The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe XIV: The Development of the Clay Tobacco Pipe Kiln in the British Isles 9780860548225, 9781407318738

Table of contents :
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of illustrations
Foreword by Peter Davey
Abstract and Acknowledgements
1. Introduction
2. The history of clay tobacco pipe kiln studies
3. Objectives and problems
4. Methodology, the tobacco pipe kiln recording system
5. The archaeological evidence for the use of muffles in tobacco pipe kilns
6. The archaeological evidence for pipe kiln furniture
7. The archaeological evidence; furniture supplements, miscellany and waste
8. The archaeological evidence: structure in situ (ground plans)
9. The evidence for pipe kiln superstructures
10. The evidence from contemporary literature
11. Discussion
Appendices
Appendix 1: Catalogue
Appendix 2: The Watkinson “Journal"
Appendix 3: New evidence for the dating of the Robinson Account
Appendix 4: Gloucester, Quay Street Pipe Kiln Dump
Appendix 5: Clay tobacco pipe kilns from Waterford
Appendix 6: Clay tobacco pipes and kiln material from Moulsham Street, Chelmsford
: Trial excavations on the site of a tobacco pipe workshop at Pipe Aston, Herefordshire
Appendix 8: Duhamel du Monceau: description of the small kiln from Rouen
Appendix 9: Model making to solve problems
Appendix 10: A muffle kiln from Breda, Holland
Glossary
Bibliography

Citation preview

The Archaeology of the Clay · Tobacco Pipe Edited by Peter Davey

XIV The Development of the Clay Tobacco Pipe Kiln in the British Isles

Allan Peacey

BAR British Series 246 1996

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR British Series 246 The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe 14 XIV The Development of the Clay Tobacco Pipe Kiln in the British Isles © Allan Peacey and the Publisher 1996 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860548225 paperback ISBN 9781407318738 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860548225 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Tempvs Reparatvm in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1996. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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CONTENTS

L i s t o fi lu s t ra t ion s

i

F o rewo rd b y P e te rD avey A b s t ra c t a nd A cknow ledgemen t s

v i

1I n troduc t ion

1

2T he h i s to ry o fc l ay t o ba cco p ipe k i ln s t ud ie s

3

3O b jec t ive s a nd p rob lem s

5

4 Me thodo logy , t h e t o ba cco p ipe k i ln r e co rd ing s y s tem

7

5T he a r chaeo log ica l e v idence f o r t he u se o f muf f le s i nt o bacco p ipe k i ln s

1 4

6T he a r chaeo log ica l e v idence f o r p ipe k i ln f u rn i tu re

3 7

7T he a r chaeo log ica l e v idence ; f u rn i tu re s upp lemen t s , m i sce l lany a nd w a s te

6 4

8T he a r chaeo log ica l e v idence ; s t ruc tu re i ns i tu [ g round p l an s ]

9 5

9T he e v idence f o r p ipe k i ln s upe r s t ruc tu re s

18

1 0 T he e v idence f r om c on tempo ra ry l i t e ra tu re

1 42

1 D iscu s s ion

1 55

1 2 C onc lu s ion

1 93

APPEND ICES 1 C a ta logue

1 97

2 T he Wa tk in son " J ou rna l "

2 32

3 N ew e v idence f o r t h e d a t ing o ft h e R ob in son A ccoun t

2 40

4

2 43

G louce s te r , Q uay S t ree t P ipe K i ln Dump

5 C lay t o bacco p ip e k i lns f r om Wa ter fo rd

2 60

6 C lay t o bacco p i pe s a nd k i ln ma te r ia l f r om Mou l sham S t ree t , C he lm sfo rd

2 65

7 T r ia l e xcava t ion s o n t h e s i te o f at oba cco p i pe w o rk shop a tP ipe A s ton , H e refo rd sh i re

2 70

8 D uhame l d u Monceau : d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e s ma l l k i ln f r om R ouen

2 77

9

2 79

Mode l mak ing t os o lve p rob lem s

1 0 A muff le k i ln f r om B reda , H o l land

2 84

G lo s sa ry

2 87

B ib l iog raphy

2 89

I lu s tra t ions 1

E xamp le o f as umma ry s hee t f r om t h e p ipe k i ln r e co rd ing s y s tem

2 3 4 5

E xamp le o f ar e co rd s hee t f r om t h e p ipe k i ln r e co rd ing s y s tem E xamp le o f af ab r ic r e co rd s hee t f r om t h e p ipe k i ln r e co rd ing s y s tem a fT ype s o f muf f le f ea tu re S ke tch r e con s truc t ion o f aR a inf o rd m uf f le

9 1 2 1 6 2 0

8

6

Muf f le r e cons t ruc t ion , 1 B en tha l l L ane

2 1

7 8

S ke tch r e con s t ruc t ion o ft h e B en tha l l m uf f le P lan a nd s e c t ion o f muf f le f r om Q uay S t ree t , G louce s te r

2 2 2 3

9 1 0 1 1 2

S ke t ch r e con s t ruc t ion b a sed o n t h e G louce s te r e v idence P lan a nd s e c t ion o f muf f le f r om A r cad ia B u i ld ing s , S ou thwa rk D e ta i l s o f muf f le f r om A rcad ia B u i ld ing s , S ou thwa rk S ke tch b a sed o n t h e S ou thwa rk e v idence [ d e ta i l P o r t smou th ]

2 4 2 6 2 7 2 8

1 3

P ipe b ow l s i n muf f le b a se s ; a )S ou thwa rk , b )G u i ld fo rd a nd c )C he lm sfo rd

3 0

1 4 1 5

P ipe b ow l s i n muf f le b a se s f r om L ongwe l l G r een , n ea rB r i s to l P ipe b ow l s i n muf f le b a se f r om Wa t e r fo rd

3 1 3 2

1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3

P ipe b ow l s i n muf f le b a se f r om B r i s to l , T emp le B a ck s S ke t ch b a sed o n t h e B r is to l , Wave r ly S t ree t , e v idence P rop s : a fT ype 1 ;g -p T ype 2 ;q t T ype 2 a ; u -y T ype 3 P rop s : a b T ype 3 a ; c e T ype 3 b ; f h T ype 4 ;i m T ype 4 a ; nT yp e 4 c P rop s : qT ype 5 ;o -p T ype 5 a ; r y t y pe u nce r ta in B un s : a fT ype 1 ;g -y T ype 2 B un s : a j T ype 3 ;k -m T ype 4 ; nT ype 5 D i she s : a& cT ype 2 ;b , d & et y pe u nce r ta in

3 4 3 5 4 1 4 3 4 5 4 7 4 9 5 0

2 4 2 5 2 6a

D i she s : iT ype 1 ;f h T ype 2 D i she s :j 1 T ype 2 . Mon tage o fp rop s , b un s a nd d i she s

5 1 5 2 5 3

2 6b 2 7

Mon tage o fp rop s , b un s a nd d i she s T op , s agga r f r agmen t f r om B a rn s tap le w i th p ipe s t r apped i ng l aze ;

5 4 5 6 5 8 6 0

3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7

B o t tom , r e con s t ruc ted s e c t ion a nd e l eva t ion o ft h e B a rn s tap le s agga r f i l led w i th p ipe s T ype 2 s agga r f r om S ou tho rn 's K ing S t r ee t Wo rk s , B rose ley a -k s agga rp rof i le s ; 1 r b a t s Mon tage o f s agga r s , s agga rr i ng s a nd c i r cu la r b a t s . a& bs agga r r i ng s ; c& d c i rcu la r b a t s ; e& fc y l ind r ica l s agga r s ; g& hr e c tangu la r s agga r s F u rn i tu r e s upp lemen t s : r o l l s ; a ,d , f& gRL2 ; b ,c , h & iRL1 ; jRL3 ; eRL4 F u rn i tu re s upp lemen t s : r o l l s ; a fr u i ,s t rap s ; g , h& jS P 1 , iS P2 F u rn i tu re s upp lemen t s : w ad s ; k & 1WA3 ; m & nWA l ; o & p WAS F u rn i tu r e s upp lemen t s : a pp l ied s t r ip s ; q -w A S1 F u rn i tu re s upp lemen t s : a pp l ied s t r ip s ; a d AS1 ; e g A S2 ; h j AS1 F u rn i tu re s upp lemen t s : t h in s hee t s ; k -n T S1 ; o -p T S2 F u rn i tu re s upp lemen t s : t h in s hee t s ; q rT S3 ; s t T S4 ; u -v T S4a

6 2 6 8 6 9 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 6

3 8 3 9 4 0

F u rn i tu re s upp lemen t s : t h in s hee t s ; a& bT S4a , r a ck s ; c -g RK1 ; h & iRK2 F u rn i tu re s upp lemen t s : r a ck s ;j o RK3 t e rm ina l s ; p RK3 i n te rmed ia t e b r idge F u rn i tu re s upp lemen t s : r a ck s ; q & rRK4 ; sRK3 ; tRK2

7 7 7 8 8 0

4 1

Mon tage o ff u rn i tu re s upp lemen t s : a& br o l l s ; cs t rap s ; d & ew ad s ; f& g a pp l ied s t r ip s ; ht h in s hee t s M i sce l lany : a fs ocke t s t and s ; g -o t r imm ing r i ng s

8 1 8 4

2 8 2 9 3 0

4 2 4 3 4 4

M isce l lany : t r imm ing r i ng s Mon tage o fm isce l lany a nd w a s te : a& b s t amp s ; c& d f r agmen t s o fo b jec t s o fu nce r ta in f o rm ; ep ipe h ee l t r imm ings ; fs t em s eam t r imm ing ; g & hb ow l mou th t r imm ing r i ng s

8 5

4 5 4 6 4 7

Mon tage o fm i sce l lany a nd w a s te : a& bp ipe w a s te r s ; ct h ick s hee t d imp led w i th b ow l mou th i mp re s s ions ; ds t em s eam t r imm ing s a nd d o t t le P ipe c l ay l amp f r om S ou thwa rk S t ree t M i sce l lany : a& b w icke t s l ab s ; cd ampe r p l a te ; dp l ug s

8 9 9 0 9 1

4 8 4 9 5 0

M i sce l lany : t i pp ing muff le f r om B r i s to l , a& bT emp le Way ; c& d Mead S t ree t Wa s te : S t em , s l ag a nd t h in s hee t l am ina te s Two k i lns a tA r cad ia B u i ld ing s , S ou thwa rk

9 2 9 4 9 6

5 1

K i ln a tO y s te r S t ree t , P o r t smou th

9 7

5 2 5 3

K i ln a tR o sema ry A l ley , G u i ldfo rd K i ln a tH o lywe l l H i l l , S t . A lban s

8 7

9 9 1 00

1

5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7

K i ln K i ln K i ln K i ln

a tO la fS t ree t , Wa te r fo rd a tA runde l S qua re , Wa t e r fo rd a tH igh S t ree t , B ren t fo rd a tN or thga te , C an te rbu ry

1 0 1 1 02 1 04 1 05

5 8 5 9 6 0

K i ln 1a t Hu r s t C ou r t , Manche s te r K i ln 2 a t Hu r s t C ou r t , Manche s te r K i ln a tR o sega r th S t ree t , B o s ton

1 06 1 07 1 09

6 1 6 2

K i ln a tP ipe P a s sage , L ewe s P lan o fH am i l ton 's K i ln , C a r l i s le

10 11

6 3 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 7 6 8

K i ln a tB road S t ree t , L ime r ick B lock P lan o fK i ln f r om C o t tage S t ree t , L eed s B lock P lan o fC h r i s t ie 's K i ln , L e i th B lock P lan o fS ou tho rn 's K i ln , B ro se ley B lock p lan o fP a rdoe 's k i ln a tN an tga rw S u rv iv ing k i ln : P ipe P a s sage L ewe s . T aken i n 1 962 w hen t h e k i ln w a s e xcava ted b y N o r r i s

12 13 14 15 17 19

6 9 7 0 7 1

* S u rv iv ing

k i ln : P ipe P a s sage L ewe s f i l led w i th g a rden r ubb i sh . T aken i n 1 990 S ec t ion s t h rough s u rv iv ing k i ln ; B ro se ley S u rv iv ing k i ln : B ro se ley . T aken c i rca 1 950 b y AO swa ld

1 20 1 21 1 23

7 2 7 3 7 4

B i l lhead s how ing k i ln s a tS ou tho rn 's L egg 's H i l l Wo rk s P lan s s ubm i t ted i n 1 873 f o rL ong s ta ffs n ew f a c to ry a tE lm S t ree t , S t amfo rd P lan s s ubm i t ted i n 1 880 f o rD a f t 's n ew f a c to ry a tB ur ton S t ree t , N o t t ingham

1 24 1 25 1 27

7 5

P lan s s ubm i t ted i n 1 879 b y W i l l iam T ennan t o fN ewca s t le f o r ap ropo sed n ew f a c to ry a tB ack P i t t S t ree t

1 28

7 6 7 7

A l te rna t ive p l an f o rT ennan t 's p ropo sed n ew f a c to ry a tB ack P i t t S t ree t Ak i ln a tt h e L e i th f a c to ry o fW i l l iam C h r i s t ie , e s tab l ished 1 900 c l o sed 1 962

1 29 1 29

7 8 7 9 8 0 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4

K i ln s a ta )W in s tan ley 's a nd b )P a s tu re L ane B r idge , R a info rd Two v i ew s o fH i l l T op p ipe w o rk s R a info rd a )H i l l T op , R a info rd a nd b )F o rdham 's P on tef rac t f a c to ry D e ta i ls o fF o rdham 's P on te f ra c t k i ln S am son S t rong 's C o t tage S t ree tp ipe f a c to ry , L eed s S am son S t rong 's K i ln r emoved t oK i rk s ta l l [ d raw ing b y P e te r B rea r s ] H am i l ton 's B e lf a s t k i ln t a ken 1 9 14

1 30 1 31 1 33 1 34 1 35 1 36 1 37

8 5 8 6

B e lfa s t k i ln o fM 'C reedy f r om B e lf a s t T e leg raph N ovembe r 9 th 1 933 Two v i ew s o fP a rdoe 's N an tga rw p ipe a nd p o t te ry w o rk s

1 38 1 40

8 7 8 8 8 9 9 0 9 1

Two p r in t s s how ing aL a te 1 8 th C en tu ry k i ln shed a tC an te rbu ry . S ee p l an p age 2 14 S ec t ion o ft o ba cco p i pe k i ln f r om R ee s 's C yc lopaed ia K i ln p lans ; t o p f r om R ee s , b o t tom f r om G ood S ec t ion o ft o bacco p i pe k i ln f r om G ood 's P an to log ia T obacco p ipe k i ln f r om N oyce 1 859

1 41 1 44 1 45 1 47 1 50

9 2 9 3 9 4

T obacco p ipe k i ln f r om D uhame l d u Monceau 1 771 B o t tom le s s s agga r s f r om P o l lock 's Manche s te r w o rk s S ec t iona l d i ag ram t h rough at y p ica l m uf f le s how ing l o ca t ion s i nw h ich f u rn i tu re s upp lemen t s m igh t h ave b een e mp loyed a )R a in fo rd , b )A ndenne a ) Wee r t , b ) C ho 'de r

1 54 1 62 1 70 1 75 1 76

S ugge s ted s e c t iona l r e con s t ruc t ion s how ing t i pp ing muff le b r idg ing t h e f i re p a th w i th p ipe s p l aced f o r g l aze m e l t

1 83

9 8 9 9

B o s ton k i ln r oom w i th p o s s ib le t i pp ing f u rna ce t ot h e l ef to ft h e k i ln f r om We l l s ( 1970 , 1 ) S ke tche s b y C ip r iano P i cco lpa s so o ft h e s ma l l k i ln

1 85 1 87

1 00 1 01 1 02 1 03

T he Wa t i c in son ' J our na l ' ; f a c s im i le o ft h e o r ig ina l manu sc r ip t w i th s ke t che s S ke tche s b y Wa t ldn son : ' C lay s oak ing t r ough a nd b lock ' ; ' Ro l l ing s t em s , w i r ing , mou ld ing ' S ke tche s b y Wa tk in son : ' T r imm ing , d ry ing ' ; ' K i ln , t i pp ing ' S ke tch b y Wa t i c in son : ' To l l b a r a nd O ld P ipe C a r t '

2 33 2 37 2 38 2 39

1 04

F ac s im i le o f C PR ob in son 's a ccoun t c 1884 -9

2 41

1 05

F ac s im i le o f C PR ob in son 's a ccoun t c 1884 -9

2 42

1 06

A ) C i ty l e a se p l an d a ted 1 826 s how ing t h e t r ench l o ca t ion w i th in t h e b ound s o ft h e D uke I nn ; B ) l o ca t ion w i th in t h e s t ree t g r id ; C ) l o ca t ion i nt h e c oun t ry P lan a nd s e c t ion s o fk i ln w a s te d epo s i t

2 44 2 45

9 5 9 6 9 7

1 07

1 1

1 08 1 09 10 11

G louce s te r Q uay S t ree t , t obacco p ipe s , h ee led f o rm s G louce s te r Q uay S t ree t , t obacco p ipe s , 9w i th h ee l , 1 0 -15 w i th s pu r , 1 6 -18 f r om o the r p roduc t ion c en t re s G louce s te r Q uay S t ree t , t obacco p ipe s w i th m i l led d eco ra t ion o n t h e s t em G louce s te r Q uay S t ree t , t obacco p ipe s w i th m i l led d eco ra t ion o n t h e s t em

2 47 2 48 2 49 2 50

12 •G louce s te r Q uay S t ree t , t obacco p ipe s a nd s t em f r agmen t s w i th m i l led d eco ra t ion 13 G louce s te r Q uay S t ree t , t obacco p ipe s a nd s t em s

2 51 2 52

14 15 16 17 18 19

G louce s te r Q uay S t ree t , t obacco p ipe s G louce s te r Q uay S t ree t , t obacco p ipe s G louce s te r Q uay S t ree t , s t ruc tu ra l f r agmen t s G louce s te r Q uay S t ree t , h j s t ruc tu ra l f r agmen t s , kd i ag ram i lu s t ra t ing t h e t ube mu f l e p r inc ip le O la fS t ree t , Wa te r fo rd , E 434 A rea D i p l an N o 2 ;p re -excava t ion p lan o fc l ay p ipe k i ln . 2 1 .1 .88 . S ugge s ted u se o fs agga r r i ng s w i th in t h e mu f l e

2 54 2 55 2 57 2 58 2 6 1 2 63

1 20 1 2 1

C he lm sfo rd , Mou l sham S t ree t , t obacco p i pe s C he lm sfo rd , Mou l sham S t ree t , mu f le d e ta i l s : hmuff le p rop b u t t r e s s ,

2 67

1 22 1 23 1 24

im uf le r im , k mu f l e b a se e dge C he lm sfo rd , Mou l sham S t ree t , T ype 1p rop Al o ca t ion o fP ipe A s ton ; Bp o s i t ion o fe xcava t ion ; Ct r ench l a you t P ip e A s ton , t o ba cco p ipe s

2 68 2 69 2 7 1 2 72

1 25 1 26 1 27

P ipe A s ton , t oba cco p ipe s P ipe A s ton , t oba cco p ipe s Mode l b a sed o n t h e e v idence f r om A r cad ia B u i ld ing s , S ou thwa rk [ s ee A ppend ix 2 ]

2 75 2 76 2 80

1 28

a )L if e s i ze mode l o ft h e B r is to l t i pp ing mu f l e ; b )m uf f le b a se mode l u s ing t h e G louce s te r , Q uay S t r ee t e v idence ; c ) mode l s how ing h ow t h e G louce s te r m uf l e m igh t h ave da nd e )r e con s t ruc t ion o ft h e C he lm sfo rd , Mou l sham S t ree t p rop ; f )p rop a nd b un b a sed o n S tamfo rd e xamp le s

1 29 1 30

l o oked

w i th

w a l ls

a nd

b u t t re s s ing ; 2 81

G round p l an o ft h e B reda k i ln a f t e r C a rm igge l t e ta l . P ho tog raph o ft h e B reda k i ln t a ken f r om a bove t h e s t ok ing p i t w i th t h e b r ick t r ough a tt h e f a r the r e nd

2 85

o ft h e f l ue a sh p i t

2 86

T ab le s 1 2 3 4

L i s t o fs i te l o ca t ion s b y C oun ty L i s t o fs i te s f r om w h ich mu f l e f r agmen t s h ave b een i d en t if ied I n c idence o ff u rn i tu re r e cove red f r om p ipe k i ln a s semb lage s L i s t o fs i te s f r om w h ich f u rn i tu re s upp lemen t s h ave b een r e co rded

1 4 1 8 3 7 6 6

5 6 7

L i s t o fs i te s f r om wh ich s l ag l am ina te s h ave b een r e co rded S i te s a nd muf f le f e a tu re s i nc h rono log ica l o rde r S i te s a nd f u rn i tu re d a t a i nc h rono log ica l o rde r

9 3 1 56 1 59

8

C h rono log ica l t a b le o ff u rn i tu re s upp lemen t i n c idence

1 65

9

C h rono log ica l l i s t o fs i te s f r om wh ich s l ag l am ina te s h ave b een r e co rded

1 7 1

Map s 1

D i s t r ibu t ion o fs i te s f r om w h ich mu f l e f r agmen t s h ave b een i d en t if ied

1 8

2 3

D i s t r ibu t ion o fs i te s f r om wh ich f u rn i tu re h a s b een r e co rded D i s t r ibu t ion o fs i te s f r om w h ich f u rn i tu re s upp lemen t s h ave b een r e co rded

3 8 6 7

4 5

D i s t r ibu t ion o fs i te s f r om w h ich s l ag l am ina te s h ave b een r e co rded E u ropean s i te s r e f e r red t oi nt h e t e x t

i v

9 3 1 74

ED ITOR IAL

T he t e x t o ft h is monog raph i ss ubs tan t ia l ly t h a t o f aP hD t h e s is wh ich t h e a u tho r s ucce s sfu l ly s ubm i t ted t ot h e Un ive r s i ty o fL ive rpoo l i n1 994 . Un l ike t h e m a jor i ty o fP hD s h i s w a s n o tt h ep roduc to ft h ree y ea r s o fi n tens ive wo rk , b u t o f mo re t h an 2 0 y ea r s o fi nvo lvemen t i nt h e s ub jec t , r ang ing f r om af ew w eek s t o f u l l t ime s t udy . I t s i mpe tus w a s ap rof e ss iona l k now ledge a nd i n te res t i nc e ram ic k i ln s a nd t e chno log ie s c omb ined w i th ag row ing i n vo lvemen ti nr e scue a r chaeo logy w h ich f r equen t ly p roduced q uan t i t ie so fc l ay p ipe s wh ich n eeded t o b e s t ud ied a nd o cca s iona l ly t h e e n igma t ic r ema ins o f c l ay p ipe p roduc t ion p roce sse s . H is i n i t ia l t h ink ing p re sen ted i n 1 982 i na n e a r l ie r v o lume o f T he A r chaeo logy o ft h e C lay T obacco P ipe u nde r t h e t i t le ' The s t ruc tu ra l d eve lopmen t o f c l ay t obacco p ipe k i lns i n E ng land : a p re l im inary s t udy ' ( BAR B r i t ish S er ie s 1 00 , 3 17 ) w a sb a sed o n ar e st r ic ted g roup o fe xcava ted k i ln s i te s i np a r t icu la rt hose a tA rcad ia B u i ld ings , S ou thwa rk ,O y s te rS t ree t ,P or t smou th a nd Wave r ly S t ree t ,B r i s to l . T he p re sen t v o lume r ep re sen t s ama jo r s t ep f o rwa rd i nt h e s ub jec t : 1 .

H e h a s p roduced as y s tema t ic c o rpus o fa l t h e k nown k i ln s i tes a nd k i ln ma te r ia l f r om t h e B r i t ish I s le s .

2 .

H e h a s c r ea ted a l og ica l c l a ss if ica t ion s y s tem w h ich w i l l a l low e xcava to r s b o th t o i d en t ify t h e p robab le s i gn if icance o f n ew f i nd s a nd t o p lace t h em i n ar e g iona l a nd n a t iona l c on tex t .

3 .

H e h a s p rov ided a c ohe ren t a ccoun t o f t h e f unc t ion o f e a r ly k i ln t ype s a nd t h e i r f u rn i tu re .

4 .

H e h a sg iven ac omp rehen s ive s u rvey a nd c r i t ica l a na lys is o ft h ec on tempo ra ry a ccoun t s o fp ipe -k i lns i nt h e B r i t ish I s le s a nd o fe qu iva len t t y pe s i nc on t inen ta l E u rope .

5 .

H e h a s b rough t i n to t h e p ub l ic d oma in many u npub l ished k i ln s i te s a nd k i ln g roup s .

6 .

H e h a s l a id t h e f ounda t ion s f o r many l i ne s o ff u tu re r e sea rch .

I n ev i tab ly s uch aw ide r a ng ing r e sea rch i na lmo s t u ncha r ted w a te r s h a s l e f t ma jo r q ue s t ions u n re so lved . F o r e xamp le , t h e o r ig ins o f t h e n or th -we s t E uropean c l ay p ipe p roduc t ion t e chno logy p ackage r ema in u nc lea r a s d oes t h e d e ta i led e vo lu t ion o f k i ln t e chno log ie s i n t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry . N ever the le ss , t h e c on t r ibu t ion w h ich t h is v o lume make s i sv e ry s ub s tan t ia l . T he i n te rna t iona l s i gn if icance o ft h is w o rk i s empha s ised b yt h ef a c tt ha tt h is i st h e v e ry f i r s t BAR v o lume w h ich i sb e ing p ub l ished s imu l taneou s ly o n t h e I n terne t . I tw i l l b e p ub l ished i nt h e f i r s t i s sue o fI n t erne t A rchaeo logy wh ich i se d i ted b y A lan V ince a nd i st ob e l a unched i n Augus t 1 996 . T he Web v e r s ion i s e nhanced b y 1 70 c o lour p ho tog raph so fp ipe k i ln s a nd k i ln f u rn i tu re t a ken b y A l lan P eacey . T he ma in t e x t h a s f u l l c ross r e f e renc ing t ot h e C a ta logue t h roughou t , a low ing e a sy a cce ss t os i te i n fo rma t ion . T he a dd re ss ( URL ) f o r t h e r e leven t I n terne tA rchaeo logy Web p age i s : h t tp : / / in ta rch .ac .uk / jou rna l / issue l/peacey

Ia m g ra tefu l t o P h i l ippa T om l inson f o r e d i to r ia l a s s i s tance a nd t ypese t t ing t h e t e x t .

P e te r Davey C lose C o rva l ley B a l laugh I s le o f Man

1 6 May 1 996

ABSTRACT

I n 1 982 t h is a u tho rp ub l ished ap r e l im ina ry s t udy i nt h e f o rm as yn the s is o ft wo c h rono log ica l ly s epa ra ted k i lns ( Peacey 1 982 , 3 17 ) . T he a ims o ft h is p re sen t wo rk a r et oi mp rove u pon t h is f r amewo rk ; t oe s tab l ish h ow t h e se t y pe s t ruc tu res f i t i n to t h e b roade r p i c tu re ; t of i l l i nt h e g ap s , b efo re , b e tween a nd a f ter t h ese c ameo v i ews ; t oi mp rove u nde r s tand ing o ft h e t e chno logy e mp loyed a nd s e ek t h e r oo t s f r om wh ich s uch t e chno logy d eve loped . T he p r ima ry o b jec t ive i st o c a ta logue a l r e levan t ma te r ia l k nown t o e x is t i n museum a nd p r iva te c o l lec t ions . I ti sh oped t ha t b y t h i s m ean s a n u nde r s tand ing o f t h e v a r ied p hys ica l c ha rac te r is t ics w i l l l e ad t ot h e e s tab l ishmen t o f o b jec t o r f unc t ion c a tego r ie s a r ound w h ich r epor t s may b e s t ruc tu red . C on tempo ra ry s ou rce d ocumen t s a r e a l so e xam ined t o s hed f u r the r l i gh t u pon t h e l i ke ly f unc t ion o ft h e a r chaeo log ica l m a ter ia l . Among t h e r e su l t s a ch ieved a r e t h e c omp i la t ion o f a n e x tens ive c a ta logue o f ma te r ia l a s soc ia ted w i th t o bacco p ipe k i lns ; t h e e s tab l ishmen t o f t ype s e r ie s f o r p ipe k i ln f u rn i tu re a nd f u rn i tu re s upp lemen t s ; a p ropo sed d eve lopmen t s equence f o rp ipe k i ln muf f le s ; ap a t te rn o fc on s is tency i nk i ln d es ign t h roughou t t h e s t udy a r ea a nd d e ta i ls o ft h e m e thod s u sed f o r s t em t i pp ing .

AC KNO WLEDGE MENTS

D ur ing t h e c ou r se o f my r e sea rch f o r t h is t h e s is Ih ave r e ce ived h e lp a nd s uppor t f r om many p eop le f o r w h ich Ia m d eep ly g ra tefu l . T o a l t h e museum s t af f , t o o n ume rous t om en t ion i n d iv idua l ly , w ho m ade t h e i r c o l lec t ion s a va i lab le f o r s t udy ; t o t h e s t af f o f S t roud L ib ra ry f o r t h e i r u ns t in t ing e f for t s t o t r ace o b scu re b ook s a nd a r t ic les ; t om y s uperv iso r D r . P e te rD avey f o r a dv ice , e ncou ragemen t a nd h osp i ta l i ty ; t oP h i l ip G raham f o rh e lp a nd a dv ice w i th c ompu te r s cann ing o fp ho tog raph ic i mages ; Io f fe r my s i nce re t h ank s . T he f o l low ing museum s a nd i n d iv idua ls p rov ided p ho tog raph s a nd p ho tocop ie su sed t oi lus t ra te t h e t e x t :H un t ly H ou se Museum , E d inbu rgh , F igu re 8 7 ; P on tef rac t Mu seum , F igu re s 7 9b a nd 8 0 ; P e te r B rea r s , F igu re 8 2 ; R on D agna l l , F igu re s 7 7 , 7 8 a nd 7 9a ; P e te r H ammond , F igu re s 7 4 , 7 5 a nd 7 6 ; J ohan H e semans , F igu re 1 30 ; D av id H igg ins , F igure 7 2 ; a nd Ad r ian O swa ld , F igu re 7 1 . W i thou t t h ese t h e s e c t ion d ea l ing w i th s upe r s t ruc tu re s w ou ld b e v ery t h in i ndeed . Imus t a l so t h ank R icha rd S avage , w ho p roof r e ad t h e p enu l t ima te d raf t , f o r h i s d i l igence a nd a dv ice o n s i gnpos t ing b e tween s e c t ion s . F ina l ly my w if e J acque l ine f o r h e r t o le rance a nd s uppor t t h roughou t .

v i

1 . I NTRODUCTION

E u ropean c on tac t w i th t obacco p robab ly d a te s f r om t h e

h e

f i r s t l a ndf a l l made b y C o lumbus , i n t h e B ahama s , i n

a bounded t h e re . I n t h is a ccoun t t h e re i sn o m en t ion o f t o bacco b u t a ppended t ot he l i s t o fg en t lemen a nd m en

O c tobe r 1 492 . T he n a t ive p opu la t ion g ree ted t h is i mp re s s ive v i s i to r w i th ag i f t o f d r ied l e ave s . L a te r o n

d e scr ibed

t h e

p eop le

a nd

t h e

v i c tua ls

w h ich

t h i s s ame v oyage t h e n a t ive Ame r ican c u s tom o f

o fa ccoun tp re sen t a nd w i tne ss t ot h e t i le c l a im a r e t h e n ame s o f t wo ' s avage s ' b rough t h ome t o E ng land ,

s mok ing w a s o bse rved a nd d u ly r e co rded i n t h e l og

Man teo a nd Wanche se ( i b id , 1 32 ) .

( Mackenz ie 1 957 , 6 3 ) . F rom t h is t ime t obacco i ns ma l l q uan t i t ie s c ou ld h ave r e ached E u rope i n t h e h and s o f

I n h i s C oun terb las te o f

s a i lo r s a nd a dven tu re r s .

i n t roduc t ion o f t h e se ' t wo o r t h ree s avage m en ' w i th

1 604 , J ame s Il i nk s t h e

t h a t o f s mok ing o r i n h i s own w o rd s , ' t h i s s avage R eco rd s o f t h e p lan t i t se lf i n E u rope a ppea r f r om

c u s tom ' .

s eve ra l c oun tr ie s i nt h e 1 550 's a nd 6 0 's . I tw a s b e ing c u l t iva ted a s a n e xo t ic n ove l ty , u sed p redom inan t ly a s am ed ic ine , i ndeed t h e f i r s t d e sc r ip t ion o f aE u ropean

T he s e cond R a legh s ponso red V irg in ia v oyage s a i led o n

t o bacco p ipe o r p ro to tobacco p ipe i sc onnec ted w i th

made t h e i r

m ed ic ina lu se ( Oswa ld 1 975 ,3 ) .T h is d e scr ip t ion c ome s

r ema ined u n t i l J une 1 586 ( i b id , 1 32 -162 ) . T homa s H a r io t , ma thema t ic ian , a s t ronome r a nd t u to r t o S i r

f r om t h e p en

o f Wi l l iam

H a r r ison

t h e 9 t h A p r i l 1 585 . T h is c a r r ied t h e f i r s t s e t t le r s w ho

i n h i s G rea t

b a se

o n

R oanoak

I s land

w he re

t h ey

C hrono log ie p ub l ished i n1 593 .T he p a ssage i nq ue s t ion

Wa l te r R a legh ( S tephen & L ee 1 917 , 1 321-3 ) , w a s a

r e la te s t ot h e y ea r 1 573 :

m embe r o f t h is e xped i t ion a nd i n h i s B r ief e a nd t r ue r epor to ft h e n ew f ound l and o fV irg in ia , h e p rov ide s a

' I n t h e se d a ie s t h e t ak ing in o f t h e s moke o f

r e l iab le d e scr ip t ion

t h e I nd ian

s mok ing

h e rbe

c a l led

" Tobacco "

b y

a n

h ab i t s

o f n a t ive t obacco c u l tu re a nd

( Ha r io t

1 588 ,

n o

p ag ina t ion ) .

i n s t rumen t f o rmed l i ke al i t t le l a de l l , w he reby

S ign if i can t ly h e w r i te s ' t hey v se t o t a ke t h e f ume o r

i tp a sse th f r om t h e mou th i n to t h e h ed a nd

f moke t h e reof b y f uck ing i tt h rough p i pe s m ade o f

s t omach , E ng land ,

c l a ie ' , a nd l a te r i n t h e a ccoun t 'We o u r f e lue s d u r ing

i s g re t l ie t aken -up a nd u sed i n a ga ins t R ew rnes a nd s ome o the r

t h et ime w e w e re t h e re v fed t of uck i ta f te rt h e ir mane r ,

d i sea se s i ngende rd i n t h e l onge s a nd i nwa rd

a s a l fo f i nce o u r r e turne , '( ib id ) .

p a r te s a nd n o t w i thou t e f f ec t ' . R a legh a nd h i s a s soc ia tes , b y t h e i r e n thus ia sm f o r t h i s T he p rog re ss o f t o bacco i n to E ng land , a s w i th t h e r e s t

n ew h ab i t , e s tab l ished ' t obacco d r ink ing ' ,a si tw a s t h en

o f E u rope , i s s h rouded i n u ncer ta in ty . A t b e s t t h e

t e rmed , f i rm ly i n t h e u ppe r s t ra ta o f E ng l i sh s o c ie ty ,

d ocumen t s o n ly p rov ide c ameo s o n wh ich t o f o rm a

a nd w i th t h is c ame ad emand f o rE ng l ish m ade t o bacco

j udgemen t . E ng l ish s a i lo r s u nde r t h e c ommand o f

p i pe s .

H awk in s i n 1 565 o b se rved t h e n a t ive F lor id ian s t a k ing s moke t h rough ap ipe c ons is t ing o f a' c ane a nd e a r then

B y 1 598 , P au l H en tzne r , av i s i to r t o E ng land , r e co rds

c up ' , a nd r e co rd t h a t t h e F rench , w ho h ad a l ready

t h e c on s tan t c us tom o f s mok ing i n p ub l ic p l ace s a nd

e s tab l i shed a c o lony t h e re , a l so p rac t iced t h e s mok ing

n o te s t h a t :

h ab i t ( Hak luy t 1 589 , e d 1 926 , V I I , 4 7 ) . I n t h e f a ce o f t h is e xper ience i ts eems u n l ike ly t h a t s ome o f t h e

' The E ng l i sh - h ave p ipes o n p urpo se m ade o f

E ng l i sh s a i lo r s d id n o t e xper imen t a l so . O n ly s i x y ea r s l a te r , i n 1 571 , a t temp t s w e re b e ing m ade t o c u l t iva te

c l ay i n to t h e f a r the r e nd o f wh ich t h ey p u t t h e

t obacco i n E ng land

t h e i r mou the ' ( Sheppa rd 1 902 , 4 ) .

(Mac Innes

1 926 ,

h e rb , a nd p u t t ing f i re t oi td raw t h e s moak i n to

7 5 , q uo t ing

L obe l iu s 1 576 ) .I fH awk ins ' men b rough tp ipe si n to t h is c oun t ry t h ey wou ld h ave b een o ft h es t ub s t emmed t ype

T he f i r s t s ugge s t ion t ha t t h e se E ng l ish p ipe s w e re

t h a t t h ey o bserved i nF lo r ida . Ap ipe f r om C amb r idge

mode l led o n Ame r ican e xamp le s a ppea red i n 1 605 . D e

B a ck s , i lu s t ra ted b y O swa ld c onform s t o t h is g ene ra l

l ' Ec lu se a dded af oo tno te , t oh i s a br idged t r ans la t ion o f

t ype ( O swa ld 1 975 , 3 5 ) .

Mona rde s , L as I nd ias O cc iden ta les , b a sed o n H a r io t 's a ccoun t ( Mackenz ie 1 957 , 8 1) .

O n t h e 2 5 th o f Ma rch 1 584 Wa l te r R a legh o b ta ined ' l e t te r s p a ten t s g ran ted b y t he Q ueene s Ma je s t ie f o rt h e

' I n t h e y ea r

d i scove r ing a nd p l an t ing o f n ew l a nd s a nd C oun t r ie s '

I nhab i tan t sd id f r equen t ly u se s ome P ipe sm ade o f c l ay , t o d raw f o r th t he f ume o f T obacco

( Hak luy t 1 589 , e d 1 926 , V I , 15 ) . O n t h e 2 7 th A p r i l

1 585

. t h ey f ound t h a t t h e

t h e f i r s t V i rg in ia v oyage u nde r R a legh 's s pon so r sh ip

l e ave s s e to n f i re ; wh ich g rew a mongs tt h em i n

s a i led , l e d b y C ap ta ins P h i l ip Amada s a nd A r thu r

g r ea t q uan t i ty , o r r a the r t o d r ink i td own , t o

B a r lowe . T hey r e turned i n S ep tembe r h av ing made

p r e se rve t h e ir h ea l th . T he E ng l i sh r e tu rn ing

c on tac t w i th t h e n a t ive p opu la t ion a nd l a id c l a im t o

f r om t h ence ( V irg iny ) , b rough t t h e l i ke p i pe s

t e r r i to ry i n t h e r e g ion o f R oanoak I s land . C ap ta in

w i th t h em , t od r ink t h e s moke o fT obacco ; a nd

B a r lowe s en tR a legh a n a ccoun to ft h ev oyage i nw h ich

s i nce t h a t t ime t h e u se o f d r ink ing T obacco 1

b a th s o much p r eva i led a l l E ng land o ve r ,

T he e v idence f r om S co t land s ugge s t s amonopo ly i nt h e

e spec ia l ly a mong s tt h eC our t ie r s ,t h a tt h ey h ave

h and s o f o ne make r , W i l l iam B ank s , f r om a s e a r ly a s

c aused many s uch l i ke P ipe s t o b e made t o

1 622 u n t i l 1 642 ( Ga l laghe r 1 987 , 5 -8 ) . I ti sp os s ib ly

d r ink T obacco w i th . ' ( De l ' Ec luse 1 605 ) .

s i gn if ican t t h a t aman o f t h is n ame w a s as i gna to ry o f t h eL ondon C ha r te ri n 1 6 19 ( A tk in son & O swa ld 1 969 ,

S haw p o in t s o u t t h e r ema rkab le s im i la r i t ie s b e tween

2 26 ) . H oweve r , n o c er ta in c onnec t ion h a s y e t b een

p re -con tac t Mex ican p ipe s a nd e a r ly E ng l i sh f o rms , s ugge s t ing p a ren tage n o t t h rough d i rec t c on tac t b u t

made b e tween W i l l iam B ank s t h e s i gna tory o f t h e L ondon c ha r te r a nd W i l l iam B ank s t h e E d inbu rgh

d ifu s ion o f t h e t ype t h roughou t t h e s ou th -ea s tern a r ea

monopo ly h o lde r .

o ft h e U n i ted S ta te s ( Shaw 1 960 , 2 91) . C lea r ly , f u r ther r e sea rch i sr e qu i red i n to p re -con tac t n a t ive Amer ican

T he re i sn o e v idence f o r e i the r g u i ld o r monopo ly i n

p ipe f o rms b efo re s uch as t a temen t c an b e e va lua ted .

I r e land .

I n E ng land i ts eem s p robab le t h a t p i pe s w e re b e ing

Ag rea t d ea l o fr e sea rch e f fo r t h a s b een d i rec ted a tt h e

made i n q uan t i ty b y 1 590 , as uppo s i t ion s uppor ted b y

p roduc t o f t h is i ndu s t ry p r ima r i ly b ecause o f i t s

O swa ld 's s t a temen tt h a ti nt h e ma in p ipe sf r om d epos i t s

r e cogn ised

d a t ing t o t h e l a s t d ecade o f t h e s i x teen th c en tu ry a r e

c on tex t s . I nc ont ra s t , t h e re h a s b een l i t t le r e cogn i t ion o f

d a t ing

s i gn if icance

f o r

p os t

med ieva l

mou ld made ( O swa ld 1 975 , 5 ) . T he b a s ic f o rm o f t h e p ipe a nd t h e u se o f at wo p i ece mou ld t op roduce i t ,i n

t he t e chno log ica l a ch ievemen t s b eh ind t h e p roduc t a nd t h e i rr am if ica t ion so ve rt h eb roade rs pec t rum o fc e ram ic

e normous q uan t i t ies , w a s e s tab l ished a tt h is t ime a nd

a c t iv i ty . T he k i lns t h a t p roduced t h e se u b iqu i tous

b o th w e re r e ta ined w i th o n ly m ino r a l te ra t ion i n to t h e

p roduc t s h ad b y t h e e a r ly n i ne teen th c en tury r e ached a z en i th i n t h e i r d eve lopmen t a nd w e re c on s idered b y

p resen t c en tu ry .

Ab raham R ee s , w r i t ing i n1 819 , t ob e w or thy o fs pec ia l T he re i sl i t t le r e co rd o f t h e i ndus t ry i ni t s i n fancy b u t

a t ten t ion d ue t ot h e ir ' i ngen ious s t ruc tu re ' a nd p oss ib le

a se a r ly a s 1 60 1 t h e re a ppea r s t oh ave b een amonopo ly

a pp l ica t ion t o ' mo re i mpor tan t p u rpo se s ' ( Ree s 1 819 ,

o n t h e p roduc t ion o f t o bacco p ipe s ( i b id . 7 ) . A t t h is

F urnace ) . T he a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd s ugge s t s t ha tt h e se

t ime p a ten t s w e re s een b y t h e C rown a s a n i mmed ia te

n ine teen th c en tu ry k i lns a r e t h e p roduc t o f ag radua l

s ou rce o fr e venue a nd w e re f r equen t ly r e voked , o n ly t o

d eve lopmen ta lp roce s sa nd t h a tt hose o ft h es even teen th

b e r e -a l loca ted , i fr e tu rn s f a i led t o m ee t e xpec ta t ions .

c en tury , t h ough l e ss c omp lex , a r e s im i la ri nc oncep t . I n

T he i r on mak ing p a ten t s o f S imon S tu r tevan t a nd I ohn

t h e s ucceed ing p ages t h is e v idence w i l l b e e xam ined ,

R ovenzon c l ea r ly t e s t ify t ot h ep reca r ious v a lue o fs uch

t oge the r w i th c on tempo ra ry l i t e ra tu re , i na n a t temp t t o

d ocumen t s ( S tur tevan t 1 612 ; R ovenzon 1 613 ) . Al e t te r

u n rave l t h e o r ig ins a nd t o d ocumen t t h e e vo lu t ion o f

d a ted 2 0 A ugu s t 1 618 s e ems t o i mp ly t h a t s eve ra l

t h ese k i lns .

c on f l ic t ing t o bacco p ipe monopo l ie se x i s ted a tt h a tt ime (Wa lke r 1 977 , 2 47 ) a nd as im i la r ly c onfu sed s i tua t ion e x is ted r ega rd ing monopo l ie s t os upp ly p i pe c l ay ( i b id , 2 53 -5 ) . T h is s i tua t ion w a s i n p a r t r a t iona l ised o n 5 O c tobe r

1 619

w hen

t h e

t obacco

p ipemake r s

o f

We s tm in s te r w e re g ran ted a c ha r te r o f i n co rpo ra t ion g i v ing t h em manda to ry c on t ro l o ve r t h e p roduc t ion o f t obacco p ipe s t h roughou t E ng land a nd Wa les ( i b id . 2 47 ) . P ro secu t ion s f o r i n f r ingemen t o f t h e c ompany 's r e s t r ic t ion s a r e r e co rded i nt h e P or t smou th C our t L ee t B ook sf o r 1 622 a nd R ead ing B o rough R eco rd s f o r 1 623 ( O swa ld 1 975 ,9 ) . O n t h eo the rh and , a tB r i s to l , i n1 619 R icha rd a nd A nn B e r r iman o pen ly t ook J ohn Wa l l a s t h e ir a pp ren t ice ( J ack son & P r ice 1 974 , 1) w h i ls t e l sewhe re e a r ly r e co rd s o f p ipemake r s i n d ica te l i t t le c on t ro l b y t h e L ondon c ompany . T he o r ig ina l c ompany s eems t o h ave f ounde red b y 1 627 (Wa lke r 1 977 , 2 48 ) a nd as e cond c ha r te r w a s g ran ted i n 1 634 b y w h ich t h e p e t i t ione r s u nde r took t ob u rn o n ly c oa ls f o rf i r ing p ipe s a nd t op ay £ 40 ay ea r t oa n i nd iv idua l t oi n s t ruc t t h e ir membe r s i nt h e u se o fc oa ls f o r t h is p u rpo se ( A tk in son & O swa ld 1 969 , 1 72 ) . B y t h e 1 640 s , p i pemake r s a r e r e co rded a tn ume rou s c en t re s o u t s ide t h e c i ty ( Oswa ld 1 975 , 1 30 -207 ) a nd t h e e s tab l ishmen t o f p ipemake r s g u i lds a t Y o rk , c 1650 , B r is to l , 1 652 , a nd G a te shead , 1 675 , ( i b id . 9 )i nd ica tes t h a t w ha t l i t t le c on t ro l L ondon p ipemake r s may o nce h ave e xe rc ised h ad b y t h en e xp ired . 2

2 .

THE H ISTORY OF CLAY TOBACCO P IPE K ILN STUDIES

T he d i scovery o f t h e r ema ins o f ac l ay t obacco p ipe

u nbaked c l ay s t i l lq u i te mo is t , s co r ia a nd l umps

k i ln w a sf i r s tt hough tw o r thy o f men t ion i na n a cadem ic

o f c oa l , a nd i n o ne c a se a f u l ly -formed p ipe

j ourna la sl o ng a go a s1 869 w hen w o rkmen e ncoun te red as even teen th c en tu ry k i ln b u i l t a ga ins t t h e w a l l o ft h e

r e l ic i si nt h e p os se s s ion o f Mr . Y eend , o f t h e

B i shop 's P a lace a tL ichf ie ld . T h is e ven tw a sr epo r ted a t

C lo se . T he p ipe s a r e o f t h ree c o lou r s -r ed ,

t h e m ee t ing o f t h e R oya l A rchaeo log ica l I n s t i tu te o n

b uf f , a nd w h i te ; b u t whe the r t he se t i n t s r e su l t

Ma rch 5 ,1 869 a nd i sp ub l ished u nde r ' P roceed ing s ' i n

f r om t h eb u rn ing , o ra r e c aused b y t h e a dd i t ion

t h e A rchaeo log ica l J ourna l f o r t h a t y ea r .

o f ap igmen t , w e h ave n o t s c ience e nough t o

b ow l i ni t s u nburn ts t a te . T h is l a s tv e ry c u r ious

d e te rm ine . T he b ow l i s b a r re l s haped , t h e ' M r . H ew i t t g ave a n a ccoun t o f t h e d i scove ry

a ve rage s i ze i sa n i n ch a nd ah a lf f r om t h e r im

o f n ume rou s e xamp le s o fP ipe s , o ft h e e a r l ie s t

t o t h e s pu r . A n a r row d en ta ted b and i n s ome

E u ropean f o rm , i na n a nc ien t k i ln b u i l t a ga ins t

s pec imens r un s r ound t h e r im , t h e s i ze a nd

t h e w a l l o f t h e o ld p a lace o f t h e B ishop s o f

f o rm o ft h e se p ipe s r e semb le t he a nc ien ti n d ian

L ichf ie ld .

t ype f ound i n t h e Amer ican

I n

J anua ry

l a s t

( 1869 )

s ome

w o rkmen , h av ing d ug t o ad ep th o f t h ree o r

t umu l i , t h e ir

c apac i ty b e ing a bou th a lf o ft h ep resen tp opu la r

f o u r f e e t o n t h e e a s t s i de o ft h e p re sen t p a lace ,

" Bro se ley " . N o c o in w a s d i scove red i n t h e

c ame t o t h e w a l l o f B ishop L ang ton 's p a lace ,

d igg ing , s o t h a ta l l c l ue t ot h e p ar t icu la rp er iod

e r ec ted a t t he c l o se o f t h e t h ir teen th c en tu ry ,

o f t h e w o rk i sd en ied t o u s . T h is mu s t b e o u r

a nd d e s t royed b y t h e p a r l iamen ta ry f o rce s i n

e xcuse f o r h aza rd ing a r ough g ue ss , w h ich i s

t h e s even teen th . A ga ins t t h is s t one w a l l ap ipe

t h a te i the ro nt h eo ccupa t ion o ft h ec l o se b y t h e

m anufac tory

h ad b een

b u i l t ;

t h e f l ue

w a s

s o ld ie ry i n t h e P a r l iamen ta ry wa r s , o r d ur ing

c l ea r ly t r aceab le , t h e f l oo r o f t h e k i ln e qua l ly

t h e s ub sequen t r ebu i ld ing o ft h e C a thed ra l a nd

s o ; s co r iae ,f r agmen t so fc oa l ,p i ece so fu nburn t

p a lace , w hen l a rge n umbe r s o f wo rkmen w ou ld

c l ay , a nd s eve ra l h und red s o fp ipe s l a y m ixed

b e g a the red o n t h e s po t , s ome a dven tu rou s

w i th t h e s o i l t h a t h ad b ur ied t h em . One o f t h e

p ipemake rf r om ad i s tance s e tu ph i s l a bo ra to ry

p i pe s , t hough p e r f ec t ly mou lded r eady f o r t h e

a ga ins t t h e r u ined w a l ls o f t h e p a lace , a nd

k i ln , h ad n o t b een s ubm i t ted t o t h e f i re . T h is

" imp roved t h eo cca s ion" t o , h i s own i mo lumen t

c u r iou s s pec imen h a s b een d epos i ted , w i th

a nd t h ed e lec ta t ion o ft h es u r round ing d en izens .

o t he r s , i n t h e L ichf ie ld Mu seum . T he p ipe s

I t mu s t b e b o rne i nm ind t ha t p ipe -c lay i sn o t

f o und w e re a l l o f t h e s ma l l s i ze , c ha rac te r is t ic

f ound i n t h e i mmed ia te

o f t h e e a r ly d ay s o f s mok ing , f r om wh ich h a s

L ichf ie ld , a nd t h a t i t mu s t c onsequen t ly h ave

n e ighbou rhood

o f

a r isen t h e p opu la r n o t ion t h a t t h ey w e re u sed

b een s pec ia l ly i mpor ted f o rt h e manufac ture o f

b y t h e f a ir ies , o r b y o t he r b e ings o f ap igmy

t h e se s even teen th -cen tu ry p ipes .( Anon 1 869 ,4 )

r a ce . T he d ep th o f t h e b ow l i sa bou t a n i n ch , a nd t h e d iame te r a tt h e t op 3 / 8 o fa n i n ch . T he h ee ls a r e o f t wo v a r ie t ie s , f l a t tened a nd

T he ' o ld museum ' i sn o l onge r i n e x is tence b u t t h e

p o in ted ' . ( Hewe t t 1 869 , 2 80 )

L ichf ie ld D is t r ic t C ounc i l . T he f o rm o f t h e p ipe s , c l ea r ly w a s te r s , s ugges t ad a te o f 1 640 -70 f o r t h i s k i ln

c o l lec t ion i n c lud ing t h e p ipe s i s h e ld i n s t o rage b y

T h i s s ame f i nd h ad a l ready b een r epor ted i n t h e

( s ee c a ta logue r e f e rence L I1) . Unfor tuna te ly t h e re i sn o

S taf f ord sh ire Adver t iser o f 1 6 th J anua ry 1 869 , t h ew eek

p l an a nd a ppa ren t ly n o w a s te o rs t ruc tu ra l ma ter ia l w a s t h ough t w or thy o fp re se rva t ion . T h is i s ag rea t l o ss a s

o f t h e d i scovery . T h is e a r l ie r r epor t g ive s al i t t le mo re i n fo rma t ion .

t h e re i ss t i l l l i t t le ma te r ia l e v idence f r om k i lns o f t h is p e r iod .

I NTEREST ING D ISCOVERY . — A c ur iou s d i scovery h a s b een made d ur ing t h e p re sen t

A t t h e e nd o f t h e n i ne teen th c en tury T H T hu r sf ie ld

w eek i n t h e C a thed ra l c l o se o f L ichf ie ld . I n

w a s a c t ive ly c o l lec t ing p ipe s a nd e xam in ing t h e p a r ish

c l ear ing g round f o r t h e f ounda t ions o f s ome

r eg is te r s o fB rose ley i nS h ropsh ire . H e r e co rd s t h a t :

a dd i t iona l b u i ld ing t o t he B ishop 's p a lace t h e a sh la r f a c ing o ft h e o ld p a lace w a s l a id b a re a t af ew f e e t b e low t h ep re sen tg a rden l e ve l . B u i l t

' I n t h e e a r ly d ays e ach f am i ly h ad t h e i r o wn p i pe s hop w he re t h ey w o rked t h e c l ay a nd

u p a ga ins t t h is w a l l w e re f ound t h e r ema in s o f ap i pe manufac to ry . T he f l ue a nd t h e f l oo r o f

mou lded t h e p i pe s . T he re w e re s ma l l k i lns a d jo in ing f o r b urn ing t h em . Ih ave m e t w i th

t h e k i ln w e re v e ry a ppa ren t , f o rmed o f b r ick s

s eve ra l i nB rose ley a nd B en tha l l ' .

o f al a rge r s i ze t h an t h e p re sen t c ommon F l em i sh p a t te rn . M ixed w i th t h e s ur round ing

a nd :

s o i l w e re p ipe s a nd f r agmen t s o f p ipes t o t h e a moun t o fo ne o r t wo h und red , p or t ions o ft h e

' S ome y ea r s a go t h e s i te o f a n o ld p ipe s hop 3

w a s d i scove red i n Wen lock . Ag r ea t n umbe ro f

b ecome t h e S oc ie ty f o r P os t - Med ieva l A rchaeo logy ,

p ipe s w e re f ound . A l l o f t h em b o re t h e ma rk M ich . B rown ' ( Thu r sf ie ld 1 907 , 1 63 ) .

t h e c l ay t o bacco p ipe i ndus t ry . O swa ld h ad a l ready

H is i n te re s t , i nc ommon w i th t h a to fh i sc on tempo ra r ie s ,

p os t -med ieva l c on tex t s a nd , w i th t h e a ccep tance o ft h is

w a s c onf ined t ot h e p ipes a nd t h e i r make r s . T hu s , t h e se

p er iod a s as e r iou s s ub jec t f o r s t udy , i n crea sed e f for t

t a n ta l is ing r e f e rence s a r e a l l t h a th e l e f tr e ga rd ing k i ln s

wa s d i rec ted t owa rd s r ef in ing h i s p recep t s ( O swa ld

wh ich h e ra lded an ew e n l igh tened a ge f o r t h e s t udy o f made t h e c a se f o r t h e c l ay p ipe a s ad a t ing a r tefac t f o r

1 951 , 1 53 ) . T h is , t o ge the r w i th a n i n c rea se i n s e r ious

o r p ipe s hops .

p os t -med ieva l a r chaeo logy , e nsu red amo re s y s tema t ic F rom 1 914 a B e lfa s t Museum monog raph o n t oba cco

r e co rd o fk i ln d i scove r ie s t o ge the rw i th t h ep re se rva t ion

s mok ing i n c ludes a b r ief d e sc r ip t ion o f t h e c l ay p i pe

o f t h e f i nd s .

mak ing p roce ss w i th p ho tog raph st a ken i nt h e Ham i l ton f a c tory . O ne o f t h ese p ho tog raph s s hows a s i ng le c hambe r u pd raugh t k i ln c on ta in ing s agga r s f i l led w i th

T he r epo r t f r om 1 966 o f t h e d i scove ry o f p ipe k i ln

s hor t s t emmed p ipe s ( Deane 1 914 , P la te 1 ; b e low

f o l low ing

ma ter ia l

a t P or tman

R oad ,

I p sw ich ,

c on ta in s

t h e

b r ief d e sc r ip t ion o f t h a t c ha ra c ter is t ic p ipe

F igu re 8 4 ) . T he f o l low ing y ea r , i n h i s a ccoun t o f

s t em r e info rced ma ter ia l wh ich i sn ow r e cogn ised a s

o b jec t sf ound i nt h eK ing 's D i tch ,C amb r idge ,P rof e s so r

r ema ins f r om p ipe k i ln muff le s t ruc tu re s .

T McKenny Hughe s n o te s : ' Th ree c l ay p ipe s o f t h e s econd h a lf o f t h e ' The mos t c u r ious p i ece I h ave f ound i s a

s even teen th c en tury e mbedded i n h a rd b aked

f r agmen t o f al a rge v e sse l i ng r ey c oa r se w a re

c l ay , p re sumab ly k i ln d ebr is , f ound d ur ing t h e

w i th an umbe r o fs t em s o ft o bacco p ipe s l y ing

c ons t ruc t ion o ft h et e lephone e xchange i n1 957 '

s i de b y s i de i n i to b l ique ly t o t h e r im , a s i f

( Ow le s a nd Smed ley 1 966 , 2 80 ) .

i n tended t oh o ld i tu p w h i le b e ing f i red . S im i la r ma te r ia l i s a l so r e co rded f r om D o rche s te r T he s t ems r e semb le t h o se o f t h e p ipe s f ound

(Wa tk ins 1 967 , 2 24 ) , a nd S ou thamp ton ( Thomp son

h e re

1 969 , 3 7 ) .

a nd t h e re

i n t h e u ppe r p a r t s o f t h e

d epos i t s , a nd d o n o t a ny o f t h em a ppea r t o b e e a r l ie r t han t h e s econd h a lf o f t h e s even teen th

T he f i r s t s e r iou s a t temp t t ou nde r s tand a nd p re sen t t h e

c en tury . ' ( Hughe s 1 915 , 2 4 )

a r chaeo log ica l e v idence f r om t h e s i te o f at o bacco p i pe k i ln i sb y No r r is i n 1 970 . H is r epor t o ft h e e xcava t ion

O n t h e o ppos i te p age i s ap l a te s how ing t h is f r agmen t

o f an i ne teen th c en tu ry k i ln o f f P ipe P a s sage , L ewe s ,

w h ich i sn ow r e cogn ised a s ap a r to f ap ipe k i ln muf f le

i n c lude s ag round p l an o f t h e k i ln t oge the r w i th a

r im w i th p ipe s t em r e inforcemen t l a id d i agona l ly a s i n

r e con st ruc ted s e c t ion b a sed o n a n i lus t ra t ion f r om t h e

t h e muff le f r om A rcad ia B u i ld ing s , S ou thwa rk ( Peacey

1 869 e d i t ion o fU re 's D ic t ionary o fA r t s , Manuf ac tures

1 982 , 8 ,F ig 4 , 5 d ) .

a nd M ines . A l though a b r ief men t ion i sm ade o f k i ln f u rn i tu re , n one i se i the r i lus t ra ted o rd e scr ibed ( Nor r is

F rom 1 956 t h e re i s t h e

n o te o f ap ipe k i ln f r om

1 970 , 1 68 -70 ) .

e xcava t ions a tS t . N eo t s o f w h ich t h e a u tho r w r i te s ; A lso d a t ing f r om 1 970 i s ar e po r t o n t h e e xcava t ion o f ' The re

wa s

a l so

i n t h e

u ppe r

l e ve ls

t h e

a no the r

1 9 th

c en tury

p ipe

k i ln

a t

B o s ton ,

i n

f ounda t ion s o f ar ed b r ick h ou se o f t h e e a r ly

L inco lnsh i re wh ich i n c lude s ap lan o ft h e k i ln w i th a n

e i gh teen th c en tury w i th t h e r ema in s o f ac l ay

a d jo in ing s t ruc tu re , t hough t b y t h e e xcava to r t o b e a

p ipe k i ln c on ta in ing many w a s te r sa nd ac e ssp i t

d ry ing

w i th w ine a nd g in b o t t le sa nd o the rg l a ss -wa re . '

d escr ip t ion ,i lus t ra t ion a nd d i scus s ion o fa s soc ia ted k i ln

( Tebbu t t 1 956 , 8 3 )

f u rn i tu re (We l ls 1 970 , 2 1-7 ) .

c hambe r .

T he

r e por t

c on ta in s

a u sefu l

H e g oe s o n t os t a te t ha t t h e f i nd s w e re d epo s i ted i nt h e

F rom t h e r ema in ing y ea r s o f t h e n i ne teen s e ven t ies

Nor r is Museum , S t I ve s w i th t h e e xcep t ion o f s ome

t h e re a r e r e por t s o f p ipe r e info rced muf f le ma te r ia l

s he rds w h ich w en tt ot h e Nor thamp ton Museum a nd A r t

f r om A y lesbury ( Moo re 1 979 , 1 23 -32 ) , S ou thamp ton

G a l lery . N e i the r o f t h e se mu seum s h a s a ny p ipe k i ln

( A tk inson 1 975 , 3 47 -9 ) , H a le swor th ( Oak -Rh ind a nd

ma ter ia l f r om t h e e xcava t ion s i ni t s k eep ing a tt h e t ime

Wade

o fw r i t ing . F rom 1 960 , c ome st h er e por to fa no the rp ipe

3 19 -324 ) , G louce s te r ( Peacey 1 979 , 7 2 -5 ) , W ickwa r

k i ln

e ncoun te red

d ur ing

b u i ld ing

d eve lopmen t s

1 977 ,

6 7 -70 ) ,

A ldga te

( Thomp son

1 978 ,

a t

( i b id , 7 6 ) a nd B irm ingham (Wa t t s 1 979 , 4 8 ) ; g round

C o lches te r . P ipe k i ln ma ter ia l f r om t h i s e xcava t ion w a s d epo s i ted i nt h eC o lches te r Museum . Al a te s even teen th

p lans f r om P or t smou th ( Moo rhouse 1 971 ,2 18 ) ,A ldga te ( Thomp son 1 978 , 9 ) , a nd A y le sbu ry ( Moo re 1 979 ,

t o e a r ly e i gh teen th c en tu ry d a te w a s p roposed ( Gan t

1 26 ) ; p ho tog raph s f r om P or t smou th ( O swa ld 1 975 , 3 1 ;

1 960 , 4 4 ) .

F ox

a nd H a l l

1 979 , 6 ) ;

k i ln d eb r is f r om B r is to l

( J ack son a nd P r ice 1 974 , 15 -134 ) a nd S ou thamp ton N ovembe r

1 963 s aw t h e i n augu ra l m ee t ing o f t h e

P o s t - Med ieva l

C e ram ic

R e sea r ch

G roup ,

l a te r

( A rno ld 1 977 , 3 17 a nd 3 31 ; ( H in ton 1 978 , 4 6 -7 ) a l so

t o

f ur n i tu re f r om L inco ln ( Mann 1 977 , 4 4 -5 ) , S tamfo rd 4

( Com r ie 1 979 , 2 26 ) , G louce s te r ( Peacey 1 979 , 7 4 -5 ) a nd W ickwa r ( i b id . 7 6 ) .

e ach p a i r . T h i s d eve lopmen t r e su l ted i n muff les o f g rea te r h e igh t w i th t h e c on sequen t n eed f o r ad oo r o pen ing i nt h es i de t h rough wh ich t h ec hambe rc ou ld b e

Wo rk f r om t h is d ecade e s tab l i shed t h a t t h e p e r iphe ra l

l o aded a nd d i scha rged . T he o pen ing w a s c l o sed u p f o r

s he lf muf f le k i ln s i n u se t h roughou t mo s t o f t h e

e ach f i r ing w i th ap a tch made f r om s im i la r ma te r ia ls t o

n i ne teen th c en tu ry w e re r ep laced , o r p e rhaps a ugmen ted ,i ns ome a r ea s b y s imp le ra nd mo re v e r sa t i le

t h o se u sed f o r t h e b ody o f t h e muf f le .

k i lns o f t h e o pen f l ame t ype u sed b y p o t te r s . I n t h e se

I n t h e l a t te rp a r t o ft h e n i ne teen th c en tu ry , k i lns w i th a

n ew k i lns t h e p i pe s w e re s uppo r ted a nd p ro tec ted f r om

s imp le o pen f i r ing c hambe r w e re a dop ted b y many

a tmo sphe r ic i mpu r i t ie s b y t h e u se o f s agga r s . T he a ppea rance o f t h e se n ew k i lns i sn o ted t o h ave t aken

make r s . I n t h e se k i lns s agga r s w e re u sed t o p rov ide p ro tec t ion a nd a l o ad b ea r ing s t ruc tu re f o r t he p ipes .

p l ace a tB o s ton a r ound 1 860 (We l ls 1 970 , 2 4 ) a nd a t

T he f i re c i rcu la ted w i th in t h e c hambe r , a r ound a nd i n

G louce s te r b e tween 1 870 a nd 1 875 ( Peacey 1 979 , 7 4 ) .

c on tac tw i th t h es agga r sf o l low ing c on tempo ra ry p o t tery p rac t ice . T he se o pen f l ame k i ln s w e re c ons t ruc ted o n

F rom t h e n i ne teen e i gh t ie s t h e re a r e r epor t s o f f u r the r

b o th u pd raugh t a nd d ownd raugh t p r inc ip le s .

k i lns e xcava ted a tS ou thwa rk ( Dean 1 980 , 3 71-2 ) , S t ,

b egan

A lban s ( F reeman a nd L ane 1 980 , 1 01-10 ) , B ren t fo rd a nd

c onve r ted t o d ownd raugh t k i lns i n p u r su i t o f g rea te r f ue l e ff ic iency . A k i ln i n t h is l a te r c a tegory i s s t i l l

Manche s te r ( A rno ld 1 983 , 5 8 -9 ) ; ma jo r d ump s o f k i ln

s t and ing i n t h e S ou tho rn w o rk s a t B ro se ley ( H igg ins

( Law s

a nd

O swa ld

1 981 ,

1 5 -27

a nd

5 4 -5 )

l i f e

a s

u pd raugh t

a nd

w e re

S ome

s ubsequen t ly

s t ruc tu ra l m a te r ia l a t R a info rd ( Davey e t a l 1 982 ,

1 988 , 1 ,1 5 , 2 3 -4 ) . An u pd raugh t v e r s ion i si lus t ra ted

1 89 -248 ) a nd B en tha l l ( J one s e t a l 1 987 ) ; w a s te a t

i n aB e lfa s t Mu seum p ub l ica t ion f r om 1 914 ( Deane

D u rham ( C l ip son 1 980 , 1 09 -23 ) , C ha tham (W i l l iam s

1 914 , P la te 1 ;b e low F igu re 8 4 ) , a nd t wo t h en e x tan t

1 980 , 3 82 -3 ) , R a info rd ( Dagna l l 1 982 , 1 79 -88 ) , ( Ho l l i s

k i lns , McDouga l l 's a nd P o l lock 's , a r e d escr ibed a nd

1 982 , 1 29 -45 ; L ew is e ta l 1 982 , 9 7 -128 ) , No t t ingham

w e l l i lu s t ra ted b y p ho tog raph s i n D r . I an Wa lke r 's

( Hammond 1 982 , 2 7 -33 ) , E xe te r ( O swa ld e ta l 1 984 ,

P h .D .

2 80 -2 ) , B r i s to l ( P r ice e ta t 1 984 , 2 63 -300 ) , C he lmsfo rd ( Cunn ingham a nd D ru ry 1 985 , 5 9 ) ,N ewa rk ( Hammond

1 654 -65 ) .

t h e s is

(Wa lke r

1 977 ,

11a 1 43 -5

a nd

l id

1 985 , 8 5 -107 ) , H u l l ( S to tha rd 1 985 , 1 3 -6 ) , B eve r ley ( S to tha rd 1 986 , 1 6 -24 ) a nd B a rn s tap le ( Te rry 1 989 ) . 3 .

OBJECTIVES AND PROBLE MS

T he c ur ren t s t a te o f k now ledge i ss ummed u p b y t h is a u tho ri n ap ape re n t i t led , ' The S t ruc tu ra l D eve lopmen t

T he p r ima ry o b jec t ive o ft h is s t udy i st or e ach af u l le r

o fC lay T obacco P ipe K i lns i nE ng land ; AP re l im ina ry

u nde r s tand ing o ft h ee vo lu t ion a nd d eve lopmen to fk i ln s

S tudy ' ( Peacey 1 982 , 3 17 ) . T h is s yn thes is d esc r ibe s a

u sed i nt h e manufac tu re o ft o bacco p ipe s i nt h e B r i t ish

s even teen th c en tu ry k i ln f r om A rcad ia B u i ld ing s , S ou thwa rk a nd an i ne teen th c en tu ry k i ln f r om Wave r ly

I s le s . I t i s h oped t o a ch ieve t h i s t h rough s t udy o f a r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia l i n p ub l ic c o l lec t ions t oge the r

S t ree t , B r is to l . I tp ropo se s t h e se a s a ccep tab le mode ls

w i th t h e e va lua t ion o f c on tempo ra ry d e scr ip t ions . T o

f o r t h e i r r e spec t ive p er iod s a nd s ugge s t s l i nk ing d eve lopmen t s s ome t ime d ur ing t h e e i gh teen th c en tury .

t h is e nd , i ti si n tended t or e co rd , i n te rp re ta nd c a ta logue a l o f t h e r e levan t a r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia l a va i lab le

T he p i c tu re t h a t e me rge s i so f s ma l l u pd raugh t k i lns ,

w i th in t h e d e f ined t e r r i tory . I ti s f u r the r i n tended t o

e ach w i th a muf f le c hambe r i n w h ich t h e p ipe s w e re

e xam ine ,

s t acked . T he se muff le c hambe r s a r e , w i th a v e ry f ew

e ncyc lopaed ia d e scr ip t ion s w h ich o ccu r f r om t h e l a te r

e xcep t ion s , c on s t ruc ted f r om l i gh t f i r ing c l ay w i th

e i gh teen th c en tu ry o nwa rd s . T he se d e scr ip t ions f r equen t ly c on ta in u nacc red i ted ma te r ia l t a ken d i rec t ly

r e info rc ing l a ye r s o f p re f ired p ipe s a nd s t em s . T he e v idence s ugge s t s t h a t muff le s f r om t h e e nd o f t h e

c ompa re

a nd

e va lua te

c on tempo ra ry

s even teen th c en tu ry h ad e x te rna l p ro jec t ing b u t t re ss

f r om p rev iou s w o rk s ; s ome c on ta in o bv ious e r ro r s o f u nde r s tand ing a nd a l l mus tb ea pp roached w i th c au t ion .

s uppor t s b u t n o i n te rna l p ro jec t ing f e a tu res . A s a

I ti sh oped t h a tb y c ompa r ison o ft h e se d ocumen t s w i th

c on sequence o f t h i s l o ad l im i t ing f a c to r , t h e i r h e igh t w a s a l so l im i ted . T hey w e re p robab ly l o aded f r om t h e

t h e a r chaeo log ica l e v idence ab e t te r u nde r s tand ing c an b e r e ached a nd r e a sonab le p ro jec t ions f o r t h e f orms o f e a r l ie r s t ruc tu re s b e made .

t op . T o f a c i l i ta te t h is t h e u ppe r p a r t o f t h e k i ln s upe r s t ruc tu re m ay w e l l h ave b een r ebu i l t f o r e ach f i r ing . E v idence f r om t h e e i gh teen th c en tury i ss ca rce .

T he s t udy o f t o bacco p ipe k i lns i s h ampe red b y a

B y t h e e a r ly n i ne teen th c en tu ry t h e muff le , c ons t ruc ted

p auc i ty o f ma te r ia l . T he re a r e r e la t ive ly f ew k i ln s i te s

o f s im i la r m a te r ia l , a nd r e ta in ing e x terna l p ro jec t ing b u t t re s se s , h ad a cqu i red as e r ie s o f i n terna l p ro jec t ing

t h a t h ave b een s y s tema t ica l ly e xcava ted a nd w h ich

p e r iphe ra l s he lve s . T h is d eve lopmen t r equ i red t h e u se o fs t anda rd ised f u rn i tu re t os uppo r tt h e s t em e nd s o ft h e

b od ie s o f ma te r ia l . T he ma jor i ty o ft h e r epo r ted g roup s o fk i ln a s soc ia ted ma te r ia l c ons is t s o fr andom s amp le s

m igh t t h e refo re b e e xpec ted t o p roduce r ep resen ta t ive

n ow s epa ra ted l a ye r s o fp ipe s . T h i s f ur n i tu re c ons is ted

k ep t f r om b u i ld ing w o rk s , s ome o f w h ich r ep resen t

o fe qua l n umbe r so fc o lumna rp rop s a nd b uns o rd i she s s e t u p a l ter na te ly o ne a bove t h e o the r i n t h e c en t re o f

s t ruc tu ra l a s semb lages a nd o t he r s w a s te d umps . When c on s ide red c o l lec t ive ly t h e se h i gh l igh t a f ur the r

t h e muff le w i th a b edd ing r i ng o f s of t c l ay b e tween

p rob lem .T he ma te r ia lf o rms c h rono log ica lc l us te r sw i th 5

c e r ta in p e r iod s w e l l r ep re sen ted a nd o the r s n o t a ta l .

Ag rea te rp rob lem e x is t s i nt h et o ta l l a ck o fa n a ccep ted

T ho se w i th t h e g rea tes t s u rv iva l b e long t o t h e l a s t

t e rm ino logy t od escr ibe o the rc a tego r ie s o fo b jec t . P ipe

q ua r te ro ft h e s even teen th c en tu ry a nd t h e w ho le o ft h e

k i ln s i te s a nd t h e ir d umps p roduce a w ide r a nge o f

n i ne teen th c en tury . O f t h is l im i ted c o rpus , o n ly av e ry

ma ter ia l d e r ived v a r ious ly f r om t h e s t ruc tu re , f r om

s ma l l p a r t h a s b een s t ud ied . T he re i s ar e a l n eed f o r a

r epa i r sa nd a l te ra t ions t ot h es t ruc tu re ,f r om t h eo pen ing

s y s tema t ic a na lys is o fa l l a va i lab le ma ter ia l w i th av i ew

a nd c l o s ing o ft h e e n trance t ot h e w a re c hambe r , f r om t h e f u rn ish ing s o f t h e w a re c hambe r a nd d eb r is f r om

t o d ef in ing

r e cogn isab le

c a tegor ie s

e s tab l ish ing

a t e rm ino logy

o f o b jec t a nd f u tu re

t h e h ea r th . W i thou t a n e s tab l ished f r amewo rk a round

r e sea rche r s .R e l iab le i d en t if ica t ion a nd u se o fc ons is ten t

w h ich t o s t ruc tu re r epor t s much o f t h i s ma te r ia l i s

t o b e

u sed

b y

t e rm ino logy w i l l e nab le d i rec t c ompa r isons t ob e m ade

f r equen t ly om i t ted . Once c a tegor ie s h ave b een d ef ined

b e tween g roups . T h is w i l l r e su l ti n ag row ing c o rpu s o f

t h e ir r e cogn i t ion a nd i n te rp re ta t ion w i l l b ecome l e ss o f

p ub l ished ma ter ia l a nd a g rea te r u nde r s tand ing o f t h e

ap rob lem .

s t ruc tu re s , f u rn ish ings a nd a s soc ia ted t e chno logy . T he re w i l l o f c our se a lways b e ma te r ia l w h ich e l ude s C onfu s ion c au sed b y v a r iab le t e rm ino logy i sd i scu ssed

u nde r s tand ing

b y A rno ld i n h i s r epor t o f t h e H u r s t C ou r t k i lns ,

d e scr ip t ion a nd i n c lus ion i n t h e r e co rd . T he re a r e

e xcava ted i n Manches te r ( A rno ld

a l ready c er ta in o b jec t s wh ich c an b e r e cogn ised b u t

1 983 , 7 5 ) . T h is

b u t

t h is

s hou ld

n o t

p r ec lude

i t s

p rob lem i sa tp resen t l im i ted t od e sc r ip t ion o ft h e i n ne r

w h ich c anno t b e a l loca ted a ny c e r ta in f unc t ion . A s t h e

c hambe r a nd t o al e sse r d eg ree t o w ha t c on s t i tu te s a

c o rpu s g rows i ti sh oped t h a t s ome o f t h ese p rob lem s

s agga r . T he c onfus ion s t ems f r om v a r ious 1 9 th -cen tu ry

w i l l b e r e so lved . T he re i sa l so ac ons ide rab le q uan t i ty

d e scr ip t ions

o f f r agmen ta ry

wh ich

a ppea r

i n

c on tempo ra ry

ma ter ia l

wh ich

c an

p rov ide

l i t t le

e ncyc lopaed ia s . Good , w r i t ing i n 1 813 , d e scr ibe s t h e

i n forma t ion o the r t han t h e c ompo s i t ion o fi t s f a br ic . I t

c hambe r a s ap o t o r c ruc ib le a nd t h e k i ln i t se lf a s a

i s a l ready c l ea r t ha t p ipe make r s h ad a c on s ide rab le

f ur nace ( Good e ta l 1 813 , P ipe , n op ag ina t ion ) . R ee s , i n

i nhe r i ted k now ledge o fc l ay p rope r t ie sa nd o fh ow t h e se

1 8 19 , u se s t h e s ame t e rms , t hough b o th h i s t e x t a nd h i s

c ou ld b e a d jus ted t o s u i t d i f f e r ing n eed s . E xam ina t ion

i lu s t ra t ion a r e h i s own . U re , i n 1 867 , w i th ad e scr ip t ion

o ff a br ic s s how s t ha t t h ey w e re u s ing o rgan ic ma te r ia l ,

b a sed o n R ees a nd f o r t he mo s t p a r t t a ken w o rd f o r

c rushed p ipe f r agmen t s a nd av a r ie ty o fm ixed m ine ra l

w o rd ,d e scr ibes t h e s ame c hambe ra s ac ruc ib le o rl a rge

i n c lus ion st oa l te rt h ed ens i ty , c onduc t iv i ty a nd s t ab i l i ty

s agga r . T he se r e fe rences a r e p i cked u p b y N o r r is w ho

o ft h e ir c l ays , i nc omb ina t ions t oa cco rd w i th f unc t ion .

d e scr ibe s t h e i nne r c hambe r o f t h e L ewe s k i ln a s a

C a refu l r e co rd ing o ft h e se f abr ic q ua l i t ie st o ge the rw i th

' f u l l -s ized s agga r o r c ruc ib le ' ( No r r is 1 970 , 1 69 ) .

f o rm ,

s u r face t r ea tmen t a nd s ubsequen t a cc iden ta l

a l te ra t ion o rd amage a r e t h e m eans b y w h ich t oi d en t ify t h e f unc t ion o f t h e ma te r ia l t oh and .

T he t e rm s , p o t , c ruc ib le a nd s agga r , h ave a l l c ome t o a s sume mo re s pec if ic mean ings a nd t h e i r f u r the r u se i n c onnec t ion w i th p ipe k i ln i nne r c hambe r s c an o n ly

O ne o f t h e ma jo r p rob lem s o f t h i s t h e s i s i s i n t h e

p ro long t h e c onfus ion . Modern c e ram ic t e rm ino logy

d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h e s t udy ma te r ia l o ve r s o w ide a

d oe s o f f e r a s u i tab le a l terna t ive , t h e t e rm muf f le ,

g eog raph ica l a r ea . I ti sn o tp oss ib le t oc ompa re o b jec t s

d ef ined i nt h e E ncyc lopaed ia o fC eram ic I ndu s tr ie s , i n

o ne w i th a no the r , s uch c ompa r isons h ave t o b e made

t h e f o l low ing manne r :

b e tween r e co rds o fo b jec t s . I ti st h e refo re o ft h e u tmo s t i mpor tance t h a t t h e r e co rd s a r e a sc omp rehen s ive a s i s

' MUFFLE

- a c hambe r ,

c a se o r b ox o f

p rac t icab le .

T he se

r e co rd s

s hou ld

i n c lude

n o te s ,

d raw ing s a nd p ho tog raphs t oge the r w i th t a bu la t ion s

r e f rac to ry ma te r ia l , wh ich i sb u i l t i n af u rnace , a nd u sed t o h ea t a r t ic les o u t o f d i rec t c on tac t

s u i tab le f o r c ompu te r a na lys i s . O n c omp le t ion t h e se

w i th f l ame o r o the r p roduc t s o fc ombu s t ion . I t

r e co rd s

s e rve s ap u rpo se s im i la r t o a SAGGAR , b u t

c a ta logue . T h rough t h is p rocess ma te r ia lc a tego r ie s w i l l

b e ing

b e i d en t if ied a nd t e rm ino logy e vo lved .

l a rge r

i s

mo re

s u i tab le

f o r

s ome

mus t

b e

c ondensed

i n to

a m anageab le

p u rpo se s ' ( Sea r le 1 930 , 3 36 ) . T he a ppa ren t e a r ly c omb ina t ion o f v a r ie ty i n f a br ic T h i s a l so e s tab l ishe s t h e d i f f e rence b e tween a m uff le

a d jus tmen t s , t h ec on s t ruc t ion o f muf f le k i lns , t h e u se o f

a nd as agga r i nt ha t t h e f i r s t i sc on s truc ted i nt h e k i ln

t wo p i ece mou ld s a nd p red i lec t ion f o r w h i te c l ay b egs

a s af i x tu re wh i ls t t h e l a t te r , b e ing p or tab le , c an b e

as e r ie s o f f u r the r q ue s t ions a bou t t h e o r ig in s o f t h e

p l aced i na nd s ubsequen t ly r emoved f r om t h ek i ln ; b o th

i n du s t ry . Whe re d id t h e k i ln t e chno logy c ome f r om?

s e rve t o p ro tec t t h e wa re f r om t h e f i re . T he w o rd

Whe re d i d t h e mou ld t e chno logy c ome f r om? Wha t i s

muff le i nt h is a pp l ica t ion s eem s t o h ave b een a dop ted

t h e r e a son f o r

f r om c hem is t ry a nd me ta l lu rgy w he re i ti sk nown f r om

w h i te c l ay? T he re i sl i t t le e v idence o fe xpe r imen ta t ion

a s e a r ly a s 1 644 ( Oxf ord E ng l ish D ic t ionary 1 987 , I ,

o r g radua l e vo lu t ion . A f ew a ppa ren t ly h and m ade

7 44 ) . I th a s b een u sed i n t h e c on tex t o f c e ram ic s , t o d e sc r ibe t h e i n ne r c hambe r o fe name l k i lns s i nce 1 742

w h i te c l ay p ipes h ave b een a t tr ibu ted t ot h e e nd o f t h e

( Ph i l T rans 1 742 , XL I I , 1 88 ) b u t a ppea r s n o t t o h ave

i n dependen t ly d a ted g roup s f r om t h is c r i t ica l p e r iod a r e

b een a pp l ied t op ipe k i lns u n t i l 1 906 ( Benham 1 906 ) .

s ca r ce . T he p i c tu re t h a t eme rge s i s o f t h e c omp le te ' p ackage ' -w h i te c l ay , t wo p i ece mou ld a nd muff le

t h e p rac t ica l ly e xc lu s ive a dop t ion o f

s i x teen th c en tury , t hough i t mu s t b e n o ted t h a t g ood

6

k i ln -a l l a ppea r ing mo re o rl e s s t o ge the ri nt h e i n fancy

g a l le r ies ( A lcock 1 989 ) ,a l t h ose h o ld ing a r chaeo log ica l

o f t h e i ndust ry . F o r t h is t o b e p o s s ib le i ts e em s l i ke ly

o r l o ca l h i s to ry c o l lec t ion s r e ce ived t h e s t anda rd l e t te r .

t h a t as im i la rt e chno log ica l ' p ackage ' a l ready e x is ted i n

Museum S erv ice s w e re c ove red b y c oun ty r o ta , a nd a

t h e c on tex t o f s ome o the r e ndeavou r . T he m a ter ia ls

l i s t

emp loyed a nd t h e manne r o f t h e i r u se p l ace s t h e manufac tu re o f c l ay t obacco p ipes f i rm ly w i th in t h e

C onfe rence o fA rchaeo log ica l Un i t Manage r s w a s u sed

b roade rc on tex to fc e ram ics a nd y e ti nE ng l ish c e ram ic

a sked f o ri n forma t ion c once rn ing ma te r ia lu nde rp re sen t

p roduc t ion o ft h e s i x teen th c en tu ry t h e re i sn o p a ra l le l

j ur isd ic t ion t oge the r w i th d e ta i ls o f a ny o t he r ma ter ia l

f o r t h e muff le k i ln , n e i the r i st h e re a ny w ide sp read u se o f wh i te f i r ing c l ay , n o r t h e t wo p i ece mou ld ing

k nown o u t s ide t h is a r ea . T h i s s e cond p a r t o f ten p i cked

p roce ss . I ti sh oped t h a t , t h rough c l o se e xam ina t ion o f

T o l o ca te ma te r ia l i n p r iva te h ands a r e que s t w a s

t h e t e chno logy v i at h e d ua l a venue s o fa r chaeo logy a nd

p ub l ished i nN ews le t te r2 7 o ft h e S oc ie ty f o rC lay P ipe

c on tempo ra ry d ocumen t s , i tw i l l b e p oss ib le t o s hed

R esea rch ( Peacey 1 990 , 1 3 ) .

s upp l ied

b y

t h e

s e c re ta ry

o f

t h e

S tand ing

t o ma i lsho t t h e e xcava t ion u n i t s . T he s t anda rd l e t te r

u p d e ta i ls f r om s t af fm embe r s ' p rev iou s i n vo lvemen t s .

l i gh t o n t h ese o bscu re o r ig ins . Once a cce ss t o t h e ma te r ia l w a s e fec ted , ac omp le te r e co rd wa s made . T h is i n c lude s ap age o fg ene ra l n o te s , 4 .

METHODOLOGY ,

THE

TOBACCO

t abu la ted i n forma t ion t od e sc r ibe e ach p i ece o f ma te r ia l ,

P IPE

t oge the r w i th d raw ing s , b l ack a nd w h i te p ho tog raphs

K ILN RECORDING SYSTE M I n o rde r b e t te r t o u nde r s tand t h e t e chno logy e mp loyed

a nd c o lou r t r anspa renc ie s o f s pec if ied o b jec t s . T h is r e co rd , made i n t h e p re sence o f t h e m a ter ia l , w a s

i nt h e c ons truc t ion a nd o pe ra t ion o ft obacco p ipe k i ln s ,

c ondensed f o r i n c lu s ion i nt h e c a ta logue b y s i te , f a br ic

t h e f i r s t s t ep i st h e c omp i la t ion o f ac omp le te r e co rd o f

a nd t ypo logy i n d e scend ing o rde r . An e xamp le o f a

t h e

c a ta logue e n t ry i si n c luded w i th ad e ta i led d e scr ip t ion

a r chaeo log ica l

e v idence .

T he

ma ter ia l

u nde r

c ons ide ra t ion , r e cove red f r om t h e s i te s o fc l ay t o bacco

o ft he p roce s s o n p age 1 4 .

p ipe k i lns a nd a s soc ia ted d ump s , i se x t reme ly v a r ied a nd may i n c lude r ema ins f r om t h e s t ruc tu re , k i ln

T he k eys tone t ot h e r e co rd ing s y s tem i st h e ' P ipe K i ln

f ur n i tu re , f i red c l ay w a s te , a sh , s l ag ( s ee G lo ssa ry ) a nd

R eco rd S hee t ' . T h i s r e co rd s d e ta i ls o f : - p rovenance ;

u nbum t f u e l . As y s tem i s , t h e refo re , r equ i red t or e co rd

morpho logy ; f a br ic ; d raw ing r e fe rence ; p ho tog raph

t h is m ixed a s semb lage i n ac ohe ren t manne r . I t mus tb e

r e f e rence ; a nd e x is t ing p ub l ica t ions . Af i na l c o lumn i s

a b le t oc ope w i th t h ec omp lex mo rpho log ies o ft h e k i ln

u sed f o r o the r p e r t inen t i n forma t ion . T he c a ta logue

muff le a nd f u rn i tu re , t oge the r w i th a ny t e chno log ica l

c a tegory c an b e i n se r ted h e re i fi ti sn o t c l ea r f r om t h e

a d ju s tmen t s t ot h e c l ay b a sed r e f rac tor ie s emp loyed i n

t a bu la ted d a ta . An A 3 s hee ti nl a nd scape f o rma t i su sed

t h e ir c ons truc t ion . T he ma te r ia l c ome s f r om a l a rge

i n o rde r t o a ccommoda te a l o f t h is i n fo rma t ion o n a

n umbe r o f s i te s a nd i s l o ca ted i n b o th p ub l ic a nd

s i ng le p age . T he c omp le te r e co rd c ons is t s o f an umbe r

p r iva te c o l lec t ions t h roughou t t h e B r i t ish I s le s . D e ta i ls

o f t h ese s hee t s , s uppo r ted b y n o te s , d raw ings a nd

o f

e x is t ing

p ho tog raph s , w i th as umma ry s hee td e ta i l ing t h e e x ten t

p ub l ica t ion s mus t a l so f e a tu re i nt h e r e co rd . R ef e rence

t h ese

s i te s ,

c o l lec t ions

a nd

r e levan t

o ft h er eco rd a nd t h el o ca t ion o ft h e ma te r ia l . E xamp le s

h a s b een made t o t h e N a t iona l C lay T obacco P ipe

o f as umma ry s hee ta nd ar e co rd s hee ta r ei lu s t ra ted o n

S tamp C a ta logue , b e ing c omp i led b y D r . DH igg ins f o r

p age s 8a nd 9 , r educed i n s i ze f o r t h is p urpose . T he

t h e U n ive r s i ty o f L ive rpoo l , t o e s tab l i sh c ommon

c omp le ted r e co rd i ss t o red b y t o pog raph ica l i ndex .

g round . T h is h a s at wofo ld a dvan tage , f i r s t i n as a v ing o f e f for t b y a dop t ing s ucce ssfu l s o lu t ions t o c ommon p rob lems a nd s e cond ly t h a t f u tu re r e sea rche r s t o uch ing

The S u mmary S hee t

o n b o th f i e ld s h ave c ompa t ib le r e co rd ing s y s tem s t o

T h is A3 s hee t i si lu s t ra ted i n F igu re 1 .T he s pec if ic

d ea l w i th . T hose e l emen t s o ft h e s y s tem s pec if ic t ot h e

r e fe rence n umbe r i sa l loca ted b y t h e r e co rde r . T he s i te

p rob lems o f t h is s t udy h ave b een d ev ised b y r e f e rence

c ode i sa s a l loca ted b y t h e e xcava to r . T he c omp le ted

t of am i l ia r t ype g roup s b u i ld ing i ns uff ic ien t f l ex ib i l i ty

r e co rd i ss t o red b y t o pog raph ica l i ndex .

t oc on ta in t h eu nknown a nd u nexpec ted . I nt h is w ay t h e s y s tem

c an

e vo lve

f u r the r

w i th

t h e

i n pu t

a nd

u nde r s tand ing o f n ew ma ter ia l .

The p ipe k i ln r ecord s hee t A c ross t he t op o ft h i s s hee ts pace s a r ep rov ided f o r : t h e

L oca t ion a nd a cce ss t o t h e s t udy ma te r ia l h a s b een

t own i n wh ich t h e ma te r ia l w a s f ound , t h e s i te a dd re ss ,

e f f ec ted b y an umbe r o f m eans . A s i s c l ea r f r om a

t h e s hee t n umbe r , t h e n umbe ro fs hee t s w h ich make u p

p rev ious c hap te r , a n umbe r o f s i te s w e re a l ready

t h er e co rd a nd t h e s pec if ic r e f e rence n umbe r( F igu re 2 ) .

k nown . A l though s ome o f t h e se h ad b een s t ud ied a nd

B enea th t h is t h e s hee t i sd i v ided i n to c o lumn s i nw h ich

p ub l ished , a l l r e qu i red r e -app ra i sa l a nd c omp rehens ive

s pec if ied d e ta i ls a r e r e co rded a s f o l lows :

c a ta logu ing . T o g a in a cce ss t o o the r ma te r ia l t h a t r ema ins u npub l ished a nd l i t t le k nown , as t anda rd l e t te r

C on tex t

o fe nqu iry w a s s en tt o museums , g over n ing b od ie s , a nd

T he l a ye r n umbe r , f e a tu re n umbe r e t c . a l loca ted b y t h e

e xcava t ion u n i t s t h roughou tt h e t e r r i tory . T he mu seum s w e re s e lec ted f r om a g aze t tee r o f museum s a nd

e xcava t ion d i rec to rt ot h e c on tex t i nw h ich t h e ma te r ia l w a s f ound . 7

r e, e

L )

F igur e 1 :E xamp le o f as ummary s hee tf rom t h e p ipe k i ln r ecord ing s ys tem .

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A cces s ion N umber Whe re a pp l icab le t h e a cce ss ion n umbe r o r c a ta logue

F urn i tur e T h is c o lumn i s u sed t o r e co rd a l l

i t em s o f k i ln

n umbe r i s sued b y t h e museum i n wh ich t h e ma ter ia l i s

f u rn i tu re .

ma in

s t o red ; t h e n umbe r b y w h ich t h e ma ter ia l c an b e

p ref ab r ica ted ,p ref i red , r e -u seab le o b jec t s s uch a sp rop s

i d en t if ied a nd l o ca ted f o r f u tu re r e f e rence .

o r b uns a nd d i spo sab le o b jec t s s uch a s r o l ls o r w ad s .

T he se

f a l l

i n to

t wo

g roup s ,

T he se l a t te ra r e c ha rac te r ised b y t h e f a c t t h a tt h ey w e r e T h ickness R eco rded i n m i l l ime t re s o n ly w he re i ti s e x tan t a s manufac tu red . I n t h e c a se o f muff le ma ter ia l t h e p ref ix

u sed r aw a nd d i sca rded a f te r o ne f i r ing . C omb ina t ion s

Bi su sed t od eno te b a se a nd WL d eno te s w a l l . Whe re

T he f o l low ing c ode p ref ixes h ave b een a l loca ted t o

t h e t h ickne ss o f t h e ma te r ia l i s n o t c omp le te

k nown c a tegor ie s o fo b jec t :

o f r e -u seab le a nd d i spo sab le o b jec t s w e re u sed i n t h e f i r ing c hambe r t o s uppor t a nd , o r , s epa ra te t h e w a re .

a s

manufac tu red t h e c o lumn i sl e f t b l ank . P

P rop

B

B un

D

D ish

We igh t

SAG

S agga r

BAT

B a t

RL

R o l l

R eco rded i ng rams , a s aq uan t if ica t ion o f t he ma te r ia l e xam ined . T h is d a ta i s r e co rded f o r e ve ry p iece o f

W

Wad

T S

T h in s hee t

ma ter ia l e xam ined .

T h i s l i s t o f c oded p ref ixe s c an b e e x tended t o i n c lude

F abr ic R eco rded b y at ype c ode u n ique t o e ach s i te g roup . E ach f a br ic d eno ted b y t h e se c ode s i sd e scr ibed o n a

c ou r se o ft h e s urvey . When s uf i c ien t ma ter ia l h a s b een

f abr ic r e co rd s hee t i n c luded i n t h e n o tes . D e ta i ls o f

b y at y pe n umbe r .

n ew c a tegor ie s a s t h ey b ecome a ppa ren t d ur ing t h e e xam ined t oa l low c r ea t ion o f mean ingfu l t ypo log ie s i t i si n tended t h a t t h e c oded p ref ixe s s hou ld b e f o l lowed

t h e se s hee t s a nd t h e ir u se a r e g i ven b e low u nde r t h e s ub -head ing o ff a br ic d e scr ip t ion a nd c od ing . Whe re t h e

H e igh t

f a br ic s t ruc tu re c anno t b e o b se rved t h e c o lour p ref ix

Whe r e

f o l lowed b y aq ues t ionma rk i su sed .

manufac tu red t h em ea su remen ti nm i l l ime t res i se n te red

t h e

v e r t ica l

d imens ion

i s

c omp le te

a s

h e re . Whe re t h e m ea su remen t i sf o l lowed b y t h e c ode I nc lus ions

I NC , t h e o b jec t o r s t age i si n comp le te b u t s ub s tan t ia l

T h i s c o lumn i s r e served f o r t h e i n c lu s ion o f p ipe

e nough t o b e t h ough t w or thy o f ar e co rd . I f n e i the r

ma ter ia l i nt h e ma t r ix c oded S T f o r s t em a nd BO f o r

q ua l if i ca t ion i sm e t t h e c o lumn i sl ef t b lank .

b ow l , o the r i n c lu s ions a r e d ea l t w i th o n t h e f ab r ic R ad ius

r e co rd s hee t s .

T h i sc o lumn i su sed t or e co rd t he r ad iu s , i nm i l l ime t re s , o f a ny o b jec t w i th ac i rcu la r p lan . G ene ra l ly t h is i sa n

R im At i ck e n te red i nt h is c o lumn d eno te s t h e e x is tence o f

e x te rna l m ea su remen t . I n t h e c a se o f muf f le w a l l

ar im f o rm . I n t h e c ons truc t ion o f ap ipe k i ln muff le a

ma te r ia l t h e i n ter na l d imens ion i s r e co rded a nd i s

n umbe r o f f a l se r im s may b e f o rmed a nd i ti s n o t

p ref ixed I NT . T h is i sd one b ecause t h e f i re d amage a nd

a lway sp o s s ib le t od i s t ingu ish t h e se f r om t h ea c tua lr im .

s l ag e ncrus ta t ion o nt h eo u t s ide o ft h e muf f le f r equen t ly

A l l s uch r im s a r e t h e refo re r e co rded .

o b scu re s a nd d i s tor t s t h e s u r face . I n t h e c a se o f k i ln f u rn i tu re t h e g rea te s t e x ter na l d imens ion i sr e co rded .

P ro jec t ions A ny p ro jec t ion s f r om t h e muf f le w a l l o r b a se b e t h ey

S u ?f ace

i n te rna l o r e x te rna l a r e r e co rded i nt h is c o lumn i n t h e

T h is i sa n o p t iona l c o lumn u sed whe re i n forma t ion

f o l low ing c oded f o rm :

a bou t

t h e

s u r f ace

t r ea tmen t

i s c ons idered

t o b e

n o tewor thy . T h is i s o f t en t h e c a se w i th t h in s hee t s I NT .S .

I n te rna l s he lf

I NT .° .

I n te rna l o t he r—de ta i ls e n te red u nde rc ommen t s

w he re t h e t r ea tmen t o f t h e s ur face i n manuf ac tu re , a s w e l l a si mp re s s ion s made d ur ing u se , p rov ide e v idence

EXT .P . E x te rna l p rop

p er ta in ing

EXT .B . E x te rna l b a r

f o l low ing c ode s a r e u sed h e re :

t o t h e

p u rpo se

o f

t h e se

o b jec t s .

T he

EXT .O . E x terna lo t he r—de ta i l se n te red u nde rc ommen t s S C

S c raped

G la ze o r S lag

I MP

I mp re ssed

At i ck e n te red i nt h is c o lumn d eno te s t r ace s o fg laze o r

BO

B ow l

s l ag o n t h e p i ece r e co rded .

S T

S t em

WD

Wood

L ayer ed L u te o r S l ip Wash

WO

Woven ma te r ia l

At i ck e n te red i nt h is c o lumn d eno tes t r aces o fl a ye red

CO

C ompos i te ma te r ia l w i th r andom ly a l igned f i b res

l u te o rs l ip w a sh . S l ip w a s a pp l ied t ot h e i n ne r s u rf ace s o f muf f le s b e tween e ach f i r ing , r e pea ted a pp l ica t ions r e su l t ing i n as ubs tan t ia l b u i ld u p o f l a ye r s .

T he se c ode s a r e u sed i nc omb ina t ion a s r e qu ired .

1 0

D raw ing

I n a dd i t ion , s amp le s o f ma te r ia l f r om t o bacco p ipe k i ln

Whe re a n i t em h a s b een d rawn t h e d raw ing r e f e rence

s t ruc tu re s , f u rn i tu re a nd w a s te , w e re e xam ined b o th

n umbe r i se n te red i nt h is c o lumn .

w i th ah and l e n s a nd t h rough ab i nocu la rm ic ro scope t o a s ce r ta in t h er ange o fi n c luded ma te r ia l .T he d e s i rab i l i ty a nd p rac t ica l l im i ta t ions o f s amp l ing f o r t h in s e c t ion

P ho tograph Whe re a n i t em h a sb een p ho tog raphed t h ep ho tog raph ic

a na lys is w e re a l so c ons ide red t o ge the r w i th a p lan t o

r e f e rence n umbe r i se n te red i n t h is c o lumn .

c o l lec ts u i tab le g eo log ica l ma ter ia l i nt h ef o rm o f wh i te o r n ea r w h i te f i r ing c l ay s t o f o rm ar e f e rence a r ch ive u pon w h ich f u r the rw o rk m igh td raw . B o th w ou ld y i e ld

P ub l ica t ion Whe re a n i t em h a s b een p ub l ished at i ck i se n te red i n

d a ta wh ich , i nt h e l o ng t e rm , m igh t p rove u sefu l . T he

t h is c o lumn . D e ta i ls o f t h e p ub l ica t ion a r e e n te red o n

p r ima ry o b jec t ive o f t h is b ook , h oweve r , i st o r e co rd

t h e s umma ry s hee t . Whe re mo re t han o ne p ub l ica t ion

s t ruc tu ra l ma te r ia l a nd r a t iona l ise t h is t o a ch ieve a

e x is t s r e la t ing t o t h e g roup t he se a r e n umbe red o n t h e

b e t te r u nde r s tand ing o f t h e d eve lopmen t s i n t obacco

s umma ry s hee t a nd t h e n umbe r i su sed i nt h is c o lumn

p ipe k i ln d e s ign . D e ta i ls i n t h e f a b r ic r e co rd mus t b e

t oi d en t ify t h e r e levan t p ub l ica t ion .

s uf i c ien t t o d i s t ingu ish o ne t y pe o f m a te r ia l f r om

C ommen t s T h is f i na l

b a sed o nh and l e ns e xam ina t ion , w a st h e refo re a dop ted . T h in s e c t ion a na lys is a nd c o l lec t ion o f ag eo log ica l

a no the r w i th in a n a s semb lage . A s imp le d e sc r ip t ion , c o lumn

i s f o r

a ny

f u r the r n o tewor thy

i n fo rma t ion n o t c a te red f o r u nde r p rev iou s h ead ing s .

s ou rce

Whe re

l im i ta t ion so ft h is w o rk a nd t of o rm al a rge e nough a r ea

a pp ropr ia te t h e c a ta logue c a tego ry c an

b e

a r ch ive

a r e

c ons ide red

t o b e

b eyond

t h e

e n te red h e re .

f o r as epa ra te s t udy .

F abr ic d e scr ipt ion a nd c od ing

V is ib le m ine ra l i n c lu s ion s i nc e ram ic f a br ic s g ene ra l ly

A t t h e c ommencemen t o f t h is s urvey i tw a s a ppa ren t

s e rve a p hys ica l r a the r t han c hem ica l f unc t ion . I f a

t h a t

b e

m ine ra l o ccu r s n a tu ra l ly i n t h e c l ay a nd i su ncommon

e ncoun te red a nd t h a t a n o b jec t ive s y s tem f o r r e co rd ing

t h en i t may h e lp t op inpo in t t h e s ou rce o ft h e d epos i t .

t h em

t o a ccumu la te

I f am ine ra l d oe s n o t o ccu r n a tu ra l ly b u t i sa dded b y

c ompa ra t ive d a ta . I t w a s h oped t h a t t h is d a ta m igh t

t h e h and o f man i t may i nd ica te t h e s i te o fp roduc t ion .

e s tab l ish w he the r t h e o pe ra t iona l c ha rac ter is t ics o f

F o r t h e p u rpo se o f t h is s t udy i ti sf unc t ion r a the r t h an

f a br ics w e re c on sc ious ly a d jus ted b y t h e a dd i t ion o r

s ou rce t h a t i si mpor tan t . I den t if ica t ion o f a l m ine ra l

a w ide w ou ld

v a r ie ty b e

o f

f abr ic

r equ ired

t y pe s

i n o rde r

w ou ld

s ub t rac t ion o f ma ter ia l f r om t h e c l ay i n i t s n a tu ra l ly

i n c lu s ions

o ccu r r ing f o rm . I ft h is p roved t o b e t h e c a se , f u r the r

e xam ina t ion o f f abr ics t o a sce r ta in t h e p re sence , s i ze

i s t h e refo re

n o t

a p r io r i ty .

F o r

f i e ld

d e ta i ls a s t o w hen , h ow a nd b y w ha t m eans t h is

a nd f r equency o f m ine ra l i n c lus ions t h e h and l e ns h a s

t e chn ica l k now ledge w a s d i spe r sed m igh t a l so b ecome

b een a dop ted f o r i t s s imp l ic i ty a nd s u i tab i l i ty .

a ppa ren t . T h is d a ta c oncern ing t h e d eve lopmen to fc l ay b a sed r e f rac to r ie s i sn o t l im i ted t o t h e p roduc t ion o f

A s n one o f t h e e x is t ing s ys tem s ma tch e xac t ly t h e

t o bacco p i pe s o r o the r c e ram ics b u t h a s b roade r

r e qu iremen t s o f t h is r e co rd , ah yb r id ised v e r s ion h a s

i mp l ica t ions i nt h e f i e ld s o f me ta l lu rgy , g l a s s -mak ing ,

b een u sed , s e lec t ing f r om e ach t h o se p a r t s b e s t s u i ted

e name l l ing e t c . T he q ues t ion o f whe the r s ou rce s o f

t ot h e ma ter ia ls u nde r c ons ide ra t ion .

c l ays c an b e e s tab l ished b y r e f e rence t ot h e i r s t ruc tu re , c hem is t ry o ri n c lus ion s w a s f e l t t ob e b eyond t h e s cope

F ab r ic c odes a r e a l loca ted i n as epa ra te a s cend ing

o ft h is e nqu iry .

s equence f o r e ach s i te g roup ; t h e se a r e t h en g iven f a b r ic c a tego ry c ode s a cco rd ing t o t h e n a tu re o f t h e

I n o rde r t o a r r ive a t a s u i tab le m e thod o f f a b r ic

a d jus tmen t s made t ot h e n a tura lc l ays i np repa r ing t h em

r e co rd ing t h e f o l low ing e x is t ing s ys tems f o r r e co rd ing w e re

f o r s pec if ic u sage s . B o th o f t h e se c ode s a ppea r i n t h e c a ta logue .

A dam s G i lmour , L1 988 E ar ly Med ieva lP o t ter y

F o re ach g roup t h e f a b r ic c ode s a r e m ade u p o ft h e s i te c ode , f o l lowed b y an umbe r f r om a s i ng le a s cend ing

f rom F laxenga te , L inco ln , T rus tf o rL inco lnsh ire

s equence . T he f a br ic c a tego ry c ode s a r e i nl e t te r f o rm

f i red

c l ay

f a br ics

a nd

g eo log ica l

ma te r ia l

c on su l ted : -

-

A rchaeo logy .

a cco rd ing t ot h e i n c lus ions p re sen t : Qq uar tz , M m ixed

B ly th , FG H 1 943 A G eo logy f or E ng ineer s .

m ine ra l , Gg rog , Pp ipe f r agmen t s , Tt r imm ings , a nd 0

D epa r tmen to fU rban A rchaeo logy , 1 984 P o t ter y

f o r o rgan ic ma ter ia l . T hese a r e p ref ixed W , i f t h e

A rch ive U ser s Handbook , Mu seum o fL ondon . 1 974 S o i l S ur vey F ie ld

m a t r ix i s aw h i te o r n ea r wh i te c l ay ; R , i fi ti s ar ed c l ay o r F B i fi ti s af i re b r ick c l ay . A t y p ica l f ab r ic

Handbook , S o i l S urvey T echn ica l Monog raph N o

c a tego ry c ode m igh t b e W .QP0 d eno t ing aw h i te c l ay

5 ,H a rpenden .

m a tr ix

R ob inson , AM 1 980 ' Th ree App roache s t ot h e

i n c lus ions ( s ee b e low F igu re 3 ) . U se o f t h e c a tegory

P rob lem

c ode s e nab le s c ompa r isons t o b e m ade b e tween s i te s

H odg son , JM

o f

( ed )

P o t tery

F ab r ic

D e scr ip t ions ' ,

w i th

q ua r tz ,

p ipe

f r agmen t s

r e ga rd le ss o fl o ca t ion o r p er iod .

Med ieva l C eram ics 3 ,3 -35 .

1

a nd

o rgan ic

F abric T ype

R ecord S heet

S ite

.

F abric c ode

•

S . ....

H ardness

h o d e

I nclusions

Q uartz

F requency

S heet n umber

O ther m ixed M inerals

P ipe O rganic F ragments 2-3

-

2 . 2 .

.....

H ardness

( A )6

F requency

.

?ix g

e

C olour

V s

I nclusions

-.. 3

3 73 4z Azfi f r

N otes . 4i n e . 4M ir /T .44 -4 j

F abric c ode

. . 2..

3 t -

s ize

2 .

4

k % .

Z

R ounding

1 3. S i

C olour

F racture

S orting

A verage

. .

F racture

Q uartz

_

O ther m ixed

P ipe

Z .

F ragments

V o lj j

O rganic

rt 1 3

I

S orting

A verage

s ize

R ounding

N otes. a ga4 / 0 ) 1

3t

. .

2 .

•d • ` ‘.:C i t i e t -rY 4 44 46b

4 v e j i t 4 /4 :-

.

1 4 s 1

F igur e 3 : E xamp le o f af abr ic r e cord s hee tf rom t h e p ipe k i ln r e cord ing s y s t em . 1 2

c4 (4‘ .a )4S •

T he F abr ic R ecord S hee t

o f an o te o r d e scr ip t ion i si n c luded whe re a pp rop r ia te .

A nA 4 s hee ti su sed t or e co rd f ab r ic t ypes , a sd e sc r ibed b e low a nd s hown o n F igu re 3 .E ach s hee th a s s pace f o r

T he d a ta r e co rded o n t h ep ipe k i ln r e co rd s hee t s i sl a te r

t wo f ab r ic d e scr ip t ion s p e r s i te . T he s hee t i sc omp le ted

c ondensed i n to c a tego r ie s o f l i ke ma te r ia l t o f o rm a

i nt h e f o l low ing manne r :

manageab le

c a ta logue .

E ach

s i te

g roup

a ppea r s

s epa ra te ly , b eg inn ing w i th s i te a dd ress a nd N a t iona l S i te

G r id r e f e rence . T h i s i sf o l lowed b y b r ief d e ta i ls o ft h e

T he s i te a dd re ss i se n te red h e re .

c o l lec t ion whe re t h e ma te r ia li sh oused ,i n c lud ing w he re p o ss ib le a n a cce ss ion n umbe rb y wh ich t h e ma te r ia lc an b e l o ca ted f o r f u r the r s t udy . T he re f o l lows a s ho r t

S hee t n umber T he s pec if ic s i te c ode a nd c on secu t ive s hee tn umbe ra r e

i n t roduc to ry n o te t o r e co rd d e ta i ls o f make r / s ( i f

e n te red h e re . N o te s , f a b r ic d escr ip t ion s hee t s a nd p age s

k nown ) , p e r iod , a nd q ua l i ty o f c on tex t s ( uns t ra t if ied ,

o f d raw ing s a r e n umbe red t oge the r a s ac on t inuou s

r e scued o r e xcava ted ) . D e ta i ls o f a ny p re sen t muff le

s equence , t h e n umbe r o f s hee t s b e ing n o ted o n t h e

f e a tu re s a r e i n c luded i n t h is n o te a s t h ey a r e n o t

r e co rd s umma ry s hee t d e scr ibed a bove .

n eces sa r i ly h igh l igh ted i n t h e c a ta logue e n t ry . I ft h e g roup h a sb een p ub l ished o rn o ted i n ap ub l ica t ion , t h en

F abr ic c od e T he f ab r ic c ode i se n te red h e re .

t h e H a rva rd r e f e rence i s i n c luded a t t he e nd o f t h e i n t roduc to ry n o te . T he ma te r ia l i st h en l i s ted b y f a b r ic

C o lour a nd h ardne ss

c a ta logue h i e ra rchy . F o re ach c a tego ry at o ta l w e igh to f

I n m a te r ia l s s ub jec ted t o v a ry ing d eg ree s o f h ea t i n

ma te r ia l a nd t h e n umbe r o ff r agmen t s o r o b jec t s w h ich

r e pea ted d o se s , c o lou r a nd h a rdne ss a r e e x t reme ly

make u p t h e e n t ry i sp r e sen ted i n at a bu la r f o rma t .

t y pe

v a r iab le

a nd

c on sequen t ly

y i e ld

l i t t le

s ub -d iv ided i n to c a tego r ie s

a cco rd ing

t o t h e

u seab le

i n fo rma t ion . N ever the le ss t h ey a r e t hough t w o r thy o fa

T he c ho ice o f t e rm ino logy f o r u se i n t h e c a ta logue

s omewha t s ub jec t ive r e co rd . C o lou r i sr e co rded i nt h e

p re sen ted

f o l low ing t e rms , w h i te , c r eam , g rey , p ink a nd r e d .

c on s ide ra t ion i sd i ve r se a nd g ene ra l ly f r agmen ta ry . I n

H a rdne ss a s s o f t , h a rd o r v e ry h a rd a f te r t h e DUA

o rde r t o c ondense i ti n to a c ohe ren t c a ta logue , s ome

many

p rob lem s .

T he

ma te r ia l

u nde r

s y s tem ( s of t w hen t h e f a br ic c an b e s c ra tched w i th t h e

m eans o f g roup ing s im i la r o b jec t s o r f r agmen t s w a s

f i nge rna i l , h a rd w hen t h e f ab r ic c anno t b e s c ra tched

r e qu i red . T he g rea te r p a r t o f t h e ma te r ia l e xam ined

w i th t h e f i nge rna i l , a nd v e ry h a rd when t h e f a b r ic

d e r ive s f r om t h e s t ruc tu re s a nd f u rn ish ings o ff u rnace s ,

c anno t b e s c ra tched w i th ak n if e ) . I n a dd i t ion , t h e t e rm

w he re r e f rac tory q ua l i t ies a r eo fg rea t s i gn if icance . T he

v i t r if ied i su sed w hen t h e f ab r ic h a s b egun t om e l t a nd

f a br ic c ompo s i t ion o fa n o b jec t m igh t , t h e refo re , p rove

i t s g l a s sy n a tu re m a sk s o the r f e a tu re s .

o fe qua l i mpo r tance t oi t s f o rm .

F rac ture

Wh i ls t mo rpho logy i sc l ea r ly a n i mpor tan t f a c to r , a

I s d e scr ibed i n t e rm ino logy f r om t h e G eo logy f o r

t e rm ino logy b a sed o n o b jec t ive d e scr ip t ion o f f o rm

E ng inee r s ( B ly th 1 943 , 4 5 ) :

a l one

i s

l i ke ly

t o

b ecome

u nw ie ldy

a nd

i n comp rehen s ib le . C a tegor ies b a sed s o le ly o n f a b r ic C oncho ida l

when t h e f ab r ic b reak s w i th

c ompos i t ion o n t h e o t he r h and a r e l i ke ly t o b e t o o

ac urved s ur face

v ague t ob e o f much p rac t ica l u se . A s i n te rp re ta t ion o f

E ven

when i ti sn ea r ly f l a t

t h e ma te r ia l i so ne o ft h e s t a ted o b jec t ive s o ft h is b ook ,

U neven

when i ti sr ough

i ti s t h e refo re d e s i rab le t o u se i n t h e c a ta logue a n

H a ck ly

when

t h e

b reak

d i sp lay s

i n te rp re t ive t e rm ino logy f i rm ly f ounded o n o b jec t ive o b se rva t ion o f t h e ma te r ia l . F o rm i s c l ea r ly a m a jo r

s ha rp i r regu lar i t ie s I n c lus ions

c ons ide ra t ion i na r r iv ing a tt h e se i n terp re ta t ions . O the r f a c to r s a r e s ur face t r ea tmen t , s ubsequen t d i s to r t ion ,

Q ua r tz b e ing s ome t ime sp resen ti nt h ep ipe st h em se lve s

d amage o r d i sco lo ra t ion , a nd mo re r a re ly , c on junc t ion

i ss i ng led o u t f o r men t ion i n t h e r e co rd . I n t h e s e cond c o lumn o t he r m ixed m ine ra ls a r e l umped t o ge the r ,

w i th o the r o b jec t s . T he se i n te rp re ta t ions a r e g rouped i n t h e c a ta logue a cco rd ing t o f abr ic c ompos i t ion , t h u s

a dd i t iona l i n forma t ion c oncern ing a ny o bv iou s i t ems

h i gh l igh t ing t h e r e f rac to ry e v idence .

p r esen t , s u ch a s g rog , i n t h e f o rm o f c l ay p e l le t s , i s a dded t ot h is h ead ing w hen r equ ired . T he t h i rd c o lumn

E ach a s semb lage r e co rded i n t he c a ta logue i s

i su s ed t or e co rd t h e p re sence o fp ipe f r agmen t s w h ich

d i v ided i n to g roup s b a sed o n f ab r ic t ype . T he se g roup s

m ay h ave b een a dded i nt h e f o rm o fu nf i red t r imm ing s o ra sc r u shed o rg round f i red p ipe s . T he l a s t c o lumn i s

a r es ubd iv ided a cco rd ing t o ah i e ra rchy o fi n te rp re ta t ive d e sc r ip t ions o r ' u n i t s ' . T he c a ta logue h i e ra rchy i sa n

f i r s t

u sed t or e co rd t h e i n c lus ion o f o rgan ic ma ter ia l i nt h e

e vo lv ing s t ruc tu re t ow h ich n ew u n i t s c an b e a dded a s

m a t r ix . Whe re p re sen t ,t h e se i n c lu s ions a r ed e scr ibed b y

r e qu i red . T he se u n i t s a r e d ef ined a cco rd ing t of unc t ion

f r equency , s o r t ing , a ve rage s i ze a nd r ound ing a f t e r t h e

a nd , o r , o r ig ina l l o ca t ion w i th in t h e k i ln s t ruc tu re . T hey

s y s tem i lus t ra ted b y R ob inson ( 1980 , F ig s 7a nd 8 ) .

a ppea r i nt h e c a ta logue , w he re p oss ib le , a s c l us te r s o f r e la ted u n i ts , i e . muf f le - w a l l , b a se , p ro jec t ion e t c ;

T he re i s as pace i nw h ich o the r i n forma t ion i nt h e f o rm

f u rn i tu re -p rop , b un , w ad e t c . C onc lud ing e ach e n t ry 1 3

t h e re i s ac l us te r f o r m isce l laneou s i t ems . O f t h e se ,

m agnum o pus o n t h e B r is to l i ndu s t ry (Wa lke r 1 977 ,

s ome a r e t oo g ene ra l t o a l loca te t o al o ca t ion c l us te r , s ome a r e o f i nde term ina te f unc t ion , s ome n o t d i rec t ly

1 74 -180 ) . T o d a te t h e se s ou rce s h ave n o t b een c ons ide red c o l lec t ive ly f o r t h e l i gh t t h a t t h ey m igh t

c onnec ted w i th t h e p ipemak ing p roce s s a nd o the r s r a re

s hed o n k i ln d e s ign a nd t e chno logy . A n umbe r o f

o r o ne of s u rv iva ls .

a ccoun t s

h ave

b een

p ub l ished

i n magaz ine s

a nd

n ew spape r s e i the r a s d e sc r ip t ions o fe x is t ing i n du s t r ie s T he f u l l c a ta logue a ppea r s b e low a sA ppend ix 1o ft h i s

o r r em in iscence s o f c ra f t smen r e co rded i n af o lk l i f e

b ook . A t yp ica l e n t ry i s r ep roduced b e low a s a n

c on tex t .I na dd i t ion an umbe ro fu npub l ished d ocumen t s

e xamp le :

may c on ta in r e levan t p a ssage s . Among t h e se a r e t h e i n ven tor ies o f p ipemake r s p o s ses s ions , w h ich o f ten a ccompany

t h e ir

w i l ls ,

i n su rance

p lan s ,

p l ann ing

BR I5 BR ISTOL , W AVERLY STREET , AVON ST 6 00 7 48

a pp l ica t ions , a nd s a le p a r t icu la r s . I na dd i t ion t ot h is l i s t

A l lan P eacey c o l lec t ion WSB .77

n i ne teen th c en tury t o t h e p r e sen t d ay . S uch s ou rce s ,

A s ub s tan t ia l e a r ly n ine teen th c en tu ry a s semb lage o f

i n to p a r t icu la r t own s , make r s o r s i te s , c an o n ly b e

muf f le ma te r ia l u sed t of i l l as oak a way . D iscove red i n

a ccessed w i th t h e c oope ra t ion o fr e g iona l r e sea rche r s .

i st h e s u rv iv ing p ho tog raph ic e v idence f r om t h e l a te w h ich c ome t ol i gh t a s r e su l to fi n tens ive i n ve s t iga t ion

1 977 w hen t h e s i te w a s p er ime te r t r enched t o p reven t f e a tu re s

I ti si n tended t ha t ar ev iew o f t h e k nown n i ne teen th

p e r iphe ra l s he lves , b a r t ype b u t t re sse s a nd a n o pen ing

c en tury e ncyc lopaed ia d e sc r ip t ions b e made a s ak ey

i nt h e s i de ( Peacey 1 982 , 1 2 ) .

a spec t o f t h is b ook . T ha t a n a t temp t t o u ncove r n ew

u nau thor ised

a cce ss .

T he

muff le

ma ter ia l

s ou rces o ft h is t ype , e i the r i nt h e f o rm o fn ew e d i t ions F abr ic t ype

We igh t

No . o b j

D escr ip t ion

C a tego ry

g ram s

/ f rag s

F abr ic BR I5 / 1

4 5050

8 0

Muff le w a l l

W .TO

8 965

1 4

Mu f f le b a rb u t t r e s s

1 52

1

P e r iphe ra l s he lf

s t ud ie s b e t r aw led f o r a ny r e f e rence t o p ipe k i ln s o r

2 52

1

Muff le r im

w o rk s r e la t ing t op ipe k i ln s . Whe re d i ff icu l t ie s a r ise i n

4 65

1

Muf f le p a tch

c ommun ica t ion w i th r eg iona lr e sea rche r s b eu nde r taken

F abr ic BR I5 / 1 a nd 2

1 220

2

Muff le w a l l

W .TO a nd W .

1 752

3

Wicke t e dge

F abr ic BR I5 /2

1 80

3

L aye red l u te

W .

7 5

1

S haped s e c t ion

1 5

1

D aub

• F abr ic BR I5 /3

6 9 19

4 0

L in ing?

W .T

3 114

9

L in ing? b a se a ng le

1 22

2

L in ing? r im

1 885

6

F i re b r ick

7 92

2

BU2 B un

F abr ic BR I5 /4

o r p rev iou s ly o ve r looked w o rk s , b e made a l so . T ha t w i th av i ew t ol o ca t ing r e levan t u npub l ished d a ta . T ha t t h e c o rpus o fp ub l ished w o rk s i nt h e f i e ld o fc l ay p ipe

v i sua l is ing

c omp le te

s t ruc tu re s ,

mode ls

w i l l

b e

c ons t ruc ted i n a n a t temp t t o c l a r ify t h e s i tua t ion . Mode ls

w i l l

a l so

b e

u sed

t o t e s t

t h e

p rac t ica l

p e r formance o f t h e ma te r ia l s e ncoun te red e i the r i nt h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd o r i n d e sc r ip t ive p a ssage s o f c on tempo ra ry l i t e ra tu re .

5 . THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE USE OF MUFFLES I N TOBACCO P IPE K ILNS

F B .G

I n t h e c ou r se o f t h is s t udy 1 45 s epa ra te a s semb lage s F abr ic BR I5 /5

h ave b een t r aced , e xam ined a nd r e co rded . Ma te r ia l

W .QP0

f r om a f u r the r 1 3 s i te s , n o ted i n v a r iou s j ourna ls ,

F abr ic BR I5 /6

2 25

1

SAG! S agga r

4 80

9

L aye red l u te

F ab r ic u ncer ta in

3 25

1

T i le

M isce l laneous

1 730

5

S lagged d e t r i tu s

r ema ins u nd iscovered d e sp i te a l e f for t s . Wh i l s t i ti s p o ss ib le t ha t s ome o f t h e se m ay y e t c ome t o l i gh t ,

W .G F abr ic BR I5 /7

o t he r s a r e p robab ly p ermanen t ly l o s t . L is ted b e low , b y c oun ty , a r e t h e l o ca t ions o f s i te s f r om w h ich t h e se

W .

a s semb lages d e r ive .

T ab le I :L is t o fs i te l o ca t ion s b y c oun ty

T o s t udy t h e a r chaeo log ica l e v idence w i thou tr e f e rence

Avon :

t oc on tempo ra ry p ub l ished d e scr ip t ion s w ou ld p l ace a n u nnece ssa ry o b s tac le i nt h e w ay o fv a l id i n te rp re ta t ion . Many

n i ne teen th

c en tu ry

e ncyc lopaed ia s

i n c lude

B r is to l , L ongwe l l G reen , W ickwa r

B uck inghamsh ire :

Ay lesbury

C ambr idge sh ire :

C ambr idge , S t N eo t s

C hesh ire :

Ches ter

d e sc r ip t ions o f t h e p ipe mak ing p rocess . S ome h ave

C o rnwa l l :

He ls ton , T ru ro

a l ready f e a tu red i n r epor t s o f p ipe k i ln a s semb lage s

C umbr ia :

C a r l is le

( a bove p age s 4a nd 6 ) . D r I an Wa lke r c ommen t s o n a n umbe r o f t h ese n i ne teen th c en tu ry d e scr ip t ion s i nh i s

D e rbysh ire :

Ches terf ie ld

D evon :

B a rns tap le , C hud le igh , E xe te r

Do r se t :

A lderho l t , Do rches te r , P oo l , Wa reham

1 4

D u rham :

D u rham

i n c rea sed s c a le . Muff le ma te r ia l , p rev ious ly e xam ined ,

E s sex :

C he lm sfo rd , C o lche s te r

a l so d i sp lays h eav ie r s l agg ing t han t ha t g ene ra l ly s e en

G louce s te r sh i re :

G louce s te r

G rea te r L ondon :

B ren tfo rd , C h isw ick , L ambe th , S ou thwa rk

C i ty ,

o n s agga r s . T h is i s ar e su l t o f t h e f i xed p os i t ion ,

C roydon ,

o ccup ied b y amuf f le , r e la t ive t ot h e f i re . I n s umma ry t h e s i ze o f as agga r i sl im i ted b y t h e n eed t o c a r ry i t ,

G rea te r Manche s te r : Manche s te r H ampsh ire : P or t smou th , S ou thamp ton , W inches ter

when f u l l , i na nd o u t o f t h e k i ln . Any f r agmen t s f r om al a rge r v e sse l , d i sp lay ing f i re d amage , r ang ing f r om

H e re fo rd a nd Wo rce s te r : P ipe A s ton , B ir t ley F a rm

f l a sh g l az ing t oh eavy s l agg ing , o n t h e i ro u te r s u r face s

H e r t fo rd sh i re :

S t A lbans

o n ly , c an t h e refo re , b e a s sumed t ob e long t o amuf f le .

H umbe r s ide :

G r im sby , H u l l

Any f r agmen t w i th , i n a dd i t ion t o t h e a bove , e i the r

K en t : L anca sh ire :

C an te rbury , C ha tham , D a r tfo rd B u rn ley

e x te rna l b u t t re s s ing o r i n te rna l s he lv ing i s c er ta in ly

L e ice s te r sh i re : L inco lnsh ire :

L e ice s te r B o s ton ,L inco ln , Ma rke tR a sen ,N ewa rk ,

d i s t ingu ish ing f e a tu re .

f r om

S t amfo rd

a mu f l e .

S t em r e info rc ing

may

a l so

b e

a

P r io r t ot h is c ur ren t s t udy p rop t ype mu f l e b u t t re sse s

L o th ian R eg ion :

E d inbu rgh

Mer seys ide : M id G lamo rgan :

E cc le s ton , L ive rpoo l , R a info rd N an tga rw

N o r thamp ton sh i re :

N o r thamp ton , P e te rbo rough

a nd

N o t t inghamsh i re :

N o t t ingham

p ro jec t ing ( c o rn ice ) t y pe f r om Wave r ly S t ree t , B r is to l

N or fo lk :

G rea t Y a rmou th , K ing 's L ynn , N o rw ich

( i b id , 1 0 -13 ) . A l l o ft h e se f e a tu re s c an n ow b e s e en a s

O xfo rd sh i re :

B ur fo rd

S h rop sh ire :

B en tha l l , B ro se ley

s t anda rd p rac t ice o ve r aw ide a r ea ( Tab le 2b e low p age

S ome r se t :

A shw ick ,A the lney /Bo roughb r idge ,C ha rd

S t af fo rd sh ire : S uf fo lk :

L ichf ie ld H a le swo r th , I p sw ich

S u r rey :

G u i ldfo rd , S ta ine s

E a s t S u ssex :

L ewe s , H a s t ing s

i tt oc ove r t h a t p a r t o f t h e u ppe r s ur face o f t h e muf f le

Wes t S u ssex : T yne a nd Wea r :

C h iche s te r S unde r land

s uppo r t s b e tween t h eo u te re dge o ft h e muff le b a se a nd t h e b r ick s he l l o f t h e k i ln s upe r s truc tu re ( i b id , 6a nd

Warw ick sh i re :

Wa rw ick

1 2 ) .

Wes t M id lands :

B irm ingham

W i l t sh ire :

Ma lme sbu ry , S a l isbu ry , T rowbr idge

N or th Y o rk sh ire :

Y o rk

S ou th Y o rk sh ire :

D onca s te r , L eed s , S he f f ie ld

Wes t Y o rksh i re :

B i r s ta l l ,H a l ifax ,P on tef rac t , Wren thorpe

I r e land :

B e lf a s t , L imer ick , Wa te r fo rd

h ad b een r e cogn ised a nd d e sc r ibed f r om

A rcad ia

B u i ld ings , S ou thwa rk ( i b id , 3 12 ) ; b a r t ype b u t t re sses i n te rna l

p e r iphe ra l

s he lve s

o f b o th

s t ep

a nd

1 8 ) . A muf f le f e a tu re , n o ted f r om A rcad ia B u i ld ings , S ou thwa rk , w h ich h a s n o t p roved t o b e o f w idesp read u se i st h e r i dge s haped d ef lec to r . T h is w a s c ons truc ted o f ap i ece w i th w i th t h e mu f l e b ody , p ro jec t ing f r om

A f u r the r b u t t re s s t y pe h a s e me rged i n t h e c ou r se o f t h is s t udy . T h is i si n t h e f o rm o f as ho r t b a r o r b i l le t p laced v e r t ica l ly b e tween t h e o u te r s ur f ace o f t h e mu f le w a l l a nd t h e i n ne r s u r face o ft h e k i ln s he l l . T he l owe r e x t rem i t ie s o f t h e se b u t t re sse s a r e h em isphe r ica l wh i l s t t h e u ppe r w h ich m igh t b e s imp ly t r unca ted o r

O ft h e 1 45 a s semb lage se xam ined 9 0c on ta in f r agmen t s

g ro ined , a r e t h umbed o u twa rds t o b l end i n to b o th

f r om muf f le s . I n o n ly t wo c a se s o u t o f t h e 9 0 a r e t h e

mu f le w a l l a nd k i ln s he l l ( F igu re 4 c ) . T he se h ave b een

muff le f a b r ics n o tr e info rced w i th p i pe s t ems .T he se a r e

t e rmed ' t ea r d rop ' b u t t re s se s a f te r t hose f i r s t r e co rded

C hu rch F ie ld , R a info rd ( Ca ta logue r e f e rence RA1) a nd

f r om C a s t le S t ree t , A y le sbury , w h ich mo s t c l ose ly

C o t tage S t ree t , L eed s ( Ca ta logue r e f e rence LEE1) . T o

r e semb le t h i s f o rm ( Moo re 1 979 , 1 27 -8 ) . A l l o f t h e se

b es u re o ft h e v a l id i ty o fi d en t if ica t ion i ti sn ecessa ry t o

mu f l e f e a tu re s a r e i lus t ra ted b e low ( F igu re 4 ) .

l o ok a ga in a tt h e d ef in i t ion o f amuf f le : T he t ype o f m a te r ia l c ommon ly

u sed

f o r mu f le

' A c hambe r , c a se o r b ox o f r e f rac to ry ma te r ia l ,

c ons t ruc t ion -c l ay m a t r ix r e info rced w i th p ipe s t ems -

w h ich i s b u i l t i n af u rnace , a nd u sed t o h ea t

c an b e s e en i nF igu re 1 ( b e low p age 2 7 ) .

a r t ic le s o u to fd i rec tc on tac tw i th f l ame s o ro the r p roduc t s o f c ombu s t ion . I t s e r ve s ap u rpose

Muff le

s im i la r t o aSAGGAR , b u t b e ing l a rge r , i s mo re

s ubd iv ided i n to t wo p r ima ry c a tego r ies . T he se a r e

m a te r ia l ,

r e co rded

i n

t h e

c a ta logue ,

i s

s u i tab le f o r s ome p u rpo se s ' ( Sea r le 1 930 , 3 36 ) .

mu f l e w a l l a nd muf f le b a se . Add i t iona l c a tego r ie s a r e

F ragmen t s f r om av e s se l d i sp lay ing f i re d amaged o u te r

f r agmen t s f r om t h e b ody o f amuff le , r ega rd less o fa ny

s u r face s , w i th c l ean i n ne r s u rface s , mu s t c ome e i the r

o the r s e conda ry f e a tu re , a r e i n c luded i ne i the r t h e w a l l

f r om as agga r o r amuff le . T he q ue s t ion a ppea r s t o b e

o r b a se c a tego ry . T he s e conda ry c a tego r ie s a r e o n ly u sed w hen t h e f e a tu re d e scr ibed h a s b ecome s epa ra ted f r om t h e h o s t muff le . T he p re sence o f s econda ry

u sed f o r s e conda ry f e a tu re s a nd d e tached ma te r ia l . A l l

l a rge ly o ne o f s ca le . A n umbe r o f p i pe k i ln mu f les , d i scu ssed i np rev ious w o rk ( Peacey 1 982 , 3 17 ) ,d i sp lay d i agnos t ic . T he se a r e l u ted i n ne rs u r f ace s a nd p ipe s t em

f e a tu re s s uch a sb u t t re s se s a nd s he lves a r e r e co rded i n t h e i n t roduc to ry n o te w h ich p recede s t h e t a bu la ted

r e info rc ing o f t h e f a b r ic . T o t h e se c an b e a dded o the r

e n try . D e ta i ls o ft h ec a tegor ie s u sed i nt h ec a ta logue f o r

f e a tu re s

mu f l em a te r ia l ,t o ge the rw i th d ef in i t ions a nd d iagno s t ic c r i te r ia a r e s e t o u t b e low .

c ommon f e a tu re s w h ich may i nt h em se lves p rove t ob e

t h a t

c e r ta in ly

a r e

d i agno s t ic

- e x te rna l

b u t t re ss ing a nd i n te rna l s he lv ing , b o th p roduc t s o f 1 5

F igur e 4 : T ype s o f muf f le f ea tur e : a ) S egmen t o fm uf l e w a l l w i th ap rop t y pe b u t tress . b ) S egmen t o f mu f l e w a l l w i th a b ar t y pe b u t tres s . c ) S egmen t o f mu f l e w a l l w i th a t e ar d rop b u t tress . d ) S egmen t o fm uff le w a l l w i th a c orn ice t y pe p er iphera l s he lf . e )S egmen to fm uf f l e w a l l w i th as t ep t y pe p er iphera l s he lf f )S egmen to fm uf f le w a l l w i th a r i dge d ef lec tor . 1 6

Muf f le w a l l

S te rn s/ bow l s/mou thp ieces a nd w ig c ur ler s f rom t h e

A ny p a r t o f a muff le wh ich i n u se h ad a v e r t ica l a l ignmen t - c ommon ly c u rved a l ong o ne a x is a nd

muf f le ma tr ix Any f r agmen t o f t h e se i t em s w h ich h a s b een u sed t o

d i sp lay ing ac l ean o rl u ted i n ne r( c oncave ) s u r f ace w i th

r e info rce t h e f a br ic o f amuff le a nd wh ich h a s b ecome

f l a sh g lazed o r s l agged o u te r ( convex ) s u r face .

s epa ra ted f r om i t . T he se a r e c ha rac te r ised b y t he i r r ough s ur face t e x tu re w h ich i sc aused b y a dhe r ing c l ay .

Muf f le b ase A ny p a r t o f a muf f le wh ich i n u se h ad a h or izon ta l

L ayered / f laked l u t e

a l ignmen t -c ommon ly f l a t a nd u sua l ly t h icke rt h an t h e

I n t h is c on tex t , l u te i sa n a pp l ica t ion o f c l ay s l ip t o

w a l ls . T he i n c lus ion o f p i pe b ow ls a r ound t h e b a se

s u rface s w i th in t h e k i ln . R epea ted a pp l ica t ions o ve r a p e r iod o f t ime r e su l ted i nt h e a ccumu la t ion o f s eve ra l

p e r iphery i s au sefu l d i agno s t ic f e a tu re .

l a ye r s . L u te a pp l ica t ions a r ef ound o n t h ei nne rs ur face s o f muf f le s a nd s agga r s , a l so o n t h e e x te rna l s u rface s o f Muf f le p rop , b ar a nd r i dge T hese a r e e x te rna l f e a tu re s o ft h e muff le a nd t h e refo re

o the rk i ln f ur n ish ing s . O nd e s t ruc t ion o ft h e k i ln ,f l akes

d i sp lay

s epa ra ted f r om t h e i r h o s t s . I den t if ica t ion r e l ie s o n

s i gn s o f f i re c on tac t o n

a l

u nb roken

o f t h is ma ter ia l , e i the r s i ng ly o r a s l a ye r s b ecame

o r

u nma sked s u rface s . T hey w e re o r ig ina l ly f o rmed a s

d i s t ingu ish ing t h e se f l ake s f r om t h e

r a d ia l e x tens ion s f r om t h e o u te r s u r face o f t h e muff le

d e scr ibed b e low ( p age 6 5 ) . I n t h e c a se o f l a ye red

' t h in s hee t s ' ,

w a l l t oa c ta ss uppor t s b ea r ing a ga ins tt h e i n ne r s ur face

ma ter ia lt h el a ye r ing i t se lf i sd i agno s t ic . Whe re l a ye r ing

o f t h e f i r ing c hambe r . I n t h e s pace b r idged b y t h e se

i s

s uppor t s t h e f i re w a s a b le t o c i rcu la te a round t h e

c ha rac ter is t ics o ff o rm a nd s ur face t e x tu re , w h ich d i f f e r

muf f le . P rop sa r eg ene ra l ly c o lumna ri nf o rm d i sp lay ing

ma rked ly f r om t h o se o f ' t h in s hee t s ' . L u te a pp l ied t o

t h ei r regu la r i t ie sg ene r ic i n ar ough ly h and m ade o b jec t .

d ry a bso rben ts u r f ace sr e f lec t st h e se i nt h et e x ture o fi t s

T hey c ommon ly t a ke t h e f o rm o f at r unca ted c one , t h e

own c on tac ts u r face . T he e xpo sed f a ce s hows t h e ma rk s

a bsen t

b y

a j udgemen t

t h e

s mea r ing

mus t

a c t ion

b e

o f

made

i t s

o n

t h e

b road e nd s p r ing ing f r om t h e muff le ( F igu re 4 a ) . S ome

l e f t

e xamp les s p lay a l so t owa rd st h ee x t rem i ty . B a r so ccupy

D if f e ren t ia l s h r inkage r e su l t s i n r agged c r acks , wh i le

a pp l ica t ion .

t h e s ame p o s i t ion a nd s e rve t h e s ame f unc t ion d i f f e r ing

s ur face d ry ing c au se sc u r l ing a way f r om t h eh o s t . S ome

o n ly i ns hape . T hey a r e o fs ub rec tangu la rp r ism f o rm .

f r agmen t s a dop t s im i la r f o rm s t o t ho se o bse rved i n a

I n u se t h e g rea te r d imens ion h ad a v e r t ica l a l ignmen t , t h e b a r s b e ing a r ranged i n t h e manne r o f v e r t ica l r i b s

s un d r ied f i lm o f mud , i regu la r b roken e dge s c u r l ing a way f r om t h e u nde r ly ing a dhe r ing s u r f ace .

a r ound t h e o u t s ide o f t h e muff le ( F igu re 4 b ) . T he ' t ea rd rop ' v a r ia t ion o ft h e b a r i sd e scr ibed a bove ( p age 1 5 ) . R idge s a r e i n t h e f o rm o f t r iangu la r p r ism s l y ing

L in ing p a tch

o n o ne f a ce s im i la rt o ap i tched r oof ( F igu re 4 0 . P rop s ,

A l i n ing p a tch i si d en t if ied a s ap i ece o f ma te r ia l w i th

b a r s a nd r i dge s a r e c ommon ly made f r om t h e s ame

a g ene ra l ly

m a ter ia ls a st h e muff le a nd c ons truc ted a si n teg ra l p a r t s

i mp re ss ion o f i t s h o s t , wh i ls t t h e g ene ra l ly c oncave

o fi t .

o ppos ing s u r face b ea r s w i tne ss t o t h e m e thod o f

c onvex

c on tac t

s u r face

b ea r ing

t h e

a pp l ica t ion . Ap a tch g ene ra l ly b ecome s t h inne rt owa rd s i t s e x t rem i t ie s . A c l ean o r l u ted e xpo sed s u r face P er iphera l s he lf

i nd ica te s ap a tch f r om w i th in amuf f le .

T h is i sa n i n te rna l p ro jec t ion f r om t h e i n ne r s ur face o f t h e muff le w a l l , c ons t ruc ted f r om t h e s ame m a te r ia l a s

T ab le 2 s hows t h o se s i te s f r om wh ich muff le ma te r ia l

t h e muf f le a s a n i n teg ra l p a r t o f i t . Two t y pe s o f

h a s b een i d en t if ied . C o lumn o ne l i s t s t h e s i te s i n

p e r iphe ra l s he lf h ave b een r e co rded . T he f i r s t i s o f

a bb rev ia ted f o rm , ( t he f u l l s i te a dd re sse s a r eu sed i nt h e

s im i la r f o rm t o t h a t o f a n a r ch i tec tu ra l c o rn ice w i th a

c a ta logue ) ; c o lumn t wo , t h ei n c idence a nd a l ignmen to f

f l a t h or izon ta l u ppe r s u r f ace 3 5 t o 5 0mm w ide . T he

s t em r e info rc ing i n t h e muff le w a l l ( C c hev ron -

c r o ss

a l terna t ing d i agona l b ands , Dd i agona l , Hh or izon ta l , V

s e c t ion

i s a n

i r regu la r

t r apez ium

w i th

t h e

p ro jec t ing p rof i le r ounded a nd t h e j unc t ion s w i th t h e

v er t ica l , +s t em p r e sen t , a l ignmen t u ncer ta in , -n o s t em

muff le w a l l f i l led a nd b l ended i n to s moo th c oncave

p resen t ) ; c o lumn t h ree , t h e i n c idence o f o rgan ic f i l le r

p rof i les ( F igu re 4 d ) . A dd i t iona l s uppor t i sg ene ra l ly

( v i t

p rov ided b y p egg ing i n to t h e muff le w a l l w i th p ref i red

v o id ing ) ; c o lumn f ou r , t h e r a nge o f w a l l t h ickne ss

i nd ica te s

v i t r if ica t ion

w h ich

ma sks

o rgan ic

s t ems s e t a tr egu la r i n terva l s . T he s e cond t y pe i si nt h e

mea sured i nm i l l ime t re s( whe re a va i lab le ) ; c o lumn f i ve ,

f o rm o f as t ep d e term ined b y ad rama t ic r e duc t ion i n

d e ta i ls o fb u t t re ss ing ( Pp rop ; Bb a r a nd TD t e a r d rop ) ;

t h ickne ss o f t h e muff le w a l l a tt h is p o in t ( F igu re 4 e ) .

c o lumn s i x , d e ta i ls o f s he lve s ( C c o rn ice , S s t ep ) ; c o lumn s even , t h e s ugge s ted d a te f o r t h e a s semb lage .

C ore f ragmen t s When af r agmen t d i sp lays b roken s u r f ace s f r om e very

Map 1s hows t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e se s i te s f r om w h ich

a spec t t h en i ti sd e scr ibed a s ac o re f r agmen t . Muff le c o re f r agmen t s c an o n ly b e i d en t if ied b y c ompa r ison o f

muf f le f r agmen t s h ave b een r e cove red . T he q ua l i ty a nd s i ze o f t h e a s semb lage s v a r ie s f r om c hance f i nd s t o

t h e f abr ic w i th muff le m a te r ia l f r om t h e s ame c on tex t .

l a rge e xcava ted g roup s f r om k i ln s i te s o rw a s te t i p s . B y 1 7

d e ta i led e xam ina t ion o ft h e se l a rge ra s semb lages muff l e t y pe s c an b e f o rmu la ted . T h is i n t u rn l e ad s t o t h e e s tab l i shmen t o f a muf f le t ypo logy a ga ins t w h ich t h e i s o la ted f r agmen t s c an b e c ompa red . I n t h e f o l low ing p age s e v idence f r om t h e l a rge r a nd mo re s i gn if ican t g roups i se xam ined i nc h rono log ica l s equence . Whe re

Ma lme sbury

+

Manche s te r 1

+

N an tga rw 1 N ewa rk N ewa rk 2

H +

0 0 0

T ab le 2 :L i s to fs i tes f rom w h ich mu f l ef ragmen t s h ave b een i d en t if ied .

P oo le

+

P o r t smou th 1

H

P o r t smou th 2

D

P o r t smou th 3 P or t smou th 4

+ +

R a info rd 1

-

R a info rd 3

+

R a d1 0 R a info rd 1 2

+ +

S

1 900

1 725

7 5 6 58 -5

B

S

1 920 1 840

3 0

B

C

1 900

1 5 -30

B

C

1 840

0

1 5 -30

.

1 800 1 700

0 0

1 9 -27

B

1 700

1 5 -27

B& P

1 700

0 0 0 0

1 7 3 0 -40

P

1 700 1 700

0

i n f o r d • 3 0 -36

B . P

-

v i t

1 800

.

1 0 -45

1 650 1 900

S i te A y le sbury

S t em C

O rg 0

Wa l l 1 5 -40

B u t t re ss P & TD

B en tha l l

V

0

2 0 -55

P

1 690

B irm ingham B o s ton

D&V +

0 0

4 0 -70

U n s t 1 9 19

R a info rd 1 3

+

0

1 5 -35

B

S a l isbu ry 1

+

0

.

B ren tfo rd 2 B r i s to l 1

+ H

v i t

2 0 -70 2 7 -70

B B

C

1 780 1 800

S out hamp ton 1 H S ou thamp ton 2 H&D

0 0

2 0 3 2 -60

B

B r i s to l 2

H

0

2 0 -60

B

C

1 900

+

?

S ou thamp ton 3 + S ou thwa rk 1 C

•

B r is to l 3

3 0 1 5 -35

F s & TD

B r is to l 5 B r is to l 7

H H

0

2 0 -105 B 2 0 -105 B

B r is to l 9 B r is to l 1 0

+ H

?

0

. 9 0 -110 .

B u r fo rd C ambr idge

H D

v i t ?

B

C an te rbu ry 1

H

0

2 0 -65

B

C ha rd C ha tham 1

H&V +

0 0

2 0 -45 1 7 -25

B B

3 5 -40

1 700 1 840 1 8 10

0

2 5 2 7 2 2 -30

1 725 1 7 10 1 690

C ha tham 2

+

C he lm sfo rd 1 C he lm sfo rd 2 C he s te r 1

+ H +

C he s te r 2 C he s ter f ie ld

0

S he lf D a te 1 7 10

+ +

B

0 0

H

N o rw ich 1 P ipe A s ton

.

2 7 -35

v i t i

N or thamp ton 1 H

a pp ropr ia te s ke tch r e cons t ruc t ions o f muff le t ype s , b a sed o n n amed a s semb lage s , a r e i n c luded .

2 0 -25

1 800 C&S C&S

1 825 1 E 2 5 h

S

1 844 1 820 1 86 1 1 700

S -

P

1 820

+ +

0

C h iche s te r 1

V

0

C h iche s te r 2 C hud le igh

+ +

0 0

C roydon 2 D onca s te r

+ +

0

D o r che s te r 1

+

0

E xe te r 1

+

0

2 0 -33

1 725

E xe te r 6

+

2 5 -36

1 725

E xe te r 7

0 D&V 0

G louce s te r 1 G louce s te r 2

+ V

. 3 0 -67

G louce s te r 3

+

G t Y a rmou th

+

G u i ldfo rd 2 G u i ldfo rd 3

D D

0

G u i ldfo rd 4

+

0

H e l s ton 1

C

0

I p sw ich 1

+

0

2 5 -30

I p sw ich 2

H

I p sw ich 3 L ambe th

+ +

3 7

D

S t a iA n e s S t l b an s

+ D

0 0

2 0 -30 2 0 -38

T rowb r idge 1 T rowbr idge 2

+ +

0 0

3 6 -40

T ru ro 1 Wa reham

+ +

0

1 5 -65

Wa rw ick

H

v i t

Wa ter fo rd 1 Wa ter fo rd 2 Wa te r fo rd 3 W ickwa r 1

H&V V H + + V W i n c h e s t e r 3

0

C

0 +0

1 825 1 825 1 720 1 700 1 770

P P

1 17 30 U n s t 1 700

.

1 850 1 800 1 870

1 5 -70 B 2 0 -100 B 2 0 -60 B

S

0 v i t

1 800 1 800 1 800 1 780 1 826

1 5 -25 2 0 -80

. B

C&S

U ns t 1 850

P

1 820 1 725 4 0

1 820

3 5 -40

U n s t %

1 840 1 782

0

0 0

S ou thwa rk 2

v i t

1 800 1 750 U ns t

0 0

W ickwa r 2 W inche s te r 2

1 700 1 670

0

U ns t

1 4 -45

P

1 720 C

1 875 1 690

C

1 870

P

‘ 71

, t

1 820

0

0

1 8 -50 2 0 -28

P P

1 7 10 1 700

1 5 -60

.

1 720

2 0 -27

P

1 7 10

.

1 700

B

1 825

2 0 -35

B

1 892 1 770

v i t

L eed s

-

7 0

B

L e ice s te r 2

+

0

3 0 -45

B

C

L ewe s

H

0

2 0 -55

B

L inco ln 2

+

0

L iverpoo l 1

+

0

4 0

L ondon 1

+

0

.

P

1 700

L ondon 5

+

0

1 5 -20

.

1 800

L ongwe l l G reen +

0

•

A

A

A •

A

1 9 50 1 8 10

C

1 870 1 860 1 825

Map 1 . D i s tr ibu t ion o f s i tes f rom f ragmen t s h ave b een i d en t if i ed .

1 800

1 8

w h ich

m uf l e

Church f i e ld , Ra inford , 1 630 -50

r im o r c o l la r , h ave b een f o rmed o ve r t h e r ims o r e dge s o f s ome o the r v e s se l s o r o b jec t s . T he re i s g rea t

Ad ump o fp ipes , p o t te ry , a nd k i ln ma te r ia l , e xcava ted

v a r ia t ion i nt h e r ef lec ted r im o r e dge p rof i le s .

i n t h e w in te r o f 1 978 /9 a t R a info rd , Me r seys ide , i n c lude s p a r t s o f f ou r v e sse l s w h ich a r e p robab ly t h e e a r l ies t mu f les r e co rded t o d a te ( Ca ta logue r e f e rence

T he se v e sse ls a r e r epor ted b y K ing ( Davey e ta l 1 982 , 2 10 -233 ) who make s ac a se , o n t h e s t reng th o f r a the r

RA1) . T h is a s semb lage o fp ipe s p o t te ry a nd k i ln w a s te

i n conc lus ive e v idence , f o r a muf f le w i th a p ermanen t

i sd a ted b y t he e xcava to r t o t h e p e r iod 1 630 t o 1 650

o pen ing t r ave r s ing t h e f l ue s pace . T h is c oncep t r e l ie s

( Davey e t a l 1 982 , 1 92 ) , a r r ived a t b y a d jus t ing t h e

e n t ire ly o n t h e a ccep tance t h a t t h e g roup o f e x tended

t y po log ica l d a te , b a sed o n O swa ld ,b yr e f e rence t ol o ca l

r im o r c o l la r f r agmen t s f o rmed a b r idge b e tween t h e

e xcava ted g roups .

mu f le a nd a n o u te r s he l l o f b r ickwo rk . S uch a n

P a r t s o f f ou r muf f le b a ses w e re r e cove red f r om t h is

D if f e ren t ia l r a te s o f e xpans ion b e tween muff le a nd

e xcava t ion . O ft he se o ne i sc 360mm d i ame te r , t wo a r e c 420mm d iame te r a nd t h e f ou r th i s i n suff i c ien t ly

o u te r s he l l c er ta in ly r u le o u t a ny p o ss ib i l i ty o f ag a s t i gh t s ea l a t t h e r im t o r im c on tac t p o s tu la ted . T he

r e pre sen ted f o r a ny c a lcu la t ion t ob e v a l id .

g roup o fr im e x ten s ion f r agmen t s i s mo re c onv inc ing ly

T he f i r s tb a se i sf ormed f r om al i gh t ly i r on s t a ined c l ay ,

a ccommoda te a n i n c rea se i ns t em l e ng th .

a r rangemen t i su n l ike ly t o b e ap rac t ica l p ropos i t ion .

s een a s t h e r a is ing o f a muf f le w a l l p oss ib ly t o f i r ing p ink t oo range , w i th ah igh d ens i ty o fq ua r tz s and i n c luded . T he b a se e ncapsu la te s l a rge s he rd s f r om a

T he s ma l l s i ze o f t h e se v e s se ls t o ge the r w i th t h e

n umbe r o f d ife ren t p ieces o f k i ln f u rn i tu re , i n c lud ing

c omp le te a b sence o f a ny i n te rna l o r e x te rna l f e a tu res

o ne f l a t p iece

makes

mea su r ing

1 40 X 1 70mm , h eav i ly

v i t r if ied a nd p ie rced w i th 2 3 h o le s , a l so f ou r p i ece s

t h e d i s t inc t ion b e tween mu f le

a nd

s agga r

f r om ac y l indr ica l f o rm c 230mm i nd i ame te r . T he b a se

e x t reme ly d i ff i cu l t .T he e v idence w h ich t i ps t h eb a lance i nf avou ro ft h e f o rme ri st h ep re sence o fr ad ia l s uppo r t

o rp e rhaps b a se l i n ing h a s n o s u rv iv ing w a l l b u t i nt h e

' s hadows ' o n t wo o ft h e b a se s a nd t h e s i gn s o fi n tense

b a se w a l l a ng le a r e t h e r ema in s o fe i gh tl a ye r s o fw h i te

h ea t i nt he v i t r if ica t ion o ft h e f our th . T he se f a c to r s a r e

c l ay b ea r ing t he i mp ress ion o f aw oven c l o th . T h is b a se

b o th c ons is ten t w i th af i xed p os i t ion d i rec t ly a bove t h e

i sc 360mm i nd iame te r a nd 5 0mm t h ick .

f i re .

T he s e cond b a se may i n f a c t b e t h e r ema ins o f mo re

F ur the r s uppor t c an b e f ound b y c ompa r ison w i th

t h an o ne . A l l o f t h e f r agmen t s a r e f o rmed f r om a

c on tempo ra ry s agga r sf r om an ea rby p o t tery k i ln d ump .

s im i la r c l ay t o t h e p rev iou s i t em w i th t h e a dded

I f t h e R a info rd p ipemake r s w e re u s ing s agga r s t o

i n c lu s ion o f u p t o 2 5% v o lume o f o rgan ic t empe r ing .

c on ta in t h e ir p ipe s i no pen f l ame k i lns , e i the r f o r t h e ir

T h is i si nt h e f o rm o fc hopped g r a ss a nd /o r s t raw . T he

own

l a rge s t

e s tab l ished

f r agmen t ,

c i rcumf e rence ,

r ep re sen t ing

d i sp lays

o n

c 25%

i t s u nde r s ide

o f

t h e

e xc lu s ive l o ca l

u se

o r

p o t te r s ,

s ha r ing t h e

w i th

s agga r s

t h e

a l ready

o f t h e

t wo

e ndeavou r s a r e l i ke ly t os how ma rked s im i la r i t ie s .

t h e h ea t

ma sked o u t l ine o f a n 8 0mm w ide r a d ia l ly a l igned s uppo r t . S ome f r agmen t s h ave v i t r if ied o r f l a sh g l azed

T he c on tempo ra ry p o t te ry k i ln d ump , o n ly 1 00 m e t re s

o u te r s u r faces . Th is b a se i sc 420mm i n d iame te r a nd

f r om t h e p ipe k i ln w a s te , w a s e xcava ted i nt h e w in te r o f 1 979 ( Davey 1 991b , 1 27 -8 ) . T he ma te r ia l r e cove red

4 5 -65mm t h ick .

p rov ides t h e o ppo r tun i ty t o c ompa re t h e t e chn ique s T he t h i rd b a se i sf o rmed f r om t h es ame c l ay a st h e f i r s t a nd l i ke t h e s econd h a s e v idence o f as uppor t o u t l ined

emp loyed i nt h ec on s t ruc t ion o fp o t te ry s agga r s w i th t h e v e s se ls u sed f o r c l ay p i pe p roduc t ion . T he f our v e s se ls

o n t h e l owe r v i t r if ied s ur f ace . Ac oncen tr ic s ca r o n t h e

u sed f o r t h e c l ay p ipe s a r e a l h and f o rmed w i th

o u te re dge o ft he u ppe r s ur face i n d ica te s t h ep o s i t ion o f

r ough ly c i rcu la r b a se s m ade f r om r o l led , c u t o r b ea ten

aw a l l 3 1 mm t h ick a t i t s j unc t ion w i th t h e b a se . T h is

s l ab s . T he w a l ls w e re f o rmed s epa ra te ly a nd j o ined t o

b a se i sc 420mm i nd iame te r a nd 3 8mm t h ick .

t h e b a se p e r iphe ry . I n a l c a se s t h e t wo e l emen t s h ave p a r ted c ompany a l ong t h i sj o in t l e av ing as ca r o n b a se

T he f ou r th b a se i sf o rmed f r om ad ense f a b r ic f i red t o

f r agmen t s . T he f ab r ics u sed a r e p redom inan t ly l i gh t

v i t r if i ca t ion . T here i sn oe v idence o fo rgan ic i n c lu s ion s .

c o lou red , f i r ing t o ap i nk o r b uf f c o lou r . O ne o f t h e

I t s l im i ted r e s is tance t o t h erma l s hock h a s r e su l ted i n

f ou r b a ses a nd much o f t h e w a l l ma ter ia l h a s ah i gh

s pa l l ing , i n to a s e r ie s o f f l ake s . Aw a l l s ea t ing 3 0mm

d eg ree o f o rgan ic t emper ing . Many s agga r f r agmen t s

w ide i s e v iden t o n t h e u ppe r s u r face . I n suff ic ien t

w e re r e cove red f r om t h ep o t te ry k i ln d ump . B y c on t ra s t t h ese a r e a l l w hee l t h rown w i th b a se s a nd w a l ls o fo ne

m a te r ia l f o r ad iame te re s t ima te -i n comp le te t h ickne s s .

p i ece . T he f abr ic u sed f i re st o ad eep c he r ry c o lou rw i th A n umbe r o f f r agmen t s f r om c y l ind r ica l muf f le w a l ls w e re r e cove red . T hose s ub s tan t ia l e nough f o r a

i n c lus ions o f b uf f f i r ing c l ay . T he re i sn o e v idence o f o rgan ic t empe r ing i nt h ef a b r ic o fa ny o ft h ese s agga r s .

d i ame te r c a lcu la t ion y i e ld i n te rna l d imens ions i n t h e

T he re

r e g ion o f3 80mm . A l l a r et empe red w i th o rgan ic m a t te r . N one o ft h e f r agmen t s d i sp lay a ny e v idence o fe x te rna l

ma ter ia l f r om t h e s i te w h ich i s mo re ma ss ive t h an e i the r s agga ro r p o t a nd p robab ly d e r ive s f r om t h e k i ln

b u t t re ss ing . A n umbe r o f a s soc ia ted f r agmen t s , f r om a

s t ruc tu re . 1 9

i s , h oweve r ,

a q uan t i ty

o f s t raw t empe red

t o ge the r . O the r s f i t l o ose ly a si lus t ra ted . As i ng le p rop t y pe b u t t re ss s u rv ive s b u ta mongs tt h e u nconnec ted r im f r agmen t s , w h ich t oge the r make a bou t h a lf o f t h e r im , t h e re a r e f ou r p i eces w i th a h or izon ta l p ipe s t em p eg , t h rough t h e w a l l t h ickne ss , o n wh ich ab u t t re ss i sl i ke ly t oh ave b een l o ca ted . T he p robab i l i ty i st h a t t h e re w a s am in imum o f f ou r b u t t re s se s p ro jec t ing f r om t h e muff le w a l l j u s t b e low t h e r im . T he s i ng le s urv iv ing p rop b u t t re s s i s o f l a rge s i ze o f s ub -ovo id s ec t ion m ea su r ing c lOOmm a nd c 6Omm a l ong i t s c a rd ina l a xe s . T he e x te rna l s u r face s o ft h e muf f le w a l l e xh ib i t ar a nge o f v i t r if ica t ion s l agg ing a nd d i sco lo ra t ion , i n tens ify ing f r om t h e b a se t owa rd s t h e r im . T he u nde r s ide o f t h e b a se i t se lf i sm e re ly d i sco lou red e xcep t where i th a s b een ma sked b y t h e r ad ia l ly p laced b r ick s uppo r t s . T he re i s ah o le i nt h e c en t re o ft h e ' b a se ' . T he h o le i s c 6Omm i nd iame te r ,c u tv er t ica l ly t h rough t h eb a se w i th ar ounded u ppe r a r r is a nd s ha rp r i gh t a ng led l owe r a r r is . T h ree d i s t inc t l a ye r s o f wh i te c l ay l u te c ove r t h e i n s ide o f t h e b a se a nd f o l low t h e r ounded a r r is d own i n to t h e c en t re h o le . T he re i ss l igh t d i sco lo ra t ion i nt h e r eg ion o ft h e h o le b u t n o s l agg ing . T he

ma te r ia l

f r om

wh ich

t h e

B en tha l l

muff le

i s

c on s t ruc ted i sd i ff icu l t t oe va lua te . T he b a se a nd l owe r w a l l f r agmen t s a r e f o rmed f r om ac l ay w h ich i sl ow i n

F igur e 5 : S ke tch r e cons truc t ion o f aR a inf ord muf f le .

i r on , g ene ra l ly f i r ing t o ac r eam o r g rey c o lou r . B o th b a se a nd l owe r w a l l h ave a mod icum o f m ine ra l I n s umma ry i tw ou ld a ppea r t h a t t h e re i sl i t t le o r n o

i n c lus ions a nd b o th a r e g ra ss t empe red . T he w a l l

c ommon g round b e tween t h e t wo e ndeavou r s . B o th

f r agmen t s a r e r e info rced w i th t obacco p ipe

a s semb lage s a r e d ump s , w i th n o a s soc ia ted s t ruc tu re s ,

a r ranged v e r t ica l ly a t c 5Omm c en t re s . T he re a r e n o

s t ems

a dm i t t ing t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h e i r u l t ima te p rox im i ty

s t ems i nt h e b a se . T he u ppe rw a l l , p rop a nd r im a ppea r

d oe s n o t r e f lec t t h e i r o r ig ina l r e la t ionsh ip . T he re i sn o

t o b e m ade f r om a m ix tu re o f r ed a nd w h i te c l ay o f

e v idence i ns uppor t o fk i ln s ha r ing o rj o in t p roduc t ion .

s t reaked o r ma rb led a ppea rance . Much o ft h is h a s b een

I n t h is c on tex t , a nd i nv i ew o ft h e ma sk ing a nd i n tense

s ub jec ted t o ah i gh t empe ra tu re d i sp lay ing v a ry ing

f i re d amage t o t h e i r b a se s , t h e v e sse ls u sed t o p ro tec t

d eg ree s o f m e l t . I n e x t reme c i rcum s tances i th a s t h e

t h e p i pe s a r e mo re c onv inc ing a s muf f le s t han a s

a ppea rance o f ac ha rcoa l g r ey p um ice . I ti sn o tp o ss ib le

s agga r s . T hey a r e e xac t ly w ha t m igh t b e e xpec ted i na

t o s e e i ft h is f a br ic h ad a ny o rgan ic c on ten t . T obacco

p ro to type muff le -f o rm s im i la r t o ac ommon s agga r ,

p ipe s t em s a r e u sed v er t ica l ly i nt h e s ame manne r a s i n

c y l ind r ica lw i thou te i the ri n terna lo re x te rna lp ro jec t ion s

t h e l owe r w a l l t or e info rce t h e f abr ic .

-s i ze o n t h e u ppe r l im i t f o r as agga r -b a se a nd w a l ls t h icke rt h an u sua l i n as agga r . T he re i sn o e v idence f o r t h e h ea r th a nd f i rebox a r rangemen t o ft h e k i ln o r k i ln s

Quay S tree t , G louces ter 1 670 -90 .

t o w h ich t h e se muff le s b e long . T he G louce s te r muf f le h a s s t ra igh t s i de s w i th r i gh t a ng le c o rne r s . I n F igu re 8 t h e d i sconnec ted f r agmen t s 1 B en tha l l L ane , B en tha l l , 1 660 -90 .

a r e i lus t ra ted , a r ranged i n t h e mos t s imp le p o ss ib le r e gu la r f o rm , t h a t o f as qua re . T he b a se i s 1 00mm i n

B e tween Ma rch a nd J une 1 984 a n e xcava t ion a t 1

t h ickne ss a nd t h e re i se v idence o fo ne h o le t h rough t h is

B en tha l l L ane , i n w ha t m igh t b e t e rmed t h e B rose ley

w h ich i ss hown i n t h e c en t re . I ti so f c ou r se p oss ib le

p roduc t ion a r ea , p roduced s ub s tan t ia l r ema ins o f ap ipe

t h a t t h e b a se w a s r e c tangu la r a nd t h a t t h e re wa s mo re

k i ln muf f le . P ipes a s soc ia ted w i th t h e k i ln ma ter ia l ,

t h an o ne h o le p a s s ing t h rough i t .I ti sf o rmed f r om a n

b ea r ing t h e ma rk o f H enry B rad ley , a r e a t t r ibu ted b y

i l p r epa red , p r edom inan t ly wh i te f i r ing c l ay , w i th a

H igg in s t ot h e p e r iod 1 660 -90 ( J one s e ta l 1 987 , 5 ) . I n

r u fous s peck l ing o f i r on r i ch p a r t ic le s . O n ly t h e u ppe r

h i s r e po r t o n t h e muf f le ma ter ia l , H igg ins i n c lude s a s ugge s ted r e cons truc t ion w h ich i s r ep roduced b e low

r a ndom ly a l igned , o f ten b r eak ing t h rough t h e u ppe r

2 5mm o ft h e b a se h a s a ny p i pe s t em c on ten t a nd t h is i s

( F igu re 6 ) . E xam ina t ion o f t h e ma ter ia l b y t h is a u tho r

s u r face . T he u p tu rned o u te r l i p i s i n teg ra l ly f o rmed .

c onf irms t h e a ccu racy o f t h is f i gu re . I n c onc lus ive

I n to t h is l i p p ipe s t em s h ave b een i n ser ted v er t ica l ly a t

s uppor t o f t h e b a se w a l l j unc t ion a s i lus t ra ted i s a

c 25mm c en t re s a nd l e f t p ro jec t ing t ok ey i n to t he l a te r

s i ng le f r agmen t i n w h ich t h e t wo e l emen t s a r e f u sed

f o rmed w a l l . T he o u t s ide o f t h e b a se i sp unc tua ted b y 2 0

F igur e 6 : Muf le r econs truc t ion , 1 B en tha l lL ane . 2 1

F igure 7 : S ke tch r e cons truc t ion o ft h e B en tha l l muf f le .

2 2

1 [

0 1 1 13 11ü 113

S ECT ION HH

SECT ION GG

F igur e 8 : P lan a nd S ec t ion o f Muf f le f rom Quay S t ree t , G louces ter . 2 3

A

7t•tty

F igur e 9 :S ke tch r epr esen ta t ion b a sed o n t h e G louce s t er e v id ence . 2 4

o u t s ide o f t h e b a se a r e t h ree r i dge s haped d ef lec to r s

v o id s o fs ub -c i r cu la r s e c t ion c 35mm d i ame te r r educ ing i ns i ze t owa rd s t h e i n te r io r . A s n one a r e c omp le te , i ti s

a l so i n teg ra l w i th t h e muf f le b ody . T he se d ef lec to r s a r e

n o tp oss ib le t od i scove r whe the rt h ey t e rm ina te o rf o rm

c l ea r ly i n tended t os moo th t h eg a sf l ow o ve rt ho se p a r t s

c on t inuous a i rways . S lagg ing o n t h eo u t s ide o ft h e b a se

o ft h e muff le s uppor t sp ro jec t ing b eyond t h eo u te re dge

i si np a tche s , o t he ra r ea s b e ing m e re ly d i sco lou red . T he

o ft h e muff le b a se . T he re i sn o e v idence o fa ny i n te rna l

u nde r s ide s u rv ive s i nm in ima l q uan t i ty , n one o f w h ich

p ro jec t ing f e a tu re s . I n t h e c en t re o f t h e b a se i s ah o le 1 8 mm i n d i ame te r p a ss ing v er t ica l ly t h rough i t . T he

i ss l agged .

h o le i sp l ugged a tt h e u ppe r e nd a nd c ove red b y l u te T he

l a rge s t

r e a s semb led

s e c t ion

o f

muf f le

l a ye r s . C lea r ly t h is w a s c a r r ied o u t b efo re t h e f i na l

w a l l

m ea su re s 3 10mm i n h e igh t a nd b e tween 2 20mm a nd

f i r ing . I fp lugged b efo re t h e muf f le w a s u sed t h en i t

3 50mm i nw id th . T he t h ickne ss mea su res 6 0mm a tt h e

mu s t r e la te t os ome a spec t o ft h e c on s t ruc t ion , i fl a te r

j unc t ion w i th t h e b a se a nd 3 0mm a t t h e r im . T he

t h en t os ome a bandoned p rac t ice . On t h e i nne rs ur face s o ft h e muff le a r e t h e r ema in s o fs eve ra l l a ye r s o fw h i te

e x te rna l s u r face i s v a r iab ly d i sco lou red a nd s l agged w i th t h eh eav ie s ts l agg ing t owa rds t h et op . T he re a r en o

s l ip w a sh . T he o u te r s u r face s a r e v a r iou s ly s l agged a nd

e x te rna l p ro jec t ions . T he i n ne r s u rface i sc ove red w i th

d i sco lou red f r om c on tac t w i th t h e f i re . F igu re

an umbe r o f l a ye r s o f wh i te s l ip w a sh . T he wa l l h a s

i lu s t ra te s t h e b a s ic f o rm a nd f e a tu re s o f t h i s muf f le .

1 2

v e r t ica l ly a l igned p i pe s t ems i n c luded w i th in i ta nd h a s A s e cond k i ln a tA rcad ia B u i ld ings , s ha r ing t h e s ame

b een f o rmed i n an umbe ro fs t age s o fd if er ing h e igh t s . E ach s t age h a s ar ounded r im w i th p ipe s t ems p a ss ing

s t oke p i t , a nd b road ly c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e f i r s t ,

t h rough c onnec t ing t h e s t age s . I t i s n o t p oss ib le t o

y i e lded l e s s muff le f abr ic . N o tab ly d i f f e r ing f r om t h e

d e te rm ine t h e o r ig ina l h e igh t o f t h e w a l l o n ly t ha t i t

muff le d e scr ibed a bove , t h i s a s semb lage i n c luded a

w a s n o t l e s s t h an 4 50mm f r om t h e l owe r s ur face o ft he

n umbe ro fb a rt y pe b u t t re s s v a r ia t ions . T he re a r ef i f teen

b a se .

o f

f r agmen t s , t wo o f w h ich j o in t o f o rm a t a pe r ing b a r

s ub -c ircu la r s e c t ion 9 0mm i n d iame te r , f o rmed t o

2 30mm l o ng w i th a b reak a tb o th e nd s . I th a s ab e l l

O n ly

o ne

p rop

t ype

b u t t re ss

s urv ives ,

b r idge af l ue s pace o f 1 00mm w id th b e tween t wo f l a t

s haped

h or izon ta l

s e c t ion

w i th

a x ia l

p ipe

s t em s

s u rface s . I n c luded w i th in t h e m a t r ix o ft h is b u t t re ss a r e

p ro t rud ing f r om t h e r ounded e dge t o p eg i n to t h e

p i pe s t ems a nd b ow ls o fG louce s te rT ype 4d a ted t ot h e

muff le w a l l . T he s p layed e dge i sf l a t w i th i r regu la r i t ie s

p e r iod

c au sed b y c on tac t w i th b r ickwo rk .

1 670 -1700

( Peacey

1 979 ,

4 6 ) .

A

s ke tch

r e cons t ruc t ion o f t h e G louce s te r muf f le i s i n c luded a bove ( F igu re 9 ) .

T he re a r e s even s hor t b a r s v a ry ing f r om 7 0mm t o 1 05mm l o ng w i th t h e ir e nd s e i the rr ounded o r g ro ined . T he f l ue s pace b r idged b yt h e se b a r s v a r ied f r om 3 5mm

A rcad ia B u i ld ing s , S ou thwark 1 660 -80 .

t o 5 0mm . T he u ppe r e nd a nd s i des o f t h e se b u t t re sse s a r e s p layed w he re t h ey h ad c on tac t w i th t h e o u te rs he l l .

E xcava ted i n1 977 -9 b y Ma r t in D ean f o rS ou thwa rk a nd L ambe th A rchaeo log ica l

C omm i t tee ( Peacey

T he l owe r e nd s a r e n o t s p layed i nd ica t ing i n acce s s ib i l i ty d ur ing c ons truc t ion . I ts eems l i ke ly t h a t

1 982 ,

3 12 ) . T he muf f le i sf o rmed f r om al i gh t c o loured c l ay

t h e b u i ld ing o f t h e o u te r s he l l p rog re ssed w i th t h e

w i th m ixed m ine ra l i n c lus ion s a nd v o id ing f r om b u rn t

c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e muff le a nd t ha t b u t t re sse s w e re

o u t o rgan ic m a t te r .

6 20mm

f o rmed b e tween t h e t wo , p egged b y i n se r t ion o f s t em s

d i ame te r a nd 8 8mm t h ick , i n co rpo ra t ing t wo h or izon ta l

T he b a se i s c i rcu la r ,

f r om t h e i n s ide o ft h e muf f le a nd s moo thed o r s p layed

l a ye r s o f p i pe s -t h e s e cond l a id a tr i gh t a ng le s t o t h e

f r om a bove . O ft h e r ema in ing s i x f r agmen t s , f i ve h ave

f i r s t ( F igu re 1 0 ) . I n t h e l owe r l a ye r t h e p ipe b ow ls o ccu r a r ound t h e o u te r e dge . N o b ow ls a r e e v iden t i n

o ne r ounded o r g ro ined a nd o ne b roken e nd wh i ls t t h e f i na l p i ece h a s b o th e nd s b roken . T he f l ue s pace

t h e u ppe r l a ye r . T he muff le w a l l i s3 5mm t h ick a tt h e

b r idged b y t h e se v a r ied f r om 2 5mm t o 3 0mm .

b a se a nd 1 5mm a tt h er im . As i ng le l a ye ro fp ipe s t em s i s i n c luded w i th in t h e t h ickne s s o f t h e w a l l . T he se s t em s a r e p l aced d i agona l ly i n a l te rna t ing h o r izon ta l

Oys ter S tree t , P or t smou th , 1 690 -1710

b and s h av ing t h e s ame e f ec t a s h e r r ingbone w a l l ing ( i b id , 8 ,3 c ) .

T he re a r e t h ir teen b a r t ype b u t t re ss f r agmen t s f r om t h e d umped a s semb lage P01 , a nd f i ve f ound i na s soc ia t ion

R ound t h e o u t s ide o f t h e muff le a r e an umbe r o f

w i th ak i ln P02 . O ft h e se , o n ly o ne h a s a ny p ipe s t em

p ro jec t ing p rop t y pe b u t t re s se s t o l o ca te t h e muf f le

i n c luded , t h is b e ing a l igned v e r t ica l ly , t h e r ema in ing

w i th in t h e o u te r s he l l o f t h e k i ln . T he se b u t t resses a r e p egged i n to t h e muff le w a l ls w i th as i ng le r ad ia l p ipe

s even teen a r e w i thou t e i the r r e info rcemen t o r p egg ing . T he s t em si nw a l l s e c t ions a r e a l igned h or izon ta l ly . T he

s t em a nd a r e f o rmed f r om t h e s ame ma te r ia l a s t h e

b u t t re s se s f r om P01 a r e r ounded a t t h e i r u ppe r e nd s

muff le b ody . T he b u t t re sse s a tt h e r im mea su re 2 2mm f r om t h e o u t s ide o ft h e muff le w a l l t ot h e i n s ide o ft h e

w h ich c o inc ide s w i th t h e r im o f t h e muf f le . T hey e xh ib i t s t epped o u te r s u rface s i nd ica t ive o f ac o rbe l led

o u te r s he l l . A t i t s b a se t h e m ea su remen t i s7 0mm . T h is w ou ld h ave t h e e f f ec t o f p roduc ing a t a pe r ing f l ue

o u te r b r ick b u i l t s he l l t o t h e k i ln . Two o f t h ese b u t t re s se s a d jo ined a n o pen ing i nt h e muff le w a l l . T h is

s pace a l r ound t h e o u t s ide o f t h e muf f le . T he a s semb lage c on ta in s 3 4 p rop t y pe b u t t res se s . On t h e

e v idence i sd rawn t o ge the ra nd i lus t ra ted i nF igu re 1 2 .

2 5

S ECT ION DD

•-\ •

-

1 ,

-

-

•

r )

F-4 -

•

2 0

' SECT ION E E

S ECT ION F F

F igur e 1 0 : P lan a nd s ec t ion o f Muf f l ef rom A r cad ia B u i ld ings , S ou thwark . 2 6

5

1 0

1 5

20CM

A P MI's.,

a

F igur e 1 1 : D e ta i l s o fm uf f l ef rom A r cad ia B u i ld ings , S ou thwar k : a ) b a se e dge w i th p rop b u t t r e s s , r im a nd w a l l f ragmen t , b ) b a se d e ta i l , c )b a se w i th p rop b u t t r es se s a nd r i dge d ef l ec tor s . 2 7

F igur e 1 2 : S ke tch b ased o n t h e S ou thwark e v id ence ( De ta i l P or t smou th ) . 2 8

( F igu re

S i lver S tree t , Chard , 1 675 -1700

1 3b ) ,

Q ua r ry

S t ree t

( no t

i lu s t ra ted )

a nd

C he lm sfo rd ( F igu re 1 3c ) , a l l o fs im i la r d a te , t h e p ipe s a r e p la ced w i th t h e i r b ow l s i nt h e s ame v e r t ica l p lane a s t h e s t em s . T he e v idence i sn o t c onc lu s ive b u t t h ey

T he C ha rd g roup r ep re sen t s a no the r d emo l i t ion d ump w i th n o a s soc ia ted s t ruc tu re . I ti n c lude s f ou r b a r t ype b u t t re s se sa nd f ou rw a l l s e c t ion s w i th s c a r sf r om w h ich

a ppea r t o b e p laced r ad ia l ly . F rom L ongwe l l G reen , n ea r B r i s to l , f r om t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e e i gh teen th

s uch b u t t re s se s h ave b een b roken . P ipe s t em s i n c luded i n t h e b u t t re s se s a r e v e r t ica l ly a l igned . I n t h e mu f l e

c en tu ry , t he re i s ad oub le r ow o fp ipe s p l aced r ad ia l ly w i th t h e i rb ow l s i nt h es ame v e r t ica lp l ane a st h e s t em s ( F igu re 1 4d ) . F rom b o th A y le sbu ry a nd S t . A lban s ( no t i lu s t ra ted ) t he e v idence i si n conc lu s ive , b u t c on s i s ten t

w a l l , s t em s f o l low b o th v e r t ica l a nd h o r izon ta l a l ignmen t s . T he re i sn o e v idence o f p egg ing b e tween t h e w a l l a nd t h e b u t t re sse s .

w i th al i ne o f v e r t ica l b ow l s w i th in ab a se o fr ounded p rof i le s uch a s t h a t a tL ongwe l l G reen o r Wa te r fo rd ( F igu re s 1 4a nd 1 5 ) . T he Wa te r f o rd e xamp le d a te sf r om t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e e i gh teen th c en tu ry . T he c ompo s i te s ec t ion T i sm ade u p b y o ve r lapp ing t h e t h ree n on j o in ing p iece s ' e ' u s ing t h e i n c luded p i pe

C a s t le S tree t , Ay le sbury , 1 670 -1710 . C a s t le S t ree t , A y le sbu ry , e xcava ted i n 1 979 , p roduced t h ree p rop t ype b u t t re s se s i n a s soc ia t ion w i th v a r iou s s ho r t b a r t ype s . T he re a r e t e n s ho r t b a r s w i th r ounded

b ow l sa st h er eg is te r . I ft h i si n te rp re ta t ion i sc o r rec ta nd t h eb a se s t em s a r eh o r izon ta l , t h en t h el owe rw a l l s t age i s i n c l ined o u twa rd s . T h i s p a ra l le l s t h e mu f l e c on s t ruc t ion i lu s t ra ted b yG ood i n1 813 ( s ee F igu r e9 0 p age 1 47 ) e choed b y Wa tk in son , l i ken ing t h e muf f le t o

u ppe re nd s ,n ine w i th g ro ined u ppe re nd sa nd t e nw he re t h e u ppe re nd i sc o inc iden ta l w i th t h er im . A l l o ft h e se h ave r ounded s ub -hem i sphe r ica l ( ' tea r d rop ') l owe r e nd s . T he s i de s a nd u ppe r e nd s o f t h e r ounded a nd g ro ined e xamp le s a r e s p layed i n to t h e mu f l e w a l l a nd o u twa rd s t o t h e c on tac t s u r f a ce . T h ree o f t h e se h ave p i pe b ow l s i n c luded w i th in t h e m a t r ix a nd f ou r h ave v o id sf r om w h ich b ow ls h ave b e come d i s lodged . T he se b ow l s c onfo rm t o O swa ld 's T ype G 9 , d a t ing

a ne gg ( s ee Append ix 2 ) . T he m uf l eb a se f r om B r i s to l , T emp le B ack s , f r om t h e f i r s t q ua r te r o ft h e n i ne teen th c en tu ry , a l so f ea tu re s aw a l l i n c l in ing o u twa rd s ( F igu re 1 6 ) . T h i s mu f l e h a s ad oub le r ow o f b ow l s v e r t ica l ly i n c l ined w i th t h e i r s t em s r a d ia t ing f r om t h e c en t re .

1 680 -1710 . T he re i sn o e v idence o f p egg ing i n to t h e m uf f le w a l l . T he u ppe r e nd s o f t h e r im b u t t re s se s a r e

A s i ng le c a se o f p ipe b ow l s u sed s y s tema t ica l ly e l sewhe re i n t h e mu f l e b ody i st h a t o f S t . A lbans , 1 680 -1730 , w he re t h ree s epa ra te f r agmen t s h ave b ow l s i n ve r ted i nt h e r im .

f o rmed s qua re w i th t h er im a nd t h e s i de s a r ef l a red i n to t h e mu f l e w a l l . A l l a r e p egged i n to t h e w a l l w i th p ipe s t em s a nd b r idge a f l ue s pace o f 2 5 -30mm . S t em s i n t h e mu f l e w a l l a r e a ta n a ng le t ot h e r im i na l te rna t ing ' h e r r ingbone ' b and s .

R andom e xamp le so fb ow l s i n c luded i nt h em uf f le w a l l a r e r e co rded a t B r is to l , G rave l S t r ee t , 1 780 -1820 ; B r i s to l , L owe r C a s t le S t ree t , d a te u nce r ta in ; L ewe s , P ipe P a ssage , 1 830 -70 ; T ru ro , P yda r S t ree t , 1 800 -50 ;

Ho lywe l l H i l l , S t A lbans , 1 680 -1730 .

a nd W inche s te r , S t . J ohn S t ree t , 1 800 -50 . T he k i ln e xcava ted a t H o lywe l l H i l l , S t . A lban s , i n 1 970 h a s as l igh t ly l a te rd a te p roduc ing a n a s semb lage o f p ipe f o rm s w i th a t ypo log ica l s pan o f 1 680 -1730 . T he f o r ty o ne b u t t re s se sr e cove red f r om t h i sk i ln a r ea l l o fp rop t ype . A l l a r e r ough ly f o rmed b y h and a r ound a

O laf S tree t , Arunde l S quare a nd H igh S tree t , Wa ter ford , 1 750 -1800

c l u s te ro fp ipe s t em s . I n s ome c a se s t h e s t em sp ro t rude f r om t h e o u te rc on ta c t s u r f a ce a nd a ppea rt oh ave b een l o ca ted i nt h ej o in t s o f t h e o u te r s he l l b r ickwo rk . R ed

T he re i s ap auc i ty o fr e l iab ly d a ted e i gh teen th c en tu ry m a te r ia l w i th wh ich t o e va lua te t h e d eve lopmen ta l c hange s i n mu f l e e vo lu t ion . T he b e s t g roup s i nt e rm s

b r ick f r agmen t sr ema in f u sed t os ome o ft h ep rop e nd s .

o fr e vea l ing c on ten t a r e t h o se f r om Wa te r fo rd , f r om a s i ng le w o rk shop , wh ich a ppea r s t o h ave h ad a l o ng

N one r ema in a t tached t ot h e m uf f le w a l l b u ti ta ppea r s f r om t h e p ro t rud ing s t em s t h a t t h ey w e re p egged . T he f l ue s pace b r idged b y t h e se b u t t re s se s v a r ied f r om 3 5mm t o 1 00mm . P ipe s t em s i n c luded i n t h e mu f f le w a l l a r e a ta n a ng le o f c 45 ° t ot h e r im .

w o rk ing l i f e i n t h e m idd le o f t h e e i gh teen th c en tu ry . T he p redom inan t p ipe t y pe p roduced o n t h e s i te i so f m id c en tu ry f o rm w i th a n e mbo s sed m a rk W W i n a c i rcu la r b o rde r o n o ne s i de o f t h e b ow l . T h i s t y pe o f m a rk i sc ommon ly u sed i nt h e B r i s to l r e g ion f r om t h e l a s t d ecade o f t h e s even teen th c en tu ry t h rough t o t h e m idd le o f t h e e i gh teen th . A t W ickwa r i n s ou th

T he re i sl i t t le e v idence f o rt h e u se o fp i pe b ow l s w i th in m uf f le b od ie s i n ar egu la r o rc on s i s ten t p a t ter n e xcep t w he re t h ey o ccu ri nt h eo u te re dge o ft h eb a se b e low o r

G louce s te r sh i re t h e s t i le o f m a rk ing s e em s t o h ave s u rv ived a l i t t le l a te r , p o s s ib ly t o 1 770 ( Peacey 1 979 , 7 6 ) . I n G louce s te r s eve ra l m ake r s u sed t h i s f o rm o f

a sp a r t o ft h e w a l lj unc t ion . F igu re s 1 3 t o 1 6 i lu s t ra te e xamp le s o f p ipe b ow l s u sed i n t h i s p o s i t ion . F rom S ou thwa rk , t y po log ica l ly d a ted t ot h el a s tq ua r te ro ft h e s even teen th c en tu ry , t h e p ipe s a r e l a id p a ra l le l t oo ne a no the rw i th t h e i rb ow ls i nt h es ame h o r izon ta lp l ane a s

m a rk ing c e r ta in ly u p t o 1 750 , p o s s ib ly l a te r ( i b id , 4 8 -54 ) . I ti sr e a sonab le t o s uppo se t h a t , a s a mou ld i mpa r ted ma rk , o nce a dop ted b y am ake r , i ti sl i ke ly t o

t h e s t em s ( F igu r e 1 3a ) . F rom G u i lfo rd , C hape l S t ree t

h ave r ema ined i nh i s r e pe r to i re u n t i l h i sd em i se . Wh i l s t 2 9

F igur e 1 3 : P ipe b ow l s i nm uf le b ases , a ) S ou thwark , b ) G u i ldf ord , c )C he lmsf ord . 3 0

F igure 1 4 : P ipe b ow ls i n mu f l e b ase , L ongwe l l G reen , n ear B r i s to l . 3 1

e

F igur e 1 5 : P ipe b ow l s i nm uf f l e b a se f rom Wa ter f ord . 3 2

m any make r s c on t inued t ou se t h e s t y le i ti su n l ike ly t o

s t em

p egg ing .

T he

w a l l

h a s

a s i ng le

l a ye r

o f

h ave b een t a ken u p b y an ew manufac tu re r l a te r t h an 1 750 .T he Wa te r fo rd e s tab l ishmen ti st h e refo re l i ke ly t o

h o r izon ta l ly a l igned s t ems s andw iched b e tween i t si n ne r

h ave b een i n o pe ra t ion b efo re t h is d a te . Among t h e a s soc ia ted p roduc t s a r e s pec imens d ecora ted w i th t h e

l a ye rs o f wh i te s l ip wh i ls t t h e o u te r i sh eav i ly s l agged . T he b u t tre ss h a s ag ro ined l owe r e nd . W i th in t h e w a l l

r oya la rms ,a l so ma rked W W , a nd b ow ls d eco ra ted w i th

i s ab ow l f r agmen t d a t ing f r om t he l a s t q ua r te r o f t h e

a n embo s sed c rowned h a rp o nt h eb ack , c ons is ten t w i th

e i gh teen th c en tu ry .

a nd o u te r s u r f ace s . T he i n ne r s ur face i sc oa ted w i th

aw o rk ing p er iod i n t h e t h i rd q uar te r o f t h e c en tu ry . U nfo r tuna te ly ,d ue t of i re si nt h eP ub l ic R eco rd sO ff ice , D ub l in , i n1 720 ; C o rk C ou r thou se i n 1 891 ; a nd i nC o rk

Waver ly S tree t , B r i s to l , 1 800 -25 .

C i ty H a l l i n 1 876 a nd 1 920 , t h e re i s l i t t le h ope o f T he t ype e xamp le f o r t h e d eve loped mu f le i n w ide sp read u se b y t h e e a r ly n i ne teen th c en tury i st h a t

c onf i rm ing t h e o pe ra t iona l d a te s t h rough d ocumen ta ry r e sea rch ( Lane 1 980 , 1 2 ) .

f r om Wave r ly S t ree t , B r is to l ( Peacey 1 982 , 1 0 -13 ) . I ti s w i th k i ln s a nd o ne f r om ad ump i n as t one l i ned p i t . A l l

s im i la ri n mos tr e spec t st ot ho se d escr ibed b y G ood a nd R ee s i nt h e e a r ly n i ne teen th c en tu ry ( be low p age s 1 42 -

a r e f r om t h e a r ea b ounded b y H igh S t ree t , O laf S t ree t , P e te r S t ree t a nd A runde l S qua re . T he mu f le ma te r ia l

t wo f r agmen t s f r om t h e l owe r w a l l ( no t i lus t ra ted ) ,

f r om t h e se t h ree c on tex t s i s f r om t h ree d i f f e ren t

d i sh ing i nwa rd so n t h e i nne rp rof i le h ave t h e i mp r in to f

T he re a r e t h ree g roup s f r om Wa te r fo rd , t wo a s soc ia ted

1 48 ) . T he b a se i sm is s ing f r om t h e a s semb lage , t hough

t h ree

u pr igh tb ow ls i nt h e l owe rf r ac tu re . T he l owe s t s t age i n

a s semb lage si sc h rono log ica l ly i n conc lus ive t h e re b e ing

t h e w a l l i sn o tab ly t h icke r t han t hose a bove a nd a tt h e

i n e a ch a l a rge amoun t o f c ommon ma ter ia l . WAT1 ,

p o in t w he re t h e t h ickne ss i sr educed t h e s t ep f o rmed

f r om t h e O la f S t ree t K i ln ( s ee F igu re 5 4 , p age 1 0 1) , p rov ide s e v idence o f ac y l ind r ica l mu f le w i th e x terna l

a c t s a s as he lf . T he w a l l a bove t h is p o in t r educe s

b a r t y pe b u t t re s se s . T he p ipe s t em i n c luded w i th in t h e

i nwa rd sf r om i t .P ipe s t em s a r e i n c luded w i th in t h ew a l l

w a l l i sh or izon ta l a tt h e r im a nd v er t ica l i nl owe r w a l l

c oncen t r ica l ly i nh o r izon ta l l a ye r s u pt ot h ep enu l t ima te

s t ruc tu re s .

T he

p i pe

e v idence

f r om

t h e

g radua l ly i n t h ickne ss a nd s ubsequen t s he lve s p ro jec t

t h e

s he lf . F rom t h is p o in t u pwa rd s , t h e w a l l b e ing much

1 02 ) ,

t h inne r , r i ng s o f s i ng le s t ems s i t o ne u pon a no the r

i n d ica te s b a rt ype b u t t re s s ing a nd ad i shed b a se ( F igu re

s andw iched w i th in t h e w a l l . T he s he lve s a r e a dded t o

1 5 ) . P ipe s t ems i n c luded i nt h e l owe r w a l l a r e v er t ica l

a nd p egged t o t h e i nne r s u r face o f t h e muff le w i th

w h i ls t i n as epa ra te f r agmen t w i th a t tached b a rt h ey a r e

h o r izon ta l r ad ia l p ipe s t em s . T he re i sa n o pen ing i nt h e

h o r izon ta l . I nt h e b a rt h ey a r e v er t ica l . W AT3 , f r om t h e

s i de , a ng led f r om t h e r im t o t h e t op s he lf , t h rough

s e c t ions .

T he

mu f le

A runde l

S qua re

k i ln

e v idence , ( s ee

W AT2 ,

F igu re

5 5 ,

f r om p age

s t one l i ned p i to f fH igh S t ree t , i n c ludes muf f le ma te r ia l

w h ich

f r om t h e r im i n c lud ing h or izon ta l s t ems , b a r t y pe

d ownwa rd s f r om t h a t p o in t . T he b u t t re sse s a r e i n t h e

i t p a sse s ,

a ppea r ing

t o c on t inue

v er t ica l ly

b u t t re s se s w i th n o i n c luded s t em s , i n te rna l p er iphe ra l

f o rm o f v er t ica l b a r s w i th a per ture s , a ppa ren t ly s qua re

s he lve s a nd a n o pen ing e x tend ing d ownwa rd f r om t h e

c u t , t h rough t h em a ti n te rva ls . Nume rous p ipe s t em s a r e

r im .

i n c luded , a r ranged i n ah aphaza rd f a sh ion , a l igned v er t ica l ly w i th in t h e b a r s . T he f l ue s pace s u r round ing t h e muf f le t a pe r s f r om c lOOmm t o c 5Omm . A s ke tch

H igh S tree t , B ren t ford , 1 740 -60 .

r e cons t ruc t ion o ft h is mu f le i si n c luded ( F igu re 1 7 ) .

T he s ma l l a s semb lage o f muf f le f r agmen t s f r om t h e i n f i l l o ft h e W i l l iam H ea th k i ln a tB ren tfo rd ( F igu re 5 6

T emp le B ack s , B r i s to l , 1 802 -15 .

p age 1 04 ) i s u n l ike ly t o b e f u l ly r ep re sen ta t ive . A c y l ind r ica l c hambe r o f 6 20mm d iame te r h a s b een

As ubs tan t ia l ly c omp le te a s semb lage f r om amuff le o f

s ugge s ted ( Lawes a nd O swa ld 1 981 , 2 3 ) . Twen ty s even

s im i la rd a te w a s r e cove red f r om T emp le B ack s , B r is to l

f r agmen t s

f r om

b a r

t ype

muf f le

b u t t resse s

w e re

i n 1 983 . Af te r d emo l i t ion t h e muf f le f r agmen t s h ad

r e cove red . T he re a r e n o d e ta i ls o f e i the r b a se , r im o r

b een d epos i ted i nb r ick a r ched b unke r s . A t s ome l a te r

p o s s ib le i n te rna l f e a tu re s .

d a te as e rv ice t r ench h ad b een c u t t h rough t h e d epo s i t a nd many o f t h e u p -ca s t f r agmen t s w e re t h en u sed t o b u i ld a w a l l . B efo re a ny c omp le te a pp ra isa l o f t h is

G rave l S tree t , B r i s to l , 1 780 -1800 .

u n ique a s semb lage c an b e made ag ood d ea l o fc l ean ing

F rom G rave l S t ree t , B r is to l , t h e re i sa n a s semb lage o f

e xam ina t ion h a sr evea led many s t ruc tura l n uance s . T he

p i pes a nd k i ln ma te r ia l , p robab ly r ep resen t ing t h e w o rk

mu f l e a ppea r s t oh ave b een b u i l t w i th in ac y l ind r ica l

o f s eve ra l make r s , d a t ing f r om t h e e a r ly 1 780 s t o t h e

b r ick s t ruc tu re . T he muff le b u t t res se s a r e o f b a r t y pe

m id 1 790 s ( BR I1 ; J a ck son a nd P r ice 1 974 , 15 -20 ) .

b r idg ing a f l ue s pace w h ich t a pe red f r om c1l Omm a t

Two j o in ing

t h e b a se t o c 3Omm a tt h e r im . I ft h e o u te r w a l l o f t h e

a nd c on se rva t ion i sr e qu i red . P re l im ina ry r e co rd ing a nd

f r agmen t s

a r e

f r om

t h e

w a l l

o f a

c y l ind r ica l muff le w i th a n i n te rna l p er iphe ra l s he lf a nd

k i ln w a s v e r t ica l , t h is n a r row ing f l ue s pace w ou ld r e su l t

a n e x te rna l v er t ica l b a r t y pe b u t t re ss . T he s he lf i sb u i l t

i n a mu f le w ide r a t i t s r im t h an a t i t s b a se . T h is

a s p a r t o f t h e w a l l f r om w h ich i tp ro jec t s a nd h a s n o

w iden ing w ou ld b ee xagge ra ted o n t h e i n s ide d ue t ot h e 3

F igur e 1 6 : P ipe b ow l s i nm uf f l e b a se , B r i s to l , T emp le B ack s . 3 4

.:

,

✓

,·"

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I I I I I I I I

I

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Figure 17: Sketch based on the Bristol, Waverly Street evidence.

35

0•5m.

r educ t ion i nw a l l t h icknes s f r om c lOOmm a tt h e b a se t o

e very s e cond j o in t r e su l t ing i n av er t ica l s e pa ra t ion o f

c 3Omm a tt h e r im . T he b a se i t se lf i sf o rmed o f af l a t

c 450mm .

d i sc c 5Omm t h ick r e info rced w i th c l ay t o bacco p ipe s ;

189mm . T he muf f le w a l l i s 7 0nun t h ick . T he f l ue

s t ems r a d ia t ing f r om t h e c en t re a nd b ow l s a r ranged

s pace s u r round ing t h e muff le i s 1 00mm a c ro s s . T he re

a l te rna te ly t of o rm ad oub le r ow w i th in t h e b a se o ft h e

i s af i re b r ick l i n ing t oa n o u te r s he l l o fr e db r ick , e ach

f i r s t wa l l s t age . A tt he t op o ft h is s t age t h e w a l lr educe s

b e ing 1 20mm t h ick . I ni t sr e cons t ruc ted f o rm t h e muf f le

i n t h ickne ss , t h e r e su l tan t s t ep f o rm ing t h e f i r s t s he lf

b a se i sr a ised 1 00mm a bove t h e f l oo r o f t h e c hambe r

( F igure 1 6 ) . T h is f i r s ts t age mea su re s 2 45mm i nh e igh t .

o n an umbe ro fb r ick s uppo r t s . T h ree f i reboxes a r eb u i l t

A l though t h e h e igh t o f t h e s e cond s t age i s n o t y e t k nown , t h is t oo e nd s i n as t ep s he lf a s t h e w a l l

o n t h e o u t s ide o f t h e k i ln s he l l w i th t h e i r t h roa t s , e ach

t h ickne s s a ga in r educe s . F rom t h is p o in t t o t h e r im i t a ppea r s t h a t t h e wa l l t h ickne ss r educe s g radua l ly , a l l

t h e mu f l e . No n o tes , d raw ings o r p ho tog raph s , o f t h e

f u r the r

a nd p ro jec t ing

f i reboxe s c on ta in n o g ra te s . T he t h roa t s a r e n o to r ig ina l

i nwa rd sf r om t h ei nne rs ur face o ft h ew a l l . T he d i s tance

b r ickwo rk . T he re mus t b e aq ue s t ion m a rk o ve r t h e

b e tween s he lves o n t h e s t age , i n c lud ing t h e l owe re dge

a ccu racy o f t h e r e cons truc t ion .

s he lves

b e ing

p egged

i n to

T he

i n terna l

d iame te r o f t h e mu f l e

i s

o f 2 30 s qua re c en t ime t re s , d i scha rg ing a tt h e b a se o f k i ln i n i t s o r ig ina l l o ca t ion , a r e k nown t o e x is t . T he

o ft h e d oo r , mea sures 2 60mm a nd f r om t h e f i na l s he lf F ragmen t s o fp er iphe ra l s he lf p egged i n to ac l ay j o in t

t o t h e r im 2 40mm . T he a r rangemen t o f p ipe s t em s w i th in t h e w a l ls i s s im i la r t o t h e Wave r ly S t ree t

w i th t h ec l ea ri mp re ss ions l e f tb y s ur round ing b r ick s o r

e xamp le ; h or izon ta l l a ye r s o fc oncen t r ic b and s o fs t em s

t i l es h ave b een r e co rded f r om G louces te r , 9 9 We s tga te

i nt h e t h icke r wa l l s ec t ion s r educ ing t ol a ye r s , e ach o f

S t ree t ( Peacey 1 979 , 7 2 -5 ) a nd L ewe s , P ipe P a ssage .

as i ng le b and i n t h e t h inne r s e c t ions . T he r im i so f

T he L ewe se xamp les a r ea ccompan ied b ym a tch ing t i l e s

r ounded p rof i le g iv ing n oc l ue a st oe i the rp e rmanen to r

o ne

t empo ra ry c ove r . T he b u t t re sse s a round t h e o u t s ide

a s semb lage a l so i n c lude s t r ad i t iona l p i pe r e info rced

o f wh ich w a l l

i n c lude s

f r agmen t s

a s py w i th

h o le . b a r

T he

L ewe s

a ppea r t o b e c on t inuous , f r om r im t o b a se w i th n o

mu f l e

i n te rconnec t ing f l ue s . T he o n ly r e cogn isab le t e rm ina l s

p e r iphe ra l s he lv ing . T h is c omb ina t ion s ugges t s t h a t t h e

b u t t re s se s

f r om t h e w icke t .

a nd

b e ing a tt h e r im whe re t h ey a r e o fr ounded p rof i le a nd

t i l e s a nd t h e i r s he lve s a r e

c 140mm a bove t h e b a se whe re t h ey a r e g ro ined . T hey

G louce s te r a s semb lage i s much s ma l le r a nd p oss ib ly

T he

a r e s paced a tc 210mm i n terva ls . T he d oo ro pen ing i so f

l e ss r e p re sen ta t ive o ft h e c omp le te s t ruc tu re . I ni tt h e re

' k eyho le ' d es ign , w ide r a tt h e t op t han t h e b o t tom . T he

i sn o p ipe r e info rced mu f le ma ter ia l . A l though i ti s

l owe rp a r t s panned a tl e a s t t wo f l ue s pace s ; am in imum

p o ss ib le t h a t t h e e n t i re muf f le w a s c ons t ruc ted a l ong

w id th o f c 420mm . One f r agmen t o f t h e l owe r e dge

s im i la r l i ne s t o t h a t a t L eeds ( f rom b r ick o r t i l e w i th

i n c lude s ab u t t ress t e rm ina l . T he s i de s o f t h e d oo r

p egged s he lv ing ) , aw icke t o r ig in f o r t h e r e cove red

f o l low t h e e dges o fb u t t re sse s r i s ing v er t ica l ly t h rough

ma te r ia l c anno t b e r u led o u t . F ragmen t s o f p e r iphe ra l

o ne s he lf f o r ad i s tance o f c 275mm t o as hou lde r .

s he lve s f r om Nor thamp ton , C ha lk L ane , d i sp lay af l a t

A l though t h e s hape b eyond t h is p o in t h a s n o t y e t b een

i n ter face w i th t h e mu f le w a l l w i th n o s t em p egg ing .

e s tab l ished i te v iden t ly w idened b efo re r i s ing t ot h er im .

T he l i f eo fs uch aj o in tw ou ld b el im i ted s ugge s t ing t h a t

T he re i sc l ea r ly a g ood d ea l mo re i n fo rma t ion t o b e

t h e se m igh t c ome f r om a b r ick o r t i l e f i l led w icke t

g l eaned

w h ich b y d ef in i t ion h a s al i f e o f o ne f i r ing o n ly .

f r om

o rgan is ing B ecau se

t h is

t h e

o f

a s semb lage

f r agmen t s

t h e

w e igh t

b y

c l ean ing

a nd

r e la t ive

t o o ne

a no the r .

i nvo lved

a c tua l

p hy s ica l

r e con s truc t ion i sp robab ly i mp rac t ica l . H oweve r , i ft h e f r agmen t s w e re o rgan ised a s i ft h e muf f le h ad b een c u t v e r t ica l ly a nd u n ro l led o n to af l a ts u r face , i ti sp robab le t h a t f u l l d e ta i ls o f a l l s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re s w ou ld b e r e vea led . I n terna l p ro jec t ing s he lve s o fc o rn ice t ype a r e r e co rded f r om

B r is to l ,

G louces te r ,

L ewe s ,

Manche s te r ,

N or thamp ton , S ou thamp ton , Wa ter fo rd a nd W inche s te r . S he lve s t h ickne s s

f o rmed a r e

b y

a s t ep r educ t ion

r e co rded

f r om

B r is to l ,

i n t h e

w a l l

C an te rbu ry ,

G louce s te r , N an tga rw , a nd Winche s te r p o s s ib ly a l so f r om Manche s te r a nd Wa te rfo rd .

C o t tage S tree t , L eeds , u sed u n t i l 1 950 . T he k i ln r emoved f r om S amson S t rong 's C o t tage S t ree t w o rk s a tL eed s f ea tu res amuff le b u i l tf r om c omme rc ia l f i re b r ick s s e t e nd u pon e nd t o f o rm a c y l indr ica l c hambe r . T he f ou r p er iphe ra l s he lve s a r e p egged i n to 3 6

6 . THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR

p rops , t o f o rm ac o lumna r s uppor t t h rough t h e c en t ra l

P IPE K ILN FURNITURE

v er t ica l a x is o ft h e k i ln c hambe r .

I n c on tempora ry c e ram ic u sage t h e t e rm f u rn i tu re i s

S aggar

u nde r s tood t o mean a ny r e f rac to ry o b jec t , s u ch a s a

A s t anda rd t e rm i n c e ram ic i n dus t r ie s d ef ined b y

s agga r , p rop o r s he lf , u sed , w i th in t h e f i r ing c hambe r ,

R osen tha l a s ' a f i rec lay b ox i n wh ich t h e p o t tery i s

t os uppor t , s epa ra te a nd i ns ome c a se s p ro tec tt h e w a re .

p laced f o r s ubsequen t f i r ing , t o p ro tec t i tf r om d i rec t

S uch o b jec t s a r e manufac tu red a nd f i red p r io r t o u se

c on tac t w i th t h e f l ame ' ( Rosen tha l 1 949 , 2 99 ) .

a nd m ay b e r eused r e pea ted ly . I ti sa l ready k nown t h a t s uch o b jec t s w e re u sed i n t o bacco p ipe k i lns . P rops

B a t

h ave b een d e scr ibed a nd i lu s t ra ted f r om B o s ton (We l ls 1 970 , 2 4 -5 a nd F ig 4 )a nd G louce s te r( Peacey 1 979 , 7 4

A s t anda rd t e rm i n c e ram ic i n dus t r ie s d ef ined b y R osen tha l a s ' af i red t h in s l ab made o ff i rec lay o ro the r

a nd F ig 1 7 ) . B un s h ave b een d e scr ibed a nd i lus t ra ted

h ea t re s is t ing ma te r ia l t o b e u sed i n k i lns f o r p lac ing

f r om B r is to l ( Peacey 1 982 , 1 3 a nd F ig 5 ) . D i she s h ave

w a re ' ( Rosen tha l 1 949 , 2 92 ) .

b een d e scr ibed f r om L ewes ( No r r is 1 970 , 1 69 ) a nd i lus t ra ted f r om G louce s te r ( Peacey

1 979 , F ig

Ah igh p ropor t ion o ft h e f u rn i tu re r e co rded h a s t r aces

1 7 ) .

S agga r s h ave b een r e co rded f r om B o s ton (We l ls 1 970 , 2 4 -25 ) a nd G louce s te r ( Peacey

o f wh i te c l ay l u te o ve r t h e e xpo sed s ur face s . T h i s i sa u sefu l d iagno s t ic g u ide i n d ica t ing u se w i th in a

1 979 , 7 4 ) ( Ob jec t s

r e co rded a s s agga r s f r om H u r s t C our t Manche s te r ( A rno ld 1 983 , 7 4 ) , a r e i n f a c t d i she s ; t h o se f r om

d e l ibe ra te ly ma in ta ined c l ean e nv ironmen t .

N ewa rk ( Hammond 1 985 , 9 7 ) , a r e muf f le s ) . U n le ss b roken i nu se s uch o b jec t s a r e mo re l i ke ly t oo ccu r i n

T ab le 3 r eco rd s t h e i n c idence o f f u rn i tu re r e cove red f r om p ipe k i ln s i te s o r d ump s o f p ipe k i ln w a s te .

af i na l d e s truc t ion d epo s i t t h an i n aw a s te a s semb lage .

C o lumn o ne l i s t s t h es i te si na l phabe t ica l o rde r ; c o lumn

B y c on t ra s t , as e cond g roup o f o b jec t s , w h ich may b e

t wo t h e c a tegory o f f a br ic f r om w h ich e ach i t em i s

t e rmed f u rn i tu re s upp lemen t s ,o ccu rc ommon ly i nw a s te

made ; c o lumn t h ree a ny p rop t ype p re sen t i n t h e

t i p s . T h is s e cond g roup d epended u pon p l a s t ic i ty f o ri t s

a s semb lage ; c o lumn f ou ra ny b un t ype p re sen t ; c o lumn

p u rpose . Once f i red t h e l o ss o f p l a s t ic i ty p r even ted

f i ve a ny d i sh t ype p r e sen t ; c o lumn s i x a ny s agga r t ype

f u r the r u se i n t h e s ame c apac i ty . I f n o t r e qu i red f o r

p resen t ; c o lumn s even a ny b a t t ype p re sen t a nd f i na l ly

g r ind ing i n to g rog t h en t h is ma te r ia l w a s d i sca rded

t h e t e rm ina l d a te f o rt h e a s semb lage . A '+ ' i n d ica te s t h e

a l ong w i th a sh , b roken p ipe s a nd o t he r w a s te m a ter ia ls .

p re sence o fa ni t em ,a t t r ibu tab le t ot h er e levan th ead ing ,

F or ty s even s i te s h ave y i e lded f ur n i tu re wh ich c an b e

T he t ypo log ies a r e ap roduc to ft h is s t udy e vo lved a s a

i n suff ic ien t ly c omp le te f o ra loca t ion o f at y pe n umbe r . d ef in i te ly l i nked t o t h e p roduc t ion o f c l ay t o bacco

means o f g roup ing l i ke i t em s f o r i lu s t ra t ion a nd

p ipe s . T he c a tegor ie s r ep re sen ted a r e p rop , b un , d i sh ,

d escr ip t ion .

s agga r a nd b a t . I n o rde r t h a t n o c onfus ion s hou ld a r ise

a ppa ren t when t h e m a te r ia l i sa pp ra ised .

A ny

d a t ing

s i gn if icance

w i l l

b ecome

t h ese t e rms a r e d ef ined i nt h e f o l low ing manne r : Map 2 s hows t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f s i te s f r om w h ich P rop

f u rn i ture h a s b een r e co rded .

F i r s t u sed i n ap ipe k i ln c on tex t b y We l ls (We l l s 1 970 , 2 4 -5 ) , t h is t e rm i sg iven t o a ny p i ece o f k i ln f u rn i ture w hen i t s h e igh t i se qua l t oo rg r ea te r t h an i t s d i ame te r .

T ab le 3 :I nc idence o ffu rn i ture r e covered f rom p ipe k i ln

P rop s w e re u sed t o s uppor t o r s epa ra te p i pe s , b a t s , b uns , s agga r s o r a ny o the r o b jec t s w i th in t h e k i ln . T o

a ssemb lages

s e rve t h is f unc t ion i ti sn o t n ecessa ry f o rt h ep rop t ob e

S i te

c i rcu la r i np lan b u t , i nt h e b ody o f ma te r ia l e xam ined ,

D a te

t h is i si n va r iab ly t h e c a se .

F ab r ic

P rop

B un

D ish

S agga r

B a t

A the lney 1

W .G

+

B a rn s tap le 1

W .M

1

1 630

B un

B a rn s tap le 2

W .QG

4

1 865

T he t e rm b un h a s b een c hosen f o r ag roup o f d i sc o r

B en tha l l 1

W . M0

+

w hee l s haped p i ece s o fk i ln f u rn i tu re , o f c i rcu la r p lan ,

B ir t ley 1

W .?

2

1 700

B o s ton 1

W .PT

+

.

1

.

w hen t h e h e igh t i sl e ss t h an t h e d i ame te r . B uns a r e k nown t oh ave b een u sed s eve ra l ly i nc on junc t ion w i th

W . MG

3 b

.

B ren tfo rd 2

W

1

.

p rop s t of o rm ac o lumn o f mu sh room s haped s uppo r t s

B r is to l 1

W .0 W .M

3

B r is to l 2

W .Q0

2

B r i s to l 3

W

B r i s to l 4

W

3

B r i s to l 5

W .QP0

2

w i th in t h e muf f le . D i sh T he t e rm d i sh , f i r s t e mp loyed b y N or r is ( 1970 , 1 69 ) , i s u sed f o r as ha l low o pen v e s se l h av ing t h e f o rm o f a

2

W . MG W .G

s u rvey s uch v e sse ls , i n ver ted , a r e k nown t oh ave b een u sed i n t h e s ame w ay a s b uns , i n c omb ina t ion w i th 3 7

1

1 919

1

+

.

+

1 800

+

. 1

1 900 1 900

+ , 1 1

4 a

1 690

1 780

.

W .G B r is to l 7

s ub -hem isphe re o rt r unca ted c one . I nt h ec on tex to ft h is

1

1 873

1 , 3 ,4 .

1 739 1 830

+ 1

W . MPG

1

F B

1

. 1 815

B r i s to l 1 2

W .G

B ro s e ley 1 C an te rbu ry 1

W .QMP W .G W .Q0

C a rl i s le 1 C ha rd 1

+

F B .Q MGPO W .GM R .G M W .0

•

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.

1 , 3 ,4 2

. . 1

1 860 1 960

1 1 1

C ha tham 1 C ha tham 2 C he lm sf o rd 2

W .0 W .QMPO

D u rham 1 E xe te r7

W .& W .0 W . M0

.

G louce s te r 1

W .M

2 , 4

+ 1 2 2

. 1

W . MG F B .G

1 , 3 ,

I p sw ich 3 L eed s 1

W .G0 W .?

. 3

2 , 3 .

L e ice s te r 2

W .QMP W .QMO

4 a 2 a

. .

L ewe s 1

W . MPO

.

W . MP

.

L ewe s 1

W .QM W .Q0 W .?

+ 3 a 2 , 3 ,

" 1 , 2

W .M

3 b ,4 • •

2

L im e r ick 1 L ondon 5

W .G

3

Ma lme sbu ry 1 Manche s t e r 1

W .0 W .PO

1 8 10

R .QMO

S a l i sbu ry 2 S tA lban s 1 S t am f o rd 1

1 3 1 870

. 1 870 1 892

1

1 800

1 1

W .0 W .M W .0 W •P

1 892 1 950

5

W .QMO W .TGO

S ou thwa rk 2

. 1 870 1 830

1

1

W .QM W .

+ +

W .T + W .QMPO

N orw ich 1 P ip e A s ton 1

1 875

1 690

I p sw ich 2

W . MTO W .QMPO

1 1 1 . 4

N o r thamp ton 1

3

1 , 5 . 2 .

W .P W . M0

1 850 1 720

l a

W .G W . W .PG

N ewa rk 1

+ 1

1

W .Q G louce s te r3

. 1 700 1 840 1 8 10 1 7 10

1

4 , 5

W .QMP W .Q0

1 9 10

3

W ,QM W .0 W .0

G louce s te r2

1 820

+ 1

1 725 .

1

.

+

1 900 .

+ 1 1

1 864 1 840

+

1 800 1 700

1 1

D ob

•

+ 1 • • 2 a ,3b ,

+

1 770 1 800 1 730

4 a ,4c , 5 , 5a. T rowb r idge 2

W .v i t

Wa rw ick 1

W .v i t W . MP

Wa te r f o rd 2

W .G0 W .QM

.

W .QMO

+

.

W ickwa r 1

W .QM W .P0

3 a .

. 2

2 , 3 ,4 .

1 896 +

• • 2 , 2a , 5 a

+

1 700

. 6

+ 3

1 890

Map 2 :D i s t r ibu t ion o fs i te sf rom w h ich f urn i tur e h a s b een r e corded .

* Iwo

1 8 0 0

3 8

S aggar t y po logy SAG1 Any s agga r o fc i rcu la r p lan w i th v er t ica l s i de s

F urn i ture t ypo log ies

( L is t , p age 5 5 ) .

T he t y pe n umbe r s h ave b een a l loca ted a cco rd ing t ot h e f o l low ing c r i ter ia : SAG2

Any s agga r o f r e c tangu la r p lan w i th a h ump b acked b a se ( F igu re 2 8 , p age 5 8 ) .

P rop t y po logy P 1 A ny p rop w i th i nden ta t ions o r p ro jec t ions a round SAG3

i t s u ppe r e x t rem i ty ( F igu re 1 8a -f , p age 4 1) .

Any s agga r o f r e c tangu la r p l an w i th s t ra igh t s i des s l op ing i nwa rd s f r om b a se t or im ( F igu re 2 9 j -k , p age 6 0 ) .

P 2 A ny p rop o f c y l ind r ica l f o rm ( F igu re 1 8g t , p age 4 1) . SAG4 P 3

Any s agga r o f r e c tangu la r p l an w i th v er t ica l s t ra igh t s i de s ( F igu re 2 9f -g , p age 6 0 ) .

A ny p rop h av ing t he f o rm o f at r unca ted c one ( F igu re 1 8u -y a nd F igu re 1 9a -e , p age s 4 1 a nd 4 3 ) . SAGS

Any s agga r o f r e c tangu la r p lan w i th s ma l l u ps tand ing e dge ( F igu re 2 9hi ,p age 6 0 ) .

P 4 A ny p rop h av ing a c oncave w a is ted p rof i le .w i th b o th t op a nd b a se o fe qua l d iame te r( F igu re 1 9g -n , SAG6

p age 4 3 ) .

Any s agga r r i ng h av ing c i rcu la r p l an w i th v er t ica l s i de so pen a tb o th r im a nd b a se ( F igu re

P 5

3 0a a nd b ,p age 6 2 ) .

A ny p rop h av ing i t s t op o f s ma l le r d iame te r t h an i t s b a se a nd w i th a t a pe r ing w a is ted p rof i le ; a t r unca ted c one w i th s p layed t op a nd b a se ( F igu re

B a t t y po logy

2 0o -q , p age 4 5 ) . Whe r e t h e t ype n umbe r i su sed a s a bove i ti n d ica te s a s o l id p rop . S uff ixes a re u sed t o i n d ica te o the r

BAT1

Any r e c tangu la r b a t .

BAT2

Any t r apez iform b a t ( F igu re 2 9n , p age 6 0 ) .

BAT3

Any c i rcu la r b a t ( F igu re 3 0c a nd d ,p age 6 2 ) .

t r ea tmen t s : ' a ' i ft h e p rop h a s ac on t inuou s v o id f r om b o t tom t o t o p , ' b ' i ft he p rop h a s av o id i n i t s l owe r p a r t o n ly a nd ' c ' i ft he re i s av o id i nb o th u ppe r a nd l owe r p a r t s s epa ra ted b y as o l id i n termed ia te s e c t ion .

B un t y po logy BUl A ny b un w i th i nden ta t ion s o rp ro jec t ion s a round i t s o u te r e dge ( F igu re 2 1a -f , p age 4 7 ) . BU2 A ny b un h av ing t h e s hape o f as l ice t a ken t h rough a c y l inde r a t r i gh t a ng le s t o i t s a x is ( F igu re 2 1g -y , p age 4 7 ) . BU3 A ny b un h av ing af l a t b a se w i th ac onvex u ppe r s u r f ace a s d i sp layed b y as l ice c u t f r om t h e e dge o f as phe re ( F igure 2 2a j , p age 4 9 ) . BU4 A ny b un h av ing b o th c onvex u ppe r a nd c oncave l owe r s u r face s ( F igu re 2 2k -m , p age 4 9 ) . BUS A ny b un h av ing t h e f o rm o f a n e l l ip so id ; a s qua shed s phe re ( F igu re 2 2n , p age 4 9 ) .

D i sh t y po logy D I 1

A ny d i sh o fd eep s ub -hem ispher ica l f o rm ( F igu re 2 4 i , p age 5 0 ) .

D 12

A ny d i sh o f t r unca ted c on ica l f o rm ( F igu re 2 3 a a nd c ,F igu re 2 4f -h a nd F igu re 2 5 j 1 , p age s 5 0 5 2 ) .

3 9

PROPS : T ype s 1 3 , ( F ig . 1 8 ,

1 / 4

p T ype 2p rop f rom Warw ick , Marke t S t ree t .

s ca le ) .

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th m ixed m inera l a nd c rushed p ipe g rog i n c lus ions ; t r aces o fl u te w ash .

a T ype Ip rop f rom G louces ter , Q uay S t r ee t .

H e igh t 4 0mm .

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th f errug inous m inera l

M id 1 9 th c en tu ry

i n c lus ions a nd v o id ing f rom c ombus ted o rgan ic ma t ter ; l u te w ash o ver o u ter s u rf ace .

q T ype 2 ap rop f rom S tamf ord , N or th S t ree t .

1 670 -1700

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ; t r aces o fl u te w ash . 1 847 -96

H e igh t 6 4mm .

b T ype 1p rop f rom N orw ich , S tB ened ic t 's . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th q uar t z a nd o ther

• T ype 2 ap rop w i th r i ng w ad a t tached f rom Warw ick ,

m inera l i n c lus ions ; t r aces o f l u te w ash o n o u ter

Marke t S t r ee t .

s u rf ace .

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th m ixed m inera l a nd c rushed p ipe g rog i n c lus ions ; t r aces o fl u te w ash .

c T ype Ip rop f rom B r enübrd , H igh S t ree t . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay .

H e igh t 1 25mm .

1 730 -80

• T ype 2 a p rop f rom L e ice s ter , C auseway L ane . ixed F abr ic - w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th q uar t z , m

d T ype 1p rop f rom S a l isbury , T r in i ty C hequer . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th f errug inous m inera l i n c lus ions ; t h ea ng les o fi n c luded p ipe s t ems s ugges t

m inera l a nd o rgan ic i n c lu s ions .

aw iden ing b ase .

H e igh t 6 4mm .

• P os s ib le

f

T ype

I p rop f rom

B r is to l

M id 1 9 th c en tu ry

c 1810

T ype 2 ap rop f rom L e ices ter , C auseway L ane .

Museum ,

u nprovenanced .

F abr ic - w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th q uar t z ,

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ; s u rf ace u nbroken e xcep t f or

m inera l a nd o rgan ic i n c lus ions .

f our d i vergen t e mbedded s t ems .

H e igh t 7 5mm .

m ixed c 1810

• T ype 3p rop f rom L ewes , P ipe P assage .

T ype Ip rop f rom C he lm sf ord , Mou lsham S t ree t .

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay . H e igh t 8 0mm .

F abr ic -w h i t e c l ay m a tr ix w i th q uar t z ,f er rug inous

1 830 -70

m inera l , c rushed p ipe g rog i n c lus ions a nd v o id ing • T ype 3p rop f rom L ewes , P ipe P assage .

f rom c ombus ted o rgan ic ma t ter ; t r aces o fl u te w ash . H e igh t I 96mm .

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay . H e igh t 8 4mm .

1 660 -1710

w T ype 3p rop f rom L ewes , P ipe P assage .

g T ype 2p rop f rom L ewes , P ipe P a ssage . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay . H e igh t 5 4mm .

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay . H e igh t 1 04mm .

1 830 -70

1 830 -70

• T ype 3 p rop w i th r i ng w ad a t tached f rom L eed s ,

h T ype 2p rop f rom L ewe s , P ipe P assage . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay . H e igh t 5 4mm .

1 830 -70

C o t tage S t r ee t .

1 830 -70

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ; t r aces o fl u te w ash . T ype 2p rop f rom L ewes , P ipe P assage . F abr ic -w h i t e c l ay . H e igh t 5 0mm .

H e igh t 16mm .

1 882 -1950

1 830 -70 y T ype 3 p rop w i th r i ng w ad a t tached f rom L eed s ,

j

T ype 2p rop f rom L ewes , P ipe P assage . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay . H e igh t 4 8mm .

C o t tage S t r ee t . 1 830 -70

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ; t r ace s o f l u te w ash . H e igh t 1 54mm .

k T ype 2p rop f rom L ewe s , P ipe P a ssage . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay . H e igh t 4 4mm .

1 830 -70

1 T ype 2p rop f rom G louces ter , 9 9 Wes tga te S t ree t . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay . H e igh t 5 4mm .

1 870 -75

m T ype 2p rop f rom L ewes , P ipe P assage . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay . H e igh t 6 0mm .

1 830 -70

• T ype 2p rop f rom L ewes , P ipe P assage . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay . H e igh t 6 4mm .

1 830 -70

o T ype 2p rop f rom Warw ick , Marke t S t ree t . F abr ic -w h i t e c l ay m a tr ix w i th m ixed m inera l a nd c rushed p ipe g rog i n c lus ions ; t r aces o fl u te w ash . H e igh t 5 0mm .

M id 1 9 th c en tu ry

4 0

1 882 -1950

F igur e 1 8 : P rops : a -f T ype I ; g -p T ype 2 ; q t T ype 2 a ; u -y T ype 3 ./ 4 S 1 ca le . 4 1

PROPS : T ype s 3a nd 4 ,( F ig . 1 9 , / 4 S 1 ca le ) .

m T ype 4 a p rop f rom L e ices ter , C auseway L ane . F abr ic - w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th q uar t z ,

a T ype 3 a p rop f rom Wa t e rf ord , A runde l S quare .

m ixed

m inera l a nd p ipe f ragmen t i n c lus ion s .

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th q uar t z a nd o ther

H e igh t 6 8mm .

m ixed m inera li n c lus ions ; t r aces o fr ed l u te w ash o n l ower s u rf aces . H e igh t 4 6mm . I7 50 -1 800

c 1810

n T ype 4 cp rop f rom S tamf ord , N or th S t r ee t . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th c rushed p ipe g rog

b T ype 3 ap rop f rom L ewes , P ipe P as sage . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th q uar t z i n c lus ions

a nd p ipe t r imm ings ; t r aces o fl u t e w a sh . H e igh t 5 2mm .

a nd v o id ing f rom c ombus ted o rgan ic ma t ter . H e igh t 3 20mm .

1 830 -70

T ype 3 b p rop f rom B os ton , R osegar th S t ree t . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th f errug inous m inera l a nd s e lf c o lour ed g rog i n c lus ions ; l u te w ash o ver i nner a nd o u ter s u rf ace s . H e igh t 1 20mm . M id 1 9 th c en tury d T ype 3 b p rop f rom L ewes , P ipe P as sage . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay . H e igh t 1 05mm T ype

3 b

p rop f rom

S tamf ord ,

1 830 -70 N or th

S t ree t .

C onver ted f rom a T ype 3 a b y p lugg ing t h e u pper e nd w i th c l ay a nd p ipe s t ems . Ab a se w ad o rh e igh t e x tens ion t of i t t h i sp rop i si lus tra t ed b e low . F abr ic -w h i t e c l ay m a tr ix w i th c rushed p ipe g rog i n c lus ions ; t r ace s o fl u te w ash . He igh t 5 20mm , 5 52mm w i th w ad . f

1 847 -96

T ype 4p rop f rom L ewe s , P ipe P a ssage . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay . H e igh t 1 52mm .

1 830 -70

g T ype 4p rop f rom L ewes , P ipe P assage . F abr ic -w h i t e c l ay . H e igh t 8 8mm .

1 830 -70

h T ype 4p rop f rom G louces ter , 9 9 W es tga te S tree t . F abr ic -w h i t e c l ay . H e igh t 1 20mm .

1 870 -5

T ype 4 a p rop f rom S tamf ord , N or th S t ree t . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th c rushed p ipe g rog a nd p ipe t r imm ing s ; t r aces o fl u te w a sh . He igh t 2 00mm .

1 847 -96

T ype 4 a p rop f rom B r i s to l , T emp le B ack . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th m ixed m inera l a nd s e lf c o loured g rog i n c lus ions ; t r aces o fl u te w ash . He igh t 1 60mm .

E ar ly 1 9 th c en tury

k T ype 4 ap rop f rom S t amf ord , N or th S t ree t . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay m a t r ix w i th c rushed p ipe g rog a nd p ipe t r imm ing s ; t r aces o fl u te w ash . He igh t 6 4mm .

1 847 -96

l T ype 4 a p rop f rom S tamf ord , N or th S t ree t . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th c rushed p ipe g rog a nd p ipe t r imm ing s : t r ace s o fl u te w a sh . He igh t 5 2mm .

1 847 -96

4 2

1 847 -96

F igur e 1 9 : P rops : a -b T ype 3 a ; c e T ype 3 b ;f h T ype 4 ; i m T ype 4 a ; nT ype 4 c . / 4 S 1 ca le . 4 3

y P rop b ase f rom B os ton , R osegar th S t r ee t ,

PROPS : T ype 5 a nd u nce r ta in , ( F ig . 2 0 , / 4 S 1 ca le ) .

t y pe

u ncer ta in . i th c rushed p ipe g rog F abr ic -w h i te c lay m a tr ix w

o T ype 5 ap rop f rom S tamf ord , N or th S t ree t .

a nd p ipe t r imm ings ; t r aces o fl u te w ash .

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th c rushed p ipe g rog

M id 1 9 th c en tur y

a nd p ipe t r imm ings ; t r aces o fl u te w ash . H e igh t 2 40mm .

1 847 -96

p T ype 5 ap rop f rom Warw ick , Marke t S t ree t . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th m ixed m inera l a nd c rushed p ipe g rog i n c lus ions ; t r aces o fl u te w ash . H e igh t 1 48mm . M id 1 9 th c en tury q T ype 5p rop f rom S tamf ord , N or th S t ree t . F abr ic -w h i t e c l ay m a tr ix w i th c rushed p ipe g rog a nd p ipe t r imm ing s ; t r aces o fl u te w a sh . H e igh t 6 4mm .

1 847 -96

✓ P rop o r v en t b af f le f rom L ewes , P ipe P as sage . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay . H e igh t 12mm . • P rop

b ase

f rom

u ncer ta in . F abr ic - w h i te

L ewes , c l ay

P ipe

m a tr ix

1 830 -70 P assage ,

w i th

q uar t z

t y pe a nd

f errug inous m inera l i n c lus ions ; t r aces o f l a yer ed l u te . 1 830 -70 P rop b a se f rom S ou thwark S t ree t , t y pe u ncer ta in . F abr ic - w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th v o id ing f rom c ombus ted o rgan ic ma t ter ; t r aces o fl u te w ash a nd r ed c l ay s t a in ing f rom b ase w add ing ; b roken r epa ired a nd e n larged . u P rop

b ase f rom

1 8 th c en tu ry

N ewark ,

A lber t

S t r ee t ,

t y pe

u ncer ta in . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th f errug inous m inera l i n c lus ions a nd v o id ing f rom c ombus ted o rgan ic ma t ter ; t r aces o fl u te w a sh . M id 1 9 th c en tury • P rop b a se f rom G louces ter ,

Q uay S t r ee t ,

t y pe

u ncer ta in . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th f errug inous m inera l i n c lus ions a nd v o id ing f rom c ombus ted o rgan ic ma t ter ; l a yered l u te w a she so ver o u ter s u if ace ;f l ash g laze a nd d i sco lora t ion o n i n ner s u rf ace . 1 670 -1700 w P rop t o p f rom Wa te rf ord , A runde l S quare , t y pe u ncer ta in . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th q uar t z , o t her m ixed m inera l i n c lus ions a nd v o id ing f rom c ombus ted o rgan ic ma t ter ; t r aces o fl a yered l u te . 1 750 -1800 • P rop b ase f rom B r is to l , B a th R oad , t y pe u ncer ta in , F abr ic -w h i te c lay m a tr ix w i th f er rug inous m inera l i n c lus ions a nd v o id ing f rom c ombus ted o rgan ic ma t ter . T races o fl u te w ash . S p lashes o fg reen g laze i nd ica te f urnace .

u se

i n

t h e

p rox im i ty

o f t h e

t i pp ing

M id 1 9 th c en tu ry

4 4

F igur e 2 0 : P rops : qT ype 5 ; o -p T ype 5 a ; r y t y pe u ncer ta in . / 4 S 1 ca le . 4 5

o T ype 2 b un f rom B r is to l , T emp le B ack .

BUNS : T ype 1a f , T ype 2 g t , T ype 3u -y . ( F ig . 2 1 , 1 / 4

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th m ixed m inera l a nd

S ca le ) .

s e lf c o loured g rog i n c lus ions ; t r aces o fl u te w ash . D iame ter u ncer ta in .

a T ype 1b un f rom G louces ter , Q uay S t ree t .

E ar ly 1 9 th c en tury

F abr ic - w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th v o id ing f rom c ombus ted o rgan ic ma t ter .

p T ype 2 b un f rom B r is to l , T emp le B ack .

1 670 -1700

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th m ixed m inera l a nd s e lf c o loured g rog i n c lus ions ; t r aces o fl u te w a sh .

b T ype 1b un f rom G louces ter , B lack Dog Y ard .

D iame ter u ncer ta in .

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th s e lf c o loured g rog

E ar ly 1 9 th c en tu ry

i n c lus ions ; t r aces o fl u te w ash . D iame ter 2 80mm .

q T ype 2 b un f rom B r i s to l , T emp le B ack .

1 849 -70

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th m ixed m inera l a nd s e lf c o loured g rog i n c lus ions ; t r aces o fl u te w ash . D iame ter u ncer ta in . E ar ly 1 9 th c en tury

• T ype 1b un f rom G louces ter , Q uay S t r ee t . F abr ic - w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th v o id ing f rom c ombus ted

o rgan ic

ma t ter ;

l u te

w ash

o n

a l l • T ype 2 b un f rom B r is to l , T emp le B ack .

s u rf aces ;f i re d i sco lora t ion a round c en tr e h o le . 1 670 -1700

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th m ixed m inera l a nd s e lf c o loured g rog i n c lus ions ; t r aces o fl u te w ash . D iame ter u ncer ta in .

d T ype 1b un f rom G louces ter , B lack Dog Y ard . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th s e lf c o loured g rog

E ar ly 1 9 th c en tury

• T ype 2 b un f rom B r i s to l , L ower C as t le S t r ee t .

i n c lus ions ; t r aces o fl u te w ash . D iame ter u ncer ta in .

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th q uar t z i n c lus ions

1 849 -70

a nd v o id ing f rom c ombus ted o rgan ic ma t ter ; t r aces o fl u te w ash . D iame ter 2 74 mm .

• T ype 1b un f rom N ewark , A lber t S t r ee t .

Da te u ncer ta in

F abr ic - w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th m ixed m inera l i n c lus ions ,

p ipe

t r imm ings

a nd

v o id ing

T ype 2 b un f rom B r is to l , Waver ly S t r ee t .

f rom

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th q uar t z i n c lus ions ,

c ombus ted o rgan ic ma t ter . D iame ter u ncer ta in .

c rushed p ipe g rog a nd v o id ing f rom c ombus ted

M id 1 9 th c en tury

o rgan ic ma t ter ; t r aces o fl u te w a sh . f

D iame ter 2 48mm .

T ype Ib un f rom L ondon , S ou thwark S t ree t .

E ar ly 1 9 th c en tu ry

F abr ic - l i gh t r ed b r ick c l ay w i th v o id ing f rom c ombus ted

o rgan ic

ma t ter ;

r egu lar

• T ype 2 b un f rom B r is to l , Waver ly S t r ee t ,

d iagona l

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th q uar t z i n c lus ions ,

p e rf ora t ions m ade b y t h e i n ser t ion o fp ipe s t em s . D iame ter 1 60mm .

1 8 th c en tury

c ru shed p ipe g rog a nd v o id ing f rom c ombus ted o rgan ic ma t ter . D iame ter 2 36mm .

g T ype 2 b un f rom I psw ich , N ep tune Q uay . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th s e lf c o lour ed g rog a nd v o id ing f rom c ombus ted o rgan ic m a t ter . D iame ter 1 40mm .

E ar ly 1 9 th c en tur y

• T ype 2 b un f rom B r i s to l , T emp le B ack .

1 9 th c en tu ry .

F abr ic - w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th m ixed m inera l i n c lus ions a nd c rushed p ipe g rog .

h T ype 2 b un f rom L ewes , P ipe P assage . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay . D iame ter 1 44mm .

D iame ter 2 36mm .

E ar ly 1 9 th c en tur y

1 830 -70 w T ype 2 b un f rom S tamf ord , N or th S t r ee t

T ype 2 b un f rom L ewes , P ipe P as sage . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay . D iame ter 7 5mm .

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th c rushed p ipe g rog 1 830 -70

a nd p ipe t r imm ings ; t r aces o fl u te w a sh . D iame ter 9 2mm .

1 847 -96

j T ype 2 b un f rom L ewes , P ipe P as sage . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay . D iame ter 9 6mm .

1 830 -70

x T ype 2 b un f rom C ha tham , G ibra l tar C o t tage . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay . D iame ter 6 0mm .

1 810 -55

k T ype 2 b un f rom L ewes , P ipe P as sage . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay . D iame ter 8 4mm .

1 830 -70

y T ype 2 a b un f rom S tamf ord , N or th S t ree t . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th c rushed p ipe g rog

1 T ype 2 b un f rom L ewes , P ipe P as sage . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay . D iame ter 8 2mm . m T ype 2 b un f rom L ewes , P ipe P as sage . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay . D iame ter 6 omm .

a nd p ipe t r imm ings ; t r aces o fl u te w ash . 1 830 -70

D iame ter 6 6mm .

1 830 -70

n T ype 2 b un f rom L ewes , P ipe P assage . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay . D iame ter 5 8 rnm .

1 830 -70

4 6

1 847 -96

6

-4

\N\\\\

,

V

0

N\

j 1 0 0M M

M

F igur e 2 1 : B uns : af T ype 1 ;g -y T ype 2 ./ 4 S 1 ca le . 4 7

MZI M = 1 13 =M I C IB I

BUNS : T ype 3 a j , T ype 4 k -m , T ype 5 n .( F ig . 2 2 , 1 / 4

a nd p ipe t r imm ings ; t r aces o fl u te w a sh .

S ca le ) .

D iame ter 1 00mm .

1 847 -96

1 T ype 4 b un f rom B r i s to l , T emp le B ack .

a P o ss ib le T ype 3 b un f rom C hard , S i lver S t r ee t .

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th m ixed m inera l a nd

F abr ic -p ink c l ay ma tr ix w i th q uar t z , f errug inous m inera l i n c lus ions a nd v o id ing f rom c ombus ted

s e lf c o loured g rog i n c lus ions ; t r aces o fl u te w ash .

o rgan ic m a t ter .

D iame ter 4 08mm .

D iame ter u ncer ta in .

E ar ly 1 9 th c en tu ry

1 675 1 700 m T ype 4 b un f rom B r i s to l , T emp le B ack . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th m ixed m inera l a nd

b T ype 3 b un f rom I psw ich , N ep tune Q uay . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th s e lf c o lour ed g rog

s e lf c o loured g rog i n c lus ions ; t r aces o fl u te w ash .

a nd v o id ing f rom c ombus ted o rgan ic ma t ter ; t r aces

D iame ter 3 76mm .

o fl u te w a sh . D iame ter u ncer ta in .

E ar ly 1 9 th c en tur y

T ype 5 b un f rom G louces ter , Quay S t ree t .

1 9 th c en tury

F abr ic - w h i te c l ay ; t r aces o f l u te w a sh ; f i re T ype 3 b un f rom B r is to l , T emp le B ack .

d i sco lora t ion a round c en tre h o le .

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th m ixed m inera l a nd

D iame ter 8 0mm .

s e lf c o loured g rog i n c lus ions ; t r aces o fl u te w a sh . D iame ter 3 36mm .

E ar ly 1 9 th c en tur y

d T ype 3 b un f rom B r is to l , T emp le B ack F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th m ixed m inera l a nd s e lf c o loured g rog i n c lus ions ; t r aces o fl u te w ash . D iame ter 2 88mm .

E ar ly 1 9 th c en tury

e T ype 3 b un f rom C ha tham , J ames/R ichard S t ree t . F abr ic - w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th v o id ing f rom c ombus ted o rgan ic ma t ter ; t r aces o fl u te w ash . D iame ter 3 96mm . f

1 790 -1810

T ype 3 b un f rom S tamf ord , N or th S t r ee t . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th c rushed p ipe g rog a nd p ipe t r imm ings ; t r aces o fl u te w a sh . D iame ter 1 96mm .

g T ype 3 b un f rom B r is to l ,

1 847 -96 G rave l S t ree t .

W i th

r andom t a per ed p unc tures f rom t h e u pper s u rf ace . F abr ic -w h i t e c l ay . D iame ter 3 20mm .

L a te 1 8 th c en tu ry

h T ype 3 b un f rom B r is to l , L ew ins Mead , w i th w e l l f ormed h o le p ass ing v er t ica l ly t h rough . Ho le n o t c en tra lp robab ly o ne o fs evera l . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay . D iame ter 1 96mm .

1 707 -39

T ype 3b un f rom L ondon , A ldga te , w i th w e l lf ormed h o le p ass ing v er t ica l ly t h rough . Ho le n o t c en tra l p os s ib ly o ne o fs evera l . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th i r on s t a ined g rog a nd v o id ing f rom c ombus ted o rgan ic ma t ter ; f l ash g l aze o n l ower s u rf ace . D iame ter u ncer ta in .

1 8 th c en tury

j T ype 3 b un f rom B r i s to l , L ew ins Mead , w i th w e l l f ormed h o le p a ss ing v er t ica l ly t h rough . Ho le n o t c en tra lp oss ib ly o ne o fs evera l . F abr ic -w h i t e c l ay ; t r aces o fl u te w ash . D iame ter 2 00mm .

1 707 -39

k T ype 4 b un f rom S tamf ord , N or th S t ree t . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th c rushed p ipe g rog 4 8

1 670 -1700

a •

F igur e 2 2 : B uns : a j T ype 3 ;k -m T ype 4 ; nT ype 5 ./ 4 S 1 ca le . 4 9

b .

i oo mr n

F igure 2 3 : D ishe s : aa nd c T ype 2 ; b , da nd et y pe u ncer ta in . S ca le a s s hown .

D ISHES : t y pe 2 a nd u ncer ta in ( F ig . 2 3 ) .

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th m ixed m inera l a nd s e lf c o loured g rog i n c lus ions .

a T ype 2d i sh f rom B os ton , R osegar th S tr ee t .

D iame ter 2 96mm .

1 870 -75

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th c rushed p ipe g rog a nd p ipe t r imm ings ; t r aces o fl u te w a sh . D iame ter 3 80mm .

d T ype 2d i sh f rom G louces ter , 9 9 Wes tga te S t ree t . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th m ixed m inera l a nd

M id 1 9 th c en tury

s e lf c o loured g rog i n c lu s ions . D iame ter 5 12mm .

b T ype Id i sh f rom C hard , S i lver S t ree t .

1 870 -75

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay w i th v o id ing f rom c ombus ted o rgan ic m a t ter . D iame ter 1 80mm .

e T ype 2d i sh f rom G louces ter , 9 9 W es tga te S t ree t . 1 675 -1700

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th m ixed m inera l a nd s e lf c o loured g rog i n c lus ions .

c T ype 2d i sh f rom G louces ter , 9 9 W es tga te S t ree t .

D iame ter 5 12mm . 5 0

1 870 -75

o

1 00 M M

I I I

F igur e 2 4 : D ishes : iT ype 1 ;f -h T ype 2 .S ca le a s s hown . 5 1

h T ype 2 d i sh f rom L eed s , C o t tage S t ree t .

D IS HES : t ype s 1a nd 2 ( F ig . 2 4 ) .

F abr ic -w h i t e c l ay ; t r aces o fl u te w ash . f

D iame ter 5 36mm .

T ype 2 d i sh f rom L eed s , C o t tage S t ree t .

1 882 -1950

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ; t r aces o fl u te w ash . D iame ter 4 56mm .

i T ype 1d i sh f rom L ewes , P ipe P as sage .

1 882 -1950

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th q uar t z i n c lus ions a nd v o id ing f rom c ombus ted o rgan ic ma t ter .

g T ype 2 d i sh f rom L eed s , C o t tage S t ree t . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ; t r aces o fl u te w ash . D iame ter 4 66mm .

D iame ter 4 32mm .

1 830 -70

1 882 -1950

F igure 2 5 : D ishe s :j 1 T ype 2 .S ca le a s s hown .

D ISHES : t ype 2 ( F ig 2 5 ) .

m inera l ,

c rushed p ipe g rog a nd v o id ing f rom

c ombus ted o rgan ic m a t ter ; l u te w ash i n s ide a nd o u t . j

T ype 2 d i sh f rom L ewes , P ipe P as sage .

D iame ter 4 46mm .

1 9 th c en tury

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th q uar t z i n c lus ions a nd v o id ing f rom c ombus ted o rgan ic m a t ter . D iame ter 4 40mm . 1 830 -70

l T ype 2 d i sh f rom Manches ter , H ur s t C our t . F abr ic -p ink c l ay m a tr ix w i th q uar t z , s e lf c o lour ed g rog a nd v o id ing f rom c ombus ted o rgan ic m a t ter ;

k T ype 2 d i sh f rom Manches ter , H ur s t C our t . F abr ic

-p ink c l ay m a tr ix w i th q uar t z ,

l u te w ash i n s ide a nd o u t ;p ref ir ed p ipes u sed w i th in m ixed

t h e d i sh w a l l . D iame ter 5 08mm . 5 2

1 9 th c en tur y

a

F igur e 2 6A : Mon tage o fp rops , b uns a nd d i shes : aP 4 ; bD 2 ; cP 3 a nd P 3b ; dP 4 a nd D I .

K ILN FURNITURE : Mon tage o f p rop s b un s a nd

c P rops T ypes 2a nd 3 bf rom L ewes , P ipe P as sage .

d i she s , ( F ig . 2 6a ) , S ca le s a s s hown .

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay .

a T ype 4p rops f rom L ewe s , P ipe P assage . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay .

d P rop a nd d i sh f rom G louces ter , 9 9 Wes tga te S t r ee t . 1 830 -70

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th m ixed m inera l a nd s e lf c o loured g rog i n c lus ions .

b T ype 2d i sh f rom L ewes , P ipe P assage . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay .

1 830 -70

1 830 -70 5 3

1 870 -75

F igure 2 6B : Mon tage o fp rops , b uns a nd d i shes : eP 2 ; fP 4a ; gP 2 , P 4 a nd B 2 .

K ILN FURNITURE : Mon tage o f p rop s b uns a nd

a nd p ipe t r imm ings ; t r aces o fl u t e w a sh . 1 9 th c en tu ry

d i she s , ( F ig . 2 6b ) , S ca le s a s s hown . T ype 2p rops f rom L ewes , P ipe P as sage . F abr ic -w h i te c lay .

g C o lumn o fp rop s a nd b uns f rom f rom L ewes , P ipe 1 830 -70

P assage . B o t tom t ot o p ; T ype 2p rop , T ype 2 b un , T ype 4p rop , T ype 2b un . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay .

f T ype 4 a p rops f rom S tamf ord , N or th S t r ee t . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay m a tr ix w i th c rushed p ipe g rog 5 4

1 830 -70

T he e a r l ie s t i n c idence o f ac y l ind r ica l s agga r i sf r om

SAGGARS

B a rn s tap le i nN or th D evon , d a ted b y p ipe t ypo logy t o c 1610 -30 . T he s i te i n P o t te r s L ane p roduced t h ree

A rchaeo log ica l e v idence f o r t h e u se o f s agga r s i np ipe p roduc t ion o ccu r s f r om an umbe r o f s i te s d a t ing f r om

f r agmen t s o fs agga r b a se w i th b roken p ipes t r apped i n

t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e n i ne teen th c en tu ry . A l though

p oo l s

t h e re a r e e a r l ie re xamp le s o fs agga r ma te r ia l a s soc ia ted

u ns t ra t if ied f r om a n a r ea o ccup ied b y , a nd p roduc ing

o f l e ad

g l aze .

A l l

t h ree

a r e

u nfor tuna te ly

w i th p ipe w a s te ( s ee T ab le 3 ,p age 3 7 ) , i n secur i ty o f

l a rge q uan t i t ie s o fw a s te f r om , p o t te r s . T he f abr ic f r om

c on tex t ,c ommuna ld ump ing o rt h ep rox im i ty o fp o t te ry

wh ich t h e t h ree s agga r s a r e c ons t ruc ted i s a n i r on

p roduc t ion c a l lt h ese i n to q ue s t ion . T he s i ng le f r agmen t

s t a ined c l ay d ense ly t empe red w i th r i ve rg rave l , a ve rage

f r om T rowb r idge 2 i sn o t f r om a s e cu re c on tex t . T ha t

s i ze 2 -4mm . Va s t q uan t i t ie s o f s agga r f r agmen t s , o f

f r om B r is to l 1i sf r om a c ommuna l d ump . T he s i ng le s agga r f r agmen t f r om B r is to l 5c ome s f r om ad umped

s im i la r t y pe a nd f a b r ic , h ave b een r e cove red f r om t h is s i te t o ge the rw i th t i l ef r agmen t si nt h es ame f ab r ic . Two

a s semb lage

u nknown .

o f t h e se s agga r s a r e r ep re sen ted b y c omp le te v er t ica l

C on tam ina t ion c anno t b e r u led o u t . T he c o l lec t ion o f s agga r f r agmen t s f r om B r is to l 6d i sp lay y e l low g lazed

p rof i le s m ea su r ing 2 00mm a nd 2 30mm i nh e igh t . T he

s u r face s a nd c ome f r om a s i te t h a t w a s a d jacen t t o a

p i e rced b o t tom s ; t h e t a l le r o ft h e t wo h a s d i ame te r s o f 1 40mm a tt h e b a se a nd 9 6mm a tt h e r im . T he p ie rced

t h e

s ou rce

o f

wh ich

i s

p u rpo se o ft h e se s agga r s i su nce r ta in ; b o th h ave c rude ly

p o t te ry f a c tory . T he s i ng le s agga r f r agmen t f r om C an te rbu ry 1 i sf r om a s i te k nown t o h ave p roduced

b a se make s i tu n l ike ly t h a t i tw a s u sed f o r p ipe s . Mos t o f t h is ma te r ia l d e r ive s f r om p o t te ry a nd r oof t i l e manu fac tu re b u t i ti sc l ea r f r om t h e g l aze i n cu r s ions

p i pe sa nd p o t te ry i nt h el a te e i gh teen th ,e a r ly n ine teen th c en tu ry .

t h a t t obacco p i pe s w e re f i red i n t h e s ame k i lns a s g lazed w a re s .

T he p r edom inan t T ype 1 s agga r f o rm i st h e c y l inde r c l osed o f fa tt h e b o t tom w i th af l a tb a se . T he se c ome i n

T he se f r agmen t s a r e i n c luded i n t h e c a ta logue e n t ry BA! . T he n umbe r s u sed b e low t o i d en t ify i nd iv idua l

s eve ra l d if e ren t s i ze s . I n t h o se c a se s w he re t h e f abr ic c ons i s t s o f p ipe c l ay w i th a dded p ipe g rog a nd o r

p i ece s a r e t h e N or th D evon D is t r ic t C ounc i l R e scue

t r imm ings i ti s l i ke ly t h a t t h ey w e re made o n s i te . O the r s made o f s t anda rd f i re c l ay f abr ics a r e mo re

A rchaeo logy U n i t r e f e rence s .

l i ke ly t o h ave b een b rough t i n . A v a r ia t ion o n t h e c y l indr ica ls agga r ,e mp loyed b yP o l lock 's a t Manches te r

BAA85 3 026 5 3 i s ab a se f r agmen t w i th 8 p ipe s t em

f o rt h ep roduc t ion o fl o ng s t emmed p ipes , h a s ac i rcu la r o pen ing t h rough t h e b a se w h ich p ro jec ts i nwa rds f r om

e nd s f u sed i n ap oo l o f g l aze . T he p ipe s h ad b een p l aced u p r igh t o n t h e i r mou th p i ece e nd s . On t h e

t h e w a l l t of o rm ap e r iphe ra l s he lf i nm in ia tu re . T hese w e re u sed i n av er t ica l s t ack r e semb l ing as ma l l v e r s ion

e v idence o f 1 00mm o f b a se c i r cumf e rence , t he s agga r

o ft h ed eve loped muf f le . S agga rr i ng s ,c y l inde r sw i th n o

5 5mm o fs u rv iv ing w a l l w i th 1 4 p ipe s t em e nd s a nd 3

f i xed b a se ,o ccu rf r om Wa te r fo rd w h i ls ts agga rl i d s ,f l a t

b ow l f r agmen t s f u sed i n ap oo l o fg l aze . T he p ipes h ad b een p l aced u p r igh ti ng roups a l terna t ing s t em s u pwa rd

d iame te ri sc 120mm . ND84 5 07 i s ab a se f r agmen tw i th

c i rcu la r b a t s , a r e r e co rded f r om G louce s te r .

a nd b ow l s u pwa rd . O n t h e e v idence o f 10mm o fb a se L i s ted b e low a r et h e s i te sf r om w h ich c y l ind r ica l s agga r

c i rcumf e rence , t h es agga rd iame te ri sc 140mm . BAA85

ma te r ia l h a s b een r e co rded . D iame te r s v a ry b e tween

3 04 i s ab a se f r agmen t w i th 6 5mm o f s u rv iv ing w a l l

2 00mm a nd 6 00mm .

w i th 2 6p ipe s t em e nd s a nd 1 4 b ow ls f u sed i n ap oo l o f g l aze ( F igu re 2 7 ) . T he p ipe s h ad b een p l aced u pr igh ti n g roup s a l terna t ing s t em s u pwa rd a nd b ow ls u pwa rd . On

D iame te r

2 00 2 40 2 80 3 00 3 20 3 40 3 60 3 80 4 00 6 00

t h e e v idence o f 2 10mm o f b a se c i rcumf e rence , t h e s agga r d i ame te r i sc 120mm . T he p ipe b ow ls a r e o f a

B a rn s tap le 1 x B o s ton

x

v ery e a r ly t ype d a t ing t o t h e p e r iod 1 610 -30 ( H igg ins

x

1 988 , A ppend ix 2 n o p ag ina t ion ) . As im i la r p ipe , n ow

B r i s to l 1

d e tached f r om b u t w h ich j o in s w i th a s ca r i n t h is

B r i s to l 5 B r i s to l 7

x

x

s agga r , i s ma rked , o n t h e h ee l LC . T h is make r h a s n o t

x

b een i d en t if ied .

B r i s to l 8 B r i s to l 1 2 C an te rbu ry 1 C a r l is le

x

G louce s te r 1

x

x x

x

x

x

F igu re 2 7 ( uppe r ) i s ar ep re sen ta t iona l v i ew o f t h e

x

s agga r ; ad i ag ramma t ic s e c t ion /e leva t ion o f ac omp le te s agga r f i l led w i th p ipes i ss hown b e low . T he h e igh t i s

x

L ime r ick

p os tu la ted . A p i pe b ow l , f r om t h e s ame s i te , o f al a te r t ype ,

A l though c omp le te p rof i le s a r e r a re t h e se h ave y i e lded

p o s s ib ly d a t ing t o t h e t h i rd q ua r te r o f t h e s even teen th

h e igh t s f r om B r is to l 1o f 1 46mm , B r is to l 8o f 5 5mm ,

c en tu ry , BAA85 2 00 , a l so h a s g l aze r un s a nd a t tached

B r is to l 1 2 o f 1 70mm , C a r l is le o f2 25mm a nd L i me r ick

f r agmen t s f r om o t he r p ipe s , p l aced i n c l ose c ompany .

o f 1 80mm .

T h is i n d ica te sl o ca lc on t inua t ion o ft h ep rac t ice o ff i r ing

5 5

S On set.

F igur e 2 7 : T op s aggar f ragmen tf rom B arns tap le w i th p ipe s t r apped i ng laze . B o t tom r econs truc ted s e c t ion a nd e l eva t ion o ft h e B arns tap le s aggar f i l led w i th p ipes ; h e igh t a nd r im f orm p os tu la ted . / 2 s 1 ca le . 5 6

p ipe s i n g laze w a re k i lns i n to t h e p e r iod w hen i ti s

o fw h i te c l ay s l u r ry t op ro tec ta nd e x tend t h el i f e o ft h e

k nown t h a t i no the rr e g ion s muff le k i lns w e re i nu se . I t

w ire . Af i lm t a ken a tt h e S imon is f a c to ry i nG ermany

i sn o t u n t i l t h e m idd le o f t h e n i ne teen th c en tury t ha t

s hows s agga r s , made b y t h e p ipemake r , b e ing r epa ired

t h e re i sa ga in c l ea r e v idence o f s agga r s b e ing u sed f o r

w i th w i re a nd ac l ay c oa t ing ( Au tho r 's p o sse ss ion ) .

f i r ing c l ay p ipe s . T he re a r e o the r f o rm s o f s agga r w h ich w e re u ndoub ted ly made f o r s pec if ic p u rpo se s . T he T ype 2 ,

BATS

r e c tangu la r h ump b acked s agga r ( F igu re 2 8 ) i sk nown

B a t sf r om p ipe k i ln a s semb lage sp ose s eve ra lp rob lem s .

f r om S ou tho rn 's B ro se ley Wo rk s w he re u n t i l r e cen t ly

I nf ew c a se s a r et h e se c omp le te e nough t ob e c e r ta in o f

ap i le o ft h ese c ou ld b e s e en p ar t f i l led w i th p ipe c l ay

t h e i rf o rm . F rom G louce s te r , Wes tga te S t ree t , 1 870 -75 ,

g rog

t h e re a r e t wo c i rcu la r b a t s i n t h e s ame f abr ic a s t h e

(Wa lke r

1 977 ,

1 655 ) .

Wh i le

t h e

w o rk s

i s

u nde rgo ing r e s to ra t ion t h e se , t oge the r w i th a l l o the r

a ccompany ing s agga r f r agmen t s ( F igu re 3 0d ) . T he

a r tefac t s , a r e i n s t o rage a tt h e J ack f ie ld T i le Museum .

d iame te r o f t h e se c i rcu la r b a t s i s 4 50mm a nd t h e

T hese s agga r s w e re u sed t of i re p ipes w i th l ong c u rved s t ems l a id i n c l ay g rog a f t e r t h e D u tch manne r ( Anon

t h ickne s s 2 2 -40mm . T hey h ave t h e i mp re s s ions o f a r ough s awn p l ank s ur f ace o n o ne s i de . T he se p robab ly

1 932 ) . As t em l e ng th i nt h e r e g ion o f 8 00mm o r 3 2 ins c ou ld b e a ccommoda ted . R ec tangu la r s agga r s a r e a l so

s e rved a ss agga rl i ds . C i rcu la rb a t s w e re a l so r e cove red f r om Wa te rfo rd , A runde l S qua re , 1 750 -1800 , w i th

k nown f r om B a rn s tap le ,B r i s to l , G louce s te ra nd L ewe s .

d iame te r so f3 60mm , 4 00mm a nd 4 40mm ( F igu re 3 0c ) .

T ype 3w i th s i de s s l op ing i nwa rd t ot h er im i sr e co rded

T he t h ickne sse s a r e 1 8 -20mm a nd 2 0 -22mm . T h ree o f

f r om B r is to l , Mead S t ree t ,c 1850 -65 ,B r is to l ,B a th R oad

t h e f r agmen t s a l so h ave a c i rcu la r h o le 1 20mm i n

c 1850 a nd G louce s te r , We s tga te S t ree t , 1 870 -75 ( F igu re

d iame te r ; o ne a tl e a s t i si nt h e c ent re o f ac i r cu la r b a t .

2 9 j a nd k ) . Wa l l h e igh t s a r e f r om 1 00 -10mm . T he

I ti sl i ke ly t h a tt h e se w e re u sed b e tween s ha l low s agga r

more c omp le te f r agmen t s f r om B r i s to l , B a th R oad ,

r i ng s t o c on ta in w ig c u r le r s i n t h e k i ln ( s ee Append ix

s ugge s t ah ump b a ck b a se s im i la r t o t h e B ro se ley

5 ) .

e xamp le s . T ype 4 w i th v e r t ica l s i de s i sr e co rded f r om F rom B i r t ley F a rm i nH e refo rd sh ire , 1 660 -1700 , t h e re

B a rn s tap le , A lexand ra R oad , 1 857 -65 a nd G louce s te r , Wes tga te S t ree t , 1 870 -75 ( F igu re 2 9f a nd g ) . T h is i st h e

a r e t wo s ma l l t r apez ifo rm b a t s 9 6mm l o ng , 6 0mm t o

o n ly t ype o f s agga r r e co rded f r om t h e B a rn s tap le s i te .

4 2mm w ide , 1 5mm t h ick , r e info rced w i th p ipe s t ems

T ype 5 , r e c tangu la r w i th a s ma l l u p s tand ing e dge , i s

( F igu re 2 9n ) . T he p u rpo se o ft h e se i sn o t k nown . Ab a t

r e co rded f r om G louce s te r , We s tga te S t ree t , 1 870 -75 a nd

f r agmen to fs im i la rt h ickne s s , a l so r e info rced w i th p ipe

L ewe s , P ipe P a ssage , 1 830 -70 ( F igu re 2 9h a nd i ) . T he

s t em s , w a sr e cove red f r om B ack S i lve rS t ree t , Du rham ,

L ewe s

1 800 -50 .

a s semb lage

f r agmen t .

i n c lude s

o n ly

t h is

o ne

s agga r

T he p u rpo se o f t h is f o rm i s u nce r ta in .

A l though i ti sd esc r ibed a s as agga r , b ecau se t h e f ab r ic

B a t s p i e rced w i th h o le s h ave a l so b een r e co rded f r om

i ss im i la r t ot hose u sed f o r s agga r s , e v idence i sl a ck ing

p ipe

f o r t h e c omp le te f o rm a nd s ome o the r f unc t ion c anno t

s u rv iv ing s t ra igh t e dge wh i ls t af ou r th d i sp lays o n ly

b e r u led o u t . T he G louce s te r s agga r f r agmen t s b ea r t h e

b roken e dge s . T he se c ome f r om B r is to l , G rave l S t ree t ,

i mp ress ion o f at w i l l w oven f a b r ic o n wh ich t h e p i ece s

l a te 1 8 th c en tu ry ( F igu re 2 90 a nd

w e re c l ea r ly f o rmed a nd w h ich p robab ly f a c i l i ta ted

S t ree t ,

h and l ing o ft h e p la s t ic s l ab s .

H e refo rd sh i re ,c 1700 ( F igu re 2 9 1 ) .F rom B r is to l ,L ew ins Mead , e a r ly 1 8 th c en tury , t h e re i sp a r t o f al obed b a t

C a s t i r on s agga r s w e re u sed a l ong s ide c onven t iona l

p i e rced b y a tl e a s t t wo 1 8mm h o le s ( F igu re 2 9q ) .

c e ram ic o ne s a tt h e L e i th f a c to ry o f Wi l l iam C h r is t ie w h ich c l o sed i n 1 962 . I ti sn o t c l ea r f o r w ha t p u rpo se t h e se w e re emp loyed n o r f o r h ow l ong ( Ch r is t ie 's a l so made r ed a nd wh i te c l ean ing a nd c o lou r ing s t one s ) . C o r re spondence q uo ted b yG a l laghe rs ugge s t st h a tt h ese c a s t

i r on

C h r is t ie 's

s agga r s G la sgow

m igh t

p o s tda te

b a sed

s agga r

t h e

d em ise

make r

o f

c 1920

( Ga l laghe r a nd S ha rp 1 986 , 1 7 ) . Ac o l lec t ion o f t h e se s agga r s i se xh ib i ted i nt h e r e con s truc t ion o f C h r is t ie 's wo rk shop i n t h e H un t ly H ou se Mu seum , E d inbu rgh . R ob inson a l so r e f e r s t oc a s t i r on p o t s i nh i s a ccoun t o f t h e manufac tur ing p roce s s i n D e rbysh i re ( s ee b e low Append ix 3 ) . T he u se o f i r on w i re t o b i nd c r acked s agga r s i sa l so k nown f r om C a r l i s le w he re many f r agmen t s f r om c y l ind r ica l s agga r s h ave t w is ted mu l t i s t rand w i re b ind ings . I n t h is c a se t h e w i re s a r e c oa ted w i th al a ye r 5 7

k i ln

a s semb lage s .

1 675 -1700

T h ree

( F igu re

o f t h e se

2 9m )

h ave

o ne

p ) ; C ha rd , S i lve r a nd

P ipe

A s ton ,

E E o o

-

,

-

-

F igur e 2 8 : T ype 2 s aggar f rom S ou thorn 's K ing S t ree t Work s , B rose ley . / 4 s 1 ca le . 5 8

TYPE 2 SAGGAR : F igu re 2 8 T ype 2 s agga r f r om S ou tho rn 's K ing S t ree t Wo rk s . 1 4 S / ca le . m S ide e l eva t ion o f aT ype 2h ump b acked s aggar u sed a t S ou thorn 's K ing S t ree t Works , B rose ley . T he s aggar i sb ound b y a n i r on s t rap w i th t wo b u t ter f ly n u t a d jus ter s o n o ne e nd . I ti st y p ica l o f an umber o fs uch s ag g ar sf rom t h e w ork s , a tp r esen t i ns t ore a tt h e J ackf ie ld T i le Museum . L a te 1 9 th c en tu ry n P lan

v i ew

n arrow ing

o f t h e t oward s

s ame

s aggar

t h e c en tr e .

s how ing

Many

t h e

o f t h ese

s aggar s s t i l l c on ta in p owdered c l ay i n w h ich t h e p ipes w ere p laced f or f i r ing .

5 9

a

1 00 M M

CZ1B 1 =3 1 1 1 1 = I

M

0 1 1 111 - 1 M- 7 11 -

1 0011 1 17 1 1 1 13

•

F igure 2 9 : a -k s aggar p rof i les , l r b a t s . / 4 s 1 ca le .

6 0

SAGGAR PROFILES AND BATS : F igu re 2 9 a -k

o F ragmen t f rom a p ierced b a t w i th a t l e a s t o ne s t ra igh t e dge f rom B r is to l , G rave l S t ree t .

s agga r p rof i le s , 1 r b a t s . 1 / 4 s ca le .

F abr ic - w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th v o id ing f rom c ombus ted o rgan ic ma t ter .

a -e T yp ica l T ype 1 s aggar r im s ec t ions , a l l f rom G louce s ter , 9 9 Wes tga te S tree t . A l l a r e f rom

L a te 1 8 th c en tu ry

p F ragmen t f rom a p ierced b a t w i th a t l e a s t o ne

c y l indr ica lf orms r ang ing f rom 3 00mm t o3 60mm i n

s t ra igh t e dge f rom B r is to l , G rave l S t r ee t .

d i ame ter . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th m inera l i n c lus ions .

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th m inera l i n c lus ions . L a te 1 8 th c en tury

1 870 -75 q F ragmen tf rom ap ier ced l obed o ri nden ted b a tf rom B r i s to l , L ew ins Mead .

fand g S ec t ions o fT ype 4r e c tangu lar s aggar sw i th v er t ica l

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay .

1 707 -39

s i des f rom G louces ter , 9 9 Wes tga te S t r ee t . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th m inera l i n c lus ions .

F ragmen tf rom ab a tw i th a tl e a s to ne s t ra igh te dge ,

1 870 -75

r e inf orced w i th p ipe s t em s , f rom Durham , B ack S i lver S t ree t .

h S ec t ion o fT ype 5 r e c tangu lar s aggar w i th s ha l low

F abr ic - w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th v o id ing f rom c ombu s ted o rgan ic ma t ter .

u ps tand ing e dge f rom L ewes , P ipe P as sage . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th m inera l , c rushed p ipe i n c lus ions a nd v o id ing f rom c ombus t ed o rgan ic m a t ter .

1 830 -70

S ec t ion o fT ype 5 r e c tangu lar s aggar w i th s ha l low u ps tand ing e dge f rom G louces ter ,

9 9 W e s tga te

S t ree t . I n t h e b roken s ec t ion d e ta i l s o ft h e s t ages o f m anuf ac ture c an b e s een . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th m inera l i n c lus ions . 1 870 -75 ja nd k S ec t ions o fT ype 3 r e c tangu lar s aggar sw i th i nward l e an ing s i des f rom G louces ter , 9 9 W es tga t e S t r ee t . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th m inera l i n c lus ions . 1 870 -75 S im i lar s ec t ions a r e r ecorded f rom B r i s to l , Mead S t ree t . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th s e lf c o lour ed g rog . 1 850 -65

BATS : F igu re 2 9 1t o rb a t s 1 / 3 s ca le . 1 Sma l l b a tf ragmen t w i th s i x t aper ing h o le s s ome o f w h ich

p as s

r i gh t

t h rough ,

f rom

P ipe

A s ton ,

H eref ord sh ir e . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay .

6 50 - I7 00

m F ragmen t f rom a p ierced b a t w i th a t l e a s t o ne s t ra igh t e dge f rom C hard , S i lver S t ree t . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th q uar t z a nd o t her m inera l i n c lus ions .

1 675 -1700

T rape z if orm b a t r e inf orced w i th p ipe s t ems f rom B ir t ley F arm , H er ef ord sh ire . O ne o ft wo s ur v iv ing t h ough t h e e xcava tor r eca l led t h ere b e ing m any m ore , s uf i c ien t i nf ac t t o p rovoke h i s p o s tu la ted r e cons truc t ion o ft h e k i ln b u i l t e n t ir e ly f rom t h ese o b jec t s ( an u n l ike ly p rospec t ) . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay .

1 650 -1700

6 1

1 800 -50

F igur e3 0 : Mon tage o fs aggar s , s aggar r i ngs a nd c i r cu lar b a t s , aa nd bs aggar r i ng s ; ca nd dc i r cu lar b a t s ; ea nd fc y l indr ica l s aggar s ; ga nd h r e c tangu lar s aggar s . N o t t os ca le . 6 2

SAGGARS AND

BATS :

F igu re

3 0

Mon tage o f

s agga r s , s agga r r i ng s a nd c i rcu la r b a t s .

aa nd b S aggar r i ngs f rom Wa te rf ord , A runde l S quare . F abr ic -p ink t o b uf fc l ay ma tr ix w i th q uar t z s and a nd o t her m ixed m inera l i n c lus ions .

1 750 -1800

F ragmen t so fc i rcu lar b a t sf rom Wa te rf ord , A runde l S quar e . S even f ragmen t s w i th a t h ickness f rom 1 8 -20mm h ave a n o u t s ide d iame ter o f3 60mm . O ne f ragmen t o f s im i lar t h ickness h as a d iame ter o f 4 00mm . O ne f ragmen t 1 8 -20mm t h ick w i th a n o u t s ide d iame ter o f 4 40mm h as a c i rcu lar c en tr e h o le o f1 20mm . T wo f ragmen t s 2 0 -22mm t h ick a l so h ave a s im i lar c en tre h o le b u t d o n o t s ur v ive t o t h e ir c i r cumf erence . F abr ic -p ink t o b uf fc l ay ma tr ix w i th q uar t z s and a nd o t her m ixed m inera l i n c lus ions .

1 750 -1800

d C ircu lar b a tf ragmen tf rom G louces ter , 9 9 W es tga te S t ree t . F abr ic - w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th m ixed m inera l i n c lus ions .

1 870 -75

C y l indr ica l s aggar b ases f rom C ar l is le . T he w a l l s car a nd t r aces o fl u te l i n ing c an b e c l ear ly s een . F abr ic - r ed t o p ink c l ay ma tr ix w i th g rog a nd m ixed m inera l i n c lus ions . T hree h undred a nd n i ne ty n i ne f ragmen t s w ere r e covered a l l f rom T ype 1 c y l indr ica l s aggar s . D iame ter s r ange f rom 2 80mm t o 4 00mm w i th o ne c omp le te p rof i le m easured a t 2 25mm .

L a te 1 9 th c en tur y

f C y l indr ica ls aggar w a l lf ragmen tf rom C ar l i s le . T he d ark l i ne a cros s t h ef ragmen t i s a mu l t i s t rand i r on w ir e . Many o f t h e s aggar s h ad b een b ound w i th w ire t o h o ld t h em t oge ther a f ter s p l i t s d eve loped . T he w ir e w as c over ed w i th s mear ed w h i te c l ay . F abr ic - r ed t o p ink c l ay ma tr ix w i th g rog a nd m ixed m inera l i n c lus ions .

L a te 1 9 th c en tu ry

g R ec tangu lar s aggar f ragmen t sf rom B r is to l , Mead S t ree t . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th s e lf c o lour ed g rog i n c lus ions .

1 850 -65

h D e ta i l o f h ump b ack s aggar f rom B rose ley , K ing S t ree t . T hese s aggar s a re e nc irc led w i th af l a t i r on s t rap , t i gh tened o n t wo c orner s w i th b u t te rf l y n u t s . L a te 1 9 th c en tury

6 3

EVIDENCE ;

RL 1

S t ra igh t o r n ea r s t ra igh t

FURNITURE SUPPLE MENTS , MISCELLANY

RL2

C u rved r o l l

AND W ASTE

RL3

T ape red r o l l

7 . THE

ARCHAEOLOGICAL

RL4

S e rpen t ine r o l l

RL5

R o l l w i th e nd s s p read o rf l a t tened t of o rm as t ru t

A . FURNITURE SUPPLE MENTS S pec imens o f r o l l t ypes a r e i lu s t ra ted b e low ( F igu re s T he a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd o fp ipe k i ln s i te s a nd d umps i n c lude s as e cond g roup o fo b jec t s wh ich , a l though l e s s

3 1 a nd 3 2 , p age s 6 8 a nd 6 9 ) .

f o rma l t h an t h e f u rn i tu re d e sc r ibed i n t h e p rev iou s

S t rap d ef in i t ion a nd t y po logy

c hap te r , c l ea r ly o ccup ied as im i la r s t a t ion i nt h e k i ln i n

T he t e rm s t rap h a s b een c ho sen b y t h e a u tho r t o

c l o se p rox im i ty t o t h e c ha rge o f p ipe s . T h i s g roup o f

d e scr ibe o b jec ts f o rmed f r om r o l ls , b y h and , t op roduce

o b jec t s i n c ludes s imp le h and f o rmed r o l ls , s hee t s a nd w ad s o fc l ay o f ten b ea r ing i mp re ss ions o fo b jec t s w i th

f l a t tened s t r ip o r s t rap s e c t ions . T hey s ome t ime s r e ta in

wh ich t h ey w e re i nc on tac t w h i le s t i l l i n ap l a s t ic s t a te .

w i th t h e se o b jec t s wh i le s t i l l p l a s t ic .

t h ei mp re ss ions o fp ipe s t em so rb ow ls , t h rough c on tac t

I n s ome c a ses t h ese i mp re ss ions c an b e i d en t if ied w i th ad eg ree o fc er ta in ty w h i le i no the r s t h is i sn o tt h ec a se .

S P 1

S t ra igh t s t rap

I mp re ss ions o fp ipe s t ems a nd b ow ls s how t h a ts ome o f

S P2

S e rpen t ine s t rap

t h e se o b jec t s w e re u sed , u nde r , o n t op o r b e tween , b edd ing , c over ing o r s t ab i l is ing t h e c ha rge o f p ipe s .

S pec imens o f s t rap t ype s a r e i lu s t ra ted b e low ( F igu re

Opposed f l a ts ur face c on tac ti mp re ss ions i n d ica te u se a s

3 2 , p age 6 9 ) .

w add ing o rb edd ing b e tween b r ick s ,b a t s ,s agga r s ,p rop s Wad d ef in i t ion a nd t y po logy

o r b uns . I ta ppea r s , t h e refo re , t h a t t h e se o b jec t s w e re u sed , i nc on junc t ion w i th p reformed r eusab le i t ems o f

T he t e rm w ad , d ef ined b y R o sen tha l a s ' r o l ls o fp l a s t ic

f u rn i ture , f o r t h e p urpo se o f c on ta in ing t h e c ha rge o f

f i rec lay p laced b e tween i n d iv idua l s agga r s t o p r even t

p ipes w i th in t h e c hambe r . O nce t h e f i r ing c yc le h ad

f ume s f r om a f f ec t ing t h e w a re ' ( Ro sen tha l 1 949 , 3 01) ,

b een c omp le ted t h e n a tu re o ft h e se a nc i l la ry i t em s w a s

i sc ho sen t od escr ibe a ny p i ece o fc l ay u sed w h i le s t i l l

i r reve r s ib ly c hanged f r om p l a s t ic ma ter ia l t o f i red

p la s t ic t of o rm aj o in to rb edd ing b e tween o t he ro b jec t s .

c e ram ic .

f u rn i tu re s upp lemen t h a s b een

Wad su sua l ly r e ta in i mpr in t so ft h ec omp re s s ing o b jec t s

c hosen t o emb race a ny s uch o b jec t , u sed w i th in t h e

T he

t e rm

o n o ppos ing s ur faces . When f i red t h ey a r e u nab le t o

f i r ing c hambe r , d ependan t u pon p la s t ic i ty t o f u lf i l i t s

s e rve t h e

p u rpose .

a bandoned a s aw a s te p roduc t .

F u rn i tu re s upp lemen t s w e re e xpendab le a tt h e e nd o f

WA 1 F la t tened r o l l w ad

t h e f i r ing c yc le a s t h e a t tendan t l o ss o f p la s t ic i ty

WA2 C re scen t s ec t ion w ad

p reven ted r euse i n a ny s im i la r c apac i ty . B e ing b o th

la t tened b a l l w ad WA3 F

f r ag i le a nd e xpendab le s uch ma te r ia l mos t f r equen t ly

WA4 Wad f ormed b y p re s s ing ar o l l i n to aj o in t a nd

o ccu r s a s s ma l l b roken f r agmen t s . I n t h e c a ta logue ,

s ame

f unc t ion

a ga in

a nd a r e

g ene ra l ly

s moo th ing i to ve r

w h ich f o rms p a r t o f t h is b ook , t h e se f r agmen t s h ave

WAS R ing w ad o r r o l l b en t i n to a c i rcu la r o r n ea r

b een c l a ss if ied a cco rd ing t o an umbe r o f d i s t inc t ive

c i rcu la r s hape a nd t h en f l a t tened

f e a tu re s . T hese c l a s s if ica t ion s d o n o t i mp ly o b jec t s t a tus . Ac omp le te o b jec t , i fe ncoun te red , c ou ld d i sp lay

S pec imens o f w ad t ype s a r e i lu st ra ted b e low ( F igu re

an umbe r o f d ife ren t f e a tu re s i nd if e ren t p a r t s o f t h e

3 3 , p age 7 1) .

w ho le . A pp l ied s t r ip d ef in i t ion a nd t y po logy F ragmen t s o f f u rn i tu re s upp lemen t s h ave b een d iv ided

T he t e rm a pp l ied s t r ip i s c ho sen b y t h e a u tho r t o

i n to an umbe ro fg roup s . T hese g roup s a r e r o l ls , s t raps , w ads , a pp l ied s t r ip s , t h in s hee t s a nd r a ck s . E ach g roup

d e sc r ibe o b jec t s f o rmed f r om r o l ls b y p r e ss ing t h em

h a s b een s ubd iv ided i n to a n umbe r o f r e cogn isab le

d i s t ingu ished f r om w ad s b y v i r tue o f as i ng le c on tac t

v a r ia t ions , e ach g iven at ype n umbe r f o r s imp l ic i ty o f

s u rface . T ho se s ur faces t h a t a r e o ppos i te t ot h e c on tac t

o n to

s ome

o the r

o b jec t

o r

s u rf ace .

T hey

a r e

r e co rd ing . T he p re sence a nd n a tu re o fa ny i mp re s s ions

s u r face f r equen t ly b ea r i mp re s s ions o f p ipe s t em s a nd

i sn o ted i nt h e c a ta logue a f te r t h e t ype n umbe r . T he se

o cca s iona l ly o f b ow ls .

g roup sa nd t h e ir a t tendan tt ypo log ie sa r ed ef ined b e low . AS1

A pp l ied s t r ip o fDs e c t ion

R o l l d ef in i t ion a nd t y po logy

AS2

T r iangu la r s ec t ion

T he t e rm r o l l w a s f i r s t u sed b y We l ls (We l ls 1 970 ,

AS3

C re scen t s e c t ion

2 4 -5 ) , t o d escr ibe b i l le t s o f c l ay , c i rcu la r o r s ub -rounded i nc ross s e c t ion . T he se a r e u sua l ly r ough ly

AS4

S t rap s ec t ion

f o rmed b y h and , e i the r s t ra igh t o r c urved , a nd o f ten

S pec imens o f a pp l ied s t r ip t ype s a r e i lus t ra ted b e low

b ea r ing i mp ress ions w h ich may b e i n d ica t ive o f t h e i r u se .

( F igu res 3 4 a nd 3 5 , p age s 7 2 a nd 7 3 ) .

6 4

T h in s hee t d ef in i t ion a nd t y po logy T he t e rm t h in s hee t h a s b een c ho sen b y t h e a u tho r t o

w ou ld h ave t h e e f f ec t o f r a i s ing t h e r a ck c l ea r o f t h e s uppo r t ing s u r f ace . T he ir w ide sp read a dop t ion i sc l ea r ly

d esc r ibe f l a t o r u ndu la t ing p i ece s o f c l ay 2 10 mm

d emon s t ra ted

t h ick . T hey f unc t ioned a s p ack ing ma ter ia l w i th in t h e

G louce s te r , B o s ton , N ewa rk a nd I p sw ich a l l d a t ing t o

k i ln ; t h ey o f ten r e ta in i mp re s s ion s wh ich a r e i nd ica t ive

t h e n i ne teen th c en tu ry .

b y

t h e

e xamp le s

f r om

L ime r ick ,

o ft h e m e thod o ft h e i rf a br ica t ion a nd t h e u ses t o wh ich t h ey w e re p u t . F rom t h e se i mp re ss ions i ti sc l ea r t ha t w hen t h e se s hee t sc ame i n to c on tac tw i th t h ep ipe s t h ey

U sage o f t h e t e rm h a s b een e x tended t o c ove r t wo f u r the r g roup s o fo b jec t wh ich b ea r c er ta in s im i la r i t ie s

w e re s t i l l p la s t ic . I ti sn o t c l ea r w he the r t h is w a s a tt h e

o f f o rm o r c ons t ruc t ion . E xamp le s o f t h e f i r s t g roup ,

d ry ing s t age o r w hen t h ey w e re l o aded i n to t he k i ln .

( F igu re 3 8c f ) , d i f f e rf r om t h e s i ng le s t em r a c leg ' o n ly

S ome a r e f l a t , s ome r o l led o rf o lded ; t h ey o ccu r i nt wo

i nt h e s hape o ft h e c l ay t e rm ina l . I nt h ese v a r ian t f o rm s

f abr ic c a tegor ie s , s imp le p ipe c l ay a nd p ipe c l ay w i th

t h e e nd o ft h e t e rm ina l i sf l a t tened a l low ing t h e o b jec t

a dded o rgan ic ma te r ia l . T hose i nt h e f i r s tc a tegory t e nd

t of unc t ion a s ap rop o r s t ru t . As i ng le e xamp le o f t h e

t o b e f r om 2 t o 5 mm t h ick a nd t hose i n t he s econd

s e cond g roup i s i lu s t ra ted ( F igu re 4 0 s ) . I n c ommon w i th t h e b a s ic r a ck f o rm t h e se c ons is t o f g roups o f

f r om 4 t o 1 0 mm t h ick .

p a ra l le l s t em s , n o t n ece ssa r i ly i n as i ng le p lane . T hey T S1 T S2

F la t t h in s hee t R o l led t h in s hee t

d i f f e r i n t h a t t h ey a r e h e ld t o ge the r t h roughou t t h e i r l e ng th w i th at h in c oa t ing o fc l ay a pp l ied a s s l ur ry . T he

T S3

F o lded t h in s hee t

i lu s t ra ted e xamp le f r om L inco ln , C o rnh i l l , 1 840 -60 , i s

T S4

F o lded e dge t h in s hee t

f o rmed f r om t h ree s t em s i nt wo p l ane s . Two e xamp le s f r om B r is to l , T emp le Way , e a r ly 1 9 th c en tury , a r e

h in s hee t e dge s t reng thened w i th ar o l l a dded T S4a T T S5

a nd s moo thed t owa rd s t h e i n ter io r

f o rmed f r om a t l e a s t t h ree s t ems i n as i ng le p lane

T h in s hee ts t r ip w i th p a ra l le lc u te dge s 5 8 -64mm

w h i ls t ap o s s ib ly r e la ted e xamp le f r om T ru ro , P yda r

w ide

S t ree t , 1 800 -50 , h a s f i ve s t ems b unched t oge the r . I n n one o f t h e se i n s tance s i st h e re a ny i nd ica t ion o f t h e

S pec imen s o f t h in s hee t t ype s a r e i lus t ra ted b e low

t e rm ina l f o rm . T he o b jec t i lus t ra ted , ( F igure 4 0 t ) ,

( F igu re s 3 6 -38 , p age s 7 4 -77 ) .

c ons is t so ft wo s t em s h e ld t o ge the r i n ar ough ly s haped c l ay b r idge . T h is b r idge a ppea r s , f r om t h e t wo b roken

R ack d ef in i t ion a nd t y po logy T he t e rm r a ck h a s b een c ho sen b y t h e a u tho r t o

s u r face s , t o h ave e x tended i n b o th d i rec t ions o n a

d e scr ibe o b jec t s f o rmed b y f i x ing t oge the r ag roup o f

Wa rw ick , Ma rke t S t ree t , m id 1 9 th c en tury , h a s n o

p ref i red p i pe s t em s w i th a k nob o f p la s t ic c l ay . T he

p a ra l le l .

t r ansve r se a x i s t ot h e s t em s . A tp re sen tt h is o b jec t f r om

s u rv iv ing e v idence i si n t h e f o rm o f t h ese k nobs w i th b roken s t em sp ro t rud ing f r om t h em . T he c omp le te f o rm

T ab le 4 r e co rd s t h e i n c idence o ff u rn i tu re s upp lemen t s

o r t h e e xac t f unc t ion o f t h ese o b jec t s i sn o t k nown .

r e cove red f r om p ipe k i ln s i te s o r d umps o f p ipe k i ln

RK1

R ack w i th 1s t em

c o lumn t wo t h e c a tegory o f f ab r ic f r om wh ich e ach

RK2

R ack w i th 2 s t em s

i t em i sm ade ; c o lumn t h ree a ny r o l l t ype p resen t i nt h e

RK3

R ack w i th 3s t ems

a s semb lage ;c o lumn f ou ra ny s t rap t ype p resen t ;c o lumn

RK4

R ack w i th 4 s t em s

f i ve a ny w ad t y pe p re sen t ; c o lumn s i x a ny a pp l ied s t r ip

w a s te . C o lumn o ne l i s t s t h e s i te s i na l phabe t ica l o rde r ;

t y pe p re sen t ; c o lumn s even a ny t h in s hee t t ype p re sen t ; S pec imens o fr a ck t y pe s a r e i lus t ra ted b e low ( F igu res

c o lumn e i gh t a ny r a ck t y pe p re sen t a nd f i na l ly t h e

3 8 -40 , p age s 7 7 -80 ) .

t e rm ina l d a te f o r t h e a s semb lage . A q ues t ion ma rk i n t h ef ab r ic c o lumn i nd ica te s u ncer ta in ty o ff u l l d e ta i ls i n

R ack s f o rm a no the r d i s t inc t g roup o f o b jec t t ha t h a s

c a ses w he re a n o b jec t h a s n o b roken s ur f ace , i s o n

e me rged f r om t h is s t udy .A l though n e i the rt he i rp u rpo se o r c omp le te f o rm i sk nown i tw ou ld a ppea r t h a t t hey

d i sp lay a nd c ou ld n o t b e h and led , i sh eav i ly s l agged ,

w e re m anufac tured f o r u se i n t h e k i ln . Whe the r t h ey

o t he r c o lumn i nd ica te s ap o s s ib le t hough u ncer ta in

v i t r if ied o rh a s n o tb een c l eaned . Aq ues t ion ma rk i na n

w e re u sed o n ly o nce o r r epea ted ly i sn o t k nown . T he

i n c idence . A s i nt h e c a se o ff u rn i tu re t h e t ypo log ies a r e

t e rm w a s c once ived t o emb race a s e r ie s o f o b jec t s

ap roduc t o ft h is s t udy e vo lved a s ameans o fg roup ing

f o rmed f r om a n umbe r o f p a ra l le l p ipe s t ems , i n a

l i ke i t em s f o r i lus t ra t ion a nd d e scr ip t ion . Any d a t ing

s i ng le p l ane , h e ld t o ge the r w i th a r ough h and f o rmed

s i gn if i cance w i l l b ecome a ppa ren t w hen t h e ma ter ia l i s

k nob o fc l ay . A l though t h e mos tc ommon man if e s ta t ion

a pp ra ised .

i st h e r a ck t e rm ina l ( F igu re 3 8gi ; F igu re 3 9 j-o ; F igu re 4 0q a nd r )t h e re i so ne e xamp le , f r om G louces te r , B lack

Map 3 ( p age 6 7 ) s hows t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h ese s i te s

Dog Y a rd , 1 849 -70 , o f a n i n termed ia te b r idge ( F igu re

f r om w h ich f u rn i tu re s upp lemen t s h ave b een r e co rded .

3 9p ) . E a r ly e xamp le s a r et h e t wo s t emmed r a ck f r om S t A lbans , H o ly w e l l H i l l , 1 680 -1730 , a nd t h e f our s t emmed

e xamp le

f r om

A y le sbury ,

C a s t le

S t ree t ,

1 670 -1710 . T he A y le sbury e xamp le i su nu sua l i n t h e p re sence o f at u rned d own e dge w h ich , i fr epea ted , 6 5

T ab l e4 :L i s to fs i te sf rom w h ich f u rn i tur es upp lemen t s h ave b een r e corded . S i t e

F ab r ic

A the lney 1

W .

W .0 A y le sbur y 1 W .Q0

R o l l

S t rap

.

Wad

A /S T /S

5

1 , 2 ,4

. .

1

1 , 4 ,5 . 1 1

1 1 , 4

1 7 10

.

R /W . M.

1

B e lf a s t 1 B en tha l l 1 B o s ton 1

W . W .0 W .

. . 1 , 4

. 2 . 1 , 3 ,5 .

B r en t fo rd 2

W .0 W .

. .

B r i s to l 2

W .

.

3

1

.

W .0 W .

.

B r i s to l 7

1 .

. 1 , 2

1 9 00 1 8 15

B r i s to l 8

R .

1

1

.

.

1 8 65

B r i s to l 9 B r i s to l 1 0

W . W .

1 , 5 5

. .

1 1 , 2 ,

1 8 44

" 1

3 , 4 B r i s to l 1 B u r f o rd 1

W . W .

1 8 20 u n s t

W . C an te rbu ry 2 W .0 C ha rd 1

. 1 , 2

"

1 8 65

. 1 1

4 . 3

1 9 14 1 6 90 .

1 , 2 ,3 1

. .

1 9 19 1 7 80

1 1 1

5

1

5 1 , 5 2

W .?

2

W .QM W .

1

C ha tham 2

W .0 W .

. 1

W .0 C he lm sf o rd 2 W .

. .

1

. . 1

1 1

C roydon 1

W .Q W .0 W .

C roydon 2

W .

1 , 3 ,4 .

D a r t f o rd 1 D a r t f o rd 2

W . W .0

1 .

W . D o r che s te r 1 W . E cc le s ton 1

W .0 W .

E cc le s ton 2 E cc le s ton 4

W . W .

E xe t e r 1 E xe te r2 E xe te r6

.

1 . 1 , 5 ,6 1 . 1

3

1 700 1 8 40 1 8 10 . 1 7 10 1 9 00

4

1 8 40 1 8 30

1

1 800 u n s t u n s t

1

u n s t u n s t

W .0 W .0 W .0

1 1 1

1 7 30 1 7 30 1 7 30

E xe te r 7 W .0 G louce s te r 1 W .

1

1 7 20

" 1

W .0 G louce s te r 2 W .Q0

. .

1

1 8 75 1 6 90

G louce s t e r 3 W .

1

G u i lf o rd 1 G u i lf o rd 2

W . W .?

1 , 4 1

H a l if ax 1 H u l l 1

W . W .

1 1

H u l l 2 I p sw ich 3

W .0 W . W .

. 1 1

1

W .0 . L e ice s te r 2 W .QMO 1 , 5 L e ice s te r 3 W . 1 , 2 L ewe s 1 L im e r ick 1

W .0 W . W .

1

1 , 4

3

1 , 5

1

1 8 25 1 8 50

1

1 , 5

.

3 , 5

.

1

1

1

1 8 50

1

5

1 1 1

1 8 60 1 F 0 5

1

1 8 2 5 1 8 00 1 9 00

1 .

1 1

1 , 2

1 1 1

2

1 1 1

1

1 8 50 1 90 3

1 1 , 5

1

1

1 8 80 1 9 00

1 1

1 7 00 1

R a inf o rd 4

W .

R a inf o rd 5

W .

R a inf o rd 6

W .

R a inf o rd 7 R a inf o rd 8

W . W .

1 , 2 ,3 2 "

1 , 5 5

R a in f o rd 9 R a inf o rd 1 0

W . W .

1

" 1

" 1

:

R a in f o rd 1

W .

1

W . W . W .

1 1 1 , 3

W .0 W .

1

S he f i e ld 1

1 1

1 7 00 1 6 50

1

1 1

2

1 .

1 9 00 1 9 00

1

1 8 9 1

2

1

1 8 70

1

1 9 2 5

1 , 2 1

1 1 , 3

1 8 2 5 u n s t

5 1

1

1 1

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1 , 3 1 1

. . 1

1 1 1

1 7 60 1 8 2 5

1 1 , 3

u n s t

1

1 8 60

1

1 8 2 5 1 8 2 5

1 1

R a inf o rd 1 2 R a inf o rd 1 3 R a in f o rd 1 4

1 , 3 1 1

.

1 1

1

1 , 5 1 , 2

1 9 20 1 8 64 1 9 00 . 1 8 40

1

1

5

1

5

1

1 7 25

1 1 1

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S t a ine s 1

V V .0 W .0 W . W .0

1 1

1 8 2 5

S tA lban s 1 S tam fo rd 1

W . W .P

2

1 7 30

3 2

1 8 96 1 8 60

1 1

I

W .0 W .and W .QM

1 8 92 1 8 10

1

R ack D a t e

Wand

3

1 1

" 1

. .

1 8 60

2

1

W . W .

1 8 70

2 1

1 , 5 1

R a inf o rd 2 R a inf o rd 3

1 8 00 1 7 10 5 5

1

R a inf o rd 1

W . S unde r land 1 W . T rowb r idge 2 W .

1

1 , 5

3 1

W .Q W .

W .0 S ou thamp tn 2 W . S ou thwa rk 2 W .

2 1 1

1 , 4 1

W .0 S ou thamp tn 1W .

1

1

1 1 1

W .0 W . W .

A /S T /S 1

W .QMO

5

.

.

1

W .0 L ondon 4 W . Manche s te r 1W . N an tg a rw 1 W .

P ipe A s ton 1 W . P o r t smou th 1

1 8 70

1 1

Wad

3

N o t t ingham 1 W . N o t t ingham 2 W .

?

2

W .Q W . W .

N o r thamp tn 2 W . N o rw ich 4 W .

1 8 20

C ha tham 1

L ive rpoo l 1 L ive rpoo l 2

1 86 1

1

S t rap

2

W .0

W .0 N o r thamp tn 1W . W .0

1

W . W .0

R o l l

L inco ln 2

N ewa rk 1 N ewa rk 2

1 1

F ab r ic W . W .Q0

1 873 4

W . . B a rn s tap le 2 W . 1 W .QM 1 R . 1

W .0 C an te rbu ry 1 W .Q0

S i te L inco ln 1

R a ck D a t e

T ru ro 1

v i t W .

Wa rw ick 1 Wa te r f o rd 2

W . W .

W ickw a r 1

R .0 W .

W .0 W ickwa r 2 W . W inche s te r 1W .

u n s t 1 8 70 1 8 9 2

W inche s te r 3 W .0 W .

6 6

1 1 1 , 4

. 5

.

3 , 5

.

1 , 2

1

1 1

1

1

1 + 1

.

1 + 1

.

1 + 1

.

1 7 00 1 8 50

1 1

1

1 8 90

1 1

1 8 00

1

1 8 00 1 8 26 1 9 00

1 1

1 8 50

FURNITURE SUPPLE MENTS : r o l ls .F ig . 3 1 ,A c tua l s i ze ) a RL2 c ur ved r o l l w i th l i gh t s t em i mpre ss ions o n t h e u pper s u rf ace f rom Dor ches ter , C o l l i ton P ark . Da te u ncer ta in b RU 1r o l l w i th s t em i mpr es s ions f rom N ewark , A lber t S tree t . M id 1 9 th c en tury c RU] r o l lw i th s t em i mpres s ions f rom N ewark , A lber t S tree t . M id 1 9 th c en tury d RL2 c ur ved r o l l w i th s t em i mpre ss ions r ound t h e o u ter s u rf ace ,f rom Manches ter , Hur s t C our t . 1 9 th c en tu ry e RL4 s erpen t ine r o l l w i th b ow l s eam i mpress ions of se tf ron ta nd b ack f rom B os ton , R osegar th S tr ee t . M id 1 9 th c en tury f RL2 r o l lw i th s t em i mpr e ss ions f rom Dar tf ord , O ve ry S tree t .

c 1820 -30

g RL2 r o l l w i th s t em e nd i mpr es s ions f rom L e ices ter , C auseway L ane .

c 1810

h RU 1r o l l e nd w i th s t em e nd i mpre ss ions f rom L e ices ter , C au seway L ane . i RL1

R o l l e nd w i th s t em e nd i mpr es s ion f rom

Warw ick , Marke t S t r ee t . ' Ca

c 1810

M id 1 9 th c en tury

j RL3 T aper ed r o l lf rom R a inf ord , R ooke ry F arm . 1 850 -1900

FURNITURE SUPPLE MENTS : r o l l sa nd s t raps . ( F ig . 3 2 , A c tua l s i ze ) a -f RL5 r o l l s w i th e nd s s pr ead t of orm s t ru t . a , ca nd e s i de e l eva t ion s w i th c on tac t s u rf aces i nd ica ted w i th a rrows . b , da nd ff ron t e l eva t ions s how ing t humb a nd f i nger m ark s . T we lve o ft h ese w ere r ecovered f rom L e ices ter , C auseway L ane w i th i n c luded a ng les b e tween c on tac t s u rf aces o f6 5°,6 8 ° , 7 0 0 , 7 2 0 , 7 4 0 , 7 4 o , 7 ,0, 7 8°,8 0°,8 2 °,8 6° a nd 9 0°. c 1810 g S P1 f i ne s t rap f rom N orw ich , P o t terga te . Da te u ncer ta in h S PI s t rap w i th b ow ls eam i mpre ss ions f rom B r i s to l , T emp le Way .

E ar ly 1 9 th c en tu ry

i S P2 s erpen t ine s t rap w i th b ow l s eam i mpress ions of se tf ron t a nd b ack f rom B r i s to l , T emp le Way . E ar ly 1 9 th c en tury Map 3 : D is tr ibu t ion o f s i tes f rom w h ich f urn i ture

j S P Is t rap w i th b ow li mpre ss ion f rom B r is to l , T emp le

s upp lemen t s h ave b een r e corded .

Way . 6 7

E ar ly 1 9 th c en tu ry

F igur e 3 1 : F urn i tur e s upp lemen t s : r o l l s ; a ,d , fand g R L2 ; b ,c , ha nd iR U; jR L3 ; eRL4 . A c tua l s i ze . 6 8

F igure 3 2 : F urn i ture s upp lemen t s : r o l l s ; a -f R L5 ; s t rap s ; g , ha nd jS PI ; iS P2 . A c tua l S i ze . 6 9

FURNITURE

SUPPLE MENTS :

w ads .

( F ig .

3 3 ,

FURNITURE SUPPLE MENTS : a pp l ied s t r ips . ( F ig . 3 5 , A c tua l S ize ) .

A c tua l S ize . ) k WA3 f l a t tened b a l l J ames/R ichard S tr ee t .

w ad

f rom

C ha tham , 1 9 th c en tury

a A S] a pp l ied s t r ip w i th d eep s t em i mpress ions f rom N ewark , 3 7A lber t S t ree t . M id 1 9 th c en tury

1 WA3 f l a t tened b a l lw ad f rom R a inf ord , P ennsy lvan ia F arm .

Da te u ncer ta in b A S]

a pp l ied s t r ip

w i th b ow l

i mpress ions f rom

Dar t f ord , O ver y S tr ee t .

m WA] w ad w i th i mpr ess ion o f maker s mark p robab ly

1 820 -30

f rom a c ommerc ia lf i re b r ick . F rom B r is to l , T emp le Way .

c A S]

E ar ly 1 9 th c en tu ry

a pp l ied s t r ip

w i th

s t em

i mpress ions f rom

I psw ich , N ep tune Q uay .

1 9 th c en tu ry

n WA] w ad w i th i mpres s ion o f maker s mark p robab ly d A S]

f rom a c ommerc ia lf i re b r ick . F rom B r is to l , T emp le Way .

a pp l ied s t r ip

w i th

s t em

i mpress ions f rom

Ha l if ax .

E ar ly 1 9 th c en tu r y

1 9 th c en tury

ea nd f

o WAS r i ng w ad f rom Manches ter , Hur s t C our t .

A S2 a pp l ied s t r ip o f t r iangu lar s ec t ion w i th s t em

1 9 th c en tu ry

i mpres s ions f rom R a inf ord , R ookery F arm . T he h orn p WA5 r i ng w ad f rom N or thamp ton , C ha lk L ane . T he

o n t h e e nd d emons tra tes i t s r o l l o r ig in . 1 850 -1900

s i te p roduced f our o f t h ese u nusua l ly s ma l l , n ea t , s quar ed , r i ng w ad s .

M id 1 9 th c en tury g A S2 a pp l ied s t r ip o f t r iangu lar s ec t ion w i th s t em i mpres s ions f rom R a inf ord , R ookery F arm . 1 850 -1900

FURNT IURE SUPPLE METS :a pp l ied s t r ips . ( F ig .3 4 , h A S]

A c tua l S ize ) .

a pp l ied s t r ip

w i th

s t em

i mpress ions f rom

N o t t ingham , Wh i te C ow Y ard . T he c ur ved l i ne b e low q A S]

a pp l ied s t r ip

w i th

s t em

i st h e c on tac tp rof i le .

i mpress ions f rom

1 841 -80

N o t t ingham , Wh i te C ow Y ard . T he c ur ved l i ne b e low i st h e c on tac tp rof i le .

i AS]

1 841-80

a pp l ied s t r ip

w i th

s t em

N o t t ingham , Wh i te C ow Y ard . ✓ A S]

a pp l ied s t r ip

w i th

s t em

1 841 -80

i mpress ions f rom

N o t t ingham , Wh i te C ow Y ard . T he c ur ved l i ne b e low i st h e c on tac tp rof i le .

i mpr ess ions f rom

j AS]

1 841 -80

a pp l ied s t r ip

N o t t ingham ,

w i th

s t em

i mpr ess ions f rom

Wh i te C ow

Y ard .

T he d egree w i th

w h ich t h e r o l l h as b een f l a t tened v ar ies a s d oes t h e s A S]

a pp l ied s t r ip

w i th

s t em

i mpress ions f rom

s t em c on tac t a rea .

N o t t ingham , Wh i te C ow Y ard . T he s ec t ion b e low s hows t h e c on tac tp rof i le . t A S1

a pp l ied s t r ip

w i th

1 841 -80 s t em

N o t t ingham , Wh i te C ow Y ard . u A S]

a pp l ied s t r ip

w i th

s t em

N o t t ingham , Wh i te C ow Y ard . ✓ A S]

a pp l ied s t r ip

w i th

s t em

N o t t ingham , Wh i te C ow Y ard . w A S]

a pp l ied s t r ip

w i th

s t em

i mpress ions f rom 1 841 -80 i mpress ions f rom 1 841-80 i mpress ions f rom 1 841-80 i mpress ions f rom

N o t t ingham , Wh i te C ow Y ard . T he s ec t ion b e low s hows t h e c on tac tp rof i le .

1 841 -80

7 0

1 841 -80

F igure 3 3 : F urn i ture s upp lemen t s : w ad s ; ka nd 1WA3 ; ma nd n WA] ; oa nd p WAS . A c tua l S i ze . 7 1

F igure 3 4 : F urn i ture s upp lemen t s : a pp l ied s t r ips ; q -w A S] . A c tua l S i ze . 7 2

F igur e 3 5 : F urn i tur e s upp lemen t s : a pp l ied s t r ips ; ad A S] ; 7 3

e -g A S2 ; h jA S] . A c tua l S i ze .

F igure 3 6 : F urn i tur e s upp lemen t s : t h in s hee t s ; k -n T S1 ; o -p T S2 . A c tua l S i ze .

7 4

FURN ITURE SUPPLE MENTS : t h in s hee t s . ( F ig . 3 6 ,

FURNITURE SUPPLE MENTS : t h in s hee t sa nd r a ck s .

A c tua l S i ze ) .

( F ig . 3 8 , A c tua l S ize ) .

k T S1 t h in s hee t w i th s t em i mpr es s ions f rom B r is to l ,

a T S4a s t reng thened e dge t h in s hee t w i th s t em e nd s

T emp le Way .

e mbedd ed f rom B r i s to l , T emp le Way .

E ar ly 1 9 th c en tury

E ar ly 1 9 th c en tu ry T S 1 t h in s hee t w i th b ow l m ou th i mpress ions f rom Manches ter , Hur s t C our t .

1 9 th c en tury

m T S1 t h in s hee t w i th b ow l m ou th i mpress ions f rom Manches ter , Hur s t C our t . 1 9 th c en tury

b T S4a s t r eng thened e dge t h in s hee t w i th s t em e nd s e mbedded f rom B r i s to l , T emp le Way . E ar ly 1 9 th c en tu ry c RK 1

Manches ter , H ur s t C our t .

s i ng le

s t em

r ack

e nd

f rom

s t em

r ack

e nd

f rom

G raveyard .

n T S1 t h in s hee t w i th b ow l m ou th i mpress ions f rom

R a inf ord , 1 750 -1800

1 9 th c en tury d RK 1

A the lney/ B oroughbr idge .

s i ng le

G raveyard .

o T S2 r o l led t h in s hee t w i th s t em i mpress ions f rom

R a inf ord , 1 750 -1800

1 830 -1900 e RK 1 s i ng le s t em r ack e nd f rom L imer ick , B road S t r ee t .

p T S2 r o l led t h in s hee t w i th s t em i mpress ions f rom A the lney/ B oroughbr idge .

1 881 -1900

1 830 -1900

f RK 1 s i ng le s t em r ack e nd f rom L imer ick , B road S t r ee t . 1 881-1900 g RK 1 s i ng le s t em r a ck e nd f rom N ewark , 3 7 A lber t

FURNITURE SUPPLE MENTS : t h in s hee t s . ( F ig . 3 7 ,

S t r ee t .

A c tua l S i ze ) .

M id 1 9 th c en tury q T S3

f o lded

t h in

s hee t

f rom

A the lney/

B oroughbr idge .

h RK2 t wo s t em r ack e nd f rom S t . A lbans , Ho lywe l l

1 830 -1900

H i l l . ✓ TS 3

fol de d

t hin

sheet

A the lney/Boroughbr idge .

1 680 -1730

fro m 1 830 -1900

i RK2 t wo s t em r ack e nd f rom S t . A lbans , Ho lywe l l s T S4 f o lded

e dge

A lexand ra R oad .

t h in

s hee t f rom

H i l l .

B arns tap le ,

1 680 -1730

1 857 -65

t T S4 f o lded e dge t h in s hee tf rom G louces ter , B lack Dog Y ard . 1 849 -70 u T S4a s t r eng thened e dge t h in s hee t w i th s t em e nd s e mbedded f rom B r is to l , T emp le Way . E ar ly 1 9 th c en tu ry ✓ T S4a s t r eng thened e dge t h in s hee t w i th s t em e nd s e mbedded f rom B r is to l , T emp le Way . E ar ly 1 9 th c en tu ry

7 5

r Y I

F igur e 3 7 : F urn i ture s upp lemen t s : t h in s hee t s ; qa nd rT S3 ; sa nd tT S4 ; ua nd v T S4a . A c tua l S i ze . 7 6

F igure 3 8 : F urn i tur e s upp lemen t s : t h in s hee t s ; aa nd b T S4a ; r acks ; c -g RK 1 ; ha nd iRK2 . A c tua l S i ze . 7 7

F igur e 3 9 : F urn i ture s upp lemen t s : r ack s ;j -o RK3 t e rm ina l s ; p RK3 i n termed ia te b r idge . A c tua l S i ze .

7 8

FURN ITURE

SUPPLE MENTS :

r a ck s .

( F ig .

3 9 ,

c S t raps f rom Dar tf ord , S p i ta l S t ree t .

A c tua l S ize ) .

L a te 1 8 th c en tur y d R ing w ad sf rom G louces ter , B lack D og Y ard . 1 849 -70

j RK3 t h ree s t em r ack e nd f rom B os ton , R osegar th S t ree t . M id 1 9 th c en tury

e Wad s w i th b r ick maker s n ame i mpres s ions f rom B r is to l , T emp le Way .

k RK3 t h ree s t em r ack e nd f rom I p sw ich , N ep tune

E ar ly 1 9 th c en tury

Q uay . f A pp l ied s t r ip w i th b ow l s eam i mpres s ions f rom

1 9 th c en tury

Dar tf ord , O very S tree t .

1 820 -30

1 RK3 t h ree s t em r ack e nd f rom I p sw ich , N ep tune g A pp l ied s t r ips w i th s t em N o t t ingham , Wh i te C ow Y ard .

Q uay . 1 9 th c en tury

h F o lded e dge t h in s hee tf rom B arns tap le , A lexandra

m RK3 t h ree s t em r ack e nd f rom I p sw ich , N ep tune

R oad .

Q uay . 1 9 th c en tu ry n RK3 t h ree s t em r ack e nd f rom I p sw ich , N ep tune Q uay . 1 9 th c en tury o RK3 t h ree s t em r ack e nd f rom G louces ter , B lack D og Y ard . 1 849 -70 p RK3 t h ree s t em r ack f rom G louces ter , B lack D og Y ard . I n termed ia te c l ay b r idge .

FURN ITURE

SUPPLE MENTS :

1 849 -70

r a ck s .

( F ig .

4 0 ,

A c tua l S i ze ) . q RK4 f our s t em r ack e nd f rom B e lf as t , W ine tavern S t ree t . L a te 1 9 th c en tury ✓ RK4 f our s t em r ack e nd f rom A y le sbu ry , C a s t le S t r ee t .

1 670 -17 10

s RK3 c l us ter o ft h ree s t ems h e ld i n al i gh ts l ip m a tr ix f rom L inco ln , C ornh i l l .

1 840 -60

t RK2 t wo s t ems w i th a n i n termed ia te c l ay b r idge f rom Warw ick , Marke t S t ree t . M id 1 9 th c en tury

FURN ITURE SUPPLE MENTS : Mon tage ( F ig . 4 1) . a R o l l sf rom I psw ich , N ep tune Q uay .

i mpr ess ions f rom 1 841-80

1 9 th c en tury .

b S erpen t ine r o l ls f rom B os ton , R osegar th S t r ee t . M id 1 9 th c en tu ry . 7 9

1 857 -65

F igure 4 0 : F urn i tur e s upp lemen t s : r ack s ; qa nd rRK4 ; sRK3 ; tRK2 . A c tua l S i ze .

8 0

F igure 4 1 : Mon tage o ff urn i ture s upp lemen t s : aa nd b r o l l s ; cs t raps ; da nd ewad s ; fand g a pp l ied s t r ip s ; ht h in s hee t s . S ca les i np ic tures . 8 1

o f t h e r im . I th a s b een r ough ly f o rmed b y h and a nd

B . MISCELLANY ( s ocke t s t and s , t r imm ing r ing s ,

k n if ep a red w hen l e a the rh a rd . Two h o le sp i e rced b e low

w icke t s l abs , t i pp ing muf f les e t c . )

t he r im , i nt h e s ame a l ignmen t a st h e s pou t , a r e c l ea r ly Ano the r e me rg ing t ype o f o b jec t e ncoun te red , ( F igu re

i n tended a s s u spen s ion p o in t s . A l though t h e p rof i le i s

4 2a f ) i s f o rmed f r om a s ma l l b a l l o f c l ay . T h is i s

c omp le te , t h e re i s ah o le b roken t h rough t h e b a se .

p res sed a ga in s t af l a ts u rf ace t of o rm as t ab le b a se , w i th ah o le o r s ocke t i mp re s sed f r om t h e t o p w i th f i nge r o r f i nge r s haped d ev ice . F ou r o f t h e se o b jec t s w e re

T he re a r e an umbe r o f p ipe c l ay o b jec t s , r e cove red

r e cove red f r om t h e S ou thwa rk S t ree t k i ln s i te , whe re

own u se o r a s s i de l i ne s t ot h e ma in e ndeavou r . F rom

p ipe s o f e i gh teen th c en tu ry t ype w e re made ; o ne f r om

C ha rd , S i lve rS t ree t , t h e re i s av e ry f i ne s t amp w i th t h e

B r is to l , B a th R oad , i na n a s semb lage d a t ing t ot h ee a r ly e i gh teen f i f t ies a nd o ne u n s t ra t if ied e xamp le f r om

o f

R a info rd ,R eeds B row F a rm . Ap l au s ib le e xp lana t ion o f

T rowb idge , o n t h e s i te o ccup ied b y E dwa rd F ox ,

t h ese i sa s c and le h o lde r s w i th in t h e d a rk r e ce sse s o f

t obacco -p ipemake r ,

t h e k i ln . U n t i l t h e f unc t ion o f t h e se o b jec t s i sb e t te r u nde r s tood t h et e rm s ocke ts t and i sd eemed a pp ropr ia te .

s even teen th c en tu ry , p roduced a n umbe r o f f r agmen t s

f r om k i ln s i te s , m ade b y p ipemake r s e i the r f o r t h e i r

l e gend GEO WEBB I N CHARD f o rs t amp ing t h e h ee ls t obacco

f r om

o b jec t s

p i pe s

m ade

( F igu re i n

t h e

o f p ipe

4 4a ) .

E xcava t ions

s e cond c l ay

h a lf

o f

( F igu re

i n t h e

4 4b -e ) .

A l though mo s t a r e t o o f r agmen ta ry t o b e c e r ta in o f T r imm ing r i ngs a r e f o rmed f r om s u rp lu s c l ay f o rced i n to t h e k n if e s l o t o ft h e p ipe mou ld b y t h e i n ser t ion o f

t h e ir

p u rpo se

t h ey

i n c lude

a c omp le te

s t amp

t o

t h eb ow l f o rm ing s t oppe r .T he se w e re c u to f fb efo re t h e

4 4b ) . T h is m igh t h ave b een u sed o n s ma l l h and made

p ipe w a s r emoved f r om t h e mou ld . A l l d i sp lay , a tl e a s t

f i gu res o r t of o rm s p r ig s t oe mbe l l ish o the r o b jec t s .

r ep roduce a m an 's f a ce f r amed i n l o ng h a ir ( F igu re

i n p a r t , t h e s t oppe r f o rmed c en t re h o le a nd c oncen t r ic f o ld s o r r i dge s . T he mo s t c omp le te e xamp le , ( F igu re

A l though w ig c u r le r s h ave l o ng b een t h ough t t o b e

4 2h ) , a l so r e co rds t h e m ee t ing o ft h e mou ld h a lve s . T he

a no the rp roduc to ft h e p ipemake r ( Le C hem inan t 1 982 ,

f i red e xamp le s a r e a l l f r om t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd .

3 47 -9 ) , h a rd e v idence f o r t h is h a s o n ly b een r e co rded

C ompa ra t ive ma te r ia l f r om t h e b i ns o fc l ay w a s te i nt h e

f r om t h e k i ln s i n Wa ter fo rd ( be low A ppend ix 5 ) . No t

r e cons t ruc t ion o f S am son S t rong 's L eed s w o rk shop a t

o n ly h a s t h is s i te y i e lded p ipe s a nd w ig c u r le r s w i th t h e

K i rk s ta l l a r e u nf i red ( F igu re 4 2 na nd o ;F igu re 4 3 a -d ) .

s ame s t amp b u t a l so a u n ique r a nge o f k i ln f u rn i tu re

Add i t iona l c ompa ra t ive ma te r ia l h a s b een c o l lec ted

wh ich c an b e m ade t o f i t t h e p roduc t . O f t h e s i te s q uo ted b y L e C hem inan t w he re w ig c u r le r s o ccu r

f r om B ewd ley Museum w o rk shop ( F igu re 4 3 ea nd O . T hese a r e f r om amou ld f o r ar i bbed b ow l d e s ign a nd

b es ide p ipe m anuf ac tu re , t h e P yda r S t ree t c on tex t i sf a r f r om s e cu re . T h ree w ig c u r le r s , p ipe s f r om t wo d i s t inc t

d i sp lay

p er iod s t o ge the r w i th o the r w a s te s ugge s ted at i p t ot h e

e x t ruded

r i dge s

o n

t h e i r

u nde r s ide s .

T he

r ema in ing r i ng s , ( F igu re 4 3g -o ) , a r ef r om t h ee i gh teen th

museum

c en tury a s semb lage e xcava ted a tB ren tfo rd H igh S t ree t

b u i ld ing s i te i n 1 971 ( I nforma t ion f r om c on tempo ra ry

( Laws a nd O swa ld 1 981 , 1 5 -65 ) . Unfo r tuna te ly i th a s

n o tes i n t h e a c ce s s ion r e g is te r , T ru ro Museum ) ; t h e

s t a f f w ho c o l lec ted

t h e m a te r ia l f r om

a

n o t b een p os s ib le t o t r ace t h is ma ter ia l f o r f i r s t h and

ma te r ia l f r om L emon Q uay c anno t b e l o ca ted ; w i th

s t udy . A l though t h e b r ick s f r om t h e k i ln s t ruc tu re a r e

r e spec t t o H e ls ton , a l though D ouch r e po r ted t h a t t wo

s t o red i n t h e b a semen t o f G unne r sbury P a rk Museum

k i lns w e re f ound a nd t h a t an umbe ro fw ig c u r le r s w e re

t h ep ipe s a nd o the r f i nd s a r e n o t t h e re . C o r re spondence

p resen t , t h e o n ly ma te r ia l n ow h e ld b y t h e T ru ro

s ugges t s t h a t t h e f i nd s c ou ld b e i n t h e k eep ing o f t h e

Museum c on s i s t s o f t wo muf f le f r agmen t s , t wo p ipe b ow ls , a nd a f ew s t em f r agmen t s . I fa ny w ig c u r le r s

Museum o fL ondon w he re a t temp t s a r e b e ing made t o l o ca te t h em . T he p ub l ished d raw ings p rov ide ac e r ta in

w e re f ound t h ey h ave s i nce d i sappea red . I n a dd i t ion t o

amoun t o f i n forma t ion t h ough t h e re a r e o f c ou r se

t h ese s i te s t h e re i s aw ig c u r le r t r apped i n aw h i te c l ay

a mb igu i t ie s .

ma t r ix f r om L owe r C a s t le S t ree t B r is to l . A l though t h is

A l l

d i sp lay

c oncen t r ic

f o ld ing

a nd

a

t r ansve r se g roove w h ich may r ef lec tt h e mou ld d i v is ion .

s ma l l a s semb lage i su ndoub ted ly p i pe k i ln w a s te , o ne

T he p robab i l i ty i st h a t t h e se a r e i ndeed t r imm ing r i ng s

w ig c u r le r d oe s n o t p rove manuf ac tu re .

s im i la r t o t h ose d i scus sed a bove . T he a b sence o f a s qua re e dge may r ef lec t ad i f fe rence i n mou ld d e s ign o r

A r tefac tua l r ema in s o f t i pp ing muff le s

p o s s ib ly t h e u se o f as ma l le r c l ay b l ank . T he c l ay

r e cove red f r om f i ve s i te s . T he se a r e : -

h ave b een

e x t ruded f r om D u tch s t y le mou ld s w i th t h e h and h e ld s t oppe r , b e ing f r ee f r om t h e r e s t r ic t ion o fa ny f o rm o f

B r is to l , BR I8 Mead S t ree t

k n if e s l o t , t e nd s t of o rm r a gged t r umpe t s haped t ube s .

B r is to l , BR I10 T emp le Way

B efo re 1 820

C lea r ly t h e c on t inued s t udy o f t h is t y pe o f ma ter ia l

B r is to l , BR I12 B a th R oad

E a r ly 1 850 s

c ou ld e nhance u nde r s tand ing o f mou ld d e s ign i n t h e

B a rn s tap le , BA2 A lexand ra R oad

1 850 -65

1 857 -65

e a r l ie r p e r iod s . T he B r is to l e v idence i sc ons is ten t w i th au n iform t y pe A n i n te re s t ing s u rv iva l f r om S ou thwa rk S t ree t ( F igu re 4 6 ) i sp a r t o fa n a s semb lage d a t ing f r om t h e e i gh teen th

o f t i pp ing muff le i n u se f r om a s e a r ly a s 1 820 t o a t l e a s t t h e m idd le o f t h e c en tury . T he s i ng le s ma l l

c en tury . T he l amp m ade f r om p ipe c l ay h a s b l ack

f r agmen t f r om B a rns tap le c ou ld h ave c ome f r om a

c a rbon d epo s i t s o n t h ee nd o ft h e s pou ta nd o n o ne s i de

s im i la r o b jec t . A l l h ave b een u sed t om e l t g reen g l aze . 8 2

T he t y pe e xamp le i lu s t ra ted i sf r om B r is to l , T emp le

MISCELLANY : s o cke t s t and s a nd t r imm ing r i ng s .

Way ( J ack son e ta t 1 991) . T h i s t i pp ing muf f le i sh and

( F ig . 4 2 , A c tua l s i ze ) .

b u i l t f r om wh i te c l ay w i th s e lf c o loured g rog a nd s ome a Hand f ormed

o rgan ic ma t te r . I t t a ke s t h e f o rm o f a n o pen e nded

w h i te

c l ay

s ocke t

s t and

S ou thwark S t r ee t .

v e s se l t a per ing t o as p igo t b a se r em in iscen t o f a n

f rom

1 700 -70

a mpho ra . T he s p igo t i sr e info rced w i th p ipe s t ems . T he b H and f o rmed

o pen e nd h a s at h ickened r im t o ad ep th o fc 5Omm . T he o u te r s u r face i sc ons ide rab ly d amaged b y s pa l l ing a nd

w h i te

c l ay

s ocke t

s t and

S ou thwark S t r ee t .

f rom

1 700 -70

f o rt h e mo s tp a r tc ove red w i th s l aggy g l aze . T ha ti tw a s c H and f ormed

a l igned h or izon ta l ly i nt h e f u rnace i sc l ea r ly s hown b y

w h i te

c l ay

s ocke t

s t and

S ou thwark S t r ee t .

t h e c r ys ta l ised s l ag d r ip s f o rmed o n o ne mo re h eav i ly

f rom

1 700 -70

s l agged s i de . T h is " l owe r " e dge i sf u r the r a t te s ted o n d H and f ormed w h i te c l ay s ocke t s t and f rom B r i s to l ,

t h e i n ne r s ur face b y g reen g l aze s t reaked f r om t h e d ep th s o f t h e i n te r io r t o t h e o u ter r im . T h is s t reak

B a th R oad .

o ccup ie s a pp rox ima te ly o ne s i x th o ft h e c i rcumf e rence a bove w h ich t h ei n te r io ri sg l aze f r ee e xcep t ing i t si n ne r

M id 1 9 th c en tury

e H and f ormed

w h i te

c l ay

s ocke t

s t and

S ou thwark S t r ee t .

e x t rem i ty . T he r im i ss l ag f r ee , i nd ica t ing t he ma sk ing

f rom

1 700 -70

e f fec to f as uppor t . T he s p igo t i sp a r t ia l ly s l ag f r ee a nd f H and f ormed w h i te c l ay s ocke ts t and f rom R a inf ord ,

g ene ra l ly l e s s s l agged t h an t h e b ody , i nd ica t ing a

R eed s B row F arm .

f u r the r ma sk ing s uppor t . S l agg ing o n t h e b ody d ec rea se s t owa rd s t h e " uppe r " s ur face . T he muff le h a s

g F ired w h i te

b een b r eached t h rough t h e " l owe r " w a l l a ppa ren t ly b y

t r imm ing

r i ng f rom I p sw ich ,

N ep tune Q uay .

g l aze e r o s ion o f ac r ack . T he s i te a t T emp le Way

c l ay

u ns tra t if i ed

a l so

y ie lded

h F ired w h i te

t wo b ody

1 9 th c en tury

c l ay

t r imm ing

r i ng f rom

N ep tune Q uay .

f r agmen t s f r om a no the r t i pp ing muff le . F rom Mead

I p sw ich ,

1 9 th c en tu ry

S t ree tt h e re a r e t wo s p igo te nd s , t we lve b ody f r agmen t s i F ired w h i te

a nd f ou r s l ag ma sked r im s ha rds . T h is a s semb lage

c l ay

t r imm ing

r i ng f rom

I p sw ich ,

1 9 th c en tury

N ep tune Q uay .

c ome s f r om t h ree o r mo re muf f le s . T he s i te a t B a th R oad p roduced o ne s l ag ma sked r im f r agmen t . T he

j F ired w h i te

f r agmen t f r om B a rns tap le i sf r om t h e b ody , d i sp lay ing

c l ay

t r imm ing

r i ng f rom I p sw ich ,

N ep tune Q uay .

g r een g l azed i nne r a nd s l agged o u ter s u r face s .

1 9 th c en tury

k F ired w h i te c l ay t r imm ing

r i ng f rom N orw ich ,

P o t terga te .

U ns tra t if ied

I F ired w h i te c l ay t r imm ing r i ng f rom C ha tham , G ibra l tar C o t tage .

1 9 th c en tury

m F ir ed w h i te c l ay t r imm ing r i ng f rom C ha tham , G ibra l tar C o t tage . 1 9 th c en tu ry n U nf i red w h i te c l ay

t r imm ing

C o t tage S t ree t . o U nf i red w h i te C o t tage S t ree t .

8 3

r i ng f rom

L eed s , 1 950

c l ay t r imm ing

r i ng f rom L eed s , 1 950

F igure 4 2 : M isce l lany : a -f s ocke t s t and s ; g -o t r imm ing r i ngs . A c tua l s i ze . 8 4

J e r,,

F igur e 4 3 : M i sce l lany : t r imm ing r i ngs . A c tua l s i ze . 8 5

MISCELLANY AND W ASTE . Mon tage . ( F ig . 4 4 ,

MISCELLANY : t r imm ing r i ngs . ( F ig .4 3 ,A c tua ls i ze ) .

S ca le s i np i c tu re s ) . a Wh i te c l ay t r imm ing

r i ng f rom L eed s ,

S t ree t .

C o t tage 1 950

a P ipec lay s t amp

` GE° WEBB I N CHARD ' f rom

C hard , S i lver S t ree t . b Wh i te c l ay t r imm ing

r i ng f rom L eed s ,

S t ree t .

b P ipec lay s t amp , ma le f ace w i th l o ng h a ir , f rom

1 950

T rowbr idge , C hurch S t ree t . c Wh i te c l ay t r imm ing

r i ng f rom L eed s ,

S t ree t .

1 675 -1700

C o t tage 1 650 -1700

C o t tage c e

1 950

P ipe c l ay o b jec t sf rom T rowbr idge , C hurch S t r ee t . c d Wh i te c l ay t r imm ing S t ree t .

r i ng f rom L eed s ,

b o t tom c en tre i ss i de v i ew o ft h e s t amp s hown i nb

C o t tage

a bove . el ef t a nd c en tre h ee l t r imm ings w i th t h e

1 950

m ou ld j o in c l ear ly v i s ib le .

1 650 -1700

e Wh i te c l ay t r imm ing r i ng f rom B ewd ley Museum Work shop .

f T yp ica l t r imm ing f ragmen tf ormed w hen a t o o l i s

1 992

d rawn a long t h e s t em s eam t o r emove i t . T h i s f Wh i te c l ay t r imm ing r i ng f rom B ewd ley Museum

e xamp le i sf rom L e ices ter , C auseway L ane . S im i lar

1 992

f ragmen t s h ave b een n o ted f rom a n umber o fs i t e s ,

g F ired w h i te c l ay t r imm ing r i ng f rom B ren erd , H igh

s upp lemen t s a nd a s mas ses c ompres sed i n to b r ick s

Work shop .

i nd iv idua l ly , p icked u p o n t h e s u if ace o ff urn i tur e S t ree t .

1 700 -70

a nd b a t s .

h F ired w h i te c l ay t r imm ing r i ng f rom B ren ord , H igh S t ree t .

c 1810

g T r imm ing r i ngs f rom I psw ich , N ep tune Q uay . T he se a r ef ormed f rom e xcess c l ay f or ced f rom t h eb ow lb y

1 700 -70

i n ser t ion o ft h e s t opper a nd c u t o fw i th t h e k n if e . i F ired w h i te c l ay t r imm ing r i ng f rom B ren erd , H igh S t ree t .

1 9 th c en tur y

1 700 -70 h T r imm ing r i ngs f rom L eed s , C o t tage S t ree t . T he

j F ired w h i te c l ay t r imm ing r i ng f rom B ren erd , H igh S t r ee t .

d i sp lay o f S am son S trong 's w orkshop i n K irk s ta l l

1 700 -70

A bbey Museum i n c ludes a b ox o f u nf i r ed c l ay w a s ter s a nd t r imm ings . T he i lu s t ra t ed r i ngs a r e

k F ired w h i te c l ay t r imm ing r i ng f rom B ren erd , H igh S t ree t .

f rom t h is b ox .

1 700 -70

I F ired w h i te c l ay t r imm ing r i ng f rom B ren ord , H igh S t ree t .

1 700 -70

m F ired w h i te c l ay t r imm ing r i ng f rom B renübrd , H igh S t ree t .

1 700 -70

n F ired w h i te c l ay t r imm ing r i ng f rom B ren tf ord , H igh S t ree t .

1 700 -70

o F ired w h i te c l ay t r imm ing r i ng f rom B ren erd , H igh S t ree t .

1 700 -70

8 6

1 882 -1950

F igur e 4 4 : Mon tage o fm i sce l lany a nd w as te : aa nd b s t amps ; ca nd df ragmen t s o fo b jec t s o fu ncer ta in f orm ; e p ipe h ee l t r imm ings ; fs t em s eam t r imm ing ; ga nd h b ow l mou th t r imm ing r i ngs . S ca les i np ic tures . 8 7

MISCELLANY :

MISCELLANY AND WASTE : Mon tage ( F ig . 4 5 ) .

P ipe c l ay

l amp

f r om S ou thwa rk

S t ree t . ( F ig . 4 6 , A c tua l s i ze ) . ipe b ow ls d i sp lay ing t r ansver se s qua t t ing f rom a P Wa ter f ord , A runde l S quare . 1 750 -1800 MISCELLANY : w icke ts l abs , d amper p la te a nd p l ug s . ( F ig . 4 7 , ' As ca le ) .

P ipe b ow l s d i sp lay ing t r ansver se s qua t t ing f rom S t A lbans , Ho lywe l l H i l l .

1 680 -1730 a W icke t s l ab w i th p oss ib le s py h o le n o tch f rom S t amf ord , N or th S t ree t .

D imp led s hee tf rom Wa ter f ord , A runde l S quare . 1 750 -1800

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th a h igh p er cen tage o f

B u i l t u pf rom a n umber o fs hee t s o fc l ay s pread o n a n o pen w eave f abr ic w i th b ow l mou th i mpress ions

e nd s r e cord ing a n arrower t apered t a i l b eyond t h e

r e cogn isab le t r imm ings i n c lud ing mou th p iece s t em t r imm ing p o in t .

1 847 -96

o n o ne s i de o n ly . T he r e ver se i sd i sco loured b yf i re . T wo p ieces o fs im i lar m a ter ia l a re r ecorded f rom P or t smou th , O ys ter S t ree t .

b S ma l l s haped d oor w i th a braded s py h o le f rom

1 660 - I7 00

B os ton , R osegar th S t ree t . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th f errug inous m inera l a nd s e lf c o loured g rog i n c lus ions .

d T op , t h r ee e xamp les o fd o t t le ,f ormed a tt h e h ead o f

M id 1 9 th c en tury

t h ew ir ea s i tw as t h r ead ed t h rough t h es t em f orm ing t h e b or e . B e low , t h ree t r imm ing f ragmen t sf ormed

c Damper p la te w i th r a ised r i b ( poss ib ly a h and le )

w hen a t o o l w as d rawn a long t h e s t em s eam t o r emove i t .A l lf rom L e ices ter , C auseway L ane . S ca le

f rom W inches ter , S tJ ohn S t ree t .

x 5 .

F abr ic -w h i te c l ay ma tr ix w i th m inera l i n c lus ions

c 1810

t o ge ther w i th p ipe t r imm ings a nd v o id ing f rom c ombus ted o rgan ic ma ter ia l .

1 800 -50

d T wo p lugs f rom L ewes , P ipe P assage . T he c en tra l z one h as a b lack c arbon d epos i t o ver t h e s urf ace w h i l s t

t h e

u pper p ar t

h as

p ink

c o loured f i re

d i sco lora t ion . F abr ic -w h i te c l ay .

1 830 -70

MISCELLANY : t i pp ing muff les f r om B r is to l , T emp le Way a nd Mead S t ree t . ( F ig . 4 8 , S ca le s a1 / 3 , b -d s ca le s i np i c tu re s ) . a S ec t iona l d raw ing o f t i pp ing muf f le f rom B r i s to l , T emp le Way . S ca le 1 / 3 .

B ef ore 1 820

b T ipp ing m uf f le f rom B r i s to l , T emp le W ay . S ca le i n p i c ture .

B ef ore 1 820

ca nd d F ragmen t s o f t i pp ing m uf f les f rom B r is to l , Mead S t r ee t . S ca les i np ic tures .

8

1 850 -65

b

C

d

F igur e 4 5 : Mon tage o f m i sce l lany a nd w as te : aa nd b p ipe w as ter s ; ct h ick s hee t d imp led w i th b ow l mou th i mpres s ions ; dd o t t les a nd s t em t r imm ings . 8 9

0

F igure 4 6 : P ipe c l ay l amp f rom S ou thwark S t ree t . A c tua l s i ze . 9 0

5 0mm

F igure 4 7 : M isce l lany : aa nd b w icke t s l ab s ; cd amper p la te ; dp lugs . / 4 s 1 ca le . 9 1

F igure 4 8 : M isce l lany : t i pp ing m uf l es f rom B r i s to l ; aa nd b T emp le Way , ca nd d Mead s t ree t . S ca le s a1 / 3 , b -d s ca les i np ic tures .

9 2

C . WASTE T h i s c a tego ry i n c lude s s t em s l ag l am ina te s a nd t h in s h ee t , s t em s l ag l am ina te s ( F igu re 4 9 , p age 9 4 ) . I n i t s m o re s imp le f o rm ( Type 1 )t h i s ma ter ia l c ons i s t s o f a m o re o r l e s s f l a t , u nb roken , b ed o fs l ag w i th al a ye r o f c l ean p a ra l le l p ipe s t ems f u sed i n to o ne s ur f ace . I n a s e cond v e r s ion

( Type 2 ) t h e re i s a f u r the r l a ye r

c ompo sed o f t h in s hee t s a dhe r ing t ot h e p ipe s t ems . A t h i rd v a r ia t ion ( Type 3 ) i s ab ed o fs l ag w i th al a ye ro f t h in s hee t s f u sed t o o ne s ur f ace . T he o r ien ta t ion o f t h e se ma ter ia ls w hen t h e s l ag c oo led w a s w i th t h e s l ag u ppe rmo s t i nd ica ted b y p endu lous d r ip s b e tween t h e p i pe s t ems . T he s l ag i sv i sua l ly i nd is t ingu ishab le f r om h ea r th s l ag d er ived f r om t h e e a r thy r e s idue s a nd a sh r e su l t ing f r om c oa l c ombus t ion . Wood a sh p roduce s e n t i re ly d if e ren tr e su l t sb e ing mo re v i scou s a nd g l a s sy , a l so l a ck ing t h e d eep c o lou r o f c oa l s l ag . I ti sc l ea r f r om t h ed i s t r ibu t ion o ft h is ma ter ia l t ha ti tr e su l t s f r om ap r a c t ice w h ich w a s b o th d e l ibe ra te a nd w ide sp read . Map 4 s hows t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h e s i tes f r om w h ich s l ag l am ina te s h ave b een r e co rded .

T ab le 5 : L i s t o fs i tes f rom w h ich s l ag l am ina t es h ave b een r e corded .

S i t e

F ab r ic

B o s ton 1

W .

B r i s to l 1 0

W .

T ype T ype

T ype

1

3

2

+

W .

+

1 820

C ha tham 1

W .

+

. +

W .

+

H u l l 2

W .

+

I p sw ich 3 L e ices te r 2

W .and W .0 W .

L inco ln 2 L ive rpoo l 2

W . W .

+ +

Manche s te r 1

W .

+

W .

+

N ewa rk 1

1 840 1 850 1 892 1 980

+

1 991 +

1 860 1 825 1 900

WASTE : S t em , s l ag a nd t h in s hee t l am ina tes . ( F ig . 4 9 , S ca le s i np i c tu re s ) .

1 864

a T ype

+

W .0

+

N ewa rk 2

W .

+

N o r thamp ton 1

W .

+

1 840

N o r thamp ton 2 N orw ich 2

W . W .

+ +

1 850 1 900

R a info rd 2

W .

W .a ndW .0

+

+

1 900

W .

+

1 89 1

R a in fo rd 5 R a in fo rd 6

W . W .

+ +

1 870 1 925

R a info rd 8 R a in fo rd 1 0 S hef f ie ld 1

W . W . W .

+ +

1 956 1 900 1 860

S ou thamp ton 1

W . W .0

+

S ou thamp ton 2

W .

+

S unde r land 1

W .

+

+

W .and W .0 Wa rw ick 1

W .

+

s hee t ,

s t em

s l ag

l am ina te f rom 1 830 -60

b R ever se o f a bove s how ing t y p ica l u nbroken s l ag s u rf ace . c T ype 1 s t em N or thga te .

1 830 -6 0 s l ag

l am ina te f rom

C an terbu ry , 1 790 -1820

d T ype I s t em s l ag l am ina te f rom N ewark o n T r en t , H ea tons Y ard .

. 1 825

1 9 th c en tury

e T ype I s t em s l ag l am ina te f rom N or thamp ton , H or seshoe S t ree t . 1 840 -50

1 825 +

+

2 t h in

S under land , H a lf Moon L ane .

1 900

R a info rd 4

+

Map 4 :D is tr ibu t ion o fs i tes f rom w h ich s l ag l am ina te s h ave b een r e corded .

1 850 +

+

W .and W .0

0

1 820

C an te rbury 1

W .0

' .

1 9 19 +

D u rham 1

a

D a te

f T ype 2 t h in s hee t , s t em s l ag l am ina te f rom I p sw ich , N ep tune Q uay . 1 9 th c en tu ry

1 860 1 890

9 3

F igure 4 9 : Was te : s t em , s l ag a nd t h in s hee t l am ina tes . S ca le s i np ic tures .

9 4

8 . THE

ARCHAEOLOGICAL

Two k i ln sa tA rcad ia B u i ld ings ,S ou thwark ( F ig .5 0 ) .

EVIDENCE :

STRUCTURE I NS ITU ( GROUND PLANS ) E xcava ted i n1 977 -9 b y Ma r t in D ean f o rt h e S ou thwa rk a nd L ambe th A rchaeo log ica l E xcava t ion C omm i t tee . A T he s t udy o fe v idence f r om e xcava t ion d i v ide s i n to t wo

1 : 20 p lan , s how ing t wo k i ln s a nd a s soc ia ted p i t s , w a s

s epa ra te b u t i n t ima te ly r e la ted a r ea s . O ne b e ing t h e e xam ina t ion o f t h e r e cove red m a te r ia l t h e o the r o f t h e

p ub l ished b y t h e p re sen t a u tho r i n 1 982 ( Peacey 1 982 ,

r e co rd o f s t ra t ig raphy d e s t royed b y t h e e xcava t ion

i n c lude m ino r a d ju s tmen t s t a ken f r om t h ep ho tograph ic

p roce ss a nd o f s t ruc tu re s l ef t i n s i tu . T he r e cove red e v idence i sp re sen ted i nC hap te r s 5t o 7a nd Append ix

r e co rd i n t h e p o s se s s ion o f t h e a u tho r . T h is r e co rd

4 ) . T he f i gu re i sr ed rawn f r om t h e p ub l ished p lan t o

c ons is t s o f f ou r b l ack a nd w h i te p ho tog raphs t oge the r

1 . O n s ome o f t h e s i te s f r om w h ich t h is i s d er ived

w i th

s t ruc tu re s , s u rv iv ing i ns i tu , p rov ide f u r the ri n s igh t i n to

p ho tog raph ic m a te r ia l i si nt h e k eep ing o ft h e Museum

s i x teen

c o lou r

t h e t e chno logy e mp loyed .

o f L ondon .

P ipe

t r an spa renc ie s .

r e info rced

muff le

Add i t iona l

ma ter ia l

w a s

r e cove red f r om t h e f i l l o f b o th k i lns . T he p ipe s f ound O ve r ap er iod o f y ea r s an umbe r o f p ipe k i lns h ave

i n a s soc ia t ion w i th b o th k i lns a nd p re sen t i n b o th

b een e xcava ted a nd r e co rded . I ns ome c a se s t h er e co rd s

muff le sa r eo fA tk in son /O swa ld T ype 1 5d a ted 1 660 -80

k ep t w e re i n adequa te , i no the r s r e co rd s h ave b een l o s t . P ub l ished p l ans v a ry i nq ua l i ty , s c a le a nd c onven t ion .

( A tk inson a nd O swa ld 1 969 , 1 77 -8 ) . A l l a r e u nma rked

F o r t h e p u rpo se o f t h is b ook a l p l ans h ave b een

o f t h e f i gu re y i e lded muff le f r agmen t s w i th p rop t ype

r ed rawn t ot h ec ommon s ca le o fo ne t ot wen ty . T hey a l l

b u t t re sse s w h i ls t t h e o ne t ot h e l e f t c on ta ined b a r t ype .

u se t h e s ame c onven t ion s , ak ey t ow h ich a ppea r s a tt h e

T he l a rge p i t t ot h e l owe r r i gh t w a s u sed t os t o re c oa l .

b eg inn ing o ft h e s e r ie s . Whe reve rp o s s ib le , o r ig ina l s i te

Two c i rcu la r s t ave l i ned p i t s t o t h e s ou th o f t h i s

p lans , r e co rd s , p ho tog raph s a nd t r anspa renc ies h ave

c omp lex ( Peacey 1 982 , F ig 1 )w e re u sed t os t o re w h i te

b een u sed t oc heck t h ed raw ing s a nd a dd i n fo rma t ion t o

c l ay o r s l ip . T he b a se s o f s and s tone p i l la r s wh ich

t h em a sn ece ssa ry . P reced ing e ach p l an i s ad escr ip t ion

s uppor ted t h e muff le s c an b e s e en i n b o th k i lns . T he

o f t h e e v idence u sed i ni t s c omp i la t ion .

l owe r k i ln ( l ef t o ff i gu re ) h a s s u rv iv ing b r ick f i re b a r s

I n t h e f o l low ing p l an s t h e s haded a r ea r ep resen t s

p a t te rn r e pea ted i nm any o ft h ef o l low ing f i gu res w h ich

a nd c anno tb ea t tr ibu ted t o amake r . T he k i ln a tt h e t o p

a bove t h e f l ue a sh p i t . T he se k i lns p l ans c onform t oa s unken f e a tu re s . Whe re t h e l im i t o f t h is i s c l ea r ly

h ave

d ef ined , at h ick l i ne i su sed . Whe re t h e s haded a r ea h a s

c ompa r ison . T he k i lns a r e a tt h e t op o ft h e f i gures w i th

b een

d rawn

t o

a c ommon

a l ignmen t

f o r

n o t h ick l i ne , i ti sn o t c l ea r h ow f a r i te x tended b eyond

t h e s t ok ing p i t b e low . T he t wo a r e c onnec ted b y t h e

t h e c e r ta in s haded l im i t s . A l l o ft h e k i lns i lus t ra ted a r e

f l ue a sh p i t w h ich c u t s t h rough t h e k i ln b a se o n t h e

b u i l t p redom inan t ly

s ame l e ve l a st h e s t ok ing p i t .

f r om

r ed

b r ick ;

s ands tone

i s

o cca s iona l ly u sed a nd , i nl a te r k i lns , f i re b r ick . T he se a r e ma rked o n t h e p l ans S a nd F r e spec t ive ly . S uch d e s igna t ions a r eo n ly u sed f o rt h ek i ln s t ruc tu re s ; whe re t h e k i ln h a s b een b u i l t i n to o ra ga ins t as t one w a l l a s a t P or t smou th o r Manche s te r , t h is b e ing a ppa ren tf r om t h e s hape s o n t h e d raw ing , n o a nno ta t ion i su sed .

KEY :

E dge o f s unken f e a tu re

V er t ica l f a ce ma rk ing c hange i nl e ve ls

G raded f a ce ma rk ing c hange i nl e ve ls

1

D o

Mor ta r

o

6

H ea t d amaged o r s l agged s ur face

S and s tone

F i reb r ick

9 5

o

Ce 0

Ö.D

o

F igure 5 0 : T wo k i lns a tA r cad ia B u i ld ings , S ou thwar k .

9 6

0 •S

i •Off t.

o

a .S

L .O rn.

F igur e 5 1 : K i ln a t O y s ter S t r ee t , P or t smou th .

K i ln a t Oys ter S tree t , P or tsmou th ( F ig 5 1 ) . P ipes f ound i n c on tex t w i th t h e k i ln , ma rked IM a nd E xcava ted i n 1 968 -71 b y EL ew is f o r t h e M in i s t ry o f

WS , h ave b een a t t r ibu ted t o J ohn Mo th a nd W i l l iam

P ub l ic B u i ld ings a nd Wo rk s a nd P or t smou th C i ty

S t re tch ly ( i b id . 7 1) . D ocumen ta ry e v idence p rov ide s

Museum s . Ap lan

l im i t s

a tt h e s c a le o f 1 : 30 i si n c luded i n

Pos t - Med ieva l B r i ta in i n 1 970 '

( Moo rhou se 1 971 ,

f o r t h e

w o rk ing

l i fe

o f t h e se p ipemake r s ,

2 18 ) . Ar e d rawn v e r s ion o ft h is p l an a t1 : 32 a ppea r s i n

1 692 -1713 a nd 1 679 -1715 r e spec t ive ly ( Fox a nd H a l l 1 979 , 1 5 ) . T ypo log ica l ly t h ese p i pe s c onform t o

t h e f u l l e xcava t ion r e po r t ( Fox a nd B a r ton 1 986 , 7 0 ) .

O swa ld 's g ene ra l T ype s 9 , d a ted 1 680 -1710 a nd 1 9 ,

P or t smou th Museum s h o ld t h ee xcava t ion r e co rd w h ich

1 690 -1710 r e spec t ive ly ( O swa ld 1 975 , 3 7 -41) . A l l o f

i n c lude s aq uan t i ty o fb l ack a nd w h i te p ho tog raph s a nd

t h e e v idence t h e refo re p o in t s t o ad a te f o r t h is k i ln

c o lou r t r an spa renc ie s o f t h e k i ln d u r ing e xcava t ion .

s omewhe re i nt h e l a s td ecade o ft h e s even teen th o r f i r s t

T he re a r e a l so , i n t h i s a u tho r s p os se s s ion , n i ne b l ack

d ecade o ft h e e i gh teen th c en tury . T he m a te r ia l f ound i n

a nd wh i te p ho tog raph s . T he f i gu re w a s p roduced b y

a s soc ia t ion w i th t h is k i ln , g roup P02 o f t h e c a ta logue ,

r e fe rence t oa l o f t h is m a te r ia l .

i n c lude s p ipe r e info rced muff le ( Append ix 1 ) . 9 7

s upp l ied u pon r e que s t . T he k i ln h ad b een p a r t ia l ly

K i ln a t R o semary A l ley , Gu i ld ford ( F ig . 5 2 )

d e s t royed , i n i t s s ou th e a s tern q ua r te r ( t op l e f t o f E xcava ted i n 1 960 b y R A lcock f o r t h e Gu i ldfo rd

f i gu re ) , b y t h e c ons t ruc t ion o f al a te r w e l l . T he p aved

Museum . T he s i te h a s n o t b een p ub l ished a nd a l l t h a t

s e c t ion o f t h e s unken a r ea i si n terp re ted a s af l ue /a sh

r ema ins o f t h e e xcava t ion r e cord i s ac o l lec t ion o f t wen ty f ou r b l ack a nd wh i te p ho tog raphs . O ne o f t h e

p i t . T o t h e r i gh t o ft h is t h e re w a s n o c hange o fl e ve l t o ,

p ho tog raph s i sa n o ve rhead s ho t f r om wh ich t h e f i gu re

c l ay f l oo r ' . T o t h e n o r th , t h e s t oke p i t i sd e scr ibed a s

w ha t i sd e scr ibed i nt h e e xcava t ion r e co rd a s , a `brown

h a s b een d rawn . A ssoc ia ted ma te r ia l i n c luded p i pe

a ` b lackened c l ay f l oo r ' . I n t h e o ve r lay ing s t ra t igraphy

r e info rced muf f le f r agmen t s . P ipe s f r om t h ee xcava t ion ,

t h eu nde l inea ted e dge b e tween t h ef l ue /a sh p i t , s t oke p i t

s ome i n c luded i n t h e

a nd s ou th w e s t q ua r te r o f t h e k i ln i sd up l ica ted i n a

muf f le ma t r ix , c onform t o

O swa ld 's g ene ra l t ypo logy ; T ypes 7 , 1 660 -80 a nd 1 9 ,

d ef in i te e dge t o ab l ack d epos i to f' c inde r s ,c ha rcoa l , a sh

1 690 -1710 .

e t c . ' ( s ee A ppend ix 5F igu re 18 ) . T he V s e c t ioned p i t e x tended d ownwa rd s0 . 9m b e low t he s unken f l oo r . T h i s may p o ss ib ly r e p re sen t ad ra inage s ump s im i la r t o t h e o ne o ccupy ing a s im i la r p os i t ion i n t h e k i ln f r om

K i ln a t Ho lywe l l H i l l , S t . A lbans ( F ig . 5 3 ) .

A runde l S qua re ( F igu re 5 5 ) . P ipe r e info r ced muff le

E xcava ted i n 1 970 b y membe r s o f S t A lbans a nd H er t fo rd sh i re A rch i tec tu ra l a nd A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty .

p i tf l oo r . P ipe s f r om t h e k i ln h ave b een d a ted b y S he i la

T he o n ly p ub l ished p l an o ft h is k i ln i sa t as ca le o f 1 : 83

C o l lege , C ork , t o t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e e i gh teen th

o n t h eg ene ra l p l an o ft h e s i te ( F reeman a nd L ane 1 980 ,

c en tury .

ma te r ia l s im i la r t ot h e E ng l ish n orm c ove red t h e s t oke L ane o f t h e D epa r tmen t o f A rchaeo logy , U n ive r s i ty

1 0 1) . T he f i nd s a nd t h e e xcava t ion r e co rd a r e n ow i n t h e k eep ing o f t h e S t A lbans Museum s , s t o red a t K yngs ton House R e sou rces C en t re . T he s i te n o tebook c on ta ins an umbe r o fs ke tch p lans o ft h e k i ln a s i tw a s

K i ln a t A runde l S quare , Wa terford (WAT 2 ) ( F ig .

r emoved l a ye r b y l a ye r . T he n o tes a l so r e co rd t h a t

5 5 ) .

p ho tog raphs w e re t a ken b u t t h ese h ave n o t b een t r aced . T he f i gu re h a s b een p repa red f r om a n e n la rgemen t o f

E xcava ted i n 1 990 b y t h e A rchaeo log ica l s e c t ion o ft h e

t h e p ub l i shed p lan a nd r e f e rence t o t h e many s ke tche s

Wa ter fo rd C o rpo ra t ion . T he e xcava t ion r e por t h a s n o t

i n t h e s i te n o tebook . T he e xcava t ion p roduced l a rge

y e t b een p ub l ished . Ap lan o f t he k i ln h a s b een made

q uan t i t ie s o f b o th p i pe r e info rced muff le ma ter ia l a nd

a va i lab le b y t h e s en io r a r chaeo log is t O r la S cu l ly . T he

p roduc t p ipe s . T ypo log ica l ly t h e p ipe s f i t i n to t h e f i r s t

f i gu re h a s b een t r aced f r om t h is p l an w i th a dd i t iona l

h a lf o f t h e e i gh teen th c en tury w i th T ype 2 5 a nd a

r e f e rence

s pu r red

e xcava t ion .

v e r s ion

o f t h e

s ame

f o rm

p redom ina t ing

t o

c o lou r

T he

t r anspa renc ie s

s urv iv ing

t a ken

s t ruc tu re

d u r ing

i s c u t

i n to

( A tk in son a nd O swa ld 1 969 , 1 79 -80 ) . O ft h e 8 75 b ow ls

c on tempo ra ry g round l e ve ls . I t i s d i v ided i n to t h ree

r e cove red , 7 73 a r e ma rked WR ; 6 0 o f t h ese a r e f r om

r e c tangu la r z one s . T ha t a t t h e t op o f t h e p age i st h e

t h e muff le ma t r ix . T he se p ipe s c ou ld b e t h e w o rk o fW

s o l id k i ln b a se p ene t ra ted b y ac en t ra l c hanne l w h ich

R eyno ld s w ho w a s a pp ren t iced t o Wi l l iam J ohn son i n

s e rved a s af l ue a nd a sh p i t . T he f l oo r o ft h is f l ue i so n

1 7 13 a nd w ho a pp l ied f o r a ma r r iage l i cence i n 1 7 14 .

t h e s ame l e ve l a s t h e c en t ra l z one ( o u t s ide t h e k i ln )

O the r i d en t if iab le ma rk s f r om t h e a s semb lage a r e 3 1

w i th wh ich i tc ommun ica tes . T h is c en t ra l z one i st h e

ma rked IW a nd 1 8 ma rked WH ; n one o ft h e se a r e f r om

s t ok ing p i t i n wh ich t h e k i ln man w o rked . T he re i sa

t h e m uff le ma t r ix . F i t t ing t h ese i n i t ia ls a r e t h ree m en

s t ep d own i n to t h e s t oke p i t o n t h e l e f t h and s i de

n amed JW i l t sh i re a pp ren t iced t o J oseph A nde r son i n

a d jacen tt ot h e k i ln b a se . T he z one a tt h e b o t tom o ft h e

1 7 11 , T homa s S i lcock i n 1 714 a nd J Wi l t sh i re ( h i s

p age i sa l so o n t h e s ame l e ve l b u t i ss epa ra ted f r om t h e

f a the r ) i n 1 725 , r e spec t ive ly . F o r WH t h e re a r e W

s t oke p i tb y ab r ick w a l l . T he o n ly a per tu re t h rough t h is

H un t , a c t ive b e tween 1 690 a nd 1 731 , a nd W H un t

w a l l c a r r ie s ad ra in wh ich d i scha rge s i n to ah a lf b a r re l

J un io r 1 7 14 . ( F reeman a nd L ane 1 980 , 1 08 -9 )F rom t h is

s e t i n to t h e f l oo r o f t h e s t oke p i t . T h is l owe r z one

d ocumen ta t ion i ts e ems p robab le t ha t t h is k i ln w a s

p robab ly s e rved as t o rage f unc t ion . T he l a ck o f s hove l

o pe ra t ing f r om t h e m idd le o f t h e s e cond d ecade o ft h e

a cce ss a nd t h e d amp p rob lem e v idenced b y t h e d r a in

e i gh teen th c en tury .

make i t su se a s af ue l s t o re u n l ike ly . Ma te r ia lr e cove red f r om t h e se f e a tu re s i n c lude sp ipe r e info rced muf f le w a l l f r agmen t s , s ha l low s agge r r i ngs , w ig c u r le r s a nd p i pe s d a ted

K i ln a t O laf S tree t , Wa terford (WAT 1 ) ( F ig . 5 4 ) .

b y

S he i la

L ane

o f

h a lf o f t h e e i gh teen th c en tury . Wa ter fo rd C o rpo ra t ion . T he e xcava t ion r epor t h a s n o t y e t b een p ub l ished . As i te p lan o f t h e k i ln a tt h e s c a le 1 : 20

h a s

b een

made

a va i lab le

b y

t h e

D epa r tmen t

o f

A rchaeo logy , U n ive r s i ty C o l lege C o rk , t o t h e s e cond

E xcava ted i n 1 988 b y t h e A rchaeo log ica l s e c t ion o ft h e

o f

t h e

s e n io r

a r chaeo log is t O r la S cu l ly . T he f i gure i st r aced f r om t h i s p l an t a k ing i n to c ons ide ra t ion a dd i t iona l i n fo rma t ion 9 8

F igure 5 2 : K i ln a t R osemary A l ley , G u i ldf ord . 9 9

F igur e 5 3 : K i ln a tH o lywe l l H i l l , S t . A lbans . 1 00

F igure 5 4 : K i ln a t O laf S tree t , Wa ter f ord (WAT 1 ) . 1 01

F igure 5 5 : K i ln a tA runde l S quar e , Wa ter f ord (WAT 2 ) . 1 02

K i ln a t H igh S tree t , B rent ford ( F ig . 5 6 ) .

T he l a you ta nd w o rkman l ike c ons t ruc t ion o ft h is k i ln i s r ema rkab ly s im i la rt ot h ep rev ious e xamp le . I nt h is c a se

E xcava ted i n 1 977 b y A l i son L aws f o r t he Museum o f

t h e re i sn o w a l l d iv id ing t h e s t oke p i t a nd c oa l c e l la r a t

L ondon . Af u l l a ccoun to ft h ee xcava t ion wa sp ub l ished

t h es u rv iv ing l e ve l . S ee b e low p age s 1 39 a nd F igu re 8 7 ,

i n1 981 w h ich i n c lude s an umbe ro fp lans , s ec t ions a nd

p age 1 41 .

p ho tog raph s( Law sa nd O swa ld 1 981 ,2 0 -22 a nd 6 1-62 ) . T he p l ans a r e p ub l ished a t t h e s ca le o f 1 : 29 . I n t h is a u tho r s p o s se ss ion a r e 7c o lou r t r anspa renc ies o f t h e k i ln d u r ing e xcava t ion . T he s i te a r ch ive i sb e l ieved t o b e w i th t h e Museum o f L ondon b u t a t t he t ime o f

K i ln 1a t Hur s t C our t , Manche s ter ( F ig . 5 8 ) .

w r i t ing h a s n o t b een t r aced . T he f i gu re h a s b een

E xcava ted i n 1 980 /81

e n la rged f r om t h e p ub l ished d raw ing a nd r ed rawn w i th

A rchaeo log ica lU n i t .D e scr ibed i nt h ee xcava t ion r e co rd

t h e r e qu ired c onven t ions . A ssoc ia ted f i nd s i n c luded a

a sF 2 . T he o n ly p ub l ished p l an o ft h is k i ln i sa t as c a le o f 1 : 148 , b e ing a g ene ra l s i te p lan . T he e xcava t ion

q uan t i ty o f p i pe r e info rced muf f le ma ter ia l . T he b r ick f l oo red p i t t ot h e r i gh t o ft h e s t oke p i t c on ta ined t r ace s

b y t h e G rea te r Manche s te r

r e po r ti n c lude sa n i s ome t r ic d raw ing a t as ca le o f 1 : 62 .5

o fc oa l . A n a pe r tu re t h rough t h e d i v id ing w a l l p rov ided

( A rno ld 1 983 , 5 8 -59 ) . I nt h ee xcava t ion a r ch ive t h e re i s

s hove l a cce s s t o t h is f u e l s t o re . T he n ine i n ch w a l l s u r round ing t h ek i ln a nd s t oke p i ts ugges t s ac omp le te ly

p ho tog raph ic r e co rd . O n t h is p lan t h e f l ue /a sh p i t h a s

ap l an , s c a le 1 : 20 , w h ich i sp roven i n accu ra te b y t h e

r oof ed s t ruc tu re w h i ls t t h e f our i n ch wa l l o f t h e f u e l c e l la r t e s t if ie s t o a l e s se r a nc i l la ry f ea tu re ( s ee

b een d rawn t o o n a r row , t h e b r ick f l oo r i ss chema t ic ,

f o l low ing f i gu re a nd F igu re 8 7 , p age 1 41) .

d r awn t o o w ide . A v e ry g ood p ho tog raph ic r e co rd

a nd , t oc ompensa te , o ne s i de o ft h e k i ln b a se h a s b een e x is t s o ft h e k i ln d u r ing e xcava t ion . T h is c ons is t s o f3 0

T he d ocumen ta ry e v idence , d i scussed i n f u l l i n t h e

b l ack

e xcava t ion r epor t , p l ace s t h e H ea th f am i ly i nB ren t fo rd

t r an spa renc ie s . T h i s f i gu re h a s b een p roduced b y

a nd

wh i te

p ho tog raph s

a nd

2 6

c o lou r

f r om

H ea th ,

r e f e rence t ot h is p ho tog raph ic r e co rd a nd t h e s i te p l an .

p i pemake r , i nr e la t ion t ot h e s i te o ft h is p ipe k i ln i sa n

D ocumen ta ry e v idence r e co rds J o seph Ho l land ,T homa s

i n den tu re o fl e a se a nd r e lea se d a ted 2 /3 F ebrua ry 1 735 .

H o l land a nd J o seph H a l iday a s p ipemake r s o n t h e s i te

W i l l iam H ea th d i ed 2 2 J anua ry 1 764 ( i b id , 1 5 -19 ) .

i nt h e p er iod 1 846 t o 1 854 ( i b id , 6 2 ) . T he t ypo log ie s o f

1 723 .

T he

f i r s t

r e co rd

o f

Wi l l iam

t h e p ipe s r e cove red a r e c ons is ten t w i th t h ese d a te s . T he t y po log ica l e v idence i sd i scus sed i nf u l l b y O swa ld i n t h e e xcava t ion r epor t ( i b id , 3 0 -31) . I n s umma ry , p i pe sf r om b enea th t h ek i ln s t ruc tu re a r ec ons is ten tw i th m anuf ac tu re i nt h ep e r iod 1 710 -40 a nd p ipes f r om l a ye r

K i ln 2 a t Hur s t C our t , Manches ter ( F ig . 5 9 ) .

2a bove t h e b r ick f l oo r wh ich s ea led t he k i ln n o te a r l ie r E xcava ted i n 1 980 /81

t h an c 1760 .

b y

t h e G rea te r Manche s te r

A rchaeo log ica lU n i t .D e sc r ibed i nt h ee xcava t ion r e co rd a s F 76 . T he o n ly p ub l ished p l an o f t h is k i ln i s a t a s c a le o f1 : 148 , b e ing ag ene ra l s i te p l an . T he e xcava t ion K i ln a t N or thga te , C an terbury ( F ig . 5 7 ) .

r e por ti n c lude sa ni s ome t r ic d raw ing a t as ca le o f 1 : 62 .5

E xcava ted i n 1 989 b y t h is a u tho r f o r t he C an te rbu ry

e xcava t ion a r ch ive . A v ery g ood p ho tog raph ic r e co rd

A r chaeo log ica l

e x i s t s o ft h e k i ln d ur ing e xcava t ion . T h is c ons is t s o f3 6

( A rno ld 1 983 , 5 8 -59 ) . T he re i sn o b e t te r p l an i n t h e T ru s t

L td .

T he

s i te

i s

a s

y e t

u npub l ished . T he f i gu re i s at r ue r e p re sen ta t ion o f t h e

b l ack

s i te p l an . T he p ho tog raph ic r e co rd i n t h is a u tho r 's

t r anspa renc ie s .

p o s se s s ion c ons is t s o f 1 7 b l ack a nd wh i te p ho tog raph s

r e f e rence t ot h i s p ho tog raph ic r e co rd . T he r ea r p a r t o f

a nd

a dd i t iona l

t h e f l ue /a sh p i t h a s ab r ick f l oo r b u t t h e p ho tog raph s

Documen ta ry

a r e n o t o f s uff ic ien t q ua l i ty i n t h is a r ea t o a low

6 c o lou r t r an spa renc ie s .

p ho tog raph s

a t t h e

T rus t 's

T he re o ff i ces .

a re

a nd

wh i te

p ho tog raph s

T h is f i gu re h a s

a nd b een

1 9

c o lou r

p roduced b y

a s a p ipemake r

d e ta i led r ep re sen ta t ion . Documen ta ry e v idence r e co rd s

w o rk ing i nC an te rbury i n 1 845 ( O swa ld 1 975 , 1 75 ) . I n

J o seph H o l land ,T homa s Ho l land a nd J o seph H a l iday a s

t h e 1 851 c en sus h e i s r e co rded a s ap ipemake r i n

p i pemake r s o n t h e s i te i nt h ep e r iod 1 846 t o 1 854 ( i b id ,

e v idence r e co rd s W i l l iam B r is ley

N o r thga te S t ree t , a ged 2 3 , b orn a t S heerness ( CPL

6 2 ) .

H 0 107

c ons is ten t w i th t h e se d a tes .

1 624

1 364 ) .

[ CPL

= C an te rbury

P ub l ic

L ib ra ry ] . B y t h e t ime o ft h e 1 861 c ensus h e i s ma r r ied t oJ ane , w i th ad augh te r a ged 5a nd as on a ged 4 ( CPL RG9

5 19 ) .

H e i s l i s ted

a ga in

i n t he

Ma ids tone ,

C an te rbury , D ove r a nd T unbr idge We l ls D irec tory a nd C our t G u ide 1 865 , b u t i n t h e 1 871 c ensus h i s f o rme r a bode i so ccup ied b y T homa s B r ice , ab u tche r ( CPL RG 1 0 1 871 R ) . T he t ypo log ica l d a te f o r t h e p ipe s f ound i n t h e l a te r r epa i r s t o t h e k i ln s t ruc tu re a r e c ons is ten t w i th aw o rk ing p e r iod c 1840 t o 1 870 . 1 03

T he

t ypo log ie s

o f

t h e

p ipes

r e cove red

a r e

F igure 5 6 : K i ln a t H igh S tree t , B renf f ord .

1 04

F igure 5 7 : K i ln a tN or thga te , C an terbu ry . 1 05

F igure 5 8 : K i ln Ia t Hur s t C our t , Manche s ter .

1 06

F igure 5 9 : K i ln 2 a tH ur s t C our t , Manches ter . 1 07

P lan o f Ham i l ton 's K i ln , Car l i s le ( F ig . 6 2 ) .

K i ln a t R osegar th S tree t , B os ton ( F ig . 6 0 ) . E xcava ted i n 1 967 -8 b y P K We l ls . T he re i sa p l an o f

E xcava ted i n 1 982 b y J ef T ay lo r f o r t h e C a r l is le

t h ek i ln i nt h e w o rk shop , s ca le 1 : 476 , p ub l ished i n1 970

A rchaeo log ica lU n i t . T he s i te r ema ins u npub l i shed .T he

(We l ls 1 970 , F ig 1 r ep roduced b e low a s F igu re 9 8 ,

k i ln b a se e xcava ted i sc i rcu la r i n p lan w i th o ne f i re

p age 1 85 ) . T he p ho tog raph ic r e co rd made d u r ing t h e

mou th . As i te p l an a tt h es ca le o f1 : 10 , t wo p ho tog raph s

e xcava t ion c ons is t s o f 1 8 b l ack a nd wh i te p ho tog raph s

a nd s i x t r anspa renc ie s , s upp l ied b y t he e xcava to r f o rm

a nd 3 4 c o lou r t r an spa renc ie s . A l though t h e p ub l ished p l an i s a ccu ra te , a dd i t iona l i n fo rma t ion h a s b een

t h e b a s is f o r t h e f i gu re . T he ma ss ive d imen s ions o ft h e f ounda t ion s ugges t at a l l b o t t le s haped c h imney s im i la r

g l eaned f r om t h e p ho tog raphs a nd i n c luded i n t h is

i n a ppea rance t o t h e B rose ley k i lns o f t h e S ou thorn

f i gu re . Ap ipe k i ln i sk nown t oh ave b een o pe ra t ing o n

f am i ly ( s ee F igu re s 7 1 a nd 7 2 ) . T he re i sn o e v idence

t h is s i te f r om 1 856 t o 1 919 ( i b id , 2 1) . T he a s semb lage

t h a t t h i s k i ln e ve r c on ta ined amuff le . Al a rge q uan t i ty

a s soc ia ted w i th t h i s k i ln i n c lude s b o th muf f le a nd

o f f r agmen t s f r om c y l indr ica l s agga r s w e re r e cove red .

s agga r f r agmen t s .

T he s urv iv ing s t ruc tu re i sc ons is ten t w i th a n u pd raugh t d e s ign . T he re a r e n o i n t ramu ra l o r s ub te r ranean f l ue s .

T h is k i ln o ccup ied a p oss i t ion w i th in a b u i ld ing ( s ee

S amue l H am i l ton i s b e l ieved t o h ave w o rked f r om

b e low F igu re 9 8 , p age 1 85 ) . No te t h e t imbe r e dg ing t o

c 1854 t o h i s d ea th i n 1 885 ( Tay lo r i n l i t t 2O c tobe r

t h e s t ok ing p i t a nd s t ep e dge s .

1 992 ) .

K i ln a t P ipe P assage , L ewes ( F ig . 6 1 ) .

K i ln a t B road S tree t , L imer ick ( F ig . 6 3 ) .

E xcava ted i n 1 956 b y N E S No r r is f o r t h e S us sex

E xcava ted i n 1 989 b y K Wigg ins f o r t h e P lann ing

A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty . Ab r ief n o te p ub l ished i n 1 970 i n c lude s as chema t ic p l an a nd s e c t ion wh ich a ppea r t o

D epa r tmen t o f L imer ick C orpo ra t ion . A t t h e t ime o f

c omb ine i n forma t ion f r om t h e e xcava t ion a nd f r om

p l an a tt h e s ca le o f 1 : 20 a nd t wo c o lou r p ho tog raph s

w r i t ing t h ee xcava t ion r epor te x is t s i nd raf to n ly . As i te

U re 's D ic t ionar y o f A r t s Manuf ac tures a nd M ines

s upp l ied b y t h e e xcava to r f o rm t he b a s is f o rt h e f i gu re .

( No r r i s 1 970 , 1 68 -70 ) . No s i te r e co rds h ave s u rv ived .

T he u nexcava ted i s land o nt h ef l oo ro ft h ek i ln c hambe r

P ho tog raph s w e re t a ken b u t n o p r in t s o rn ega t ive s h ave

s uppo r ted af e nce p o s t i nu se a tt h e t ime o fe xcava t ion .

b een t r aced e xcep t t h a t p ub l ished i n 1 962 ( A tk inson

T he k i ln h ad c l ea r ly b een d emo l ished d own t ot h e l e ve l

1 962 , 1 89 r e p roduced b e low , F igu re 6 8 ,p age 19 ) . T he

o f t h e c hambe r f l oo r w i th t he c hambe r w a l l b e ing

s i te i sn ow u sed a s ag a rden , t h e k i ln c hambe r i sf i l led

r obbed o u tb e low t h i s . P ipes w e re r e cove red b ea r ing t h e

w i th r ubb ish , b u t t h e u ppe r p a r t o f t h e a r ched r oof i s

s t amp o fR icha rd A he rn w ho i sr e co rded w o rk ing a t1 8

c l ea r ly v i s ib le ( F igu re 6 9 , p age 1 20 ) . T he f i gu re w a s

B road S t ree t f r om

p roduced u s ing d imens ions f r om t h e p ub l ished p l an

s agga r s m ea sur ing 1 80mm i nh e igh ta nd 3 00 -320mm i n

w i th a dded d e ta i l f r om t h e p ho tog raph . A s soc ia ted

d i ame te r w e re a l so r e cove red .

m a te r ia l i n c lude s muf f le f r agmen t s a nd f u rn i tu re . P ipe s r e cove red f r om b enea th t h e s t oke p i t f l oo r a r e a t t r ibu ted t oP ink a nd C o wo rk ing 1 832 -45 a nd C ha r les B ishop w o rk ing 1 838 -45 . P ipes r e cove red f r om t h e f i l l o ft h e s t oke p i t i n c luded ma rked e xamp les a t t r ibu ted t o J ohn T uckno t t , 1 851-62 ; G eo rge C orne r , 1 862 -67 a nd J ame s H a r r ing ton a nd S ons , 1 874 -8 . A l te ra t ions t ot h e k i ln , c u lm ina t ing i n ad rama t ic r educ t ion i n i t s h e igh t b y f i l l ing i nt h e s t oke p i ta nd c on s t ruc t ing an ew a sh p i t a t ah i ghe r l e ve l , i n d ica te al o ng w o rk ing l i f e s pann ing t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e n ine teen th c en tury . T he b roken l i ne o n t h e p l an i n d ica te s t h e c on t inua t ion o f t h e w a l l a bove t h e k i ln n i che .

1 08

1 881

t o 1 893 . F ragmen t s f r om

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