1 09(43), S K 1 9/147 ; 1 85189 , F ig. 6 2; C hester 1 7601790. 9 2. W ater-worn s tem t wisted a t o ne e nd ; d ark g rey a nd b right o range s taining p ermeating t he b ody ; 5 /64" ; 7 7 1 09(34) , S K 1 9/148 ; c f . 1 90-191, F ig . 6 3 ; p ossibly C hester m ade ; 1 7001760. A n umber o f v ery f ragmentary e dges o f r olle r -stamps a re a lso l ikely t o b e C hester m ade : P F 7 4 1 6(1) . n os. 1 20122.

7 5 1 04(3) , 7 7 1 09(43) a nd ( 39) , 7 1 1 4(7) a nd 3 e xamples f rom T hree f urther e xamples f rom 3 2(1) a re i llustrated b elow a s

O ther S tamps 9 3. B urnished a nd p olished s tem w ith ' ring o f p earls ' r oller s tamp ; 6 /64" ; 7 7 10(1) , S K 1 7/144; c f . F riederich 1 975 , 6 6 , s ixth f rom t op ; D utch m id-late 1 7th c entury. 9 4. F ragment o f r oller-stampled s tem a s 9 3 ; h ighly p olished a nd v ery n arrow , p arallel , b urnishing l ines ; 1 7th c entury. 9 5. S tem

i n d ense ,

w hite c lay ;

6 /64" ;

7 1

3 5(15) ,

S K 1 7/142 ;

J . B IRCH R AINFOR . . .

s tamped

D utch m id-late

o n o ne s ide

i n

v ery f inely e xecuted l ettering ; 5 /64" ; 7 2 4 9(3) , S F 2 77, S K 5 /43; c f . D agnall 1 982 , 1 84185 , F ig . 4 , n os . 5 ; p robably o ne o f t he J ames B irches o f R ookery F arm , R ainford ; 1 7701800. 9 6. S tem a nd b owl j unction f ragment s tamped B URNS C UTTY o n b oth s ides , o ne o f w hich i s ad ouble i mpression ; 4 /64" ; 7 2 8 0(1) , S F 6 39 , S K 1 5/ 111; a v ery c ommon l ater 1 9th c entury m ark, n ot n ecessarily S cottish . I n a ddition t wo s tems f rom 7 2 6 7(8) , d ecorated b y t he m illing t ool.

1 94

S F 4 28 a nd 7 7

1 09(47) h ave b een

9 0

9 1 9 2

9 3

9 4

9 5

J •3} 1 CR

C

i R M WV

F ig. 1 3 :

1 95

9 6

G roup 7 1 3 2(1): F igure F ourteen t o E ighteen ( Nos. 9 7-145). F igure F ourteen : B owls a nd d ecorated C hester S tems ( Nos. 9 7-104). A ll r eferences a re t o R utter & D avey 1 980. W hen o riginally p rocessed t he d ecorated s tems a nd b owls w ere g iven s eparate c ode l etters A B. .A A A B e tc . , w hich w ere s ubsequently u sed l ike S mall F inds n umbers . S ome o f t hese f ragments w ere l ater f ound t o b elong t o t he s ame p ipe.

9 7.

S even

j oining

s herds

o f

a p olished a nd b urnished b owl a nd d ecorated

s tem ; B owl F orm s imilar t o C hester 9 4 ; n ew C hester o val s tamp s howing a d ragon o ver a c rown ; B order 3 5 , i ncluding a h eart a nd f loral d esign ; 5 /64" ; E +P ; 1 73-175, F ig . 5 9 a nd 2 23 , F ig . 8 3; t he o val s tamp i s s imilar t o O ctagon 7 c f . 1 47 , F ig . 5 3 ; 1 7001720 . 9 8.

H ighly b urnished b owl , F orm 9 4 a s 9 3 ; 5 /64" ; B ;

9 9.

S lightly d amaged b owl a s 9 4 ; 5 /64" ; F ; c f . 2 22 , F ig . 8 2;

1 00. D amaged b owl ; C hester 9 2 ;

5 /64" ; F ;

c f . 2 22 ,

1 01. B owl a s 1 00 , i n t wo j oining s herds; 5 /64" ; A ;

1 7301750 .

F ig . 8 2 ;

1 7401770 .

1 7401770 .

1 7401770.

1 02. H eel f ragment a nd s tem i n t hree s herds ; p ossibly C hester 9 4 , a bove; 5 /64" ; A A ; m id-eighteenth c entury. 1 03. B ase o f b owl/heel f ragment p ossibly C hester s tem ; 5 /64" ; A B; m id-eighteenth c entury.

9 2 a nd

1 04. H eel a nd s tem f ragment ,

5 /64" ; A B ;

p ossibly C hester 9 4 ;

c entury.

1 96

s hort

a s 9 7 99

s ection o f

m id-eighteenth

D

b

V

9 7

1 00

1 02

1 03

F ig. 1 4:

1 97

F igure F ifteen : B owls a nd d ecorated C hester S tems ( Nos. 1 05-112). A ll r eferences a re t o R utter & D avey 1 980. 1 05. B urnished ,

d amaged b owl ,

C hester F orm 9 2 ,

w ith B order 10 ; 5 /64" ; C + M ;

a nd j oining s tem d ecorated

1 86188 , 2 22 , F igs . 6 2

& 8 2 ;

1 740-1760 .

1 06. B owl , c lose t o C hester F orm 8 9 , a nd s tem ; 6 s herds ; b urnished ; s lightly d amaged a round r im ; 5 /64" ; C ; 2 22, F ig. 8 2; 1 7201750. 1 07. B urnished F ig. 8 2;

b owl ,

C hester F orm 8 8 o r 8 9 ,

f our

j oining

s herds ;

D ;

b owl

2 22 ,

1 7301750.

1 08 . D ecorated s tem , w ith a f ragment o f h eel a nd b owl ;

2 j oining s herds ; a

t ulip a nd t endril b order , N o . 7 3 , a nd a n ew o val s tamp s howing a ? ram w ith p ellet o n e ither s ide o f i ts m outh o n a p ebble-like p latform ; 5 /64" ; N ; 1 76180 , F ig. 6 0 ;

1 7201760.

1 09 . S tem f ragment a nd b owl j unction , w ith p art o f a r oller-stamped b order d ecoration ;

2 j oining s herds ;

u nburnished ;

t he e dge

o f

t he b order i s

s imilar t o t hat o f B order 3 5 t he h eart , s tar a nd f leur-de-lys g roup a nd p art o f t he t op o f ah eart i s c learly v isible ; 4 /64" ; A D ; 1 73176 , -

f ig. 5 9 ; 10 . S tem

a nd

1 7001730. b owl

j unction

f ragment ;

u nburnished ;

5 /64" ;

A K ;

e ighteenth

b owl

j unction

f ragment ;

u nburnished ;

5 /64" ;

A J ;

e ighteenth

b owl

j unction

f ragment ;

u nburnished ;

5 /64" ;

A L ;

e ighteenth

c entury. 1 11. S tem

a nd

c entury. 12. S tem

a nd

c entury.

1 05

C

1 07

I

1 08

1 09

1 10

� 1

' . 4

I t I i

1 11

F ig. 1 5:

1 99

( -

I I 4

1 12

F igure S ixteen : D ecorated C hester S tems ( Nos. 13-115). A ll r eferences a re t o R utter & D avey 1 980. 13. S tem i n t wo j oining f ragments ; b urnished ; n ew o val s tamp w ith B order 3 5 e ither s ide ; t he o val c onsists o f a d ragon o ver a c rown i n a d ouble c ircle f rame ; 5 /64" ; Q ; t he s ame s tamp a nd b order a rrangement a s n o . 9 7 a bove ; 1 73175 , F ig. 5 9 c f. a lso O ctagon 7 , 1 47, F ig. 5 3; 1 7001720. 1 14. S ingle s tem f ragment , t wisted a t o ne e nd a nd r oller-stamped w ith B order 3 5 ; b urnished ; 5 /64" ; 0 ; c f . C hester S piral 1 , 1 90193 , F ig . 6 3 ; t his i s t he f irst e xample o f a n a ssociation b etween B order 3 5 a nd S piral 1 ; 1 7001720. 1 15. F our j oining s herds o f s tem ,

w ith a v ariant o f B order 6 5 a t o ne e nd ;

5 /64" ; Z ; 1 76 :177 , F ig . 6 0 ; t he s tem w ith t his b order p ublished f rom C hester , t he o nly e xample k nown i n 1 980 , i s i ncomplete : o ne e dge i s i ndistinct a nd t he r oller h as n ot g one t he w hole w ay r ound t he s tem ; i f t his N orton f ind i s t he s ame s tamp i t s uggests t hat t he e dges o f B order 6 4 a re m irror i mages o f e ach o ther a nd t hat t he m ass o f t endrils a re s teeply s inuous ; 1 7201760 .

2 00

1 13

1 15

1 14

F ig. 1 6:

2 01

F igure S eventeen : D ecorated C hester S tems ( Nos. 16-119). A ll r eferences a re t o R utter & D avey 1 980. 16. T wo s herds,o f p olished s tem , s tamped w ith a n ew C hester O val , f lanked b y t he v ariant o f C hester B order 6 4 t hat o ccurs i n 15 a bove a nd a nd 1 19 b el o w;5 /64" ; J ; 1 59164 , F ig. 5 6 ; 1 7201760.

17

17. T hree j oining s herds o f p olished s tem , s tamped w ith a n ew C hester O val , f lanked b y a v ariant o f B order 6 4 e ither s ide ; 5 6 ; t he B order i s t he s ame g iven t he p osition o f t he a rms a nd t he w ord C hester , B order 6 4 i s u pside d own ;

5/64" ;

I ;

1 59164 ,

F ig .

a s n os . 15 a nd 16 a bove a nd n o . 19 b elow ; b orders i n t his e xample , i n r elation t o t he t he p ublished f igure f or t he t ype e xample o f 1 7201760 .

18. T wo j oining s herds o f b urnished s tem ,

s tamped w ith a n ew C hester C oat

o f A rms O val a nd f lanked b y B order 10 o n e ither s ide ;

5 /64" ,

L ;

1 56-

1 64 , 1 85189 , F igs . 5 6 & 6 2 ; 1 7301760 ; t his o ccurence o f B order 10 s uggests t hat i ts r ange m ay b e s lightly l onger , b eginning p erhaps a d ecade e arlier t han s uggested b y R utter a nd D avey. 1 19. A s ingle s herd w ith t he v ariant o f B order 6 4 d escribed i n n o . 15 a bove a nd a n ew C hester C oat o f A rms O val ; 5 6 &6 0; 1 7301760.

5 /64" ;

K ;

1 59164 ,

1 76180 ,

F igs .

T he f our C heshire C oat o f A rms O val s tamps s hown h ere a re a ll v ery s imilar , b ut a re p robably n ot t he s ame d ie . T he d ifferences i n s ize a nd t hickness o f s word a nd t he r elative s izes a nd s hapes o f t he w heatsheafs a re t oo g reat t o b e e xplained b y v agaries i n p roduction o f t he i ndividual i mpressions . A t t he s ame t ime t hese f our s tamps a re m uch c loser t o e ach o ther t han t o a ny o f

t he

t ype

e xamples p ublished

f rom C hester .

T he

t op

o f

t he

s hield

i s

g ently a nd c ontinuously c onvex ; o nly O vals 4 1 a nd 4 2 a re c onvex o n t op , b ut a re v ery s teeply s o . T he s ides o f t he s hield a re s lightly c oncave a nd t aper s moothly t owards t he b ottom ; n one o f t he C hester e xamples i s I n t his f orm a nd n one h as t he s traight p ointed b ase e xhibited b y t he N orton f inds. T hese n ew

o val a nd b order s tamps i n a s ingle g roup f rom N orton ,

t ogether

w ith a n umber o f e xamples , s uch a s B order 3 5 , w hich h ave o nly b een r ecorded o nce a t C hester , g ive s ome i dea o f t he e normous v ariety o f t hese C hester p roducts a nd s uggests t hat m any m ore f inds n eed t o b e r ecorded b efore t he w hole r ange o f t ypes h as b een d efined.

2 02

1 18

1 16

*

7

S I

0

1 17

1 19

F ig. 1 7:

2 03

F igure E ighteen : D ecorated S tems, M outhpieces, N ear-Mouthpieces ( Nos. 1 201 45. R eferences a re t o R utter & D avey 1 980 , u nless o therwise s tated. 1 20. A s ingle s herd e dge o f C hest

a f ragment o f b order a t o ne e nd , s imilar t o t he D order 6 5; 5 /64" ; A l; 1 76-180 , F ig. 6 0 ; p robably

C hester , f irst h alf o f t he e ighteenth c entury. I I. 1 21. A b urnished s tem p ossibly

a t ulip

f ragment w ith a nd

t endril

t he e dge o f a b order a t o ne e nd,

t ype ;

5 /64" ;

A H ;

1 76-180 ,

F ig .

6 0 ;

p robably C hester , f irst h alf o f t he e ighteenth c entury. 1 22. A b urncished s tem f ragment , w ith t he e dge o f ab order a t o ne e nd , p robably o f p innacle a nd d ot t ype ; 5 /64" ; A E; e .g . B orders 1 3 &1 4 , 1 68173 2 F ig. 5 8 ; p robably C hester 1 6901720. 1 23. T hree j oining s herds o f s tem ; o ne r ecent b reak h as o ccured a round a t hickening i n t he s tem w hich h as b een d efined b y t wo p arallel i ncised l ines

-

p ossibly t he r epair o f ab reak i n m oulding ; 5 /64" ; A B.

M outhpieces ( Nos. 1 25137). A ll f inished b y s imple k nife o r w ire c ut ;

a ll 5 /64" ,

e xcept n o .

1 34 ,

w hich

i s 6 /64" ; M I-M13.

N ear M outhpieces ( Nos. 1 24 ,

1 38-145).

A ll a re s o c lose t o t he e nd o f t he p ipe a s t o i mply , w ith c ertainty , a nother p ipe ; a ll 5 /64" , e xcept N o. 1 39 , w hich i s 6 /64" ; A C, 5 1-58. T his ,

t he

l argest

s ingle

g roup

f rom

N orton ,

h as

a n umber

o f i nteresting

p oints . A dding t he m outhpiece a nd n ear-mouthpiece n umbers , am inimum o f 2 2 p ipes i s p resent . T his c ompares w ith 1 6 d efinitely d istinct b owls . T he p resence o f a m ajority o f m outhpieces , t ogether w ith t he l ong l engths o f s urviving s tem i mplies l ittle d isturbance o f t he g roup b oth b efore a nd a fter d eposition . D avid H iggins h as e stimated , f rom o verlapping s tem t aper t hat n o . 9 7 , e xtant t o 3 05mm , would h ave h ad a t otal l ength o f a round 4 60mm . S imilarly n o . 1 07 , e xtant t o 2 65mm , w ould h ave b een a t l east 3 85mm l ong . N o . 15 , f our j oining s tem f ragments , e xtant t o 2 23mm , w ould , g iven t he n ormal p lacing o f t he s tamps i n r elation t o t he b owl , h ave r eached a t l east 3 30 n u n . N one o f t he p ipes h as e vidence o f h aving b een s moked . t heir r ecovery a s a c ache ,

w ith n o o ther f inds ,

T his ,

t ogether w ith

a ssociated w ith t he

f oundations o f t he G eorgian H ouse s uggests t he h iding o r b urying o f as upply o f f ine C hester p ipes d uring t he l atter s tages o f t he c ompletion o f t he H ouse . T he r ange o f s tamps p resent p robably i ndicates a d ate t owards 1 750 f or t heir d eposition .

2 04

1 23 1 24 1 20

1 25 1 26

1 27

0

1 28

1 29

1 30 131 1 32

F ,

B

1 33134 1 35 1 36 1 37

121

122

( .

V 1 38

1 ?9

F ig. 1 8 : 2 05

1 40 1 41

1 42

1 43

1 44

1 45

F igures N ineteen t o T wenty-two : C lay P ipes f rom N orton V illage . R eferences a re t o D avey 1 977a , u nless o therwise s tated. ( OP

=

F igure n umber i n D avey 1 977a).

F igure N ineteen : N orton V illage , P it 2 P it 2 c ontained 6 7 f ragments o f p ipe ,

-

H ouse B E ast ( Nos. 1 46 - 1 55).

i ncluding t he 1 0 b owls i llustrated

h ere . A ll t he f inds a re i n a c oarse , l ow f ired f abric , d escribed i n d etail i n 1 977 a s f abric A ( p . 8 4) . T he m oulds u sed a re v ery p oorly m ade , w ith u neven s urfaces a nd m any s uperficial a nd s ome f undamental f laws . m illing i s v ery p oorly e xecuted a nd t here i s n o i nternal b ottering .

T he T he

p ipes a re n ot h and-made , a s was s uggested i n 1 977 ( p . 8 6) , b ut , i n t heir e xtreme c rudeness , a re v ery d istinct f rom o thers d escribed f rom t he r egion . O n f ormal g rounds t hey p robably d ate f rom t he p eriod 1 630-1650 ( c f . A tkinson &O swald 1 969 , F orms 5 /10). 1 46. B owl a nd s tem i n t hree f ragments ; t he m iddle o ne b leached , t he o thers t obacco s tained ; t he h ole i n t he s ide o f t he b owl m ay h ave b een c aused b y a f law i n t he m ould ;

6 /64" ; L F 7 4 4 /41; O P 4 .

1 47. B owl ; 6 /64" ; L F 7 4 4 /31A ; O P 5 . 1 48 . B owl ; 6 /64" ; L F 7 4 4 /31B; O P 6 . 1 49. B owl ; 6 /64" ; L F 7 4 4 /31C; O P 7 . 1 50. B owl ; v ery v ariable f iring c olour ,

i ncluding p ink a nd o range ; 8 /64" ; L F

7 4 4 /31D ; O P 8 . 1 51. B owl ;

d amaged m outh a nd a ngled h eel ,

t wo j oining s herds ;

6 /64" ;

L F 7 4

4 /31E; O P 9 . 1 52. B owl; 6 /64" ; L F 7 4 4 /31F; O P 1 0 . 1 53. B owl ; v ery l opsided , w hen v iewed f rom a s moking p osition ; am ould f law i n t he s ide o f t he b owl h as p roduced a s mall h ole c f . n o . 1 46 a bove ; 8 /64" ; L F 7 4 4 /31G ; O P 1 1. 1 54. B owl ; 7 /64" ; 1 2 7 4 4 /31H ; O P 1 2. 1 55. B owl ;

s urface o f m ould s cratched ;

1 3.

2 06

t wo s herds ;

6 /64" ;

L F 7 4 4 /311 ;

O P

I )

1 47

1 46

C>

1 48

1 49

K I I

1 50

1 52

1 53

154

F ig. 1 9:

2 07

F igure T wenty : N orton V illage , P it 1 L ancashire T ype B owls ( Nos. 1 59-162).

-

H ouse B W est ( Nos. 1 56-158) a nd S outh

P it 1 ( Nos. 1 56-158). P it 1 c ontained 1 4 f ragments o f p ipe ,

i ncluding t he 3 b owls i llustrated

h ere .

T he f rgments a re a ll i n f abric A a nd t he p ipes p oorly

P it 2 .

T he o nly d iscernible d ifference i s t hat P it 1 p ipes a ppear t o h ave

b een m ore h ighly f ired . D espite j oins b etween t he t wo p it g roups.

m ade ,

a s

i n

t heir p roximity o n s ite , t here w ere n o A ll p resumably l ocally m ade, 1 6301650.

1 56. B owl; d amaged m outh ; 7 /64" ; L F 7 4 4 /24; O P 1 . 1 57. B owl ; h ighly a ssymetric a nd u nevenly m oulded ; 7 /64" ; L F 7 4 4 /27 ; O P 2 . 1 58. B owl ;

v ery

r ough e xternal

s urfaces ;

r educed g rey b ody ;

7 /64" ;

L F

7 4

4 /34 ; O P 3 .

S outh L ancashire T ype B owls ( Nos. 1 59-162).

1 59. B owl ,

w ith a w ide s pur ;

l ightly p olished s urfaces ,

i rregular m illing ,

f abric B ( cf . p . 8 3) ; l B s tamp i n a s emi-circular f rame , w ith a c rest , o n t he f ront o f t he b owl ; 6 /64" ; L F 7 4 2 /14; S F 7 ; O P 1 4 . T he l B s tamp i s t he m ost c ommon a mongst t he S outh L ancashire m arks ( Davey 1 978 , 2 -3) ; i t r emains u nclear h ow m any m akers , f rom w hich c entres a re r epresented 1 640-1670.

b y

t he

1 60. B owl w ith a n eat ,

l arge

n umber o f

p ointed s pur ;

d ies w hich h ave b een r ecognised ;

f abric B ;

v ery w orn ,

c rested ,

s emi-

c ircular , s tamp o n t he f ront o f t he b owl w hich r eads T a nd p ossibly a r eversed S , a s i n n o . 4 1 a bove ; c ould a lso b e T B a s i n n o . 3 4 ; 7 /64" ; L F 7 6 6 /5; O P 1 5; n o k nown m aker , 1 640-1670. 1 61. T he u pper p art o f ab owl ; f abric B ; w orn s tamp a s n o . 1 60 , m ore c learly aT r eversed S , a s n o . 4 1 a bove ; L F 7 4 3 /2 ; m aker , 1 6401670.

S F 1 3; O P 1 6 ; n o known

1 62. D amaged , u ndecorated b owl i n f abric B ; m illing o n t he f ront o nly ; 6 /64" ; L F 7 4 4 /49; O P 1 7;

1 6401670.

2 08

156

1 58

1 61

F ig. 2 0 :

2 09

F igure T wenty-one : N orton V illage , E ighteenth a nd N ineteenth C entury B owls ( Nos. 1 63-169). 1 63. B owl i n f abric B ; s played a nd r ibbed h eel ; s teeply c onvex o n b ack ; s traight , c ut-off m outh ; 6 /64" ; L F 7 5 5 /9 ; o n g rounds o f f abric , a lmost c ertainly a S outh L ancashire p roduct c f . D avey 1 978 , 7 , F ig . 3 H ; 1 7001 740. 1 64. L ower p art o f b owl a nd h eel f ragment ;

s played a nd r ibbed h eel a s 1 63 ;

h ighly p olished , f abric C ; 7 /64" ; L F 7 4 3 /53 ; S F 6 4a ; O P 1 9 ; o n g rounds o f f abric a nd h igh q uality a C hester p roduct c f . F orm 7 1, R utter & D avey 1 980 , 2 2, F ig. 8 0 ; C hester 1 7001720. 1 65. B owl , d amaged m outh ;

f abric C , t hin w alled b ody , w ith f lared l ip ; v ery

h igh q uality m oulding , l ightly p olished ; 6 /64" ; L F 7 4 2 /14; O P 2 0 ; p robably a C hester p roduct , c f . R utter & D avey 1 980 , 2 22 , F ig . 8 2 , F orm 8 8 ;

1 7101730.

1 66. E laborately m oulded b owl ;

f abric C ; f luted d esign o n t he b ack ,

as tag 's

h ead a nd h orns o n t he f ront , ab ird , p ossibly a n i bis , w ith b ranches o n t he l eft a nd d ividers a nd s et-squares o n t he r ight p resumably a ll M asonic s ymbols ; 5 /64" ; L F 7 6 8 /30 ; O P 2 1; a lthough M asonic b owls o f -

t his g eneral t ype a re c ommon a ll o ver t he c ountry ( e .g . A tkinson & O swald 1 969 , 2 00 ; R utter & D avey 1 980 , 2 09 , F ig . 7 2, n o . 8 ) , t his e xample b ears a c lose r esemblance t o f inds f rom R ookery F arm R ainford ( Dagnall 1 982 , 1 81, F ig . 2 , F & C ) . I n t hese e xamples t he a rrangement , n umber a nd t ype o f e lements i s i dentical , a lthough t he m ould i s o bviously d ifferent ; Gh as a m uch l arger s tag a nd b ird c ould t he l atter p rovide a n o rigin f or t he L iverpool , ' Liver b irds'? I n v iew o f t he f ine q uality o f t he m oulding a nd t he R ainford f inds , -

p robably m ade i n R ainford t owards t he e nd o f t he e ighteenth c entury. 1 67. M oulded b owl f ragment , w ith f luted , d esign o n t he b ack ;

f oliage a nd a

b ird ( ?ibis) o n t he l eft s ide ; f abric C ; L F 7 4 3 /53 ; S F 4 2 ; O P 2 3 ; t his f ragment i s p art o f a s imilar M asonic b owl a s n o . 1 66 , b ut f rom a d ifferent m ould ; p robably R ainford , l ate e ighteenth c entury. 1 68. M oulded b owl f ragment , f luted d ecoration m ore e xtensive t han n os . 1 661 67 ; f abric C ; L F 7 5 5 /1; O P 2 2 ; a c ommon t ype o f d ecoration , p robably e arly 1 9th c entury, p roduction c entre u nknown . 1 69. B ase o f b owl ,

s pur a nd s tem f ragment ;

l eaf m oulding o n b ack o f b owl ,

' d isguising ' t he m ould s eams ; t wo s mall c oncentric c ircles o n e ither s ide o f t he s pur ; 5 /64" ; L F 7 4 3 /2 ; S F 1 8 ; O P 3 0 ; c f . as imilar e xample f rom C hester ( Rutter & D avey 1 980 , 2 09 , F ig . 7 2 , n o . 4 ) ; n ineteenth c entury.

2 10

1 65

1 66

1 67

1 69

F ig. 2 1:

2 11

F igure T wenty-two : N c

i t

V illage, M arked a nd D ecorated S tems ( Nos. 1 70-

1 77). 1 70 . B urnished s tem , f abric C ; n ew C hester o val s tamp , s howing a d ragon o ver ac rown ,

w ith B order 1 9 ,

p robably o n b oth s ides ;

t he s tamp i s t he s ame

a s n os . 9 7 & 13 a bove ; 6 /64" ; L F 7 4 3 /36 ; S F 6 5 ; O P 2 6 ; R utter & D avey 1 980 , 1 68-173 , F ig . 5 8 , f or B order 1 9 ; t he o val s tamp b ears s ome r esemblance t o O ctagon 7 , ( ibid. 1 47 , F ig. 5 3); C hester 1 7001720 . 1 71. B urnished s tem w ith r oller-stamped b order ; f abric C ; 5 /64" ; L F 7 4 3 /52 ; S F 6 4b ; O P 2 4; a v ariant o f C hester B order 3 , w ith t he a ddition o f p ellets w ithin t he d esign ; R utter & D avey 1 980 , 1 68-173 , F ig . 5 8 ; C hester 1 7001720 . 1 72. T wisted s tem , f abric C ; ap lain s piral w ith n o i nterleaved d ecoration ; 6 /64" ; L F 7 6 9 /1; O P 2 7; p ossibly C hester , b ut n ot t he s ame a s a ny p ublished ( Rutter & D avey 1 980 ,

1 90191, F ig . 6 3) a nd l ess w ell d efined

d etail; e ighteenth c entury. 1 73. R oller s tamped s tem ; o ff-white f abric w ith b lack i nclusions , s imilar t o f abric B ; t he n ame . .T P LVMBLY i s s et w ithin t hree p arallel z ones o f f ine w avy l ines o n e ither s ide ; t he s tamp i s i ncomplete o n t his e xample ; 6 /64" ; I F 7 5 5 /2 ; O P 2 8 ; aM atthew P lumely ( sic) i s r ecorded i n R ainford P arish R egisters b etween 1 718 a nd 1 725 ( King 1 982 , 2 77) ; f inds o f p ipes w ith t his s tamp h ave b een m ade a t Watercrook a nd L ancaster ( A . W hite i n c orrespondance) , a s w ell a s i n R ainford i tself ( Davey 1 978 , 4 -5 , F ig . 2 , n o . 2 3) ; t he s tatement t hat a g roup o f P lumley p ipes h ad b een f ound i n L iverpool ( ibid . , 4 ) w as a m istake t he s imilar L iverpool r oller s tamps w ere a ll o f T ho . A therton ; R ainford , f irst h alf o f t he e ighteenth c entury . -

1 74. F ragment

o f r oller s tamped s tem ,

a s

1 73;

f abric B ;

t he n ame

i s

d ifficult t o r ead , p ossibly . ANE S EFTO . .;6 /&4" ; L F 7 6 9 /1; O P 2 9 ; p ossibly t he m ark o f J ane S efton , w ho d ied i n 1 720 , w ife o f t he R ainford p ipemaker J ohn S efton ( King 1 982, 2 78) ; i t would n ot b e s urprising f or a w oman t o b e o perating i n h er o wn r ight am aker n amed E lizabeth S avage , s o f ar u ntraced i n t he d ocuments , was a lso u sing -

R ainford t ype r oller s tamps

( Davey 1 978 ,

5 , F ig . 2 , n o . 2 5) ;

R ainford ,

f irst h alf o f t he e ighteenth c entury. 1 75. R oller s tamped s tem f ragment ; r ectangles ;

5 /64" ;

L F

7 4

4 /8 ;

f abric C ; S F 3 5 ;

f ive p arallel

O P 2 5 ;

r ows o f

p robably C hester ,

s mall b ut n o

g ood p arallel; e arly e ighteenth c entury. 1 76. C omplete s tem a nd m outhpiece ; m oulded d esign o n b ase o f b owl ;

s tamped

a fter m oulding W . W HITE o n o ne s ide o f t he s tem a nd G LASGOW o n t he o ther ; 5 /64" ; L F 7 4 3 /1; S F 8 ; O P 3 1; a p roduct o f t he w ell k nown f irm o f W hite i n G lasgow , 1 8401900 ( cf. D avey 1 977a , 8 9). 1 77. S tem f ragment , f abric B ; c rudely m ade , u neven s urface ; as ingle V s ectioned h ole c ut i n t he s urface a fter f iring , t hrough t o t he b ore ; 7 /64" ;

7 4 4 /39 ;

S F 18 ;

p robably p art o f aw histle o r p rimitive f lute

o f 1 7th c entury d ate.

2 12

1 71

1 72

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I C I C I C I C

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J o h n R o c k

U )

L i x b o a M e r c h a n t o f B i d e f o r d

I C

*

I n t e g r i t y o f B i d e f o r d I C

W i l i a m B r o w n i g J o h n D a v i e

.

J a m e s ( o u t o f B a r n s t a p l e )

I C I C I C I C I C I C I C I C I C I C K I C I C I C

Z

M a r y R o s e o f B i d e f o r d

I C

I C

A m i t y o f B i d e f o r d

O

H e n r i e t a o f B i d e f o r d

J o h n S m i t h

W a l t e r P o w e r

I C

T h o m a s W a l t e r G e o r g e B u c k

J o h n S m i t h

J o h n N i c h o l s

I C

S a m u e l o f B i d e f o r d

U n i t y o f M i n e h a d

G e o r g e S t r a n g e

J o h n R o c k

I C

P h o e n i x o f B i d e f o r d

P e t r W e l i n g t o n

W i c k e y

J o h n T u c k e r

( n o t h e r d e t a i l s u p l i e d )

R i c h a r d S m i t h J o h n S m i t h

H e n r y

P h i l p P r a n c e J o h n D a v i e F r i e n d s h i p o f B a r n s t a p l e

10 0 U )

I C

U n i t y ( o u t o f B a r n s t a p l e )

e xample . c rates

B ideford

s hips

r eturning

f or i nstance i n 1 690 .

f rom L iverpool a lso b rought p ipes ,

8

O ccasionally p ipes w ere a lso i mported f rom

H olland . ( 2) .

T able 3 .

C oastal I mports o f T obacco-Pipes i nto N orth D evon i n t he y ear 1 679

Q uantity o f

P ort o f

V essel o f

P ipes

O rigin

( port)

T onnage

M aster

M erchant

4b oxes

B ristol

G eorge o f B ideford

*

G eorge L ake

8c rates

C hester

H appy R eturne

*

J ames B erry

G eorge o f B ideford

*

S imon D alling

H appy R eturne

*

J ames B erry

*

S imon D alling

o f B ideford 1b ox

7 0 s mall

B ristol

C hester

g ross

o f B ideford

2b oxes

B ristol

G eorge o f B ideford

T he

i mport

P ipemakers ,

a nd

e xport

whether

i n

o f

p ipes

d epended

B arnstaple

o r

o n

o ther e stablished t rades .

B ideford ,

B ristol,

C hester

o r

A msterdam , c ould s ell t heir w ares t o g eneral m erchants o r m asters o f s hips t rading i n a nd o ut o f t hat p ort . O utlay a nd r isk o n l ow v alue g oods w ere s mall , a nd t hey t ook u p l ittle h old s pace , y et y ielded a r easonable p rofit t o t hese m iddlemen . T here i s n ot l ikely t o h ave b een m uch s pecific d emand o utside t he a rea f or N orth D evon p ipes , f or t he p ort b ooks , e ven when a llowance i s m ade f or t he l arge p ercentage l ost , i ndicate o nly i rregular t rade . C oastal e xports o n t he c ontributed m uch t o t he p rosperity l ocal i ndustry. T he

m odest

s cale s hown i n T able 2 c annot h ave o f p ipemakers o r t he e xpansion o f t he

T he s ame a ppears t o b e t rue o f s hipments o verseas. e xport

o f

t obacco-pipes

f rom B arnstaple

c ould w ell h ave b een o f l ocally-made p ipes ,

s hown i n T able

4 ,

a lthough p ossibly s ome B ristol

p ipes were s hipped i n a nd r e-exported . B ideford 's e xports w ere a lso r elatively s mall , n ot e ven a ccounting f or t he whole o f t he i mport f rom C hester i n a ny y ear w here t his c an b e f ollowed u p . A rchaeological f inds m ay h elp t o a nswer t he q uestions p osed b y t he p ort b ook e ntries , a nd e stablish w hether p ipes m ade i n B ideford i tself w ere s ent t o I reland o r t he c olonies . W ith p ipemakers w orking i n t he t own ( Appendix I ) , i t i s l ikely t hat s ome o f t he p ipes e xported w ere m ade t here. T able 4 s hows t hat t he e arly t rade i n t obacco p ipes f rom N orth D evon t o I reland h ad f allen r ight a way b y t he 1 660 's , p robably b ecause l arge c entres o f p roduction l ike B ristol a nd C hester s upplied a ll t hat w ere n eeded . I n 1 690 a n u nusual d emand f or s upplies f or t he E nglish a rmy r esulted i n m any c argoes o f f ood-stuffs b eing s ent t o B elfast f rom N orth D evon . T he

4 61

u nprecedented

e xport

o f

1 00

g ross

o f

t obacco-p ipes

f rom B ideford i n t hat

y ear c ould h ave b een f or t he s oldiers . U nfortunately t he e ntry d oes n ot s how t he d estination o r o ther d etails o f t his s hipment , b ut o ccasional c argoes o f p ipes w ere o nce a gain s ent t o I reland i n t he l ast d ecade o f t he c entury. T he e xport o f p ipes t o t he c olonies a cross t he A tlantic w as c oi ncidental w ith m ore i mportant t rade . B ideford m erchants w ere i n t he t obacco t rade , a nd b rought b ack o ther c olonial p roduce ; t hey e xported w hatever m anufactures t he c olonists n eeded , s o af ew g ross o f t obacco-pipes w ould b e l oaded w ith h ousehold g oods, e arthenware , c loth a nd o ther c ommodities . S hips s ailed u p t he r ivers o f V irginia a nd M aryland , s elling g oods t o t he p lanters w ho r e-sold t hem i n t heir o wn s tores , f or t here w ere f ew t owns a nd m arkets . F ewer t han o ne h undred g ross o f p ipes w ere s ent o verseas f rom B arnstaple i n t he s eventeen y ears f or w hich p ort b ooks r emain b etween 1 650 a nd 1 701; h alf t he n umber w hich w ere e xported f rom B ristol t o I reland i n t he o ne y ear 1 612 . L ater , t housands r ather t han h undreds o f g ross w ere r egularly e xported f rom B ristol . 3 T his c omparison s hows t hat t he B arnstaple a nd B ideford i ndustries

c an h ave s upplied l ittle m ore t han

t heir l ocal m arkets . B arnstaple w as a n i mportant m arket t own a nd c entre f or i nland t rade , a nd i mported g oods m ust h ave a ttracted t raders t o B ideford . h ad f airs w hich b rought i n p eople f rom l ong d istances .

B oth t owns a lso T he h undred o r s o

n orthernmost p arishes i n D evon h ad a p opulation o f a bout 5 0 ,000 i n t he m ids eventeenth c entury , s o l ocal s ales o f g oods p roduced i n t he a rea c ould h ave b een r easonably l arge . ( 4 ) T here w ere a lso r egular c arriers w ith s trings o f p ack-horses o n t he m ore f requented r outes t o E xeter a nd P lymouth f or e xample , w hile I rish w ool b rought i n t o B arnstaple w as d istributed a ll r ound t he n orth a nd w est o f t he c ounty , t o b e s pun f or t he T iverton w eavers . ( 5 ) T his e xisting t ransport n etwork c ould h ave s erved f or t he d istribution o f t obacco-pipes , a nd t he B arum p ipes f ound i n a rchaeological e xcavations i n P lymouth a re a s l ikely t o h ave a rrived o verland a s b y s ea . T hese e asily a ttributable p ipes h ave b een f ound i n ' considerable n umbers ' i n t he w est c ountry , s uggesting a dequate t ransport f acilities . M any, l ike t he o ne f ound i n W orcester , m ust h ave b een c arried b y w ater , h owever . ( 6 ) O verseas p ort b ooks s how d uties p ayable o n t obacco-pipes e xported . L ike m ost g oods , t obacco p ipes p aid f ive p er c ent , w hich w as o ne s hilling i n t he p ound o n t heir s upposed v alue .

I n 1 660 ,

t he v alue o f p ipes w as a ssessed

f or c ustoms p urposes : T obacco p ipes ,

t he s mall g ross c ontaining 1 2 d ozen

. ..

1 s hilling

( 7) .

T hirty g ross t herefore w ould h ave b een w orth E l, w ith 1 s hilling d uty p ayable , a nd p ro r ata , a s s hown i n T able 4 . T able 1 s hows t he s ame d uty p ayable i n 1 633 , but t he e arlier e ntries i ndicate t hat n either t he v alue n or t he f ive p er c ent d uty o n p ipes c an b e r egarded a s f ixed i n t he e arly d ays o f

t heir

m anufacture .

T he

a ctual

v alue

o f

t obacco-pipes

i n a ny

c annot b e j udged f rom v aluations l aid d own f or c ustoms p urposes ,

p eriod

f or t hese

w ere f ixed f or m any y ears , r egardless o f i nf lation , a nd f or t his r eason a re u sually c onsidered t oo l ow . A lso t hey d o n ot t ake r egional d ifferences i nto a ccount .

W hen o ne s hilling a g ross w as f ixed a s t he v alue , p ipes m ade

i n L ondon c ould p erhaps h ave b een s old a t t hat , p resumably , I n 1 628 ,

h owever ,

P eter T akell

B arnstaple a t 9 d p er g ross ,

wholesale p rice .

w as p aying o ff a d ebt w ith p ipes

m ade

i n

a nd t here m ust h ave b een m any p rice v ariations

4 62

u p a nd d own t he c ountry .

I n t he e arly e ighteenth c entury , w ith t he c ustoms

v aluation s till a t o ne s hilling a g ross , B arnstaple c orporation p aid 8 d f or t hree a nd a h alf d ozen o f p ipes , a r ate o f 2 s 3 1d p er g ross . ( 8) E ven a llowing t his t o b e a r etail r ather t han a w holesale p rice , t he c ost h ad m ore t han d oubled s ince T akell 's t ime . T he c ustoms v aluation a lso t ook n o a ccount o f v ariations i n t he s ize a nd q uality o f p ipes s hipped , n or o f p ossible d ifferences I n t he p rices c harged b y m akers , s o t hey c annot b e r egarded a s at rue g uide t o p ayments a ctually r eceived . T he p ort b ooks p rovide a t l east a b asis f or t he s tudy o f s hipments o f t obacco-pipes b oth i n a nd o ut o f N orth D evon . T hey a lso s how l arge c argoes o f t obacco-pipe c lay s ent f rom B ideford t o B ristol a nd o ther c entres , f urnishing t he r aw m aterial f or t he p ipemakers t here . ( Appendix I I) . T his t rade i n c lay h elps t o e xplain w hy t he N orth D evon i ndustry i tself r emained s mall , a nd e xports o f p ipes n egligible.

N OTES ( 1)

R oger G ranville , T he H istory o f B ideford ( Bideford 1 883), 2 1.

( 2)

A drian O swald I dentified f rom p hotographs a p ipe r etrieved f rom a c onstruction s ite i n B ideford b y M r . R . L loyd , a s D utch , c . 16851715 . P ipes s uch a s t he o ne f ound i n B ideford c ould h ave b een d irectly i mported f rom H olland . T he p ort b ook f or 1 684 , f or e xample , s hows t hat t obacco-pipes w ere b rought i n f rom A msterdam .

( 3)

P rice , J ackson o p. c it. , 2 1.

( 4)

P opulation e stimate b ased o n A .J . H oward T he P rotestation R eturns 1 641 ( privately p rinted 1 973) a nd R . S tanes , ' T he C ompton C ensus f or

& J ackson ,

o p. c it. ,

A pp .

V ;

J ackson

t he D iocese o f E xeterg 1 676 1, D H I X ( 1974) a nd X ( 1975) , ( 5)

J . C rofts P ackhorse , W aggon & P ost ( 1967), 3 8.

( 6)

A drian O swald , o p.cit.,

( 7)

S tatutes o f t he R ealm ,

1 33 , F ig. 5 5 , N o :36 , 1 84 ( 12 .Car .II ,

& P rice ,

p assim .

1 34.

1 660 , A s ubsidy g ranted t o t he

K ing ... ) I n t he p ort b ooks t he w ords ' small g ross ' a nd ' gross ' a ppear t o h ave b een u sed f or t he s ame a mount , a s t he d uty c harged w as t he s ame . ( 8)

N DA 3 037 , M ayoral a cc ou nt o f 1 706.

4 63

( iii)

T he N ineteenth- C entury R evival

T he w ords " lobacco-Pipe M anufacturers" a ppearing i n s mall p rint a t t he f oot o f a n a dvertisement f or a ' West o f E ngland W holesale , a nd R etail , T ea , C offee , S pice a nd G eneral G rocery E stablishment ' a re among t he f irst i ndications t hat t he c raft o f p ipemaking h ad r eappeared i n B ernstaple i n t he

1 8 50 's . T he N orth D evon J ournal o f 1 9th J anuary 1 854 a lso t old r eaders t hat t he g rocery b usiness a dvertised , t hat o f W .H . T horne a nd C ompany w as a t 7 9 H igh S treet , o pposite t he G uildhall . N o v estiges o f V ictorian b uildings r emain a t t he p resent N o : 7 9 , b ut i n t he n ineteenth c entury m ost o f t he H igh S treet p remises h ad l arge w arehouses o r s to res at t he r ear . T he o ne a t n umber 8 1, f or e xample , which w as v ery l ittle a ltered u ntil r ecently , m easured a bout 5 0 f eet b y 2 0 , a nd h ad l arge r ooms o n t hree f loors . S uch a b uilding w ould h ave p rovided p lenty o f s pace f or a s mall i ndustry s uch a s t he m anufacture o f t obacco-pipes . I t w as p robably i n t his k ind o f a ccommodation t hat T horne 's e mployees m anufactured t he p ipes a dvertised . T hat t hey c arried o ut t he w ork i n t he H igh S treet p remises s eems c lear f rom t he f ollowing a dvertisement , p ublished i n t he N orth D evon J ournal o f 8 th S eptember , 1 853 :' Tobacco P ipe M anufactory, I talian W arehouse , C o . , P roprietors . A PPRENTICE'.

G eneral G rocery E stablishment a nd

7 9 H igh S treet , A V ACANCY

B arnstaple .

T HORNE

J UN . a nd

f or a R espectable Y OUTH a s a n

W .H . T horne , j unior , i s u nlikely t o h ave m ade p ipes h imself . T he c ensus r eturn o f 1 851 d escribes h im a s ag rocer , t hen 2 3 y ears o ld . I n a l etter t o t he N orth D evon J ournal , p ublished o n 7 th D ecember , 1 852 , h e c alled f or a s teamship s ervice b etween B arnstaple a nd B ideford , c omplaining t hat g rocery g oods d elivered f rom L ondon b y s ea t o B ideford w ere t hen d elayed b y w ind a nd w eather f rom r eaching B arnstaple . N either t he t ransport o f c lay i nto B arnstaple n or o f p ipes o ut s eems t o h ave b een i n h is m ind . I t i s p ossible t hat h e h ad n ot b egun t he m anufacture a t t his t ime ,

o r t hat i t w as n ot v ery

i mportant a s y et . O nly o ne p ipemaker w as l isted i n t he B arnstaple c ensus r eturns o f 1 851; R ichard G reenslade , a t welve y ear o ld b oy w ho l ived w ith h is f amily i n M yrtle P lace . H e c ould e asily e nough h ave w alked t o T horne 's p remises t o w ork , b ut w ho w as w orking w ith h im ? T he i ndustry c ould n ot h ave b een v ery l arge t hen i f n o o ther w orkers d escribed t hemselves p rimarily a s p ipemakers . W .H . T horne 's p ipemaking i ndustry , s carcely i f a t a ll i n e xistence i n 1 851 , h ad g rown r emarkably b y 1 854 i f h is a dvertisements a re t o b e b elieved . T hese y ears w ere g ood o nes f or B arnstaple t rader. I nspired b y t he G reat E xhibition ,

f ree t rade a nd a n i dea t hat t hey m ight b e r eviving

p ast g lories , s ome h ad f ounded a s hipping c ompany i n 1 851 , a nd e xcited b y t he A ustralian g old r ush , d espatched t heir f irst t wo c lippers b uilt t o t he ' l and o f g old ' i n 1 852 a nd 1 853 . W .H . T horne j unior w as a pparently e ager t o f ind a m arket f or t he p ipes h e w as b y t his t ime m aking , a nd t rumpeted h is s uccess i n t he E xeter F lying P ost .

4 64

I

F OR THE L 1 .ND , O F GOLD . So ur .orde r N ow A & t s ta t i u r o u nisua l ly

h eavy t h ii mou th w e hope our P e t rous i n Devon : s end E bt ir o rders a t once , t o e nsure d e l ivery , o ur u nr iv al ed l t jl l' .CGO P IPES . We t ender o ur (batik,, t o o ur F r' vnda f o r t he f l a t ter ing )u I r ig lu tui w h ich w e t i a iy r ece ive a ; t o t he q ua l i ty o fo ur . o od ; o ur p c icev e re 1 0 p er oeut. 14i l iw a ny o ther r n anufaturtr .

-

O R w ill

-

IhORNE , J ua . , . &

MsNuvacr Ra , j J 4 .Pr .E . P The v ery b es t L i er 1 iou lT averns , J a , 6 d .; n i n e .ob P ipes o us s bU ing p er g ross , C arr iage -pa id .

F ig. 2 :

W illiam T horne 's A dvertisement i n t he ' Exeter F lying P ost ' o f 1 3th O ctober 1 853.

I f

" For t he L and o f G old".

t his a dvertisement i s t o b e b elieved ,

T horne h ad a lready e xported a

l arge q uantity o f p ipes . A ustralia w as n ot t he m ost o bvious o verseas m arket , a nd i f h e s ent p ipes t here , T horne p erhaps s ent t hem a cross t he A tlantic a lso , f or r egular ' lines o f c lippers s ailed f rom B ideford t o Q uebec a nd P rince E dward I sland . P assengers a nd g oods f rom B arnstaple c ould u sually b e t aken o n b oard a t A ppledore o nly f ive m iles a way b y r iver . A nother a dvertisement i n t he

E xeter F lying P ost s hows t hat T horne w as

a n a ggressive s alesman , w hose p olicy o f u ndercutting p rices b rought h im i nto c onflict w ith o ther m anufacturers .

M

i5SiN S3 1 S BUsINESS .

R . CUAPPLE

o f

NEWTON -ABBOT .

U I a t i rr , u c i r t is I b ii P ipes i n t h is j 3urOa l ;wd a dm ire I On e t: lioo, s od r i •t h im i n t he s ume c o lumns — s e r t iag t ha t o n m a n,y Ü i rc w as 1 0 p er c e nt , c heap er , a nd £ nf ln i te t i , s nper ict ! h , ,n h i s . He w as d umb u n t i l ht w eek , w hon h o d ew t o t he c o lumns o f t he We s ter n J ' ir nc s , a o . l a . tr r .pc t o s oeer a t o ur a e eer,on ;w o w on id a sk h im w i s mau o r b us iness ( ' , eh ich w e t r us t b e i s ) , no t t o" s h irk E he q ues t ion ," b u tl e t e ach a dve r t isen ,eo ta ppeur a i de b y s i da , i n L hs ane J ourna l . ( Ehe J Yeiter , s ' J ' une j w i th a l l o ur l i es it s4 we g eee1y x e p cE t he Ed i tor o ft ha t £ a iaed pp.r) . a ol t hen e n a re u e ef e: t ly s a t isf ied t ha t ‚ ha Pub l ic . v i,l e cLu k in , l

e

eh

' BAIl i ' ST?d 'L l - P It 'lS FOR E ' ER . ." 1 5 mc l i P ipes , ( iu 'e ' l , I s . k d . p er g ross . 1 8 d ito , d i t to , I s . 1 01 . d i t to . 2 1 d i t to . d i t to , 2 . O d . d i t to . if O be t ,rvv —Oue h un i lred a nd f o r ty f our P ipea f or O ne S h i l l ing . T I1ORNE S c CO MPANY , T obacco P ipe M snufsctur rs, B .ti tNSTAPLE , DCvoN.

F ig. 3 :

W illiam T horne 's A dvertisement i n t he ‚ Exeter F lying P ost ' o f 1 2th J anuary 1 854 " Barnstaple P ipes f or E ver !".

I t w ould s eem l ikely t hat t his e bullient m anufacturer s tamped h is p ipes w ith h is o wn i nitials , o r a t l east w ith t he n ame o f t he t own . T he l arge ' B arum ' b owl s tamp c ould t herefore w ell b e h is . H is e nterprise a ppears t o h ave w ithered a way a s q uickly a s i t h ad g rown . H e m ay h ave u ndercut p rices t oo d rastically , o r v entured t oo f ar o r t oo f ast . A t t he b eginning o f 1 855 h e w as s till a g rocer i n t he H igh S treet , a ccording t o t he p arish r egister e ntry m ade w hen h is d aughter w as b aptised , b ut b y 1 857 , w hen a s on 's b aptism w as r ecorded , h e w as a c oal m erchant a t t he Q uay . T his l oo ks a s t hough h e h ad s uffered f inancial r everses , a nd h e m ust h ave g iven u p p ipemaking w hen h e l eft t he H igh S treet p remises . T o t he n orth o f B arnstaple l ies t he p arish o f P ilton , w alking d istance o f t he t own .

w ithin e asy

H ere i n 1 851 , W illiam K ing T ate , ap ipemaker ,

w as l isted i n t he c ensus r eturn . T ate , t hen a ged 5 0 , h ad b een b orn a t H ampstead i n M iddlesex , a nd h is w ife c ame f rom C hilton , W iltshire . T heir

4 65

T OB A C C O

P IP ES I !

SELI )O N & CO .

I )E

SP E C T F U L L Y i nf o rm th e Tr ade , t ha t t h ey h ave E rec ted a nd n ow a t Wo rk , A FACTORY , f o r t h e Manuf ac ture o f TOBACCO P iPES . The Wo rkmen e m . p loyed b e ing F irs t-c la ss h inds a nd t he b e a t Ma ter ia ls o n ly u sed , t hey a re c onf iden t t he q ua l i t ies a re n o tt o b e s urpa s sed; w h i le t he gr ea t av wg e fec ted o n t he b e t te rg oods mus t Toc ommend t hem a l l . P r ice L is t f r ee o n a pp l ica t ion . .— C a sh o r r e f er ence w t tb o rder , . 2 3 , J oy -s tr e e t , B a r in tap le .

a

TOB A C C O

P IP E SIII Ca sh P r ice I s . 5 d .G ros s , 1 2 0 - „

1" -1NCli T ip t P ipes iJ 1 8 inch i mp . l ro s ly 2 1 i n ch 2 1 •‚ 1 5 „ 1 8 •‚

I 4

B r is to l i mp . B ra dy L ondon S traws d i t to d o .

‚

J

g .

2 3 2 . 4

9 6 8 0

„

„

P IlE CLA Y ( sma l l s i ze) , 31. G d .; l a rge ,7 s . —L ibera l L is . c oun ts t o Who le sa le Buyers. SELDON AN D CO . , Manufac turers , 2 1 ,Joy .e tree t , c as t ap l e . -

b

L

TOB A C C O

P I PES.

ENGTI I -35 I nch FLUTED . Is . 5 d . , t o i s . G d . „ 3 8 ‚ TA VERNS , I s . 9 d . , t o 2 s . O d . „ 2 1 „ L IVERPOOLS . 2 s . 9 d . LONDON STRA W S , C vr r va ,& c . —ToBAcco , s upe r ior q ua l i ty , 3 ' . 7 d . , a t

SELDO N

2 1, J oy -s tr e e t , I J orni lap l e .

AND

CO 'S . ,

C

SFLT)O N & CO . , To B A c c :o

B

P IPE

M A N UF A C T U RE R S,

EG t o i n fo rm t he T rade t ha t h 5 7 ing c omp le ted t he ir NE W AN D CO M MOD IOUS FACTORY , t hey w i l l b e n ow i nb p o at in t o e xecu te O rder s n i th f a c i l i ty , o n t i r e t es t p os s ib le T e rm s . T hey r v ou id f u rthe r s t a te , t ha t h rv isg m ade e r tf ac tory a r rangemen ts f o r t h e manuf ac ture o f CORKS , t h ey w i l l b e a b le t o s upp ly e ve ry d cscr ip to t r , i o p r ice a r ,d q r i r r l r ry , e qua l t o t h e b es t f l ou 5 c s i nt h o T rade . E bber ly , B arns tap le , Fh rusry I s t , 1 839 .

d F ig. 4 :

J ohn S eldon 's A dvertise nwnts i n t he ' North D evon J ournal '.

4 66

f irst

c hild ,

1 6 y ears o ld i n 1 851, h ad b een b orn i n L ondon , a nd t heir

s econd , W illiam P aris a ged 1 4 , i n F rance .

A n 1 y ear o ld d aughter h ad b een

b orn i n H oxton , a n 8y ear o ld s on i n H ammersmith , a nd t he y oungest c hild , a ged 6 , i n J ersey . I t w ould b e i nteresting t o k now whether T ate , h ad b een a p ipemaker i n a ll t hose p laces . H e h ad b een a p ipemaker i n L lanelli i n 1 849-50 ( 1) b ut w hat b rought h im t o P ilton i s u nknown . P ipe f ragments m arked Tilton S treet , B arnstaple ' o n t he s tem h ave b een s een ( 2 ) , b ut n one h as b een a vailable f or d rawing . T ate worked o n t he w est s ide o f t he s treet , j ust a bove t he s ite o f t he p resent p ost o ffice . A lthough f ive m en w ere s aid t o h ave w orked f or h im i n 1 851, t he P ilton c ensus r eturn w hich r ecorded t hat i nformation l ists o nly o ne . T his w as a j ourneyman p ipemaker , A braham White , a ged 2 6 , w ho h ad b een b orn i n B ristol . N either W hite n or t he i tinerant T ate w as l isted i n t he 1 861 c ensus r eturn , s o l ike W .H . T horne 's , t heir p ipemaking v enture i n t he a rea w as s hort-lived . T he r easons f or a r evival o f p ipemaking i n B arnstaple c an b e s urmised . T he g eneral e conomic c limate o f t he 1 850 's w as f avourable , a nd s hopkeepers a nd o thers , a s s hown b y t he s hipping c ompany a lready r eferred t o , h ad s pare c apital t o p ut t o w ork . A c onscious e ffort t o r evive o verseas t rade h ad b een m ade s ince t he 1 820s , a nd s ome n ew i ndustries , n otably t he m anufacture o f

l ace n et

h ad d eveloped o n t he n orth-eastern s ide o f B arnstaple i n a n

a rea c alled D erby , a fter t he t own f rom w hich t hose w ho i ntroduced i t h ad c ome . T he r ailway f rom E xeter , l ong u nder c onstruction , r eached B arnstaple a t l ast i n 1 854 . A ll o r a ny o f t hese f actors c ould h ave s timulated t he g rowth o f o ther i ndustries . P ipe-smoking s eems t o h ave b ecome m ore p opular a gain a lso , f or p ipemaking i n B ristol , f or e xample , h ad r evived a fter 1 800 , a nd t here w as a p ipemaker i n B ideford i n 1 851 . A lthough w ages w ere l ow i n t he s outh-west , p ainfully s o i n r ural D evon , m any w orking m en s aw t obacco a s an ecessity o f l ife . T he p ipes n eeded t o s moke i t w ere o ften g iven a way b y i nnkeepers a nd s hopkeepers t o i ncrease t he s ale o f t obacco . ( 3) A nticipation o f

s ustained

d emand ,

a nd p erhaps

t he

d esire

f or a n

i nvestment m ay h ave l ed a nother y oung B arnstaple g rocer t o b egin t he m anufacture o f t obacco p ipes s hortly a fter T horne h ad g iven i t u p . J ohn S eldon o pened a p ipemaking f actory a t t he b eginning o f 1 857 . T his m ay h ave b een a t h is g rocery p remises a t 2 1, J oy S treet, o r a t 1 05, H igh S treet, w here h e h ad o pened a s econd s hop t he y ear b efore . H e a dvertised s everal k inds o f p ipes, a nd p robably d id w ell , f or b y 1 859 h e h ad h ad a s econd f actory b uilt ( Fig. 4 ). T he N orth D evon J ournal o f

3 rd F ebruary

1 859

i nformed

i ts r eaders t hat

t he n ew f actory w as i n S hute L ane ( now A lexandra R oad) , n ear t he j unction w ith B ear S treet , a nd w as e xpected t o e mploy b etween t hirty a nd f orty h ands . ( 4 ) T he b uilding , d esigned b y R .D . C ould , t he l eading l ocal a rchitect , w as 9 0 f eet b y 7 2 f eet , w ith s pacious w ell-ventilated r ooms . A t t he o pening c eremony , f orty-four g uests w ere e ntertained t o d inner , a nd a d ance w as h eld i n t he u pper r oom . M iddle-class c apital h ad b rought r espectability t o p ipemaking , a nd S eldon w as c ommended f or ' promoting t he p rosperity o f t he t own a nd p roviding r emunerative e mployment f or t he l abouring p opulation ' . U nfortunately , t he f actory d id n ot f ulfil e xpectations . T wo y ears a fter S eldon 's f actory o pened ,

t he 1 861 c ensus r eturns s howed

o nly a h andful o f p eople e mployed i n p ipemaking i n B arnstaple .

T hey l ived

i n t he p oorest s treets o f t he t own . T homas D avis f or e xample , ap ipemaker w ho h ad b een b orn i n B ristol , l ived i n B oden 's R ow , a s treet i n t he D erby a rea o f B arnstaple w here t he h ouses w ere ' o f t he m eanest d escription ' . a lso b ore ' a v ery e vil r eputation w ith t he p olice a uthorities'.

4 67

( 5)

I t

D avis a nd h is f amily h ad l ived i n B ideford u ntil a t l east 1 858 , f or t hree o f h is c hildren h ad b een b orn t here . H is w ife, Mary A nn , w as p robably t he p ipetrimmer w ho , a s M ary A nn F ewings , h ad b een w orking i n B ideford i n 1 851. S usan F ewings, a r elation , p erhaps h er m other , w as l odging w ith t he D avises t en y ears l ater i n B arnstaple , a nd w as a t t hat t ime at obacco-pipe t rimmer a ged 4 7 . S eldon 's o ther w orkers i n 1 861 w ere t hree w omen , M ary S prigg , A nn R ogers a nd E liza E ames . T here c ould h ave b een m ore , p erhaps n ot d escribed a s p ipemakers o r t rimmers i n t he c ensus , b ut t he f actory c an h ardly h ave b een w orking t o c apacity. A p ipe f ragment f ound a bout h alf a m ile f arther u p B ear S treet , w ith a s pur s tamped w ith t he i nitials J S ( App . B .V . N o :1) i s l ikely t o b e f rom J ohn S eldon 's f actory , b ut u nfortunately n othing r emains o f t he b owl , n or c an t he c omplete l ength o f t he s tem b e m easured . P art o f a nother p ipe w ith t he s ame i nitials o n t he s pur h as b een f ound ( Fig . 3 6 , n o . 1 ) , m aking i t m ore l ikely t o b e al ocal m ark . A c omplete p ipe b owl r ecently f ound i n B ideford h as a s pur w ith a n S o n o ne s ide ( the o ther s ide b eing b roken ) , a nd a b owl m ark ' SELDON & C O . B ARNSTAPLE+ . T he f actory i s s aid t o h ave m ade ' long c hurchwardens ' f rom M arland c lay , b ut t he m anufacture h ad d ied o ut o ver t hirty y ears b efore a l ocal h istorian w rote a bout i t i n 1 897 . ( 6 ) T homas D avis , t he p ipemaker , w as s till d escribed a s s uch i n 1 866 w hen a d aughter w as b aptised i n S t . M ary M ägdalene 's C hurch , B arnstaple , b ut h e h ad l eft t he t own b y 1 871. T here w as , h owever , o ne p ipemaker l isted i n B arnstaple i n t hat y ear , W illiam D avey , a ged 3 8 , w ho l ived i n P rinces S treet i n t he D erby a rea . H e c ould h ave w orked t here , u nless p ipes w ere s till b eing m ade a t t he f actory , w hich s eems u nlikely . H is s on o f 2 + y ears h ad b een b orn i n S tonehouse , n ear P lymouth , a nd h is d aughter , a ged 5 y ears , i n N ewton A bbot , b oth p laces where p ipes were m anufactured . ( 7) D avey h ad b een b orn i n B ideford a nd e ither a pprenticed t here o r i n B ristol , w here h is w ife h ad b een b orn .

T he l atter s eems m ore l ikely ,

a s i n 1 851,

a lthough r ecorded i n t he

B ideford c ensus r eturns a s a j ourneyman p ipemaker , h e was l isted a s a v isitor t here . A s urviving B arnstaple r ate b ook o f 1 879 s hows t hat D avey w as s till l iving i n P rinces S treet . H ow l ong h e w orked a t h is t rade i s u ncertain ,

b ut h e m ust h ave

b een t he l ast m aker o f c lay t obacco-pipes i n

B arnstaple. I n t he m ajor c entres l ike B ristol , b egan a fter 1 840 ,

d ecline i n t he p ipemaking i ndustry

a nd b ecame m ore s erious a fter 1 860 .

( 8)

W illiam D avey

w as p erhaps t ypical o f c raftsmen i n a c ontracting t rade who w ere f orced t o m ove a round i n s earch o f e mployment. T he a vailability o f t he s killed l abour o f e arlier m igrants i s e ven l ikely t o h ave b een a f actor i n t he r evival o f p ipemaking i n N orth D evon i n t he 1 850s. N one o f t he k nown v entures

-

S hort 's

i n B ideford ,

T ate 's

i n P ilton a nd T horne 's a nd S eldon 's

i n B arnstaple h ad a ny l asting s uccess , h owever , p robably b ecause b riar p ipes w ere c oming i nto g eneral u se . T he t ough f ine-grained b ruyêre r oot -

w as t he i deal m aterial f or p ipes , w hich w ere v ery s oon b eing m ade i n L ondon a s w ell a s F rance . ( 9 ) A gainst s uch c ompetition , f ragile c lay p ipes c ould n ot h old t heir o wn f or l ong , a nd a s t he r ailway h ad o pened u p a n ational m arket , b riars b ecame a vailable e ven i n r emote a reas . I ndividual c raftsmen i n c ountry a reas w ere f orced o ut o f b usiness b y l arge-scale p roducers , j ust a s s mall s hopkeepers h ave m ore r ecently h ad t o g ive u p i n t he f ace o f c ompetition f rom s upermarket ' chains ' . B arnstaple a nd B ideford c lung t o o ld w ays l onger t han m ost p laces , p roducing t raditional e arthenware p ottery , f or e xample , a nd t rading u nder s ail w ell i nto t he t wentieth c entury . T he m anufacture e stablished ,

o f

c lay

t obacco pipes,

h owever ,

w as

n ever

a nd s o b ecame a n e arlier c asualty o f ' progress ' .

4 68

s ecurely

r e-

F ragments o f b roken c lay p ipes , c arelessly d iscarded o ver t hree h undred y ears h ave n ot s uccumbed t o r ot o r r ust . T he i dentification o f p ipemakers f rom d ocumentary s ources g ains a nother d imension w hen t he p ipes t hemselves a re s tudied , a nd l ocal f orms a nd m akers ' m arks c an b e r ecognised . I t i s h oped t hat t his j oint h istorical a nd a rchaeological a pproach w ill i ncrease k nowledge a nd u nderstanding o f a t l east a s mall p art o f B arnstaple's p ast.

N OTES ( 1)

D .H .

E vans ,

' Documentary

e vidence

f or

c lay

p ipes

m akers

i n W ales ' ,

M LPW I V ( 1981), 5 7; ( 2)

Margaret R eed ,

r esident a nd h istorian o f P ilton ,

h as s een p ipe

f ragmen ts m arked P ilton S treet B arnstaple. ( 3)

A t

Y ouings

t he

B arnstaple

t obacconists ,

p ipes

w ere

g iven a way

o n

F riday n ights , a nd o n M onday m orning a s mall p rize w as a warded t o t he m an w ho b r ight i n t he b lackest o ne . I nf . P rofessor J .A . Y ouings . S ee a lso J ackson & P rice, o p. c it., 2 2-4. ( 4)

T he f actory w as a lso b uilt t o c ut a nd m anufacture c orks , ' a f eature c ommon t o o ther ( pipe) m akers ' , s ee J anet R utter a nd P eter D avey ' Clay P ipes f rom C hester ' , B AR 7 8 ( 1980) , 2 26 . T he a uthors b elieved t hat t he c ommon f actor w as p robably t he m ovement o f c lay f rom D evon a nd C ornwall o n s hips w hich a lso c arried P ortuguese c ork , b ut t his c ould n ot h ave b een t he r eason i n B arnstaple , a s t he c lay w as l ocal . N orth D evon s ources d o n ot o ffer a n e xplanation o f a ny l ink b etween t he t wo m anufactures .

( 5)

R .J.E.

B oggis,

A H istory o f t he P arish a nd C hurch o f S t. Mary

M agdalene, B arnstaple ,

( Canterbury 1 915) 1 68.

( 6)

W .F. G ardiner , B arnstaple 1 837-1897, 8 8.

( 7)

P ost O ffice D irectory o f D evonshire ( 1866) ,

1 280 ,

s hows p ipemakers i n

P lymouth , N ewton A bbot , S tonehouse , E xeter a nd T eignmouth . K elly 's D irectory o f D evonshire ( 1889) , 8 97 s hows p ipemakers i n S tonehouse. I t s hould b e n oted , t hese

h owever ,

( 2 ) o nly

t hat m any p eople d id n ot a dvertise i n

d irectories .

( 8)

J ackson & P rice , o p.cit., 2 3

( 9)

A lfred H . D unhill ,

T he P ipe B ook ( 2nd r evised e dition 1 969) ,

4 69

1 92-7 .

R eference L ist o f B arnstaple P ipemakers A bbreviations a s o n b

=

( 1)

p .

4 41.

b aptised ; m =m arried ; d

P arish R egister d etails: =

d ied ( year s hown i n b urial r egister).

A lphabetical l ist o f p ipemakers , p ossible p ipemakers a nd a pprentices 1 6001750

B ARUM,

-

p robably f orm o f n ame o f B arnstaple , T homas B . m . J oane W ilkye 1 599 , d . 1 623.

b ut a lso a f amily .

W illiam b . 1 605 , s on o f T homas B ; m . M ary Y eoi 1 641; d . 1 663. J ohn b . 1 607, s on o f T homas B ; m . B eatrice L andman 1 631. B ERRY,

R ichard b . 1 598 , s on o f s on o f R ichard B ; m . M ary R eepe 1 635 ; d . 1 669 , ad istiller ; b rother J ohn a n i nnkeeper ( NDA 3 983, 5 8) n ot -

k nown t o b e a p ipemaker , b ut s upplied ' clay a nd p ipes ' t o t he c orporation 1 647 ( NDA 1 726) . B OND a lias L AWRENCE , C hristopher B UNDY , J au s

-

-

s ee L AWRENCE.

B . 1 628 , s on o f R obert B . m . 1 ) M ary .. . ( d. 1 655) 2 ) M ary I saac ( widow) 1 655 , d . 1 676. 3 ) A lice S kam 1 676 ; - .

- .

d . 1 687.

t ook a pprentice N icholas C lement l ived i n B ear S treet h ouse ' t here . C LEMENT , N icholas

-

-

-

d . a s A lice

B undy, w idow 1 713. d aughter A lice b . 1 677

r atebook

1 682 ( NDA 1 268) 1 694 r efers

-

m ay h ave

t o ' Bundy 's

b . 1 670 , s on o f R obert C ; m . R uth S toyle 1 695. c hildren ; H enry b . 1 696 ; M artha 1 698 ; William 1 700; E lizabeth 1 703 ; A nn 1 705 ; A gnes 1 708 ( d . 1 708 ) ; N icholas 1 710.

-

-

E VANS,

H ugh

-

d . 1 718. a pprenticed t o J ames B undy 1 682 ( q.v.). s on o f T homas E ; m . A bigail G eene 1 672 ( d . a s w ife o f H ugh E vans 1 692 .

-

-

-

-

i dentified a s f uller w hen a pplying l icence ( NDA 3 983, 1 56). p resented f or a nd 1 083).

s elling

p ipes

n ot

i dentified a s p ipemaker ( NDA 1 242,

f or

a t ippling

a pprenticed

1 256

t ook a pprentice J ohn G eene ( q.v .) 16 78

( NDA

) . ( NDA

1 242

) .

1 082

-

t ook a pprentice J ohn R ice ( q.v.) 1 680 ( NBA 1 256).

G ARLAND , T hamsyn n eé T akell b . 1 599 , d aughter o f P eter T akell q .v.

-

m . A mbrose G arland 1 628.

-

c hildren Mary b . 1 628 ; A nne 1 630 ( d . 1 630) ; E lizabeth 1 632; A mbrose 1 634.

-

d . 1 636 a s aw idow.

-

G EENE ,

J ohn

s on o f J ohn C ;

-

a pprenticed t o H ugh E vans ( q .v .) 1 679 ( NDA

1 242). H ARRISON , J ohn

d . 1 686.

-

' pipemaker i n J oy S treet' 1 678 ( NDA 1 863).

-

t estified

-

o n o ath

a gainst H ugh E vans

( q.v .)

1 675

( NDA

1 082). H ORWOOD, J ohn

b . 1 690 s on o f R ichard H .

-

m . A nne T arh it 1 713 ( d. a s w ife o f J ohn H . 1 753).

-

s . R ichard b . 1 714.

-

d . 1 753.

-

f ree b urgess o f B arnstaple 1 713 ( NDA 3 984 , 4 24).

-

r ated I d f or ' Mr. B aker's h ouse' i n B ear S treet 1 745-52.

-

h is h ouse p robably a n a lehouse 1 744 ( NBA 2 336).

-

h is b rother W illiam ( b. 1 685) a p otter ( NDA 3 984 , 4 60).

-

L AWRENCE ,

a lias B OND , C hristopher b . 1 634 s on o f J a ms B ond.

-

a pprenticed t o P eter S tephens ( q .v .) 1 646 a s C . L awrence

-

a lias B ond ( NDA 1 190). d .

-

167

' Christopher

L awrence ,

t he

s ervant

S tephens'. P RICE , W illiam

-

-

-

-

b . 1 626 s on o f E van P rice. m . A yes W illiams 1 659. s on P eter b . 1 662 ,

s on L awrence b . 1 664.

b orrowed 3 0 s hillings o n b ond 1 665 ( NDA 8 61).

4 71

o f

P eter

i dentified a s ap ipemaker.

-

t estified o n o ath a gainst H ugh E vans ( q .v .) 1 675 ( NDA 1 082 a nd 1 083).

-

R ICE , J ohn

b . 1 666 s on o f J ohn R ., c ordwainer.

-

a pprenticed t o H ugh E vans ( q.v .) 1 680 ( NDA 1 256).

-

d . 1 692 ( but t his J ohn R . c ould h ave b een f ather o r S on).

-

R OULSTONE , A nthony

-

b . 1 608 s on o f J ohn R oulsonn ( sic).

n o m arriage e ntry i n B arnstaple r egisters.

-

c hildren J ames 1 628 ( d . 1 628) ; E lizabeth 1 629 ;

-

S usan 1 632

T homasyn 1 631;

( d . 1 633) ; Margaret 1 634 ; J ohn 1 635 ( d . 1 641) ;

C atherine 1 639 ; S ara 1 640; A gnes 1 649. ( No r egisters k ept 1 642-7 . J ohn R oulstone q .v . p robably b orn i n t his p eriod). -

-

d . 1 673. i dentified

a s

a p ipemaker

c ourt r ecord 6 th r esisting a rrest. R OULSTONE ,

J ohn

-

-

1 631 1 631)

( NDA w hen

m . 1 662 J ohn s on o f A nthony R . , D rue o f P ilton .

3 973 ,

Q uarter S essions

b ound

o n

c harge

o f

t o M ary d aughter o f J ohn

c hildren Margaret b . 1 663 ; M ary 1 666 ; M artha 1 668; E sther 1 673; J ohn 1 675. d . 1 677 , M ary R . w idow d . 1 679 . i dentified a s p ipemaker J an . 1 670 ( NDA 3 983,

-

1 22).

l icensed t o k eep a lehouse e .g. 1 672 ( NDA 3 983, 2 12).

-

-

-

A pril

p resented f or a ssault 1 672 ( NDA 1 077). V arious o ther c ourt c ases.

-

p resented

f or a b roken h ealing ( roof) t owards

t he B ack L ane

( Trinity S treet) 1 674 ( NDA 1 856). S TEPHENS , P eter

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

b . 1 616 s on o f P eter S .

n o m arriage e ntry i n B arnstaple r egister. s . J ohn b .

1 640 , d .

1 641.

d . 1 668. t ook a pprentice C hristopher L awrence ( q.v.) 1 646 ( NDA 190). r ated i n H igh S treet 1 649. i n p ossession o f h ouse i n B outport S treet 1 659 ( PRO ,

4 72

P ROB 1,

P oll 1 58). h ad a h ouse i n J oy S treet 1 666 ( NDA 3 983 , 3 8).

-

p resented

-

f or r efusing t o a ttend p arish

c hurch

1 665-6

( NDA

3 983 ,3 a nd 2 3). p laint

-

a gainst

W illiam

P rice

( q .v .)

1 656

-

t respass

o n t he

c ase ( NDA 3 978). s hipped

-

2 g ross o f p ipes 1 652,

p robably t o B ristol ( NDA

3 987). M ary S tephens w idow d . 1 673.

-

T AYELL,

P eter

-

n o b . o r i st m arr. e ntries i n B arnstaple r egisters. d aughter T hamsyn b . 1 599.

-

w ife A nne d . 1 634.

-

m . E lizabeth P ugsley 1 636 .

-

d . 1 637.

-

p aid 2 0s t o b ecome f reeman o f B arnstaple 1 617 ( NDA 3 972,

-

1 91). d ebt t o w ire d rawer t o b e p aid i n p ipes 1 628 ( NDA 4 055)

-

-

d escribed a s p otter. d ebt

-

t o D ame

M ary

C hichester

1 629

( NDA

1 720) p robably

f or

r ent o f g arden n ear c astle. p resented t o b orough c ourt a s c ommon d runkard 1 631 ( NDA

-

3 973). b orrowed

-

£ 5

1 629 ,

a nother £ 5 b y

1 633 ,

f rom c orporation ( NDA

7 08 , 7 10). H ITCHURCH o r W HITECHURCH , R oger , -

-

-

n o b ap. e ntry i n B arnstaple r egister.

m . S usanna H ooper 1 719. c hildren R ichard 1 719 ,

S uzan 1 721 ,

E liza 1 724 ,

D orothy 1 727 ,

R oger 1 729 , A nne 1 736.

-

-

-

d . 1 765. s upplied ' creases' t o B arnstaple C orporation 1 743 ( NDA 3 063). i dentified a s p ipemaker 1 744 W illiams ,

-

( NDA 3 483) w hen ,

w ith J ohn

p otter , h e s tood a s s urety f or R ichard W hitchurch ,

p otter . r ated a t L itchdon 1 750

-

4 73

5 4.

( 2)

A lphabetical L ist o f P ipemakers a nd W orkers i n t he N ineteenth C entury

R egister d etails a re f rom t he B arnstaple P arish C hurch ( St .

P eter 's) u nless

s hown o therwise. M M

=

S t. M ary M agdalene 's p arish c hurch , B ear S treet , B arnstaple.

C . +d ate

=

c ensus r eturn ,

C ANN , W illiam

D AVEY , W illiam

f or B arnstaple u nless o therwise s hown .

C . 1 861, a ge 4 3, b orn B arnstaple , t obacco-pipe m anufactory. V isitor a t 1 40 T rinity S treet.

-

C .

-

1 851

( Bideford)

W illiam D .

j ourneyman p ipemaker ,

a ge

1 6

maker

b orn B ideford ,

v isitor w ith R ichard T redinnick ,

c ommon c arrier o f O ld T own , B ideford . C . 1 871 W illiam D . a ge 3 8 , b orn B ideford , p ipemaker o f P rinces S treet , B arnstaple . Martha , a ge 2 7 , h is w ife , b orn B ristol . E lizabeth , a ge 5 , h is d au ., b orn N ewton

-

A bbot , S amuel , a ge 2 y r 6m o . , h is s on , b orn S tonehouse , C atherine , a ge 1 m o., h is d au ., b orn B arnstaple. B arnstaple r ate b ook ( NDA n .n .)

-

W illiam D avey

l iving

1 879 P rinces S treet

i n h ouse o wned b y

I .

M arch ,

-

g ross

e stimated r ental £ 4 p .a., r ateable v alue £ 2.10s p .a. D AVIS ,

T homas

C . 1 861 T homas D . , a ge 4 3 , b orn B ristol ,

-

t obacco-pipe

m aker o f B odens R ow , B arnstaple . M ary A nn D . , a ge 2 8 , h is w ife , b orn B ideford ( see F ewings , M ary A nn) . W illiam a ge 8 , J ames , 6 ; S amuel, 3 ; b orn B ideford .

E lizabeth a ge 9

m o. MM r egister T homas s on o f T hos . & Mary A nn b . S usan d au . o f T hos. & M ary A nn b . 1 866. T homas D 's o ccupation g iven a s p ipemaker.

-

-

C . 1 871 n o r eference t o t his f amily.

-

E ANES , E liza

1 864 ,

C . 1 861, E liza E ., d aughter o f D aniel E ., c ordwainer o f N ewington S treet , B arnstaple a ge 1 9 , u nmarried , o ccupation

-

' Pipe m anufactory'. F EWINGS,

M ary A nn C . 1 851 ( Bideford) , M ary A nn F ewings, a ge 1 6, b orn B ideford , u nmarried p ipe-trimmer l iving w ith h er 8 0 y ear -

o ld g randmother i n M eddon S treet . T his g irl a ssumed t o b e t he M ary A nn w ho m arried T homas D avis ( q .v .) a nd w as l iving w ith h im i n B arnstaple 1 861. F EWINGS,

S usan

-

C .

1 851,

u nmarried ,

( Bideford) S usan F . ,

a ge 3 7,

b orn B ideford ,

s ervant o f W illiam S hort t he p ipemaker o f

M eddon S treet . -

C . 1 861, a ge 4 7 , u nmarried , t obacco-pipe t rimmer b orn B ideford l odged i n h ousehold o f T homas D avis ( q .v.).

4 74

G REENSLADE ,

R ichard

-

C .

1 851

G reenslade ,

-

a ge

1 2 ,

p ipemaker ,

s on

g rocer 's p orter o f M yrtle P lace ,

o f

R ichard

B arnstaple .

B arnstaple r atebook ( NDA n .n .) 1 879 Mallett 's R ow ( next s treet t o M yrtle P lace) R ichard G reenslade l iving i n a

-

h ouse o f £ 5 e stimated r ental, r ateable v alue £ 3 p .a . o wever H ancock , E .E . T his c ould h ave b een t he f ather o r t he s on . H AYNES,

S amuel- C . 1 861,

a ge 4 4 , b orn B ristol , t obacco-pipe-maker o f

P rinces S treet. H AYNES , E lizabeth

C .

-

1 861 ,

a ge

P rinces S treet. R AYNES ,

E lizabeth

R OGERS , A nn

S ELDON, J ohn

-

b orn B ristol ,

t obacco-pipe-maker

o f

W ife o f S amuel H aynes ( see a bove).

C . 1 871, a ge 7 0 , b orn S t . S idwells, E xeter , W idow, l iving a t B arnstaple W orkhouse , t obacco-pipe-maker.

-

C . 1 861 , a ge 2 0 , t obacco-pipe m aker , b orn B arnstaple , w ife o f G eorge R . , a ge 2 2 , b orn B arnstaple , c otton w eaver o f P rinces S treet , B arnstaple. s on o f T homas S ., s pirit mer chant.

-

m arried E lizabeth P ethebridge 1 851.

-

-

-

-

S PRIGG, M ary

5 5 ,

-

-

s on E dward T homas b

1 852.

g rocer i n J oy S treet ( shown i n r egister e ntries). o pened p ipe f actory 1 859 i n S hute L ane , n ow A lexandra R oad ( NDJ 3 rd F ebruary 1 859). C . 1 861, a ge 4 9 , m arried , p ipemaker , b orn E xeter. l odged i n h ousehold o f E lizabeth B uzzard ,

a ge 5 2 ,

g rocer

o f P rinces S treet, B arnstaple. T ATE , W illiam K ing

-

C .

1 849-50 W orking a t t he W ern, L lanelli ( WLPW I V , 5 7) 1 851 ( Pilton) , a ge 5 0 , b orn H ampstead , M iddlesex ,

t obacco-pipe m aker , e mploying 5 m en o f P ilton S treet , w est s ide , P ilton , B arnstaple . M atilda T . , h is w ife , a ge 4 5 , b orn C hilton , W ilts . M atilda T ., h is d au , a ge 1 6 , b orn L ondon , M iddlesex . W illiam P aris T . , h is s on , a ge 1 4, b orn F rance , B ritish s ubject . E mily A nn T . , h is d au , a ge 1, b orn H oxton , M iddlesex , S ydney G eorge T . , h is s on , a ge 8 , b orn H ammersmith , M iddlesex . J ohn A lexander T . , h is s on , -

a ge 6 , b orn J ersey .

C . 1 861 n o r eference t o t his f amily.

T HORNE, W illiam H enry j unior , C . 1 851 W illiam H .T . a ge 2 3 , b orn B arnstaple , u nmarried , m aster g rocer o f H igh S treet , B arnstaple . E llen A . , a ge -

2 1 , u nmarried , h is s ister a s h ousekeeper .

4 75

T obacco P ipe M anufactory a t ( NDJ 8 th S eptember , 1 853).

-

7 9 H igh

S treet ,

B arnstaple

a dvertising p ipes f or A ustralia ( EFP 1 3.10.1853).

-

a dvertising p ipes a t l ow p rices ( EFP 1 2.1.1854).

-

d au . B essie ( dau . o f W illiam H enry & B essie T . ) b . 1 855

-

-

h is o ccupation s till g iven a s g rocer , H igh S treet. s on C harles H enry ( son o f W illiam H enry & B essie T .) b .

-

1 857

h is o ccupation n ow g iven a s c oal mer chant , Q uay.

n o r eferences t o p ipemaking a fter 1 854.

-

W HITE, A lexander

-

-

C . 1 851 a ge 2 6 , b orn B ristol , j ourneyman p ipemaker o f P ilton S treet , w est s ide, P ilton B arnstaple.

-

-

-

E llen J ane h is w ife , a ge 2 3, b orn B ristol. I sabella A nn , h is d au , a ge 3 , b orn B ristol. C . 1 861 n o r eference t o t his f amily.

4 76

A PPENDIX A I T obacco P ipe-Making i n B ideford B ideford p ipemaking i s l ikely t o h ave b een o n a l arger s cale t han t hat o f B arnstaple i n t he s eventeenth c entury . T he e xpansion o f B ideford 's I rish a nd c olonial t rade s timulated i ndustry t here ; t hree t imes a s m uch p ottery , f or e xample , w as e xported f rom B ideford a s f rom B arnstaple . U nfortunately v ery f ew d ocuments h ave s urvived , s o a c omplete h istorical s tudy o f p ipemaking i s i mpossible , a nd a s n o a rchaeological e xcavations h ave t aken p lace i n t he t own , o nly c hance f inds o f p ipes h ave b een m ade . I t i s l ikely t hat ,

a s i n B arnstaple ,

p ipemakers i n t he s eventeenth c entury .

p otters were a ssociated w ith

T he n ame ' p ipemakers ' w as a pplied

t o a c ertain h ouse a nd l and i n t he p ottery a rea a t t he n orth e nd o f M ill S treet . I n t he m id-seventeenth c entury t he l and w as o ccupied b y P hilip B eale , a m ember o f t he l eading f amily o f p otters . A r atepayers ' l ist o f 1 672 i ndicates t hat W illiam V ernam , o ne o f B eale 's s tepsons , m ay h ave h ad t he h ouse . A s V ernam w as a m aster m ariner , h e w as p robably t he l andlord , h is t enants p resumably b eing t he p ipemakers w ho g ave t he p roperty i ts n ame . L ater l eases d escribe t his p roperty a s ' a h ouse o r h ouses ' . I t s till s tands ,

n ow t wo s hops , n umbers 3 4 a nd 3 5 M ill S treet , w ith l iving q uarters

a bove , b ut i t i s o bvious t hat i t was o riginally b uilt a s o ne h ouse . V ernam 's t wo d aughters i nherited i t , a nd t he d ivision m ay h ave b een m ade b y t hem .

I t d oes n ot s eem l ikely t hat t he h ouses r etained c onnections w ith

p ipemakers f or l ong . B eale 's l and , ' part o f p ipemakers ' , p assed t o a g reat-nephew w ho w as a m erchant , a nd h ere t oo t here i s n o e vidence t hat p ipemaking c ontinued f or a ny l ength o f t ime . A V ictorian o r E dwardian t errace n ow o ccupies m ost o f t he a rea , s o t here i s u nlikely t o b e m uch a rchaeological e vidence t o f ill t he d ocumentary g aps o n B ideford p ipes a nd p ipemakers . s tamps

I n c ase t he p otters t hemselves m ade p ipes , a nd i nitialled p ipe

o ne d ay

c ome t o l ight i n B ideford ,

n ames a nd b rief d etails o f t he

B eales a re g iven i n t he r eference l ist o f B ideford p ipemakers a t t he e nd o f t his

a ppendix . T he f irst s urviving d ocumentary r eference t o aB ideford p ipemaker

c oncerns Mary P rance , w idow, who w as p resented t o t he b orough c ourt o f q uarter s essions i n 1 703 f or h aving f urze r icks i n t he t own . I t i s i nteresting t o s ee t hat a p ipemaker p resumably u sed f urze , w hich g ave a q uick f ierce h eat . P otters u sed i t t o ' f lash ' t he k iln a t t he e nd o f t he f iring , t o b ring t he t emperature u p t o t he p oint w here t he g laze w ould m elt . P ipemakers p erhaps c opied t heir m ethods, a s P eters Marland c lay n eeds c onsiderable h eat f or s uccessful f iring . M ary P rance c ould h ave b een t he w idow o f J acob P rance , w ho d ied i n 1 701 .

T he c ouple h ad n ot b een m arried i n

B ideford , b ut t heir d aughter M ary w as b aptised t here i n 1 685 . I f J acob P rance h ad b een a p ipemaker , a s s eems l ikely , h e w ould h ave b een w orking i n B ideford f rom t hat t ime o r e arlier ( 1 ) . P otters m ay h ave c ontinued t o m ake p ipes i n t he e ighteenth c entury , t hey w ere s till c losely a ssociated w ith p ipemakers .

f or

J ohn R aleigh o r R awlin

w as d escribed a s ap ipemaker i n aq uarter s essions r ecord o f 1 718 , w hen h e s tood s urety f or t he w ife o f J ohn P engelly , a p otter . R aleigh h ad m arried M ary H opkins i n B arnstaple i n 1 700 , s o h ad p robably b een m aking p ipes a t

4 77

l east s ince t hat t ime .

A fter J ohn R aleigh 's t ime t here i s n o e vidence o f

p ipemaking i n B ideford u ntil t he n ineteenth c entury , w hen a p ipemaker c alled W illiam S hort w as w orking i n M eddon S treet . T he 1 851 c ensus s hows t hat was t hen 4 5, a nd e mployed t wo women a nd a b oy . H e h ad b een b orn B ristol , w here r ecords s how t hat a W illiam M ilford S hort w as a p ipemaker 1 833 , i n G reat G eorge S treet , w here h e l ived w ith h is w ife E lizabeth . t hat y ear t heir s on J oseph E llis w as b aptised ,

a nd i n 1 837 ,

J ane . T he m ove t o B ideford m ust h ave c ome a fter 1 841, l isted i n t he c ensus t hen . A s t here i s n o r ecord o f o ther p ipemakers i n B ideford ,

h e i n i n I n

t heir d aughter f or h e was n ot

i t l ooks a s i f

t he r evival o f t he i ndustry c ame a t m uch t he s ame t ime a s i n B arnstaple . I n B ideford i n 1 851, S hort e mployed J ohn D avis , a ge 1 4 , a s ap ipemaker , Mary A nn F ewings a ge 1 6 a s ap ipe - t rimmer , a nd S usan F ewings a ge 3 7 a nd u nmarried a s ah ouse s ervant , l iving i n . H is f amily w as p resumably l eft i n B ristol , o r p erhaps h is w ife w as d ead . I t l ooks f rom t he n ame g iven t o t he s on , a s i f s he w as c onnected w ith t he E llis f amily , p ipemakers t here . T he n ames E lizabeth a nd J ane w ere a lso f ound i n t hat f amily . J ane E llis , aB ristol p ipemaker a nd a w idow b y 1 851 , h ad b een b orn i n B arnstaple i n a bout 1 789 . I t c ould h ave b een t his c onnection w ith N orth D evon w hich b ought W illiam S hort t o B ideford ( 2) . H e was l isted a s ap ipemaker i n a d irectory o f 1 856 , b ut t here i s n o m ention o f h im , J ohn D avis , t he 1 861 c ensus o r t hereafter ( 3 ) .

o r a ny o ther p ipemaker i n

P ipes f ound l ocally a dd m ore t o t he p uzzle o f w ho m ade t hem t han t o a s olution . A f ew p reserved i n l ocal c ollections a re u nprovenanced , a nd a part f rom a c ouple o f B arum p ipes , h ave n o l ocal m arks ( 4 ) . O ne p ipe w as p icked u p w hen t he p resent P ost O ffice i n B ideford w as b eing b uilt o n o r n ear t he s ite o f a n o ld p ottery . I t i s aD utch i mport , p robably f rom t he p eriod 1 670-1700 o r a l ittle l ater ( 5 ) . F rom d omestic r efuse a t T apeley P ark , a n e state b etween B arnstaple a nd B ideford , c ome, with s everal r ecognizable B arnstaple p ipes , o ne o r t wo t hat c ould h ave b een m ade i n B ideford . O ne , w ith a b owl-stamp w ith t he i nitials I .H . o ver t he l etters B ID ( App. B I II F ig . 3 2 N o :7) , s eems a lmost c ertain t o h ave b een m ade i n B ideford , b ut t here i s n o r eference t o a m aker w ith t he i nititals I .H . i n t he f ew r ecords w hich a re a vailable . I t m ay b e p ossible t o b uild u p a c orpus o f f orms a nd a c ollection o f m arks, i f a nd when a rchaeological e xcavations t ake p lace i n t he t own .

N otes ( 1)

Two m ore B ideford P rances h ad w ives c alled M ary .

P hilip P rance ,

h owever , w as a m aster m ariner , a nd t here i s n o r ecord o f t he d eath b efore 1 703 o f W illiam P rance , w ho m arried i n 1 699 , s o M ary P rance t he p ipemaker i s u nlikely t o h ave b een h is w idow . T here w as a p ipemaker c alled I saac P rance i n T opsham , b ut t he n ame w as n ot u ncommon i n D evon . J acob c ould p ossibly h ave b een t he s on o f I saac . y oungest s on w as c alled B enjamin ! P rice , J ackson & J ackson ,

H is o wn

o p. c it. , e ntries u nder S hort a nd E llis .

S ee a lso r eference l ist a t t he e nd o f t his a ppendix . K elly 's D evonshire D irectory 1 856 . B y 1 861 , S usan F ewings w as w orking i n B arnstaple , a nd M ary A nn F ewings h ad p robably b ecome t he w ife o f T homas D avis , p ipemaker , t here . S ee t he r eference l ist f or B arnstaple .

4 78

( 4)

( 5)

T hese p ipes a re n ot i llustrated i n t his a rticle . S ome h ave b een i dentified b y A drian O swald f rom p hotographs , a s p robably b y T homas H unt o f Marlborough , 1 667-96 , J ohn H unt f ree o f B ristol 1 651, a nd E dward F ox c . 1 650 , aS alisbury o r Amesbury m aker . H ow t hey c ame t o b e p reserved i n B ideford i s n ot k nown . I dentified b y A drian O swald f rom p hotographs .

S uch p ipes c ould h ave

b een d irectly i mported , s ee a bove p p . 4 61-3 . p ossession o f M r . R . L loyd o f B ideford .

R eference L ist

( 1)

T he p ipe i s i n t he

T he B eale F amily a nd t heir H eirs. T hey h ad a n i nterest B ideford .

B EALE

T homas I d ied 1 633

B EALE

P hilip

1 593-1667 ,

i n t he p ipemakers ' h ouses

S ome m ay h ave b een p ipemakers .

s on o f T homas

I .

P roperty

i n

M ill S treet

i ncluding o r a djacent t o t he s ite o f p ipemakers' h ouses B BT/1A/33/1). m arried ( 1) ( 2) ( 3)

i n

( D .R .O .

E lizabeth P earce 1 621, d aughter P atience b . 1 629 M ary A rshton 1 649 J oan V ernham , w idow 1 652

B EALE

E mmanuel 1 5951642/3, s on o f T homas I

B EALE

T homas

I I 1 6001673 ,

s on o f T homas I , i mportant p otter , l eading

t ownsman , m ayor 1 657-8 . B EALE

S amuel 1 6261672

B EALE

T homas I II 1 627/79?

B EALE

G abriel 1 6311689

B EALE

T homas I V d . 1 703 , p otter , s on o f o ne o f t he s ons o f T homas B eale I I

B EALE

T homas V , d . 1 714

V ERNAM

A rthur

A ll p otters , S ons o f T homas B eale I I

1 635 p otter . S tepson a nd h eir o f P hilip B eale q .v . P robably m arried h is d aughter P atience ( she d ied P atience -

V ernam) l H ITEFIELD

P atience n eé V ernam . N iece a nd h eiress o f A rthur V ernam , m arried J ohn W hitefield 1 704 . H e g ained a n i nterest i n t he p ipemakers ' h ouses , ( DRO B BT A /3/2

L ANG

p resumably t hrough h er .

S urvey o f B irdge L ands 1 745)

T imothy b . 1 672 , p otter , s on o f T imothy L ang , m erchant a nd M ary d au. o f T homas B eale I I ( m . 1 655). T imothy L . , p otter , p ossibly h ad a n i nterest i n p ipemakers ' h ouses w hich p assed r eference 1 716 .

M ARKS

J ohn b . 1 667 ,

m erchant ,

t o

o thers

o f

h is

g eneration .

s on o f J ohn M . m erchant ,

4 79

L ast

a nd E lizabeth

d au. o f T homas B eale I I ( m . 1 655). J ohn M . j unior h ad i nterest i n p ipemakers ' h ouses ( DRO , B BT L edger 1 693 , f o. 3 v). A p ossible i nterpretation o f t he i nterest i n t he p ipemakers ' h ouses i s t hat P hilip B eale d ivided t hem a mong t he n ex t g eneration o f h is f amily , p erhaps w ith r eversion t o h is o wn d aughter o r s tepson . T homas B eale V a nd T homas

B eale

V a nd T imothy

L ang a ppear

t o h ave h ad n o h eirs .

W hitefield 's s hare w as w orth 5 s 2 d i n a nnual r ent , t he 1 720s . ( DRO , B BT B 6/11/18) .

R eference L ist

( 2)

J ohn

a nd J ohn M arks ' i s 6 d i n

A lphabetical L ist o f P ipemakers

R egister d etails f rom B ideford r egisters u nless s hown o therwise. C . +d ate = C ensus r eturn ; f or B ideford u nless s hown o therwise. K DD = K elly's D evonshire D irectory

D AVIS

J ohn 1

-

C .

1 851 J ohn D ,

a ge

1 4 ,

b orn B ideford ,

l odged i n h ousehold

o f W illiam S hort , p ipemaker q .v . -

p ossibly r elated B arnstaple

F EWINGS M ary A nn F EWINGS S usan

-

-

-

P RANCE M ary

-

-

s ee

r eference

l ist

f or

s ee r eference l ist f or B arnstaple C . 1 851 d escribed a s h ouse-servant , t his t ime

n ot a s p ipe-trimmer a t

C . 1 841 d escribed a s d ressmaker 1 703 d escribed i n Q uarter S essions r ecord a s p ipemaker 1 064/Q.SO1,fo.269v.)

m .

-

( DRO

J ohn Mary H opkins

d escribed a s

-

D ,

s ee r eference l ist f or B arnstaple

-

R ALEIGH o r R AWLIN -

t o T homas

1 700

i n

B arnstaple ,

t he

c ouple

b eing

' both o f B ideford'

d escribed a s R oling , p ipemaker ( sic) 1 700 a nd R olling 1 701 i n B ideford I ndependent C hurch r egister q uoted i n I nkerman R ogers T he H uguenots i n D evonshire ( Barnstaple 1 942) , 2 4 . R ogers b elieved h e w as a H uguenot , a pparently j udging t he n ame a s s pelt t o b e F rench. d escribed a s a p ipemaker ( DRO , 1 064/Q.S02).

-

S HORT W illiam

-

i n

Q uarter

S essions

-

1 718 .

C . 1 851 W illiam S . a ge 4 5 , b orn B ristol , p ipemaker o f M eddon S treet , B ideford , e mploying 2 w omen a nd 1 b oy . a nd M ary A nn F ewings a nd J ohn D avis .)

-

r ecord

K DD 1 856

-

( s ee

S usan

p ipemaker , M eddon S treet

C . 1 861 n o m ention P rice , J ackson & J ackson ,

4 80

o p . c it . ,

s hows W illiam M ilford

S hort l iving w ith w ife E lizabeth i n B ristol ,

a nd g ives

B ristol s ources f or f ollowing i nformation :-

-

-

s on J oseph E llis b . 1 833 d au . J ane b . 1 833 C . 1 851

( Bristol) s hows a p ipemaker , J ane E llis , w idow , a ge

6 3 , b orn i n B arnstaple , l iving w ith d au E lizabeth E llis , a nd n ephew J oseph i n B ristol . B y t he n ames t here i s l ikely t o b e s ome c onnnection w ith S hort 's f amily .

4 81

A PPENDIX A I I N orth D evon T obacco P ipe C lay a nd I ts E xport i n t he S eventeenth C entury N ear P eters Marland , which i s f our o r f ive m iles s outh o f G reat T orrington i n N orth D evon , i s C lay M oor . ' H ereabouts ' , w rote R isdon i n t he e arly s eventeenth c entury ' t he C ounty l ieth s o l evel , a s i f n ature ... h ad p urposed h ere t o h ave t he s ea ' . ( 1) I n t he e arly M iocene e ra , i t w as , a pparently, a l ake, a nd b all c lay, o riginally w ashed o ut o f d ecomposed f elspars i n g ranite , w as d eposited w ith p articles o f p lant d ebris a nd h umus a t t he b ottom . ( 2) T he a mounts o f t obacco-pipe c lay e xported i n t he s eventeenth c entury s how t hat t he l arge d eposits o f C lay M oor w ere b eing e xploited . P ipe-clay i s a lso s aid t o h ave b een f ound a t W eare C iffard , a v illage o n t he R iver T orridge a c ouple o f m iles t o t he n orth o f G reat T orrington , b ut t here i s n o e vidence o f i ts e xtraction t here . ( 3 )

M oor ,

T he m oor n ear P eters M arland i s o ften r eferred t o a s G reening 's C lay f rom t he n ame o f t he f amily w ho d eveloped t he w orkings t here i n t he

s eventeenth c entury , a nd b uilt u p a f lourishing t rade s hipping c lay o ut o f B ideford . W illiam a nd J asper G reening , w ho w ere p robably b rothers , w ere l iving i n B ideford b y a bout 1 630 , b ut J asper h ad b een b aptised i n G loucester i n 1 608 . I n 1 65 4 /5, b oth w ere m asters o f s hips c arrying t obacco p ipe c lay t o G loucester , a nd i t c ould h ave b een t hrough d emand f rom t here t hat t hey d eveloped t he t rade , a cting a lso a s m erchants f or c lay s hipped i n o ther v essels . T he c areer o f J ohn G reening , p robably t he s on o f W illiam , p rovides a n e xample o f t he s uccess o f t he n ext g eneration . T he p ort b ooks s how t hat h e m ade t wo o r t hree v oyages e very y ear t o G loucester w ith t obacco-pipe-clay f rom 1 654 o r e arlier u ntil t he l ate 1 680 1s . I n 1 674 h e m arried i nto t he L ethbridge f amily ,

w hich h ad l and i n t he v icinity o f t he

c lay d eposits , a nd w as g ranted a n e state a t P etrockstowe b y h is f ather-inl aw . H e w as a lso g ranted , ( probably b y p urchase) , t he e states o f H all a nd E ast Y arde , which b elonged t o H umphry N icoll , E sq . ( 4) T hese g ave h im v irtual p ossession o f C lay M oor , a nd f rom t his t ime t he G reenings p robably h ad t he m onopoly o f t he w orkings . E arlier , t hey h ad p erhaps b ought t he c lay f rom l andowners l ike t he L ethbridges a nd N icoll . B y t he t ime o f h is d eath i n 1 692 , J ohn G reening w as a s ubstantial m erchant a nd l andowner w ith p roperty i n B ideford , a s w ell a s t he e state w hich i ncluded C lay M oor. I n t he s eventeenth c entury , t obacco-pipe c lay w as p robably d ug b y t he m ethod w hich h ad b ecome t raditional b y t he n ineteenth . A fter t opsoil h ad b een r emoved ,

t he c lay w as l ong-scored

c utting a cross a t r ight a ngles . w ere c alled b alls,

T hen i t w as t hirted o r t hwarted b y

T he n ine i nch c ubes t hat w ere t hen l ifted

h ence b all c lay.

A n e ntry i n t he p ort b ook o f 1 700

s hows 5 00 b alls o f c lay l oaded f or B ristol , s o t he t erm w as i n u se t hen , a lthough s hipping r ecords w ere u sually i n t ons . T he b alls w ere p assed u p t o t he t op o f t he p it w ith a s pike k nown a s ap oge , t hen w eathered f or s everal m onths o n t he m oor . A c layworker 's t on o r t ally o f t wenty-two a nd ah alf h undred-weight c ontained s eventy b alls w eighing t hirty-five o r t hirty-six p ounds e ach .

( 5)

T he t ransport o f b all c lay t o B ideford r equired c onsiderable o rganization . A p ackhorse w ould p robbly n ot h ave b een a ble t o c arry m ore t han s ix b alls, s o t welve h orses w ould h ave b een n eeded f or e very t on .

4 82

C arts

w ere p robably

L ittle

a lso u sed ,

f or

t here w as a ' wayne ' w ay l eading

T orrington t o T addiport B ridge

o ver t he T orridge .

( 6 )

f rom

F rom t here

t he c lay w ould h ave b een t aken t o W eare G iffard , t he h ead o f p racticable n avigation o n t he r iver , where i t w as l oaded i nto b arges f or B ideford . J asper G reening , w ho b y 1 660 h ad b ecome a m erchant r ather t han a m aster m ariner , m ade h is h ome a t W eare G iffard , p robably t o o rganize t he t ransport o f c lay. H e d ied i n 1 674 , a nd i s b uried i n t he c hurch t here. O ther m erchants b esides t he G reenings s hipped c lay o ut o f B ideford , b ut n one s eems t o h ave b een c onnected w ith t he e xtraction o f c lay , a nd i t i s l ikely t hat t hey b ought s upplies o n t he q uayside , f or W illiam G reening h ad a h ouse o n t he q uay a t B ideford w ith ' cellers i n t he c ourtlage ' , a nd J ohn G reening l eft i n h is w ill a s even y ear t erm i n ' Wester S eller a nd t he C hamber

o ver

t he

E ast

E nd

o f

B ideford ' .

T here

w ere p robably

c apacious

w arehouses , f or t he w ord c ellar w as n ot n ecessarily a pplied t o r ooms b elow g round , a nd i n t he n ineteenth c entury , c lay c ellars b uilt a long t he l ine o f t he B ude C anal w ere l ike l ong l ow s tone b arns w ith t hick w alls t o r esist t he w eight o f t he p iled c lay. T he p ort b ooks s how l arge q uantities o f c lay s hipped o ut b y m erchants o f b oth B ideford a nd B arnstaple , a lthough t he c lay i tself , a part f rom t he s mall a mounts n eeded b y p otters a nd p ipemakers , w ould n ot h ave b een b rought t o B arnstaple . T he c hief m arket w as B ristol , w here t here w ere m any p ipemakers , b ut white c lay w as a lso u sed i n s ugar-refining , a g rowing B ristol i ndustry a t t his t ime . T here c ould h ave b een o ther c ommercial u ses ; m oulds f or m etal g oods , f or i nstance . M uch c lay w as a lso s ent t o G loucester , p erhaps f or p ipemakers f arther u p t he S evern , a lthough t he u pper r eaches o f t he r iver w ere f ull o f ' sharpe s treames , f ords a nd s hallows ' .(7) B y w ay o f G loucester , t he c lay w as p robably a lso s ent i nto t he M idlands a nd t o S taffordshire f or t he p otteries . A fter t he G reenings c eased t o b e d irectly c oncerned w ith t he v oyages , t he t rade w ith G loucester d ecreased . A f airly r egular t rade w ith C hester g rew u p ,

b ut o nly o ne m erchant i n a ny

p eriod a ppears t o h ave b een c oncerned w ith t he t rade , a nd o nly m oderate a mounts o f c lay w ere d espatched . T his t rade a ppears t o h ave g rown u p t hrough t he n eed o f B ideford p otters f or l ead o re , b ut d emand f rom C hester p ipemakers p robably h elped t o m aintain i t . T able 5 g ives d etails o f c argoes e xported c oastally a s s hown i n s urviving s eventeenth c entury p ort b ooks . A ll s hipments s hown w ere r ecorded a s t obacco-pipe-clay . V ery f ew s hipments o f c lay a re r ecorded i n p ort b ooks , b ut i n 1 624 , a t on o f ' c laye ' s ent t o D ublin w as v alued f or c ustoms p urposes a t 1 3s 4 d , q uite a h igh p rice f or c lay i n t hose d ys . T here i s n othing t o s ay w hether t his w as t obaccop ipe c lay , b ut 3 t ons s hipped t o D ublin b y J asper G reening i n 1 636 m ust h ave b een . I t w as t hen v alued a t £ 1 p er t on , b ut a s v aluations w ere u sually l ow t o k eep d uties d own , i ts r eal v alue w as p robably h igher , a nd t here m ust h ave b een a g ood p rofit i n t he t rade. I n t he e arly e ighteenth c entury t he e xport o f c lay f rom N orth D evon c ontinued, b ut n ot o nly f or p ipemaking . S taffordshire p otters w ere b eginning t o u se w hite c lay f or t he b ody o f c ertain w ares , a nd a b owl m ade o f s alt-glazed s toneware i nscribed R ichard G reening , May y e 3 0th 1 727 s urvives . ( 8 ) I t w as p robably m ade b y ap otter t o w hom h e s upplied c lay . I t i s a lso s aid t hat J osiah W edgwood o btained s ome o f h is c lay f rom N orth D evon . T he G reenings , a nd a f amily c alled W ren t o w hom t hey w ere r elated b y m arriage ,

c ontinued t o o wn C lay M oor ,

b ut i n 1 822 i t w as r eported t hat

t he c lay p its a t P eters M arland a nd n earby P etrockstow h ad n ot b een w orked f or n early t wenty y ears . ( 9 ) T his f its i n w ith t he d ecline i n p ipemaking , a nd a lso o f B ideford a s ap ort . T he S taffordshire p otteries a nd p ipemaking

4 83

c entres t hat c ontinued i n b usiness a t t his t ime w ere p robably g etting t he m ore e asily a ccessible S outh D evon c lay v ia T elgnmouth . T he t ransport

o f P eters M arland c lay w as i mproved b y t he R olle C anal

f rom T orrington t o B ideford i n 1 825 ,

a nd b y 1 829 ,

b eing s hipped o ut a gain b y s ea . ( 10)

L ater a l ight r ailway was b uilt r ight

i f n ot b efore ,

c lay w as

t o t he c lay w orkings , a nd m uch c lay w as e xported i n t he l ater n ineteenth c entury b y t he N orth D evon C lay C ompany , w hich h ad s ucceeded t he e arlier o wners . A lthough t he c lay w as n ow p ut t o m any o ther u ses , ' t he c ompany s till a dvertised t heir product a s ' best t obacco -p ipe c lay ' . ( 11) E xtraction c ontinues t o t he p resent d ay , a nd h uge a mounts o f c lay a re t ransported b y r oad o r r ail , a nd t hen b y s ea , a ll o ver B ritain a nd t he w orld . A lthough p ipes a re n o l onger m ade i n N orth D evon , t he f ragments t hat t urn u p s o f requently i n t he g round c all t o m ind t he o riginal n ame a nd u se o f t he c lay f rom w hich t hey w ere m ade .

N OTES ( 1)

T ristram R isdon ,

T he C horographical D escription o r S urvey o f t he

C ounty o f D evon ( 1811, r pt. B arnstaple 1 970), 2 64. ( 2) ( 3)

L .T. R olt, T he P otter's F ield ( Newton A bbot 1 974),

1 5-21.

R ichard P olwhele T he H istory o f D evonshire ( 1797) ,

5 9 ,

s ays ' T he f ine

p ipe-makers ' c lay i s f ound a t W ear G iffard i n a bundance ' , a nd g oes o n t o m ention a lso t he d eposits n ear P eters M arland . W eare G iffard i s 7 o r m ore m iles f rom t hese , a nd t here i s n o g eological e vidence o f b all c lay t here , n or a re t here a ny o ld c lay w orkings . I t i s l ikely t hat P olwhele , a sking a t B ideford w here t he c lay c ame f rom , w as t old ' Weare G iffard ' , f or t his w as w here i t w as l oaded i nto b arges o n i ts j ourney f rom P eters Marland . S ucceeding w riters h ave u sed t his i nformation w ithout a dding a ny d etails o f t he w hereabouts o f t he W eare G iffard d eposits, w hich p robably n ever e xisted. ( 4)

S ir R oper L ethbrige

' Some H atherleigh W orthies '

f,

X XXVI

( 1904) ,

2 93-94. ( 5)

S cott, o p.cit., 4 -6.

( 6)

D RO , M add 2 /L47/15 , L ease o f 1 643.

( 7)

T .S. W illan ,

' The R iver N avigation & T rade o f t he S evern V alley ,

1 6001750 1, E c.HR V III ( 1937-38), 6 9-70 . ( 8)

G .M . D oe ,

( 9)

D aniel

' Scientific M emoranda' D AT L XII ( 1930),

& S amuel L ysons ,

M agna B ritannia

1 91.

( 1822) ,

c cxci .

T he

n otes

f or t his b ook w ere f inished i n 1 818. ( 10)

N DJ , 3 0 .4 .1829 . A 2 00 t on b rig l oaded w ith t obacco - p ipe - c lay w as d riven a shore i n a g ale . T he r eport d oes n ot s ay where t he v essel w as b ound.

( 11)

H .W .

S trong ,

I ndustries o f N orth D evon ( Barnstaple

1 889 ,

A bbot 1 971, w ith i ntroduction b y B arry H ughes), x xxiv.

4 84

r pt .

N ewton

0

-

o

( N

C O

-

0 -

N - ( 0 D i ( r N

-

-

( N

( N

It

( N

. O u 0

( N C l) C

c ' j 1

L

( N

( N C) C

c

N z t - C O - 0 . 0 N Q (N

C ')

N I f - 4 Cn

( N N - ' C . 0 O N .-

N O - N 0 *\ ( C N-

Cf l m

( N ( N

' I

-

( N

-

Cf l . C-

' . 0

-4

-4

' . 0

' . 0 -4

' .0

N -

0 -

C

C O -4

0 ( N

L I -4

1 6 5 4 1 7 0 .

' .0

a ) z

N -

N -

C O

r . ' . 0

f r o m N o r t h D e

(N

H

_

CN cJ

2

( N

' . 0

z

N -

C O

C O

0 -C - c ' . -

N -

1 . 0

10

0 ( N M

L C

I f

-

' . 0

-C -

C - C O

4

. 4

C - C O ( N

m

0

N- C ' .0 C -

0

N - cn rn N-4 0 ' . 0 c

0 C O 0

-

-

-

(N

C D C - L r C O C O N, t L C - C C - ( N

( N C

N - 0 ( N C - ( N

N -

( N 0 ' t I f I

0 ' .0 C D ( f l Cj

0 C O C - ' 0 C \ C - C i ' . 0 () (N ' .0 (N C . -

( N ( N

C ' ' . 0 C O

( N

N-

1 . 0

( ') (N

C)

( N

(N

0

(N

C 4

L

-

(

I J

Q C O

0

(N

0 ' C) c n ' . 0

0 ' . ( N -

L

C -

0

Q

C -

O

C - C - N -

( N

L r

C O cn ' . 0 C O C ') N -

-

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(N

L C N-

( I D

L r

a )

H

c o H

(N

-

C ' _ )

N

ci

cn

N(N

C4 (N

(N

CO

4 - 4 (N

u C O C O 0 ' _

cn

( N

_

-4

(N C ' ( N C C - ' .0 N- C O C ' C i ( N C - ' . 0 ' . 0 N - N - N - N- N- N- N - N - N- CO CO CO CO ' 0 ' . 0 ' 0 ' .0 '0 ' . 0 1 1 0 ' . 0 11 0 1 0 ' . 0 ' . 0 ' . 0 ' . 0 ' .0

C i o

C

( N

' .

0 C O

Q -

-C - C '.) N ' -I -

(N o

C '. ) -

-

-4

(N

0 4 i

Q D C H

-C -

1 . )

1 0

-4

' .0 -4

' -4

-4

4 -4 4

-4

4

4

-4

-4

-4

-4

-4

1 . 0

' -4

-

' . 0 4

L r

C- c y N O 1 . 0 ' . 0 1 . 0 ' . 0 -4

-4

' . 0

N a a ' o -

' .0 _4

1 . 0 -4

' .0 -4

C i C i N -4

+ 5 0 b a l s

m e n t s o f

-

. z j- If

L -1

-

U

bO 4 C l ) 1 )

0

‚H

- -H

c

I

a )

I

Q )

0

R L

4 J

0

) L 4 4 ' 1 H • 1

c o

I

I

'

I

W

( 1 6

I

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C d f . = C a r d i f

B r i s t o l

4 J

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K e y t o P o r t s : -

‚H 0

4 j

Bibliography of Secondary Sources Bocks, articles and unpublished mss. AYTO, E.G.,

Clay Tobacco Pipes, Shire Aloom 37, 1979 .

BOGGIS, R.J.E., A History of the Parish and Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Barnstaple, Canteroory, 1915 . CROFTS, J.,

Packhorse, Waggon & Post, 1967.

DAVEY,

'Guidelines for the Processing and Publication of Clay Pipes from Excavations', Ml.PW 4, 1981, 65-81.

Peter,

DOE, G.M.,

'Scientific Memoranda' , DAT LlCII, 1930, 190-92.

DUN HILL, Alfred H., The Pipe Book, 2nd revides edition, 1969 . EVANS, D.R.

'Documentary Evidence for Clay- Pipe Makers in W ales: an interim statement', MLPW, 4, 1981, 38-63.

GARDINER, W.F., Barnstaple 1837-1897, Barnstaple 1897. GRANT, Alison, North Devon Pottery: HALL,

the Seventeenth Century, Exeter, 1983.

Townshend M., 'Notes on Barum Tobacco-Pipes and North Devon Clays', DAT XXXII, 1890, 317-323.

HCMARD, A.J.,

The Devon Protestation Returns 1641 , privately printed, 1973 .

JACKSON, R.G. & PRICE, R.H., Bristol Clay Pipes, Bristol, 1974. JACKSON, R.G. & P., AND PRICE, R.H., Bristol Clay Pipe Makers, Bristol, 1981 . KELLY'S, LETHBRIDGE,

1889. Directory of Devonshire, I Sir R oper, 'So me Hatherleigh Worthies of the Seventeenth Century', DAT XXXVI, 1904, 289 -301.

LYSONS, Daniel & Samuel, Magna Britannia, 1822. MILES, H. & T., 'Pilton, N orth Devon; VHlage', DAS, 33, 1975.

Excavation within a M edieval

OSWALD, Adrian, Clay Pipes for the Archaeologist, BAR 14, 1975. - 'English Clay Tobacco-Pipes', AN, April, 1951 . - ' The Evolution & Chronology of English Clay Tobacco-Pipes', AN, 1955, revised 1961.

487

-

' Marked C lay P ipes f rom P lymouth ', P MA ,

1 969.

P OLWHELE , R ichard , T he H istory o f D evonshire , 1 797. P OST O FFICE D IRECTORY O F D EVONSHIRE,

1 866.

P RITCHARD , J .E., ' Tobacco-Pipes o f B ristol a nd t heir M akers ' , 1 923. R IPPON , A ., R ISDON ,

' Ancient D evon C lay T obacco-Pipes ' ,

D CNQ I X ,

B GAS X LV ,

1 917 ,

13115 .

T ristram , T he C horographical D escription o r S urvey o f t he C ounty o f D evon , 1 811, r pt. B arnstaple 1 970 .

R OGERS , I nkerman , T he H uguenots i n D evonshire , B arnstaple 1 942. R OLT , L .T.,

T he P otter's F ield , N ewton A bbot ,

R UTTER , J .A . &D AVEY , P .J .

' Clay P ipes f rom C hester ' , i n T he A rchaeology

o f t he C lay T obacco P ipe 11 , 4 1-272. S COTT , A lexander ,

B all C lays,

S pecial R eport X XXI, S TANES , R .,

D ept .

B AR ,

o f S cience

B ritish S eries 7 8 ,

1 980 ,

& I ndustrial R esearch ,

o n t he M ineral R esources

o f

G reat

B ritain ,

1 929.

' T he C ompton C ensus a nd X ,

S TRONG , H .W.,

1 974.

f or t he D iocese o f E xeter 1 676 ' ,

D R I X

1 974 a nd 1 975 .

I ndustries o f N orth D evon , B arnstaple 1 889 , A bbot

r pt . N ewton

1 971 .

T I ICMPSON , E dna , W atching B rief; B arnstaple U rban R elief R oad , S tage I , u npublished m s . s ubmitted t o D evon C ounty , 1 981 . W ATKINS , C . Malcolm ,

N orth D evon P ottery & I ts E xport t o America i n t he

S eventeenth C entury , B ulletin 2 25 , 1 960. W ILLAN , T .S.,

W ashington D .C . ,

U .S .

N atural Museum

' The R iver N avigation a nd T rade o f t he S evern V alley ' , 1 750 , E c H R V III , 1 937-38 , 6 8-79 .

4 88

1 600-

B . P IPES

I NTRODUCTION D uring t he p eriod 1 9721979 a s eries o f r escue e xcavations w as c arried o ut i n t he t own o f B arnstaple ,

N orth D evon .

O f a ll t he s ites w hich w ere

e xcavated , o nly t wo h ave s o f ar b een t he s ubject o f p ublished r eports, n amely P ilton ( 1972) a nd G reen L ane ( 1979). A s f or t he m ajor s ite o f B arnstaple C astle a nd l esser s ites o f H olland S treet , P aiges L ane a nd J oy S treet , t here i s a m ass o f a s y et u npublished m aterial . T his h as b een e xamined f or c lay p ipe m aterial , a nd a v ery f ruitful s earch h as y ielded t he b asis o f t his r eport.

C ATALOGUE O F P IPE M ATERIAL B asically , f irst t own

t he m aterial i ncluded i n t his p aper f orms t wo s ections ,

t he

o f w hich c ontains t he m aterial f rom t he e xcavated s ites w ithin t he o f B arnstaple , a nd t he s econd c ontains m aterial f rom p rivate

c ollections .

T he l atter h as n ever b een p ublished a nd i ncludes l ocal f orms

a nd s tamps w hich h ave n ot n ecessarily b een f ound i n t he e xcavated m aterial .

N otes:— ( a)

( b)

C ontained w ithin t he d ata t abulated a re v arious c ode n umbers.

m illing c odes :

f inish c odes :

0

=

u nmilled

1

=

u p t o 2 5% o f c ircumference m illed

2

=

2 5% t o 5 07

"

3

=

5 0% t o 7 5%

‚

4

=

7 5% t o 1 00%

U

=

U nmeasureable d ue t o d amage

1 = h ighly f inished ,

n o c asting s eams v isible ,

p olished 2

=

well

f inished,

n o

c asting

s eams,

t idy

t idy

t rimmings 3

=

p oorly

f inished,

n o

c asting

s eams,

n ot

t rimmed ,

k iln w asters

t rimming 4 = u nfinished ,

s eams

a lso i ncluded i n t his g roup .

4 89

GROUP

SCALE

1

3

4

0

5

0

6

\

8

7

0

GROUP 2

1 0

9

F ig. 5 :

4 90

0

1 : 1

S ECTION I G ROUP I

-

-

E XCAVATED P IPE M ATERIAL

C ontext : B arnstaple C astle ,

1 974

-

L ayer 8 .

D escription o f P ipes I llustration N o :

1

S ite N o :

B ore Bo wl 6 4 M illing F inish F orm C omments

S tamp / Decoration

A D 2 41

2

d amaged 7 s poke?

3

I

4

I ,

5

i ncuse c ross

!

3

3

7

4

3 1 620/40

7

-

A D 4 64

8

-

1 610/50

3

-

l ocal w est c ountry?

-

-

7

4

2

1 620/40

7

4

3 1 620/50

l ocal C hester f orm?

6

i t

7

A D 4 83

8

D ating :

I t

c ircle & b ars

7

3

3

1 620/40

w est c ountry

7

4

3

1 620/40

C hester f orm?

!

7

-

3

-

Af airly c lose g rouping o f p ipes f rom t he p eriod 1 6201640 , b ut s ome c ould i n f act e xtend l ater i nto t he s eventeenth c entury , p erhaps a s l ate a s t he 1 660 's . T he l ocal f orms a re d ifficult t o d efine a s d efinite l ocal m anufactured o nes , d ue t o l ack o f s tamps o n t hem .

G ROUP I I

C ontext : B arnstaple C astle ,

1 974

L ayer 2 0.

D escription o f P ipes I llustration N o :

9

1 0

D ating :

S ite N o :

S tamps/Decoration

A E 1 24

F ive D ots

A E 17

B ore B owl 6 4 M illing F inish F orm

C omment

6

3

2

1 610/50 W est c ountry?

7

3

3

1 610/50

1

T hese t wo b owls a re o f W est C ountry o rigin , b ut w here t hey o riginate i s d ebatable ! I n t he c ast o f N o :9 , t here a re v ery c lose p arallels f rom C astle S treet , P lymouth . T he o riginal c entre o f m anufacturing o f t hese c ould h ave b een P lymouth .

4 91

GROUP

3

1 2

1

GROUP 4

1 4

1 7

1 8

1 9

2 0

SCALE F ig. 6 :

4 92

1 : 1

a

0

G ROUP I II

C ontext: B arnstaple C astle ,

1 974

L ayer 2 3.

D escription o f P ipes I llustration

S ite

N o :

N o :

1

A D 6 42

B ore S tamps/Decoration

6 4

B owl M illing F inish F orm

7

-

3

2

C omment

1 610/50 W est c ountry?

1 2

D ating :

A D 4 59

7

-

3

5

1 620/60

‚ V

T wo m ore b owls o f W est C ountry o rigin , b ut t hey d o n ot a ppear t o b e c haracteristic o f B arnstaple-made f orms .

G ROUP I V

-

C ontext: B arnstaple C astle ,

1 974

-

L ayer 2 4

D escription o f P ipes I llustration

S ite

N o :

N o :

1 3

B ore S tamps/Decoration

6 4

A D 4 23

1 4

B owl M illing F inish F orm

C omment

7

2

3

1 660/1710 l ocal

6

2

3

1 610/50

W est c ountry?

‚ 5

9

2

4

1 660/1710 l ocal

1 6

9

2

4

1 660/1710

k iln w aster

D ating :

G ROUP V

F irst c lear e vidence o f

l ocal m anufacture ,

a nd w ith t he e xception

o f N o . :

1 4 , p robably o f a c loser d ating o f 1 690/1710 , a s t he k nown

m akers t own .

o f

C ontext:

t his p eriod

t ended

B arnstaple C astle ,

t o m anufacture

1 974

-

i n t his a rea o f t he

L ayer 2 9

D escription o f P ipes I llustration

S ite

N o :

N o :

1 7

A D 5 1

1 8

I t

B ore S tamps/Decoration

-

I t

4 93

6 4

B owl M illing F inish F orm

C omment

8

2

3

1 660/1720

l ocal

7

3

4

1 660/1720

I

GROUP

5

2 2

2 1

2 4

2 3

2 6

2 5

2 8

3 1

3 2

3 0 SCALE F ig. 7 : 4 94

1 : 1

C

1 9

A D 5 3

2 0

i f

2 1

A D 5 1

2 2

i f

2 3

I t

2 4

A D 5 1

2 5

i t

2 6

8

-

-

-

-

-

B arum D ie I I

i f

H

-

8

-

-

-

u

3

2

3

3

3

1

2

1 680/1740

1

3

1 660/1720

U

3

-

-

1 660/1710 -

l ocal -

-

l ocal

-

i f

B arum D ie I I

8

1

2

1 680/1740

i f

i t

I f

I f

1

8

1

1

1 680/1740

1

2 7

i t

i f

I t

i t

i f

8

1

2

1 680/1740

l ocal

2 8

"

"

P A : IH

5

4

1

1 660/1740

l ocal

l ocal

s tamp

D ating :

A nother g roup o f l ocal f orms ,

m any w ith B arum s tamps ,

f airly w ide d atable g rouping b etween 1 660/1740 .

f orming a

T he l arge r ange

o f d ates i s d ue t o t he f act t hat t he B arum s tamps c annot a s y et b e a scribed t o a ny k nown l ocal m aker . N o :28 i s a v ery i nteresting s tamp , a nd i s p robably a l ocal f orm . k nown e xamples f rom o utside t he a rea .

G ROUP V I

C ontext: B arnstaple C astle ,

1 974

-

T here a re a s y et n o o ther

L ayer 3 0

D escription o f P ipes I llustration N o :

S ite N o :

S tamps/Decoration

2 9

A D 6 2

3 0

I

3 1

I t

3 2

B arum D ie I I

2

3

1 660/1710

8

3

3

1 660/1710

U

3

4

3

1 660/1710

8 8

4 0

1 1

1 660/1740 1 660/1740

8

1

3

1 660/1740

8

U

3

160/1740

8

U

2

-

-

I t

3 5

I

I t

B arum D ie I I

I

3 6

I t

1

B arum D ie I I

I t

4 95

C omment

8

I t

3 3 3 4

3 7

i t

-

B ore B owl 6 4 M illing F inish F orm

l ocal

I t

GROUP 6

3 3

3 4

3 5

I,

-

3 6

3 7 3 8

3 9 F ig. 8 :

SCALE

4 96

1 : 1

GROUP

6

4 0 4 1

a 4 3

4 4

4 6

4 5

4 8

F ig. 9 :

4 7

U

4 9

SCALE

4 97

1 : 1

GROUP

7

5 1

5 0

5 2

C

C

5 4

5

c 3

N

0

. 5 7

F ig.

1 0 :

. 5 6

5 8

0

SCALE

1 : 1

4 98

5 9 1

0

G ROUP V I c ontd. I llustration N o :

S ite N o :

S tan ips/Decoration

3 8

l t

3 9

l t

4 0

I t

4 1

I

4 2

B ore B owl 6 4 M illing F inish F orm

t i

l t

8

U

2

i t

I l

8

U

2

8

2

1

1 660/1740

8

U

2

1 660/1710

B arum D ie I I

8

U

2

1 660/1740

I

-

4 3

l t

I t

8

U

2

4 4

l t

I

8

U

2

4 5

I

l t

8

U

2

I I

8

i f

"

8

U

2

l t

1

8

U

2

i t

l t

8

U

2

4 6

A E

4 7

i f

4 8 4 9

D ating :

6 2

i t

C ommen t

B arum D ie

U

2

U

-

-

1 660/1740

l ocal

-

W ithout e xception a c omplete g roup o f l ocal f orms , m any w ith t he B arum f orms o f s tamp o f t he p eriod 1 660/1740 .

G ROUP V II

C ontext: B arnstaple C astle ,

1 974

-

L ayer 3 1

D escription o f P ipes

7

2

3

1 620/1660 l ocal

7

U

2

1 660/1710

I

l t

8

2

3

1 660/1710

l t

I

8

0

3

1 660/1710

I

2

3

9

3

4

1 660/1710 l ocal

6

U

2

c omplete p ipe l ength

5 0

A D 6 2

5 1

I

5 2

l t

5 3

l t

5 4

l t

5 5

I ?

5 6

A D 6 2 -A

A. R .

l t

-

4 99

-

GROUP

6 0

7

6 1

0

0

1 0,

6 7

6 6

I l e

C GROUP 8

6 9 6 8 F ig. 1:

SCALE

5 00

1 : 1

G ROUP V II c ontd. I llustration N o :

S ite N o :

S tamps/Decoration

A D 6 2

5 7

B ore B owl 6 4 M illing F inish F orm C ommen t

-

4

3

-

5 8

8

0

2

1 660/1710

i t

5 9

7

U

3

1 660/1710

I

6 0

8

1

2

1 660/1710

t '

6 1

7

1

3

1 660/1710

I

6 2

7

0

2

1 660/1710

I

6 3

7

2

3

1 660/1710

I

6 4

8

0

2

1 660/1710

6 5

7

2

3

1 660/1710

6 6

8

U

3

1 660/1710

6 7

8

2

3

1 660/1710

D ating :

A l ocal g roup o f p ipes w ithin a t ighter d ating c ontext ; t he 1 6601710 p eriod o n b owl f orm a lone . s tamps f rom w ithin t he g rouping ,

n amely

A s t here a re n one w ith

i t i s d ifficult t o b e m ore

p recise w ith d ating .

G ROUP V III

-

C ontext: B arnstaple C astle ,

1 974

-

L ayer 3 7/38

D escription o f P ipes 6 8

A D 2 06

6 9

A D 3 9

D ating :

8

-

6

-

4

3

2

3

1 620/1640 C hester? 1 620/1660 l ocal

O ne e arly i mported p ipe o f 1 6201640 a nd t he o ther i s n earer 1 660 , p ossibly o f l ocal o rigin .

5 01

GROUP

9

7 1

7 5

7 7

8 0

F ig. 1 2:

7 8

8 1

0 SCALE

5 02

1 : 1

8 2

0

G ROUP I X

C ontext: B arnstaple C astle, 1 974

L ayer 4 5

-

D escription o f P ipes I llustration N o :

S ite

s ore

N o :

S tamps/Decoration

A D 4 37

7 0 7 1

U

7 2

U

7 3

e i

7 4

A D 4 52

6 4

B owl M illing F inish F orm

-

-

8

U

-

D ating :

A l ocal

g roup

o f

t he

1

3

1 660/1710 l ocal

4

1

1 660/1710

2

3

1 660/1710

2

3

1 660/1710

3

1 660/1710

8

4

7

3

7 5

C omment

l ate s eventeenth c entury .

A c loser d ate o n

b owl f orms w ould b e 1 690/1710

CR O UP X

C ontext:

-

B arnstaple C astle ,

1 974

L ayer 4 5/47 ( Interface)

-

D escription o f P ipes 7 6

A D 4 37

7 7

"

7 8

A D 4 13

7 9

A D 4 49

8 0

A D 4 54

8 1

A D 4 49

8 2

A D 4 37

D ating :

G ROUP X I

i t

-

-

-

-

-

1 -

7

2

3

1 640/1680 l ocal

8

4

2

1 660/1710

7

3

3

1 660/1710

7

U

2

1 660/1710

7

2

3

1 660/1710

7

U

3

1 620/1660

8

U

3

1 620/1660

A l ocal gr oup o f t he p eriod 1 620/1710 .

-

C ontext :

B arnstaple C astle ,

1 974

-

Av ery m ixed g roup i ndeed.

L ayer 5 1

D escription o f P ipes 8 3

A D 3 4

8 4

A D 6 9

8 5

A D 3 4

-

T .G. -

5 03

9

U

3

1 620/1650 l ocal

7

4

2

1 620/1650 T .Garland

7

4

3

1 620/1650 l ocal

GROUP

1

8 5

8 6

0

GROUP

p

0

8 7

1 2

a 9 1

9 0 8 9

9 2

9 3

1

0 F ig

1 3 :

SCALE

5 04

1 : 1

C

I llustration N o :

S ite N o :

8 6

"

8 7

i t

D ating :

S tamps/Decoration

i t

B ore B owl 6 4 M illing F inish F orm

-

"

-

C omment

7

2

3

1 620/1650

7

U

2

1 620/1650

A n e arly g roup o f l ocal p ipes , b acked u p b y s tamp o n N o :84 G arland

G ROUP X II

( nee T akell)

m arried

C ontext: B arnstaple C astle ,

-

i n

T .

1 628 ( cf . p . 4 71 a bove) .

1 974

L ayer 6 5

-

D escription o f P ipes 8 8

A D57

8 9

i t

-

i t

A s eries o f 7

8

2

3

1 640/1680 l ocal

8

3

2

1 640/1680 l ocal?

7

3

3

1 620/1640 l ocal

U

3

s poke w heels 9 0

i t

9 1

A l ) 5 7

B arum D ie I I

-

-

l ocal I ,

9 2

1

8

U

3

1 640/1680

9 3

A D 3 8

7

4

3

1 620/1640 l ocal?

D ating :

A l ocal g roup o f t he m id s eventeenth c entury . T he i nteresting o ne i s N o :89 , w hich , f orm a nd t ype o f s tamp , c ould b elong t o P eter S tephens

G ROUP X III

-

( q .v .) ,

w ho

d ied

i n

C ontext: B arnstaple C astle ,

1 668 ( cf . p p . 4 72-3 a bove) .

1 974

-

L ayer 6 6

D escription o f P ipes 9 4

A D 2 2

9 5

i t

9 6

1

-

9 7

-

9 8

I t

9 9 1 00

B arum D ie I I

-

-

"

"

I ncuse B ar s hape

5 05

8

0

2

1 660/1740 l ocal

8

U

2

1 660/1740

8

1

3

1 660/1710

8

2

4

1 660/1710

8

0

3

8

3

3

1 660/1740 l ocal?

8

4

2

1 620/1660 l ocal?

k iln w aster

GROUP

1 3

9 8

9 6

0

1 00

9 9

GROt . 1P

1 4

1 02

1 03

SCALE

5 06

1 : 1

a

0 4

0

1 05

1 06

0

1 08

1 09

0

C

0

0

12

11

0 C

I L )

F ig

1 5:

SCALE

5 07

1 : 1

15

0

16

1 23

1 22

1 21

D

1 24

F ig. 1 6 :

I )

1 26

1 25

SCALE

1 : 1

5 08

C

D atlr ig :

A v ery e ven s pread o f l ocal f orms f rom t he 1 620s

-

1 690s ,

p erhaps

s ome a s l ate a s 1 720s .

C I IOUP KT V

C ontext: B arnstaple C astle ,

1 974

-

L ayer 6 7

D escription o f P ipes ! i ]h

ration N o

S ite

B ore

N o :

S tamps/Decoration

1 01

A D 3 0

1 02

A D 2O

1 03

A D 3 0

1 04

i t

-

-

A D 4 3

1 07

A D 2 0

1 08

A D 2 0

1 09

A D 66

10

A D 3 0

11

A D 4 3

12

A D 3 0

13

A D 3 0

14

A D 2 4

15

A D 6 6

16

A E 10

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

I ncuse B ar

17

-

18

8

1 19

1 21

s poked w heel

-

"

"

P .T.

-

5 09

C omment

3

4

3

7

U

3

1 620/1640 l ocal?

6

4

3

1 620/1640 k iln w aster

6

0

1

1 660/1710 l ocal

7

U

4

7

0

3

1 660/1710 l ocal

7

0

1

1 660/1710 l ocal

7

0

2

9

3

3

0

2

8

U

2

6

4

2

1 660/1710 l ocal

6

0

2

1 660/1710

7

2

3

1 660/1710

7

2

4

1 660/1710

8

3

3

1 620/1640 l ocal?

8

4

2

1 600/1640 P lymouth

7

4

3

1 620/1660 l ocal

7

4

3

1 620/1660 P eter T akell

7

3

2

1 620/1640 l ocal

-

-

B owl M illing F inish F orm

3

-

-

-

1 06

1 20

7

-

1 05

6 4

1 600/1640 l ocal

-

-

-

-

k iln w aster

-

1 660/1710 l ocal

-

-

-

-

"

1 29

1 28

1 27

1 31

1 30

C

0

1 33

0 GROUP

1 36

F ig

1 7:

1 5

1 37

C

SCALE

5 10

1 : 1

1 38

C

I llustration

S ite

N o :

B ore

N o :

S tamps/Decoration

1 22

i f

1 23

A C 1

1 24

A E 10

1 25

H

A D 1 07

1 27

A E 17

1 28

A E 1 38

1 29

A E 10

1 30

A E 1 23

1 31

A E 10

1 32

M illing F in ish F orm

6

-

-

-

3

1 620/1660 l ocal

3

3

1 620/1660

7

4

2

1 640/1680 l ocal

7

4

2

1 640/1680 l ocal

8

4

2

7

1

3

0

3

7

4

3

1 620/1660 l ocal

9

U

4

1 640/ 1680

"

4

1

1 620/1660

"

3

4

1 640/1680 k iln

-

-

-

-

I ,

C ommen t

3

-

H

1 26

6 4

B owl

9

-

1 620/1660 l ocal -

-

w aster 1 33

‚ I

1 34

A C 1

1 35

A E 10

D ating :

G ROUP X V

8 -

-

8

-

A r ange o f p ipes f rom 1 600/1680 , e xceptions a ll o f l ocal m anufacture .

-

C ontext : B arnstaple C astle ,

1 974

-

2

3

U

2

U

3

w ith

o ne

1 620/1660 l ocal

1 620/ 1660 l ocal

o c

t wo

p ossible

L ayer 6 8

D escription o f P ipes 1 36

8

A E 1 01

1 37

-

U

3

U

3

1 660/1710 l ocal

-

-

1 38

7

3

3

1 660/1710 l ocal

1 39

8

4

3

1 660/1710

0

3

1 680/1720

1 40

-

C hester? 1 41 1 42

RW B

5 11

6

U

2

1 680/1720

6

0

2

1 660/1710 l ocal

1 40

1 41

C

0

1 43

1 42

GROUP 1 6

s s SS f lS

1 44

„

' „St

1 45

1 46

I-

1 48

1 49 SCALE

5 12

1 : 1

I llustration

S ite

N o :

B ore

N o :

S tamps/Decoration

‚ I

1 43

D ating :

PA I :H

B owl

6 4

M illing F inish F orm

5

4

1 6801720 p eriod o f l ocal m anufacture , o f s ome C hester f orms .

G ROUP X VI

C ontext : B arnstaple C astle ,

-

1 974

but

1

C ommen t

1 680/1720 l ocal?

p erhaps t he i nfluence

L ayer 6 9

-

D escription o f P ipes 1 44

A D 2 1

B arum D ie I I

1 45

A D 2 4

D ie I I

-

-

U

3

1 660/1740 l ocal

4

2

1 660/1740 n o b ore h ole

I ,

1 46

I ,

1 47

A D 2 1

1 48

A D 2 4

D ie I V -

8

4

2

1 660/1740 l ocal

8

4

3

1 660/1740

-

-

-

-

w ig c urler

1 49

A D 2 0

1 50

i f

1 51

D ating :

i t

A D 2 1

D ie I

7

U

3

1 660/1740 l ocal

D ie I II

7

2

2

1 660/1740

7

3

3

1 660/ 1740

-

Ag roup o f 1 6601740 f orms , m ainly w ith t he B arum s tamps.

G ROUP " VII

-

C ontext: B arnstaple C astle ,

1 974

-

L ayer 7 2

D escription o f P ipes 1 52

A D 1 07

1 53

A D 2 0

1 54 1 55 1 56

‚ l

3

2

1 660/1710 l ocal

6

4

3

1 620/1660 l ocal?

7

U

3

1 620/1660

8

3

1

1 660/1710 l ocal

8

4

3

1 620/1660 l ocal?

8

3

4

1 664/1710 C hester?

I ncuse B ar s hape! 7

U

3

3

3

-

I t

A E 11 I

7

-

-

I t

1 57

A D 2 8

1 58

A E 1 08

1 59

A E 1 38

-

-

-

5 13

-

l ocal?

1 660/1710 l ocal

1 50

1 51

C GROUP 1 7

1 52

C

1 53

)

1 54

0

1 56

1 55

( � D

1 57

F ig.

1 9:

1 58

S CALE

5 14

1 : 1

0

1 61

GROUP

1 62

1 8

If l

(

a IS "

1 68

1 67

1 69

F ig . 2 0 :

a

1 70

SCALE

5 15

1 : 1

I llustration

S ite

N o :

N o :

1 60

A E 11

1 61

A E 1 38

1 62

A E I ll

D ating :

B ore S tamps / Decoration

6 4

B owl M illing F inish F orm

6

-

-

-

-

-

2

3

2

3

2

3

C omment

1 660/1710 l ocal -

-

-

-

Ag roup o f f orms f rom t he l ast d ecade o f t he s eventeenth c entury , w ith a f ew e xceptions w hich c ould h ave b een e arlier i mports .

G ROUP X VIII

-

C ontext : B arnstaple C astle ,

1 974

-

L ayer

D escription o f P ipes 1 63

A E 1 38

1 64

A E 9

1 65

A D 4 1

1 66

A D 2 0

1 67

1 1

1 68

A D 2 1

1 69

A E 1 00

1 70

A E 1 08

D ating :

G ROUP X IX

-

-

-

B arum D ie I II

-

B arum D ie I II

-

B arum D ie I

6

0

3

1 660/1710 l ocal

8

4

2

1 620/1660 l ocal?

7

4

3

1 660/1710 l ocal

7

4

2

1 660/ 1740

8

3

3

1 660/1710

8

U

3

1 660/1740

8

4

3

1 620/ 1660 l ocal?

8

1

3

1 660/1740 l ocal

L ocal f orms , a nd d atable t o t he l ate s eventeenth , e ighteenth c entury .

-

C ontext: B arnstaple C astle ,

1 974

-

o r p erhaps e arly

L ayer 7 5/76

D escription o f P ipes 1 71

A E 1 00

S callop d ecoration 4

0

2

1 740/ 1800 C hester?

5

0

2

1 700/1760

-

-

1 72 1 73

D ating :

A E 1 01

I ncuse B ar s hape!

7

A m ixed s mall g roup o f w hich N os : t he e ighteenth c entury .

5 16

-

l ocal

1 71 a nd 1 72 a re f rom w ell i nto

GROUP

1 9

1 72

1 73

1 74

F ig . 2 1:

SCALE

5 17

1 : 1

GROUP 2 0

1 75

1 78

1 76

C

c i

1 77

C

0

1 79

1 80

c i i

0

1 84

1 85

C

F ig. 2 2 :

a

SCALE

5 18

1 : 1

1 86

0

N O G ROUP 1 74

-

-

C ontext: B arnstaple C astle ,

1 974

L ayer 2 8 ( Site N o : A D 9 5)

-

K iln w aster w ith p ipe f ragments a dhering t o k iln f urniture . o f

a v ery d ark

g rey

c oarse

f abric w ith s plashes

M ade

o f d ark g reen

g laze c overing t he f ragments . G ROUP X X

-

C ontext: H olland S treet , B arnstaple ,

1 974

D escription o f P ipes 1 75

C C 4

1 76

i t

-

-

1 77

-

1 78

-

1 79

-

1 80

„

I t

1 81

"

"

-

1 82

"

"

-

-

1 83 "

"

-

1 85

-

1 86

C C 4

-

1 87 „

1 89

D ating :

i t

8s poke!

U

-

A g roup o f 1 620/1650 .

3

1 620/1650 k iln w as t er

9

4

2

1 620/1650 C hester?

7

4

3

1 620/166 ' ) l ocal?

8

U

2

7

1

2

1 620/166

7

4

2

1 620/1653 C hester?

7

4

2

1 620/16 0

4

2

7

4

2

1 620/16)0 B ristol?

7

4

2

1 620/16)0

i f

7

U

3

1 620/1650

i f

7

4

2

1 620/1650 L ondon?

4

2

6

4

1

1 620/1 00! D utch

6

4

1

1 620/1 '00

-

-

1 88

3

-

-

1 84

8

-

-

-

-

l ocal?

-

-

i t

f orms s howing t he r egional v ariations o f t he p eriod H owever , i t i s p ossible , t hat t hey c ould a ll b e o f

l ocal m anufacture ,

w hich w ould a dd a bout t en y ears t o t he d ates

g iven . G ROUP X XI

-

C ontext: H olland S treet , B arnstaple 1 974. D escription o f P ipes

1 90

C E 4 7

1 91

1 92

-

-

i f

"

-

5 19

9

3

4

1 660/ '720 l ocal

9

3

4

1 660/1720 K iln w aster

9

3

4

1 660/1720

1 87

GROUP 2 1

C

0

1 95

1 94

F ig. 2 3 :

SCALE

5 20

1 : 1

1 99

2 02

2 05

F ig . 2 4:

2 00

2 01

2 03

2 04

2 07

2 06

SCALE

5 21

1 : 1

2 08

2 10

2 09

C

1 2 11

2 14

2 17

F ig. 2 5 :

2 13

2 12

2 15

2 16

c

2 19

SCALE

5 22

1 : 1

2 18

I llustration N o :

S ite

B ore

N o :

S tamps/Decoration

1 93

6 4

9

B owl M illing F inish F orm

3

4

C o i nn nt

1 660/1720 k iln w aster

1 92

9

3

4

1 660/1720

1 93

9

3

4

1 660/1720

1 94

9

3

4

1 660/1720 k iln w aster

1 95

9

3

4

1 660/1720 k iln w aster

1 96 1 97

‚ I

1 98

9

3

4

1 660/1720

9

3

4

1 660/1720 l ocal

9

3

4

1 660/1720 k iln

I

w aster 1 99

9

3

4

1 660/1720

2 00

i

9

3

4

a 660/1720 l ocal

2 01

I

9

3

4

1 660/1720

2 02

t i

8

2

3

1 660/1710 B ristol

P. E.

m aker 2 03

i f

P.E.

8

3

3

1 660/1710

2 04

f

P.E.

8

3

3

1 660/1710

P .E.

8

U

3

1 660/1710

P .E.

8

U

3

1 660/1710

A .R .

7

U

3

1 620/1660 l ocal

2 05 2 06

I t

i t

2 07

m aker 2 08 2 09 2 10

2 13 2 14

2

4

1 620/1660 l ocal?

7

2

4

1 620/1660 l ocal

8

U

3

1 620/1660 l ocal

7

3

3

1 660/1720 l ocal?

7

3

2

1 660/1720 l ocal

D ie I

8

U

2

1 660/1740 l ocal

D ie I

7

U

3

1 660/1740

-

C E 4 7

2 11 2 12

7

-

-

-

1

I t

B arum D ie I II

5 23

0

2 26

2 29

F ig. 2 6 :

0

2 27

2 28

0

2 31

2 30

SCALE

5 24

1 : 1

I llustration

S ite

N o :

N o :

B ore S tamps/Decoration

6 4

B owl M illing F inish F orm

2 16

C omment

2

3

8

U

3

1 660/1720 l ocal

6

0

3

1 680/1760 P lymouth?

2 19

7

U

3

1 620/1660 l ocal

2 20

7

U

3

1 620/1660

2 21

9

U

3

1 620/1680

2 22

8

2

2

1 620/1680

2 23

8

3

3

1 660/1740

4

2

1 660/1740

2 17 2 18

I. P.

2 24

-

I

2 25

8

4

3

1 620/1660

2 26

7

2

4

1 660/1740

2 27

8

3

3

1 660/1740

2 28

9

3

3

1 660/1740

l t

2 29

9

4

3

1 660/1740

I

2 30

8

2

4

1 660/1740

2

3

3

3

1 660/1740 l ocal

2

3

1 660/1740

2 31 7

2 32 2 33

D ating :

-

I

l t

A v ery l arge g roup o f l ocal f orms , w hich a re o f f airly w ide d ate r ange 1 660/1740 , d ue t o t he a bsence o f m akers ' m arks . U nusual t o f ind t he v ery f ew s tamped B ristol p ipes a ll i n o ne g rouping , -

p erhaps t he l ocal p ipemaker w as c opying t he B ristol f orms .

G ROUP X XII

-

C ontext: H olland S treet , B arnstaple ,

1 974

D escription o f P ipes I llustration N o :

2 34

S ite N o :

C E 1 52

S tamps/Decoration

B ore B owl 6 4 M illing F inish F orm

6

-

5 25

2

2

C omment

1 660/1710 l ocal

2 33

2 32

GROUP 2 2

2 35

2 36

2 38

2 37

2 40

2 39

F ig. 2 7:

SCALE

5 26

1 : 1

0

I llustration N o :

S ite N o :

S tamps/Decoration

2 35

C E 1 52

2 36

C E 3 8

-

B ore B owl 6 4 M illing F inish F orm C ommen t

6

4

2

1 660/1710

6

4

2

1 660/1710 l ocal

t

m aker 2 37

I t

2 38

C E 4 4

2 39

I t

2 40

I t

I

I t

I t

B arum D ie I II

6

3

1

1 660/1740 l ocal

6

1

2

1 660/1740

R B

6

U

2

1 660/1740 l ocal

P. E.

7

-

‚ I

m aker 3

3

1 660/1710 B ristol m aker

I t

2 41 2 42

D ating :

C E 1 54

R ibbed !

6

0

3

1 690/1750 C hester?

4

0

2

1 700/1760

‚ I

A m ixed g roup o f l ocal a nd i mported f orms o f a v ery w ide r ange 1 660/1760.

G ROUP X XIII

-

C ontext : P aiges L ane , B arnstaple ,

-

1 974

D escription o f P ipes 2 43

C B 1

2 44

C A 6 3A

2 45

C B 1

2 46

C A 1

4

-

B arum D ie I D ie l i lI -

-

0 U

2

-

1 720/1780 C hester

-

l ocal

8

3

2

1 660/1740

8

4

4

1 660/1710 k iln

„

w aster I t

2 47

R ibbing/

5

0

3

1 720/1780 C hester?

7

3

3

1 660/1710 l ocal

7

4

3

1 620/1660 l ocal?

4

0

2

1 740/1800 C hester?

4

0

2

1 740/1800 C hester

r aised d ots 2 48

o f

2 49

i t

2 50

C N l B

2 51

C B 7

2 52

P t

H and/spot

4

0

2

1 740/1800 C hester?

2 53

I t

R ibbing

5

0

2

1 740/1800 C hester?

-

i f

-

-

-

5 27

2 41

C GROUP 2 3

2 4

2 45

2 44

2 46

2 48

2 47

2 50

a F ig. 2 8 :

2 51

SCALE

5 28

1 : 1

0

2 53

2 . 52

GROUP 2 4

2 54

C

2 55

0

2 56

F ig. 2 9 :

SCALE

1 : 1

5 29

D ating :

A s mall l ocal g rouping o f r oughly 1 620/1660.

D ISCUSSION O F T HE P IPES W hen t he e vidence o f t he d ocumentary r esearch a nd t he m aterial f rom t he e xcavated s ites i s e xamined , w e g et a p icture o f t he t own o f B arnstaple a nd i ts c lay t obacco p ipe i ndustry . T he m aterial e xamined f rom t he e xcavated s ites o f B arnstaple C astle , H olland S treet , P aiges L ane a nd J oy S treet g ive t he a ppearance o f t he f orms f alling i nto d istinct p eriods o f t obacco p ipe m anufacture.

P eriod I ( 1600-1640) T he e arly f orms t hat a ppear i n t he m aterial h ave c ome f rom e ither L ondon o r B ristol , b ut i t i s p robable t hat B ristol f orms h ad t he g reater i nfluence o n s tyles a s f ar a s l ocal m akers w ere c oncerned . T he e arliest k nown p ipemaker i n B arnstaple w as P eter T akell , w ho w as p robably w orking a s ap otter b y 1 617 , a nd h ad d ied b y 1 637 . W e h ave e xamples o f h is s tamp , but t he m ajority c ome f rom u nexcavated c ontexts w hich i s ap ity . T he m ajority o f t he e arly p ipes must r epresent i mports f rom o ther c entres o f m anufacture s uch a s B ristol , f or i t i s e xtremely d ifficult t o g ive a d efinite f orm t ype o f l ocal o rigin a gainst t he v ery f ew s tamped l ocal f orms . I t m ay w ell b e t hat a l ocal p ipemaker c opied t he B ristol f orms f or q uite s ome t ime , w ithout i ntroducing h is o wn d istinct t ype o f p ipe , a nd t hus n ot r eally g iving a ny m eaning t o t he l ocal e volution o f p ipe f orms .

P eriod I I ( 1640-1660) T he

l ocal

p ipemakers

w ere

s till

i mported p ipes o f B ristol o r C hester ,

g etting

t heir

i nspiration f rom

t he

w ho m ay h ave b een t rading l ocal p ipe

c lay f or f inished p ipes i n p art—payment . o f k nown l ocal p ipemakers .

5 30

T here i s s till a

g reat a bsence

O f

t he l ocal m akers

o f

t his p eriod ,

w e k now t hat a l ater p ipemaker ,

A nthony R oulstone , w as w orking a t t he t rade b y 1 631 . P eter S tephens t ook a n a pprentice i n 1 646 , a nd i t i s q uite p ossible t hat t he l ocal m akers w ere f orming n ew s tyles w ithout m arks i n a n a ttempt t o b eat o ff t he i mportation o f p ipes , a nd t o t est t he p otential m arket f or t heir t obacco p ipes .

P eriod I II ( 1660-1740) T his p eriod i s b y f ar t he m ost p roductive a s f ar a s l ocal m aterial i s c oncerned , f or t he B arnstaple c lay t obacco p ipe i ndustry h ad m any w ell-known m akers . A nthony R oulstone ( died 1 673) a nd h is s on J ohn ( died 1 677) w ere m aking p ipes i n l arge n umbers , a nd t heir s tamps o n p ipes h ave b een f ound . T he s tamped e xamples s how t he s ame c haracteristics o f s tyles a s t he m any u nstamped e xamples f ound i n t he e xcavated s ites . T here a re o ther k nown m akers o f t he l ast d ecade o f t he s eventeenth c entury , o f J oy S treet ( died 1 686) ,

W illiam P rice ,

s uch a s J ohn H arrison

H ugh E vans a nd J ames B undy ( died

1 687), a lthough n o k nown e xamples o f t heir w ork h ave b een f ound. T his p eriod s aw t he e mergence o f t he m any f orms o f t he B arum s tamps . I t i s i nteresting t o n ote t hat t he B arum s tamped p ipes a re v ery c lose t o t he s tyles o f t he R oulstone f amily . I t i s p ossible t hat t he R oulstones h ad t heir o wn i ndividual s tamps a nd u sed t he c ommon B arum s tamp a s a j oint v enture , s o p erhaps t hese B arum-stamped p ipes w ere m eant f or e xport . I f n ot t he s tamp o f a s mall f amily , s uch a s t he R oulstones , t hen i t i s l ikely t hat t he B arum s tamp w as a t rade m ark o f ag roup o f B arnstaple p ipemakers . O f t he B arum s tamps s o f ar e xamined , w e h ave c ome a cross f our m ain t ypes o f d ies u sed : D ie I :

T he

l etter R h as a c urled e nd a nd t he N h as a s hort c onnecting

b ridge. D ie I I :

T he l etters a re t he s ame a s f or D ie I , e xcept t hat t he c onnecting b ridge o f t he N h as a l onger r each d ownwards.

D ie I II :

T he l etter R h as a s traight a ppearance a nd t he o ther l etters a re t he s ame a s D ie I .

D ie I V:

A c ompletely n ew s tamp , w hich h as b een c ut i n t he c lay e ither b y a s tick o r ak nife e dge . P erhaps t his f orm i s ac opy b y a nother p ipemaker l ooking a t am ore p rofitable m arket t han h is o wn.

P eriod I V ( 17401800) L ack o f l ocal m aterial i ndicates d ecline i n p ipe i naking i n B arnstaple a t t his t ime .

T here w as a k nown p ipemaker ,

k nown e xamples o f h is w ork ,

J ohn H orwood ( died 1 753) ,

but

n o

t hus m aking i t d ifficult t o d efine f orms w hich

c ould b e o f l ocal o rigin . W ithin t his p eriod , t he i nflux o f m aterial f rom o ther c entres t ends t o g row a t af aster r ate t han a ny p ossible l ocal p ipes . C hester w as p robably t he l argest s upplier , b ut t he l arge s purred b owls f rom B ideford m ay h ave s et t he t rends i n t he a rea.

5 31

P eriod V ( 1800- + ) B y t his t ime t he l ocal p ipe m anufacturing c entre s eems t o h ave b een d ead , a nd t he o nly p ipemaker o f t he n ineteenth c entury w hose m ark h as b een f ound w as J ohn S eldon o f B ear S treet ( 1854 o nwards) , b ut w e d o n ot h ave a c omplete f orm , a nd a s t he e xample i s n ot f rom a n e xcavated c ontext , i s o f n o g reat v alue .

A PPENDIX l B D uring t he a utumn o f 1 980 a nd t he f ollowing y ear , w ork s tarted o n P hase Io f t he B arnstaple U rban R elief R oad . I t w as d uring e arth r emoving work b eside T rinity S treet c ar p ark t hat a n umber o f c lay p ipes e merged . M rs . E . T hompson , w ho w as k eeping a w atching b rief o n t he r oad, m anaged t o c ollect t he f ollowing m aterial . U nfortunately o ther m aterial w as r emoved b efore i t c ould b e r ecorded , a nd i t i s v ery l ikely t hat t his w as a k iln d ump. C ontext: T rinity S treet C ar Park , B arnstaple 1 981 ( Chain M ark 1 60). D escription o f P ipes I llustration

B ore

N o :

S tamps/Decoration

1

-

2

B arum D ie I I

3

-

4

B arum D ie I I

5

-

6

-

7

-

8

-

9

C om r r nts :-

6 4

M illing

F inish

B owl F orm

7

4

2

1 610/ 1630

8

4

2

1 660/1740

8

3

2

1 710/1780

7

0

2

1 660/ 1740

7

0

3

1 680/1730

6

0

3

1 680/ 1730

7

2

3

1 680/1730

5

0

2

1 680/1730

I .R./Bars & c ircles A f airly c lose g rouping e xcept f or N o : 1 , w hich i s p robably a n e arly L ondon o r p ossibly B ristol f orm . W ith t he e xception o f N o : 1 ,

t he g roup i s w ithout d oubt o f l ocal m anufacture ,

e specially

w ith t he B arum s tamps w ithin t he g roup . A s y et n o m aker c an d efinitely b e c onnected w ith t his t ype o f s tamp , h ence t he w ide r ange o f t his f orm o f p ipe a t t he m oment . B y f ar t he m ost i mportant f ind w as N o :9 , w hich i s al ump o f d ecorated c lay , w hich h as b een f ired . P erhaps t his w as a t est p iece f or a n a pprentice ,

g iven t o h im b y h is m aster ,

o r i t

c ould h ave

b een

t he w ork o f t he p ipemaker h imself t esting t he t emperature o f t he

5 32

APPEND IX

1

2

I 0

0

5

4

C

8

7

0

9

F ig. 3 0 :

SCALE

5 33

1 : 1

6

0

APPEND IX 2

2

1

3

a

S

0

7

F ig. 3 1:

9

C SCALE

5 34

1 : 1

0

k iln w ith t his i tem .

T he s tamp o n i t i s I .R ., a nd t he o nly

k nown l ocal p ipemaker w as J ohn R oulstone ,

w ho w as w orking i n

B ack L ane , B arnstaple i n t he 1 670s .

A PPENDIX I I B AC ollection o f P ipes f ound a t S toke B eara n ear B arnstaple , D evon b y Mr . D .C. B urgess . D escription o f P ipes I llustration N o :

S tamps/Decoration

1

-

2

-

3

-

4

B arum D ie I II

5

-

6

B arum D ie I I

7

-

8

P .R .

9

C omments :-

B ore 6 4

-

A b lend o f

l ocal p ipes ,

M illing

F inish

B owl F orm

5

0

3

1 690/1750

6

0

2

1 600/1620

6

4

2

1 620/1640

7

3

2

1 660/1740

-

-

-

8

4

2

1 660/1740

8

3

3

1 660/1710

6

2

2

1 600/1620

8

U

3

1 600/1640

w ig c urler

b ut w ith s ome p ossible i mported t ypes .

I t i s p ossible t hat N o :2 i s o ne o f t he e arliest e xamples o f B ritish m ade p ipes , a nd m ay c ome e arly c entre o f p ipe m anufacture . N o :2,

f rom L ondon , w hich w as t he N o . :8 i s c ontemporary w ith

a nd c ould b e D utch , a lthough i t i s p ossible t hat e arly

D utch p ipes w ere c opied b y B ritish p ipemakers.

A PPENDIX I II B AC ollection o f P ipes b elonging t o M r . G raham W arrener , f ound a t t he s ite o f O ld T apeley r ubbish d ump , W estleigh , D evon . D escription o f P ipes I llustration N o :

1 2

S tamps/Decoration

-

P .P.

B ore 6 4

8 6

5 35

M illing

4

-

F inish

B owl F orm

2

1 620/1660

3

APPEND IX 3

2

1

3

4

(

5

6

0 8

7

0

F ig. 3 2:

S CALE

5 36

1 : 1

0

3

-

4

-

5

-

6

-

7

I :H B ID

8

C omments :

-

9

3

2

1 640/1680

7

3

2

1 640/1680

7

U

2

1 680/1730

8

3

3

1 680/1730

5

0

2

1 680/1730

7

3

2

1 660/1710

I nfluence o f l ocal m akers ,

w ith N o :2 p robably a B ideford m aker .

A s y et n o k nown B arnstaple m aker f or t his s tamp . N o :7 i s o f B ideford o rigin , m aker u nknown.

T he s tamp o f

A PPENDIX I V B A C ollection f rom a round t he T own o f B arnstaple . T he P ipes n umbered 1 -28 w ere f ound o n a b uilding s ite a t W ater L ane , N ewport , B arnstaple . N o :29 w as o n t he b ank o f t he R iver T aw i n t he v icinity o f R ock P ark . N umbers 3 0-32 w ere f ound i n t he R iver T aw b y t he B us S tation . A ll f ound b y Mr . P at B arrow.

D escription o f P ipes I llustration N o :

B ore S tamps/Decoration

6 4

1

S callop

4

2

S callop/P/W/

4

3 4 5 6 7

-

-

-

-

B arum D ie I II

8 9 1 0 1

-

-

I .M .

M illing

-

-

F inish

B owl F orm

1

1 7501800+

1

1 75 0 + 1800+

8

4

3

1 660/1720

8

4

3

1 660/1720

8

3

3

1 620/1660

8

3

3

1 620/1660

7

3

2

1 660/1740

7

3

2

1 620/1660

7

2

4

1 620/1660

7

2

4

1 620/1660

7

0

2

1 660/1710

5 37

APPEND IX

i .

1

4

9

S

7

1 1

1 2

0 F ig. 3 3 :

SCALE

5 38

1 : 1

0

1 7

2 0

1 9

2 1

2 4

2 3

F ig. 3 4:

0

0

0 SCALE

5 39

1 : 1

0

2 5

2 6

2 8

3 0

F ig. 3 5 :

0

0

2 7

C

2 9

3 2

3 1

SCALE

5 40

1 : 1

Q

I llustration N o :

S tamps/Decoration

1 2 1 3 1 4

-

-

B arum D ie I II

1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8

B ore 6 4

M illing

F inish

B owl F orm

7

3

3

1 620/1660

7

3

3

1 620/1660

7

4

2

1 660/1740

7

4

2

1 660/1740

3

2

1 660/1710

-

-

-

-

-

-

7

3

3

-

-

-

w ig c urler 1 620/1660

1 9

P .R .

4

2 0

T .K .E.

7

0

2

1 620/1660

7

3

3

1 660/1710

6

4

2

1 600/1620

7

3

2

1 660/1710

8

2

3

1 660/1710

7

2

3

1 600/1640

7

4

2

1 620/1640

7

2

3

1 660/1710

7

2

3

1 660/1710

6

0

2

1 660/1740

6

4

2

1 660/1740

2

3

1 620/1660

2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2

C omments :

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A .R . -

-

7 6

A g ood c ollection o f l ocal p ipes w ith t he t raditional B arum f orms i n e nough q uantities t o g ive a t rue p icture o f B arnstaple 's i mportance a s ap ipemaking c entre . T he p roblem i s t hat t hese e xamples a re f rom m ixed c ontexts , a nd t herefore o f l imited u se f or i nformation p urposes . N umbers 9 a nd 1 0 a re k iln w asters .

5 41

APPEND IX 5

1

3

( D

C 9

8

U

1 0

t F ig. 3 6 :

SCALE

5 42

)

1 : 1

0

A PPENDIX V B T he f ollowing p ipes were f ound b y Mr . P . G . A ltass i n ag arden a t L ower C orwell , B arnstaple :D escription o f P ipes I llustration N o :

1

S tamps/Decoration

B ore 6 4

J .S

2

4 -

3

-

4

-

1 640/1680

8

4

3

1 640/1680

8

3

3

1 640/1680

2

1 700/1750

2

1 700/1750

6

S callop

4

9

-

-

3

4

w

2

-

Bo wl F orm

3

S callop

8

F inish

8

5

7

M illing

-

-

8

3

4

1 640/1680

7

4

3

1 620/1660

4

U

2

-

1 0

B arum D ie I V

6

4

2

1 660/1740

1

B aru n i D ie I V

6

4

2

1 660/1740

8

2

3

1 660/1710

6

2

2

1 660/1710

7

2

3

1 660/1780

7

3

3

1 660/1680

8

4

3

1 620/1660

8

4

3

1 600/1630

7

U

4

1 620/1630

7

2

3

1 600/1630

1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9

C ommen ts :

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A g roup o f l ocal p ipes w ith a c ouple o f i mported o nes . N o :1 a nd N o :8 a re n ew s tamps . N oi , J .S . , i s p robably J ohn S eddon , who w as m anufacturing p ipes o ff B ear S treet, B arnstaple 1 750s/1860s . N o :8 , w hich b ears a W s tamp . , c ould b e l ocal , b ut t he m aker i s u nknown .

5 43

1 4

c D

0

1 6

1 5

1 8

1 7

1 9

0 F ig. 3 7 :

SCALE

5 44

1 : 1

APPEND IX

6

0

4

3

C

5

0

9

1 .

$ oQ i t 1ER A/ o5ELE y

1 0

F ig . 3 8 :

1 SCALE

5 45

1 : 1

A9

1 2

0

1 3

0

0

0

1 8

a a

F ig. 3 9 :

1 9

2 0

2 3

2 2

0 SCALE

5 46

1 : 1

n

A PPENDIX V IB A c ollection o wned a nd f ound b y M r . B . L . B urgess i n f ields a t S ticklepath , B arnstaple. D escription o f P ipes I llustration N o :

1

S tamps/Decoration

R .0.A .B.

2 3 4 5

B ore 6 4

4

4

-

S callop

6

3

-

4 8

1

3

-

-

2

B owl F orm

A fter 1 750

2

-

4

F inish

2

-

4

-

M illing

1 700/1750 t o

2

A fter 1 750

3

1 640/1680

2

1 680/1730

7

K .C.

4

8

B arum D ie I II

6

0

2

1 660/1740

9

B aru r n D ie I II

6

0

2

1 660/1740

1 0

G lover

7

4

3

1 640/1680

1 1

E . S outhorn

6

-

-

-

A fter 1 700

B roseley 2 9 1 2

6

0

2

1 3

6

0

2

1 4

8

4

2

1 5

8

4

2

1 6

8

4

3

1 7

8

4

3

1 8

8

4

P .S.

7

4

3

1 640/1680

A .R.

7

4

3

1 640/1680

5

4

3

1 640/1680

5

4

3

1 640/1680

6

4

2

1 620/1660

1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3

-

-

-

5 47

1 660/1710

2 4

2 5

2 7

2 9

F ig. 4 0 :

0

2 6

2 8

0

C

3 0

SCALE

5 48

1 : 1

0

0

I llustration N o :

2 4

B ore 6 4

S tamps/Decoration

B ar/Cross

2 5

-

2 6

-

2 7

-

2 8

-

2

1 620/1660

6

3

2

1 660/1680

6

3

3

7

3

3

7

3

2

3

3

1 620/1660

2

1 700/1750

7

3 0

R .W.

6

l ocal

Bo wl F orm

4

P .S.

M any p reviously

F inish

6

2 9

C omments:

M illing

-

f orms ,

b ut w ith

s ome

1 680/1730 i f

l ater

d ecorated

o nes , p robab ly o f C hester o rigin . S ome n ew s tamps a ppear , s uch a s N o :7 K .C . o f w hich t here i s n o k nown m aker , a nd w hich d oes n ot l ook l ike a l ocal f orm . N o :30 R .W . l ooks t oo l ate t o b e t he work o f R ichard W ickey o r R ichard -

-

-

-

W hi t echurch.

A PPENDIX V II B A c ollection o f p ipes o n d isplay i n T he N orth D evon A thenaeum , a nd p reviously u npublished .

B arnstaple ,

T hey h ave b een d rawn w ith t he p ermission o f t he

T rustees.

D escription o f P ipes I llustration N o:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

S tamps/Decoration

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

B ore 6 4

M illing

F in ish

B owl F orm

7

4

3

1 620/1660

7

4

3

1 620/1660

7

2

4

1 640/1680

7

3

2

1 620/1660

7

3

2

1 620/1660

8

U

3 /4

1 620/1660

6

4

3 /4

1 660/1740

8

I ncuse d iamond

9

4

3

1 620/1660

9

P .S.

8

4

3

1 640/1660

5 49

APPEND IX

7

2

I

3

0

0

4

6

5

0

1 2

F ig. 4 1:

SCALE

5 50

1 : 1

F ig. 4 2:

5 51

2 0

1 8

2 1

2 3

2 2

0

2 5

2 6 F ig. 4 3 :

SCALE

5 52

1 : 1

0

I llustration N o :

B ore S tamps/Decoration

6 4

M illing

F inish

Bo wl F orm

1 0

P .S.

9

4

4

1 640/1660

1

Rw

7

4

4

1 660/1710

4

4

1 660/1740

B 1 2

B arum D ie I II

8

1 3

B arum D ie I I

8

1 4

„

„

8

o f -

-

o f

-

1 5

B arum D ie I II

8

0

3

i f

1 6

B arum D ie I I

8

4

4

i t

1 7

1

8

4

2

8

4

2

8

2

2

1 640/1680

6

2

3

1 620/1660

9

4

3

1 660/1740

2

1 740/1800+

i f

1 8 1 9

-

2 0

-

2 1

-

2 2

S callop

2 3

i t

2 4 2 5 2 6

C ommen ts :

4 4 4

-

-

-

2

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

w ig c urler i f

-

W ith t he e xception o f N os :22 24 ,

a ll

t he a bove a re o f l ocal

m anufacture . S ome a re p ossibly k iln w asters , a nd t he o nly d oubtful o ne r egarding l ocal o rigin i s N o :8 , t he s tamp o f w hich i s u nknown i n p ipe m aterial e xamined s o f ar . L ocal m akers a re r epresented b y S tephens) , a nd o ne o f t he

t he B arum S tamps , P .S. ( Peter f ew e xamples o f RW, ( No :11) , B

p ossibly R ichard W ickey o f B arnstaple .

5 53