Stone Circles of Britain, Parts i and ii: Taxonomic and distributional analyses and a catalogue of sites in England, Scotland and Wales 9781407387291, 9781407387307, 9780860547013, 9781407318394

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
PREFACE
CONTENTS
1: INTRODUCTION
2: REGIONAL VARIATION IN DESIGN OF STONE CIRCLE ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
3: STONE CIRCLE CLASSES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION
4: STONE CIRCLES IN BRITAIN: ARCHITECTURAL ZONES, DATE AND FUNCTION
5: STONE CIRCLES LN THEIR LANDSCAPE: PATTERNED DISTRIBUTIONS AND REGIONAL VARIATION IN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
Front Cover
Copyright
CONTENTS
6: THE STONE CIRCLES OF BRITAIN: A CORPUS OF SITE SUSED IN SOME. OR ALL, OF THE PRESENT ANALYSES
7: DESTROYED STONE CIRCLES AND OTHER POSSIBLE SITES REJECTED FROM THE PRESENT ANALYSES BECAUSE THERE IS TOO LITTLE DATA AVAILABLE FOR DETAILED CLASSIFICATION OR ANALYSIS
8: SITES SUGGESTED IN THE LITERATURE TO BE STONE CIRCLES BUT WHICH ARE REJECTED HERE; AS MORE VIABLY INTERPRETED IN OTHER WAYS; AS ANOMALOUS. OR AS UNINTERPRETABLE DIJE TO THE LACK OF DATA OR POOR PRESERVATION
APPENDIX 1: A CORPUS OF SITES CONSIDERED HERE TO BE HENGES OR POSSIBLE HENGES
APPENDIX 2: A CORPUS OF TIMBER CIRCLES
APPENDIX 3: A CORPUS OF RINGCAIRNS IN THE PEAK DISTRICT
APPENDIX 4: A CORPUS OF STONE ROWS ON DARTMOOR
APPENDIX 5: MONUMENT COMPLEXES ON DARTMOOR
APPENDIX 6: A CORPUS OF STONE ROWS ON BODMIN MOOR
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX OF STONE CIRCLES AND HENGES

Citation preview

Stone Circles of Britain Tax onomic and distributional analyses and a catalogue of sites in England, Scotland and Wales

Part i

John Barnatt

BAR British Series 215(i)

1989

B.A.R.

5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR 215 (I), 1989: 'Stone Circles o.f Britain' Part I © John Barnatt, 1989 The author's moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407387291 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407387307 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860547013 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407318394 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547013 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

PREFACE T his

v olume

1 987

i n

i s

U niversity . k nowledge

T he

t aken p lace t o

b e

h ere,

f rom

s tone

i n

t hese

t hese

S ome

a re

b ased

p articular , d ocumented

h ave

b een a re

C ornwall,

t he

t he

o utset,

f requently

i mpractical. L arge

i mportance

o f

t he

b eing

T he

f ormer t he

w as

d etail

n eed

t o

o f

t he

m etrology h ave H erring h as

i s

c lear

a

a dd t o o ur

u ndoubtedly

a lter

t he

b ase

t hat

h as

r emain

n ot

b een

c onclusions

d rawn

a llows

e ffective

i n

l arge i n

i s

m any S cottish a nd W elsh s ufficient

d etail

s ites t hat

r estrictions

w ork t hat

a nd

o n

m ost

m ake

i t

f or

a re

p revented

n ot

f ield

i dentified w here

n umber

t he

o f

P eak

b een

t opics

s ites .

T hus

D istrict

a nd

a nd

i n

s tone

o f

p art

o nly o f

m onuments t he

w hile

p repared

a

w ill

g iven T hom .

l engthy

( Barnatt

p rovided

P eak

a lthough

c onsideration a s h enges/possible a re

c onsidered

w hen

o f

t he W ork

w ere

f rom t he

T hose

v arious

w anting

t he

( Barnatt

h ere,

i s

o n g eometry

a nd

o f

t he

B arnatt

a stronomical

a ll

t hese,

a nd

t he d ata o n h enges a nd h ence

h ere

t o

h enges h as b een r etained , a ssessing

1 984,

T hom 's

1 987,

i n

p ublished

r eview

r eviews

c onsidered

1 987a ,

b e

a nd M oir

A r eview o f

a nd

S outhwest

1 986,

d ata

o f

t ypes ,

a nd

a lso

b riefest o n

a ssessment

s ites

omitted

( Barnatt

f orthcoming);

o f

I reland

I rish d ata .

l ength .

e ventually

i n t he t hesis .

a l ist

b een

o f

a nalyses

D istrict

p ublished

h opefully

t opic

h ave

l argely b een s uperseded b y H arding w ith L ee

s ites

c ircles

c omparative

t he t hesis a nd s ources l isted s ummarised h ere, o f p articular

b een p ublished p reviously

a re

t he

t hus

a m anageable

i n

a lready

h ypotheses

1 986),

d ata ,

s ummarised , w hich

u ndoubtedly

i n t he P ennines and o n D artmoor,

s tudies

l atter

A nother

a ssessment

h as

b oth

r esearch ,

F or m any r egions t he c orpus

T ime

p revious

d istributions ,

w hile

e lsewhere .

f urther

h ave

f ieldwork

r ecorded

f or

d ocumented

d etailed

p atterned

E ngland ;

d ata

s ites

a p roportion o f

t his additional d ata s hould r efer t o b elow . S everal t opics h ave o nly b een

a nd

1 976 ,

o f h as

a nd b y t he a ddition o f

i t w as r eluctantly d ecided t o e xclude

amounts i n

i t

p oorly

H ence

t ext

p ress),

t hat

i n

B ritain and two r egions w ere

a uthors

s tate

a nd b y f urther w ork i n C umbria .

F rom

t heir

m ore

d ata

r egions .

i nadequate

t he s ites

f urther

s ites

a nd i n t he c ase o f

t here

B url

a fter

o f

w here

a b road

a ll

t hroughout

b y

a nd

s ubstantially

f ieldwork w as c arried o ut

s upplemented

p resent

i n

p articularly

e xtensive

w ere

s ites

i nevitably

t o s ites

w as

b y

t hat,

o f

i n

S heffield

f urther n ew s ites w ill

r egions

o n

i n

H owever ,

w hile

s ubmitted

r eflects

a l ist

d iscoveries

i n t he w ays p resented .

s ites

v isits

l argely

s ites

t hesis

P rehistory ,

p resented

o f

n ew

n ot

f rom p ublished s ources ,

d ata

t hat

m any

s hould

t he s ites

a dequately

a nd

p resents

c ircles ,

d rawn s tudy .

a d octoral

h ere a nd

H owever ,

o f

d iscovered a s

1 986,

r ejection

1 986 .

k nowledge

s tudy o f

o f

A rchaeology

p rovided t o

s ites .

s ince

e xhaustive,

o f

u nlikely t o b e t rue s tone c ircles ,

i dentified

d etailed

u p

s ubstantial

a re s een t o b e n ewly

c orpus

s ites

d ifferences

o f

v ersion

D epartment

o n

s ignificant b ecause

a s hortened

t he

r egional

b e

h as b een

w orthy

o f

t o i llustrate

d istributions

o f

m ajor m onuments . M any t he

p eople

s taff

U niversity , w ith

o f

h ave

t he

a ll

o f

p articular

c riticism

o f

t he

p rovided

D epartment w hom

o n

m ention g arbled

h elp o f

t o

w ith t he

A rchaeology

p roject. a nd

o ccasion

p rovided

A ndrew

F leming ,

e arly

d rafts

o f

T hanks

m ust

P rehistory ,

i nspiration w ho t he

a nd

p rovided t hesis

g o

t o

S heffield a dvice, d etailed

t ext.

O ther

r esearchers

m ade

p articularly , G raham

L ee,

S teve

omissions a nd o thers

h ave

u seful

A ubrey

c omment

B url,

C live

P ierpoint

i diosyncrasies

p rovided

h elp

a nd

a nd o f

w ith

p rovided

R uggles , P ete

d ata

G ordon H erring .

i nterpretation a re f ieldwork

b y

o n

s pecific

M oir ,

A nthony

H owever , m ine .

j oining

a ll

O ver

s urvey

t opics , H arding , f aults ,

t he

y ears

t eams ,

o r

h ave g iven i nformation o n u ndocumented s ites , n otably A ubrey B url, A ndrew F leming , C live R uggles , G ordon M oir , N ick T horpe, J ulian T homas , M ike P itts , R osemary R obinson , T om O x-e aves , K en Smith , P ete H erring , J acky N owakowski, D ave P atrick , A nn

N ick R alph , B rian H aigh , T im L aurie ,

B arnatt. T he g reatest

d ebt

w orking d ay o ver s everal

L arkman , L ee P aul H ewitt,

i s t o B renda B arnatt,

a nd L ydia C rampton , T im F ell a nd G eorge

w ho h as t olerated t he l ong

y ears w ithout c omplaint .

C ; () P ART 1 :

1 :

TENTS

D ISCUSSION

I ntroduction , 1 :1 S tone C ircles ;

P ast R esearch a nd F uture P otential

1 :2 S tone C ircles ;

T heir P lace i n a C ontinuum o f

M onuments T ypes 9

:

R egional 2 :1

5

V ariation i n D esign o f S tone C ircles ;

A nalysis o f M orphological

1

a n

D iversity .

I ntroduction

1 4

T he Primary V ariables 2 :2

D iameter

1 6

2 :3 2 :4

O riginal N umber o f S tones R egional V ariation

1 6 1 7

S econdary V ariables 9

: 5

I ntroduction

1 7

2 :6

A verage S tone S pacing

1 8

2 :7

S tone S pacing V ariation

1 8

2 :8 2 :9

P etrology S tone H eight

2 0 2 2

2 :10 G rading 2 :11 C ircularity

2 2 2 4

2 :12

2 8

I ndicated O rientations

R ejected 2 :13

V ariables

I ntroduction

3 3

2 :14 P latforms a nd R ingcairns 2 :15 C oncentric S tone C ircles

3 4 3 4

2 :16 C entre S tones a nd C oves 2 :17 A venues a nd S tone R ows

3 5 3 6

2 :18 P ortal S tones

3 7

2 :19 O utliers

3 7

D iscussion a nd C onclusions 2 : 20 T he R esults ;

a T axonomy D efined

2 :21 S tone C ircles w ith A dditional 2 :22 S imple S tone C ircles 2 :23 T he P roblem o f O verlap 3 :

3 8

D esign C haracteristics

4 1 4 2 4 2

S tone C ircles C lasses a nd t heir D istribution . 3 :1

I ntroduction

4 5

L arge C ircles i n Northern B ritain 3 :2-3 :4 N orthern O pen C ircles ; c lass A

4 5

3 : 5-3:7 C aithness H orshshoe S ettings ;

5 0

c lass B

Large Circles in Southern and Western Britain (classes C-E> 3:8 Introduction 3:9-3:11 Western Irregular Circles (including Western Circle Henges); class C 3:12-3:14 Hybrid Circles (including most circle-henges); class D 3:15-3:17 Symmetrical Circles; class E 3:18-3:20 Wessex Variant Circles; class F 3:21-3:23 Hebridean Open Circles; class G

50 51 62 69 74 78

Larger Stone Circles in Eastern Scotland 3:24-3:26 Recumbent Stone Circles; class H 3:27-3:29 Clava Cairns and Ringcairns; class I 3:30-3:32 Kincardineshire Ringcairns; class J

79 91 96

Small Stone Circles in Britain 3:33 Introduction 3:34-3:36 Small Circles - North; class K 3:37-3:39 Small Circles - South; class L 3:40-3:42 Dartmoor Stone-Row Circles; class M 3:43-3:45 Four Posters; class N

98 99 114 128 134

4: Stone Circles in Britain; Architectural Zones, Date and Function. 4:1 Introduction 4:2 Architectural Zones in Britain 4:3 The Density of Stone Circles Across Britain; Differential Destruction and Underlying Trends 4:4 Contrasting Patterns of Monument Nucleation 4:5 The Dating of Stone Circles 4:6 Stone Circles and Human Burial 4:7 The Ceremonial and Social Functions of Stone Circles

141 141 146 151 155 161 162

5: Stone Circles in Their Landscape; Patterned Distributions and Regional Variation in Social Organization. Regional Patterning in Britain; a Review. 5:1 Introduction and Summary 5:2 Moray Firth 5:3 Grampian 5:4 Tayside and the Scottish Lowlands 5:5 Cumbria 5:6 The Plain of York and Surrounding Uplands 5:7 The Peak District East Moors 5:8 Dartmoor 5:9 Bodmin Moor 5:10 Wessex and the Upper Thames Vall ey

166 174 176 178 182 185 189 192 200 205

Stone Circles and Regional Variation in Social Organization. 211 5: 11 Introduction 5:12 Monument Hierarchies and Regional Variation 214 217 5:13 Core and Peripheral Zones 219 5:14 Non-Centralized Zones 5:15 Topographically Constrained Zones 220 5:16 Social Organization in Later Neolithic and Earlier Bronze Age Britain 221

PART 2: THE CORPUS 6: The Stone Circles of Britain: A Corpus of Sites Used in some, or all, of the Present Analyses. Introduction Key Zone 1: Orkney and Shetland Zone 2: North East Scotland Zone 3: Outer Hebrides Zone 4: Western Scotland Zone 5: Moray Firth Zone 6: Grampian Zone 7: Tayside Zane 8: Southern Scotland Zone 9: Cumbria Zone 10: Cheviots/Pennines Zone 11: North York Moors Zone 12: The Peak District Zone 13: Wales Zone 14: South West England Zone 15: Wessex 7: Destroyed Stone Circles and Other Possible Sites Rejected from the Present Analyses because there is Too Little Data Available for Detailed Classification or Analysis. Zone 1: Orkney and Shetland Zone 2: North East Scotland Zone 3: Outer Hebrides Zone 4: Western Scotland Zone 5: Moray Firth Zone 6: Grampian Zone 7: Tayside Zone 8: Southern Scotland Zone 9: Cumbria Zone 10: Cheviots/Pennines Zone 11: North York Moors Zone 12: the Peak District Zone 13: Wales Zone 14: South West England Zone 15: Wessex

227 228 231 234 238 243 253 268 309 329 341 355 362 364 374 394 427

453 453 453 454 454 458 465 465 467 469

471 471 472 473 473

8 :

S ites S uggested i n t he L iterature t o b e S tone C ircles b ut w hich a re R ejected H ere;

a s M ore V iably

i n O ther W ays ,

o r a s U ninterpretable d ue

a s A nomalous ,

I nterpreted

t o t he L ack o f D ata o r P oor P reservation , Z one

1 :

O rkney/Shetland

4 75

Z one

2 :

N orth E ast S cotland

4 76

Z one

3 :

O uter H ebrides

4 76

Z one

4 :

W estern S cotland

4 78

Z one

5 :

M oray F irth

4 80

Z one Z one

6 : 7 :

G rampian T ayside

4 83

Z one

8 :

S outhern S cotland

4 90

Z one Z one

9 :

C umbria

4 93

4 88

1 0 :

C heviots/Pennines

4 97

N orth Y ork M oors T he P eak D istrict

5 00

Z one

1 1: 1 2:

Z one

1 3:

V ales

5 00

Z one

1 4: 1 5:

S outh W est E ngland W essex

5 03

A C orpus o f H enges A C orpus o f T imber C ircles

5 07 5 12

A C orpus o f R ingcairns i n t he P eak D istrict A C orpus o f S tone R ows o n D artmoor

5 17

M omument C omplexes o n D artmoor A C orpus o f S tone R ows o n B odmin M oor

5 23

Z one

Z one

A ppendix 1 : A ppendix 2 : A ppendix 3 : A ppendix 4 : A ppendix 5 : A ppendix 6 :

5 00

5 05

5 18 5 27

B ibliography

5 28

I ndex o f S tone C ircles a nd H enges

5 46

1 ;

INTRODUCT U A

1 :1 S tone C ircles ;

P ast R esearch a nd F uture P otential

T here

h undred

a re

a round

s everal

u pland

B ritain .

s tone

T hey

d isplaying d iscrete r egional

c ircles

a re

o f

w hich

s urvive

d iverse

s ub-groupings ,

d esign

t oday , a nd

s cattered

s cale,

o ften

i n t erms o f a rchitecture a nd

s iting c haracteristics . T his r e-assessment p resents a n a nalysis o f s tone c ircle d esign a nd v ariability t hat q uantifies t heir d iversity b y u sing a m ultivariate a pproach a nd i dentifies 1 4 c lasses i s a lso e xamined

c lasses o f s tone c ircle . T he d istribution o f a nd e xplanations e xplored f or t he d iverse

p atterning d isplayed . P ast

R esearch

T he m ajority o f s tone c ircles 1 8th a nd 1 9th c enturies , a nd p lace . w hole,

w ere m any

r ecorded f or t he f irst t ime i n t he p oorly d ocumented e xcavations t ook

H owever , l ittle a ttempt w as m ade t o s ynthesize t he d ata a s a o r e xplore i nter-regional v ariation i n d esign and c ontent,

a lthough s tudies

f rom

t he

h ave

e xcavations

l ate

b een o f

1 9th

c entury

u ndertaken .

s tone

c ircles

I n

o nwards t he

h ave

s ome

p resent

t aken

e xcellent c entury ,

p lace

w hich

r egional

o ccasional h ave

a dded

i nvaluable d ata t o o ur u nderstanding o f t he m onuments . R enewed i nterest i n s tone c ircles w as a roused b y t he h ypotheses o f T hom ,

b ecause

o f t heir

f ar r eaching

p roblem w ith t his r esearch w as t hat

i mplications

( Thom 1 954 e t s eq).

O ne

l ittle a ttempt w as m ade t o i nterpret

t he m ultitude o f s urveys a rchaeologically ;

a s n o o verall

r eview o f s tone

c ircles h ad e ver b een u ndertaken i t w as d ifficult t o p ut t he w ork o f T hom i n i ts p roper c ontext. T his p roblem w as r edressed b y B url w ho c ompiled t he f irst n ationwide c orpus o f s ites a nd p resented v oluminous s yntheses a nd s tone c ircles

i nterpretative c omment o n t he ( Burl 1 976). T his w ork l aid

d iverse d ata d isplayed b y f irm f oundations f or a ny

f uture s tudy o f t hese m onuments . I t i s o nly w hen s uch a w ork i s c ompiled t hat s ignificant p atterning a nd d iversity c omes i nto c learer p erspective a nd t hat i nterpretative p roblems b ecome a pparent. P resent P roblems; t he A ims o f t he _ Research P resented H ere W hile

a ll

s tone

c ircles

m onuments , p alimpsest

t heir w ide o f v arying

u pwards

a m illennium .

t hat

o f

a d etailed

s ub-divide

t he

b y

d efinition

a re

a rchitecturally

s imilar

r ange o f s cale a nd d esign p robably r epresents a t raditions w hich m ay w ell h ave b een c urrent f or A m ajor

p roblem f or

s ystematic

a nalysis

d ata

m eaningful

i nto

o f

c urrent

d esign g roups

i s

r esearch

n eeded ,

f or

i n

s tudy .

h as

b een

o rder

W hile

t o

B url

h ighlighted s everal c lasses o f c ircle, s uch a s R ecumbent S tone C ircles a nd F our P osters , t he m ajority o f s impler f ree-standing r ings h ad n ot b een f ully i ntegrated i nto a u sable d etailed f ramework . B url h ighlighted m any

s imilarities

a nd/or

d ifferences

i n

d esign

b etween

a nd r egions . H owever, a l imitation i n h is p resentation o f t hat w hile i n m any c ases s uch o bservations m ay w ell b e

s pecific

s ites

t his d ata , p ertinent,

i s i t

r emained t o b e t ested w hich w ould s tand u p t o m ore r igorous a nalysis . T he a im o f i s

t o

d efine

t he w ork p resented h ere

a c orpus

o f

s ites ,

t hat

i s t hreefold .

i dentifies

a ll

A p reliminary a im e xamples

t hat

a re

l ikely t o b e t rue s tone c ircles . 6 67 s uch s ites h ave b een l isted ( Fig . 1 , C hapters 6 -7), a nd d ivided f or c onvenience i nto 1 5 r egional g roupings o n t he b asis o f t opographical c onsiderations . A f urther 2 65 s ites , l isted i n p revious s ources a s s tone c ircles , a re r ejected ( Chapter 8 ).

1

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3

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T he

s econd

a im i s

a nalysis

o f

T he

m ain

p urpose

a re

l ikely t o b e o f

c ircle o f

a re

t heir

t o

o f

t his

i dentified .

s usceptible

d isplay a tion

o f

t he

d esign

1 4

t hat

t hat

t o

T he

o f

s ites

u sing

p rovide

m ajority

a nalysis o verlap

c lasses ,

w ould

h ave

i s

t raits

a re

a rise

l ittle

a nd

o ut

d iagnostic

i t

i s

b y

b earing

o n

g roups

a pproach . w hich s tone

e ntities small

o f

b oth

avoids

o ther

i n t erms

s tone c ircles a re

f our

c lasses

o f

o f

u tiliz -

i n

f urther

d iverse

e xcept

f or

t hese

T he

p roblems

m onuments

e ach

o f

c haracteristics .

h oped ,

c omparing

s ystematic

F ourteen c lasses o f

H owever ,

i n

o n

s ites

d iscrete

t hree

b ased

a m ultivariate

r ealistic

a nd d istribution .

t o

s ignificant

a nalysis

a t axonomy

s imilar d ate a nd f unction .

t heir a rchitecture

l ess

d evise

a rchitectural

s cale

a nd

s uperficially

s imilar a rchitecture . T he a n

t hird

a nalysis

t opography

a im i s

o f

a nd

t o

s tone

p resent

c ircle

s ettlement.

a h itherto

n eglected

d istribution

T his

i n

a ssessment

a spect

r elation

l ed

t o

t he

o f

t o

s tudy ,

r egional

p roposal

o f

a

m odel t hat i dentifies s everal t ypes o f s tone c ircle d istribution p attern o n t he b asis o f t he r egularity i n d istance b etween c omparable m onuments . T he

s pacing

i nterval

d istributional p atterns a re l evel

a t

t hey

w ith

a reas

p opulations ,

a cross

B ritain .

M ajor

c apable

o f

w ere

c omparison

w ith

t o

I n

c lass .

s ome

T ype

a reas ,

o f

t hese

h ierarchically a ccording t o t he s ocial

w hile

w hich

i n

f rom c lass

t opography .

o perated ,

d ifferences

b etween

s ignificantly

changes

s uggested t o c ombine

w hich

r egional

v aries

p attern

a t

t he

t hose

s ame

t ime

t here

a re

n ot

o nly

o ccur

r elatively

h igh

c ontrasts

s ustaining

t hat

w ere

l ess

s trong

f avourable,

b ut

a lso b etween r egions w ith s imilar t opographies a nd s oils . S tone C ircles a nd P rehistoric S ocieties W hile t hat i s

t he

f unction o f

t ook

c lear

N eolithic

w ithin

t hat

t hey

a nd

p eople .

T he

f requently b uilding

w ere

a mount

p laces

p olitical

w ill

B ronze

o f

A ge

f or e ra ,

w ere

t he

r ituals a nd c eremonies l argely

s peculative,

i mportance

n ote

1

i n

b elow ).

c ommon m onument-form b een b uilt t o c ontain

i n

i n

p eriod . m any

f orm .

o f

t he

L ater

L arger

s tone

w hose d esign l arge n umbers

T hey

m ay

m onuments

m ajority w ell

s ocio-economic

A s s uch t heir

b e

o f t he

a nd/or

s tudy

i s

o f

1 983,

o rganization d uring t his B radley

g round

i n

d iversity

1 984a ,

t hat a nd

p eriod h as b een r eviewed r ecently

B radley a nd G ardiner

e xplanations

i nteraction

a re

b etween

1 984).

e xamined c ompeting

p rime s ociog reat o f

( Pryor

T hese s tudies b reak n ew

w hich o r

i s

o ther

r elevance i n u nderstanding t he w orkings o f p rehistoric s ociety . T he g eneral i nterpretation o f B ritish d ata o n t he c haracter s ocial

i t

t he

b uilding t hese

e xcess

w here

g iven

o f

r emain s ome

( see

m ost h ave f ar

t heir

i nteractions

o f

e nergy e xpanded a nd

k nown

o f

i n t erms

a lways

m onuments

a re t he l ikely t o

s ubstantial,

p rojects

m eeting

c ircles ,

t hem ,

E arlier

c ircles a nd h enges i ndicates t hey w ere o f

s tone

p lace

h ighlight

c omplimentary

r egional f acets

o f

s ocial r egulation , w hich c hange t hrough t ime a nd s pace . S uch a n a pproach h as g reater p otential t han t raditional e xplanations f or i nterpreting t he d iversity o f d ata . H owever , w hile t hese s tudies h ave l aid f oundations f or

f uture

f rameworks ,

r esearch , a nd

b y

b rief

b oth

b y

p roviding

a pplication

a t

d etailed a nalyses o f b road d ata - s ets i n t heir i nfancy . T he d istributional a nalyses F igure

I :

d ivisions u sed

3

i nterpretative

r egional

t est

t hese c ontexts a re o f s tone c ircles

T he d istribution o f s tone c ircles a nd t he r egional

g eneral

s pecific

i n B ritain

c ases ,

s till i n i s u sed

( Chapters 6 -7)

i n t he a nalysis

( 1-15).

h ere

t o

h ighlight

s pecific

a spects

f ramework l aid d own b y B radley W hile

a ny

s tudy

n eeds t o e xamine c ommunal

m onuments

o rganization, t his

( see

i n

a t

a ny

l east

c an

p art

E arlier r eveal

T he l arger

o f

i n

t hat

T he

W essex

a nalyses

w idely

b etween

a

h is

m uch

i n s ome

r egions ,

h as

d o

a nd

o f

t o

s tone

i n

b een b y

n ot

t he i n

s ite

( of

L ater

p attern

m ay

f amily/local-group

a cting

a s

o f

o nly

a nd

m odels

U ntil p rehistoric

r ecently

i t

i n

s imilar

r eflections o f

a nd

w ill

o n

( 1973,1976). i n

t he

l ight

( 1984a-c),

h ave

w hich

t heir

p roblems . m onument

s tudy

m odel

a re

d esigned

t o

b e

a pplied ,

a nd

c an b oth

r egions .

b etween

T he

l ocal

v iew

t ypes a nd s cale) f unction t heir

o n

m ain

o f

t aken

s imple

W essex .

' core

z ones '

( Pryor z ones

i mportance I t

i s

o f

m ajority

i s

A t

o ne

l evel b e

r elated

s ites

o f f or

t ook

t o o n

i nter-communal s ocio-economic

a re

l ikely

t o

a lso

r egional

( see

1 983, i s

n ote

B radley

a lso

s een

i nteraction

a rgued

m onuments ,

t o

h ave

L ater

b een

f requently

N eolithic/Earlier

a ssumed

t hat

B ritain ,

m any

B ronze

r egions

A ge

b eing

w as p ale

T his v iew h as r ecently b een m odified c onsiderably

v arious

' peripheral'

s eems

t hroughout

h ighlighting o f

p opulations

t he

h ere

w ould

p robably

L arger

t o a nd

l ikely t o b e

f actors .

p urpose

t est

r egions

a re

t he

s ignificance, c oncerns .

c entres ,

t he

w ith t he

h ere,

t hat

s ocial o rganization i n c oncept o f ' core ' a nd

N o te

t hat

f unctions .

s ociety

e ssentially

m onument

a t a nd

s ignificant

i nterrelationship w ell

f amily

e xchange

h ave s ocio-political

c eremonial

o n

h ypotheses

q uestioned

B radley

p atterning ,

w ithin

a c omplex

a ctivities

p 41-67).

d ata

i nteresting .

a dditional r oles a s f ocal p oints o n c ommunal a nd/or l evels . W hile s ome s uch s ites m ay p lace emphasis o n

t he

m onument

N eolithic

S cotland

n egate

p resent

d ifferent

c ircles

c eremonies

' everyday '

i n

d iversity

t ypes

a ccording

e xtended

f actors ,

H owever ,

d iscrete

d ebated

t ombs

d evised

d istributional

m onuments

s mall

r ituals

a nswer ,

m onuments .

i n

o f

f ull

p rovide

t he

t he m ost

o ver-generalised

u ndertaken

p otential

s pecific

p atterned

h ence

s ocial

r eflections

t he

r eflect

i n

o bviously

m ay b e t hat

i nto t he p atterned d istribution o f

d ata

a pproaches

s pecific

d ifferent

e xtreme,

o r

t o

b e

c hambered

f rameworks

n ew

t he

( see 5 :10-11,5 :16).

i nvestigate

t he

t he

b uild

d ifferences

w ith

o f

s tatic

t hese

p atterning

t hat

o f

t o

u nderstanding d irect

h old

t o

a nd

h ence

r esearch

a nd

i nterpretative

i llustrate

h ow

t he

s ociety

c ommunities

n ot

o rganization

p erhaps

i n

m ost

n ot

s ome

c hose

R enfrew

W essex ,

d o

c ontrasted

o f

i nstigator o f w as

t he

d emonstrated

a nd

i s

p rehistoric

o f

l ikely t hat b e

I t

i n r elation

i n t he l ong t erm i t

i mportance

o ne

p robably

s pectrum

A ge .

o f

t he d ata,

o bviously

i s

c an

i nterpretation

H owever ,

d ynamics

m ost a bout d ynamics a nd

p rime

n ew

T hey i t

i nterpretation

p articular

c ompared

t he

m onuments

m onuments T he

b e

B ronze t he

o f

2 ).

t hat

o f

t he

t hey m ay b e

p eriods ,

p atterning

n etworks

a re

b ecause

specific

o f

f acets o f

t hat

n ote

p articularly o r

a ll

o f

( 1984a, b ,c).

d ifferences b etween t he d evelopment 3 )

w hich

1 984a). a s

D ichotomy

i mportant .

b etween u sing

N ew

r egional f urther

t his r eflects m ore

s ome a reas ' peripheral'

s upported

r elatively

b etween

' core'

e xplanations

s ystems

d iversity f undamental

( Bradley o f

o f

h igh a nd

s tress 1 984a ,

p attern

d ifferences

a t i n

o f B ritain , w hich g o b eyond t he z ones a nd r egional d iversity i n

f orm .

I : T h e N e o lith ic

a n d B r onze A g e a r e s u bd iv ided t h roughou t i n to

' E arlie r

a nd

' L ate r '

h a lves ,

r a ther t h an f o llow ing t h e c o nventiona l t h ree fo ld d i vision , T h e d i v is ion o f t h e B r onze A g e i n to t w o h a s b e en a d opted p r ev ious ly b y B a rrett a n d B r ad ley ( 1 980 ) , T h e s y stem a d opted h e re f o llows B u rgess

4

( 1 980 ,p23-4 ) i n t h e s e nse t h at ' L ate r N e o lith ic ' e q uates a p prox imate ly w i th h i s M e ldon B r idge a n d M o unt P l easant p e riods ( c 25001700b c) a n d ' E ar lier B r onze A g e ' e q uates w i th h i s O v e rton a n d B e dd B r anwen p e riods ( c 17001250 bc) , N o te 2 : T h e t e rm ' c ommuna l ' i s u s ed h e re a n d h e n ce fo rward i n an o n-spe cific s e nse a n d d o es n o t i m p ly a n y p a rticu la r t y pe o f s o cia l o r gan izat ion o r p o pu lation s i ze , N o te 3 : T h e t e rm ' c o re z o ne ' i s u s ed h e re a n d h e n ce fo rwa rd t o r e fe r t o a r eas w h ere a r chaeo log ica l d a ta a n d a s sessment o f r e lat ive c a rry ing c a pa city p o int t o w e ll e s tab lished p o pu lat ions o f r e lat ive ly h i gh d e nsity d u e t o f a vou rab le t o pog raphy a n d s o ils ( c f B r ad ley 1 9 84a ,p4 1) , 1 :2 S tone C ircles ; T heir P lace i n a C ontinuum o f M onuments T ypes W hen s tudying t he d istribution o f m onuments , i n r egard t o s ignificance

a s

m ay

m isleading

w ell

b e

i solation .

i ndicators

D ifferent

o f

i n

t he

s ome

d ynamics

a reas

t o

o f

s ocial

e xamine

c ommunities m ay w ell

o ne

m onument

a ll

m onument

f orms

i n

i t

t ype

i n

h ave b uilt r adically d ifferent

m onument t ypes , w hich i n t erms o f t heir f unction a s i nteraction , s erved s imilar p urposes . I t w ould t ake a nalyse

t heir

o rganization ,

d etail.

T he

f oci f or g roup m any y ears t o

c urrent

r esearch ,

o f

n ecessity , h as c oncentrated o n s tone c ircles . T o o vercome t he p roblem i n t he c ase o f l arger m onuments , e xisting c orpora a nd o ther p ublished s ources

h ave

m onuments .

b een

u sed

t o

s tudy

t he

d istribution

S maller m onuments s uch a s

a re t oo n umerous t o c over r estricted t o d etailed t est

r ingcairns ,

o f

h enges

a nd

c ursus

b arrows a nd s tone

r ows

n ationally a nd s tudy o f t hese h as b een c ases i n t he P eak D istrict a nd S outh-West

E ngland . A f urther

p roblem

w ith

d efining

t he

l imits

o f

r esearch

i s

o ccasional s imilarity o f s tone c ircles t o r elated m onument f orms ; t o s ome e xtent f orm p arts o f a c ontinuum a nd h ence p erhaps o ught i ncluded o f

i n

t he

t he

m ore

m ain

c orpus .

d etailed

T hese

a re

o f

s tone

s tudy

r eviewed c ircles

h ere

t o

s et

p roper ,

t he

t he

w hich t o b e l imits

d escribed

i n

C hapters 2 -4, a nd t o d efine t he d egrees o f r elevance o f t hese a ffiliated m onument f orms w hen s ite d istributions a re c onsidered ( Chapter 5 ). T he t imber s tone o f

o nly

l arger

c ircles . c ircles

a ll

m onuments

T hese

t hat

p ublished

c an

b e

u nder

employ d ifferent

e xamples

o f

c onsideration

a rgued

t hese

t o

b e

b uilding h ave

h ere

a re

f unctional m aterials .

b een c ompiled

h enges a nd

e quivalents

t o

S ummary c orpora ( Appendices

1 -2),

a nd a b rief r eview i s g iven b elow . S ites p roblem .

T o

o ne

o f

e nd

s imilar

f orm

e xtent

a c ontinuum

r ingcairns , m any

o f

a c ertain t hat

c learly

i n

o f

t urn

t o

s mall

s maller m onuments ,

s hade

i dentifiable

i nto

' midway '

o ther m onument-forms s uggests t hat n ormally b e d rawn i n d esign a s k erb-cairns a nd k erbed f unctions , i t

h as

b ut

p roved

t his

i s

p ossible

D istrict

a nd

( Barnatt

1 987b ,

t he

t o

s tudy

i n

p ress),

t heir t his

c ircles c ircles

w hich

s tages

p resent m ay

i ncludes

b arrows .

b e

o f

k erb-cairns

H owever ,

b etween

m ore

r egarded

t he

s tone

a nd

a bsence c ircles

a a s o f

a nd

r elatively c lear c ut d istinctions c an

i f n ot a lways b arrows , c an

n ot

d emonstrate

s tone s tone

c ase

w ith

t he

n ot

f unction . S ome t ypes , s uch a rgued t o h ave d ifferent

r ingcairns

l atter

f unctional h as

i n b e

i n

s ome

( see

s imilarity

b een

b elow).

d etail

p ossible

t o

i n

s tone

t he

W hile P eak

c ircles

i n o ther r egions .

I n m any c ases t hey a re p oorly d ocumented ; n o p ublished c orpora h aving b een c ompiled a nd p roblems o f i dentification n ever r esolved . H ence t hese s ites w ere r eluctantly e xcluded f rom m uch o f t he d istributional a nalyses b ecause

e xtensive

f ieldwork w ould

b e

a nd r ange .

— 5

r equired

t o d ocument

t heir

n umbers

I n a f ew c ases , a s w ith t he D artmoor S tone-Row C ircles ( class M ) a nd t he C lava C airns ( class I ), s tone c ircles a re c ombined w ith o ther a rchitectural f orms i n a typical w ays , u sually w ithin d iscrete r egions . } { enges T he c lassification o f h enges h as a lways b een c ontroversial b ecause o f t heir d iversity i n s ize a nd f orm , a nd r esulting s uspicions t hat t he c lass i s a s omewhat a rbitrary o ne w hich m asks a nd/or e xcludes s ignificant v ariability . H owever , t he m ajority o f t he p roblems w ith c lassification l ie a t t he l ower e nd o f t he s ize-range , w here g reat d ifficulty e xists i n d istinguishing b etween a w ide r ange o f i nterrupted r ingditches , m any o f w hich h ave m ore i n c ommon w ith b arrows/ringcairns t han t he l arger h enges . A r eview o f t he f ull d iversity o f h enge-like s ites h as r ecently b een p ublished ( Harding w ith L ee 1 987). D iscussion w ill b e r estricted h ere t o t hose s ites w hich a ppear ( to J B) t o f all f irmly w ithin t he t raditional f unctional d efinition o f a h enge . D espite t he c aveats n oted a bove , i t d oes a ppear t hat t he m ajority o f l arger h enges c an b e r egarded a s a d istinct m onument t ype, w hich c an b e i nterpreted a s b eing c eremonial s ites o f L ater N eolithic d ate . O nly a t u nexcavated e xamples d o p roblems o f i dentification c ommonly a rise, p articularly a t c ropmark s ites . T he a pproach a dopted h ere i s t o c onsider a ll s ites w ith i nternal d iameters o f o ver 2 5m ( Appendix 1 : A -E), b ut d isregard s maller m onuments ( termed h ere h engiforms). T his i s p rimarily b ecause o f a n i nterest i n t he d istribution o f l arger m onuments w hich a re l ikely t o r eflect c ommunal o rganization , b ut a lso b ecause o f t he p roblems w ith i nterpreting s maller s ites . C lassification b y i nternal d iameter i s p rimarily t o e nable a n a ssessment o f ' available-area ' c apable o f h olding ' participants '. T he d isregarding o f h engiform s ites i s n ot i deal i n t hat s everal o f t hese a re c learly s mall a rchitectural e quivalents o f l arger h enges , a s f or e xample a t t hose s ites w ith i nternal r ings o f o rthostats ( Appendix 1 ; F , G). T hese s ites a re l ikely t o h ave h ad a n i nsignificant r ole i n l arge s cale c ommunal o rganization a s t hey c ould h old s o f ew p articipants . H owever , i t m ust b e s tressed t hat t he c ut-off p oint o f 2 5m d iameter i s a rbitrary a nd w as c hosen p rimarily b ecause i t r ejected t he m ajority o f p roblematic s ites . T he c ombination o f h enge e arthworks a nd s tone c ircles , i n c ircleh enges , a rgues f or a c lose f unctional e quivalence b etween t he t wo m onument f orms . I n b oth l arge f reestanding s tone c ircles a nd l arger h enges t heir m onumentality a nd n on-utilitarian d esign s uggests t hat t hey a re d esigned a s g athering p laces . A n e xamination o f d iameters o f l arger c ircles a nd h enges i llustrates t hat t heir s ize r anges a re c losely s imilar , w ith t he e xception o f a s mall n umber o f l arger h enge-enclosures i n W essex ( cf B arnatt 1 987b). O ne o f t hese, A vebury , a lso c ontains t he o nly a typically l arge s tone c ircle . T here i s a lso a p arallel t radition o f w estern c ircle-henges f ound o nly i n t he w est w hich c ombine s tone c ircles w ith b anks b ut m inus a d itch ( see 3 :9-11). R ecent e xcavations a t N orth M ains a nd B alfarg i n T ayside h ave i llustrated t hat F igure 2 :

f reestanding

t imber

c ircles

e xisted

w ithin

l arger

T he d istribution o f h enges A : W essex h enge-enclosures ( 150m+ i nterna l d iameter) 8 : c ircle-henges C : h enges D : E ast A nglian ' m ills E : F enland ' h enges ' P ossible s ites - o pen s ymbols

6

h enges .

T hese

t imber

s tone c ircles , d ata-set, 2 1 s ites

s ettings

m ay

w ell

b e

a f unctional

e quivalent

o f

a nd m ay b e s ignificantly u nder-represented i n t he c urrent

d ue t o t he l ack o f w here l arge s cale

e xtensive e xcavation w ithin h enges . O f t he e xcavations h ave t aken p lace, o nly K ing

A rthur 's R ound T able a nd t he t wo s ites a t L landegai a ppear t o h ave n o i nternal s tone a nd/or t imber s ettings ( at M aumbury , C astilly a nd T hwing , l ater r emodelling m ay h ave d estroyed t he e vidence). T hus , t he c urrently a vailable d ata s uggest t hat h enges f requently h ave s tone o r t imber s ettings

a nd

t hese

a re

f ound

t hroughout

t he

d istributional

r ange

o f

h enges . T he

o rigins a nd

d evelopment

o f

t he

t raditions

n oted

a bove ,

a nd

t heir r elation t o f reestanding s tone c ircles i n g eneral, i s o bscure, a s n ot e nough d ata o n r elative c hronology i s a vailable . T he p resent d ata s uggest

t hat s tone c ircles w ere g enerally a dded t o h enges w ell a fter t he

b anks a nd d itches w ere c onstructed ( see 4 : 5). H ence, i t m ay b e t hat s tone c ircles a nd h enges h ave s eparate o rigins , a lthough t he p ossibility o f

s tone

c ircles

' circle-henges '

d eriving

t heir

i nspiration

f rom t imber

c ircles

w ithin

s hould n ot b e d iscounted .

E xamination o f t he d istribution o f h enges a nd t heir s ize d iffere nces , r eveals s ignificant p atterning . H enges a re n ot l ocated r andomly b ut

a re

i n

' core

f ound

i n

z ones '

a s eries t hat

o f

w ould

c lusters

h ave

( Fig .2).

s upported

T hese

w ell

l ie

p redominantly

e stablished

p opulations

( see C hapter 5 ). S uch ' core z ones ' w here h enges a re r elatively c ommon a re f ound o ver m uch o f B ritain . T he n otable e xception i s s outhern E ngland , s ites

e ast

o f

a l ine

i dentified

a typical.

C learly

h ere t he

f rom t he S olent a re

e ither

t o

s mall

p attern c annot

t he H umber

a nd

b e

i n

m ost

e xplained

E stuary . c ases

away

b y

T he

o nly

d ubious , l ack

o f

o r

a ir-

p hotographic c overage; t he c ommunities i n ' core z ones ' h ere u sually c hose n ot t o b uild l arge h enges . O nly i n W essex d o e xceptionally l arge s ites o ccur , E lsewhere t heir

r ecently t ermed

r elatively

m ost

f ertile,

l arge w hile

i s s omewhat r educed

' henge-enclosures ' s ites

s maller

( of B arnatt

t end

t o

h enges

( Harding w ith L ee

o ccur o ccur

w herever w here

s oils

c arrying

1 987). a re

a t

c apacity

1 987b).

T imber C ircles R ecent e xcavations h ave s ettings b uilding 2 A).

i ncreased t he n umber o f k nown e xamples o f t imber

t o i nclude s everal, m aterial, a ppear t o

C lassic

e xamples o f

t hese

M ains a nd B alfarg , a nd t hose N achrie M oor 1 /11 a nd T emple t he t imber

' buildings '

w hich i n a ll r espects o ther t han t heir b e i dentical t o s tone c ircles ( Appendix i nclude

t he

r eplaced b y W ood . O ther

r ings i nside

a t s ome W essex s ites

( Appendix 2 B),

r ange o f p ossible a nd m ostly u nexcavated e xamples O nly t entative s tatements c an b e t imber

r ings

d rastically d ifficulty

a nd

t heir

i n

r ecognising

i n

t hese

t he

a t

p resent .

T hey

a rchaeological

s ites .

N orth

a nd a d iverse

( Appendix 2 C).

m ade o n t he r ange o f

d istribution

u nder-represented

h enges a t

f reestanding s tone c ircles a t a ffiliated s tructures i nclude

I n

m ost

d iversity o f a re

r ecord

c ases

p robably

d ue

t hey

t o

h ave

t he b een

f ound d uring e xcavation o f o ther s tructures a nd w ere u nsuspected a t t hese s ites p rior t o t his . I n t he m ajority o f u ndiscovered e xamples o f f reestanding t imber r ings w here p osts a re r elatively s mall, t he p ostholes

a re

g oing

t o

b e

i ndistinguishable

b uildings o f a v ariety o f p eriods , o nly

T he c riteria b ehind b e g uessed a t . T o

a vailability/convenience

o r w ill

o n

a ir

p hotographs

t he b uilders ' c hoice o f s tone s ome d egree i t m ust r eflect o f

m aterials ,

f rom

n ot a ppear a t a ll.

w hile

o r t imber c an t he r elative

d ifferences

i n

t he

c haracteristics v ersatile T he

o f

m aterials

m edium ,

d ating

m ay

e vidence

b e

p robably

p layed

c ontrasted

p resently

w ith

t heir

s tone ,

a vailable ,

p art.

T imber ,

a m ore

c ombined

a m ore

p ermanent

w ith

t he

o ne.

f requency

w ith w hich t imber m onuments w ere r eplaced b y s tone ( but n ever v icev ersa), a lso s uggests t hat p reference c hanged t hrough t ime ( see 4 : 5). A t

t he

small

e xcavations

h ave

m ethodology

w as

p ostholes p hases t imber w ere

o f

s tone

p lace

b e

c ircles

s ince

s ufficiently

w ould

t he

a dvanced

d etected),

a h igh

a nd

l ast t o

h enges

w ar

w here

( when

g ive

a

p roportion

g ood

o f

e xtensive

a rchaeological c hance

s ites

t hat

h ave

f irst

b uilt o f t imber . S tone c ircles r eplaced t imber r ings o r o ther s ettings i n 7 -8 c ases , w hile i n 1 1-12 c ases n o t imber s tructures

f ound

( et

p eripheral a nd

n umber

t aken

h ence

a bout

B arnatt

z ones ,

1 987b).

p robably

m ay p ostdate

4 0%

o f

s tructures g eneral.

a nd

A t

t he

r ecently t his

L ater

H owever ,

s everal

o f

t he

f irst e xtensively u tilized t imber

b uilding

e xcavated

m ay

s tone

r eflect

N eolithic

s tone

p hase

l atter

a re

f ound e lsewhere .

c ircles

s imilar

t rends

c ircles

t he

i n

i n t he B ronze A ge,

h ave i n

T hus ,

e arlier

s tone

p roportion

t imber

c ircles

c ould

b e

i n

e ven

h igher . T he f ound

k nown e xamples

a ssociated

m ultiple t hese

c oncentrics

w ere

r oofed

i ncreasingly t he

T homas

o f

n ot,

o f

T he

c ircles a re

t he

o f

t ypical

a ssociated

k nown

B est

o f

t his ,

i n

i t

d ebris

e xample

C atholme

a s

i s

t he

w hether b ecoming

b ecause

( Richards

o utside t he

a re

t o

b uildings

a rtefactual

a t

k nown

e xists

d omestic

p ossible i s

v aried d esign a nd a re

s till

i rrespective

n ot

c oncentric

o f

s tructures .

C ontroversy

b ut

w ere

o nly

d esigned

t imber v ariety

W essex .

t hey

n ature

1 984).

s imilarly

a

o r

c lear

u nusual

o f

w ith

W essex

T rent

o f a nd

o f

V alley

a

( see

A ppendix 2 ). S ingle r ings o f p osts h ave b een f ound w ithin h enges a nd h engiforms ; t he

l arger e xamples a t

b uildings .

S uch

b een e xcavated b een

f ound

l east

t imber

w hich

n ot

n ot

h enges

b ecause

m ay

c omprise

b uildings , E ast

o f

c ircles .

w hile

S toke ,

m ay

v iable p its

A s

l isted

o f

t han

l arge

t o

y et,

n o

two

i nterpretations . a t

h as

m onuments

i n A ppendix 2 a re

s ites ,

h ave

o f

d ebatable w ithin

t hey

D orchester

b een a nd/or

T hose

E lsewhere

w ith t hose a t

n ow

a nd o thers h ave

e xample

o ther

p ostholes .

p alisades c omparable

h enges ;

A ppendix 2 )

w ith

a lternative

r ather

a c ouple b e

( see

a ssociated

a rchitectural f eatures . A ll t he u nexcavated e xamples r elevance

c onfined

m onuments

s tone

i s

c learly f reestanding r ings r ather t han

a re

w ithin c ursus

u nderlying

e xcavated

a re

r ings

m ay

( Dorset)

M ount

b e a nd

P leasant

o r

M eldon B ridge . T he

d istribution

W essex/Eastern w ell d ue

b e t o

w est.

s purious , t he

T he

n ormal

o f

g iven

u nsuitable

s ites

o f

m atter

o f i n

t he

c onjecture

o f

i f

T axonomy o f R ingcairns, r elationship

m onuments f orms ; b oth

i s

s everal

m onument

o f

o f

a nd

a nd

t he

b iases

i n

m ain a reas ;

t his

p attern m ay

a ir-photo

p asture-dominated

S pringfield

m onuments

t hus

i nto two

H owever ,

C ursus

f illing

w ere t he

f all

H owever,

a nd

o utside

t he

i t r emains a

o riginally n oticeable

c over

n orth

r elatively

g ap

i n

l arge

m onuments h ere .

K erb-Cairns a nd S imilar C omplex F orms

t hese

t ypes .

s ample

t imber

s mall

d ifficult o f

f alls

s tone c ircles/henges .

E ngland,

L ater N eolithic c eremonial T he

s mall

A rminghall

S outh-East

r ings

S outhern S cotland .

c onditions

d istribution r ange

c ommon

k nown t imber

E ngland a nd

t o

s tone

c ircles

d isentangle

a s

t o

p ossess a rchitectural

T hese

i ssues

h ave

- 9

b een

v arious

t here

a re

' funerary-type' s o

m any

v ariant

t raits w ith a ffinities t o d iscussed

b y

L ynch

( 1972),

w ho

d evised

a

d istinguishes

t ypology

b etween

r ingcairns ,

w hich

i s

embanked

c airn-circles

s till

s tone

a nd

w idely

u sed

c ircles ,

k erb-circles .

t oday .

c omplex

W hile

T his

r ingcairns ,

t hese

t erns

a re

s ometimes u seful, s ome m odification/redefinition s eems d esirable t o t ake m ore a ccount o f t he r elative f requency o f s pecific f orms a nd f urther v ariability c aused 1 984). W hile d efinable c ircles

b y s ubsequent

embanked

m onument

a nd

c omplex

s ubjective,

c ircles o n

w here

t he

a verage

a s

a

b asis

w hole

s hows

m onuments

f all

o f

i nto

i nto

t he

( Leighton

a d iscretely

embanked

s ize

o f

s tone

o rthostats

t hese t erms b y o ther a uthors h as s tone

b eing g iven d ifferent c lassifications . g roup

t he

s ubdivision

T he a pplication o f

s ites

o f

n ormally

a f urther

r ingcairns ,

s eems i nappropriate . b een

s tone

c ategory ,

d isturbance

h eight

i s

i dentical

o ften

A nalysis o f s tone h eights f or t he

a c ontinuum ;

a ll

i ts

m embers

s hould

a ll

b e

r egarded a s embanked s tone c ircles . s pacing w idely w hile

A m ore

a ppropriate

d istinction

o f

o rthostats .

I n

t he

s paced

( sometimes

m any r ingcairns

l inked

h ave

b y

o ne e xample h as b een i dentified , i n

t he

m ajority o f

d istinction u nexcavated R ingcairn

' ringcairns '

b anks

a re

k erbs d escribed I t

s eems

b etween

b e

d rawn

s tone l ower

k erbs

k erbs o f

c ircles . t wo

w hich

d elimited

m ay

i n

H ence,

t ypes h ave

c lear

h ad

a n umber

o f

A t

i nappropriate

t o

m ake s ubdivisions h ere

t he

m ound .

b arrow e nd o f

a c ontiguous

H owever ,

k erbs ,

t o

p reserved

s ite

b arrows , o r

t hrough

e xceeds

t he

t he

i t

b etween

d oes n ot

h eight

o f

a t

r emoved). f rom

a re

e ssentially

d istinguished T his

h eight.

T he

t he

l ow b oulders .

t oo

i n

i s

t he

a lmost

t erm k erb - c ircle w as u sed

t hese

s ites

a nd

t o

i nternal

b arrows

w ith

m ay b e u njustified

a llow f or r obbing/denudation .

i nternal

f lat-topped e xamples , i nterior

o f

a s a ll

s ometimes

t he

t he

l ow o rthostats w ith v irtually n o

d istinguish

s ites

O nly

r ule

r anging

o n t he b asis o f t he h eight o f b arrow m aterial,

i n m any u nexcavated c ases ; w ell

w alls),

( except

o rthostats

w alls a nd r ings

t he s pectrum ,

k erb o f

c ut

w ays ,

l ow d rystone o f

a s a g eneral

i s

l iterature i s t he e nclose _d c remation c emetery . c ertainly a t erm s ynonymous w ith r ingcairn . d escribe

d rystone

o f a re

t he c ircumference a nd a re a s h igh a s t hose

t he

c ategory

o r

b asis

s tones

w here t he o rthostats a re

t o

A nother

t he

t he

c ontiguous s tones .

a bove ,

s imilar .

o n

c ircles

a t G rubstones ,

embanked s tone

d rawn

m uch

o rthostatic

o nly c ontiguous r ound p art o f

c an

embanked

t o

m aterial

v aries ,

o thers w here

l atter

h ave

t he

f rom

I n

h igh

k erb r eaches

r ecently

b een

t ermed

k erb-cairns a nd a re c ommon t hroughout m uch o f n orthern a nd w estern B ritain . W hile a ny l ine d rawn b etween k erb-cairns a nd b arrow-kerbs w ill p robably

b e

s ubdivision

a rbitrary/problematical, a nd

s hould

r elatively t all w ell p reserved d ominate b arrows

t he

a rea a nd o vercome .

w hen

s maller

t he

d efined

k erb i n r elation k erb-cairns t he

s ite

h ave

b e

p roblem

o f

a re

H owever ,

a nd

o riginally

t heir h elped

t hese

s ites

h ave

o ther

e xamples

p roximity r etain

t he

t o

s eems

o n

t he

a

u seful

b asis

o f

I n

i s

c ontrast,

s till

d amaged

m any

a

l arger

a s ignificant

s ites

o ften

g rey

c annot

t he

p resent o f

t he

o rthostats

n ear-contiguous

s tones

- 1 0 -

c airn

s ite . s et a nd

e dge,

W hile

i n

b e

w as applied t o s paced

I n m any c ases t he o utward l ean o f

e dge

w idely-spaced

h ave

s mall.

t he c airn-circle,

o rthostats p rotruding f rom c airns . s tones ,

t erm

p ossible

t here

c ategorising

A nother t erm u sed b y L ynch ,

f ormer

t o t he h eight o f t he b arrow . I n m any k erbs a re p articularly m assive a nd

d iameters

k erbs .

t he

w herever

s mall

s hade

s uggests

t he t hey

a p roportion d iameter i nto

o f

r ings ,

k erb-cairns

p roper . a nd

T he

i s

t erm

u sed

h erb - c airn

f or

s mall

v ariant

i s

d iameter

p referred

r ings

w ith

h ere

o ccasional c ases , a s i n W ales , s uch r ings a re d iameters a nd h ence c ould b e v iewed a s c rosses v ariants a nd b arrow k erbs .

t o

s paced

c airn-circle,

o rthostats .

I n

f ound w ith l arger b etween k erb-cairn

T hese a re t ermed h ere s paced-kerb b arrows .

A nuther p rubiem e ncounterea w ith the c lassification o f m any o f s ite t ypes i s t he p ossibility o f m ultiple p hasing , w hich i n many

t hese

m ay

cases

c ases ,

h ave

c hanged

s uperficial

a ppearances .

r ingcairns h ave b een f ound u nder b arrows ;

I n

s everal

e xcavated

i n m any o ther e xamples ,

b arrow e nlargement h as m asked k erbs . A nother p ossibility i s t hat b arrows h ave b een a dded t o f reestanding s tone c ircles , a nd w hen t he o rthostats a re

r elatively

b elow). m odified

I n

l ow ,

t hese

n ow a ppear

t o b e s paced-kerb b arrows

w hen

o rthostats

a re

c ontrast,

s tone

c ircles

( classified

h igh

h ere

a s

t hese

a re

S cottish

m ore

( but

s ee

o bviously

p latform

c ircles).

E qually , f reestanding r ings c ould h ave b een c onverted t o embanked s ites . T his w as t he c ase a t T emple W ood I a nd p robably B albirnie . I n c ontrast, e xcavations a t a ll examples .

B arbrook

I I

A m ajor p roblem w ith a bove

i s

c learly

d efinition f or

d irectly

t o

A lthough

i nterpreting t he c ontinuum o f

t heir

c ommunal

r elated

a ncestors .

o f

d emonstrated t his w as c learly n ot t he c ase a t

f unctions .

g atherings , d isposal

i t

t he

o f

c ould b e

W hile

t he

l arger

emphasis d ead

p ostulated

a t

a nd/or t hat

s ites d iscussed

s tone

c ircles a re

b arrows

i s

u tilization

s mall

m ore

o f

t he

s tone c ircles a re

p rimarily v ariant f orms o f b urial m onument, t his h ypothesis i s d isputed h ere ( see 4 : 6). T he v iew t aken i s t hat t hey a re s mall m onuments , b uilt f or

t he

u se

c eremonial A t

o f

l ocal

c ommunities ,

f unctions o f

a nd

t hat

t hey

h ave

m any

o f

t he

l arger s tone c ircles .

t he o ther e nd o f t he s pectrum ,

t he e vidence a t b arrows i s n ot a s

c lear c ut a s o nce t hought . A g rowing b ody o f e vidence i llustrates t hat l owland e xamples f requently a re p receded b y o pen e nclosures d efined b y r ings o f s takes o r p osts . I n u pland z ones b arrow-kerbs m ay h ave h ad a s imilar t he

f unction ,

b arrow

f ill

i mpression t emporary ,

a s

t hey

w as

g iven e ven

c ould

W hile

t hat

t hese

i s t hough

m onuments f or s everal

o ften

a dded . i n

s ome

y ears .

h ave

m uch o pen

c ases

s tood

m ore

i ndependently

d ata

a re

s tructures

t hey

c ould

b efore

r equired ,

a re

h ave

t he

e ssentially

s tood

a s

o pen

T his d ifferentiates t hem f rom s tone c ircles

a nd i mplies t hat t hey a re a s eparate m onument t ype i n t erms o f f unction , e ven t hough t he r ange o f a ctivities t hat t ook p lace a t b arrows m ay b e u nderestimated a t p resent. Two d etailed b arrows/kerb-cairns ,

s tudies o f u ndertaken

t he d istribution o f s tone c ircles a nd o n D artmoor a nd B odmin M oor , h ighlight

c ontrasting n umbers a nd s iting f actors f or e ach o f t he m onument; t his r einforces t heir s eparate i dentities ( see 1 987b).

t wo t ypes o f B arnatt 1 982,

E ingcairns A d etailed t he

s tudy

embanked

c losely

r elated

a rchitecture

o f

s tone

r ingcairns

c ircles

m onuments

e xcept

f or

i n

( class

t he L )

( Barnatt

t he

l ack

o f

P eak

a nd

1 987b ,

D istrict,

r ingcairns i n

p ress).

o rthostats a t

i llustrates

o f

t his

T hey

r egion

h ave

r ingcairns .

t hat a re

s imilar

B oth a lso

h ave s imilar d istributions , f eaturing a s trong s patial c orrelation w ith c airnfields a nd f ield s ystems . I n e very c ase , a l ocal c ommunity b uilt e ither

a

s tone

c ircle

o r

r ingcairn

i n

c lose

p roximity

t o

i ts

a gricultural f ocal z one. T his d istinctive p atterning c onfirms t hat s tone c ircles a nd r ingcairns w ere f unctionally i nterchangeable .

T he s tudy o f t he d istribution a nd f requency o f r ingcairns i n o ther r egions i s i mpossible w ithout f urther e xtensive f ieldwork a nd h ence t hese

a re

omitted

S ites

a nd

M onuments

D istrict

a nd

f rom

S outh-West

h as

b een e xtensive,

a re

m ore

v iably

n umbers

P resently

o f

E ngland ,

u nknown

w here

a s ignificant

s imilar

c ommon

S outh-West

a re

f ieldwork

n umber

r obbed

d ocumented

o f

e xamples

r eliability . f or

I n

t he

( up

a p roblem a lso

i n

P eak

p resent

r ecorded s ites

b arrows ,

t he

s tudy

t o c 40%) n oted

b y

( 1984).

R ingcairns s maller

a nalyses .

i nterpreted a s

L eighton i n W ales r elatively

t he

R ecords

i n

i n

t o

t he

s outhern

( although

t hose

P ennines

i n

S cotland

s everal

a re

t he

a nd a nd

k nown

P eak

W ales ,

D istrict b ut

C umbria ,

o n

a nd

D artmoor).

g iven t heir f unctional i nterchangeability i n t he t his d istribution i s m uch t he s ame a s t hat o f S mall I n

e astern

S cotland ,

a re

r ingcairns

a ppear o nly

a re I t

t o

b e

f ound

i n

r are

i s

i n

t he

n oteworthy ,

P eak D istrict, t hat C ircles o f c lass L . t aken

o n

d ifferent

c haracteristics , t ypically b eing w ide p latforms d efined b y o rthostatic k erbs , r ather t han t he r elatively n arrow b anks f ound f urther s outh . T he m ajority o f t hese a re f ound i n t he i nteriors o f t he R ecumbent C ircles o f G rampian ( class H ) a nd i n m ore g randiose f orm w ithin c ircles

a round

w ithout 1 953).

s urrounding

t he

M oray

F irth

o rthostats

( class a lso

I ).

H owever,

o ccur ,

a s

a t

e xcavated

S ands

o f

S tone s tone

e xamples

F orvie

( Kirk

I t i s f ar f rom c lear i f t he n orthern a nd s outhern r ingcairns h ave o rigins o r f unctions , e xcept i n t he b roadest o f s enses . H owever , w orth n oting t hat a t R ecumbent S tone C ircles t he o ccasionally

c ommon i t i s

o ccurring w hile t he

o uter b anks h ave s imilarities w ith t he s outhern i nternal r ingcairns s tand o ut a s b eing d ifferent.

b e t hat t he C airns w ere

i nterior r ingcairns a t R ecumbent S tone C ircles a nd C lava d esigned a s p latforms w hich f ill m uch o f t he s ites '

i nteriors a nd

i solate

t he s mall

c entral

P erhaps t his d esign r estricted a ccess d ead ( in t he s ane s ense t hat c hambered r ingcairns

a re

t hat

d efine

t hey

r ingcairns , I t m ay w ell

t he

f unctional t he

s paces w ithin t heir

o f

k erbs .

t o a f ew ' initiates ' a nd/or t he t ombs d o). I n c ontrast, s outhern

e quivalents

p erimeter

i nner

t he

o f

r ings

s ites

o f

a nd

o rthostats ,

h ence

i n

c ontain

a ll

p articipants w ithin t he c entral a reas . K erb-Cairn V ariants T he

' kerb-cairn

a nd

S outh-West

f irst

v ariants ' E ngland

' spaced-kerb

a s omewhat

s ight t heir a rchitectural

t o t hose o f s mall s tone b etween t he t wo i s o ften t he

a nd

a re

i nterior ,

a nd/or

a nd

r obbing

i t

o f

C umbria,

g roup

o f

W ales

s ites .

A t

c haracteristics h ave s trong s imilarities

c ircles . T he m ost o bvious d ifference i n f orm t he p resence o r a bsence o f a m ound t hat f ills

c ould

c ould

b arrows '

p roblematical

h ave

b e

p ostulated

l ed

t o

t hat

u nrecognised

a rtificial

t axonomic

m ultiphasing d istinctions

h aving b een d rawn . H owever ,

a d etailed a nalysis o f

a re p articularly c ommon , c an

b e

d rawn

b etween

s uch s ites o n D artmoor ,

t he

m onument

t ypes ,

i n

t erms

r elation t o t he n umber o f s tones , a nd t he p resence a nd a butting s tone r ows ( et B arnatt 1 987b). I n D artmoor , l ess

C umbria

e xcept

c ertainly

t entative

t hat

t he

s ituation

t he

' kerb-cairn v ariants '

i dentified

i nclusion

i n

w here

t hey

s uggests t hat r elatively c lear-cut d istinctions

a s

C hapters

a

a ppears

c oherent

3 a nd

6 ).

t o

b e

o r

s imilar t ype

t hree

t he o rthostats a re n ot c ontiguous h ave b een i dentified

- 1 2 -

d iameter

t o

o f

i n

c ists

t hat

o n

a re m uch r arer a nd h ence

r egional O nly

o f

a bsence

s mall

( hence r ings

t heir w here

( class L ;SP6)

a nd

t hese

a re

s maller

a nd

c ertain s tone c ircles m ay

b e

c omparable

r egions O ther

n o

c loser

w ith

t he

w hich

a re

o rthostats

a t

s ites l ow

c airns

p latform

o f

o rthostats

t han

a ll

m ore

A s olitary l arger s ite a t C asterton n oted

b elow .

o rthostats

o r

o bviously s tone

( Scottish

e xcavations ,

w ith

h ave

m ore

s pacing

W elsh

' spaced-kerbs '

s ites ,

i nteriors ,

h ave

i n t he r egion .

p latforms

c ircles ,

c ircles ;

a s

o ther

b een

f illing

n orthern

i dentified . t heir

w hole

i ndicated b y t heir t all

c lasses

T emple W ood a nd B albirnie,

I n

h ave

K , L).

I n

two

r ecent

t he c airns h ave b een s hown t o

b e s econdary f eatures a nd t he c ircles s tarted l ife a s f reestanding r ings o f o rthostats . O nly

i n W ales d oes

s ome

u ncertainty e xist

o ver

t he

p ossibility

o f

d istinguishing b etween t rue s tone c ircles a nd ' spaced-kerb b arrows ', p rimarily b ecause m any t rue s tone c ircles h ave s mall o rthostats d ue t o w eathering/damage . f ully

c larified .

c entral

W ales

M uch

f urther

H owever ,

( Leighton

b arrows a re a d istinct

f ieldwork

p rovisional

1 984),

i s

n eeded

a nalysis

b efore

b ased

o n

t his

d ata

w ill

f or

b e

w est-

s uggests t hat t he m ajority o f s paced-kerb

m onument c lass

( cf B arnatt

1 987b).

P assage G raves M any C lava c ircles ,

C airns c omprise

a nd

e lsewhere

r epresent

e xcept

a t

a

p assage

g raves

c ombination

N ewgrange

i n

b uilt

o f

w ithin

I reland

a nd

K ercado

P assage g raves n ormally d o n ot h ave s uch e laborations . g rave

a t

m ay h ave

C allanish

w as

i nserted

a s

a s econdary

T he

C lava

p art-demolished

C airns

a re

b est

o r

v iewed

o bserved

i n

B rittany .

a nd

a n

p assage

t he

A t B ryn C elli

a lready a s

n ot

T he s mall

f eature

h ad i ts f unction r edefined a t t his t ime .

p robable c ircle-henge w as p assage g rave w as b uilt.

i mpressive s tone

m onument-forms

r uined

a berrant

c ircle

D du ,

t he

w hen

t he

m onument-

c ombination , a nd p assage g raves e lsewhere p robably h ave n o d irect r elationship w ith s tone c ircles i n e ither d istribution o r f unction . S tone / V e iws a nd Two-Stone S ettings I n

t he

m ajority

a rchitecturally s tone

c ircles .

o f

c ases ,

d istinct H owever ,

s tone

c lasses t here

r ows

o f

a re

a nd

m onument

two

t wo-stone w ith

e xceptions

n o t o

S tone-Row C ircles a re a u nique c ombination o f t he t hat a re d iscussed e lsewhere ( 2 :17,3 :40-3 :42,4:4). Two-stone

s ettings

a re

m ore

p roblematic .

T hey

s ettings

d irect t his . two

T he

o n

D artmoor

m onument

o ccur

f orm

b earing

f orms

p rimarily

i n

T ayside ( Stewart 1 966a), b ut a re o ccasionally f ound e lsewhere, a nd c omprise s imple s ettings o f t wo o rthostats s et a s hort d istance f rom e ach o ther . T hese s ites a re f ound i n t he s ame r egion a s m any o f t he F our

P osters ,

d ouble

t he

t wo-stone

r ectangular

s ettings .

W hile

e xamples a f ew o f

o f t he

w hich

c ould

t wo-stone

b e

v iewed

a s

s ettings m ay b e

r obbed F our P osters , t his i s c learly n ot a lways t he c ase . T he c lass a ppears t o b e a rchitecturally m idway b etween F our P osters a nd t he ' short s tone r ows ' t hat a re c ommon i n w estern S cotland ( Ruggles 1 984a,1985), b ut w hich a re a lso f ound o ccasionally i n o ther r egions , a nd u sually h ave 3 -6 s tones .

- 1 3 -

2 :

REGIONAL

VARIATION

ANALYSIS

OF

IN

DESIGN OF

STONE

CIRCLE .a:

MORPHOLOGICAL _ DIVERSITY

2 :1 I ntroduction A ims I t

w as n oted

i n C hapter

1 t hat t here

i s a n eed t o d evelop a t axonomy f or

s tone c ircles b ecause o f t heir g reat d iversity i n s cale a nd d esign . W ithout s ubdividing t he c lass , a ny a nalysis o f s tone c ircle d istribution a nd/or t heir s ocial s ignificance w ould b e r endered m eaningless b ecause o f t he p robability o f w idely v aried d ates a nd d iversity i n a rchitectural t radition . T his c hapter , a nd t he n ext, f ormulate a nd d escribe a t axonomy o f s tone c ircles w hich i dentifies 1 4 c lasses o f s tone c ircles t hat w ere d etermined a fter m ultivariate a nalyses . T he m ajority f orm d iscrete e ntities

w hen

b oth

e xceptions - s ee

t heir

2 :20).

d esign

a nd

G enerally

i t

d istribution i s o nly

a re

i n t he

c onsidered

c ase

o f

( two

v ery p oorly

p reserved s ites t hat u ncertainty o ver c lassification e xists . P roced l ires W hile s ome s tone c ircle t ypes , s uch a s R ecumbent S tone C ircles o r t he r ectangular F our P osters , s tand o ut i mmediately a s d istinct c lasses o f m onument, t his i s n ot t rue f or t he m ajority o f s ites . a nalyse s uch r ings a m ultivariate a pproach i s n ecessary . W hile

c omputerised

m ultivariate

a nalyses ,

a nd

I n

o rder

p resentation

i n

t o t he

f orm o f d endrograms , l ook o bjective a pproach , t hese

i mpressive a nd a re o ften a re o nly a s g ood a s t he

a ssumed t o b e a n r elevance o f t he

w eighted

i ntroduced

j udgement

b iases

r esearcher . t heir

t hat

A s econd

v ariable

s tate

a re

f actor o f

r elevant

a nd i n

h ence t he

p reservation ,

t he

c ase

m aking

o f

s tone

o f

t he

c ircles

a pplication

o f

i s

s trict

c riteria d ifficult a nd o f v aried r eliability . T he a pproach , s et

o f

a pproach

b ut

a dopted

h ere

w as

n ot

t o

a bandon

t o b reak t he p rocess d own i nto s tages .

v ariables

i n t urn a nd b y a p rocess o f

t rial

a

m athematical

T hese e xamined e ach a nd e rror d etermined

w hich s ets w ere o f m ost s ignificance i n f ormulating a m eaningful t axonomy , g iving s ub-sets w hich w ere r elative d iscrete e ntities i n t erms o f

d istribution

a nd

a rchitectural

m inimising t he d egree o f s ets . i t

s imilarity ,

w hile

a t

t he

s ame

t ime

o verlap/number o f b orderline c ases b etween s ub-

M uch o f t his w ork w as d one u sing s imple d issimilarity m atrices .

W hen e xamining a ll t he a rchitectural a nd d istributional w as f inally d ecided t o a nalyse t hem o n t wo l evels . T hree

w ere g iven o f s tones ,

v ariables v ariables

p rimary i mportance; t he s ite 's d iameter , i ts o riginal n umber a nd i ts r egional l ocation . T he f actors f or p rimary a nalysis

w ill b e s ummarised i n s ections 2 : 2-2 :4 ( cf B arnatt 1 987b), t he r esults d iscussed i n 2 :20-23, a nd a r eview o f t he r esulting t axonomic d ivisions g iven i n C hapter 3 . l isted i n s ections

A s eries 2 : 5-2 :12

o f s econdary a rchitectural v ariables a nd t heir r elative i mportance t o

a re t he

r esulting t axonomic d ivisions i s d iscussed . A rtefacts a nd b urials f ound w ithin s tone c ircles w ere n ot i n

t he

a nalyses .

T his

w as

p artly

b ecause

t hese

h ave

i ncluded

r arely

b een

a dequately r ecorded b y m odern e xcavation . C hanges i n e xcavation t echnique a nd m ethodology m ake c omparisons o f e arly a ccounts w ith r ecent e xcavation

r eports

p roblematical.

H owever ,

t he

p rime

d ifficulty

i s

t hat

t he m ajority o f k nown d eposits a re o f q uestionable c hronological r elationship t o t he m onuments ; m any m ay w ell h ave b een i ntroduced a fter

- 1 4 -

s ome

t ime

h ad

e lapsed

a nd

c ould

r epresent

d ivergent

u ses

o f

s ites ,

u nrelated t o t he m otives w hich i nstigated t heir c onstruction . T hese f eatures , a re

s uch

r ejected

a rguments

m ay

a s

s tones

c entre

f rom

i nitial

a lso

a pply

o r

a nalysis

a nd

t axonomic c lassification w as e stablished R esults T he m ultivariate

a nalyses

( A-N).

T he

s ignificant

s ites ,

w hich a re

t hree h ave

b road b e

o f

m ade

d ivide

s tone

p roblem

n ot s o s usceptible

c lasses

a d egree

c annot o f

o nly

( K ,L ,N),

o verlap .

w ith t he

s ignificance).

c ircles

i nto

w ith

d istinct

m ajority

T hese

a re

a fter

t hese

c lasses o f

a s

i nto

v alidity ,

s mall

( although s ome

p resented

s mall

g rouped

a g eneral

o f

c onfidence

a re

1 4

t he

h aving

s ubdivisions

c ategories

a ccordingly

a ssimilated

( see 2 :13-2 :19).

w hile o f

a rchitectural

T hese

o nly

t o a nalysis .

s ane d egree

S uch

a dditional c airns .

w ere

l ies

w hich ,

F urther

t o

i nternal

c ircles m ay b e

s ub-classes

( a

p rocedure a lso a dopted w ithin c lasses C -E). T hese d istinguish b etween m inor d ifferences i n d esign a nd/or s cale, a nd i ndicate w hether i nternal p latforms o r o uter b anks a re p resent o r a bsent. T he m ajority o f c lasses a re n amed f or c onvenience

f rom d istinctive

a rchitectural c haracteristics o r r egional d istributions . I n t he l atter c ase, a ny f uture d iscovery o f s ites o f c omparable d esign i n d ifferent r egions s hould n ot n egate t heir i nclusion i n t he a ppropriate c lass .

E ach

c lass

t han

i s

p rimarily

d etermined

o n

a rchitectural

g rounds

r ather

d istribution a lone . W hen a ll m ajor v ariables i n t he m utivariate a nalysis a re c onsidered ( table 1 ), i t c an b e s een t hat e ach c lass h as a ' signature', w hich i n m ost

c ases d istinguishes

C /D/E o f a ll T able

K E Y-

a nd

K /L/N

a re

c lass t raits w ill 1 :

i t

t here

f rom a ll a ny

o ther

s ignificant

g roups .

O nly b etween c lasses

o verlaps

( see

b e g iven i n C hapter 3 .

V ariation b etween s tone c ircle c lasses

1 : D i ameter ;

L a rge

o v er 4 0 m

A

3 0 -40m 2 0 -30m 1 0 -20m S m a ll 2 : A v e rage s p a cing ;

W i de

N a rrow 3 : S p a cing r a nge ; R e stricted

4 : C i rcu la rity ;

5 : S t one H e ight

g r oup m e an

c 1 1,013 ,02

A

g r oup m e an

c 7 ,5-8 ,5m

8

g r oup m e an g r oup m e an g r oup m e an

c 5 ,5-6 ,5m c 3 ,0-4 ,0m c 1 .0-2 .0m

0

g r oup r a nge

0 20%

T y p ica l V a riable

g r oup r a nge g r oup r a nge

0 40% 2 0 -70%

G o od

g r oup m e an

u n de r 4 %

A

T y p ica l P o o r

g r oup m e an g r oup m e an

7 12% o v e r 1 5 %

8

T a ll

g r oup r a nge

1 , 0-6 ,0m

A

g r oup r a nge

1 , 0-2 ,08

8

g r oup r a nge g r ou p r a nge

0 , 81,5m 0 . 01.0m

L o w 6 : C i rcle D e s ign :

0

0 10m

G r aded o r e q ua l h e ight U n g raded w i th p o rta l s t ones U n g raded

N o te : e n tries i n p a renthes is r e present o n ly a m i no r c o mponent o f t h e g r oup ,

- 1 5 -

A

A

2 :23).

D etails

AN o rth e rn O p e n C i r cle s BC a ith n es s H o rs e sh o e S e tt ing s CW e s te rn I r reg u la r C i r cle s a n d W e ste rn C i r cle -H e n g e s 0H y b r id C i r cle s : 1 )P o rta l-S to n e R i ng s a n d S W W a le s H y b r id s 2 ) D a rtmo o r R o w Com p lex c i r cle s a n d S W S c o t t ish C e n t reS t on e S i te s 3 ) C i r cle -H en g e s ES y mm e t r i ca l C i r c le s : 1 )S o u th -W e s t F r ee s tan d ing C i rc le s 2 ) W e ssex C i r cle s a n d C i r c leH e ng e s FW e ssex V a r ia n t C i r cle s 6H e b r id ea n O p e n C i rc le s HR e cum ben t S t on e C i r c le s IC l av a C a i rn s a n d R i n g ca irn s . 1K i n ca rd in e sh ire R i ng ca irn s KS m a ll F r e e s tan d in g C i r cle s N o rth , a n d S c o t t ish P l a t fo rm C i r cle s : 1 )E a s t 2 ) W e st LS m a l l F r e e sta n d in g C i r cle s S o u th , a n d E m b an ked S t one C i r cle s ( a n d s o u t h e rn S c o tt ish P l a t fo rm C i r cle s ) MD a rtm oo r S t o n e -Ro w C i r cle s NF o u r P o ste rs

THE

PRI MA RY

A A

A 0

8 ? 8 ?

C C

C / 0 C ?

C 8

( 0 )E

C

6

( C )0

B / C

0

8

A ?

( C )0

( A )6

( 0 )E A / 8 /C /0

C 8

B ? 8

0 A

A B / C

0

A

A

C

A

A / B /C /0 A C C 8 0

8 A ? 8 ? A / 8 A / 8 A / 8 ?

A 8 8 A A ?

A A 8 8 6 0

A / 6 C C A ( B /C ) A ( A ? )

( A )B /C (0 )

C

C / 0 A / B /C

( A )/B ( A )/8 /C /0 A / 8 A / 8 C I D 8 / C (0 ) 0

D I E ( C )0 /E

0 0

8 8

8 8

8 / 0 A

A / 8 (C ) ( A /8 )C

C / 0 /E D / E E

D E 0

8 8 B

B 8 ( 8 )

( 8 )0 0 ( 8 )D

( A )B /C C A / 1 3 (C )

VA RIABLES

2 :2 D iameter T his

f actor

i s

o f

c rucial

i mportance,

g iven t hat

d iameter

m ay w ell

h ave

d irect b earing o n t he s ocial r ole o f i ndividual m onuments ; d iameter g overns t he n umber o f p eople w ho c ould b e c ontained w ithin t he s ite . D iameters r ange f rom a bout 3 m etres a t s ome F our P osters t o o ver 3 00 m etres a t A vebury . I n t he c ase u sed i n a ll a nalyses . T he g enerally

a nalyses

h ave

o ther

d emonstrate

d iameter). ( Western

N otable

i s

w ith

i n

i nvestigation ,

d istributions

g reater ,

s ites

t raits

i t d istinguishes s everal

r egional

s ignificantly

t hat

s imilar

c ommon

a nd

i s

d iameters h ence

f orm

( see 2 :20-2 :23,3:1-3 :54).

2 :3 O riginal N umber o f S tones T his a rchitectural f actor , o n c oherent

n on-circular r ings a m ean d iameter

a rchitectural

c oherent m onument c lasses

s ignificance a s

o f

o r

f ewer ,

t he

t rend

p roved

a nd

w hich

s tones

t han

i n

t he

t o

b e

o f

p articular

s tone c ircle c lasses w hich h ave

w est

s tand t he f or

n orm

o ut ( in

c losely

a s

s paced

I rregular a nd D artmoor S tone-Row C ircles-classes C , X),

- 1 6 -

h aving

r elation

t o

s tones

a nd t hat

i n

t he

n ortheast

f or

f ewer

s tones

( Northern

O pen

C ircles ,

S tone C ircles , C lava C airns - c lasses A ,H ,I). T he m ajority o f s tone c ircles a re d amaged a nd t he

o riginal

u nwarranted e xtremes

o f

e xtant

w here

n o

t wo

( where t his e xtremes

p roblematic .

a pproach

a dopted

s pacing ,

d etermined

i s

s ites w hile

l ikely

t o

b e

e xact

I n

t he

i s n ot

o f

i s

o riginal

s tone

o bvious ( except i n r elatively c onstant, w idth

s tones

a ssumptions ,

o f

i nterval

n umber

m issing .

o f p oor p reservation), o ther g aps a re n ormally

t he c ase ,

' original

a ssessment

o rder

w as

R ecumbent

t o

t o

o f

m inimise

m easure

f rom

e very

T hese

a re

u sually

t hey t wice

a re t he

e stimates a re g iven l ess w eight).

T he

s pacing

i nterval'

b ecause a t l east

t he s tone

w ere

t hen

a pplied

d etermine a m aximum a nd m inimum n umber o f s tones l ikely t o f or e ach p ortion o f t he r ing w here g aps w ere s ignificantly

t o

b e m issing w ider t han

t hose u sed i nitially . W hile t his a pproach c annot b e f ully o bjective, i t s eems t o b e t he a vailable a nd a s a g eneral r ule a ppears t o b e s ufficiently g enerous

b est t o

e nsure

t hat

t he

o riginal

t otal

f alls

w ithin

t he

p arameters

g iven

( Chapter 6 ; c olumn C 4). E xperiments w ith p articularly w ell p reserved s ites , w here r andomly c hosen s tones ( in v arying n umbers) w ere d eleted f rom p lans a nd t hen e stimates o f o riginal n umbers m ade, c onfirmed t he e fficacy o f t he m ethod . W ith p oorly p reserved s ites t he d ata b ecome l ess r eliable

a s

i ncreasingly

s ubjective

w hich g aps a re o riginal. S uch p arenthesis i n a ll t ables .

d ata

j udgements a re

g iven

h ave

l ess

t o

b e

w eight

m ade

a nd

a s

t o

p laced

i n

2 :4 R egional V ariation . R egional

d istribution o f

s ites

i s c learly a s ignificant

f actor

i n s tone

c ircle c lassification , a s t heir d esign f requently a lters r adically f rom a rea t o a rea ( see 2 :20-23). W hile s ome r egionally b ased v ariations i n c ircle d esign w ere o bvious f rom t he o utset, c are w as t aken n ot t o p rej udge t he r esults d istribution z ones i ncorporate

t he

p resented l ater T he p urely

b y b iasing r egional u nits a ccordingly . R egional t hat v ary f rom t hose u sed h ere, i n t hat t hey

c onclusions

o f

t he

m ultivariate

a nalyses ,

w ill

b e

( 4:2).

u nits

e volved

t opographic

f or

g rounds ;

t he t his

i nitial s eemed

a nalysis

w ere

p referable

t o

d etermined u sing

o n

a c ounty

b ased s ystem , t he b oundaries o f w hich a re s ometimes t opographically a rbitrary a nd f requently c reate s ubdivisions w hich a re t oo s mall t o i ncorporate e nough s ites f or a nalysis . 1 5 d iscrete

z ones w ere a s p ossible ,

d efined ( fig .1), w hich w ere w hile a lso d esigned n ot t o

c oncentrations o f s ites ( all s tone d esign). A f urther 5 z ones w ere a lso w hich

a re

o nly

o f

r elevance

w hen

t opographically a s b isect k nown h igh

c ircles , i rrespective o f t heir e stablished ( see A ppendices 1 ,2)

e xamining

t he

d istribution

o f

h enges

a nd t imber c ircles , a s t hese s ites h ave a r ange e xtending i nto a reas o f c entral a nd e astern E ngland w here s tone c ircles a re a bsent. SECONDARY

VARIABLES

2 :5

I ntroduction

A ll

t he

a s

a rchitectural

s econdary

t han

t hose

t raits

d iscussed

v ariables d iscussed

i n

t he

a bove .

m ultivariate T his

w as

f or

- 1 7 -

b elow

( 2 :6-2 :12)

a nalyses

a nd

a v ariety

o f

g iven

w ere l ess

r easons ,

t reated w eight r anging

f rom

i nherent

p roblems

i n

a nalysis ,

t o

q uestionable

r elevance;

s pecific

c riteria a re d etailed u nder e ach s ection . F or t o

p urposes

i llustrate

o f

p resentation o f t his d ata ,

t he a pproach a dopted i s

h ow e ach f actor r elates t o t he c lasses f inally i dentified,

a nd h ence t o i ndicate h ow c losely t hey c orrelate . I n a ll f igures h ere, l ess r eliable d ata p reservation)

2 :6 A verage S tone Spacing T o a c ertain extent t his

f actor

v ariables ,

d iameter

o riginal

c ombination t his f orm

g ives t he a verage s tone s pacing . f acilitates a ssessment o f t he

s tandardised

( due

t o

p oor

s ite

a re d ifferentiated b y o pen r ather t han c losed s quares .

a nd

s pacing ,

a nd

a llows

i s

b ound

u p

n umber

d irect

w ith

o f

t wo

o f

s tones ,

t he

p rime

s ince

t heir

H owever , p resentation i n p ossibility o f d esigned

c omparisons

t o

b e

m ade

b etween

m onuments o f d ifferent s izes . F igures 3 i llustrates , w ithin

e ach

c lass

i s

t hat

a s a g eneral

r elatively

b road ,

c lasses h ave d efined p arameters w hich a lter I rregular ,

D artmoor

f ig .3 ;1-3)

c onsistently

S tone-Row

a nd

h ave

m ost

A ,F ,G ,H ,I: f ound

f ig .3;11-15).

e xclusively

i n

A ll

s pacing v ariability t he

C ircles O pen , C lava

w hile

t he

o nly c lass

T his

d esign . C ircles

s pacing C ircles

s uggests

T he a nd

o ther C lava

a verages

o rthostats . o f

C ,M , D-

s tones ,

w hich

V ariants , ( classes

r ings

a re

t he

o f

E ngland

w idely

p rovide

a

( with s ufficient

t hat d emonstrates a m ore r estricted r ange o f a verage s tone s pacing

v ariability . t heir S tone

( classes

m ajority

s outhwest

d ata)

m ost

W estern

t ypes w ith c losely s paced s tones a re

B ritain ,

m idway s tage

T hese

t ime

W essex C airns

s paced g roups o ccur i n t he e ast a nd n orth . T he S ymmetrical C ircles ( class E ) i n ( fig .3;5).

s ame

c losely-spaced

a t N orthern C ircles a nd

c ircle

w estern

a t

f rom c lass t o c lass .

H ybrid

r elatively

c ontrast w ith t he w ide s pacing H ebridean O pen , R ecumbent S tone

r ule,

w hile

t o

t heir

T he h ave m ore

m ore

c areful

b ecause

o f

l arger

s tandardised n umber o f

a s d o o ther

s tandardisation

d ifferences b etween d iameters

m assive

p lanning ,

f acets o f

two s ymmetrically d esigned c lasses ( Recumbent C airns-classes H ,I) h ave m ore v ariable s tone-

i nternal

t hem r eflect

t han

R ecumbent

f eatures

i n t he

t he

S tone

( while

n umbers

o f

t endency f or C lava C ircles ,

r etaining

b ecause t he

s ame

s tones).

2 :7 S tone S pacing V ariation T his f actor e xamines t he d egree

o f c are w ith w hich s tones w ere s paced a t

e qual i ntervals w ithin i ndividual r ings . T he d ata p resented h ere h ave s everal p roblems . T he o riginal n umber o f s tones m ay b ias t he r esults i n t hat s ites w ith f ew s tones , e ven w here r elatively c asually l aid o ut, m ay h ave l ower p ercentage d eviations t han s ites w ith a l arge n umber o f s tones .

T he s ame

s quares) F igure 3 :

t rend i s p resent a t p oorly p reserved s ites

w here t here

i s a d istinct b ias t owards a pparent

T he a verage s pacing b etween o rthostats

( fig .4;

( in m etres)

f or e ach

s tone c ircle c lass . 1 : c lass M

7 : c lass L

1 3 : c lass G

2 : c lass C

8 : c lass N

1 4 : c lass A

3 : c lass D ( F5/F7)

9 : c lass B

4 : c lass D ( F6/F8)

1 5 : c lass F 1 6 : c lass 0 ( CH2/3)

5 : c lass E ( F9)

1 0 : c lass J 1 : c lass H

6 : c lass K

1 2 : c lass

- 1 8 -

o pen

l ow d eviation .

1 7 : c lass E ( F 10/CH4)

1 1

I

n

1 1 1 2

r i

_ a

n

.

3 I I I

j 4

E- 1 I 5

1

6

I I

I

. I I

I I I

I I

I

•

an

I l l

I I

I l k

n u

7

I 8

1 0

i t

1 2

I

nE n

-1

n

1

1 3

1 4

1 5 1 6

I l • •

a n

f l 1 0

n

1 7

T he

m ajority

s pacing-deviation o ut .

H owever ,

o f

w hich

t here

I rregular

C ircles

s tone

c ircle

o verlap

a nd

C a nd

s ome

s tone

s pacing

( fig .4;15,16),

i n

t heir

d esign .

A t

( class

E )

o f

s outhern

t he

E ngland

r elatively c arefully s paced o ther

a rchitectural l arge

n umber

o ther

t raits

o f

w hich

i s

e xtreme,

t he

h ave

w hich

a re

a t

t he W estern c onsistently

a ccord

w ith

a r estricted a gain

c onsistently c ircles

o f

c lasses

S ymmetrical

T his

t hese

r anges

c ircle

h ave

i n

t he

( fig .4;1,2).

o rthostats

v ariable

D H ybrids)

c onsistently

s tones

h ave

s eparate

I n W estern B ritain ,

c lass

i rregular

r elatively

n ot

a re s ome e xceptions .

( class

t raits

w ith

c lasses

d o

o ther

C ircles r ange

i s

o f

i n a ccord

r egular .

T he

s trengthens

t he

v alidity o f t he c ase. T wo o ther c lasses o f m onuments w ith r egular t raits , t he C lava C airns ( class I ) a nd R ecumbent S tone C ircles ( class H ), a lso h ave a t endency f or

c arefully

e xist

a nd

s paced s tones .

l ower

n umbers

o f

T his

i s

l ess c lear

o rthostats

m akes

i n

t hat

e xceptions

a ssessment

c ut,

m ore

t entative.

H owever , t he c ase i s i n t hese t wo c lasses

s trengthened b y a s ignificant p roportion o f s ites ( fig 4 ; s tippled s quares) t hat h ave l ayouts w here

i t

c are

i s

a pparent

t hat

w as

i ndeed

t aken ;

s pacing

i ncreases

e venly

r ound t he r ing i n a ccord w ith t he g rading . 2 :8 P etrology T o a l arge e xtent u tilised

r eadily

t he

d ata

a vailable

s uggest l ocal

t hat

s tone .

t he O nly

b uilders i n t he

o f

s tone

c ases

o f

c ircles

S tonehenge

a nd s everal R ecumbent S tone C ircles h as i t b een s uggested t hat s tones w ere m oved s ome d istance. T his m ust r emain s peculative b ecause s uch s tones

m ay

w ell

b e

g lacial

e rratics .

T he

s tudy

o f

m ovement

o f

s tones

o ver m ore r estricted d istances w ould f requently r equire d etailed g eological a nalyses w hich h ave n ever b een u ndertaken . T his w ould b e o f l imited

v alue

o ver

m uch

o f

B ritain

b ecause

g lacially

h ave b een a ffected b y m illennia o f c learance . W hile t he a vailability o f d urable s tone o verall d istribution o f s tone c ircles , s tone t ypes a ffected t heir d esign . A s a g eneral t hose h ad

i n

b een

t he

P eak

r ule,

r equired ,

p erhaps b e m ade

s ites b uilt

D istrict, a s

t hat

t hey

s ome

o f

c ould a re

i t

o bviously

s ites

d eposits

r estricted

t he

i s l ess c lear h ow f ar s pecific

w ith s maller s tones ,

h ave

u tilised

r eadily

t he

d erived

l arger

a vailable . i n

a s

f or e xample

s tones

H owever ,

l owland T ayside

i f

t hese

a c ase

w ere

c an

b uilt

o f

l ow s tones b ecause l arger s tones w ere l ocally r are o r u nobtainable . F or t he m ost p art, s tone c ircles a re b uilt o f p articularly d urable s tone s uch a s g ranite o r m illstone g rit. H owever , i n W ales p articularly , s ome c ircles h ave b een b uilt o f m ore f riable s tones s uch a s s andstone, a nd w eathering h as r educed m any o rthostats t o s tumps . T his f actor n eeds t o b e c onsidered w hen a ssessing t he d esign o f s pecific s ites . F igure 4 :

T he r ange o f v ariation i n s pacing b etween o rthostats d isplayed a t e ach s ite,

e xpressed a s a p ercentage d eviation

f rom a m edian s pacing f or e ach g iven s ite. 1 : c lass E (F9)

5 : c lass J

9 ; c lass K

1 3 :

c lass G

2 : c lass F

6 : c lass D CF6/F8)

1 0 : c lass L

1 4 :

c lass A

3 : c lass H 4 : c lass I

7 : c lass N 8 : c lass M

1 ; c lass E (F 10/CH4) 1 2 : c lass D (CR 2 /3)

1 5 : 1 6 :

c lass C c lass D ( FS/F7)

- 2 0 -

R

2

i s

a c 1 1

[

•

2 ;9 S tone H eight T his f actor i s s omewhat a bove .

I n

a ddition

t o

p roblematic g ross

f riable s tone, t he d egree e roded m ust v ary . H owever , e ach

s irsl t, z l'ss

s pecific

c ases ,

r esulting

a s

f rom

d iscussed

t he

u se

t he p r :,: -nt

s tz ; .te . s f

t he

m onuments m ust b e

a t rue r eflection o f t heir r elative d egree o f m onumentality . F igures 5 i llustrates t he a verage s tone h eights o f c ircles e ach c lass . p arameters . o ne

t he

A :

w here

w ith

i n

n otable

T he

C ircles

f requently

t he

w est

s tones

f or

m ajority

a lso h ave s mall S mall

s mall

a re

h eight .

f ig .5;11)

p articularly s ites

i n

f ig .5;7)

n orth ,

c lass

f ig .5 ;1-4)

m etre

( class L :

w ithin

A s a g eneral r ule, e ach r ange h as r elatively r estricted W estern I rregular , H ybrid a nd D artmoor S tone-Row C ircles

( classes C ,D ,M : u nder

o f

t o w hich s pecific d urable s tone-types h ave i n g eneral c omparative t erms , w hen e xamining

w hs'e,

'

i n

d istortions

t heir s mall

o f

s tones .

a nd

F our

h ave

S mall

r estricted

P osters

T he t o

i n

n ormally t he

s outh

T his s ituation i s r eversed i n

t aller

( fig .5;13).

s tones ,

C ircles

s tones

m ajor

l owland

( class

K :

o ver

o ne

e xception T ayside

f ig .5;12 ,13, m etre

i s

h igh ,

a g roup

( fig .5;5),

o f

w here

l arger s tones m ay n ot h ave b een w idely a vailable . T he

S ymmetrical

C ircles

( class

c onsistently h ave r elatively t all h igher t han t hose a t t he W estern ( classes

C ,D)

r ange

o f

h eights

t rait

w as

c lasses ,

i n

H )

s ame b y

C airns

s tones

b y

s outhwest

T he

E ngland

p articularly

S ymmetrical

t he

( class

o f

o f

r egion .

t hese

c onsidered

C lava

h ave

t he

d isplayed

c arefully t he

( class

f ound

E )

( fig .5 ;9)

s tones ( around 1 m etre h igh) t hat a re I rregular C ircles a nd r elated H ybrids

I )

g reater

b uilders . a nd

t he

a verage

r estricted

C ircles

s uggests

T he

o ther

r egular

S tone

C ircles

t wo

R ecumbent

h eight

( fig .5;14,15)

t his

t han

S ymmetrical C ircles . I n a ddition , w hile t he l atter ( E) h ave s tones o f e qual h eight o r s ubtle g rading , t he f ormer ( I,H) h ave m arkedly g raded r ings . T he t all

c ircles

s tones

o f

W essex ,

2 :1J G rading T he c areful s election f rom

o ne

c ircle

a nd c ircle-henges

( sub-groups o f D a nd E :

s ide

c lasses

o f

o f

o rthostats ,

t he

c ircle

t o

t he

i s

a bsent

i n

m ost

a nd

i n g eneral,

n ormally h ave

f ig .5 ;17,18).

s o

t hat

o ther ,

i s

o thers .

t hey

i ncrease

o nly

c ommon

T he

m ost

i n

h eight

i n

s pecific

n otable

e xamples

o f g rading a re f ound a t C lava C airns ( class I ) a nd R ecumbent S tone C ircles ( class H ), w here t he s tones v ary f rom a bout 1 m etre a t o ne s ide o f

t he

o f

b oth

r ing t o 2 -3 c lasses

m etres a t

a nd

o nly

t he

a bsent

o ther . a t

T his

a f ew

i s a n ormal

s ites

a round

c haracteristic t he

f ringes

o f

e ach c lass d istribution . T he C ircles

S ymmetrical

C ircles

( class D ; F7,8),

( class

E ),

a nd

o f s outhern E ngland ,

s ome

o f

t he

r elated H ybrid

a re t he o nly o ther g roup o f

l arge-diameter g raded c ircles ( two s uch H ybrid C ircles a re a lso f ound s outhwest S cotland - c lass D ; F5). A ll t hese r ings d iffer f rom t hose

i n i n

e astern S cotland ;

o n

F igure 5 :

t he g rading i s s ubtle a nd o ften b arely d iscernible

T he a verage s tone h eight

( in m etres)

f or e ach c ircle c lass .

1 : c lass M

7 : c lass L

2 : c lass C

8 : c lass A

1 3 : c lass K ( west) 1 4 : c lass

3 : c lass 0 ( F7)

9 : c lass E ( F9)

1 5 : c lass H

4 : c lass D ( FS/F6/F8) 5 : c lass K ( F 16)

1 0 : c lass 8 1 : c lass N

1 6 : c lass G 1 7 : c lass 0 ( CH2/3)

6 : c lass J

1 2 : c lass K ( east)

1 8 : c lass E ( F 10/CH4)

— 2 2 —

1

• •

I • •

•

-

_

F L_

r ir i rl

1

5

II

I

I

I

i

9 1

j u

n n _

8

M I I

9

• I I I

_

_

n

1 1

_ a o w

1

-z i 1 3

A U IS i n

I N

•

INI I

n a

I

n 1 4

I

•

• I

1

•• J I

-

1

1 -. 1

II

6

,

H

1 -

1 6

1 7

1

in

fl

r

n

n

1 8

,

c asual

i nspection ,

a lso ,

o nly

a bout

h alf

o f

r ings

a re

g raded ,

w hile

o thers h ave c arefully s elected s tones o f e qual h eight. T he g rading o f t he s outhern r ings m ay w ell h ave b een d esigned f or a d ifferent

p urpose

s outhern e vents

( see

a nd m ore

t he T he

I t

b e

m ay

i mpressive

t allest

t hat

o f

2 :12).

c onsistent.

t hat

t o

p ortion

i s

n orth .

T he

a re

l ikely

a nd

g rading o rientation t hat

s uch

c ircles

l atter a lways emphasize t he t o

o f

h ighlight

t he

w ere

a stronomical

s outhern r ings

d esigned

t o

i n t he

f oreground a nd

t hus g ive

l arger t han i t a ctually i s .

s ophistication e xists a t S tonehenge s arsen r ing ,

o ne

a typical

t he

o ptical

C ircle

l arger

w here t he

A v isual e ffect

S ymmetrical

i s n ot

a ppear

w hen a pproached f rom a s pecific d irection ,

s tones a re

t he s ite

i n t he r ing

i llusion

o f

s im ilar

( class

E ),

t he

w here u prights a re t apered s o t o a ppear v ertical

f rom w ithin t he r ing . G rading c ommon

i n

g roups

i s

t he

o f

f ound a t

Small

c lass

i nfluenced ,

o r

K

w as

s everal

C ircles a nd

a nd

small F our

N ).

I t

i nfluenced

b y ,

s tone

i s

f ashion b ut

s tone

t he

c ircles

o f

l ikely C lava

C ircles o f t he s ame r egion . E lsewhere, a pparent g rading m ay b e f ortuitous . 2 :11 C ircularity T hom p roposed t hat

c ircles ,

P osters

i n

w ere

b ut

e astern

t hat

t heir

C airns

a nd

a h andful

n ot

l aid

t his

o ut

i s o nly

S cotland

( sub-

a rchitecture

R ecumbent

S tone

o f

i nstances ,

i n

c rude

t he

c ircular

w ere c arefully p lanned a s a r ange o f g eometric d esigns

( Thom

1 955,1967). H owever , a p referred h ypothesis h as s ubsequently b een p roposed , t hat t he s hapes d isplayed b y s tone c ircle p lans m ay b e t he r esult

o f

a nd

M oir

o ut

b y

i f

l aying 1 984).

e ye

t he

o ut I t

w ould

g ive

b uilders

s uch a s tructure, w hich

e ye'

r ather

t o

c rude

w ere

p erfectly c ircular . r esults

' by

a ppears

h ave

r esults .

i nterested

t han

b een

i n

T his

i n

t he

a bsence

b e

v ery

o f

i s

t o

t he

v iew

s hape

( a

v isually

c ircular

w ill o f

r arely

d istortion

p rogressively ' wobbles ' a rc .

T he

i n

c loser a r ing

e nd

d istortions ,

t he

t ruly

t o p erspective

t ogether c an

r esults i n

b e d ue

a re f orm

q uasi-geometrical s hapes . T hese h ypotheses o n l ater

t ested

s urveying f urther

b y

t he u sing

u sing

r ings o f t he

d istance

b e

w ith

smooth

r egular

a rcs o r

b ut

w ith

l aid o ut

o ver

( Barnatt

a nd

H erring

1 986).

T hey

g ave

r esults

d ata

s et,

a nd

t his

( see b elow ,

1 00

s maller o verall

w hich

r ings

w ere t hat

a nd B arnatt

A : ' C ircular ' c lasses o f s tone c ircle ; S ymmetrical R ings ( c lass E ) , R ecumbent S tone C ircles ( c lass H ) a nd C lava C airns ( c lass 1 ) , C ; E xperimental d ata-set ( a fter B arnatt a nd H e rring 1 986),

- 2 4

-

a nd

t ested w ere

1 987b).

d iameter .

8 ; A ll o ther c ircles ( Hybrid R ings ; c lass D - o pen s quares .)

g ive

b y e ye w ere

s uch

T he d eviation f rom t rue c ircularity , e xpressed a s a p ercentage d erived f rom t he m aximum d eviation f rom t he l ongest

s o)

a ppear

a ny g iven

s mall

f lattenings ,

o f c ircles

s tone b e

H owever ,

c onstruct

w ider

t o w ill

l ooking a long

t o

c onsistent w ith t he e arlier c onclusions F igure 6 :

b y

b ulges

p roperties

p oints

i ncreases).

l ead t o a t

C ircles a ssessed

a ppearing

2 f ixed

c orrected

a ppeared

p lan),

v olunteers

r esults a

a s

e asily

( despite ( le

c ase,

a ssessment o f

d isplayed

i nterpretation b y T hom .

l aying

t he

w hich

i n v isual

c ircles a nd g iven a g eometrical b ecause

( Barnatt

t hat

n ecessarily

a m onument

p roblems

a b ird 's e ye

s imilar

p lanning

p reviously

n ot

e recting

I nherent p erceptual

w ould

g eometric

a ssumed

o

r 3


:

H i ll o f F i ddes I n sh fie ld L oane nd N ev C r a ig P i tg la ss ie P otte rton S o uth L e y L o dge S tonehead

? + 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 7 ? ? 7 ? ? ? ? ? ?

? ? ? + 1 ? ? + 1 ? ? ? ? 7

? ? ? ? ?

?

?

7

?

2

?

?

6 : 100 5 : 7 5 : 2 6 6 : 16 6 : 18 6 : 25 6 : 44

V antonve lls B o gton H i ll I n nesm ill B rand sbu tt C a irn fau ld C l o ch fo rb ie G au l C r o ss S

? ? ? ? ? + I ? + 1 ? ? + 1 ? ? ? ?

? ? ? + 1 + 1 ? + 1 ? + 1 ? ? ? ? 7 ? + 1 + 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + I ? + 1 ? 7 ? ? ? ? + 1 ? + 1 ? ? ? ? ? ?

?

7

7

?

?

+ 1 + 1 + 1 + I

?

+ 1

( + 2 )

+ 1 ? + 1 ? + 1 ? + 1

+ 1 + 1 + 1 + 1

?

+ 1

( + 4 ) ( + 4 ) ( + 4 ) ( + 3 ) ( + 1) ( + 2 ) ( + 3 ) ( + 3 )

+ 1

+ 1

? + 1

+ 1

+ 1

?

+ 1

+ 1

+ 1

( 3 ) ( +1)

( + 4 ) ( + 2 ) ( + 4 ) ( + 2 ) ?

6 : 46

G i ngom y re s

?

?

?

?

? + 1 ?

( + 1)

6 : 53 6 : 55 6 : 6 5

? + 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + 1 ?

? + 1 ? ? + 1 ? ? ? ? ? ?

? !

? + 1 ? + 1 ? ? ? + 1 ?

( + 4 ) ( + 2 )

?

+ 1

( +2)

6 : 6 7

H o lyve ll H u nt ley M i llp lough N e the r C o u llie N e the r O u n me ath

? ?

? ?

? ?

6 : 8 1 6 : 8 4 6 : 90

R a pp la R o od S h e ld on S t ony fie ld

? ? ? ? + 1 ? + 1 ? ? + 1 ! + 1 ?

? ? ? + 1 ? + 1 ?

? ?

? ?

U p pe r A u ch nago rth 6 : 99 U p pe r O r d 6 : 10 1 W e ste r E c h t 6 : 102 W e ste r H a ughs

? + 1 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

? + 1 + 1 ? ? ? ?

? ?

7

6 : 10 5 W h iteh ill W o od S o uth 7 : 15 C o illea ch e r

? ?

6 :66

?

? ? + 1 + 1 ? + 1 ? ? ?

2

( + 5 ) ( + 3 ) ( + 2 )

+ 1 7

?

( + I)

? 7

? ?

( + 3 ) ( + 3 )

?

?

( + 3 )

?

( + I) ?

+ 1?

( + I)

7

6 : 98

7

?

?

7

+ 17

?

?

7

?

?

?

?

7

?

7

?

7

?

?

?

?

7

?

T able 1 4 : In a nalysis o f r ingcairns a nd c airns a t R ecumbent S tone C ircles ( class H ) K et 1 :B a n k l i n king t h e o r thost a ts 2 : V i de i n te rna l r i ng ca irn l i n ked t o t h e r e cuabent a n d f l an ke rs 3 : C e n t ra l c a irn 4 : I n te rna l f e a tu res o f i n d e te ra ina te t y pe P r esen ce : s c o re + 1 A b sen ce :s c o re 1

— 8 9

—

1 O u te r b a n k a n d i n n e r r i ng ca i rn 6 : 59 L o an h e ad o f D a v io t ( p h a se 1 ) ( p h a se 2 ) 6 : 7 3 O l d K e ig ( p h a se 1 ) ( p h a se 2 ? ) 6 : 13 B e rry b rae ( p h a se 1 ) ( p h a se 2 ) 6 : 43 G a rro l W o o d 6 : 2 9 C a st le F r a z e r 6 : 3 7 E a ste r A q u o rth ies 6 : 3 6 D y ce 6 : 10 6 Y o nd e r B o g n ie 6 : 52 H i l l o f F i dd e s 6 : 46 G i ng o m y re s u nh o n ey 6 : 92 S I n n e r R i ngu i rn 6 : 9 6 T o mn av e r ie 6 : 50 H a tto n o f A r d o yn e 6 : 10 3 W h ite h i l l 6 : 9 5 T o mn ag o rn A u chq u ho rth ie s 6 : 7 6 : 2 A r d la ir 6 : 3 9 E s s l ie t h e G r ea te r a e s o f C l un e 6 : 7 9 R 6 : 14 B i n gh il l 6 : 11 B a lq u h a in 6 : 2 6 C o lm e a ll ie 6 : 4 A u ld K i r k o ' To ug h 6 : 10 B a lna cra ig 6 : 2 2 T h e C a m p 6 : 40 E s s l ie t h e L e sse r 6 : 6 4 M i d ma r K i rk 6 : 5 8 K i r kto n o f B o u rt ie 6 8 2 R o th iema y 6 : 7 2 O l d B o u rt re e bu sh 6 : 19 C a irn R i v 6 : 5 3 H o lyw e l l e w C r a ig 6 : 69 N 6 : 8 3 S t B r a nd a n s S t ane s 6 : 9 8 U p p e r A u chn ag o rth O u te r B a n k 6 : 6 1 L o ud e n w o od + I 6 : 1 A i ke y B r a e + I 6 : 9 1 S t r i ch e n H o u se + I 6 : 48 G r e y s to n e + I ( s e e a l so B e rry b ra e p h a s e 2 ) O g n t raLCa i r t i 6 : 2 3 C a nd le H i ll 1 ? 6 : 3 A r nh i ll ? 6 : 7 4 O l d R a yn e + 1 ? ( s e e a l so O l d K e ig , p h a s e 2 )

2

3

4

p r o ba b ly m o d i f ied -s e e C h a p te r 6 p r oba b ly m o d i f ie d -s e e C h a p te r 6

+ 1

c i r cle p a rt -d e m o l ished i n te r io r p o ss ib ly r e mod e lled p l ough ed d o wn i n te r io r d a ma g e d i n te r io r d a mag e d , b a n k m o d i fied r u ined p l oug h ed o u t d e st roy ed i n te r io r d i stu rbed

- d a maged - p l ough ed o u t - n o c l e a r c e n t ra l s p a ce

d a m ag ed l a nd s ca ped ? r u ined r u ined d a m ag ed , p l ou g h ed r o un d r u ined d e s troy ed r u ined r u ined r u ined 1 I I I

I 1 I 1

? 1 ? ?

+ 1 + 1 ? + I ?

m o d i fied -s e e C h a p te r 6

i n te r io r g e ne ra l ly s t on y d a mag ed

— 9 0

—

R u ined S i tes 6 : 34

D r u idstone

6 ; 28

6 : 7 1 6 : 6 3 6 : 49

C o rryd ow n N o rth S t ro n e M e lgu m C e n t ra l H a res tan e

+ 1 ? + I ? 7 7

?

? ?

? 7

+ 1 ?

7

7

+ 1

7

7

+ 1

6 ; 8 6 6 : 2 9 7 : 15

S o u th F o rn e t C o th iemu i r W o o d C o illea ch e r

? + 1 ? + I ?

? ? ?

? + I ? ? + 1 ? 7 + I ?

-

p l oug h e d o u t i n te r io r o r p l ou gh e d r o un d

p l o ughe d o u t

3 ;2 5 D ating N ot

e nough e vidence

L oanhead o f D aviot, f ound , t he

t o d ate

b eaker,

T he

s uggest

i nternal

r ingcairn

o ther

s ites

n oted

q uo :3 .

I t

f ar

t hese

c ircles

i s

T he

t hey

( see

a re

b elow

c an

f rom c lear

b eaker a s

d o

o f

o ther

a ll

b e

a t

L ater

i nternal

t o

A t

l ater

A ge

o r

D aviot

o f

i n

h int

a t

b etween

p assage g raves

t he f rom

t ermini

e arly

s imilarities

A OC

t han ,

a rtefacts

c onstruction

N eolithic o f

i n f ront o f

i ncluding

r epresent

i nitial

L oanhead

o r

B ronze

a rgued

t he

s herds ,

w ith ,

E arlier

a rchitectural

a nd C lava . C airns w ith t heir

u nder t he p avement

t he

6 ).

t he

s herds t he

( N1/D?)

w hether

i n

S tone C ircles s ecurely .

f lat-rimmed a nd b eaker s herds w ere

c ontemporary

C hapter

t ook p lace

A OC

p ossibility ,

d istribution

t hat

R ecumbent

n umber o f

i ncluding o ne b eaker s herd

r ecumbent.

A ge .

e xists a l arge

o , n e

m any

o f

t he

B ronze

t he

f ormer

t hese

. s ite

( see 3 : 28).

p a ta o f u n ce rla in u t j lity T h e o n ly C 1 4 d a t e s a s so c ia t e d w i th t h is c l a ss a r e t w o f r om B e r ry b ra e o f 1 5 00 b c± 80 (H a r18 49 ) a n d 1 3 6 0 b c39 0 (Ha r18 9 3 ) w h ich p r o v id e at e rm in u s a n te q u er n , c o m ing f r o m ap i t c o n ta in ing b e a ke r s h e rd s d u g w h e n t h e c i r cle w a s p a rt ia l ly d e m o lished a n d c o n ve rted i n to a r i ng ca irn , P r ob a b le G r oov ed W a re s h e rd s , p o s s ib ly r e de p o s ited d u r in g t h is p h a se , m a y r e la te t o t h e i n it ia l m o n um e n t , A t S t r ich en , n e o lith i c s h e rds h a v e b e e n f o und i n t h e c e n t ra l a r ea b u t n o d e ta i ls h a v e y e t b e en p u b l ish ed , T h e se c o u ld r e la te t o ap o ss ib le e a r lie r t i m b e r p h a se ( s ee C h a p te r 6 ) , A t O l d K e ig t h e r u ined , b u t p r o ba b ly r e m o de lled , c e n t ra l a r ea h a d f l a t r i m me d w a re a n d b e a ke r s h e rd s , a n d ap i e ce o f s h a le b r a ce le t , T w o o t h e r s i te s p r o v id e e v ide n ce w h e re t h e c e n t ra l c a irn s c o u ld b e p o s tu la ted t o b e s e co nd a ry , A t O l d R a y n e a p e r fo ra ted s t on e w r is tgu a rd a c com pan ied a b u r ia l u n d e r ac e n t ra l c a irn , A t R a pp la W o od a p i e ce o f b r o nz e w a s f o u nd i n ap i t , i n w h a t a p p ea rs t o h a v e b e e n ac e n t ra l c a irn , A t H a tton o f A r d oy n e b e a ke r s h e rd s w e re f o u n d i n ac e n t ra l p i t ,

3 ;26 D istribution T his w ith i n

( fig .23)

c lass h as a d iscrete d istribution , c onfined t o t he G rampian r egion , t he e xception o f o ne r uined a nd h ence t entatively c ategorized s ite

T ayside

w ithin

( 7:15

C oilleacher).

R ecumbent

f ringes

o f

G rampian.

t he

S tone

C ircles

d istribution .

A r elated

c lass

A ll a re

N o

o f

t he

m ajor

f ound

o ther

o n

a rchitectural

t he

w estern

m oderate-diameter

m onuments ,

t he C lava

C airns

a nd

r ings ( class

v ariants s outhern e xist I ),

i n a re

f ound e xclusively f urther t o t he n orth-west a round t he M oray F irth . C lava C airns a nd R ingcairns :

c lass I

3 :27 characteristics ( fig . 2 9) T hese 2 9-33 d istinctive s ites c ircles g raves

o r

C hapter i nner

w hich l arge

o f

t he

a ll

o f

r ingcairns .

7 b ecause

f eatures

s everal

a re

t here

s urvive . s ites

i s

a re

v ery

c haracterised

s imilar

d esign ;

A f urther 8 -15

s ites

n o d ocumentation

T hese

i ncluded

s ites i n

m ay

C hapter

- 9 1

o f

h ave

b y t hey

h ave

i mpressive s urround

b een r elegated

a s tone o nce

6 h ave

s tone

p assage

c ircle ;

h ad

p oorly

o uter

t o

o nly t he c ircles ;

p reserved

s tone

c ircles

w hich

would

not

b e

r ecognised

as

s uch

i f

t he

c entral

f eatures

d id n ot exist. W ithin the

g roup as a w hole,

a re k nown , w hile d istinguished . T he w hich

2 1

p assage

i s

b uilt

s ites

g raves

o f

c orbelling above.

n ormally

contiguous

T heir

1 1

a re

passage graves and

too

r uined

have

a s ingle,

o rthostats ,

contents

appear

f or

b e

r ingcairns

f orm

s ub-circular

w ith

t o

1 6

their

drystone

m inimal,

t o

b e

c hamber ,

w alling

and

r ecovered f inds

b eing r estricted t o a h andful o f f ragmentary c remations and d ecomposed o rganic m aterials . The p assages are a lso d efined by v ertical s tones and h ad

horizontal

s outhwestern w ithin the m assive

capstones ;

q uadrant .

m ound .

k erb o f

m etres .

T hese

t hey

Both

The

o uter

contiguous k erbs

a re

a re

consistently

p assage

and

chamber

e dge

the

l atter

o f

o rthostats and n ormally

o rientated

w ere

the

i s usually d efined by a

d iameters

graded

t o

o riginally b uried

i n

r ange

h eight

f rom 9 t o 20

t o

t he

p assage

e ntrance . T he r ingcairns

( except G ask w ith a d iameter o f 2 6m )

are o f s imilar

d imensions t o the p assage g raves , b ut h ave n o entrance and t he c entral a rea i s l arger ( c5-8m d iameter , Gask c 11-12m). The m assive k erbstones a re

a gain

c airn c ase), l arge

u sually

m aterial t his m ay t o

g raded

i s

h ave

up

to

t o t he h ead

southwestern q uadrant

h eight

o riginally h ave

ever

b een

w here

b een

c orbelled

w ell

n ormal.

and

i t

and

t he

p reserved

T he

c entral

s eems

l ikely

D elfour

and

r etained

( rarely

the

areas a re

too

that

t hey

w ere

l eft open . I n p assage D aley ,

t he

c ases

g raves t he

o f

m ound

o f

t he

r ingcairns a t

B alnuaran w as

b uilt

o f o n

C lava

SSV ,

a l ow

C orrimony

Grenish , and

p latform w hich

a nd

possibly

extends

the Garn

up t o 5 . 0m

b eyond t he k erb . T he p laced

e xternal

c 4-8

d esign . n umber

A lthough o f

s tone

m etres

c ircles

b eyond

t he

t he

d iameters

o rthostats

i s

o f

t all,

k erbs

and

v ary

r estricted

f reestanding , a re

f rom

t o

o f

c 15 .0

b etween

o rthostats

a d istinctive t o

3 5 .0

9 and

1 3

are

u niform

m etres ,

the

w idely-spaced

s tones ; t here i s l ittle c orrelation b etween i ncrease i n s tone n umbers a nd d iameter v ariation . E lsewhere, t his p attern i s o nly observed i n the r elated R ecumbent

S tone

Symmetrical C ircles I n s tone

r espects

spacing

p lanned I n

o ther

o f

i ncreases w hether

i s 1 2

i n t he

t he

e ither

i ncrease

9 o ut

C ircles

i n

C lava

and t o a l esser extent

C airns

r elatively

even

s pacing-distances

s ites ,

this s ite

( class H )

t he

g ap

d irection . h as

a

T hese

t he

t he

c ircle

p atterns g rave

a lso

c ases),

t owards

b etween

p assage

a re ( 5

o r

c arefully o r

h igh , T he

p illars

w hile

o n

b eing t he

d istinctive

s ites

typically m assive;

o pposite

emphasis

p resumably

h as

o n

s ide

o f

( 8

and

k erb

i nner

a stronomical

c ases). a lso

i rrespective

r ingcairn .

A

o f

f inal

t he s outh-

o ften s tanding a round 2 .0-3 . 0m

t he

s outhwest

d esigned ;

a c arefully

s outhwest

o ccur a

h as

c haracteristic w hich emphasises t his q uadrant i s t he g rading , w estern

l arger

( class E ).

r ing ,

s tones

t hroughout

explanations

t he

s imilar

a re

a round

d esign t o

o f

t hose

1 . 0m . t hese a rgued

f or t he R ecumbent S tone C ircles . O nly 5 s ites a re w ell e nough p reserved t o assess t heir d egree o f c ircularity ; 3 o ut o f 5 a re p articularly c ircular . H owever, a rguments F igure 2 9 :

E xamples o f C lava C airns and R ingcairns ( 5 :14), H enshall

K inchyle o f D ares

( 5 :27),

1 963 .

- 9 2

-

( class

T ordarroch

I );

( 5 :39)

C ulburnie a ll after

•

P l

4

0

c r )

•

L t )

•

• •

. • •

.

. • •

•

.••. ' R . ) .

,• .

•

•

.

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

.

•

•

e

• •

• • • . •

.

•

0 •

9 ` ?

. vc 9 t3

•

•

0

f or. c areful

l ayout

( by

p eg

a nd

r ope)

s hould

b e

t reated

a s

t entative

a s

s everal o f t he i nternal k erbs a re s omewhat o ff-circular a nd s ometimes d o n ot h ave c ommon c entres . I t m ay b e t hat t he c ircularity i s n ot u niversal h ere

( or f ortuitous , T he

a rchitectural a s

g iven t he small

m ajority

o f

p arameters

i llustrated

i n

t able

s ites

d escribed 1 5 .

I n

d ata-set).

i n

t he

c lass

a bove .

m ost

f all

O nly

c ases

t hese

n eatly

m inor a re

w ithin

v ariations

t he

o ccur ,

i nsignificant,

b ut

i t i s n oteworthy t hat t he 2 s lightly o void s ites , D ruidtemple a nd C ulburnie, a lso h ave p oor g rading . A t C am nD aley , B ruaich a nd B oblainy t he a nd

s tones a re l ower t han u sual, a nd i n t he l ast two c ases t he g rading s tone s pacing i s a lso p oor. W ith t he e xception o f D ruidtemple, a ll

t hese s ites a re c lass .

O n

t he

o f D almore,

o n t he

e astern

w estern f ringe o f f ringe ,

t he d istributional

2 p ossible

s ites ,

L ower

r ange o f

L agmore

t he

a nd D oune

h ave m ore c losely s paced s tones t han i s u sual.

S i tes o f u n ce rta in c l a s si fica t ion

O n ly 4 o f t h e 3 s i te s i n t h e c l a ss a r e o f u n ce rta in c l a ss i fi ca t ion , A l l a r e r u ined , T h ree o f t h e se ( 5 :2 1/3 0 /3 1) c o u ld a l te rn a t ive ly b e i n t e rp re ted a s r u ined R e cum b en t S t on e C i r c le s , T able

1 4:

C lava C airns a nd R ingcairns;

( f o r ak e y s e e t a b le 4 ) 1 2 5 : 2 A v iem o re 5 : 3 e a lnu a ra n o f C l a va c e n t ra l 5 : 4 B a lnu a ran o f C l a v a N E 5 : 5 e a lnu a ran o f C l a v a S W 5 : 6 B o b la in y 5 ; 9 B r u a i ch 5 : 10 C a m nD a le y 5 ; 1 1 C a m nU r na n 5 : 12 C o rr im o ny 5 : 13 C r o ft cro y 5 : 14 C u lbu rn ie 5 : 15 C u l chu n a ig 5 : 16 C u ld o i ch 5 : 17 C u l le a rn ie 5 : 18 D a lcro s s M a in s 5 : 19 D a v io t 5 : 2 0 D e l fou r 5 : 2 2 D r u id t e mp le 5 : 2 4 G a s k 5 : 2 5 G r e n ish 5 ; 2 7 K i n ch y le o f D a re s 5 : 2 9 L i t t le U r ch any 5 : 3 2 M i d la i rg s 5 : 3 3 M i l lto w n o f C l a v a-N 5 ; 3 4 M o y n e s s 5 : 3 5 N e w ton o f P e t t 5 : 3 9 T o rd a r ro ch 5 : 40 T u llo chg o rm

3

C l as s

4 I D

7

8

c 2 3 ,5

1 12

( 6 .5 )

( 9 % )

1 , 10

9 0 , 60 1,45

1 0 G ( SSW /S W )

c 3 1 ,7

I D

1

9 , 1

1 0 %

1 , 6 . 5

1 , 20 -2 ,30

6 ( S W )

c 3 1 ,4

I D

1

8 . 6

1 4 %

1 , 6 0

1 , 15 -2 ,75

I , 6 (SW )

3

6

c 3 1,5 I D 1 2 c 1 3 ,5 I D I D 2 1 ,7x22 ,0 1 , 4% 1 0 ? c 1 9 ,5 I D 9 10 c 2 2 ,5 I D 9 c 2 2 ,0x2 5 ,0 ? I D c 1 0 12 c 1 9 ,0 I D I D 2 0 ,5x2 2 ,0 6 , 8 % 9 c 3 0 ,0 I D I D c 3 1 ,5 I D I D c 2 0 ,0 I D I D c 2 2 ,0 I D I D c 2 8 ,5 I D I D c 2 8 ,5 I D I D c 2 2 ,5x2 1,0 c 6 ,7 % 1 0 13 c 3 6 ,5x 3 5 I D 1 c 3 2 I D 1 0 1 1

8 , 1 R72 1 % I D ? 6 . 9 3 4 % ( 6 ,4 ) ( 9 % ) 8 , 0 R ? 22 % ( 6 ,7 ) ( 1 1% ) I D ? 7 , 4 R 2 1% I D I D ( 5 ,7 ) ? ( 7 ,2 ) ? ( 8 ,0 ) ? I D ? ( 5 ,6 ) ( 1 3 % ) 1 0 ,8 R ? 22 % 9 , 8 2 %

. 6 5 , 8 0 ) . 8 5 ( ,9 0 ) , 3 5 I D I D , 2 5 I D I D ( 1 ,2 0 ) ( 1 , 10 ) ( 1 ,9 0 ) I D 1 , 5 0 1 , 6 0 ( 1 ,8 0 )

1 , 2 0 -2 ,20 ( c 0 ,75 -0 ,90 ) 0 , 40 1,20 ( 0 ,8 51,00 ) 1 , 00 1,80 ( 1 ,50 -2 ,15 ) ( 2 ,00 -3 ,00 ) 0 , 8 5 -2 , 15 ( ?1 ,80 ) I D ( 1 ,00 1,35 ) ( 1 ,0 0 1,20 ) ( 1 ,30 -2 ,50 ) I D 1 , 3 5-2 .75 0 , 90 -3 ,35 ( 1 ,60 -2 ,10 )

c 2 0 ,8x 2 1 , c 2 0 ,8 c 1 4 ,5

9 I D 9 1 1

7 , 6 ( 6 ,8 ) ( 5 ,5 )

R 2 6 % ( 1 % ) ?

1 , 2 0 ( 1 ,3 0 ) ( 1 ,0 0 )

0 , 70 1 ,75 ( 1 ,2 01 ,50 ) ( 0 ,8 5 1,20 )

I D I D 1 3 9 I D

I D I D 6 , 9 1 ,6 ( 6 ,7 )

? ? 1 % R 2 1%

I D

c 1 ,9 % I D I D

I D I D c 3 0 ,0 I D c 2 7 ,0 I D 3 ,8x3 4 ,9 3 , 2% c 2 4 ,0 I D

- 9 4

7

-

(

2 ,40 )

I , G (S SW ) G ( SW ) I D I D

( 1 ,55 )

( 1 ,381,80 )

1 , 25 1 , 45

1 , 00 -1 , 50

G ( S /SW ) G ( S W )

0 , 85-2 ,50

6 ( 88W )

I D

I D

I D

5 : 4 1 U p pe r L a g m o re P o s s ib le .S i tes 5 : 2 1 D o u n e o f D a lm o re 5 : 2 8 L e a na ch 5 : 3 0 L o w e r L a g m o re 5 : 3 1 M a rion bu rg h

T able 1 5 :

c 1 8 ,3 c 1 5 ,5 c 2 9 ,3 c 2 0 ,0 c 2 0 ,0 x 22 ,7

I D I D I D I D I D

9

( 6 ,9 ) R ? (36 % )

9 11 ( 4 ,2 5 ) ( 1 % ) I D ( 8 ,1) ? 1 2 15 ( 3 ,8 ) ? 8 9 7 , 0 R ? 18 %

1 , 8 5

1 , 30 -2 , 30

I , 6 (8 )

1 , 5 5 ( 1 ,70 ) ( 1 ,65 ) 1 , 60

1 , 40 1,90 ( 1 ,3 5-2 ,05 ) ( 1 ,15-2 ,40 ) 1 , 0 0 -2 ,75

I D I D G ( S ) G ( SW /S )

A n a nalysis o f C lava a nd . K incardineshire . . s ites

L e j 1 :D e g ree o f c i r cu la r ity

0 3 ,5 % 3 , 5 -4 ,0 % 4 . 0 1 + 2 :O r ig in a l n u m b e r o f o r th o s ta ts 9 13 1 4 + 3 :A v e ra ge s p a c ing b e tw e en o r th o s ta ts 5 m + 5 m4 : S p a c in g v a r ia b i lity r a ng e 0 2 0 % ( o r g r adu a l i n c re a se t o S W ) 2 0 -3 0 % 3 0 %+ 5 : A v e rag e s t on e h e igh t 1 m + 1 m 6 : G r ad ing g o od p o o r D o t g r a d ed 7 :W i de n ing o f s p a ce b e twe e n c i r cle a n d i n n e r f e a tu res t o S W y e s n o

4 5 6 7 8 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 7 + I + 1 + 1 + I + 6 + I + I ? + 1 + I + 1 ? + 1 ? + I + 1 ? 0 ? ? ? ? ?

+ 1 + 1 + 1 + I + 1 + I + 1 + 1 + I ? + 1 ? + 1 ? + 1 ? + 1 ? + I ? ? + I ? ? + I ? ? + I ? 9

+ 1 1 + 1 0 + 1 1 + 1 0 1 + 1 0

8 : T o ta l S c o re C l a v a C a irn s -C l a s s ic S i t e s ( c lass 6 ) 1 2 3 5 : 3 9 T o rd a r ro ch + 1 + 1 + 1 5 : 4 1 U p pe r L a g m o re ? + 1 + I 5 : 3 B a lnu a ran o f C l av a C e n t ra l + 1 + I 5 : 11 C a m nU r n an ? + 1 + 1 5 : 2 4 G a s k ? + 1 + 1 5 : 5 B a lnu a ran o f C l av a S W ? + 1 + 1 5 : 2 A v iem o re ? + 1 + 1 5 : 12 C o rr im o n y ? + 1 + 1 ? 5 : 3 5 N e w ton o f P e tty ? + 1 + 1 5 : 3 1 M a r ion bu rg h 7 + 1 + 1 5 : 2 5 G r en is h 7 + I + 1 5 : 17 C u llea rn ie ? ? + I ? 5 : 18 D a lc ro s s M a in s ? ? + 1 ? 5 : 19 D a v io t ? ? + 1 ? 5 : 2 9 L i tt le U r ch an y 9 ? + 1 5 : 3 2 M i d la irg s ? + 1 + I ? 5 : 13 C r o ft croy ? ? ? 5 : 3 3 M i llt o w n o f C l av a ? ? ? 5 : 3 4 M o y n es s 7 ? ? 5 : 2 8 L e a na ch 7 9 + 1?

S c o re + I 0 1 + 1

+ 1?

+ 1 ? + I + I + I + 1 ? + 1 ? + 1 + I + 1 ? + 1 ? + I ? + I ? + I ? ? + I ? + 1 ? + 1 ? 9

+ I + 6 + I + 6 + I + 6 0 + 5 ?( + 5 ) ?( + 5 ) ?( + 5 ) ?( + 5 ) ?( + 4 ) ?( + 3 ) ?( + 3 ) ?( + 3 ) ?( + 3 ) ?( + 3 ) ?( + 2 ) ?( + 2 ) ?( + 2 ) 9 ( +2)

- 9 5

-

( classes ' ,J.)

5 : 15 5 : 16 5 : 20 5 : 40

? ?

C u lchuna ig C u ldo ich D e l fou r T u llo chgo rm

? ?

? + 1 ? ? ? ? + 1 ?

? ? ? + 1 ?

C l ava C a irns -M i no r V a rian ts 1 2

3

? ?

? + 1 ? ? ?

4

5

5 : 4 B a lnua ran o f C l ava N E ? + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 5 : 27 K i n chy le o f D o res + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 5 : 22 5 : 14 5 : 10 5 : 9 5 : 6

D r u idtemp le C u lbu rn ie C a m nD a ley B r ua ich B o b la iny

1 1 ? + 1 ?

5 : 30 L o we r L a gmo re

+ 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 ?

+ 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 ?

+ 1 ? + 1 + 1 ? 1 ? ?

? + 1 ? 1 ?

5 : 2 1 D o une o f D a lmo re

+ 1

6

7

0 0

0 + 4 0 + 5

+ 1 0 + 1 + 1 1 ? + 1 1 0 1 ? ?

+ 1 ? + 1

1

K i n ca rd ine sh ire R i ng ca irns ( c la ss 3 ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 : 78 R a edy kes S E ? 1 1 + 1 ? 1 ? 1 ? 6 : 77 R a edy kes N I l 6 : 2 1 C a irnwe ll

1 1 1 ?

3 ;28 D ating T he a rtefactual

d ata

p o o r g r ad ing p o o r g r ad ing p o o r g r ad ing , n o t c i r cu la r p o o r g r ad ing , n o t c i rcu la r l o w s t ones

+ 1 + 4 + 1 + 5 + 1 + 4 + 1 + 2 ?( 1)

? + 1 + 1

1

8

l o w s t ones , p o o r g r ad ing a n d s p a cing l o w s t ones , p o o r g r ad ing a n d s p a cing

?( + 2 )

c l o se s p a ced s t on es

?( + 1)

c l o se s p a ced s t one s , n o t g r ad ed

7

8

? 1 ? + 1 ? ? 1 ? 1 ?

a re

m inimal

a nd

n ot

p articularly

u seful.

T he

p resence o f p assage g raves w ithin c ircles o f t his c lass s uggests t hese r ings a re L ater N eolithic, i f p arallels w ith m ore s ecurely d ated p assage g raves i n O rkney a nd I reland a re t o b e t rusted . t a o f u n ce rta in T w o v e sse ls f o und i n 1 8 28 i n a s s o cia t ion w i th c a lcined b o ne i n t h e c h ambe r o f B a lnua ran o f C l ava S W m a y h a ve b e en f l a t r i mmed w a re , A t A v ie lo ch an ( C hapte r 7 : 16 ) ap i e ce o f aj e t r i ng w a s f o und i n t h e p a ssage b l o cking , T w o e a r ly C 1 4 d a tes o f 2 7 8 2b c±90 (SRR 18 7 ) a n d 3 0 33b ci 130 (SRR188 ) f r om S t on ey fie ld A ( 5 :65 ) c a me f r om p i ts a d ja cent t o t h e s i te a n d m a y w e l l h a ve n o d i re ct a s so cia t ion w i th t h e m o numen t , 3. , 29 D istribution ( fig .23) T his c lass h as a d iscrete r egion . A r elated f ound e xclusively

d istribution ,

c lass o f m onuments , t he f urther e ast . V irtually

c onfined

t o

t he

M oray

F irth

R ecumbent S tone C ircles , i s a ll t he m inor a rchitectural

v ariants a t C lava C airns a re f ound o n t he e astern a nd w estern f ringes o f t he d istribution . K incardineshire R ingcairns ; c lass J 3 :34 C haracteristics ( fig .30) T hese t hree s ites h ave t raditionally

b een

i nterpreted

a s

C lava

R ingcairns ( class I ). H owever , t heir l ocation i n s outhern G rampian , a nd a rchitectural d ifferences b etween t he t wo t ypes ( see t able 1 5), s uggest t hat t hey s hould b e t reated a s a s eparate c lass o f s ite w ithin t he g eneral H , 1 ,3).

g roup

F igure 3 0 :

o f

s imilar

m onuments

i n

t his

p art

o f

S cotland

( classes

E xamples o f K incardineshire R ingcairns ( class J ); R aedykes N W ( 6 :77) a nd S E ( 6 :78), a fter T hom e t a l. 1 980 w ith a dditions .

- 9 6

-

• 0 : • Cee z c >

0

c o • •• •

1

.:: • •

•

.• ; • ;

•

•

:

••

W hile f lankers , t heir

t he

i nternal

n earby

K incardineshire

g iving

t hem

a

R ingcairns

s uperficial

a re

w ithout

r esemblance

t o

r ecumbent

C lava

a nd

r ingcairns ,

f eatures h ave c loser r esemblance t o t he r ingcairns w ithin

R ecumbent

S tone

C ircles .

T he

n umber

o f

o rthostats

i n

b oth

R ecumbent S tone C ircles a nd C lava C airns i s n ormally b etween 9 a nd 1 3 , w hile t he K incardineshire R ingcairns h ave s lightly m ore a nd h ence t hey a re

m ore

c losely

s paced .

V ariant

R ecumbent

f ringes

o f

t he

f ormer

h ave

o f

t he

c lassic

a ltogether

( or

s mall

h ypothesis

i s

g iven

k erb h as b etween

t hem .

p henomena

c ommon

b y a t

t he

c lass .

i n

2 o ut

w estern

T hese

o f

a nd

v ariant

9 -12

s outhern

s ites

R ingcairns .

N orth S trone a lso h as

S tone

a s

a t

a t

t all

T hese a n

C ircles .

h ave

F our o f

l ow s tones a nd a

o uter

R ecumbent

b ut

R aedykes

s tones

c an

t o

p erhaps

N W

t he

c ase

o f

r ingcairn

s ubsequently w here

t he

b e

R aedykes

S tone

I n

t he

a ppears t o h ave b een d ispensed

N orth S trone,

s upport

a rrangement .

l inked

o bserved

i n

t he r ecumbent

2 p articularly

r ecumbent/flankers o rthostats

t his

R ecumbent

R ingcairns ,

T his s tone

a lso

I t t herefore s eems l ikely t hat t he c lass I s ites t he s pectrum o f d eviation f rom t he s tandardised

w ith o uter

o f

u ngraded s tones ;

K incardineshire

i s

f ound

i n c ommon . w ith K incardineshire

v ery s mall r ecumbent. r epresent o ne e nd o f d esign

t rend

C ircles

d istribution

o ther c haracteristics t he

T his

S tone

s outhwest

s een

S E ( or

a s

b ut

w ith a s mall ' degenerate'

t o

l ater

n ot

r obbed).

r ingcairn 's

a

a ppears

a m uch

C ircles

t he

h ave

i ts

f eature),

r ecorded

a t

a

C lava

s ites . T able

1 6:

K incardinesh i ,re R ingcairns;

C lass . 5

( f o r ak e y s e e t a b le 4 ) 1

2

3

6 : 2 1 C a irnwe ll 6 : 77 R a edy kes N W 6 : 78 R a edy kes S E

1

5

6

c 8 ,5

I D

c 1 314?

c 1 4 ,3 c 1 7 ,4

I D I D

c 1 5 c 1 8-2 1

I D

7

8

9

1 0

?

( 0 ,70 )

( 0 ,70 )

I D

1 , 00 I D

0 , 601,35 ( 0 ,451,05 )

( 2 ,9 ) ' 1 ( 2 ,8 ) ( 5 %)

I , 6 1 (5W ) 1 (SW )

3 :31 D ating N o d ata . 3 : 32 D istribution ( fig .23) A ll t hree s ites a re f ound s outhern

G rampian .

d istribution

o f

n ear

o ccur

R ecumbent

r ecumbent

s ites

c lass

m onuments ,

o f

T hey

i n

t he

S tone

g eneral

t he

t he

C lava

c oast,

w ithin

C ircles

v icinity . C airns ,

i n

t he

a

r estricted

s outhern a nd

h ave

I n c ontrast, l ie

a t

f ringes s everal t he

a m inimum

o ther o f

a rea o f

o f t he

v ariant r elated

o ver

7 0km

a way . SMALL 3 : 33 I t

STONE

CIRCLES

IN

ERI IALN

I ntroduction

i s

b etween

n ormally s mall

d ifficult

s tone

t o

c ircles

m ake

c lear-cut

b ecause

t he

t ypological

d iverse

l arger s ites t end t o m erge a s d iameter d ecreases . t o

t his

a re

( class N ), d rawing

t he

D artmoor

w hich s tand o ut

d istinctions

p roblematical,

t his

r elated m onument

S tone-Row

r arely

s mall

( class

M )

t he

s tone c ircle

c ase

w hen

f orms s uch a s k erb-cairns

- 9 8

-

( see

d istinctions i dentified

a t

T he n otable e xceptions a nd

b ecause o f u nique a rchitectural

b etween s ome i s

C ircles

t rends

t ypes

F our

W hile

i s s ometimes

d istinguishing 1 :2).

P osters

t raits . t hem

f rom

W ith t he m ajority o f v aried ,

w hen

c an

p erceived .

b e

t he

a rchitectural p ostulated h ere

i s

b etween

s ites

i s

H owever ,

n orth

( class

t he n orthern m ostly h ave

K )

t ends

t end

m inimal

a s

a w hole

t o

t o

b e

a nd s outh

E mbanked s ites

a re

' Scottish p latform c ircles '

c hange

o nly

w ith

( class

o ne

L ).

d ifferences v ariation

g radually

T he

a nd

a pproach

b reak

b eing

i n a ny

a dopted

i dentified

T his d istinguishes b etween

c onsistently u nder 2 0m d iameter a nd a nd s outhern s ites w hich a re m ore

c onfined t o c lass L ,

f all

r egional

s tandpoint,

p olythetic .

s ub-division

c ircles w hich a re l arge o rthostats ,

t he d esign i s s omewhat

a nd

f rom a g eographical

c haracteristics

m ake

( classes K a nd L )

e xamined

s ub-groupings

t o

v ariable.

g roup

w hile

t he

m ajority o f

i nto c lass K ( term d efined 2 :14).

V irtually a ll r ings i n t he n orthern c lass a re o f c omparable d esign , e ven h ere r egional d ifferences e xist. T he r ings i n t he e ast a re

b ut

p redominantly e xceptionally d iameter g raded .

g raded s mall

r ange

a nd i n M oray F irth a nd G rampian t hey a re a lways o f d iameter . I n T ayside a nd W estern S cotland t heir

i ncreases

a nd

i n

t he

l atter

a rea

t he

r ings

a re

n ot

I n t he s outhern c lass t he d iversity i n d iameter i s m uch g reater . I n P ennines a nd t he P eak D istrict, l arger e xamples a re i ndistinguish-

t he a ble

f rom

C umbria ,

t heir

d o

s maller

c ounterparts .

l arger r ings e xist

O nly

i n

i n S outhwest

S cotland a nd

w hich c ould b e a rgued t o b e c oherent s ub-

c lasses . S mall

C ircles - N orth lc lass K .

3 : 34 C haracteristics T he

m ajority

( the

o nly

o f

( figs .

3 1-37)

t he 6 0-76 s ites

e xceptions

b eing

i n t his c lass a re o f v ery s imilar d esign

4 -6

s ites

i n

s ub-groups

F 17,F20 ,SP4

- s ee

b elow). T he c lass i s c haracterised b y r ings b etween s tones a nd d iameters o f u nder 2 0m . T here

w ith m oderate s pacing i s n o e vidence t hat t he

r ings w ere p lanned t o b e c ircular . A lthough t he r ings a re g enerally

i n

s imilar

t he

a bove

r espects ,

t here i s a lso r egional v ariation . I n E astern S cotland t he r ings a re f requently c rudely g raded ( K ;F13-16, SP1-2), w hile i n t he w est t his i s n ot

t he

f or

t he

i s

c ase

( K ;F18-19 , SP3).

g rading

u niversally

t he

t o

f avour

t he

R ecumbent

c ase

S tone

W here

t he

i n

p resent

s outhwest

l arger

C ircles

c lasses

( class

t here

q uadrant

H )

o f a nd

i s

a s trong

( 24-29

c ircle

o f

C lava

t endency

e xamples). t he

s ame

C airns

( class

H owever , 4 -13 o ther S mall C ircles a re o rientated e lsewhere. A nother c haracteristic o f e astern s ites i s t heir t endency s ix

s tones

( 6

s tones ;

1 5

c ases ,

7 -12

s tones ;

1 3

c ases),

T his

r egion ,

w hich

I ).

t o

h ave

l ed

B url

( 1976) t o r egard t hem a s a d istinct c lass o f m onument. T his s eems u njustified , a s i n o ther r espects t hey a re i dentical t o o ther e astern e xamples t he

o f

r esult

c lass o f

K .

a

c ombination w ith a n o ften

t han

n ot

T he

f requency

d esire i deal

t o

t o

o f

s ix-stone

b uild

a pproximate

s ix-stone

s mall s pace

m onuments .

r ings

c an

m onuments ;

b e

b etween s tones , T his

v iewed a s

t he

s ize,

p reference

f or

m onuments i n e astern S cotland . r eached i ts u ltimate e xpression P osters ( class N ) o f w hich t here a re 2 9 i n t his r egion . I n

T ayside

( K ;F13 , SP1)

t he

d iameter f F

i n

l eading m ore s mall

w ith F our

o f g raded r ings a re s ometimes

l arger t han i n G rampian, M oray F irth a nd N ortheast S cotland, a nd i n t his r espect t heir d iameters c orrespond t o w estern S cotland ( K ;F18). I n

t he

m ajority

a verage

h eight

w ith

c oherent

a

o f

o ver

o f

c ases ,

c lass

a m etre .

d istribution

i n

K s ites

H owever, t he

- 99

i n

h ave

l owlands ,

-

t all

T ayside

s tones

t here

w here

t he

i s

w ith a n a g roup ,

s tones

a re

s maller ( K :F16). T he s ignificance o f t his i s d ebatable ; i t m ay s imply r eflect t he u navailability o f s tones o f l arger s ize . A nother a rchitectural v ariant o ccurs i n n ortheast S cotland , w here 3 -4 s ites h ave t heir s tones s et r adially ( K ;F15); i n o ther r espects t hey a re s imilar t o t he r emainder o f t he c lass . A t s everal c ircles t he i nteriors a re f illed b y l ow p latforms o r s im ilar s tructures ; t hese a re a ll t ermed h ere ' Scottish p latform c ircles '. I n o ther r espects t hese r ings a re i dentical t o t heir f reestanding c ounterparts a nd i n s ome c ases a t l east, a s a t B albirnie a nd T emple W ood , i t c an b e s hown t hat t he p latform c ircles s tarted l ife a s f reestanding r ings t hat h ad t he o ther f eatures a dded l ater . A t 3 -5 u nexcavated s ites t here a ppear t o b e s imple p latforms e xtending a cross t he f ull i nterior o f t he s ites a nd s topping a s hort d istance b eyond . A t M achrie M oor 5 , t he p latform e xtends t o a n o uter c ircle a nd a t o uter c ircle .

t he s imilar s ite o f C roft M oraig i t I n t he l atter c ase t he p latform w as

e xtends l argely

b eyond t he n atural, a

s light k noll h aving b eing emphasised b y a k erb p laced o n a l ow b ank . A t M oncrieffe, w hich a ppeared t o b e a t ypical p latform s ite p rior t o e xcavation , i t w as d emonstrated a gain t hat t he s light p latform w as n atural b ut e mphasised b y a p robable k erb l inking t he o rthostats . H owever , w ithin t he i nterior w as a r uined r ingcairn ( or c airn ) w hich s uggests a n i nfluence f rom R ecumbent S tone C ircles . A s im ilar u nexcavated s ite a t F ullerton h as i ts o rthostats o n a b ank a nd t he i nterior h as a p latform o r w ide r ingcairn . I n t he c ase o f B albirnie t he f inal t han a c omplex

p latform p hasings ;

( also s ee i nitially

m onument

w as

m ore

o f

a c airn

K ; SP4 b elow ). E xcavations h ere r evealed i t w as a f reestanding r ing w hich l ater

a ppears t o h ave h ad i ts o rthostats l inked b y a r ingcairn b efore t he i nterior w as f inally f illed . T he u nexcavated r ing a t A irlich h as i ts o rthostats s et i n a r ingcairn , w hile a t B algarthno t he i nterior i s f illed w ith a l arge c airn . A t B roomend o f C richie a nd p ossibly T uack t ypical e xamples o f ' eastern c lass K ' s tone c ircles a re f ound w ithin h engiform e arthworks ( K ;CH5). A t a h andful o f t he f reestanding r ings t here a re s maller c airns w ithin t he i nterior w hich c ould b e v iewed a s r elated p henomena t o t hose l isted a bove . I t m ay b e o f s ignificance t hat i nternal c airns a re u sually F igure 3 1:

F igure 3 2 :

F igure 3 3 :

F igure 3 4 :

E xamples o f S mall C ircles i n e astern S cotland ( class K , t ype F 14); T orbreck ( 5 :38), a fter F razer 1 883-4 , C ullerlie ( 6 :31) a fter K ilbride J ones 1 934-5 . E xamples o f S mall C ircles i n e astern S cotland - g raded ( class K , t ype F 14); K illin ( 7 :36), T igh n a R uaich ( 7 :51) b oth a fter T hom e t a l. 1 980 . E xamples o f S mall C ircles i n w estern S cotland ( class K , t ype F 18 ,19); C allanish ( 3 :2), C noc F illibhir B heag ( 3 :6) b oth a fter T ait 1 978 w ith a dditions , M achrie M oor 4 ( 4:19) a fter M C L ellan 1 977 , L och B uie ( 4:14) a fter T hom e t a l. 1 980 . E xamples o f S cottish p latform c ircles ( class K - t ypes S P1, 3 ); M achrie M oor 5 ( 4:20) a fter R oy e t a l. 1 963 w ith a dditions ,

5 : F igure 3

C roft M oraig

( 7:22)

a fter P iggott a nd S impson

1 971 E xamples o f S cottish p latform c ircles ( class K - t ype S P2); M oncrieffe ( 7:41) a fter S tewart 1 985 , S outh Y thsie ( 6 :88) a fter T hom e t a l.

1 980 w ith a dditions .

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l ast

e astern S cotland ,

e xample

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i s

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a re

w ell

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k nown

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i ts

r ows/avenue .

b oth F owlis W ester

c ircles .

I n T he

o utlying p air o f s tones a t C roft M oraig i s o n t he s ane o rientation a s t he p ortals o f a n e arlier t imber s tructure . A n a venue e xisted a t t he h engiform s ite o f A f ew s ites t hey

o thers .

c ases)

s omewhat

T hese

( class ( class f or

( 4-6

h ave

B roomend o f C richie . h ave

b een e xcluded

d ifferent

h ave

N o c ommon o rientations e xist . f rom t he

a rchitectural

s tronger

a ffinities

a bove

d iscussion a s

c haracteristics

w ith

s outhern

f rom

S mall

t he

C ircles

L ). T hey c ontrast t o t he m ajority o f n orthern S mall C ircles K ) w hich s tand o ut a s a d istinct g roup w hich c annot b e m istaken

a ny

o ther

c ircle

t ype

i n

t he

r egion

( but

t he

e xceptions

a re

s till

m uch s maller t han e xamples o f o ther c lasses i n t he r egion). T wo

o f

t he

a typical

a re l ocated i n n ortheast f reestanding r ings . T he o ther 2 -4 s ites o n A rran . a lso

s ites

i n

q uestion ,

S cotland

( K ; F17).

( K ;F20/SP4)

a re

A chany B oth

a nd

a re

L earable

H ill,

r elatively

f ound t o t he s outhwest,

l arge

c entred

T hey a re a gain c haracterised b y r elatively l arge d iameters a nd

( in 3 c ases)

b y l arger n umbers o f o rthostats t han u sual;

h ence t hey

c ould b e c onsidered a s d iminutive f orms o f W estern I rregular C ircles ( class C ). H owever, t oo f ew o f t hese s ites e xist, a nd t hey a re r ather t oo v ariable, t he

c ase

s tones S mall b y

t he

i s n ot

w arrant

( class L ).

c airns .

l ife

d esignating

f reestanding

t hem t o a c lasses

c ircle,

M achrie

M oor

o f

1 1,

t heir t he

o wn .

I n

n umber

o f

u nusually h igh a nd t he c losest p arallels a re w ith s outhern

C ircles

l arge

b egan

t o

o f

a s

A t

I n t he

T emple

o ther

W ood ,

a f reestanding

3 c ases ,

e xcavation

s tructure .

t he h as

L ater

i nteriors a re s hown

i t

w as

t hat

f illed

t he

c onverted

r ing t o

a

r ingcairn ( or d iminutive w estern c ircle-henge) a nd f inally i ts i nterior w as f illed . T he s tatus o f t he o ther t wo s ites i s m ore d ebatable. P artial e xcavations

a t

m ultiphased .

H owever ,

c ontiguous

a nd

M achrie t hey

t he c ould

M oor

1 0

h ave

o rthostats b e

a lso

s hown

t his

m ay o riginally h ave

a lternatively

k erb . I n c ontrast, a t A uchagallon n earby , e xcavations h ave n ever t aken p lace a nd

i nterpreted

s ite

b een

a s

t o

b e

v irtually

s ome

f orm o f

t he s tones a re w ell s paced b ut h ence t he s ite's s tatus m ust

r emain i n s ome d oubt. F igure 3 6 :

E xamples o f S cottish v ariant c ircles F 15,17);

A uchinduich

( 2 :5),

A uchany

( class K - t ypes ( 2 :3),

b oth after R CAHM

1 911. F igure 3 7 :

E xamples o f S cottish v ariant c ircles A uchagallon

( 4:2)

a fter T hom e t a l.

a fter M cLellan

( class K - t ype S P4);

1 977 ,

T emple W ood

1 980 w ith a lterations .

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I D

1 15

I D ? 3 , 9 1 % I D 1 , 8 5 3 % 3 , 2 3 5 % 4 , 1 1 0 % 2 . 2 2 9 % ( 3 ,1) ( 1 1% ) 4 , 6 1 8 % ( 4 ,0 ) ( 1 1% ) 3 , 6 1 8 % 2 , 0 1 , 8

1 0 % 4 1 %

0 , 50 c 1 ,30

6 2 , 5

7 2 5 %

8 1 , 10

9 0 , 951,20

1 0 6 ( N )

1 , 3 5 1 , 70

0 , 90 -2 ,00 1 , 10-2 ,45

G ? (W ) G ? (S /SE )

( 2 ,4 ) ( 1 7% ) I D ? I D

( 1 8% )

- 1 09 -

( c 1,20 )

I D

I D

T a y s id e C i r cle s -s m a l l w i t h l o w s t one s ( F 16 ) 1 2 3 4 S 7 : 11 B r oad M o ss c 5 ,9x 6 ,9 c 1 4 ,5% 8 9 7 : 16 C o len c 8 ,2x 7 ,9 c 3 ,6% 7 9 ? 7 ; 2 4 D r u id s S e a t c 8 ,5x ?9 ,7 I D 9 13 7 : 3 2 F o w lis W e s te r E c 7 ,7x 8 ,4 c 8 ,3 % 1 7 : 47 S a ndy R o a d W 7 : 48 S h ian B a n k N W 7 : 49 S h ian B a n k S E 7 : 5 2 W e s te r T o r r ie P o s s ibl e _E x a mp le s 7 : 7 B a lkem ba c k 7 : 9 B a nd ir ran 7 : 10 B l a c k fa u ld s 7 : 17 C o m mon ban k 7 : 20 C o rog le B u rn 7 : 46 S t M a rt in s

5 , 7x 6 ,5 c 8 ,4 c 7 ,9 ?x 8 ,5 c 6 ,7x 7 ,8

1 2 ,3% I D I D ( I D )

7 9 10 1 0 6

c 8 ,5 c 7 ,7x 8 ,5 c 7 ,4x 8 ,8 c 1 1,5 c 8 ,2 c 7 ,5

I D c 9 ,4 % c 1 5 ,9 % I D I D I D

I D I D (9 + ) 9 I D I D I D

6 7 2 , 5 1 9 % 2 , 9 R 4 3 % ( 2 ,6 ) ( 1 3% ) 2 , 3 3 2 %

8 0 , 5 5 ( 0 ,70 ) ( 0 ,75 ) ( l o w )

9 0 , 40 -0 ,80 ( 0 ,40 1,10 ) ( 0 ,50 1,00 ) I D

2 , 6 1 3 % 2 , 7 R 3 3 % 2 , 6 3 0 % ( 3 ,5 ) ( 7 % )

0 , 75 ( 0 ,80 ) 0 , 70 ( 0 ,80 )

0 , 60 1,00 ( 0 ,45 1,20 ) ( 0 ,60 -0 ,90 ) ( 0 ,60 1,10 )

1 0 S ? (N ) 6 ( SW ) 6 ? (SS W ) I D , A O (NN E ) 6 ( SS W ) I D I D 6 ( S /S W )

I D s m a l l c 0 ,80 I D ( 0 ,9 5 ) I D

I D I D c 0 ,60 1 ,20 I D ( 0 ,90 1,05 ) I D

I D 6 ? (W ) 6 ( 5 ) I D I D 6 ? (SW )

N o rth Ea st S c o t t ish L a rg e r C i r cle s ( F 17 ) 1 2 3 4 5 2 : 3 A c hany c 2 6 ,8x2 8 ,2 c 5 ,0 % + 1 0 13 2 : 12 L e a rab le H i ll S 1 7 ,5x 18 ,6 5 , 9 % 1 2 17 W e s te rn S c o tt is h C i rc le s ( F 18 ) 1 2 3 3 : 2 C a llan ish 1 3 ,3x 12 ,0 3 : 5 3 : 6

3 : 9 4 : 7

C n o c C e an n a ' 6 h a ra id h C n o c F i l l ib h ir B h e ag O u te r C n o c F i ll ibh ir B h ea g I n ne r L o ch S e a fo rth E t t r ic k B a y

4 : 11 K i n ga rth 4 : 14 L o ch B u ie 4 : 16 M a ch r ie M o o r 1 4 : 17 M a ch r ie M o o r 2 4 : 18 M a ch rie M o o r 3

4 9 , 8%

9 %

6 7 7 , 3 2 % ( 3 ,8 ) ( 1 8 % )

9 1 0 ( 0 ,9 0 + ) ( 0 ,60 1 ,15+ ) U I D ( ? 0 ,60 ) I D

S 1 3

6 2 , 9

7 4 2 %

8 3 , 0 0

9 2 , 40 -3 ,50

1 0 U , A V (NN E )

c 1 7 ,5x2 0 ,0 c 1 2 ,5%

1 2 16

( 4 ,0 )

2 6 %

( c 2 ,6 0 )

2 , 0 0 -3 ,30

U ?

1 6 ,8x c l6 ,0 c 4 ,8%

1 6

3 , 2

3 0 %

1 , 40

1 , 00 -2 ,00

U

1 , 75 1 , 30 1 , 9 5

1 , 40 -2 ,15 1 , 2 0 1 ,70 1 , 60 -2 ,2 0

2 , 4 1 , 55

2 , 20 -2 ,80 1 , 20 -2 ,00

U ? U ? I D , A O (S ) I D U ? A O (SW )

9 , 2x c7 ,0 c 2 4 ,0 % c 1 6 ,5 I D 1 5 ,3x 12 ,0 2 1 ,5 % c 2 0 -2 6 ? 1 3 ,0x 13 ,6

6 1 0 11? 8

I D 1 0 (710 ? ) 4 , 4 % 9

c 1 2 ,6x 14 ,4 c 1 2 ,5% c 1 6 ,5 I D 1 5 ,2x 16 ,0 5 , 0%

1 2 7 11 9

W e s te rn S c o t t ish C i rc le s -S m a l l ( F 19 ) 1 2 _ 3 4 5 3 : 4 C e ann H u lav ig 1 2 ,3 x c l0 ,0 1 8 ,7% ( 6 o r9 ) 4 : 5 T h e C o v en a n te rs S t o n e c 7 ,5 I D I D (7+ ) 4 : 12 L a m la sh c 5 ,0 I D 7 8 4 : 19 M a ch r ie M o o r

I D I D 3 , 0 I D I D I D

c 7 ,5

I D

5

( 3 ,8 ) ( 1 6% ) ( 4 ,8 ) ( 8 % ) 5 , 4 8 % I D 4 , 7

? 1 8 %

3 , 7 ( 5 ,5 ) 5 , 5

7 % ( 6 % ) 1 8 %

i 7 ( c 4 ,6 ) ( 1 1% ) I D ? ( 2 ,75 ) ( 5 % ) 5 , 0

1 2 %

- 1 10 -

( I D ) ( I D ) 4 , 60 3 , 70 -5 ,5 0 ( 3 ,40 ) ( 2 ,50 -4 ,50 )

U ?

8 2 , 3 5

1 0 U

9 2 , 05 -2 ,75

( c 1 ,10 ) ( c 1.00 1,20 ) 0 , 8 5 0 , 50 1,15 ( 0 ,90 )

I D

U ? U ? A O (S ) U ?

4 : 23 N a C l a chan B h re ig e

4 : 2 7 T e mp le W o od 2

c 6 ,4

I D

6

3 , 2

c 1 0 ,5x 10 ,0

( I D )

( I D )

( I D )

W e stern S c ott ish L a rge r C i r cles ( F 20 ) 1 2 _ 3 4 4 : 22 M a ch rie M o o r 1

1 2 ,7x 13 ,5

5 , 9%

5 1 0

4 5 %

B a lb irn ie B a lhoma is

7 : 22 C r o ft M o ra ig ( o u te r) C r o ft M o ra ig ( i nn e r) 7 : 45 P i ts can d lie

1 4 ,2x 14 ,8 c 2 3 ,2

4 , 1% I D

c 1 1,5x 13 ,4 c 1 4 ,2 %

6 , 3x 7 ,4 c 1 6 ,3

1 4 ,9% I D

1

7

4 , 1

3 1 %

7 : 4 1 M o n crie ffe P o s sib le S i tes 6 : 30 C r a igh ead 6 : 42 F u lle rton

8 , 7x9 ,2 c 9 ,0? c 8 ,5

S m a ll ( 93 ) W e s te rn S c o tt ish C i rcles 3 4 1 2 4 : 20 M a ch rie M o o r 5 1 ,5x 11,9 3 , 4% ( i n ne r) M a ch r ie M o o r 5 1 7 ,7x 18 ,3 3 , 3 % ( o u te r) W e ste rn S c ot t ish L a rge r C i r cles ( S P4 ) 1 2 3 4 : 26 T e mp le W o od 1 1 2 ,5x 13 ,6 8 , 1% P o ssib le S i te s 4 : 2 A u chaga l lo n 1 3 ,4x 14 ,5 7 , 6% 4 : 2 1 M a chrie M o o r 1 0 c 2 1,8 I D

Class "

9 ( +3 )

4 , 4

1 3 %

c 2 ,00

2 , 8

3 6 %

c 1 ,50

( 5 ,5 )

( 3 % )

( 2 ,40 )

8

6 4 , 0 2 , 5 I D 2 , 9 3 , 4

c 6 -1? c 6 -8 ?

I D I D

7 9 % R 3 6% ? 1 9 % 3 2 %

1 , 75-2 ,15

6 ? (SW ) P O (ESE )

1 , 451,60

E

( 2 ,00 -2 ,75 ) 6 ? (SW )

8 c l ,8 5 1 , 0 5 I D 1 , 25 1 , 55

9 c 1 ,50-2 ,40 0 , 701,50 (? 1 ,70 ) 1 , 101,40 1 , 15-2 ,00

( 1 ,9 5 ) ( 1 ,80 )

( 1 ,20 -2 ,90 ) I D ( 1 ,80 ) I D

7

8

4 , 4

1 %

( 1 ,2 )

I D

1 5 ?

3 , 8

5 3 %

( 0 ,6 )

I D

2 1

2 , 0

7 3 %

8 0 , 90

2 1 -22 I D

( 2 ,1) I D

( 1 4% )

1 , 25 I D

7

8

9

6

E a ste rn S c ott ish C i rcles -w i th in H e ng i fo rm s ( C H 5 ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 : 17 B r oomend o f C r ich ie c 1 1 ,0 I D 6 ? ( 6 ,3 )

1 0

( 1 ,20 -2 ,10 ) 6 ? (S ) ( 1 ,05 1,70 ) I D

5

6

1 0 5 ( W )

K

9

( 1 ,70 ) ( 1 ,40 )

I D

9 ( ? 1,20 )

8

8 % ?

5 , 4% I D I D

8 ( l ow )

4 , 6 I D

E a ste rn S c ot t ish C i rcles -S m a ll ( S P2 ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 : 88 S o u th Y t h s ie 8 , 5x 7 ,5 1 ,8% 6 7 : 1 A i rlich c 7 ,1x 7 ,9 c 1 0 ,1% 9 7 : 5 B a lga rthno c 6 ,0 I D I D (9 + ) 7 : 40 M a chu in c 5 ,5x6 ,1 c 9 ,8 % 6

U / 0 ? ( N NW / S E )

I D

1 0 I D

8 c 9

1 , 20-2 ,40

I D

T able 1 8 : S cottish p latform c ircles - N orth; ( f o r ak e y s e e t a b le 4 ) E a ste rn S c o t t ish C i rc les ( S P 1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 : 3 7 : 6

1 , 8 0

8

1 0 , 351,25

1 0 6 ( SW ) 6 ( SW ) I D 6 ( 5 ) 6 ( SW )

1 0

1 . 0 U / S (ESE )

0 , 75-2 ,35 6 ( W ) (?c 1,00 ) I D

9

1 0

( c 1,65 ) ( c 1,50 1,80 ) I D

P o ssibl ß S i tes 6 : 97 T u a ck

I D

I D

I D

I D

( 1 ,50 )

( 1 ,50 )

I D

3 : 3 5 D a tL ug A t B albirnie t he s toneholes c ontained g rooved w are s herds . A v ery e arly C 14 d ate h as r ecently b een o btained f rom T emple W ood 2 b ut d etails h ave n ot y et b een p ublished . A t C roft M oraig s herds o f w estern n eol i thic p ottery ( and f lat r immed w are), f ound i n t he d itch b ackf i1l ed w hen t he s tones w ere e rected , p rovide a t erm inus p ost q uem f or t he s tone p hases . A t C al 1a nish t he i nsertion o f a s mall p assage g rave a fter t he c ircle w as b uilt, s uggests a d ate f or t he c ircle i n t he L ater N eal i thic . R ecent e xcavation a t t he s ite p rovided a t erminus a nte q uem f or b oth f eatures i n t he f orm o f l ate b eaker s herds a ssociated w ith p loughing d uring t he B ronze A ge . E nough e vidence e xists t o p ostulate a N eolithic b eginning f or t his c lass o f m onument, a lthough a t T emple W ood a nd C roft M oraig t he f irst c ircles m ay h ave b een i n t imber r ather t han s tone . H owever , t he g rooved w are s herds f rom B albirnie , a nd t he p assage g rave i nserted w ithin t he c ircle a t C al l anish , i ndicate s tone m onuments w ere b eing b uilt i n t he L ater N eolithic . I t i s n ot f ully c lear i f t hese s tone c ircles c ontinued t o b e b uilt i n t he E arlier B ronze A ge a s a ll t he r elevant a rtefacts , a nd t wo C 14 d ates , c ould b e a rgued t o b e r elated t o s econdary d eposits ( see b elow ). H owever , i t i s 1i kely s ome s ites d o d ate f rom t his p eriod g iven t he f requency w ith w hich l ater a rtefacts o ccur . S ome s ites c learly c ontinued i n u se, a lthough i n s ome c ases , a s a t B albirnie a nd T emple W ood , t heir e ventual c onversion t o c airns s uggests t hat t heir f unctions w ere r adically r edefined , D a ta o f u n ce rta in u t ility T w o C 1 4 d a te s a r e c u rrent ly a v a ilab le f o r t h is c l ass b u t b o th m a y t o b e n o th ing m o re t h an t e rm in i a n te q u os , A t B a lb irn ie a d a te o f 1 3 30b ci9 0 (6aK-3425 ) c a me f r om t w o w o oden p l an ks p r ote ct ing a l a te b e a ker a n d aj e t b e ad , T h is w a s o n e o f as e rie s o f 5d e pos its ; t h e o t he r 4h e re i n w e re c i sts a n d a c co mpan ied b y j e t a n d b o ne b e ad s , aj e t b u tton a n d af o od v e sse l , T h ese w e re a l l p r obab ly p l a ced i n t h e c i rcle i n te rio r w e ll a f t e r i t s e r e ct ion , a s t h e ir i n se rt ion d i stu rbed t h e c e n tra l s t one s e tt ing , T h e s i te i t se l f m a y h a ve b e en r e mode lled w h en t h e c i sts w e re i n se rted , w i th t h e a d d it io n o f ar i ng ca i rn l i n king t h e o r th osta ts , T h is w a s l a rge ly d e mo lished w h en t h e i n te rio r w a s f i lled w i th a l a rge c a irn a s so ciated w i th c o rdoned a n d c o lla red u r ns , A t S a ndy R o ad W e st a d a te o f 1 2 00 b ct 150 (GaK -787 ) w a s o b ta ine d f r om a c e n tra l b u ria l a c compan ied b y af l at r i mmed w a re u r n , T h e re w a s n o c l ea r s t rat ig raph ic r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h is d e pos it a n d t h e o r thostats a n d t h e p o ss ib ility o f l a te r i n se rt io n n e ed s t o b e c o ns ide red , A r te fa cts h a ve b e en r e cove red f r om s e ve ra l s i tes , A t M o n crie ffe t h e s i gn ifican ce o f as i ng le b e a ker s h e rd i n t h e d i t ch b a c kf i l l i s o b s cu re , S h e rd s o f g r oov e d w a re , f l a t r i mmed w a re a n d c o rdoned u r ns f r om d i stu rbed c e nt ra l c o ntexts m a y w e ll s p an a l l p h ase s o f t h e m o numen t 's u s e ( s ee C h a pte r 6 ) , A t B r oomend o f C r ich ie , 3c o rdoned u r n s w e re f o und i n t h e 1 9 th c e n tu ry , a c company ing b u ria ls p l a ced i n p i ts d u g a g a in st s t oneho les , I t i s n o t c l ea r i f t h ese a r e c o n tempo ra ry w i th t h e o r th o s tats o r s e conda ry i n se rt ions , At y pe I V b a tt le a x e w a s f o und i n a n u n st ra t i fied c o n tex t , A t T u a ck , a n o the r o l d e x cavat ion g a ve s i m ila r r e su lts , p i e ces o f b r onze a n d a c o rdo ned u r n c o m ing f r om p i ts b y t h e o r th ostats , A t F u lle rton , f l at r i mmed w a re a c company ing p i t d e po s it s i n t h e c e nt ra l a r ea w e re f o und i n c 1 850 , A t o t he r s i te s p o tte ry h a s b e en f o und a s so ciated w i th c i st b u ria ls b u t i t i s u n clea r i f t h ese a r e c o n tempo ra ry w i th t h e o r thostats o r l a te r i n se rt ions , A t T e m p le W o od a s a te llite c a irn , b u ri e d F igure 3 8 :

T he d istribution o f s maller s tone c ircles . 1 0 ; K 2 ; L 2 ; L 3 ; L 4 ;

f reestanding ( K ;F 13 ,14 ,16 ,18 ,19) L I ; f reestanding ( L ;F2 1,23-5) r adial v ariants ( K ;F 15) K 3 ; S cottish p latform c ircles ( K ;SP 1-3 ,CH5) S cottish p latform c ircles ( L ;SP5-8) S cottish c entre-stone r ings ( L ;F22) e mbanked s tone c ircles ( L ;ESC 1 -7) M ; D artmoor S tone-Row C ircles ( M ),

- 1 12 -

6 '

•

KV L 1

•

KYL2

R 1 ( 2

1

•

1

R AD IAL V AR IANTS

1 4

C 1 3 ✓

l k i l

G RADED R INGS

P LAT FORMS

U NGRADED R I NGS

. . .. .

C ;: ?

P LATFORMS

, _ , — . . . : - —

K

L /

/ . . -/ - K t ! .

I,

L ,

I / I /

i,/ C ENTRE / S TONES '

I

I P LATFORMS

‘

E MBANKED S I TES

( 02. \

,

-

1 iI

M

I : I. " s I: L . 1

s c

u n de r

t h e

l a te r

r i ngca irn ,

h a d ac e nt ral c i st c o nta in ing a n N 2 /N3 b e a ker a n d 3b a rbed a n d t a nged

a r rowheads , A t M a ch rie M o o r , c i rcles 2 , 3 a n d 4h a d c e nt ra l c i sts c o nta in ing f o od v e ssels , P i ts cand lie a n d ugh n a R u a ich h a ve p r odu ced ' u rns ', 3 : 36 D istribution

( figs .23,38)

L ooking a t t he c lass a s a w hole , t hey a re d istributed t hroughout m uch o f S cotland , a nd t here i s n o s ignificant g eographical b reak b etween t hese r ings a nd t hose S mall s ites

a re

C ircles o f c lass L f urther s outh

p articularly c ommon

i n T ayside

( perhaps

( fig .38).

b ecause

o f c ircle , e xcept F our P osters , a re r are h ere). E xamining t he s ub-divisions o f t he c lass d iscussed p atterns w estern

a re

n oteworthy .

s ites

i s

T he

s upported

d istinction

b y

a n

a bsence

d rawn

o f

i n 3 :34,

b etween

s ites

i n

C lass K

o ther c lasses

t he

c ertain

e astern

a nd

p rohibitively

m ountainous r egions a long S cotland 's s pine. T he d istribution o f p latform s ites i s p atchy , t he m ajority b eing f ound i n t wo c oncentrations , o ne i n T ayside

a nd

t he

o ther

' standard ' p latform t he s ame r egion a s s tone

v ariants

i n

a r estricted

r egion

o f

G rampian .

T he

o nly

s ite i n t he w est i s o n A rran ( Machrie M oor 5 ), i n t he a typical ' platform ' s ites ( K ; SP4). T he r adial

( K ;F15)

a nd

t he

t wo

t o n ortheast S cotland . I n G rampian a nd M oray F irth ,

l arger

r ings

( K ;F17)

a re

r estricted

c lass K r ings a re a lways p articularly

s mall a nd s tand o ut f rom t he m oderate-sized r ings o f d istinctive d esign t hat a re f ound i n a bundance ( fig .23 - c lasses H ,I). I n o ther r egions n o m oderate-sized

c ircles

a nd

W estern S cotland

i f

m oving

s imple ,

t owards

r ings .

I n

w ith

s ome

t o

I ntermixed p arallel

w ith

t hat

s ituation

o f

c an

m ay

t he a lso

b e

s ane

e xist .

t ypical

b ut

t he

p roposed

i s

( 1-3 c ases) o f

t radition

C ircles

o f

f urther

t o

3 0m ,

b ut

a re

p lan a nd l ack o f t raits

w hich

g roup o f

s outh

m oderate

i n

A

t he

s tone

s pacing ,

r anging

u ncircular

T he m ajority h ave n o d istinctive a rchitectural

t hem a s

d efined

s ub-groups ,

i n d esign h ave n o w ell

d istribution b ut a re T he

b y

t he

e xception

i n s outhwest S cotland w ith l arge c entre-stones

O ther d ifferences

C )

S cotland .

c lass L

g rading .

3 s ites

t he

( see 3 :37-3 :39).

c haracterised

i solate

a re

( class

3 ; 37 C haracteristics ( figs . 3 9-45) T hese 7 9-95 s ites h ave r ather v aried a rchitecture a nd d iameters , u p

a s

o bserved

i nfluence

C ircle

a l ittle

T ayside

l arger ,

a rchitecturally

p henomenon

Small

I n

s omewhat

l arge K ; SP4 r ings

r epresent

I rregular

m ore

S cottish s outhwestern p eninsula S mall C ircles - S outh ;

t he

r elatively

W estern

a rchitecture K r ings a re

m oderate-sized ,

S cotland

T hey

d iameter

c lass

o f

n ortheast

i nterpret .

l arge/moderate

t he

p rovision

w ith t he t wo K ; F17 c ircles . I n t he s outhwest t he h arder

d istinctive

o f

b eing

a

( L ;F22).

d efined r estricted g eographical

i ntermixed p olythetically .

m ajority

o f

s ites

a re

e ither

f reestanding

( table

1 9)

o r

embanked ( table 2 1). A m inority h ave i nternal p latforms s imilar t o t hose f urther n orth i n c lass K ( table 2 0). I n a ll o ther r espects t hese t hree t ypes

c ross-cut

f urther

d iversity

i n

d esign ;

a ll

s hould

b e

s een

a s

v ariations o n t he s ame t heme a nd h ence d o n ot c reate a s uitable b asis f or s ub-division o f c lass L s ites . Embanked s ites a re f ound t hroughout t he c lass L r ange b ut a re o nly c ommon i n t he P eak D istrict . P latform s ites

a re

o nly

f ound

i n

t he

n orthwest.

- 1 14 -

F reestanding

r ings

a re

f ound

e verywhere D istrict

i n

e qual

m ixture

w ith

o ther

t ypes ,

e xcept

i n

t he

P eak

w here t hey a re r elatively r are.

T he

m ost

m eaningful

a ccording

t o

s tone

d iameter).

W hile

w ay

h eight

s ome

o f

o f

a nd

t he

s ubdividing

t he

a rrangement

r esultant

( and

c lass

a ppears

t o

l esser

e xtent

a rbitrary ,

o thers

a

s ub-groups a re

t o

b e

i dentify p otentially s ignificant v ariation . T he d ivided

d esign

i nto

3

t opographical

o f

o rthostats

c ommonly

f ound

i n

F 23;ESC3,6;SP7) w ith

i s a lso

t he

b etween

t hese

w ithout

' directional

s tones

' normal' t he

two

o f

( je .

1 -2

s tones '

r emoved

a s

t hey

S cottish

T emple

s ites

b uilt

T he

t all

b e

a re

I n t he c ase o f

B amford

M oor

H owever , t hese

S outh

T hese t he

t wo

i n

i deal

l ack

r ings

s mall

a nd

a re

e xamples

s tones ',

H owever ,

-

d amaged ;

o rientated

t he

m any c ases ,

a s

t hey T he

d ivision

t hose m ay

s ites

h ave

o nly

h ad

c ases

o f

( L ;F22);

N E/SW

W hite

d iminutive C ircle

M oss

2 75

a nd

i n N orth W ales .

i ts a rchitecture h as s imilarities w ith t he

a nd

c ould

o f

a pply a re:

s uperficially

f urther

( 22

b e

r eliably s aid t o n ot

( L ;ESC4)

o f

c an

e xamining

e ach a gain h as s mall

g ateposts .

v ariants

c haracteristics

t ype

' directional

n ortheast).

u ngraded c lass K c ircles o f w estern S cotland 5 ). Two a typical d iminutive c ircles w ithout D istrict.

a re

l ocations ;

f alse

m ake

a nd t he

D ruids T emple,

s econd

f requently

c entre-stone

i n C umbria ;

a w hole

M any

i n s imilar

m ay

a s

w hen

5 ).

a voiding

s ub-types

c lass

r elevance

c lass L s ites w here t his c an b e

t hree

D ruids

W NW

t he

h ave

- L ; F21,22,24 ;ESC1,2,5;SP5,6)

s ituations .

e xception

a nd

C hapter

f ound

i n

w hich

e xamples

u pland

E SE

s uch

( see

( 44

b etween

o rthostats

s ub-types

f actors

u ngraded

s tones

c ircle

m ajor

D oll

s mall

T or

s ites

s uggest

( particularly M achrie M oor p ortal s tones a lso e xist, ( L ; SP8),

a ppear

o utside

t hat

b oth

t o

b e

i n

e astern

t his

t he

s ubtly

a spect

P eak

g raded .

S cotland

o f

t heir

w ith s tone

d esign h as o ccurred b y c hance . T he ( 19

t hird

e xamples

f avourable

o rthostat -

t opographic

l ow-lying

a reas .

a vailable

f or

t ype

h as c ircles w ith c onsistently t all

L ; F25,26;ESC7). l ocations ,

T his

t heir

T hese e ither

d istribution

e rection .

a re

m ay

T he

f requently

i n ,

o r

a djacent

r eflect

m ajority

f ound t o ,

a l arger

o f

t hese

s tones

i n

l abour

s ites

m ore

s heltered h ave

f orce s mall

d iameters a nd a re w idely d istributed t hroughout t he c lass L r ange . A p roportion o f s ites e dge

o f

k erbs . a re

a l ow , F urther

s imilar ,

n arrow n orth ,

b ut

r ather t han a t b y

1 o r

b y

r adially-set

( c33%)

b ank , t he

t hese

o uter

n ormally

o ne e dge .

h ave t heir o rthostats s et a t t he

b oth

e dges

s ome

s tones ,

a s a t

o f

w hich

a re

r ingcairns

a t

h ave

s tones

I n c lass L ,

2 e ntrances a nd

o f

t heir

o ften

R ecumbent s et

i nner

d efined

S tone

w ithin

b y

C ircles t he

b ank

t he b anks a re s ometimes i nterrupted

t hose

S toke

i n

F lat

t he

P eak

D istrict

a nd S tanton M oor .

a re T he

f lanked embanked

s tone c ircles o f c lass L a re c losely r elated t o t he r ingcairn t radition ( see 1 :2). I n m any c ases , s imple r ingcairns a re d elimited b y c ontiguous k erbstones s labs , s ite,

a s

a nd a t

i n

s ome

B anniside

t he G rubstones ,

r epresent a r are

e xamples i n

i s

i ncluded

m idway f orm ,

c ontiguous r ound p art o f

t he

C umbria

i nternal

w here

t hey

i n t he

e dge a re

c orpus

h as u p

r elatively

t o

0 . 6m

( L ;ESC2)

a s

i t

h igh .

t all O ne

s eems t o

t he s tones b eing u p t o 0 .75m h igh a nd o nly

t he c ircumference .

A h andful o f s ites i n t he n orthwest h ave ' Scottish p latform c ircle' c haracteristics . A t t he D ruids C ircle a nd L eacet H ill t hese a re s imple p latforms ,

w hile

o rthostats

a re

c entral

a rea .

a t

b oth

s et

w ithin

T hese

m ay

t he

L oupin

a b ank , p arallel

S tanes w ith

t he

a nd

p ossibly

a l ower embanked

- 1 15 -

C asterton

p latform s tone

f illing

c ircle

a t

t he t he M oel

G oedog ,

w hich

h ad

a t hin

l ayer

o f

s oil

p laced

i n

i ts

i nterior

i n

a

s econd p hase . S ome s ites w ithin c lass L h ave s mall c airns i n t heir i nteriors ( 20 e xamples). W hile i n m any c ases t hese a re c entral a nd m ay b e i ntegral p arts o f m any

t he d esign ,

s ites

/ field

w ith

t his

s mall

s ystems

w hich

i s n ot

a lways t he

i nternal h ave

c airns

c ase .

a re

i ndications

o f

I t

i s n oteworthy t hat

s ituated

w ithin

c hronological

c airnfields

d epth

a nd

t his

m ay i mply s econdary i nsertion o f c airns w ithin c ircles . F ew a dditional b eing ;

t he

t hree

f eatures a re

c entre-stones

f ound a t c lass L s ites ,

i n

L adies a nd p ossibly G rey C roft;

s outhwest

a nd s tone

S cotland ;

r ows a t

t he e xceptions

o utliers

T recastle

a t

N ine

M ountain SW

a nd p ossibly T rehudreth D own . T he

m ajority

r espect h ave

a re

o f

s ites

( 78

c omparable

s maller

( sub-groups

s tones

e xamples)

w ith

t han

t hose

L ; F24,26;ESC5 ,6)

m ore

d ifficult

g ive

t hem a d egree

s ites i n

a re o f

t he

w ith

u nder 2 0m d iameter

c lass

K .

l atter

d iameters

H owever ,

c lass . o f

( L ;F26) T his

a re

c ircles s ites

f ound

s uggests

r egional

2 0-30m ,

o f s imilarity t o H ybrid C ircles

i n C umbria ,

t hese

s ites

d iscussed

S cotland .

c an

T hese

( and

a rgued

5 s ites

3 o thers

P ennines/North s maller ,

s hould

e lsewhere

b e

Y ork

b e

a nd

b ut o therwise s imilar ,

F igure 3 9 :

F igure 4 1:

t hose

( 9:32-3)

B arnatt 1 982 ,

N ine S tones

S leddale

o f

i n

C umbria

s cattered

l ikely

t o

b e

l arger

s outhwest

e xcept

t hat

t hroughout

l arger

t he

v ersions

o f

( class L - t ype F 21); ( class L - t ypes F 23 ,25);

B arnatt u npublished , ( 15 :7)

( 12 :23),

D uloe

( 14:27)

a fter T hom e t a l.

E xamples o f embanked s tone c ircles

E xamples o f

f ound

after W aterhouse 1 985 .

( 10:1)

after B arnatt

i n

a

s ites i n t heir v icinity .

A ppletreewick

S toke F lat

s ub-group i s

b eing

m oderate-diameter

t hree o ther s ites i n t his

w idely

E xamples o f s outhern S mall C ircles

( 12:4), F igure 4 2 :

t o

m ore

o f

s tones

t he w est.

a s ub-class ,

A nother

E xamples o f s outhern S mall C ircles W hite M oss

F igure 4 0 :

t all

a s

a re

a nd s maller

i n

s ignificance

a re

a re

s ites

w ith

I n c ontrast,

- L ; ESC5 ,6)

t hese

a s t heir d iameters

( class D )

c lasses

t hey

1 7 s ites

a lso

r egarded

s imilar

a re

r ings

o ther

o f

i n t his

o ther t wo a re

( C ,D ,E ,H ,I).

t o

( L ;F24).

M oors

t he

b e

t o

a re

t heir s tones a re s maller g roup

w hile

f unctional-equivalent

w hich

T here

t o a ssign t o c lass L w ith c onfidence,

e xamples o f W estern I rregular C ircles ( class C ). F our o ut o f s ix o f t he l arger d iameter

a nd

c ommonly

( class L );

a fter

1 980 .

B arbrook I

B amford M oor S outh

( 12 :3)

a ll

1 978 .

l arger c ircles

( 11:4)

( class L - t ypes F 24,ESC5);

after Spratt

1 982 ,

B arbrook

I II

( 12:6)

a fter

B arnatt 1 978 . F igure 4 3 :

E xamples o f ( 9:12),

a dditions , F igure 4 4 :

l arger/variant c ircles

D rannandow

( 8:7)

G rubstones

( 10 :14)

after 7 1 20M e t a l.

G rey C roft 1 980 w ith

B arnatt u npublished .

E xamples o f s maller v ariant c ircles ( 8 :23)

( class L );

b oth after T hom e t a l. ( class L );

1 980 w ith a dditions ,

L oupin S tanes D oll

T or

( 12:8)

after H eathcote 1 939 . F igure 4 5 :

E xamples o f s maller v ariant c ircles ( 8 :20) ( 9 :7)

after T hom e t a l. after H odgeson

( class L );

1 980 w ith a dditions ,

1 952 .

- 1 16 -

L airdnannock B roomrigg B

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S i te s o f u n ce rta in.c l a ss if i ca t ion O n ly 1 6 o u t o f 9 5 s i tes a r e o f u n ce rta in c l a s s i fi ca t ion , I n t h e m a jo rity o f c a se s t h is i sb e cau se o f p o o r p r e se rv a t io n , o r l a ck o f d a ta , w h i ch l e av es s i t e s o p en t o a l te rn a t iv e i n te rp re ta t io n a s b a rrow k e rb s o r o t h e r o r th o s ta t ic s t ru ctu re s ( s e e C h a p te r 6f o r d e t a ils ) , E x cep t ion s t o t h is a r e P e n b e d w P a r k w h i ch m a y b e af a ke , a n d G r u b s ton e s w h i ch a p pea rs t o b e ac r o s s b e t w e en a n e m ba n ked s t one c i r c le a n d a r i n g ca i rn , F o u r ' p la t fo rm s i te s ' o f q u est ion a b le i n t e rp re ta t ion a r e t e n ta t iv e ly i n clu d ed i n t h e c o rpu s ( L ;S P 6 ,8 ) b u t m a y b e b e tte r i n te rp re ted a s v a r ian t f o rm s o f k e rb ca irn , T h ree o f t h e se i n C u m b ria , h a v e d i m inu t ive d i am e te rs , b u t s p a ced o r tho sta ts , w h ich m a ke t h e m s o me wh a t s i m ila r t o o t h e r s m a l l e x a m p le s o f c l a s s L , H o we ve r , o t h e r s i te s e x is t i n t h e r e g io n , s u ch a s t h a t a t L i t t le M e g , t h a t a r e o f s i z i la r d i m en s io n s b u t w i th m o re c l o se ly s p a ced o r th o s ta t s , T h e s e a r e m o re o b v iou s ly k e rb ca i rn s a n d r e je cte d f r om t h e c o rpu s , O n D a rtmoo r , s i m i la r r i n g s t o t h e t h re e i n q u es t io n a r e r e je ct e d f r om t h e c o rp u s , a s t h e d i s t in ct ion b e tw e en t h e s e a n d t r u e s t o ne c i rc les i sc l e a rcu t i n t h is r e g io n ( s e e 1 : 2 ) , T h e f o u rth s i te , D o l l T o r i n t h e P e a k D i st r ict , h a s ab e t te r c l a im t o b e at r u e s t on e c i r c le , T h is s a y h a v e b e en f r ee s tan d ing i n i t s f i rst p h a se , a n d t h e r i ng o f o r tho s t a t s i so f t y p i ca l c l a s s Lf o ra , T able 1 9 ; _ S mall F reestanding C ircles - S outh ; C lass L ( f o r ak e y s e e t a b le 4 ) S m a l l c i rc le s w i th l o w s t on e s ( F 2 1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 9 8 : 19 K i rkh ill c 1 1,6 I D c 9 10 ? ( 3 ,9 ) ( 1 7 % ) ( 0 ,65 ) ( 0 ,50 1,00 ) 8 : 3 5 Z a d le e c 8 ,2 I D 9 2 , 9 1 9 % ( c 0 ,15 ) 0 , 10 -0 ,20 ) 9 : 3 B l a ke ley R a ise c 1 6 ,7 I D 1 2 13 ? 1 0 ? c 0 ,80 c 0 ,5 01,15 9 : 19 L a cra A c 1 6 ,0 I D 8 12 ( 4 ,5 ) ? ( 0 ,70 ) ( 0 ,501,00 ) 9 : 2 0 L a cra B c 1 5 ,0 I D 1 ( 4 ,2 ) ( 5 % ) 0 , 6 5 0 , 5 0 -0 ,90 9 : 2 5 L o w L o ng r ig g S W c 1 4 ,8x 15 ,5 c 4 ,5 % 9 5 , 1 1 4 % 0 , 4 5 0 , 2 5 -0 ,70 9 : 3 2 W h ite M o s s E N E 1 5 , 1x 16 ,9 1 0 ,7% 1 4 , 6 2 9 % 0 , 80 0 , 601,15 9 : 3 3 W h ite M o s s W S W c 1 5 ,8x 17 ,2 c 8 , 1% 1 3 4 , 0 1 6 % 0 , 80 0 , 60 1,20 1 0 :9 D u mp it H i l l N E c 1 0 ,8 I D 1 0 3 , 4 1 2 % 0 , 4 5 0 , 40 -0 , 55 1 0 :10 D u mp it H i ll S W c 1 0 ,2 I D 9 11 ( 3 ,4 ) ( 3 % ) 0 , 60 0 , 50 -0 ,75 1 0 :12 F i ve S t a n e s c 6 ,0 I D 8 ( 2 ,2 ) ( 5 % ) 0 , 70 0 , 50 -0 ,85 1 0 :17 M u dbe cks id e ( 1 8 ,0 ( I D ) 1 13 ( I D ) ? ( 0 ,50 ) ( c 0 ,45 -0 ,55 ) 1 2 :1 1 E y am M o o r I I c 1 2 ,3 x 13 ,0 c 5 ,4% 8 9 ( 5 , 1) ( 7 % ) 0 , 65 0 , 25 1,10 1 2 : 14 H a nd s ome C r o s s ( 7 ,5x 6 ,5 I D I 0 ( 12 + ) I D ? I D I D 1 2 : 19 S e ven S t o n e s o f H o rd ro n c 1 5 ,2x 15 ,9 c 4 ,4% 1 6 3 , 0 2 8 % 0 , 70 0 , 45 -0 ,95 1 3 :12 C i r c le 2 7 5 4 , 1x 3 ,8 7 , 3 % 5 2 , 3 3 2 % ( c 0 ,50 ) 0 , 45 -0 ,55 1 3 :2 4 H a foty c 1 2 ,2 I D c 9 ? I D ? ( 0 ,9 0 ) ( 0 ,75 1,45 ) 1 3 :46 T r e ca s t le M o u n ta in S W c 8 ,0 I D 1 2 13 ? 2 , 0 3 0 % 0 , 90 0 , 75 1,0 5 P o s s ib le S i tes 1 0 :5 D e l f H i l l c 4 ,5 ( I D ) 6 7 ? I D ? ( c 0 ,50 ) I D 1 3 :48 YF o e l F r e ch c 1 1 ,0 I D 1 0 ( 10 12 ? ) I D I D I D S m a ll 1 8 : 5 8 : 10 8 : 20

S o u th We s t S c o t t ish C e n t re -S tone S i te s ( F 22 ) 2 3 4 5 C l a ug h re id 9 , 1x 10 ,5 1 3 ,3 % 9 E l d r ig L o ch c 3 ,5 -5 ,0 I D I 0 (5 + ) L a irdm an n o c k 6 , 3x 6 ,4 1 , 6 % 1 0

6 3 , 4 I D 2 , 0

- 1 24 -

7 8 1 0 % I D ? ( c 0 ,3 5 ) 1 0 1 ( c 0 ,20 )

9 (? 0 ,40 ) ( 0 ,3 0 -0 ,45 ) c 0 ,10 -0 ,30

1 0 I D U I D I D U ? U U U U U U I D U ? I D U ? U I D U ? I D I D

1 0 U I D U

S m a l l 1 8 : 15 8 : 2 5 8 : 2 6 1 0 :1 1 0 :4 1 0 :19 1 0 :2 2 1 2 :18 1 5 :6 1 5 :7

C i r cle s w i th 1 2 t a l l s t on e s ( F 23 ) 3 4 5 2 c 3 ,5x 3 ,8 c 7 ,9% 5 H a res tan e s N i ne S t o n e s c 6 ,4 I D 7 9 c 6 ,5x 7 ,0 c 7 , 1% 9 N i n es ton e R i g g A p p le t re e w i c k c 8 ,7x 7 ,5 c 1 3 ,8% 6 c 1 5 ,5 I D 1 0 11 C h ee th a s C l o s e c 9 ,0 ( I D ) c 1 4 S i mo n bu rn W a lsh aw D e an c 1 1 ,0 I D 1 0 12 c 7 ,5 I D 8 ? S e ven B r id e ro n H a mp ton D o wn c 6 ,2x 8 , 1 c 2 3 ,5 1 8 ? 8 , 8x 7 ,9 1 0 ,2 1 1 0 N i ne S t o n e s

6 2 , 3 ( 2 ,4 ) 2 , 3 4 , 0 I D ( I D ) I D I D 2 , 8 ? 2 , 6

L a rg e r C i r c le s w i t h S m a l l S t one s ( F 2 4 ) 1 2 3 4 5 c 2 7 ,2 I D 1 2 14 8 : 7 D r ann a nd o w 8 ; 8 D r umm o re c 2 6 ,0 I D 1 0 (9 + ) 8 : 9 E a st H i l l c 2 0 ,0 I D 9 12 c 1 9 ,2 I D 9 12 8 : 3 4 W h iteh o la R i g g c 1 9 , 5 x 2 1 , 3 c 8 , 5 % 1 6 ? 9 : 2 4 L o w L o n g r ig g N E 1 0 :16 I l d e rton c 3 6 ,0x 29 ,0 ( I D ) c 1 6 -22 1 :4 S l edd a le c 2 8 ,0x33 ,5 c 1 6 ,5 % 1 7 -20 P o s s ib le s i t e 8 : 17 H o lm o f c 1 9 ,2x 2 6 ,2 c 2 6 ,7% 1 5 ? D a lto lo cha n

6 ( 6 ,5 ) I D I D ( 6 ,3 ) ( 4 ,3 ? ) I D 4 , 9

4 , 8

S m a ll C i rcle s w i th t a l l s t o n es ( F 25 ) 1 2 4 5 3 9 : 28 T h e R i ng le n S t o n e s c 1 5 ,0 I D 1 0 ( 10 + ) c 9 ,6 I D 7 8 1 0 :8 D u dd o F o u r S t o ne s 1 0 :18 N u n w i c k P a r k c 8 ,5 I D 1 0 (5 + ) 1 : 1 B l a ke y T o p p in g c 1 6 ,5 I D 1 E5 + ) 1 2 :16 N i ne S t on e C l o se c 1 2 ,0 13 ,5 I D 8 9 1 4 :2 7 D u loe c 1 1,7x 10 ,2 c 1 2 ,8 % 8 1 5 : 15 W i n te rb ou rn e A b ba s c 6 ,0 -8 ,0 I D c 7 ? P o s s ibl e S i te s 1 0 :6 D o dd in g to n M o o r c 1 2 ,2 ? I D I D c 1 2 ,0 ? I D 8 9 ? 1 3 :3 B r yng w n S t one s t on es ( F 2 6 ) L a rge r c i r c le s w i th t a l l s 1 2 3 4 c 1 8 ,0 I D 9 : 1 A n na s id e c 2 4 ,5x2 7 ,0 I D 9 : 12 G r ey C r o ft c 2 3 ,0 I D 9 : 15 H a ll F o s s 9 : 16 K e mp H o w e P o s s ib le S i te s 8 : 16 H i gh A u ch en la r ie 1 3 :3 8 P e nb e d w P a r k

7 1 6 % ( 2 9 % ) 2 3 % 2 % ? ? ? ? 4 7 % 2 8 %

6

8 9 1 0 0 , 95 0 , 90 1,0 0 S ( SE ) 0 , 60 0 , 40 -0 ,90 S ( ESE ) I D ( l ow ? ) 2 6 ? (S W /S ) 0 , 55 0 , 4 5 -0 ,70 S ( S ) ( 0 , 6 5 ? ) ( 0 ,55 -0 ,85 ? )S ? (N ) 0 , 3 0 c 0 ,20 -0 ,50 2 5 (5 ) c 0 ,75 I D S ( S ) ( l o w ) I D S ( ? ) I D I D I 0 (0 ? ) 0 , 70 0 , 55 -0 ,9 0 2 S (WN W /NW )

7 8 1 5 % ( 0 ,5 0 ) ? I D ? ( l o w ) ( 6 % ) ( c 0 ,70 ) ( 1 7 % ) 0 , 6 5 ? I D 1 7 % I D

2 7 1

7

I D 5 , 0 I D I D ( 4 ,7 ) 3 , 5

( 0 ,9 5 )

1 0

I D 1 , 9 0 ( c 2 ,40 ) ( c 1 ,8 0 ) ( 2 ,0 5 ) 1 , 8 5

I D 1 , 50 -2 ,30 I D I D ( 1 ,95-2 ,20 ) 0 , 95-2 ,65

I D U I D I D I D U

I D

I D

( l a rge )

I D ( 6 ,4 )

? ?

( 1 ,40 ) ( 3 ,5 0 )

I D

c 1 5 17

I D

c 1 9 ,8x 14 ,3 c 3 0 ,0

I D I D

1 0 ( 13 ? ) c 1 112

( 4 ,3 ) ( 8 ,7 )

- 1 25 -

( 0 ,6 0 1,50 ) S ? (S SW )

9

?

c 2 5 ,0

1 0 U ? I D I D S ? (ES E ) U I D 2 S (S E )

8

I D

6 I D ( c 5 ,2 ? ) I D

3 ( 0 ,45 -0 ,80 ) I D (? 0 ,9 0 ) ( 0 ,50 1 ,20 ) 0 , 3 0 1,2 0 c 0 ,5 51,65 ? (? 0 ,70 )

8 ( t a l l) 1 , 50 ( t a l l)

( 1 ,20 1,75 ) I D ( 3 ,05 -3 ,96 ) I D

1 0 I D I D I D , A 0 ? (N ) ( t a l l ) (? 2 ,40 ) I D ,AV (N ) ? 1 5 %

3 I D 1 , 2 51,95 I D

( 1 ,20 ) ( 0 ,9 0 1,50 ) I D ( 1 ,00 ) ( 0 ,40 1,60 ) G ? (SW )

T able 2 0 : S cc r ttis l i P latform C ircles - S ou th ; C lass L ( f o r ak e y s e e t a b le 4 ) S m a ll c i r cle s w i th l o w s t on e s ( S P S ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : 9 D r u id s T e mp le 8 , 2x 9 ,2 1 0 ,9 % 1 0 2 , 7 2 3 % 0 , 65 P o s sib le S i te s 1 0 :3

C a st e rt on

1 8 ,6x 19 ,0

K e rb C a irn V a r ia n t s ( S P 6 ) 1 2 3 9 : 4 B l eab e rry H a w s c 4 ,2x 4 ,6 9 : 7 B r oo t r ig g B 3 , 0x 4 ,2 9 : 2 6 M o o r D i v o ck 4 c 4 ,8x 5 ,5

2 , 1% 1 9 -2 2 ?

4 c 8 ,7 1 2 8 ,6 1 1 2 ,7 %

5 8 9 7 1

3 0 %

( l o w )

0 , 05 -0 ,50

I D

6 1 , 6 1 , 5 1 , 6

7 1 2 % 3 7 % 2 3 %

8 0 , 45 0 , 6 5 0 , 70

9 0 , 30-0 ,70 0 , 501,0 5 0 , 40 -0 ,95

1 0 U I D U

6 1 , 9

7 3 5 1

3 , 6

3 5 %

G r a d ed K e rb C a irn V a r ian t ( S P8 ) 1 2 3 1 2 :8 D o l l T o r c 5 ,9x 4 ,5

6 2 , 6

7 1 7 %

5 6

T able 2 1 : Embanked S tone C ircles : C l&ss L ( f o r ak e y s e e t a b le 4 ) S m a ll c i rc le s w i th l o w s t on e s ( E SC 1) 1 Z 3 4 5 8 : 2 4 N e th e r D o d c 8 ,5 I D c 1 2 % I D 1 0 :11 1 0 :2 1 1 :3 1 2 :2 1 2 :10

E g g le s to n T w e lv e A p o s t le s H a r lan d M o o r A s h C a b in F l a t E y am M o o r I

7 ?

I D c 1 5 ,0 c 1 9 ,0x2 0 ,0 c 4 ,4x 5 ,5 c 7 ,7x8 ,0

I D I D ( I D ) c 2 0 1 I D

c 1 0 ,6x 11,4

c 7 ,0 %

1 2 :20 S m e lt ing H i l l

c 7 ,5

I D

9 10

( 2 ,2 )

?

1 3 :35 M y nyd d yG e l l i P o sse le, G ite s

1 0 ,7x9 ,1

c 1 5 1

1 5 ?

( c 1,4 )

?

1 2 :7 B r own E d g e c 7 ,5x 6 ,0 1 2 : 13 G i bbe t M o o r S o u th c 1 0 ,5x 13 ,0

c 2 0 1 1 9 ,2 %

I D I D

I D I D

1 3 :1 B e dd G u r fa l 1 3 :33 M o e l F a be n

( I D ) ( I D )

I D I D

I D I D

1 2 :15 N i ne L a d ie s

c 4 ,0 c 5 ,0

I D ( 14 + ) c 1 6 -20 I D (9 + ) 4 9 ? 9 1

S m a ll C i rc le w i th c l o se se t s t on e s ( E SC2 ) 1 2 3 1 0 :14 G r ub ston e s 9 , 6x c l0 ,7 c 1 0 ,3 % 2 8 -3 2

1 0 U

2 , 9 ?

S m a ll c i r cle s w i th 1 2 t a ll s t on e s ( S P 7 ) 1 : 2 3 4 ß 8 : 2 3 L o u p in S t an e s c 1 0 ,412 ,4 c 1 6 ,11 1 7 18 P o s s ib le S i te 9 : 2 1 L e a ce t H i l l c 1 0 ,2x 1 1 ,3 c 9 ,71 9

4 2 3 ,71

9 0 , 20 1,00

I D I D I D I D ( 2 ,5 )

? ( 1 2 % )

3 , 1

1 9 %

6 1 , 0

- 1 26 -

? ?

8 9 1 0 ( 0 ,40 ) ( 0 ,30 -0 ,60 ) 2 S (W SW ) 0 , 80

8 0 , 8 5

0 , 501,20

S ? (S E )

9 0 , 801,00

1 0 6 ? (W )

8 _ 9 1 0 ( 0 ,60 ) ( 0 ,45 -0 ,75 ) I D , E T (S W ) ( l ow ) I D I D ( c 0 ,75 ) (c0 ,60 -0 ,90 ) I D I D (? 1 ,00 ) I D 0 , 45 0 , 40-0 ,55 U ? ( 0 ,25 ) ( 0 ,15-0 ,30 ) I D ,E T ? ( N N W ) 0 , 75 0 , 45-0 ,90 U ? A O (W S W ) ( 0 ,75 ) ( 0 ,75 ) I D , E T (N N E ) ( 0 ,60 ) I D I D ( 0 ,75 ) ( 0 ,60 -0 ,9 0 ) I D I D I D I D , E T (S S W ) I D (?c 1,0 0 ) I D I D I D I D

7 3 6 %

8 0 , 50

9 0 , 30 -0 ,75

1 0 U ?

S m a l l C i rc le s w i th 1 2 t a l l s t o n e s ( E S C 3 ) 1 2 3 4 1 2 :4 B a rb ro o k 1 1 2 ,5x 14 ,5 1 3 ,8 1 1 2 :5 B a rb roo k I c 1 3 ,7x 14 ,7 6 , 8 % 1 2 :9

S 1 3 9 + ?

6 3 , 3 ( 3 ,7 ?)

7 2 1 ( 6 41 ?)

8 0 , 50 0 , 60

9 0 , 3 5 -0 ,70 0 , 45 -0 ,7 0

0 , 50

0 , 3 5 -0 ,7 5

E w de n B e c k

c 1 4 ,7x 1S ,9

c 7 ,5 1

1 4 15 ?

3 , 0

1 9 %

1 2 : 17 P a r k G a te 1 2 :2 1 S t a n ton M o o r I

c 1 1,8 x 12 ,4 1 0 ,0x 9 ,0

( 4 ,8 1 I D

2 0 ? I D

1 , 8 I D

2 1 % ?

0 , 5 5 0 , 30 1 ,0 0 ( 0 ,45 ) ( 0 ,40 -0 ,50 )

1 2 :2 2 S t a n ton M o o r I V 1 2 :2 3 S t o ke F l a t

c 1 1 ,8x 13 ,3 c 1 1,3 1 c 1 1 ,7 I D

1 ? c 1 6 ?

( 3 ,7 ) ( 2 ,2 )

( 1 1% ) ( 1 6 % )

( 0 ,4 5 ) ( 0 ,30 -0 ,60 ) ( 0 ,45 ) 0 , 3 0 -0 ,S S

1 0 ,2 % 8 , 7 %

7 8 1 2

( 5 ,0 ) 1 , 8

2 4 % 4 5 %

( 0 ,50 ) ( 0 ,40 -0 ,70 ) ( 0 ,65 ) ( 0 ,45 1 ,0 0 )

S m a l l C i r cle s w i th G r ad ed S t on e s ( E S C 4 ) 1 2 3 4 1 2 :3 B a m fo rd M o o r S o u th 7 , 9x 6 ,8 1 3 ,9 1

S 6

6 3 , 7

7 2 3 1

6 ( c 4 ,7 ) 5 , 6

7 2 0 % 1 9 %

1 3 : 13 C i r cle 2 7 8 1 3 :3 4 M o e l G o ed o g W e s t

1 ,Sx 12 ,8 6 , 3 x 6 ,9

L a rg e r C i r c le s w i th s t a ll s t o n e s ( E S C 5 ) 1 2 3 4 1 0 :2 C a rpe rby 2 ,8x 2 6 ,4 c 1 3 ,6% 1 2 :2 4 W e t W i the n s 2 9 ,7x3 0 ,9 3 , 9 %

1 8 -20 1 6 18

L a rg e r C i r cles w i th 1t a lle r s t o n e ( E S C6 ) 1 2 3 4 1 2 :6 B a rb roo k I I c 2 3 ,4x 2 6 ,2 1 0 ,7% S m a ll C i r cle s w i th t a l l s t o n e s ( E S C 7 ) 1 2 3 4 1 :2 O a nb y R i g g N o rth c 1 2 ,8 I D P o s s ib le , S it u 8 : 30 T h e T h ie v e s c 7 ,6x 9 ,0 c 1 5 ,5 % 9 : 17 K o ps tone ( 1 7 ,5 I D 1 4 :6 8 T r ehu d re th D o wn c 8 ,0 I D

3 ; 38 D ating S everal C 14 s eries

o f

d ates 7

s tatistically

a re

d ates

f ood

c ontemporary c ontaining

S 1 0 (4 + )

6 I D

a ssociated f rom

T hree

a re

t he

c ollared

f rom

u rns

o f

f rom

a re

s tratigraphic b etween

s ites

c orrelation

p rimary

1 500bc±150(BN-179) w as

a ll

a ccompanied

a nd

d oes

s econdary

c ane b y

f rom

a

c ollared

N oel

c entral

( one

G oedog

w hich

c an

d ates a nd

a llow

o f

a re

u ncertainly

s o),

A t

- 1 27 -

A t

s hown

b e

p its

1 685bc±70(CAR-165), a nd

B arbrook B rown

a n

t o

S econdary

d istinctions

u nder a s mall

u rn .

b e

a nd

1 515bc±70(CAR-166). c ontexts

a

a rea

o rthostats .

c ontexts .

f rom a b urial

A t

t he

t hese

c entral

n ot

( 0 ,8 0 -2 ,25 ) I D ( 1 ,6 5 ) I D 1 , 2 0 1,55 I D

1 660bc±70(CAR-162),

p rovided

1 515bc±70(CAR-164)

o ther

c lass .

w ithin

t he

1 645bc±70(CAR-163), 3

t his

c ontexts

e rection

1 0 S ( SW )

8 9 1 0 ( c 1 ,70 ) ( c 1,6 51,8 0 ) I D ( 1 ,70 ) ( 1 ,6 5 ) 1 , 3 5

o f

1 0 I D U ?

9 0 , 40 -0 ,8 0

( 1 6 % ) ? ?

p its

1 0 G ? (E /S E )

9

8 c O ,S 0

7

1 550bc±70(CAR-160),

v essel,

8

7

w ith

9 0 , 40 -0 ,6 5

( c 0 ,60 ) I D 0 . 50 0 , 2 5-0 ,70

7 2 5 %

( 3 ,2 ) I D I D

i ndistinguishable .

w ith 2

6 3 , 2

c 7 -8 % I D 6 8

d erived

1 495bc±70(CAR-161), e nlarged

5 2 5

8 0 , 5 5

1 0 S ( SW ) S ( WSW ) E I (N E ) E SS E ) E T (NN W / S E ) U S ) E T (NN E / S W ) E T (S ) S ( SSW ) E T (SS W / N E ) S ( WS W ) S ? (WN W )

h ence t o I I

D ates l ack

b e a

o f

d rawn

d ate

o f

o ff-centre c airn a nd E dge

t hree

d ates ,

1 530bc±150(BM-212), 1 250bc±150(BM-211), f rom c entral d eposits , o ne a ccompanied d eposit i n

a nd 1 050bc±150(BM-177), c ame b y a c ollared u rn . A f ourth

w as a ccompanied b y a c ollared u rn a nd a p ygmy c up .

N orth

W ales

d ates

o f

1 520bc±145(NPL-11)

b een o btained f rom i nternal p it h ere .

f eatures .

a nd

A t C ircle 2 78

1 404bc±155(NPL-10)

h ave

A c ollared u rn w as a lso f ound i n a

S imilar m onuments t o t hose d escribed a bove h ave p roduced c omparable E arlier B ronze A ge a rtefacts . A t S tanton M oor I , 5 c ollared u rns , 2 c ordoned

u rns ,

3 p ygmy

c ups

a nd

i nterior . A t t he D ruids T emple , f rom i nternal p its .

a b ronze

a wl,

h ave

b een

f ound

i n

t he

a c ollared u rn a nd a s andstone d isc c ame

W hile t he m ajority o f t he d ata c ould p erhaps b e a rgued t o r elate t o l ater u se, r ather t han i nitial c onstruction o f s ites , t he g eneral i mpression i s o f a n E arlier B ronze A ge d ate . H owever , t his d ata m ay n ot a pply a re

t o

t he

s ituated

u tilised

i n

c lass

a s

a w hole .

T he

i n u pland s ituations t he

E arlier

B ronze

s ites

w hich

p rovide

d ating e vidence

w hich w ere p robably f irst A ge

( with

t he

e xception

e xtensively

o f

d ebatable

e vidence f rom G rey C roft a nd D uloe - s ee b elow ). T he d ate o f l owland c lass L c ircles i s f ar m ore u ncertain . U nlike t he u pland s ites , t hese f requently

h ave

t all

C ircles f urther n orth N eolithic o rigins .

s tones

a nd

( class K )

h ence

c ould

b e

c ompared

w ith

Small

w hich c an b e d emonstrated t o h ave L ater

D a ta o f u n certa in u t ility A t D u loe , aT r ev is ker u r n w a s f o und n e a r t h e b a se o f o n e o f t h e o r thostats b u t t h is m a y h a ve b e en a s e conda ry i n se rt ion , A t D a nby R i gg , t w o c o llared u r ns w e re f o und i n t h e i n te rio r a n d a t G r ey C r o ft a j e t r i ng w a s f o und i n t h e c e nt ra l c a irn , Ap o lished-axe f r agment w a s a l so f o und a t G r ey C r o ft b u t t h is w a s u n st rat ified a n d h e n ce m a y b e ac a sua l d i sca rd w i th n o a s so cia tion w i th t h e m o nument , T h ree s i tes w i th i n terna l p l atfo rms h a ve p r odu ced E a rlier B r onze A g e f i nds , b u t , b e cause o f u n certa in s t ratig raph ic r e lationsh ips b e tween o r thostats a n d c a irn , i t i s a g a in u n clea r i f t h ese a r e p r ima ry o r s e conda ry , A t D o ll T o r , ab i con ica l u r n , 3 4 b i con ica l o r c o rdon ed u r ns , a n d 3 4 p y gmy c u p s , h a ve b e en f o und w i th in t h e c i rcle , A t L e a cet H i ll , af o od v e sse l , ap y gmy c u p a n d 5c o llared u r ns w e re f o und , a n d a t M o o r D i vo ck a f o od v e sse l c a me f r om t h e i n te rio r , 3 : 39 D istribution

( figs .

2 3 ,38)

C ircles o f c lass L a re f ound t hroughout t he s outhern h alf t here i s n o s ignificant d istributional g ap b etween t hese s mall

m onuments f urther n orth

s outh

o f

t he

P eak

( class K ).

D istrict/North

p ockets i n s outheast W ales ,

H owever ,

W ales ;

t hey

a re

s mall

o f B ritain a nd a nd e quivalent

c ircles a re r are

c onfined

t o

i solated

D orset a nd C ornwall.

T he d istributions o f v arious s ub-types o f c lass L h ave a lready b een c ommented u pon ; t he o nly d iscrete d istributional b ias i n a rchitectural f orm i s t he s mall g roup o f c entre s tone s ites i n s outhwest S cotland ( where 2 -3 l arger s ites a lso h ave c entral s ettings - c lass D ). T wo s ubg roups ( L ;F24,26 - s ee 3 : 37) o ccur i n C umbria a nd S outhwest S cotland , a nd t hese

m ay b e

o ther r egions

f unctional

e quivalents

D artmoor S tone-Row c ircles ;

c ircle .

i n

c lass X

3 :i0 C haracteristics ( figs . ' 1 6-47) T hese 2 4-31 s mall s ites a re e ach s tone r ow ,

t o m oderate-diameter c ircles

( classes D ,E ,H ,I).

a c haracteristic

n ot

u sually

p ositioned

a t

o ne

e nd

o f

a

n ormally f ound i n o ther c lasses o f s tone

T hey s tand o ut c learly f rom o ther s mall

c ircles b ecause o f t heir

l arge n umber o f o rthostats a nd n arrow s tone-spacing , a nd r espect c ould b e s een a s d iminutive v ersions o f W estern

- 1 28 -

i n t hese I rregular

C ircles ( class C ). T hey a re i rregularly s haped r ings . T he m uch

o f

m ajority

t he

o f

o f

s mall

r ings s urround

i nterior s pace,

b etween c airn e dge a symmetrically p laced , c ontrast,

t he

b uilt

u sually

u ngraded s tones w hich

an

w ith

i nternal

a g ap o f

c airn

b etween

l ie

w hich 0 .5

o n

f ills

a nd

1 .5m

a nd s tone c ircle . T hese c airns a re o ften s ometimes t ouching t he c ircle i n o ne q uadrant. I n

t he s tone r ows a re c losely a ligned o n t he c ircle c entres .

T his

m ay i mply t hat t he c entral c airns a re s econdary f eatures ( but t heir f requency a rgues a gainst t his). O nly a t T rowlesworthy E ast, S haugh M oor , J oan

F ord

N ewtake

a nd

C holwichtown

W aste,

b ut i n a ll c ases i t i s l ikely t hat t heir absence ( see C hapter 6 ). T he

a re

n o

c airns

l ater d isturbance

p resent

t oday ,

i s r esponsible

f or

m ajority o f s ites a re a butted b y a s ingle o r d ouble r ow o f

l ow

s tones . O nly a t F ernworthy S E , H arford M oor a nd J oan F ord N ewtake i s n o r ow p resent ( and g roups M ; DR3 ,4 - s ee b elow). I n a ll t hese c ases t hey a re

n ear

r obbing

i ntakes a nd t he r ows m ay w ell o f

o bserved r emoved .

s tones .

a t

E lsewhere

s everal

s ites

t he

w here

n ot

a ll

o f

s uch

s tones

a

o f

p rocess

t he

r ow

c an

h ave

b e

b een

T he o nly t riple r ows abutting c ircles a re a t C osdon B eacon a nd Y ar I n t he f ormer c ase i t c an b e a rgued t hat t his c omprises a s ingle

T or .

r ow w ith a d ouble

r ow a dded a t

a l ater d ate .

a nd h ard t o a ssess i n r espect o f e nd .

A

r ows

o ther

w ith

p oorly

m ore

t han

Y ellowmead

( 8?);

b oth

5 :12).

o nly

o ther

T he

S tall M oor ; t his b elow a nd 3 : 9).

p reserved 3

l ines

h ave

s ites

o ccur

l arger

s tone

Y ar

T or

r ow

i s

r uined

h ave

h ave c lass X c ircles a t o ne c airns w ithout s urrounding n either .

a t

C orringdon

H ybrid

C ircles

c ircle

i s a n a typical

T he

i ts p hases o f c onstruction .

N ot a ll t he s tone r ows o f D artmoor s maller p roportion h ave s imple

c ircles ,

w as

h ave b een r emoved b y d ifferential

r esults

s ite

o n

D artmoor

i n s everal

T he B all

o nly ( 7

a ttached

a butted r espects

b y

a typical

l ines)

a nd

( class

D -see

a r ow

i s

a t

( Class C - s ee

A r ecent s tudy o f D artmoor R ows ( Emmett 1 979) c oncluded t hat t here n o o verall p attern t o t heir d esign . H owever , t his s tudy f ailed t o

a ccount f or s ubsequent d estruction o f f eatures . W hen s ites a re a ssessed a ccording t o t he g eneral s tate o f p reservation o f t he r ow e nds , a nd p roximity o f i ntake w alls e tc, p atterns e merge ( cf B arnatt 1 987b). T he c ircles a nd c airns a re u sually p laced a t t he u pslope e nd o f r ows a nd t he o nly m ajor e xceptions t o t his o ccur w here r ows a re f ound i n ' monument c omplexes ', a s f or e xample a t S hovel D own . H ere t he r ows c haracteri stically f ollow o n f rom l eads t o t he ' upper ' e nd

e ach o ther ; t he u ndulating t opography t hus o f s ome r ows b eing d ownslope . A t X errivale

N orth , t he c ircle i s u niquely p laced m idway a long a r ow , r ow p ossibly b eing a dded a t a l ater d ate .

o ne h alf o f t he

F igure 4 6 :

E xamples o f D artmoor S tone-Row C ircles ( class X ); B rown H eath ( 14:11), D own T or ( 14:23), T rowlesworthy E ast ( 14:70), a ll B arnatt u npublished .

F igure 4 7 :

E xamples o f D artmoor S tone-Row C ircles

( class X );

N orth ( 14:51), D rizzlecombe N NW ( 14:25), ( 14:61), a ll B arnatt u npublished .

- 1 29 -

X errivale

S hoveldown S E

• •

.•

•

•

•

c e

Is *

4. 1

•

0

e t

l o ok

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4 11 1 ,

d o .

I n m any c ases w here p reservation i s g ood , i s g iven f urther emphasis b y a g radual p articularly t all 2 . 0m t all a djacent

m enhir a t

a nd s tand o ut t o

t hem

( the

t he

u pper e nd .

i n s trong c ontrast

o nly

I rregular C ircle a t S tall

n otable

t he u pper e nd o f

i ncrease

T hese

m enhirs a re

t o t he

e xception

t he r ow

i n s tone h eight a nd/or a

t o

o ften o ver

c ircles a nd/or c airns

t his

i s a t

t he

W estern

M oor w hich h as l ow s tones i mmediately a djacent

t o t he c ircle). T he ' lower ' e nds o f n ormally s imple t erminal f eatures

w hatsoever ,

t he r ows a re c haracterised b y l ess c omplexity ; m enhirs e xist, b ut o ccasionally t here a re n o

a s

d emonstrated

b y

e xcavation

a t

C holwichtown

W aste . A s w ith

w ell

abutting

p reserved r ows ,

t he s ame

m onument

c airn).

I n

t he

( but

c ontrast,

D artmoor two

S tone-Row

s hould

b e

C ircles

v iewed a s

a re

n ormally

i ntegral

f ound

c omponents

o f

w ith t he c ircle s o m etimes s ubstituted b y a s imple i n

o ther

c lasses

o f

c ircle

w here

r ows

a re

o ccasionally f ound ( classes C ,D ,K ,L), t he r ows a re u sually a djacent b ut n ot a ligned o n t he c ircles a nd s hould b e c onsidered a s s eparate e lements c ombining t o f orm a m onument c omplex t he D artmoor r ow-complex c ircles

( see 4 :4).

T he

l atter t ype

i ncludes

( D ;F7).

S i tes o f u n ce rta in c l a ss i fi ca t ion T h e m a jo r ity o f c l a s s Ms i t e s a r e o f s i m i la r d e s ign , b u t an u mb e r o f v a r ian t f o rt s a l so e x is t , I n 4 c a s e s ( M ;DR2 /3 ) t h e re i s m o re t h an o n e r i n g o f o r tho s ta ts , H o w ev e r , o n ly o n e o f t h e se , S h o v e ld o w n S E ( M ;DR 2 ) , h a s 3c l e a r ly d e fin ed r i ng s ( s e e a l so Y e llowl ead - c l a ss 0 ; 3 : 12 ) , T h e o t he r t h re e s i tes ( M ;D R3 ) h a v e i r reg u la r ly p l a ced s t on e s w h ich m a y n e ve r h a ve b e e n d e s ign ed t o c o n fo rm t o c l e a rly d e fin ed r i n g s , T h e se s i te s a p pe a r t o b e am i dwa y s t a ge i n ac o n t in uu m b e tw een t r ue s t on e c i r c le s a n d a r a re c l a s s o f s i te r e cen t ly i d en t i fie d o n D a rtm oo r ( R ob in so n a n d 6 r e ev e s 1 9 8 1) , T h e se c o mp r ise m u lt ip le , c r u d e ly con ce n t ric r i n gs o f v e ry l o w , n e a rcon t ig u ou s s t on e s , t h e o v e ra ll e f fe ct b e in g o f a l o w c o n t in u ou s ' b an kli ke ' s t ru ctu re , B o th t h e M ; DR3 r i n g s a n d t h e ' m u lt ip le s t on er in g s ' a r e f o un d a d ja cen t t o s t on e r o w s , r a th e r t h an a b u t t in g t h e m , A n o th e r c l a s s Mv a r ian t f o rm i s r e co rd e d a t d e s t roy ed s i te s a t B r o ad D o wn i n e a s t D e vo n ( M ;DR4 ) , H e re 3 s i tes w i th in a l i n e a r b a r row g r ou p , e a ch h a d ar i ng o f l o w , s p a ced s t one s a t t h e o u te r e d g e o f ad i tch s u r rou n d ing a l a rge b a r ro w , T h e s e a r e i n clud ed i n t h e c o rpu s b e cau se o f t h e i r s i m i la r ity t o D a rtmo o r S t one -R o w C i rcle s , H o w ev e r , i t i s d o u b t fu l w h eth e r t h e s e r i ng s s h o u ld b e t r ea te d a s t r u e s t o n e c i r c le s , I n f u n ct iona l t e rm s t h e s t on e r i ng s a r e m o re l i ke ly t o b e v a r ian t o n t h e t h e m e o f e x t e rna l b a r row b a n ks , O n e c l a ss o f m o n um en t o n D a rtm oo r , s o m e t im e s r e fe r red t o a s s t o n e c i rc le s , i s av a r ia n t f o rm o f k e rb ca irn w i th s p a ced o r tho sta t ic k e rb , T h e se s i te s c a n n o t b e c o n fu sed w i th c l a ss M r i ng s w h e n w e ll p r e se rve d ; t h ey a r e t y p i ca lly s m a lle r , h a v e t h e ir i n te r io rs c o m p le te ly f i l led w i th c a irn m a t e r ia l , s u r roun d ac e n t ra l c i s t a n d n e v e r h a v e a b u t t in g s t on e r o w s , T able 2 2 D artmoor S tone _ Row C ircles:

( f o r ak e y s e e t a b le 4 ) S i m p le C i r cle s ( D R 1 ) 1 2 3 4 5 1 4 :2 A s sy com be H i l l c 8 ,5x8 ,0 I D c 2 2 -2 7 1 4 :11 B r own H e a th 9 , 8x9 ,4 4 , 11 1 8 -22 1 4 : 12 B u r fo rd D o wn c 9 ,7 I D c 1 415 1 4 : 13 B u tte rdo n H i l l c 1 1 ,0x 1 1,5 1 0 1 9 1 4 : 15 C h o lw i ch to wn W a s te 5 , 6x 4 ,4 2 1 ,4% 9 1 4 : 16 C o lla rd T o r c 7 ,8 I D 1 3 1 4 : 18 C o rr in gd on B a ll N W c 8 ,7 I D c 1 0 1 4 :2 0 C o sd o n B e a co n c 6 ,5x 7 ,0 I D c 1 4 15 ?

C lass l t

6 ( 0 ,9 ) 1 , 5 ( 2 ,1) 1 , 9

7 ( 2 6% ) ( 2 9 % ) ( 1 4% ) 1 4 %

1 , 8 ( 1 ,9 )

2 9 % ( 1 9 % )

( 2 ,5 ) ( 1 ,4 )

( 2 0 % ) ( 7 % )

- 1 32 -

8 0 , 3 5 0 , 8 5 0 , 70 c 1 ,0 0

9 0 , 2 5 -0 ,60 0 , 5 0 1 ,55 0 , 40 -0 ,90 c 0 ,60 1 ,3 5

1 0 U U U U

0 , 9 0 0 , 60 1, 15 U 0 , 75 0 , 60 1 ,00 U 0 , 5 0 0 , 3 5

0 , 2 5 -0 ,6 5 0 , 2 5 -0 ,50

U U

1 4 :2 3 D o wn T o r 1 ,7 x 12 ,1 3 , 3% 2 3 1 4 :2 4 D r izz le co m be C e n t ra l c 8 ,0 x 8 ,3 I D 1 1 4 :2 6 D r iz z le co m be S E c 1 0 ,0 x 10 ,8 c 7 ,4 % 1 6 17 1 4 :3 1 F e rnw o rth y S W c 9 ,5 I D c 1 7 -20 1 4 :3 5 H e r fo rd M o o r c 1 4 ,5 I D I D 1 4 :3 6 H a rto r 8 , 5x c9 ,0 c 5 ,5 % 1 5 1 4 :40 J o an F o rd N e w ta ke c 7 ,6 I D 1 8 ? 1 4 :43 L a keh ead H i l l c 8 ,0x 6 ,7 I D 1 0 ? 1 4 :5 1 M e rr iva le N o rth 3 , 7x c4 ,4 c 1 5 ,9 % 1 0 1 4 :52 M e rr iva le S o u th c 6 ,5 I D I D 1 4 :5 6 R i n gmo o r D o w n c 1 2 ,7 I D 1 6 ? 1 4 :5 8 S h au gh M o o r c 1 2 ,4 I D I D 1 4 :70 T r ow le swo rth y E a s t 6 , 6x 6 ,9 4 , 3 % 9 10 1 4 :7 1 T r ow le sw o rthy W e s t c 5 ,5x 6 ,0 I D I D 1 4 :7 6 Y a r T o r c 1 0 ,0 I D c 1 7 -2 0 P o s s i b le S i t e 1 4 :3 0 F e rnw o rth y S E c 1 115 I D I D ( s ee a l so 1 4 :63 S t a ll M o o r ) S m a l l M u lt ip le C i r cles -R e g u la r ( D R 2 ) 1 2 3 4 1 4 :6 1 S h ove ldow n S E 8 , 6x 9 ,0 4 , 4% c 6 ,6 I D c 4 ,9 x 4 ,6 6 , 1% ( s e e a l so 1 4 :77 Y e l lo wme ad )

5 1 5 1 0 1 0

S m a l l M u lt ip le C i r c le s -I r re g u la r ( D R 3 ) 1 2 3 4 5 1 4 :6 B r en t F o re H i l l c 1 3 ,0 I D c 3 5 40 1 4 :2 5 D r izz le co m be N W c 9 ,7 5 I D c 1 6 c 8 ,2 5 I D c 1 5 16 1 4 :62 S t a l l D o w n c 1 4 ,4x 17 ,0 1 5 ,3 % 2 7 -32 c 9 ,6 I D 1 2 ?+ B r o ad D o wn C i r c les ( D R 4 ) 1 2 3 1 4 :8 B r oad D o w n C e n t ra l [ 2 5 ,0 1 4 :9 B r oad D o w n N I D 1 4 : 10 B r oad D o w n S I D

4 I D I D I D

5 1 5 I D I D

1 , 6

3 5 %

0 , 75

0 , 45 1 ,10

U

2 , 3 2 , 1 I D I D 1 , 9 ( 1 ,3 ) ( 2 , 1) 1 , 4 I D ( 2 ,5 ) I D

1 7 % 2 7 % ? ? 2 4 % ( 1 1% ) ( 1 4% ) 1 4 % ? ( 2 4% ) ?

0 , 5 0 0 , 40 I D ( 0 ,70 ) 0 , 75 0 , 8 5 0 , 40 0 , 40 ( 0 ,5 0 ) ( 0 ,85 ) ( 0 ,2 0 )

0 , 2 0 -0 ,75 0 , 25 -0 ,6 0 I D ( 0 ,55 1 ,00 ) 0 , 40 1 ,05 0 , 30 1 ,45 0 , 2 5-0 ,6 5 0 , 2 5 -0 ,5 5 ( 0 ,2 5 1,3 0 ) ( 0 ,75 -0 ,9 0 ) ( 0 ,10 -0 ,30 )

U U I D I D U U U U U ? U ? U

2 , 4

2 8 %

1 , 0 0

0 , 65 1,40

U

I D ( 1 ,8 )

( 2 4% )

I D

6 1 , 8 2 , 2 1 , 5

6

?

7 1 % 1 6 % 2 4 %

7

I D ( 1 ,9 ) ( 1 ,6 ) 1 , 7 I D

I D ( 1 5 % ) 2 6 %

6

7

I D I D I D

? ? ?

( 0 ,6 0 ) ( 0 ,5 5-0 ,60 ) I D ( 0 ,45 ) ( 0 ,2 5-0 ,6 5 ) U ( 0 ,40 ) ( 0 ,300 ,50 ) I D

8 0 , 45 0 , 25 0 , 20

8 0 , 15 0 , 2 0 0 , 2 0 0 , 50 0 , 3 5

8 I D I D I D

9 J O 0 , 3 5 -0 ,55 U 0 , 20 -0 ,40 U 0 , 10 0 ,25 U

9

1 0

0 , 0 5-0 ,25 0 , 15 -0 ,3 5 0 , 10-0 ,3 5 0 , 15 -0 ,75 0 , 2 5 -0 ,50

9 I D I D I D

3 :41 D ating T he e vidence f or t his c lass i s p oor . S everal o f t he s tone r ows w ere s lighted b y r eaves d uring t he B ronze A ge a nd D artmoor S tone-Row C ircles a s a w hole m ay h ave f allen o ut o f u se b y t he t ime t he r eaves w ere b uilt ( Fleming 1 983). D a ta ob i n ce rtüp u t ilit y O nD a rt r R oo r , o n ly t h e c a i rn w i th in F e rn wo rthy S E h a s p r odu ce d a r te fa cts ; al a te b e a ke r , as h a le b u tton a n d af r agm en t o f b r onz e , T h e c a irn i s o f a t y p ica l h e igh t , t h e c i r cle i s r u in ed a n d i t s s t a tu s q u e s t iona b le , N o s u rv iv in g s t one r o w r u n n in g f r om t h is c i r c le i s d o cu m en ted , A n o the r a t y p ica l s i te i s

- 1 3 ; 3 -

B r oad D o wn S o uth , w h ose s t atus i s a l so q u estionab le ( s ee 3 40 , T h e l a rge i n te rna l b a rrow c o nta ined a n E a rlie r B r onze A g e b u ria l u n de r ac e ntra l c a irn , a c compan ied b y f r agments o f ag r ooved b r onz e d a gger a n d ah a nd led s h a le c u p , 3 : 42 D istribution T his

c lass

i s

( fig .38)

c onfined

a typical s ites C ircles ( class

o n L )

f ound i n s mall

t o

D artmoor,

w ith

t he

e xception

o f

3 p ossible

B road D own a s hort d istance t o t he e ast, a re f ound o n D artmoor , w hile i n c ontrast

N o S mall t hey a re

n umbers i n o ther p arts o f s outhwestern E ngland .

F ur P osters;

c lass N

3 : 43 C haraQteristics ( figs .48-49) F our P osters h ave b een d iscussed a s a d istinct c lass o f m onument b y B url ( 1971,1976);

t he

d istinctive

a rchitecture .

s trates 1 4-24

t hat

m ain

t he

c ases)

c riteria

p icture

a re

f or

t his

H owever , i s

i ndeed

n ot

b eing

t he

t otally

d istinctive

t he

n umber

m ultivariate c lear .

S ome

m onuments ,

o f

s tones

a nalysis

F our

b eing

P osters

b uilt

a nd

d emon-

o f

( FP1; s labs

w hich c learly d efine a r ectangle r ather t han a c ircle ( and a s s uch t hey a re n ot s trictly ' stone c ircles '). I n c ontrast, i n 5 -7 c ases ( FP2) t he r ings

d efine

d iminutive t he

a

c ircle

e xamples

l atters '

r ange

a nd

o f

a s

S mall

o f

s uch

c ould

C ircles

a lternatively

( classes K , L),

a rchitectural

v ariation t o

b e

T here

n egate

v iewed

a s

i s n othing

t he

i n

p ossibility

o f t hese c lasses h aving e xamples w ith 4 o rthostats . A f urther w ell o f n ot

5 -16

F our

e nough d ocumented ,

3 s ites

a re

s tone

c omprise

i ncluded

c ircles . t all

r ectangles .

t heir

i n

T hese

m enhirs ,

I n a ll

P osters

f or

t he

( FP3)

c orpus

a re

f ound

e ach

a re

s hape

t o

f or a t

e ither

b e

c omparative

T emple

s urrounded

t hree c ases t hey a re

t oo

r uined ,

a ssessed .

b y

4

a nd

s mall

B arbreck

s labs

n ot

g roup

p urposes b ut

W ood

i ntegral

o r

A f ourth

a re a nd

d efining

p arts o f c omplex l inear

s ettings w ith f urther m enhirs t o e ither s ide. t here

T he

a verage

i s

a g eneral

s maller . a s

h eight

A lthough t here

a d iminutive

o f

I n o f

m any

( sites

a

w hole

S cotland S tone

b ut

o rthostats ,

r ectangular

I t

e xamples ,

s tones '?),

o ppositely p laced a s

t he s ites ,

i s

C ircles

a t t o

F our

P osters

d ecrease

a s

i s

t he

v ariable

b ut

m onuments

g et

s ome c ould b e r egarded

4 :1,4:13,4:15 ,4:24,5:37,6:47,7:19 ,7:50,

i s

n oteworthy

t hat

t all

s tones

c omprising s tones .

d irection s hows

e xamined a nd

t he

n one

o f

t he

c ircular

o f

n o

o ne

t o

t he

g raded

( or

C airns

t he

( classes

t all a nd/or

p reference. t rend H ,I)

i s

h ave

f orms d ue t o t he s mall

t hree

g rading ,

o rientation

s tones ,

o r

o rientation

E ven

d isplayed n ot

two

T aken

w hen i n

s trongly

o f

e astern

R ecumbent a pparent;

w hile 4 -9 s ites a re o rientated e lsewhere .

E xamples o f F our P osters F onab M oor

c rudely

O nly 5 s ites a re c learly u ngraded .

i ndependently

C lava

a re

t his t akes o n s everal

5 -7 s ites emphasize S t o S W , F igure 4 8 :

t his

t his t ype .

' directional n umber

f or

i s n o c lear-cut d ivision ,

s ub-type

8 : 6,8 :13,8 :18,8:27,12 :12). r ings a re o f

o rthostats

t endency

( 7:28),

( class N );

F our S tones

C arse F arm I ( 7:12),

( 13 :21)

a ll

a fter T hom e t a l.

1 980 . F igure 4 9 :

T he s tone s etting a t T emple W ood

F igure 5 0 :

T he d istribution o f N i ;

r e ctangular ( FP 1)

N 3 ; u nknown s hape ( FP3)

( 4:28-9)

a fter P atrick 1 979 .

F our P osters . N 2 ; c ircular ( FP2) N 4 ; c entre s tone s ettings ( SP4)

- 1 34 -

—

E i n

—

4

1-

9 4

S —

E 0

—

E U )

X

—

N

• •

428 / % 9 . * / 4 :29

• ‘

1 0m

T he r ectangular s ites a t F ortingall

( and p robably t hat a t W oodside)

h ave a small o rthostat i nserted m idway a long e ach s ide. H owever , i t w ould b e m isleading t o c lassify t hese a s ' eight-stone r ings ' ( cf B url 1 976,

p 194),

a s

t he

r ectangular

t he F our P oster t heme

p lan

i ndicates

t hey

a re

( and w ere t reated a s s uch e lsewhere

P erhaps t he s ide s tones s hould b e v iewed a s v ariant A t R aich a nd S hethin m ore t ypical k erbs l ink t he T emplestone t here a re 2 small o rthostats p er s ide .

v ariations i n B url

o n

1 976).

f orms o f k erbstones . o rthostats ,

w hile

a t

O nly 1 5 o ut o f t he 5 0 s ites i n t his c lass h ave m ounds f illing t heir i nteriors . G lenshee

W hile

s ome

a nd G lenballock

C lach n a T iompan t he

a re

a rtificial,

t hese

h ave

i n

t he

c ases

b een s hown t o b e

s ite s tood o n a n atural

k noll

o f

S pittal

n atural

b ut

k nolls .

o f A t

a lso h ad a small

a rtificial c airn i nside t he o rthostats . T he o nly o ther f eatures a ssociated w ith F our P osters a re a djacent s tone s ettings a t F erntower , C omrie B ridge a nd G lassel. S i tes a f u n c e rta in c l a ss i fi cat ion

T w e n ty t h ree o f t h e f o rty s e v e n s i te s a r e o f u n ce rta in c l a s s i fi ca t io n , T h is i s l a rg e ly d u e t o i n a d equ a te d o cum e nta t io n , b u t i n s o m e c a s e s t h e ir p o o r s t a te o f p r es e rva t ion m a ke s a l t e rn a t iv e i n te rp re ta t io n a s S m a l l C i r cles ( c la s se s K , L ) p o ss ib le ( s ee C h a p te r 6 ) , T able 2 3 : F our P osters C lass N ( f o r ak e y s e e t a b le 4 ) R e ctangu la r ( FM) 1 2 3 4 5 4 : 1 A r d i l ist ry 2 , 8x2 ,9 3 , 4 % 4 ( S S W /N NE ) 4 : 15 M a ch r ie B u rn c 3 ,7x 2 ,7 ? ( I D ) 4 ( I D ) 5 : 3 7 T e mp le sto n e 3 , 0x2 ,7 c 1 0 % 4 ( W S W /E N E ) 7 : 12 C a rse F a rm I c 4 ,6 I D 4 ( W SW /E N E ) 7 : 14 C l a ch n a T i o n pan 3 , 7x 4 ,3 1 4 ,0 % 4 ( S E /N W ) 7 : 2 8 F o na b M o o r c 5 ,0 I D 4 ( N N E /SS W ) 7 : 2 9 F o rt ing a l l E c 6 ,7 ( I D ) 4 + ( S W /N E ) 7 : 3 1 c 9 ,0 ( I D ) 4 + ( S SW /NN E ) 7 : 3 7 L u nd in F a rm I 5 , 5x 5 ,8 5 , 2 % 4 ( E /W ) 7 : 4 4 P a r kn e u k c 5 ,8 I D 4 ( N N E /S S W ) 8 : 13 G l en t ir ro w c 3 ,5 I D 4 ( c N /S ) 1 0 :7 D r u id s A l ta r 4 , 1x 4 ,2 c 2 ,4% 4 ( N NE /S SW ) 1 0 :20 T h ree K i n g s 4 , 1x 4 ,4 6 , 8 % 4 ( S S E /NN W ) 1 2 :12 G i bbe t M o o r N c 4 ,0 I D 4 ( N N E /SSW )

6 2 , 1

7 1 4 %

8 I D

9 I D

1 0 I D

( I D )

?

( 0 ,60 )

( I D )

( I D )

1 , 9

1 3 %

0 , 85

0 , 50 1,40

S ( S SW )

2 , 9

1 7 %

1 , 3 5

1 , 20 1 ,55

P ( S )

2 , 9

1 %

( 1 ,3 0 )

( 1 ,3 0 )

( 3 ,7 )

( 8 % )

( 1 ,80 ) ( 1 ,8 0 1,85 ) I D

( 4 ,6 )

( 3 % )

I D

( 5 ,9 )

( 1 8% )

1 , 20

1 , 15 1,30

U

3 , 9

3 2 %

2 , 25

1 , 75 -2 ,70

S ( N E )

( 4 ,2 )

( 1 0 % )

1 , 0 5

0 , 90 1 ,20

S ( S W )

( c 2 ,5 )

( 6 % )

0 , 60

0 , 5 5-0 ,70

? S (SW )

2 , 9

1 0 %

1 , 10

1 , 00 1,2 5

? S (S )

3 , 1

7 %

1 , 40

1 , 3 5 1 ,40

U

( 2 ,6 )

?

0 , 65

0 , 6 5

U ?

- 1 38 -

I D

I D

U

P o s s ible S i te s 4 : 13 L a rg y beg P o in t 6 : 3 2 D e e r P a r k 6 : 47 G l as s e l 6 : 5 4 H o w em ill 6 : 80 R a ich 7 : 19 C u r ie B r id g e 7 : 30 F o rt ing a l l S 7 : 38 L u nd in F a rm I 7 : 5 0 S p it ta l o f G l en she e 1 3 : 16 D r u id s C a s t le

c 4 ,0 (ID ) c 4 ,4 ? (SE /N W ) 3 , 6x3 ,8 ? ( N N W /SS E ) c 7 ,3x 8 ,2 ? ( E /W ? ) c 4 ,9 (N W /SE )

I D I D 5 , 3 1 ?

4 ? 4 ? 4 ?

I D ( 3 .9 ) 2 . 6

I D

4 ?

( c 5 ,6 )

I D

4 ?

( 3 ,9 )

( 1 0 % )

c 3 ,9 (E /W ) c 9 ,0 ? ( S S W /NN E ) c 7 , 1(E /W )

I D I D

4 ? 4 + ?

( 3 ,0 ) ( 6 ,4 )

? ?

So r ,0 ( N /S ) 0 , 85 0 , 70 1,00 S ( S E ) ( 1 ,2 0 ) ( 1 ,20 1,25 ) I D

I D

4 ?

I D

?

( 0 ,80 ) ( 0 ,75 -0 ,90 ) I D

3 , 8 ( W S W /E N E ) I D

c 0 1

4

2 , 7

( 1 1% )

I D

4 ?

I D

?

C i r cu la r ( F P2 ) 1 2 3 6 : 7 0 N o rth B u r re ld a le s c 6 , 1x6 ,4 7 : 8 B a lmu ic k c 3 ,5 7 : 43 N a C a rra ig e an E d in t ia n c 4 ,7 1 0 : 13 G o a ts ton e s c 4 ,9 ? 1 3 :2 1 F o u r S t on e s 5 , 0 x 5 ,5 P o s s ib le S i tes 6 : 8 5 S h e th in c 5 ,2 7 : 18 C o a r ie c 5 ,0 ?

? ( 0 ,80 ) ( 0 ,80 ) I D ( 4 1 ) ( c 1,3 0 ) (c 1,2 0 1.50 ) S ( S ) 1 5 % 0 , 95 0 , 8 51,00 ? P (S SE ) E O (SS E ) ( 5 % ) I D I D I D c 1 ,70

c 1 ,20 -2 ,20

0 , 60

0 , 35 -0 ,70

( c 1,2 5 ) (c 1 ,00 1,50 ) I D

4 c 4 ,7 1 I D

5 4 4

6 4 , 4 2 . 4

7 2 0 1 1 4 1

8 0 , 9 0 1 , 40

9 0 , 55 1,0 0 1 , 2 0 1 ,70

1 0 T ( SW ) ? S (S E )

I D ( I D ) 9 , 11

4 4 4

3 , 2 ( I D ) 3 , 5

6 % ? 2 1 %

1 , 0 0 ( I D ) 1 , 50

0 , 90 1 , 15 ?0 ,60 1 , 2 0 1 ,8 0

S ( SW ) ? S (S S W ) S ( N E )

I D I D

4 ? 4 ?

( 4 ,2 ) ( 3 ,6 )

? ?

( 1 ,45 ) ( 1 ,45 )

U n kn own S h a pe ( F P3 ) 1 2 4 : 3 A u che le f fa n

3 c 5 ,0

4 ( I D )

5 4

6 ( I D )

4 : 8 F o u r S t on e s 4 : 2 4 S h is k ine 7 : 2 5 D u n mo id

c 4 ,8 c 3 ,5 ? c 4 ,5

( I D ) I D I D

4 4 4

( I D ) ( I D ) ( 2 ,9 )

? ? ( 1 0 % )

( 1 ,2 5 ) ( 0 ,8 0 ) ( 1 ,2 5 )

c 7 ,3

I D

4

( 5 ,3 )

( 1 0 %)

1 , 2 5

c 3 ,0 c 6 ,9 c 8 ,0 c 7 ,6 ? c 7 ,6x 6 ,6 ? c 4 ,7 c 1 ,5 c 3 ,5 ?

I D I D I D I D I D I D I D ( I D )

4 ? 4 ? 4 ? 4 4 ? 4 + ? 4 4

( 2 , 1) ( 5 ,0 ) I D I D ( 4 ,3 ) ( 3 ,4 ) I D I D

? ( 1 ,3 0 ) ( 9 % ) ( 1 ,6 0 ) ? I D ? I D ( 1 4 % ) ( 1 ,15 ) ( 7 % ) 1 , 15 ? I D ( 2 0 % ) ( c 0 ,3 5 )

c 2 ,8 x 1 ,4 ? c 7 ,5 ? c 8 ,0 x 6 ,5 ?

I D I D I D

4 ? 4 ? 4 ?

I D ( 5 ,5 ) I D

7 : 3 4 G l en ba l lo ck P o s s ib le S i tes 5 : 8 T h e B r ow la nd 6 : 12 B e l lm a n s W o o d 6 : 5 1 H i ll o f B u ch a rn 7 : 2 1 C r a m ra r 7 : 2 7 F e rn tow e r 7 : 53 W o od s ide 8 : 6 C r ow s ton e s 8 : 18 K i n gs ide S c h o o l 8 : 2 7 T h e P a c km an s G r av e 8 : 28 P a rk o f T o ng lan d 8 : 2 9 P e nsh ie l G r ang e

U

- 1 39 -

7 ?

? ? ?

8 0 , 9 0

I D ( 0 ,95 ) ( 0 ,70 )

( 1 ,3 51 ,6 0 ) I D ( 1 ,40 1 ,5 0 ) I D

9 0 , 751,0 5

1 0 0 ( cSW / N E ) ( 1 ,15 1,40 ) I D ( 0 ,80 -0 ,8 5 ) I D ( 0 ,90 1,60 ) 0 ( N W / S E ) 1 , 20 1,3 0 U ( 1 ,05 1,55 ) ( 1 ,50 1 ,75 ) I D I D ( 1 ,00 1,20 ) 0 , 80 1,40 I D 0 , 25 -0 ,45

I D S ? (SW ) I D S ? (SE ) U ? ? P (E ) I D ( I D )

( 0 ,45 ) I D ( 0 ,95 1,00 ) I D ( 0 ,40 1,2 0 ) S ( N W )

[ S m a ll C e nt re-Stone S e tt ing s ( F P4) 1 2 3 4 : 4 B a rb re ck H o use 4 : 28 T e mp le W o o d 3 4 : 29 T e mp le W o od 4

4

5

6

3 , 5x ? 2 , 8x2 ,3 5 , 0x ?

I D c 1 8% I D

4 4 4

( 2 ,6 ) 2 , 0 ( 3 ,3 )

t his

c lass

i s

7 ? 1 6 % ( 1 4 % )

8

9

( 0 ,60 ) ( 0 ,55 ) ( 0 ,55 )

0 , 50-0 ,70 0 , 40-0 ,70 0 , 40-0 ,70

I ( ) U ( I D ) ( I D ) ]

3 :44 D ating T he

e vidence

f or

p oor .

T he

E arlier

B ronze

A ge

a rtef a cts

a ssociated w ith t his g roup c ome f rom c ontexts w hich c ould b e a rgued b e s econdary ( see b elow), t hus e arlier o rigins c annot b e d iscounted . D a ta o f u n ce rta in u t ility T h e o n ly r e la t iv e ly e a rly f i nd i s ag r ou p o f A O C b e a ke r s h e rd s f r om t h e a l so c o nta ined c o lla red u r n s h e rds a n d a n u n fin ished p e rfo rate d s t one r e p resen t r e depo s ited d o mest ic d e b ris a n d /o r s o me o f t h em a t l e a st m a y c o lla red u r n a n d c r ema t ion w e re i n se rted i n ap i t a g a inst o n e o f t h e

t o

m o und w i th in L u nd in F a rm , T h is t o o l , A l l t h ese a r t e fa cts m a y b e r e s idua l , A t C a rs e F a rm Ia o r thostats , A t G l e n ba l lo ck a n

e n crusted u r n w a s f o und i n c 1 870 b u t t h is i s n o t c e rta in ly f r om t h e F o u r P o ste r , 3 ;45 D istribution ( fig .50) T he m ain c oncentration o f t hese

s ites

i s

i n

T ayside ,

b ut

t hey a re

a lso

f ound i n r elatively l arge n umbers i n G rampian a nd o n A rran ; a ll a reas w here S mall C ircles ( class K ) a re c ommon . A f urther a pparent c oncentration i n S outhern S cotland n ear t he e ast c oast m ay b e i llusory , n one o f t hese 4 s ites i s a c ertain F our P oster . F urther s outh , a t hin s catter o f s ites i s f ound a s f ar a s c entral W ales . B oth c ircular a nd r ectangular s ites a re w idely d istributed a nd h ence t his o ffers n o c lues a s t o w hether t hese a re s eparate m onument f orms .

- 1 40 -

4 :

STONE

QIRCLES

ZONES,

IN

BRITAIN :

DATE

AND

ARCHITECTURAL

U NCTION

4 :1 I ntroduction T he

t axonomy

d ata

d erived

s ince

d evised f rom

B url's

a nd

d escribed

e xcavation

s ynthesis

a nd

i n

C hapters

f ieldwork

( 1976),

h ave

2 a nd

t hat

s everal

3 ,

h ave

t ogether

b ecome

i mplications

w ith

a vailable o n

g eneral

i nterpretation o f s tone c ircles . T hese w ill b e r eviewed h ere. T he i dentified d istributions o f s tone c ircle c lasses e nables o verall w hich h as

r ange

t rends

o f a re

p olythetic

d ifferential

s tone

c ircles

s imilar

o r

( 4 :2).

d iscrete

d ensity

o f

t o

b e

T he

d egree

d istributions

s tone

c ircles

T his s tudy r eviews b iases i n t heir p ertinent t o u nderstanding r egional i mportance S tone

o f

c ircles

s tone a lso

c ircle

e ach

M ore

g eneral

s tone

c ircle

r e-assessment f or T he

b urial f inal

g eneral,

o f

t raditions

f orm c omponents

w hich c ontain s ites r eviewed ( 4 :4).

o f

d iverse

a nd

t he

d ifferences

e ach i s

t o

p rehistoric n ucleated

t he

t hese a re d egree o f

c ommunities d ata

i nclude,

s ignificance

t he

o f,

( 4:3).

c omplexes

o n

a w hole

T he

e xamined .

m onument

t he

f orm a s

c lass

( 4:2).

a lso

t he

w ithin

c ircle

s urvival, a nd a rgues d ifferences i n t he

w ithin

a nd

r egions

a ssessed

B ritain

c onsiderations

i n ,

1 2

w hich

a lso

a cross

m onument

t his

i s

d ating o f

( 4 :5), t he

a nd

a

e vidence

w ithin s tone c ircles i n t he l ight o f t he n ew t axonomy ( 4:6). s ection r eviews t he f unctions o f s tone c ircles , b oth i n

a nd i n r egard t o s pecific c lasses

4 :2 A rchitectural Z ones i n B ritain C hapter 3 i llustrates t he d iverse a rchitecture a nd d ifferential d efine

t o i s

i nto

a rchitecture,

i nterpretative c lass

d ivided

a s eries

o f

1 2

w hile a t t he s ame t ime ,

r ange

( 4:7).

o f

d istributions .

r egions

w ithin

w hich

s tone

c ircles

i n

t erms

o f

T hese c an b e s ynthesized t o o verall

t rends

a re

s imilar;

e ach r egion h as t raits t hat d iffer f rom a djacent

r egions i n s ome o r a ll r espects ( fig .51). S ome r egions h ave r elatively s imple p atterns , i n t he s ense t hat f ew c ircle t ypes a re p resent. O thers h ave a d iverse r ange o f m onuments ; t his i s p articularly t rue i n t he w est. T he d efined z ones d iffer m arkedly f rom t hose p resented b y B url ( 1976;

p 81).

T he

m ajor t rends a re

g eographical c ircle

z ones u sed

c lass a re

s ummarised i n t able 2 4

( a c oncordance

i n C hapters 1 -3 i s a lso g iven).

g iven i n C hapter

3 a nd

f urther

w ith t he

D etails f or e ach

a spects o f

s tone

c ircle

d istribution a re d iscussed i n C hapter 5 . S yntheses o f t he r egional d ifferences n oted i n t able 2 4 v arious b asic t rends i n t he d istribution o f c ircle t ypes . M ost

r eveals r egions

t ypically

r eadily

h ave

d istinguished M oray

d istinctive

f rom

F irth a nd

m oderate

G rampian

l arger a nd

w here

m onuments

s maller

n o

l arge

w hich

c ircles ; c ircles

t he e xist

c an

b e

e xceptions

b eing

o ver

a reas

l arge

a nd m oderate-sized r ings o f d istinctive t ype a re p articularly c ommon . M oderate-diameter r ings o f t he

w est,

a nd

t o

i n

s outhern

a l esser

e xtent

a long

I n s o m e e astern r egions t here F igure 5 1:

l ess d istinctive

S cotland , t he

C umbria ,

t ype a re a lso f ound i n

W ales a nd s outhwest

N orthwestern

S eaboard

a nd

i n

E ngland , T ayside.

i s a d istinct d ichotomy b etween l arge

T he m ajor s tone c ircle a rchitectural r egions i n B ritain .

- 1 41 -

a nd

8

. / . .

./ .

. .

--

- -

-- . . . . .

N

\

/

\

/

/ /

N or th E a s t S c o t land . •

/

. /

o

/

6 : . g

N o r th W es te rn S e abo a rd . .. ... .. . . . .

C hev io t s . ,

, *

. ' " . " " _ . .,

. . " "

P enn ines

W es te rn S eaboa rd

C e n t ra l W a l es S ou th W e s t' , . . . W a les \ W e ss e x /

. , "

. . --

. ,

S ou th W e s t E ng land

/

1 I //

@

T able 2 4 ;

A rchitectural z ones i n B ritain d erived f rom d ifferences i n t he d istributions o f s tone c ircle c lasses

1 :a r ch ite ctu ra l z o n e . 2 : g e og raph i ca l z o n e a s u s ed i nc h a p te rs 2a n d 3( m in o r p a rt s o f z o n e s a r e p l a ced i n p a ren th e s is ) , 3 : c h a ra cte r ist ics o f t h e z o n e i nt e rm s o f t h e r a ng e o f s i te s f o und , 4 : l a rg e r s t one c i r c le c l a ss e s p r es en t , 5 : s m a l le r s t one c i r cle c l a s se s p r e sen t , 6 : n o t e s , N o t e : i n 4a n d 5 , s i te t y pe s u n iqu e t o t h e r e g io n a r e u n de r lin ed , S i te t y p e s a r e p l a ced i n p a ren the s is w h en t h ey a r e r a re w i th in t h e r e g ion , 1 N o rth -Ea st S c o t lan d

2 3 Z o n e 1 d i ve rs e r a ng e

4 C i r cle -hen g e s ( 0 ) N o rthe rn O p en C i r c le s ( A ) C a ith n es s H o rse sh o e S e tt in g s ( 8 ) [ H e ng e s ]

M o ra y F i r th

Z o n e 5

r e st r i cte d r a ng e

C l ava C a i rn s ( I ) [ S m a l l C i rc le s ( K ) ] t h e f o llow ing s i te t y p es o n ly o c cu r o n t h e e a s te rn f r ing e o f t h e r e g ion , [ C ir cle -hen g e s ( 0 ) ] [ F o u r P o ste rs ( N ) ] [ N o rthe rn O p en C i r cle s ( A ) ]

G r a m p ia n

Z o n e 6

r e st r i cte d r a n g e

T a y s id e

Z o n e 3 d i ve rs e Z o n e 4 r a ng e

W e s te rn S e a b o a rd

Z o n e 8 d i v e rs e Z o n e 9 r a ng e ( Z o n e 1 3 )

6 S t ron g c o n t ra s ts w i th t h e a d ja ce n t M o ray F i rth r e g ion ,

L a cks l a rg e -d iame te r m o num en ts , S i m ila r t o t h e G r am p ian r e g ion e x ce p t f o r a r ch ite ct u r a l d i f fe ren ce s b e twe en c l a ss es Ia n d H ,

R e cum b en t S t one . C i r cle s ( H ) K i n ca rd in esh i re R i ng ca i rn s ( J ) S m a l l C i r cle s ( K ) F o u r P o st e rs ( N )

L a c ks l a rg e -d iam e te r m o nu m en t s , S m a ll C i rcle s ( K ) a r e m o re c o mmo n t h a n i nM o ray F i rth ,

S m a ll C i r cle s ( K ) F o u r P o ste rs ( N )

L a c ks t h e d i s t in ct ive s i tes o f M o ra y F i rth a n d G r am p ian , S m a ll C i r cle ( K ) d i am e t e rr a ng e i n crea se s ,

S m a ll C i r cle s ( K ) F o u r P o s te rs ( N )

S m a l l C i r c le s ( K ) w i th s i m i la r d i a m e te r r a nge t o T a y s ide , L a rg e r H e n ge s a b s en t ,

W e s te rn I r regu la r S m a l l C i r cle s ( L ) C i r cle s ( C ) [ F o u r P o ste rs ( N ) ] N o rthe rn O p en C i rc le s ( A ) C i rc le -h en g e s ( 0 ) H e n ges [ H y b rid C i r cle s ( 0 ) ]

L a rg e r H e ng e s p r e sen t S o m e c l a ss L c i r c les f o rm m o de ra te d i am e te r s u b -g rou p s ,

Z o n e 7 d i cho to m ou s C i r c le -h eng e s ( 0 ) ( Z o n e 8 ) r a n g e H e ng e s

N o rth W e s t e rn S e a b oa rd

5 S m a ll C i r cle s ( K ) r a d ia l . v a rian ts ( K ;F 1S )

W e ste rn I r reg u la r C i r c les ( C ) H e b rid ea n O p en C i r cle s ( G )

— 1 43 —

C h e v io ts

( Z o ne 8 ) d i ve rse ( Z on e 1 0 ) r a ng e

H e n ge s [ N o rth e rn O p en C i r c le s ( A ) ] [ W e s te rn I r reg u la r C i r cle s ( C )]

S m a ll C i r cle s ( L ) [ F ou r P o s t e rs ( N )]

I n c ludes s i te t y p es n o t f o und i nT a y s id e t o t h e n o rth o r i n t h e P e nn in es t o t h e s o u th ,

T h e P e n n in e s

Z o n e 1 0 d i cho tom ou s C i rcle -he ng e s ( 0 ) Z o n e 1 r a ng e H e n ge s

S m a l l C i r c le s ( L ) [ F ou r P o s t e rs ]

L a rge s i te s i n ' c o re z o n e s a n d s m a l l s i t es i n p e r iph e ra l a r ea s ,

C e n t ra l W a le s

Z o n e 1 3 r e st r i cted r a ng e

[ S ma ll C i r c le s ( L )]

a l l c l as s Cr i ng s a r e f r ee -stan d in g , t h is i sn o t t h e c a se e l s e w h e re i nW a le s ,

D a rtm o o r S t on e R o w C i r c les ( N ) [ S m a ll C i r c le s ( L )]

L a rg e r c i rcle s o f d i v e rse f o rm , S t a l l c i r c les r a re e x ce p t o n D a rtmoo r ,

W e ste rn I r regu la r C i r c le s ( C )

S o u th -W e st ( Z on e 1 3 ) d i v e rse W a le s r a ng e

W e ste rn I r reg u la r C i r c le s ( C ) H y b r id C i r c le s ( 0 ) H e ng e s

S o u th -W e st Z o n e 1 4 d i v e rse E n g lan d ( Z on e 1 5 ) r a ng e

W e s te rn I r regu la r C i r c le s ( C ) S y m m e t r ica l C i r c le s ( E ) H y b r id C i r cles ( 0 ) C i r c le -he ng e s ( 0 ) H e n g e s

W e s sex

Z o n e 1 5 d i v e rse r a nge

L a rge r c i r cle s o f b r oa d e r d i am e te r r a n g e , S m a l l c i r c le s a b se n t , A d d it ion a l a r ch ite ctu ra l f e a tu r e s c o mmon ,

S y m m e t r ica l C i r c les ( E ) [ W e ste rn I r reg u la r C i r c le s ( C ) ] C i r c le -hen g e s ( C -E ) H e n g e s

s mall s ites w ith f ew p articularly n oticeable

o r n o s ites o f i ntermediate s ize . T his i n t he P ennines a nd T ayside , b ut a lso o ccurs

N orth-East

t he

S cotland a nd

C heviots .

b ecome r are, e xcept o n D artmoor . T able 2 5 i llustrates o ther v ariation . t hat f rom

a re

G roup f ound

t his

3 c an

o ver

a re

b e

m uch

b asic

r egarded o f

a pparent .

a s

B ritain .

W ith

I n t he s outh ,

s mall

r egional

t rends

' typical'

s ites

S everal

l arge

s tone c ircles

i n a rchitectural o f

v arious s izes

a rchitectural

c ircles

t here

i s i n

i s

d ivergences

a

t rend

f or

f reestanding r ings w ith f ewer o rthostats t o b e c onfined t o t he n orth ( classes A , G). I n W essex , l arge s ites ( class E ) t end t o b ecome m ore s ymmetrical.

T his

i s

S outh-West ( class ( classes H ,I). I n c ontrast i rregular n oticeable ( class C ),

r ings w ith

a lso

E ), t o

t hese

w ith t he

a pparent

a nd

a

l arge

i n

t rends , l arge r ings

i n

m oderate-diameter

d istinctive t here

n umber f ound

b ut a lso o ccurs i n W ales i n

i s o f

f orm

i n

a t radition o rthostats .

t hroughout

t he

i n

t he

T his

w estern

m oderate-diameter

- 1 44 -

c ircles

e astern

r ings

i n

t he

S cotland w est i s

o f

m ost

s eaboard ( class

T able 2 5 ;

T he r egional d evelopment a nd i nterrelationship o f s tone c ircle t ypes

K ey 1 : N o rthe rn t r adition o f l a rge o pen c i rcles w ith f ew o rthostats , 2 : S ymmetrical r ings i n W essex , S outh-West E ng land a nd E astern S cotland , 3 : T ypica l c i rcles f ound t h roughout B r ita in , 4 : M oderate-sized w este rn s ites , 5 : W estern I r regu lar C i rcles f ound a long t he w estern s eaboa rd , 6 : A typica l e xamp les o f t h e w estern t r ad ition i n N orth-East S cotland , M o de ra te S i te s

L a rge S i te s 1

S m a ll S i te s

N o rth e rn O p en C i r c le s ( A ) H e b rid e a n O p en C i r c le s ( 6 )

2 W e ssex C i r c le s a n d C i r c le H e ng e s ( E )

/ / /

3 C i rc le -H e ng e s ( 0 )

S y m m e t r ica l C i r cles ( E )

E a s te rn S c o t t ish C i rcles ( H ,I ,J )

H y b rid R i ng s ( 0 )-- ( l a rge r e x a mp le s o f c l a ss K / L ) C u m b rian /Sou th -We s t S c o t t ish C i rc le s ( L F2 4 ,2 6 )

4

W e lsh I r reg u la r C i r cles ( C F 4 )

W e s te rn I r reg u la r R i n g s a n d W e ste rn C i r c le H e nge s ( C )

6

S m a ll F o u r C i rcle s --P os te rs ( K ,L ) ( N )

A r ra n P l a t fo rm s ( S P 4 )

D a rtmo o r S t on e R o w C i rc le s ( M )

C a ith n e ss H o rse sh o e S e t t ing s O D

- 1 45 -

C ; F4); h ere t he a rchitectural d ifferences a re l ess p ronounced . w ith W estern I rregular C ircle a ffinity a lso e xist i n d iminutive a t t he ( class

D artmoor S tone-Row C ircles ( class M ) a nd t he A rran K ; SP4). I n N orth-East S cotland t his t radition i s

a typical

f orm w ith t he C aithness H orseshoes

R ings f orm ,

P latforms f ound i n

( class B ).

4 :3 T he D ensity o f S tone C ircles A cross B ritain ; D ifferential D estruction a nd Underlying T rends T he v arying d ensity o f a ll k nown s tone c ircles i n B ritain i s i llustrated i n f igure 5 2 . T he r egional d ifferences d isplayed o ccur f or a n umber o f r easons . I n t he b roadest p erspective, t he a bsence o f s ites o ver m uch o f l owland s tone,

E ngland r eflects e ither t he l ack o f w idely a vailable b uilding o r e lsewhere, h igh l evels o f s ubsequent d estruction o f

p rehistoric t imber

s ites .

c ircles

T o

a c ertain d egree,

c omplements

t hat

o f

t he

s tone

d istribution

c ircles ,

o f

t hese

h enges a nd

l owland

s ites

o ccurring t hroughout m any o f t he a reas f lanking t he u plands . H owever , m uch o f t he S outh-East, f rom L incolnshire t hrough t he F ens a nd E ast A nglia t o H ampshire, S ussex a nd K ent, h as n o l arge h enges ( see 1 :2). T he p aucity o f s tone c ircles i n n orthern a nd w estern S cotland , a nd p arts o f W ales , i s e xplained b y t he m ountainous n ature o f t hese r egions , l arge

a reas

S mall

p opulations

o f

t he

o f

p remium

m illennia ,

w hich

w ere

n ever

w ould h ave

p laced

o n

i ntensively

e xisted

e xploited

i n s heltered

a reas

s uitable

s mall

m onuments s urvive .

o nly o ccasional

f or

i n

p rehistory .

l ocations b ut

a griculture

i n

b ecause

s ubsequent

B iases i n M onument S urvival a nd S ignificant P atterning I n

t he

a reas

w here

i nterrelated s ites

c an

s tone

f actors b e

n eed

c ircles

d o

a ssessment

p ostulated .

O f

m ajor

s urvive, b efore

a

t he

i mportance

c omplex

o riginal i s

t he

i ntensity a nd c haracter o f l ater a gricultural a ctivity , c onjunction w ith t he d egree o f m onumentality o f s ites .

s eries

o f

d ensity

o f

d ifferential a ssessed

i n

T he m ajority o f s ites w ith s mall s tones a re t o b e f ound i n m arginal a reas t heir

w here t he l ack o f s ubsequent i ntensive a griculture h as e nsured s urvival. I n s ome s uch a reas , a s i n t he P ennines , t he N orth Y ork

M oors a nd t he h ave

m ountain

b een a reas

o f

f ringes o f

s econdary

C umbria ,

i mportance

t hey a re

l ikely t o h ave a lso

i n p rehistory .

A lthough c limate

a nd s oils m ay w ell h ave b een b etter t han t oday , s tudies o f t he n ature o f p rehistoric f arming h ere ( cf B arnatt 1 986,1987a ,b), i llustrate t hat t hey p robably z ones '

s upported

r elatively

l ow

( et B radley

1 984a , p41).

I n t he f ormer a reas ,

p opulations

i n

c omparison

w ith

' core

e ach s mall c ommunity

a ppears t o h ave h ad i ts s mall c luster o f i rregular f ields t hroughout l ater p rehistory , a s o pposed t o t he h ighly o rganised l and d ivision t hat e ventually d eveloped e lsewhere , i n a reas s uch a s l owland z one a t s ites s uch a s F engate ( et B arnatt d ifferences a re

r eflected

D artmoor , o r i n t he 1 986,1987a ,b). T hese

i n t he s ize a nd d iversity o f

s tone c ircles i n

t he two t ypes o f r egion . S ome

a reas

w hich

a re

m arginal

t oday

s uitable f or s ustaining r elatively h igh p rehistory . T he m ajor i dentifiable e xamples w here

l arge

s urvival

e xpanses

o f

m ay

w ell

h ave

b een

D artmoor a nd B odmin M oor h ave

p articularly g ood

o f m onuments w hich d isplay a w ide r ange o f f orm a nd s ize .

F igure 5 2 :

R egional

m ore

p opulation d ensities i n a re i n S outh-West E ngland , H ere

v ariation i n t he n umber o f s tone c ircles i n B ritain

e xpressed a s t he n umber o f s ites p er 2 0km s quare . k nown s ites

( Chapters 6 a nd 7 ).

- 1 46 -

A ;

a ll

s tone

c ircles

p resent

e xist

w hich

a gricultural

a re

z ones

c omparable

e lsewhere .

s imilar b ut h ere m onument s urvival I n h arder

a ssess

b ecause

t hose

t hat

s urvive

W ales m ay w ell

i n

h ave b een

i s m uch m ore f ragmentary .

n ortheastern S cotland a nd

t o

t o

A reas o f

l arge

t he

W estern

a reas

I sles

s uitable

t he

f or

s ituation

i s

e xploitation

i n

p rehistory a re n ow p eat-covered . I n l arge s tones t rue

m any

a gricultural

o rthostats , h ave

b ut

b een

z ones

t he

t he

d egree

d estroyed

m ust

m ajority

t o

w hich

r emain

o f

s urviving

o ther

s ites

u ncertain .

T his

s ites

w ith

h ave

s maller

i s

p articularly

l arge n umbers o f

m oderate a nd

i n E ngland a nd W ales . I n t he

l owlands o f

s mall-sized b uilt r are

o f

S cotland ,

a re

e astern S cotland ,

a re

l arge s tones .

i n

r ates

c ircles

k nown ,

w hich

h ave

s urvived

b ecause

S ites w ith smaller s tones a ppear

e ven

r elatively

i n

p resently

l ow .

H ence

m arginal

t he

z ones

f ormer

t hey

t o b e

w here

e xistence

o f

a re

g enerally

d estruction s ignificant

n umbers o f s ites b elonging t o u nrepresented m onument-types s eems u nlikely . T his h ypothesis i s s upported b y t he s trong c ontrast b etween M oray F irth a nd G rampian ( with t heir a bundance o f d istinctive d iameter r ings), a nd T ayside w hich i s t opographically s imilar

m oderate( with i ts

d ichotomy b etween s mall s tone c ircles a nd l arge h enges). I n C umbria a nd s outhwest S cotland , b ut

e xtant

m arginal

c ircles

a reas ,

V alley . a reas ,

s mall

r ather

w ith

l ow

t han

t he

I t m ay b e s ignificant

s ites o f m ore v aried s ize e xist,

o rthostats f ertile

a re

l argely

c oastal

r estricted

s trip

a nd

t he

t hat s everal d estroyed s ites i n t he

t hat w ere d ocumented i n t he

1 8th a nd

1 9th c enturies ,

a ll

t o

E den

l atter

h ad t all

s tones . I n

W essex ,

a nd

t he

l imestone

p lateau

o f

t he

P eak

D istrict ,

l arge m onuments a re d ocumented . T his c annot e asily b e e xplained p ostulating d estruction o f s mall s ites . I n W est D orset s everal s ites

a re

k nown ,

p rehistoric W essex ,

d espite

l and-use

w here

t hey

l imestone

p lateau

t here

n o

i s

m ajority

a re

l ikelihood

h ence

a bsent.

o f

s uch

o f

m onument

I n

P eak

t he

e xtensive

z ones

i n

r elatively

s imilar

w as u nenclosed g rassland

e vidence

o f

t he

( and

t he

D istrict

i n t he

l ate

a gricultural

m edieval

s imilar

d estruction o ver

p ost-

r ates)

5 0%

o f

t o t he

1 8th c entury a nd

e xploitation

p eriod .

o nly

a way b y s maller

A rable

o f

t he

d uring

t he

m edieval f loreat w as m ostly c onfined t o l arge d iscretely d efinable a reas a round e ach v illage w here t here i s e xtensive e vidence i n t he f orm o f n arrow

f ields

b road

r ig

s mall

s ites

w ith

m onument

- o ngoing

w ould h ave

P egge o r R ooke , I n

' reverse-S '

( Barnatt

b oundaries r esearch).

s urvived ,

t o

b e

a nd I t

o ccasional

s eems

l ikely

s urvival

o f

a s ample

o f

r ecorded b y a ntiquarians s uch a s

i f t hey h ad e ver e xisted .

c ontrast

t o

t ypes e xists

W essex i n

a nd

t he

P eak

l owland z ones

D istrict,

i n t he w est

a w ider

a nd n orth ,

r ange

o f

e ven w hen

h enges a re p resent. S tone C ircle D ensity F igure

5 2

c ircle H owever ,

i llustrates t hat

d ensities , i n

t he

C lava C airns a re w ere n ot

f or

F igure 5 3 :

n otably

f ormer

s everal

r egions

E astern

r egion ,

m any

h ave

S cotland o f

t he

p articularly a nd

h igh s tone

S outh-West

R ecumbent

S tone

i n a p articularly p oor s tate o f p reservation ,

s urvival

o f

R ecumbents a nd

F lankers ,

a nd

E ngland .

C ircles f or

a nd i f

and i t

m assive

R egional v ariation i n t he n umber o f s tone c ircles i n B ritain e xpressed a s t he n umber o f s ites p er 2 0km s quare . B ; s urviving c ircles w ith 3 + o rthostats .

- 1 48 -

i nternal f eatures , t hese w ould n ot b e r ecognisable a s s tone c ircles . T he p ossibility t hat t his , a nd d ifferential b iases i n a ntiquarian a ctivity e lsewhere,

s ignificantly d istort t he d istribution p attern n eeds c omment .

F igure 5 3 p lots t he d ensity o f s ites w hich h ave t hree o r m ore s urviving o rthostats a nd h ence c an b e i dentified a s s tone c ircles i n t he a bsence o f a ny a ccounts o f o f

a typical

a re s o

f eatures

r emoved t he a cute

a s

p revious s tates o f m onuments ,

f ound

o nly

d ifferences

t hey

i n s elected

r egions .

i n s ite-density

s uperficially

a ppeared

o r t he p resence

O nce

t hese

b iases

i n e astern S cotland a re n ot

t o

b e .

H owever ,

s ites i s s till r elatively h igh h ere a nd c an b e C umbrian l owlands , a s econd a rea w hich i s l ikely

t he

n umber

c ompared t o h ave

o f

w ith t he s upported

r elatively h igh p opulation i n p rehistory ( et B url 1 976, p57,64-69). T he c oncentration o f m onuments o n D artmoor a nd B odmin M oor i s s till e xceptionally

h igh ,

w hile

M oors o f t he P eak W est C ornwall.

s maller

D istrict,

a nd

c oncentrations a lso e xist i n

A rran ,

L ewis ,

p arts

o n t he

E ast

W ales ,

a nd

o f

T he f actors b ehind t hese c oncentrations a re e xplored f urther i n C hapter 5 , b ut s tated b riefly , i t i s a rgued t hat i n t he u pland a reas o f t he

S outh-West

n ature

o f

B ritain

t hese

w hich ,

t he

h igh c oncentrations a re

m oorlands . w hile

T hey

m arginal

a re

t he

t oday ,

e xplained b y

o nly

h ave

e xtensive

t he

e xceptional

u pland

a f avourable

a reas

t opography

a ltitude t hat a re l ikely t o h ave h ad t he p otential f or r elatively h igh p opulations i n p rehistory . T his c ontrasts

o f a nd

s upporting w ith o ther

u plands f urther n orth , w here m onuments s urvive o nly p atchily i n f avourable z ones ; l arger a reas o f l and e xist, a t t oo h igh a n a ltitude f or i ntensive e xploitation , w hich l ower t he d ensity f igures . T he e xception t o t his r ule i s t he E ast M oors o f t he P eak D istrict. T he o ther t hree s mall a reas n oted a bove w ith h igher n umbers o f s ites , a re o f l ittle

s ignificance

a s

n umbers

a re

b iased

b y

t he

s urvival

o f

s pecific

m onument c omplexes . W hile d ensities o f s ites i n m any r egions a re s imilar t o e ach o ther , d isguises m uch s ignificant v ariation i n t erms o f c ircle s ize i n r elation t o g ross n umbers o f s ites . I n s ome r egions r elatively f ew s ites w ere b uilt b ut s ome o f t hese a re e xceptionally l arge, w hich i n t erms o f t his

c apacity a nd l abour i nput m ay r eflect a n i nvestment i n s tone c ircles e qual t o t hat o f o ther r egions w hich h ave l arge n umbers o f s mall s ites . L arge

s tone

d ensity

c ircles m ay h ave b een p referred

a nd

g reater

t hus

a r egion

i mportance

i ndividual g roups . T he p rehistory i s

D istrict

p rehistoric o f

c an

o f

o nly

O n

m onuments

D artmoor

a t .

e stimates

a nalysis z ones

r ate t he

l arger

s tone

o rthostats

h igh p opulation

m ay

s ites

h ave

a reas

b e

t he

m ay b e

s mall

w hich

s uggests

f or

r ate

s ites

a ctually w ere

b e

b uilt

o f b y

b e d iscussed i n C hapter 5 . I n

c an

o f

i n a reas o f

l arge

m any

c ircles

g uessed

s ettlement

h ave

w here

s tone

b e

r ough a n

a 3 0-45% s urvival

1 987a).

o ne

a f ew

S uch f actors w ill

n umber

e xceptional,

P eak

t o

w ith

m ade .

b een

w here O n

t he

d istribution t here

i s

w hich

M oors

o f

t he

a nd

s urvival

o f

s tand

i n

r ingcairns

h igher a

s ince

p reservation

E ast

s omething

c ircles a nd s omewhat

d estroyed

o verall

a s

t he ( cf

r egion B arnatt

a p roportion o f

b etter

c hance

o f

s urvival. H owever , e ven h ere t he s urvival r ate i s u nlikely t o b e m uch i n e xcess o f 5 0% , g iven t he l arge a reas o f t he f ringes o f t his u pland s ubject

t o

l ater

i ntensive

l and

r eorganisation .

D artmoor

and

t he

E ast

M oors a re l ikely t o h ave h igher s urvival t han n ormal; e lsewhere s tone c ircles m ay w ell h ave o nce b een a t l east 3 o r 4 t imes m ore n umerous t han

- 1 50 -

t hose d ocumented . T his s uggests a n o verall o f 1 500-2500 c ircles ( excluding I reland).

t otal s omewhere i n t he r egion

4 :4 C ontrasting P atterns o f M onument N ucleation A lthough t he m ajority o f a ssociation w ith c airns), c ircles

a re

i ncorporate

f ound

a s

i ntegral

a v ariety

t hroughout c ategories

s tone c ircles a re f ound s ingly ( or i n a n umber o f i nstances o ccur w here s tone

o f

p arts

c eremonial

o f

m onument

s ites .

T hese

c omplexes

a re

f ound

w hich

s cattered

m uch o f B ritain a nd c an b e d ivided i nto a s eries o f b asic ( fig .54 a nd b elow ). D ifferences i n s ite t ype a nd m onument-

c ombination

w ithin

t hese

c eremonial

f oci

d etecting v ariation i n s ocial o rganization

a re

o f

p otential

u tility

i n

( see C hapter 5 ).

A : W essex C omplexes T he

l argest

m onument

( fig .54;A).

c omplexes

D orchester

i n

a re

t he

f ound

T hames

i n

W essex

V alley

i s

a nd

a lso

a re

w ell

i ncluded

k nown

i n

t his

c ategory o f c omplex . E ach i s d ominated b y a p articularly l arge h enge ( or s tone c ircle a t S tanton D rew ) a nd n ormally h as a d iverse r ange o f o ther m onuments i n i ts v icinity . I n

a ll

A ncillary

c ases

s tone

C ircle),

s maller

c ircles

S tanton

D rew

h enges

o ccur a nd

a t

o r

s tone

A vebury

D urrington

c ircles

( je :

T he

W alls

a re

f ound

S anctuary ,

( je :

n earby .

F aulkners

S tonehenge),

w hile

t imber m onuments ( sometimes w ithin a ncillary h enges) a re f ound a t A vebury , D urrington W alls , M ount P leasant a nd D orchester ( Oxon). U nexcavated h enges ( and h ence w ithout k nown i nternal s ettings) a re f ound n ear t he l arge h enges a t M arden , K nowlton a nd M ount P leasant . l inear m onuments t ake o n two f orms ; a venues o ccur a t A vebury ,

A ssociated D urrington

( at S tonehenge) a nd S tanton D rew , w hile c ursus m onuments a re D urrington a nd D orchester ( Oxon). A f inal m ajor a rchitectural

f ound n ear e lement i s

t he m assive P leasant . T here b uilt

c ircular i s

t owards

p recede m any H owever , t he t his

i s

m ound ,

i ncreasing t he

e nd

t o

b e

f ound

e vidence

o f

t he

o f t he h enges f requency w ith

u nlikely

a s

t he

a t

t hat

A vebury ,

c ursus

E arlier

K nowlton

m onuments

N eolithic

a nd

N ormally M arden

e ach

h as

p robably h ad m ore

o f

j ust

t he o ne

t han o ne

w ere

M ount

p robably

h ence

m ay

w ell

( cf B radley 1 984a , B radley e t a l 1 984a,b). w hich t heir l ocations c oincide i llustrates p roduct

o f

c hance .

H ence

t he

c eremonial f oci w hich c ontain t hese ( in s everal r egions) r ather t han t hese b eing f ortuitous a ssociations ( see n ote o nly

a nd

W essex k nown

c omplexes

a ncillary

m onument

i n u se

h ave

a s eries

f eature . a t

c ontinuity i s a rgued 1 ).

W hile

o f

o f

f or ,

e lements ,

e ach

c omplex

a ny p articular t ime,

t hey

a re c learly m onument a ccumulations w hich d eveloped o ver a l ong p eriod . C urrently t he b est u nderstood c omplex i s t hat a t D urrington . H ere, S tonehenge w as b uilt l ong b efore D urrington W alls ; i t w as a bandoned f or a t ime a s emphasis s wung t o t he l atter s ite, b efore b eing r efurbished a t t he b eginning o f t he B ronze A ge I n t he T hames V alley , C omplexes ' ( see b elow ), D orchester m onuments . b y .

T he

( Richards 1 984).

a nd i n o ther r egions a t s imilar d evelopments

t he r elated ' Northern a re h inted a t. A t

( Oxon), a nd T hornborough , t he h enges w ere p receded b y c ursus T he two P eak D istrict h enges h ave l arge o val b arrows c lose

t wo

h enges

a t

L landegai

a re

o f

t empting t o s uggest s imilar r elationships / Stenness a nd B alfarg/Balbirnie .

- 1 51 -

d ifferent a t

s ites

d ates , s uch

a nd a s

i t

i s

B rodgar

N o te 1 T h ese l o cat iona l c o rresponden ces o c cu r , i n r e g ions w h e re h e nges a r e f o und ( o r N o rthe rn O p en C i rcles i n o n e c a se) , a s f o llows : A ; C u rsus m o numents w i th h e nges i n t h e s a me v i cin ity ( 1 2 c a ses ) , S t onehenge , W i lts ( 2 ) ; D o rcheste r , O x on ; F i ndern , D e rbys ; R u dston , Y o rks ( 4 ) ; T h o rnbo rough , Y o rks ; C o up land , N o rthumberland ; T w e lve A p ost les , D u m fries ( 2 ) , B ; C u rsus m o numents w i th n o k n own h e nge n e a rby ( 8 c a ses ) , P e nt ridge /Th icktho rn , D o rset ( 2 h a lves ) ; L e ch lade , f i bs ; B e nson , O x on ; D r ayton , B e rks ; S o nn ing , B e rks ; A s ton , D e rbys ; H a stings H i ll , T y ne a n d W e ar , T h ese l i sts e x clude p o ssib le c u rsus m o numents , 11 o ng e n closu res ' a n d p o ss ib le b a n k b a rrows , ) 3 :

E qual C omponent C omplexes .

T his

m onument

c omplex

d iscussed a bove. o f

c omparable

I n

t he

s ite

s ize

m ajority

w as

t ype

( fig .54;B)

s tands

o ut

f rom

E ach c omprises b etween 2 a nd 4 s tone a nd d esign ,

o f

d esigned

c ases t o

p laced

t heir

f unction

i n c lose

a rchitectural a s

t hose

p roximity t o

s imilarities

a c ontemporary

i n

W essex

c ircles o r h enges

a nd

e ach o ther .

s uggest

i ntegral

e ach

c omponent

w ithin t he c omplex . ' Equal

C omponent

d istributions . h enge t he

O f

c omplexes

P riddy

t hose

o r

c omparable r equired

D urrington , t o e ach o f

t o

c ommunities m onuments

b uild i n

a nd

d iameters

t hat a lthough e ach h enge A vebury

h ave

i mportance,

o f

s tandardised

C omplexes '

p articular

e ach

c areful

' complex '

w as

p robably a nd

i n r adically d ifferent

l ikely ' equal

I t

a t otal T his

Y ork

f orm t o t hose

i n s ocial o rganization a re t he m ost T he o nly r eflection o f a t rend f or

Y ork .

a nd t he

s imilar . o f

r estricted

s cale,

a re

t he

I n

b oth c ases

i s

n oteworthy

c ompared w ith s uch s ites a s

d efines

V ale

o f

o f

o f

p lanning .

m ajor W essex h enges ,

M endips

s eries

t erms

V ale

i s r elatively s mall

t he

t hem

t he

i n t he

s uggest

a

i n

i nternal

amount

w ould

c hose

o f

a rea

l abour

s uggest

t o

b uild

t hat t heir

i n W essex a nd d ivergences

e xplanation c omponents '

( see C hapter 5 ). i n W essex i s a t

A vebury . H ere t he t wo i nner s tone c ircles a re o f c omparable d esign a nd s ize, a nd t hese c an p erhaps b e a rgued t o p re-date t he h enge ( see C hapter 6 ) A s econd S outh-West ( classes

a rea

E ngland ,

E , D)

o ccur

w here

' equal

w here

S ymmetrical

i n

c omplexes

c omponent

o f

c omplexes '

a re

r elated

H ybrid

a nd

2 o r

3 r ings

- a s

a t

c ommon

i s

C ircles

t he

H urlers ,

K ing A rthurs D own a nd t he G rey W ethers . A ll t hese f reestanding r ings a re o nly o f m oderate s ize . H owever , t hey a re s till among t he l argest m onuments i n t he S outh-West . A t hird S cotland

a rea

amongst

w here t he

T wo f urther c omplexes o ccur

t his C lava

t ype

a nd

s outhwest

c omplexes

h ave

p articular

c are

h ighest

l evels

E ngland

t he

s ymmetrical w as i n

t he

t aken

c omplex

C airns ,

K incardineshire R ingcairns ( classes t he c ircles a t B alnuaran o f C lava . a rea

o f

o ver

m onument

c ommon

R ecumbent

S tone

H -I); I t i s

o f

t he

c onstruction .

h ierarchies

i n

o f

t heir

i n

t hese t hat

T hey

o ccupy

r espective

M onument c omplexes i n B ritain A : W essex c omplexes

8 : E qual c omponent c omplexes

C : N orthern c omplexes

D : S outh—western c omplexes

E : D artmoor s tone r ow c omplexes

F : S mall c omplexes

- 1 53 -

a nd

d enoting

( see 5 :14,5 :15). F igure 5 4 :

e astern

C ircles

c ircles

c haracteristics

t heir

i s

t he b est k nown e xample b eing n oteworthy t hat i n b oth t his

m ajority

d esign

i n W ales .

i s

t he

r egions

C :

N orthern C omplexes

T his

t ype

a nd

i s

o f

m onument

f ound

m onuments

o ver

o f

c omplex

m uch

d iverse

o f

i ncorporates

n orthern

d esign

a nd

a s

l arge

B ritain

s uch

i s

c ircles

a nd/or

( fig .54;C).

c omparable

I t

w ith

h enges

i ncludes

t he

W essex

C omplexes , e xcept t hat i n t he n orth t here a re f ewer e lements o n a l ess g randiose s cale . T he s ites w ithin ' Northern C omplexes ' a re s till t he m ajor m onuments o f t heir r espective C omplexes ', b ut i n c ontrast w ith t he t ime . T he

r ange

L landegai,

o f

m onument

r egions , a s w ith ' Equal C omponent l atter , p robably d eveloped t hrough

v ariation

B alfarg/Balbirnie ,

i s

g reat.

M ayburgh/King

I n

s ome

A rthurs

c ases

R ound

- a s

T able

a t a nd

B rodgar/ S tenness - h enges o f d ifferent t ypes a re f ound t ogether . I n a ddition , t hey a re s ometimes c ombined w ith o ther s maller m onuments , s uch a s

t he

H owe,

B albirnie a nd

s tone

b arrows

a nd

c ircle

a nd

m enhirs ,

h enges a re f ound n ext B roomrigg a nd B roomend

t o o f

t imber

a t

s ettings

a t

B alfarg ;

S tenness/Brodgar .

I n

o r

o ther

H aes

c ases ,

s tone c ircles o f c omparable s ize, a s a t C richie . A t A ltan B roubster/Broubster and

F fridd N ewydd , s tone c ircles o f d iverse d esign o ccur t ogether . E lsewhere c ursus m onuments a re f ound ; a t R udston f our o ccur t ogether , w ith a t all m enhir a nd s mall p asses

t hrough

h enges n earby .

t he

h enge

a nd

A t t he T welve A postles , t wo t his m assive s tone c ircle .

I n t he M ilfield B asin a n a typical c ursus

s everal c ursus

h engiforms m onuments

o ccur

l ie

i n

t he

v icinity .

i mmediately

n orth

o f

O ther c omplexes o f t his t ype a re p robably o f l esser i mportance a s o ne c ircle i s l arge, w hile t he o thers a re a ncillary , a s a t t he

o nly

D ruids C ircle, I t f ound

i n

i s t he

e xceptions

B rats H ill,

p robably s ame

b eing

a nd a p ossible

t he G irdle S tanes a nd D rannandow .

s ignificant

r egions a t

t he

e xample

a s

t hat

t he

' Northern

' equal

D on V alley n earby a t

i n

G rampian

( at

T hese m onument c omplexes ( fig .54;D) e xamples o f ' Northern C omplexes ' s tone

r ows

B roomend

( sometimes

r arely

t he

o f

H ere,

f rom t hose

t he r egion a nd m ay b e e xplained c hronologically D : S outh-Western C omplexes

a re

c omplexes ',

F ullerton/Cairnhall).

a rea h as d istinctive m onuments w hich s tand o ut

a ssociated

C omplexes '

c omponent

o nly

C richie

t his s mall

i n t he b ulk o f

( see 5 :3).

a re s imilar t o t he l ess i mportant n oted a bove . H owever , t hey h ave

w ith

i ntegral

s tone

c ircles)

r ather

t han a ncillary s tone c ircles . T hey a re f ound i n s outh-western E ngland a nd c entral a nd s outhern W ales . T here i s a n i solated e xample i n s outhw estern S cotland a t T orhousekie ; h ere t he c ircle i tself i s a typical f or i ts r egion i n t hat i t s outh ( see 3 :12-3 :14). ' Equal w here

h as

a rchitectural

T hese m onument c omplexes C omponent C omplexes ' o f t hey a re

a rchitecture

m ost

w ith

c ommon ,

d ifferent

w ith

t hose

f urther

h ave a n i dentical d istribution t o t he t he S outh-West. H owever, o n D artmoor ,

t hey

i ncorporate

s iting

l evel i n t he m onument h ierarchy ß ; D artmoor S tone - R ow C omplexes

a ffinity

s tone c ircles

c haracteristics ,

a nd

o f

a re

d ifferent

a t

a l ower

( see 5 :8).

T hese a re a v ariation o n ' South-Western C omplexes ' a nd h ave a n e ven m ore r estricted d istribution ( fig .54;E). H ere s tone r ows ( with i ntegral s mall c ircles-class c ircles . F :

f orm

c omplexes

i n

t he

a bsence

o f

s mall

s ites

a ssociated

l arger

S mall C omplexes

T hese a re

M )

m onument

f ound

f rom

c omplexes t he

P eak

i ncorporate D istrict

o nly

n orthwards

- 1 54 -

a nd

t ake

( fig .54 ,F). o n

T hey

a n umber

o f

f orms .

I n

s ome

i ntervisible, t he

s imilar

t ype i n

C umbria ;

c ould

C omplexes ' a nd

B ank ,

D rachlaw b e

w ere

p robably

S cotland

t he

c omprise r egional

F owlis

a nd

n ot

o f

c omplexes

a s

s umnary ,

a

l ocal

a t

s tructures

o f

i n

G rampian . v ersions

a re

d ichotomy

d iverse

t he f orm

w hich

c an o f

r each

f orm

c omplexes

a re

B ).

i n

m ost

I n

T he

w estern

f ormer

o f

I n

b e

a ll

' Equal

c ontrast,

i n

i n

e volved

m onument-complex

a nd

W estern

C allanish , w ell b e a i n c ircle

C ),

A ), b ut

T he

E ngland

a re

i n

t hey

t ime ,

w hile a lso

' equal

and

a nd

b y

o n s tone

r ows

o n

a

t he i n

c omponent' S cotland

c omplexes

l ower

( as d o s ome s ites o f t ype F )

i n

o ccur

e astern

c ontrasted

o perate

' monument i ncorporate

t hrough

( type

F ).

emphasis

t ypes

r egions

i n

s ize a nd s imilar d esign .

( type

( type

t hese

e qual

w here

W essex

s outh-west

r egion

a nd t hese

C omponent

r espective

W ood

N oss

T ayside;

p erceived

B ritain

c ommon

S cotland

w hich p lace

r egion 's s ite h ierarchy

f orm

l atter

( see 5 :1).

p robably

a re

f requent

t he

m onuments two

e xtreme

e xamples

n ot

i n o thers

W hile

t heir

T emple

p opulation s izes

m ajority

t ypical

d iminutive

T hese

i n

M oor ,

b etween

t ype

m ore

s maller

F ortingall

r egions w hich h ave c omponents o f e qual

f ormer

( type

j uxtaposition .

s ignificance .

M achrie

w hich w hile

L ow L ongrigg a nd W hite

a nd

d iminutive

s ignificant

t ypes ,

s pecific n orth

p urposeful

C ross

I I

s everal c ircles o f d iverse a rchitecture . T hese m ay v ariation o n ' Northern C omplexes ', t he d ifferences

c omplex '

T he

a nd

f ortuitous ,

m ajor m onuments o f

s ize r eflecting d ifferential I n

I

P ennines ;

W ester

G aul

t he

o nly

B arbrook

s ites m ay b e

i n t he

r egarded

t hey a re

a t o f

s uggests

D umpit H ill

S hian

o f

e xamples

a s

p roximity

a rchitecture

o ccur a t;

B ackhill

c ases ,

t he

o f

( types D , E).

l evel

i n

t he

( see C hapter 5 ).

4 :5 T he D ating o f S tone C ircles A s

a c lass ,

s tone

c ircles

a re

amongst

t he

m ost

p oorly

d ated

o f

t he

c ommon p rehistoric m onument-forms . O nly 1 2 s ites h ave C 14 d eterminations a nd s ome o f t hese a re f rom c ontexts o f u ncertain u tility . S everal o thers h ave

p roduced

d atable

a rtefacts

o ften e qually t enuous . s ee C hapter 6 ). W hile a nd

t here

E arlier

c hronologies l arge s mall

f or

c ircles

a ssumptions . n ot

p ossibility t hat d iversity i n s ize s izes

h ave

o f

b e

t han

r ates

w hich f avours p resently A n

a dded

a nd

A ge

s tone d ating

c ontain

b e

t hat

o f

c ircle . f rom

c orrelation

B url

b urials , a nd

l arge

i s

T he

N eolithic

w hile

a re

( Burl

l ate

u nwarranted c omparable

c orrect,

d ates ,

o r

e qually i n t erms

t endency

f or

a reas

w here B ronze

i t

d oes

n egate

t he

e arly . T he o f r elative s ome

i s b iased b y t heir d ifferential m arginal

t hat

N eolithic, m akes

b e

c loser

a rgued

c ircles a re

c ould b e e xplained

c hronology .

d ates

L ater

d efining

t he

c omparable

c ircles c ould b e

t he

m ade

f unction m ay w ell

a re

m any s mall o f m onument r ather

s panning c an

o ver-simplistic

t hey

t o

S mall

o f

o bservation

s ites

t ook p lace .

s tratigraphic

d ates

e arly ,

s ize

f ollow

B ronze

o f

f requently w ell

B url's

t erns

t heir

h eadway

c lasses

g enerally

W hile i n

r ange l ittle

s pecific

m ay

a utomatically

p opulation

A ge,

w hich

T his

h enges

a w ide

w ere

c ircles ,

1 976, p46). w ith

i s

B ronze

b ut

T he d etails h ave b een r eviewed i n C hapter 3 ( also

A ge

s maller s urvival

e xpansion

c ircles i n l owland s ituations l argely r emain u ndated .

c omplication

i s

t hat

m uch

o f

t he

d ating

e vidence

c omes

f rom i nternal b urials w hich i n m any c ases m ay d erive f rom s econdary u se . W hen i s

t he

r e-examined

p roportion o f t his

f ails

d ichotomy b etween s mall

t o

s tone

c ircles

s upport

o f

B url's

d ifferent h ypothesis

s izes a nd t ypes t hat

t here

i s

a

s tone c ircles c ontaining b urials a nd l arge r ings

- 1 55 -

w hich i ons

d o

n ot

c an

w eakened . s hapes

( Burl

b e

m ade

I n

1 976 , p36

i n

t erms

a ddition ,

b ecome

- s ee

o f

B url's

u ntenable

i f

4 : 6).

c hanges

H ence ,

i n

s upporting

t he

t he

t radition

c ase

t hat

( and

h ence

a rguments

h ypotheses

o n

b ased

t he

d istinct-

o n

n ature

d ate)

i s

g eometric

o f

p lanning

g iven h ere a re a ccepted ( see 2 :11). T he t axonomy e volved a bove i ndicates t hat p lanning s tandards r elate t o r elative s ize a nd m onumentality w ithin s pecific r egions ,

t hat m ay b e e xplained b y r elative s ocial

c ertain m onument t ypes r ather t han c hronological

importance o f

f actors .

C arbon 1 4 _ D ates I f

C 14

d ates

a re

e xamined

p atterns a re s uggested

i ndependently

o f

o ther

d ata ,

i nteresting

( fig .55).

T he a vailable d ates f or h enges a re m ore

n umerous t han f or s tone c ircles .

T hose w hich r elate t o p rimary p hases o f

h enge

c onstruction

L ater

N eolithic .

S tonehenge

a nd

( fig .55;

T he

g roup

e arliest

S tenness .

1 )

a re

T he

r eveal

a s equence

f rom d iverse

i nternal

t imber

t hat

r egions , s etting

s pans

t he

f rom L landegai,

a t

A rminghall

i s

e qually e arly . T he

l arger

h enges

( c2100-1900bc), Q uoits i n t he

M ilfield B asin o f l arge

h enge

o f

W essex a re

w hile C ondicote i n T hames V alley , a nd

a nd

N orthumberland , t he

C 14

d ates

a ll

o f

a re a ll

m ay

b e

o f

p ossibility t he s ite

h ave

b een

t hat

t he

s omewhat

s hould b e

d ates c ould r elate

b orne

p eriodically

i n m ind .

r ecut,

S ome

w hile

b y

A vebury ,

c onstruction ,

t he

r emoved

f inal

r emodelling ,

t races

o f

a n

o f

l ikely

F urther

d ata

t o

h ave

a re

h ad

n eeded

e xtensive

t o

c larify

i ndicated

d itch

t he

A ge .

i s a

p rimary H owever ,

r emodelling

d itches c an b e s hown t o

r ecuts

m ay b y

d itch .

b e

r ecutting

f requency

a nd

u ndetected i s

p rovided

p hases

T he

d ates f rom t he D evils Q uoits a re b oth f rom l ower s ilts , a gain

C ondicote

S uch a n e xample

e arlier

D evils i n t he

c ontinued

o f t he B ronze

h enge

t he d itch w as b oth w idened a nd d eepened . w here

l ater .

t o a s ubsequent

e lsewhere

i f

t o e ach o ther

p ossibly T he s mall s ites

i ndicative

c onstruction o f s uch s ites a round t he a dvent t he

s imilar d ate

O xfordshire, p articularly

two

o f

b ank

m ismatched

b ut

t his s ite

i s

( see

C hapter

6 ).

i nterpretation

o f

l ate d ates . D ates d erived f rom a ssorted f eatures w ithin h enges h ave

a

M ains , o f

s imilar

r ange

t hose

f rom

p rimary

p articularly

c ircle

l ate

( see

w as

a ctivity .

4 : 7).

b uilt

i t

i n

r emodelling

t he

o r

a s ite

t o b e

l eaving a ny t race

r are

c ases

u ndergrowth

Only

a re t here a re

c ontinued u se

o nce

c ould c ontinue

o r c eremonies w ithout o nly

T he

H owever ,

( fig .55 ;group 2 )

c ontexts .

a nd t he a venue e xtension a t S tonehenge ,

d ebatable

i s

t o

o f

s uch

u sed

a h enge

i ndefinitely

s ubstantial

r egeneration c an b e

N orth

h enges e lsewhere

a s

o r

f or

i n t he a rchaeological

w here

a t

i ndications

m eetings

r ecord .

c ollapse,

d ocumented ,

i s

s tone I t

d rastic

t hat

t his

i s

a rgued a gainst. A t

t imber

s ettings

w ithin h enges

( fig .55 ;group 3 ),

u sually

i n

t he

f orm o f r ings o f p osts c oncentric t o t he h enge d itch , t he r ange o f d ates i s c onsistent w ith t hose f rom p rimary s ilts d iscussed a bove. T his a rgues t hat

t hey

m ay

o ften

b e

p rimary

f eatures .

E arly

s ites

a gain

h ave

a

d iverse d istribution , d ocumented a t A rminghall, N orth M ains a nd S tenness . T he d ates f or t he l ater c oncentric s ettings w ithin o r a djacent t o t he

l arge W essex h enges a re c onsistent w ith t he c onstruction d ates o f

t hese s ites I n

( c2100-1900bc).

c ontrast

w ithin h enges a ll

d erive

a re

w ith

t hese

r elatively

f rom W essex s ites .

d ata , l ate

t he

f ew

d ates

( fig .55 ;group 4 ).

H owever ,

t he a rgument

- 1 56 -

f rom

s tone

s ettings

U nfortunately t hat

s tone

t hese

f eatures

a t h enges a re n ormally s econdary i s s trengthened b y o ther e xamples w here s tratigraphic r elationships s upport t he c ase ( see 1 :2). W hen r eviewed

t he

g eneral

( fig .55;groups

e vidence

3 -5),

i t

f or

c ircles

a ppears

t o

o f

g ive

t imber s trong

a nd

s tone

s upport

i s

t o

t he

i dea t hat t imber c ircles a re t ypically e arlier m onuments t han t heir s tone e quivalents . O nly o ne e xception i s c urrently k nown , L ochmaben S tone, w here t he m ajority o f d ated

p robable s tone c ircle s tone c ircles s pan t he

i s e xceptionally e arly . T he p eriod c 1800-1000bc . H owever ,

t his p attern m ay w ell b e m isleadingly s implistic i n r elation t o f reestanding s tone c ircles . A ll s uch C 14 d ates c ame f rom s ites t hat a re e ither i n p resently m arginal z ones w here N eolithic s ettlement i s r ecorded , o r f rom s econdary f eatures , a s i n t he c ases o f B errybrae B albirnie .

M any

u ndated

s ites

i n a reas

s ettled

i n

t he

N eolithic

n ot a nd

m ay

b e

s ubstantially e arlier t han t he p resently i nadequate d ata s uggest. T here c ircles M achrie l east,

i s

a n

i ncreasing

b ody

o f

d ata

t hat

f reestanding

t imber

w ere r eplaced b y s tone e quivalents i n n orthern B ritain , a s a t M oor , T emple W ood a nd C roft M oraig . I n t he l ast t wo e xamples a t a c ase c an b e m ade t hat t hese s ites h ave o rigins r elatively e arly

i n t he L ater N eolithic ( see 3 :35). A t t he s tone c ircles w ere c learly b uilt

M achrie M oor 1 1 a nd C roft M oraig w hile d etailed k nowledge o f t he

d esign o f t he t imber r ings w as c urrent a s t hey h ave c omparable d iameters a nd/or r espect t he p ositions o f s pecific p osts . T hese r elationships i ndicate a r elatively s hort t ime i nterval b etween t he m onument p hases . T he o nly k nown e arly h enge w here s tone s ettings d isplay c ontinuity o f p lan f rom a t imber p hase

i s S tenness

( a l ong i nterval

b e a rgued f or B alfarg - s ee C hapter 6 ). a t

C allanish ,

a nd

p assage

g raves

T he

i ntegral

b etween p hases c an

i nsertion o f a p assage g rave w ith

s tone

C airns , a re p robably i ndicative o f a N eolithic d ate i t i s a ccepted t hat p assage g raves w ere g enerally r ather t han s econd m illennium . T hese d ata c ontrast w ith s outhern B ritain . o ver a l ong p eriod , t o

n earby

f urbished A lthough

i t m ay w ell

m onuments w ith

s tone

s everal

a t

f urther

s uperseded b y s tone r elatively l ate .

a t

C lava

S tonehenge w as r emodelled

h ave s tood d eserted w hile emphasis s wung

D urrington

c ircles

c ircles

f or t hese s ites , i f b uilt i n t he t hird

a round

W essex

( Richards t he

h enges

s tructures ,

1 984),

b eginning

h ave

i nitial

b efore

o f

t imber

t he

i t

w as

B ronze

A ge .

s ettings

m onument

t hat

w ere

c onstruction

w as

F igure 5 5 : T he C arbon 1 4 d ates f rom h enges a nd s tone c ircles . I ; H enges - d itch s ilts A : L landegai; 2 790± 1S0bc(NPL220), 2 530i 1SO WNPL224), 2 470± 140bc(NPL22 1), B : S tonehenge - p rimary d itch s ilts; 2 460t6Obc(BM 1583), 2 440±60bc(BM 16 17), 2 180± 105bc(12328), C : S tenness - p rimary d itch s ilts ; 2 356±65bc(SRR350), D : M ount P leasant - p rimary d itch s ilts; 2 108t7 lbc(BM792), 2 098±54bc(BM793), E : M ount P leasant - i nner h enge - p rimary d itch s ilts ; 2 038±84bc(BM667), 1 99 1±72bc(BM666), 1 9 6 1±89bc(BM663), F : D urrington W alls - p rimary d itch s ilts ; 2 0S0±90bc(BM400), 2 0 1S±50bc(BM399), 1 9 77t9Obc(BM398), G : W oodhenge - p rimary d itch s ilts ;

1 867±74bc(BM677),

H : M ilfield N orth - p rimary d itch s ilts ;

1 805±54bc(BM678),

1 85 1t62bc(BM 1150),

1 8 24±39bc(BM I149),

I : D evils Q uoits - l ower s ilts o r r e cutting ; 2 060± 120bc(Har1887), J : C ondicote - l ower d itch s ilts;

1 6 40±70bc(Har1888),

1 770±80bc(Har3064), 1 720± 100bc(Har3067),

K : W hitton H ill I - p rimary d itch s ilts ;

1 650t4Sbc(BM2205),

- 1 57 -

2 ; H eng es - o th er f eatu res A : D u rrington W a lls - M idden ; 2 320t9Sb c(NPL 192 ), B : B a lfarg - c e ntra l ' f east d ebris '; 2 320±60b c(GU 1162 ), 230±50bc(GU 1160 ), 2 0 85±50bc(GU 116 1) , C : M ount P leasant - C onqueror B a rrow d i tch ; 2 127±52b c(BM795 ) , D : M ount P leasant - d itch e x tension a nd t i mbe r p a lisade ; 1 7 84t4 lbc(BM845) , 1 7 78t59b c(BM646) , 1 6 95±43b c(BM685) , 1 6 87t63b c(BM662) E : M i lfield N o rth - c e ntral p it ; 1 8 00±80bc(Har 1199) , F : M i lfie ld S outh - c entra l p it ; 1 9 503 110bc(Ha r307 1) , 1 7 40±80b c(Har3068 ) , 1 5 90± 100bc(Har3040) , G : W h itton H i ll I- c e ntral d eposit ; 1 7 10t5Ob c(BM2266) , H : S tonehenge - A venue d itches ; 1 7 70t 100bc(Har20 13 ), 1 7 28t68b c(BM 1164) , I : L landega i ( s ite 2 8 ) -e x terna l p it ; 1 7 90t 145b c(NPL222) , J : M aumsbury - s ha fts ; 1 7 00i7Obc(BM228 1), 1 8 90t7Ob c(BM2282 ) , K : N o rth M a ins - p hase 2 p its ; 1 6 40±65bc(GU 138 1) , 1 4 50±60b c(GU 1438) , L : S tonehenge - A venue e x tension ; 1 0 70t 180b c(BM 1079) , 8 00± 100b c(I32 16) , M : N o rth M a ins - p hase 3 p its ; 1 0 85±70bc(GU 135 1) , 9 06±85b c(GU 1350 ) , 8 9St6Obc(GU 1437) , 3 ; T imbe r R ings A : A rminghall - t i mber c i rcle ; 2 490± 150b c(BM 129) , B : N o rth M a ins - l a rge t i mber c i rcle ; 2 330t6Obc(GU 1352) , 2 1 80t6Ob c(GU 1436) , 2 1 55±60bc(GU 1353 ), 2 090±70bc(GU 13S4), 2 06St8Sbc(GU 1435) , C : S tenness - i n te rna l f e atures ; 238±70b c(SRR36 1) , 1 7 30±270b c(SRR592) , D : S p ring fie ld C u rsus - d it ch ; 2 0 40t9Obc(Har - p rov isiona l d a te ) E : S tonehenge - u pper f i ll o f A ubrey H o le ; 1 8 48±275bc(C602 ), F : D u rrington W a lls - n o rth b u ild ing ; 1 9 55± 140b c(NPL240), G : M ount P leasant - i n ner d itch ; 2 038t84bc(BM667), 1 9 9 1±72bc(BM666), 1 9 6 1±89 (BM663 ), H : D u rrington W a lls - s outh b u ild ing , p hase I ; 1 8 10± 148bc(NPL239) , I : D u rrington W a lls - s outh b u ild ing , p hase I ; 2 000±90 (BM396) , 1 9 50±90b c(BM395), 1 9 00±90b c(BM397 ) , J : M a rden - t i mber c i rcle ; 1 9 88±48b c(BMS57) , K : D o rcheste r c u rsus - t i mber c i rcle ; 1 9 40±60bc(BM2 164), 1 9 20±60bc(BM2 162), 1 8 90±40bc(BM2 16 1) , L : W oodhenge - d it ch ; 1 8 67±74bc(BM677), 1 8 05±54bc(BM678 ) , M : B leasda le - t i mber c i rcle ; 1 8 10±90bc(NPL69) , N : W h itton H i ll I- t i mber r i ng ; 1 7 90±50bc(BM2206) , 1 7 30±80b c(BM2266) , 4 ; S tone C i rcle s w i th in H enges A : S tonehenge - t r ilithons ; 1 7 20± 150bc(BM46), B : S tonehenge - Q /R r i ngs ; 1 8 20± 110bc(I2384), C : S tonehenge - Y /Z r i ngs ; 1 2 40± 105bc(I244S), D : M ount P leasant - i n ner h enge - r e bu ild ing i n s tone ; 1 6 80±60bc(BM668 ) 5 ; O ther S tone C i rcles A : L o chmaben S tane - s tonehole ; 2 625±85bc(GU 159 1), 6 : M od lG oedog - c e ntra l p its/burials ( p rimary) ; 1 6 60±70b c(CAR 162 ) , 1 S 50±70b c(CAR 160 ) , 1 4 95±70b c(CAR 16 1), ( s econdary ); 1 6 85±70bc(CAR 165 ), 1 6 4S±70b c(CAR 163) , 1 5 15±70bc(CAR 184) , 1 5 15t7Ob c(CAR 186 ) C : B a rb roo k I -c e ntral b u rial ; 1 5 00t 1S0bc(BM 179 ), D : C i rcle 2 7 8 -c h arcoal d eposits ; 1 5 20± 145b c(NPL 11), 1 4 053 1S5bc(NPL 10) , E : B e rrybrae - p hase I p it ; 1 S 00±80b c(Ha r 1849) , 1 3 60±90bc(Ha r1893 ) , F : B a lb irn ie - p hase I b u rial; 1 3 30±90b c(GaK3425) , G : B rown E dge - c e ntral b u rials ; 1 S 30± 150b c(BM2 12) , 1 2 50t 1SOb c(BM2 11), 1 0 50± 150b c(BM 177), H : S andy R oad - c e ntral b u rial; 1 2 00± 150bc(GaK787),

- 1 58 -

0 0

0 0

0

0 0

LC)

= 1

CD L L L L J

CM C _ , CO

. .

-

-

CO • zZ

•Zt.

C I- - C3 OD

C v " )

z

- -

2

. _ ,

---

a e , « . . _ = CD L lL A J 0 C _ )

C_ , CO

c o < C s . 1

2 _ . . 1

-

-

-

-, — =

CD . . . uL iua . . . .. . .— . . 0

C _) cc

cc

—

‹C

. . . . . .

. "-—) —

— S

•• • • • • •

CD u-

L L J .

. ..

CJ a

z

. . . .-

, .. .

CI 3

` Zr

0

0

0 0

0

T he o rigins

l ikelihood

t hat

i n h ighland z ones

s tone

c ircles

t han t hose

b y t he d ata n oted a bove b ut n eeds s eries o f C 14 d ates i s r equired .

c ommonly

w ithin

f urther

h ave

m uch

l owland h enges

e lucidation .

e arlier

i s s uggested

A m uch

e xpanded

A rtefacts T he

d etails

h ave

o f

d atable

b een

r eviewed

c ertainty ,

b ecause

a rtefacts

i n C hapter r eliable

3 .

f rom W hile

d ata-sets

i ndividual n o

s tone

s pecific

a re

s o

c ircle

c lass

s mall,

i s

t here

c lasses

d ated a re

w ith

s everal

s ites w here N eolithic a rtefacts h ave b een r ecovered w hich c omplement t he s ingle C 14 d ate f rom L ochmaben S tone . G rooved w are h as b een r ecovered f rom B errybrae a nd B albirnie , w hile o ther n eolithic s herds a nd p olished a xes h ave c ome B ronze

A ge

f rom s everal

d ata

a re

s ites f rom c ontexts o f

m ore

f requent

u ncertain s tratigraphy , o r a re z ones o f B ronze A ge e xpansion .

b ut

a gain

a re

l ess c ertain u tility .

o ften

f rom s ites

f rom

c ontexts

i n s pecific

o f

t opographic

S tone C ircle C lasses T able T his

2 6 i s

s ummarises s adly

t he

e vidence

i nadequate,

s ome

a vailable

c lasses

f or e ach s tone

h aving

n o

g ood

c ircle

d ata

c lass .

w hatsoever .

I t i llustrates t hat t he o nly l arge s ites f irmly e stablished t o b e o f L ater N eolithic d ate a re t he c ircle-henges ( sub-group o f H ybrid C irclesc lass

D )

a nd

e ven

h ere

t he

c ircles

m ay

h ave

b een

o f

t imber

i n

m any

c ases . D ata f rom I reland m ay s uggest W estern I rregular C ircles ( class C ) a re a lso l ikely t o h ave L ater N eolithic o rigins . C ontrary t o B url's h ypothesis ,

o ne

o f

t he

C ircles-class K )

i s t he

e arly

s ome

d ate

( at

t wo

m ain

c lasses

o f

s mall

s ite

( northern

S mall

o nly o ther g roup w here a c ase c an b e m ade f or a n s ites).

S ome

H ybrid

C ircles

a nd

S mall

C ircles

( classes D ,K ,L) c an b e d ated t o t he E arlier B ronze A ge . W hile i t r emains u nproven i t m ay b e t hat a s ignificant n umber o f s tone c ircles o f a ll s izes a re L ater N eolithic T able 2 6:

i n d ate .

T he d ating o f s tone c ircle c lasses C lass A

L ater N eolithic E arlier B ronze A ge

9

1 3 ?

C X ?

D E X 9

?

?

X

M ajor q uestions a re o f

S ymmetrical

S tonehenge

a rchitectural

d ate

( class

C ircles

C ircles

( class

M ),

9

I )

a nd

w ith c ould

t he

f orm

E );

a t

i s p articularly u nfortunate

S ymmetrical

9

9

( class

s imilarities

a nd C lava C airns d ata

a

G

9

H X?

I

J

K

X?

?

X

?

X

l eft u nanswered a t p resent.

C ircles

s uggests

F

w hile

b eginning

o f

t he

R ecumbent

S tone

i ndicate

e arlier

t he

c omponents

i n

d ated t he

c omplimentary

d istribution

o f

9

?

9

i s t he d ate

B ronze C ircles

t hemselves ,

o f o r

w hether w hether

t hese t hey

r ings d ate

c omplex

a re

a s

S tone-Row

h ierarchical

( see 5 :8).

c ontemporary t he

H )

l ack o f

s tudies ,

D artmoor

N orthern O pen C ircles

f rom

t he

( class

( class

a nd h enges/circle-henges ( subgroup o f H ybrid C ircles-class D ) a nother p roblem . T he l ack o f d ates f or N orthern O pen C ircles d etermination

w ithin

A ge,

T his

i n r egard t o d istributional p oorly

N

?

c ircles

o rigins .

p atterns o bserved i n m ost c omplete f orm o n D artmoor T he

X

M

N otable

s tone

t he

e qually

m ajor

t he

L

p eriod

w ith w hen

A )

p resents p revents

t he m any

h enges h enge

i nteriors w ere r emodelled i n s tone . W hile m ay

r elate

m any t o

o f

t he

d istributional

d ifferences

i n

s ocial

p atterns d ocumented o rganization ,

- 1 60 -

i t

i s

i n C hapter 5 n ormally

t he

c ase

t hat

t hese

t rends

c an

C hronological r elationships c an o nly b e g uessed a t.

o nly a nd

b e

d ated

h ence

i n

t he

s ignificant

c rudest

c hanges

o f

s enses .

t hrough

t ime

4 :6 S tone C ircles a nd H uman _ B urial B url

h as

a rgued

t hat

a

d ichotomy

o f

' fundamental'

i mportance

e xists

b etween l arge o pen c ircles a nd s mall s ites , t he l atter p lacing m ore emphasis o n h uman b urials w ithin t hem ( Burl 1 976 ,p36). H e v iewed t his a s h aving t he

a c hronological

E arlier

B ronze

e xplanation

A ge

( Burl

w ith

c eremonial

1 976 , p92-97).

c ustoms

H owever ,

c hanging

t he

i n

c omparisons

b etween d iameter o f s ite a nd p resence o r a bsence o f h uman b urial, m ade b y B url w hen r eaching t hese c onclusions ( 1976,p39-41,49-50), m ay w ell b e u ntenable b ecause t hey f ail

t o a llow f or s ignificant b ias i n t he d ata .

W hen r e-examining d ata o n s ite d iameter i n r elation t o b urial, i t s eems a ppropriate t o f ollow t he t axonomy d evised i n C hapters 2 a nd 3 ( but t hus c hanging t he p arameters s lightly a nd e xcluding I rish d ata). I n

l arge

e xcavations

c ircles

( see

( classes

C hapter

c ontained h uman b urials .

A -F)

o nly

6 - i dentified

i n

3 3

s ites

c olumn

I n m oderate a nd s mall

h ave

B 4),

o f

r ecorded w hich

d iameter c ircles

3 0%

( classes

H -N), 6 8% o f t he 1 06 e xcavated s ites c ontained h uman r emains ( or b one o f u nspecified t ype i n e arly e xcavations). B url s uggested t he b est d ata f or h is

h ypotheses

O nly

c ame

B rats H ill,

t hem ,

f rom

T he

C umbria

i n c omparison w ith

W hile t hese c onvincing , t he f act d ate,

a nd

w ere

S outhern

E ngland

( 1976,p39-41).

h ave h uman b urials w ithin

1 6 o ther l arge s ites w here n one h as b een f ound .

O nly 1 3 s mall r ings ( classes f ailed t o p roduce b urials .

i n

a nd

S anctuary a nd S tonehenge 1 , N)

h ave

b een

e xcavated ;

f our

o f

t hese

f igures a ppear a t f irst s ight t o b e r easonably t hat t he m ajority o f e xcavations a re 1 9th c entury

t ypically

o nly

p artial,

n eeds

b earing

i n

m ind .

I n

s mall s ites a g reater p roportion o f t he s ite i nterior w as g enerally e xplored , s ignificantly i ncreasing t he l ikelihood o f a ny d eposits t hat w ere

p resent

b eing

f ound .

a ssumed t hat r ecovered a s t o i ts c haracter . W hen t hese

I n

a ddition

c remated

m any

m aterial

e arly

w as

e xcavators

h uman ,

p roblems a nd u ncertainties a re

o r

m ade

r edressed ,

p robably

n o

c omment

b y e xamining

o nly 2 0th c entury e xcavations w here a n e xtensive a rea o f t he s ite h as b een e xamined ( identified i n C hapter 6 ), t he f ollowing t otals a re f ound ; 1 6 l arge b urials . a ll

s ites ( classes A -F) h ave b een e xcavated o f w hich 5 6% c ontained T he 9 R ecumbent S tone C ircles a nd C lava C airns ( classes H ,I)

p roduced

b urials .

b urials .

T hese

C umbria

a nd

A t

f igures

3 0

4 l arge

c ircles

h ave

H urlers

a nd

o nly O f

o f

i nteriors e xcavated ,

t hese, a t

A s econd g iving

a

t he

s mall w ay

l arger

o f

s ites

a re

e xamined f ailed t he

b ut a t

a nd

K -N),

7 7%

c ontained

d istinguishable .

i ndependently

t o

D evils

p roduce Q uoits

W hen

o f

o ther

e xcavated

h ave

h uman

h ad o ver

5 0%

A vebury a nd Swinside t his w as l ess .

e verywhere,

e xamining

d ata-base,

( classes

s tatistically

E ngland

r egions ,

I n c ontrast, e xcavation .

c ircles

n ot

s outhern

r emains . t heir

s mall

a re

t he

t he

t rend

i ssue ,

w hich

t hat

t hus

m ay

h as

h as

b een

t he

c larify

f or

t otal

a dvantage t he

o f

i ssues

d iscussed a bove, i s t o e xamine t he n umber o f s ites w hich c ontain v isible t races o f i nternal r ingcairns , c airns o r p latforms ; a ll o f w hich m ay r elate

d irectly

i llustrates t hat

t he

t he

t o

p lacing

t otals

p ercentages

f or o f

o f

b urials

e ach

c ircle

s ites

w ith

w ithin c lass . s uch

- 1 61 -

s tone

c ircles .

F rom t his

i nternal

i t

c an

f eatures

T able b e f or

2 7

s een t he

m ajority

o f

b oth

( classes A -G :

f requently h ave a nd

l arge

1 4% ,

s uch

s ites

w here

i t

c entral

c an

T he

p assage

b e

a rgued

C lava

a nd

C ircles

N u mbe r o f s i tes i n c l ass N u mber w i th i n te rna l f e atu res

2 5

N u mbe r o f s i tes i n c l ass N u mber w i th i n te rna l f e atures P e rcentage w i th i n terna l f e atures F rom t hese t ypes ,

d ata

o f

a ll

s uitable

h uman

f requently

b urial

D

E F

6

8 2 7 1 2 5 3 2 2 0 1 0 7 0 0

P e rcentage w i th i n te rna l f e atu res

i nterior

r elatively

t he

s mall

s pecific s ite t ypes o f

S tone

s ites

r emainder

h ave

b een

( class

X )

C ircles

h ave a re

l arge

d amaged

d estroyed n ormally

( see

h ave

a

( see 3 : 40).

T he _ p ropartism _ o f s ites i n e ach c lass o f s tone c ircle

C l ass a C

W hile

6 5%

i nterior

w hich c ontain i nternal r ingcairns,

c ircle

a re

R ecumbent

H -J),

f eatures

S tone-Row

c airn w hich f ills m uch o f t he

T able 2 7;

C airns ,

g raves s uch

c lasses

I n c ontrast,

( classes

o r

D artmoor

c ircle 3 0%).

A t

R ingcairns

r ingcairns

3 :24,3 :27).

s mall

f eatures .

K incardineshire

i nternal

a nd

c lasses K ,L ,N :

0 1 4

2 8

H J

K , L 4N

1 4 7 2 0 1 4

1 2 2 7 9 6 5

2 1 6 3 0

i t

c an

s izes ,

b e

3 3 2

5 1

J

K

L

K

N

3 7 6 3 2 4

9 5 2 8

3 1 2 7

S O 1 4

2 9

8 7

2 8

9 7 1 0 0

3 1

M 3 1 2 7 8 7 a t

t he

m ajority o f

w as a c ommon d esire

c ontaining

i s

r elatively b eing

I

c oncluded t hat

t here

f or

u nobtrusive,

K

6 8 6 1 4

0 0 1 7

A -E

c airns o r p latforms

p articipants c ommon

p laced

i n

i n

i n

a ll

c ommunal

t hese

s ub-surface

s tone

t o r etain a n o pen c eremonies .

s ite p its

t ypes o r

i t

i s

c ists .

A t

' normal' s tone c ircles ( classes A -G ,K ,L , N) t he s mall p ercentages o f s ites w ith i nternal c airns f all i nto 2 b asic c ategories ( with a g rey a rea

b etween).

I n

s ome

c ases

t he

c airns

a re

s mall

a nd

s mall p roportion o f t he i nterior . I n t he m ajority o f l ittle t o i ndicate w hether t hey a re p rimary f eatures o r n ot

h ave

i nhibited

c ommunal

a ctivity

w ithin

t he

s ite .

o ccupy

o nly

a

t hese t here i s n ot; t hey w ould A t

a m inority

o f

s ites t he w hole o r m ajority o f t he c ircle i nterior i s f illed w ith a c airn o r p latform . A t r ecent e xcavations a t C airnpapple, L etterston I II, B albirnie a nd T emple W ood t hese h ave b een s hown t o b e s econdary f eatures a nd m ay w ell i n a nd

M oray

r epresent

F irth ,

t heir

u nusual

f unctional

u ses

r adical r edefinition o f s ite

G rampian

a nd

D artmoor

a rchitecture

a re

p robably

f unction .

e xceptional d enotes

d ifferent

o f

H -J, M),

s ocial

a nd

( see C hapter 5 ).

4 :7 T he C eremonial and Social Functions o f S tone C ircles E xcavations o f s tone c ircles h ave p resented f ew p ositive f unction

O nly s ites

( classes

t hese

s ites .

T heir

d esign

i ndicates

t hat

u tilitarian ( in o ur f rame o f r eference) a nd t hey a re f ormal g atherings o f v arying s ize . T he d eposits

c lues

t hey

t o

a re

t he n on-

i deal m onuments f or o ccasionally f ound

w ithin t hem o f b uried o bjects , a nd h uman o r a nimal b ones , i s s uggestive o f a s imilar r ange o f d iversity t o t hat f ound w ithin r ound b arrows . I t i s

f requently

i mpossible

t o

d etermine

i f

f inds

w ithin

s tone

c ircles

r epresent d edicatory d eposits , p ropitiation o fferings b uried d uring o r a fter c eremonies a t t he s ite, o r i ndicate u se o f t he s ite o nce i ts i nitial f unctions h ad b een a bandoned o r r edefined t o s ome e xtent . T he o ccasional

b urial

o f

h uman

r emains

p laces emphasis

- 1 62 -

o n d eath ,

e ither

i n

r egard t o p urification/propitiation c eremonies , o r i n a f unerary c ontext . H owever , t he a rchaeological r ecord i s b iased i n t his d irection and m any c eremonies o f r adically d ifferent a spect, c oncerned w ith o ther e vents i n t he l ife c ycle, o r w ith t he d ynamics o f s ocial o rganization , m ay

w ell

h ave

a stronomical

t aken

p lace

o rientation

s easonally s ignificant

a nd

f rom

l eft

n o

s tone

p oints ,

p ermanent

c ircles

t race .

t o

t he

T he

s un

d ata

a nd

f or

m oon

a t

a re s uggestive t hat c eremonies t ook p lace

a t d efined i ntervals t hroughout t he y ear . T his m ay i mply a n aturalistic b elief s ystem , w hich i n b asic t erms i s s imilar t o m any d ocumented e xamples i n s imple s ocieties ( and i n B ritish f olklore), w hich p lace emphasis o n p urification o r n atural w orld . T his m ay h ave

p ropitiation o f t he c ommunity a nd/or t he i ncluded f ertility c eremonies a nd i ncluded

r ites w hich u tilised s ympathetic m agic a nd d ancing .

H owever,

a ll d etails

o f s uch a ctivities m ust r emain c onjectural b ecause o f l imitations o f t he a rchaeological r ecord a t s tone c ircles . W hile

i nvestigation o f

t he s pecifics o f

w ithin s tone c ircles m ay b e o f l imited m eeting p laces m ay l ead t o s tone c ircles

t he

c eremonies t hat

p resent

t ook p lace

p otential, t heir f unction a s i ncorporating i nvaluable d ata

o n t he d ynamics o f t he s ocial o rganization o f t he c ommunities t hat b uilt t hem . T his w ill o ften b e d isplayed b y t heir p atterns o f d istribution i n r elation t o m onument s ize a nd d esign . E ven t hough t he p rime m otives o f t he p eople t hat e rected s tone c ircles m ay h ave b een t o b uild c ontainers f or c eremonies , t he a ct o f c oming

t ogether

f unctions . s uch a s

p redominantly c ountryside , s cattered p lace . f uture p lace

f or

s uch

m eetings

s erved

s everal

u nderlying

s ocial

T his i s p articularly s ignificant i n t he c ontext o f s ocieties t hose i n p rehistoric B ritain w here c ommunities w ere n on-nucleated ; p erhaps

l iving

i n s mall

o n a n e xtended

p opulations

e nables

f amily

n ecessary

u nits

b asis .

s cattered S easonal

c ommunal

a cross

t he

g athering o f

i nteraction

t o

t ake

I t a llows d iscussion o f i nformation o n f arming s trategies a nd p lanning . E xchange o f s urplus p roduce/raw m aterials c ould t ake o r

b e

a rranged .

p artners ,

a nd

m aintain

g roup

s uch

Y oung

m arriages

s tructure

a nd

p eople

c ould

( whether

b y

m eet

c hoice

p rospective o r

i nterrelationships .

m arriage

a rrangement)

T he

w ould

e stablishment

o f

f ormal m eeting p laces a nd/or t heir c ontinued u se w ould s trengthen g roup i dentity a nd c ement t he b onds o f s egmented a nd/or s cattered c ommunities . S tone c ircles a nd h enges a re t he m onuments k nown t o h ave b een c onstructed

m ost c ommon l arge c ommunal i n t he L ater N eolithic a nd

E arlier B ronze A ge o ver m uch o f B ritain , m any o f t he f unctions d iscussed above .

a nd

b road

t hey

p robably

f ulfilled

T he d esign o f s tone c ircles a nd h enges i s i ndicative i n i tself o f t rends w ithin p rehistoric s ociety . T he e ssentially f ormal

c haracteristics s hape,

i s

r egulatory

o f

t heir

i ndicative c odes .

I t

d esign ,

o f i s

w ith

i ncreased n oteworthy

emphasis

p laced

s tructuring t hat

o f

s pecific

o n

a

s ocial

s tone

r egular

o rder

c ircle

a nd

c lasses

a re p articularly w ell b uilt, a nd t hese w ere p robably d esigned b y ' specialist b uilders ' ( see 2 :11). T hese s ites o ccupy h igh l evels i n t he m onument h ierarchies o f t heir r espective r egions

( see C hapter 5 ).

T he d ichotomy i n t he f inal c enturies o f t he E arlier N eolithic, b etween f ormally d esigned m onuments s uch a s c ursus m onuments a nd b ank b arrows , a ppears

a nd t he t o h ave t he

l ess b een

N eolithic

w ith

i ncreased

c onsolidation

s ymmetrical d esign o f c ausewayed r adically r e-aligned/resolved i n

b uilding o f

o f

c ircles

b elief

a nd

s ystems a t

- 1 63 -

h enges . t he

c ore

T his o f

e nclosures , t he L ater

m ay t he

i mply

a n

m echanisms

o f s ocial o rganization w hich r egulated s ociety a t i nter-community l evels . T hese t rends a ppear t o h ave b ecome m ore f ormalised , a nd p robably m ore b inding , a s a r esponse t o t he n eed f or i ncreased s elf r egulation i n n ow l ong e stablished a gricultural/pastoral c ommunities , w hose p opulation l evels

h ad

p robably

g roups

h ad

l ed

t o

r eached g reater

a

p oint

w here

c ompetition

i ncreased

a nd

t hus

c ontact

c onflict

b etween

( the

l atter

s uggested b y t he d ata f rom c ausewayed e nclosures). T he b uilding o f m onuments i n c ircular , a s o pposed t o o ther f orm , i s p robably i ndicative o f s ites w hich p lace emphasis o n c ommunity r ather t han

t he

i ndividual.

h ighlighting

w ould

I f

b e

t he

l atter

e xpected

w ere

o n

t he

s pecific

c ase , f ocal

m ore

a rchitectural

p oints ,

r ectangular

s tructures a re b etter a t c reating t his ( eg - m edieval c hurches). T o w hat e xtent s tone c ircles and h enges a re a t rue r eflection o f a d egree

o f

e galitarianism

C ertainly

i n

c onspicuous a nd

a

t he

w ealth

p restige

c ircles

a nd

i n

E arlier i ndicates

g oods

N eolithic

B ronze a r ise

e conomy .

h enges

A ge

b uilt

i n

t he

W hile

i n

t he

s ociety t he

r emains

i ncreased

i mportance

t he

o f

m ajority

L ater

o f

N eolithic

d ebatable .

e vidence e lite l arger

m ay

f or

g roups s tone

h ave

b een

e xpressions o f t he t raditional s ocial o rder , t his c ould e qually d isguise n ew t rends . C hanges i n s ocial o rganization p robably t ook p lace e pisodically a nd

b ecame

d uring

m ore

t he

L ater

N eolithic

h ierarchical.

N ew

a s

s ocial

m onuments ,

o r

c omplexity

d eveloped

r e-furbishment

o f

o ld

o nes , p robably r eflect t imes o f r ealignment w here a cknowledgement o f t raditional f orms w as u sed t o l egitimate n ew s ocio-political d evelopments

( cf

B radley

1 984a).

H owever ,

i t

i s

i n t he

e arly

c enturies

o f t he E arlier B ronze A ge , i n W essex a t l east, t hat t hese p rocesses p robably r eached a c limax a nd c ompetition b etween c onflicting r egulatory s ystems w as a t a m aximum ; a s i ndicated b y i ncreased d isplay o f d isposable w ealth i n b arrows u sed a s a m eans o f s ignifying n ewly a cquired l evels o f a uthority g ained b y t he e lite ( and t heir i nsecurity). T his t ook p lace s oon a fter t he c onstruction o f m onuments i n s tone a t s uch

s ites

a s

S tonehenge ,

M ount

P leasant

r efurbishments p robably s ignify t he

a nd

T he

S anctuary .

T hese

f inal

s urplanting o f t he t raditional

I t s eems l ikely t hat a p ercentage o f

l arge s tone c ircles a nd h enges

o rder . c ontinued

i n

u se

f or

s ome

o r r efurbishment a t t he s ocio-political c limate i ncrease

i n

n umbers

o f

t ime

a fter

t he

f inal

f loreat

b eginning o f t he B ronze A ge, h ad c hanged , a s i ndicated b arrows

b eing

b uilt

( or

h ave s till

t he

b elief

c urrent

u nderlying s ocial s ystems

( rather

t han

w hich

f unctions o f

l ed

m onument

b eing

f ound

t heir s ize i s a s s uch d id n ot

l arger s ites ,

t o s tone c ircle f orm

a nd

i n n ewly e xploited

z ones i n t he E arlier B ronze A ge . W hile t hey w ere p rimarily ' family m onuments ', a nd

t he a dditional

i ndicate

c onstruction

r efurbished)

a lmost u niversally a cross B ritain . S mall s tone c ircles a re k nown t o h ave b een b uilt p eripheral i ndicative

o f

e ven t hough t he b y t he r adical

i t d oes

c onstruction w ere

u sed

p urely

t o

e voke

t raditional a uthority). T here i s l ittle a t p resent t o s uggest t hat t he n ew s ettlers i n p eripheral z ones w ere s ocial o utcasts w ho c lung t o t raditional

w ays

( see 5 :13).

i n a djacent ' core' s erve a s e quivalent

T hus ,

t he

l ack o f

s mall

B ronze

s uggest s ome o f t he l arge h enges a lso c ontinued i n u se . C ontinued ( or e pisodic) u se t hroughout t he E arlier a lso

d emonstrable

A ge

c ircles

a reas ( which c ould h ave r eplaced l arger s ites t o f oci t o t hose i n t he p eripheral z ones - s ee 4 :3) m ay

a t

S tonehenge

w hich

h ad

- 1 64 -

m odifications

B ronze m ade

A ge t o

i s i ts

a venue

a t

a round

1 000

b c

w hen

E arlier

B ronze

A ge

s ociety

w as

b reaking

d own . I n o ther r egions m any m onuments m ay h ave b een a bandoned s omewhat e arlier , a s s uggested f or e xample b y t he e vidence f rom D artmoor w here t he

r eave

b uilding

s tone r ows W hile

e pisode

a t

( Fleming 1 983). c ontinuity o f s ite

a round c an

b e

1 300

b c

a rgued

s lights

f or ,

n ot

s everal

a ll

s tone

o f

t he

c ircles

a nd h enges d isplay t he s ame u nchanging emphasis o n t raditional f orm a s f ound a t S tonehenge o r A vebury . A t A rbor L ow t he s uperimposition o f a l arge b arrow o n i ts b ank m ay r eflect t he s ocio-political c hanges ; t he b arrow c an p erhaps b e s een a s a v isible s tamping o f e lite a uthority o n a s ite o f

w hich w as s till

E arlier

B ronze

i n u se .

A ge

d ate

e ffectively

r emoved

l arge

h ad a m assive

h enge

i n f unctional H owever , t he c ontinued

m uch

I n c ontrast, w as

o f

t he

p alisade

emphasis w hich i nner h enge w as

r ole

a s

a c eremonial

a t

C airnpapple a l arge b arrow

s uperimposed

t he

h enge

i nterior

a nd

u sable

s pace .

A t

M ount

P leasant

t he

b uilt

w ithin

i t,

m ay r esult r efurbished c entre

a nd

o n

s uggesting a c hange

f rom a n e lite t ake-over . i n s tone i ndicating i ts

t he

s ite

a s

a w hole

a bandoned t ill a round 1 300 b c ( Wainwright 1 979). T he c airns f illing t he i nteriors o f s everal s mall s tone c ould a lso b e t aken i n s ome c ases t o i mply a bandonment a s p laces .

H owever ,

s ynchronous ,

a s

i t s mall

s hould s ites

n ot a re

u se a t a ny p eriod , d ue t o r esulting p opulation c hanges . h ave

n o

d irect

a ssociation

b e

a ssumed

i nherently

t hat

m ore

t hese

l ikely

t o

w as

n ot

c ircles m eeting

e vents f all

w ere

o ut

o f

f luctuations i n l ocalised l and u se a nd H ence t hese r edefinitions o f f unction n eed w ith

r egional

e pisodes

o f

s ocio-political

c hange. A t

o ther

C ircles a nd t he a rgued t o b e

a typical

s ites ,

s uch

a s

C lava

D artmoor S tone-Row C ircles ,

i ntegral

t he

C airns ,

R ecumbent

i nternal

f eatures c an b e

S tone

c omponents o f t he m onuments a nd c learly s uch s ites

w ere d esigned t o f unction w ith t he r estrictions t hese c airns i mposed o n u sable i nterior s pace . T hus t hey w arn a gainst s implistic o vergeneralised i nterpretation

i n t erms

o f

r edefinition

o f

u se

o n t he

b asis o f

i nternal

f eatures . T he d iversity o f s tone c ircle t ypes d ocumented i n Chapter 3 s uggest c omplex s hades o f i nterpretation a re l ikely w ithin t he f rames o f r eference d iscussed a bove, w ith e ach c ircles s ocial s tatus a nd d egree t o w hich i t a ctivity , w ill

a cted a s a f ocal p oint f or c ommunity o r i nter-community v arying a ccording t o s cale a nd m onumentality . T hese f actors

b e e xplored i n C hapter 5 .

- 1 65 -

5 :

STONE CIRCLES LN THEIR LANDSGAPE: _ PATTERNED _ DISTRIBUTIONS AND REGIONAL VARI ATION IN SOCI AL ORGANIZATION

REGIONAL PATTERNING 5 :1

IN

BRITAIN:

A REVIEW

I ntroduction

C hapter

5 p uts

f orward ,

h elp e xplain t he s patial t heir

l andscapes

a nd

e xamine

t he

u tility

o f,

a m odel

( 5:1-5 :10),

a nd

t hus

p rovide

d ata

o n

t he

b oundary , c entral c onvenience . T hese t han t erm

s ubsequent

p lace s hould

t ext,

t erms

s uch

a s

i nfluence'

r ather o f

t han

s uch

( 5 :11-5:16).

t erritory ,

g roup ,

a nd c ommunity , h ave o ften b een u sed f or b e t aken i n a g eneral a bstract s ense r ather

i mplying s pecific s ocio-political f unction o r ' territory ' s hould b e t reated a s s ynonymous

d iscussion

m ay

s ocio-political

o rganization i n t he L ater N eolithic a nd E arlier B ronze A ge T hroughout

t hat

d istribution o f s tone c ircles and h enges w ithin

n ecessarily

m atters

i n

i mplying

r elation

t o

o rganization . T he w ith ' sphere o f

p olitical

t he

o bserved

b oundaries . p atterning

A

w ill

b e r eturned t o i n s ections 5 :11-5 :16 . T he M odel T he h ypothesis

p resented

p roportion

s ites

o f

i s

t hat

s urvive,

m onuments ,

o ften

f orm

i n

a reas

w here

r ecognisable

a

h igh

n etworks

o f

r egularly s paced , a rchitecturally-similar s ites . C hanges f rom n etwork t o n etwork , i n s pacing-interval b etween m onuments , a re p redicted t o d iffer a ccording t o s ite

t ype a nd t heir d iameter r ange .

b e s paced a t

i ntervals ,

w ide

L arge m onuments t end t o

w hile a t s maller s ites t he s pacing i nterval

d ecreases . M onument

n etworks

h ierarchical

r elationship

l evel

m onument

i n

t he

s ense t hat t o

r anging

r egional

m ajority

h ierarchy

m ay

h ave

w ithin

I t

i s

s ome

r egions

p ostulated

f unctioned

t hat

d ifferently

i n

e ach

i n t he

f or

l ocal

w hich m ay h ave

u se

b y

i ndividual

f arming

b een g athering p laces f or t he

o f f actions o f s ociety w ithin a r egion .

a ssessment

f or

o ther .

f rom m onuments

c entres

A s econd d istributional t o

s uperimposed

e ach

t hey r elate t o v arying l evels o f o rganization w ithin r egional

c ommunities , u nits ,

a re t o

o f

t he

n ucleation

i nvestigated ,

i nto

t hese

t rend c an b e

m odel;

t here

d iscrete

n ormally

i s

m onument

c ontain

i dentified ,

w hich

a c ommon t endency a t s ites

c omplexes o f

v aried

( see

i s r elevant l arger 4 :4).

d esign

s ites W here

a nd

d ates ,

s ometimes s panning m uch o f t he L ater N eolithic a nd E arlier B ronze A ge . H owever , t he m ajority o f s ites ( and m onument c omplexes) a re u ndated . I t i s a rgued b elow t hat l ack o f e stablished c ontemporanaity o f s ites w ithin e ach i dentified m onument n etwork d oes n ot n egate i nterpreta tion a s p attern w ith s ocio-political s ignificance . A rchitecturally s imilar s ites m ay w ell, t o a ll i ntents a nd p urposes , b e c ontemporary ; w henever s patial p atterning a lso e xists b etween t hese, t his c annot e asily

b e

e xplained

r eflect o rderings h ave b een b uilt

away .

I n

a ny

e vent,

o ver a r ange o f d ates ,

a t a d eveloped 1 984b , p 7).

p atterned

i n p opulation d istribution , s tage

a re

t he

s ite

n etworks

d ue t o c onverging e volution .

p atterns

m ay

t he s ites t hemselves c ould r ecognisable

( cf.

O nly

B radley

L ack o f c hronological d efinition p revents a ssessment o f w hether d ifferent l evels o f m onument h ierarchies f unctioned c ontemporaneously . W hile e ach

i t

w ould

l evel

n ot

s hould

b e b e

s urprising r egarded

a s

i f a n

t his w as t he i ndependent

- 1 66 -

c ase

i n s ome e xamples ,

e ntity

a nd

i nferences

t hat

c ould

b e

d rawn

o n

i nterrelationships

s hould

b e

t reated

w ith

c aution . M onument a rgued b elow t errain . T he t he

w ay

i n

n etwork

t ype

v aries

f rom

r egion

t o

r egion

a nd

t his

i s

t o r eflect b oth c ommunal p references a nd t he i nfluence o f l atter a ffects b oth t he c arrying c apacity o f r egions a nd w hich

c ommunities

w ere

d istributed

w ithin

e ach

a rea .

S uch

d ifferences m ay h ave i nfluenced t he w ay c ommunities o rganised t hemselves a nd t his i s s uggested t o b e r eflected i n t he r egional characteristics o f m onument n etworks

( see 5 :11,5 :16).

T est C ases S ections 5 : 2-5 :10

d escribe

a n e xercise

i n p attern r ecognition w hich w as

d esigned t o e xplore d ifferences i n t he d istribution o f s tone c ircles a nd h enges a ccording t o

b oth t ype

i n t hree t est B odmin M oor .

a reas ; A ll

e xceptionally

g ood .

t he a re I n

i dentify d ifferences d etail,

a nd r egion .

a ddition ,

i n

T his w as u ndertaken i n d etail

E ast M oors o f t he P eak D istrict, D artmoor a nd u plands w here s urvival o f m onuments i s s everal

p attern n ot

a nd a n a ssessment

o f a ll

o ther

o bserved

r egions

i n t he

a re

t est

r egions i n B ritain ,

r eviewed

a reas .

t o

F urther

i s g iven i n B arnatt

1 987b . T he c learest e xamples a re u sed h ere, o ther r egions p rovide s upporting e vidence f or t he m odel, a nd i n n o c ases d oes c onflicting d ata o ccur . P attern R ecognitioa T he d istributions o f i nto

t hree

b asic

e ach s tone

c ircle

p atterns a re

m onuments

t ypes ;

c an

b e

n ucleated ,

c lass

i s

i dentifiable,

s ubdivided ,

r egularly

e xamined ,

i f

s paced ,

s implistically , o r

r andom .

W hen

i ndependently v arying r egional

s ome o f w hich a re c omplementary ,

w hile o thers

a re n ot a nd i mply c hronological d epth . N ucleation o f r eview

o f

s ites

' monument

n ucleations ,

h as a lready b een e xplored

c omplexes '

( 4:4).

f rom a i nter-regional

M uch

o n o ne

m ore

r ather t han l ocal

a bsent i n

l arge

s ites

f rom a djacent

p eripheral

m ay

c oncentrate

u plands ,

z ones b ut

o r

i n

i n

s ome

o ther

b ased r elate

b oth p rehistoric l evels . T hus f or

l owland

i nstances ,

h ave b een d estroyed

i n t he

p erspective,

d irectly t o t opographical f actors w hich i nfluence p opulation d istribution a nd s ubsequent d estruction e xample,

l evel

b roadly

r egions

s ites

b ut

m ay

a re

s urvive

i n a reas m ore a ttractive

t o

s ubsequent a griculture . D istinguishing c an

o nly

m ay

o ften

o riginal u nlikely c hoice

b e

b etween

a chieved w here

b e

t he

p roduct

' regularly s urvival

o f

c hance

o f

a re

s urvival

a nd

r andom

h igh ;

o f

t he

d istribution

l atter

p attern

a l ow p roportion o f

t he

n umber o f m onuments . W here r egular s pacing d oes o ccur t his i s t o b e e xact d ue t o t opographic v ariation . E ach c ommunity h ad a

o f

l ocations

f or

i ts

f actors s uch a s e ase o f a ccess v alleys)

c entre

s paced '

r ates

o f

m ay a

w ell

h ave

' territory '.

m onuments

w ithin

i ts

( le - f or e xample,

d isplaced

s iting

H owever ,

d espite

' territory ',

a nd

a s ite a t a c onfluence

f rom

a p oint

s uch

a t

f actors ,

t he

e xact

r egularity

w ithin d efinable p arameters c an b e i dentified w ith a f requency w hich a rgues s trongly t hat o bserved p atternings a re n ot a p roduct o f c hance . T he v ariation i n s pacing-interval, w ithin t he d efined p arameters f or a ny p articular s ite n etwork , i s o ften s ufficiently l arge t o g ive t he s uperficial

i mpression

s ites s paced a t

1 5km a part

' territorial t he

P eak

t hat

t erritory s ize

c ould

v ary

c onsiderably

1 0km a part h ave t erritories o f c 78 .5 s quare Km , h ave

a reas

b oundaries '

D istrict

( East

o f c an

c 176 .5 b e

M oors),

s quare

p ostulated , t his

K m ). a s

H owever , i n

i mpression

- 1 67 -

i n c ases w here

W essex , c an

b e

( eg .

w hile s ites D artmoor

a rgued

t o

a nd b e

i llusory ( see s imilar s ize ,

5 :7-5:10). E ach ' territory ' c an b e p ostulated a nd e xact s pacing v ariation i s i nfluenced

t o b y

b e o f o ther

f actors , a s n oted a bove . G ross c hanges i n r egional t errain a lso n eed t o b e c arefully a ssessed t o

i dentify

p oint l arge

t opographic

w here t he r egional

' buffers ',

w hich

d istort

p attern b reaks d own . T his f oci, w hich o nly o ccur

m onument

s pacing

t o

a

i s p articularly t he c ase w ith i n f avourable z ones , w hile

i ntervening u plands l ack s uch s ites .

L andscape T he a ssessment o f t opography b road r egions i dentified i n d ifferences

i n

m onument

a nd s oils , C hapter 4 ,

t ype

a nd

f or d ifferent i s i mportant

p attern .

W hile

z ones w ithin t he i n u nderstanding

s uch

f actors

a re

n ot

d eterministic, A s t opography

t hey i nfluence c arrying c apacity a nd s ubsistence b ases . b ecomes m ore a dverse, p opulation , a nd c hoices a nd/or

i ntensiveness

o f

a griculture,

a re

i ncreasingly

r estricted .

A nother

i mportant f actor i s t he d egree t o w hich c ommunities w ere i solated , o r i n t he a bsence o f b uffer z ones , i n d irect c ompetition w ith n eighbours o f e qual

s tatus .

d evelopments o f

t hese .

T his

G iven

s urprising

m ay

i n s ocial

i f

t he

w ell

h ave

a

d irect

b earing

o n

v arying

o rganization a nd/or i ntensity i n o vert e xpression

c ontrasting t opographies

t opography h ad s ignificant

i n B ritain

i nfluence

i t

o n t he

w ould n ot w ays

b e

i n w hich

c ommunities o rganised t hemselves a nd h ow t his c hanged t hrough t ime . I n t he f ications

c ategorisation o f

h ave

s ignificant a dopted b ut

b e

v ariation

h ere

a ccount

u nderlying

t o

i s

b ased

i s

a lso

g eology

m ade a t

l andscape d ifferences s ubstantial i n

t he

c lassification

r egional

p rimarily t aken

o r

o f

o n

d eposits .

E ach

a t

i dentification

f our

a ppropriate . w ill

a pplication

o f

t his

d efined

a s

a griculture

z ones a nd

w here

t hus

w ere

s oils

w ere

c apable

o f

o f

i deally

s impli-

t o

i dentify

T he

a pproach

a ltitudinal

i n

s oil

t ype

f actors d ue

t o

f actor

i n

i solation

i s

l evel

o f

a nalysis

b asic

F urther s ubdivisions a re a pplicable

b e d escribed u nder r elevant s ections . T he f irst o f t hese c lasses i s t hat

o rder

a nalysis . a nd

d ifferences

i nadequate a s a b asis f or a nalysis . I n c ategorising t he l andscape a nd

o f

t opographic

m ajor

g lacial

l evel

i n

l and

t ypes

t he

s eems

i n s pecific r egions a nd ' core

a reas ',

s uited

s upporting

f or

w hich

a re

p rehistoric

r elatively

d ense,

w ell

e stablished p opulations ( cf B radley 1 984a ,p .41). T hese i nclude e xtensive w ell d rained a lluvial t erraces , a nd c halk d owns/limestone u plands w hich a re e t

k nown a l

t o

1 976,

h ave C att

h ad 1 978,

l oess

d eposits

S hotton

1 977,

i n

p rehistory

G eological

( Avery

S urvey ;

s olid a nd q uaternary , S oil S urvey o f G reat B ritain ; m aps . a re u sed h enceforward f or a ll r eferences t o a ssessment o f p otential T he

1 973,

t en

C urtis

m ile

m aps-

T hese s ources r elative l and

i n p rehistory). s econd

c lass

i s

t ermed

' other

l owlands '

a nd

i ncludes

v aried

t opographies , r anging f rom p lains w ith h eavy s oils , t o r olling h illy l andscapes . M any o f t hese l owlands c ontain z ones w ith s mall, d ispersed a reas

o f

a dvantageous

s oils

g ood a s t hose i n ' core a reas '. T he B ritish u plands a re

( in

a p rehistoric

d ivided

i nto

t wo

c ontext), c ategories

t hat

w ere

a s

a ccording

t o

a ltitude. T hose t hat h ave s ignificant a reas a t l ow e nough a ltitudes t o h ave b een c ultivated , a nd t o h ave s upported p ermanent s ettlement i n p rehistory , a re t ermed ' upland r egions '. A reas t hat a re s ubstantially h igher a re t ermed

' mountain r egions '.

- 1 68 -

D efinition o f

b oundaries b etween e ach o f t hese

l and c lasses v aries .

' Core a reas ' a re o ften c learly d efined b y g eology o r s oils . T he p rime f actor i n d istinguishing b etween u plands a nd l owlands i s t opographical. I n

t he

m ajority

o f

r egions ,

u pland

r elatively s udden a lteration

b oundaries

i n a ltitude

a re

b y c hanges i n u nderlying g eology . O ccasionally p ronounced a nd t he e xact b oundary i s s omewhat r egions '

l and ,

a ll

o f

f requently s eparated

W hile w ere

t he n ot

m ajority s o

i n

s ignificantly .

o f

S pecific T he

r egions '

i s

t o

h arder

d ata

4 00m

O D .

a nd

u nless

s pecific

d ata

s uitable

' upland w here

d ata

d istinction d efine a n

t his

w ith

u pland h as

t hat

t imber,

a nd o r

d etailed

f ield

d ata

h ouses ( if

a ny)

a reas

a s

' uplands'

m ountains r ise s teeply f rom v alleys s teep s lopes b elow 4 00m O D . a s m ountainous . W hile

t he

v ariations

s imple i n

h ave

f or

s oils ,

i n

t erms

r ule

i s

t o m ay

c ould

b een

h ave t han

a t

t humb ,

a f requent

I n l ack

u ncertainty ,

b uilt

b een

i s t o b e

r ather

o f

a ppropriate .

s ignificant h ave

t he

i n

p urely

t he

f orm

o f o f

o ver-generous w ith

' mountainous '.

W here

i n t he a bsence o f e xtensive s helves ,

a dopted

a nd

t he a dvantage o f e nabling r egional c riteria

l imit

a reas

s ettlement

b een c ategorized f or s implicities s ake

a pproach

t opography

a g eneral

u nder

' mountain

s everal

t oo h igh b ut

T he a pproach a dopted h ere

o f

I n

m any

v aried

n oted

a nd

p rehistoric

a s

b e

l eads

e arliest

b oundaries

h edges .

c ategorisation

w hich

t oday ,

a re

' upland '

a h igher

available

t he

b ut

f ertility

a vailable

f or

u sed

o f

a s

i s

p recision .

l imit

b een

s uggests

m arginal

r elative

b etween

r egions t he 4 00m d ivision m ay w ell

p articularly

s helves a nd

s ettlement

a re

t heir

s ome

l ocal

t hese f actors a re l ess a rbitrary . T he ' upland

f or

r egions '

a lthough

c ases

s uggests

a round

a re

b y

c aused

f rom l owland a reas b y r elatively s teep s lopes .

t hese

s ections .

a vailable

w hich

p rehistory ,

r elevant

f ences

d efined

s lope,

u sually c ontain a reas o f s light t o m oderate s lopes ,

p lateau-like a re

c learly

a nd s teepness o f

h ere

f ails

s uitability

f or

t o

r ecognise

s ettlement,

o verviews t o b e a chieved .

o f

t heir

s uitability

f or

m any

i t

h as

E stablished p rehistoric

a griculture , c an a lso p reference f or l ightly

b e a pplied t o m any r egions , a s f or e xample, d rained a lluvial t erraces a nd e xtensive l oess

d eposits .

s uch

I t

i s

h oped

a b road

p erspective

w ill

c aused b y u nquantifiable l ocalised c hanges i n s oil p rehistory , i n r egions t hat h ave n ot b een e xtensively

a void

p roblems

f ertility s ince s tudied i n t his

r espect. T he a dopted a pproach s eems a ppropriate g iven t he s cale a t w hich m any l arger m onuments s eem t o o perate ( see b elow ). A lthough m any s maller t opographical s ites

a nalyses

' local

t o

f requently h ave a l ow r ate

e xceptional o f t hese D artmoor .

m onuments '

e xamine o f

t heir

w ould r equire

e xact

s urvival

s iting

m ore d etailed

c riteria,

t opographic c haracteristics a re s uitable f or s tudy .

h ave

b een

a ddressed

o n

T he

P eak

s uch

a nd t hus o nly r egions w ith D istrict

E ast

E xamples

M oors

a nd

o n

P attern T ypes A s

a nalysis

o f

s patial

p atterning

o f

s ites

p rogressed

i t

b ecame

n ecessary

t o e stablish a t erminology

t o d escribe b asic v ariation

n ature

t hese

p ossible,

w hich

o f a re

p atterns .

n eutral

w ith

A s

f ar

r egard

a s t o

i mplied

t erms

h ave

s pecific

b een

f orms

i n t he

u tilised

o f

s ocial

o rganization . w ithin

T he m ost c ommon f orm o f i dentified p attern d efined p arameters b etween c omparable s ites .

i s r egular s pacing T hese p atterns c an

b e d ivided i nto 5 t ypes a ccording t o t he d esign a nd s ize o f s ite, a nd c orresponding d ifferences i n s pacing i nterval ( table 2 8). A t t he h ighest

- 1 69 -

T able 2 8;

T he c haracteristics o f m onument d istribution p attern t ypes

m o nu m en t c l a sse s R e g iona l f o ci

n o rm a l s p a c ing r a ng e ( K m ) c 1 5 -28

N o rthe rn O p en C i r cles ( c la s s A ) C a ithn e ss H o rse sho e s ( c la s s B ) W e s sex V a r ian t C i r cles ( c la ss F ) C i rcleHen g e s ( c la s s 0 ; C H 3 ) H e n g e s ? W e ste rn C i r cle Heng e s ( c la s s C ; W C H )

t o p og ra p h i c

t o pog raph ic c h a ra ctet is ti cs ' c e n t ra l p l a ces '

z ones

c o re z o n e s o t h e r l o w lan d s

I n te r-g ro up f o c i

S y m me t rica l C i rcle s ( c la ss E ) s o m e H y b r id C i rc le s ( c la ss 0 )

c 2 ,0 -8 ,0

? o th e r l o w la nd s u p la n d r e g io n s

G r ou p f o ci

W e s te rn I r reg u la r C i r c les ( c la s s C ) s o m e H y b r id C i rc le s ( c la ss 0 )

c 2 ,0 -7 ,0

? o th e r l o w lan d s u p la n d r e g io n s

' c en t ra l p l a ce s '

S h a red f o c i

S m a ll C i r cles ( c la s s K ) ? H e b rid e an O p e n C i r cle s ( c la ss G ) ? W e s te rn I r regu la r C i r c les ( c la ss C )

l a rg e

o t he r l o w lan d s

' c en t ra l p l a ce s '

L o ca l f o ci

R e cum b en t S t o n e C i rcle s ( c las s H ) c 1 ,0 -5 ,0 C l a va C a irn s ( c la ss I ) K i n ca rd in e sh ire R i ng ca irn s ( c la ss J ) S m a l l C i r cle s ( c la sse s K , L ) D a rtm o o r S t one -Row C i rc le s ( c la s s M ) F o u r P o st e rs ( c la s s N )

l evel

o f

t his

h ierarchy

a re

a re n ormally s paced b etween

l arge

w a te rshed s

o t h e r l o w la nd s

c 0 ,5-3 ,0

v a r ied

a l l z o n e s

m onuments

v a ried

( frequently

1 5 a nd 2 5km a part,

h enges),

a nd t ermed h ere

w hich

' regional

f uQ1 '. I n s ome o nly

a

a reas ,

m inor

s paced

a t

t ermed

o nly

' group f oci'. c omplexes)

h eart

t he

m ost

l ocations

w ith

i n

o f

t he

r egional

o verall

( Cumbria

f oci

p attern ,

6 -14km?

a re

t he

- s ee

u ndetected o r

m ajor

5 : 5),

l ocated

i n

a dvantageous a dditional

v alleys/rivers ,

t opographical s ettlement

t opographic

T hese

a re

' advantage',

s uch

a c arefully

a re

( or n ucleated

' central-places ',

a reas .

w hich s uggest

s ites

a nd t hese a re

p attern a re c haracterised b y m onuments

m onument

c onfluence

i n

c 2-7km a part

B oth t ypes o f o f

p articularly w here

c omponent

a t

t he

o ften s ited a s

c hosen

a t

t he

l ocation

i n t erms o f e ase o f a ccess f rom a h interland . A f urther c 2

a nd

c 8km .

t ype

o f

T hese

p attern e xists

s ites

a re

w ith m onument-spacing a t

d istinguished

f rom

' group

a rchitectural g rounds a nd b y t heir d istinctive l ocations . h igh o n w atersheds away f rom s ettlement z ones ( see 5 :8), h ere

' inter-group f oci'.

w hen

s urvival

T he f ourth t ype a re

s paced

s uggests

a t

t hese

p attern u sually i nvolves s mall g ood a nd t opography n ot

b etween c 0 .5 a re

a nd a re t ermed h ere i mpressive

o f

r ates a re

a nd

5 . 0km a part .

s patially r elated ' local f oci'.

m onuments

a nd

c an

b e

t o

T hose

A nalysis l ocal

b etween b oth

i n

o n

T hey a re s ited a nd a re t ermed

m onuments ,

i nimical

s pecific

f oci'

w hich ,

t o

s ettlement,

t he

t est c ases

s ettlement z ones

i n e astern S cotland c ontain m ore

r egarded

p olitical e xplanations f rom t hose e lsewhere

- 1 70 -

a s

h aving

d ifferent

( see 5 :11-5 :16).

s ocio-

A f ifth p attern i s f ound i n h ere ' shared f oci'. T hese

t ermed

d escribed a bove.

W estern S cotland a nd i ts s ites a re a re h arder t o f it i n t he s chema

E ach c omprises a n ucleated c omplex

m onuments w hich m ay h ave a cted a s a f ocal p opulated

a rea ,

c omparable

i n

s ize

' group ' o r ' local f oci'. H owever , f ound a t ' regional f oci'.

t o

o f

r elatively s mall

l ocation f or a l arge,

t hose

f or

' shared f oci'

r egional

l ack t he

s parsely

r ather

t han

l arge m onuments

S ite S urvival O ne

p roblem

w ith

a ssessing

m onument n etworks s uspected t o b e ' territories '

f or a djacent

' territory '.

S uch

d ata

o n

p atterned

a re r arely l ikely t o m issing , i t w ould s ites

p roblems

o f analysis a ccording u navoidably s ubjective

t hat

m ake

i t

b e b e

a bsorb

t he

n ecessary

t o

t o m onument s urvival a nd i t i s o nly w hen

a cross b road a reas o ccurs

t hat

d istributions

c omplete . W here m isleading t o

i s

t hat

a s ite i s f ormulate

p ostulated

i ntervening

a ssess

r eliability

t he

r ates . T his p rocess i s r egularity i n p atterning

r elative c ompleteness c an b e a rgued w ith

a ny c onfidence . I n

c omparing

r eliability

h ave

t o

r elevant s ection . c omparable s ites

d ata

b e

f rom

u sed

d ifferent

a nd

t hese

a re

r egions ,

v arying

c ommented

l evels

o f

u pon b elow i n e ach

S ite p atterns w hich i ncorporate o nly o ne a re g iven g reatest w eight. A s a g eneral

c lass o f r ule t he

t axonomy d evised i n C hapters 2 a nd 3 i s s trictly a dhered t o w hen i dentifying i ndividual p atterns . O ne e xception i s u sually a pplied ; n o d istinction T his

s eems

i s

d rawn

b etween

a ppropriate

g iven

c ircle-henges t heir

( class

s imilarity

i n

D ; CH3)

a nd

h enges .

a rchitecture

a nd

t he

f requency w ith w hich s tone c ircles w ithin h enges w ere a dded a s s econdary f eatures ( see 1 :2). I n C umbria r egular s pacings b etween l arger m onuments o ccur w hich i ncorporate m ore t han o ne s tone c ircle c lass . T hese a re d escribed b ut s hould b e t reated w ith c aution . I n o ther r are c ases , s ingle

m onuments

a re

c ommented

u sing a nother c lass . a typical s ite . N o

H owever ,

u pon i n

i dentified p attern c an b e

w hich

f it

w ith

c ase

d oes

t he

n o

a rgued

p atterns p attern

t o s urvive

i n

i dentified

r ely

o n

t he

i ts e ntirety a nd

o ccasional c ases a lways o ccur w ithin e ach , w here s pacing b etween n earest n eighbours i s a pproximately d ouble t he n orm , s trongly s uggesting a m issing

s ite .

T he

l ack

o f

c omparable

m onuments

w ithin

a ny

g iven

w hich f ail t o c onform t o t he p attern , o r m ultiples o f t he s pacing i nterval, i s a s trong a rgument i n f avour o f t he m odel. T ests d escribed

o f

t he

b elow ,

u tility

o f

t he

w here s urvival

m odel

a re

p rovided

i n

r egion a verage

t hose

a reas

o f s pecific m onument t ypes i s r elatively

g ood . W here p atterns a re l ess c omplete, s pecific p attern t ypes a re p ostulated , f or c omparative p urposes , b y a nalogy b etween t he i dentified p attern c haracteristics f or s pecific s ite t ypes i n t he t est a reas a nd m onuments

o f

t he

s ame

c lasses

u nwarranted a ssumptions s et o f p ossibilities . O ne

o n

e lsewhere .

f unctional

p roperty o f t he t ype o f m odel

W hile

t his

c ompatibility , p roposed h ere

p rocedure i t

m ay

m ake

h ighlights

o ne

i s i ts p otential

f or

p redicting t he l ocations o f u nrecognised m onuments . I n t he l ong t erm t he a pplicability o f t he m odel c an b e t ested b y d iscovery o f f urther s ites i n p redicted l ocations . S ome o f t he m ore o bvious p ossibilities h ave b een i ncluded i n t he t ext a s n otes a t t he e nd o f e ach s ub-section , i n o rder t o a ll

f acilitate c ases

f uture

a ssessment.

d escribed b elow

H owever ,

( 5 :2-10),

t he

i t

m ust

b e

s tressed

i dentification o f

n ot r ely o n t hese p ostulated s ites .

- 1 71 -

t hat,

i n

p atterns d oes

M onument D istribution P atterning i n B ritain - A S ummary E xam ination o f m onuments a t d ifferent l evels i n t he s ite h ierarchy c an b e e xecuted w ith v arying d egrees o f s uccess , d ue t o d ifferential d estruction w hich c hanges a ccording t o r egion a nd m onumentality o f s ite . H owever ,

e nough

g ood

e xamples

s urvive

t o

m ake

a nalogies

f rom r egion t o

r egion a nd t hese a re s ummarised i n t able 2 9 . T he d istributional p atterns i dentified b ecause o f t he

r eadily

o f ' regional f oci' a re o ften m ore s ize o f t hese s ites a nd t hus t he

r elative d ifficulty w ith w hich t hey c an b e t otally d estroyed . b est s tudied i n t he ' core a reas ' o f W essex a nd t he P lain H owever , z ones ,

v estiges o f i n

D istrict

s ome

a nd

s imilar p atterns c an b e

c ases

p erhaps

a ssociated t he

w ith

Y orkshire

d ifferentially f avourable z ones e xist

i dentified i n o ther l owland

' core

V oids

T hey a re o f Y ork .

a reas ',

a nd

a s

T rent

i n

t he

V alley .

P eak

E lsewhere

c reated b y i ntermittent p atches o f

w ell d rained s ands a nd g ravels , a s i n T ayside/Lowland S cotland , T weeddale a nd t he S olway F irth L owlands . M inor ' core a reas ' w ith r elatively g ood s oils o ccur i n O rkney/Caithness a nd W ensleydale/ W harfedale. E lsewhere m inor e xamples o f s imilar p atterns o f ' regional f oci' a re f ound i n l owlands w here d ifferential f actors t hat f avour s pecific z ones a re n ot a pparent, a s a t t he L assie V alley n ear E lgin , N orth W ales c oast, S outh-west W ales a nd S outh-west E ngland . I n a ll

c ases

' regional

f oci'

t he

a void l ess f avourable p eripheral z ones

a djacent t o ' core' a reas . T he f oci a re n ormally 2 5km a part w here n o m ajor t opographical b uffers

p laced b etween e xist a nd o nly

1 5 a nd r arely

h ave c loser s pacing ; t he e xceptions a re i n t he p articularly a dvantageous r egions o f t he P lain o f Y ork a nd W essex , w here s pacing o ccasionally d rops t o

1 0km .

' Regional M oray

F irth ,

f oci'

a re

G rampian ,

n oticeably a bsent L incolnshire,

t he

i n s ome

l owland a reas ,

M idlands

a nd

m uch

o f

a s

i n

S outh-

e astern E ngland . I n u pland z ones o f t he n orth a nd w est, ' regional f oci' a re l argely m issing , b ut t heir p lace i s t aken b y s maller m onuments w ith d ifferent d istributional m ountains a re p opulations

a nd

m ay b e

t he

o ther

a reas ;

w ere

p attern

t he

n otably

c apable

c omprising

t o t he

a long

o f

t he

s ustaining

m onuments

s ufficiently b eing

e quivalent

n ucleations

r egional W estern

c entres

o f

s mall

i n t he

S eaboard

G rampian n ucleated s ites ,

l owlands .

f rom

I n

S outhwestern

N orth W ales , a nd i n C entral W ales a nd S outhwest E ngland ; o ccur o f m oderate c arrying c apacity ( as o pposed t o b eing p rehistory), b ut w here n o a djacent ' core a reas ' a re k nown

o f

C umbria .

' shared f oci',

l ocal

S cotland t o l arge z ones m arginal i n t hat

c haracteristics . W estern S cotland a nd t he t opographically u nsuited f or s upporting l arge

i ntact

f or

W hile s mall

' regional

t ypical

i s

s tudy

d ense

c omplex ,

o n D artmoor ,

p opulations . a lthough

B odmin

M oor

H ere

t his

a nd

i n

i s

t he o nly

p arts

o f

h enges w ith p atterned d istributions c onsistent w ith

f oci'

s ites

r elatively

p articularly

a re

a re

a m inor

' group '

a nd

c omponent

i n

s ome

' inter-group '

o f

t hese

m onuments

r egions ,

w hich

a re

s paced a t b etween 2 a nd 8 km ( up t o 1 4km i f C umbrian d ata a re a ccepteds ee 5 :5). T hese two p attern t ypes a re a bsent f rom t he r est o f B ritain .

' Local ' F irth

a nd

d iameter , n eighbours

m onuments t ake o n two r adically d ifferent f orms . G rampian t hey a re h ighly m onumental r ings o f

w ith o ften

r andom a t

d istributions ,

b etween

1 a nd

b ut

5 km .

m onument h ierarchy a re a pparent .

- 1 72 -

H ere

w ith n o

s pacing h igher

I n M oray m oderate

t o

l evels

n earest i n

t he

T able 2 9 :

R egional v ariation i n m onument d istribution p attern

R e g ion R e g io n a l f o ci p r e sen t 1 6 -2 5 ?

O r kney C a ithn e s s S u th e r lan d N o rth -we st e rn S e a bo a rd M o ray F i rth E l g in /L o ss ie v a l le y p r e sen t G r am p ia n N o rth -we st T a y s id e T a y s id e /S co t t ish L o w la nd s 1 6 19 S c ot t ish S o u th -w e s t e rn P e n in su la S o lway F i rth /Cum b r ia ( 1 5 19 ? ) C h ev io t s /L a m me im u i r H i lls T w ee dda le p r es en t T h e P e n n in e s -l i m e s to n e p r e se n t -g r it sto n e T h e P l a in o f Y o r k ( 9 )2 0 -22 T h e P e a k D i s t r i ct - l i me s to n e 1 7 -g r its t o n e N o rth Y o r k M o o rs T h e Y o r ksh ire W o ld s p r e sen t T h e T r en t V a l le y 1 6 19 N o rth W a le s p r e sen t C e n t ra l W a le s S o u th -we st e rn W a le s p r e sen t ? S o u th -we st e rn E n g lan d - D a rt mo o r ? - B o d m in M o o r p r e se n t ? - o t h e r u p la nd s ? - l o w land s ( c 2 0 ) T h e U p p e r T h am e s V a lle y L LN . W e s sex j t 17 (-3 9 ) W e s sex -w e s te rn p e r ip he ry 1 2 -22

S p a c ing R a n g e ( k m ) I n te r-g rou p G r ou p L o ca l f o c i f o c i f o ci ? ?

? ? ? -

p r e sen t ? ?

p r esen t ? ( 6 14 ? ) p r e sen t ?

p r e sen t p r es en t p r e sen t c 2 5 p r e sen t c 1 4 5 13 p r e sen t p r e se n t p r e sen t p r e sen t p r e sen t p r e sen t p r e sen t

S h a red f o c i

p r e s en t

p r e sen t

Q . 7 -2 .4 p r e sen t

? ? ?

p r ese n t ? ? ?

p r e sen t ? ?

c 2 ,57 ,5 c 2 ,36 ,2 p r e sen t

2 , 0 7 ,2 c 1 ,9 -4 ,0 p r e s en t

J . 1-2 .7 p r e sen t ? p r e sen t ?

p r e se n t ?

p r e sen t ?

p r es en t

K e y -q u a lity o f d a ta 0 2 0 G o od ; c o h e ren t p a t t e rn o f a r ch ite ctu ra l ly s i m ila r s i te s , 0 2 0 S o m e g o o d d a ta ; p a t te rn i n com p le te o r t o o f e w s i te s d u e t o s m a l l s i z e o f r e g ion , 0 2 0 ? P r o b le ma t ica l ; i n co rpo ra t es n u m b e rs o f s i te s w i th a r ch ite ctu ra l d i s im i la r it ie s , ( 2 0 ) A t yp i ca l o r p r ob le m a t ic s p a c ing s -s e e t e x t , p r e sen t P o o r ; a r e a s w h e re a p p ro p r ia te m o n u m en t s e x ist , b u t w h e re t h e p a t te rn i s f r agm en ta ry , o r w h e re s p a c ing i n te rva l i s i n a p p rop ria te b e cau s e o n ly o n e f o ca l s i te e x ist s d u e t o s m a l l r e g ion s i z e ( a t r e g iona l f o ci i nO r kne y a n d t h e P e n n in es ) , p r e sen t ? s o me u n ce rta in ty o v e r t h e i d e n t i fica t ion o f t h e p a tte rn t y p e -o n ly i s o la ted e x a m p le s o f ' a p p ro p r ia te ' s i t e s e x ist , 7 s i gn i fi can t u n ce rta in ty d u e t o d i ffi cu lty i nd i s t ingu ish ing b e tw e en p a tt e rn t y pe s , 7 n o t p r e s e n t , b u t p o s s ib ly e v ide n ce l o s t ( o r u n re cogn isa b le ) , a s s u g ge sted b y a n a logy w i th a d ja cen t a n d t o po g ra p h i ca l ly s i m ila r r e g io n s , n o t p r e se n t ,

— 1 73 —

E lsewhere, l ocal a re f ound i n m ost

t hese

s ites a re n ormally s mall-diameter c ircles a nd n orthern r egions , e ither i n h ierarchical i nter-

r elationship w ith ' regional' o r ' group f oci', o r i n a djacent p eripheral z ones . T hey c an o nly r arely b e s tudied i n a ny d etail b ecause o f h igh l evels P eak

o f

d estruction .

D istrict

s paced

a t

E ast

E xceptions a re

b etween

M oors

D artmoor ,

a nd

t he

N orth

c 0 .5-3 .0km ,

b ut

i n

T ayside

i ncreases b ecause o f t he r estricted o ccurs i n n arrow l inear b ands . I n s ome i n O rkney , W olds .

Y ork

amounts

N orth-west

M oors . t he o f

s pacing

l imestone

p lateau

o f

t he

l and ,

s tone c ircles ,

P eak D istrict

t he

t hey

a re

b etween s ites

u tilisable

n orthern r egions t here a re n o s mall

t he

T ayside,

N ormally

a nd t he

w hich

n otably

Y orkshire

H ere s uch m onuments c an b e a rgued t o h ave a lways b een a bsent.

A ll

a re r egions w here L ater N eolithic r ound b arrows o r p assage g raves a re c ommon a nd t hese m ay h ave f ulfilled s imilar s ocio-political f unctions t o s maller s tone c ircles e lsewhere I n D artmoor , r ows s ame

S outhern

B ritain ,

( see 5 :11-5 ;16).

s mall

s tone

c ircles

a re

n ormally

r are .

O n

E xmoor a nd p robably B odmin M oor t heir p lace w as t aken b y s tone

( with s mall a typical s tone c ircles a ttached a t D artmoor s ites). T he m ay o riginally h ave b een t rue i n W ales a lthough f ew s ites s urvive .

F urther n orth , e xamples o f s imilar p henomena o ccur i n p arts o f w estern a nd n orth-eastern S cotland , w here s tone r ows p redominate, w hile s mall s tone c ircles a re u ncommon . S tone r ows a re o nly f ound i n i n a reas s uch a s T ayside, w here s mall c ircles p redominate . a nd

I n a ny

W essex , g eneral

m onuments

s mall

n umbers

s mall c ircles ( and r ows) m ay h ave b een r are o r a bsent p atterning t o t he f orms o f L ater N eolithic ' local'

( timber c ircles ,

h engiforms?)

i s p resently p oorly u nderstood .

5 ;2 M oray F irth T his r egion , a nd G rampian , w arrant d escription a s m oderate-diameter c ircles a re p articularly p lentiful a nd h ave d istribution p atterns w hich d iffer f rom a ll o ther r egions . a reas

T he M oray F irth r egion h as a c oastal p lain c overed w ith e xtensive o f g lacial s ands a nd g ravels , i nterspersed w ith a lluvium i n t he

v alley

b ottoms

m ountains

a nd

i nland,

r elatively

l arge

a reas

a lluvium a nd g lacial N ess , c lay ,

l eaving

r aised

d issected

o nly

b eaches b y

t wo

s uitable

f or

s ands/gravels . s ide

v alleys

a long m ajor

t he

c oast.

v alleys .

s ettlement,

T here

a re

h igh

S trathspey

p rovides

w ith e xtensive

a reas o f

G len N or i s l argely t aken u p b y L och

a nd

u pper

s helves

c overed

i n

b oulder

a vailable f or a griculture .

T he s tone c ircles c an b e p laced i n 4 d istinct z ones . O n t he w estern c oastal p lain ( fig .56 ;A) a nd S trathspey ( B), t he C lava C airns ( class I ) p redominate , w hile i n t he e astern c oastal r egions a nd a m ore d iverse r ange o f m onuments e xists .

( C ,D)

t hey a re a bsent

T he C lava C airns h ave s tandardised a rchitecture a nd o ccur w ith a d ensity o nly p aralleled f or s imilar-sized c ircles i n a djacent G rampian . T he s ites h ave a d istinct t endency t o o ccupy t he m ore f avourable z ones , o nly 1 1 o ut o f 4 2 s ites o ccurring i n h igher a reas ( land t ype 3 f ig .56).

E ven h ere t he m ajority o f t he

F igure 5 6 :

1 1 a re o n

t he

f ringes

T he d istribution o f C lava C airns a nd R ingcairns A :

N orthern O pen C ircles

D :

H :

R ecumbent S tone C ircles

I : C lava C airns a nd R ingcairns

C ircle-Henge

m ountains ( land c lass 4 ) -h eavy s tipple u plands a nd u pper v alleys ( land c lass 3 ) -l ight s tipple

- 1 74 -

o f

m ore

f avourable

l and .

H igher

m arginal

a reas

w ere

a voided ,

a s w as t he c oastal

s trip w here r aised b eaches a nd b lown s and p redominate . T he C ircle

o nly

n on-Clava

( class

K ),

a t

s ites

i n

t he

m ay

b e

s imilar

l ocations a nd ( see 5 :3). T he

l ack o f

s ite

t he

i n

z ones

e ntrance

G rampian

B i s

G len

r egion

c hronologically

l arge

A a nd

t o

N or ,

w hich

T orbreck . c an

a lso

d istinct

b e

o ccupy

f rom

t he

m onuments s uch a s c ircle-henges

T his S mall

c ompared p rime

l arger

w ith

v alley c ircles

l eaves t he C lava

C airns i n z ones A a nd B a s t he m ajor c eremonial c entres i n t his r egion . T heir s pacing i s r ather e rratic , b ut i n t he N airn V alley ( fig .56:1) a nd a t

t he

m outh

o f

p articularly n earest

w as

a s

o f

N or

t here

n eighbours

d istances , d egree

G len

g ood ,

o f

b y

b oth

a ' local'

a reas

a t endency

c 2-5km ,

n ormally

i n

T he

c lose

g roup .

p ossibility

o f

a dditional

o nly

a round

t rend

p artial

f or

s imilarly

o f

o f

d esigned

g reater

c ircles t hat

a s

t his

m onument

S trathspey ,

s ites . t o

w ith

e ach

c an

b e

i s m ade f or t he I n

( fig .56 ;3),

s ites

b e

s ignificantly

o nce a llowance

C lava

t o

b etween

f or

s uch

a ppears

s pacing

s uggests

a reas ,

s urvival

B alnuaran

a t

r egions

s pacing

O ther

s urvival

c onsistent

t han

o ther

p ostulated t o a ccord w ith s uch a p attern , p articularly

w here

f or

r ather

f ound

m onumentality .

b uilt

( 2), i s

s ome

c ases ,

t here

o ccur

i n

i s

a n

n ucleated

c lusters o f t wo o r t hree . C airns

T he r elatively l arge amount o f l abour i nvolved i n b uilding C lava ( which s ignificantly e xceeds t hat f or ' local m onuments ' i n o ther

r egions), h enges ,

t ogether

s uggests

w ith t he

s ociety

m any r egions o f B ritain t he

l ack o f

h ere

w as

a ny

' regional

o rganised

f oci'

r adically

s uch a s c ircled ifferently

f rom

( see 5 :11-5 :16).

I n c ontrast t o t he m onument p attern d isplayed i n z ones A a nd B , a reas f urther e ast h ave n o C lava C airns . C entred o n t he R iver

L ossie,

i s

a s mall

a rea

( zone

C )

w here

t he

m onuments

a re

r adically

d ifferent f rom a ny o ther z one i n t he M oray F irth o r G rampian r egions . T hey c ompare w ith N orth-East S cotland a nd T ayside r ather t han a reas i mmediately t o e ast a nd w est. N ear E lgin i s t he p robable h enge o f Q uarry W ood a

( fig .56 ;4),

' regional

i nland ,

i n

w hich

f ocal t he

( by a nalogy w ith o ther r egions)

s ite'

h eart

o f

a

n ow

p art

m ay w ell

h ave b een a s econd

' regional

t he

o f

r eaches

( class t he

o f

m arginal

N orthern l ower

C ircle

t his

p robable I n

O pen

f or

A )

t he

u pland

o f

p robably a cted a s

c oastal

p lain .

v alley

E dinkillie

F urther

z one,

i s

t he

( fig .56;5).

T his

i s

t hat

f ocal s ite'.

S pey

( zone

D )

t here

e vidence

R ecumbent S tone C ircles ( class H ) o nce e xisted , a nd t his a rea s hould b e r egarded a s t he n orthwestern e dge o f t he d istributional p atterns f ound i n t he G rampian r egion

( see 5 :3).

5 :3 G rampian T he

G rampian

b oulder

c lay ,

r egion w ith

a long r iver v alleys

i s

c haracterised

n arrow

s trips

o f

b y

l ow ,

r olling

a lluvium a nd

( Glentworth a nd M uir

1 963)

h ills

f ertile

( fig .57;A).

c overed

g lacial

i n

s ands

O nly t he w est

i s m ountainous , w ith c lear c ut t opographical d istinction f rom t he l ow h ills b elow . B road v alleys d issect t he m ountains i n t he c entral a reas o f F igure 5 7:

T he d istribution o f R ecumbent S tone C ircles i n G rampian . H :

R ecumbent S tone C ircles

K 1 : s mall s tone c ircles

J :

K incardineshire R ingcairns

K 2 : s mall c ircles w ithin h engiforms

m ountain z one ( land c lass 4 ) -d iagonals u pland z one ( land c lass 3 ) -s tipple

- 1 76 -

▪

••

1

' •. • •••••••••

I r,

I C •

A •

•• ••

A C

• •

1 1

_ J oe_ ;

. .11V › .

7

•

4 1—

•

2 0 K m

J

A

K I

•

K 2

G arioch ,

S trathdon

a nd

D eeside

m ountains a re m ore c ontinuous

( fig .57;B).

( fig .57;C),

F urther

s outh

t he

G rampian

t hus a cting a s a m ajor b arrier

b etween t his r egion a nd T ayside t o t he s outh . A s w ith M oray F irth , t he m ajority o f s ites a re i mpressive r ings o f o nly m oderate d iameter ; n o l arger s ites a re k nown . T hese R ecumbent S tone C ircles ( class o ut o f

( class

H )

h ave

a rchitectural

a ffinities

w ith

t he

C lava

C airns

I ) a nd a gain h ave a p redominantly l owland d istribution . O nly 1 2 8 7 s ites a re f ound o n h igher l and ( land t ype 3 - f ig .57). T he

d ensity o f

s ites t oday

a p roduct

o f

i s g reatest

d ifferential

t o

t he

d estruction .

w est,

b ut

t his m ay

E xamination

o f

t he

i n p art

b e

d istribution

o f d estroyed s ites o f u nknown d esign , m any o f w hich a re l ikely t o h ave b een R ecumbent S tone C ircles g iven t he r elative f requency o f t his c ircle t ype,

i llustrates

s imilar

d ensities

o f

s ites

i n

s ome

n orthern

a nd

e astern a reas . A lthough t he o verall s pacing p attern f or R ecumbent S tone C ircles i s r elatively r andom , i n a reas o f g ood p reservation n earest n eighbours a re f requently s paced m onument

w as

a t

b uilt

o nly b etween b y

a

1 a nd 4 km a part,

' local'

g roup .

s uggesting t hat

O ccasionally

p aired

e ach

s ites

a re

a lso f ound , b ut t his t rend i s n ot a s c ommon a s i n M oray F irth . D etailed t opographic a nalysis o f s ite d istribution i n s elected a reas o f z one B h as g reat p otential f or t hrowing f urther l ight o n s pecific ' local t erritories ', a ll o f w hich a re l ikely t o h ave b een o f s imilar s ize a nd m ay h ave a pportioned t he f ertile l inear b ands o f s ands a nd g ravel o f t he r iver

v alleys

( cf

B url

1 976 ,p174).

S uch

a s tudy

m ay

a lso b e

u seful

f or

p redicting w here s pecific s ites a re m issing . A s s urprising

t he r egion i s i f m any s mall

d istributional t hese

r ings

c ounterparts , S mall t o

t he t he

S tone

D ee

( class K )

s ites

a s

b elow s hould

b e

r egarded a s

m uch

t o

r emove

e asier

l argely c onfined

t he I n

l ies o n g lacial l ie

f ringes

( fig .57;D , E).

( fig .57;a).

( fig .57;b). t hey

a re

b oth a t

C ircles

V alley

I nverurie

a typical

b een

t entative,

t han

t heir

a s

l arger

t he R ecumbent S tone C ircles .

C ircles

t hese s mall o f

n oted

h ave

n orth a nd e ast,

R ecumbent i n

p atterns

w ould

p redominantly a gricultural i t w ould n ot b e c ircles h ave b een d estroyed . H ence, f urther

T hose

w ithin

T he

z one

o f

t he

o nly

E t he

t o

t wo

l owland a reas

k nown d istribution o f

e xception l argest

i s

I mage

s ands b eside t he r iver D on , a t

B roomend

s mall

h enges ;

o f

C richie

t he

W ood

c oncentration a nd

f ormer

o f

j ust s outh T uach

a lso

a re

h ad

a n

i mpressive a venue . T he l ocation o f t his s mall c oncentration o f s ites , a t a t opographical f ocal p oint a t t he c onfluence o f t he D on a nd U rie i n a n i deal l ocation f or e arly s ettlement, c ould s uggest t hat t hese a re p articularly e arly s ites w hose l ocation c ontrasts w ith R ecumbent S tone C ircles E llon

p laced

' randomly '

( fig .57;c),

a round

W hitehill

W ood

t he

l owland

( d)

a nd

h ills .

B ackhill

o f

T he

s mall

r ings

D rachlaw

( e)

o ccupy s ites n ear m ajor r ivers . C ircles o f G rampian p ost-date

B url h as s uggested t hat t he t he R ecumbent S tone C ircles

1 976,p187-8).

n o

f ormer

i n

H owever ,

p articular

L ater N eolithic

t here

a re

i s

s trong

p oorly d ated ;

H owever ,

U nfortunately t he

f or

t his

o rigins

S mall ( Burl a s

t he

i n t he

( see C hapter 3 ),

5 :4 T aysid .e a nd t he S cottish L owlands T his r egion h as a c lassic e xample o f t he s ites .

e vidence

b oth c lasses h ave

a t

a lso

t he

d istribution

i ntermixing o f

p atterns

t hese

o f

s ites

s mall

- 1 78 -

f orm i s

a re

l arge

o ften

r elatively

a nd s mall

f ragmented .

i ntact

i n

t he

n orth-western g lens ,

w hile

l arger s ites c an b e p artially a ssessed i n t he

l owlands . T ayside ,

a nd

a djacent

c ontrasting l andscapes . l owland p lain w hich h as s ands/gravels e lsewhere w hich o f

i n

v alley

( fig .58;A).

r ise

s teeply

h ills a re

g radually

f rom t he

t he

F orth

p lain

i s

s outh ,

b elow ,

c omprise

w ith

a d issected

( fig .58;B).

S ome

n o

b oulder

c lays

o f

h ills

t his

r ange

o f

f or e xploitation

w atershed a reas

w ith

s everal

F orth i s a a nd g lacial

r ange

p arts

b een s uitable

t he F orth t he

p lain

t he

o f t he F irth o f a reas o f a lluvial

i nterspersed

t he

l ow t o h ave

S outh o f

f rom

o f

t o

s ide l arge

b ottoms ,

N orth

s ufficiently

l ater p rehistory .

a reas

T o e ither r elatively

c lear

( fig .58;C)

c ut

i n

r ise

t opographical

b oundary . T hese a re n ow p artially c overed b y p eat d eposits , a nd a lthough s ettled i n p rehistory , t heir a ltitude w ould h ave m ade t hem l ess f avourable t han t he p lains b elow . T o

e ither

s ide

t opography

o f

w hich

m ountains

c an

b e

( fig .58 ;D) t here

a re

a re

l ow T he

g lens ,

h eart

U plands

i nto

f or

t he

m ountainous

r egions ,

s ettlement.

T he

t he

t he

t he

n orth

m ountains

m ountains

a re

A long

a bove

F urther

s ettlement.

( fig .58 ;G)

a re

d ense

t hree .

s helves

w hile

o f

a rea

i nhibited

e xploitation .

g enerally u nsuitable S outhern

c entral

h ave

u pland

f or

h abitable

s ettlement.

t his

s ubdivided

t here

s ufficiently

o f

w ould

t he

o f

t he

s imilar

t o

a nd

a bove

t o

S outh

s outhern

g lens a re

n orth F orth

z one

w ere

( fig .58 ;E) h igh

f or

( fig .58 ;F)

t oo

i s

t he

E ,

f ringe

w hich

w est

t he

G rampian

m ountainous

w ith

h abitable

v alleys d issecting h igh u plands . O nly t o t he e ast, i n t he L ammermuir H ills ( fig .58 ; H), a re t he l atter s ufficiently l ow f or s ettlement. A d ichotomy c ircles a nd l atter f ormer

i ndicate s uggests

m ajority i n

t he

o f

t hey t hat

s mall

s outh

d ifferential

i n

t he

r egion

h enges/circle-henges .

l owlands

f urther

e xists

l arge

a w hole,

a re ' regional f oci', t hey w ere m onuments

s ites

a re

f ringing

i n

a s

t he

f ound

h eart

d estruction ,

e ither

t hese . o f

t he

w hile b uilt

i n

H owever,

c ombined

b etween

s mall

s tone

T he s ize a nd d istribution o f t he

t he

f requency o f ' local' u se.

n orth-western

o ccasional

l owlands

w ith

t he f or

a nd

r elative

i t

s ites m ay

g lens

a re

w ell

a vailability

t he T he

b e o f

o r

k nown t hat

s tone,

e xplain t his b ias . H enges O nly

4 -7

h enge

c omplexes

a re

k nown

o n

t he

l owland

p lains ;

B alfarg

( fig .58 ;a), N orth M ains ( b), C airnpapple ( c), W eston ( d) a nd p ossibly H untingtower ( e), N ewton o f B oysack ( n) a nd N ewlands ( p). F urther s outh , t he h enge a t N ormangill ( f), a nd t he p ossible e xample a t R achan S lack ( g),

l ie

w ithin

e xamples , e xcept

a ll

v alleys

l ie

C airnpapple

o n ,

d issecting

o r c lose

a nd

t he

t o ,

N ewlands ,

S outhern U plands .

a reas o f t hese

a re

g lacial

I n t he

s ands .

p articularly

l owland

I n a ll

c ases ,

e xtensive

a nd

w ere c apable o f s upporting d ifferentially d ense p opulations w ithin c lose F igure 5 8 :

T he d istribution o f D ; c ircle-henges

F igure 5 9 :

h enges i n T ayside .

0 ; h enges

X ; p ostulated m issing s ites

t opographical z ones - s ee t ext T he d istribution o f l arger c ircles i n n orth-west

T ayside .

K l : s mall c i rcles- l arger t ype N :

F our P osters

U ;

m a in v alleys - s olid l ine u pper s helves - s tippled

K 2 : s mall c ircles - s maller t ype u nknown t ype X : p ostulated m issing s ite u pper/side v alleys - d ashed l ine

b oundaries b etween s ite ' t erritories d etermined o n t he b asis o f t he m ost o bvious t opographical c onstrictions i n a ny g iven s ituation ( see t ext) ,

- 1 79 -

, • • • • • •

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\

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:

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• • • •

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•

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, • • \ -. * ••:' .•••* . •.. •• ,,• . , \, • . . \ \ \ ,, \ v\\ . ,. • , • .\ , ,, . . . . . ,,,‘ , ., , • • •. ,.\ ,, , , . . , , , v . : • . x h . \ •\ „ \ \ \ ,\\.,•\ ,\ \ „\, ) : .

,

\

•

,

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• • • , • f • • • • • •• •, • • . ' . , • , • • • • • ' . „ • • • •. .>7 „ . „\•\,,„\\ \ \\., \ \ \ •\\\ ; / . . . . :: , • • •• • • • ,, , \ \ • • • • • • • • • • •• • ` • • • \ \ •

• • \• \ •

,

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Y . .

E lb

\ \ \• , i • I ; •

• ••":

• • •• . ' •

X i

" ' ."1 z " . • • 7 Z. • • " ' •

x k

p 1 13 ,/ :: • • •••:: • * .• • . :• • . • • .

I .•• V • •. •• • ,. . . ;

A

. •• • • • • • •

. 1 • • • • •1

x l l e •

• •

H •• • • • • ' • . :

7. •

: " • 7 •• •'

• •• • •4

• • • •• •

• •• •

•

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•

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d a • • :••. • )

7*• ••,* .

?

• •— •

t •

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•

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X

•• •

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. • ••

« . •• •.• t • • •• *

• • •••

•. /

4 0 K m

.: • •

p roximity

o f

t opographic 1 6-19km

t he

s ite

b uffer

z ones

( from e xist

g lens ,

f requency

F igure

T hese

r egional

c ases),

p erspective).

t he

s pacing

W here

b etween

n o

s ites

i s

( see n ote A ).

S mall C ircles I n t he n orth-western 1 ) a re l arger

a ( 3

f or

a nalysis .

s mall 5 9

s ites

s urvive

i llustrates

t hat

w ith

F our

f ound b oth i n t he g lens a nd o n u pland s helves , c ircles ( Small C ircles-class K ) a re r estricted

v alleys u ndoubtedly

f ormed t he

l ocal

' prime a reas '

s ufficient

P osters

( class

w hile s omewhat t o t he g lens . f or s ettlement;

N eolithic p resence i n t he g lens i s i ndicated b y s uch s ites a s C roft M oraig . T he u pper s helves m ay n ot h ave b een i ntensively e xploited u ntil t he E arlier B ronze A ge . W hile l arger

t he

c ircles

d istribution o ccupy

s paced d own t he g lens . a reas

t hat

o ften t heir

w ith n atural f ull w idth ,

d ocumented

a re

F our

P osters

v alley

i s

r elatively

l ocations

w hich

r andom ,

a re

t he

r egularly

T hese v alleys h ave c learly d efined b ut r estricted

s uitable

f or

s ettlement

a nd

a gricultural

e xploitation ,

d ivisions b etween t hem i n t he f orm o f l ochs f illing o r t he n arrowing o f v alleys . T he d istribution o f

c ircles

i ts own m onument.

o f

s pecific

( fig .59 :

9 c ases)

s uggests

t hat

e ach

l ocal

z one

h ad

O nly 4 f urther s ites n eed t o b e p ostulated t o c omplete

t he p attern i n t he m ajor v alleys .

S ites a re s paced a t b etween 5 a nd 1 3km

a part ( with d istance i ncrease c orrelated t opography). O nly t he n arrow o r p rohibitively

t o m ore h igh u pper

r estrictive r eaches o f

g lens a ppear t o h ave h ad n o c ircles . A n a dded e lement t o t he p attern o ccurs a t t he c onfluence o f t he T ay a nd L yon ( fig .59 ; A). H ere t he c ircles o f C roft M orals , C arse F arm I I a nd

B alhomais

l ie

w ithin

t he

s ane

p ortion

o f

v alley .

A ll

t hree

h ave

s omewhat l arger d iameters t han u sual, C roft M oraig a nd p robably B alhomais h ave c omplex a rchitecture, i ndicative o f a l ong p eriod o f u se a nd t he

m odification . T his p articular z one i s a n atural f ocal p oint, b eing o nly a rea w ith e asy a ccess t o a ll t he m ajor u pland v alleys o f t he

r egion

( along

t he

v alleys

a nd

a cross

h igher

p asses).

H ence

t hese

p robably r epresent a ' shared m onument c omplex ' s imilar t o W estern S cotland a t C allanish , T emple W ood a nd M achrie M oor .

s ites

t hose

i n

P o stu lated s i tes A ; S i m ilarity b e tween t h ese s p a cings a n d t h e s p a cing r a nge f o r h e nges i n o t her r e g ions , s u gg es ts t h at f u rthe r h e nges m a y o n ce h a ve e x isted i n L o w land S c otland , E a ch w o u ld h a ve b e en a f o cal m o numen t f o r a ' c o re t e rrito ry '

w h e re t o pog raphy a n d s o ils c r eated d i ffe rent ia l b i ases i n p o pulation d e ns ity t h at

f a vou red p a rt icu la r l o cat ions , T h e d i st ribut ion o f r e lative ly l a rge a r eas o f w e ll d r ained s a ndy s o ils s u ggests p o pu lat ion c o n centrat ions ( a nd h e n ce h e nges?) i n t h e v i cin ity o f C o uper A n gus ( f ig ,I07 ;h ) , S t irling

( i ) ,

A l loa

( j ) ,

G l asgow

( k ) ,

M o therwe ll

( 1 )

a n d

E d inbu rgh

( m ) ,

I n

m o st

c a ses

t h e

c o rresponden ce w i th l a rge c o nu rbat ions m a y i m p ly t h e e a s ily d e te ctab le e v iden ce f o r s u ch s i tes h a s a l ready b e en d e stroyed , 5 :5 C umbria T he p lain s outh o f E den ,

i ntersperced T he t he

t he

h as e xpanses o f w ith

C umbrian

b oulder

m ountains

s heltered

p opulations .

S olway F irth ,

v alleys

A round

c entred o n t he

v alley o f

w ell d rained g lacial g ravels a nd a lluvial

t he

c lays ,

a re

a nd

w as

p redominantly

h ere

w ere

m ountain

w ell t oo

s uitable f ringes

a re

p opulated h igh f or

f or

i n

t erraces

p rehistory .

s ettlement,

s upport

d issected

t he r iver

o f

s helves ,

i ncreasing d ata

i s b eing f ound f or E arlier B ronze A ge e xploitation .

i s p articularly

t rue

f ells ,

w hile

a t

t o

t he

n orth a nd s outhwest.

a ppropriately

l ow

a ltitudes ,

- 1 82 -

T he

a re

b ut

m oderate w here T his

e xtensive s outhern

o nly

i ntermittently

s uitable

b ecause

s helves

a re

b edrock ,

o f

t he

r ocky

r elatively

b ut

n ature

o f

a dvantageous

p rehistoric

t he

d ue

s ettlement

l andscape . t o

d ata

T o

t he

e ast

c arboniferous

h ave

l argely

t he

l imestone

b een

m asked

b y

l ater f arm ing . I n l arge

n ortheast

c ircles

s outhwards

w as

f rom

C umbria

f irst

t he

p atterned

c ommented

C arlisle

u pon

( fig .60;a)

b y

t hrough

p attern c omprises m onuments o f d ifferent ( fig .60 ;b), o n e astern s helves a bove d ifferences

s uggest

c hronological

d istribution B url

o f

( 1976 , p69). t he

E den

h enges I t

a nd

e xtends

V alley .

T his

f orms . A t B roomrigg/Grey T huds t he E den , t he a rchitectural

d epth ,

w ith

c hanges

o f

f orm

a nd

s pecific l ocation t hrough t ime . A t B roomrigg a s mall p robable h enge l ies a djacent t o a r uined c ircle t entatively i nterpreted h ere a s a f reestanding W estern I rregular C ircle ( class C - b ut w hich a lternatively m ay b e a N orthern O pen C ircle d estroyed M eg

c ircle

( class

C ).

o f

G rey

T he

- c lass A ).

Y auds

l atter

a ppears

s ite

i s

A bout

t o

h ave

1 .7km t o t he b een

p articularly

n orth ,

c omparable

m assive

a nd

t o

o nce

t he L ong

h ad

a

s econd a djacent c ircle. T his m onument c omplex ( fig .60;c) l ies 1 0km s outh o f B roomrigg a nd f orms a s econd f ocal p oint o n s helves e ast o f t he E den . A t a t

a s imilar d istance f urther t o t he s outhwest i s a t hird m ajor c omplex t he c onfluence o f t he E amont a nd L owther , c omprising 2 -3 h enges o f

d iverse d esign ; M ayburgh , R ound T able ( fig .60 ;d).

K ing A rthur 's

R ound

T able

a nd

p robably L ittle

T he u pper r eaches o f t he E den V alley a re h arder t o i nterpret; m ay

h ave

p attern

b een o f

I rregular

d estroyed

r egular C ircles

t o

t he

s pacing

e ast.

a ppears

( fig .60 ;e ,g)

a re

T o t o

t he

w est,

b reak

a t

d own .

f reestanding

a nd

f irst

T he

s ites

g lance

t hree

s maller

t he

W estern

t han

L ong

M eg o r G rey Y auds . I t m ay b e t hat s uch s ites f unctioned o n a m ore l ocal l evel ( see b elow). T he t rue r egional f ocal s ite h ere m ay h ave b een a t S hap ( fig .60 ;f) w ith i ts m assive a venue b ut o nly r elatively s mall s urviving c ircle

( Kemp H owe).

A cross t he w atershed i n t he u pper L une c atchment t he w estern c ircleh enge o f G amelands ( fig .60 ;h) i s l ocated i n a f ocal p osition f or t his s elf-contained v alley a nd t he l imestone s helves a bove. T he m ay

r egular

a lso

h ave

s pacing o f

c ontinued

s ites

w est

M otherby ( fig .60 ;i) a nd t o a pparently b eing f ree-standing , f ocal

p ostulated

o f

P enrith

f or

t o

n orth-eastern C umbria

t he

d estroyed

s ite

o f

C astlerigg ( j). T he l atter , d espite i s p articularly g randiose a nd o ccupies a

p oint f or t he n orthern v alleys o f t he C umbrian M ountains . T he

p attern

f oci,

i s

o f

a s

g iven a bove ,

d ebatable

a re

s paced

s ignificance

a s

9 -15km a part. i t

c ontains

H owever ,

t his

a p alimpsest

o f

v ariously d esigned s ites a nd m ay d isguise r adical c hronological c hanges . I f s ites w hich i ncorporate c haracteristics c ommon i n ' regional f oci' e lsewhere ( le h enges a nd i mpressive a venues) a re e xamined i ndependently , t hen a s pacing o f b etween 1 5 a nd 1 9km c ould b e p roposed ( fig .60; s ites b ,d ,f). T his a lternative h ypothesis a lso f or t he m ismatch o f s ites i n t he u pper ( fig .60 ;f)

a cting

a nd E den v alleys . ( g)

a nd

p attern ,

G amelands t ogether

a s

t he

o nly

' regional

o ffers a p otential e xplanation E den V alley ; t he S hap c omplex f ocal

s ite'

T he r ings a t G unnerkeld/Shapbeck ( h)

t hus

f orm

a s econd

w ith o ther s ites

f urther

f or

t he

( fig .60;e),

( chronologically n orth

U pper

d istinct?)

( fig .60 ;b ,c ,i),

a t 6 -14km i ntervals ( see n ote A ). T he l atter p attern i s c omparable w ith t hat f or t he ' group-foci' o f s outh-west E ngland .

- 1 83 -

L une

O ddendale s paced p erhaps

T he V alley d esigns . 9 6

c oastal

a nd

a nd

p lain

c ontains

o f

C umbria

a m ixture

o f

i s

l ess

s omewhat

a dvantageous s maller

T hese c an b e s uggested t o o ccupy f ocal 1 4km a part,

b ut

a gain

t his

p attern

t han

c ircles

t he

o f

E den

v arying

l ocations s paced b etween

i ncorporates

a p alimpsest

o f

d iverse m onuments a nd h ence i s o f u ncertain i nterpretation .

P o s t u l a t ed s i tes A ; T o c o mp lete t h is p a tte rn o n e o f t h e h e nges a t P e nrith t f ig ,113 ;d ) , o r ad e st royed s i te s o mewhere i n t h e s a me v i cin ity , m u st b e i n cluded , 5 :6 T he P lain o f Y ork a nd S urrounding U plands T his r egion h as c ontrasting t opographical z ones w ith s trong d ifferences i n t erms o f t he l evels o f p opulation t hey w ere c apable o f s upporting . T he

P ennines

a re

i nhibitively

a reas o f s helves t o e xploitation . H owever ,

h igh

a nd

o nly

r elatively

t he e ast, a nd v alleys , a re t here a re t wo m ajor e xceptions

s mall

d issected

l ow e nough t o t his . I n

f or t he

Y orkshire D ales , b oth W ensleydale h ave f requent s helves a nd v alley

( fig .61;A) a nd C raven/Wharfedale ( B) s ides o f C arboniferous l imestone a s

o pposed

w ere

t o

m illstone

g rit.

T hese

p robably

c apable

o f

s upporting

s omewhat h igher p opulations . A t t he s outhern e nd o f t he P ennines , t he P eak D istrict h as a l arge c entral p lateau o f l imestone ( fig .61;C) w ith e xtensive

l oess ,

( Hawke-Smith

w hich

w as

p rovide

1 983).

T o

a rea'

a s econd

t he

i n

e ast

p rehistory t he

( fig .61;E)

H art

' core

l ow T he

M oors

a nd

i mportant

t his ,

Y ork

B radley

a n

m illstone g rit u pland ( fig .61;D) i s l ess d issected t han u sual a nd e nough f or e xtensive E arlier B ronze A ge e xploitation ( see 5 : 7). N orth

1 979 ,

e xample

o f

o f

a n

u pland

t hat

i s m arginal t oday b ut w hich a gain h as l arge a reas o f l and a t a s uitable a ltitude f or p rehistoric f arming . T o t he e ast o f t he P ennines t he l owlands v ary i n c haracter f rom n orth

t o

s outh .

I n

t he

r elatively

f lat

l andscape

o f

t he

P lain

o f

Y ork ,

t he n orthern p ortion ( fig .61;F) h as a l arge e xpanse o f g lacial s ands f orming a n i mportant ' core a rea '. F urther s outh t hese s ands a re r eplaced b y h eavier c lays , b ut a s maller z one o f g lacial s and o ccurs a round Y ork . I n t he T rent V alley a lluvial t erraces a re a lso e xtensive ( fig .61;G). B etween

t hese

t wo

r egions

a

b road

r idge

o f

M agnesian

( fig .61;H) a lso s upported a h igh p rehistoric p opulation , h igh l ithic c oncentrations h ere, n ot f ound i n a reas ( Barnatt

u npublished

f ieldwork ,

V oids ( fig .61;I) a re a f ourth s oils o verlying t he c halk . T his

r egion

h as

B ob

S ydes

' core a rea'

a c lear

p ers .comm).

T he d istribution o f C l

W estern C i rcle-Henges

T he

Y orkshire

w ith l arge a reas o f a ttractive

d ichotomy

b etween

f ound e xclusively i n u plands w hich a re m arginal f ound i n ' core a reas '. F igure 6 0 :

l imestone

a s i ndicated b y t o e ither s ide

s mall

t oday ,

s tone

c ircles ,

a nd l arger h enges

l arger s ites i n C umbria . C 2 ; W estern I r regular C ircles - f reestanding

L I : s maller c i rcles w ith t a ll s tones U : u nknown t ype ( lowland o nly)

0 : H enges

m ountain z one ( l and c lass 4 ) -d iagonals u pland z one ( l and c lass 3 ) -s tipple b oundaries b etween s ites ; t h iessen p olygons m odified t o a ccount f or t opography ( s ee t ext),

- 1 85 -

S mall S ites I n

m ost

z ones

l ittle

c an

b e

s aid

a bout

t he

d istribution

o f

s mall

s ites

b ecause o f e xtensive d estruction ; o nly i solated p atches o f u nenclosed m oorland e xist a t s uitable a ltitudes . H owever , t here a re t wo n otable e xceptions ,

t he

Y ork M oors .

I n t he

r ingcairns e xtensive

a re

o f

i s

t he

( 1982), t o

m onuments '

a nd

f ield

P eak D istrict

t hat

o f

s ited

s ystems .

T he

h enges

o f

t his

r egion

T hornborough

i n

p rovide

f orm

d esigns a nd d iameters ; o ne ( fig .61; b) a re m ore w idely t wo

a re

o f

a nd t he s tone

t he

c lose

b ased

o n

o f

t heir

n ature

P eak D istrict, p roximity

r elationships

N orth

c ircles , t he

i s

r ingcairns

t o

i ndividual

c an

b e

g limpsed

I lkley . t he

a n

b est

e xample,

a fter

s ize

i ntegrated

c omplex

W essex ,

w ith

o verlies a c ursus . T he s paced a nd o f s lightly

i dentical

s imilar

o f

a

o ther t hree s ites d ifferent d esigns .

t o t hose a t T hornborough ,

b ut

l ack

o uter

s tandardised

d itches .

w hile t he

T here

i s

a

o ther t hird

p ossible f ocal l ocation , b y t he r iver S wale a t S corton ( fig .61;c). a n a typical c ursus o r b ank b arrow e xists b ut n o h enges h ave a s y et i dentified .

o f

t he

o f r egional f oci. T he P lain o f Y ork h as s everal a re t wo s ets o f t hree b y t he R iver U re. T hose a t

( fig .61;a)

O nly H utton M oor

t he

S imilar

f ew

i nvestigation

s uggests

e lsewhere , a s o n R ombalds M oor n ear R egional F oci d iscernible p attern l arge h enges . T here

( see 5 :7)

a lthough t here a re

P rovisional

S pratt

i dentical

' local

c airnfields

M oors o f

l atter c ase,

p lentiful.

w ork

d istribution b eing

E ast

F urther

s outh

two

h enges

e xist

o n

t he

M agnesian

H ere b een

l imestone

r idge a t t he two p oints w here t his i s b roken b y m ajor r ivers . T he m ore n ortherly , a t N ewton K yme b y t he W harfe ( fig .61;d), i s o f s imilar d esign a nd s ize t o t hose a t T hornborough . T hat b y t he A ire a t F errybridge ( fig .61;e) i s o f s imilar s ize b ut l acks a n o uter d itch ( see n ote A ). I n t he f ound

w hich

( fig .61;i)

m ore a dvantageous a reas o f p robably

i s

w ell

a cted

s ited

a t

a s

t he P ennines ,

' regional

a c entral

f oci'.

l ocation

s maller

T he w ithin

P eak D istrict,

t he B ull l imestone

t he

R ing

( fig .61;k)

p lateau

a nd A rbor L ow

i n t wo ,

t he

W ye

h enge

W ensleydale .

s mall s ite a t Y arnbury ( fig .61;j) i s a f ar l ess c ertain i ts i nternal d iameter i s o nly 2 1m ( Harding w ith L ee 1 987, a nd d ivide

h enges a re

C astledykes

( 1)

T he

f ocal s ite a s p 317). I n t he a re

1 7km a part

V alley g orge p roviding

a n i deal n atural b oundary b etween t hem . B oth h ave p robable o val b arrows n earby w hich c ould s uggest t hat t hese s ites w ere t raditional c entres o f l ong s tanding ( Radley 1 968, B arnatt 1 988). E xamining t his g roup a s a w hole, w ere

n ormally

p laced

b etween

1 7

a nd

i t

s eems

2 2km a part

l ikely t he ( where

n o

r egional

f oci

t opographical

b uffers e xist). H owever , t he p lethora o f s ites o n t he n orthern p lain r equires f urther c omment. W hile t he g eneral s imilarity i n s ize o f m onuments h ere, a nd o n t he M agnesian l imestone r idge , c ould b e t aken t o r eflect s imilar p opulation s izes i rrespective o f d ate, t he d istinctive s tandardisation o f d esign o f s everal m onuments s uggests c ontemporaneity . F igure 6 1:

T he d istribution o f

l arger s ites i n t he s outhern P ennines ,

Y orkshire a nd t he T rent V alley . 0 : C ircle-Henge O H : D uggleby H owe

0 : H enges

Q : C ursus m onuments

T : t imber c ircles

h igher u pland z ones ( land c lass 4 ) -d iagonals u pland z ones ( land c lass 3 ) -s tipple ,

c ore z ones - d ashed

b oundaries b etween s ites ; t h iessen p olygons m odified t o a ccount f or t opography , g eology a nd s oils ( see t ext) ,

- 1 86 -

I t

c ould

b e

p ostulated

t hat

t he

T hornborough

h enges

( and

i ncluding

t he

t hree h enges i mmediately t o t he s outh?) h ad p articular i mportance a nd f unctioned a s a n ' inter-regional' c entre . H owever , e vidence f or s uch c entres

i s a bsent

N eolithic

e lsewhere

h enges

a re

i n B ritain .

r egularly

E ven

s paced

( at

i n W essex t he s imilar

l argest

i ntervals

t o

L ate t hose

n oted a bove f or t he h enges o f t he P lain o f Y ork) a nd a ppear t o h ave b een o f e qual i mportance t o e ach o ther . T his s uggests t hat t he two s ets o f t hree h enges o n t he Y orkshire P lain , s paced 9 km a part ( central s ite t o c entral

s ite) , a lso

s erved

o nly

t heir

t wo

s pecif i c

c atchments .

T he

n umber o f s ites m ay r eflect p articularly h igh d ensity o f p opulation h ere, a s w ell a s a t rend t o e xpress o vert s egmentation , n ot f ound i n a reas s uch a s W essex T he

( see 4 : 4).

I n t he T rent V alley , h enges m ay n ever h ave p layed a n i mportant r ole . o nly c ertain f ocal l ocation c omprises t he p robable h enge a t R ound

H ill a nd t he F indern c ursus n earby ( fl g . 6 1; m ) . T he p ossible h enges a t B erryfields ( o) a nd B arton i n F abis ( p), t he A ston c ursus ( n), a nd t imber

c ircles

a t

C atholme

( q),

s uggest

t hat

f urther

L ater

N eolithic

f oci e xisted , e ach s paced c 16-19km a part ( excluding n ). F urther e ast i n t he l ower T rent v alley n o s ites a re k nown , u nless t he l arge t imber d ouble-circle I n

t he

( or p alisade)

Y orkshire

' territories ' R udston b uilt

i s

W olds

m ore

s mall

p roblematical.

( fig . 6 1; s ) ,

i n

a t E ast S toke 1 -3

t han

w hich o ne

T he

o nly

c omprises

p hase,

t hat

i s o f r elevance

h enges

a re

k nown ,

d efinite

s everal c onverge

m ajor

l arge o n

( f

g . 6 1; r)

b ut

i dentifying

f ocal

c ursus

o r

n ear

s ite

i s

m onuments , t he

R udston

M onolith . T he small h enge a t P addock H ill l ies n ear t he ' outer ' e nd o f o ne o f t hese c ursus m onuments , i n a p eripheral p osition w hich s uggest t hat i t T hwing ,

w as o f s econdary i mportance . A s econd p ossible small h enge a t r emodel l ed i n t he L ater B ronze A ge O t tanby 1 983 ), l ies s ome

d istance t o t he s ites . T here i s

w est a lso

a nd h as n o c ertain r elationship t o t he R udston a p ossible small h enge a t W alkington ( fi g . 6 1; t)

n ear t he s outhern e nd o f t he W olds . H enges m ay a gain

h ave

p layed o nly a m inor r ole

i n t his r egion .

T he

m ultiphased n ature o f R udston ,

a nd t he c oncentration h ere o f h igh s tatus

L ater

B ronze

s uggest

N eolithic t he

m onuments W essex .

a nd

E arlier

c ontinued

m ay

w ell

i mportance

h ave

o f

l argely

A ge t his

f allen

a rtefacts c entre o ut

o f

a t

( Pierpoint a d ate

u se

i n

1 980) ,

w hen

a reas

c ursus

s uch

m onument f orm a t t his ' regional f ocus ', e xplaining t he l ack o f h enges . A t t he c entre o f t he W olds i s t he l arge L ater N eolithic b arrow ( or

a s

T he c ursus m onuments m ay h ave m aintained t heir r ole a s t he m ajor

o f

D uggleby

p ossibly

a n

H owe,

a typical

l ying

w ithin

h enge),

c ould r epresent a f urther f ocal h enges .

w ith

a p robable a p ossible

c ausewayed c ursus

l arge r ound

e nclosure

n earby .

T his

c entre emphasising s ite t ypes o ther t han

P o stu la ted s i tes A ; T h e r e gu lar s p a cing b e tween t h ese s i tes , i n c o mb inat ion w i th t h e ir r e lat ionsh ip t o r i ve rs , s u ggests t h at a n othe r h e nge o n ce e x isted f u rthe r s o uth b y t h e R i ver D o n s o mewhere n e ar C o n isbo rough ( f ig ,117 ;f) , F u rthe r s i tes c o u ld b e p o stu lated i n s m a ller w e ll d r a ined a r eas a t Y o rk ( g ) a n d D a rlington ( h ) b u t t h ese a r e l i ke ly t o h a ve n o w b e en b u ilt o v e r ,

- 1 88 -

57 T he P eak D istrict E ast M oors T he

E ast

M oors o f

t he

u plands

o f

m arginal

t opographic T he

f actors

a rea

P eak D istrict t he

l ead

c omprises

t hroughout,

t he

d escription

a nd

p resented

t o

a

i n m any r espects

H owever ,

e xceptional

m ajority

o f

t he

( Barnatt

a re o f

u pland ,

w hich

o f

t hey

s urvival

p lateau-like

a nalysis

e lsewhere

a re

P ennines .

i s

s imilar

4 00m

o n

o f i n

p rehistoric

o f

u nder

r emains

t ypical

u nusual

O D .

t hese

s ites .

a ltitude

D etails

m oors

1 986,1987,forthcoming).

t he t hat

h ave

O nly

o f b een

a

b rief

f ound

w hich

s ummary i s g iven h ere . A

s eries

c oncentrates f avourable t he

i n

o f

a s

t he

w ell

t he

f ield

b oth

a ll

f ield

s ystems

r efered

t o

a s

c ase

A lthough r elation

n ot

i n

t o

a ll

t he

a p recise

c eremonial

c airnfields

m onuments

w ith w hich c orrelations e xist.

a re

o n

f or

s eems

A ll

o f

o n t hat

p rimarily

e xploitation t here a re 3 46

t he

E ast

M oors

c onvenience),

w hose

m onuments h ere . c hronologically

t heir

j ustified

a nd m ade

a re i n

n ecessarily

a c omparison

b e

I n t otal

c airnfields

' cairnfields

s ense,

c an

s tages

d istribution c an b e c ompared t o t hat o f t he c eremonial s ynchronous

m oors ,

s ystems ,

r epresent

a nd

i s

e astern

A s trong

t he

t hat

c airnfields

o f

D erwent .

a s

a nd

a nd

s helf

r ather t han t ransitory f arming .

e xtant

( henceforward

o f

n ature,

l ong d uration ,

s ystems

w estern

w est

c airnfields ,

h ectares

f ield

t he

s helves

a gricultural o f

o f

o n

d istribution

g iven

t he

i n

f requency

c airnfields l acking a s tone c ircle o r

r ingcairn c an b e s hown t o h ave b een e ither t runcated b y l ater i ntake , o r c an b e r egarded a s c omponents o f l arger b ut d iscontinuous s ystems w ith m inor f or t o

i nterruption w here s oils o r

a griculture . h ave

b een

T he h eight

i n

t he

E arlier

1 983, B arnatt 1 986 ,1987). ' permanent' f arming , t hat s tone

c ircles)

c ontinued a nd

t o

w ere

b e

o f

i n

B ronze

b y

A ge

t he

( Hicks

E ast

1 972,

M oors

u se

d uring

c airns

t his

p eriod .

p robable

s uggest

t hat

I n

t hese

l ikely

a nd

H art

i ndications o f ( and t hus t he

l ater

s lighting o f

i s

B radley

I t c an b e p ostulated , g iven t he m ajority o f c airnfields

f armed a nd t he

r ingcairns

l and s urface c onditions a re u nsuitable

e xploitation o f

c enturies

s ome

c eremonial

s tone

s ome

c ircles

m onuments

h ad

f allen o ut o f u se . F igure s tone

6 2

i llustrates

c ircles/ringcairns

L arge a reas o f

a nd

t here

t he

e xtant

i s a s trong c orrelation b etween

o pen m oorland a lso e xist,

a re o ccasional b arrows . c ircles/ringcairns o ccurs w ithin ,

t hat

o r a djacent t o ,

p rehistoric

a gricultural

z ones .

w here t he o nly i dentified s ites

C lose p roximity o f c airnfields t o s tone i n 3 0 c ases . T he 6 e xceptions t o t his a ll l ie

l ater i ntakes .

I n 4 o f t he l atter c ases ,

d ata o n

d estroyed c airnfields h as b een d ocumented . T he d esign

t o

d iameter

m ajority e ach

s ites

o f

t he

o ther w ith

o f

c ircles

i n

C ircles-class

l ow o rthostats

T wo e xceptions e xist; r ectangular F our P oster s mall s tone

s tone

( Small

G ibbet ( class

t his L ),

r egion b eing

a re

o f

s imilar

r elatively

e asily e rected b y s mall

s mall

c ommunities .

M oor N orth ( fig .62 ;1) i s a N ). N ine S tone C lose ( fig .62;2)

s mall i s a

d iameter r ing w hich h as t all o rthostats ( class L ). T he E ast M oors c ircles a re t ypically embanked , a nd a n a nalysis o f t he r ingcairns

t he

r egion

i dentical

( Appendix

f orm e xcept

3 ),

i llustrates

t hat

t hey

f or t heir l ack o f o rthostats

A n e xamination o f

t he

a re

m onuments

o f

( Barnatt - i n p ress).

l ocation o f t he s tone c ircles a nd r ingcairns

f rom a l ocalised p erspective,

i ndicates t hey w ere n ormally p laced o n t he

f ringes o f a reas o f a gricultural a ctivity , e ither j ust w ithin t he c airnfield o r a djacent t o i t. E ach c airnfield u sually h as o nly a s ingle s tone c ircle o r r ingcairn .

H owever ,

3 -4 c ases o f p airs e xist

- 1 89 -

a nd

t here

a re i s

a f urther 4 s ites f ar

f rom c lear

i n c lose p roximity o n S tanton M oor

i f

t hese

d uplicate

a nd r eflect ' segmentation ' w ithin t he w hether t hey w ere e rected s equentially . 6 9 b arrows c an b e m ounds

i n

t he

t ermed h ere

i dentified

c airnfields

' prestige b arrows '.

d iameter a nd ,

a lthough

c ommunities

i n t he a rea,

b ecause

( fig .62;3).

o f

t heir

t hat

b uilt

t hem ,

w hich s tand o ut

l arger

l ocations

a nd

( or

p restige

n ot)

e xcavated ,

b arrows

c ategories . T hose w ithin o r a djacent i ntake c annot b e a nalysed ( 19 c ases). e ither

a re

N ormally t hese a re b etween 1 0 a nd 3 0m i n

o ften p oorly

o f

o r

f rom t he

d imensions ,

h ave a r ange

a rtefacts n ot f ound w ithin t he s mall c airns o f t he c airnfields . i ncludes p restige i tems s uch a s f ood v essels a nd b ronze a xes . T he

I t

s ites f unctioned c ontemporaneously

c an

i nto

t hree

t o d estruction z ones o f E lsewhere t he b arrows a re

l ater f ound

i n c lose p roximity t o t he c airnfields

b e

d ivided

o f

T hese

( within 5 00m - 4 1 c ases)

i n i solation ( 9 c ases). A nalogy w ith o ther r egions c ould s uggest l atter m ay h ave o ccupied s ignificant b oundary p ositions ( see 5 :9).

o r t he

T he m ajority o f p restige b arrows a re t hus i n p roximity t o c airnfields , a nd a re n ormally s ited i n s imilar w ays t o s tone c ircles , o ccupying n on-random l ocations , o ften a t t he a gricultural f ringes . T heir v isibility f rom t he f armed a rea w as o ften m aximized b y s iting o n r idges o r

f alse

c rests .

W here

p reservation

i s

g ood ,

e ach

c airnfield h as b etween 1 a nd 4 p restige b arrows . t he

p restige

s tone

b arrows c an b e

c ircle

o r

r ingcairn .

r egarded a s I n

o ther

d iscretely

I n a t

d efined

l east 4 i nstances

f orming a p air w ith a n a djacent

c ases

b arrows

o ccur

t ogether . W here c airnfields o ccupy n arrow r idges , b arrows a nd/or c ircles o ccupy o pposite e nds o f t he l inear a gricultural z one . A ll

two

o r

t hree

s tone t hese

p atterns i ndicate c arefully c onsidered p lacing o f m onuments . T he

r elationships

b etween

c ircles

a nd

p restige

b arrows

m ay b e

o f

s ome i mportance . T he f ormer a re a rgued b elow t o b e l ocal c ommunal m onuments , w hile p restige b arrows a re n ormally i nterpreted a s c ontaining t he

b urials

o f

a l ocal

e lite .

T he

s iting

o f

m any

o f

t hese

b arrows

i n

l ocations c omparable t o t hose o f s tone c ircles s uggests t hat t he two s ite t ypes a re d irectly r elated ( in h ierarchical t erms). T he b arrows m ay r elate

t o

e nting

o r

r ites

a ppertaining

s urplanting

c ircles . N o c hronological t he t wo s ite t ypes . ' Central l evel

p laces '

c annot

b e

t o

c ommunal

l ocal-group r ituals

l eaders ,

a nd

d istinctions a re

p erhaps

c eremonies

a t

c omplem-

t he

c urrently d etectable

s tone

b etween

o f E arlier B ronze A ge d ate a t a h igher h ierarchical

i dentified

o n

t he

E ast

M oors

a nd

t he

p atterned

c orrelation o f m onuments a nd c airnfields s uggests t hat e ach f arming u nit h ad i ts o wn p restige b arrows a s w ell a s a c ircle. T his p attern r aises q uestions

a bout

t he

s tatus

o f

t hese

b arrows

a nd

r eflection o f ' elite g roups '. A s e ach s mall c ommunity a gricultural z ones o f s mall s ize, a nd b uilt s imilar b arrows , t he

t his

s phere

o f

s uggests

t hat

i nfluence

o f

e ach t he

g roup

w as

i ndividuals

o f

t heir

s imilar

b uried

s upposed

f armed c omparable s mall n umbers o f s tatus

w ithin

a nd

e ach

h ence b arrow

m ust h ave b een s everely l imited . W hile t he b uilding o f p restige b arrows o n t he r eflect g roup l eaders ' p eriodic n eed t o r einforce o r F igure 6 2 :

E ast M oors m ay r ealign t heir

T he d istribution o f s tone c ircles a nd r ingcairns i n r elation t o f ield s ystems a nd c airnfields o n t he E ast M oors o f t he P eak D istrict. A : S tone c ircles

B : R ingcairns

C : P restige b arrows

- 1 91 -

D : L ater i n take

p osition

a t

t imes

p ossible t hat a ppertaining t o s ize

t hat

o f

i ncreased

c onflict

c an b e

p ostulated

b arrows

c hange,

m ay

c ontain

f ounders

m any o f

( cf B arnatt ( and

i t

s eems

c ater f or l ikely s mall

f or e ach c airnfield ,

b een f armed o n a n e xtended f amily b asis t he

o r

s uch b arrows w ere b uilt t o t he g roup a s a w hole, g iven t he

w hich m ay h ave

1 987).

s elected

e qually

c eremonies p opulation

I n s ome c ases

d escendants)

w ho

e stablished t he l ocal c ommunity a nd t hus t he b arrow l ays c laim t o t he l and v ia a ncestors i n s imilar w ays t o N eolithic b arrows ( cf B radley 1 984a).

T he

a spirations

p restige t o

w ealth

i tems o f

b uried

t he

s mall

w ithin

t hem

c ommunities ,

m ay

w ho

r eflect

i nvested

i n

t he

b urial

o f s pecific i ndividuals c hosen t o s ymbolise t he g roups s tatus . A ll

t he

e vidence

f or

t he

E ast

M oors

p oints

t o

e xploitation

b y

' local' c ommunities , e ach w ith i ts o wn f ocal a rea w here s ettlement a nd f arming t ook p lace . E ach g roup h ad i ts o wn s mall s tone c ircle, a nd a lso o ne o r ' local'

m ore ' prestige b arrows '. W here s urvival o f s ites i s g ood , t he c ircles a re s paced 0 .7-2 .4km a part . T here i s n o e vidence f rom

e ither s ettlements o r m onuments f or h igher l evels i n a h ierarchy . I n c ontrast, o n D artmoor a nd B odmin M oor t here i s e vidence

t hat

c eremonial m onuments w ere p laced i n ' reserved c eremonial a reas ' a part f rom s ettlements a nd a ssociated f ields ( see 5 :8-5 :9).

s et T he

p roximity

o f

m onuments

t o

s ettlement

o n

t he

E ast

M oors

o rdered d ivision o f t he l andscape, t he ' open ' w hile ' owned l and ' w as c onfined t o a gricultural g roup

e ffort

w as

p asture c leared ' private' u se . D istrict,

i n

s tone .

b ounded

S tone

f ields

c ircles

m ay

i n t his a rea a nd

h ave

b een

t he

' regional

p rime

c entres

g reater s ocio-political c ohesion

a nd/or

w ere

O n t he a djacent l imestone p lateau, t he s ituation m ay h ave b een v ery

c ircles e xist R ing

i nvested o f

a reas

t hus

l ess

o f

p laced

i mproved h ere

f or

a t A rbor L ow a nd t he B ull

l arger

( cf B arnatt

f or

a t t he h eart o f t he P eak d ifferent, N o s mall s tone

f oci'

f or

a rgues

a reas b eing c ommunal, z ones w here i ndividual

1 987,

c ommunal

g roups

w ith

s ee 5 : 6,5 :13).

5 :8 D artmoor D artmoor

i s

S outh-West. m oorland t o u pper

m oors

s eries

o f

t he

l argest

a nd m ost

e asterly o f

t he

g ranite

u plands

o f t he

T opographically i t c omprises l arge e xpanses o f u pper n orth a nd s outh , w ith t he b road D art B asin b etween . T he r each

a h eight

o f

s helves

a nd

r ounded

6 20m

O D ,

u pper

a nd

s urrounding

v alleys ,

a t

t hese

v arious

a re

a

a ltitudes

s uitable f or p rehistoric e xploitation . C eremonial

m onuments

f ringes o f t he t wo amount o f a vailable S ymmetrical o n t he

C ircles

h igher m oors .

a re

p redominantly

d istributed

a round

u pper m oors , t heir f requency c orrelating l and a t s uitable a ltitude f or s ettlement. ( class E ), A t

a nd

' prestige b arrows ',

w ith O nly

t he t he t he

n ormally e ncroach

l ower a ltitudes t he f requency o f s ites d ecreases

d ramatically a nd t his r elates d irectly t o z ones o f d estruction w ithin l ater f ield s ystems a nd i ntakes . U ndoubtedly f urther s ites o riginally e xisted

i n

t hese

m ore

l ater f arming z ones , a nd

k nown

f avourable

t here

p rehistoric

s ettlement

d isplay a w ide v ariety o f h ouse d ata t o

c lusters , a re

b e

and

a vailable

c ontemporary

s uggested

h ere

t hat

f orm ,

p robably t o

a reas .

t he

u nenclosed

m oorlands ,

t he

c oncentrations .

T hese

a bove

m onuments

s ettlements

o ccurring b oth w ithin p ounds a nd i n o pen

s pan

i dentify w ith

O n

i s a c orrelation b etween c eremonial

a b road

t ime

s pectrum .

i ndividual

s ettlements

c eremonial

m onuments .

b road p atterns

d isplayed

- 1 92 -

f or

I nsufficient

w hich

a re

H owever , e ach

l ikely i t

i s

t opographical

u nit

a re

l ikely

t o

r emain

r elatively

c onstant

( henceforward

t ermed

b e

i n two

' settlement z ones '). S tone C ircles T he

v arious

b asic

t ypes

g roups .

t hese

o f

T he

( classes

s tone

c ircle

m ajority

o f

C /E/D ;F6),

o n

t he

D artmoor

l arger

w hile

c an

s ites

t he

s econd

a ssociated w ith s tone-rows a nd a re m ostly s mall T he

l arge

c ontrasting w eight

t o

t ypes , t he

S ymmetrical p laced

o n

m ajor t wo .

i mportance

m ajor I n

v alleys , A t

t he

o f

( class c ase

t he

E ) t he

t o

4 W estern t hose

o f

f ound o n

G rey m ore

C ircles

t wo

f irst

o f

m onuments

a rchitecturally

c haracteristics a dd

r elatively

r idge

S ymmetrical

o f

d istinctions

a t

c rests

w ith

a t

( class

C )

T he

5

a ltitudes ,

v iews t he

t he

s iting a t

C ircles ,

d rawn .

h igh

( fig .63;A)

a s ite

n ormal

t he

c omprises

i n s iting

o f

i nto

( classes M /D ;F7).

a re

W ethers

a c hoice

I rregular t he

g roup

t axomomic

a re

u sually

o f

r elates

f irst

d ifferences

r ather t han t he

w ith

a t ' central t he c entre

t he

w atersheds , t he

p robably

c ontrast

o f

a nd s trong

C ircles

d irections . c ircles

c ircles

c onsidered

f all

i n

b oth

p airing

h ead

o f

o f

t hree

a b oundary b etween t he

t he

s iting

r ings

c riteria

b eing

p laced

l ocations ' w ithin m ajor v alleys . S corhill ( fig .63 ; D) l ies a t o f t he u pper N orth T eign v alley , m idway b etween n earby

' settlement z ones ' t o t he n orth , s outhwest a nd o n l ower s helves o ver t he r idge t o t he e ast . T hus t he s ite a ppears t o l ie i n a s mall ' reserved z one' s et c entrally h ead ,

a part f rom a gricultural a ctivities . S tall M oor ( fig .63;3) i s p laced i n t he u pper E rne v alley , m idway b etween t he v alley

a nd

v alley

H igher

w hich

P iles

s eparates

w here

t he

u pper

a nd

r iver l ower

p asses

t hrough

s tretches

o f

a

t he

g orge-like

E rn ie.

A s

a t

S corhill, t here a re n o s ettlements i n t he i mmediate v icinity . T he o ther t wo s ites l ie i n a reas o f s ubsequent d estruction o f d ata o n s ettlement d istribution . S herberton ( fig .63;G) l ies a t t he h eart o f t he u pper D art B asin .

B risworthy

( fig .9 ( ) ;K),

i n t he

P lym V alley ,

v alley h ead a nd t he D ewerstone G orge a t O nly

t he

c ircle

t ecturally t his i s l ocation i s a lso

a t

B uttern

i s m idway b etween t he

t he b oundary o f

( fig .63 ; C)

i s

t he m oor .

p roblematical;

a rchi-

a H ybrid o f t he t wo t ypes ( class D ; F6), a nd i ts e quivocal. I t i s t entatively t reated b elow a s

c omparable w ith t he S ymmetrical C ircles , S tone R ows a nd A ssociated S tone C ircles T he s econd b asic t ype o f s ite i s t he T hese a nd

c ircles

s hould

b e

a re

t ypically

e xamined

i n

s mall

m ore

f requent

( Dartmoor

c onjunction

s tone-row

c ircle.

S tone-Row C ircles-class

w ith

s tone

r ows

a s

a

M )

w hole

( Appendix 4 ). S eparation o f D artmoor s tone r ows i nto t wo d istinct m onument t ypes , o n t he b asis o f p resence o r a bsence o f a s tone c ircle, i s

a n

a rtificial

d istinction ;

w hile

t he

r ows

h ave

v aried

t erminal

f eatures t hey a re o therwise s imilar t o e ach o ther ( cf B arnatt 1 987b). A f ew l arger c ircles ( 5 c ases ; H ybrid C ircles-class D ; F7) a re a lso f ound

i n c onjunction w ith s tone

f rom o ther l arger r ings c omplexes ' ( see b elow ).

a nd

r ows .

a re

T hese a re a rchitecturally d istinct

f ound

e xclusively

i n

m ajor

' stone

r ow

T he 7 4 e xtant s tone r ows o n D artmoor a re f requently f ound i n c lose p roximity t o e ach o ther ( 49 r ows i n 1 6 g roups), f orming t he m ost p rominent

c omponents

i n

' monument

c omplexes '.

T hese

c omplexes ,

t ogether

w ith 2 5 f urther r ows f ound s ingly ( plus 1 d estroyed e xample o f u ncertain s tatus), a re s paced a t i ntervals o f 1 .1-2 .7km i n a reas o f w here s ufficient s ites s urvive f or s tudy ( see f ig .64; 2 8 c ases - a f urther 3 c ases a re s omewhat w ider a part b ecause o f r estrictive t opography - 3 . 5km

- 1 93 -

N

A

g

m ax .).

O nly

i n

t wo

i nstances

' nucleation ' a nd ' regular a t i ntermediate d istances .

i n

t he

s pacing '

s outh

l ess

a re

t hese

a pparent,

d ual

w ith

t rends

s ites

f or

o ccurring

o f

T he s iting c haracteristics o f s tone r ows a re m ore v aried t han t hose t he l arger c ircles . T his i s p robably a r esult o f t heir f unction . I t

i s

p ostulated

c omplex

a nd

h ere

t hat

h ence

e ach

s iting

' local'

o ptions

c ommunity

w ere

h ad

i ts

r estricted

o wn

t o

t he

r ow/rowi mmediate

l andscape . M onument C omplexes o n D artmoor S tone r ows a re c ommonly s ited i n c lose p roximity t o e ach o ther , a rranged i n c omplexes c ontaining v arious n umbers o f c eremonial m onuments ( Appendix 5 ). T his o ccurs i n 1 6 o ut o f 4 2 l ocations w here r ows a re f ound . t he

I n

r ows

a ddition , a re

o f

i n

1 4

c omplex

o f

t he

2 5-6

d esign ,

a nd

c ases i t

w here

c ould

b e

s olitary a rgued

t hese m onuments a t l east a re m ultiphased , a nd t hus c omplexes i n t hat t hey h ave m ore t han o ne c omponent. T he

m ost

m onuments ,

c ommon

t ype

o f

c omplex

c omprises

u sually w ith o nly 2 s tone r ows

p robably f unctioned

o n

a p urely

' local'

a s imple

o ccur ,

s ome

c omparable

( and t erminal

l evel,

r ows

t hat

w ith

c luster

f eatures).

g iven t he

o f t he o f

T hese

f requency w ith

w hich t hey o ccur ( in c ombination w ith s ingly o ccurring r ows). H owever , 5 -7 c ases c an b e i dentified w ith m ore e lements , w hich i nclude a b roader s pectrum o f m onuments . T hese m ay w ell b e f oci s imilar h ierarchical l evels t o t he l arger c ircles . d ivided

T urning t o t he m orphology o f t he r ows i nto t hree b asic t ypes a ccording t o

w hich

f unctioned

a t

t hey c an o f l ines

b e o f

t hemselves , t he n umber

o rthostats e ach c ontains . T here a re 2 8 s ingle r ows , f urther 1 4 w hich a re m ore c omplex ( fig .64). A t

3 2 d ouble r ows a nd a m onument c omplexes ,

s ingle a nd d ouble r ows a re u sually f ound i n c ombination a nd c ases a re k nown w here o nly s ingle o r d ouble r ows a re f ound . T he

1 4

i ndividual

c omplex

r ows

c hange

r ows

a re

f rom

o f

b eing

t wo

t ypes .

s ingle

t o

T here

d ouble

a re a long

o nly

4 c ases t heir

2 -4

w here

l ength ,

w hich m ay s uggest m ultiphasing . I n t he o ther 1 0 c ases t here a re b etween 3 a nd 8 p arallel l ines o f o rthostats . I n t he b est p reserved e xamples t heir d esign s uggests t hat t hey s tarted l ife a s s ingle o r d ouble r ows w hich s ubsequently h ad f urther p arallel T he

5 -7

g iving t he w ere a dded .

l arger m onument

i mpression t hat

( N)

a nd

T hose a t M errivale

R inghill

( H)

F igure 6 3 :

a re

t ake

o n a v ariety

o f

f orms ,

t hey e volved g radually a s i ndividual ( fig .63; 0),

( E) a nd C orringdon B all ( L) F ernworthy ( F) m ay b e s everely 3 a nd 7 s tone r ows .

l ines a dded .

c omplexes

T he d istribution o f

( M),

S hovel

D own

a re r elatively w ell p reserved , w hile t runcated t o t he s outh , a nd Y ellowmead

r uined .

M errivale,

D rizzlecombe

a ll

f eatures

A ll

f our

S hoveldown ,

i ntact

c omplexes h ave

F ernworthy ,

l arge s tone c ircles ,

C orringdon

b etween B all,

m onument c omplexes

a nd p restige b arrows o n D artmoor i n r elation t o t opographical b oundaries , C : W estern I r regu lar C ircles

D l : P ortal-Stone r ings

E : S ymmetrical r ings

1 : r ow c omplexes

2 : b arrows w ith d iameters o f o ver 1 5m ( a fter F leming 1 983) 3 : p ostulated l o cations o f m a jor c ircles o r c omplexes t hat h ave b een d estroyed 4 : m onument t e rritories ( see t ext) 5 : m ajor w atersheds 6 : o ther w atersheds w ith s trong t opographical d efinition 7 : u pper m oor

8 : d estruction z ones

- 1 95 -

9 : p ossible w atershed c omplexes

Y ellowmead

a nd

p erhaps

R inghill

( as

t he

n ame

m ay

s uggest)

h ad

l arger

s tone c ircles ( Hybrid C ircles-class D ; F7). A t M errivale a nd D rizzlecombe t here a re p articularly l arge a djacent b arrows . A t C orringdon B all t he r ows a lign o n t he o nly l arge c hambered l ong c airn o f t he r egion , a nd 2 -3 a typical l arge-diameter s tone s ettings o f t iny o rthostats a lso o ccur ( see 3 :40). O ne S hovel f rom

c haracteristic

o f

D own a nd C orringdon

e ach

o ther ,

t he

B all,

i rrespective

l arger

i s

o f

c losely p arallels t he l ayout o f l atter 's d ifference o f s cale .

t he

c omplexes ,

l aying o ut

t opography .

s tone

T his

s ettings o f

m ost

o f

d eveloped

a t

r ows t o f ollow o n

u nusual

B rittany ,

a rrangement d espite

t he

I n t he n ortheastern h alf o f D artmoor , w herever r ows l ie i n c lose p roximity , t hey f ollow s imilar o rientations i rrespective o f t heir d esign . T he m ajority o f t he c omplex f orms w ith m ore t han t wo s tone l ines a re

a lso

f ound

w ithin

t his

r egion .

I n

s outhwestern

D artmoor ,

a t

o ver

h alf t he c omplexes t here i s a n o rientation c lash b etween s ingle a nd d ouble r ows . T his i s w ell i llustrated a t M errivale w here 2 -3 d ouble r ows h ave c onsistent o rientations , w hile t he 1 -2 s ignificantly . S uch a rrangements m ay i mply d istinctions

c an

b e

d rawn

b etween

t he

t wo

s ingle t hat

t ypes .

r ows d eviate c hronological

A c hange

b etween s ingle a nd d ouble r ows w ould e xplain t he f requency t hey a re p aired i n d ifferent w ays t hroughout D artmoor . A typical v alley O ne

( at

l ies

a t

t he

i s

a t

w est,

d evelopments

t hree

i n

t he

c entre

u pper

o f

B utterdon o n

c ases).

S tall

t he

v alley , v alley

( Q),

h igh

D own

i n

T here

( P),

r ow a re

r unning t he

n orth t o

l ower

a c omparable

o nly r ow o n D artmoor w ith t all

a re

f ound

p articularly

( fig .63 ;J),

a bove

i n

d esign t wo

o nly l ong

f rom t he t he

v alley

t o

l ocation

t o

o rthostats t hroughout

i n

h ead . t he

f ashion w hich

t he

s inuous

S tall

v alley

i n

w ith

E rme r ows .

M oor

c ircle

T he

s econd

e ast.

T o

t he

B utterdon ,

i s

t he

i ts l ength .

T he M onument H ierarchy T he

w ide

s pacing

( classes b etween

E , C), t he

b etween

i n

two

b oth S ymmetrical

c ombination

t ypes ,

a re

w ith

c lear

f ocal s ites o f c ontrasting t ypes . c entral l ocations w ithin r iver

t he

a nd

W estern

d ichotomy

i ndicators

t hat

i n

I rregular C ircles d esign

t hey

a nd

s iting

r epresent

m ajor

T he 4 W estern I rregular C ircles o ccupy v alleys ( fig .63). T hese c ircles a re

t herefore l ikely t o h ave b een d esigned t o s erve t he p opulations o f e ach v alley a s ' group-foci' a nd t o h ave b oundaries t o t heir s pheres o f i nfluence w hich r oughly c orrespond w ith t he w atersheds . T he S ymmetrical C ircles l ie o n t hese w atersheds a nd t hus d efine a p attern a t a h igher h ierarchical

l evel,

t hat

r epresents

' inter-group '

m eeting

p laces .

T he

c ase f or t hese p atterned d istributions i s g iven a dded w eight b y t he e xamination o f s im ilarly d esigned m onuments o n B odmin M oor w here t hey d isplay t he s ame F igure 6 4:

l ocational

p references

( see 5 : 9).

T he d istribution o f s tone r ows ,

i llustrating t heir

o rientation a nd r egular s pacing . 1 : c omplex r ows

2 : d ouble r ows

3 : s ingle r ows

4 : a typical s indle r ows - E rme v alley

5 : r ow o rientation

6 : p ostulated l o cations o f d estroyed r ows ( see t ext), 7 : u pper m oor

8 : m a jor w atersheds

9 : T hiessen p olygons e mployed t o i l lustrate r egularity o f s pacing b etween r ows , 1 0 ;

l ess c ertain e xamples ( see t ext),

- 1 97 -

1 : z ones o f h igher d estruction ,

W hile b e

t hese

f ortuitous ,

l ikely , w ith

t he

p atterns a re

t hey

a re

' group-foci'

m ajor

w atershed

s o d istinctive

u nfortunately h ad

f ar

' territories'

z ones ,

t hat

f rom

t hey

a re

c omplete .

u nlikely I f,

a s

t o

s eem

w ith b oundaries c orresponding

a h ypothetical

t otal

o f

a pproximately

1 8

s ites i s t o b e p redicted f or D artmoor . I n a ddition t o t he 4 W estern I rregular C ircles , a c ase c an b e m ade t hat a f urther 6 -7 o f t he ' group f oci' l ocations a re o ccupied b y t he ' major ' s tone r ow c omplexes ( fig .63; E ,F ,H ,L-0), r ather t han W estern I rregular C ircles . A ll b ut o ne o f t hese h as a r elatively l arge H ybrid e xclusively i n t hese c ontexts . ' major '

s tone

r ow

c omplexes

C ircle ( class D , F7) o f a W ith o ne e xception ( Shovel

a re

a lso

s ited

i n

l ocations

t ype f ound D own), t he

' central'

t o

m ajor v alleys . T hese o f W estern I rregular

c omplexes c ould t hus b e v iewed a s t aking t he p lace C ircles , i ndicating d ivergent l ocal p references i n

c eremonial

c onstruction

m onument

r emainder o f f ig .63), l ie

a t

t his

l evel

i n

t he

h ierarchy .

T he

p redicted ' central p laces ' f or ' group f oci' ( 8 c ases i n a reas o f t he m oor , o r i ts p eriphery , w hich h ave b een

h eavily u tilised i n s ubsequent p eriods . I n t he c ase o f

t he S ymmetrical

e specially o n t he w atersheds , t here

C ircles o n w atersheds ,

S outh M oor , c annot a re a n umber o f

t heir a bsence ,

b e e xplained i n t his w ay . O n a typical s tone r ow c omplexes

( fig .63;I,P-S) w hich m ay h ave s erved s imilar ' inter-group ' f unctions . I f t his i s s o , o nly a f urther 2 -4 s ites n eed p ostulating t o c omplete t he p attern

f or

m onuments

t he

m oor

b efore

a s

1 9th

a w hole c entury

s ites await d iscovery). T he ' group-foci' t hat b etween

2 .0

a nd

t opographical D own w hich s izes ( fig .

f actors

s urvive

a part,

( 9

t he

p oor s tate

a re

t he

c ases ;

i t

s paced r ound v ariation

b ased

o n

1 0

o f

m ay

t he

b eing

s ites

m any

b e

D artmoor

t hat

f urther

u pper

m oors a t

d ependant

a nd e xcluding

u pon S hovel

i s o f e quivocal i nterpretation). T he p ostulated ' territory ' 6 3) a re m ore u niform , e ach b eing a round 2 0-35 s quare Km . T he

' Inter-group ' ( 5 c ases ;

7 . 2km

( given

' restoration ',

f oci

a re s imilarly s paced a t b etween a bout 2 . 5-7.5km a part

b ased o n 9 s ites).

A t hird h ierarchical l evel i s p rovided b y t he s tone r ows , w hich a re n ormally m ore c losely s paced t han t he s ites d iscussed a bove, u sually w ith

s everal

f requency

r ows

w ith

1 .1

a nd 2 .7km ,

a nd

h ence

o ccurring

w hich

s pacing

i n a reas

s urvival

o f

r ates

w ithin

e ach

b etween

t he

c an

m oor

b e

r ows w here

a rgued

' watershed a nd

l ater

t o

t erritory '.

r ow-complexes

b e

e nclosure

g ood

i s

i s

T he

b etween

m inimised

( fig .64),

i s

a gain

i ndicative t hat t heir d istribution i s f ar f rom r andom a nd h ence t hat t hey w ere ' local m onuments ' s erving s ub-groups w ithin e ach v alley . T he r egularity p ortion o f

i n s pacing i s p articularly n oticeable i n t he s outhwestern t he m oor a nd t his w ould b e d ifficult t o e xplain a way a s t he

c oincidental

r esult

o f

c asual

u se

o f

t hese a reas

f or p asture a nd r andom

a ccumulation o f s uch s ites o ver t ime. ß arrows F igure 6 3 G rinsell

i llustrates t he d istribution o f 1 978

a s

o ver

1 5m d iameter).

' prestige b arrows '

T hese a re

( defined i n

p redominantly

l ocated

o n

t he w atersheds a nd c omplement t he ' territorial' d ivisions d iscussed a bove . T heir f unction a s h ighly v isible i ndicators t hat t he a rea w as f ully

s ettled

r ecently

b y

w hen

F leming

v iewed ( 1983).

f rom

b eyond

T heir

t he

f requency

m oor, a nd

h as

b een

d iscussed

d istribution

c learly

i ndicates t hat t hey f unctioned d ifferently f rom c ircles a nd s tone r ows . S mall b arrows a nd k erb-cairns a re v ery c ommon ( Grinsell 1 978), a nd m ost

f requent

o n

l ower

l and .

T hey

a re

r andomly

- 1 98 -

d istributed

i n

t he

s ame

z ones a s s ettlements a nd a re i n B alaam e t a l 1 982).

l ikely t o b e p rimarily f unerary

( see Smith ;

C hronology A

b asic

p roblem

h ierarchy

w ith

d iscussed

u nderstanding

a bove,

i s

t he

a l ack

o f

t hree

l evels

c hronological

D artmoor m onuments . I t w ould n ot b e s urprising a t a d ifferent d ate a nd w as m odified t hrough l ong

i ndicate

c airns

o n

s ettlement

t he f rom

R . Robinson-pers .comm ). r elatively t hat

s ome

o f

t o

t he

w ould n ot

c ircles

a s

w ell

N eolithic

n ot

b e

b y

i f

L ater

e xploitation

N eolithic

a t

f rom

f ringes ,

( A .Fleming ,

c ontinuity

t his

w as

t imes

a nd T he

h ints

d ate

i ts

o nwards

l ong d ate

o rientation

r ows

r ound

t imes

p eriod .

t heir

a nd/or

R ecent d iscovery o f

a s

s urprising

i ntensive?)

f or

B all s tone r ow c omplex i s o rientated t o a n eolithic w hile t he r ows c ould h ave b een b uilt a t a ny s ubsequent

c airn ,

t he

( if

p roper ,

E arlier

I t

e xtensive

C orringdon c airn , a nd

m oor

m onument

i f e ach l evel d eveloped t ime . T he I ntensity o f

N eolithic o ccupation i s c urrently p oorly u nderstood . s mall

i n

d efinition

a t,

o r

r espect

o f,

t his f ocal s ite w ith e arly o rigins . T he f requent h ints o f t he g radual g rowth o f m ajor s tone r ow c omplexes a nd t he d iversity o f m onuments t hey c ontain ,

c ould

t hese c entres .

a gain

h int

a t

t he

l ong

d uration

L ittle c an b e s aid o f t he W estern

( if

e pisodic

u se?)

o f

I rregular c ircles o ther

t han i t w ould n ot b e s urprising i f t hey h ad L ater N eolithic o rigins a s s uggested b y d ata f or s imilarly d esigned s ites e lsewhere ( see 3 :11,4:5). T he Symmetrical

C ircles r emain u ndated .

T he c omplex h ierarchical m onument p alimpsest o n D artmoor m ust h ave t aken o n i ts p resent f orm a t a d eveloped s tage i n t he s ocio-political / territorial

o rganization o f

i n t he h ierarchy m onument d iversity

t reated a s i ndependent b ecomes a vailable . p rovide

t he

l andscape .

H owever ,

a lthough e ach l evel

m ay h ave c hronological o verlap ( as a t ' group ' a nd ' inter-group ' f oci),

T he D artmoor a t erminus

e ntities

u ntil

r eaves , b uilt a nte q uem f or

f urther

i ndicated t hey m ust

c hronological

a round 1 300bc m ost m onument

b y b e

d efinition

( Fleming 1 983,p196), f orms . T his i s m ost

c learly s een w ith s tone r ows , s everal o f w hich a re e ither s lighted , o r r espected , b y r eaves ( Fleming 1 983,p239). T he W estern I rregular C ircle a t S corhill p redates a n a djacent r eave w hich c urves r ound t he s ite . R eaves a nd K onumen , ts T he d istribution o f r eaves a cross D artmoor , a nd t he e xtent t o w hich t he l andscape w as d ivided i n t he B ronze A ge i nto w ell d efined t erritories h as b een e xtensively r esearched , R eaves d ivide t he l andscape i nto

n otably b y t hree b asic

a re

d efine

r epeated

c omprising d ivision b ounded

a cross

t he

p arallel

o f

t he

b est

p asture

i n

m oor ,

r eave

t o

s ystems

a vailable t he

u pper

a s eries

w hich

l and

F leming ( 1978 e t s eq .). c omponents . T wo o f t hese

i nto

r eaches

o f

r epresent f ields ,

o f

t he

t erritories , h ighly

a nd

l arge

t erritory .

e ach

o rganised a reas T he

o f

t hird

c omponent i s t he u pper m oors , w hich r emained u ndefined b y b oundaries a nd w ere p robably u sed c ommunally a s s ummer p asture b y a ll s urrounding g roups o n t he m oorland f ringes ( and p erhaps b eyond). W here d ata i s g ood , t here t erritories a nd t he e arlier m onuments

( cf .

B arnatt

t he

l ong

d uration

t he

t ime

r eaves

i s a s trong c orrelation b etween t he r eave o nes p ostulated h ere f or t he l arger

1 987b).

o f

t hese

w ere

b uilt;

T his

c orrespondence

b oundaries , t he

l atter

p re-existing s ocio-political u nits , a t t his l evel o f o rganization .

w hich t hus

r ather

- 1 99 -

w ere

c ould w ell

r epresenting

t han a r adical

w ell

i ndicate

e stablished

b y

d efinition

o f

r estructuring

A lthough t here p eriods , t here

b oth

i s a s trong c orrelation b etween t he t erritories o f m ay h ave b een r adical r eorganisation w ithin e ach

w hen t he r eaves w ere b uilt . d efined

t erritories

c an

d ifferent

o rientation ,

t here

f urther

a re

W hile i n s ome c ases s ub-groups w ithin r eave-

b e

i dentified

w hich

s tone

b y

c orrespond

r ows

w hich

l ie

p arallel

w ith

w ell

r eave

s tone

r ow

b eyond t he

s ystems

o f

d istributions ,

t erminal

r eaves

i n t he b ounded p asture z ones o f t he l ater l andscape . T his c ould i mply p opulation s hifts a ssociated w ith i ncreased s ocio-political c ohesion , m ade i n o rder t o f arm t he m ore a dvantageous a reas . H owever , i t m ay w ell b e t hat m any o f t he p astoral a reas c ontinued t o b e o ccupied ( within p ounds a nd e nclosures), i ts

s hare

o f

t he

a nd w hile e ach o f t hese c ommunities p robably h ad

p arallel

s ystem ,

t hey

r etained

a t raditional

' home

b ase'. C onclusions D artmoor c ontrasts w ith t he E ast M oors o f t he P eak D istrict i n t hat a c omplex h ierarchical p alimpsest o f m onuments c an b e i dentified w hich v ary i n s cale, d esign a nd d istributional c haracteristics . T he f requency a nd s pacing o f s tone r ows o n D artmoor i ndicate t hey a re f unctionally c omparable ( in s ocio-political t erms) t o t he E ast M oor embanked s tone c ircles/ringcairns ,

b oth

c ommunities/territorial

b eing

' local

s ub-groups .

m onuments '

L arger

b uilt

m onuments

o f

a nce t ake o n v arious f orms o n D artmoor b ut a re a bsent

b y

i ndividual

g reater

i mport-

o n t he E ast M oors .

W estern I rregular C ircles ( class C ) a ct a s ' group f oci', s ited a t t he c entres o f ' territories ' d elimited b y w atersheds , e ach m onument p erhaps p laced i n i ts o wn s mall ' reserved c eremonial z one '. T he b oundaries o f t he

' territories '

a re

l ater

d efined

b y

b oundary

r eaves ,

i ndicating

e xtended c hronological d epth f or s uch d ivisions . M ore i mportantly , b ecause r eave t erritories c an b e i dentified u nambiguously b y b anks , t his i ndicates

t hat

t he

p ostulated

' monument

t erritories '

a re

l ikely

r eflect s ome f orm o f s ocio-political r eality , r ather t han a rtificial c onstructs d etermined p urely o n t opographical g rounds . T he d ifferent w ell

p resence d esign

away

f rom

o f

a

s econd

( Symmetrical s ettlement

c ategory

o f

C ircles-class

z ones ,

i s

l arge

E ),

s trongly

s tone

p laced

c ircles

o n

i ndicative

t o

b eing o f

w atersheds

t hat

' inter-

g roup f oci' w ere n ecessary f or i nteractive p urposes a nd h ence t hat t he ' territories ' d efined b y t he w atersheds h ad a d egree o f s ocio-political a utonomy .

T his w as r etained i nto t he L ater B ronze A ge .

E xamination r ather

t han

s uggests S ome

j ust

t hat

a ppear

n ot

t o

o n

t he a ll

h ave

D artmoor s tone

o f

v arious

c ircles

c ommunities p referred

a t c hose

s tone

c eremonial

' group ' t o

r ow

b uild

d ue

d eveloped

t o

l ack

o f

i n c omplexity ,

d ata . t he

I t

m ay

v arying

c ommunities p reference f or t raditional 5 :9 B odmin M oor T he g ranite u pland m uch l ower i s a t a n

o f

( even t he a ltitude

B odmin

M oor

h ighest t or p otentially

e xist t hese

w ell

o ptions

b e i n

m onument

t ypes ,

' inter-group

f oci',

l arge

c omplexes

o ption , p articularly t o t he s outh . W hile c hronological d istinctions m ay t he h ierarchy , a nd/or m onument p reference, p resent

a nd

a s

s tone a n

c ircles .

a lternative

b etween t he l evels c annot b e a ssessed t hat

a s

t he

f orm r eflect

i n a t

h ierarchy i ndividual

o r i nnovative m onument d esigns .

d iffers

f rom D artmoor

i n

t hat

i t

i s

r eaches o nly 4 20m O D), h ence a ll l and s uitable f or e xploitation i n l ater

p rehistory .

- 2 00 -

S tone C ircles a nd S tone R ows T he s tone c ircles o f t he m oor h ave s urvived i n t he n orth a nd e ast, w here i ntake i s l ess p revalent. S ymmetrical C ircles ( class E ) a re c ommon a nd a re

g enerally

T he

o ne e xception

i s L eaze

a n

' inter-group '

b oundary

( class

C )

D artmoor

e xist

o f

L eskernick ( fig .65 ;C)

b uffer

( see

t he

H ybrid

m oor .

p ositions

( fig .65 ;A);

i n

b elow),

C ircles

T wo

W estern i n

a s

o n

D artmoor .

D )

l ie

i n

N W ( fig .65 ;B) a nd t he two l ie c lose t o S ymmetrical

I rregular

a nalogous

s ituations

( class

a gain

w atersheds ,

b oth

l owlying

T hese

o n

t his c an a lso b e a rgued t o l ie o n

n orthwest,

p laced

F our

t he

i n

t o

e xamples ,

s ettlements . h alf

f ound

C ircles

l ocations

b etween a djacent

a lso

e xist

m ore

c ircles C ircles .

i n

t he

ambiguous

t o

m ajor

n orthern

l ocations .

a t K ing A rthurs D own T he S tripple S tones

( fig .65 ;D) i s a lso s ited a t a r elatively h igh a ltitude . D espite t hese s iting c haracteristics , a rguments c an b e p ostulated t o s uggest s ome a t l east

a re

' group

t he W estern

S everal T hose a t D artmoor

f oci'

( see

b elow),

I rregular C ircles s tone

r ows

a nd t hus

f unctionally e quivalent

t o

( as o n D artmoor).

h ave

b een

i dentified

o n

t he

m oor

( Appendix 6 ).

T rehudreth D own ( fig .65;E) f orm a c omplex s imilar t o t hose o n o f ' group ' o r ' inter-group ' r ather t han ' local' s tatus .

H owever , t opographical u ncertainties a nd p oor m onument s urvival r ates i n t his p ortion o f t he m oor d oes n ot a llow d istinctions b etween t he t wo t o b e d rawn . R ows a lso ( fig .65 ;B ,J), C raddock T or

( G)

h as

D artmoor .

t all

T he

l ie M oor

a djacent t o s tone c ircles a t ( H) a nd S tannon ( F). T he r ow a t

o rthostats

l atter

h as

c omparable

b een

a rgued

t o

t o b e

t hat

a n

o n

L eskernick C olvannick

S tall

' inter-group '

D own

o n

w atershed

s ite a nd t he B odmin M oor e xample a lso l ies i n a w atershed z one . T his s uggests t he p ossibility t hat a lternative m onument o ptions w ere a dopted o n a n

' inter-group '

l evel,

a s a rgued f or D artmoor .

B arrows A s tatistical s tudy o f b arrows o n B odmin M oor t hat t he s mall s ites ( under 1 0m d iameter), p urely

i n

a f unerary

c ontext ,

a re

l ocated

( Barnatt 1 982) i llustrates w hich a re p robably b uilt w ithin

c lose

p roximity

t o

s ettlements ( usually w ithin 5 00m ; o f s tatistical s ignificance a t t he 0 . 5% l evel), I n c ontrast, l arger b arrows s how n o s uch b ias a nd , a s o n D artmoor ,

t here

d iameter t o f unctions i n

i s

a s trong

o ccur a long a ddition t o

t rend

f or

p restige

b arrows

w atersheds ( fig .65). T his b urial, r elated t o ' land

o f

o ver

1 5m

a gain s uggests o wnership '. T he

t endency f or t hese l arge m onuments t o b e p laced a round t he e dges o f t he m oor , r ather t han i n i ts h eart, i ndicates t hat t heir v isibility f rom s urrounding r egions m ay o ften h ave b een i mportant. M onument

T erritories a nd . S ite H ierarchy o n B odmin M oor

T he d ifferences o bscure s ome o f s ame

t rends

s ettlement c eremonial f urther

i n t opography b etween D artmoor a nd B odmin M oor p artially t he p atterns o bserved i n t he f ormer r egion , a lthough t he

a re

a pparent.

H owever ,

t he

p redicable

c riteria

f or

l ocation ( cf. B arnatt 1 982,1987b), a llow e xamination o f m onument d istribution o n a m ore d etailed l evel, t hus a dding

d ata

o n

s iting c riteria

w hich a re

o nly o ccasionally g limpsed o n

D artmoor . T he

m ost

s uitable

a rea

f or

s tudy

i s

t he

n orth-western

p ortion

o f

t he m oor , d ue t o g ood s urvival o f a ll s ites h ere . F igure 6 6 i llustrates t he d istribution o f k nown s ites ( SMR t o 1 981 a nd m ore r ecently P . H erring p ers .comm ). t o

h ave

L ater

t aken

f arming z ones ,

p lace,

a re

d ivided i nto t wo t ypes .

o f

w here

r elatively

' Traditional

w idespread d estruction s mall

f arming

- 2 01 -

e xtent . z ones '

S uch

i s

l ikely

a reas c an b e

o ccupy

t he

m ost

I t )

f avourable

l ocations

m edieval

o r

p rehistoric i llustrating

h ave

d istinctive

t ype .

T hey

S mall

a reas

o f

c haracteristics ,

i ntake

a nd

o f

o ften

s mall

f ields ,

f requently

r emains amongst t hem , o r t he c ontinuity o f c hoice o f

h abitation . t hese

a nd

p rehistoric

h ave

o ften

o f

f ragmentary

i n i mmediate p roximity , l ocation f or f arming a nd

' 19th

c entury

o ccupy

t ype '

l ocalities

h ave

w ith

f ew

o f

d ifferent

t opographies . D iscrete p rehistoric s ettlement z ones c an t hus b e f requently

c orrespond

f avourable

o f

t hese

t o

l ater

f arming

p rehistoric

z ones ,

z ones ,

w hich

i dentified

e xcept w ere

i n

n ot

( which

t he

l east

e xploited

i n

m edieval a nd 1 9th c entury f loreats). B etween t hese z ones t he i ntervening a reas h ave l ittle e xcept m onuments o f a p redominantly c eremonial n ature . S ettlement a nd c eremonial z ones c an t hus b e i dentified o n f igure 6 6 . T he c ircle a nd r ow a t S tannon ( fig .66;A) l ie b etween two a djacent s ettlements ( B). T he F ernacre c ircle ( C) i s l ocated t o t he w est o f a n e xtensive

s ettlement

( D)

a nd

m ay

a lso

h ave

s erved

t hat

o n

t he

n orth-

w estern f lank o f R ough T or ( E). T he s ites a t K ing A rthurs D own/Leaze ( F) l ie b etween t hree s ettlement z ones ( G). W hile s mall b arrows a re f ound i n s mall n umbers i n v arious l ocations . H owever , t wo n otable c oncentrations o ccur , b oth p laced i n t opographically s imilar a reas t o t he c ircles , p laced b etween s ettlement z ones ( H ,I). T he t opography o f t he m ajority o f t hese ' reserved c eremonial a reas ' ( fig .66;A ,C ,H ,I) i s s imilar t o t hat o f t he

a djacent

s ettlement

z ones

a nd

h ence

l ikely

t o

h ave

b een

e qually

s uited f or a griculture . T his s uggests c areful l andscape s ubdivision , r ather t han p lacement o f c eremonial m onuments o n l ess u seful l and . T he

i dentification

p roblematical i n t his t opographically i t i s w atersheds .

H owever ,

o f

b oundaries

t o

m onument

' territories '

n orthwestern s ector o f B odmin n ot a s r eadily s ubdivided a long

i n

t he

e astern

h alf

o f

t he

i s

M oor , a s p rominent

M oor ,

w atershed

b oundaries a re m ore p ronounced a nd a ll S ymmetrical C ircles ( class E ) l ie i n s uch l ocations ( fig .65). T hey a re s paced a t 4 -6km a part ( except C raddock

M oor

w hich

l ies

c omplex - f ig .65; H ,I), D artmoor . a nd n ear

T he t hree a f ourth .

c lose

t o

t he

i n c omparable

H urlers

a nd

' inter-group '

m ay

b e

p art

A nalogy f rom o ne s ide o f S ymmetrical C ircles i n t he

g roup '

f oci

a nd

L ouden H ill

t his

c ircles a t t he H urlers l ie a t t he h ead o f 3 v alleys T he g rouping o f s imilarly d esigned c ircles c an b e

p aralleled a t t he d ouble c ircles a t t he G rey W ethers o n D artmoor , w here s imilar t opographical c onditions a lso a pply . t he

o f

l ocations t o t hose o n

c an

t hus

( fig .66;J)

t he s outheastern z one

b e

B odmin M oor t o t he o ther , n orthwest a re a lso l ikely

p ostulated

t o

l ie

o n

t he M oor).

s uggests t hat t o b e ' inter-

b oundaries .

l ies o n a r elatively h igh r idge o f

n ortheast

T hat

a t

( as w ith s ites i n

I f t his b oundary e xtended n orthwards

i t i s l ikely t o h ave r un t hrough t he e xtensive c emetery o n S tannon D own ( fig .66 ; H). T he o ther c emetery , o n t he w est f lank o f B utters T or, i s a lso e ast) z ones

l ikely

t o

b e

a djacent

t o

a b oundary ,

a s

t he

r idge

a bove

( to

t he

p rovides t he m ost o bvious t opographical b uffer b etween s ettlement ( see f ig ,65). T he s iting o f t hese c emeteries t herefore a ppears t o

F igure 6 5 :

T he d istribution o f s tone c ircles i n r elation t o s ettlement i n t he n orthwest s ector o f B odmin M oor . 1 ; s tone c ircles

2 ; b arrows o ver 1 0m d iameter

4 ; s tone r ow

5 ; e nclosures

6 ; s ettlements

7 ; l ater i ntake

8 ; n ineteenth c entury i ntake

9 ; m arsh

1 0 ; t ors

1 ; b oundary o f h igher l and

- 2 03 -

3 ; s mall b arrows

c ontrast

w ith

t opographic b etween

t hat

o f

t he

l ocations ,

a djacent

W estern

t he

I rregular

l atter

s ettlement

b eing

z ones ,

C ircles ,

p laced

w hile

d espite

a t

t he

s imilar

' central

p laces '

c emeteries

a re

o n

b oundaries . T he

m onuments

( fig .66 ;F),

o n

K ing

a re a typical

A rthurs

b ecause o f

D own ,

c 2 .0km s outh

p resence o f a c lassic S ymmetrical C ircle ( Leaze) i lity o f a n ' inter-group ' b oundary h ere ( which s iting o f

s uch s ites),

r elationship

t o

a rrangement, o f

t his

a rea,

l andscape

w hich

d ivisions ,

f or b oth t ypes o f t he

' group

p lethora o f

h as

f oci.

t o

t he

f oci'. n o

m ade

I t

h igh

i t

L ouden

H ill

S tannon i s

f or

i n a nalogous

F ernacre

r idges

t his

T he c ombination a t o ne

i rregular s ites h ere

a nd

p ostulated t hat

w atershed

p referable

T he

s uggests t he p ossibc ontradicts t he n ormal

w hile l ess r egularly d esigned s ites ,

s ettlement

s uggest

o f

t heir n umber a nd d iverse d esign .

t he

c ircle

t opography

c reating

o ne

n atural

l ocation

t o

s erve

l ocation p erhaps e xplains

( 2 H ybrid C ircles-Class D ,

a nd K ing

A rthurs H all - a p ossible n eolithic r ectangular m onument); o ne f or e ach l arge s ettlement z one. A s imilar s ituation c an a lso b e p roposed f or t he s ites a t L eskernick

( fig .65 ;B ,J).

T aking B odmin M oor a s a w hole , 4 . 0km i ntervals i nterpretation). c ases).

t he

' group-foci'

a re s paced a t

1 .9-

( 4 c ases - e xcluding t he S tripple S tones a s o f e quivocal T he

' inter-group

f oci'

a re

a t

2 .3-6 .2km

i ntervals

( 6

B oth s ets o f p arameters a re c omparable w ith t hose f rom D artmoor .

5 ; 10 W essex a nd t he U pper T hanes V alley T he g eology a nd s oils o f t hese r egions h ave

d iverse

' core

w hich

a reas '

s uitable

c an

f or

b e

s ustaining

T hese

f all

i nto

h ills

w ith

f avourable

a lluvium .

r eadily

t wo

T he

( fig .67;A ,F),

r elatively

b road

p redominantly

( fig .67;C)

o f

t errace

o ccur

d ifferences b etween

i n

t he

d ifferent

c omparison

T hames

c arrying

w ith

' core

t he

m ajor m onuments a ll

t wo

T he

( fig .67;D)

c apacity

a nd

z ones ',

' non-core

e xpanses a nd

a nd S evern

t his

i s

a reas '.

F or

w ith

b ands

o f

t erraces

o f

C halk

D ownland

C otswolds t he

l argest

l ikely

p rehistory .

l inear

o f

t he

l imestones ,

i n

t he

b ottoms

s maller z ones ;

l imestone .

d ifferentially

p opulations

v alley

l arge

c haracteristics a nd w ere

c ategories ;

t he

O olitic

C arboniferous

i n

a nd

c omprises w ith

c omprising

d ense

t opographic

s oils ,

f ormer t ogether

i dentified

M endip

a reas

( E)

( fig .67; B) p lateau

o f

a lluvial

v alleys .

A lthough

l and-use

s trategies

b y

a

m atter

t he

p urposes

c ore z ones a re t reated a s c omparable

o f o f

o ccur

d egree a nalysis

i n o f

i n b road t erms .

T he P attern I n W essex , ' territories ' w ere i dentified b y F leming ( 1971) o n t he b asis o f b arrow c oncentrations , a nd t he p atterned d istribution o f t he m ajor W essex

m onuments

d eveloping

s ocial

w as

d iscussed

o rganization

b y i n

R enfrew t he

( 1973)

r egion .

I f

i n

h is

p aper

a s omewhat

o n

b roader

s pectrum o f l arge L ater N eolithic m onuments i s i ncluded , t hese p atterns c an b e e xpanded n orthwards i nto t he T hames V alley a nd w estwards t o A von a nd

S omerset

( fig .67).

d ifferences b etween e ach d evelopment, F igure 6 6 :

R ecent ' core

l ocalised

a rea ',

s tudies

i n t erms o f

a nd t heir r elationship t o s ettlement

M onuments a nd

' territories '

C : W estern I r regular C ircles L : s mall c ircles

h ighlighted t ypes ,

t heir

1 981,

P ryor

o n B odmin M oor . E : S ymmetrical R ings

K H : K ing A rthurs H all

T : b arrows o ver 1 5m i n d iameter 1 : m ain s ettlement z ones

( Whittle

D : P ortal-Stone R ings

R : s tone r ows

h ave

m onument

2 : u pper m oors

- 2 05 -

5 : m enhirs

1 983, t he

B radley

e t

p atterned

i dentities

a l

1 984a,b .

T homas

d istributions

o f

e ach

1 984).

d etailed

' territory ',

H owever ,

b elow ,

h ighlighting

f ar

t hey

f rom

n egating

s trengthen

d iscrete

t he

s ocio-political

e volution . I n c omplex

s ome

f or

r egional

c ases

m any

p erspective).

D urrington .

R ecent

f luctuation

o f

m onument

t he

m onuments

s wung

t he

E arlier

w as c entral

c emeteries . c ompared

i n

i s

( e)

t his l and

i s

a t

e xceptions 3 9km .

p hase ,

o f

e xample

t ype

t o

T o

b etween

p roximity l arger

o f

( from

h enges

m onuments a

r egional

n oted

c an

t he

1 1

( h),

L angford

( i),

W estwell

a t

p eriod t he

a

' regional

( which

m ajor

c an

o n

S ome

a nd

t he

( j)

a nd

a t

M ount

r ecently

1 7km a part,

w ith

P leasant

r egularities

c haracterised a nd

a re

w ere

b e

B odmin

c entres

( d)

a dded a nd

d ates a s

( k)

a n

c lose o f

t he

a ncillary

( fig .67;g),

C ondicote

i n

b y

i n

p recursors

b uilt

s tructures . O nly F igsbury i s d eficient i n s uch s ites . I n t he T hames V alley t he h enges a t D orchester Q uoits

t his

l ikely

d esigns

o thers

a nd

b eginning o f

' group-foci'

n ormally

d ifferent w hile

t he

A t

b e

d isguise

p erspective).

a bove,

a t

c ursus

a bandoned

2 7km a nd K nowlton/Mount

s pacings

o f

a djacent

K nowlton

i s b etween

p ostulated ' territory ' s izes ( see b elow ). T hese r egional f oci a re e ach a ccumulation

r evealed e lements

z oning

o f

( c),

t hese

E ach c entre

h as

e xplored

f or

D urrington

F igsbury/Knowlton a t

D ifferences

b e

a rgued

( from a

S tonehenge/

f ringed b y m ajor b arrow

l andscape

d istribution

( b),

k nown .

( f).

o f

m onument

d ifferent w ere

w as r efurbished . z one'

b y

t wo

f inal

p atterned

w ell

t he

I n

d ivision

M arden

i dentified F igsbury t he

a nd

i ts

l ocation

1 984)

b etween t hese

f irst

o f

s imilar

( fig .67;a),

P leasant

( Richards

L ater

t he

o f

p rovided

f ocus .

S tonehenge

t he

l evel,

M oor a nd D artmoor). I n W essex t he A vebury

S tonehenge

e arly

i s

a ctivity

t o a ' reserved c eremonial

T his

w ith

f ieldwork

r etained

c hanges

e xample

c eremonial

A ge,

' territory '

r adical

c lassic

D urrington .

B ronze

s ite '

A

t he

t o

s ite

e ach

w ithout

c omplex .

p rovided

a ttention

l east,

i ntensive

p eriodic

f ocal

a t

c enturies

D evils

a re

s paced

b etween 1 0 a nd 2 0km a part. D orchester r esembles t he W essex s ites i n t hat i t i s a ssociated w ith f urther m onuments , h ere i n t he f orm o f h engiforms , a nd o f m ajor c ursus m onuments , b oth a djacent t o t he h enge a nd n earby a t D rayton a nd B enson . A ll t he h enges i n t his z one a re o f c omparable s ize t o e ach o ther , s ubsidiary t he

w est

s poils T his m ay

r egion ,

a nd

t he

s pacing t o

e xception o f

a m ore

( as s uggested

a erial p rove

w ith t he

s ite

b y

b e

t he

p attern

p hotographic

m ajor i s

c ursus

a t

C utsdean

d iscovery

f ortuitous

L angford ,

h enge

s oil

a nd

r emains

i t

L echlade).

T he

( fig .121;1)

r emains

v ariation ,

u ntested a s

m ay

b e t his w as a

u nidentified

f ound

n earby

o nly s ite

i n

t he

b y

e xcavation

C otswolds .

e lsewhere

a s f or e xample a t D eadmans B urial ( G . L ee p ers . c omm ). T he p attern o f s ites c ould b e e xtended e astwards t o

R ollright

( fig .121; m )

s trong a rchitectural F igure 6 7 :

b ut

t his

i s

o f

d ifferences h ere

T he d istribution o f

u ncertain

v alidity

t o

w hich

b ecause

i n

a nd t he

i nclude o f

t he

( see n ote A ).

l arger s ites i n W essex

C : W estern I r regular C ircles/Circle-Henges 0 /E l: C ircle-Henges - l a rge D /E2 : C ircle-Henges - s mall E : S ymmetrical O pen C ircles 0 1 : H enges - l a rge

0 2 : H enges - s mall

c o re z ones stippled b oundaries b etween s ites ; t h iessen p olygons m odified t o a ccount f o r t opography , g eology a nd s oils ( see t ext) ,

- 2 06 -

5 0Km

B eyond

t he

w estern

e dge

( fig .67; b) l ies a t t he b etween t he M arlborough W ardour

a nd

T isbury

( fig .67;p)

t he

W ylye

o f

t he

D owns s everal

h enges

e xist.

M arden

c entre o f t he V ale o f P ewsey , a m ajor b reak D owns a nd S alisbury P lain . T he smaller V ale o f V alley ,

r espectively

a nd S utton C ommon

( q)

c ontain

p ossible

( see n ote B ).

s ites

a t

O n t he h ills w est

o f M ount P leasant i s t he small h enge o f E ggardon ( fig .67;t), p laced i n t he b oundary r egion b etween t he c halklands a nd J urassic r ocks t o t he w est. A ll a re a gain b etween c 14 a nd 2 2km f rom t heir n earest n eighbours . T o: the

w est,

o n

u nusual d esign . ( fig .67;u), a re e xample

o f

t he

' Wessex

p eriphery ',

A t t he c entre o f f our l arge a typical

' segmented

p lanning ',

d esign a nd s cale. A bout S tanton D rew ( fig .67;v).

a re

w here

e ach

1 2km t o t he n orth T he l ack o f h enges

w hich i s l abour-intensive, ' non-core a rea '.

m ay

t wo

m ajor

c omplexes

t he M endip p lateau, h enges w hich p rovide

r eflect

s ite

i s

o f

a t a

s tandardised

a re t he s tone c ircles h ere, t he c onstruction

a s maller

o f

P riddy c lassic

p opulation

i n

a t o f

t his

P o stu lated s i tes O ntheBe rksMreDowns/Chilternsnohenges a r e c u rrently k n own , b u ton lytwofo ci needbe p o stu latedtofill t h e g a p b e tween W e ssex a n dthe upperThamesVa lley , O n e m a y w e ll h a ve b e en l o cated a r ound N e wbu ry ( f ig ,67 ;n ) , w h ile f u rther e i nt t h e c u rsu satSonn ing(o )h ints a t ac e n tre i n t h is v i cin ity , p e rhaps o v e rla in b y p r esent d a y R e ad ing , T h e re i s c u rrent ly n o e v iden ce t h at h e nges e v er e x isted o n t h e H a mpsh ire D o wns ( f ig ,67 ;F) o r o n a n y o f t h e c h a lklands f u rthe r e a st , 1 3 ; T h e p a tte rn c o u ld p e rhaps b e e x tended b y p o stu lat ing a m i ssing s i te t o t h e n o rth , a s so ciated w i th s m a ll a r eas o f a l luvium i n t h e A v on v a lley ( f ig ,67 ;s) ,

D iscussion T he

' territories '

F leming

a nd

c entred

R enfrew ,

o n

w ere

v alidity o f g eographical e xtensions d escribed a bove t he

f act

t hat

e ach

f ocal

t erritory w hich c an b e p lace' e ach o ccupies . s ubjective .

l arge

b ased

h enge-enclosures ,

o n

t oo

f ew

a s

f ocal

i dentified

s ites

m odels w ith a ny c ertainty . s trengthen t he c ase . O f p rime s ite

m akes

a scribed t o D efinition

s ense, i t, o f

b oth

i n

t o

t est

b y t he

H owever , t he i mportance i s

t erms

o f

a l ogical

a nd t he t opographical ' central ' territories ' i s u navoidably

W hile T hiessen p olygons h ave t he a dvantage o f s ystematically

d emonstrating t he

r elative s ize

o f

h ypothetical

t erritories ,

t hey i gnore

t opography a nd t hus o bvious n atural d ivisions o f t he l andscape, s ome o f w hich m ay w ell h ave b een a cknowledged b y p ast c ommunities b ecause t hey c reate b uffers w here p opulation w as s parse .

T he a pproach a dopted h ere i s

t o t ake a t opography .

m ore r ealistic ( but s ubjective) M odified T hiessen p olygons w hich

b oundaries

a re

i llustrated

i n

t erritories c an b e a rgued t o b e 7 00

s quare

km .

h interland .

I n

E ach t he

e xploits

c ase

o f

f igure o f

v iew w hich a cknowledges a ccount f or t opographical

6 7.

T hese

r elatively e qual

a l ogical

A vebury

d ivision

a nd

d emonstrate s ize,

o f

D urrington

o f

' prime

t hese

t hat

a bout 5 00l and '

a nd

' territories '

a re w holly d ownland , w hile a t F igsbury , K nowlton a nd M ount P leasant, s mall a reas o f a lluvium a nd z ones o f s andy h eathlands w ere a vailable , i n a ddition t o c entred o n s urrounding

e xtensive

t opographically v alley

d ownlands .

I n t he

T hames V alley e ach t erritory

t he l argest a reas o f a lluvium , a reas a re a lso i ncorporated . T o d efined

z ones ,

e ach

a t

t he

i s

w hile l ess f avourable t he w est s ites o ccupy

c entre

o f

i ts

p articular

( or u pland i n t he c ase o f M endip).

T he p osition o f e ach s ite w ithin i ts ' territory ' i s f ar f rom r andom , f actors s uggesting t he c hoice o f l ogical ' central p laces ' b eing a pparent i n m ost

c ases .

I n W essex ,

A vebury

l ies a t

- 2 08 -

t he

h ead o f

t he

K ennet V alley

w here a nd

i t

o pens o ut

n orth .

B ourne t hat

o nto

l arge

D urrington

r espectively .

a nd

M arden

i nterrupt t he D owns .

s ituation e qual

n ear

t he

e dge

e xpanses

F igsbury a nd

o f

l owlying d ownland t o t he

l ay

n ext

T isbury

l ie

t o

t he

r ivers

c entral

t o

w est

A von

m ajor

a nd

v alleys

K nowlton l ies b y t he r iver A llen i n a l owlying o f

C ranbourne C hase,

i n a s uitable

p osition

f or

a ccess t o d ownland w hich w as t hus a t s imilar d istances t o b oth t he

n orthwest

a nd

n ortheast.

i n a ' central t o s outh ,

M ount

p osition '

P leasant

h as

b y t he r iver F rame

a s imilar

l ocation ,

p laced

w ith e asy a ccess t o d ownland

w est a nd n orth .

B oth

t he

r ecent s tudies

t wo

d isplacement

f rom

T hese

m ay

t rends

w esternmost

( Bradley e t a l e arly i mply

c ases

1 984a ,

h ighly

j ust

n oted

a re

T homas 1 984,

p opulated

s ignificant

z ones

d ifferences

a typical

T horpe o n

1 984)

t he

b etween

i n

t hat

s uggest a

h igher

t hese

D owns .

t wo

a reas

a nd t he r est o f W essex , e ither i n t erms o f p opulation e xpansion i nto l ower a reas , o r i n t he l ater m onuments ' r elative i solation , p laced i n p eripheral d isplay

p ositions .

a d egree

d egree

t o

t hat

d ifferent

i n

t he

t o

i n

t he

t rue,

s ites

a dopted ;

a void

s ite

i s

s egmentation '

f or

b eing

o rder

d iscontinuities

l atter

' overt

s uggested

s olution

g round '

I f

o f

d o

a t

t he

o ccur

s uggests i s

P riddy ,

f oci

c onflict

n ot

i t

t hat

i n

b ut

b eing

o ver

m onuments o f

s imilar

w ith a r adically

p laced

c hoice

t he

t he

p erhaps

o n

o f

h eart

o f

' neutral

s ite .

S uch

W essex

T hames v alley , w here t he f ocal a reas f or c ursus m onuments , s ettlements a re m ore c onsistent ( Bradley e t a l 1 984b).

o r

t he

h enges

a nd

I n t he T hames V alley t he ' regional f oci' a gain o ccupy ' central p laces ', D orchester l ies a t t he c onfluence o f t he T hames a nd T hame, D evils ( with

Q uoit

W estwell l ies

a t

L angford

t he

c onfluence

n earby)

a t

t he

o f

t he

i s a pproximately c entral

n ear

i ts

C otswolds .

T o

h ead t he

o n

t o

P riddy

i s

d ifferences

m ay

r eflect

a reas),

a nd

t hus

t he

' territory '

t he

T hanes

s uch t rend

a s

a t

f or

i n

t he

m onument r elative

c arrying a s

V alley

a nd

E ggerdon ,

t he

i ndicated b y t he a nd D urrington . c onsideration T he

a nd L each .

a nd C ondicote p ortion

M endip

o f

p lateau,

t he

w hile

b etween

i t

W essex

' prime

o pposed s uch i s

p rime

l and ' t o

l and

m onuments

s urrounding

t he

r elative

p redominates ,

r educed .

l and .

and

( fig .67-stippled o f i n

s mallest

h enges ,

H owever ,

t here

a lso

d evelop

o ver

t o

T he

s ize w hile

i s

t ime,

a a s

r elatively l ate d ates f or s ites s uch a s M ount P leasant T his s uggests a lternative e xplanations a lso n eed

( see b elow ).

e xtent

r emained c onstant c orrelation

l arge

v alley ,

t he

a nd L echlade

C oln

u ndissected

t o

o f

a s

W essex

l ittle

l arge

s ize s ize

M endips

h ave

p articularly

I n

T hames ,

w ith g ood a ccess t o s imilar l owland

c apacity ,

a w hole.

t he

W indrush

c entral

S tanton D rew l ies b y t he R iver C hew , a reas t o e ast a nd w est. T he

o f

t he

a p articularly

w est,

r egions

T hames a nd W indrush ,

c onfluence

t o

w hich

t he

t hrough t he

b etween

R enfrew ( 1973) m ay b e a rgued a gainst

' territorial'

p atterns

d escribed

a bove

L ater N eolithic n eeds f urther c omment .

c ausewayed

e nclosures

a nd

h enges

p ointed

o ut

T he b y

i ndicate a l ong d uration f or t hese p atterns b ut c an ( see 5 :16). D urrington w as p receded b y S tonehenge

w hich d ates f rom e arly i n t he L ater N eolithic, a nd s everal o ther m ajor r egional f oci h ave a djacent m onuments w hich c ould b e t heir f orerunners . H owever , o r

t he e xtent

a lternatively

g eography , p olitical

t o w hich t hese c orrelations r eflect

t he

r emains

e ffect

o f

d ebatable

o rganization m ay

w ell

t opography ( see h ave

i nfluencing

5 :11,5:16). b een

- 2 09 -

T he

t rue c ontinuity , s ocio-political

n ature

o f

s ocio-

m odified c onsiderably t hrough

t ime, b ut t he m ajority o f f ocal a reas c ontained m onuments s ymbolic o f t raditional T he

p attern

o f

' equal-sized '

r emained a uthority

t erritories

c onstant a s ( see 5 :16).

( fig

6 7)

t hey

c ould ,

o n

a

s uperficial l evel, b e t aken t o r eflect a r elatively e arly s tage i n L ater N eolithic s ocio-political d evelopment, w hen h enges o f r elatively s mall s ize w ere

t he m ajor m onuments ,

g iven t hat

t hese o ccur

i n m ore c ases t han

l arger m onuments a nd s ites s uch a s S tonehenge a re k nown t o h ave e arly o rigins . H owever , i t n eed n ot f ollow t hat a ll s uch s ites w ere b uilt c ontemporaneously , o r a t a s e arly a d ate a s S tonehenge . S ome c ommunities m ay h ave c ontinued m onuments . I n o ther e xtensive

t o u se o r a cknowledge s tructures s uch a s c ursus c ases , p articularly b eyond t he m ajor ' core a reas ',

s ettlement

a nd/or

c hronologically s ynchronous . t o

r eflect

a r elatively

f ormative s tages . p ossibility ( given f oci

s ocio-political T he

c ohesion

m ay

n ot

h ave

i dentified p attern i s o n b alance

d eveloped

s tage

i n

e volution

r ather

b een

l ikely

t han

i ts

A nother r elated b ut n ot n ecessarily o pposed t he l ack o f c hronological d efinition), i s t hat s ome

m ay h ave b een a bandoned a s m ajor c entres d eveloped i n i mportance .

W hatever t he d ate o f s maller c entres b eyond t he ' core a reas ', t heir f ailure t o h ave m ultiple m onuments o f d iverse f orm s uggests e ither a r elatively s hort e pisode o f u se o r s ocial e ntrenchment. T he

a pparent

d ifferences

p erhaps K nowlton), a nd t he t erms o f t heir r elative s tructures , t erritories

b etween

b oth

M arden

a nd

F igsbury

o ther l arger h enge-enclosures l ack o f a ncillary m onuments

m ay i ndicate t hat t hese c entres f ell o ut w ere e ventually a bsorbed . I t m ay w ell

( and

i n W essex , i n a nd/or s tone

o f u se a nd t heir b e t hat r adical

e xpansion o f t he t erritories o f S tonehenge/Durrington , A vebury a nd M ount P leasant t ook p lace a t t he b eginning o f t he E arlier B ronze A ge u nder t he a uspices

o f

r emodelling

p owerful t heir

e lite

g roups

t raditional

a rchitectural s olutions). I n t he T hames V alley

w ho

l egitimized

c entres

t he

( using

b uilding

o f

t heir

t hree

h enges

m ay

a uthority

v ery b e

b y

d ifferent

a r elatively

l ate p henomenon . I t h as r ecently b een s uggested t hat t hese w ere b uilt a t a d ate c ontemporary w ith r efurbishment i n s tone o f W essex h enges , a t t he b eginning

o f

t he

E arlier

B ronze

A ge,

o n

t he

s trength

o f

t he

0 14

d ates

f rom C ondicote a nd D evils Q uoits , a nd m id t o l ate b eaker s herds f rom t he l ower s ilts a t B ig R ings ( Bradley e t a l 1 984b ). H owever , t his a rguement m ay b e s implistic, o ne

o f

t hese

s ites .

t wo p hases o f b uilding c an b e p ostulated f or a t T he

D evils Q uoits

m ay

w ell

h ave

b een

i n u se

l east i n t he

l ater p eriod a s i ndicated b y i ts s tone c ircle , b ut g iven t he e vidence f or d itch r ecutting a nd t he d isparity b etween t he t wo 0 14 d ates f rom i ts l ower

f ills

c onstructed

( see a t

4 : 5),

a s omewhat

i t

s eems

e arlier

l ikely

d ate,

t o

p erhaps

h ave a t

b een

a round

t he

i nitially t ime

t he

l arger W essex h enge-enclosures w ere b uilt. T he h enges a t B ig R ings a nd C ondicote s tand o ut b ecause o f t heir d ouble . d itches , w hich a gain c ould s uggest t hey w ere r emodelled . A lthough a ll t he l arge T hames V alley h enges a ppear t o b e r elatively l ate

i n c omparison w ith S tonehenge ,

t he c ontinuity o f s ite a t D orchester

( as i ndicated b y m uch e arlier h engiforms a nd a c ursus) i ndicate a doption o f a t raditional s ite ( for t he B ig R ings h enge), a s w ith s everal o f t he W essex

f oci.

A t imber

c ursus d emonstrates t he

c ircle

b uilt

a round

l atter w as s till

1 900bc

o n

t he

a xis

o f

t he

r espected a s a m onument a t t his

l ate d ate .

- 2 10 -

STONE

CI RCLES

AND

REGIONAL

VARIATION

5 :11 I ntroduction I n t he L ater N eolithic a nd E arlier B ronze

IN

SOCIAL

A ge,

ORGANIZATION

s tone c ircles a nd h enges

a re t he m ost c ommon a nd o ften o nly e xpression o f c ommunal g athering o n s cales a bove t he s trictly l ocal l evel. T he r egular p lacing o f s uch s ites a t

t opographical

s ocial

f ocal

i nteraction

e lement

i n

s ocial

p ossibility

o f

p oints

r ather

i ndicates

t han

b eing

o rganization .

o ther

t hey

a n

W hile

u nrepresented

w ere

o ften

e xpression t his

o ptions

o f

d oes

a nd

n ot

v ariations

i n

m onument

h ierarchies

a re

i mportant

m onument

h ierarchies ;

' core

z one'

h ave

m ajor

d istinguishing

o f

c haracteristics m onument

( together

f oci;

w ith

r egions

t ypes

a re

a rgued

t o

r eflect

s ignificant

o f

v ariation w ith

i n

d ominant

h interlands>

c onstrained

c omplex m onument h ierarchies ; a nd r egions c haracteristics a nd u nder-developed h ierarchies .

t he

o rganiz-

i dentifiers

p eripheral

t opographically

t o

m inor

m ajor t rends s o , r egional

r egional

b etween ;

a

n egate

a spects

a tional h ierarchies , i t s uggests t hat t hese s ites r eflect i n r egions w here l arge c ircles a nd h enges a re c ommon . I f s ignificant d ifferences b etween c ommunities . T his , a nd f orthcoming s ections , i dentify

c entral

o nly

t hat

r egions

w ith

w ith n on - c entralised T hese t hree r egional

s ocio-political

d ifferences

( 5:12-5 :15). I nterpretations d iscussed ,

o f

t hese

a nd e xplanations

d evelopment

o f s ocial

p atterns

w hich s tress

o rganization ,

i n

t he

s ocio-political i nfluence

o f

t erms

a re

t opography o n

a re e xplored i n 5 :16 .

T he P atterns S ections 5 : 1-5 :10 i llustrate t hat t here a re t rends i n m any r egions f or c omparable s ites t o h ave n on-random d istributions . T hey f requently o ccur a t i ntervals w ith d efinable p arameters b uffers d isrupt t he p attern), a nd c an n etworks

o f

' regularly

a ccording

t o

s ite-size

a nd

c ommon

s paced '

m onument

t ype

d istance,

i nterruptions

a nd

t he

i n

( where n o m ajor t opographical t hus b e r egarded a s f orming

m onuments . t here

l atter

p attern

i s

T hese

i ncreasing ( where

d istances b etween s ites i ncrease t o r ather t han b eing a t r andom i ntervals ;

s pacings

a g eneral

v ary

i n

c orrelation

w ith

d iameter .

r elatively

s cale

b etween T he

i ntact)

o nly

a re

w hen

a pproximately d ouble t he n orm , t his i s p robably i ndicative t hat

f urther m onuments h ave b een d estroyed o r await d iscovery . M any o f t he ' regularly-spaced ' m onument f oci c ontain s everal i n a c losely n ucleated g roup - t ermed h ere m onument c omplexes . S ites i ntermediate

o f

c omparable

d istances

a rchitecture

b etween

t he

a nd

t wo

s cale

s pacing

a re

r arely

e xtremes

o f

s ites

f ound

a t

n ucleated

m onument c omplex a nd r egular s pacing-interval. I n a ddition , s ites h ave n on-random t opographical l ocations , o ften b eing p laced a t o ptimum c entres w ithin z ones o f h igher c arrying c apacity . O ccasionally m onuments o f a rchitecturally d istinct f orm o ccur i n n etworks a t t opographic b oundary p ositions . s ocio-political

A ll

a nd/or

t hese

f actors a rgue

s ocio-economic

t hat s uch p atterns h ave r eal

s ignificance

r ather

t han

b eing

p roducts o f c hance . L andscape a nd C ommunity O ne

m ajor

i ssue

w hich

m ust

b e

a ddressed

i s

t he

l andscape a nd m onument p atterning ; t his a ffects b e p roperly d rawn o n s ocio-political g eography .

i nter-relationship

t he

i nferences t hat

L andscape v ariability i s d eterministic a t g ross l evels i n t hat, e xample,

l arge

l abour-intensive

m onuments

- 2 11

-

a re

u nlikely

t o

h ave

o f m ay f or

b een

b uilt i n r egions w ith o nly s parse p opulation . W ithin a ny r egion o f c omparable c haracteristics , t he d egree o f i nterplay b etween t opographic b iases a nd c hoices o pen t o c ommunities , i s h arder t o a ssess . I n m any a reas r elatively f ew t opographic b uffers o f a ny m agnitude a nd d istributional p atterns a re c haracterised b y r egularity o f

e xist

s pacing

b etween

m onuments ;

t his

p olitically d etermined p attern . p layed a n i mportant r ole i n m aintenance

o f

c ould

s uggest

t his

i s

a

s ocio-

T he c reation o f f ocal m onuments m ay h ave t he i nitial f ormation a nd s ubsequent

s ocio-political

' territories ',

l arge

m onuments

b eing

p owerful s ymbols o f g roup i dentity w hich e ncouraged a d eep c onservatism i n l andscape o rganization o ver l ong p eriods . T his m ay h ave b een t he c ase t hroughout

m uch o f

c onvergent

e volution

d istributional

t he L ater N eolithic, i n

m onument

w hich t ogether w ith a p rocess o f

f orm

( cf

B radley

1 984b ,p7),

p atterns o f m onuments i dentified h ere

H owever ,

a d etailed

e xamination

o f

l ed t o t he

( see 4 :7,5 ;16).

t opography

a nd

s oils

s uggests

t hat t here i s f requent i nherent r egularity t o t he d istribution o f a reas w hich a re t he m ost f avourable f or s upporting r elatively h igh p opulations w ithin

e ach

c reate

t opographic

s pacing

r egional

i ntervals

c ontext.

' central

T he

f requency

p laces '

f or m onument

i s

f oci.

w ith

o ften

w hich

s imilar

T opographic

n atural

t o

' central

b iases

t hat

f or

p laces '

t he

c an b e

g raded b y d egree o f i mportance i n s imilar w ays t o m onuments , i n t erms o f t he s ize o f t heir l ikely s phere o f i nfluence a nd t heir f requency . F or

e xample,

o n

a l ocal

l evel,

a s

o n

t he

E ast

M oors

i n

t he

P eak

D istrict, t he d istribution a nd e xtent o f p atches o f w ell d rained s oils i s d etermined b y t he r elatively c onstant i nterval w ith w hich s treams i n r ock-strewn u nsuitable i nto

b locks

v alleys f or

o r

p oorly

a griculture)

o f

d rained

d issect

s imilar s ize ,

t he

e ach o f

b asins

w hich h as

s ystem a nd c eremonial m onuments . T hese ' local' p erhaps d o n ot m erit t he t erm ' central p lace' l andscapes i s

a

r arely

h ave

p reponderance

u nbiased f or

p otential,

c ertain

( both

l andscape .

w hich

a re

t he

l and

i ts o wn c airnfield/field v ariations i n t opography b ut t hey i llustrate t hat

e ven a t

r egularly

o f

T hey d ivide

t his

p laced

l ow l evel

z ones

t o

t here f avour

s ettlement. A t

a h igher

c onfluences

l evel,

o f

c oncentrations o f w ith

' regional

t he c ase t he

t hat

m onument

f oci'

' core a reas ',

d rained s oils ,

w hich

a re

o ccur,

p laced

a t

s uch

c entral

a nd

t he

c ommunities i mportance .

I t

i s

I t

i s

i s

t he

t he

o r

w hether

p arameters

s uggested

i nter-relationship

a ssessment

p laces , i s

i n t erms

i mportant,

f ormed t he

t he

o f

h ere

o f

t he

t he s cale

g iving

d istribution

o bserved

o f

d egree

f requency

o f

i n t he

i s i mpossible t o e stablish i f p opulation d ensities

a lternative

t opographical

t hat

i t

i s

c hoices

b iases

a re

o f

t he

a ffiliation .

s hould

p atterning ,

n ot b ut

i mportance

t heir i nto b e a s

l evels

t o

T opographical v iewed a s

u tilised o f

b iases t he

c omplex

t o

p rime ( and

O ften

i t

c entral

i nfluence ,

w hich

n egating

i lluminating t he

- 2 12 -

o f

s ociety w ere p atterns . I t

s tressed .

o f

l ikely s phere

t he

( and

o pen

c ounter-productive

t wo w hich s hould b e

o f

i nsights

s ocio-political

m onument o f

o f

f requently

( and p lace

e thnocentric) t o a ttempt t o e stablish w hether l andscape o r t he m ost i mportant d eterminants i n t he i dentified m onument i s

m aximum

p lace'.

p atterning),

w ithin

p oints .

i mportance/relative

f actors a re a ccounted f or i t

m onument

i ntervals a t w hich r esulting

h as r egularity w hich i s c onsistent

i s t opography w hich d etermined d ifferential

t hus

t he a nd

i s a c orrelation b etween m onument s ize

h ierarchy)

W hen a ll

i n m any

v alleys/rivers

w ell

t here

' topographical i t

a s

m ajor

t hat

c ommunities i nherent

i n

s ignificance i nteraction

b etween c ommunities a nd t heir

l andscape

( and h ow t hey d isplayed t his v ia

t heir m onuments). I rrespective

o f

w hich

i n a ny g iven m onument b iases

i nfluenced

r egions t o

t o

t he

o f

t he

p attern ,

g eneral

e xtent

d ue

i f

f or

t opographical

p ostulated h ere o f

p opulation

s ocio-political

e qual

t opography

t raditional

a nd

s oils .

t hat h ad

p erhaps w ould n ot

h ave

o ver b road a reas o f

T hus ,

b ecause

w ithin

a p ropensity

o f

t aken

l andscape

t opographical

m onument s ites o ften r etained t heir f ocal

l ong p eriods i rrespective o f s ocial

d ominant

d istribution

b oundaries

i n a w ay t hat

c arrying c apacity h ad b een e qual

t o

b iases ,

w ere

i s

p atterns

t hat

r emain r elatively s tatic,

p lace

f actors d iscussed a bove

i t

i mportance

c hange .

C hronology A

m ajor

p roblem

w ith

d etailed

i nterpretation

o f

t he

i dentified

p atterning i s t he l ack o f c hronological d efinition f or m ost r elevant m onument t ypes . T his o ften p revents d etailed e xamination o f i nitial e volution a nd l ater r edefinitions . h eadway b e m ade ( see 5 :10). I t p atterning

r eflects

a r elatively

C urrently m ay w ell

d eveloped

o nly i n W essex c an s ome b e t hat t he d etectable

s tage

i n

m onument

e volution .

B radley h as a rgued t hat N eolithic m onuments i n d ifferent r egions t ook o n i ncreasingly s imilar r egional e qually

f orms

i nteraction l ikely

t hat

t hrough a p rocess

i ncreased

( Bradley

i nter-regional

s imilarity

s ometimes d isguises s ignificant d ifferences c ommunities ,

w hile

u sing

t he

s ame

W hile

t he

b uilding

w hat

e xtent

e ach

c ontemporary

o f

s tone

e xcept I t

l ines

i n

c ircles

w ell

i t

i s

m onument

f orm

o rganization .

S ome

m ay

o ften

h ave

( see b elow ).

r egional

m ay

C onversely

a dopted

m onuments ,

a nd

h enges

i n a b road s ense,

c oherent

m onuments .

c onverging e volution a s

i n s ocial

i nnovative

c ontinued a long d iverse t raditional r egionally s ynchronous ,

o f

1 984b ,p7).

n etwork

b e

t hat

m ay

n ot

b e

i nter-

i t r emains d ebatable t o o f

s ites

b uilding

w as

c ontains

e pisodic

i n

r esponse t o t imes o f i nstability a nd/or n ew s ocial o rderings ( Bradley 1 984a ,b ,c). A lthough i t c annot b e p roven , d ue t o t he p resent l ack o f d ata, a t

i t

w ould n ot b e s urprising i f a djacent c ommunities b uilt m onuments

s imilar

d ates

f ashions/beliefs , b etween

t o

e ach

o r

c ommunities

s timulated

e pisodic

c ompatibility

e xample

a t

o f

c hronological a ccumulation

o f

t he d epth

o f

b uilding

c urrently e lsewhere

s tructures

f oci

f orm

i n

i n

c hanging

c ompetition E vidence

W essex ,

a s

M arden .

f urther

T his

f or

e vidence

i ndicators

r efurbishment

c omplexes .

f or

S imilar

d ating

c onspicuous

m onument

n ucleated

f or

a nd

p rojects . a nd

aS

h ave

o f

a ccount a rose

e xists

P leasant

r egional t he

t o

s im ilar

c ommon

m ajor

o rder

i mpetus

M ount

p rove

i n

i n

c ommon

d ate

D urrington ,

c orrespondences m ay b ecomes a vailable . M any

o ther

b ecause

a rgues

o f

a nd/or f or

t he

l asting i mportance o f t hese f ocal c entres ; c hanges o r a dditions a re a gain p robably e pisodic . H owever , t he d egree t o w hich s ites w ere i n c ontinual u se i s u nresolved . T he r are u nambiguous e vidence f or p eriodic a bandonment o f m ajor c entres i s p resently c onfined t o s uch s ites a s S tonehenge a nd M ount P leasant; t hese a re c omplexes ( Richards 1 984, W ainwright 1 979). s wung f rom s ite t o s ite a t

l east

a round

i ntegral p arts o f m onument I t m ay w ell b e t hat e mphasis

w ithin t he c omplex a s f ashions c hanged ,

o ne c omponent w ithin t he c omplex w as a lways i n u se . S tonehenge/Durrington

i mplies

s uch

a

p attern

h ere

b ut t hat

R ecent w ork ( Richards

1 984). W hile

r enewed b uilding

i nstability

o r

c hange,

l ong

o r

r efurbishment

p eriods

o f

m ay r eflect

' normal

- 2 13 -

u se'

e pisodic s ocial

m ay

f requently

b e

i nvisible

i n

t he

a rchaeological

r ecord .

P ostulated

h iatus e pisodes i n m ajor c ommunal m onument b uilding o nes o f s ocial s tability a nd t his i n i tself s uggests f or c ommunal

s ites

( cf B radley

1 984a-c).

L ater

N eolithic

a re l ikely t o b e c ontinued r espect

M any o f t he m onuments a re b uilt

i n p ermanent m aterials a t s uch a s cale t hat e ven i f n ot i n c ontinual t hey w ould r emain c onspicuous s ymbols o f t raditional a uthority

u se ( cf

B radley 1 984a-c). 5 : 12 M o ument H ierarchies a nd R egional V ariation A s ummary o f t he d istribution o f e ach t ype o f m onument

p attern w as g iven

i n

h ave

5 :1.

S ynthesis

d istributions , t ype

t hese

i llustrates

t hey

p olythetic

s ometimes w ith w ide g aps b etween a reas o f s im ilar p attern

( fig .68),

i llustrated

o f

a

p henomenon

c omparable

d iscussed

t rends

i n

r ecently

a rtefact

b y

B radley

d istribution

a s

w ho

h as

w ell

a s

m onument t ypes . R egional V ariation T he m ost w idespread

p atterns

i dentified

i nvolve

' regional

f oci'.

T hese

a re f ound i n t he m ajority o f l owlands w ith a dvantageous s oils , w est o f a l ine f rom t he S olent t o t he H umber . Two s ub-types c an b e r ecognised . I n m uch o f a

t he

m onument

' local

n orth a nd

w est

h ierarchy

w hich

f oci'

Y orkshire

t ype

V oids

t he

' regional

i ncludes

( fig .68;B).

a nd

O rkney

I n

t his

i s

f oci'

a re

t he

s tone

c ircles

W essex ,

t he

a pparently

n ot

u pper

o f

P eak t he

s tratum o f

' group '

a nd/or

D istrict, c ase

t he

( fig .68 ;A).

I n W essex a nd O rkney s maller s tone-circle f oci d o n ot a ppear t o e xist, w hile i n t he P ennines a nd E ast Y orkshire l ocal m onuments a re c onfined t o p eripheral a reas '.

z ones

L ater

s ignificant r ole a reas '

E arlier

i n

l ower

o f

d ense

B ronze

r ound

b y

m onument

r ather c airns

t han m ay

' core

p lay

a

' core

( see 5 :13).

p opulation ,

c omplex

e xpansion

t he m onument h ierarchy i n m ost

w estern B ritain t he e ven

c apable o f s upporting w ell ' regional f oci' a re a bsent, t aken

A ge

b arrows/chambered

l evels o f

o f t hese f our r egions I n m uch o f

z ones

o f

N eolithic

l andscape d oes n ot

t hough

s ome

r egions

f avour e xtensive a t

l east

w ere

e stablished l esser c oncentrations . H ere o r u nder-represented , a nd t heir p lace i s

h ierarchies

w ith

' inter-group ',

' local f oci' ( fig .68 ; C). I n W estern S cotland a v ariant c ombination o f ' shared ' a nd ' local f oci' ( fig .68;D).

o n

' group '

a nd

t his

t he

i s

T he l owlands

m ost r adical a ntithesis t o t he t rends n oted a bove o ccurs i n t he o f M oray F irth a nd G rampian . H ere t here i s n o h ierarchy b ut

a typical

a ttention

w as

p aid

t o

t he

' local

f oci'

C airns a nd R ecumbent S tone C ircles

( fig .68 ;E).

E ach 5 :13-5 :15 .

o f

d iscussed

F igure 6 8 :

T he d istribution o f

t hese

z ones

w ill

b e

i n

- t he m ore

i mpressive

d etail

i n

C lava

s ections

l and t ypes i n B ritain a nd t heir

r elationship t o m onument p atterns . A : r egional f o ci w ith s maller s ites r estricted t o p eripheral z ones 8 : r egional f oci w ith a ssociated s mall s ites C : g roup a nd i n ter-group f o ci 0 : s mall c ircles o nly ( w ith s hared c omplexes o f s uch s ites) E : m onumental l o cal s ites o nly 1 : m ountains ( land c lass 4 )

2 : m ountains w ith h abitable v alleys

3 : u plands

. 5 : l owlands w ith f requent m inor c ore a reas

4 : l owlands

6 : f e rtile u plands

7 : m a jor c ore a reas

- 2 14 -

I nterpretation A b asic q uestion p atterning r egions

t hat

n oted a bove

o f

B ritain ,

m ust i s ;

b e

a re

t hat

a sked

t he

l ack

o f

l ess

t he

d ifferences

f avourable

' regional

i n

m onument

n orthern a nd w estern

f oci',

z ones

w hich

d isplay

n othing m ore t han w eak r eflections o f t he s ocio-political o rganization o f t heir b etter e ndowed n eighbours? I n s ome a reas , d o t he d ifferences r eflect o nly t opographical c onstraints o n c arrying c apacity? T his i s c learly n ot

t he

a dvantageous

c ase

i n M oray F irth a nd G rampian w here

l owlands

a djacent

T ayside,

d ifferent

( see 5 :14).

E lsewhere,

a re

n ot

d espite i n

s ubstantially

t he

w estern

m onument

r egions

t hese

d ifferent p atterns

w here

' group

d elimited

b y

i ntervening

c omprises s maller

u nits ,

t he

' regional

l owlands w ith

c ontinuous s trips) t o

d eter

o f

s et

f oci',

f avourable

a malgamation

o f

z ones

o f

l ess

r elatively c lose

t hose

b eing

f oci'

t here a re f requent

a m ore

i t f requently f oci a re m ore

f avourable

t ogether .

i n

r adically

o ccur ,

d issected t opography h as a s ignificant i nfluence, i n t hat g overns l ocations o f s ettlement f oci m ore s trictly . T hese c learly

r elatively

f rom

l and

a nd

I n c ontrast,

i n

l arge e xpanses

( or

l and w ith n o s trong t opographic b uffers

c ommunities

i nto

l arger

u nits

( within

s ocio-

p olitical c onstraints). H owever , d espite t his c aveat, p attern c haracteristics o ccur i n t he w est w hich s uggest s ignificant d ifferences i n s ocial

o rganization r ather t han j ust

' territory s ize '.

T he c learest o f t hese i ndicators a re t he ' inter-group ' i dentified i n S outh-Vest E ngland , p laced h igh o n w atersheds s ettlement

c oncentrations .

i nteraction ' core'

a t

s uch

a reas

T here

a re

n o

d ata

b uffers/boundaries

s uch

a s

W essex ,

w here

d isplays

a n

i ntermediate

' topographical

c entral

s egmentation ',

w here e ach

t han

c ooperating

m onument,

a s

i n

i n

( or

a reas

p robably a lso b uilt ' work-gang ' i ntegration . T o a re

p lace'

l ike

b y s everal

w hat

e xtent t o

p oorer

s urvival

n ature

o f

t he

t he

o f

' shared

o f

f oci',

o f

i n

o ccupy

s ited

two t he a t

a

' overt

s uch

a s

o f

a s ingle

A vebury

w ere

( as s uggested b y t he e vidence

I n

w ith

b eing

b uilding

b ut

t he

w estern s eaboard

e lsewhere . e ach

t he

m onuments

d ifferences a pparent

t he

f oci

h enges s uggest

m onuments

d itch)

s ocial

r est

d ata

t he

g roup-

r ole

b etween t hese a t P riddy o n

D espite

i nto?)

H ere

g roups

t hat

r equired i ts o wn m onument r ather

c oerced

W essex .

r egional

' identical'

u nit'

s uggest

s ignificant

i nterface ( see 4 :4)

s olution . f our

' social b eing

c onstruction

a pplicable

t he

a

a ll

' topographical c entral p laces '. A t t he r egions , t he ' equal c omponent c omplex ' M endips

t hat

p layed

m onuments away f rom

w estern

n o

o ne

i n

t he

l arge

S outh-West

i s u ncertain ,

S cotland

f or

s ymbolise

t he

m onument,

d ue

t o

s egmented a gain

m ay

s uggest s imilar t rends . A s econd q uestion t o b e a sked i s ; w hen h ierarchies o f m onument p atterns o ccur , t o w hat e xtent d id t he s trata f unction s ynchronously? I n m ost

r egions

C umbria

a nd

c omplement

t here

e ach

a ll d ata-sets o bservations .

o ther . t hat

A rchitectural ' inter-group ' t ypes a re i f

o ne

f oci

b uilt

a t

m onument

o peration ;

i s

p ossibly

t hey

a g eneral

l ack

s outhwestern H owever , l ittle

o f

c onflicting

S cotland?);

c hronological

c an

b e

s aid

t he

S outh

d ifferent s ystem

m ay

W est

t imes .

b ecame

e ventually

m ay

H owever ,

h ave

a s

c o-existed .

- 2 16 -

t hat

t here

i s

g eneral

c ircles a t

s uggest

r edundant

t hey

d efinition

b eyond

d ifferences b etween s tone o f

p atterns

u sually

t he t he

i s n o

t he T he

( except

a ppear

s o p oor

t o f or

c onjectural ' group ' two

w ay o f

o ther ' local

a nd

m onument t elling

c ane f oci'

i nto o n

D artmoor ,

t he s tone

s uggested

b y

r ows ,

l ikely

m ay a lso h ave

a dditions

a nd

b een u sed o ver a l ong p eriod a s

m odifications

t o

s tone

r ow c omplexes

( see 5 :8). E lsewhere,

a n

c ase,

a s

i ndicated

f oci'

i n

p eripheral

H owever ,

t hese

' local a s

a s

' local

f oci'

i n

E arlier

t he

t he

E ast

c ases

( Barnatt

n eed o f

t hey

a reas '

a re

l ikely

P eak D istrict

b y

t he

p resence

a nd

i n

c ursus

d ate

( or

o f

t o

h ave

a nd

a lways A ge

t he

P eak

e arly

m onument

p iecemeal

i rregularly p lanned

b uilt

f oci'

w ell

f orms a t

U nfortunately ,

b etween

t he

' local

D istrict .

r epresent

' regional

b een

b e

o f

i n

t he

b efore

t he

N orth Y ork M oors/Yorkshire

m onuments). o therwise)

T he

n ot

B ronze

M oors

a s

1 986,1987a).

t he

b arrows

d ifferences

s uch

s pecial

o f

s uggested

o val

h ere

' core

f oci'

z ones b e

f or

b uilding

n ew a reas a s s uggested b y t he s mall,

s ystems

a djacent

d ate

t he

m ay

c olonization o f f ield

e arly b y

' local'

t hese

i n

f oci

o ther

a nd

V oids , ( le

r egions ,

' regional

f oci'

c annot a s y et b e d etermined . 5 : 13 C ore a nd P eripheral Z ones I n z ones w here ' regional f oci'

o ccur ,

t heir a verage s pacing i nterval c an

b e a rgued t o b e c onsistent a cross B ritain , l andscape ( see 5 :1-table 2 9). H owever , t he f ocal t he

d espite d ifferences i n l ocal s cale a nd c omplexity o f e ach

p oint v aries s ignificantly b etween r egions . T he m ost e xtreme i nstance i s W essex , w here

b oth

p roliferation

o f

n umber o f s ites i n c omplexes a nd i ncreases i n m onument s cale o ccurs .

T his

m ay

l and

w ith

z ones

b e

e xplained

' core

t hrowing

c onflict) i mpetus

f or

r elevant;

t he

w as

i nto

u sually

m onument

t he

s tress

m onuments

t heir

' careful'

m ore

t he

b uilding .

c haracteristics

b uild

r elatively

c haracteristics

c ommunities

t han

s ymmetrical

b y

z one'

o f

w hich

i ncreased

h ave

d esign

a dded

t he

t hus

f or

d esign

a n

c ompetition

o f

p otential

t o

i ncreased

i ncreased

e mphasis

E c ircles)

l eading a nd

o f

b uffer

( and

l eading

( class

l egitimation

s tretches

l ack

c ompetition

a nd

t rend

c ircle

c ontinuous

W essex ;

d irect

c ase , T he

i n

l arge

i n

t o

i s

a d esire

p restige

o n

a lso

v alue

t o v ia

( see 2 :11).

O ther ' core ' z ones a re e ither s urrounded b y l arge e xpanses o f p eripheral l and - a s i n t he P eak D istrict - o r h ave l inear c haracteri stics

- f ollowing

r idges , T he

a s a t

l inearity

n earest s oils

r ivers

o f

s uch

n eighbours .

a re

r elatively

W essex).

a reas

p ronounced ,

p roliferation o f I n t he

t he

w here a s

i n

a s

l evels f actors t he

i n

i n

S outhern

a nd

t hus

l imiting

n orthern

t he

d ifferences a nd

T rent

l imits

S cotland ,

m onument t he

n umber o f

o f

t he

f oci'

Y orkshire . n umber

o f

a dvantageous

t his

s ize

m onument s ize

' regional

v alleys - o r

t he

p articularly

p ortion

m onuments o ccurs a nd/or

M onument

o f

o r

S outh a nd W est

i tself

a reas

u pper T hames V alley t he

H owever ,

t raditions .

T hames

r idge o f

z ones

d eveloped t han t hose i n a djacent s maller a reas o f ' core z one' l and e ach .

U pper

i ndividual

s mall,

p opulation

l ess

i n

' core '

W here

c onstrained I n

a s

t he M agnesian l imestone

p resumably

( relative

t o

n eighbours

a re

P lain

o f

Y ork ,

i ncreases .

a re n oticeably l ess

W essex . T his c ould b e e xplained b y a nd s lightly m ore s eparation b etween m ay

a rtefactual

a lso

r eflect

d ivergences

a re

d ifferent

r egional

a pparent

f rom t he

e nd o f t he E arlier N eolithic o nwards , n otable e xamples b eing v ariation i n c ausewayed e nclosure t ype, b urial p ractices a nd a rtefact c omplexity ( Kinnes

1 979 ,

B radley 1 984a ,

B radley e t a l

1 984b).

a nd s tone c ircles h ad a s horter p eriod o f u se e xplanations

c annot

b e

e xplored

e lsewhere

c hronological

f ramework i s e stablished .

- 2 17 -

I t

m ay b e t hat h enges

i n t he T hames V alley . u ntil

a

m ore

S uch

c omplete

T he l ower

d ifferences

s trata

( see

o f

5 :12),

b urial

b etween z ones

a ppears

p ractices .

t o

c orrelate

R egions

w here

l atter

m ay h ave

n o

d emonstrate

d irect

' regional

h ierarchy , w ith

n o

n ormally h ave a p roliferation o f t hey

w here

a s tone-circle/henge

s maller

s tone

f unctional

e quivalence

i n

L ater

c ircles

b urial

d ivergences

c o-exist

w ith

o thers w hich d o

v ariation

m onumental

s ocio-political

f oci'

a nd

a re

f ound

s tructures . w ith

w hich

t he

m ay

t o

W hile t he

s tone

b e

n ot

N eolithic

c ircles

i mportant

t o

u nderstanding d ifferences i n t he p atterns u nder d iscussion h ere . L arge

L ater

B ritain

a nd

m ounds .

I n

t he

n ext

N eolithic

t ake

o n

O rkney

t wo

t he

o vertly

h ierarchical

S tenness

( of

t o

s tone

c ircles

F raser

i n

t he

c ircles

a re

l evel

o ver

P erhaps a s

m any

t han

r egions

I n M oray F irth ,

t he

b etween

c ircle

I n

t he

s tone

b urial m uch

P eak

a re

e xtensive

( limestone

f ound ;

i n r ound b arrows ,

m ore

o f

t han

t he

f ound ,

e xamples

a s

i n t he

r emodelled T ideslow , ( Barnatt

i n

H owe

P eak D istrict.

c ircular L ow ,

f orm a nd

f rom

t raditions

a

o f

o wnership

h ave

s tressed

t his

e ven

e mphasis

o n

t he

u se

t hough

i n

w here

t he

t raditions

w as

Y orkshire

l ater

W olds

V oids

N eolithic

( Kinnes

s uites ,

1 979 ,

n o

s ingle i s

B arnatt;

l arge c ircular m ounds

a nd

a t

s everal

p robable

1 982),

m ay

f urther

w ell

c ircular

a lsodate

f rom

m ounds

t his

a t

p eriod

i n p rep). t he

l ack o f

( in

m odified

w hich

p laced

o f

m ounds .

t he

t han

o f

emphasis

' Group '

c ases

r ather

s maller s tone

f orm )

a rchitectural

m any

g roups

a nd

f or

B ritain

t he

L ow

t raditional

e lite

t omb

I n a ddition ,

i n

r egions ,

c ontinuance b y

w est

i n O rkney .

s olution t o r esolving t he

p lateau)

i n

( Marsden

l egitimation

l and

c ircle,

' core'

s tone

A t / * t inning L ow a c hambered l ong c airn w as

W ard

- L iffs L ow r eport, t hese

p lace

S maller

i ndividuals w ith c omplex a rtefact e lsewhere

D uggleby

S toney

I n a ll r esult

a t

a nd

t heir

i n 5 :14.

e vidence

L iffs L ow e xcavation r eport-in p rep). a re

n orth

c hambered

b e d iscussed

D istrict

c ircles

t he

f orm

B rodgar/

e quivalent

o f

f unctions).

t o

a t

a l ocal

t hey a re a bsent

a nd

a ppear

t erms

a cross

u nchambered

c entre'

a re

( in

n eolithic c ommunities '

s tone

r adically d ifferent a nd w ill s mall

o f

a nd

g raves

m ounds f oci'

o ther

b ut

s poradically

g raves

' regional

t hese

' group

r ather

o nly

p assage

f rom t he

l arge p assage g raves d o n ot o ccur , d ifferences

o ccur p assage

m onumental

h ere

h ierarchy

f ound

m ounds f orms ;

d own

1 983).

c lassed

m onument

r ound b asic

o n

' local

f orm r ather

b arrows

N eolithic

a ncestors

a nd/or

c ommunal

c ircles m ay

E arlier

n ow

t han

t he

p laced

s olidarity

a nd/or

f oci'

m ay s tone

g reater

( of

B radley

1 984a). W essex l arge

a nd

M arlborough , s uggest V oids , f orm

t he

c ircular i n

n eolithic i n t he

t he

b arrows

T hames

m ode

emphasis a re

V alley

w ith t o

o f o n

l ess

( Kinnes

t imber

c ircles

h ave

' local'

a nd/or

l ack

o f

i n t he

e xpression

a nd ,

1 984a ,c ; o rigins w ith

o f

t he

B radley f rom

t he

l ong

b urial

L ater

e t

a l

i f

' group f ocal'

N eolithic

1 984a , b).

b arrows , a nd/or

t hey

( in

W hile a ppear

c elebration

s tone

l ost.

s ingle

c ircles , a nd

i s

B radley

s maller

o nly

e t

a l

o riginally c ommon ,

c ommon 1 984b).

t hey m ay

r oles . p resent d iscussion i s t he c enturies a round

W essex t o

- 2 18 -

m ay

Y orkshire

a t

l east

- c f

h ave

l ost

a ncestors ,

d irect a nd

i n

t he t he

B radley

t hey m ay u ltimately d erive

o f

T he

p erhaps

H owever ,

b urial

1 984a ,

A s econd m onument t ype r elevant t o t he c ursus . T hese a ppear t o h ave b een b uilt i n b eginnings

s mall

a nd

P eak D istrict

b een

a nd

B radley

o ccur

i nterpreted .

K nowlton

b eing a cknowledged b y m onument

h ad

r are

1 979 ,

c ertainly

H arden ,

t he

t hat

b urial

a pparently

H engiforms a nd f ulfilled

a re

S ilbury ,

s ituation

t raditional

w hile

V alley

a t

c ombination

a p arallel t he

T hames

m ounds

t heir

a ssociation t his

s ense,

t heir

s cale/labour-input

T here

i s

h enges

e vidence

o f

p rovide

t he

a re

m ost

c omparisons

t hat

c ursus

w ith

c ircles

a nd

m onuments

p redate

m any

I n s outhern B ritain

c ommon

r ecognised

l ater

i nvites

W essex

r egion .

t he

g eography

i n

f or

m onuments

e arly

t he

a longside

S tenness ,

L landegai

a nd

t hat

o f

N eolithic ,

t he

s ocio-political

m ost

l arge

d uring

H owever , s ome i ndicated b y

A rminghall.

o f

s uch m onuments

t he

w hile

t hem

r eaffirmation o r r edefinition ( see 5 :16). m oderate d iameter) a re e qually e arly a s S tonehenge,

m ay b e

e xpression

L ater

b uilt

i t

h enges .

h enges

e pisodes

o f

h enges ( of o nly t he d ates f rom

B radley

h as

s uggested

t hat c ursus m onuments a re a bsent i n s ome n orthern ' core a reas ', a s i n O rkney a nd t he P eak D istrict ( Bradley 1 984a , p41). H owever , t his m ust b e t reated w ith c aution a s a erial p hotographic c overage i s m inimal i n s uch r egions . T he

l ength

r espected a s 1 981,

P ryor

o f

f ocal 1 983 ,

a s

o ver

B radley

b e d etected t hat c ommunity . I n t he i mportance

t ime

c entres

w hich

c ursus

m onuments

r emains o pen t o q uestion 1 984a ,

B radley e t a l

s uggest s ignificant T hames V alley , t he

i ndicated b y

1 984a ,b).

t o

b e

D ifferences c an

v ariability f rom D orchester c ursus

m uch l ater s tructures ,

a t a t ime c ontemporary w ith t he

c ontinued

( Hedges a nd B uckley

o ne

c ommunity t o r etained i ts

b uilt

o n

i ts a xis

l ikely c onstruction d ate o f t he a djacent

h enge . O n C ranbourne C hase t he d isplacement b etween t he D orset C ursus a nd K nowlton h enges p robably s uggests t he o pposite. A gain i n Y orkshire, t he R udston c omplex i s t he a rtefacts

i ndicating

f ocus f or g rooved w are a nd E arlier B ronze A ge

c ontinuing

u se

( Pierpoint

1 98( )),

w hile

a t

T hornborough t he c ursus i s o verlain b y t he c entral h enge . I n t he P ennines a nd E ast Y orkshire a d ichotomy e xists b etween ' core a reas ' w ith ' regional f oci', a nd p eripheral z ones w ith s mall s tone c ircles .

T he

l atter

a re

d ate a s t hese a reas w ere

p robably

p redominantly

E arlier

i ntensively u tilised f or t he

B ronze

A ge

i n

f irst t ime a t t his

p eriod ( cf H awke-Smith 1 981, 1 986, 1 987a). T he b uilding

S pratt 1 982, B radley a nd H art 1 983, B arnatt o f s uch s ites c ould b e e xplained b y t he

i nconvenience

p re-existing

o f

a ccess

t o

' regional

f oci'

i n

t he

' core

z ones ' i n p eripheral ( and s ocially l ess c ohesive) a reas . T he g eneral l ack o f s mall s tone c ircles o f a ny d ate i n t he ' core z ones ' h ere ( see 4 : 3), c ould a lternatively b e t aken t o i mply d ivergent t rends i n s ociop olitical o rganization . T he p ossibility e xists t hat t hese n ew p eripheral c ommunities

c ould

r epresent

d evelopments i n t he t he

' regional

' social

' core z ones '

f oci').

H owever ,

o utcasts '

w ho

r eacted

a gainst

n ew

( perhaps a ssociated w ith a bandonment o f f urther

p ostulating t his w ith a ny c onfidence .

d ata

w ould

b e

r equired

I n t he P eak D istrict a t

b efore

l east,

t he

c ontents a nd s ize o f ' prestige b arrows ' i n b oth z ones a rgue a gainst t he h ypothesis , a s t hey a re s imilar r ather t han d isplaying m arked d ifferences i n s tatus o r c haracter ( cf . B arnatt 1 987a). 5 :14 N on - C entralised Z ones I n M oray F irth a nd G rampian p articularly d istinctive , p redominant t radition t he

m onument

w ith

b uilding

a typical c ircle, t ypes

m ore o f

f orm ,

r ingcairns).

t he

t ypical

s tone

t he

I n t he

l ack C lava

L ater

c ircles

H owever,

o f

' regional'

f ormer a rea , C airns ,

N eolithic

s urrounding

d espite

o r

' group

f oci'

i s

t he a typical d esign o f t he l inks

t he

c hambered

a rchitectural t he

p assage

t his a cknowledgement

t omb

p ractise, g raves

b y ( and

o f t he s tone

s ite d istribution c ontrasts w ith o ther a reas w here b oth m onument a re

f ound

( Orkney

a nd

W ales),

i n

- 2 19 -

s uch

a

w ay

a s

t o

i ndicate

a doption o f

t he

n ew a rchitectural

a long d ifferent A lthough S tone t he

C ircles

C lava

l ines , r ole

w here

a rea

f ailure i n

t his

l inks

o f

b uild

o lder

t he

f or

s urplus

' regional

t he o n

a bsence

c ommunity 's

i n

s tresses i nvolved o nly s uch

5 :15

a nd

W hile

b oth

m ajor

h ints

a t

F irth

i nto

i ndicating

w ith

c ommunities

s ocio-political i s

g iven

a dded

t hese

s ites ,

w hich

w ithin T he

a nd

t he

t hese

g eneral

t aken

m onuments ( and

t owards

m onuments .

C lava C airns ,

c are

l egitimation

N ormally

d irected

' local'

a rtefacts ,

b urial o f

w as

t hese

a nd

a s

h ypothesis b uilding

r equirements ,

h igher

B alnuaran

s ocial

o f

o vert

l evels

C lava .

o f

w ith

a lso t his

I n

l ack

o f

a rgue

f or

s ymmetrical

s uggests m ay

o rganization

E ven

s egmentation

d isplay o r

f oci'

S outh-West

a ttempts

d ifferences

( fig .68;C , D)

a t

t o

e vidence

d evelop ;

E ngland

f or

t he

f urthering b uilding

d ifficulties n eed

t o

i n

h ere,

e ach

r eflect

a re

t he

o ccasional

r epetition

r ather

t han

t he

o f

s imilar

s tressing

t heir

D artmoor

i ndicates

t heir

i n

t he

f ertile

l andscape o f

i nhibited

s ymmetrical t hese

o f

T he

p resence o f

n orthwestern l arger

o ccasional

a nd

s uggest

s ocio-political

s mall

f luid

s ets

o f

( ie

t hat

A

f urther

c haracteristics

o f

z ones ',

i s

t hat

t he

d id

e ach

i mplied o f

e lsewhere. s uggests w hose T his

a rgues

u nits,

a s

m onument b oundary

f or

d oes

t he

d esign

t o

r eaves

o n

s till

r etained

a nd

b y

t he

t he

d egrees

d evelop

o ther

f oci'?)

a lso i n

i n a reas o f

' shared

o f

f oci'

amalgamation

specific

z ones .

a nd t hat r elatively i dentities , f orming

( relative

t o

p ostulated

' core z ones '). t he

w estern/northern

l andscape

l ack l arge

b uffers .

i tself

' regional

v arying

i ntegration i n

t rend ,

b etween

t o

e nabled

c ommunities

c ommunities

E ngland ,

u nits

a llegiances

s ymbols , t he

m onuments

i n

H owever , i t m ay w ell b e t hat t his w as t entative s mall c ommunities r etained t heir s ocio-political m ovements t owards g reater

a s

c onducive

l arger

t he

A ge .

h enges

n orth-western

S cotland ,

i nto

i n

d istribution

r elatively

z ones

t opographical

c haracteristics

T he

b uilt

a utonomous

o f

( fig .68 ;A ,B).

i ntegration ,

l ess

m onuments

i dentities i n t he L ater B ronze

s outh-western

b y

a malgamation

l egitimation .

w ere

l owland w as

a reas

f oci'

' inter - g roup '

b etween

' inter-group '

i ncorporate

b etween

' regional

m onuments

p resence

w as

e xisted

w ith

d eveloping s ocial

i nteraction

a chieving

i ncrease

t hat o f

b uffers

e xpansion/amalgamation t rend

p robably

a nd t hose

i nstigators ,

t opographical

' regional

o nly

M oray

i n r egulating s uch a s ociety).

s uggests

n orth

e xpressions ,

i nto

a s ignificant

T opographically C onstrained Z ones

w est

o f

w ith

i ntegration .

S ignificant

t he

i n

h ierarchical

i n

w ent

s trengthen

R ecumbent

m onuments i n o ther r egions .

i deology .

d esign

f oci'

o rganization ,

T his

p restige

s tatus

t o

a s

f orms

s ymbols o f

o f

t he

d esire

T he

' local' i t

p layed

i nterpreted

s trong

i nvolved

h ere

t he

a ffinity

d eveloped a long s imilar

n ever

b e

s ocial

r egions .

' egalitarian '

c haracteristics

m onument

w hile

i ndividual

r elatively

c omplexes

t han

h ad

c an

t he

e ffort

G rampian ,

p robably

' regional

s ubsistence

c entres ',

a ddition , emphasis

t o

o f

f orge

i n

d istributional

a uthority .

l arge

o ther

a nd

t ombs

N eolithic

t o

a typical

k nown

s ociety

p atterns

f ailing

f ar m ore g randiose

l abour ,

I n

a re

c hambered

L ater

p ostulated b y

t o

t he

t ime

w eight

o f

g raves

a rchitectural

a n

e ntrenchment

a

c lose

I n G rampian ,

T he

a re

p assage

i n l egitimation o f t raditional

G rampian a t

n o

h ave

C airns .

i n

f orm b y c ommunities w ho w ere o rganised

l ines .

d ifferences

r egions l atter

- 2 20 -

a nd

a reas

t he h ad

i n

p attern

l owland a n

' core

i ncreased

i nherent

s uitability

f or

p roviding

i mpetus

f or

t hey i ncreased p otential f or c ompetition b etween l arge a djacent p opulations . T hese

d ifferences

b etween

s ocial

( and

' progressive'

c hange

p otential c ore

' entrenched ' a reas o f t he n orth a nd w est a re a lso E arlier B ronze A ge . B arrows i n t he f ormer r egions

b ecause

c onflict)

z ones

a nd

m ore

a pparent i n t he c ontain f requent

p restige i tems , w hile e lsewhere t hese a re u ncommon a nd t reatment o f t he d ead h as a h igher p ropensity t o r esemble N eolithic p ractices r ather t han r espectful

b urial

o f

m embers o f a n e lite

( cf B arnatt

L iffs L ow e xcavation r eport, i n p rep .). I n d ivergences b etween l owland a nd u pland

1 982, p80;

B arnatt -

l ater p eriods i n p rehistory , B ritain b ecome e ven m ore

p ronounced . 5 :15 S ocial O rganization i n L ater N eolithic a nd E arlier B ronze A ge B ritain . G eneral i nterpretation o f t he c haracter o f s ocial o rganization d uring B ritish

p rehistory

h as

b een

r eviewed

a nd

r evised

r ecently

( Pryor

1 983,

B radley 1 984a , B radley a nd G ardiner 1 984). T hese e xplanations h ighlight r egional d iversity a nd i nteraction . T he p resent w ork o n s tone c ircles i s u sed h ere t o h ighlight s pecific a spects o f

i nterpretation i n r elation t o

t he f ramework e stablished b y B radley and t hus c omment w ill b e r estricted t o t hese t opics r ather t han p roviding m ore g eneral e xplanations . B radley

h as

c onfined

m uch

o f

h is

d iscussion

t o

s pecific

' core

a reas ' w here d ata i s w ell d ocumented . T he m ain a im o f t he c urrent s tudy i s t o e xpand t he d ata o n r egional d ifferences t o a n ational l evel f or o ne m ajor e ventual

s ub-set o f i nformation . i nterpretation o f t he

o rganisations o f e ach r egion , a rtefactual, s ettlement a nd a ssimilated . H owever , t he s tudy w ell b e r esearch .

t he I t

u nderlying

m ost a lso

a s

i nadequate f or v aried s ocial

i n t hat t he i nterplay w ith d ata o n o ther m onument f orms n eeds t o b e i dentifies r egional b oundaries w hich m ay

a ppropriate g eographical s ubdivisions o ffers b rief e xplanation i n t erms

r egional

v ariability

T his i n i tself i s d eveloping a nd

w ell

d ifferences , a s

w hich

s ocio-political

i mportance o f t opographic e xplanations d ue t o t heir

f or f uture o f f actors

h ighlights

o ptions .

I t

i s

t opographic

a rgued

h ere

v ariation h as b een u nderstated i n c oncentration o n m ajor ' core z ones '.

t he

r ecent O n a n

i nter-regional l evel, t opography i s a m ajor v ariable t hat n eeds c areful e xamination w hen e xplanation o f t he d ynamics o f s ocial i nteraction a re s ought. K onument F unctions T he h ierarchical m onument v arious s ocial t he

s cale

o f

t he

s ystems/ceremonialism a nd h enge d esign , w ould i ncrease i n ( see t han

4 : 7).

H owever , w ould

S mall

p laces

f or

w ith

s erve

r egulation .

p atterns

i dentified

a bove

f unctions a nd t hese w ould c hange s ites w as

s phere

p robably

o f

u ndoubtedly r eflect

i n emphasis a ccording t o

i nfluence .

a p rime

A lthough

d eterminant

i n

b elief

s tone

c ircle

t here w ere a s eries o f u nderlying f unctions w hich i mportance a s s tatus i n t he m onument h ierarchy r ose ' local'

m onuments

c eremonies

' group ',

' inter-group '

i ncreasingly

w ould

p erhaps

a ppertaining a s

a nd

f or

T his p robably t ook o n two b asic

s erve

e ach

' regional

p laces

r einforced o r s ymbolised g roup i dentity ,

t o

f oci',

s ocial

f orms ,

a s

l ittle

l ocal t he

m onuments

i nteraction

a s f oci

m ore

c ommunity .

t hat

a nd

d efined ,

a nd a s e xchange c entres .

M onuments a t h igher l evels i n t he s ite h ierarchy c ommonly d isplay n on-random s iting a t ' central' o r ' boundary ' p ositions ( in a t opographic

- 2 21

-

s ense). e ither

B oth o f

p ositions

t he

d istinctions t opographic r ather

t o

b e

a s

o f

a rgued

b etween

c ould

e xchange

t o a reas

b e

t o

b e

e qually

f unctions n oted a bove;

d rawn

b oundaries

t han

' central'

c ould

u nderlying

t hem .

b e

E ven

o perating

c entres .

T he

a ppropriate

t he d ata

d oes

' inter-group '

i n

m ore

n ot

m onuments

a s ocio-political

u sual

h igh c arrying c apacity ,

s iting

o f

a rgues t hat

f or

a llow a t

s phere

m onuments

e ven a llowing

f or t he p ossibility t hat f actors f or i nitial b uilding m ay h ave s ome r elation t o e xchange, t heir l ocations a t t he h eart o f s pecific p opulation c oncentrations , w ould o ver t ime l ead t o t hem b eing s timuli f or f orging g roup i dentities i n a s ocio-political s ense . W hile t he ' regional

f oci'

m ay

h ave

f unctioned

a s

e xchange

c entres

f or

l ocal

p roduce a nd p layed a n i mportant r ole i n r egulation o f p restige g oods e xchange, i t i s t he s ocio-political a spect o f t heir f unction w hich w ill b e c oncentrated o n h ere . I n a ny e vent, i t i s

l ikely

t hat

p rimary

i mpetus

f or

c onstruction

w as f rom t he o utset a n e xpression o f t he r itual a uthority s tructure a nd d istinctions d rawn b etween e xchange a nd s ocio-political m echanisms a re o f

l imited v alue

i n t hat

t he t wo w ere p robably i nextricably l inked .

I nterpretation o f M onument P attern A lthough s tone c ircles a nd h enges p atterns t his t hat

o f

c ommunal

c an

o rganization ,

i t

b e

i s

u sed

f ar

t o

m ore

t o d etermination o f t he e xact n ature o f l ed t o t he f ormation o f t hese p atterns ,

d ocument

d ifficult

g eneral

t o

s ocio-political g iven t he w ide

e xtend

s tructure n umber o f

p otential v ariations i llustrated b y a nthropological d ata a nd t he d iverse r egional p atterns d ocumented h ere , T o p ostulate s ets o f s pecific m odels f or

B ritain

a s

a w hole

i s

i nappropriate

s ynthesized w ith v ariability a p roject w hich s tudies

h ave

P ierpoint a bility

h ypotheses p oint

r egions

i n

t he

r emain

a rchaeological w here

s ome

o f

t he

m onument

i n r egional

c an

r egions

e quivocal v iable

n othing

s tudied

u ntil

e vidence a gainst

a ll

b e

T homas 1 984).

b y

m ore

t hese

c omparative

a lternatives

c an

b e

H owever,

t han

m ethods

s et

1 973,

a pplic-

s peculative t he

o f

a gainst

a t

p roposed

t esting

m odels a re

i s

r egional

( Renfrew

a uthors ,

v aried p otential

d ata

c ontexts ,

R ecent

p ossibilities

T horpe a nd R ichards 1 984,

o ther

E ven

t he

i s b eyond t he s cope o f t he p resent w ork .

h ighlighted

1 980, t o

p resent .

u ntil

i n o ther d ata s pheres

t he

r efined t o a t he

d ata .

A t

p resent

l ittle m ore c an b e s aid w ith c ertainty b eyond g eneral s tatements

c ommon

t o

m uch

p resent

i nterpretation ,

a uthority s tructure o f t he g oods e conomy c oncomitant r ising t o d ominance D espite

w hich

c ontrast

t he

r itual

N eolithic w ith t he emergence o f a p restige w ith e lite a uthority , t he l atter f inally

i n t he B ronze A ge .

t hese

c aveats ,

t he

m onument

d ata

d oes

h ighlight

c ertain

t rends . I n s ome r egions t here a re o vert i ndications o f s egmentation i n c ases w here i dentically d esigned m onuments a re p laced t ogether i n ' equal c omponent m ore

c omplexes '

s ubtle

w ays ,

( see

i n

4 :4).

l arge

T his m ay a lso b e

m onuments

s uch

a ppears t o c ater f or d iverse t raditions c oves , a venues a nd c ircles . T he e xtent r eflects

t he

g eographically

d iscrete

b y t o

a s

r eflected e lsewhere

A vebury ,

w here

t he

i n

s ite

c ombining f eatures s uch a s w hich ' overt s egmentation '

i dentities

o f

s ub-groups ,

o r

a lternatively c lan-type s tructuring w ith l ittle s patial s eparation , r emains o bscure . T he i dentification o f ' reserved c eremonial z ones ' i n S outh-West E ngland f or ' group f oci', w ith e ach m onument p laced c entrally b etween

s ettlement

c ooperative ' inter-group '

l inks . s ites

z ones , I n o f

s uggests

c ontrast, t his

a t

r egion

g eographic a

h igher

( where

- 2 22 -

s ub-groups h ierarchical

' equal

c omponent

w ith l evel,

c lose t he

c omplexes '

o ccur

- s ee

4 : 4)

a re

l ikely

t o

r eflect

t he

r elative

a utonomy

o f

e ach

v alley c ommunity . A t

t he

m ajority

i ndications ( Wessex s uch

a re

i ncreasing

m assive

h enges

p rocess , ( or

a s

p rovides

l iked p eople m onuments s ocial

w ithin

c hanges

w ith t raditional T he w hich

t o

h ere

M oray

a nd

o n t hese

o n

e stablished b uilt

w hich

t o

t hese

w ere

f ocal

v aried

O ne

t he

h enge

a

w here o f

t he

p rovides a

a rchitects

w ould

( 1984a ,b ,c),

z ones

a lso

t hese

h ave

s uch n ew

d isguise

b y

r elatively

r egional

i mportant

r adical

r edefining

e ffect

a ppear

t o

t o

a nd

I n

p robably

l ikely

l inks

t he

z ones l ess

b ecome

h ave

d ate

w ith

a t

m ore

c omplete

a nd

e ntrenched .

t urned

t heir

I n

b acks

s emi-autonomous u nits w hich m ay w ell

' egalitarian '

m onument

f actor

w as

m ore

c ommunities

t ook

r egionally .

i ntegration

i nherently

G rampian

r emained

r ecognisable

t he

l egitimise

c hanges a nd r etained s mall

h ave

o f

W essex

c ulmination

H ere

w hat

p rocesses

p robably

t opographies ,

c ommunities F irth

t he

r elations

c ontext

i n

t hat t heir

c onflicts b etween s egmented e lements o f s ociety

a re

h appened

c onstraining

a re

e ffort.

p ower

t he

f orm

t he

l ikely

c hange,

c ementing

e xtreme

W alls

s eems

s ocial

w ithin

t ype,

s egmentation '

a uthority .

e xtent

t his

i n

I t

f or

a nd

c omplex '

' overt

A s B radley h as p ointed o ut

l ong

a nd

s een

a s tatement

t o t hink).

t han

4 : 4).

s till

c o-operative

o f s ublimation o f l east

- s ee

( but

i s

' monument

s timulus

D urrington

h uge

o f

r ather

i ntegration

T his

s uch

r eflecting

a t

t hus

s ocial

t he

m echanisms

s ociety).

f oci' d epth

c omplexes

p rovided

c eremonial

' segmented '

' regional

N orthern

i nitially

e xistence t hrough

o f

c hronological

c omplexes ,

f oci

s ymbol

o f

( given

t he

a bsence

o f

a

h ierarchy).

i n t he

u nderstanding

o f

t he

s ocial

c hanges o f

t he L ater N eolithic i s t he v arying r egional i nterplay b etween t he n ew m odes o f s ocial e xpression ( the s tone c ircles a nd h enges) a nd m onuments r eflecting t ombs

r egional o ne

m ore

a nd

f orms

o f

i n

w hile

t he

m onument

p assage

m ounds

f eature

( Fraser r eport,

a nd

i n p rep .),

i mportance s urvived

o f

i n

e ventually

i s

m ounds a re i n

' local'

i n

t he t he

t ransmuted

t o

b y

f oci'

m uch

w here

o f

a s

t he

n ot o f

h ighest

l arge

c ircles ,

c onfined

t o

l arge L ater N eolithic a s

( Barnatt

i n

-

O rkney

L iffs

L ow

I n o ther r egions t he

s ocial

r egulation ,

t rend

s tatus

o f

i s

d emotion

a re

E lsewhere,

l ast

t he

a reas '

a nd

b arrows

c hambered

a v ariety

i ncreased ,

' group f oci'.

T his

d enote

s o

D istrict

c ontext

( the

i n

' core

h enges

W essex .

u sed a s

m ost

N eolithic

P eak

c ontexts .

i n

t ypes ,

t aken

L ater

a re

r egulation i ntegrated

c omplexity

' regional

p robably

a ncestors ,

o nly

s ocial

o ther

p rominently

1 983)

w ere

m onument

A s

o nly m ajor

s ocial

i mpression

h ierarchies a nd

o f

e lements

n ew

f orms .

g raves T he

m ethods

t wo

g eneral

w ith

m onument

l ower s trata .

w as

a nd

T hese

r eplacement

t raditional p lace

t raditional

b arrows).

o f

i n

p robably

b arrow

e lites

f unction

r ather

t han

s ociety a s a w hole . I n

m ost

w estern

r egions ,

d ecreased emphasis o n L ater b ecome s ome a s

m ore

H owever ,

t his

t here

a ppears

t o

b e

a re

s everal

b eakers ,

i dentified , p restige b urials

d ocumented

E lsewhere,

a pparent

a s

s maller

i tems

f or

a ssumed

t o

g rowing e vidence

u se

i nstances

t rend

m ay

b e

i llusory .

o f

f inal

b locking

i n

b elong

c ommunities

b urial t o

t he

p robably

c ontexts . B ronze

A ge

f or m ulti - p hasing o f b arrows .

- 2 23 -

M any m ay

h ad

l ess

e arlier ,

r eadily

a ccess

u naccompanied b e

I n

u sed ,

a ssociated

L ater N eolithic b arrows a re p erhaps n ot w estern

a

a s s tone c ircle h ierarchies

r egions p re-existing c hambered t ombs m ay h ave c ontinued t o b e

t here

w ith

c omplex .

s uperficially

N eolithic b urial

t o

s ingle

g iven

t he

C ore T erritories , O ne d istributional f actor o bserved i n t he m onument p atterning w hich m ay w ell b e c entral t o u nderstanding t he s ocio-political g eography o f t he L ater

N eolithic

' regional

i s

f oci'

e quilibrium w ith i rrespective a reas '

a re

l ogical

t hat

a re

( but

o f

e ven

t he

s paced a t n ot

d etermined

r egion .

s ubdivided

h ighest

c onstant

I n

t he

b y)

o f

o f

m onument

h ierarchy ,

t opographical

c ases ,

t he

w hich a re

a nd

i n

f actors

t opographic

' territories ',

l atter c an b e p roposed

d ifferential o ccurrence p ronounced t o h ave b een

t he

( 15-25km )

s pecific

m ajority

i nto s everal

b oundaries t o t he

l evel

i ntervals

' core

a lthough

( based o n t opography o r

o f s oil t ypes), t hey a re n ot s ufficiently l ikely t o s uppress p opulation d ensity t o t he

e xtent t hat c ommunities t o e ither s ide o f t he b oundary w ere i solated f rom e ach o ther . H owever , i t i s a rgued h ere t hat t opographic b iasing l ed t o

s pecific

h aving

z ones

a n atural

( termed

s uitability f or s upport a ccess

f rom

h ere

t endency

a ll

t o

o f

l ocal

A s

p opulation t hese

t erritories)

w ould

w ithin

p oints

t he

' core

b ecause

o f

a reas '

i ncreased

h igh p opulations i n t his v icinity a nd e ase o f T hese

n ucleation

l evels

' focal

z ones)

f ocal

s ettlement .

i nfluenced s ocio-political b eginnings ,

f ocal

b ecome

r ose

z ones '

( episodically?) a nd

e ventually

' focal

t heir

h ave

z ones '

w ould

h ave

( see 5 :11). f rom

E arlier

N eolithic

h interlands

( termed

h ere

n eeded

b oundaries

d rawing

c ore

b etween

t hem o nce l ocal g aps i n h abitation h ad b een f illed . T he e stablishment o f f ocal m onuments w as p robably o f m ajor i mportance i n s tabilising t hese b oundaries , c atchment t heir

b y o f

c ementing

t he

m ore

m ain

f avourable

t erritories '

w ere

a llegiances

' focal

z ones ',

l ocations .

i nherently

o f

a ll

w hich O nce

l ikely

l ocal

r ose

t o

g roups

e stablished ,

t o

r emain

i n

d ominance t hese

s table

i n

a

N eolithic ; m onuments

s ocio-political

a s

f or

i n

e xample

W essex .

B y

s ense

t owards

s uggested t his

t ime

b y

t he

t he

e nd

o f

b ecause

t he

d istribution

p opulation

l evels

s ufficiently h igh t o e ncourage t rends t owards s ocio-political a t t his b arrows

g eographical l evel. i mplies m ore l ocal

d istributions

a lready

c oncentrate i n t he

' focal

o f

s trong E arlier

o f

w ere

t o

' core

t opographic b iases , a s l ong a s a ll o ther f actors r emained e qual. T here a re s igns t hat ' core t erritories ' f irst c ame i nto f ocus

t he

d ue

c ursus p robably

n ucleation

A t e arlier d ates t he d istribution o f l ong emphasis , e ven t hough t heir d ifferential

i ndicates z ones '

p opulation

o f t he

l ater

b iases

w hich

o ften

' core t erritories '.

R adical c hanges i n m onument f orm a nd s cale ( le c ursus m onuments a nd c ausewayed e nclosures) t owards t he e nd o f t he E arlier N eolithic a re a t p resent

p oorly

o rganization

u nderstood

i n

r elation

i n

t o

t erms

o f

c hanges

s ocio-political

i n

s ocio-political

g eography .

T he

d efensive

n ature o f s ome c ausewayed e nclosures r eflects t he g rowing i nstability o f t he p eriod a nd t heir d istribution i s c urrently p roblematical. S uperficial p eripheral W indmill c omplex , h as

n o

e xamination s iting

H ill w hile k nown

i n

s uggests

r elation

i s ' centrally H ambledon H ill L ater

N eolithic

t o

a t he

p laced ' l ies a t

d ichotomy ' core a nd t he

m onument

b etween

t erritories '.

c entral F or

a nd

e xample,

c lose t o t he l ater A vebury e dge o f C ranbourne C hase a nd

c omplex

i n

i ts

v icinity .

T he

s patial a nd c hronological r elationships o f c ausewayed e nclosures t o c ursus m onuments a lso n eeds a ssimilation b efore t he s ocio-political g eography o f t his p eriod i s g iven r esolution . T hroughout m uch o f t he L ater N eolithic , t he

m ajority

o f

r egional

f oci

w ith

t he c ontinuity o f s ite f or

i ndications

o f

c hronological

d epth ,

a rgues f or t he r esolution o f t he e arlier c onflict a nd r elative s tasis i n

- 2 24 -

s ocio-political b oundaries t his

p eriod ;

w hich

b y

t here

c ontrary

s ocial

W hile i n

t he

a s

t he s ocio-political

e ver

s uperseded

p olitical

p opulation

p opulated

p eriods

c ould

-

s ee

t he

w hich

h ad

t hem

( for

b etween

b elow ).

s uggesting

a malgamate

f oci

z ones

T hus

l imits

t he

t o

s ocio-politically

d uring

t erritories

m onument

w hich

d ue

L ater

t o

t heir

r egulation .

L ater

r elative

s eparate

v iewed

w ere

w hich r eflect

s parsely

l ater

b e

p opulations

m ethods o f

m onuments

o r

i n

s hould

i s n o e vidence t hat

t erritories '

w idely

e vidence

N eolithic

n o

b uffers

d istribution

T here

' core

a re

a malgamated

t opographical

w as

g eography .

d efined

N eolithic

c an

e quilibrium w ith

a s

a p eriod

i ts e nvironment,

b e

v iewed

i n t erms

w hen o f

s ociety

t erritory

s ize v ersus t opography , t his d isguises s ignificant t rends t hat e ventually l ed t o t he l ater c hanges . T he g radual emergence t o d ominance o f

e lite

r esult

g roups o f

p robably

t he

r egional

m onument

c omplex

s ocial

h ierarchies i nherent

t ook

i ncreased f oci

p lace

( cf

B radley

s tratification ,

a nd

s tatus

s tresses)

t his

t ime ;

t o

n ew

T his

b oth

i ncreasing

( and

t he

i nherent

i nstigated

i ntegration

r eflected

T hese

p erhaps

i ntegration

1 984a),

a s

b urials .

l ed

a t

s ocio-political

i n

l ed t o

t he

m onument

c omplexities

n ecessary?)

b y m ore

( and

m ethods

o f

t hus

s ocial

r egulation . R esponse

t o

t he

s tresses

p eripheral

l and

i ntensification p roducts p erhaps

o f n ot

t he

t he

b y)

o f

' core

c hanges

c ommunities

w ere

t raditional

m ethods

f oci.

o f

i ntermarriage ' core

l and

P leasant

a lso

a grarian

a re

w ould

a s

a nd

f or

o f

t hat

b etween

B ronze

o f

t he

p robably w ould

h ave

b een

w ith r ise

t o

c ould

f or

t he b ut

t o

b e

e xploited

r ecord ,

m ore l evel

b oundaries A lthough

o r a lliances ,

t hey o f

i ntermediate

a s

f acilitated

t ime

t ranscended .

' territories '

e lites g reater

a p ersonal t hus

f irst

r efurbishment n ot

o n

w hich

t he

b y

w ith

i ntensively),

s uccessfully

f lexible

w ith

A vebury ,

f orged

b y

i nward-looking

g ained

a reas

b e

g roups

T hus b e

n ew u sed

L ater

t erritories '

p ower

b e

T he

i n t he s ense t hat

s tressed

n ew

u nderstanding

A ge.

i ntensification

a llowed

e lite

c ould

i n

' core

w hich

a rchaeological

e xample

p robably

u seful

t he

s ocial

i t

c ommunities

t he

a lso

t heir

a reas

o wnership .

i n

i s

p robably e ntrenched

a spect

a nd p robably m ore

i dentify

r eflected ,

i s

t erritories '

l arger , t o

a nd

A ge

c oncomitant

i n

r egulation

p eripheral

b etween

o f

p lace

a f orm

c apacity)

t hrough

h ard

A ge,

d evelopments

l east

w hich a re

w ithin

s ocial

a s

b onds

m anipulation

t ook

i mportant

v iewed

f lexible

t hese

a t

o r

T he e xpansion

B ronze

t hese

a nd/or

e xpansion

o n D artmoor ,

( or

o rder

p atterns w ere

t raditional

b etween

w ithout

B ronze

L ater

c ases ,

t erritories '

c ontained

O ne

b e

o rganisational ( and/or

f orms ;

E arlier t he

s ystems

b oth

s ocial

w hich

N eolithic s ettlement

c an

r eave

b asic

o f e lite g roups a nd a p restige g oods e conomy .

s ocial

( which

i n

t he

w ith

I n

p ossible

c hanges

c oncept

c ommunal

p arallel

b een

i n

a s

s tresses .

h ave

t o d ominance T he

o f

t hese

f acilitated

l andscapes

r e-organization ,

two

c ompetition

B oth c an b e d ocumented i n t he B ronze A ge .

m any

o n

i ncreased

i ntensification . i nto

t ake

b y

c hange,

r adical

c an

c aused

s ocio-political

a re

S tonehenge,

f oci

a re

o ccasionally ( as a t

M ount M arden ,

F igsbury a nd p erhaps K nowlton - s ee 5 :10). A lthough m ay

w ell

n ot

e xcept

i n

f orms .

I n

d ominant

t hese h ave

a b road s ome

r oles ;

I ncreasing

c hanges b een

s ense .

c ases , s ome

c ontact

o f

h ad

r epercussions

r egionally A lso

t heir

t raditional t hese

w ith

t hroughout

s ynchronous i mpact ' core'

r egions

w ill a reas

s uffered

c ontinental

- 2 25 -

E urope

o r

B ritain ,

e qually

h ave

t aken

e ventually

f rom s oil

t hey

e ffective, o n

v arious

l ost

t heir

d eterioration .

r e-aligned

s ettlement

p atterns .

I n

l andscape

w estern

i nhibited

a nd

n orthern

c ommunal

e lite

g roups

s cale

i nter-community b onds .

i n

I ron

p robably

A ge

h ad

B ritain

r egions

a malgamation

m ore

l imited

o f

d ue

t o

B ritain ,

w here

t opographical

s uccess a t

f orging

t he

b uffers ,

l asting l arge

T his e ventually l ed t o t he s trong c ontrasts

b etween

a ccentuated b y e nvironmental

h ighland

a nd

l owland

z ones

t hat

w ere

d eterioration i n u plands .

S ummary I t

i s

s uggested

t hat

r egional

d ifferences

i n

t errain

h ad

i mportant

i nfluence o n t he n ature o f p rehistoric s ociety w ithin e ach a rea . T hese h ave b een u nderstated i n c urrent a rchaeological i nterpretation . W hen B ritain o rder

i s

s tudied

i s

a rchaeological

o f

t hese

t he

t ake

a re

1 984a ,

s uggest

a t

t he

a nd

b eing

b iases

w eak

s uggest

t he

m ay

t o

d o

h ence

( Bradley

G ardiner

1 984a).

i tself

1 984).

o f

t he

w est

r eflections

o f

l owland

f or

s tone a nd

o f t he

t han

p ast

d evelopments d iscussions ' core

c ircle

n orth

a reas '

a nd

a re

h enge

e qually

c ommunities a nd t heir i n ' core z ones ' r ather

s ociety .

u nequal

m ajor

s ocial

f urther

R ecent

t o

T he

t hat

i n

s tudy

s ocieties ,

a ssume

t he i nterplay o f d iffer f rom t hose

a p reponderance

m ore

p rehistoric a nd

c onfined

c ommunities

v ariability

i llustrated ,

s cale

o f

c omparable

i mportant t o u nderstanding d evelopment . T hey a ppear t o t han

h as

o verview

l argely

B radley

t hat

t his

d ynamics

h as

s ignificant

B radley

a w ider

d irectly

f actors

( Bradley d ata

o f

w hich

e verywhere

A s

p atterning

u nderstanding s tudies

i nter-regionally ,

a pparent.

s ocial

I dentified c hange ,

a nd

i nherent r egional

c ontrasts b etween p rogressive a nd e ntrenched c ommunities a re a pparent . S imilarity c ontext H ence i n

i n m onument a nd a rtefact

t hrough

f or

t ime

e xample ,

s ocio-political

s tone t hose

( cf

s tone t erms ,

c ircles o n D artmoor i n G rampian . V ariation

i n t he

B radley

r ows t o

o n

D artmoor

s tone

r eflect

f orm n ot o nly c hange

1 984a,b ,c)

b ut

a re

c ircles

t he

i n

t he

a lso

f unctional P eak

a t otally d ifferent

i dentified h ierarchical

m onument

f unctional

t hrough

s pace.

e quivalent

D istrict,

s ocial

w hile

o rder

f rom

p atterns i ndicate

t hat r egional c ommunities i n t he i dentities . T hese w ere i nfluenced

L ater N eolithic e ach h ad d iscrete b y d iffering l evels o f t opographic

c onstraint

t hat

v ariability

d eveloped .

T opographic

l ed

t o

s ignificant f actors

h ad

a s trong

i n

t he

i nfluence

w ay o n

e ach t he

s nobo-political t erritories i n t he L ater N eolithic . O nly i n A ge w as i t n ecessary f or s ociety t o b reak t he c onstraints t hese

t raditional

' core

t erritories '

a nd

m echanisms h ad e volved t o m ake t his p ossible.

- 2 26 -

b y

t his

t ime

s ociety s ize

o f

t he B ronze i mposed b y n ew

s ocial

Stone Circles of Britain Taxonomic and distributional analyses and a catalogue of sites in England, Scotland and Wales

Part ii

John Barnatt

BAR British Series 215(ii) 1989

B.A.R. 5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR 215 (II), 1989: 'Stone Circles of Britain' Part II © John Barnatt, 1989 The author's moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407387291 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407387307 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860547013 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407318394 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547013 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

CONTENTS P ART 2 : 6 :

T he S tone C ircles o f B ritain : s ome,

7 :

T HE C ORPUS

o r a ll,

o f

A C orpus o f S ites U sed i n

t he P resent A nalyses .

I ntroduction

2 27

K ey

2 28

Z one

1 :

O rkney a nd S hetland

Z one

2 :

N orth E ast S cotland

2 31 2 34

Z one

3 :

O uter H ebrides

2 38

Z one

4 :

W estern S cotland

2 43

Z one

5 :

M oray F irth

2 53

Z one

6 :

G rampian

2 68

Z one

7 :

T ayside

3 09

Z one

8 :

S outhern S cotland

3 29

Z one

9 :

C umbria

3 41

Z one

1 0 :

C heviots/Pennines

3 55

Z one

1 1:

N orth Y ork M oors

3 62

Z one

1 2 :

T he P eak D istrict

3 64

Z one

1 3:

W ales

3 74

Z one Z one

1 4: 1 5:

S outh W est E ngland W essex

3 94 4 27

D estroyed S tone C ircles a nd O ther P ossible S ites R ejected f rom t he P resent A nalyses b ecause t here i s T oo L ittle D ata A vailable f or D etailed C lassification o r A nalysis .

8 :

Z one

1 :

O rkney a nd S hetland

4 53

Z one

2 :

N orth E ast S cotland

4 53

Z one

3 :

O uter H ebrides

4 53

Z one

4 :

W estern S cotland

4 54

Z one

5 :

M oray F irth

4 54

Z one Z one Z one

6 : 7 : 8 :

G rampian T ayside S outhern S cotland

4 58 4 65 4 65

Z one

9 :

C umbria

4 67

Z one

1 0 :

C heviots/Pennines

4 69

Z one

1 1:

N orth Y ork M oors

4 71

Z one

1 2:

t he P eak D istrict

4 71

Z one

1 3 :

W ales

4 72

Z one

1 4:

S outh W est E ngland

4 73

Z one

1 5:

W essex

4 73

S ites S uggested i n t he L iterature t o b e S tone C ircles b ut w hich a re R ejected H ere;

a s M ore V iably I nterpreted

i n O ther W ays ,

o r a s U ninterpretable d ue

a s A nomalous ,

t o t he L ack o f D ata o r P oor P reservation . Z one

1 :

O rkney/Shetland

4 75

Z one

2 :

N orth E ast S cotland

4 76

Z one

3 :

O uter H ebrides

4 76

Z one

4 :

W estern S cotland

4 78

Z one

5 :

M oray F irth

4 80

Z one

6 :

G rampian

Z one Z one

7 : 8 :

T ayside S outhern S cotland

Z one

9 :

C umbria

Z one Z one

1 0:

C heviots/Pennines

4 97

1 1:

N orth Y ork M oors

5 00

Z one

1 2: 1 3:

T he P eak D istrict W ales

5 00

1 4: 1 5 :

S outh W est E ngland W essex

5 03

A C orpus o f A C orpus o f A C orpus o f A C orpus o f

H enges

5 07

T imber C ircles

5 12 5 17

Z one Z one Z one

A ppendix 1 : A ppendix 2 : A ppendix 3 : A ppendix 4 :

4 83 4 88 4 90 4 93

R ingcairns i n t he P eak D istrict

5 00 5 05

S tone R ows o n D artmoor M omument C omplexes o n D artmoor

5 18

A ppendix 5 : A ppendix 6 :

A C orpus o f S tone R ows o n B odmin M oor

5 27

5 23

B ibliography

5 28

I ndex o f S tone C ircles a nd H enges

5 46

6 :

T he

THE STONE CIRCLES OF BRITAIN : A CORPUS OF SITES USED IN SOME. OR ALL, OF THE PRESENT ANALYSES

c orpus

f irst b e

o f

s ites

l ists a nd

i s

d ivided

d escribes

a ll

u tilised i n s ome o r a ll

s ites

w here

b ecause l ists

n o

t he

s ite

s ites

b etter

s uch

c an

s ections d ata

e xists

d estroyed

c laimed

c ase

t hree w here

o f t he a nalyses

d ata

w as

i nto s ites

i n

b e

t he

( 150

m ade

f or

i n

t he

a dequate

l iterature

t o

( 517 s ites).

s ites),

w ithout

( Chapters

e xist

a s

c ircles ,

o f

c ases

T he

t hird

f or

i nterpretation ,

w hich o r

w ell

a s

a s

f or

e xample

f ortuitous

b arrow

s tone

i nspection c larifies

k erbs

o r

a rrangements .

t he

i ssue .

o ther

W here

I n c ases

c ircular

t hese

w here

c ases s tone

s tructures ,

s ites

a

w here

s ignificant d oubt e xists o ver t heir s tatus ( 265 s ites). I n m any 1 9th c entury a ntiquarians r eferred t o v aried s tructures a s c ircles ,

T he

t hem t o

T he s econd l ists m ajority

d escription .

s tone

a lternative

6 -8).

e nable

s urvive

a s

t oday

s ites a re d estroyed

t his

i s m ore p roblematic . W here a uthors a lso n ote e xtant s ites , t he d egree t o w hich t heir i nterpretations a re r eliable c an b e a ssessed . W here n ot, s pecific

s ites

C hapter S urvey

7 .

o f

T hey

s tructures

a ccepted T he o rder

m arked a s

b enefit

o f

p reviously

c ircles

o n

d oubt

c omment

a nd

a re

d estroyed

f irst

e dition

a dditional

i ncluded

e arly

i n

O rdnance

s ites

a nd

m aps ;

t hese

o ther a re

d ata b eing a vailable .

c riteria f or r ejection a re d etailed i n e very c ase .

l engthy d ue

t o

t he

r equiring

m any

s tone

p resentation

i nherently

t he

e xclusions

i n C hapters 6 o r 7 w ithout

I n C hapter 8 ,

I n

g iven

s et

r ecords .

a ssorted n ot

a re

O ne

m inimise

p articularly

o f

t he

t he

c ase

t hemselves ;

h ence

a t

d escription

i s

e xcavations .

g iven

W hile

t he

c orpus

o f

a ccepted

t o t o i nclusion o f l ength w ith t he

o f

d etails m ajority

e xcept

t his

m uch

a ll

f or

i s

t he

d ata

i s

o n

t he

r ings

s ites ,

n o

o f

d etails

n ot

s ites

i deal,

( Chapter

d ata u tilised

o f

t abulated . o f

l ack

o f

i s

T his

o r

v erbal

f eatures

s pace

i s

o rthostats

p lan

a dditional

6 )

i n a nalyses .

m akes

a nd

t his

a

n ecessary e vil. M any b elow).

o f

t he

H owever,

d etails s everal

o f

t abulation

p oints

n eed

a re

s elf

f urther

e xplanatory

c omment

( see

h ere .

T he

k ey s ite

s tatus ( column B 1) f ollows m ultivariate a nalyses . C olumn

t he c lassification B 2 d etails r elevant

d evised h ere a fter s ub-classes a nd a dds

p revious

t erminology

a ppropriate .

d esign C l).

a uthors '

d etail

H owever ,

i nternal I n

i n

t he

c ase

o f

A ll

a nd

t he

t his

p lans

s tone

o r

t hese t he

d ata

a ccurate t o

d estroyed a re

s pacings ,

a dditional

w herever

m ost

n eeded

h eights ,

f eatures ,

s uch

f rom

c ases

s tone

T hom 's

s hape

a dditional

s tones .

d erived

m any

f eatures ,

a ssessing o n

d escriptive

w ere

b ut

b e

s upplemented

s tones

o ften

a rchaeological a re

t o

b e

a nd

t he

f requently

o ther

m ost d o b y

b y

d ata

o n

s pecifics .

i nclude

o f

o n

( Column

r eliable

n ot

s tatus

t raced

D ata

p lan/source

f or d ata

p articular

r eferring

t o

t he

s ources t abulated i n t he s ite b ibliography . T hese w here a dds

t o

o ur

e lsewhere . d amage

i s

t o

m entioned

k nowledge

T he

s ince

i ncluded w as

b ibliographies

a s ite

o f

e xception f irst i t

t he t o

t his

s hould

t he

a ll

t his

o r i s

H ere,

p oint . n ot

s ources

s ource

s ite,

r ecorded .

i llustrate

u ndertaken

i nclude b ut

a t

w here

c omprehensive .

227-

t his

s ites

e arly

A lthough b e

u sed ,

c ontains

e xcept

f or

n o

u seful

d ata

i s

b etter

e xpressed

w hich

d etailed e xtensive

a ssumed

t he

c ases t hat

h ave s uffered n o d escriptions a re a rchive

r esearch

b ibliographies

a re

K EY A l : C orpus n umber, 2 : S ite n ame ( where a lternative n ames a re u sed i n t he l i terature t h is i s i ndicated i n t he s ite b ib liography), 3 : M ap r e ference , 4 : C ounty ( where a ppropriate t he o ld c ounty i s a dded i n p arenthesis), B -G : N D : n o d ata , I D : B i : S ite S tatus : 2 : S ite S tatus :

i nadequate d ata ,

A -N ; t axonomic c lass

F ; f reestanding s tone c ircle ( g roups 1 26) E SC ; e mbanked s tone c ircle ( g roups 1 -6) C H : c ircle-henge ( g roups 1 -5) W CH ; w estern c i rcle-henge R SC ; R ecumbent S tone C ircle K R ; K incardineshire R ingcairn C ; C lava-Cairn ( o r R ingcairn) F P ; P our P oster ( g roups 1 4) S P ; S cottish p latform c i rcle ( g roups 1 10) O R ; D artmoor R ow-Circles P „, p robable s ite ( o ther i n terpretations v iable), ? ,„ t axonomy u ncertain 3 : S tate o f p reservation : G ; g ood

4 : E xcavation :

A ; P ; V P ; 0 ; P O ; R ; P R ; T ;

a dequate p oor v ery p oor d estroyed c ircle p oor, b ut o ther f eatures r emain r estored p artially r estored t otal

E ; e xtensive P ; p artial I ; i n ternal f eatures o nly S ; s pecific f eatures o nly U ; u nknown C l : P lan u sed f o r m easurements a nd i t s s tatus , O ther d ata h ave f requently b een a dded f rom o ther p lans a nd t exts , W here t h is h as s ignificantly i n fluenced t he d ata t abulated , i t i s s ignified b y ( OD), S tatus o f p lan :

G ; g ood U ; s ome u ncertainties o ver a ccura cy P ; p oor N ; n o p lan a vailable T he c ategorisation u sed h ere s hou ld b e r emembered w hen a ssessing t he a ccuracy o f C -F, 2 : D iameter o f t he c ircle , T o t he n earest 0 , 1m w hen k nown w ith t h is a ccuracy , 3 : N umber o f s urviving o rthostats , 4 : E stimated o riginal n umber o f o rthostats , R ecumbent s tones ( G rampian) a re a dded a fterwards i n p arenthesis ,

0 : T he p resent a r rangement o f t he c i rcle r emains a nd i n d iv idual s tone h e ights , g iven t o t h e n earest 0 ,05m , T h e e ntries a re a r ranged i n c lo ckwise o rder p ro ceeding f rom n o rth , I n t he c a se o f f a llen a nd l e aning s tones a n e stimated o r ig ina l h eight i s g iven . T hose p laced i n p a renthesis a re n ot i n cluded i n c o lumn F b e cause o f t he u n certainties w ith t h e s tatus o r p resent p lacing o f s u ch s tones , A l . a pp roximate d ata o n s tone h eights d ue t o p oor d ocumen tation . R A ; r a d ia lly-set s tone R E ; R e cumbent ( G ramp ian ) F L ; F lan kes ( G rampian ) L ; l e an ing s tone F ; f a llen s tone B U ; b u ried s tone S ; s tump 1 ; t o p o f s tone B ; b ro ken p ie ces o f s tone F R ; f r agment o f a n o rthostat 0 1 ; d isp la ced o rthostat R ; r e sto red s tone S M ; m a rke r d enoting a s tonehole ( a fter e x cavation) N ; n ew s t one a dded i n r e storation E H ; e x cavated s tonehole 0 ; d o cumented s tone , n ow d estroyed F O ; f o rtu itous s tone P ; p it a t t h e s ite o f a n o rthostat P A ; p a cking s tones a t t h e s ite o f a n o rthosta t M ; s tone a ssumed t o b e m issing Q ; o m itted d u e _ t o u ncerta in d ata . E : S pacing b e tween s tones , M easured f rom s tone c entre t o c entre , t o t h e n earest 0 , 1m , T hose i n p a renthesis a re e stimated w here s tones a re k nown o r t hought t o b e m issing , o r a re o therw ise u n certain ; t h ey a re o m itted f r om t a b le F , T hose p re fixed b y Ea re w ider e ntran ces , I n w ide r g aps , w here s eve ral s tones a re p robably m issing , m easurements a re o m itted ( m arked 0 ) , F l : A verage s tone h e ight , g iven t o t h e n earest 0 ,05m , T hose i n p arenthesis a re b ased o n i n adequate d ata , W h en s pe cific o rthostats a ppear t o b e d esigned a s s ign ificantly t a lle r p o rtals , o r d irectiona l s tones , t h ese a re o m itted f r om t h e a verage b ut a dded s eparate ly , p re fixed b y 4 , 2 : S tone h e ight r a nge , T hose i n p a renthesis a re b ased o n i n adequate d ata , P ortals o r d irectiona l s tones a re a dded i n d ividua lly , p re fixed b y 4 . , 3 : A verage o r igina l s t one s pacing , g iven t o t he n earest 0 , 1m , T hose i n p arenthesis a re b ased o n i n adequate d ata , W ider e ntran ces a re o mitted f r om t he a verage , 4 : O rig ina l s tone s pa cing r a nge , T hose i n p a renthesis a re b ased o n i n adequate d ata , W ider e ntrances a re a dded i n d iv idually , W hen s pacing c hanges i n r egu la r f a shion f r om o ne s ide o f t h e r ing t o t he o ther t h ese a re p re fixed b y R , 5 : D egree o f c i rcu la rity , g iven a s ap e rcentage - s ee t e xt , T hose p laced i n p a renthesis a re u n certa in d u e t o p oorly p ub lished d ata , an ew s u rvey w ould p rov ide a m ore a c curate a ssessment ,

G l : P etrology o f t h e o rthostats , W here m o re t h an o ne s tone t y pe e x ists , t he n umber o f e xamp les o f e a ch i s g iven i n p a renthesis w here k nown , 2 : O ther f e atures a t o r n ear t h e s ite : A V ; a venue B ; b an k C A ; c a irn /barrow C ; c o n centric s tone c i rcle C l ; c i st C O ; c o ve C T ; c h ambered t o mb 0 ; d itch E T ; e ntran ce H ; h enge K ; k e rb K C ; k e rb-cairn M ; m enh ir 0 ; o r thostat P H ; p o stholes P L ; p latform P O ; p o rta ls F T ; p it R C ; r i ng cairn S C ; s t one c i rcle S R ; s tone r o w S ; s t one s etting 7 C ; t i mber c i rcle I S ; t i mber s etting A „,; a d ja cent E „.; e xternal 1„ ; i n terna l 3 . ..; s e condary 3 : I n dicated o r ientations : E ; e ntran ce F ; F our P oster s ides G ; g rad ing H ; h o rizon f e atures I ; i n terna l f e atures M ; m u ltiple c i rcles 0 ; o utlier P ; p o rta ls R ; s tone r o w/avenue R E ; R e cumbent ( G rampian) S ; s ing le t a ll o r r ad ia l s tone i n r ing , H : N otes I ; B ibliography , A l ternative s ite n ames a nd c a ta logue n umbe rs a re p la ced i n p a renthesis ( n ote : O SA ; O ld S tatistical A c count o f S cotland , N SA ; N e w S tatistica l A c count o f S cotland ) ,

Z one

1 :

O RKNEY A ND S HETLAND

1 : 1 R ING O F B RODGAR H Y 2 94 132 O r kney B : D /C H3 / G ,R / P : R en frew 1 9 78 C : R en frew 1 9 79 ; G (OD) / 1 0 4 ,6x 103 ,0 / 3 9-42 / 5 9-66 D : 1 ; F - /2 ; S ? ( 0 ,90) / 3 ; S ? ( 0 ,35 ) /4 ; S /3 -4M ( 5 ; S ? ) /( 6 ; S ? ) /7 ; R1 , 90 / 8 : R2 ,30 / 2 M /9 ; S /M / 1 0 ; 3 ,45 / M / 1 ; S ,T / 1 2 ; 2 ,60 / 1 3 ; 1 , 80 / 1 2M / ? i 4 ; S ? /1 5 ; 2 ,60 / 1 6 ; R2 ,75 / 1 2M / 1 7 ; F ,B / 1 8 ; R3 , 10 / 3 -4M / 1 9 ; R2 ,80 / 2 0 ; F - /2 1 ; R3 ,05 / 2 ; R3 , 10 / M / 2 3 ; 3 ,50 / 2 4 ; S /2 5 ; 2 ,75 / M / 2 6 ; 2 , 45 / 2 7 ; 2 ,45 / 2 8 ; 2 ,45 / 2 9 ; 2 ,65 / 3 0 ; S /3 1 ; S ,T / 2 M /3 2 ; S ,T / 3 ; S /3 4 ; 4 ,55 / 3 5 ; S /3 6 ; S /3 7 ; S /3 8 ; S /3 9 ; F - /4 0 ; S /2 M /4 1 ; 2 ,80 / 1 2M / 4 2 ; 3 ,05 / 1 2M E : 1 2 ; c4 ,9 / 2 -3 ; 4 ,3 / 3 -4 ; 4 ,9 / 0 / ( 7 -8 ; 4 ,7) / 0 / ( 9 -M ; 4 ,9) / ( M 10 ; 4 ,9) / ( 1 0-M ; 4 ,7) / ( M 11; 4 ,7) / 1 12 ; 5 ,9 / 1 2 13 ; 5 ,6 / 0 / ( 1 415 ; 2 ,7) / ( 1 516 ; 2 ,9) / 0/( 1 718 ; c5 ,8) / 0 / ( 1 9-20 ; 4 ,0) / ( 2 0-2 1; 4 ,0) / ( 2 1-22 ; 4 ,6) / ( 2 2-M ; 5 ,2 ) / ( M -23 ; 5 ,2 ) /2 3-24 ; 5 , 1 /2 4-25 ; 5 ,4 / ( 2 5-M ; 5 , 1) / ( M -26 ; 5 , 1) / 2 6-27 ; 5 ,5 / 2 7-28 ; 5 ,4 / 2 8-29 ; 5 ,6 / 2 9-30 ; 4 , 1 /3 0-3 1; 6 , 1 /0 /3 2-33 ; 4 ,9 / 3-34 ; 5 ,5 / 3 5-36 ; 5 ,6 / 3 6-37 ; 5 , 7 /3 7-38 ; 5 ,8 / ( 3 8-39 ; c6 ,5) / ( 3 9-40 ; E T c7 ,2) / 0 F : 2 ,80 / 1 , 80-4 ,55 / 5 ,3 / 4 , 1-6 ,1 / 1 , 5% G : s andstone / E B ,E0 ,2ET ,ACO o r A O /2 E T h is f ine c i rcle-henge h a s c h anged l i tt le s in ce f i rst r e corded i n t he 1 8 th c entury , P r ior t o t h is s evera l s tones a nd p ortions o f s tone h ad b een r obbed f r om t h e s ite , I n 1 7 60 t here w e re 1 7 u prights , 3o f t h ese a ppear t o h ave f a llen b y 1 8 48 , B e fore 1 9 28 t h e s ite w as p a rtially r e stored , w hen 7 o f t he s tones w ere r e -erected b y t he O f fice o f W o rks , D uring t h is r e storation a r o ugh s tone a xe , aq uartz h ammer s tone , a nd a s ma ll s tone w ith a n i n cised c ross a nd r u nes , w e re f ound , O ne o f t h e u prights a lso h as r unes , A l e a f-shaped a r rowhead w as f o und n ear t he N W e ntran ce i n 1 9 28 , T he c i rcle i s r e markably c i rcu lar c onsidering i t s s ize , a nd t he s pa cing o f t h e s tones i s e ven , a l low ing e st imates t o b e m ade w ith c on fiden ce a s t o t heir o r ig ina l n umber, T he o n ly t w o p laces w he re s pa cing v a ries i s a t t h ree s tones t o t h e s outheast w h ich m ay b e ap rodu ct o f p oor r e storation , a nd a t t h e n o rthwest e ntran ce w here a w ider g ap s eems t o h ave e x isted ; a t t h e o ther e ntran ce t h e s tones a re t oo p oorly p reserved t o a ssess i f t h ere w as a lso a w ide g ap h e re , T he s tones a re c o nsistently t a ll , b ut u n fortunately t h ose b y t h e e n trances a re r u ined a nd h en ce t h e p ossib ility t hese w e re t a ller t han u sua l , a s s een a t s ome o ther c i rcle-henges , c annot b e a ssessed , T he t o tal o f 5 9-66 s tones c ompares r e asonably w e ll w ith t h e e s timate o f 6 0 m ade a fter a g eomagnetic s u rvey , Af u rther 7 -8 i r regu larly p la ced a noma lies w e re f o und w ith in t he r ing , t h is i n terna l a rea h as n o v isible f e atures , a nd t h eir e xp lanation i s o bscure i n t he a bsen ce o f e x cavation , T he c i rcle i s p laced c 2 ,8x4 ,5m f r om t h e i n ner e dge o f t h e d itch o f t h e h enge , w h ich d e fines a c e ntral a rea o f 1 0 9x 111,5m d iameter , T he d itch i s i n terrupted b y 2e ntran ces , t o t h e n o rthwest a nd s outheast , R en frew c u t 3t r enches t h rough t h e d itch , t h e b ottom h a lf w as r o ck-cut , a nd i t o r ig ina lly w as 3 , 4m d eep a nd o ver 4 -6m w ide , D ated s amp les s how p eat s tarted f o rm ing i n t h e d i tch i n t h e f i rst m i llenn ium B C ( 2 55360bc , 3 75t45bc), N o v isible t r ace o f t h e e xterna l b an k s u rv ives a nd o n ly s l ight t r a ces w ere f ound o n e x cavation , R en frew e stimated i t w a s o r iginally 3 m h igh a nd m ust h ave h ad a n e xterna l d iameter o f c 1 50m , T homas , w r iting i n 1 8 52 , n o ted t h e c i rcle w as r o bbed o f p eat a nd s o il f o r t h e f i elds , a nd t h is m ay e xp lain t he d isappearance o f t he b ank a nd m uch o f t h e d itch f i ll, A s hort d istan ce t o t h e s outheast o f t h e h enge i s a l o w p lat form , w ith a t a ll m onolith ( t he C omet S tone ), a nd s tumps o f t w o o thers , o n i t s c rest , T hese a ppear t o b e s et i n ac r ude s quare a nd m ay b e a n a berrant c o ve , T here a re s everal b a rrows i n t h e i m med iate v i cin ity o f t h e h enge , 1 : W i lson 1 8 5 1, 1 0 6-9 2 : R CAHM 1 9 46 ( 8 75) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( O rkney 1 ) 4 : R en frew 1 9 79 , 3 9-43 5 : T hom , T h om a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 0 1/ 1) 6 : R itch ie 1 9 85

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1 : 2 S TONES O F S TENNESS H Y 3 06 125 O r kney B : D /C H3 / A / P ; R itchie 1 9 73-4 C : R itch ie 1 9 75-6 ; G /3 0 ,7x32 ,2 / 8 / 1 2 0 : 1 ; 5 /2 ; E H /3 ; S /4 ; S /5 ; E H ? /6 ; E H /7 ; 5 ,70 / 8 ; 5 ,30 / 9 ; S/1 0 ; 4 ,80 / 1 ; E H /1 2 ; ( 2 ,74?) E : 1 2 ; 8 ,3 / 2 -3 ; 8 ,3 / 3 -4 ; 8 ,2 / 4 -5 ; 8 ,3 / 5 -6 ; 7 ,0 / 6 -7 ; 8 , 1 /7 -8 ; 8 ,0 / 8 -9 ; 9 ,2 / 9 10 ; 8 ,3 / 1 0 11; 7 ,7 / 1 12 ; 8 ,2 / 1 2 1; 8 ,3 F : 5 ,25 / 4 ,80-5 ,70 / 8 ,2 / 7 ,0-9 ,2 / 4 ,7% G : s andstone / E T ,ED ,EB ,3ISS ,2 I15 ,(3+AO) / E , I ,(3+0) T h is s ite w as p artia lly e x cavated i n 1 9 73-4 , t he d igg ing c on centrating i n aa rea b e tween t h e c entre a nd t h e e ntran ce , w ith s ma ller t ren ches a round t h e r ing o f s tones , a nd b an k a nd d itch , T he s ite h as a d itch w hich d e fines a c entral a rea o f c 4 7x43m d iameter , T h is d it ch i s r o ck-cut , c 6 ,0m w ide a nd c 2 ,3 r o d eep , T he p r imary s i lts c o nta ined b ones o f o x , s heep a nd w o lf o r d og , T hese p rodu ced a d ate o f 2 356t65b c(SRR350 ) , 2h uman b ones , o x a nd w olf o r d og b ones , a nd b u rnt a n imal b ones , w e re f o und s omewhat h igher i n t h e s i lts , O rig inally t h ere w as a n e xternal b an k w h ich h as n ow b een v i rtua lly p loughed-out , I t w ould h ave h a d a n e xterna l d iameter o f c 70-75m , T here i s as ingle e ntran ce w h ich i n terrupts t he d it ch , t h is i s a8 ,5m w ide a nd o rientated t o t h e n o rth , T he w estern d itch t e rm inal h as a n u n usual p lan , b e com ing n o ticeably n a rrow t o t h e o utside , T h is s uggests t h e e ntran ce w as n a rrrowed a t s ome s tage a nd w as o r ig ina lly 1 3 ,0m w ide , T he e xtension h ad g rooved w are s herds a t i t s b ase , T he c entra l a rea h as a r i ng o f o rthostats s et c 5 ,5-8 ,5m w ith in t h e d itch , F r om 1 7 60 o nwa rds t h ere w e re f our o rthostats ( 5 ,7 ,8 ,11) , a nd a s tump ( 1 ), r emaining i n t he r i ng , I n 1 8 14 o ne s tone w as p u lled d own ( 5 ) , a nd a nother b roken u p ( 1 1), I n 1 9 06 t he f a llen s tone ( 5 ) , a nd a nother f ound b u ried ( 1 2 ) , w e re r e -erected , E x cavation i n 1 9 73-4 f ound a f u rther 4 s tumps i n s toneholes a nd 1 2 f u rther s toneholes , R itch ie s uggested t h at 2 o f t h e s toneholes m ay n ever h ave c ontained o rthostats a nd h en ce t h e c i rcle r emained u n fin ished , H owever , t he b asis f o r t h is i s t e nuous , O ne s toneho le c o nta ined n o p a cking b ut t h is w as p ossib ly r emoved a t t ime o f d estru ction , T he o ther w as o n ly a s ma ll s teep-s ided h o le , t h is a rea w as m ore s ubstantia lly d amaged b y p lough ing a nd t h is m ay h ave r emoved t he b u lk o f t he s tonehole , I t s eems b etter t o a ssume t h is r i ng i s l i kely t o h ave b een f i n ished , g iven t h is u n certa in e v iden ce , B etween t h e c entre a nd t h e e ntrance , ac omp lex s e ries o f s tru ctures w ere f o und , A t t h e c e ntre w as a r e ctangu lar s e tting o f 4 l o w s labs , a l igned o n t he e ntran ce , a nd m easu ring 2 , 1x 1,9m i n terna lly , T hese w e re s et i n to b edd ing t ren ches a nd w ere p r obab ly f l ush w ith t h e o r ig inal s u rfa ce , F ragments o f c remated b one , s herds o f g rooved w are , a nd a f l int f l a ke , w e re f ound w ith in t h is s etting a nd a sso ciated c harcoal g ave a d a te o f 238±70b c(SRR35 1), A t imber p ost s tood w ith in t h e s etting n ear i t s n o rtheast c o rner a nd w as s uppo rted b y ah orizonta l b eam , T h is w as e rected p r ior t o t h e s tone s etting b u t s t ill s tood w hen t h e l a tter w as b u ilt , As qua re t i mber s etting ( 2 s ides f ound), s im ilar t o t h e s tone e xample b ut s l ightly s ma lle r , h ad s tood b e fore t h e s tone-rectangle w as b u ilt , A s tone p avement r an f rom t he s tone-setting n o rthwards t o t h e n ext f e ature , T h is c omp rised 2 d eep s toneholes , w h ich o n ce c onta ined s labs o r ientated n o rth/south a nd s et 2 ,7m a part , T hese h ad b een r emoved a nd t h e ir s toneholes b a ckfilled , I m med iately b eyond t h is s e tting w as a s quare t i mber-setting , w ith a s ha llow p osthole a t e a ch c o rner a nd t he s ides d e fined b y s lots ( h orizonta l s upport b eams?) , T h is p robable f our-post s etting m easured c l‚ 4 5m f r om e ast t o w est a nd w as c 1 ,25m w ide , 2f r agments o f d e composed w ood i n t h e s outhwest c o rner g ave a d ate o f 1 7 30±270b c(SRR592 ) , Af u rther s lot r an f r om n ear o ne c o rner t o t he w e stern s tonehole , i t s f u n ction a nd s t rat igraphic r e lationsh ip t o t h e o ther f eature w as u n certain , As hort d istan ce n o rth o f t h e t i mber s ett ing w as a s e cond s tone s etting , s tanding c 4 ,5m w i th in t h e r i ng o f o rthostats , T h is c onsists o f 3s labs , o r ientated n o rth /south i n t w o l i nes , c 1 ,6m a part , T he 2 s tones t o t h e e ast s tand 1 , 92 a nd 1 , 44m h igh , T h is f eatu re w as p a rtly r e stored i n 1 9 07 b ut i t s eems l i ke ly i t s p resent f o rm i s s ubstant ia lly c o rre ct , a n i n trodu ced s tone w as e rected i n t h e w estern l i ne , b ut a n earby s lab k nown a s t h e

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' c apstone ' p robab ly s tood h e re o r igina lly , T h is w ou ld h ave b een o f s imilar ( o r t a ller) h e ight t o t h e o ther t w o a nd w ou ld h ave c reated a r e ctangu lar s etting m easuring c 1 ,6x2 ,0m w h ich w as a l igned w ith t h e p a ired s tones a nd c entra l s tone-re ctang le , T o t h e s outh o f t h e c entra l s etting w e re 5 s mall p its c ontain ing s herds a nd c a rbonized c e rea l , A sso ciated c harcoa l i n o ne o f t h e p its g ave a d ate o f 5 19± 150ad , a nd h ence t h ey a re l i ke ly t o r e present a n e xamp le o f r espe ct a nd u t ilisation o f as tone c i rcle a t a l a ter d ate , B etween t h e o uter s tone-setting a nd o rthostat 1 2 w ere 3 p its , o ne m ay h ave c onta ined a d estroyed c i st w hile t h e o ther t wo w ere m ore c learly m odern , T he c h rono log ica l s equen ce o f t h e f eatures a t S tenness i s d i fficu lt t o u nrave l. R i tch ie s uggested t h e r i ng o f o rthostats w ould h ave b een e asier t o c onstru ct b e fore t h e d i tch w as d ug , H owever , t h e s pace b etween t he r ing a nd d itch i s s u fficiently w ide f o r e rection t o h ave b een p ossib le a fterwa rds a nd a n a lternative s equence t o R itch ie 's i s g iven h ere , T he m ost e conom ical h ypothesis t o e xplain a l l t h e f e atures , a nd o ne t hat f i ts w i th o verall t r ends d emonstrated a t o ther s ites , i s t hat t wo m a in p hases o f c onstru ction t o ok p lace , T he f i rst c o nsists o f t h e c onstruction o f t he b an k a nd d itch , t ogether w ith t h e t imber f e atures i n t h e i n terior , w h ich s eem t o h ave c omprised o f a l o w t imber r e ctangle a t t h e c entre w ith a t imber p ost a t o ne c o rner , a nd a s etting o f 4t i mber p osts b etween t h e c e ntre a nd t h e e ntrance , T he s e cond p hase c omprises a r emode lling o f t he s ite i n s tone , w i th t h e e re ction o f t h e r ing o f o rthostats , t h e c entral s tone-rectang le a nd 2 f u rther s tone s ettings , T he l a st d e fin ing a n a pproa ch r o ute t o t he c entre , b u ilt o f a l igned s labs s et i n a n o uter r e ctang le o f t h ree s tones a nd a n i n ner p a ir , T he d emo lition a nd b ackfilling o f t h e i n ner p air s uggests t hese w ere s uperseded a nd h en ce m ay s uggest t h ey w ere r e p laced b y t h e t h ree-stone s etting , T he o ne p ossible p rob lem w ith t h is g eneral i n terpretation i s t h at t h e d ate f rom t h e f our-post t i mber s etting i s s omewhat l a ter t han t h ose f rom t h e c entral s tone-re ctang le a nd t he p r imary d itch s i lts , H owever , t h e f o rmer d ate i s f r om a v e ry s ma ll s ample w ith a l a rge s tandard d ev iat ion a nd h ence i t i s p erhaps d ebatable h ow m u ch v a lue t o p lace o n t h is , A lternatively , t h e e arlier d ate f rom t he c e ntral f e atu re m ay d e rive f r om m ateria l d eposited d u ring i t s t imber p hase , A s trong s upporting f a ctor f o r t h e c h rono log ica l s equen ce p roposed h ere , i s t hat t h e 2 t imber s ettings a l ign w ith t h e c entre o f t h e p robab le o r ig ina l e ntran ce b e fore i t w as n a rrowed , I n c ontrast , t h e c e ntra l s tone s ett ings , a nd t h e s pa cing o f t h e r ing o rthostats , a lign w ith t he e ntrance i n i t s p resent f o rm , T h is a ppears t o r epresent a s ubtle b ut c onscious c h ange i n t h e p r imary o r ientation o f t h e s ite t o b e c loser t o t r ue n orth , t h e r easons f o r w h ich r emain o b scure , T h is r e mode lling c l early t oo k p lace r e latively s oon a fter t he s ite w as b u ilt a s i n d icated b y t h e s imilar d ates f rom t h e d itch a nd c entra l s etting , a nd f r om t h e c lose c o rrelation i n d es ign a nd p la cing o f t he c entra l f e atures , O n ly t he o uter s tones e tting a nd t h e r ing o f o rthostats c o u ld b e a rgued t o b e s ubstantia lly l a ter , b ut i n t h e l a tter c ase a t l e ast t h ere s eems n o s trong r eason t o s uggest t h is . S everal o utliers s u rround t h e s ite , T he W atch S tone s tands 1 7 0m NW o f t h e r ing a nd as e cond s tone o n ce s tood 1 2 ,8m t o t h e SW o f t h is , T he S tone o f O d in , ah o led s tone , s tood c 135m n o rth o f t h e h enge ; t h is w as d estroyed i n 1 8 14 , T he W atch S tone i s p la ced c r udely i n t h e d i re ction o f t h e R ing o f B rodgar a nd 3 f u rther s tones l i e b etween t he t wo h enges , I n t h e o pposite d i rection t h e B a rnhouse S tone s tands c 700m s outheast o f t he h enge , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 46 ( 8 76) 2 : R itch ie 1 9 75-6 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( O rkney 2 ) 4 : R itchie 1 9 85

Z ONE 2 :

N ORTH-EAST S COTLAND

2 : 1 A BERSCROSS N H 7 1990 H ighland ( S utherland ) B : K /F 14 / A / I ; T a it 1 8 67 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 : G /c 7 .5 / 5 / 6 D : A : 1 ; 1 , 05 / 2 ; F1 , 10 / 3 ; 2 ,00 / 4 ; F1 , 20 / M / 5 ; R A 1 , 35 E : 1 2 : 3 ,7 / 2 -3 : 3 ,3 / 3 -4 ; 4 ,3 / ( 4 -M ; 4 ,0) / ( M -5 ; 4 ,0) / 5 1; 4 ,3 F : c 1 ,35 / c 1 ,05-2 ,00 / 3 ,9 / 3 ,3-4 ,3 / I D G : N D /I C I /G T h is s mall r ing i s g raded t o t h e s outh-east , O ne s tone t o t h e n o rth-west i s s et r a d ially , w h ile t h e o thers a re s et c i rcum ferent ially , At ren ch w as c u t i n t he i n terior i n 1 8 67 a nd a l a rge e mpty c i st f o und , c 0 ,6m b e low t h e s urface , a t t h e c e ntre o f t he r i ng , A bove i t w a s a h uman c remation , 1 : T a it 1 8 68 2 : R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 2 9 1) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( S utherland 1 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( N 2/2 , T he M ound ) 2 :2 A CHANARRAS H ILL N D 1 4 5552 H ighland ( C aithness) B : K /P F 15 / P O / C : R CAHM 1 9 11: U / c 18 ,0 / 5 / 1 15 D : I D : 1 2M / 1 ; F ,RA / 2 ; F ,RA / 2 -3M / 3 ; F ,RA / 2 -3M / 4 ; F ,RA / 1 2M / 5 ; F ,RA E : I D ( d irection o f f a ll u n known ) F : ( c 1,20) / I D /I D /( c 3 ,5-5 ,0) / I D 5 : N D /I C A /T h is p ossib le s tone c i rcle m ay h ave c omprised a r ing o f t a ll r a dia lly-set s tones , p l a ced a t t h e c i rcum feren ce o f a l o w c a irn w h ich f i lled t h e i n terna l a rea , A l l t h e s u rv iving s tones a re o f s im ilar s ize a nd a re r e cumbent , T he s ite c ou ld b e a lternatively i n te rp reted a s ac a irn w ith a k e rb o f l a rge s labs w h ich o r igina lly s tood o n t h eir s ides ( r athe r t h an a s t a ll o rthostats ), 1 : R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 1 4 1) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C aithness 1 ) 2 :3 A CHANY N C 5 60029 H ighland ( S utherland ) B : K /F 17 / A / C : R CAHM 1 9 11: U / c 26 ,8x28 ,2 / 9 / 1 0 13 D : 1 ; F ,D I? 0 ,70 / 2 ; F1 , 00 / ? M /3 ; F1 , 00 / ? M /4 ; F1 , 15 / 5 ; S ? ( 0 ,05) / 6 ; 0 , 90 / 7 ; 0 ,60 / 8 ; 0 ,85 / 9 ; S( 0 ,05) / 1 0 ; B E : 0 /5 -6 ; 8 ,5 / 6 -7 ; 7 ,2 / 7 -8 : 5 ,8 / 8 -9 ; 7 ,6 / 9 10 ; 7 ,3 F : 0 ,90+ / 0 ,601,15+ / 7 ,3 / 5 d 3-8 ,5 / c 5 ,0%+ G : s yenite / - / T h is d i lap idated c i rcle i s c o vered i n t h ick p eat w h ich m a sks t h e f u ll h e ight o f t h e s tones , T here a re n o v isib le i n ternal f e atu res , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 4 6 1) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( S utherland 2 ) 2 : 4 A CHAVAN ICH N D 1 8 84 17 H ighland ( C aithness) B : B /F 2 /A / C : A nderson 1 8 86 : P (OD) / 6 9 ,0x33 ,5 / 3 7 /c 5 4 D : I D ( m ostly t a ll) E : I D F : ( c 1,5) / ( ? 1 ,95 ) /( c 2 ,5) / I D /c 5 1,5% G : ' f lagstones ' /E C I /E T h is i m pressive h o rseshoe-shaped s etting h as a n o pen e nd t o t h e SE w h ich i s c 26 ,0m w i de , A l l t h e s tones a re s et r ad ia lly , t h e h ighest b e ing t h e S W t e rm ina l, I t i s n ot c lear i f t he m issing s tones h ave w eathered a way o r h ave b een r e moved , Ac i st i s b u ilt a butting t he o uter e nd o f o ne o f t h e s tones t o t h e n o rth , 1 : A nderson 1 8 86 2 : R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 2 93 A chkinlo ch )

-2 34 -

2 : 5 A UCH INDUICH N C 5 84002 H igh land ( Sutherland ) B : K /F 15 / A / C : R CAHM 1 9 11: U / c 7 ,4 / 5 / 8 -9 0 : 1 ; R A 1 , 20 / 3 -4M / 2 ; R A 0 ,95 / 3 ; R A 1 , 00 / 4 ; R A ,L 1 , 10 / 5 ; R A 1 , 20 E : 0 /2 -3 : 1 , 9 /3 -4 ; 3 ,2 / 4 -5 ; 2 ,8 / 5 1; 2 ,3 F : 1 , 10 / 0 ,951,20 / 2 ,5 / 1 , 9-3 ,2 / I D G : N D /I C A /G T h is s ite i s w e ll p reserved t o t h e w est b ut t h e e astern h a lf h as b een r emoved , T he o r thostats a r e s et r a d ia lly a nd m ay b e g raded t o wards t he n o rth , I n side t he r i ng a re 2 -3 s t ones s tand ing b etween 0 ,55 a nd 0 ,7m h igh , T hese a ppear t o b e t he l a st v estiges o f a k e rb-cairn , w i th n ear-contiguous u prights i n a2 ,5m d iameter r ing , T he i n terna l m ound h as b een r emoved , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 9 1) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( S utherland 3 ) 2 : 6 A ULTAN B ROUBSTER N D 0 45599 H ighland ( Caithness) B : A /F l /A / C : M yatt 1 9 73 : G /c 62 ,5x53 ,0 / 9 10 / 1 8 -29 D : 1 ; 0 ,40 / 4 -9M / 2 ; 0 , 40 / 1 2M / 3 ; 0 ,40 / 1 2M / ? 4 : ( 0 ,10) / 5 ; F0 ,30 / 6 ; 0 ,25 / 1 2M / 7 ; 0 ,95 / ? M /8 ; F1 , 00 / 9 ; 0 ,45 / 1 2M / 1 0 ; 0 ,45 / ? M E : 0 /5 -6 ; 5 .0 / 0 / 8 -9 ; 7 ,6 / 0 F : 0 ,50 / 0 ,251,00 / ( 6 ,3+) / ( 5 ,0-7 ,6+) / c 15 ,2% G : N D /I C A? / T h is l a rge c i rcle o f s ma ll s tones a ppears t o b e g enu ine , d espite d oubts e xpressed o n i t s a n tiquity , I t i s n o t c l ear i f i t 's 1 2 t a ll s tones a re o f s ign ificance ( a s p o rtals) , a s s ome s tones h ave b een r e moved a nd o thers c ou ld b e s tumps , a l l a re p artially b uried i n p e at , T he r i ng h as b een d amaged t o t h e N E , w here t h ere i s c learan ce , O ne s tone t o t h e n o rth i s b ad ly p la ced s uggesting t he s hape o f t he r i ng i s d istinctly o val, T he s pa cing i s i r regu lar a nd h en ce i t i s u n clear h ow m any s tones s tood o r ig inally , S ite 2 :8 i s o n ly 9 50m t o t he NW , b u t t h e t w o s ites a re n o t i n terv isible , T here a re a lso 2 m enhirs 3 50m t o t he N E , s tanding 1 2 0m a part , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 4 02 ) 2 : M yatt 1 9 73 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( C aithness 3 ) 2 : 7 B ACKLASS N D 0 79423 H ighland ( Ca ithness) B ; K /F 14 / P / C : N /c 6 ,5 / 6 / I D D : A : 0 /1 ; 0 ,85 / 2 ; 0 , 45 / 3 ; 0 ,50 / 4 ; 0 ,60 / 5 ; 0 ,70 / 6 ; D I ,F 1 , 40 / 0 E : N D F : 0 ,75 / 0 ,451,40 / N D /N D /I D G : N D / - /T h is s ite h as b een r o bbed t o t he s outh f o r ag arden w a ll a nd o n ly a n a rc o f 5s tones t o t h e n o rth s u rv ives , w ith a f u rther d isp la ced s tone l y ing b y t he e asternmost u p right , I t i s n o t r e corded w hether a ny s tones a re m issing w ith in t h e s urv iving a r c o r h ow m any m ay h ave g one f rom e lsewhere i n t h e c i rcle , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 1 42 ) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C aithness 4 ) 2 :8 B ROUBSTER N D 0 48608 H igh land ( C a ithness) B : B /F 2 /A /C : R CAHM 1 9 11: U (OD) / c 8 0 ,0x27 ,5 / 113+? / c 40 ? D : I D E : I D F : I D + 1 ,65 ,2 ,10 / 0 ,05?-0 ,55 + 1 ,65 ,2 ,10 / ( c 4 ,0?) / I D /c 6 5 ,5% 6 : N D / - /E T h is h orseshoe-shaped s e tting o f r a d ial s tones i s o pen t o t h e SW , M any o f t h e s tones h ave f a llen , T he a rea h as b e en d ug f o r p eat a nd m ost s tones h ave b een r emoved , T he t a llest

-2 35 -

o rthostat s tands o n t he s ite 's a x is t o t he n orth-east , T h e o ne s urv iv ing t e rm ina l , t o t he s outh-west , i s a lso t a ll , T here i s d iscrepancy b etween t h e n umber o f r e corded s tones , T he R CAHM n ote o n ly 4 f a llen s tones w hile F eacham s tates t h ere m ay b e a s m any a s 2 3 , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 1 63) 2 : F ea cham 1 9 63 2 :9 C NOC A N L IATH-BHA ID B : K /F 15 / A / C : R CAHM 1 9 11: U / c 8 ,7 / 5 / 1 12

N C 7 28 102

H ighland ( Sutherland )

D : 1 2M / 1 ; R A 1 , 20 / 2 ; S /M /3 ; F0 ,90 / 2 M /4 ; F1 , 40 / 5 ; 2 ,00 / 2 M E : 1 2 ; 2 ,0 / ( 2 -M ; 1 , 9) / ( M -3 ; 1 , 9) / 0 / 4 -5 ; 2 ,8 / 0 F : 1 , 35 / 0 ,90-2 ,00 / ( 2 ,4) / ( 2 ,0-2 ,8) / I D 6 : N D /I CA / G ? T h is c i rcle o f r adially-set o rthostats s urrounds w hat m ay b e ar u ined k erb-cairn w ith a d iameter o f 6 ,5m , T he o uter r ing m ay b e g raded t o t h e w e st b ut m issing s tones m a kes t h is d i fficult t o a ssess , T here a re i n d ications t hat t he o rthostats a re l i n ked b y ac o nt iguous l i ne o f s ma ll , l o w s tones , t h is i s p articu larly n oticeab le t o t he e ast , T he s tones i n t he i n ner k erb s tand b etween 0 ,6 a nd 0 ,9m h igh , a re c i rcum fe rent ia ly a rranged , a nd a p pear t o h ave b een s pa ced r ather t han b e ing c o ntiguous , T he ir a r rangement m ay o r ig ina lly h ave m atched t he o uter r ing b oth i n n umber a nd o rientation , T here a re o n ly l o w , d i sturbed t r a ces o f a n i n terna l c a irn a nd t h us t h e s ite m ay b e a t r ue c on centric s tone c i rcle , B eyond t he s ite t o t he n o rth i s ac a irn field , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 5 18) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( S utherland 5 ) 2 : 10 D A ILHARRAIDD N C 6 78390 H igh land ( S utherland ) B : K /F 15 / A / C : R CAHM 1 9 11: U / c 7 ,0 / 6 -7 / I D ( 6 o r 1 12) 0 : 1 ; 1 , 80 / ? M /2 ; 5/? 3 ; F1 , 10 o r D I /4 ; 2 ,45 / M / 5 ; F2 , 15 / M ? /6 ; F1 , 35 / ? M /7 ; F1 , 35 / M ? E : 1 2 ; 3 ,6 / 2 -3 ; 2 ,0 / 3 -4 ; 1 , 6 /0 F : 1 , 70 / 1 , 10-2 ,45 / ( c 3 ,6 o r c 1 ,8) / I D /I D 6 : N D /I C A /G ? T h is c i rcle h a s t a ll r ad ially-set o rthostats s urrounding a l o w c entral c a irn o f 3 ,5m d iameter, T he s tones a ppear t o b e c rude ly g raded t o t he s o uth o r s outh-east , T hose t o t he w est h ave f a llen , a nd b e cause i t i s u n clear i n w h ich d i re ction t h ey f e ll, u n certainty e x ists o ver r e constru ction o f t h e o r ig ina l n umber o f s tones , As lab , p laced o n i t s s ide t o t h e s outh-east , d isrupts t h e s pa cing a nd m ay b e a n a dd ition , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 2 47) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( S utherland 6 ) 2 : 11 G U IDEBEST N D 1 8 135 1 H igh land ( C aithness) B : A /F l /A / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 : G (0D) / c 52 ,0x57 ,5 / 8 / 1 4 18 D : 4 -5M / 1 ; ? /M / 2 ; ? 3 ; F ? /M /4 ; ? /5 ; ? /6 ; ?/? M /7 ; ?/? M /8 ; ?/? M E : 0/( 1 -M ; 1 ,0) / ( M -2 ; 1 ,0) / 2 -3 ; 9 , 1 /( 3 -M ; 9 ,7) / ( M -4 ; 9 ,7) / 4 -5 ; 1 2 .6 / 5 -6 ; 9 ,3 / 0 F : I D /0 ,851,45 / ( 1 0 ,3) / ( 9 ,112 ,6+) / c 9 ,6%+ 6 : N O /I C A ,ACA / T h is l a rge c i rcle h as m assive b ut l o w s tones , s evera l o f w h ich h ave b een r e moved , p a rticu larly t o t h e n orth-east , T he r i ng i s c learly o val , i t s s hort d iameter m ay w e ll h ave b een l e ss t h an t h at g iven , b ut t h is c annot b e a ssessed b e cause o f m issing s tones t o t he e ast , T he s tone s pacing i s i r regu lar , t hose t o t he n o rth-west m ay i n d icate t he r a nge i s g reater t han t h at g iven , i t i s n o t c lear i f f u rther s tones a r e m issing h e re , T here i s a

-2 36 -

s m a ll

c a irn

i m mediate ly o utside

t h e s ite

t o t he

s outh a nd a p ossib le

o ne o f s im ilar

d i mensions w i th in t he c i rcle t o t h e N E q uadrant , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 2 79) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C aithness 5 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( N 1/ 13 , L atheron W heel B urn) 2 : 12 L EARABLE H ILL N C 8 93235 H igh land ( S utherland) B : K /F 17 / A / C : R CAHM 1 9 11: U / 1 7 .5x 18 ,6 / 9 / 1 2 17 D : 1 ; F ? /? M /2 ; ? /3 ; F ? /4 ; ? /2 -3M / 5 ; ?/? M /6 ; ?/1 2M / 7 ; ? /8 ; ? /9 ; ? /? M E : 0 /2 -3 ; 3 ,0 / 3 -4 ; 4 ,0 / 0 / 7 -8 ; 4 ,3 / 8 -9 ; 4 ,0 / 0 F : ( I D ; l o w ) /( ? 0 ,60) / ( 3 ,8) / ( 3 ,0-4 ,3) / 5 ,9% G : s chist / I C A ,ACA ,(ASR ,ACA ,A0) / T h is s tone c i rcle h as h ad s evera l s tones r emoved , T here i s a 4 ,0m d iameter l o w m ound s l ightly t o t h e s outh o f t h e c entre , a nd a s e cond w ith a d iameter o f 5 ,0m i m mediate ly o u tside t he r i ng t o t h e E SE , A bout 1 0 0m t o t he e ast i s a n e xtensive c omplex o f s tone f ans , c a irns a nd a m enh ir , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 3 74) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( S utherland 8 ) 2 : 13 R IVER S H IN - N W N C 5 82049 H ighland ( S utherland ) B : K /P F 14 / A / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 : G /c 4 ,2 / 4 / 6 D : 1 ; 0 ,70 / 2 ; 0 ,50 / 2 1 /3 ; 0 ,50 / 4 ; 0 ,40 E : 1 2 ; 2 .0 / 0 / 3 -4 ; 1 , 8 /4 1; 2 ,2 F : 0 ,50 / 0 ,40-0 ,70 / 2 ,0 / 1 , 8-2 ,2 / I D G : N D /A CA / T h is p robable s mall r i ng i s a pparently i n tact , e x cept t o t h e s outh w here s tones h ave d isappeared i n to t he a d ja cent b urn , As hort d istance t o t he s outh-east i s a6 ,3m d iameter r i ng o f v ery l o w s tones , a lthough r u ined s ome a ppear t o b e c ontiguous a nd t h is i s p robab ly ak e rb-cairn r a ther t h an a s tone c i rcle ( s ee C hapter 8 ) , I f t he n o rth-weste rn r ing h as b een e xtensively r o bbed i t c ould b e s im ilar a nd o nly h ave a f o rtu itous r esemb lan ce t o a s tone c i rcle , H owever , t he e qua l s pa cing o f t he e xtant s tones a rgues a ga inst t h is i n terpretation , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 4 62) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( S utherland 1 0 a/b) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( N 2/3 )

—2 37 —

Z ONE 3 :

O UTER H EBRIDES

3 : 1 A CHMORE N B 3 17292 W estern I s les-Lew is B : G /F 12 / A / S ; P onting a nd P onting 1 9 8 1 C : P onting a nd P onting 1 9 8 1: G / 4 1 ,4x43 ,0 / 1 9 / 2-24 D ; 1 ; L1 , 30 / 2 ; S- /3 ; S ? - /4 ; S T 1 , 00 / 5 ; S T 2 ,00 / 6 ; F B - /7 ; S T 1 , 50 / M / 8 ; F1 , 10 / ? M /9 ; F1 , 10 / 1 0 ; F1 , 30 / 1 ; S ,BT 1 , 20 ? / 1 2 ; F2 ,00 / 1 3 ; F , 8 ? 0 ,90 /1 4 ; F1 , 60 / M / P A /1 5 ; F1 , 70 / 1 6 ; F1 , 50 / P A /1 7 ; S- / 1 8 ; F0 ,70 / 1 9 ; F1 , 00 E : 1 2 ; 6 ,5 / 2 -3 ; 4 ,4 / 3 -4 ; 5 ,3 / 4 -5 ; 7 ,0 / 5 -6 ; 6 ,6 / 6 7 ; 5 ,6 / 0 / ( 8 -9 ; 8 ,6 ) / 9 10 ; 6 ,0 / 1 0 11; 5 ,5 / 1 12 ; 3 ,5 / 1 2 13 ; 4 ,5 / 1 3 14 ; 6 ,8 / ( 1 4-M ; 5 ,8) / ( M 15 ; 5 ,8) / 1 5 16 ; 5 ,8 / 1 6 17 ; 4 ,7 / 1 7 18 ; 6 ,0 / 1 8 19 ; 5 ,0 / 1 9 1; 7 ,4 F : 1 , 35 / 0 , 70-2 ,00 / 5 ,7 / 3 ,5-7 ,4 / 3 ,7% G : N D /- /T h is s ite w as u n covered b y p eat c u tt ing a nd w as f i rst o b served i n t h e 1 9 30 's b u t n ot r e po rted u nt il 1 9 8 1, I t s f u ll p lan w as r e vea led b y t r en ch ing i n t he u nd isturbed p o rtion o f t h e p eat , p reh istoric l e vels w e re l e ft u nd isturbed , S ubstantial c o llapse o f t h e s i te t ook p la ce i n p reh istory , b e fore , o r s oon a f ter , t h e a dvent o f p eat g rowth , T he m a jority o f t he f a llen s tones h ave v isib le p a cking a round t h e ir b ases , N o i n terna l f eatures h a ve b een n o ted o ver t h e h a lf o f t h e s ite w here p eat h as b een r e moved , 1 ; P onting a nd P onting 1 9 8 1 3 : 2 C ALLAN ISH N B 2 1303300 W estern I s les-Lew is B ; K /F 18 / G / S ; M atheson 1 8 57 , S ; A shmore 1 9 80-8 1 C ; T a it 1 9 78 ; G( 0 0) / 1 3 ,3x 12 ,0 / 1 3 /1 3 ( o r 1 2 18) D : 1 ; 3 ,05 / 2 ; 2 ,95 / 3 ; 3 , 10 / 4 : 2 ,95 / 5 ; 3 ,25 / 6 ; 2 ,90 / 7 ; 2 ,95 / ( ?M) / 8 ; 2 , 40 / ( ? M ) /9 ; 2 ,95 / ( ? M ) /1 0 ; 2 ,80 / ( ? M ) /1 ; 2 ,75 / ( ? M ) /1 2 ; 3 ,45 / 1 3 ; 3 ,50 E : 1 2 ; 2 ,6 / 2 -3 ; 3 , 1 /3 -4 ; 2 ,8 / 4 -5 ; 2 ,4 / 5 -6 ; 2 ,2 / 6 7 ; 2 ,5 / 7 -8 ; 4 ,2 / 8 -9 ; 3 , 4 / 9 10 ; 3 ,7 / 1 0 11; 3 ,7 / 1 12 ; 3 ,8 / 1 2 13 ; 1 , 8 /1 3 1; 1 , 7 F : 3 ,00 / 2 , 40-3 ,50 / 2 ,9? / 1 , 7-4 ,2? / 9 ,8% G : g ne iss / I D ,ICT ,3ESR ,EA ,2E0 / 4 -5R ,I T h is w e ll k nown s ite h as a n u ngraded c i rcle o f t a ll o rthostats a nd a c omp lex a r rangement o f o ther f e atures , T h ick p eat w as s t ripped f r om t h e s i te i n 1 8 57-8 , A t t he c entre i s t h e t a llest o rthostat o n s ite , as lab s tand ing 4 ,75m h igh a nd a l igned n o rth/south , A b utting t h is t o t h e e ast i s as mall p assage g rave w h ich f i lls t h e e astern q uadrant o f t h e r i ng , I t s c a irn h as a d iameter o f 6 ,4m a nd o r ig ina lly w as d e fined b y ak e rb , T he c entra l p a ssage i s o r ientated t o t h e e ast a nd e ntered b etween t w o o f t h e c i rcle o rthostats , T he c h ambe r i s d e fined b y s labs a nd d rystone w a lling , h as a r o unded b a ck a nd t w o s ide c ompa rtments , E x cavations h e re i n 1 9 801 s howed t h is c a irn t o h ave b een i n se rted w ith in t he s ite a f ter t h e c i rcle a nd c entral s tone h ad b een e re cted , T he c o ntents o f t h e c hamber h a d b een r e moved p rev iously , p e rhaps i n a ntiqu ity , M atheson f o und o n ly f r agments o f c remated b ones h e re i n 1 8 57 , I m med iate ly o uts ide t h e r i ng t o t h e n o rtheast i s al o w a morphous c a irn , I t i s u n clear i f t h is i s ap rehisto ric f e ature o r l a ter d istu rban ce , F our s tone a l ignments r u n f r om t h e r i ng t o d e fine a c r ude c ross-shaped s ett ing , T he s tones a re c o nsistently s omewhat s ma ller t h an t h ose i n t h e c i rcle , T o t h e NE i s a n a v enue o f t a ll s labs ; t h ese a re n o t p a ired f r om s ide t o s ide , I n t h e w estern l i ne 1 s t ones s u rv ive o u t o f a n o r ig ina l t o ta l o f 1 5 -20 s tones , I n t h e e a stern l i ne 1 0 s urvive o u t o f 1 6 19 s tones , I n b oth c a ses t h e s labs a l ign a long t h e a venue a nd d e crease f rom a m a x imum h e ight b y t h e c i rcle o f 2 ,35m t o a s l o w a s 1 , 05m , H owever , t h e ir h e ights v a ry i r regu larly r a ther t h an b e ing g raded , T he w estern l i ne i s 8 2 ,7m l o ng a n d e nds i n at a ll t e rm ina l s tone s e t a t r i ght-ang les t o t h e o thers a nd s tand ing 3 ,35m h igh , A t t h e e nd o f t he e aste rn l i ne i s as quare s e ctioned s tone w h ich s tands 2 ,35m h igh , I f t h is i s t h e o r igina l t e rm ina l s t one t h is s ide i s 8 3 ,4m l o ng , T he a venue i s c onsistent ly 7 ,8-8 ,9m w ide e x cept a t t h e c i rcle-end w he re o ne s tone s uggests i t n a rrowed h e re t o c 5 ,0m ,

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A t t he o pposite s ide o f t h e c i rcle i s as ingle r ow o f s labs , 2 7 ,4m l o ng , o r ientated t o t h e s outh , T oday t h is h as 5 s tones t h at v a ry i n h e ight f r om 2 ,05m t o 1 , 55m , T heir i r regu lar s pa cing s uggests 2 4 a re m iss ing a nd f u rther s tones c ou ld h ave e x isted i f t h e r o w w as o r ig ina lly l o nger , T o t h e SW a s ing le o rthostat s tands 2 ,95m t a ll , s e t 3 ,3m o u tside t h e c i rcle w ith i t s f a ce p a ra llel t o t he c i rcum feren ce , T o t h e SE t h ere i s a r a d ia lly-set s t one p la ced 5 ,9m f r om t h e c i rcle a nd s tand ing 1 , 40m h igh , T h is w as r e e r e cted ( i n 1 8 85?) a nd m ay h ave o r ig ina lly s tood n ea rer t h e c i rcle a nd h en ce m atched t h e SW s tone , T he e x cavations o f 1 9 80-8 1 s howed i t s p resent p os it ion i s m odern , T o t h e w e st o f t h e c i rcle i s ar o w o f f o ur s tones w h ich t o day i s 1 3 ,0m l o ng , T hey a re b e tween 2 , 45m a nd 1 , 50m h igh , T o t h e e ast o f t h e c i rcle i s as e cond r o w w h ich t o day i s c 2 3 ,5m l o ng , w i th 5 s tones ( o ne f o und b u ried a nd s tonehole e x cavated i n 1 9 80-8 1; s tone r e stored ), T h e s tones v a ry i n h e ight f r om 2 ,80m t o 1 , 90m , T he e x cavations i n 1 9 80-8 1 s howed t h at a g ricu ltura l a c tivity a nd a lso s e tt lement d e bris p redated t h e s ite , A t ad ate a fter t h e c i rcle w as b u ilt t h ere w as c ons iderab le a c tiv ity i n clud ing f u rthe r p lough ing a sso ciated w ith l a te b ea ker s he rds , P eat s tarted f o rming a t t h e s ite i n t h e f i rst h a lf o f t h e f i rst m i llenn ium B C , T he c i rcles a nd a venues p robab ly h ave a c omp lex c h rono logy w h ich c annot b e f u lly u n ravelled w i thout e xtensive e x cavations , T he a venue a nd r o ws m ay w e ll b e a dd itions , T he s i te h as c l ea rly b een r o bbed i n a ntiqu ity a s s evera l s tones i n t h e a venue a ppea r t o b e m i ssing a nd t h e c h amber h a s b een d amaged , T he p oor s pa cing o f t he r i ng ( p articu larly t o t h e n o rth ) c o u ld a lso i n d icate s tones a re m issing i n i t s w estern h a lf, A lternative ly , o ne s t one t o t h e n o rth c ou ld h a ve b een a dded a t al a ter d ate , T he a venue i s n o t a l igned t o t h e c i rcle c entre b u t t o t h e p assage g rave , T h is c ou ld s uggest t h at t h e e astern l i ne o f t h e a v enue w as a dded w hen t h e t o mb w as b u ilt a nd t h at b e fore t h is d ate t h e s ite h ad f our s i ng le r ows o f s tones , a l l a l igned c r udely o n t he c i rcle c entre , T he t w o s tones f l an king t h e s outhe rn r o w a re s ometh ing o f am ystery , T hey m ay h ave b een e re cted i n c o n jun ction w i th t he r o w o r a lte rnatively c o u ld b e t he v estiges o f a n o uter c i rcle , p e rhaps s u bstantia lly d emo lished w hen t h e r o ws w e re b u ilt , 1 : C a llenda r 1 8 54-7 2 ; I n nes 1 8 57-60 3 ; R CAHM 1 9 28 ( 8 9) 4 ; T hom 1 9 67 ( H 1/ 1) 5 : H enshall 1 9 72 ( 4 6 1) 6 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( L ew is 3 ) 7 : T a it 1 9 78 8 : A shmore 1 9 8 1 9 : P onting a nd P onting 1 9 8 1 1 0 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( L H 1 6 ) 3 : 3 C ARIN ISH N F 8 32 1602 1 W este rn I s les-N U ist B ; G /F 12 / P / C : R ugg les u npublished ; G (00) / 3 9 ,0x4 1,5 / 7 / c 16-20 D : 1 ; F ? /? M /2 ; S /3 ; L ? /4 ; S ?/c 6 M /5 ; L ?/c 5M / 5 ; F ? /7 ; ? E : ( 1 -2 ; 1 0 ,0 ) /2 -3 ; 7 ,2 / 3 -4 ; 6 ,0 / 0 / 6 -7 ; 7 ,8 / 7 1; 6 ,5 F : I D /( c 1,001,50 ) /( 6 ,9) / ( 6 ,0-7 ,8 ) /c 6 ,0% G : N D /- /T h e A 865 r u ns t h rough t h is s ite a nd r o ad w iden ing h as d amaged i t i n r e cent y ears , I n 1 9 28 i t w as m o re c o mplete , w i th 1 0 s tones a nd p a cking f o r o thers , i n t o ta l 1 s tones w e re i n dicated n o rth o f t h e r o ad a nd 5 t o t h e s outh , T oday t here a re o n ly 7 s tones a ltogether , 1 : B everidge 1 9 11 2 : R CAHM 1 9 28 ( 2 48 ) 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( N U ist 2 ) 4 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( U I 4 0 ) 3 : 4 C EANN H ULAV IG N B 2973042 W este rn I s les-Lew is B : K /F 19 / G / C : T ait 1 9 78 ; G/1 2 ,3 x c 1 0 ,0 / 5 -6 / ( 6 o r 9 ) D : 1 ; 2 ,75 / 2 ; 2 , 15 / ? M /3 ; 2 ,60 / ? M /4 ; 2 ,05 / ( ? 5 ; Fb u ried?) / 1 2M / 6 ; 2 ,20 E : 1 2 ; 4 , 1 /( 2 -3 ; 6 ,5 ) /( 3 -4 ; 6 ,0) / 0 / 6 1; 5 , 1 F : 2 ,35 / 2 ,05-2 ,75 / ( c 4 ,6) / ( 4 ,1-5 ,1) / 1 8 ,7% G : s ch istose g ne iss / 1 0 ? I C A /T h is c i rcle o f t a ll s tones w as c l eared l a st c entury o f c 0 ,6m o f p eat , T h is r e vealed a r u ined 3 ,5m c a irn a t t h e c entre , w ith a 0 ,6m h igh o rthostat p rotrud ing f r om i t , I t i s n ot

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c l ea r i f t h is i s at r ue c entre-stone o r as t ru ctura l f e atu re a ssociated w ith t h e c a irn , T he c i rcle o r thostats a re a l l t a ll a nd d o n o t a ppear t o b e g raded , T he ir i r regu la r s p a cing m a kes t w o a l te rnative r e constru ctions v iab le , t h us i t i s u n clear i f i t o rig ina lly h ad 6 o r 9o rthostats , 1 : M a ckenz ie 1 9 03-4 2 : R CAHM 1 9 28 ( 9 3 ) 3 : T hom 1 9 67 ( H 1/4 , C a llan ish 4 ) 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( L ewis 7 , G a rynahine) 5 : T a it 1 9 78 6 : P onting a nd P onting 1 9 8 1 7 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( L H 2 1 ) 3 :5 C NOC C EANN A ' G HARAIDH N B 2203260 W estern I s les-Lewis B : K /F 18 / A / I ; E l lice 1 8 58 C : T a it 1 9 78 ; G (OD) / c 1 7 ,5x20 ,0 / 7 / 1 2 16 D : 1 ; ?/1 2M / 2 ; ?/3 ; ?/2 4M / 4 ; F2 ,50 / M / 5 ; F2 ,00 / 6 ; ? /7 ; ?/1 2M E : 0 /2 -3 ; 4 ,6 / 0 / ( 4 -M ; 4 ,4) / ( M -5 ; 4 ,4) / 5 -6 ; 4 ,8 / 6 -7 ; 2 ,8 / 0 F : I D /2 ,00-3 ,30 / ( 4 ,0) / ( 2 ,8-4 ,8) / c 12 ,5% G : s ch istose g neiss / I C A ,4ICI? / A bout 0 ,4m o f p eat w as d ug f r om t h e i n terior o f t h e s i te i n 1 8 57 , S everal i n terna l f e atures w e re f o und , T oday a l l t h at i s v isible i s ac entra l c a irn w ith a d iameter o f 8 ,5m a nd a h o llow a t i t s c entre , I n 1 8 57 f o u r s quare h o les o r s ma ll c i sts w e re r e corded w h ich c o ntained c h arcoa l , A2 ,0m l o ng , p rostrate s tone w as l a ter r e moved t o S to rnoway C a stle , 1 : E l lice 1 8 57-60 2 : M a ckenz ie 1 9 03-4 3 : R CAHM 1 9 28 ( 9 0 ) 4 : T hom 1 9 67 ( H 1/2 , C a llan ish 2 ) 5 : T a it 1 9 78 6 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( L ew is 8 , L o ch R o ag ) 7 : P onting a nd P onting 1 9 8 1 8 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( L H 1 9 ) 3 :6 C NOC F ILL IBH IR B HEAG N B 2503269 W estern I s les-Lewis 8 : K /F 18 / G / C : T a it 1 9 78 ; G (OD) / 9 ,2 x c 7 ,0 / 1 6 ,8 x c 1 6 ,0 / 4 / 1 6 / 6/1 6 0 : I n ner ; M/1 ; 1 , 40 / 2 ; 1 , 65 / 3 ; 1 , 85 / M / 4 ; 2 , 15 O u ter ; 1 ; 1 , 30 / 2 ; 1 , 40 / 3 ; F1 , 50 / 4 ; 1 , 25 / ( 5 ; F ,D I? 0 ,70) / 6 ; 1 , 65 / 7 ; S/ 8 ; F( 1 ,00 ?) / 9 ; 1 , 00 / 1 0 ; F2 ,00 / 1 ; 1 , 35 / 1 2 ; 1 , 80 / 1 3 ; F1 , 00 / 1 4 ; F1 , 20 / M / 1 5 ; 1 , 55 / 1 6 ; F1 , 50 E : I n ner ; ( M 1; 3 ,8) / 1 2 ; 3 ,2 / 2 -3 ; 4 ,4 / ( 3 -M ; 4 ,5 ) /( M -4 ; 4 ,5) / ( 4 -M ; 3 ,8) O uter; 1 2 ; 4 , 1 /2 -3 ; 3 ,9 / 3 -4 ; 2 ,5 / 4 -6 ; 3 ,5 / 6 -7 ; 2 , 2 /7 -8 ; 2 , 4 /8 -9 ; 3 , 2 / 9 10 ; 3 ,5 / 1 0 11; 3 ,0 / 1 12 ; 3 ,9 / 1 2 13 ; 4 , 1 /1 3 14 ; 3 ,0 / ( 1 4-M ; 3 , 6 ) / ( M 15 ; 3 ,6 ) /1 5 16 ; 2 , 5 /1 6 1; 3 ,5 F : 1 , 75 / 1 , 40 / 1 , 40-2 ,15 / 1 , 00-2 ,00 / ( 3 ,8 ) /3 ,2 / ( 3 ,2-4 ,4) / 2 ,2-4 ,1 / c 2 4% / c 4 ,8% G : s ch istose g ne iss / C / T h is f i ne s i te h as 2 c on centric r i ngs , t h e i n ner o f w h ich h a s s l ightly t a ller s tones , N o i n ternal f e atu res a re r e corded , 1 : M a ckenz ie 1 9 03-4 2 : R CAHM 1 9 28 ( 9 1) 3 : T hom 1 9 67 ( H 1/3 , C a llanish 3 ) 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( L ew is 4 ) 5 : T a it 1 9 78 6 : P onting a nd P ont ing 1 9 8 1 7 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( L H 1 8 ) 3 : 7 C R INGRAVEL N F 8 1 166447 W estern I s les-N U ist B : C /F 3 /P /C : R ugg les u npub lished ; G /c 45-50m? / 6 -7 / I D (c30-35+?) D : M/1 ; L0 , 70 / 2 ; F1 , 00 / ? M /3 ; L1 , 20 ? / ? M /4 ; F1 , 20 / c 3 M /5 ; 0 ,90 / ? M / 6 ; F0 ,90 / M / ( 7 ; F-n ot c l ear i f o n c i rcle - w e ll i n side ?) E : 0/1 2 ; 3 ,0 / ( 2 -3 ; 8 ,0) / 0 / ( 5 -6 ; 8 ,8 ) /0 F : ( 1 ,00) / ( 0 ,701,20 ) /I D /I D /I D G : N D / - /O n ly t h e s outh-eastern h a lf o f t h is r i ng i s v isible , e xposed i n a1 , 0m d eep p eat c u tt ing , I t h as b een d amaged i n r e cent t i mes a nd o ne s tone d ressed a s al i nte l , O ne r e cumbent s t one

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i s v isib le t o t h e w est , b u t i t i s u n clear i f t h is l i es o n t h e c i rcle , T here i s ar u ined c h ambered t o mb a s hort d i stan ce t o t h e E NE , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 28 ( 2 5 1) 2 : H enshall 1 9 72 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( N , U ist 3 ) 4 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( U I 3 5 ) 3 :8 L OCH A P HOBU ILL N F 8 2896302 W estern I s les-N ,U ist B : C /W CH / A / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (OD ) /c 4 3 ,0x37 ,2 / 1 4 /c 28-55 D : 5 11M / 1 ; ( 0 ,90+) / 2SM / 2 ; ( 0 ,30+) / 2 -7M / 3 ; B U /? M /4 ; 0 ,50 / 0 -2M / 5 ; B U / ? M /6 ; B U /3 -9M / 7 ; 0 ,80 / 8 ; 0 ,60 / 1 3M / 9 ; 0 ,60 / 1 0 ; 0 ,40 / 1 ; 0 ,40 / 1 2 ; 0 ,60 /1 3 ; 0 ,90 / 1 4 ; 0 ,50 / 1 2M E : 0/( 3 -4 ; 6 ,0 ) /( 4 -5 ; 7 , 1) / ( 5 -6 ; 6 ,2) / 0 / 7 -8 ; 3 ,3 / 0 / 9 10 ; 4 ,0 / 1 0 11; 3 ,4 / 1 12 ; 2 , 1 /1 2 13 ; 2 ,9 / 1 3 14 ; 2 ,0 F : ( 0 ,60) / ( 0 ,40-0 ,90 ) /( 2 ,9 ?) / ( 2 ,0-4 ,0?) / c 13 ,5% G : g ranite / E B /T h is r ing h a s i t s o rthostats s et a t t h e i n ne r e dge o f a r u bb le b an k t o t he w est , I t a ppears t o b e t e rraced i n to t h e h i llside t o t he e ast , b ut t h is h a lf o f t h e s ite i s m asked b y p eat , O n ly 2 o rthostats a re v isib le h e re a nd t h ese a re i n exp licab ly s et a t a n a w kward a ng le t o t h e c i rcum feren ce , 1 : B everidge 1 9 11 ( S orna ch a ' P hobu ill) 2 : R CAHM 1 9 28 ( 2 49 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( N ,U ist 4 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 1 3/ 18) 5 : C ,Rugg les , p ers ,comm , 6 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( U I 3 7 ) 3 :9 L OCH S EAFORTH N B 2 78 11662 W estern I s les-Lew is B : K /F 18 / A / C : T horny cro ft ; U /c 1 6 ,5 / 8 ? /1 0 11? D : 1 ; c 1 ,20 / 2 ; c 1 ,20 / 4 -5M ( 3 ; D I - /4 ; D I ) /5 ; F B /6 ; 1 , 3 /7 ; 1 , 70 / 8 ; c 1 ,20 E : 0 /4 -5 ; 4 ,4 / 5 -6 ; 5 ,2 / 0 F : 1 , 30 / 1 , 201,70 / ( 4 ,8) / ( 4 ,4-5 ,2) / I D G : N D / - /T h is d amaged c i rcle h as 3 o f i t s s tones b u ilt i n to t h e r u ined w a lls o f a n 1 8 th c entury h ouse a nd a d jo in ing y a rd , T wo f u rther s tones h ave b een m oved a nd b u ilt i n to t h e h ouse w a lls , T wo v e rtica lly-set s tones , a nd a t h ird w h ich h as f a llen , a re p ositioned w ith in t he y a rd t o t h e w est a nd c o n firm t h e s ite a s g enu ine , 1 : T ho rny cro ft 1 9 36 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( L ew is 9 ) 3 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( L H 3 , S ideval) 3 : 10 P RIESTS G LEN N B 4 1 1135 19 W estern I s les-Lew is B : G /P F 12 / P / C : N/c 45 ,0 / 4 -8 / I D 0 : I D E : I D F : ( c 1,00) / ( c 0 ,901,10 ) /I D /I D /I D G : N D / - /T h is r u ined s i te i s p robab ly t h e l a st v estiges o f a s tone c i rcle , l t c omprises 4 -5 p rostrate s labs ( 1 n o rth , 3 s outh-west) a nd u p t o 3 f u rther b u ried s labs h ave b een s uggested , At r a ck r u ns t h rough t h e s ite f rom e ast t o w est , A 1 5 x 12m d iameter e a rthen m ound i n t h e c e ntral a rea h as b een s uggested t o b e o f d oubtfu l a ntiqu ity , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 28 ( 5 6) 2 : R CAHM I n dex 1 9 69 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( L ew is 1 0 ) 4 : P onting a nd P onting 1 9 8 1 5 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( L H 2 8 )

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3 : 11 P OBULL F H 1NN N F 8 4276502 W estern I s les-N ,U ist B : C /W CH / G / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 : G (00) / c 38 ,1x29 ,0 / 1 4 + /3 0-52+ D : A : 1 ; 1 , 50 / 1 3M / 2 ; 1 , 20 / 6 12M / 3 ; 1 , 20 / 1 2M / 4 ; 1 , 20 / 1 3M / 5 ; 1 , 20 / 6 ; 0 ,90 / 7 ; 1 , 50 / ? M /8 ; 1 , 20 / 3 -6M / ( 9 ; F ,DI 1 , 70 ) /1 0 ; 0 ,90 / 1 ; 1 , 35 / ? M / 1 2 ; 1 , 50 / 1 2M / 1 3 ; 1 , 35 / ? M /1 4 ; 1 , 35 / 4 -8M E : 0 /5 -6 ; 2 , 1 /6 -7 ; 3 ,3 / 0 / 1 0 11; 2 ,4 / 0 F : ( 1 ,30?) / ( 0 ,90?)1,70 / ( 2 ,6 ?) / ( 2 ,1-3 ,3 ?) / c 23 ,9% G : N D /E B ,P0 / E T h is s ite i s t e rra ced i n to t h e h i llside , t h e i n te rio r c u t d own t o ad epth o f o ver l m t o t h e n o rth , w ith t h e o rthostats o n t h e c r est o f t he s lope , I t h as a b an k t o t h e s outh w ith t h e o rthostats a t t h e i n ner e dge , T o t he s outh-east i s ap o rtal s tone w h ich i s 2 ,05m h igh a nd c 2 ,3m w ith in t h e r i ng , T o t h e W NW t w o s tones l i e c 2 ,4m o utside t h e r ing , O ne o f t h ese i s al e an ing p o rta l s lab , s tand ing 1 , 15m h igh a nd s e t r a d ia lly t o t h e r ing , T he o the r i s r e cumbent , 2 ,20m l o ng , a nd m ay b e d isp la ced , T he n umber o f s tones i n t h e r ing i s d i fficult t o a ssess a s t h ere a re p rob lems d istingu ish ing o rthostats f r om b ou lders a t t h e b an k e dge , s ome o f w h ich m ay w e ll b e o rthostats w h ile o thers a re k e rbs , O n ly p i llar-like s tones h ave b een u sed i n a na lysis a bove , 1 : B everidge 1 9 11 ( S orna ch c o ir F h inn) 2 : R CAHM 1 9 28 ( 2 50) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( N ,Uist 5 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( H 3/ 17) 5 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( U I 3 , B en L angass)

—2 42 —

Z ONE 4 ;

W ESTERN S COTLAND

4 : 1 A RDIL ISTRY N R 42649 19 S t rath clyde ( A rgy ll)-Islay B : N /F P3 / G / C : R CAHM 1 9 84 ; G /2 ,8x2 ,9 / 4 / 4 D ; 1 : 0 ,40 / 2 : S( 0 ,30 ) /3 : S( 0 ,60 ) /4 : S( 0 ,20) , E : 1 2 ; 1 , 8 /2 -3 ; 2 ,2 / 3 -4 ; 2 ,2 / 4 1; 2 , 1 F : I D /I D /2 , 1 /1 , 8-2 ,2 / c 3 ,4% G ; N D / /F T h is F our P o ste r h as h ad i t s s tone t o s r e moved b ut o therw ise a ppears t o b e i n ta ct , T here i s n o s ign o f ac entra l m ound , 1 ; B url 1 9 76 ( I slay 1 ) 2 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( I S 3 7 ) 3 : R CAHM 1 9 84 4 ;2 A UCHAGALLON N R 8 93346 S t rath clyde-Arran B ; K /P SP4 / A / I ; p re 1 9 10 C ; M c L ellan 1 9 77 ; G/1 3 ,4x 14 ,5 / 1 4 15 / 2 1-22 D : 1 ; 1 , 15 / 2 ; 0 ,90 / 2 -3M ( 3 ; F ? B U ) /4 ; S /M /5 ; F ? - /6 ; F ? /M /7 ; So r B U /M /8 ; 1 , 05 / M / 9 ; 1 , 20 / 1 0 ; 0 ,90 / 1 ; 2 ,35 / 1 2 ; 1 , 80 / 1 3 ; 1 , 65 / 1 4 ; 0 ,90 / M / 1 5 ; 0 ,75 , E : 1 2 ; 2 ,5 / 0 / 9 10 ; 1 , 9 /1 0 11; 2 ,2 / 1 12 ; 1 , 9 /1 2 13 ; 2 ,3 / 1 3 14 ; 1 , 9 /0 / 1 5 1; 2 ,2 , F : 1 , 25 / 0 ,75-2 ,35 / ( 2 ,1) / ( 1 ,9-2 ,5 ) /7 ,6% G : s andstone / I C A ,IC I /G ? T oday t h is p robab le s tone c i rcle c omprises a r ing o f s pa ced o rthostats , g raded t o t h e w est , t he i n terior i s f i lled w ith a l a rge c a irn , T hus t h is s ite c ou ld b e a lternative ly i n terpreted a s ac a irn o r c hambered c a irn w ith a n o rthostatic k e rb , H owever , i t h as b een s uggested s ome , i f n ot a l l, o f t h is s tone c ou ld b e f i e ld c l earan ce , Al o cal m an , i n 1 9 10 , r e membered t h e i n terior a s ' l evel w ith a s tone c i st , w h ich w as o pened m any y ears b e fore , I t i s n ot k nown h ow m u ch c redence t o p la ce o n t h is a c count a s t oday m u ch o f t h e i n terior c a irn a ppea rs t o b e g enu ine , T he s pacing o f t h e o rthostats i s i r regu lar a nd t h ere i s a p ossibility m o re h ave g one m issing t h an i s n ow a pparent , p e rhaps t h ey w ere o r ig ina lly v i rtually c o nt iguous ( b ut t h is s eems u n like ly) , T he t a llest s tones l i e d ownslope a s i f t o r e tain a l e ve l p lat form w ithin , t h e s tone-tops b e ing a pproximately o n at rue h o rizontal, 1 : B ryce 1 9 10 ( A changa llon) , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A rran 1 ) , 3 ; M c L e llan 1 9 77 , 4 : v isited 1 9 79 , 4 ;3 A UCHELEFFAN N R 9 7825 1 S t rath clyde-A rran B ; N /F P3 / G / E ; B r yce 1 9 02 C : N /c 5 ,0 / 4 / 4 0 : 1 ; 0 ,80 / 2 ; 1 , 00 / 3 ; 0 ,75 / 4 ; 1 , 05 E : I D F : 0 ,90 / 0 ,751,05 / ( I D) / ( I D ) /( I D ) G : g ranite / / ( I D) T h is w e ll p reserved F ou r P oster h ad t w o t r en ches e x cavated i n t he c entral a rea i n 1 9 02 , N o f i nds w ere m ade , T he o r thostats w e re f o und t o b e s et 0 ,6m i n to t h e g round , 1 : B ryce 1 9 10 , 2 ; B u rl 1 9 76 ( A rran 2 ) ,

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4 : 4 B ARBRECK H OUSE N M 8 3 15064 1 S t rath clyde ( A rgyll) B : N /F P4 / G / C : P atrick 1 9 79 : 6 /3 .5x ? / 3 / 4 D : M/1 : - /2 ; /3 ; E : 1 2 ; 2 ,6 / 2 -3 ; 2 ,6 / 0 F : ( 0 ,60) / 0 ,50-0 ,70 / ( 2 ,6) / ( 2 ,6) / I D 6 : N D /I M ,2AM / I , R T h is v a riant s ite i s i d entica l t o T emp le W ood 3 /4 a nd c omprises a s qua re s etting o f s mall s labs s urround ing a 2 ,5m h igh m enh ir , s et n o rth/south , p arallel t o t h e s ides , T o t h e w est i s a p a ir o f t a ll m enh irs , B y a na logy w ith T emple W ood f u rther m enhirs p robab ly o nce e x isted t o t he e ast , 1 : P atrick 1 9 79 , 2 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( A R 3 ) , 4 :5 T HE C OVENANTER S S TONE N S 4 7755323 S t rath clyde ( Ren frew ) B : K /F 19 / P / C : N /c 7 ,5 / 7 / I D (7+) D : I D : a l l f a llen 1 , 501,70 m , l o ng E : I D F : ( c 1,10) / ( c 1,001,20) / I D /I D /I D G : N D / /T h is p ossible s tone c i rcle c omprises 7 l a rge r e cumbent s labs , f a llen i n a ll d i re ctions , T hey a ppear t o b e t he r u ins o f as tone c i rcle , 1 : L onie 1 9 63 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( R en frew 1 ) , 4 :6 C ULTOON N R 1 9 545697 S t rath clyde ( A rgyll)Is lay 8 : C /F 3 /A /E ; M a cK ie 1 9 74-5 , C : M a cKie 1 9 8 1; 6 / 4 0 ,7x35 ,1 / 1 4 /2 9-39? 0 : 1 2M / 1 ; F- /? M /2 ; E H ,D I /( 3 ; E H ,F porta l) / 4 ; F- /? M /5 ; E H ,DI / 6 ; F/ E H ? b a ckfilled / 2 -3M / E H /? M /7 ; E H ,D I /E H /E H /8 ; u p right / ? M /E H /E H /9 ; S /1 0 ; D I /1 ; E H ,D I /M ? /1 2 ; F-/1 3 ; F /E H /? M /1 4 ; F - /2 -4M / E H / 1 5 ; u p right / M . E : 0 /5 -6 ; 4 ,0 / 0 / 7 -EH ; 2 ,5 / E H-EH ; 2 ,8 / E H-8 ; 2 ,8 / 0 / E H-EH ; 1 , 8 /E H-EH ; 2 , 0 / E H-9 ; 3 7 /( 9 -M ; 3 ,7) / ( M 11; 3 ,7) / 0 / 1 2 13 ; 4 ,5 / 1 3 -EH ; 3 ,5 / 0 / E H15 ; 2 , 2 /0 , F : ( c 2 ,0) / ( c 1,5-2 ,5) / ( 3 ,0?) / ( 1 ,8-4 ,5?) / 1 3 ,8% 6 : N D /I P O /P T h is r idgetop s ite w as f u lly e x cavated i n 1 9 74-5 , B e fo re e x cavat ion t h ere w e re t wo u p rights , as tump a nd 1 2 r e cumbent s labs , S toneholes w ere f o und f o r 5o f t h e r e cumbent s tones a nd a f u rther 9 s toneholes e x isted f o r w h ich t h ere i s n o c o rrespond ing s tone t o day , M a cK ie h as a rgued t h at t h e s ite w as n ever f in ished o n t h e b asis o f t he p osition o f ; 4 r e cumbent s tones i n r e lation t o t h e ir s toneholes , t h e b a ckfilling o f o ne s toneho le w ith r u bble , t he l a ck o f s evera l s toneholes a nd t he p oor p os itioning o f o ne s tone t h at h ad s tood u pright b ut l a ter f e ll o n o ne o f t h e r e cumbent s tones , T he s toneho les h ad g e ne rally s i lted g radua lly a nd w e re v i rtua lly f u ll b y t h e a dvent o f p eat f o rmation ( d ated t o 7 65i4Obc), A n e qua lly p lausib le c a se c a n b e m ade o n t h e b asis o f t h e c u rrently a v ailable p ub lished d ata , t h at t he s ite w as c ompleted , b ut l a ter i n p reh istory h ad b ecome r u ined ( o r w as w recked) a nd p artia lly r o bbed o f i t s s tones , T he d isplacement o f 4s tones a nd t he r e mova l o f m any o thers c an b e e xplained i n t h is w ay , T h e l a ck o f s toneholes t o t he n o rthwest a nd s outheast o c cu rs w here s lopes a re s teepest a nd m o re s ubsequent e ros ion p r ior t o p eat f o rmation i s t o b e p redicted , T he p oorly p ositioned o rthostat t o t he n o rth-east a ppears t o b e a n i n terna l r a d ially-set p o rta l, p la ced c 2 ,0m w ith in t h e r ing , 1 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I slay 2 ) , 2 : M a ckie 1 9 8 1, 3 : R CAHM 1 9 84 , 4 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( I S 2 8 ),

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4 :7 E TTR ICK B AY N S 0 44668 S t rath clyde-Bute B : K /F 18 / G / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G/1 5 ,3x 12 ,0 / 7 / 8 D : 1 ; 2 ,20 / 2 ; 2 ,00 / 3 ; 5 /4 ; S /5 ; 1 , 60 / M / 6 ; S /7 ; S E : 1 2 ; 5 ,0 / 2 -3 ; 5 ,2 / 3 -4 ; 5 ,2 / 4 -5 ; 5 ,6 / ( 5 -M ; 5 ,0 ) /( M -6 ; 5 ,0) / 6 7 ; 5 ,6 / 7 1; 5 ,9 F : 1 , 95 / 1 , 60-2 ,20 / 5 , 4 /5 ,0-5 ,9 / 2 1 ,5% G : s late / A O /0 ? H a lf t he s tones o f t h is c i rcle a re n ow r edu ced t o s tumps , i t i s u n clear i f t h eir t o ps h ave b een r emoved o r w hethe r t h ey h ave w eathe red , T here i s a1 , 8m h igh o rthostat i m med iate ly o utside t h e r i ng t o t h e s outh , T h is c ou ld b e a n o utlier , b ut i t i s s uspiciously c lose t o t h e o nly g ap i n t h e c i rcle , H ewison n otes i t ' i s d isp la ced f r om t h e c i rcle ' b ut n o e xplicit d o cumentation e x ists o f t h e s tone i n a f a llen s tate , o r o f as ubsequent r e e rection , 1 : H ewison 1 8 93 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( B ute 1 ) , 3 ; T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( A 9/2 ) , 4 :8 F OUR S TONES N S B : N /F P3 / G / I ; C 19 C : N /c 4 ,8 / 4 / 4 D : 1 ; 1 , 40 / 2 ; L - /3 ; L - /4 ; 1 , 15 E : I D F : ( 1 ,25) / ( 1 ,151,40 ) /I D /I D /( I D ) G : N D /- /( I D) T h is F our P o ster h ad i t s c entre d ug i n d a rk e arth w ith b u rnt b o nes w ere f o und , h a s b een p loughed , 1 : P SAS 1 , 1 8 74-6 , 2 9 1-2 , 2 : B url

3 79550

S t rath clyde ( A yrshire)

t h e 1 9 th c entury , w hen c onside rab le q uantities o f T here i s n o s ign o f ac e ntra l m ound b ut t h is a rea 1 9 76 ( A yrshire 3 ) ,

4 :9 H OUGH - NE N L 9 58845 18 S t rath clyde ( A rgyll)-Tiree B : G /F 12 / A / C : R CAHM 1 9 80 : G /c 33 ,0x40 ,0 / 1 0 /1 3 17 D : 1 ; S /2 ; 1 , 80 / 1 2M / 3 ; S /4 ; S /M ? /5 ; F - /M ? /6 ; F /7 ; S /8 ; S /9 ; F ,D I /1 0 ; F - /2 -3M E : 1 2 ; 5 ,3 / 0 / 3 -4 ; 8 ,5 / 0 / 6 -7 ; 6 ,5 / 7 -8 ; 8 ,5 / 0 F : ( 1 ,80) / ( 1 ,80) / ( 7 ,2+) / ( 5 ,3-8 ,5) / c 1 7 ,5% G : N D /I C A ? A S C /M T h is d enuded c i rcle h as s everal s tumps , m any s tones a ppear t o h ave b een r e moved a nd o ne l i es n ear t h e c i rcle , T h ere i s ap ossib le l o w c entral m ound w ith a d iameter o f c l 4m b ut i t 's a ntiqu ity h as b een q uestioned , T here i s as e cond c i rcle n earby t o t h e SW , 1 : B everidge 1 9 03 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( T iree 3 , M oss A ) , 3 ; R CAHM 1 9 80 ( 1 07), 4 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( C T 7 ) , 4 : 10 H OUGH - SW N L 9 5804505 S t rath clyde ( A rgyll)-Tiree B : G /F 12 / P / C : R CAHM 1 9 80 : G /c 4 4 ,0m / 1 2 /2 0-24 D : 1 ; F - /M /2 ; F /2 3M / 3 ; F - /M ? /4 ; F /5 ; F /2 4M / 6 ; F - /M / 7 ; F / 8 ; F - /9 ; F - /M / 1 0 ; F-/1 ; S/1 2 ; F - /M E : ( 1 -M ; 6 ,0 ) /( M -2 ; 6 ,0 ) /0 / ( 3 -M ; 6 ,0) / ( M -4 ; 6 ,0 ) /4 -5 ; 9 ,0 / 0 / 6 -M ; 5 ,0) / ( M -7 ; 5 ,0 ) /7 -8 ; 7 ,5 / 8 -9 ; 4 ,5 / ( 9 -M ; 6 ,0 ) /M 10 ; 6 ,0) / 1 0 11; 4 ,5 / 1 12 ; 6 ,5 / ( 1 2-M ; 5 ,0) / ( M 1; 5 , 0) F ; I D ; l a rge / I D /( 6 ,4) / ( 4 ,5-9 ,0) / I D G : N D /A CA ,ASC / M

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T h is d i lap idated s ite h as n o r e ma in ing u p rights , e x cept f o r as ingle s tump , T he e a stern c i rcum feren ce i s i n corporated i n to a n o ld f ie ld b an k , S ix m e tres E SE o f t he c i rcle i s a s ma ll l o w c a irn , As hort d istan ce t o t h e NE i s as e cond s tone c i rcle , 1 : B everidge 1 9 03 , 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( T iree 3 , M oss 8 ) , 3 : R CAHM 1 9 80 ( 1 07), 4 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( C T 7 ) . 4 : 11 K INGARTH N S 0 9 175566 S t rath clyde-Bute B : K /F 18 / P / C : N /c 2 0-26? / 3 / I D (710?) D : 1 : 2 ,20 / 2 ; 2 ,80 / 3 ; R2 ,20 / 4 -7M? E : 1 2 ; c 9 ,0 / 2 -3 ; c 9 ,0 / 0 F : 2 ,4 / 2 ,20-2 ,80 / I D /I D /I D G : c ong lomerate (2 ) , s ch ist (1) / - / T h is s ite h as o n ly 3 s tones t oday , b ut i n t he l a te 1 8 th c e ntury B lain r e corded 7 , B y 1 7 9 1 f o u r h ad b een r e moved , I n 1 9 74 o ne o f t h e s tones b roke o f f a t g round l e vel b ut t h is h as n ow b een r e sto red , 1 : O SA 1 7 9 1, 2 : H ewison 1 8 93 , 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( B ute 2 ) , 4 : R CAHM I n dex , 4 : 12 L AMLASH N S 0 18336 S t rath clyde-Arran B : K /F I9 / A / I ; B ryce c 1 8 6 1 C : B ryce 1 9 10 ; U /c 5 ,0 / 4 / 7 -8 0 : 2 -3M / 1 ; F1 , 00 / M / 2 ; 1 , 15 / 3 ; 0 ,50 / 4 ; 0 ,85 E : 0 /2 -3 ; 2 ,9 / 3 -4 ; 2 .6 / 0 F : 0 ,85 / 0 ,501,15 / ( 2 ,75) / ( 2 ,6-2 ,9) / I D G : g ran ite / I C I ,A0 / 0 T he s ite h as b een i n i t s p resent s tate s in ce t h e m id 1 9 th c entury , Ac i st w as o p ened b y B ryce , w ho f o und f r agments o f b one i n b la ck e arth , a nd a f l int i m plement a nd 3 f l a kes i n t h e s o il a bove , F ou r d e fin ite s tones s u rvive i n t h e c i rcle , o ne o f w h ich i s f a llen , A f u rther 5 s ma ll s t ones e x ist i n t h e g aps b etween t h e s tones , b ut t hese m ay w e ll b e m odern i n trodu ctions , A n o r ig ina l t o ta l o f 7 -8 s eems t o b e s uggested b y t h e s pa cing o f t h e 4 s u rviv ing s tones , A1 , 5m t a ll m enh ir s tands a s hort d istan ce t o t he s outh , 1 : B ryce 1 8 62 , 2 : B ry ce 1 9 10 , 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A rran 6 ) , 4 : D . P a trick p e rs ,comm , 4 : 13 L ARGYBEG P O INT N S 0 53233 S t rath clyde-Arran B : N /P FP 1 /P /C : N c 4 ,0 ? /2 /4 D : 1 ; 0 ,80 / 2 ; 0 ,80 / 2 M E : 1 2 ; c 3 ,0 / 0 F : ( 0 ,80) / ( 0 ,80 ) /I D /I D /I D G : N D /I C A ,ICI? / F T h is p ossib le s i te c omprises 2 o rthostats o r ientated i n al i ne , s et a bout 3 m a pa rt , T hey s tand o n a n a mo rphous m ound a nd t o t h e N W a re s labs w h ich m ay b e ar u ined c i st , T h is m ay b e ar u ined F our P oster ( o r i s at w o-stone s etting ) , 1 : B ry ce 1 9 10 , 2 : M c L e llan 1 9 77 4 : 14 L OCH B U IE N M 6 1752507 S t rath clyde ( A rgyll)-Mu ll B : K /F 18 / G / C : R CAHM 1 9 80 ; G/1 3 ,0x 13 ,6 / 8 / 9 0 : 1 ; N /2 ; 1 , 35 / 3 ; 1 , 50 / 4 ; 1 , 75 / 5 ; 1 , 75 / 6 ; 1 , 45 / 7 ; 2 ,00 / 8 ; 1 , 20 / 9 ; 1 , 50 E : ( M -2 ; 3 ,8 ) /2 -3 ; 4 ,8 / 3 -4 ; 4 , 1 /4 -5 ; 5 , 1 /5 -6 ; 4 ,9 / 6 -7 ; 5 ,3 / 7 -8 ; 3 ,7 / 8 9 ; 5 .0 /( 9 -M ; 3 ,8) F : 1 , 55 / 1 , 20-2 ,00 / 4 ,7 / 3 ,7-5 ,3 / 4 ,4% G : m ostly g ran ite / A 0 ,3AM ,AKC / 0

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T h is f ine c i rcle i s c o mp lete t o day , b ut o ne o f t h e s tones t o t h e n o rth w as a dded i n r e cent t i mes t o r e pla ce a m iss ing s tone , T he l a rgest s tone l i es t o t he s outh-west b ut t h is m ay b e f o rtu itous r a ther t h an d esigned , T he s tones h ave t he ir f l atter f a ces p la ced i n wa rds , I m mediately t o t h e s outh-east o f t h e r i ng i s a0 ,85m h igh o rthostat , s et r a dia lly t o t h e c i rcle , N ea rby a re 3 t a ll m enhirs a nd a k e rb-cairn , 1 : S tu keley 1 7 76 , 2 : A r ch ,J , 5 , 1 8 48 , 2 17 , 3 ; B url 1 9 76 ( M u ll 3 ) , 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( M 2/ 14) , 5 : R CAHM 1 9 80 ( 1 10 ) , 6 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( M L 2 8 c) 4 : 15 M ACHR IE B URN N R 9 0835 1 S t rath clyde-Arran 8 : N /F P 1 /G / I ; B a lfour 1 9 09 C : N /c 3 ,4x2 ,7? / 4 / 4 D : I D : e ach c 0 ,6m h igh E : I D F : ( 0 ,6) / I D /I D /I D /( I D ) G : N D /- /( F ) T h is s ma ll F our P oster i s i n tact , T he s tones a re a r ranged i n ar e ctangle r ather t han a c i rcle , T here i s ac e ntral h o llow , p roduced b y d igging i n 1 9 09 ; n o f inds w ere m ade , 1 : B ryce 1 9 10 , 2 : F a irhurst 1 9 77 4 : 16 M ACHR IE M OOR - S I TE 1 N R 9 13324 S t rathclyde-Arran B : K /F 18 / G / T ; B u rl 1 9 78-9 , H aggarty 1 9 85 , P ; B ry ce 1 8 6 1 C : B url u npub lished ; G /c 1 2 ,6x 14 ,4 / 1 0 /1 2 D : 1 ; L - /E H /2 ; - /3 ; - /4 ; F - /E H /5 ; F /6 ; - /7 ; F /8 ; - /9 ; F / 1 0 ; -( i nd ividua l h e ights u n recorded ; g ran ite s tones c 1 , 5m h igh , s andstones c 0 ,5m h igh ), E : ( 1 -EH ; N D ) /( E H-2 ; N D ) /2 -3 ; 3 ,8 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,7 / ( 4 -EH ; N D ) /( E H-5 ; N O ) /5 -6 ; 3 ,7 / 6 -7 ; 3 ,9 / 7 -8 ; 3 ,8 / 8 -9 ; 3 ,5 / 9 10 ; 3 ,4 / 1 0 1; 3 ,6 F : I D /I D /3 , 7 /3 ,4-3 ,9 / c 1 2 ,5% G : g ranite , s andstone / I P T ,TC ,5ASC ,2ACT ,2ACA M ,H As ma ll i n terna l e x cavat ion i n 1 8 6 1 f a iled t o m a ke a ny f inds , T he s ite h as r e cent ly b een t o tally e x cavated a nd a c o mplex s equen ce d emonstrated : A ) P re-circle a g ricu ltural a ctivity o f s everal p hases , i n cluding h urd le f en ces a nd a rd m arks , B ) At imber c i rcle o n t h e s ame l i ne a s t he l a ter s tone c i rcle , P ostho les w ere f o und u nder s toneholes w here e x cavation w as p ossible , O ne c onta ined a g rooved w are r i msherd , O utside t h is c i rcle w as a r ing o f s ta keholes w h ich m ay a lso b e long t o t h is p hase , C ) T he s tone c i rcle , c o mprising 6 l a rge g ranite b locks w ith 6 s mall s andstone s labs , o ne o f t he l a tter i n e a ch o f t h e g aps b etween t h e l a rge s tones , T hese 2 r ings a ppear t o h ave b een b u ilt a t t h e s ame t i me , D ) Ad eposit o f c r emated b one w as i n serted b y t he b ase o f o ne o f t h e o rthostats , I n a n o f f-centre p it a n i n verted c o rdoned u rn c overed a m a le c r emation ( 2 5-30 y ears) , a b one n eed le a nd a b u rnt f l int k n ife , A t t h e c entre a re a s e ries o f p its , s ome s tone f i lled , w h ich a s y e t a re u ndated b ut a re l i ke ly t o b e long t o p hases 6 t o 0 , E ) A fter t h e c i rcle w as a bandoned t h e a rea w as a gain u sed f o r a g riculture , w ith c learance s tones p la ced a gainst o ne o f t h e o rthostats t o t h e n o rth-west , a nd s l ight w a lls b u ilt , F i eldwork i n 1 9 79 d emonstrated t h is c omp lex o f c i rcles m ay h ave b een s ited t o o bserve m i dsummer s un rise i n M a ch rie G len t o t h e n o rtheast , 1 : B ryce 1 8 62 , 2 : B ry ce 1 9 10 , 3 : R oy e t a l 1 9 63 , 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A rran 7 ) 5 : M c L e llan 1 9 77 6 : v i sited 1 9 79 7 : B url 1 9 80 8 : B a rnatt a nd P ierpoint 1 9 83 , 9 : H aggarty 1 9 85 ,

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4 : 17 M ACHR IE M OOR - S ITE 2 N R 9 12324 S t rath clyde-Arran B : K /F 18 / A / E ; B ryce 1 8 6 1 C : T hom e t a l , 1 9 80 ; G /c 16 ,5 / 6 / 7 11 D : 1 ; 3 ,70 / 1 3M / 2 ; F ,B - / ? M /3 ; L ,S / ? M /4 ; 5 ,50 / 5 ; 4 ,60 / 6 ; L ,S E : 0 /4 -5 ; 5 ,2 / 5 -6 ; 5 ,9 / 6 1; 5 ,5 F : 4 ,60 / 3 ,70-5 ,50 / ( 5 ,5) / ( 5 ,2-5 ,9 ) /I D G : s andstone / 2 ICI ,5ASC ,2ACT ,2ACA / M ,H T he i n terior o f t h is r ing w as e x cavated i n 1 8 6 1, A t t h e c e ntre , i n ap it i n t he s u bso il, w as a s ma ll r e ctangu lar c i st a l igned NE/SSW w h ich c onta ined a f o od v esse l a nd f o ur ' c rude ' f l int ' a rrowheads ' ( o r f la kes) , I n t he N E q uadrant a s e cond c i st i n ap it , w ith t h e s ame o r ientation , w as a lso f ound ; t h is w as e mpty , B y t h is d ate t h e s ite h ad a l ready b een d amaged t o t h e s outh a nd e ast a nd s ome o f t h e s tones r e moved , O ne f a llen s tone h as b een p a rtia lly d ressed i n to t wo u n fin ished m i llstones w h ich w e re n ever r emoved , 1 : B ry ce 1 8 62 , 2 : B ryce 1 9 10 , 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( A rran 8 ) , 4 : M c L e llan 1 9 77 , 5 : v isited 1 9 79 , 6 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( A 8/6) , 7 : B a rnatt a nd P ierpoint 1 9 83 , 4 ; 18 M ACHRIE M OOR - S ITE 3 N R 9 10325 S t rath clyde-Arran 8 : K /F 18 / A / I : B ryce 1 8 6 1 C : R oy 1 9 63 ; G/1 5 ,2x 16 ,0 / 9 / 9 D : 1 ; S ,T c 2 ,5 / B U ; S ,T c 3 ,0 / 3 ; B U c 3 ,5 / 4 ; B U ; S ,T c 2 ,5 / 5 ; S /6 ; 4 ,30 / 7 ; S/ 8 ; S ,BT , c 4 ,5 / 9 ; S E : 1 2 ; 5 ,2 / 2 -3 ; 6 ,7 / 3 -4 ; 5 ,6 / 4 -5 ; 5 ,3 / 5 -6 ; 4 ,7 / 6 7 ; 5 ,5 / 7 -8 ; 4 ,9 / 8 -9 ; 5 , 5 / 9 10 ; 5 ,8 F : ( 3 ,4) / ( 2 ,5-4 ,5) / 5 ,5 / 4 ,7-6 ,7 / 5 ,0% G : s andstone / 2 ICI ,5ASC ,2ACT ,2ACA / M ,H T he i n terior o f t h e s ite w as e x cavated b y B ry ce i n 1 8 6 1, w ho f ound a s ma ll r e ctangu lar c i st i n ad eep p it a t t h e c entre , a l igned N E /SW , w h ich c onta ined a f ood v essel a nd 2 f l int ' a rrowheads ' ( f la kes?), A s hort d istan ce t o t he s outh w as a s e cond s ma ll c ist , p la ced a t a h igher l e ve l, a l igned NE/SSW , T h is c ontained a c ontra cted m a le s keleton a nd 2 f l int ' a rrowheads ' ( f la kes?) , T he s ite w as i n a s imilar s tate a s t o day w ith o n ly 5 s t ones v i sib le , H owever , af u rther 4 s tones h ave b een p robed u nde r t h e p eat s uggesting p a rtial c o llapse o f t h e s ite i n a ntiqu ity , 1 : B ryce 1 8 62 , 2 : R oy e t a l , 1 9 63 , 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( A rran 9 ) , 4 : M c L e llan 1 9 77 , 5 : v isited 1 9 79 , 6 : B a rnatt a nd P ierpoint 1 9 83 , 4 : 19 M ACHRIE M OOR - S ITE 4 N R 9 10324 S t rath clyde-Arran B : K /F 19 / G / I ; B ry ce 1 8 6 1, C : M c L e llan 1 9 77 ; G /c 7 ,5 / 4 / 5 D : 1 ; - /2 ; - /3 ; - /4 ; - /M ( s pecific h e ights u n recorded - a l l c 0 ,90m) E : 1 2 ; 5 ,7 / 2 -3 ; 4 ,7 / 3 -4 ; 4 ,5 / ( 4 -M ; 4 ,5) / ( M 1; 4 ,5) F : ( 0 ,90) / I D /5 ,0 / 4 ,5-5 ,7 / I D G : g ran ite / I C I,5ASC ,2ACT ,2ACA / M ,H T h is s ma ll r i ng w as e x cavated i n 1 8 6 1, w hen a s ma ll c i st w a s f o und a t t h e c entre i n ad eep p i t , I t w as a l igned NE /SSW a nd c ontained p ieces o f af o od v e sse l , w ith f ragments o f b one , ab ronze a w l a nd 3 ' a rrowheads ' ( f la kes?) , 1 : B ryce 1 8 62 , 2 : B ryce 1 9 10 , 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A rran 1 0 ) , 4 : M c L ellan 1 9 77 , 5 : v isited 1 9 79 , 6 : B arnatt a nd P ierpo int 1 9 83 ,

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4 ;20 M ACHR IE M OOR - S ITE 5 N R 9 09324 S trath clyde-Arran B ; K /S P3 / G / I : B ry ce 1 8 6 1, M c A rthur 1 8 73 , C : R oy 1 9 63 ; G/ 1 ,5x 11,9 / 1 7 ,7x 18 ,3 / 8 / 1 5 / 8/1 5 ? D : I n ner : I D ; a l l p resent a nd u pright , u p t o c 1 ,5m h igh a bove p latform , O uter ; I D ; s ma ller s tones , a l l u p right o r l e an ing , u p t o c 0 ,8m h igh , E : I n ner : 1 2 ; 4 ,0 / 2 -3 ; 5 ,0 / 3 -4 ; 4 ,4 / 4 -5 ; 4 ,3 / 5 -6 ; 4 ,4 / 6 -7 ; 4 ,3 / 7 -8 ; 4 ,4 / 8 1; 4 ,6 , O uter : 1 2 ; 4 ,7 / 2 -3 ; 5 ,5 / 3 -4 ; 4 ,4 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,5 / 5 -6 ; 1 , 7 /6 -7 ; 2 , 1 /7 -8 ; 5 ,3 / 8 -9 ; 4 ,7 / 9 10 ; 4 ,3 / 1 0 11; 5 ,0 / 1 12 ; 3 ,2 / 1 2 13 ; 2 ,4 / 1 3 14 ; 2 ,3 / 1 4 15 ; 3 ,3 / 1 5 1; 4 ,0 , F : ( 1 ,2) / ( 0 ,6) / I D /I D / 4 ,4 / 3 ,8 / 4 ,0-5 ,0 / 1 , 7-5 ,5 / 3 .4% / 3 ,3% G : g ranite / C ,IPL ,5ASC ,2ACT ,2ACA / M ,H , T he o n ly e x cavations h ave c oncentrated o n t h e c entre , I n 1 8 6 1 ap reviously d istu rbed a nd e mpty c ist w as f o und , T he s ite i s b u ilt o n al ow , f l at-topped p lat form o f s tone w h ich w as p robably o r ig ina lly r e tained b y t h e o uter c i rcle o f s pa ced o rthostats b ut n ow s preads s omewhat b eyond i t , T he s pa cing o f s tones v a ries i n t he o uter r ing , b ecom ing n arrow t o t he n o rth-west , a nd w ith a s ing le s ma ll s tone t o t he s outh-east w h ich d isrupts t h e n o rmal s pacing i n t h is q uadrant , W ith in t h is r i ng i s a s e cond c i rcle , o f 8 e qua lly s paced , l a rger , r ounded g ranite b ou lders o f u nequal b ut u ngraded h e ight , T here i s n o c o rrelat ion i n o r ientation o f s tones b etween t h e t w o r ings , p erhaps s uggesting c h ronolog ica l d epth , 1 : B ryce 1 8 62 , 2 : M c A rthur 1 8 73 , 3 : R oy e t a l 1 9 63 ( F ingal 's C auldron s eat), 4 : B url 1 9 76 ( A rran 1 ) , 5 ; M c L e llan 1 9 77 ( S u idhe C o ir F h ionn) , 6 ; v is ited 1 9 79 , 7 : B arnatt a nd P ierpoint 1 9 83 , 4 :2 1 M ACHRIE M OOR - S ITE 1 0 N R 9 00325 S trathclyde-Arran B : K /P SP4 / P O /P ; B u rl 1 9 79 C : B url u npub lished ; G /c 2 1,8 / 5 -6+ / 1 0 (30+?) D : I D ; u p t o c 1 ,00m h igh E : I D F : I D /I D /I D /I D /I D G : s andstone / I C A ,IRC ,ERC / T h is p ossible s tone c i rcle c omprises a r u ined r ing o f o rthostats s et n ear t he e dge o f a l a rge c a irn ; t w o o f t h e o rthostats a re v i rtually c ontiguous , Af a rm t rack h as d isturbed t h e n orthern p o rtion o f t h e s ite , P a rtia l e x cavations i n 1 9 79 r evea led t he s ite i s l i ke ly t o b e m u ltiphased , T he o r thostats w e re s et a t t h e i n ner e dge o f ab an k o f s ma ll s tones , W i thin t h is w a s as e cond b an k o f l a rge b ou lders w h ich w as 3 m w ide a nd 0 ,7m h igh , T he c e ntral a rea h ad b een f i lled w ith s and a nd b ou lders a nd b oth c apped w ith d istin ctive s mall a n gu lar p ie ces o f r ed s andstone , T he s equence o f c onstru ction o f t hese r ings i s u n clear a nd i t i s u n known i f t h e o rthostats e ver d e fined a n o pen c entra l a rea , O r ig ina lly t h ere w e re p erhaps a t l e ast 3 0 s tones i n t h is r ing , w ith u nequa l s pa cing a nd h e ights , 1 : B ryce 1 8 62 , 2 : B ry ce 1 9 10 , 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( A rran 1 2 ) , 4 : M c L e llan 1 9 77 ( M oss F a rm R oad) , 5 : v isited 1 9 79 , 6 : B u rl 1 9 80 , 7 : B arnatt a nd P ierpo int 1 9 83 , 4 :22 M ACHRIE M OOR - S ITE 1 N R 9 12324 S t rath clyde-Arran 8 : K /F 20 / G / T ; B url 1 9 78-9 , H agga rty 1 9 85 C : B url u npub lished ; G/1 2 .7x 13 ,5 / 1 0 /1 0 D : I D : t a llest s et r adia lly t o w est- 1 , 2m t a ll ( n o ,9) , o thers a l l s tand ing u nder 1 , 0m a nd s et t angentially , E : 1 2 ; 4 , 1 /2 -3 ; 3 ,5 / 3 4 ; 3 ,5 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,0 / 5 -6 ; 4 ,5 / 6 -7 ; 4 ,3 / 7 -8 ; 4 , 1 /8 -9 ; 3 ,5 /9 10 ; 5 ,7 / 1 0 1; 4 ,9 F : ( l ow ) /( ? 1,20) / 4 , 1 /3 ,0-5 ,7 / 5 ,9% G : s andstone / T C ,IPT ,SASC ,2ACT ,2ACA / M ,H ,S?

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T h is s ite h as r e cently b een t o tally e x cavated , p rev ious ly i t w as v i rtua lly b uried b y p eat , S everal p hases c an b e h ypothesised , A ; P re-circle a gricultura l a ctivity a nd l a nd d iv ision , B ; At imber r i ng o f 1 0 p ostholes , o f c 1 3 ,2x 14 ,5m d iameter . C ; As tone c i rcle w ith t h e s tones p la ced a pprox imately m idway b etween t h e t imber p osts o n t he s ame c i rcle , i n dicating a d i rect r e lationsh ip b etween t h e t wo a nd n egating a l o ng p eriod o f a bandonment , A s n o s tonehole/posthole o verlapped t h e c h ronolog ica l s equen ce c annot b e p roved , H owever , a na logy w ith M achrie M oor I , a nd s l ight m ismatches i n p os ition ing , s uggests 2 p hases r a ther t han e xa ct c ontempo raneity , A t t he c entre o f t h e s ite w as a p it c ontaining a c 30 y ear o ld c remated m a le , t o gether w ith a f l int c o re , 1 : B ry ce 1 9 10 2 ; v isited 1 9 79 , 3 : B url 1 9 80 , 4 : B arnatt a nd P ierpoint 1 9 83 5 : H agga rty 1 9 85 4 :23 N A C LACHAN B HREIGE N G 5 43 176 W estern I s les-S kye B : K /F 19 / A / I ; c 1860 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 : G /P ; c 6 ,4 / 6 / 6 D : 1 ; L2 ,00 / 2 ; 1 , 80 / 3 ; F ,BU c 1 , 80 / 4 ; F , c2 ,40 / 5 ; F ,BU c 1 , 20 / 6 ; 1 , 50 E : 1 2 ; 3 ,6 / 2 -3 ; 1 , 5 /3 -4 ; 3 ,7 / 4 -5 ; 4 ,0 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,6 / 6 1; 3 ,0 F : 1 , 80 / 1 , 20-2 ,40 / 3 ,2 / 1 , 5-4 ,0 / I D G : r e d g r it (1), w h ite q ua rtzose s andstone (2) / - / T h is s ite h as i t s f u ll c omp lement o f s tones , a lthough 2 o f t h ese a re b uried , C a sual d igging i n side t h e r ing i n c 1860 f o und a b lack p o lished s tone c 4 Omm l o ng , ' s omewhat r e semb ling a s ma ll p ebb le ', 1 : P SAS 5 , 1 8 63-4 , 1 4 , 2 : R CAHM 1 9 28 ( 6 67 , T he F a lse S tones) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( S kye 3 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( H 7/9 , S t ratha ird) 4 :24 S HISK INE N R 9 24322 S t rath clyde-Arran B : N /F P3 / A / C ; N /c 3 ,5m ? /3 / 4 D : I D ; 1 / 2 ; 0 ,80 / 3 ; F0 ,85 E : I D F : ( 0 ,80) / ( 0 ,80-0 ,85) / I D /I D /I D G : s andstone / - / ( F ) T h is F our P oster h as a d isturbed c entre a nd o ne o f t h e s tones h as b een r emoved , 1 : B ryce 1 9 10 2 : F a irhurst 1 9 77 3 : M c L e llan 1 9 77 ( B almichael) 4 :25 S TRONTO ILLER N M 9 0762897 S t rath clyde ( A rgyll) B : C /F 3 / A /C : R CAHM 1 9 75 ; G /c 20 ,0 / 2 9-3 1 /3 1-45? D : 1 / 2 /3 / 4 / 5 ? /6 /7 /8 / ( 1 -2M) / 9 / 1 0 /( 1 -2M ) /1 /( 1 -2M ) /1 2 /M ? /1 3 /( ? M) / 1 4 /( ? M) / 1 5 /( 3 -5M ) /1 6 /( ? M) / 1 7 /1 8 /1 9 /M /2 0 /2 1 /2 /2 3 / 2 4 /2 5 /2 6 ? /2 7 ? /2 8 /2 9 ? E : 0 /9 10 ; 1 , 2 /0 / 1 3 14 ; 2 , 1 /1 4 15 ; 2 ,8 / 0 / 1 7 18 ; 1 , 1 /1 8 19 ; 1 , 9 /2 0 -2 1; 1 , 6 /2 1-22 ; 2 ,5 / 2-23 ; 3 ,0 / 2 3-24 ; 2 ,5 / 2 4-25 ; 2 , 1 /0 F : ( c 0 ,50) / ( m ax , 1 , 00) / ( 2 ,1?) / ( 1 ,1-3 ,0?) / I D G : N D / /T h is i r regu lar r i ng o f r o unded b ou lders a ppears t o b e ag enu ine s tone c i rcle , t h e i n terior i s f lat a nd f e atureless a nd h en ce t h e r i ng i s u n likely t o b e ab arrow k erb , S eve ra l s tones s eem t o h ave b een r emoved , p a rticularly t o wards t he s outh , T o t h e NE a re f o u r f u rther s tones j u st o utside t h e r ing w h ich a re e ither a n o uter c on centric a r c, o r h a ve b een d isp la ced , A l l t h e s tones a re b ou lde rlike a nd i t i s i m possib le t o t e ll w h ich a r e u p right a nd i n t h eir o rig ina l p ositions , M any a re v i rtually c o ntiguous t o t he n o rth , H owever , s everal o f t h ese c ou ld h ave b een d isp laced t o t h is m a rshy a rea f r om t he s outhe rn h a lf o f

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t h e r ing t o f a cilitate p loughing h e re , O r ig inally t he s ite m ay w ell h ave c onsisted o f a r i ng o f r e lative ly w e ll-spa ced o rthostats , 1 : S mith 1 8 70-2 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A rgy ll 1 ) 3 : R CAHM 1 9 75 ( 1 20) 4 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( L N 1 7 ) 4 :26 T EMPLE W OOD - S ITE 1 N R 8 2639783 S t rath clyde ( A rgyll) B : K /S P4 (ESC) / F / G / P ; C raw 1 9 28-30 , T ; S cott 1 9 741980 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (OD ) /1 3 ,6x 12 ,5 / 1 6 /2 1 0 : 1 ; 1 , 00 / 2 ; 0 ,90 / 3 ; 0 ,40 / 4 ; 0 ,35 / 5 ; 1 , 15 / 6 ; S /E H /7 ; R A ,S / 3 EH / 8 ; 0 ,85 / 9 ; 1 , 25 / 1 0 ; S/1 ; 0 ,80 / E H /1 2 ; 1 , 00 / 1 3 ; 0 ,75 / 1 4 ; 1 , 05 / 1 5 ; 1 , 10 / 1 6 ; 1 , 00 ( h eight p r ior t o e x cavation t here fo re p robably u nderstated ) E : 1 2 ; 1 , 8 /2 -3 ; 2 ,2 / 3 -4 ; 1 , 3 /4 -5 ; 2 ,3 / 5 -6 ; 2 ,2 / 6 -EH ; 1 , 8 /E H-7 ; 1 , 3 / 7 -EH ; 2 ,0 / E H-EH ; 1 , 5 /E H-EH ; 2 , 1 /E H-8 ; 2 , 1 /8 -9 ; 2 ,6 / 9 10 ; 1 , 9 /1 0 11; 2 ,0 / 1 -EH ; c 2 ,1 / E H12 ; c 2 ,1 / 1 2 13 ; 2 , 1 /1 3 14 ; 2 ,2 / 1 4 15 ; 2 , 1 /1 5 16 ; 1 , 9 / 1 6 1; 1 , 9 F : 0 ,90 / 0 ,351,25 / 2 ,0 / 1 , 3-2 ,6 / 8 , 1% G : s chist / C A ,2 ICI,2 1CA ,I0? ,E8 ,2ECA ,2ECI ,ASC / I , S ,M ,0? T h is s ite w as t o ta lly e x cavated i n 1 9 74-80 a nd h as n ot y et b een f u lly p ub lished , A p revious e x cavation i n 1 9 28-9 f o und a d isturbed c entra l c i st a nd f our s toneholes i n t he s outhern h a lf o f t h e r i ng , T he r e cent e x cavations r evea led a c omplex s eries o f f e atures , T he s ite w as i n itially a f r eestand ing r i ng , w ith 2 1 u ngraded s tones , i n clud ing o ne t o t he E SE w h ich w as r a dially-set , T wo o f t h e o rthostats t o t h e n o rthwest/north h ave r o ck a rt , o ne h as a p e cked d oub le s p iral w h ich c overs 2 f a ces o f t he s tone , t he s e cond s tone h as 2 p e cked c on centric r i ngs , T hom h as s uggested t h at 3 o ut o f 6 p o ints f o r a n a typ ical g eometric l a yout f o r t h e s ite h ave b een f ound w ithin t h e r ings i n terior , e ach m a rked b y a s mall s tone , T he h ypothesis c a nnot b e a ssessed u ntil t h e s ite h as b een f u lly p ublished , T h is r i ng w as l a ter c onverted i n to a r ing cairn , w ith t h e a dd ition o f a n e xternal s tone b an k w h ich w as r e ta ined o n i t s i n ner e dge b y t h e o rthostats , w h ich w ere l i n ked b y l o w v ertica lly-set s labs a nd d rystone w a lling a bove , I n t h e i n terior , w as a c entra l c a irn w ith a k erb o f c 3 ,1m d i ameter , T o t h e s outheast , t w o s tones o f t h e k erb w ere s et r ad ia lly , p ro jecting o u t f r om t h e c a irn c i rcum ference a nd f o rming a b oxlike s tru ctu re w h ich c o ntained a c r emation , A t t h e c e ntre o f t h e c a irn w as t h e l a rge r e ctangular c ist , o pened i n 1 9 28-9 , b ut p rev ious ly d isturbed , T r aces o f ac remation w e re a ga in f ound , I t m easu res 1 , 4x0 ,8m a nd i s 0 ,5m d eep , T he n o rth-eastern s lab o f t h is w as s et i n ad eep s toneho le a nd m ay h ave b een e rected a s af r eestand ing c entre-stone b e fore t h e c ist w as b u ilt , I n t he n o rth-easte rn q uadrant o f t h e i n terior w as a s e cond s maller c a irn , w h ich h ad a k erb o f 2 , 1x2 ,3m , d iameter a nd a ga in h ad 2 p ro je cting r ad ial s labs t o t he s outheast , T here w as a c r ude i n ner k e rb , s et e c centrica lly , T he c a irn c overed a c entral p it c onta in ing a c r emation , Af u rther c i st , w ith n o c apstone , w as f ound i n t h e S E q uadrant o f t h e r i ng , t h is c ontained a c remat ion , T he w hole i n terior o f t h e s ites a ppears t o h ave s ubsequent ly b een f i lled w ith a l o w c a irn i n t h e f i nal s tage o f m odification , O utside t h e r i ng o f o rthostats , t w o s ate llite c a irns w e re f ound , e a ch w ith s quare c i sts , T hat i m mediately o utside t h e r i ng t o t h e n o rtheast h ad a k e rb o f s labs w ith a d iameter o f 3 , 0m , a nd t h e c i st c ontained a b ea ker ( N 2/N3 ) , t h ree b a rbed a nd t a nged a r rowheads a nd a s c raper , b ut n o b uria l , T he o ther c a irn , i n a n a na logous p osition t o t h e s outhwest , h ad a d iameter o f 3 ,25m a nd w as d e fined b y a k e rb o f s labs a nd d rystone w a lling , I t s c i st w as e m pty b ut h ad a h igh p hosphate c ontent , B oth t h ese c a irns p redate t h e r i ngca irn a nd a re s ea led b y t h e f i na l c a irn , T he k e rb o f t h e N E c a irn w as d amaged w hen t h e r ingca irn b an k w as b u ilt , T he i n terna l c a irns m ay a lso p redate t h e r i ng ca irn b ut t h is i s f a r f r om c e rtain , 1 : C raw 1 9 30 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A rgyll 2 ) 3 : S cott 1 9 741980 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( A 2/8) 5 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( A R 1 3 A)

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4 :27 T EMPLE W OOD - S ITE 2 N R 8 2649784 S t rath clyde ( A rgyll) B : K /F 19? / V P /S cott 1 9 76-80 C : N /c 10 ,5x 10 ,0 / I D /I D D : I D E : I D F : I D /I D /I D /I D /( I D) G : I D /A SC ,TC / M T h is s ite w as d iscovered b y e x cavation , l y ing a d jacent t o T emp le W ood 1 a bout 4 0m t o t he n o rtheast , L ittle d ata a re a va ilab le u ntil f u ll p ublication o f t h e s ite , I t w as d ismant led i n p reh istory w ith t h e e x ception o f o ne o rthostat ( a nd 1 + s tumps) a nd a pparently p r edates t h e e xtant c i rcle , A l l t h e s o ckets w e re b a ckfilled a nd h eavy c obbling s pread o ve r t h e a rea , T h is c i rcle w as p re ceded b y at i mber c i rcle o f s im ila r d imensions , Av ery e a rly C 14 d a te , f r om t he t h ird m i llenn ium b c , h as b een o bta ined , 1 : S cott 1 9 79 2 : S cott 1 9 80 3 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( A R 1 3 ) 4 : R itch ie a nd H arman 1 9 85 4 :28 T EMPLE W OOD - S ITE 3 N R 8 283976 1 S t rath clyde ( A rgy ll) B : N /F P4 / G / C : P atrick 1 9 79 ; G /c 2 ,8x2 ,3 / 4 / 4 D : 1 ; F - /2 ; - /3 ; - /4 ; E : 1 2 ; 2 ,2 / 2 -3 ; 2 , 1 /3 -4 ; 2 ,0 / 4 1; 1 , 6 F : ( 0 ,55) / 0 ,40-0 ,70 / 2 ,0 / 1 , 6 2 ,2 / c 18% G : N D /I M ,ASC ,4AM / R T h is v a riant s ite c omprises 4 s ma ll s labs d e fin ing a s qua re o r r e ctang le , w ith a 2 ,9m h igh m enh ir a t t h e c e ntre a l igned p ara llel t o t h e s ides , I t f o rms p art o f ac omplex l i near s etting a l igned NE/SSW , T he r e ctang le , a nd a nother w h ich w as p robab ly i d ent ica l t o t he SW ( T emp le W ood 4 ) , l i e a t t h e c entre , w h ile a t e ither e nd a re p a irs o f t a ll m enh irs , A s hort d istan ce t o t h e n o rth-west i s am enh ir , as e cond s tump , a nd b eyond t h is t w o s tone c i rcles ( T emple W ood 1 / 2) , 1 : T hom 1 9 7 1 2 : P atrick 1 9 79 3 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( A R 1 3 K i lmartin ) 4 :29 T EMPLE W OOD - S ITE 4 N R 8 2829760 S t rath clyde ( A rgy ll) B : N /F P4 / A / C : P a trick 1 9 79 ; G /5 ,0x ? / 3 / 4 D : 1 ; 2 ; - /M /3 ; E : 1 2 ; 3 ,7 / 0 / 3 1; 2 ,8 F : ( 0 ,55) / 0 ,40-0 ,70 / ( 3 ,3) / ( 2 ,8-3 ,7) / I D G : N D /A SC ,5AM / R T h is v a riant s ite , n ext t o T emp le W ood 3 , i s i d entica l e x cept t here i s n o c entra l m enh ir, p resumably t h is h as b een r e moved , T he f ourth s mall s tone o f t he s etting w as r e co rded r e cumbent i n 1 9 39 b ut h as n ow g one , I t f o rms p a rt o f ac o mp lex l i near s etting ( s ee a b ove), 1 : T hom 1 9 7 1 2 : P atrick 1 9 79 3 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( A R 1 3 , K i lmartin) 4 :30 T ENGA N M 5 0404632 S t rath clyde ( A rgy ll)- M u ll B : G /P F 12 / P / C : R CAHM 1 9 80 : G / c3 ,0x40 ,0? / 4 / d i14? D : 1 ; 0 ,95 / 2 M /2 ; 2 ,20 / 3 ; 1 , 00 / 2 -3M / 4 ; 1 , 30 / 3 5M E : 0 /2 -3 ; 9 ,5 / 0 F : 1 , 35 / 0 ,95-2 ,20 / I D /I D /I D G : N D /- /T h is p ossib le s ite h as b een d escribed a s at rapez ium b ut c ou ld e qua lly b e ar u ined s tone c i rcle , 1 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( M ull 5 ) 2 : R CAHM 1 9 80 ( 1 17) 3 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( M L 1 3 ) ,

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Z ONE 5 :

M ORAY F IRTH

5 : 1 A LVES N J 1 6 2628 G ramp ian ( Mo ray) B : K /F 14 / G / C : N /c 7 ,0 / 6 / 6 ? 0 : I D ( 5 s tand , 1f a llen ) E : I D F : ( c 1,2) / I D /I D /I D /( I D) G : N D /A O /0 L i ttle h as b een p ublished o n t h is s ite a lthough i t a ppears t o b e w e ll p reserved , 1 : K e iller 1 9 70 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( M oray 1 ) , 5 : 2 A V IEMORE N H 8 96 134 H igh land ( Inverness) B : I /C / A /C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 2 3 ,5 / 5 -7 / 112 0 : 1 ; L0 ,60 / M / 2 ; 1 , 20 / 3 ; 1 , 35 / 4 ; F ,DI 0 ,90 / 5 ; 1 , 45 / 5 -6M E : ( 1 -M ; 6 ,0 ) /M -2 ; 6 ,0 ) /2 -3 ; 6 ,2 / ( 3 -M ; 7 ,2 ) /( M -5 ; 7 ,2 ) F : 1 , 1 /0 ,601,45 / ( 6 ,5 ) /( 6 ,0-7 ,2) / I D G : N D /I R C /G T h is C lava R ing ca irn h a s aw e ll p reserved o uter k erb o f 1 3 ,1x 11,8m d iameter , T he s tones a r e c ontiguous , t he h ighest b e ing t o t h e s outhwest s tand ing 0 ,9m h igh , T he r ing cairn i s u n usua lly n a rrow , h av ing a w idth o f o n ly 2 ,75m , O n ly t h e t o ps o f 5s tones o f t h e i n ner k e rb a re v isib le , s tand ing u p t o 0 ,6m h igh , T hey d e fine a n o pen c entral a rea o f c 7 ,3m d i ameter , 5 ,0-5 ,5m b eyond t h e o uter k e rb i s t he s tone c i rcle w h ich h as b een r obbed t o t he w e st , T oday o n ly 4 u p rights a nd 1 f a llen s tone s urv ive , I n 1 8 77 s even s tones s tood , b ut 2 3o f t hese h ad b een r e moved b y 1 9 05 , T oday 7 r e cumbent s labs l i e c lose t o t h e o uter k erb t o t h e n o rth , t w o o f t h ese a re q u ite l a rge a nd m ay b e t h e d isp la ced o rthostats , E nough o f t h e c i rcle s u rvives t o i n d icate i t w as g raded t o t he SW o r S W , 1 : C ash 1 9 05-6 2 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( I NV 6 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nverness 1 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 8 7/ 12 ) , 5 : 3 B ALNUARAN O F C LAVA - C ENTRAL N H 7 57444 H igh land ( I nverness) 8 : I/C /P R /I ; P iggott 1 9 53 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (OD) / c 3 1,7 / 9 / 1 0 : 1 ; 1 , 20 / 2 ; R ,S / 3 ; 1 , 50 / 4 ; 1 , 90 / 5 ; R1 , 50 / 6 ; R ,S / 7 ; R2 ,30 / M / 8 ; 1 , 65 / M /9 ; S ? ( 0 ,45) E : 1 2 ; 8 ,8 / 2 -3 ; 9 , 1 /3 4 ; 9 , 4 /4 -5 ; 9 ,6 / 5 -6 ; 9 ,6 / 6 -7 ; 9 ,6 / ( 7 -M ; 8 ,0) / ( M -8 ; 8 ,0 ) /( 8 -M ; 8 , 1) / ( M -9 ; 8 , 1) / 9 1; 7 ,9 F : 1 , 65 / 1 , 20-2 ,30 / 9 , 1 /7 ,9-9 ,6 / I D G : s andstone / I R C ,2ASC ,AKC ,ACA ,CT / G ,M T h is C lava R ing cairn h a s a n e xterna l k e rb o f c ontiguous s tones w ith a d iameter o f 1 5 ,7x 17 ,7m , T hey a re g raded t o t h e s outhwest , r each ing a h e ight o f 1 , 30m , T wo o f t h ose t o t h e e ast a re c u pmarked , T h e i n terna l k e rb i s a lso c ontiguous , w i th a d iameter o f 6 ,7m , T he g r aded s labs a re t a llest t o t h e s outh , a t 1 , 05m h igh , b ut t h e o thers a re n ot m u ch s ma ller , t h e l o west b e ing 0 ,85m , T he c a irn b etween t he t wo k e rbs i s s t ill 1 , 2m h igh a nd t oday e x tends a s ho rt d istan ce b eyond t h e o ute r k erb , T he c e ntral a rea o f t h e r ing cairn w as e x cavated i n 1 9 53 , I t w a s f ound t o h ave b een p reviously d isturbed i n t h e 1 9 th c entury , T r a ces o f ac i st o r s tone s etting l i n ing a s hallow p it w as f o und i n t h e w estern q uadrant , T h e c e ntre h ad a s parce s catter o f c remated h uman b ones a nd c h arcoa l , T he s tone c i rcle i s 6 , 7-8 ,4m f r om t h e k e rb , t he g ap w iden ing t o t h e s outhwest , I t i s a l so c rude ly g raded i n t h is d i re ction , T he 3 s outhernmost s tones a nd o ne t o t he n o rtheast

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w e re r e -erected i n ( 1 880 , T h ree o f t h e s tones a re l i n ked t o t h e k erb b y n a rrow , l o w r u bble c auseways o f u n known a ge a nd f unction ( s tones 3 ,5 ,8) , T h is c i rcle l i es a t t h e c entre o f ac omplex o f s ites , w i th C lava P assage G raves t o N E a nd SW , ak e rb-ca irn t o t h e s outhwest a nd a p ossib le c a irn t o t h e e ast , 1 : J o lly 1 8 8 1-2 2 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 1 1) 3 : P iggott 1 9 54-5 4 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( I NV 8 ) 5 : B url 1 9 76 ( I nverness 2 b ) 6 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( B 7/ 1, C lava) 5 :4 B ALNUARAN O F C LAVA - N ORTH-EAST N H 7 57444 H igh land ( I nverness ) B : I / C /P R /I ; F o rbes c 1854 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (0M) / c 3 1,4 / 1 / 1 0 : 1 ; F ,FG - / 2 ; 1 , 20 / 3 ; R1 , 20 / 4 ; 1 , 35 / 5 ; 1 , 15 / 6 ; 1 , 85 / 7 ; R1 , 60 / 8 ; R ,D I 2 ,75 / 9 ; R ,DI, S / 1 0 : 1 , 85 / 1 ; 1 , 40 E : 1 2 ; 8 ,2 / 2 -3 ; 7 ,5 / 3 -4 ; 8 ,7 / 4 -5 ; 7 ,9 / 5 -6 ; 9 ,4 / 6 7 ; 9 ,2 / 0 / 1 0 11; 9 , 9 / 1 1; 8 ,4 F : 1 , 60 / 1 , 15-2 ,75 / 8 ,6 / 7 ,5-9 ,9 / I D G : s andstone / I C T ,ASC/CT ,ASC/RC ,AKC ,ACA / I , G ,M T h is C lava P a ssage G rave h as a n o uter c ontiguous k e rb o f 1 6 ,4x 16 ,1m d iameter , I t i s i r regu la rly g raded t o t h e s outhwest , w here t he s tones a r e 0 ,90m h igh , w h ile t o t he n o rtheast t h ey a re 0 ,45m h igh , T he s outhwestern p assage i s 6 ,0m l o ng a nd l e ads t o a c i rcula r c hamber o f 4 ,0m d iameter , T he c a irn i s s t ill 3 , 0m h igh i n p arts , T h e l o wer p o rtion o f t h e c h amber h as g raded s labs f r om 1 , 15 t o 0 ,75m h i gh , A bove t h is i t i s d r ystone w a lled w ith t r aces o f t he c o rbelled r o o f a bove , T oday t h e w a ll s tands 2 , 1m h igh , i n 1 8 58 t h e r o o f w as a pparently h a lf i n ta ct , A' f ew b ones ' w e re f o und i n t he c hamber a round 1 8 54 , C upmarks a re c a rved o n t h e p assage s tones a nd o n o ne s tone i n t h e n orthern q uadrant o f t he o uter k e rb , T he s tone c i rcle s tands 7 ,5-7 ,9m f r om t he k erb , T he s t ones a re c rudely g raded t o t he s outh-west , w i th o ne p a rticu la rly l a rge s tone o n t h e w e st s ide o f t h e p assage , T h ree s tones t o t h e s outhwest a nd o ne t o t h e n o rtheast w e re r e stored a round 1 8 80 , T wo o f t h ose t o t h e s outhwest a ppear t o h ave b een r e -erected u pside-down , d i storting t he s hape o f t he r i ng , O utside t h e p assage i s at w elfth s tone s tand ing o n ly 0 ,25m h igh , t h is i s p r obab ly a f o rtuitous s tone e rected h e re d u ring t h e r e storation , T h is s i te i s t h e n orthernmost i n a l i ne o f t h ree C lava s ites , 1 : J o lly 1 8 8 1-2 2 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 1 2 ) 3 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I NV 9 ) 4 : B url 1 9 76 ( I nverness 2 c ) 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl ( B 7/ 1, C lava) 5 :5 B ALNUARAN O F C LAVA - SW N H 7 56443 H igh land ( I nverness) B ; I / C /P R /I ; L auder c 1828 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; 6 (00) / c 3 1,5 / 1 / 1 2 0 : 1 ; 1 , 45 / 2 ; S /M / 3 ; R ,DI 1 , 30 / 4 ; R ,DI,F 1 , 20 / 5 ; R , D I 1 , 50 / 6 ; 2 ,05 / 7 ; R ,S? ( 1 ,20 ) /8 ; R2 ,20 / 9 ; R ; 1 , 65 / 1 0 ; 1 , 45 / 1 ; R1 , 85 E ; 1 2 ; 6 ,4 / ( 2 -M ; 8 ,8) / ( M -3 ; 8 ,8) / ( 3 -4 ; 1 0 ,4) / ( 4 -5 : 8 , 0 ) /( 5 -6 ; 8 ,4) / 6 7 ; 9 , 8 / 7 -8 ; 8 ,4 / 8 -9 ; 8 ,8 / 9 10 ; 8 ,6 / 1 0 11; 7 ,5 / 1 1; 7 , 4 F : 1 , 65 / 1 , 20-2 ,20 / 8 , 1 /R 6 ,4-9 ,8 / I D G : s andstone ( + 1 o ther) / I C T ,ASC/CT ,ASC/RC ,AKC ,ACA / I , G ,M T h is C lava P assage G rave h as a n e xterna l k erb o f c o ntiguous s tones w ith a d iameter o f 1 5 ,2x 15 ,8m , I t i s g raded t o t h e s outhwestern e ntran ce w he re t h e s tones a re 1 , 05m h i gh , T he e ntrance p assage i s 6 ,0m l o ng a nd l e ads t o as ub-circu la r c h amber o f 3 ,5x4 ,0m d i ameter , O r igina lly t h is w as c o rbelled a nd s t ill s tands t o 2 ,05m h e ight , T he c a irn s t ill s t ands t o ah e ight o f ( 3 ,0m , C upmarks a re c a rved o n t he p assage a nd c h amber s tones , T he c h ambe r w as d ug i n c 1828 w hen a q uantity o f c a lcined b one , t ogether w i th s herds o f 2p ots , w e re f o und ( f lat r i mmed w a re?) , T he w ho le c a irn s tands o n al o w , f l at-topped p lat form w h ich e x tends 3 ,6-4 ,7m b eyond t h e k e rb , B eyond t h e p latform i s t h e s tone c i rcle , w h ich s tands 8 ,6-7 ,9m f r om t he k e rb a nd i s g raded t o t h e s outhwest , Ar o ad c uts t h e o uter a rea o f t h e s i te t o t h e s outheast a n d h as

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l e d t o d istu rban ce o f t h e c i rcle h e re , S tones 3 ,4 a nd 5 h ave b een r e stored a nd s et o ut o f o r iginal a l ignment t o m a ke w ay f o r t h e r o ad , S tone 4 h as f a llen s ince 1 8 84 , Af u rther f o ur s tones ( 7 ,8 ,9 ,11) w e re r e -ere cted d u ring a r e storation a round 1 8 76 , 1 : L auder 1 8 30 , 2 ; J o lly 1 8 8 1-2 3 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 1 0 ) 4 : P iggott 1 9 54-5 5 ; H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I NV 5 0 ) 6 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nverness 2 a ) 7 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( B 7/ 1, C lava) , 5 : 6 B OBLAINY N H 4 93396 H igh land ( I nverness) B : I / C /D / C : N /c 1 3 ,5 / 0 / I D D : I D E : I D F : ( 0 ,80) / ( c 0 ,75-0 ,90 ) /N D /N D /I D G : N D /I C A /T h is d estroyed C lava C a irn w as d escribed i n t h e 1 9 th c e ntury a s as tone c i rcle s u rround ing ad enuded c a irn w ith a k e rb o f c 1 0 ,0m d iameter, 1 : P SAS 2 0 , 1 8 85-6 , 3 501 2 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( I NV 1 3 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nverness 3 ) 5 : 7 B OGTON M ILL N J 2 74608 G ramp ian ( M oray) B ; H /P RSC? ( o r P CC) / P / C : C o les 1 9 05-6 ; U /c 2 5-30 / 2 / I D D : 1 ; 1 , 75 / 2 ; 1 , 50 E : I D F : ( 1 ,60) / ( 1 ,501,75) / I D /I D /I D G : g ranite / - / A l l t h at r e ma ins t o day a re 2 o rthostats s tand ing 1 5 ,0m a part a t d ivergent a ng les s u ggesting t h ey o n ce s tood o n ac i rcle , T here i s d o cumentation t h at a s tone c i rcle w as d e stroyed h e re i n 1 8 10 b ut n o f u rther d eta ils a re k nown , I t s l a rge d iameter s uggests i t c o u ld h ave b een a R e cumbent S tone C i rcle o r C lava C a irn , 1 : C o les 1 9 05-6 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( M oray 2 ) , 5 : 8 T HE B ROWLAND N J 3 ,64 , G rampian ( M oray ) B : N /P FP3 / A / C : C o les 1 9 06-7 ; U /c 3 ,0 ? /2 /4 ? D : 1 ; 1 , 55 / 2 ; 1 , 05 / 2 M E : 0/1 2 ; 2 , 1 /0 F : ( 1 ,30 ) /( 1 ,051,55) / ( 2 ,1) / ( 2 ,1) / I D G : g ranite / - / T h ese t w o s tones h ave a s ma ll s lab b etween t h em w h ich s tands 0 ,25m h igh , I m med iate ly t o t h e n o rth o f t h is i s ad i splaced s tone , T hese s tones s uggest t h is s ite i s aw re cked F our P o ster r a ther t h an a t w o s tone s etting , p resumably w ith t w o f u rther o rthostats t o t h e n o rth , o ne o f w h ich h as b e en m oved a nd t h e o ther r e moved , 1 : C o les 1 9 06-7 ( 1 5), 5 : 9 B RUAICH N H 4 994 14 H ighland ( I nverness) B : I/C /A / C : H enshall 1 9 63 ; G /2 1 ,7x22 ,0 / 9 ? /1 0 ? 0 : M/1 ; 0 ,40 / 2 ; 0 ,45 / 3 ; 1 , 00 / 4 ; 0 ,75 / 5 ; 1 , 20 / 6 ; 0 ,90 / 7 ; 1 , 15 / 8 ; 0 ,90 / 9 ; 0 ,75 E ; ( M 1; 6 ,8 ) /1 2 ; 7 ,0 / 2 -3 ; 7 ,0 / 3 -4 ; 7 ,9 / 4 -5 ; 7 ,5 / 5 -6 ; 4 , 4 /6 -7 ; 5 ,2 / 7 -8 ; 7 ,5 /8 -9 : 8 ,9 / ( 9 -M : 6 ,8) F : 0 ,85 / 0 ,401,20 . / 6 ,9 / 4 , 4-8 ,9 / 1 , 4% G : N D /I R C /G

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T h is C lava R ing cairn h as a n e xterna l k e rb o f c ontiguous s tones w ith a d iameter o f 1 3 ,5x 15 ,0m , T h is i s g raded , w ith t h ose t o t h e s outhwest r e aching 0 ,85m h igh , w h ile e lsewhere t h ey a re v i rtua lly f l ush w ith t h e p resent g round l e ve l , T wo o f t h eir t o ps a re c u pma rked , T he i n terior o f t h e s ite h as b een r e moved a nd a p ond d ug . T he o rthostats o f t h e s tone c i rcle a re 3 ,5-4 ,8m f rom t h e k e rb w ith t he g ap i n creasing t o t h e s outh-west , T hey a re a lso c r ude ly g raded t o t h e s outh-west , T he s tones t o t h e w est a re i n corporated i n aw a ll , T hose i n t h e e astern h a lf w e re o n ce a lso i n aw a ll a n d f ive v e rtically-set g rounders a re d i fficu lt t o d istingu ish f r om t r ue o rthostats , l e ad ing t o s ome u n certa inty o ver t h e o r iginal l a yout , 1 : S impson 1 8 64-6 2 : J o lly 1 8 8 1-2 3 : C h ilde 1 9 43-4 4 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I NV 1 4 ) 5 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nverness 4 ) 5 : 10 C ARN D ALEY N H 4 943 14 H igh land ( I nverness) B : I / C /A /U ; c 1900 C ; H enshall 1 9 63 : G /c 19 ,5 / 4 -5 / 9 10 D : 1 ; 5 /2 ; FB I ) /( 3 ; F ,FG?) / 4 ; 0 ,85 / 5 ; F1 , 00 / 4 -5M E : 1 2 ; 7 ,0 / ( 2 -3 ; 3 ,8) / 3 -4 ; 8 ,7) / 4 -5 ; 5 ,8 F : ( 0 ,90) / ( 0 ,851,00 ) / ( 6 ,4) / ( 5 ,8-7 ,0) / I D G : N D /I C T /I T h is C lava P assage G rave h as a n e x ternal k e rb o f l o w s tones , w ith 2 m assive b ou lders a t t h e s outhwestern e ntrance , s tand ing 0 ,45-0 ,75m h igh , w h ich p ro je ct s l ightly b e yond t he k e rb , T he p assage i s 4 ,25m l o ng , M u ch o f t h e c i rcu lar i n ne r s etting i s o bscured b y f ield c learance b ut m ust h ave h ad a d iameter o f a round 3 ,0m , T h e o uter k erb h as a d iameter o f c 1 1,7x 12 ,2m a nd i s f lattened a t t h e e ntrance , T here i s m u ch r e deposited c a irn m ateria l o utside t h e k e rb ( o r ar u ined p lat form) a nd t r aces o f t h e s tone c i rcle e x ist 4 ,25-2 ,50m f r om t h e f o rmer , t h e g ap b e com ing w ider o n t he e ntrance s ide , N o t e nough s urv ives t o a ssess g rad ing , T h e s ite w as e x cavated i n c 1 900 b y t h e I n verness S c ientific S o ciety b ut n o d eta ils h ave b een p ub lished , 1 : C h ilde 1 9 43-4 2 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( I NV 1 6 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nverness 5 ) 5 : 11 C ARN U RNAN N H 5 66523 H igh land ( R oss a nd C r omarty) 8 : I / C /A / C : H enshall 1 9 63 ; G /c 22 ,5 / 8 / 9 0 : 1 ; 1 , 00 / 2 ; F1 , 40 / 3 ; F1 , 00 / 4 ; F1 , 80 / 5 ; 1 , 80 / M / 6 ; 1 , 40 / 7 ; 1 , 40 / 8 ; F ,DI 1 , 00 E : 1 2 ; 7 ,0 / 2 -3 ; 7 ,2 / 3 -4 ; 9 ,5 / 4 -5 ; 9 ,3 / ( 5 -M ; 8 ,5 ) /( M -6 ; 8 ,5 ) /6 -7 ; 9 ,5 / ( 7 -8 ; 6 , 1) / 8 1; 6 , 1) F : 1 , 35 / 1 , 001,80 / 8 ,0 / R ? 6 , 1-9 ,5 / I D G : N D /I C T /I , G T h is C lava P assage G rave h as a n o uter c ontiguous k e rb o f 1 2 ,3x 13 ,0m d iameter , I t i s w ell p reserved , w i th t h e t a llest s tones t o t h e s outh , s tand ing 1 , 20 h igh , a nd t h e l o west t o t h e n o rth a t 0 , 40m , T he e ntrance p assage i s t o t h e SW a nd i s 4 ,5m l o ng , T he c entra l c hamber i s d e fined b y l o w o rthostats a nd i s c r ude ly o va l, m easu ring 3 ,5x4 ,3m , T he s tone c i rcle s tands 4 ,2-5 ,0m f r om t h e o uter k e rb , t h e g ap b e com ing s l ight ly w ider n ea r t h e e ntran ce , T he s tones a re g raded i n t h is d irection , 1 : B eaton 1 8 8 1-2 2 : C h ilde 1 9 43-4 3 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( R oss 1 3 ) 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( R oss 1 ) 5 : 12 C ORR IMONY N H 3 83303 H ighland ( I nverness) B : I/C /P R /E ; P iggott 1 9 52 C : P iggott 1 9 54-6 ; G /c 2 2 ,0x25 ,0? / 4 11 / c 1012 D : 1 ; c 1 ,60 / 2 ; c 1 ,60 / 6 -8M ( 3 ; R ? /4 ; R /5 ; R /6 ; R /7 ;R / 8 ; No r R ,FG / 9 ; No r R ,FG) / 1 0 ; c 1 ,60 / 1 ; c 1 ,60 E : 1 2 ; 6 ,2 / 0 / 1 0 11; 6 ,2 / 1 1; 7 ,8

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F : I D /( 1 ,50-2 ,15 ) /( 6 ,7) / ( 6 ,2-7 ,8 ) /I D G : N O /I C T ,IPL / I T h is C lava P assage G rave h as i t s p assage o r ientated t o t h e s outh-west , I t w as e xtens ively e x cavated i n 1 9 52 , T he c a irn h as a k e rb n ear i t s o uter e dge w ith a d iameter o f c 1 3 ,3x 14 ,6m , T h is h ad m o re m assive s tones n ear t h e p assage e ntran ce , Al a rge q uantity o f q uartz p ebb les w e re s t rewn a round t h e k e rb d u ring i t s c onstru ction , Ap lat form o f c a irn m a terial e xtends c 2 ,5m b eyond t h e k e rb , T h is w as c 0 ,6m h igh a nd m asked a l l b ut t h e t o p c 0 ,30m o f t h e k e rb , w h ich w as r e ta ined b y t h is p lat form r a ther t h an b e ing s et i n s toneholes i n t h e s ubso il, T he p assage i s c 7 ,5m l o ng a nd c 0 ,9m h igh a nd i t s o uter s tones p rotrude b eyond t h e k e rb , T he c a pstones w e re s t ill i n p la ce a t i t s i n ner e nd , T he c i rcu lar c h amber h as a d iameter o f c 3 ,5m a nd i t s v e rtica l s ide-slabs ( c l O m h igh ) h ave d rystone w a lling a nd c o rbelling a bove , o r ig ina lly r each ing a h e ight o f n ea rly 2 ,50m , A t t h e c e ntre , t he r o o f w as m issing b ut p robab ly o r ig ina lly c omprised a m assive c upmarked s lab , n o ted h ere i n t h e 1 9 th c entury , T he c h amber h ad b een e nte red i n t h e 1 9 th c entury b ut i t s f l oor r ema ined u nd isturbed ; m u ch o f t h e c h amber h ad b een f i lled w ith f i eld c learan ce , O n t h e f loor o f t h e c hambe r a nd p assage w as a l a yer o f b ou lders , w h ich r o se i n h e ight a t t h e o u ter e nd o f t h e p assage t o b lo ck i t c o mp letely , Ab one p in w as f ound j u st o utside t h e i n ta ct b lo cking , T he w ho le l a yer w as p robably l a id w hen t h e c h amber w as f i nally c losed , T h e f loor p roper o f t h e c hamber w as o f l a yered s and , a pparent ly r e newed a t i n terva ls , A t t h e c entre o f t h e c hamber w as a p avement o f s labs w ith a sso ciated c harcoa l, B e low t h is w as t h e s tain o f ac rou ched i n humation , w i th a s tain b y t he h ead f rom a n o b je ct w ith h igh p h osphate c ontent , Af u rther 6 + s ta ins , s pa ced r ound t he e dge o f t h e c hamber , h ad a l o w p h osphate c ontent , T he o ute r r i ng o f o rthostats ( w here o r ig inal - 4 s tones) w as p la ced c 4 ,3-6 ,0m o utside t h e k e rb , T he o r ig ina l f o rm i s u n certa in , m ost o f t h e r ing i s am ode rn r e constru ct ion a nd o n ly k eyhole e x cavations w e re c a rried o ut , h en ce f u rthe r o r ig ina l s toneholes m ay a wa it d i scovery , H owever , t h e s pacing o f t h e k nown o r ig ina l s tones s uggests a s im ilar n umber o n ce e x isted t o t h ose n ow r e constru cted , T wo ' s tones ' ( 8 ,9 ) t o t h e n o rthwest o f t h e p a ssage w ere f o und t o e a ch c o mprise 2 -3 s ma ll s labs p la ced t o gether , ' r estored ' p r ior t o 1 8 82 , P resumab ly t h e o r ig ina l s tones h ad b een b roken u p a nd t h e u n known r e sto rer c o lle cted t h e ir p ieces , o r o the r s tones f r om t h e v i cin ity , H ensha ll s uggests t h ey a re t h e l i nte ls f r om t he o uter p o rtion o f t h e p assage , T he f our s tones t o t h e s outheast o f t h e p assage ( 4 -7) w ere r e -erected a fter 1 8 82 , T hey a re s hown f a llen o n t h e 1 8 82 p lan , a nd i f t h is i s t o b e t rusted , s ome r e arrangement o f p osition h as t a ken p la ce , a s 2s tones l a y c lose t o gether a t t h is d ate , Ar e lative ly m ode rn b an k c rosses t h is p o rtion o f t h e s ite a nd t h ree o f t h e s tones m ay h ave b een m oved a nd i n corporated i n t h is p r ior t o r e storation , T he f o u rth s tone a p pears t o b e s hown , p a rt-bu ried , l y ing s omewhere n ear t h e p resent p osition o f s tone 7 , Af i fth s tone ( 3 ) m ay a lso h ave b een r e -erected a t t h is d ate , P iggott f o und n o t r a ce o f p a cking i n i t s s toneho le , w h ile t h e f our s tones w h ich a re c learly g enu ine a l l h ad p a cking s tones , T he g ap b etween s tones 2 a nd 3 i s w ider t h an o thers i n t h e p resent a r rangement a nd t h is p rompted P iggott t o s earch f o r as toneho le h ere , T h is d id n o t e x ist , b u t a n i r regu lar s t retch o f c obbling o f u n known d ate w as f o und , I f s tone 3 i s n o t i n i t s o r ig inal p osition t hen t h is d iscrepan cy i n s tone s pa cing m ay b e s purious , a s t h e o r ig ina l s t onehole f o r 3c ou ld b e j u st b eyond t h e e x cavated a rea , T he o r ig ina l s tones a re a l l 1 , 501 , 65m h igh a nd t h e o thers a re o f s im ilar , o r g reater h e ight , S tone 5 i s 2 , 15m t a ll, 1 : M itchell 1 8 72-4 2 : J o lly 1 8 8 1-2 3 : C h ilde 1 9 43-4 4 : P iggott 1 9 54-6 5 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I NV 1 7 ) 6 : B url 1 9 76 ( I nverness 7 ) N H 6 82332 5 : 13 C ROFTCROY B : I /C / P O /C : H enshall 1 9 63 ; U /c 19 ,0 / 1 / I D D : 0/1 ; F ,DI 2 ,00 / 0 E : I D F : I D /( 2 ,00-3 ,00) / I D /I D /I D

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H igh land ( I nverness)

G : N D /I C T /I , G? T he e xterna l k e rb o f t h is C lava P assage G rave h as a d iameter o f c 10 ,0m a nd t h e c o nt iguous o r thostats s tand b etween 0 ,6 a nd 1 , 0m h igh , T he p assage i s o r ientated t o t he SW a n d t he s i te i s u nusua l i n t h at t h e i n ternal f e atures a re b u ilt o f s mall s tones , w h ich d e fine a n a rrow e longated c h amber r a ther t h an a c i rcu lar o ne , I n t h e 1 9 th c e ntury 3 l a rge r e cumbent s labs o f t h e o uter s tone c i rcle r e ma ined , H owever , t h e t w o w h ich f lanked t h e p assage h ave n o w b e en r emoved , t hey w ou ld h ave o r iginally s tood j u st o ver 3 ,0m h igh , T hese l a rge s labs s uggest t he c i rcle w as o n ce g r aded i n t h is d i re ction , T he t h ird s lab h as b een m oved n earer t h e k e rb s ince f i rst r e corded , 1 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 3 ) 2 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( I NV 1 8 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nverness 8 )

4 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 8 7/17 , F a rr P ,O ,)

5 : 14 C ULBURNIE N H 4 9 14 18 H ighland ( Inverness) B : I /C /G /C : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ; G /2 0 ,5x22 ,0 / 8 / 9 D : 1 ; 0 ,85 / 2 ; 0 ,90 / M / 3 ; 1 , 30 / 4 ; 1 , 50 / 5 ; 2 , 15 / 6 ; 1 , 15 / 7 ; 1 , 30 / 8 ; ( S ?) 1 , 05 E : 1 2 ; 5 ,7 / ( 2 -M ; 6 ,8) / M -3 ; 6 ,8) / 3 -4 ; 7 ,5 / 4 -5 ; 8 ,3 / 5 -6 ; 8 ,7 / 6 -7 ; 8 ,5 / 7 -8 ; 7 ,5 / 8 1; 5 ,7 F : 1 , 25 / 0 ,85-2 ,15 / 7 , 4 /R 5 ,7-8 ,7 / 6 ,8% G : N O /I R C /G T h is w e ll p reserved C lava R ingcairn h as a n e xternal g raded k e rb o f c ontiguous b o u lders w i th a d iameter o f 1 2 ,5x 14 ,0m , T hese s tand 1 , 2m h igh t o t h e s outh/southwest a nd o n ly 0 ,30 ,6m h igh t o t h e n o rth , A m odern w a ll o verlays t h e k e rb o n t h e s outhwest s i de , T he r i ngcairn s tands 1 , 5m h igh a nd i t s i n terna l k e rb h as a d iameter o f 5 ,5x5 ,0m , T h is a g a in i s g raded , w i th t h e t a llest s tones t o t h e s outh-west s tand ing 0 ,85m h igh , w h ile t h ose t o t he n o rth a re o n ly 0 ,30m , T he s tone c i rcle s tands 3 , 1-4 ,5m f rom t h e e xterna l k e rb a nd i s g raded t o t he s outhwest , t h e s pa cing i s w idest i n t h is d i rection , T he c u pmarks s a id t o e x ist o n s e veral o f t h e s tones a re m o re l i kely t o b e n a tu ra l w eathering , 1 : J o lly 1 8 8 1-2 2 : C h ilde 1 9 43-4 3 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( I NV 1 9 ) 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nverness 9 ) 5 : 15 C ULCHUNA IG N H 7 42442 H ighland ( I nverness ) B : I / C /P O /C : N /c 30 ,0 / 1 / I D D : 0/1 ; 1 , 80 / 0 E : I D F : I D /( ? 1 ,80) / I D /I D /I D G : N D /I C A /I D T h is d enuded C lava C a irn c omprises a 1 8 ,0-2 1,0m m ound w i th 2 m assive s tones t o t h e s outh , w h ich a ppear t o b e t h e l a st v estiges o f ak e rb , s tand ing 1 , 30 a nd 1 , 50m h igh , 6 ,0m b eyond t h e m ound t o t h e s outhwest i s as ing le s urvivor o f t h e o u te r s tone c i rcle , T he c o nd ition o f t h e s ite h a s n o t c h anged s in ce f i rst r e corded b y t h e O r dnan ce S u rvey i n 1 8 7 1, 1 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 1 5) 2 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( I NV 2 0 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nverness 1 0 ) 5 : 16 C ULDO ICH N H 7 5 1437 B : I / C /P O /I ; P iggott 1 9 53 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 3 1,5 / 1 / I D D : 0/1 ; 3 ,65 / 0 E : I D F : I D /I D /I D /I D /I D G : N D /I R C /G ?

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H igh land ( Inverness)

T h is C lava R ing ca irn h a s a n e xterna l k e rb o f c ontiguous s tones w ith a d iameter o f c 18 ,3m , I t i s g raded t o t h e s outhwest w here t h e s tones a re 0 ,85m h igh , t o t h e n o rtheast t h ey a re 0 ,30m h igh , 1 2 o f t h e s tones a re c u pmarked , T h is k e rb h as b een r o bbed t o t h e s outh b y a g ravel p i t , T he i n ternal k e rb i s a lso c ontiguous a nd e x cavation s howed t h e s tones o r ig inally s t ood 1 , 50m h igh , O ver h a lf o f t h e c entra l a rea w as e x cavated i n 1 9 53 , T h is s howed t h e i n terior w a s l i ke ly t o h ave b een d etu rfed a nd t h en c h arcoa l a nd t w o h uman c r emations s cattered n ear t h e c entre , F u rther f r agments o f c remated b one w e re f ound o ver t h e w hole i n terior , c on centrating n ear i t s o uter e dge , O n ly o ne c u pmarked o rthostat r e ma ins o f t h e o uter s tone c i rcle , T h is s tands t o t h e s outhwest a n d i s 6 ,8m o utside t h e k e rb , I t i s l i kely t he s ite w as g raded a nd t h is w as t h e t a llest s t one , 1 : J o lly 1 8 8 1-2 2 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 7 ) 3 : P iggott 1 9 54-5 4 : L isowski 1 9 55-6 5 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I NV 2 1 ) 6 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nve rness 1 ) 7 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 8 7/2 , M i ltown o f C lava) 5 : 17 C ULLEARN IE N H 7 25476 H igh land ( I nverness) 8 : I / C /P O / C : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ; G c 2 0 ,0 / 2 / I D ( c 1012) D : 0/1 ; 1 , 35 / 2 ; F1 , 00 / 0 E : 0/1 2 ; 5 , 7 /0 F : ( 1 ,20) / ( 1 ,001,35 ) /( 5 ,7) / I D /I D G : N D /I C A /G ? T h is C lava C a irn h as a d amaged o uter k e rb o f c 10 ,0x 12 ,0m d iameter , a nd c omprises c ontiguous s labs w h ich s tand 0 ,70-0 ,85m h igh , N o i n ternal k e rb i s v i sib le t o day b ut a n a c count o f 1 8 24 n o tes t r aces , w ith a d iameter o f 7 -8 p a ces ( c 5 ,5m), w h ich s uggests t h e s ite w as a r i ng ca irn r a ther t h an a p assage g rave , T oday o n ly 2 s tones o f t h e s tone c i rcle s urvive , l y ing c 4 ,5m f r om t h e k e rb t o t h e n o rtheast , T he o ne r e main ing u pright i s l i n ked t o t h e c a irn b y a l i ne o f b oulders s uggesting a w a ll o n ce r a n h e re w h ich m ay e xp lain w hy t h is s tone h as s u rv ived , I n 1 8 24 , 1 5 s tones w e re n o ted , H owever, a n a c company ing s ketch i l lustrates t hat s ome w e re d ispla ced a nd t he o r ig ina l t o ta l i s l i ke ly t o h ave b een l o wer , T he t w o s u rviv ing s tones w e re l a rger t h an t he o thers , w ith t h e e x ception o f 2f a llen s tones t o t h e s outhwest w h ich w e re b y f a r t h e l a rgest o n t h e s ite , 1 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 3 3 , C u lloden T i le W o rks) 2 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( I NV 2 3 ) 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( I nverness 1 2 ) 5 : 18 D ALCROSS M A INS N H 79484 H igh land ( I nverness) 8 : I/C /P O /C : H enshall 1 9 63 ; G /c 2 2 ,0 / 2 / I D ( c 910?) D : 0/1 ; ( 5 ?) 1 , 20 / 2 ; F1 , 00 / 0 E : 0/1 2 ; 7 , 2 /0 F : ( 1 ,10 ) /( 1 ,001,20 ) /( 7 ,2) / I D /I D G : N D /I C T /I , G ? T h is C lava P a ssage G rave h as a n o uter k e rb o f c ontiguous s tones w ith a d iameter o f 1 2 ,5m , T he s tones a re g raded , t h e l a rgest a t t h e s outhwestern e ntran ce s tand ing 0 ,85m h igh , w h ile t o t he n o rtheast t h ey a r e m u ch s ma ller , T he p assage i s c 4 ,0m l o ng a nd t h e r u ined c i rcular c h amber h as a d iameter o f c 4 ,0m , T he o ne r e ma in ing u p right o f t h e s tone c i rcle s tands c 4 ,8m f r om t h e o uter k e rb t o t h e s outh , 1 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 3 6) 2 : P iggott 1 9 56 3 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I NV 2 6 ) 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nverness 1 3 ) 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 6 7/6 , C astle D a lcross)

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5 : 19 D AVIOT N H 7 274 11 H igh land ( I nverness) B : I /C / P O /U ; c 1820 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G c 28 ,5 / 2 / I D ( ( 1012?) D : 0/1 ; 1 , 30 / 2 ; 2 ,50 / 0 E : 0/1 2 ; 8 ,0 / 0 F : ( 1 ,9) / ( 1 ,30-2 ,50 ) /( 8 ,0 ) /I D /I D G : N O /I R C /G ? T h is C lava R ing ca irn h as a n o uter k e rb o f c ontiguous s tones w ith a d iameter o f 1 9 ,7x20 ,3m , T h ree t a ll s tones t o t he s outhwest , a re u p t o 1 , 2m t a ll , t h e o thers a re m u ch s ma ller , T he i n te rna l k e rb c omprises s ma ll s tones j u st v isible a bove t h e l o w r e mains o f t he m ound , T h is h as a d iameter o f c 5 ,3x5 ,8m a nd i s o f fset f r om t h e s ite c entre b y c l‚ 0 m , O n ly 2 s tones s u rvive o f t h e s tone c i rcle , t h ese l i e t o t h e s outh a nd a re 6 ,8-6 ,3m f r om t h e o uter k e rb , T he s ite i s s a id t o h ave b een e x cavated i n c 1 820 w hen a c i st c onta in ing a s ku ll a nd o ther r emains w e re f o und , 1 : P SAS 1 6 , 1 8 8 1-2 , 2 93 , 2 : F rase r 1 8 83-4 ( 6 ) 3 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I NV 2 8) 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nverness 1 4 ) 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 6 7/5 ) 5 :20 D ELFOUR N H 8 44085 H igh land ( I nverness) B : I / C /P O /C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 28 ,5 / 1 / I D D : 0/1 ; 2 ,90 / 0 E : I D F : I D /I D /I D /I D /I D G : N D /I R C /G T h is C lava R ing ca irn h as a w e ll p reserved o uter k e rb o f c o nt iguous s tones w ith a d iameter o f 1 4 ,2x 14 ,7m , T hey a re g raded , w ith t h e t a llest s tones t o t h e s outhwest s tand ing 1 , 30m h igh , T he m ound m aterial c ontinues f o r 1 2m b eyond t h e k e rb , T he i n ner k erb o f 7 ,2m d iameter , c o mprises s ma ller c ontiguous s tones , a ga in g raded , a nd s tand ing 0 ,90m h igh t o t h e s outhwest a nd 0 ,45m t o t h e n o rth , O n ly a s ingle u p right t o t h e s outhwest r ema ins o f t h e s tone c i rcle , t h is s tands 7 ,0m f r om t h e k e rb , As e cond s lab ( 2 ,45m l o ng ) , n ea r t h e k e rb t o t h e w est , m ay h ave b een m oved f r om t h e c i rcle , 1 : C a sh 1 9 05-6 2 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I NV 2 9 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nverness 1 5 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 8 7/ 10 E aster D e lfour), 5 :2 1 D OUNE O F D ALMORE N J 1 8 5308 G ramp ian ( B an ff) B : I / C? ( o r R SC?/SP?) / A / C : C o les 1 9 06-7 ; U /c 15 ,5 / 7 -8 / 9 11 D : 2 -3M / 1 ; 1 , 55 / 2 ; F1 , 90 / 3 ; L1 , 40 / ( 4 ; F , s mall o r p a rt o f 5 ) /5 ; F ,BU - / 6 ; F ,DI ,BU ( 1 ,5+) / 7 ; F ,B ( 1 ,5+) / 1 2M / 8 ; 1 , 40 E : 0/1 2 ; 4 ,3 / 2 -3 ; 4 ,2 / 0 F : 1 , 55 / 1 , 401,90 / ( 4 ,25) / ( 4 ,2-4 ,3) / I D G : w h instone / I P L? I R C? / T h is s ite c omprises a s tone c i rcle w h ich a ppears t o b e s et o n t h e o uter e dge o f al o w , f l at-topped p lat form , W ithin t h is , s urrounding t h e c entre , i s ac rudely c i rcular s e tting o f 6l o w s tones , p rotrud ing c 0 ,20m f r om t h e m ound , w ith a d iameter o f c 6 ,0m , A t l e ast 4 s tones a re m issing f rom t h e s etting i n i t s s outhern h a lf ( e x cavation m ay s how i t i s c o ntiguous) , W ithin t h is s etting a re 4 l o w s tones s tand ing 0 , 15-0 ,25m h igh a nd s e t i n a r e ctangle m easu ring 1 , 3x 1,5m , T h is s i te i s d i fficult t o c l assify w ith c e rtainty , i f t he p latform i s r e a l, t h is s uggests t h e s ite m ay b e aR e cumbent S tone C i rcle w ith a n i n ner r i ngcairn , H owever , i t i s p e rhaps m o re l i ke ly t he p latform h as b een c reated b y s ubsequent p loughing r o und t h e s ite , I f s o , t h e s ite m ay b e aC lava C a irn w ith i n ternal r ing ca irn o r

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p assage g rave , T here a r e o ther C lava C a irns i n t h e v i cin ity , A ga inst e ither i n terpretation i s t he f a ct t h at t h e o r thostats d o n o t a ppear t o b e g raded , 1 : C o les 1 9 06-7 ( 6 ) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( B an ff 2 ) 5 :22 D RU IDTEMPLE N H 6 85420 H ighland ( I nverness) B : 1 / C /G /U ; 1882 , I : P iggott 1 9 52 , C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (OD ) /c 22 ,5x2 1,0 / 1 0 /1 0 13 D : 1 ; L1 , 35 / 2 ; 1 , 35 / 3 ; F1 , 40 / 4 ; F1 , 40 / 5 ; 1 , 35 / M ? /6 ; 2 ,75 / M ? /7 ; F1 , 50 / 8 ; 1 , 35 / 9 ; 1 , 35 / 1 0 ; 1 , 35 / M ? E : 1 2 ; 5 ,5 / 2 -3 ; 5 ,3 / 3 -4 ; 8 ,4 / 4 -5 ; 5 ,2 / ( 5 -M ; 6 ,0 ) /( M -6 ; 6 ,0) / ( 6 -M ; 4 ,9) / ( M -7 ; 4 ,9 ) /7 -8 ; 5 ,6 / 8 -9 ; 5 ,6 / 9 10 ; 6 ,7 / ( 1 0-M ; 4 ,5) / ( M 1; 4 ,5) F : 1 , 50 / 1 , 35-2 ,75 / ( 5 ,6) / ( 5 ,2-6 ,7 ) /c 6 ,7% G : N D /I C T /I , G? T h is C lava P assage G rave h as a w e ll p rese rved , c ont iguous k e rb w ith a d iameter o f 1 2 ,6x 13 ,8m , T he s tones a t t h e e ntrance a re u p t o 1 , 2m h igh , w h ile t h ose t o t h e n o rth a re o n ly a l i ttle s ma ller , T he s outhfa cing p assage a nd i n ne r c hamber a re s omewhat r u ined , t h e f o rmer w as c 6 ,0m l o ng a nd t h e l a tter h ad a d iamete r o f c 4 ,0m , T he c hamber i n terio r w as e x cavated i n 1 9 52 b ut h ad b een p rev iously d isturbed , W h ite q ua rtz p ebbles w e re c ommon a nd af e w s craps o f c r emated b one w ere f o und , Ac i st i s s a id t o h ave b een f ound s omewhere i n t h e c entra l a rea i n c 1 882 , T he s tone c i rcle s tands 4 ,0-6 ,0m f r om t h e o uter k erb , t h e w idest g ap o n t h e e ntran ce s ide , I t h a s o ne t a lle r s tone f lan king t h e w estern s ide o f t h e p assage , w hile t h e o thers a re o f r e lative ly e qua l h e ight , F ive s ma ll r e cumbent s tones h ave b een a dded t o t h e c i rcle t o t h e n o rtheast , A lthough t h e l a rge g ap b etween t h e s outhern s tones i s w ide e nough f o r a m issing s tone t h is w ou ld h ave s tood i n a l ignment w ith t h e e n trance p assage w h ich i s n ot u sua l a nd t h us c o uld s uggest a s tone n ever s tood h e re , 1 : J o lly 1 8 8 1-2 2 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 3 0 ) 3 : P iggott 1 9 54-5 4 : L isowski 1 9 5S-6 5 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I NV 3 0 ) 6 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nverness 1 6 ) 7 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 8 7/ 18) , 5 :23 E D INKILL IE N J 0 484 14 G rampian ( M oray) 8 : A /P F 1 /P /C : N/c 58 ,0 / 4 / c 9 10 ? D : I D : n o rth p o int u n known 1 ; - /c 2 -3M / 2 ; - /3 ; - /4 ; /c 3M , E : I D : 0 /2 -3 ; c 19 ,O / 3 -4 ; c 19 ,0 / 0 F : I D /I D /I D ( c 19 ,0 ) /I D /I D G : N O / /T h is l a rge s i te h as f e w p ub lished d eta ils b ut i s s o l a rge i t i s u n likely t o b e aC lava C a irn o r R e cumbent S tone C i rcle , 1 : K e iller 1 9 72 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( M oray 5 ) 5 :24 G ASK N H 6 79358 H igh land ( I nverness) B : 1 / C / A /C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 3 6 ,5x35 ,5 / 8 / 1 D : 1 ; 0 ,90 / 2 ; L1 , 20 / 3 ; 1 , 50 / 4 ; F1 , 50 / 5 ; F1 , 40 / 6 ; F1 , 50 / 7 ; 3 ,36 / M / 8 ; F1 , 40 / 2 M E : 1 2 ; 7 ,9 / 2 -3 ; 1 0 ,8 / 3 -4 ; 1 0 ,8 / 4 -5 ; 1 0 ,6 / 5 -6 ; 1 2 ,5 / 6 7 ; 1 2 ,3 / ( 7 -M ; 1 0 ,6) / ( M -8 ; 1 0 ,6 ) /0 F : 1 , 60 / 0 ,90-3 ,35 / 1 0 ,8 / R ? 7 ,912 ,5 / I D G : N D /I R C /G T h is C lava R ing cairn h a s a n e xterna l k erb o f c ontiguous s tones w ith a d iameter o f 2 5 ,6x26 ,4m , T hese a re g raded t o t h e s outhwest , t h e h ighest b e ing 1 , 40m , T he i n terna l k e rb i s r u ined b ut a ppears t o h ave h ad a d iameter o f 1 12m ,

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T he s tone c i rcle i s 4 ,6-5 ,9m f r om t he e xterna l k e rb w i th t h e w idest s pa ce t o t h e s outhwest , T he s tones a re a lso g raded i n t h is d i rection w ith o ne p a rticu larly m a ss ive s tone h e re , T he s pa cing b etween s tones a lso i n creases t o t h e s outhwest , A1 , 8m l o ng s l ab a ga inst t h e n o rthern q uad rant o f t h e k e rb i s c u pmarked a nd m a y b e ad isp la ced o rthostat , 1 : J o lly 1 8 8 1-2 2 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 4 ) 3 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I NV 3 2 ) 4 : B url 1 9 76 ( I nverness 1 7 ) 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( B 7/ 15) 5 :25 G RENISH N H 9 07 154 B : I / C / PD / I ; c 18001850 C : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ; U /c 32 ,0 / 3 / 1 0 11

H igh land ( I nverness)

0 : 2 M /P / P/ P/ P/ 1 ;F 2 ,10 / 2 ; F1,60 / 3 ; F ,FR / 1 2M E : 0 /P -P ; 8 ,0 / P -P ; 9 ,0 / P -P ; 1 2 ,5 / P 1; 8 ,0 / 1 2 ; 1 ,5 / 2 -3 ; 1 0 ,0 / 0 F : ( 1 ,80) / ( 1 ,60-2 ,10) / 9 ,8 / 8 ,012 ,5 / I D G : N D /I R C /G T h is C lava R ing ca irn h as a n e xterna l k erb o f c ontiguous s tones w ith a d iamete r o f 1 8 ,4x 18 ,9m , I t i s i r regu larly g raded , t h e h ighest s tone i s t o t h e s outhwest ( a t 1 , 05m) , w h ile t o t h e n o rth t h e k e rbstones a re o n ly 0 ,3m t a ll , T he i n ner k erb , o f c 7 ,7m d iameter, a ga in h as t a ller s tones t o t h e s outhwest ( 0 ,90m h igh ) , M u ch o f t h e c a irn m aterial r e ma ins b etween t h e t w o k e rbs a nd t h ere i s as l ight o uter b an k , T he e a rliest a c count o f t h e s i te n o tes 2 ' c hambers ' a nd 2 ' c ists ' f o und a t ' v arious t i mes b e tween t h e 2k e rbs , T he r u ined s tone c i rcle i s c 8 ,0m f r om t h e k e rb , F our p i ts i n t h e p eat i n d icate w h ere s tones w ere r e moved p r ior t o 1 8 50 , 1 : M itche ll 1 8 72-4 2 : C ash 1 9 05-6 3 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( I NV 3 4 ) 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nverness 1 8 ) 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 8 7/ 13 , L o ch n an C a rra igean) 5 :26 I N NESM ILL N J 2 8964 1 G rampian ( M oray) B : H /R SC? ( o r F ) /P / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 33 ,8 / 5 / c 1 2 + R 0 : 2 M /1 ; 1 , 05 / 2 ; 1 , 00 / 3 ; 1 , 65 / 4 ; 1 , 80 / 2 M /5 ; 1 , 45 / 3 M E : 0/1 2 ; 8 , 1 /2 -3 ; 8 ,9 / 3 -4 ; 9 , 1 /0 F : 1 , 40 / 1 , 001,80 / ( 8 ,7) / ( 8 ,1-9 ,1) / I D G : g ranite / / G T h is s tone c i rcle i s t o o r u ined t o c lassify w ith c e rta inty , I t m ay b e ap lain f r eestand ing r i ng , b ut i t s d iameter a nd g rad ing t o t h e s outh/southwest s uggest i t i s ar obbed R e cumbent S tone C i rcle w h ich h as h ad i t s i n terna l f e atures r e moved o r p loughed o ut , T he e a rliest a c count m entions 9 t a ll s tones , 2o f t h em ' a t t h e e ntran ce t o t h e a ltar ' w h ich c o uld s uggest t h ey w e re f l an kers , F ive i n -s itu o rthostats r e ma in , a nd 2 f u rther d ispla ced s t ones l i e b y af e n ce w ithin t h e s ite , w h ich a re 1 , 90 a nd 1 , 15m l o ng , T hese m ay b e 2o f t h e 4 w h ich w ent m i ssing i n t h e e a rly 1 9 th c entury , T he w esternmost s tone h as s everal s mall c u pmarks , O ne a uthor s tated t h at m any ' f lint a r rowheads ' h ad f o rmerly b een f ound i n a nd a round t h e s i te , I n c ontrast , i n t h e N SA i t w as n o ted t h at d igg ing w ithin t h e s i te h ad b een w ithout r e su lt , 1 : M o rrison 1 8 70-2 2 : C o les 1 9 05-6 ( 2 2 , T he D e il 's S tanes , T he N ine S tanes) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( M o ray 6 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 8 5/ 1 U rquhart) , 5 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 1 ) 6 : R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 85 5 ;27 K INCHYLE O F D ORES N H 6 2 1388 H igh land ( I nverness) 8 ; I / C /A / I ; P iggott 1 9 52 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; 6 (00 ) /c 20 ,8x2 1,2 / 8 / 9 0 : M/1 ; 1 , 15 / 2 ; F1 , 20 / 3 ; F0 ,70 / 4 ; 1 , 30 / 5 ; 1 , 75 / 6 ; 1 , 35 / 7 ; 1 , 30 / 8 ; F1 , 00 E : ( M 1; 5 ,9) / 1 2 ; 5 ,3 / 2 -3 ; 6 ,5 / 3 -4 ; 8 ,4 / 4 -5 ; 8 , 1 /5 -6 ; 7 ,6 / 6 -7 ; 8 ,4 / 7 8 ; 9 ,0 /( 8 -M ; 5 ,9 ) F : 1 , 20 / 0 ,701,75 / 7 ,6 / R 5 ,3-9 ,0 / c 1 ,9% G : N D /I C T /I , G

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T h is C lava P a ssage G rave h as a n e xterna l k e rb o f c ontiguous s tones w ith a d iameter o f 9 ,3x9 ,7m , T h ese a re g raded t o t h e e ntran ce , t h e t a llest s tones s tand ing 1 , 05m h igh , w h ile t o t h e e ast t h ey a re o n ly 0 ,45m h igh , T he SW e ntran ce p assage i s 3 ,0m l o ng a nd t h e r u ined c i rcular c h ambe r h as a d iameter o f c 3 ,5m , T he c entral c hamber w as e x cavated i n 1 9 52 , A s ma ll p it w a s f o und c u t i n to t h e s ubsoil w h ich c onta ined d a rk s o il, N ear t h is w as a s cattered h uman c r emation , T he s tone c i rcle i s 5 ,6-5 ,9m b eyond t h e e xterna l k e rb , a nd t h e o rthostats a re c rude ly g raded t o t h e e ntran ce w ith o ne n ot iceably t a ller s tone f l an king i t s w estern s ide , I n t he e a rly 1 9 th c e ntury t h e m issing n inth o rthostat w as s t ill o n s i te , 1 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 2 7) 2 : P iggott 1 9 54-5 3 : L isowski 1 9 55-6 4 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( I NV 3 7 ) 5 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nverness 1 9 ) 6 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( B 7/ 19 , R iver N ess), 5 :28 L EANACH N H 7 43444 H igh land ( I nverness) B : I /C /P /C : N /c 29 ,3 / 3 / I D ( c 1012?) D : c4 M /1 ; 2 ,05 / M / 2 ; S /2 M /3 ; L1 , 35 / M E : 0/( 1 -M ; 8 , 1) / ( M -2 ; 8 , 1) / 0 F : ( 1 ,70) / ( 1 ,35-2 ,05) / ( 8 ,1) / I D /I D G : N D / /A l l t hat r e ma ins o f t h is s ite a re 3 t a ll o rthostats , T hey m ay w e ll h ave s urrounded a C lava C a irn , 1 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 1 6) 2 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I NV 3 9 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nverness 2 0 ) , 5 :29 L ITTLE U R CHANY N H 8 66485 H igh land ( N a irn) B : I/C /P O /C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 2 0 ,8 / 3 / I D ( c 911?) D : c 6M / 1 ; 1 , 50 / 2 ; 1 , 20 / 3 ; 1 , 30 / M E : 0/1 2 ; 6 ,8 / 2 -3 ; 6 ,9 / 0 F : ( 1 ,30) / ( 1 ,201,50 ) /( 6 ,8 ) /( 6 ,8-6 ,9 ) /I D G : N D /I C A /G ? T h is r u ined C lava C a irn h ai a k e rb o f c o ntiguous o rthostats w ith a d iameter o f c 1 1,3m , T hese a re p a rtia lly b u ried b y c a irn m ateria l, b ut i n crease i n v isib le h e ight t o 0 ,55m i n t h e s outhwest , T oday t h ere a re n o v isib le t r aces o f a n i n terna l s etting w ithin t h e c a irn , T he s t one c i rcle i s 4 ,6-4 ,9m b eyond t h e k erb a nd a ppears t o b e g raded t o t h e s outhwest , T wo m o re o rthostats ( 1 u p right , 1f a llen ) w e re n oted i n t he l a te 1 9 th c entury w h ich h ave n ow g one , o ne w a s a pparently c upmarked , 1 : J o lly 1 8 8 1-2 2 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 2 1) 3 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( N a irn 5 ) 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( N a irn 2 ) 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( B 6/ 1) 5 :30 L OWER L AGMORE N J 1 8 0359 G rampian ( B an ff) B : I / C?(or R S C?) / P / C : C o les 1 9 06-7 ; U/c 2 0 ,0 / 5 / 1 2 15 D : M/1 ; F ,BU ( 1 ,6+) / 2 3M / 2 ; F2 ,40 / 2 -3M / 3 , 1 , 85 / 2 -3M / 4 ; 1 , 15 / 5 ; 1 , 20 E : 0 /4 -5 ; 3 ,8 / 0 F : ( 1 ,65) / ( 1 ,15-2 ,40) / ( 3 ,8 ) /I D /I D G : s ch ist / I P L /G T h e s tones o f t h is r u ined s ite a re s et o n t h e e dge o f al o w , f l at-topped p latform w ith a s l ight c entral h o llow , T h is c ou ld b e t a ken t o s uggest a R e cumbent S tone C i rcle , H owever , a s im ilar s ite n e arby ( U ppe r L agmore ) h a s t r aces o f a n i n terna l C lava P assage G rave , w h ich s uggests L owe r L agmore m ay a lso b e o f C lava t y pe , a nd t h at t h e p latform i s d ue t o p loughing r o und t h e s ite , T he s tones a ppear t o b e g raded t o t h e s outh , T he n o rth-eastern s t one i s c upmarked , 1 : C o les 1 9 06-7 ( 7 ) 2 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( p ,390 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( B an ff 6 )

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5 :3 1 M AR IONBURGH N J 1 8 3364 G ramp ian ( B an ff) 8 : I / C? ( o r R SC?) / A / C : C o les 1 9 06-7 ; U /c 2 0 ,0x22 ,7? / 8 -9 / 1 0 11 D : M/1 ; 1 , 00 / M / 2 ; F1 , 00 / 3 ; F2 ,30 / 4 ; 2 ,75 / 5 ; F2 , 10 / 6 ; F1 , 2 /7 ; 1 , 20 / 8 ; 1 , 20 E : ( M 1; 6 ,7) / 1 M ; 5 ,6) / ( M -2 ; 5 ,6) / 2 -3 ; 8 ,2 / 3 -4 ; 6 ,8 / 4 -5 ; 8 ,0 / 5 -6 ; 6 ,8 / 6 -7 ; 6 ,4 / 7 -8 ; 5 ,7 / ( 8 -M ; 8 ,7) F ; 1 , 60 / 1 , 00-2 ,75 / 7 ,0 / R ? 5 ,7-8 ,2 / I D G ; w h instone , s chist / I R C /G T h is s ite h as a n i n terna l r i ng cairn w h ich i s 0 ,6m h igh , w i th a d iameter o f c 1 3 ,5m , I t s u rrounds a h o llow c entre w ith a d iameter o f c 5 ,0m , T here i s l i ttle t r a ce o f k e rbs , T he s tone c i rcle i s g raded t o t h e s outhwest/south , A l o w o r thostat ( 0 ,70m h igh ) as h ort d istan ce o utside t h e r ing t o t he s outheast c ou ld b e p a rt o f t h e r i ng i f t h e f a llen o r thostats h e re h ave b een d ispla ced , T he s ite i s d i fficu lt t o c lassify w ith c e rta inty , l t h a s b een s uggested t o b e aC lava R ing ca irn , H owever , t h e p o ssib ility o f aR e cumbent S t one C i rcle i s s uggested b y t h e l a ck o f m assive i n terna l k erbs , 1 : C o les 1 9 06-7 ( 1 0) 2 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( B an ff 3 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( B an ff 7 ) 5 :32 M IDLA IRGS N H 7 14368 H igh land ( I nverness) B : I /C /P / C : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ; U /c 1 4 ,5 / 3 -5 / 9 11 D : 2 -3M / 1 ; 0 ,90 / M / 2 ; S ? /1 2 M /3 ; 0 ,85 / 4 ; 1 , 20 / 5 ; S ? E : 0 /3 -4 ; 5 ,5 / 0 F : ( 1 ,00) / ( 0 ,851,20) / ( 5 ,5) / I D /I D G : N D /I C A /I D T h is C lava C a irn h as h ad i t s i n terior w recked , T here a re t r a ces o f ac o ntiguous o ute r k e rb o f c 9 ,0m d iameter a nd a p ossible i n ner o ne ( o r c h amber) o f c 4 ,0m , M u ch o f t h is d amage w as d one b y s tone m asons s ho rtly b e fore 1 8 83 , T he s tone c i rcle i s s et 2 ,5m(5 ,5m?) f r om t he k e rb , n o t e nough r e ma ins t o d eterm ine i f i t w as g raded , 1 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 5 ) 2 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I NV 4 2 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nverness 2 ) 5 :33 M ILLTOWN O F C LAVA N H 7 52439 H ighland ( I nverness ) 8 : I/C /D O /C : N/I D / 1/ I D D : 0/1 ; 2 , 40 / 0 E ; I D F : I D /( ? -2 ,40) / I D /I D /I D G : N D /I C A /I D A l l t hat r e ma ins o f t h is r u ined C lava C a irn i s o ne o r thostat , a nd a l o w c a irn m u ch o b scured b y f i e ld c learan ce , T o t h e s outh a re 2 c o nt iguous k e rbstones , t h e l a rgest b e ing 0 ,6m h igh , I n t h e l a te 1 9 th c entu ry 2 f u rther k e rbstones a nd o ne s tone o f a n i n terna l s e tting w e re v i sible , T he o rthostat s tands 3 ,3m t o t h e SW o f t h e c a irn , T h e s i te w as b ad ly d amaged i n 1 8 57 b ut n o a c count o f i t s s tate p r io r t o t h is d ate s u rvives , 1 : P SAS 3 , 1 8 57-60 , 4 8-9 2 : J o lly 1 8 8 1-2 3 : F rase r 1 8 83-4 ( 8 ) 4 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I NV 4 3 ) 5 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nverness 2 3 ) 5 :34 M OYNESS N H 9 52536 B : I/C /P O / S tuart 1 8 56 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 30 ,0 / 2 / I D D : 0/1 ; L1 , 35 / 0 / 2 ; F1 , 80 / 0 E : I D F : ( 1 ,55) / ( 1 ,351,80 ) /I D /I D /I D G : N D /I R C /G ?

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H igh land ( Nairn )

T h is C lava R ing cairn h a s a n e xterna l k erb o f c ontiguous s tones w ith a d iameter o f c 18 ,2m , T hey a re g r aded t o t h e s outh/south-west , s tand ing u p t o 0 ,85m h igh , T he n o rth-eastern p o rtion o f t h e s ite w as r e moved w hen a r o ad w as b u ilt b e fore t he m id 1 9 th c entu ry , T here i s n o t race o f a n i n te rna l s etting t o day b ut t h is w as l o cated i n 1 8 56 w hen t h e i n terior w as e x cavated , T h is k e rb h ad a d iameter o f c 7 ,3m a nd t h e i n te rior w as p aved , ' A c lay u rn o f r ude m anu fa cture ' w a s f o und a t t h e c entre , At r en ch a c ross t h e w hole s ite , a nd s everal h o les a round t h e o rthostats , f a iled t o m a ke f u rther d iscoveries , T he s t one c i rcle i s r u ined , t h e o ne r emaining u p right s tands 5 ,5m f r om t h e o uter k e rb , A s e cond r e cumbent s tone l i es t o t he n o rth-west , o n t h e l i ne o f a n o ld f i eld b oundary , s ome o f t h e g r ounders o f w h ich s urv ive , 1 : S tuart 1 8 67 2 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 2 4) 3 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( N a irn 6 ) 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( N a irn 4 ) 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 8 6/2 ) 5 :35 N EWTON O F P ETTY N H 7 34485 H ighland ( I nverness) B : I / C /A /C : H enshall 1 9 63 ; U /c 2 7 ,0 / 6 / 1 3 D : S M /1 ; F1 , 20 / 2 ; F1 , 00 / 3 ; 1 , 20 / 4 ; 1 , 50 / 5 ; 1 , 35 / 6 ; 1 , 15 / 2 M E : 0/1 2 ; 7 ,8 / 2 -3 ; 6 , 7 /3 -4 ; 6 ,7 / 4 -5 ; 7 ,2 / 5 -6 ; 6 ,3 / 0 F : 1 , 25 / 1 , 001,50 / 6 ,9 / 6 ,3-7 ,8 / I D 6 : N D /I C A /G T h is C lava C a irn h as a n e xternal k erb o f c ontiguous s tones w ith a d iameter o f c 15 ,5x 16 ,0m , T h ey s tand 0 ,9-0 ,3m h igh a nd a re n ot r egu larly g raded , b ut a re s omewhat s l ighter t o t h e n o rth , T here i s n o t r ace o f a n i n terna l s etting t oday , a lthough s ome k ind o f s t ru cture w as n o ted i n 1 8 24 , T he s tone c i rcle s tands 5 ,2-5 ,8m f rom t h e k erb a nd t h e s tones a re g raded t o t h e s outhwest , T w o d ispla ced s tones l i e o utside t he k erb t o t h e NW w h ich m ay h ave c ome f rom t h e s tone c i rcle , I n t h e e arly 1 9 th c entury i t w as r e corded t h at 1 3 s tones f o rmerly s tood , t h e p resent s pa cing o f t h e e xtant s tones i n dicates t h is w as t h e o rig ina l t otal , 1 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 3 5) 2 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( I NV 4 5 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nverness 2 4 ) 5 : 36 Q UARRY W O OD N J 1 8 586306 G ramp ian ( M oray) B : D /P CH3 / P O / C : 0 ,8 , u npublished ; G /c 4 2 ,0x38 ,0 / 2 -3 / I D ( c 8+?) D : c3 M /1 ; 0 ,90 / 2 ; 1 , 00 / 3 ; 8 ? /c 2M E : 0/1 2 ; 1 6 ,5 / 2 -3 ; 1 7 ,0 / 0 F : ( 0 ,95) / ( 0 ,901,00) / I D /I D /I D G : N D /E B ,ED / E T h is p robab le c i rcle-henge c omprises a l a rge b an k , w ith a n i n ternal s egmented d itch w h ich d e fines a c e ntra l a rea o f 4 7x43m , T he d itch i s 3 m w ide a nd 0 ,8m d eep , t he b an k i s o f s i m ilar p roportions , w ith a c r est d iameter o f 5 1x57m , As ing le 4 m w ide e ntran ce i n terupts b a nk a nd d it ch t o t h e w est , T o t h e SW a re t h e v estiges o f ap oss ible s tone c i rcle , s et 2 3 m f r om t he e dge o f t h e d i tch , T wo b ou lders a re s et o n e dge a nd h ence u nlike ly t o b e f o rtu itous , I t i s n ot k nown i f t h e p resent s pacing b etween t h em i s o r ig inal , o r i f o ther s t ones o nce e x isted h ere , 1 : G rampian R eg ional C oun cil S MR 2 : O rdnance S u rvey N J 1 6 S E 4 5 : 37 T EMPLESTONE N J 0 68568 B : N /F P 1 /G /C : C o les 1 9 06-7 ; U /2 ,7x3 ,0 / 4 / 4 D : 1 ; F0 ,50 / 2 ; 0 ,75 / 3 ; 1 , 40 / 4 ; 0 ,70 E : 1 2 ; 1 , 7 /2 3 ; 2 ,0 / 3 4 ; 1 , 8 /4 1; 2 ,2 F : 0 ,85 / 0 ,501,40 / 1 , 9 /1 , 7-2 ,2 / G : s andstone , w h instone / K , ICA? / G ,F

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G ramp ian ( M oray)

T he s tones o f t h is F ou r P oster a re j o ined b y k e rbstones i n t h e s outhern h a lf, t w o s t ones p e r s ide , s tand ing b etween 0 ,50 a nd 0 ,35m h igh , T he o rthostats a re a r ranged i n as quare r a the r t han c i rcle , w ith t he s labs o r ientated W SW/ENE , T hey a r e g raded , w ith t he SW s tone b e ing t he t a llest , T he c entral a rea h as b een d isturbed , 1 : C o les 1 9 06-7 ( 1 9) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( M oray 7 ) 5 :38 T ORBRECK N H 6 44404 H igh land ( I nverness) 8 : K /F 14 / G / C : F raser 1 8 83-4 ; U /c 4 ,4x4 ,6 / 9 / 9 0 : A : 1 ; 1 , 20 / 2 ; 1 , 20 / 3 ; 1 , 20 / 4 ; 1 , 50 / 5 ; 1 , 80 / 6 ; 2 , 10 / 7 ; 1 , 80 / 8 ; 1 , 50 / 9 ; F1 , 20 E : 1 2 ; 1 , 5 /2 -3 ; 1 , 2 /3 -4 ; 1 , 4 /4 -5 ; 1 , 8 /5 -6 ; 1 , 8 /6 7 ; 1 , 5 /7 -8 ; 1 , 4 /8 -9 ; 1 , 5 / 9 1; 1 , 2 F ; 1 , 50 / 1 , 20-2 ,10 / 1 , 5 /1 , 21,8 / ( I D ) G : N D / /G T h is f ine c i rcle h as c a re fu lly g raded s tones , w ith t h e t a llest t o t h e s outh-west , T he i n terior o f t h is s ite i s f i lled w ith a l o w s tony m ound w h ich a ppears t o b e f i eld c l earance , 1 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 2 8) 2 : B rowne 1 9 2 1 3 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 p 385 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nverness 2 5 ) 5 ;39 T ORDARROCH N H 6 79334 H igh land ( I nverness) B : I /C /G C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /3 ,8x34 ,9 / 8 / 9 0 : 1 ; 0 ,90 / 2 ; 0 ,85 / 3 ; F1 , 10 / 4 ; 1 , 65 / 5 ; 1 , 65 / 6 ; 2 , 50 / D ; 1 , 60 / 7 ; 1 , 45 / 8 ; 1 , 30 E : 1 2 ; 1 0 ,2 / 2 -3 ; 1 0 ,4 / 3 -4 ; 1 3 ,6 / 4 -5 ; 1 3 ,8 / 5 -6 ; 1 2 ,5 / ( 6 -M ; 1 2 ,8) / M -7 ; 1 2 ,8) / 7 -8 ; 1 ,3 / 8 -9 ; 9 , 1 F : 1 , 45 / 0 ,85-2 ,50 / 1 ,6 / R 9 , 113 ,8 / 3 ,2% G : g neiss / I R C /G T h is C lava R ing cairn h as a n e xterna l k e rb o f c ontiguous s tones w ith a d iameter o f 2 0 ,4x 19 ,2m , T he s tones a re g raded t o t h e s outh , t h e t a llest b e ing 1 , 50m h igh , T h ose t hat s u rvive i n t h e n o rthern q uadrant a re 0 ,75m h igh , Al a rge b u t n ow p rostrate s lab o f t h is k e rb , t o t h e s outh-west , i s c u pmarked o n i t s i n ner f a ce , T h e i n terior o f t he s ite h a s b een r e moved , b u t i n t h e l a te 1 9 th c entury t here w e re t r a ces o f a n i n ternal k e rb o f c 7 ,3m d iameter , T he s tone c i rcle i s 8 ,5-6 ,7m b eyond t h e o uter k e rb , t h e g ap b e ing w idest t o t h e SW , T he r i ng i s a lso g raded i n t h is d i re ction , w here t h ere i s o ne p a rticu larly l a rge s tone , T he s pa cing b etween t h e s tones a lso i n creases i n t h e s outhern h alf o f t h e r i ng , O n e s tone h a s b een r e moved s ince t he s ite w as r e corded i n 1 8 79 , Aw a ll c r osses t h e s i te t o t h e s outhwest , t h e c onstruction o f w h ich l e d t o m u ch o f t h e l a te 1 9 th c e ntury d amage , 1 : J o lly 1 8 8 1-2 2 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 2 ) 3 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I NV 4 8 ) 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nve rness 2 6 ) 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 8 7/ 16 , F a rr W est) 5 : 40 T ULLOCHGORM N H 9 652 14 H igh land ( I nverness ) B : I/ C /P O /C : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ; G /c 2 4 ,0 / 2 / I D ( c 1012 ?) D : 1 ; F ,FR / 2 ; S /c 9M E : 0/1 2 ; 6 ,7 / 0 F : I D /I D /( 6 ,7) / I D /I D G : N D /I R C /G ? T h is C lava R ing cairn h as a n e xternal k e rb o f c ontiguous s tones w ith a d iameter o f 1 3 ,7x 14 ,7m , T hey a re n ot p a rticu larly w e ll g raded b ut a r e r a ther l a rger t o t h e s o uthwest ,

-2 65 -

t h e h ighest s tand ing t o 0 ,85m , T here a re t r a ces o f a n i n ner k erb w ith a d iameter o f c 4 ,4m , T he o ne r e ma in ing s tump o f t h e s tone c i rcle i s 5 ,0m o utside t he k e rb t o t h e n o rtheast , 1 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I NV 4 9 ) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nverness 2 7 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 8 7/4 , B oat o f G a rten) 5 : 4 1 U PPER L AGMORE N J 1 7 6358 G rampian ( B an ff) B : I /C /A /C ; H ensha ll 1 9 63 ; G /c 1 8 ,3 / 6 / 9 D : 1 ; 1 , 50 / 2 ; 1 , 90 / 3 ; 1 , 30 / M / 4 ; F2 ,30 / 5 ; S /6 ; 2 ,20 / 2 M E : 1 2 ; 4 ,8 / 2 -3 ; 6 ,0 / 0 / 4 -5 ; 9 ,0 / 5 -6 ; 8 ,0 / 0 F : 1 , 85 / 1 , 30-2 ,30 / ( 6 ,9) / R ? ( 4 ,8-9 ,0) / I D G : s chist / I C T /I , G T h is C lava P a ssage G rave a ppears t o b e b u ilt o n ap lat form b ut t h is i s p erhaps i l lusory , f o rmed b y p lough ing r o und t h e s ite , c ombined w ith t h e s p read o f c a irn m aterial f r om t h e i n terna l m ound , T he l a tter h as a c ontiguous k e rb o f 1 3 ,0x 13 ,5m d iameter , T h is i s g raded t o wards t h e e ntran ce t o t h e s outh , w here t h e s tones a re u p t o 1 , 05m h igh , T h e t wo e nd s t ones t o t h e p assage p rotrude s l ightly b eyond t h e k e rb , T h is p assage i s c 5 ,0m l o ng a nd l e ads t o a c e ntra l c i rcular c hamber o f c 3 ,5m d iameter , M u ch o f b oth t hese f e atures i s b u ried , t h e c h amber r o o f h as c o llapsed , b ut m u ch o f t h e p assage m ay s t ill r e tain i t s c a pstones , t w o o f w h ich a re v isible , T he s tone c i rcle i s 2 ,0-3 ,0m o utside t h e k e rb w ith t h e s pa ce i n creasing t o t h e s outh , T h e s tones a re a lso g raded i n t h is d i rection a nd t heir s pacing b e comes w ider h e re , 1 : C o les 1 9 06-7 ( 8 ) 2 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( B an ff 1 ; L agmore W est) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( B an ff 1 4 )

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Z ONE 6 :

G RAMPIAN

6 : 1 A IKEY B RAE N J 9 5947 1 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) B : H /R SC / A / C ; D alrymple p re 1 8 8 1 C : C o les 1 9 03-4 ; U/c 15 ,2 / 9 (+ 1) / 9 ( + 1) 0 : 1 ; 1 , 50 / 2 ; F ,DI 1 , 80 / 3 ; F1 , 70 i 4 ; F ,B c 1 ,80 / 5 ; F2 ,00 / 6 ; F L 2 , 15 / ( R E ; 1 , 30) / 7 ; F L ,F ,B c 2 ,00 / 8 ; 2 ,00 / 9 ; 1 , 80 E : ( 1 -2 ; 4 ,7) / ( 2 -3 ; 4 ,7) / 3 -4 ; 5 ,2 / 4 -5 ; 4 ,0 / 5 -6 ; 6 ,0 / ( 6 -7 ; R E c 6 ,0) / 7 -8 ; c 6 .0 /8 -9 ; 4 ,8 / 9 1; 4 ,5 F : 1 , 85 / 1 , 50-2 ,15 / 5 , 1 /R 4 ,0-6 ,0 / I D G : g ran ite (8) ,'whinstone l(1), R ; 'trap ' /B /R E ,G T h is R e cumbent S tone C ircle h as i t s s tones s et w ithin a l o w r u bble b an k , w ith t h e s tones g raded t owards t he r e cumbent a t t h e s outh , t h is i s 4 ,40m l o ng a nd 1 , 65m t h ick, T he r e cumbent a nd f lankers a ppear t o b e s et w e ll w ithin a t r ue c i rcle a nd l e ssen t he d iameter t o c 1 4 ,2m a t t h is p oint , T he b an k h as t r a ces o f k erbs a t b oth e dges , I n 1 8 84 t h e s i te w as i n t h e s ame s tate a s t oday , S ome y ears e a rlier t he c entre w as e x cavated w ithout m a king a ny d iscoveries , I n 1 9 75 i t w as n oted t h e c entre h ad a ga in b een d isturbed b y p ersons u n known , 1 : P e ter 1 8 84-5 2 : C oles 1 9 03-4 ( 1 3 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 75 4 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 1 ) 5 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 1 2) 6 ; R uggles a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 :2 A RDLAIR N J 52279 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) B : H /R SC / A / U ; L eith c 1 8 2 1, U ; D a lrymple 1 8 57 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 : 6 (00) / c 1 1,0 / 7 ( + 1) / 1 0 (+ 1) D : 1 ; F1 , 20 / 2 ; L1 ,30 / M / 3 ; F ,FR ? - /4 ; F L 1 , 40 / ( R E : 1 , 50) / 5 ; F L ,?S 1 , 50 / 6 ; 1 , 50 / 7 ; F1 , 30 / 2 M E ; 1 2 ; 3 ,3 / ( 2 -M ; 2 ,9) / ( M -3 ; 2 ,9) / 3 -4 ; 3 ,0 / ( 4 -5 ; R E 4 ,6) / 5 -6 ; 4 ,5 / 6 -7 ; 3 ,5 / 0 F : 1 , 35 / 1 , 201,50 / ( 3 ,6) / ( 3 ,0-4 ,5) / I D G : g ranite , w h instone / I R C ,ASC? / R E ,G ,?M T h is R e cumbent S tone C ircle p erhaps h as i t s s tones s l ightly g raded t o wa rds t h e r e cumbent a t t h e SE , b ut t h ere i s l i ttle v a riation i n h e ight , T he r e cumbent i s 2 ,60m l o ng a nd 0 ,85m t h ick, B oth t h is a nd t he w est f l an ker m ay h ave h ad p ieces r e moved , T h ree o f t he o rthostats h ave f a llen s in ce s ketched b y D a lrymple i n 1 8 57 , N ext t o t h e r e cumbent a re 2 r a d ia lly-set s labs , w h ile a t t he c entre i s ah o llow w h ich r e su lts f r om e x cavation h e re , T he s ite w as d ug i n c 182 1 w hen a n ' u rn ' w as f o und , I n 1 8 57 D a lrymp le d ug t h e s ite , a t w h ich d a te t h ere s eems t o h ave b een a v isible i n terna l r ing ca irn a butting t h e t w o r ad ial s labs , W ith in t he c e ntral s pa ce h e f ound a p it , c o vered b y t wo ' p itched ' s labs ( r u ined c i st?) , a nd c ontain ing a c r emation a nd c h arcoa l , A bout 2 18m f r om t h e s i te t o t he s outheast a re 2 s labs s e t a t d ivergent a ngles , s uggesting t h ey o n ce s tood o n as e cond l a rger s tone c i rcle , 1 : S tuart 1 8 56 2 : A nderson 1 8 86 3 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 5 3) 4 ; B rowne 1 9 2 1 5 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 2 ) 6 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( B 1/ 18 , H o lywell) 7 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 3 7) 8 : R uggles a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 :3 A RNHILL N J 5 3 1456 G rampian ( A berdeenshire) B : H /R SC / P / C : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 , U (OD) / c 1 8 ,0 ? /4 (+ 1) / I D : ( c 1012 + 1 ) 0 : c2 M /1 ; F1 , 40 / 2 ; F2 , 10 / 3 ; F1 , 85 / ? M /M ; F L /( R E 1 , 70) / M ; F L /c 2M / 4 ; D I ? 1 , 50 E : I D F : ( 1 ,70) / ( c 1,40-2 ,10) / I D /I D /I D G : w h instone / I C A /R E T h is r u ined R e cumbent S tone C ircle h as i t s r e cumbent t o t h e s outh , t h is i s 3 ,50m l o ng a nd 1 , 00m b road , A t t h e c entre o f t h e s ite i s w hat a ppears t o b e a n o r ig ina l l o w c a irn , A

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l a rge a mount o f f ield c learance h as b een a dded t o t he s ite t o t he s outh a nd e ast , 1 : C oles 1 90 1-2 ( 6 4) 2 : B url 1 976 ( Aberdeenshire 3 ) 3 : C , R uggles p ers ,comm , 4 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 2 4) 5 : R uggles a nd B url 1 985 6 :4 A ULD K IRK 0 ' T OUGH N J 6 25092 G rampian ( Aberdeensh ire) B : H /R SC / P O /C : C oles 1 8991900 ; U/I D (c40 ,0 o r 2 3 ,0) / 0 / 1 0 ? 0 : I D E : I D F : I D /I D I D /I D /I D G : N D /I RC ,IK / R E A l l t hat r ema ins o f t h is s ite i s a s tony r ingcairn w ith a n e xternal d iameter o f c 24 ,5x27 ,5m , T he s urround ing o rthostats w ere r emoved i n t he l ate 1 9th c entury , I n t he N SA i t w as d escribed a s t he ' l argest d ruid ical c ircle ' i n t he p arish a nd i t w as n oted t hat i t w as s urrounded b y n umerous s mall ' t umuli', M aclagan 's p lan s hows t he r e cumbent a nd f lankers s tand ing t o t he s outhwest a nd 7 f urther o rthostats ; o ne s tone w as m issing t o t he e ast , O ne o f t he f lan kers w as l ow a nd m ay h ave b een b roken , T he d iameter i s g iven a s c 23 ,0m w hich a ppears t o b e i n correct ( unless a d ifferent s ite w as b eing d escribed), a s t he o rthostats a re s hown s tanding o utside t he l a rge r ingcairn t hat s urvives t oday , T he p lan a lso s hows a s mall c ircular k erb a t t he c entre w hich i s n o l onger v isible , 1 : M aclagan 1 8 75 2 : C oles 1 8991900 ( 14) 3 : B url 1 976 ( Aberdeenshire 6 ) 4 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 7 4) 5 : R uggles a nd B url 1 985 6 :5 A UCHMACHAR N J 9 48503 G rampian ( Aberdeenshire) B : H /R SC / P / C : C oles 1 903-4 ; U/c 15 ,0 / 3 (+ 1) / c 8-9 (+ 1) D : 3 -4M / 1 ; F L 2 ,55 / ( R E ; 8 , 1,05+) / 2 ; F L ,F 2 ,50 / M / 3 ; 2 , 15 M E : 0/( 1-2 ; R E 5 ,2) / ( 2 -M ; 5 ,6) / ( M-3 ; 5 ,6) / 0 F : ( 2 ,40) / ( 2 ,15-2 ,55) / I D /I D /I D G : g ranite / - / R E T his s ite w as i n g ood c ond ition u ntil c 1850 w hen s everal s tones ( 4?) w ere r emoved , A ll t hat r emains i s as hattered r e cumbent t o t he SW , w ith f lankers , a nd o ne o ther o rthostat , N o i nterior s ettings h ave b een r ecorded , 1 : P eter 1 884-5 2 : C oles 1 903-4 ( 15) 3 : B url 1 976 ( Aberdeenshire 4 ) 4 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 10) 5 : R uggles a nd B url 1 985 6 :6 A UCHMALIDDIE N J 8 1448 8 : H /R SC / V P /C : C oles 1 9 03-4 ; U/I D /1 (+ 1) / I D 0 : 0 /M ; F L /( RE ; 1 , 60) / 1 ; F L ,F 1 , 70 / 0 E : I D F : ( 1 ,70) / ( 1 ,70) / I D /I D /I D

G rampian ( Aberdeenshire)

G : q uartz / - / R E A ll t hat s urv ives o f t h is s ite i s af a llen r e cumbent a nd w est f lanker , N o r e cord e xists o f t he r est o f t he c ircle , w hich w ould h ave s tood t o t he n orth , T he r ecumbent i s 3 , 15m l ong a nd 1 ,00m t h ick, 1 : C oles 1 903-4 ( 9 ) 2 : B url 1 976 ( Aberdeenshire 5 ) 3 : R uggles ( 15) 4 : R uggles a nd B url 1 9 85

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6 ;7 A UCHQUHORTHIES N O 9 0 1963 G ramp ian ( K in card inesh ire) B : H /R SC / A / U ; a non C 18 , C ; T hompson 1 8 58 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; 6 (00) / 2 3 ,0x22 ,6 / 9 14(+ 1) / 1 (+ 1)? ( o r c 18-20 ) D : ( 1 ; N ? 0 ,65) / 2 ; 0 ,90 / ( 3 ; N ? 0 ,85) / ? A i ; 1 , 15 / ( 5 ; N ? 0 ,85) / ? M /6 ; 1 , 40 / 7 ; 1 , 35 / ( 8 ; o utlier? o r D I? o r N ? 2 , 40?) / M ; F L /( R E ; 1 , 30 ) /9 ; F L 1 , 60 / ( 1 0 ; F O o r F ,DI?) / 1 ; 2 ,00 / 1 2 ; 1 , 40 / 1 3 ; 1 , 15 / ? 1 4 , F0 ,90 E : ( 2 -4 ; 4 ,9) / ( 4 -M ; 4 ,7) / ( M -6 ; 4 , 7) / 6 -7 ; 4 ,4 / ( 7 -M 7 ,4) / ( M -9 ; R E 3 ,8) / 9 11; 8 ,8 /1 12 ; 8 , 1 /1 2 13 ; 7 ,0 / ( 1 314 ; 6 ,4) / ( 1 4-2 ; 7 ,3 ) F : 1 , 30 / 0 ,90-2 ,00 / ( 7 ,0 ) /( R 4 ,4-8 ,8) / 1 , 7% G ; g ranite / I R C ,A0? / R E ,G ,(0?), T h is R e cumbent S tone C i rcle s uperficially a ppea rs t o b e u nusua l i n d esign , H oweve r , t he p ossibility e x ists t hat i t h as b een m od ified , L ogan n oted t hat t h e o r thostats , e x cept ing t h e r e cumbent a nd f lan ker , h ad b een ' f illed u p ' w i th a ' f en ce ' ( d rystone w a ll?), p resumably b u ilt i n t h e 1 8 th c entu ry a s t h e O SA n otes t h e s ite w as ' p erfect u ntil a f ew y ea rs b e fore ', S ome s tones c ou ld h ave b een a dded o r m oved a t t h is t i me , H owever , t h e e xact c i rcularity o f t h e s ite a rgues t h at t h e g eneral p lan i s c o rrect , G a rden , i n 1 6 92 , n o ted t h at a s tone w as r emoved a nd s ubsequently r e p la ced a t e ither t h is s ite o r O ld B ou rtreebush , 1 2 s tones l i e o utside t he r i ng t o t he s outh , w h ich i f g enu ine , g ive t he r i ng a n a typica l d esign , w ith t h e r e cumbent a nd f l an kers s et m u ch f u rther w ith in t h e r ing t h an a t a ny o ther s ite , O ne o f t h ese ' s tones ' i s o f d ub ious i n terp retation , h aving n eve r b een r e corded u pright a nd i s e ither b ro ken o r c omprises 3 s epa rate s ma ll s tones , T he o t he r , t o t h e SE , m ay b e t h e r ep la ced s tone ( t he e ast f lan ker?), o r i s o ne o f t he ' f en ce ' s t ones ( C oles s tated h e ight o f 2 ,40m a ppears t o b e s purious a s h is d rawings s hows i t i s m u ch s maller), A lternatively , i t m ay b e a n o utlier a s o the rs e lsewhere a re k nown i n a n a na logous l o cation , T he s pa cing o f t h e o rthostats i s v e ry i r regu lar , b e ing w ide t o t h e w est a nd n a rrow t o t he e ast , T h is a lso s uggests s ome o f t h e s maller s tones t o t he e a st a re a dd itions , I f t h e p ostulated m od ifications a re r e a l, t hen t h e s i te i s at y p ica l R e cumbent S t one C i rcle w ith t h e r e cumbent a nd f lan kers s et w ith in a t r ue s t one c i rcle f o rmed b y t h e o t her o r thostats , T he r e cumbent l i es t o t h e s outh , t he s tones a re g raded , a nd t he s p a cing i n creases i n t h is d i re ction , T he r e cumbent i s 2 ,95m l o ng , T oday t h e ir i s l i ttle c l ear t r a ce o f t h e ' f ence ' r e corded b y L ogan , a lthough t he w ho le s ite s tands o n al o w p l at form w i th t h e o rthostats a t t h e e dge , T h is e xtends o utwa rds t o t h e s outh , s uggest ing t h e p latform e dge c o rresponds w ith L ogan 's f e n ce a nd i n p a rt a t l e ast i s t he p rodu ct o f p loughing b eyond i t , W ith in t h e s tone c i rcle i s a n i n ternal r ing ca irn , T h e o u ter c ontiguous k e rb i s w e ll p reserved a nd h as a d iameter o f c 15 ,2m , T h is i s l i n ked t o t h e r e cumbent a nd f lan kers b y r a d ial s labs , T he i n terna l k e rb i s r u inous a nd h as a d i ameter o f c 3 ,4m , I n t h e 1 8 th c entury a c ist w as f ound b etween t h e r i ng cairn a nd o ne o f t h e e astern o rthostats , i t c onta ined a n ' u rn ' a nd a ' l ittle d ust o r a shes ', I n 1 8 58 t h e c entra l a rea w as d ug o v e r , w hen c ha rcoal , h a lf c a lcined b ones a nd s herds o f a ' v ase ' w e re f ound , H owever , t h e a r ea h ad a l ready b een d isturbed b y a n u npublished e x cavation 1 5 -20 y ears b e fore , A n a r c o f 5 s tones a nd a l o w b an k, r e corded i n 1 8 58 b etween t he r i ng ca irn 's t wo k erbs , m ay h ave b e en a p rodu ct o f t h is e a rlier e x cavation , 1 : G a rden 1 7 66 2 : O SA 1 7 92 3 : L ogan 1 8 29 4 : S tuart 1 8 56 5 : T hompson 1 8 62-4 6 : S m ith 1 8 79-80 3 : C o les 1 8 991900 ( 2 ) 8 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( K in cardine 1 ) 9 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 8 3/ 1 A quorthies K ingausie ) 1 0 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 8 6) 1 : R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 85 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire ) 6 :8 B ACKHILL O F D RACHLAW - E AST N J 6 72463 B : K /F 14 / G / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /8 ,5x7 ,5 / 6 / 6 D : 1 ; 0 ,80 / 2 ; 1 , 15 / 3 ; L ,S / 4 ; 0 ,90 / 5 ; R1 , 50 / 6 ; 1 , 20

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E : 1 2 ; 3 ,6 / 2 -3 ; 4 ,6 / 3 4 ; 4 ,2 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,0 / 5 -6 ; 5 ,2 / 6 1; 2 ,9 F : 1 , 10 / 0 ,801,50 / 3 ,9 / 2 ,9-5 ,2 / 1 ,8% G : g ran ite / A SC / G ,M T h is s ma ll r ing h a s i t s s tones s et i r regu larly , w ith t h e t a llest b e ing v i rtua lly r a d ia l, I t i s c rude ly g raded w ith t h e t wo l a rgest s tones t o t h e w est , t h e t a llest o f t he p a ir l y ing t o t h e s outhwest , 1 : C o les 1 9 02-3 ( 2 9 ) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 7 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 8 1/24 , B a ckhill) 6 : 9 B ACKH ILL O F D RACHLAW - W E ST N J 6 72463 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) B : K /F 14 / D / C : N /c 8 ,5 / 0 / 6 D : N D E : I D F : I D /I D /I D /I D /I D G : N D /A SC / G ? ,M T h is s ite s tood a s hort d istan ce t o t h e w est o f t h e s u rviving c i rcle , T he O rdnan ce S u rvey r e corded 6 s tones i n a r i ng o f i d entica l s ize , W hen v i sited b y C o les , t h e t e nant r e membered t h e l a rgest s tone , w h ich s tood t o t h e s outh , h ad b een u sed f o r l i nte ls , T he o ther f i ve w e re l a ter r e moved a nd p la ced i n w a lls , 1 : C o les 1 9 02-3 ( 3 0) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 8 ) 6 : 10 B ALNACRA IG N J 6 03035 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) B : H /R SC / P / C : N /c 13 ,514 ,0 / 3 (+ 1) / I D D : 1 ; F1 , 20 / M / M ; F L /( R E ; 1 , 35) / M : F L /1 2M / 2 ; L1 , 75 / 3 ; L1 , 20 E : I D F : ( 1 ,40) / ( 1 ,201,75) / I D /I D /I D G : g ranite / I R C ,IK / R E T h is r u ined R e cumbent S tone C ircle h as t r aces o f a n i n terna l r i ng cairn , w ith a n e xternal k e rb t h at j o ins t h e s outh-western r e cumbent , T h is s tone i s 3 ,05m l o ng a nd 0 ,90m w ide , N ear t h e c entre o f t h e s ite a r e t races o f ap ossible c entral k e rb , 1 : R itchie 1 9 1819 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 9 ) 3 : C , R ugg les p ers ,comm , 4 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 7 6) 5 : R uggles a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 : 11 B ALQUHA IN N J 7 3524 1 B : H /R SC / P / P ; C o les 1 9 00 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 2 0 ,5 / 6 / c 1 112

G rampian ( A berdeensh ire)

D : c3 -4M / 1 ; F1 , 80 / 2 ; 2 , 10 / 3 ; F L ,F 2 ,00 / ( R E ; L )/4 ; F L 2 ,25 / 5 ; 1 , 45 / M / 6 ; 1 , 35 / 2 M E : 0/1 2 ; 5 ,0 / 2 -3 ; 5 ,3 / ( 3 -4 ; R E 5 ,6 ) /4 -5 ; 5 ,4 / ( 5 -M ; 4 ,8 ) /( M -6 ; 4 ,8) / 0 F : ( 1 ,80) / ( 1 ,35-2 ,25) / ( 5 ,2) / ( 5 ,0-5 ,4) / I D G : g ran ite , w h instone / I R C? E D /R E ,G? ,0 T h is d amaged s i te h as i t s r e cumbent t o t h e SW , t h is i s 3 ,80m l o ng a nd 1 , 05m w ide , T he o r thostats a p pear t o b e g raded t o t h is , T he e astern f l an ker a nd a n o rthostat t o t h e s outhwest a re c upmarked , T he s ite h as b een i n i t s p resent s tate s in ce f i rst r e corded b y L ogan a nd t h ere a re n o v isible t r a ces o f i n ternal f e atures ; t h e c entra l a rea h as b een p loughed , C o les d ug a s ma ll t r en ch i n t h e i n terior , f ind ing a p ossib le k e rbstone a nd a l a yer o f b ou lders w ith in t h is , w h ich m ay h ave b een t h e r e mnants o f a n i n terna l r i ng ca irn , A n u nusua l f e ature o f t h e s ite i s at a ll o utlier o f w h ite q uartz w h ich s tand 3 ,50m b eyond t h e r i ng t o t h e SE , t h is i s 3 ,20m h igh , 1 : L ogan 1 8 29 2 : C oles 1 9 001 ( 1 7) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 1 0 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 8 1/ 11) 5 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 6 2) 6 : R uggles a nd B url 1 9 85

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6 : 12 B ELLMANS W OOD N J 6 05505 G rampian ( B an ff) B : N /P FP3 / P / C : C o les 1 9 05-6 ; U/c 6 ,9 / 2 -3 / 4 ? 0 : M/1 ; L1 , 50 / 2 ; F1 , 75 / ? 3 ; F R E : 0/1 2 ; 5 ,5 / 2 -3 ; 4 ,6 / 0 F : ( 1 ,60) / ( 1 ,501,75) / ( 5 ,0) / ( 4 ,6-5 ,5) / I D G : w h instone - /G ? T his s ma ll s i te s tands o n as l ight k noll a nd m ay w e ll b e ar u ined F our P oster w h ich w a s g raded t o t he s outhwest , 1 : C o les 1 9 05-6 ( 9 ) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( B an ff 1 ) 6 : 13 B ERRYBRAE N K 0 28572 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) B : h /R SC / A / T ; B url 1 9 75-78 C : B u rl 1 9 76 ; 6 (00) / c 13 ,2 / 5 (4 1) / 9 (4 1) 0 : 4 EH / 1 ; S /2 ; F L ,S ,B / ( R E 1 , 60 ) /3 ; F L 2 , 15 / 4 ; 1 , 55 / 5 ; Fc 1 ,00 E : 0/1 2 ; 3 ,7 / ( 2 -3 ; R E 4 ,4) / 3 4 ; 4 ,7 / 4 -5 ; 4 ,5 F : ( 1 ,55) / ( 1 ,00-2 ,15) / ( 4 ,3) / ( 3 ,7-4 .7) / ( I D) G : g ran ite / I R C ,B / R E ,G? T h is s ite p robably h ad s tones g raded t o wards t he r e cumbent t o t he s outhwest , T h is i s 3 ,30m l o ng a nd 1 , 10m t h ick, T he r ing i s d istinctly o va l, w h ich s uggests t he r e cumbent a nd f lankers w e re s et w ithin a c i rcle d e fined b y t he o ther o rthostats , T he s ite h as b een t o ta lly e x cavated b y B u rl , r e vea ling i t h ad b een m od ified i n p reh istory , I n itia lly t h e s ite c omprising a r ing o f o rthostats a nd r e cumbent , s et o n t h e o uter e dge o f ab ank , W ith in t h is w as a s mall c entral r i ngcairn w ith a n e xternal d iamete r o f 4 ,7m , a nd a n i n terna l o ne o f 1 , 4m , T h is w as l i n ked t o t h e r e cumbent a nd f lan kers b y a p latform a nd a s catter o f q uartz f r agments w as f o und h e re , T he c entra l s pa ce c onta ined 3 t o ken c remations , A t al a ter d ate t h e s tone c i rcle w as d emo lished , w ith t he e x ception o f r e cumbent a nd f l an kers w h ich w ere r e spe cted ; as tone w a ll w as b u ilt o n t h e l i ne o f t h e e a rlier b an k , A sso ciated w ith t h is w e re l a te b ea ker a nd p robable g rooved w are s he rds , T he l a tter w e re p la ced i n an eat p i le , w i th q uartz f r agments , i n an i che i n t he w a ll ( p ossibly c o llected f r om a n e a rlier d eposit?) , T he b ea ker s herds w e re i n ap it a sso ciated w i th c h arcoal w h ich g ave d ates o f 1 5 00±80bc ( H AR 1 8 49) a nd 1 3 60±90b c ( H AR 1 8 93) a nd p rov ide a t e rm inus a n te-quem f o r t he s ite , W o rked f l ints , b u rnt b ones , a nd s herds o f p robab le f l at r i mmed w a re w e re f ound i n v a rious c ontexts w ithin t he s ite , 1 : C o les 1 9 03-4 ( 1 9) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 1 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 75-78 4 : R ugg les 1 9 84-5 ( 5 ) 5 : R uggles a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 : 14 B INGH ILL N J 8 55023 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire ) B : H /R SC / P / C ; C o les 1 9 001; U c 10 ,010 ,5 / 4 (4 1) / 9 10 (4 1) D ; 1 ; 1 , 10 / M / 2 ; Fc 1 ,00 / D ; 1 , 25 (4 d isplaced s tone) / D ; F L ,F c 1 ,10 (4 d isp la ced s tone) / ( R E 1 , 10) / 3 ; F1 , 30 / 2 -3M / 4 ; 1 , 25 E : 0 /2 -0 ; c4 ,0 / D -D c 4 ,3 / ( 0 -3 ; R E c3 ,4) / 0 / 4 1; 4 ,3 F ; 1 , 15 / 1 , 001,30 / ( c 4 ,2) / ( c 4 ,0-4 ,3) / I D G : N O /I R C ,IK / R E T h is R e cumbent S tone C ircle h as u ngraded s tones w ith a s ma ll r e cumbent t o t he s outh , T h is i s o n ly c l‚ 2 m l o ng , T he s ite h as s u ffered f u rther d amage s in ce r e corded b y C o les , t h e e astern f lanker a nd a nother o rthostat h av ing b een r emoved , I n t he i n terior s pace i s a b adly d amaged , b road r i ngca irn , T h is h as a n e xterna l k e rb o f c 8 ,4m d iameter w h ich i s l i nked t o t h e r e cumbent b y 1 2 r a d ial s labs , T he i n terna l k e rb h as a d iameter o f c 2 ,5m a nd i s e c centrically p laced i n r e lation t o t h e o uter k e rb , p la ced n earer t h e e astern s ide , 1 : G arden 1 7 66 2 : C o les 1 9 001 ( 2 1) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 1 2 ) 4 : C ,Rugg les p e rs ,comm , 5 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 8 4) 6 : R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 85

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6 : 15 B RAEHEAD N J 5 92255 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) B : H /R SC / V P / C : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ; U/I D /0 ( 41) / I D 0 : 0/( R E ; 1 , 80 ) /0 E : I D F : I D /I D /I D /I D /I D G : N D /- / R E O n ly a c u pmarked R e cumbent s u rvives , o f ac i rcle w h ich w ou ld h ave s tood t o t he NE , T h is i s 3 , 10m l o ng a nd 0 ,95m w ide , T he O SA o f 1 7 93 n otes 2 ' d ru id t emples ' i n t he p a rish , ' n e ither o f t h em v e ry e ntire ', B raehead i s l i kely t o b e o ne o f t h ose n oted , T wo c ists h ave b e en f o und n ear t h e s ite t o t h e s outh , a nd t he O rdnan ce S u rvey n ote ' h uman r emains a nd f l int a r rowheads ' f ound i n ac a irn n o rthwest o f t he r e cumbent , 1 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 4 6) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 1 5 ) 3 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 4 4) 4 : R uggles a nd B u rl 1 985 6 : 16 B RANDSBUTT N J 7 60 12239 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) B : H /R SC? / D P ; S hepherd 1 9 83 C ; S hepherd 1 9 83 ; G /c 2 5 ,0 / 0 / c 13 (+ 1?) 0 : E H /E H /3 M /E H /3 M /E H /M / E H /M E : E H-EH ; 6 ,0 / 0 / ( E H-M ; 5 ,5 ) /M -EH ; 5 ,5) / ( E M-M ; 6 ,5 ) /( M -EH ; 6 ,5) F : I D /I D /( c 6 ,0) / ( c 5 ,5-6 ,5) / I D G : N D /- /T h ree s tones o f t h is d estroyed s ite h ad b een m oved i n to a n a d jacent w a ll w hen v isited b y C o les , T wo p resently s tand c 1 ,20m h igh , t h e o ther h as b een r emoved , R e cent r e scue e x cavations h ave r evealed p a rt o f t h e o r ig ina l p lan , w ith 5 s toneho les b e ing f o und , T he r e ma inder o f t h e s ite w as l e ft u nex cavated a s i t i s n ow t o b e p reserved , T hree p ossible p o stholes i m mediately o utside t h e c i rcle t o t h e SW w ere a lso n oted , A lthough n o e v iden ce f o r ar e cumbent w as f ound , t h e l a rge d iameter s uggests t h is w as a R ecumbent S tone C i rcle , 1 : C o les 1 9 001 ( 1 6) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 1 6 ) 3 : S hepherd 1 9 83 6 : 17 B ROOMEND O F C R ICH IE N J 79 196 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire ) B : K /C H5 / P O /E ; D a lrymp le 1 8 55 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; 8 (00 ) /c 1 1,0 / 2 / 6 ? D : A : 1 ; 1 , 50 / c 4 M /2 ; 1 , 80 E : 0 /2 1; 6 ,3 F : ( c 1,65) / ( c 1,501,80) / ( 6 ,3) / ( 6 ,3) / I D G : N D /E D ,EB ,2ET ,1-2AV ,ASC / 2 E ,1-2R ,M T h is s mall c i rcle-henge h as a 1 3 ,5x 14 ,5m c entral a rea d e fined b y ad itch , T he l a tter i s c 1 ,01,5m d eep a nd c 8 ,0m w ide , T he o uter b an k i s c l‚ 0 m h igh a nd h as a n e xterna l d iameter o f c 35 ,0m , T he o uter e dge h as b een s omewhat m asked b y f ie ld c l earance , T wo d iametrica lly o pposite e ntran ces , b oth c 3 ,5m w ide , b rea k t h e d itch t o t h e n o rth a nd s outh , T oday t he c e ntral a rea h a s 2o rthostats f lan king t h e n o rthern e ntran ce , a nd a P i ctish s ymbol s tone a t t he c e ntre w h ich w a s i n trodu ced h e re s hortly a fter 1 8 55 , T he c entra l a rea w as e x cavated b y D a lrymp le , H e f o und a l a rge s tonefilled p it a t t he c entre w ith a d iameter o f c 4 ,5m , A t i t s b ase , a t 1 , 65m d epth , w as a p avement c overing a c i st w h ich c o nta ined a n i n humation , I n t h e f i ll o f t h is f e atu re w e re m any c r emated b ones , s ome h uman , o thers a n ima l , B y t h e i n ner f a ce o f t h e NW o rthostat w ere s everal d eposits , As ma ll c i rcu lar ' c ist ' w ith t a pering s ides ( s tone l i ned p i t?) c ontained c r emated b one , N earby w as a n i n verted c o rdoned u rn c o ntaining a h uman c r emation i n ap it c overed b y as lab , A t h ird c r emation w as f o und n earby , a nd a p e rforated s andstone b attle-axe w as f ound c l ose t o t he f i rst d eposit , B y t he NE s tone w as a n i n verted c o rdoned u rn o ver a c remation , p la ced i n ap it w ith s labs a bove a nd b elow , N ear t h e s i te o f t h e e ast s tone w as a s ma ll s quare c i st c onta in ing a c remation i n ap it , w i th a s lab a bove a nd b e low , N ea r t he s ite o f t h e SE s tone w as a s ma ll p it w ith ac remation , N ear t h e s ite o f t h e SW s tone w as a n i n verted c o rdoned u rn a nd c r emation ,

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p la ced i n ap i t , w ith s labs a bove a nd b e low , N ear t h e s ite o f t he w est s t one w as a n ' e n closed d epos it ' o f ' b urnt m atter ', A t t he t ime o f D a lrymp le 's e x cavation o n ly 2 o f t h e o rthostats s u rv ived , b ut h e n oted a f r iend r e membe red t h e o ther f our i n -situ a nd t h at t h e ir s toneho les w e re c learly v isible , H owever , am ap o f 1 7 80 o n ly s hows f o ur o r thostats s uggesting o n ly t h e 2 s tones t o t h e w est w e re r e moved i n t h e 1 9 th c entury , B oth t h e s u rv iv ing s tones a re s et a t p e cu liar s em i-rad ial a ng les t o ac i rcle , w hich s uggests t h ey w e re e ither c r udely s et i n t h e f i rst p la ce o r t hat u n do cumented ' r estoration ' h a s t a ken p la ce , V i rtua lly d ue s outh o f t h e s ite a re 3 -4 o rthostats i n ac r ude l i ne , s tand ing b etween 1 , 351,80m h igh , T hese a re t h e v estiges o f a n a venue w h ich r an f o r a t l e ast 4 1 6m t owards t h e r i ver , I n t h e 1 8 th c entury a s e cond a venue a ppa rent ly r a n f r om t h e h enge t o t h e n o rth f o r c 4 5m , t o as e cond s tone c i rcle w h ich h as n ow b een d estroyed , T h is m ay h a ve b een a R e cumbent S tone C i rcle ( s ite 6 : 114) , T he o n ly r e feren ce t o t h e n orthern a v enue i s M a itland 's a nd h is t ext i s al i ttle o bscu re o n t h is p o int , a s h e a ppears t o d e s cribe t h e s tones w ithin t h e h enge a s p a rt o f t h e a venue , a nd h e m a y h ave a ssumed i t c ontinued t o t h e s e cond c i rcle , A t u rnp ike w as b u ilt i n t h e v i cin ity i n t h e l a te 1 8 th c entu ry a nd a ny s tones t h at d id e x ist c ou ld h ave b een r e moved a t t h is t i me , T he m a jority o f t h e s t ones i n t h e s outhern a venue w e re a lso r e moved i n t h e l a te 1 8 th c e ntury w hen t h e l a nd w as e n closed , T oday t h ree o ut o f f o ur o f t h e a venue o rthostats s tand i n as ing le s tra ight l i ne , O n ly M a itland r e cords t h e s ite i n ab etter s tate , a nd h i s b r ief d es cription i s e xp licit i n n oting t w o l i nes o f s tones r a ther t h an o ne , T wo ' u rns ' h a ve b een f o und n ear t h e s u rv iv ing o rthostats , a nd 4 c i sts c ontain ing i n humations , a c compan ied b y b ea kers a n d o ther a r tefa cts , h ave b een f o und i n as andban k n ear t h e p resent s outhern e nd o f t he a venue , 1 : M a itland 1 7 57 2 : S tuart 1 8 56 3 : C o les 1 9 001 ( 1 4) 4 : R itch ie 1 9 19-20 5 : B url 1 9 76 ( A be rdeenshire 1 8 ) 6 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 8 2/ 12) 6 : 18 C A IRNFAULD N O 7 5494 1 G rampian ( K in card inesh ire) B : H /R S C? / P / U ; p re 1 9 00 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; 6 (00 ) /c 2 1,0 / 5 / c 8 11? ( + 1?) D : 1 2M / 1 ; 1 , 50 / 1 2M / 2 ; L1 , 80 / 3 ; 1 , 50 / 4 ; D I 1 , 40 / 1 2M / 5 ; 1 , 20 E : 0 /2 -3 ; 8 ,2 / 3 -4 ; 7 , 1 /0 F : ( 1 ,50 ) /( 1 ,201,80) / ( 7 ,6) / ( 7 ,1-8 ,2 ) /I D G : N D / /G T h is s ite w as a l ready b ad ly d amaged w hen f i rst r e corded i n t h e l a te 1 9 th c entury , O ne o f t h e o rthostats h as b een r emoved a nd p laced b y t h at t o t h e SW s in ce C o les s u rveyed t h e s ite , T he s outheastern q uadrant i s o c cup ied b y a m assive s tone-clearance b an k w h ich p a rtially m as ks t w o o f t he s tones , A lthough n o r e cumbent s u rvives t oday t h is r i ng i s t he c o rrect d iamete r f o r aR e cumbent S tone C i rcle , T he s tones a l so a ppear t o b e g raded t o wards t h e s outh , C o les n o tes t h at h uman b ones w e re f ound a t t h e s i te i n t h e 1 9 th c entu ry , 1 : S m ith 1 8 79-80 2 : C o les 1 8 991900 ( 6 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( K in cardine 2 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( B 2 / 11) 5 : C ,Rugg les p e rs ,comm , 6 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 8 7) 7 : R uggles a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 : 19 C A IRN R IV N J 6 75466 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire ) B : H /P RSC / V P /C : C o les 1 9 02-3 ; U/c 2 9 ,0 / 2 (+ 1) / I D 0 : 0/1 ; F L 1 , 30 / ( R E 2 ,60) / 2 ; F L 0 ,60 / 0 E : 0/( 1 -2 ; R E 4 ,0) / 0 F ; I D /I D /I D /I D /I D G : w h instone / I R C? ,B / R E A l l t h at s u rvives o f t h is s ite i s ap robable r e cumbent a nd f l an kers , T he c i rcle w ou ld h ave s tood r ough ly t o t h e n o rth a nd i s m a rked b y ap ossible l o w b an k , 2r a d ia lly-set s labs b y t h e i n ner f a ce o f t h e r e cumbent s uggest a n i n ternal r i ng ca irn o n ce e x isted , T he s i te i s u nusual i n t h at t h e m assive r e cumbent , k nown a s t h e C a rlin S t one ( 2 ,75m l o ng ,1,20m b r oad ),

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h a s m u ch s ma lle r f l ankers ( p ossib ly s tumps?), C o les n oted t h e t enants f a ther r e membered ' s everal g reat s tones ', n e a rly a s l a rge a s t h e r e cumbent , i n ar ing , W ith in t he r i ng w as a l a rge l o w m ound ( r ingca irn?) , ' I n o r n ear ' t h e c i rcle v a rious a rte facts h ad b een f o und , i n clud ing a s ma ll p erforated a xe h ammer , p o rtions o f 3b ronze a rmlets , f l int f la kes a nd a j e t b utton , H owever , a s t h ese a re n o t c e rta inly f r om t h e c i rcle t h ey c annot b e u sed t o d a te i t , 1 ; C o les 1 9 02-3 ( 3 2 ) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 2 1 ) 3 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 1 6) 4 : R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 : 20 C AIRNTON N J 5 8 ,44 , G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) B : H R SC / V P /C : C o les 1 9 02-3 ; U/I D /1 ( + 1) / I D D : 0 /M ; F L /( R E ; 1 , 50) / 1 ; F L 2 ,30 / 0 E : I D F : ( 2 ,30 ) !( 2 ,30 ) /I D /I D /I D G : w h instone / - / R E A l l t h at r ema ins o f t h is s ite i s ab ro ken r e cumbent a nd a f l an ker , w ith f ie ld c learan ce p i led a gainst t h eir i n ner f a ces , T he c i rcle w ou ld h ave s tood t o t h e n o rth , 1 : C o les 1 9 02-3 ( 3 6) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 2) 3 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 2 6) 4 : R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 : 2 1 C A IRNWELL N O 9 07974 G rampian ( K incard inesh ire) B : J /K R /P O /C ; T hompson 1 8 58? C : H ensha ll 1 9 63 , G /c 8 ,5 / 3 / c 1314? D : 1 ; c 0 ,70 / M ? /2 ; c 0 ,70 / M ? /3 ; c 0 ,70 / 8 -9M ? E : I D F : ( 0 ,70) / ( 0 ,70 ) /I D /I D /I D G : N D /I R C /T h is s ite i s p a rtially m a sked b y f i eld c learan ce t h roughout , I t h as a r u ined s tone c i rcle , o n ly t he s outheastern a r c o f w h ich s u rv ives , W ithin t h is i s an a rrow r i ng ca irn d e fined b y 2k erbs , w i th d iamete rs o f c 6 ,5 a nd 5 ,0m , T h is i s a pparently t h e s ame s ite a s t hat e x cavated b y T hompson , a lthough h is d e scription h a s s ign ificant d iscrepan cies w ith t he e xtant r e ma ins , H e d escribed a w ide i n ternal r i ng ca irn w ith 2 k e rbs o f 1 6 ,5 a nd c 3 ,6m d iamete r , w ith a c i rcle o f 1 3 o rthostats i n ac 3 4m d iameter r i ng , H is p lan s uggests b etween 1 5 s tones w e re a l ready m issing , I n t h e c e ntral a rea , w i th in t h e r i ng ca irn , h e f ound 5 d eposits o f ' c oarse u rn ' s herds t o gether w i th f ragments o f b one a nd c h arcoal , D espite t h e d iscrepan cies t h e s ite m ay b e c o rre ctly i d entified , a s T hompson 's p lan s hows a d istin ctive l o ng s lab i n t h e o uter k erb w h ich i s m a tched a t C a irnwell , T he p resent s pa cing o f t h e s tones s uggests a r i ng o f 7s tones a nd e ven i f i t i s a s sumed a s tone i s m issing b etween e a ch o f t h ose s u rv iving , t h is g ives a t o ta l o f 1 3 14 w h ich c r udely m atches T hompson 's a c count , A lthough t h is s ite h as b een c l assified p rev iously a s aC lava R ing ca irn , i t s l o cation s uggests i t s hou ld b e s een a s a s imilar v a riant o n aR e cumbent S tone C i rcle , r a ther t h an b e ing d i re ctly c omparable w ith t h e s ites a round t h e M o ray F i rth , 1 ; T hompson 1 8 62-4 2 ; C o les 1 8 991900 ( 3 ) 3 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( K in 1 ) 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( K in cardine 3 ) 6 :22 T HE C AMP N O 8 16772 B : H /R SC / P O /C : C o les 1 9 02-3 ; U /c 2 0 ,0 / 0 (+ 1) / I D D : 0/( R E ; 1 , 20+) / 0 E : I D F : I D /I D /I D /I D /I D G : d iorite / I R C /R E

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G ramp ian ( K in cardinesh ire )

A l l t h at s u rv ives o f t h is s ite i s i t s i n terna l r i ng cairn , d istance o utside t o t h e s outh , T h is h as b een s p lit , b u t r i ngca irn i s c 0 ,5m h igh , s ub-circu lar i n s hape , a nd h as a n a n i n terna l o ne o f c 9 m , 1 : C o les 1 9 02-38 ( 1 ) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( K in card ine 4 ) 4 : R uggles a nd B url 1 9 85

a nd a s mashed r e cumbent a s hort o r ig ina lly w as c 1 ,9m l o ng , T he e xterna l d iameter o f c 1 7 ,0m a nd 3 : R ugg les 1 984 ( 9 4)

6 :23 C ANDLE H ILL N J 5 99299 G rampian ( A berdeen sh ire) B : H R SC / A / C : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ; U /c 1 5 ,0 / 6 (+ 1) / 1 0 11(+ 1) 0 : 1 ; F1 , 20 / 2 ; 1 , 30 / 2 -3M / 3 ; F L ,F 1 , 60 / ( R E ; F1 , 60 ) /4 ; F L ,F 2 ,00 / M / 5 ; F ,B , 1 , 60 / 6 ; F2 ,00 / M E ; 1 2 ; 4 , 1 /0 / ( 3 -4 ; R E c5 ,9) / 0 / 5 -6 ; 4 ,8 / 0 F : 1 , 60 / 1 , 20-2 ,00 / ( c 4 ,4) / ( c 4 ,1-4 ,8) / I D G : w h instone / I C A /R E ,G? T h is R e cumbent S tone C i rcle h as i t s r e cumbent t o t he SE a nd a ppears t o b e c rude ly g raded i n t h is d i rection , T he r e cumbent h as f a llen a nd i s 4 ,2m l o ng , T he i n terior i s g e nerally s tony a nd a c 9 m c entra l c a irn i s c l‚ 0 m h igh . T here i s al a rge d isused q uarry n ea r t h e s ite t o t h e w est , 1 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 4 1) 2 : R itchie 1 9 1617 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 2 3 ) 4 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 3 9) 5 : R ugg les a nd B url 1 9 85 6 :24 C ASTLE F RAZER N J 7 15 125 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) B : H /R SC / A / E ; D a lrymple c 1854-5 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (00 ) /c 20 ,9 / 9 ( + 1) / 1 0 (+ 1) 0 : 1 ; F1 , 00 / M / 2 ; 1 , 50 / 3 ; 1 , 45 / 4 ; 2 ,00 / 5 ; F L 2 ,90 / ( R E ; 1 , 60 ) /6 ; F L 2 , 50 / 7 ; F1 , 90 / 8 ; F ,BU / 9 ; 1 , 50 E : ( 1 -M ; 6 ,0) / ( M -2 ; 6 ,0) / 2 -3 ; 7 ,0 / 3 -4 : 7 , 1 /4 -5 ; 7 ,5 / ( 5 -6 ; R E 3 ,4) / 6 -7 ; 6 , 6 / 7 -8 ; 6 ,8 / 8 -9 ; 7 ,0 / 9 1; 6 ,5 F : 1 , 65 / 1 , 00-2 ,90 / 6 ,9 / 6 ,5-7 ,5 / I D G : g ranite / I R C ,B ,ASC? / R E ,G ,M T h is s ite h as i t s s tones g raded t o t h e r e cumbent a t t h e SW , t h is i s 2 ,05m l o ng a n d 1 , 80m t h ick, T he r e cumbent a nd f lan kers l i e s l ightly w ithin a t r ue c i rcle d e fined b y t h e o ther o rthostats , W i th in t h e r i ng a re t r a ces o f a n i n terna l r i ng ca irn , P a rt o f t h e i n ner c o ntiguous k e rb s u rvives , w ith a d iameter o f c 4 ,0m , L i ttle v i sible s ign s u rvives o f t h e r i ngca irn i t se lf, o r i t s o uter k e rb , H owever , t h e l i n king p lat form w ith in t h e r e cumbent a nd f l an kers s u rvives , D a lrymple e x cavated t h e c entral s pa ce a nd f o und d epos its o f c h arcoa l a nd c r emated b one i n ab la ck s o il n o t u sua lly f o und b eyond t h e c entra l a r ea , H owever, i n t h e s outhwest q uadrant h e f o und 2 d eposits o f c o arse ' u rn ' s herds i n b l a ck s o il, s omewhere b etween t h e i n ner k e rb a nd t h e o uter c i rcle , T h is w ho le a rea w as c o vered i n al a yer o f s tone w h ich p robably d e rived f r om t h e d estru ction o f t h e r i ng cairn , H e a lso t r en ched t h e p latform b y t h e r e cumbent t o r evea l a b ou lder m a ke-up , u nder t h is w a s a b u ried s o il c o ntaining c h arcoal , H e d ug r o und s everal o f t h e o rthostats f inding t h ree o f t h ese ( 1 ,2 ,3) w e re s urrounded b y s ma ll c a irns ; b y s tone 1 h e a lso f o und s herds o f a n ' u rn ', A n e a rlier p lan b y L ogan i l lustrates t hese c a irns w e re p robably t h e v estiges o f a c o ntiguous b an k w h ich l i n ked t h e o rthostats w h ich w as p l oughed-out i n t he e a rly 1 9 th c e ntury , A t a round t h e s ame t ime , t w o o f t he o rthostats f e ll ( 7 ,1), S ome d amage m ust h ave a lso t a ken p la ce b e fore L ogan 's v isit a s o ne o f t h e o r thostats h as a l ready b een r e moved a nd t h ere w as l i ttle v i sib le t ra ce o f t he i n ternal r i ng ca irn , T oday t h e i n terior o f t h e s ite i s f i lled w i th a m ound w h ich e xtends t o t he o rthostats a nd i t a ppears t he s i te h as b een l a ndscaped ,

-2 76 -

As e cond c i rcle m ay o n ce h ave s tood a bout 3 65m e ast o f t he s ite b ut t h is h as b een ould e qually b e i n terpreted a s a nother v i rtually d estroyed , o n ly 2 o rthostats r ema in ( and c f o rm o f s etting), 1 : L ogan 1 829 ( B algorkar) 2 : C oles 1 9 001 ( 4 ) 3 : C oles 1 903-4 4 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 2 5) 5 : S lade 1 9 77-8 6 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( 82/3) 7 : R uggles 1 984 ( 6 6) 8 : R uggles a nd B url 1 985 6 : 25 C LOCHFORBIE N J 8 0 ,58 , B : H /P RSC / V P /C : C oles 1 903-4 ; U/I D /0 (+ 1) / I D 0 : 0/( RE 1 ,30) / 0 E : I D

G rampian ( Aberdeenshire)

F : I D /I D /I D /I D /I D G : w hinstone / - / R E A l l t hat r emains h ere i s ap robable r e cumbent , w hich i s c orrectly o rientated , a nd i s 3 ,65m l o ng a nd 0 ,85m r e corded a t t he 1 : C oles 1 903-4 4 : R uggles 1 984

w ide , I t h as f a llen s in ce p lanned b y C oles , N o o ther s tones h ave b een s ite , b ut t he c ircle w ou ld p resumably h ave s tood t o t he n ortheast , 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Aberdeenshire 2 9) 3 : C ,Ruggles p ers ,comm , ( 2 5) ( 3 ) 5 : R uggles a nd B url 1 985

6 :26 C OLMEALLIE N O 5 6578 1 B : H /R SC / A / C ; N /c 15 ,0? / 8 10 (+ 1) / 1 0 12 (+ 1)?

G rampian ( Angus)

D : 1 ; 0 ,50 / 2 ; 0 ,85 / ? M /? 3 : F ? /4 ; 1 , 40 / 5 ; 1 , 50 / 6 ; F L 1 , 70 / ( RE ; F1 , 40) / 7 ; F L ,F 1 , 80 / 8 ; F ? /9 ; 0 ,80 / ? M /7 10 ; F? E : I D F : 1 , 20 / 0 ,501,80 / I D /I D /( ID) G : N D /I R C /R E ,G T h is R ecumbent S tone C ircle h as a l a rge r e cumbent t o t he SW a nd i s g raded i n t h is d i rection , T he r e cumbent i s b roken b ut o riginally w as c 3 ,80m l ong , T he r ing a ppears t o b e c i rcular, w ith t he r e cumbent a nd f lankers s et w ithin a t rue c ircle d e fined b y t he o ther s tones , T he i n terior h as a c entral r ingcairn o r c a irn , w ith a d amaged e xternal k erb w h ich t u rns o utwards t o j o in t he r e cumbent a nd f lankers , W ithin t he c entral a rea a re 2 b ou lders a nd o ther l a rge s labs w hich a ppear t o b e d isplaced a nd a re o f u nknown o rigin , J ervise n oted t hat t he s ite h ad b een r e cently d amaged w hen s tones w ere r emoved f o r b uild ing , H owever, t he p resent s tate o f t he s ite s uggests t h is d amage w as m inimal, 1 : J eryise 1 8 53 4 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 96)

2 : B url 1 976 ( A ngus 4 ) 3 : C ,Ruggles p ers ,comm , 5 : R uggles a nd B url 1 985

6 :27 C ORRSTONE W OOD N J 5 1027 1 G rampian ( Aberdeenshire) B : H /R SC / V P /C : C oles 1 9 0 1-2 ; U /c 16 ,0 / 2 (+ 1) / I D ( 9 10+(+ 1)) D : c3 -4+M / 1 ; F L ,F 2 , 10 / ( R E ; F1 , 20) I 2 ; F L 2 ,20 / M / 0 ; F1 , 75 / D ; F2 ,30 / D ; F1 , 50 E : 0/( 1 -2 ; R E 6 , 1) / 0 / 0 -0 ; c 6 ,1 / D -D ; c 6 ,4 F : ( 1 ,95) / ( 1 ,50-2 ,20) / ( 6 ,2) / ( c 6 , 1-6 ,4) / I D G : w hinstone / - / R E A ll

t hat s urvives o f t h is s ite i s t he r e cumbent a nd f lankers w h ich s tood t o t he SW ,

T he

r e cumbent i s n ow b roken b ut w as c 4 ,25m l ong a nd 0 ,90m w ide , 3f u rther o rthostats i n t he w estern h a lf o f t he r i ng , w hich w ere f a llen i n C oles ' d ay , h ave n ow b een b roken u p a nd o nly f ragments r emain , T hese l a rge s tones s uggest t he r ing w as o nly c rudely g raded , 1 : C oles 1 9 0 1-2 ( 5 4) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Aberdeenshire 3 2) 3 : C ,Rugg les p ers ,comm , 4 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 33) 5 : R uggles a nd B url 1 985

-2 77 -

6 :28 C ORRYDOWN N J 7 07445 B : H /R SC / P / C : C oles 1 9 02-3 ; U /c 22 ,0 / 5 (+ 1) / c 1011(+ 1)

G ramp ian ( Aberdeensh ire)

0 : 1 ; F1 ,00 / M / 2 ; F1 ,05 / D ; F L ,F ( 1 ,20+) / ( RE ; L1 , 40) / 3 ; F L ,F 1 ,80 / 4 ; F1 ,00 / M /5 : F1 , 00 / 2 -3M ( 3 FR) E : 0 /2 :0 ; c 6 ,4 I ( 0 -3 ; R E c 6 ,1) / 3 -4 ; 6 ,4 / 0 F : ( 1 ,15) / ( 1 ,001,80) / ( 6 ,4) / ( 6 ,4) / I D G : w h instone / B ? /R E ,G? T h is R ecumbent S tone C ircle h as b een d amaged b y p loughing , C oles s uggested s tone f r agments t o t he n orth h ave b een d isplaced t o f a cilitate t h is , T he r e cumbent l ies t o t he SW a nd i s 3 ,05m l ong a nd 0 ,75m b road , T he o ther s tones a re p ossib ly s ubtly g raded i n t h is d i rection , b ut e qually m ay h ave b een d esigned t o b e o f e qua l h e ight . T he r e cumbent s its u pon a s light b ank s uggesting t he o rthostats w ere o nce l i nked w ith a r ingcairn , O ne o f t he f l an kers a ppears t o h ave b een r emoved s ince C oles p lanned t he s ite , u nless i t i s n ow b uried , 1 : C oles 1 9 02-3 ( 25) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 3) 3 : C ,Ruggles p ers ,comm , 4 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 1 7) 5 : R uggles a nd B url 1 985 6 :29 C OTHIEMUIR W OOD N J 6 17 198 G rampian ( Aberdeensh ire) B : H /R SC / A / C : B url 1 985 ; G (OD) / c 20 ,9 / 7 -9 (+ 1) / 1 (+ 1) 0 : 1 ; 1 ,35 / 2 ; S ? /M /3 ; S ? /4 ; 1 , 70 / 5 ; F L 2 ,80 / ( R E ; L1 , 50) / 6 ; F L 2 ,80 / 7 ; 2 ,05 / 8 : L1 ,30 / 9 ; F1 , 10 / M E : 0 /4 -5 ; 6 ,7 / ( 5-6 : R E 5 ,3) / 6 -7 ; 7 ,8 / 7 -8 ; 5 ,3 / 8 -9 ; 4 ,7 / ( 9 -M ; 4 ,8) / ( M 1; 4 ,8) F : 1 , 85 / 1 , 10-2 ,80 / 5 , 1 /R 4 ,7-7 ,8 / I D G : g ran ite , w hinstone / B ? ,IRC? / R E ,G T h is s ite h as s tones g raded t o t he r e cumbent a t w ide , T he s tone s pacing a lso i n creases t o wards t he w ithin t he c i rcle d efined b y t he o ther s tones , a t b y B url s hows 2 a dditional s tones t o t he e ast , n ot i n ternal f eatures e xcept f o r as lab a t t he c entre

t he SW , t h is i s 4 , 15m l o ng a nd 1 , 20m SW , T he r e cumbent a nd f lankers a re s et a n u nusual a ngle , As urvey o f t h e s ite p lanned b y C oles , T here a re n o s i gns o f w hich h as b een p ostulated t o b e ac ist

c over , E arly a c counts o f t he s ite s uggest t hat f ragments o f 4 b roken o rthostats h ave s ubsequently b een r emoved , O ne a ccount b y R ait i n 1 865 s uggests t he o rthostats s tood i n a b an k a nd t hat t he c entral a rea w as a lso s omewhat r a ised a t t h is d ate , 1 : N SA 1 8 45 4 : B url 1 976 ( A berdeenshire 3 5)

2 : C oles 1 9 001 ( 1 0) 5 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 4 8)

6 :30 C RAIGHEAD N O 9 12977 B : K /P SP2 / R C ; T hompson 1 858 C : C oles 1 8991900 ; U /c 9 ,0? / 0 o r 4 /c 6-7? 0 : I D

3 : B rowne 1 92 1 6 : R uggles a nd B url 1 9 85 G rampian ( K incardinesh ire)

E : 1 0 F : ( 1 ,95) / ( 1 ,20-2 ,90) / I D /I D /I D G : g ran ite? / I P L /T h is s ite w as ' r estored ' i n t he l a te 1 9 th c entury , T oday i t c omprises 4 t a ll o rthostats s et a t t he c ard inal p oints , i n a7 ,50-9 ,80m d iameter r ing , T he s tones l i e w ith in t h e e dge o f a c 0 ,75m h igh , f lat-topped p latform w hich h as a w all a t i t s e dge w ith a d iameter o f c 13 ,0m , P re-restoration a ccounts o f t he s ite s uggest t he p latform e xisted b ut h ad b een b a d ly d amaged b y p loughing , I n 1 8 58 t here w ere 3 u prights s tanding 1 ,20 , 1 ,80 a nd 2 ,90m h i gh , a nd s pace f o r 4f u rther s tones w h ich h ad b een b roken u p , A t as l ightly l a ter d ate M a clagan s howed 6 s tones o n p lan , I t i s u n clear h ow t o a ccount f o r t h is d iscrepancy w ith t h e p resent r emains , C oles s uggested t he 4 s urv iv ing s tones h ad b een m oved , a nd a t t h is d a te t hey a cted a s s upporters f o r a c entral f lagsta ff, H owever, T hompson n oted t he o riginal s tones w ere a c oarse g neiss o r m ica s late ,

w hile t hose t hat e x ist t oday a re r ed g ran ite ,

-2 78 -

T h is m ay w ell i n dicate t he p resent s tones a re i n troduced , I n 1 858 T hompson d ug w ithin t he c i rcle a nd f ound i t p reviously d isturbed , w ith s cattered h alf-calcined b ones a nd c harcoal, 1 : T hompson 1 8 62-4 ( Badentoy) 2 : C oles 1 8991900 ( 4 ) 3 : B url 1 976 ( K incardine 6 ) 6 :3 1 C ULLERLIE N J 7 85043 B : K /F 14 / G I T ; K ilbride J ones 1 9 34 C : D : E : F : G :

G rampian ( Aberdeenshire)

T hom e t a l 1 9 80 : G (00) / 1 0 ,4x 10 ,2 / 8 / 8 1 ; 1 , 10 / 2 ; 1 , 10 / 3 ; 1 , 30 / 4 ; 1 , 35 / 5 ; 1 ,20 / 6 ; 1 ,25 / 7 ; 1 ,80 / 8 ; 1 ,35 1 -2 : 4 ,3 / 2 -3 : 3 ,7 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,9 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,9 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,7 / 6 -7 ; 4 ,0 / 7 -8 ; 4 , 1 /8 1; 3 ,6 1 , 25 + 1 ,80 / 1 , 101,35 + 1 ,80 / 3 ,9 / 3 ,6-4 ,3 / 1 , 9% g ranite / 8 ICA / S

T h is f ine c ircle h as o ne t a ll s tone t o t he n orth-west , t he o thers a re o f s omewhat l ower h e ight a nd a re n ot c onvincingly g raded , M uch o f t he i n terior o f t he s ite i s t a ken u p b y 8 s mall k erb-cairns , I n t he e arly 1 9 th c entury a f u rther d i stance o utside t he s ite t o t he s outhwest ,

9s imilar

c a irns e xisted a s hort

T he s ite w as f u lly e xcavated i n 1 9 34 , T he o rthostats w ere f ound t o h ave b een s haped t o p oints a t t heir b ases t o g ive t hem s tability i n t he s hallow s toneholes i n t he g ravel s ubsoil, T he e x cavator c oncluded t he g round h ad b een l evelled b e fore c onstruction o f t he s i te , a s t he b uried g round s urface w as f lat i n c ontrast w ith a n i r regular s ubsoil, A nother e xplanation c ould b e n eolithic p loughing w hich h ad l evelled t he s urface , T he w hole i n terior w as f ound t o h ave b een b urnt b y af i re o f w illow b ranches ; t he o ld g round s urface w a s ab rick-red c o lour u p t o t he e dge o f t he s ite , T he b urning t ook p lace i n c on junction w ith t he c onstruction o f t he c airns , r a ther t han t he c ircle s tones w hich w ere a lready i n p lace , a nd i t i s c onceivab le t he c ircle h ad b een i n u se f o r s ome t ime o r c ould e ven h ave b een a bandoned , T he b u ilding o f t he c a irns m ade t he s ite u nsuitable f or a ny g roupg athering w ithin i t a nd i t s f unction i s l i kely t o h ave b een r edefined a t t h is t ime , T he k e rbs o f t he c a irns w ere i n tensively b urnt , i nd icating t hey w ere c onstructed b efore t he f i re , w h ile t he c a irn m aterial o verlay t he l ayer , T he i n ternal c airns h ad b een r obbed o f s ome o f t heir k erbstones i n t he 1 9 th c entury a nd f ield c learance s ubsequently a dded t o t he s ite , T he c entral c a irn w as a typica l i n t hat i t h ad 2 c oncentric k erbs o f c 2 ,0 a nd c 3 ,0m d iameter, p erhaps s uggesting i t h ad b een r emodelled , E ach h ad 1 k erbstones , t he o uter r i ng b eing o f l a rger s tones , o n a verage 0 ,50m h igh , w hile t he i nner s tones w ere o nly l ow , b eing u nder 0 ,30m , T he i n terior w as d isturbed b ut c ontained s cattered c harcoal a nd a h uman c remation , r ing , T his w as a p it c overed b y

T he e astern c a irn h ad 1 l o w k erbstones , o f 0 ,35m h eight , i n ac 2 ,0m d iameter w as u ndisturbed , I t h ad a p avement r esting o n t he b urnt f loor, A t t he c entre w ith b urnt s ides , c ontaining c harcoal a nd c remated b one a t i t s b ase , I t w as a c apstone s et h igh i n t he m ound , T he c airn t o t he s outhwest w as u nusual i n

t hat i t o nly h as 9 t a ll k erbstones , o f 0 ,60m a verage h eight , i n ac 2 ,0m d iameter r ing ; t he o ther 7 c a irns a l l h ave 1 s tones , as trong i ndication o f p lanned s tandardisation , T h is c a irn h ad a s mall c ist o f 8s tones ( o r as tone l ined p it), l e t i n to t he o ld g round s urface a nd c ontain ing c harcoal a nd c a lcined b one , T he f ourth c airn t o t he s outh h ad 1 k erbstones , o f 0 ,55m a verage h eight , g raded t o t he n orth i n ac 2 ,0m d iameter r ing , T h is a lso c overed a n i r regular ' c ist ' c onta ining c harcoal a nd b urnt h uman b one , T he f i fth c airn t o t he s outheast w as b adly d isturbed , i t o riginally h ad 1 k erbstones i n ac 2 ,0m d iameter r ing , T he s ixth c a irn t o t he E NE w as a lso b adly r u ined b ut o riginally h ad 1 k erbstones , o f 0 ,60m a verage h eight , i n a c 2 ,0m d iameter r ing , T he s eventh c airn t o t he N NE w as s ignificantly s maller t h an t hose d escribed a bove , h aving a d iameter o f o nly c 1 ,5m , I t h ad 1 k erbstones w ith a n a verage h eight o f 0 ,40m , I t c overed a p it c ontaining c harcoal a nd c remated b one , T he e ighth c a irn t o t he NW w as a lso s mall w ith a d iameter o f c 1 ,5m , I t s 1 o riginal k erbstones h ad b een r emoved , A t i t s c entre w as a l a rge m ound o f a sh b ut n o c remation w as f ound , Ar eputed o utlier t o t he w est o f t he c ircle ' r emoved m any y ears a go '

-2 79 -

( 19 19) w as n ot s ubstantiated d uring e xcavation a nd i s p robably s purious a s i t w as n ot s hown o n L ogan 's p lan , 1 : L ogan 1 829 2 : C oles 1 900-0 1 ( 20) 3 : R itchie 1 9 1819 4 : K ilbride J ones 1 934-5 5 ; B url 1 976 ( Aberdeenshire 3 7) 6 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 82/7) 6 ;32 D EER P ARK N J 6 84 156 B : N /P FP 1 /A / C : T hom e t a l 1 980 ; G (00) / c 4 ,4? / 3 / 4 ? 0 : A ; 1 ; 1 ,20 / 2 ; 1 ,20 / 3 ; 1 ,50 / M E : 0 /1 -2 ; 3 ,8 / 2 -3 ; 4 , 1 /0 F : ( c 1 ,30) / ( c 1 ,201,50) / ( 3 ,9) / ( 3 ,8-4 ,1) / I D G ; g ranite(1), ' h eathens '(2) / I CA? / G ? ,F?

G rampian ( Aberdeensh ire)

T his s ite i s d i fficult t o c lassify w ith c ertainty , T oday 3 o rthostats s tand , i n an eare quilateral t r iang le , w ithin a l o w c a irn o r f ield c learance , T he O rdnance S urvey r e corded 4s tones s et i n ac ircle , T here a re a lso 3 l ow e arthfast s labs , n one m ore t han 0 ,25m h igh , a nd a n a rc o f l oose s tones a t t he e dge o f p loughing , B ecause o f t hese , C oles c oncluded t he e asternmost s tone w as a c entre s tone , s urrounded b y ar ing o f s mall s tones a nd t he o ther 2 o rthostats , T h is s eems h ighly u nlikely , Am ore v iable i n terpretation i s ar e ctangu lar F our P oster w ith o ne p oorly p ositioned s tone , I t s eems t o h ave o ne s ide o rientated t o t he s outheast/northwest , a nd t he t a llest s tone s tands t o t he s outh , 1 : C oles 1 9001 ( 5 ) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Aberdeenshire 4 0 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( 82/10 , M onymusk) 6 :33 D RUIDSFIELD B : C : D : E : F :

N J 5 78 177

G rampian ( Aberdeensh ire)

H /R SC / V P /? U ; w orkmen p re 1 838 C oles 1 9001; U / I D /2 / I D 0 /1 ; F L 2 ,00 / ( D ; R E) / 2 ; F L 2 ,20 / 0 0/( 1 -2 ; R E c 4 ,5) / 0 ( 2 ,10) / ( 2 ,00-2 ,20) / I D /I D /I D

G : g ranite / - / R E A ll t hat r emains a re 2 t a ll o rthostats a t t he c orrect o r ientation t o b e f lan kers o f a R ecumbent S tone C ircle , I n C oles d ay t he t enant r emembered r emoving a s tone f rom b etween t hem , L ocal r esidents r emembered a ' f ine c ircle ' o nce s tand ing h ere , T he r emainde r o f t he c i rcle w ould h ave s tood t o t he n orth , I n t he 1 9 th c entury a n a ccount d escribes t he d estruction o f aR ecumbent S tone C i rcle o f c 15 ,0m d iameter, T he d escription o f i ts l o cation i s v ague a nd h ence i t i s u n clear w hether t h is w as D ruidsfield , o r a lternatively C rookmore o r N ether B alfour, T he s ite w as t e rraced i n to t he h illside a nd t he f ew r emaining o rthostats s tood o n a b ank, A ' p aved r oad ' a pparently r an f rom t he s ite t o t he s outheast w h ich c ould b e t ra ced t hrough a b og f o r c 550m , A t t he f a r e nd i t w as c 5 ,5m w ide , w hile n ear t he c i rcle i t w as c 18 ,5m w ide a nd c overed i n a shes , As econd c auseway t o t he n orthwest w as c 9 1m l ong a nd 3 6 ,5m w ide , T he i n terpretation o f t hese u nique f eatures i s q uestionable , t h ey m ay h ave b een n atura l , T wo s tone c ups a nd c harcoal w ere f ound , a pparently u nder t he p avement , 1 : N SA 1 845 2 : W ilson 1 863 4 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 4 2)

3 : C oles 1 900-0 1 ( 8 ) 5 : R uggles 1 984 ( 52) 6 : R uggles a nd B url 1 985

6 :34 D RUIDSTONE N J 6 16222 G ramp ian ( Aberdeenshire) B : H /R SC / A / C : C oles 1 9001; U / c 16 ,5 / 7 / c 1011 0 : 1 2M / 1 ; 1 , 00 / 2 ; F ,01 0 ,90 / 3 ; F1 ,80 / 4 ; F L ,L 1 ,80 / ( D ; R E ) /5 ; F L ,L 1 , 10 / 6 ; 1 , 00 / 7 ; L1 ,00 / 2 M E : ( 1 -2 ; 5 ,0) / ( 2 -3 ; 5 ,0) / 3 -4 ; 4 ,9 / ( 4 -5 ; R E 4 ,4) / 5 -6 ; 4 ,9 / 6 -7 ; 4 ,5 F : ( 1 ,25) / ( 0 ,901,80) / ( 4 ,8) / ( 4 ,5-4 ,9) / I D G ; N D /A O? I R C o r I CA / R E ,G?0?

-2 80 -

T h is s ite h ad i t s SW r e cumbent r emoved i n t he 1 9 th c entury , O nly o ne f lan ker i s l a rge a nd t h e o ther s tones a re o n ly c rudely g raded , A t a ll o rthostat s tands c 8 ,0m b eyond t he d estroyed n orthern a rc o f t he c ircle , I t i s 2 ,30m h igh a nd l i es t o t he NW o f t he c ircle c e ntre , T he i n terior o f t h e s ite i s s tony , i ndicating i t h ad a d isturbed c entra l r ingcairn o r c a irn , 1 : C oles 1 9001 ( 18) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Aberdeenshire 4 3) 3 : R uggles 1 984 ( 47) 4 : R uggles a nd B url 1 9 85 6 :35 D UNNIDEER N J 6 08284 B : H /R SC / V P / C : C oles 1 90 1-2 ; U/I D /2 (+ 1) / I D D ; 0/1 ; F L ,F 2 ,00 / ( R E ; 1 ,75) / 2 ; F L ,F 2 ,60 / 0 E : 0/( 1-2 ;RE 3 ,5) / 0

G rampian ( Aberdeensh ire)

F : ( 2 ,30) / ( 2 ,00-2 ,60) / I D /I D /I D G ; N D /- /R E A l l t hat s urvives o f t h is s ite i s t he r e cumbent a nd 2 f lankers , t he f ormer i s 2 ,85m l ong , N o r e cord s urvives o f t he r emainder o f t he c i rcle w hich w ou ld h ave s tood t o t he NE , B oth t h e f lankers h ave b een r e -erected s in ce C oles p lanned t he s ite , 1 : C o les 1 90 1-2 ( 39) 2 : B url 1 976 ( Aberdeensh ire 4 5) 3 : C ,Ruggles p ers ,comm , 4 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 42) 5 : R uggles a nd B url 1 985 6 :36 D YCE N J 8 60 133 B ; H /R SC / G / C : T hom e t a l 1 980 ; G (OD) / 1 8 ,1x 17 ,7 / 1 0 (+ 1) / 1 0 (+ 1)

G rampian ( Aberdeensh ire)

0 : 1 ; 1 ,30 / 2 ; 0 ,95 / ( 3 ; N ? 1 , 35) / 4 ; 1 ,50 / 5 : 2 ,35 / 6 ; F L 2 ,85 / ( RE ; L1 ,60) / 7 : F L 3 ,00 / 8 ; L2 ,20 / 9 ; 2 , 15 / 1 0 ; 1 ,50 / 1 ; 0 ,95 E : 1 . . 2 ; 5 ,3 / 2 -4 ; 4 ,6 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,5 / 5 -6 ; 5 ,6 / ( 6-7 ; R E 4 ,6) / 7 -8 ; 5 ,3 / 8 -9 ; 6 , 1 / 9 10 ; 5 ,7 / 1 011; 7 ,0 / 11; 6 ,8 F : 1 ,85 / 0 ,95-3 ,00 / 5 ,5 / 3 ,5-7 ,0 / 2 ,2% G ; g ranite / B ? I RC? / R E ,G T h is f ine c i rcle h as i t s r e cumbent t o t he s outh a nd

t he o rthostats a re g raded

i n t h is

d irection , T he r e cumbent i s 3 ,30m l ong , B oth t h is a nd t he f lankers a re s et s lightly w ithin t he t rue c i rcle f ormed b y t he o ther o rthostats , T oday t here i s a n e xtra o rthostat i n t he r ing t o t he e ast , T h is i s n ow f a llen b ut w as s tanding w hen C oles p lanned t he s ite , H owever, i t i s m issing f rom L ogan 's e arly 1 9 th c entury p lan , L ogan 's d rawings i l lustrate t h e h igh b ank w hich n ow l i nks t he o rthostats w as s urmounted b y ad rystone w all a dded w hen t he s ite w as c onverted i n to a c attle p ound , T he e xtra o rthostat m ay h ave b een a dded a t t h is t ime a nd o mitted b y L ogan a s m ore o bviously a n a ddition t han i t i s t oday , L ogan 's d rawings s uggest t he d rystone w all w as b uilt o n a p re-ex isting b ank a nd h ence t he r i ngcairn w h ich l inks t he o rthostats m ay b e o riginal, W ithin t h is b ank i s ar u ined k erb w ith a d iameter o f c 1 1 , 5 m , T h is m ay w ell b e t he l a st v estige o f al ow i n ternal r ingcairn w h ich h as b een d isturbed , a nd s tones s cattered i n f ront o f t he r e cumbent m ay i ndicate i t w as o nce l i n ked t o t he r e cumbent a nd f lankers , I ; L ogan 1 8 29 ( Tyrbagger) 2 : C oles 1 8991900 ( 22) 3 : B url 1 976 ( Aberdeenshire 4 6) 4 ; T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 82/1 T yrebagger) 5 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 83) 6 : R uggles a nd B url 1 9 85 6 :37 E ASTER A QUORTHIES N J 7 32208 G rampian ( Aberdeenshire) B ; H /R SC / G / C : T hom e t a l 1 980 ; 8 (00) / 1 9 ,4x 19 ,1 / 1 (+ 1) / 1 (+ 1) D : 1 ; 1 , 60 / 2 ; 1 , 15 / 3 ; 1 , 65 / 4 ; 1 , 75 / 5 ; 1 ,50 / 6 ; F L 2 , 10 / ( RE ; L1 , 20) / 7 ; F L 2 , 10 / 8 ; 1 , 60+ / 9 ; 1 , 45 / 1 0 ; 1 ,55 / 1 ; 1 , 75 E : 1 -2 ; 5 ,2 / 2 -3 ; 5 ,0 / 3 -4 ; 4 ,9 / 4 -5 ; 4 ,8 / 5 -6 ; 5 ,7 / ( 6-7 ; R E 5 ,3) / 7 -8 ; 6 ,7 / 8 -9 ; 5 ,4 / 9 10 ; 5 , 1 /1 0 11; 5 ,0 / 11; 5 ,6

-2 81 -

F : 1 , 65 / 1 , 15-2 ,10 / 5 ,3 / 4 ,8-6 ,7 / 1 , 5% G : g ranite(3), p orphyry (8) / B ,IRC / R E T his f ine c ircle h as i t s r e cumbent t o t he SW , t h is i s 5 ,85m l o ng a nd 0 ,60m w ide , T he s tones a re u ngraded e xcept f o r t he t wo f lankers w hich a re t a ll, T he r e cumbent a nd f l ankers l i e s lightly w ithin a t rue c ircle f o rmed b y t he o the r o rthostats , T he o rthostats a re l inked b y ab ank o f r ubble , T wo r ad ia l s labs b y t he r e cumbent i ndicate t he s ite o n ce a lso h ad a n i n ternal r ingcairn , a lthough t he o nly o ther t race t oday o f t h is i s as l ight r ise t owards t he c entre , 1 : C oles 1 9001 ( 15) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Aberdeenshire 4 7 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 8 1/6 , A quorthies M anar) 4 : R uggles 1 984 ( 63) 5 : R uggles a nd B url 1 9 85 6 :38 E LLON N J 9 54302 B : K /F 14 ! P / C ; N /c 6 ,0 / 3 / c 7-9 D : 1 ; 0 ,70 / c 2-3M / 2 ; 1 ,05 / 3 ; 1 , 05 / c 2-3M E : I D F : ( 0 ,95) / ( 0 ,701,05) / I D /I D /I D G : N D / /T oday t h is s ite c omprises 3 o rthostats , w ith 2 f u rther p laced i n t he c entral a rea i n r e cent t imes , 1 : R itchie 1 9 16-7 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 4 8)

G rampian ( Aberdeensh ire)

r e cumbent s tones w hich h ave b een

6 :39 E SSLIE T HE G REATER N O 7 179 16 G rampian ( K incardinesh ire) 6 : H /R SC / A / C ; S mith 1 8 73 C : C oles 1 8991900 ; U (OD) c 23 ,S / 6 (+ 1) / 1 0 11(+ 1) D : 2 M /1 ; 1 ,40 / M / 2 ; F L ,S? ( 0 ,95+) / ( RE ; L1 , 20) / 3 ; F L ,S ( 1 ,50+) / 4 ; 1 , 40 / 5 ; 1 , 10 / 6 : 1 , 35 / 1 -2M E : 0/( 2 -3 ; R E 3 ,9) / 3 -4 ; 9 ,2 / 4 -5 ; 7 ,3 / 5 -6 ; 6 ,3 / 0 F : ( 1 ,30) / ( 1 ,101,40) / ( 7 ,6) / ( R 6 ,3-9 ,2) / I D G : N D /I R C /R E T h is d isturbed s ite h as i t s r e cumbent t o t he s outh , t h is i s 2 ,75m l ong , T he o rthostats d o n ot a ppear t o b e g raded b ut t he s ite a ppears t o o r iginally h ave h ad 2 t a ll f lan ke rs , T he s tone s pacing i n creases a s i t a pproaches t he r e cumbent , W ithin t he r ing i s a n i n ternal r ingcairn w ith a n o uter k erb o f c ontiguous s tones o f c 18 ,2m d iameter , T his i s l i n ked t o t he r e cumbent a nd f lankers a nd o ne r adial s lab s urvives a butting t he e astern f lan ker , T he i n ner c ontiguous k erb h as a d iameter o f c 6 ,4m , I n 1 8 73 t he c entral a rea w as e x cavated a nd s everal b ones w ere n oted , 3 -4 b lack s tains w ere t hought t o b e b odies , b u t t h is i n terpretation s eems u nlikely , As ub-circular c ist i n ap it c ontained a f ragment o f b one , T he s ite h as b een m odified a round i t s e dges , T o t h e n orth a nd e ast i s am assive s tone-dyke w ith m any l a rge s tones d e fin ing b oth i t s e dges , s ome o f w h ich h ave p robably b een r obbed f rom t he c ircle , O n t he w estern s ide a s lighter s tone w all o r b an k , a lso c ontaining l a rge s tone , w hich l inks 3 o f t he o rthostats , I t c learly p ost-dates t he c i rcle a s i t c ontinues , r unning a way f rom t he o rthostats t o t he n o rth a nd s outh , I n t he f o rmer d irection i t r uns t o a1 ,30m h igh o rthostat ( now l eaning) w h ich h as p robably b een r e moved f rom t he c ircle a nd r e-utilised , 1 : S mith 1 8 79-90 2 : C o les 1 8991900 ( 8 ) 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( K incardine 8 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( 8 2/4) 5 : A tkinson 1 9 8 1 7 : R uggles 1 984 ( 9 0) 8 : R uggles a nd B url 1 985

-2 82 -

6 : C ,Ruggles p ers ,comm ,

6 : 40 E SSL IE T HE L ESSER N O 7 2292 1 G rampian ( K in card inesh ire) 8 : H /R SC / A / C : S m ith c 1873 C ; T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (OD) / c 1 3 ,3 / 5 (+ 1) / 8 -9 (+ 1) D : 1 2M / 1 ; 1 , 15 / 2 ; 1 , 35 / D ; F L -/( R E ; Fc1 , 10) / 3 ; F L 1 , 40 / 4 ; 1 , 15 / 5 ; 1 , 25 /M E : 0/1 2 ; 4 ,5 / ( 2 -D ; 4 , 4) / ( 0 -3 ; R E 4 , 1) / 3 -4 ; 5 ,9 / 4 -5 ; 4 ,8 / 0 F : ( 1 ,25) / ( 1 ,151,40 ) /( 5 ,1) / ( 4 ,5-5 ,9 ) /I D G : N D /P L? ,1RC / R E T h is s ite h a s a s ma ll r e cumbent t o t h e s outh a nd d oes n ot a ppear t o b e g raded , T he r e cumbent i s o n ly 1 , 85m l o ng , T he w ho le s ite a ppears t o s tand o n al o w p lat form , a lthough t h is m ay b e t h e r esu lt o f s ubsequent p lough ing , T here a re t races o f a n i n ternal k e rb w ith ad iameter o f c 10 ,5m w h ich p robably d e fined t h e o uter e dge o f a n i n ternal r ing ca irn , T he c e ntre w as d ug i n c 1 873 a nd s evera l l a rge s labs w ere f ound w h ich w ere t hought t o b e a d i sturbed c i st , N o f inds w e re m ade , 1 : S m ith 1 8 79-80 2 : C o les 1 8 991900 ( 9 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( K in card ine 9 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 8 2/5) 5 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 8 9 ) 6 : R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 : 4 1 F RENDRAUGHT N J 6 2 ,4 1, G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) 8 : H /R SC / P / C : N /c 26 ,0 / 3 (+ 1) / I D D : 1 ; - /c 4 -5M / 2 ; F L ,F ,B? ( 1 ,60+) / ( R E ;B 1 , 90 ) /3 ; F L 2 ,00 / c 4 -5M E : I D F : ( 2 ,00) / ( 2 ,00) / I D /I D /I D G : N O / - /R E T h is s ite h as i t s r e cumbent r o ughly t o t h e s outh , t h is i s b roken b ut w as o rig ina lly c 2 ,00m l o ng a nd 1 , 05m w ide , M any o f t h e s tones w ere b ro ken u p i n c 1845 a nd s evera l f r agments w ith b o reho les e x ist o n t h e w e stern a r c, a pparently f rom 3 o rthostats , 1 : C o les 1 9 02-3 ( 2 1) 2 : R itch ie 1 9 1617 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 5 0 ) 4 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 2 7) 5 : R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 : 42 F ULLERTON N J 7 839 1797 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) 8 : K /S P2?(o r E SC) / V P /C ; D a lrymp le c 1850 C : N /c 8 ,5 / 1 / c 6-8? 0 : 0 /1 ; 1 , 80 E : I D F : ( 1 ,80) / ( 1 ,80) / I D /I D /I D G : N D /B , IPL o r R C /T h is s ite h as n ever b een r e corded i n g ood c ond ition a nd h en ce i s d i fficu lt t o c lassify , T o day i t h as o ne o rthostat s et o n al o w b an k r e ta ined o n i t s o uter e dge b y ar e cent w a ll, W i th in t h is i s al o w c e ntra l p latform o r r ing ca irn o f c 6 ,5m d iameter , I n c 1850 t h ere w e re 3o rthostats a nd i t w as e st imated t h ere w e re o r ig inally 7 s tones , T he c entre w as e x cavated a t t h is t i me , t h ere w as a 2 ,75m , d iameter ' c ircu lar s pa ce ' ( i nterior o f r i ng cairn ?) w h ich h a d b een b u rnt , U nder t h is w as a p it c o nta in ing a n e xtended i n humation w ith f u rther b ones a nd s herds o f f lat r i mmed w a re , S u rround ing t h is w e re 7 o ther d epos its e a ch o f c remated b one , s ome w i th f u rther s herds , 1 : S tuart 1 8 56 2 : C o les 1 9 001 ( 1 3) 3 : R itch ie 1 9 1617 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 5 1 ) 5 : R CAHM Gramp ian i n dex

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6 :43 G ARROL W OOD N O 7 239 12 B : H /R SC / G / T ; C oles 1 904 C : T hom e t a l 1 980 ; G (00) / 1 9 ,1x 17 ,7 / 9 (+ 1) / 1 0 (+ 1)

G rampian ( K incardinesh ire)

D : 1 ; 1 ,00 / 2 ; 1 ,20 / 3 ; 1 , 45 / 4 ; F L ,F 1 , 70 / ( RE ; F1 ,00) / 5 ; F L 1 ,80 / 6 ; L1 , 10 / 7 ; 1 , 45 / 8 ; S /E H /9 ; 1 ,00 E : 1 -2 ; 4 ,8 / 2 -3 ; 5 ,7 / 3 -4 ; 7 ,6 / ( 4 -5 ; R E 3 ,9) / 5 -6 ; 7 ,0 / 6 -7; 4 ,6 / 7 -8 ; 5 ,2 / 8 -EH ; 5 ,5 / E H-9 ; 5 ,8 / 9 1; 4 ,4 F : 1 , 35 / 1 ,001,80 / 5 ,6 / R 4 ,4-7 ,6 / 7 ,3% G : g ranite(9), d iorite(1) / B ? I RC ,(A0?) / R E ,G ,0? T his s ite h as i t s s tones g raded t owards t he s mall r e cumbent t o t he SE , w hich i s 2 ,25m l o ng , T he r e cumbent a nd f lankers a re s et w ell w ithin t he n ear-circular r ing d e fined b y t he o ther o rthostats ( one s tone d eviates f rom a t rue c i rcle) , T he s tone s pacing i s w i der t o e ither s ide o f t he Hankers , T he s ite w as t otally e xcavated i n 1 904 b y C oles , W ithin t he o rthostats i s a n i n ternal r ingcairn d efined b y k erbs , T he o uter k erb h as a d iameter o f c 12 ,5m a nd i s l in ked t o t he r e cumbent a nd f lankers , O n t he e astern s ide t h is i s a chieved b y a n a cute c hange o f a ngle w ith p articularly m assive s labs h ere , O n t he w estern s ide t he k erb t a kes a m uch s m oother a rc, T he i n terna l k erb t oday c omprises 2 r ings o f s tone , T he o uter o ne w as s o mewhat r u inous a nd c onsisted o f l ow s labs i n a5 ,2m d iameter r ing , T he i nner o ne c omprises s labs u p t o 1 , 10m h igh , s et i n a3 ,4m d iameter r ing , H owever, a l l b ut 1 -2 o f t hese s labs w ere f ound r e cumbent b y C oles , w ho c oncluded t hey c ame f rom a n i n ner k erb w ithout f ind ing a ny f u rther s toneholes , T his r ing s hould b e r egarded w ith s ome s uspicion b ut , i f g enu ine , i t s uggests t he r ingcairn h ad b een r emodelled i n p rehistory , T he r ubble i n fill o f t he r ingcairn e xtended b eyond t he o uter k erb t o t he r ing o f o rthostats , T his m ay b e l a ter d amage/spread , b ut a lternatively c ould r e late t o as econd p hase o f b uilding w hen t h e w hole i n terior m ay h ave b een f i lled w ith c a irn m aterial, T he u nsymmetrical a rrangement o f t he o uter k erb i n t he v i cinity o f t he r e cumbent m ay a lso s uggest p artial r emodelling , T h e a rea w ith in t he i n ner k erb w as s omewhat d isturbed , H owever , a t t he c entre w as a s tone l i ned , f unnel-shaped p it w hich w as 0 ,65m i n d iameter a nd 0 ,25m d eep , T his w as f illed w ith b urnt h uman b ones a nd c harcoal, O utside t he p it w ere s everal d eposits , T o t he n ortheast w ere ' u rn ' s herds a nd c harcoal, T o t he n o rthwest w as a d eposit o f c remated h uman b one o n a g ranite s lab , T o t he s outh w ere t h ree h uman c remations i n s ha llow h ollows , S evera l p laces w ere i d entified e lsewhere o n s ite , d e fined b y a rcs o f s tone , w h ich l ooked a s t hey m a y h ave c ontained d eposits b ut n o f inds w ere m ade a nd s ome o f t h ese a t l e ast w ere p r obab ly f o rtu itous , T he o rthostats a re l inked b y ad ouble l ine o f s mall s tones w hich a ppear t o b e k erbs o f ab ank, C oles s uggested t h is w as a r e cent d yke , b ut t here w as n othing t o s ubstantiate t h is h ypothesis a nd i t m ay h ave b een a p rehistoric f eature , T he s tonehole f or t he m i ssing o rthostat t o t he n orthwest w as i d entified , A ll s toneholes h ad p acking a nd w ere c u t t o a m aximum o f 0 ,40m i nto t he s ubsoil, A n o utlier , s tanding 1 6 ,6m o utside t he r ing t o t he n o rtheast , h as b een i dentified b y T hom ( but i s n ot n oted b y o ther a uthors), 1 : S m ith 1 8 79-80 2 : C oles 1 8 991900 ( 7 ) 3 : C o les 1 904-5 4 : B url 1 976 ( K incardine 1 0 ) 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 8 2/6) 6 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 9 1) 7 : R uggles a nd B url 1 985 6 :44 G AUL C ROSS - S OUTH B : H /R SC? / D / C : D : E : F :

N J 5 35639

G rampian ( Banff)

N /c 18 ,0 / 0 / I D (6+) I D I D ( l arge) / I D /I D /I D /I D

G : N D /A SC? / M ? T h is d estroyed s ite w as n oted a s h aving 6 l a rge s tones i n ac 18 ,0m r ing , B url s uggested i t w as a s ix-stone r ing b ut i t s l a rge d iameter s uggests n o t , I t s s ize i s t ypical f o r a

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R e cumbent S tone C ircle , a nd i f s o f u rther o rthostats w ere p robably r emoved p rior e a rlier a ccount , T here w as a s econd s ite n earby ( see C hapter 7 ) , 1 : C oles 1 906 ( 15)

t o t he

2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Banff 3 b)

6 : 45 G AVEL

N J 9 8 15 15

G rampian ( Aberdeenshire)

B : H /R SC / V P /C : N/I D / 1/ I D D : 0/1 ; 1 , 45 / 0 E : I D F : ( 1 ,45) / ( 1 ,45) / I D /I D /I D G : N D /- /T h is R ecumbent S tone C ircle w as n oted a s ' p retty c omplete ' i n t he m id 1 9th c entury , B y c 1 872 o nly a m assive r e cumbent a nd 3 o ther s tones r emained , A t t h is d ate a ll b ut o ne w ere b l asted a nd r emoved , 1 : P eter 1 884-5 2 : C o les 1 904 ( 19) 3 : B url 1 976 ( Aberdeenshire 5 3) 4 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 9 ) 5 : R uggles a nd B url 1 985 6 : 46 G INGOMYRES B : H /R SC? / D / C ; C owie p re 1 8 54 C : N /c 18 ,0 / 0 / I D D : I D E : I D

N J 4 6 ,42 ,

G rampian ( Aberdeenshire)

F : I D /I D /I D /I D /I D G : N D /E B? I R C? / T h is s ite w as d estroyed i n c 1875 w hen t he s tones w ere b roken u p a nd u tilised i n n earby w a lls , B efore t h is d ate 3 -4 o rthostats r emained , O ne o f t hese a ppears t o h ave b een t he f a llen r e cumbent , w h ich m easured 3 ,7x 1,8x0 ,4m , H owever , t he o nly d etailed a ccount s uggests t h is w as l o cated t o t he n orth/northwest w hich m akes c lassification e qu ivocal, S tuart a lso n o ted a n i nner a nd o uter b ank w ith t he o rthostats b etween t hem , E arlier e xcavations a t t he c e ntre f ound a l a yer o f c harcoal a nd a nimal b ones , 1 : S tuart 1 8 5 1-4 4 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 29)

2 : C oles 1 9 06 ( 12) 3 : B url 1 976 ( Aberdeenshire 5 4) 5 : R uggles a nd B url 1 985

6 : 47 G LASSEL N O 6 4 ,99 , B : N /F P 1? / G / C ; a non c 1880 , E : C oles 1 904 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; 5 (00) / 3 ,6x3 ,8? / 4 (+ 1)? / 4 (+ 1)? D : 1 ; 0 ,90 / 2 ; 1 ,00 / 3 ; 1 ,00 / 4 ; 0 ,85 E : 1 -2 ; 2 ,7 / 2 -3 ; 2 ,5 / 3 -4 ; 2 ,3 / 4 1; 3 , 1 F : 0 ,95 / 0 ,851,00 / 2 ,6 / 2 ,3-3 ,1 / 5 ,3%? G : g ranite / E O /0 ,F ,G? T h is s ite i s d ifficu lt t o c lassify , I t c ould

b e

G rampian ( K in cardineshire)

a s ix-stone

r ing

w ith

a n

u nusually

e longated p lan ( d iameter 3 , 1x6 ,3m), H owever, t he n orthwestern s tone , as andstone s lab , i s r e cumbent a nd w as t hought b y C oles t o b e ad isplaced c apstone , T h is b eing t he c ase i t i s l i kely t he s ite i s ar e ctangu lar F our P oster , o rientated NW/SSE , w ith a n o utlier a s hort d istance o utside t he s etting t o t he SE , T his i s s et r adially , o rientated t o t he s ite c entre a nd s tands 0 ,85m h igh , T he t wo s outhern s tones a re s lightly t a ller t han t he o thers i n d icating p ossible g rading , T he c entre o f t he s ite w as e xcavated i n c 1880 b ut a pparently n o f inds w ere m ade , F u rther e x cavations i n 1 904 f ound o nly a f l int f lake a nd a s mall a mount o f c harcoal, 1 : S mith 1 8 79-80 2 : C oles 1 8 991900 ( 1 1) 3 ; C oles 1 904-5 4 : B url 1 9 76 ( K incardine 1 ) 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( B 3/6 , K ynock P lantation)

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6 :48 G REYSTONE N J 5 6 ,16 , G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) B : H /P RSC? / P O /C : C o les 1 9 001; U / c 12 ,0x 11,0 / 3 / c 7 -9? D : A ; 1 ; - /2 ; /3 ; - / c4 -6M E : 1 2 ; 3 ,4 / 2 -3 ; 4 ,4 / 0 F : ( c 0 ,80) / ( 0 ,75-0 ,90) / ( 3 ,9) / ( 3 ,4-4 ,4) / I D G : N D /B /T h is s ite i s d i fficult t o i n terpret , I t c omprises a c 2 .0m w ide b an k d e fined o n b o th e dges b y k e rbs o f v e rtically-set s labs , T he s labs o n t h e i n ner e dge a re v i rtually c o nt iguous w ith a d iameter o f c 8 .7m a nd s urrounds a f l at i n terlo r , T h e o uter k e rb i s r u ined b u t w ou ld h ave h ad a d iameter o f c 12 ,5m , O n t h e c rest o f t h is b an k a re 3 o rthostats w h ich a p pear t o b e t h e v estiges o f as tone c i rcle , 1 : C o les 1 9 001 ( 7 ) 6 :49 H ARESTANE N J 64438 G ramp ian ( Ban ff) 1 3 : H /P RSC / V P /C : C o les 1 9 02-3 ; U/c 18 ,0 / 1 / I D D : 0 /( R E ; 1 , 25) / ( 1 ; F L? F 0 ,90 ) E : I D F : I D /I D /I D /I D /I D G : w h instone / I C A o r R C ? /R E A l l t hat r e ma ins o f t h is s ite i s ap robable r e cumbent , w h ich i s 1 , 95m l ong a nd 0 , 90m w ide , a nd w hat c ou ld b e t h e f a llen w est f l an ker w h ich i s c upma rked , I n C o les ' d ay t h e t e nant r e membered t h e s tone c i rcle h e re a nd s a id i t s d iameter w a s o r ig inally a bout 6 0 f e et a nd t h at s everal c i sts h ad b een f o und i n t h e s tony i n terior , 1 : C o les 1 9 02-3 ( 2 7 ) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( B an ff 4 ) 3 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 1 8) 4 : R uggles a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 :50 H ATTON O F A RDOYNE N J 6 59268 G ramp ian ( Aberdeensh ire ) B : H /R SC / A / E ; D a lrymple p re 1 8 56 C : C o les 1 9 001; U / c 2 4 ,5 / 7 (+ 1) / 1 2 (+ 1) D : 1 ; 1 , 20 / M / 2 ; F ,DI 1 , 20 / M / 3 ; F1 , 20 / 4 ; 1 , 60 / 5 ; F L 2 ,30 / ( R E ; L1 , 30 ) / 0 : F L ,S / 2 M /6 ; 1 , 35 / 7 ; F1 , 20 E : 0 /3 -4 ; 8 , 1 /4 -5 ; 6 ,7 / ( 5 -D ; R E 4 , 1?) / 0 / 6 -7 ; 7 ,3 / 7 1; 7 ,4 F : 1 , 45 / 1 , 20-2 ,30 / ( 7 ,4 ) /( 6 ,7-8 ,1) / I D G : g ran ite , w h instone / I R C ,(B?) / R E ,G? T h is s ite h a s i t s r e cumbent t o t h e s outhwest a nd t h e s tones a ppear t o b e g raded t o wards t h is , T he r e cumbent i s 2 ,45m l o ng a nd 0 ,30m w ide , T he s t ones i n t h e s outhern a r c a re l i n ked b y b ou lde rs , w h ile t h is c ou ld b e v estiges o f ar i ng ca irn , i t i s m ore l i ke ly t o b e a r u ined f i eld b oundary o f m u ch l a ter d ate , W ith in t h e c i rcle a r e t ra ces o f ar u ined k e rb o f c 19 ,5m d iamete r w h ich w as p robably t h e o uter k e rb o f a n i n te rnal r ing ca irn , D a lrymp le d ug at r en ch t h rough t h is a nd c on cluded t h ere w as a n a rrow r i ng cairn d e fined b y 2k e rbs , w ith ac e ntral a rea t h at w as p aved w ith s mall b ou lders w ith s ma ll a mounts o f c remated b o ne o n t h e ir s u rfa ce , H owever , s ome d oubt c an b e r a ised o ver t h e e x cavated i n ner k erb a s i t w as r u ined a nd c o nsisted o f s ma ll s tones , P erhaps t h e r i ng ca irn o n ce c ont inued m uch f u rther t o wards t h e c e ntre , A t t h e c entre w as a p it c onta in ing b ea ke r s herds , As e cond p i t j u st i n side o ne o f t h e n o rthe rn o rthostats c o nta ined b u rnt m a terial, D igging r ound o t her o r thostats f a iled t o p rodu ce f u rther r e su lts , W hen D a lrymp le d ug t h e s ite i t w as i n t h e s ame s tate a s w hen p lanned b y C oles , S i n ce t h at d a te 2 o f t h e o rthostats h ave f a llen ( 3 ,7) , af a llen s t one t o t h e e ast ( 2 ) h a s b een m oved , a nd t h e s tump o f t h e w estern f l anker h as d isappeared , 1 : S tua rt 1 8 56 2 : C o les 1 9 001 ( 2 1) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 5 8 ) 4 : C ,Rugg les p e rs ,comm , 5 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 5 6) 6 : R uggles a nd B u rl 1 9 85

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6 : 5 1 H ILL O F B UCHARN B : N /F P3? / D / U ; a non 1 8 10 C : N/c 8 ,0 / 0 / 4 ?

N J 5 18360

G rampian ( Aberdeenshire)

D : I D E : I D F : I D /I D /I D /I D /I D G : N D /- /T h is s ite w as r e corded b y t he O rdnance S urvey a s h aving 4 e qually s paced s tones i n ac 8 ,0m d iameter r ing , I t m ay h ave b een a F our P oster , I t w as d estroyed i n c 18 10 w hen b ones w ere f o und , 1 : B url 1 9 7 1 2 : B url 1 976 ( Aberdeenshire 5 9) 6 :52 H ILL O F F IDDES N J 9 34243 B : H /R SC / V P / C : A nderson 1 7 77 ; P /c 14 ,0? / 1 ( + 1) / 9 (4 1) D : 0/( RE 1 , 30) / 1 ; F L 2 ,00

G rampian ( Aberdeenshire)

E : I D F : ( 2 ,00) / ( 2 ,00) / I D /I D /I D G : w hinstone / B ,PL ,IRC? / R E A l l t hat r ema ins o f t h is s ite i s t he r e cumbent a nd w estern f lanker, T he r e cumbent i s 2 ,95m l o ng , I n 1 7 74 t he s ite w as n ear p erfect a nd w as p lanned b y A nderson , T here w ere 9 o r thostats l i n ked b y ab ank w ith t he r e cumbent t o t he SW , I n side t he r e cumbent w as a l o w p latform p ro jecting i n to t he i n terior , T h is m ay i n dicate t hat o riginally t here w as a lso a n i n ternal r ingcairn l inked t o t he r e cumbent a nd f lankers , 1 : A nderson 1 7 77 2 : C oles 1 90 1-2 ( 23) 3 : B url 1 976 ( Aberdeenshire 6 0) 4 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 80) 5 : R uggles a nd B url 1 985 6 : 53 H OLYWELL N J 5 49270 G rampian ( Aberdeenshire) B : H /R SC? / D / U ; a non p re 1 8 42 , U ; w orkmen p re 1 8 66 C : N /c 24 ,5 / 0 / 9 (+ 1) D : I D E : I D F : ( c 1,75) / ( c 1,501,80) / I D /I D /I D G : N D /I RC? / I n 1 866 t he O rdnance S urvey r e corded t h is s ite a s a s tone c ircle o f 7 s tones w ith a d iameter o f 2 4 ,5m , I t w as i n t he p rocess o f b eing d estroyed b y r oad m a kers w ho f ound ' s tone c ists ' a nd a n ' u rn ', T his m ay b e t he s ame c ircle a s t hat n oted i n 1 842 i n t he N SA , I t w as d escribed a s f o llows ; ' u ntil w ithin t he l a st 3 0 y ears t here r emained t he d istinct r e mains o f ad ruidical t emple o f w hich o nly t he s upposed a ltar a nd a f ew o f t he u prights r e main , T he s tone f o rming t he s acrificial a ltar i n t he c entre w as l a rge , 1 0 ' l o ng , a nd 9 ' b r oad , 4 ' t h ick ( the r e cumbent 3 ,05x2 ,75x 1,20m), l eaning a t 4 5 d egrees , A t e a ch e xtremity l o ngitudinally t here s tood a p erpendicular s tone o f a bout 6 ' h eight v ulgarly s tyled t he h o rns o f t he a ltar a nd i n t he l ine o f t he c i rcle o f a bout 2 5 y ards d iameter ( c23 ,0m), t h ere w ere p laced a t e qual d istances 7 u pright s tones f rom 5 t o 6 f eet h igh , T he w hole s pace w ith in t he c i rcle w as r udely p aved w ith s tones t o t he d epth o f a bout 3 f eet ( i nternal r ing cairn?), N o f inds h ave b een m ade , Ar udely p aved c auseway l in ked t he s ite t o t u muli', 1 : N SA 1 8 42 2 : C oles 1 90 1-2 ( 52) 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 6 1) 4 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 3 6) 5 : R uggles a nd B url 1 9 85

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6 :54 H OWEMILL N J 5 80 107 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) B : N /P FP 1 /P / C : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ; U /c 7 ,3x8 ,2? / 4 / 4 0 : 1 ; S ,FR / 2 ; - /3 ; F R /4 ; 8 E : 1 2 ; c 5 ,2 / 2 -3 ; c 5 ,8 / 3 -4 ; c 5 ,8 / 4 1; c 5 ,5 F : I D /I D /( c 5 ,6 ) /( c 5 ,2-5 ,8) / I D G : N D / /F ? T h is p robable F our P oster h as h ad 3 o f i t s s tones b ro ken , T he s ite a ppears t o h ave b een o f r e ctangu lar t y pe a nd m ay h ave b een o r ientated e ast/west , 1 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 2 ) 2 : B url 1 9 7 1 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 6 2 ) 6 :55 H UNTLEY N J 5 29399 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) 8 : N /R SC? / V P /C ; N/c 12 ,015 ,0 ? /2 / I D (5+) D : I D E : I D F : ( 1 ,35) / ( 1 ,35 ) /I D /I D /I D G : N D /- /A t t h e t u rn o f t h e c entury a l l t h at s u rv ived o f t h is s ite w e re 2 d io rite o rthostats , e a ch 1 , 35m h igh , s tand ing i n t h e v i llage s quare , T here w as m emory o f d estru ction o f f u rther s tones i n a round 1 8 65 , B e fore w h ich t i me t h ere w ere 5 u p rights w ith a s ixth p r ostrate s tone b etween 2 o f t h e p i llars , T h is w as d escribed a s v e ry l a rge a nd m ay h ave b een a r e cumbent , T here i s s ome d oubt a s t o w hether t he 2 s urviv ing s tones a re i n t h eir o r igina l p ositions , a s t h ey a ppear t o h ave f l anked t h e v i llage w e ll a nd m ay h ave b een m o ved f o r t h is p urpose , H owever , i f t hey a re i n t h eir o r igina l p os itions t h ey w ou ld s uggest a c i rcle o f c 1215m d iamete r , T wo 1 6 th c entu ry a c counts n ote t h e ' s tanding s tones o f H unt lie ' a s a m eeting p la ce , 1 : C o les 1 9 02 ( 6 3a) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 6 3 ) 3 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 3 0 ) 4 : R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 :56 I M AGE W OOD N O 5 2499 1 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) 8 : K /F 14 / G / P ; L o rd H untley , p re 1 9 04 C : C o les 1 9 04-5 ; U /c 3 ,4x3 ,9 / 5 / 6 0 : 1 ; 1 , 30 / 2 ; 1 , 20 / 3 ; 0 ,80 / 4 ; 0 ,95 / M / 5 ; 1 , 10 E : 1 2 ; 2 , 1, / 2 -3 ; 2 ,6 / 3 -4 ; 1 , 6 /( 4 -M ; 2 , 1) / ( M -5 ; 2 , 1) / 5 1; 0 ,8 F : 1 , 05 / 0 ,801,30 / 1 , 8 /0 ,8-2 ,6 / c 1 2 ,8% G : g ranite , w h instone / / G T he s tones a re g raded t o t h e NE a nd t w o o f t h e o rthostats a re v i rtua lly c ontiguous , t r ench d ug a c ross t he s ite p rodu ced n o f i nds , 1 : C o les 1 9 04-5 ( 1 ) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 6 4 )

A

6 :57 I N SCHFIELD N J 6 24294 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) B : H /R SC / V P /C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 22 ,5 / 2 / I D 0 ; 1 ; 1 , 50 / 0 / 2 ; F L 2 ,60 / ( R E ; F1 , 70 ) /0 E : I D F : ( 2 ,05) / ( 1 ,50-2 ,60) / I D /I D /I D G : g ranite / - / R E A l l t hat s u rv ives o f t h is s ite i s t h e f a llen r e cumbent , t h e e astern f l an ker t o t h e SW a nd o ne o rthostat t o t he NE t hat l e ant w hen p lanned b y C o les b ut h as n ow f a llen , T he r e cumbent i s 4 , 10m l o ng a nd 0 ,65m t h ick, I n c 1868 t h e s ite h ad 6 s tones , 1 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 4 5) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 6) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 8 1/ 14) 4 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 4 0 ) 5 : R ugg les a nd B url 1 9 85

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6 : 58 K IRKTON O F B OURTIE N J 8 0 1250 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) 8 : H /R SC / P / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c2 1 ,0? / 3 (+ 1) / c 9 11(4 1) D ; c1 2M / 1 ; F L 2 ,70 / ( R E ; L1 , 80) / M , F L /2 ; 1 , 80 / 3 ; 2 ,40 / c 4 -5M E : 0 /( 1 -M ; R E 6 ,2) / ( M -2 ; 6 ,2) / 2 -3 ; 7 ,3 / 0 F : ( 2 ,30) / ( 1 ,80-2 ,70) / ( 6 ,6) / ( 6 ,2-7 ,3) / I D G : g ranite / - / R E A l l t h at s urv ives i s t h e s outhe rn a r c o f t h is r i ng , T he r e cumbent l i es t o t h e SW a nd i s 4 , 90m l o ng a nd 1 , 00m t h ick , T he s u rv iv ing o rthostats m ay s uggest t he r i ng w as o n ly c rude ly g r aded , R ubble b y t h e i n s ide f a ce o f t h e r e cumbent m ay i n d icate t h e s ite h ad a n i n terna l r i ng ca irn , 1 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 2 5) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 6 7 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( B 1/7) 4 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 6 1) 5 : R uggles a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 : 59 L OANHEAD O F D AVIOT N J 7 47288 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) B : H /R SC / 6 /PR / T ; K i lbride-Jones 1 9 32 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; 6 (00) / 2 0 ,6x20 ,1 / 1 0 (+ 1) / 1 0 (4 1) 0 : 1 ; R1 , 50 / 2 ; R1 , 40 / 3 ; 1 , 20 / 4 ; 1 , 15 / 5 ; 1 , 85 / 6 ; F L ,R ,B / ( R E ,8 1 , 55) / 7 ; F L , 2 ,00 / 8 ; 1 , 70 / 9 ; R1 , 95 / 1 0 ; RS , ( h eights e st imated t o o r ig ina l t o pso il l e vel) E : 1 2 ; 6 ,0 / 2 -3 ; 5 ,3 / 3 -4 ; 6 ,5 / 4 -5 ; 7 ,0 / 5 -6 ; 6 ,8 / ( 6 -7 ; R E 4 ,9) / 7 -8 ; 6 ,4 / 8 -9 ; 6 ,8 / 9 10 ; 6 ,3 / 1 0 1; 7 ,2 F : 1 , 60 / 1 , 15-2 ,00 / 6 ,5 / 5 ,3-7 ,2 / 2 ,4% G : N D /I R C ,B? A RC / R E ,G T h is s ite h a s i t s s tones c r udely g raded t o t h e r e cumbent a t t h e SW , T h is i s f u rthe r e m phasised b y t h e r e cumbent b e ing p laced u pslope , I t i s 3 ,40m , l o ng a nd 1 , 05m t h ick, T he r e cumbent a nd f l an kers a re p os itioned s l ightly w ith in a t rue c i rcle d e fined b y t h e o ther o r thostats , O ne o f t he o r thostats t o t h e SE i s c upmarked , T he s i te w as t o ta lly e x cavated b y K i lbride-Jones , w h ich r e vea led a c omp lex a r rangement o f f e atures , T h e n o rtheastern e dge o f t h e s ite h ad b een o verla in b y am edieva l e a rthen d y ke , H owever , p reservat ion o f t h e p reh istoric f eatu res w as g enera lly b etter t o t h e s outheast i n d icating m u ch d estru ction h ad a l ready t a ken p lace b y t h e t i me t h e d y ke w as b u ilt , a nd t h at p rev ious t o t h is d i fferent ial b iases i n s u rv ival w e re i n fluen ced b y o ther f a ctors o n ad i ffe rent a l ignment ( s ee b e low) , M u ch o f t h e i n te rna l a rea w as f i lled b y ar ing cairn , T h is w as d e fined a t i t s o uter e d ge b y ac ontiguous k e rb o f s labs g raded t o t he SW w ith a d iamete r o f c 1 6 ,5m , T he k e rb c u rved o utwa rds t o m eet t h e e astern f l an ker , A typically t h is d id n ot a ppear t o b e m atched a t t h e w estern f l an ker , t h e k e rb h e re r u nn ing i n f r ont o f t he r e cumbent ; b e tween t h e t w o w a s ap aved a r ea , A lternatively , i f t h e k e rb w as r o bbed a gainst t h e w estern f l an ker , t h is p o rtion o f k e rb i n f ront o f t h e r e cumbent c ou ld h ave d e fined a r e ctangu lar k e rbed s pa ce , T h e i n terna l e dge o f t h e r i ng ca irn h ad n o k e rb b ut d e fined a s tone f r ee a rea o f c 4 ,0m d i amete r , W ith in t h is s pa ce t h e o ld g round s u rface h ad b een r emoved a nd t h e s ubsoil s u rface h ad s everal i r regu la rly-shaped s coops , p robab ly t h e r e su lt o f i r regu lar r e mova l o f t h e l a yer a bove , T he o n ly p ossible e x ceptions t o t h is w e re f o ur s ma ll s hallow s coops o f s i m ilar s ize , w h ich f o rmed a s ma ll s ubre ctangu lar s etting a t t h e c entre , H owever , t h ey c o ntained n o f i nds a nd c o u ld b e af o rtu itous a r rangement ( w ith a s im ilar e xplanation t o o t her s coops) , T h e l a ck o f s tone i n t h is c entra l a rea , o ther t han a s ing le l a yer o f s tone a t t h e s u rfa ce ( f rom d e stru ction/plough ing o f t h e r i ngca irn s u rfa ce), i n d icates t h is c e ntral f eature i s a n cient r a ther t h an a r e cent r o bber p it , I t i s u n clea r i f i t i s a p r imary f eature , i t s eems c u rious n o k e rb w as f ound , u n less i t h ad b een t o tally r o bbed p r ior t o p lough ing o f t h e r i ng cairn s u rface ( b ut s ee b e low) , I t m ay b e t h at t h e c entra l s p ace c o uld h a ve b een c u t a s as e condary f e ature , H owever , t h e f i ll o f t h e f e ature w as a d a rk e a rth w h ich b e came d a rker w ith d epth a nd h ad a l a yer o f c h arcoal a t t h e b ase , c o ntain ing l a rge q uantities o f c a lcined h uman b ones a nd s herds o f b ea ker a nd f l at r i mmed

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w are , A h earth w as f ound b y t he e astern e dge a nd t he f lat r immed w are c oncentrated o n t h is , T his b asal l ayer o f b urning p artially c overed s everal s tones w hich h ad c o llapsed f rom t he c a irn i n to t he c entral a rea c on firm ing t h is l a yer h ad f o rmed s ubsequent t o t he c onstruction o f t he c entral s pa ce a nd i mplying t hat n o f o rmal k erb e ver d e fined t he l a tters e dge a s t he r obbing o f s uch a f eature w ou ld a lso h ave d isturbed t he b urnt l a yer, U nder t he r ingcairn i tself t he o nly o bserved f eature w as a p ossible s ha llow p osthole o r p it j ust w ithin t he o uter k erb t o t he w est , T h is c onta ined s everal s herds o f ' w estern n eolithic' p ottery w hich m ay w ell i nd icate t h is w as a n i s olated e arlier f eature w ith n o d irect a ssociation w ith t he m onument , W ithin t he r ingcairn , f rom s outh t o e ast , w a s a n a rc o f l a rge s tones w ith a d iameter o f c 10 ,5m a nd a m aximum w idth o f 1 , 1m , T hese s tones w ere s et o n e nd r e sting o n t he o ld g round s urface , T he f eature m ay h ave o riginally c ontinued t o t he n orth a nd w est b ut t h is a rea w as t otally d isturbed , T he a rc f aded o ut t o t he s outh , I t w as u nclear f rom t he e xcavation i f t h is f eature w as b uilt i mmed iately p rio r t o t he r ingcairn a s a n i n tegral p art o f i t s d esign , o r w hether i t w as a r emnant o f a n e arlier i n ternal s tructure w hich h ad b een s uperseded a nd p erhaps d emolished t o t he s outh w hen t he r ingcairn w as b uilt , U nder t h is f eature w as a s mall p it c ontaining 1 c a lcined b one , a s herd , a nd a p iece o f c harcoal, U nder t he s tone f eature , f u rther t o t he n ortheast , w as a b urnt a rea w ith c harcoal a nd c alcined b one o n i t s s urface , T he s tones o f t he a rc h ad b een p la ced o n t h is s oon a fter t he b urning t ook p lace , E xcavations a round t he o rthostats , e specially t o t he s outh a nd e ast w here w ell p reserved , s howed t hey w ere s et i n s mall m ounds , T hese c omprised s mall c ompacted e a rthen m ounds w ith s tone c apping , w hich h ad b een b uilt s ubsequent t o o rthostat e rection , b ut w ere p robably c ontemporary , a s t he s tones w ere s et i n s ha llow s toneholes a nd p robably w ould n ot h ave b een s table w ithout t h is a dd itional s upport , A ll b ut o ne o f t he s tones t o t h e w est h ad f a llen w here t he c a irns w ere r u inous , O nly o ne o f t h e c a irns h ad s ubstantive e v idence f o r ac rude k erb o f l a rger s tones a t i t s e dge , E ven h ere t h is m ay h ave b een f o rtu itous a s n one o f t he k erb s tones w ere s et i n s toneholes ( see b elow), T he p avement l a id i n side t he r e cumbent r ested a bove a s hallow p it w hich a ppears t o h ave b een a n i n ward e xtension o f t he r e cumbent 's s tonehole , T he k erb d e fining t h e e dge o f t he r ingca irn a t t h is p oint r ested o n t he p avement , i n d icating t he f ormer w as b uilt s ubsequently , E xcavation o f t he s toneholes i n dicated t he s tones h ad b een e rected f r om t he s ide i n a c onstant d irection , b eing p laced o n t he g round t o t he r ight o f t he s tonehole ( f rom i n side), T he f a llen o rthostats w ere r e-erected a fter e xcavation o f t heir s toneholes , W hen t he s ite w as a lready r u ined , a s oil l ayer w ith a n i r on p an a t i t s s urface a ccumulated , K ilbride-Jones i n terpreted t h is l ayer a s a ' s econdary f loor', b ut t h is i s m uch m ore l i kely t o b e ad estruction l a yer r esulting f rom p loughing a t ap eriod b e fore t he c onstruction o f t he m edieval d yke , T his e arly p lough ing m ay h ave d amaged t he s ite t o a g reater e xtent t han w as r ealised a t t he t ime o f e xcavation , C learly a c omplex s equence o f a gricultural a ctivity h as t a ken p lace , I mmediately o utside t he r ing o f o rthostats t o t he s outheast , t wo s tretches o f a l inear s tone f eature w e re f ound w here p rotected f rom p loughing b y o rthostats , T his i s l i kely t o b e a n e arly l and b oundary w hich r a n f rom n ortheast t o s outhwest a nd i ts p rox imity m ay w ell h ave l ed t o t he r elative ly b etter s urvival o f t he s ite i n i ts s outheastern q uadrant , T his b oundary h ad b ecome r u ined b efore t he b uilding o f t he m edieval d yke a s i t w as n ot w ell p reserved u nder t he l atter , T hus a s e cond p hase o f d estruction w as p robably i n tensive a nd i s l i kely t o b e t he r e sult o f p loughing w hich r esulted i n t he f o rmation o f t he t h ick s oil c apped b y i ron p an w hich c overed t he s ite , T he m a jor p art o f t he e arlier l inear f eature w as r emoved d uring t h is p hase , t he d istribution o f s urviving s ections s uggesting p loughing w as o r ientated n orth/south a cross t he s ite , T he p ossib ility e xists t hat t he s mall c airns r o und t he o rthostats a re t he r emnants o f ac ontinuous e arthen b an k w ith s tone c apping , l i n king t he o rthostats , w hich h ad a lso b een l a rgely p loughed a way a t t h is p eriod , I n s upport o f t h is , t here i s a s hort s tretch o f b an k s urviv ing b etween t h e w estern f lanker a nd t h e n ext o rthostat t o t he n orthwest , As hort a rc o f s tones b etween t wo o f t he o rthostats t o t he n orth m ay a lso b e a v estige , A lternatively , s uch a b an k m ay h ave b een d emolished i n

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p r eh istory d u ring a r e mode lling o f t h e s ite , T he t h ird p hase o f l a ter a ctivity o n s ite w as t h e c onstru ction o f t h e e a rthen d y ke t o t h e n o rtheast w h ich o verlay t h e i r on p an , F rom t h is t i me o nwards t here i s n o e v iden ce f o r p lough ing a nd t h e o n ly k nown d amage i s t h e c o llapse o f o ne o f t h e o r thostats , w h ich l a y o n t op o f t h e d y ke , I t s s u rround ing c a irn h ad b e en d estroyed p rev ious t o t h e c onstru ction o f t h e d y ke , Al a rge n u mber o f s he rds o f b ea ker a nd f l at r i mmed w a res , f l int s c rapers a nd k n ives , a n d a f r agment o f a c a sting m ou ld a nd a ssociated b ronze s lag , w e re f o und d u ring e x cavation , H owever , d ue t o t h e e xtent o f s ubsequent d amage t o t h e s i te , w h ich w as n ot f u lly r e a lised a t t h e t i me o f e x cavation , i t i s d i fficu lt t o a ssess t h e e xact s t ratig raph ica l s ign ifican ce o f m any o f t h ese f i nds , M any w e re c learly i n d istu rbed c o ntexts , H owever a n a na lysis o f a l l f inds s hows t h ey a re n o t r a ndom ly p la ced b ut c o n centrate i n t h e c e ntral s pace a nd a round t h e e dges o f t h e r i ng ca irn a nd r i ng o f o r thostats , T h e re w e re n o ne i n t h e m a in b ody o f t h e r i ng cairn i t se lf, T h is i n d icates t h at t h e m a jority o f f i nds d o h ave a d i rect r e lationsh ip t o t h e p e riod i n w h ich t he s i te w as i n u s e , o r p e riods s ubsequent t o t h is , r a ther t han b e ing d e rived f r om t h e o ld g round s u rface a s ar e su lt o f e a rlier a c tiv ity , T he o n ly i n d ication o f t h e l a tter b e ing t h e s herds o f ' w estern n eo lith ic ' p o ttery i n t h e s ha llow p it u nder t h e r i ng cairn a nd i n u nstratified c o ntexts , A s i ng le b ea ke r s herd u nder t h e p avement l a id n ext t o t h e r e cumbent m ay b e c o ntemporary w i th t h e c o nstru ction o f t h e m onument , T he p o ttery i n g enera l i n cludes b e a ker , f lat r i mmed w a re a nd s ma ll q uantities o f L y les H i ll w a re , S ome o f t h e b ea ker s h e rds a re e a rly , b e long ing t o t h e A OC s e ries , w h ile o thers m ay b e l a ter , E x cavations i n 1 9 35 b y K i lbride-Jones i m med iately t o t h e s outheast o f t h e m onument r e vealed a n e n closed c r emation c e metery o verlain b y t h e m ed ieva l d y ke , T h is w as d e fined b y as ha llow d itch , w h ich w a s u p t o 1 , 05m w ide , w ith a n i n terna l d iameter o f c 1 1,0x 12 ,2m , A t i t s c l osest i t l a y w ith in 3 ,5m o f t h e r ing o f o rthostats o f t h e s tone c i rcle , T he d itch w a s i n terrupted i n t h ree p laces , W ide b rea ks t o t h e n o rtheast a nd s outhwest w e re p robab ly e n tran ces , T he t h ird b rea k r e spects a s ma ll c a irn , w h ich p robab ly e x isted p r ior t o t h e c o nstruction o f t h e c e metery , T h is a ppears t o h ave h ad a d iameter o f c l ,Sm a nd c overed a s m a ll r e ctangu la r c i st w h ich c o ntained a c remation a nd a n i n cense c u p , K i lbride J ones d id n o t d i fferentiate t h is c a irn f r om t h e l i near s tone f eature i m med iately t o t h e n o rth , A s e ction o f t h e d itch n e ar t h is c a irn w as s tonefilled a nd f r om t h is i t s eems t h e d itch w as ab edd ing t r en ch f o r ad rystone w a ll , E l sewhere t h is h ad b een d estroyed a nd t h e i n ternal a r ea m ay w e ll h ave a lso b e en t r un cated , a s a n o ld p lough s o il c a pped b y a n i r on p an r e sted d i re ctly o n t h e s ubso il a n d s everal o f t h e d eposits h ad b een d isturbed i n t h e w estern h a lf o f t h e s ite , W i th in t h e a rea d e fined b y t h e d itch a t l e ast 3 1 c remations h ad b een p la ced i n p its , F inds i n cluded 5 e n larged f o od v essels , 6c o llared u rns , ab u cket s haped u rn a nd as andstone p e ndant , 1 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 2 9) 2 : K i lbride-Jones 1 9 34-5 3 : K i lb ride-Jones 1 9 35-6 4 : B u rl 1 9 69-70 5 : P iggott a nd S impson 1 9 7 1 6 : R itch ie 1 9 74 7 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 7 0 ) 8 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 8 1/26) 9 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 5 9) 1 0 : R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 : 60 L OANEND N J 6 04242 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire ) B : H /R SC / V P / C : C o les 1 9 001; U / I D /1 ( + 1) / I D 0 : 0/1 ; 2 ,00 / 0 / D ; F L /( R E 1 , 90 ) /D ,FL / 0 E : I D F : ( 2 ,00) / ( 2 ,00) / I D /I D /I D G : g ran ite / / R E A l l t h at r e ma ins o f t h is s ite i s ar e cumbent t o t h e s outhwest , a nd a n o rthostat t o t h e e a st , T he r e cumbent i s 4 , 20m l o ng a nd 0 ,85m t h ick , t h e t o p i s c upmarked , I n C o les ' d ay t h e

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f a ther o f t h e t e nant r emembered t h e t a ll f lan kers w h ich a ppa rently f e ll i n to a s a ndpit i n t h e i m med iate v i cin ity a nd a re n ow b u ried , 1 : C o les 1 9 001 ( 1 9) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 6 9 ) 3 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 4 6 ) 4 : R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 :6 1 L OUDEN W OOD N J 9 62497 G ramp ian ( A berdeen sh ire) B : H /R SC / A / C : C o les 1 9 03-4 ; U /c 1 7 ,5 / 6 (+ 1) / 9 10 (+ 1) D : 1 2M / 1 ; 1 , 50 / 2 ; F ,DI 1 , 65 / 3 ; F L ,F 2 ,20 / ( R E ; 1 , 20 ) /4 ; F L 2 ,05 / 5 ; F1 , 60 / 6 : 1 , 70 / 2 M E : 0/( 1 -2 ; 5 ,0 ) /( 2 -3 ; 5 ,0 ) /( 3 -4 ; R E 4 ,6) / 4 -5 ; 5 ,8 / 5 -6 ; 6 ,5 F : 1 , 80 / 1 , 50-2 ,20 / ( 6 ,1) / ( 5 ,8-6 ,5 ) /( I D) G : g ranite / B / R E T h is s ite h as i t s r e cumbent t o t h e SW a nd t here i s l i tt le i n d ication t he s tones w e re e ver g raded , o n ly t h e f l an kers a re t a ll , T he r e cumbent i s 3 , 10m l o ng a nd 1 , 20m t h ick , B o th t h is a nd t he f l an kers a ppear t o b e s et s l ightly w ith in a t r ue c i rcle f o rmed b y t h e o ther o rthostats , T he o rthostats a re l i n ked b y ab ank w h ich i s 2 ,0-3 ,0m w ide , 1 : P eter 1 8 84-5 2 : C o les 1 9 03-4 ( 1 4) 3 ; B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 7 3 ) 4 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 1 1) 5 : R ugg les a nd B url 1 9 85 6 :62 M A INS O F H ATTON N J 6 99425 G rampian ( A berdeen sh ire) B : H /R SC / P / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 22 ,5 8 10 (+ 1) / c 1011(+ 1)? D : 1 ; F0 ,90 / 2 ; F ,BU - / 3 ; F0 ,90 / M / 4 ; F1 , 40 / ( 5 ; D I ?) / 6 ; F L ,F 1 , 40 / ( R E ; F0 ,90 ) /? 7 ; F L ,F ( 1 ,20 + o ther F G ) /M /8 ; F1 , 20 / ? M /( 9 ; D I o r f o rtu itous) /1 0 ; F , 0 ,80 E : 1 2 ; 8 ,4 / 2 -3 ; 6 ,9 / 0 / 4 -6 ; 6 , 1 /( 6 -7 ; R E 4 ,4?) / 1 0 1; 6 ,5 F : ( c 1,10 ) /( c 0 ,801,40 ) /7 ,0? / 6 , 1-8 ,4? / I D G : g ranite (10) , q ua rtz (1) / / R E ,G? A l l t he s tones a re f a llen a nd f i e ld c learance h as b een a dded t o t h e s ite , T o a d d t o t he c on fusion t h ere i s at r adition t h at s ome s tones w ere r e moved a nd t h en r eplaced , O n e s mall s tone n ear t h e r e cumbent h as a n i r on f i tting i n d icating i t w as u sed a s ag atepost , t he r e p lacement m ay b e c on fined t o t h e g roup o f s tones h ere , T he o ther s tones a ppea r t o h ave b een g raded , w h ich s uggests t h e m a jority a re a t o r n ea r t h eir o r ig inal s i te s , T he r e latively s ma ll r e cumbent l i es t o t h e SW a nd i s 2 ,45m l o ng a nd 0 ,90m t h ick , 1 : C o les 1 9 02-3 ( 2 6) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 7 4 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( B 1/25 , C harles field ) 4 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 2 0) 5 : R ugg les a nd B url 1 9 85 6 :63 M ELGUM N J 4 72052 G ramp ian ( Aberdeensh ire ) B : H /R SC? / P / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 22 ,6 / 6 / I D D : M ? /1 ; /M ? /2 ; 1 , 00 / M ? /3 ; /( 4 ; F ,D I? M /5 ; - /M ? /6 ; E : I D F : ( c 0 ,70 ) /( 0 ,401,00) / I D /I D /I D G : g ran ite / I C A ,2ARC / M T h is s ite i s p oorly p reserved a nd h en ce d i fficult t o i n terpret , I t m ay b e af r ee stand ing r i ng , H oweve r , t w o o f t he s tones c ould b e v irtua lly c ontiguous ( o ne p ossibly d i sp laced ) w h ich m ay s uggest t h e s ite i s t he l a st v estige o f ak erb f o r ar o bbed c a irn o r r i ng cairn , A lternatively , i t i s p oss ib le t h is s ite i s ar u ined e xamp le o f a n u ngraded R e cumbent S tone C i rcle s im ilar t o N orth S trone , T here a re s l ight t ra ces o f ac a irn w ith in t he r i ng , N ea rby a re 2 p robab le r i ng cairns t o t h e n o rthwest a nd s outheast ( s ee C hapte r 8 ) , 1 : S impson 1 9 26-7 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Aberdeensh ire 7 5 8 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( B 2/8 , T a rland )

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6 : 64 M IDMAR K IRK N J 6 99064 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) B : H /R SC / G ? /C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (00 ) /1 7 ,7x 17 ,2 / 7 (+ 1) / 9 (+ 1) D : 1 ; 1 , 35 / 2 ; 1 , 05 / M / 3 ; 1 , 90 / 4 ; 1 , 65 / 5 ; F L 2 ,40 / ( R E 0 ,90) / 6 ; F L 2 ,40 / M / 7 ; 2 ,00 E : 1 2 ; 5 ,4 / ( 2 -M ; 4 ,7) / ( M -3 ; 4 ,7) / 3 -4 ; 5 ,6 / 4 -5 ; 6 ,6 / ( 5 -6 ; R E 5 ,5) / ( 6 -M ; 6 ,6) / ( M -7 ; 6 ,6) / 7 1; 7 ,5 F : 1 , 80 / 1 , 05-2 ,40 / 6 ,3 / 5 ,4-7 ,5 / 2 ,8% G : g ranite / - / R E ,G T h is s ite h as i t s r e cumbent t o t he s outhwest a nd t he o ther o rthostats a re o n ly c rude ly g r aded , T he r e cumbent i s 4 ,55m l o ng a nd 1 , 20m t h ick, T he r e cumbent a nd f l an kers l i e s l ightly i n side a t rue c i rcle f o rmed b y t he o ther o rthostats , B url h as p roposed t h at t he s i te w as r emode lled w hen t h e g raveya rd w as l a id o ut i n 1 9 14 , H e s uggests t h is b e cause t he g r ad ing i s p oo r a nd t h ere i s a n a dd itiona l s tone t o t he NW n ot s hown o n C o les ' p lan , H o wever, t h is h ypothes is s eems u n like ly a s t h e s ite d isplays t he s ubtle p la cing o f r e cumbent a nd f l an ker s een a t o ther s ites , G rad ing i s f r equently i m pre cise a nd C o les n otes h e o n ly m ade a c u rsory i n spe ction o f t h e s ite i n b ad w eather , H e d rew h is p lan f r om i n fo rmation p rov ided b y t h e m inister a nd t h e m issing s tone m ay w e ll b e n othing m o re t han a m i stake , H owever , t h ere a re n o t ra ces o f i n terna l f e atures , w h ich m ay s uggest s ome l a ndscap ing o f t h e s ite , S labs i n f ront o f t h e r e cumbent i n d icate a n i n ternal r i ng ca irn o n ce e xisted w h ich w as l i n ked t o t h e r e cumbent a nd f l an kers , 1 : C o les 1 8 991900 ( 1 6) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 7 6 ) 3 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 7 1) 4 : R uggles a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 : 65 M ILLPLOUGH N O 8 19754 G ramp ian ( K in card ineshire ) B : H /P RSC / V P /C : C o les 1 9 02-3 ; U/I D /0 (+ 1) / I D 0 : 0/( R E 1 , 70 ) /0 E : I D F : I D /I D /I D /I D /I D G : c ong lomerate / - / R E A l l t hat r e ma ins o f t h is s ite i s ap ossible r e cumbent w h ich i s 3 ,45m l o ng a nd 0 ,65m t h ick , T h e c i rcle w ou ld h ave s tood a pprox imately t o t h e NE , As e cond s tone w as n oted b y t h e O r dnance S u rvey b ut t h is w as r emoved i n t h e 1 9 th c entury , 1 : C o les 1 9 02-38 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( K incard ine 1 2 ) 3 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 9 5 ) 4 : R uggles a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 : 66 N ETHER C OULL IE N J 7 09 156 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) B : H /R SC? / V P /C : N /c 2 2 ,0-25 ,0 / 1 / I D ( 8 +) 0 : 0/1 ; 2 ,70 / 0 E : I D F : ( 2 ,70 ) /( 2 ,70 ) /I D /I D /I D 6 : g ranite / - / R E ? A l l t hat r e ma ins o f t h is s ite i s a l e an ing o rthostat , T he c i rcle w as d estroyed a round 1 8 60-70 , B e fore t h is d a te t h ere w ere 8 o r 1 0 s tones i n ar i ng o f c 22-25m d iameter , T he r e ma ining s tone m ay w e ll h ave b een t h e w est f l an ker o f aR e cumbent S tone C ircle , a lthough t h e r e cumbent w as a lready m issing w hen t h e c i rcle w as d emo lished , T wo o f t h e o rthostats h a ve b een b u ilt i n to a n e arby w a ll, 1 : C o les 1 9 00-0 1 ( G A ) 2 : R itchie 1 9 1617 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 8 1 ) 4 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 6 5) 5 : R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 85

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6 :67 N ETHER D UNMEATH B : H /R SC? / 0 / C : N /c 12 ,0 / 0 / c 9 10? D : I D E : I D F : ( l arge) / I D /I D /I D /I D G : N D /- /-

N J 4 25378

G rampian ( A berdeensh ire)

T h is s ite w as d estroyed i n t h e l a te 1 9 th c entury , B e fore t h is t i me 6 s tones r e ma ined a nd t h e re w e re s pa ces f o r a bout 4 m o re , T hey s tood i n ar i ng o f c 12 ,0m d iameter a n d o n ly 2 w e re u pright , T he o the rs w e re c 2 ,3m l o ng a nd h ad d r ill h o les s uggesting t hey h ad o n ce b een l a rger , A lthough n o r e cumbent i s n oted , t h is m ay w e ll h ave b een a s ma ll R e cumbent S tone C i rcle , 1 : C o les 1 9 05-6 ( 1 1) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 8 2 ) 3 ; R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 3 1) 4 : R uggles a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 ;68 N ETHERTON N K 0 43573 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) B ; H /R SC / A / C : C o les 1 9 03-4 ; P /c 1 7 ,5 / 7 + (+ 1) / c 1 011(+ 1) 0 : 1 ; F1 , 20 / 2 ; 1 , 10 / 3 ; 1 , 35 / 2 M ( r emodelled) / 4 ; F L 1 , 70 / ( R E 1 , 10 ) /5 ; F L 1 , 60 / M /6 ; 1 , 65 / ? M /7 ; L1 , 20 E : 0 /2 -3 ; c 4 ,9 / 0 / ( 4 -5 ; R E c 4 ,6) / 0 F : 1 , 40 / 1 , 101,70 / ( c 4 ,9 ) /( c 4 ,9) / ( I D ) G : g ran ite , w h instone / - / R E ,G? T h is s tone c i rcle h as i t s r e cumbent t o t h e s outh , t h is i s 2 ,95m l o ng , T he s tones a p pear t o b e g raded b ut s ome u n certa inty e x ists b e cause o f t he d i fficu lty o f i n terpre t ing t he s outheastern a r c , T h is a ppears t o h ave b een r emodelled t o f o rm a b oundary w a ll , 3 -6 v e rtica lly-set s labs m ay w e ll b e d isplaced o rthostat f r agments o r s tumps , T he re a r e n o s igns o f i n terna l f eatures , O ne s tone h as f a llen s ince C o les p lanned t he s ite a n d t here a re s ignificant e r rors i n h is p lan , 1 : C o les 1 9 03-4 ( 2 2 ) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 8 3 ) 3 : C ,Ruggles p e rs ,comm , 4 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 6 ) 5 ; R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 :69 N EW C RA IG N J 7 45296 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) B : H /R SC / V P / C : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ; U /1 0 /2 / I D 0 : 0/1 ; F L 2 ,50 / ( R E ; B1 , 50+) / 2 ; F L 1 , 95 / 0 E : 0/( 1 -2 ; R E 5 ,8) / 0 F : ( 2 ,20 ) /( 1 ,95-2 ,50) / I D /I D /I D G ; N D / - /R E A l l t h at r e ma ins o f t h is s ite i s t h e r e cumbent a nd f lan ke rs b u ilt i n to a w a ll , T h e re a re 3 p a rt-buried s tones c 1 8 ,0m t o t h e n o rthwest b ut t h ese m ay w e ll b e f o rtu itous ( a lthough t he c i rcle w ou ld h ave s tood i n t h is d i re ct ion) , A0 ,9m h igh o r thostat i n t h e w a ll n e x t t o t he w estern f l an ke r i s d isplaced , T he r e cumbent i s 3 ,45m l o ng a nd 0 ,90m t h ick, I t s t o p h as b een s mashed , Ar a d ially-set s lab n ext t o o ne o f t he i n ne r e nds o f t h e r e cumbent s u ggests a n i n terna l r i ng cairn p ro jected f r om t h is p o int , Ab oulder n ear t h e s ite t o t h e e a st i s c u pma rked , 1 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 3 0) 2 ; B rowne 1 9 2 1 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 8 4 ) 4 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 5 8) 5 : R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 85

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6 : 70 N ORTH B URRELDALES N J 6 76549 G rampian ( B an ff) B : N /F P2 / G / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c6 , 1x6 ,4 / 4 / 4 0 : 1 ; 0 ,55 / 2 ; L1 , 00 / 3 ; 1 , 00 / 4 ; 1 , 00 E : 1 2 ; 4 ,7 / 2 -3 ; 5 ,4 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,6 / 4 1; 4 , 1 F : 0 ,90 / 0 ,551,00 / 4 ,4 / 3 ,6-5 ,4 / c 4 ,7% G : g ran ite / / G ? T h is F our P oster i s o f t h e c i rcu lar t y pe , T he o ne l o w s tone t o t h e n o rtheast s uggests t h e s i te i s d esigned t o e mphasize t he s outhwest , 1 : C o les 1 9 05-6 ( 1 ) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( B an ff 9 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( B 4/2 , B u rre ldales) 6 : 7 1 N ORTH S TRONE N J 5 84 138 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) B : H /R SC / P R /P ; F a rquharson c 1897 C : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ; U /c 17 ,7x20 ,4? / 1 6 /c 16 (+ 1) D : 1 ; F0 ,85 / 2 ; L0 ,85 / 3 ; 0 ,80 / 4 ; 0 ,95 / 5 ; F0 ,80 / 6 ; F0 ,80 / 7 ; F L 0 ,70 / ( R E c0 ,50) / 8 ; F L ,F 0 ,80 / 9 ; F0 ,75 / 1 0 ; F0 ,90 / 1 ; R ,F / 1 2 ; R ,F / 1 3 ; R ,F / 1 4 ; R ,F / 1 5 ; R ,F / 1 6 ; F0 ,80 E : 1 2 ; 3 ,8 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,8 / 3 -4 ; 4 ,5 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,5 / 5 -6 ; 4 ,0 / 6 -7 ; 2 ,7 / ( 7 -8 ; R E 2 ,6) / 8 -9 ; 3 ,0 / 9 10 ; 3 ,6 / 0 / 1 6 1; 4 ,2 F : 0 ,80 / 0 ,70-0 ,90 / 3 ,7 / 2 ,7-4 ,5 / ( I D) G : g ran ite (16 ) , q uartz (1) / B ? /R E T h is u nusua l R e cumbent S tone C i rcle h as i t s s mall q ua rtz r e cumbent t o t h e s outh , l t i s o n ly 1 , 40m l o ng a nd 0 ,45m t h ick, T he a typ ica lly l a rge n umber o f o rthostats a re u ng raded , A s l ight b rea k o f s lope o t t h e s outh a nd e ast c ou ld s uggest t h ey w ere o r iginally s et w ith in ab ank , T he n o rthwestern a r c o f t h e r ing w as r e stored i n t h e l a te 1 9 th c entury , t h e a c count o f w h ich s uggests n o s earch w as m ade f o r t h e o r ig inal s toneholes , E x cavations a t t h is t ime r e vea led 7 d isturbed ' g raves ' w ith in t h e r ing , O ne c onta ined h uman b ones a nd s h e rds o f a n ' u rn ', A nother h ad p ieces o f b one , at o oth a nd 2 ' b its o f f l int ', 2 -3 o thers h a d ' o n ly t h e o utlines o f s ke letons ' w h ile 3 -4 w e re t o ta lly d isturbed , T he s ite h as d e teriorated s ince p lanned b y C o les , a l l b ut 4 o f t h e o rthostats h ave f a llen , i n clud ing a l l t h ose t h at w e re r e stored , 1 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 3 ) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 8 5 ) 3 : C ,Ruggles p e rs ,comm , 4 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 5 4) 5 : R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 : 72 O LD B OURTREEBUSH N O 9 02964 G rampian ( K in card inesh ire) B : H /R SC / A / C ; T hompson 1 8 63 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; 5 (00 ) /c 2 5 ,0 / 6 -7 / c 1 416? 0 : c3 M /1 ; 1 , 20 / 2 ; F2 ,40 / 3 ; 1 , 80 / 4 ; F2 , 10 / 5 ; 2 , 10 / M / 6 ; 2 ,60 / 1 2M / ? 7 : F1 , 00 / c 2 -3M E : 0/1 2 ; c 5 ,0 / 2 -3 ; c 5 ,9 / 3 -4 ; 5 ,5 / 4 -5 ; 5 ,2 / 0 F : ( 1 ,90) / ( 1 ,00-2 ,60) / ( c 5 ,4 ) /( c 5 ,0-5 ,9 ) /I D G : p orphyry / I R C /R E ? G ? T h e re i s n o r e cumbent a t t h is s ite , b ut G a rden w r iting i n t h e 1 7 th c entury n oted t h at b oth c i rcles a t A quorthies h ad a r e cumbent s tone t o t h e s outh , H e a lso m entioned t h at o ne s tone h a d b een r emoved f o r ah earth a nd t h en r e p la ced a t o ne o f t h e t wo s ites , T here i s l i ttle t o day t o i n d icate a r e p laced s tone a t t h is s ite , G a rden a lso n oted t h at b oth s ites h ad i n ternal r i ng ca irns d e fined b y i n ner a nd o uter k e rbs , T oday t h e c e ntral a rea i s b ad ly d i sturbed b u t s t ill r i ses s omewhat i n h e ight , T h is i s a c centuated s omewhat b y p lough ing w h ich h as c o me c lose t o t h e r ing o n a l l s ides a nd l e ft t he s ite o n ar a ised p lat form , T he s u rv iv ing o r thostats a re p erhaps c rudely g raded t o t h e SW , C o les s uggested t h at o ne o f t h e f a llen o r thostats t o t h e e ast ( 2 ) i s t h e r e cumbent ; t h is i s p robab ly s purious , T he s i te w as i n i t s p resent s tate i n 1 8 63 w hen v i sited b y T hompson , a lthough i t w as n oted t h at

-2 95 -

o ne s tone h ad r e cently f a llen ( ? 7), S mall e x cavations a t t h is t ime , u nder a s lab a t t h e c entre , f ound t he g round p reviously d isturbed , 1 : G arden 1 7 66 2 : T hompson 1 8 62-4 3 : C oles 1 8 991900 ( 1 ) 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( K incard ine 1 3 ) 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 8 3/2 , A quorth ies S o uth ) 6 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 8 5) 7 : R ugg les a nd B url 1 9 85 6 :73 O LD K E IG N J 5 96 194 B : H /R SC / P / C ; a non p re 1 6 92 , E ; C h ilde 1 9 3 1-33 C : C h ilde 1 9 33-4 ; G /c 30 ,0 / 6 (+ 1) / c 1 2 (+ 1)

G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire)

D : A : 1 ; F1 , 65 / 2 M /2 ; F2 ,00 / M / 3 ; 2 ,30 / 4 ; F L 2 ,30 / ( R E 1 , 45) / 5 ; F L 2 , 10 / c 3M / 6 ; F1 , 75 E ; ( 2 -M ; 6 ,3 ) /( M -3 ; 6 ,3) / 3 -4 ; 7 ,2 / ( 4 -5 ; R E 6 ,4) / 0 F : c 2 ,00 / c 1 ,65-2 ,30 / ( c 6 ,6) / ( 6 ,3-7 ,2 ) /I D G ; g ran ite , p o rphyry , g neiss / I C A ,IRC ,B? / R E ,G? T h is m utilated s ite a ppears t o h ave h ad s tones g raded t o i t s r e cumbent t o t he SW , T h is i s 4 ,85m l o ng a nd 1 , 6m t h ick , T he s ite i s o verla in b y ar e cent w a ll i n t h e w estern h a lf a nd a s e cond w a ll p asses c lose t o t he s ite t o t he s outheast , I t h as b een i n as im ilar s t ate t o t o day s in ce p r ior t o 1 8 29 w hen L ogan p lanned t he s ite , H owever , a t t h is d ate a p e nannu lar b ank o n t h e l i ne o f t h e o rthostats w as v is ib le , a s w as a c entra l c a irn , I n t h e 1 7 th c e ntury G arden n oted t h is c a irn h ad a k e rb a nd t h at m any y e ars b e fore ' a shes o f s o me b u rnt m a tter ' h ad b een r emoved f r om i t , I n t h e l a te 1 8 th c entury a l a rge s lab w as n oted n e a r t he c e ntre w h ich c o vered a s mall p it , B etween 1 9 3 1 a nd 1 9 33 C h ilde e x cavated a n e xtensive p o rtion o f t h e d isturbed c e ntre o f t h e s ite , a nd s maller p ortions o f i t s o uter f eatures , F lat r immed w a re s h erds , o c casiona l u nd iagnost ic b ea ker s herds a nd 2 s c rapers w e re f o und , p redominantly i n t h e o ld g round s u rfa ce w h ich r an u nder t h e f e atures , b ut i t i s u n clear h ow m any o f t h ese f i nds w e re f r om s ea led c ontexts , As ing le s herd o f u nspecified t y pe w as f ound i n e a ch f l an ker s tonehole , S evera l s herds o f f l at r i mmed w a re a nd a p iece o f as ha le b racelet w e re f o und u nder t h e k e rb , A l l t hese f inds c ou ld p redate t he s ite o r b e c ontemporary w i th i t s c o nstru ction , T he r i ng o f o rthostats w ere s et i n s toneholes p enetrating t he b edrock s l igh tly a nd c o ntaining p a cking s tones , T he s tones a ppear t o h ave b een s e t b eyond t h e o uter e d ge o f a r i ngca irn w h ich w as r e tained o n t h e o uter e dge b y ar u ined k erb o f c 22 ,5m d iamete r , N o i n ternal e dge w as f ound , T he k erb t u rned o utwards t o t h e s outh t o l i n k t he r i ng ca irn w ith t h e f l an kers , T h is i s a t o dds w ith L ogan 's p lan o f t h e s ite s how ing o n ly a p enannu lar b ank l i n king t h e o r thostats ( a nd a c entra l c a irn - s ee b e low) , H owever , e x cavations a round t h e o rthostat e ast o f t h e e astern f lanker m ay h ave l o cated p a rt o f s u ch a b ank, a s C h ilde n o ted t h e p a cking m e rged w ith a s hort s t retch o f s tony b an k o n i t s n o rtheast s ide , T h ree r e cumbent o rthostats w e re l o cated a lthough o n ly o ne h ad a p ossib le s tonehole a s so ciated w i th i t , I n t h e c entra l a rea w ere t r a ces o f ac a irn o f c 9 ,0m d iameter , N ear i t s d i stu rbed c e ntre w ere s p reads o f b u rnt b one , b u rnt e a rth a nd f lat r i mmed w are s herds o f a t l e ast 3 v e ssels , U nde r t h is w as a n e longated p it c u t i n to t he b u rnt s ubso il w h ich c o nta ined c h arcoa l a nd f r agments o f c r emated b one , E lsewhe re i n t he c e ntral a rea t wo f u rthe r b u rnt p a tches w e re f o und a nd t h ere w e re e xtensive a reas o f l o ose s tone , T h is s ite w as c learly b adly d amaged p r ior t o e x cavat ion w hich m a kes i n terp retation d i fficu lt , H owever , t here i s as t rong p ossib ility i t w as m u lt iphased , w ith a p r ima ry s t one c i rcle a nd i n terna l r ingca irn , t h e l a tter b e ing s ubsequent ly r o bbed a nd a c entra l c a irn b u ilt , T he p ossible o uter b an k c ou ld d ate f r om e ither p hase , 1 : G a rden 1 7 66 2 : O SA 1 7 93 3 : L ogan 1 8 29 4 : C o les 1 9 00-0 1 ( 9 ) 5 : C h ilde 1 9 32-3 6 : C h ilde 1 9 33-4 7 : B url 1 9 69-70 8 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 8 6 ) 9 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 4 9) 1 0 : R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 85

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6 :74 O LD R AYNE N J 6 79280 G rampian ( Aberdeenshire) B : H /R SC / A / E : D a lrymp le 1 8 56 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (00 ) /c 2 6 ,4 / 8 (+ 1) / 113 (+ 1) 0 : 2 -3M / 1 ; F1 , 35 / 2 ; F1 , 00 / 3 ; 2 ,45 / 4 ; F L ,B - / ( R E ; Fc 1 ,80) / 5 ; F L ; FA? / ( 6 ; D I 1 , 80 ) /2 M /7 ; F1 , 50 / M ? /8 ; F1 , 35 E : 0/1 2 ; 5 ,6 / 2 -3 ; 7 ,3 / 3 -4 ; 8 ,5 / ( 4 -5 ; R E 7 ,3) / 0 F : ( 1 ,55) / ( 1 ,00-2 ,45) / ( 7 ,1) / ( R ? 5 ,6-8 ,5) / I D G : w h instone / B ? ,ICA / R E ,G? T h is s ite a ppears t o h ave b een g raded t o i t s r e cumbent t o t he SW , t h is s tone i s 3 ,95m l o ng , T here a r e n o s igns o f i n terna l f e atures a nd t he s ite h as b een s omewhat d istu rbed b y as ma ll b u ild ing ( n ow r u ined) , e re cted w ithin t he s ite a t s ome t ime b e fore t h e m id 1 9 th c entury , a nd u s ing t h e r e cumbent a s o ne o f i t s s ides , O ne o f t h e o rthostats h as b een m oved t o b e i n corporated i n t h is b u ild ing , D a lrymple n oted i n 1 8 56 t h at e a ch o rthostat s tood i n as ma ll c a irn o f s tones , Ap lan o f t h e s ite b y M a clagan a ppears t o s how a s t retch o f b an k b etween t h e r e cumbent a nd f lan kers a nd t he n ext o rthostat t o t he w est , T hus t h e s ma ll c a irns n oted b y D a lrymp le w e re p robab ly t he v estiges o f ar i ng cairn w h ich l i n ked a l l t h e o rthostats , H owever , i t i s u n clear i f t he b u lk o f t h is w as r e moved i n r e cent t imes o r p rehistory , Ac a irn a t t h e c entre , m easuring c 5 ,8x3 ,0m , w as e x cavated b y D a lrymple a nd a l i ned p it u nder t h is c o nta ined c remated b one , c harcoa l, ' u rn ' s herds a nd p a rt o f a p e rforated s tone w r istguard , S evera l o ther c remations w ere a lso f ound n earby , As e cond p it w as f ound b etween t h e e astern f l an ker a nd t h e n ext o rthostat t o t he e ast , T h is h ad a d iamete r o f c 1 ,05m , w a s c 1 ,50m d eep , a nd h ad a s andy f i ll w ith b urnt s tones , T wo o rthostats h ave f a llen s ince D a lrymple 's t ime , 1 : S tuart 1 8 56 2 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 3 3) 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 8 7 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 8 1/ 13) 5 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 5 5) 6 : R uggles a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 :75 P ITGLASS IE N J 6 86434 G rampian ( Aberdeensh ire) B : H /R SC / V P /C : N /c 18 ,0 / 0 ? (+ 1) / I D 0 : 0/( R E ; L1 , 40 ) /0 E : I D F : I D /I D /I D /I D /I D G : w h instone - /R E T h is s ite c o mprises a r e cumbent , w ith 1 2 s tones , p resumably t h e o rthostats , d isp la ced a nd p i led a round t h e f o rmer , T he f a rmer i n C o les ' d ay r emembered t he c i rcle h av ing a d iameter o f a bout 6 0 f e et , 1 : C oles 1 9 02-3 ( 2 4) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 8) 3 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 1 9) 4 : R uggles a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 :76 P OTTERTON N J 9 52 163 G ramp ian A berdeensh ire) B : H /R SC / V P / C : N/I D /2 ( + 1) / I D 0 : 0 /1 ; F L ,F 2 ,00 / ( R E ; 1 , 80) / 2 ; F L ,F 2 , 10 / 0 E : I D F : ( 2 ,05) / ( 2 ,00-2 ,10 ) /I D /I D /I D G : - /- /R E A l l t h at r e ma ins i s t h e r e cumbent a nd b oth f l an kers , t he f o rmer i s 2 ,75m l o ng a nd 1 , 35m t h ick , T he c i rcle w ou ld h ave s tood a pprox imately t o t he n o rth , 1 : R itch ie 1 9 1617 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 8 9 ) 3 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 8 1) 4 : R uggles a nd B u rl 1 9 85

6 :77 R AEDYKES - N W N O 8 32905 B : J /K R /A /P ; 1 9 64-5 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (00 ) /c 1 4 ,3 / 5 / c 1 5

G ramp ian ( K incardinesh ire )

0 : M/1 ; 0 ,75 / 2 M /2 ; 0 ,60 / 3 M /3 ; 1 , 35 / 3 M /4 ; F1 , 20 / 5 ; F1 , 00 / M E : 0 /4 -5 ; 2 ,9 / 0 F : 1 , 00 / 0 ,601,35 / ( 2 ,9) / ( 2 ,9 ) /I D G : N D /I R C ,B? ,ASC ,2ARC o r C A /I , G? ,M T h is s ite h as a r ing o f f reestand ing o rthostats s u rround ing a n i n ternal r i ng cairn , T he l a tter i s d e fined b y c ontiguous k e rbs , t he o uter o ne w i th a d iameter o f 1 ,0m , I n i t s s outh-western q uadrant t here a re t w o p a rticu larly t a ll k e rbstones , w ith a s ma ller s t one o r s tump b etween t h em , T hese s tand 1 , 60 a nd 1 , 05m h igh a nd m ay b e i n terp reted a s av a riant f o rm o f g rad ing o r f lan kers , T he r e st o f t h e k erb h as i n term ittent s tones s tand ing b e tween 1 , 00 a nd 0 ,60m h igh , s et b etween m u ch s ma ller k e rbs , Aw e ll p reserved a r c t o t h e e ast s uggests t he t a ll o nes o c cur e very f i fth s tone , T he r i ng ca irn i s u p t o 1 , 00m h igh a n d t he i n ner k e rb h as a c 2 ,6m d iameter , T he o uter s tone c i rcle s tands 1 , 20-2 ,70m f r om t h e k e rb , T h is r ing i s r u ined b u t t he t a llest s tone t o t h e s outhwest m ay s uggest t h ey w e re g raded i n t h is d ire ction , P a rtial e x cavation o f t h e s ite i n 1 9 64-5 f a iled t o m a ke a ny f inds , T he t wo s ites h ere h ave b een i n terpreted a s C lava r i ng cairns b ut t h eir g eog raph ical l o cation s uggest t hey s hou ld b e c l assified a s s imilar v a riants o n R e cumbent S tone C i rcles , r a ther t han b e ing d ire ctly c omparab le w ith t h e f o rmer , T h e n o rthwestern s ite i s a t t h e e nd o f a c rude N W /SE l i ne o f f our s im ilar s ites , t he c e nt ra l t w o h ave n o o uter r i ngs o f o rthostats a nd a re p oss ib ly r o bbed c a irns r a ther t han r i ng ca irns , 1 : R i tchie 1 9 22-3 2 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( K in 5 ) 3 ; B u rl 1 9 76 ( K in cardine 1 4 B) 4 ; T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( B 3/3 ) 6 :78 R AEDYKES - S E N O 8 32905 G ramp ian ( K in cardinesh ire ) B : J /K R / A /P ; 1 9 64-5 C : T h om e t a l 1 9 80 ; 8 (00 ) /c 17 ,4 / 8 / c 1 8-2 1 0 : 1 ; - /2 ; - /3 ; - /4 ; - / c4 M /5 ; /2 -3M / 6 ; /3 -4M / 7 ; /8 ; -/1 2M E : 1 2 ; 2 ,6 / 2 -3 ; 2 ,9 / 3 -4 ; 2 ,8 / 0 / 7 -8 ; 2 ,8 / 0 F : I D /( 0 ,451,05) / ( 2 ,8) / ( 2 ,6-2 ,9 ) /I D G : N D /I R C ,ASC ,2ARC o r C A /I ? ,M T h is s ite i s s im ilar t o t h e n o rthwestern o ne , T he i n ternal r i ng cairn h as a r u ined o u ter k e rb o f 1 3 ,0x 14 ,5m d iameter , T he k e rbstones a re s ma ll , e x cept t o t he s outhwest w he re 3 a re s omewhat l a rger , r eaching a h e ight o f 0 ,60m , T he r ing ca irn h a s b een b ad ly r o bbed a n d o n ly t r a ces o f t h e i n ner k e rb s u rvive , w ith a d iameter o f c 3 ,0m , T he o u ter s tone c i rcle i s 1 , 6-2 ,4m f r om t he k e rb , T he s tones a re s ma ll a n d n ot r e gu larly g raded , T he s ite h as b een o ve rla in b y as heep fo ld t o t he e ast a nd a d y ke t o t he s outhwest , I n t h e n o rthwestern h a lf o f t h e s ite t he o r thostats a re l i n ked b y al o w b ank, I t i s u n clea r i f t h is i s a n o r ig ina l f e ature , o r al a tter a dd ition a sso ciated w i th t he s heep fo ld , 1 : R it chie 1 9 22-3 2 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( K in 6 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( K in card ine 1 4 A ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 8 3/3 ) 6 :79 R AES O F C LUNE N O 7 95949 G ramp ian ( K in cardinesh ire) B : H /R SC / A / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; 8 (00) / c 1 7 ,1 / 8 (+ 1) / 8 (+ 1) D : ? 1 ; F R - /2 ; F1 , 20 / 3 ; 1 , 50 / 4 ; F L 1 , 35 / ( R E ; L1 , 05) / 5 ; F L 1 , 65 / 6 ; F1 , 50 / 7 ; 1 , 65 / 8 ; 1 , 60 E : 1 2 ; 5 ,7 / 2 -3 ; 6 ,3 / 3 -4 ; 7 ,9 / ( 4 -5 ; R E 4 ,3) / 5 -6 ; c 7 ,9 / 6 -7 c 6 ,8 / 7 -8 ; 6 ,6 / 8 1; 6 ,3 F : 1 , 50 / 1 , 201,65 / 6 ,8 / R 5 ,7-7 ,9 / I D

- 2 98 -

G : g ran ite / I R C ,ARC / R E ,M T h is s ite h as i t s r e cumbent t o t h e s outh , i t i s 3 ,0m l o ng a nd 0 ,85m t h ick, T he o rthostats d o n ot a ppear t o b e g raded , B oth r e cumbent a nd f l an kers a ppear t o b e s et w e ll w ith in a t r ue c i rcle d e fined b y t h e o ther o rthostats , W ith in t h e r i ng a re t he r u ined r e mains o f a r i ng ca irn , I t a ppears t o h ave a c entral a rea o f c 4 ,0m d iameter a nd a n e xterna l d iameter o f c 9 ,5m , C o les ' p lan w ou ld s uggest t h e r i ng ca irn j o ins t he r e cumbent a nd f l an kers t o t h e s o uth , A lternat ive ly t h e c e ntra l a rea c o u ld h ave l a ter f e atures s uperimposed , I m mediate ly o u tside t h e s i te t o t h e e ast i s ar i ng ca irn w ith a d iameter o f c 12 ,5x 13 ,5m , T he i n ternal a r ea h as a d iameter o f 2 , 7m a nd i s d e fined b y c a re fu lly b u ilt c ontiguous s labs w h ich a re c 1 ,00m h igh , 1 : S m ith 1 8 79-80 2 : C o les 1 8 991900 ( 5 ) 3 : R itch ie 1 9 1819 4 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( K in 2 ) 5 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( K incardine 1 5 ) 6 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 8 3/7 , C lune W ood ) 7 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 9 2) 8 : R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 : 80 R A ICH N J 6 18436 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire ) B : N /P FP 1 /A / C : C o les 1 9 02-3 ; U /c 4 ,9 / 3 / 4 ? D : 1 ; c 2 ,20 / 2 ; c 1 ,20 / 3 ; c 1 ,70 / M E : 1 2 ; 4 ,3 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,5 / 0 F : c1 , 70 / c 1 , 20-2 ,20 / ( 3 ,9) / ( 3 ,5-4 ,3 ) /I D G : w h instone / I C A ,K / F P ? G ? T h is s mall s i te i s s omewhat r u ined b ut a ppears t o b e ar e ctangu lar F our P oster w ith t h e o r thostats l i nked b y as t raight-sided k e rb-setting , w ith 3 o r m ore s tones p e r s ide , T he i n terior i s f i lled w ith a c a irn w h ich a lso p a rtia lly m asks t h e s tones , T he r e ctang le i s o r ientated n o rthwest/southeast a nd t h e t a llest s tone s tands t o t h e n o rth , 1 : C o les 1 9 02-3 ( 3 4) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 9 0 ) 6 : 8 1 R APPLA W OOD N J 7 36402 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) B : H /R SC? / 0 E ; f a rmer 1 8 60 C : N /c 15 ,0? / 0 / I D D : I D E : I D F : I D /I D /I D /I D /I D G : N D /I C A , P L o r B ? /T h is s ite w as d e scribed i n 1 8 60 a s al a rge r a ised p lat form w ith 3 -4 l a rge s tones s et r o und i t ( p ositions n o t g iven ) , W ith in t h is w as a ' s ma ller r a ised c a irn ' w ith a d iameter o f c 9 ,0m , t h e p l at form e x tended c 3 ,0m b eyond t h is , A lthough s omewhat o bscure , t h is s ounds l i ke a d escript ion o f a r u ined R e cumbent S tone C i rcle , I t w as i n t h e p ro cess o f b e ing d e stroyed i n 1 8 60 , a nd w hen C o les v isited t h e s i te o n ly o ne t a ll o rthostat a nd a f a llen s l ab r e ma ined , t h ese a lso a ppear t o n ow b e d estroyed , D u ring t h e d estru ction o f 1 8 60 i t w a s n o ted t h at t h ere w as e xtensive t r a ces o f b u rn ing a nd b ones i n t h e c entra l c a irn , N ear t h e w estern e d ge o f t h e c a irn w as a c i st c onta in ing 1 3 ' u rns ', N ear t h e e astern e dge o f t h e c a irn w a s al i ned p it c ontain ing a s ma ll f l at f r agment o f b ronze a nd a p ossible u rn s h e rd , Ap it , c u t i n to t h e s ubso il b eyond t h e c a irn , c ontained ' b la ck s tu ff l i ke a n imal c h a rcoa l v e ined w i th w h ite b one d ust ', C o le 's d rew a r e constru ction o f t h e s ite b ut a p pears t o h ave m ade u nwa rranted a ssumpt ions a s t o t h e p osition ing o f t h e o rthostats , 1 : C o les 1 9 02-3 ( 1 7) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A be rdeensh ire 9 2 ) 3 : C ,Rugg les p e rs c omm , 4 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 2 2) 5 : R uggles a nd B u rl 1 9 85

— 2 99 —

6 :82 R OTHIEMAY B : H /R SC / A / -

N J 50487

G rampian ( B an ff)

C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (00) / c 28 ,0 / 4 (+ 1) / c 13 (+ 1) 0 : c4 M /1 ; 1 , 90 / 2 ; 1 , 75 / M ; F L /( R E 1 , 70) / M ; F L /M / 3 ; 1 , 80 / 4 ; 1 , 85 / c 2 M E : 0/1 2 ; 6 ,6 / 0 / 3 -4 ; 6 ,2 / 0 F : ( 1 ,80) / ( 1 ,751,90) / ( 6 ,4) / ( 6 ,2-6 ,6) / I D G : w h instone / I R C? / R E T h is s ite h as i t s c upmarked r e cumbent t o t h e s outhwest , t h is i s 4 ,35m l o ng a n d 1 , 20m t h ick, T he s u rv iving o rthostats g ive n o i n d ication a s t o w hether t h e r ing w as g r aded o r n o t , T he s ite h as h ad t h e s ame n umber o f s tones s ince f i rst r e corded i n 1 7 97 , B r owne 's a c count o f 5s tones b e ing r e moved b y t h e t e nant i n c 1845 i s e ither s purious o r h a s i t s d ate i n e r ror , T here i s n o s ign o f i n terna l f e atures , a lthough a pparent ly t h e O r dnance S u rvey n otebook s uggests a r ing cairn w as v isible i n t h e 1 9 th c entury , 1 : O SA 1 7 97 2 : C o les 1 9 02-3 ( 3 8) 3 : B rowne 1 9 2 1 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( B an ff 1 0 ) 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 8 4/4 , M i lltown ) 6 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 2 3) 7 : R uggles a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 :83 S T B RANDANS S TANES N J 6 086 11 G rampian ( B an ff) B : H /R SC / V P /C : C o les 1 9 05-6 ; U /I D /2 / I D D : 0/1 ; F L 1 , 65 / M ; R E /2 ; F L 1 , 80 / 0 E : 0/( 1 -2 ; R E 4 ,0 ) /0 F : ( 1 ,70) / ( 1 ,651,80) / I D /I D /I D G : g ran ite / I R C? / R E A l l t h at r e ma ins o f t h is s ite a re i t s t w o f lankers , o ne c u pmarked , w ith s evera l b ro ken f r agments b etween t h em t ogether w ith f i eld c learan ce , T he c i rcle w ou ld h ave s tood t o t h e n o rth , A n e a rth fast s tone i n s ide t h e e astern f l an ker s uggests a n i n ternal r i ng ca irn j o ined t h e s e tting h e re , T he s ite i s l i ke ly t o h ave b een i n b e tte r c ondition i n t h e e a rly 1 9 th c e ntu ry a s i t w as r e cogn ised a nd n o ted a s ad ru id ical c i rcle i n t h e N SA , B y c 1 86 4 o nly t h ree o rthostats s u rvived , o ne o f t h em f a llen , 1 : C o les 1 9 05-6 ( 5 ) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( B an ff 1 ) 3 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 2 ) 4 : R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 :84 S HELDON N J 8 23249 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) B : H /R SC?(o r F ) /A /C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 23 ,8 / 5 (+2 ) /c 1 213? D : 1 ; 1 , 80 / ( 2 ; o utlier?) / c 3 M /3 ; 1 , 50 / 4 ; 1 , 75 / M / 5 ; L1 , 75 / 2 -3M / 6 ; 1 , 75 / M E : 0 /3 -4 ; 6 ,5 / ( 4 -M ; 5 ,5) / ( M -5 ; 5 ,5) / 0 F : ( 1 ,70) / ( 1 ,501,80) / ( 6 ,5 ) /( 6 ,5) / I D G : g ran ite / 1 2A0 / 0 T h is s ite i s d i fficu lt t o i n terpret , I t i s t h e c o rre ct s ize f o r aR e cumbent S ton e C i rcle a l though n o r e cumbent e x ists t o day , n o r a re t h e s tones g raded , O ne o f t h e s tones t o t h e S E i s c l early a n o utlier , t h is s tands 1 , 75m h igh , a t a bout c 1 8 ,0m b eyond t he r ing , As e cond 2 , 50m h igh s tone t o t he e ast m ay a lso h ave s tood c 4 ,5m o u tside t h e r i ng , a s , i f i n cluded , i t w ou ld m a ke t h e r i ng u nusua lly o va l w i th a d iameter o f c 2 3 ,8x28 ,3m , T he r ema in ing f ive s t ones s tand o n a n a pprox imate c i rcle o f c 2 3 ,8m d iameter , T hom 's s uggestion t hat t h e s ite c o mprises 2 c o ncentric r ings ( a nd a S E o utlier) s eems a l e ss l i ke ly a lternat ive , T he O rdnan ce S u rvey n o ted t h e f i nd ing o f ac i st a t t h e s ite b ut n o d eta ils a re k nown , 1 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 2 4) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 9 4 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 8 1/8) 4 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 6 0 ) 5 : R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 85

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6 : 85 S HETHIN N J 82328 G rampian ( Aberdeensh ire) B : N /P FP2 / A / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; 6 (00) / c 5 ,2 / 2 / 4 ? D : 2 M /1 ; 1 , 35 / 2 ; 1 , 60 E : 0/1 2 ; 4 ,2 F : ( 1 ,45) / ( 1 ,351,60 ) /( 4 ,2) / ( 4 ,2 ) /I D G : w h instone / K , ICA? / T h is s ite i s d i fficu lt t o i n terpret , I t c omprises a c ontiguous k erb o f s labs , b etween 1 , 00 a n d 0 ,60m h igh , w h ich h as b een r obbed t o t he e ast s ide , A s s u ch i t c ould b e ak erb o f a k e rb-ca irn o r r i ng ca irn , H owever , t w o o f t he s tones a re s ign ificantly h igher a nd i t m ay w e ll b e ac i rcu lar F our P o ster w ith t h e o rthostats l in ked b y ak erb , T here i s l i ttle s ign o f a n i n terna l c a irn t o day , 1 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 3 2) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 9 5 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 8 1/ 10 , F ountain H i ll) 6 : 86 S OUTH F ORNET N J 7 82 109 G ramp ian ( Aberdeensh ire) B : H /P RSC / V P /C : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ; U /I D /2 / I D D : 0/1 ; F L 1 , 85 / ( M ; R E ) /2 ; F L 1 , 80 / 0 E : 0/( 1 -2 ; R E 3 ,5) / 0 F : ( 1 ,80) / ( 1 ,801,85) / I D /I D /I D G : w h instone / I R C o r C A /R E T h is s ite h as t w o p robab le f l an kers t o t h e s outh , w ith t h e c rescent o f w hat a ppears t o b e a n i n terna l r i ng ca irn o r c a irn i m mediate ly t o t h e n o rth w ith a d iameter o f c 5 ,5-6 ,0m , F ive s m a ll r e cumbent s tones s cattered a round t o t he e ast a nd n o rtheast a re l i kely t o b e e ither f o rtu itous o r d isp la ced , A l ternative ly t h e s ite m ay b e at w o-stone s etting , 1 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 4 ) 2 : B rowne 1 9 2 1 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 9 7 ) 4 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 6 8) 5 : R ugg les a nd B url 1 9 85 6 : 87 S OUTH L EY L ODGE N J 7 67 132 G ramp ian ( Aberdeenshire) B : H /R SC / V P /C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G/I D /2 (+ 1) / I D D : 0/1 ; F L 1 , 70 / ( R E ; 1 , 20) / 2 ; F L 1 , 60 / 0 E : 0/( 1 -2 ; R E 3 ,6) / 0 F : ( 1 ,65) / ( 1 ,601,70) / I D /I D /I D G : g ranite / - / R E A l l t h at r ema ins i s t h e r e cumbent a nd f lan kers , T he c i rcle w ou ld h ave s tood t o t h e NE , T h om p robed f u rther s tones t o t he e ast b ut t he s tatus o f t h ese r ema ins c on jectura l, 1 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 1 1) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 9 8 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 8 2/ 14 , L ey L odge) 4 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 6 7) 5 : R ugg les a nd B url 1 9 85 6 : 88 S OUTH Y THS IE N J 85304 G ramp ian ( Aberdeenshire) B : K /S P2 / G / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /8 ,5x7 ,5 / 6 / 6 D : A : 1 ; 1 , 50 / 2 ; 1 , 80 / 3 ; 1 , 50 / 4 ; 2 ,40 / 5 ; 2 ,40 / 6 ; 1 , 50 E : 1 2 ; 4 ,3 / 2 3 ; 3 ,7 / 3 -4 : 3 ,6 / 4 -5 ; 4 ,2 / 5 -6 ; 4 ,0 / 6 1; 4 ,2 F : c 1 ,8 ,5 / c 1 ,50-2 ,40 / 4 ,0 / 3 ,6-4 ,3 / 1 ,8% G : w h instone , g ran ite , p o rphyry / P L ,(A0?) / 6 ,0? T h is f i ne s ite i s b u ilt o n ap latform w h ich i s u p t o c 0 ,9m h igh , T he o rthostats s tand o n t h e c rest e dge , T hey a re g raded , w ith 2 t a ll s tones t o t h e s outhwest ( C o les m easured s tone

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h e ights a re i n e r ror b e cause o f v a riab le p lat form h e ight ) , Ap ossible o utlier o n ce s tood c 75m t o t he n o rtheast b ut t h is h as b een r emoved , 1 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 3 1) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 9 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 8 1/9 ) 6 :89 S TONEHEAD N J 6 0 1287 B : H /R SC / V P / C : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ; U/I D /2 (+ 1) / I D D : 0/1 ; F L 1 , 80 / ( R E 1 , 40) / 2 ; F L 2 ,30 / 0 E : 0/( 1 -2 ; R E 5 ,3) / 0 F : ( 2 ,05) / ( 1 ,80-2 ,30) / I D /I D /I D G : N D /- /R E

G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire)

A l l t h at r ema ins i s t h e r e cumbent a nd i t s f lankers , T he c i rcle p resumab ly s tood t o t he n o rtheast , 1 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 4 0) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A be rdeensh ire 1 0 0 ) 3 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 4 1) 4 : R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 :90 S TONYFIELD B : H /R SC? / P / C : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ; U

N J 5 89376

G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire)

c 1 4 ,0 / 5 + /c 1 011?

D : c2 -3M ( 3 d ispla ced s tones) / 1 ; 1 , 50 / c 3M / 2 ; F1 , 80 / 3 ; 1 , 65 / 4 ; F1 , 00 / 5 ; F1 , 30 E : 0 /2 -3 ; c 4 ,I? / 3 -4 ; c 4 ,7 / 4 -5 ; c 5 ,2 / 0 F : ( 1 ,45 ) /( 1 ,001,80) / ( c 4 ,7) / ( c 4 ,1-5 ,2 ) /I D G : w h instone / - / A l l t h at r e ma ins a re 2 o rthostats a nd s evera l p rone s tones , a l l o f w h ich c ould h a ve b een m oved t o f a cilitate p lough ing , I n t h e e a rly 1 9 th c entu ry t h e t e nant a pparently r e moved s evera l s tones , T he n umber o f s tones , a nd i n d ications o f g rad ing t o t h e s outhwest , s uggest t h e s ite c ou ld h ave b een a R e cumbent S tone C i rcle , 1 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 6 6) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 1 0 1) 6 :9 1 S TR ICHEN H OUSE N J 9 36544 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) 8 : H /R SC / R / T ; B u rl , A b ramson , H ampsher M on k 1 9 781982 C : A b ramson a nd H ampsher M on k 1 9 82 : G /c I 3 ,0m / ( 6 + 1) / 1 0 12 ( + 1) D : 3 -5M / E H ; F L /( E H ,RE) / E H ; F L /5 EH E : 0/( E H-EH ; R E 3 , 1) / E H-EH ; 6 ,2 / E H-EH ; 4 ,0 / E H-EH ; 3 , 1 /E H-EH ; 2 ,7 / E H-EH ; 3 , 1 F : I D /I D /( 3 ,8 ) /( R ? 2 ,7-6 ,2 ) /( I D) G : g ran ite / B , ITC / R E T h is s ite w as d emo lished i n c 1830 a nd w as r e bu ilt i n correct ly s hortly a fterwards , I n t h is l a te r s tate t h e r e cumbent a nd f l an kers w e re i n t h e n o rthern h a lf o f ar ing , w ith 3 o ther o r thostats a nd a n o uter e arthen b an k , I n t he 1 9 60 's t h e s ite w as d emolished a gain , E x cavations f r om 1 9 781982 h ave e stab lished t h e o r ig ina l s i te a nd l a yout , a nd t h e c i rcle h as b een r e sto red ( n ot y et f u lly p ub lished ) , T he r e cumbent a nd f l an kers s tood t o t h e SE o f t h e o r ig ina l r i ng , T he o rthostats w e re s et i n as tony b an k d e fined b y f l at k e rbstones s et i n as l ight t r en ch , w h ich h ad m any q uart: s tones s catte red o ver i t , W ith in t h e b an k t o t h e e ast , b y ap ossib le s toneho le , w as a s cattered h uman c r emation a nd u rn s h e rds , A n umber o f t h e s toneholes w e re r e lo cated t o t h e w est a nd o ne o f t h ese h ad b een r e cut a t l e ast t w ice ( T he l a st s eason o f e x cavation m ay h ave f o und f u rther s toneho les u npublished ) , W ith in t h e r i ng o f s tones w as a s em i-circle o f r e gu larly s paced p o stho les ( 5 +) i n t h e w estern h a lf o f t h e s ite , A lthough t h ere d oes n ot s eem t o b e a n y c lear s t ratigraphy , t i mber r i ngs c an b e p a ralleled e lsewhere i n B r ita in , a nd a na logy s u ggests a n e a rly p hase p re-dating t h e s tone c i rcle , N ear t h e c e ntre w a s a p ossib le c a irn , w ith a s so ciated t r a ces o f b u rn ing , A t t h e c e ntre w as a d i sturbed c i st w ith t r aces o f a

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c r emation , Ac upmarked s tone i n as mall s tone-lined p it w as f ound i n t he n orthern p ortion o f t he i n terior , N eolith ic s herds a nd o ther a rte fa cts w ere f ound i n t he c entral a rea , 1 : P eter 1 884-5 2 : C oles 1 9 03-4 ( 1 8) 3 ; B url 1 9 76 ( Aberdeenshire 1 02) 4 ; B url 1 9 79 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( B 1/ 1) 6 ; A bramson 1 980 7 : A bramson a nd H ampsher M onk 1 98 1 8 : A bramson a nd H ampsher M onk 1 982 9 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 7 ) 6 :92 S UNHONEY

1 0 : R ugg les a nd B url 1 985 N J 7 16058

G rampian ( Aberdeenshire)

B : H /R SC / G / E ; D alrymple 1 855 C ; T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (OD) 2 5 ,8x25 ,0 / 1 (+ 1) / 1 (+ 1) D ; 1 ; 1 ,35 / 2 : 1 , 60 / 3 ; 1 , 60 / 4 ; 1 ,35 / 5 ; 2 ,05 / 6 ; 2 ,05 / 7 ; F L 2 ,25 / ( RE ; Fc 1 ,20) /8 ; F L 1 , 90 / 9 ; 1 ,80 / 1 0 ; 1 , 75 / 1 ; 1 ,60 E : 1 -2 ; 6 ,5 / 2 -3 ; 7 ,2 / 3 -4 ; 7 ,3 / 4 -5 ; 8 ,0 / 5 -6 ; 6 ,5 / 6 -7 ; 8 ,0 / ( 7-8 ; R E 6 ,5) / 8 -9 ; 7 ,7 / 9 10 ; 7 ,7 / 1 0 11; 7 ,2 / 11; 7 ,2 F : 1 , 75 / 1 ,35-2 ,25 / 7 ,3 / 6 ,5-8 ,0 / 3 , 1% G ; g ranite / B ,ICA o r R C /R E ,G T h is f ine s ite h as g raded s tones w ith s pacing i n creasing s lightly t owards t he c upmarked r e cumbent t o t he s outhwest , T his s lab i s 5 ,30m l o ng a nd 0 ,70m t h ick, T he r e cumbent a nd e ast f lanker a re s et s l ightly i nside a t rue c ircle d efined b y t he o ther o rthostats , T he o r thostats a re l i nked b y ab an k w hich i s c learly v isible e verywhere e xcept t o e ither s ide o f t he f lankers , T he i n terior a lso h as w hat t oday l o oks l i ke a n arrow r ingcairn w hich a gain f ades o ut a s i t a pproaches t he s outhwest , T his f eature h as a n e xternal d iameter o f c 1 7 ,5m a nd a n i n ternal o ne o f c 14 ,0m , H owever , D alrymple d escribed t h is a s ac a irn r ather t h an r ingcairn a nd L ogan n oted i t w as u nclear i f t h is w as a r ingcairn o r a d isturbed c a irn , E xcavations b y D a lrymple i n 1 8 55 f ound 8 d eposits o f c remated b one i n t he c entral a r ea , w here t h e m ake-up o f t he i n terna l c a irn w as d i fferent , h aving f ewer s tones , w hich i n a d d ition h ad t r aces o f b urning o n t hem , Ac ircular c ist c onta ining p ieces o f as tone c up w as f ound n ear t he o uter e dge o f t he c a irn t o t he s outh , E xcavations r ound t he o rthostats s h owed t hey w e re s et i n s toneholes w hich w ere c 0 ,75m d eep , T he o uter b ank w as b uilt o f ' l oose s tone ' a nd s everal o f t he o rthostats h ad ' s mall s emi-circular p avements o f s tone ' i n f ront o f t hem , B url h as s uggested t h e s ite h as b een r estored , o n t he b asis t hat t he f lat e dge o f t he r e cumbent i s i n l ine w ith t he f lankers a nd t hat t he c upmarks w ould t hus h ave b een b uried , T he s ite w as e xa ctly i n t he s ame s tate a s t oday w hen p lanned b y L ogan i n 1 829 , i n cluding a f r agment b roken f rom t he r e cumbent w h ich l ies n earby , I f r estored , t h is m ust t hus h ave t a ken p lace b e fore t h is d ate , I t s eems i m probable a n a ntiquarian r estoration w ould h ave r e tained v ery s ubtle f eatures o f l ayout s uch a s e xact c i rcularity a nd t he d isplacement o f r e cumbent a nd f lankers , H owever, t he r e cumbent i s t oo l ong t o f it b etween t he f lankers , t h is s uggests t hat e ither t he r e cumbent b roke w hen t he s ite w as b eing b uilt a nd w as n ever e re cted , o r t h at t he s ite h ad b een r emodelled d uring p rehistory o nce t he r e cumbent h ad f a llen , 1 ; L ogan 1 829 ( S eanhinny) 2 : S tuart 1 856 3 : S mith 1 879-80 4 : C oles 1 8991900 ( 18) 5 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 1 03) 6 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 82/2) 8 ; R uggles 1 984 ( 7 2) 6 ; 93 T HORAX B : C : D : E : F : G :

7 : C ,Rugg les p ers ,comm , 9 : R ugg les a nd B url 1 985 N J 5 82549

G rampian ( Ban ff)

K /F 14 / G / C o les 1 905-6 ; U /6 ,9x5 ,9 / 6 / 6 1 ; 1 ,30 / 2 ; 1 , 40 / 3 ; 1 , 65 / 4 ; ( 8 ?) 1 , 10 / 5 ; 1 , 65 / 6 ; 1 , 40 1 2 ; 3 ,7 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,7 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,3 / 4 -5 ; 1 ,8 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,7 / 6 1; 3 , 1 1 , 40 / 1 , 101,65 / 3 ,2 / 1 ,8-3 ,7 / c 14 ,5% w hinstone , g ranite / - /

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T h is w e ll p reserved s ite h as i t s i n terior p lanted w ith t r ees a nd t h e o rthostats l i n ked b y a d rystone w a ll, T he r ing h as s t ones o f v a riab le h e ight , w h ich m ay b e g raded t o t h e s outhwest ( i f t h e s mall s tone h e re i s as tump r a ther t h an a t i t s t r ue h e ight), O n e o f t h e s tones t o t h e w est i s c upmarked , 1 : C o les 1 9 05-6 ( 6 ) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( B an ff 1 3 ) 6 :94 T ILQUH ILL IE N O 7 24940 G rampian ( K in card inesh ire) 8 : H R SC / V P / C : N/I D /1 ( + 1) / I D D : 0 /( R E 0 ,70 ) /1 ; F L 1 , 55 / 0 E : I D F : ( 1 ,55) / ( 1 ,55) / I D /I D /I D G : N D /- /R E A l l t h at r e ma ins i s t h e r e cumbent a nd w est f lanker , T h e f o rmer i s o n ly 1 , 05m l o ng a nd 0 ,85m t h ick, T he c i rcle w ould h ave s tood r ough ly t o t h e n o rtheast , 1 : R itch ie 1 9 1819 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( K in cardine 1 6 ) 3 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 8 8) 4 : R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 :95 T OMNAGORN N J 6 5 1077 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) B : H /R SC / A / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; 8 (00 ) /c 22 ,4 / 1 (+ 1) / 1 (+ 1) 0 : 1 ; F1 , 20 / 2 ; L1 , 20 / 3 ; 1 , 20 / 4 ; F1 , 60 / 5 ; F1 , 50 / 6 ; 2 ,00 / 7 ; F L 1 , 80 / ( R E 1 , 15) / 8 ; F L ,S / 9 ; F1 , 75 / 1 0 ; F1 , 75 / 1 ; 1 , 65 E : 1 2 ; 5 ,6 / 2 -3 ; 5 , 1 /3 -4 ; 4 ,7 / 4 -5 ; 8 ,0 / 5 -6 ; 6 ,0 / 6 7 ; 7 ,2 / ( 7 -8 ; R E 3 , 5 ) / 8 -9 ; 6 ,8 / 9 10 ; 7 ,5 / 1 0 11; 6 ,8 / 1 1; 6 ,2 F : 1 , 55 / 1 , 20-2 ,00 / 6 ,4 / 4 ,7-8 ,0 / I D G : N D /I R C /R E ,G T h is s ite h as s tones g raded t o t h e r e cumbent a t t he SW , T h is i s 2 ,30m l o ng a n d 0 ,70m t h ick , T he r e cumbent a nd f l an kers a re s et w e ll w ith in a c i rcle d e fined b y t h e o ther o rthostats , W ith in t he r ing i s a n i n terna l r i ngcairn w i th a n e xternal c ontiguous k e rb o f c 1 4 ,0m d iamete r a nd a r u ined i n terna l k e rb o f 3 ,5m d iameter , b oth a re r o bbed t o t h e n o rtheast , T he o uter k e rb i s l i n ked t o t h e r e cumbent a nd f l ankers b y r ad ia lly-set s labs , O ne o f t he o rthostats h as f a llen s in ce C o les p lanned t h e s i te , 1 : C o les 1 8 991900 ( 1 5) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 1 0 4) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( B 2/ 16) 4 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 7 5 ) 5 : R ugg les a nd B u r l 1 9 85 6 :96 T OMNAVERIE N J 4 86034 G ramp ian ( A berdeen sh ire ) B : H /R SC / A / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; 8 (00 ) /c 1 7 ,1 / 6 (+ 1) / 1 2 (+ 1) 0 : M/1 ; F0 ,90 / M / 2 ; 0 ,95 / 3 ; L0 ,90 / M / 4 ; 1 , 40 / 5 ; F L ,F 1 , 80 / ( R E ; F1 , 00) / D ; F L ,F 1 , 80 / 0 ; 1 , 70 / M / 6 ; 1 , 00 E : 0 /2 -3 ; 3 ,7 / 0 / 4 -5 ; 5 ,2 / ( 5 -0 ; R E 4 ,0) / D -D 4 ,9 / 0 F : 1 , 30 / 0 ,901,80 / ( 4 ,6) / ( 3 ,7-5 ,2 ) /I D G : g ranite (6 ) , w h instone (1) / I R C /R E ,G T h is s ite h as s tones g raded t o t h e r e cumbent t o t he s outhwest , t h is i s 3 ,45m l o ng a nd 1 , 50m t h ick, W ithin t he r i ng i s ar i ng cairn w ith a r u ined e xternal k erb , w ith a d i ameter o f c 14 ,0m , w h ich i s j o ined t o t h e r e cumbent a nd f lan kers , T he i n ternal k e rb o f t he r i ng cairn h as a d iameter o f c 8 ,5m , T he s ite h ad b een i n s im ilar c ond ition t o t h at p lanned b y C o les , s in ce f i rst r e corded i n t h e 1 8 th c entury , S i n ce C o les ' d ay t wo s ton es t o t h e w est h ave b een d isplaced , O ne f e ll i n to t h e a d jacent q u arry , t h e o ther h as b e en p la ced a gainst a nother o f t he o rthostats t o t h e n o rth , 1 : O SA 1 7 92 2 : N SA 1 8 45 3 : C o les 1 9 04-5 ( 2 ) 4 : R i tchie 1 9 1617 5 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 1 0 5) 6 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 8 2/9) 7 : C ,Ruggles p e rs ,comm , 8 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 7 7) 9 : R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 85

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6 :97 T UACK N J 7 957 1544 B : K /P CH5 / P O /E ; D alrymple p re 1 8 55

G rampian ( Aberdeensh ire)

C : C oles 1 900-0 1; I J/?/1/I D D : 1 ; 1 , 50 E : I D F : ( 1 ,50) / ( 1 ,50) / I D /I D /I D G : N D /E B ,ED / T h is h engiform s ite c omprises a s tone s etting s urrounded b y ad itch a nd s light e xternal b ank, b oth s omewhat d isturbed , T he c 2 ,0m w ide d itch d efines a c entral a rea o f c 7 ,5m d iameter, T he b an k i s o nly s light a nd i s e ncroached u pon b y a n o ld f ield b oundary , i t h as a n e xternal d iameter o f c 12 ,0m , T oday , o nly o ne o rthostat s urvives , b ut w hen e x cavated b y D a lrymple i t a ppears t o h ave h ad a r ing o f 5s tones , H owever , D alrymple i s n ot e xplicit a bout t he n ature o f t he s tones h e n otes a nd h e m ay h ave b een r e ferring t o s everal o f t he b oulders w hich t oday l i tter t he s ite , T hat t he s ite m ay h ave b een i n as imilar s tate t o t o day i s s uggested b y a n a ccount w ritten i n 1 864 w hich i mplies t hat b y t h is d ate t here w as n o l onger a r ing o f s tones , I t i s t hus d ifficult t o a ssess w hether t h is s ite e ver h ad a t r ue r ing o f o rthostats o r i f i t w as o riginally a h engiform w ith o nly a s olitary o r thostat , W ithin t he r ing , n ear t he ' n ortheastern s tone ', D alrymple f ound a 0 ,6m d eep p it c o ntaining b urnt b ones , I n a n a nalagous p osition , b y t he ' e astern s tone ' as e cond 0 ,7m d eep p it c onta ined a n i n verted u rn o ver b urnt b ones a nd a f ragment o f b ronze , T he a rea o f t h e t h ird ' s tone ' w as d isturbed b y a r abbit b urrow , B y a nother ' s tone ' w as a s mall p it c o ntaining c harcoal, B y af urther ' s tone ' w as f ound f ound a n i nverted c ordoned u rn c overed b y a f lat s tone a nd c ontaining a c remation a nd 2 f ragments o f b ronze , N earby w as a n i n verted u rn i n ac rude c ist , A t t he c entre o f t he s ite i s as lab w hich w as s aid t o b e a c a pstone f rom a c ist , N ear t h is 4 p its w ere f ound , t h ree c onta in ing c remations , T he d e scription o f f inds n oted a bove i s f rom S tuart 's a ccount o f t he e xcavation , C oles ' a c count d iffers f rom t h is i n t hat h e p laces t he d eposit f rom t he ' e ast s tone ' a longside t h at f rom t he ' n ortheast ' s tone a nd m akes n o m ention o f t he ' e astern s tone ', H e n otes t he s t one w ith a c o rdoned u rn a nd 2 b ronze f ragments s tood t o t he n orthwest ( but t h is m ay h ave b een a n a ssumption), 1 : S tuart 1 856 2 : W att 1 864 4 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 1 06) 6 :98 U PPER A UCHNAGORTH B : H /R SC? / A / -

3 : C oles 1 900-0 1 ( 1 ) 5 : G rampian S MR N J 8 39563

G rampian ( Aberdeenshire)

C ; T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 13 ,7 / 5 -6 / c 1 113 (+ 1?) D : E : F : G ;

1 ; F1 ,20 / 2 ; F1 ,20 / M 3 ; 1 ,35 / 3 -4M ( ?4 ; F0 ,75) / 5 ; 1 ,65 / 6 ; 1 ,75 / 2 -3M 0/1 -2 ; c 3 ,2 / 0 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,9 / 0 1 , 45 / 1 , 201,75 / ( 3 ,5) / ( 3 ,2-3 ,9) / I D P orphyry / I R C? / G ?

A lthough n o r e cumbent s tand h ere t oday , t h is r u ined r ing h as a g ap t o t he SW w here i t o n ce c ould h ave s tood , T he d iameter , t he n umber o f s tones , a nd p ossible g rading i n t h is d i rection , i s c o rrect f o r as mall R e cumbent S tone C ircle , 4 -5 s maller s tones i n side t he r i ng m ay s uggest i t h ad a n i n ternal r ingcairn w ith a d iameter o f c 8 ,5m , 1 : C oles 1 903-4 ( 2 1) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Aberdeenshire 1 0 7) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url ( B 1/5 ,Auchnagorth)

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6 ;99 U PPER O RD B : H /P RSC? / V P / C : C oles 1 90 1-2 ; U/I D /2 + /I D D : 0/1 ; c 1 ,0 / 2 ; c 2 ,0 / 0 E : 0/( 1-2 ; 5 ,5) / 0 F ; I D /I D /I D /I D /I D

N J 4 84269

G rampian ( Aberdeensh ire)

G : N D /A O? / T h is r u ined s ite i s d ifficult t o i n terpret , T he 2 u pright s labs w ere s uggested b y C o les t o b e t he f lankers o f aR ecumbent S tone C ircle , H owever , t h ey a re s et a t a nomalous a ngles , v i rtually r ad ia l t o t he h ypothesised c i rcle , 2 f urther p ossible f a llen s tones a nd a p ossible

s tump

r e corded

b y

C oles

s uggested

4 -5

s tones

s tood

o n

a c ircle

o f

c 22 ,6m

d iameter, H owever, t he s tatus o f t hese s tones i s u n certain a nd t hey a re n o l onger a pparent , A s ixth s tone , s tand ing c 1 ,70m h igh , s tood c 32m t o t he n ortheast o f t he 2 u prights , C oles s uggested t h is w as a n o utlier, I t h as a lso n ow b een r emoved , 1 : C oles 1 90 1-2 ( 56) 4 : R uggles 1 984 ( 32)

2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Aberdeenshire 1 0 8) 5 : R uggles a nd B url 1 985

3 : C ,Ruggles p ers ,comm ,

6 : 100 W ANTONWELLS N J 6 19273 G rampian ( Aberdeensh ire) B : H /R SC / V P /C ; T hom e t a l 1 980 ; G/I D /1 (+ 1) / I D D ; 0/1 ; F L 2 ,75 / ( RE ; 2 ,05) / 0 E : I D F : ( 2 ,75) / ( 2 ,75) / I D /I D /I D G : w hinstone - /R E A l l t hat r ema ins i s t he r e cumbent a nd e ast f lanker , t he f o rmer i s 3 ,35m l ong a nd 1 ,35m w ide , T he f lan ker h as f a llen s ince p lanned b y T hom , S everal f u rther s tones w ere b lasted i n 1 8 79 b ut n o f u rther d etails a re k nown , T he c i rcle w ould h ave s tood t o t he NE , 1 : C oles 1 90 1-2 ( 3 7) 2 : B url 1 976 ( Aberdeenshire 10) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( 6 1/12 ) 4 : C ,Ruggles p ers , c omm , 5 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 4 3)

6 : R uggles a nd B url 1 9 85

6 : 10 1 W ESTER E CHT N J 7 39084 G rampian ( Aberdeensh ire) 9 : H /R SC? / P — C : N/I D /2 -3 / I D D : 0/( 1 ; 2 ,75 o utlier?) / 2 ; L1 ,80 / 3 ; 2 ,45 / 0 E : I D F : ( 2 ,10) / ( 1 ,80-2 ,45) / I D /I D /I D G : N D /( AO?) / 0 ? A ll t hat r ema ins a re 2 -3 s tones i n aS E a rc, T he e asternmost s tone i s l i kely t o b e a n o utlier; i f i t s tood o n t he c ircle t he d iameter w ould b e i n e xcess o f 4 0m , T he w esternmost s tone m ay b e a f lanker, A d rawing o f 1 8 22 i l lustrates t h is s ite w as a R ecumbent S tone C ircle a nd i n C oles ' d ay t he t enant r emembered 6 s tones h aving b een r emoved i n c 1840 , 1 : C oles 1 8991900 ( 19) 4 : C ,Ruggles p ers ,comm ,

2 : R itch ie 1 9 1819 5 : R ugg les 1 984 ( 70)

6 : 102 W EST H AUGHS B : H /R SC? / D / — C : 0 : E : F : G :

3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Aberdeensh ire 12) 6 : R uggles a nd B url 1 9 85

N J ,68 ,38 ,

G rampian ( Aberdeensh ire)

N/c 23 ,0? / 0 / I D I D I D I D /I D /I D /I D /I D N D / /—

T he O rdnance S urvey r e corded t h is s ite a s h aving 6 s tones i n ac 23 ,0m r ing , w hen

v isited

b y

C oles

a nd

l o ca ls

r emembered

i t

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h aving

b een

d estroyed

I t h ad g one

s evera l

y ears

p r ev iously , T h e l a rge d i ameter o f t h is s ite s uggests i t m ay h ave b een a d amaged R e cumbent S tone C i rcle r a ther t h an a s ix-stone r i ng , 1 : C o les 1 9 02-3 ( 1 5) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 1 3) 6 : 103 W H ITEH ILL N J 6 43 135 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) B : H /R SC / A / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; 6 (00) / c 2 2 ,0 / 1 2 (+ 1) / 1 2 (+ 1) D : 1 ; F ,B /2 ; F0 ,80 / 3 ; L1 , 00 / 4 ; F1 , 10 / 5 ; 1 , 20 / 6 ; F1 , 80 / 7 ; F L ,F 1 , 90 / 1 , 20 ) /8 ; F L 2 ,20 / 9 ; 1 , 55 / 1 0 ; F1 , 15 / 1 ; F ,B /1 2 ; 1 , 35 E : 1 2 ; 4 ,6 / 2 -3 ; 4 ,9 / 3 -4 ; c5 ,5 / 4 -5 ; c5 ,5 / 5 -6 ; 6 ,4 / 6 -7 ; 4 ,0 / ( 7 -8 ; R E 3 ,7) / 8 -9 ; 5 ,8 / 9 10 : 4 ,9 / 1 0 11; 5 ,3 / 1 12 ; 4 ,7 / 1 2 1; 6 ,2 F : 1 , 40 / 0 ,80-2 ,20 / 5 ,3 / 4 ,0-6 ,4 / I D G : p o rphyry , g ran ite ( 1 ) /I R C /R E ,G T h is R e cumbent S tone C i rcle h as i t s r e cumbent t o t h e SW , t h is i s 2 ,90m l o ng , T h e o the r s t ones a re g r aded i n t h is d i re ct ion , T he r e cumbent a nd f l ankers a ppear t o b e s et w ith in a t r ue c i rcle d e fined b y t he o ther o rthostats , T he i n terio r h as a w e ll p reserved , f l att o pped r i ng ca irn w h ich i s l i n ked t o t h e r e cumbent a nd f l an ke rs , O n ly t h e e astern p o rtion i s d istu rbed , O ne r a d ia l s lab s u rv ives b y t h e w estern f l an ker a nd t he e xterna l k e rb h as a d i ameter o f c 1 7 ,0m , T he i n terna l k e rb i s w e ll p reserved , w i th s labs u p t o 0 ,6m h igh , a nd h a s ad iamete r o f c 4 ,9x4 ,0m , I n t h e 1 9 th c entu ry t h e s ite h ad a d jacent ' a n cient ' f i eld b o undaries a nd s mall c a irns , 1 : N SA 1 8 45 2 : S tuart 1 8 5 1-4 3 : C o les 1 9 001 ( 6 ) 4 : K e iller 1 9 34 5 : B url 1 9 76 ( A be rdeensh ire 1 5) 6 ; T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( B 2/ 18 ,T illy fourie H i ll) 7 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 7 3) 8 : R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 85 6 : 104 W H ITEH ILL W OOD - N ORTH N J 6 78505 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) 8 : K /F 14 / A / C ; T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; 6 (00) / c 8 ,2 / 6 -7 / 6 ? D : ( 1 ; f o rtu itous?) / 2 ; F ,BU / 3 ; F1 , 80 / 4 ; 1 , 20 / 5 ; F1 , 30 / 6 ; F1 , 30 / 7 ; 1 , 10 E : 2 -3 ; 4 ,4 / 3 4 ; 3 ,6 / 4 -5 ; 4 ,0 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,9 / 6 -7 ; 4 ,4 / 7 1; 4 ,4 F : 1 , 35 / 1 , 101,80 / 4 , 1 /3 ,6-4 ,4 / 1 0 G : w h instone / A SC o r C A /8 ? M ? T h is s ma ll r i ng h as o ne t a ll s tone t o t h e s outheast , As eventh s ma ll s tone t o t h e n o rth i s p r one a nd s po ils t h e s pa cing , i t m ay w e ll b e i n trodu ced , T here i s as e cond m u ch l a rger s i te c lose-by t o t h e s outh , 1 : C o les 1 9 02-3 ( 3 9) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 1 6 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 8 4/ 1, C a rnousie H ouse) 6 : 105 W H ITEH ILL W OOD - S O UTH N J 6 78505 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) B ; H /P RSC? / P / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G/I D /I D /I D D : I D E : I D F : I D /I D /I D /I D /I D G : q ua rtz ite / A SC / M ,R? T h is r u ined s i te i s d i fficu lt t o i n terpret , I t c o mprises t h e w estern h a lf o f ac 2 5 ,6m r i ng o f o rthostats , w ith a s ma ll c a irn a t t h e c entre , a nd w ith a m assive b ou lde r , C am nE nn it , c 4 ,5m o uts ide t h e r i ng t o t h e SW , T h is i s 2 , 40m h igh a nd 3 ,35m l o ng , i t h as b een s u ggested t o b e av a riant f o rm o f r e cumbent , T he c 13 s tones s u rv iv ing i n t h e r i ng a re m o stly s ma ll b u t t w o s tand b etween c 1 ,00 a nd 1 , 20m h igh , T h ree o f t h e s tones t o t h e n o rth a r e v i rtua lly c o ntiguous , I t i s d i fficu lt t o k now w hether t o i n terpret t h e r i ng a s s ome

- 3 07 -

f o rm o f k e rb o r a s as tone c i rcle , T h e p ossib ility e x ists t h at t h e b ou lder i s af o rtu itous e r ratic, 1 : C o les 1 9 02-3 ( 3 9) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 1 6) 3 ; T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( B 4/ 1, C a rnousie H ouse) 6 ; 106 Y ONDER B OGN IE N J 6 0 1458 G ramp ian ( A be rdeensh ire ) B ; H /R SC / A / C : p re 1 8 67 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (OD) / c 20 ,6 / 8 (+ 1) / 1 (+ 1) 0 : M/1 ; F1 , 05 / 2 ; F ,FR / 3 ; 1 , 70 / 4 ; F L ,F ,BU ( 1 ,60+ ) /( R E ; 1 , 60) / 5 ; F L 1 , 90 / 6 ; 1 , 35 / 7 ; Lc1 , 20 / D ; F1 , 20 / M / 8 ; 1 , 10 E : 1 2 ; 4 , 1 /2 -3 ; c4 ,9 / 3 -4 ; 7 ,8 / ( 4 -5 ; R E 4 ,2 ) /5 -6 ; 6 ,8 / 6 -7 ; 6 ,4 / 7 -D , 6 , 7 / 0 -8 ; 5 ,3 / 0 F : 1 , 35 / 1 , 051,90 / 6 ,0 / R 4 , 1-7 ,8 / I D G : g ranite / I R C? ,B? / R E ,G T h is s ite h as i t s r e cumbent t o t h e s outh , t h is i s 2 ,80m l o ng a nd 1 , 35m t h ick , T h e o ther s tones a re g raded a nd s pacing i n creases i n t h is d i rection , T he r i ng i s d istinct ly o val w h ich s uggests t h e r e cumbent a nd f l ankers a re s et w ith in t h e r i ng , T here i s l i tt le c l ear s ign o f i n terna l f e atu res a lthough s cattered s tones s uggest t h ey o n ce e x isted , As t retch o f b an k b etween t h e e astern f l an ker a nd n ext s tone s uggests t h e s ite a lso h ad a n o u ter r i ng ca irn l i n king t h e o rthostats , S tuart d escribed t h e s ite a s a' d ouble c i rcle ' w h ich i s s t rong ly i n dicative t h at a n i n ternal r i ng ca irn w ith k e rb e x isted i n t h e 1 9 th c e ntu ry , E x cavations a t t h e c entre r e vea led t r aces o f p avement u nder w h ich w as a d eep l a yer o f ' b ones a nd b u rnt m atter ', A n ' u rn ' w as a lso f ound , O ne o f t h e f a llen o rthostats r e corded b y C o les a ppears t o h ave n ow b een r e moved , 1 : S tuart 1 8 67 2 : C o les 1 9 02-3 ( 3 5) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 1 8 ) 4 : T hom , T h om a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 8 1/23) 5 : C ,Rugg les p ers ,comm , 6 ; R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 2 5) 7 : R ugg les a nd B u rl 1 9 84

— 3 08 —

Z ONE 7 :

T AYSIDE

7 : 1 A IRL ICH N 9 59386 T ayside ( P erthsh ire) 8 : K /S P2 / A / C : T hom e t a l ; G (00) / c 7 ,1x7 ,9 / 9 / 9 0 : 1 ; 1 , 05 / 2 ; 0 ,70 / 3 ; L0 ,75+ / 4 ; 0 ,80 / 5 ; F1 , 30 / 6 ; F1 , 20 / 7 ; F1 , 50 / 8 ; F0 ,90 / 9 ; 1 , 05 E : 1 2 ; 1 , 9 /2 -3 ; 1 , 6 /3 -4 ; 2 , 1 /4 -5 ; 2 ,5 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,4 / 6 -7 ; 3 ,3 / 7 -8 ; 3 ,3 / 8 -9 ; 2 ,8 / 9 1; 2 ,0 F : 1 , 05 / 0 ,701,50 / 2 ,5 / R : 1 , 6-3 ,4 / c 1 0 ,1% G : N D /8 , 1K / G T h is r i ng o f o r thostats i s s et i n al o w r u bb le b an k , a nd t wo l o w s labs t o t h e w est s uggest t h e b an k m asks a k e rb w h ich l i n ks t h e o rthostats , T he r ing i s g raded t o t h e s outhwest a nd s p acing b etween s tones i n creases i n t h is d i re ction , W ithin t h e r i ng i s a c 3 ,5x4 ,0m d iameter r i ng o f 8 l o w s tones w h ich a ga in b e come l a rger t o t h e s outhwest , T hese s tand 0 , 20-0 ,25m h igh a nd m ay w e ll b e t he v e stiges o f a n i n terna l k e rb f rom w h ich s evera l o thers h a ve b een r e moved , 1 : C o les 1 9 0910 ( 2 0) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthshire 1 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( p 1/ 16 , M i ckle F indow ie) 7 : 2 A RDBLAIR N O 1 6 0439 T ayside ( P erthsh ire) 8 : K /F 13 / P R /C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 : G /c 1 5 ,0 / 6 / 6 0 : 1 ; R , D I 1 , 80 / 2 ; 1 , 30 / 3 ; R1 , 45 / 4 ; 1 , 80 / 5 ; R ,D I 1 , 65 / 6 ; 1 , 55 E : ( 1 -2 ; 6 ,0 ) /2 -3 ; 8 ,3 / 3 -4 ; 7 ,7 / ( 4 -5 ; 6 ,8 ) /( 5 -6 ; 6 ,5) / ( 6 1; 7 ,7) F : 1 , 60 / 1 , 301,80 / ( 8 ,0) / ( 7 ,7-8 ,3 ) /I D G : s ch ist , w h instone / - / G T h is s ma ll r i ng h as a r o ad r u nning t h rough i t s c e ntre , b u ilt i n c 1856 , a nd t h ree o f i t s s t ones h ave b een r e -ere cted , T wo h ave b een d isp la ced t o f a ce t he r oad , T he t w o t a llest s tones a re o pposite e a ch o ther a nd a l ign s outhwest /northeast , 1 : C o les 1 9 08-9 ( 1 9) 2 : S tewart 1 9 66 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 2 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( P 2/ 1, L eys o f M a rlee) 7 : 3 B ALBIRN IE N O 2 85030 F i fe 8 : K !S P 1(F/ESC?) / R / C ; B a lfour 1 8 83 , T ; R itch ie 1 9 701 C : R itchie 1 9 74 ; G /1 4 ,2x 14 ,8 / 8 / 1 0 0 : 1 ; S /2 ; 1 , 20 / 3 ; c1 , 50 / 4 ; F2 , 1 /5 ; S /6 ; 2 ,00 / 7 ; S /8 ; E H , F R /9 ; E H / 1 0 ; ? E : 1 2 ; 4 ,4 / 2 3 ; 4 ,8 / 3 -4 ; 4 ,6 / 4 -5 ; 4 ,4 / 5 -6 ; 4 , 1 /6 -7 ; 4 ,6 / 7 -8 ; 4 ,6 / 8 -9 ; 4 , 7 / 9 10 ; 4 ,8 / 1 0 1; 4 ,8 F : ( 1 ,70) / ( 1 ,20-2 ,10 ) /4 ,6 / 4 , 1-4 ,8 / 4 , 1% G : s andstone / I C A ,B? ,ISS ,4ICI,2AH ,ARC ,ACA ,2ATS / G ? T h is s ite w as f u lly e x cavated i n a dvan ce o f m ov ing t he c i rcle , a c omp lex s equen ce o f m o dification w a s r e vea led , 1 9 th c entu ry e x cavation a t t h e c entre s uggested t h e c entral f e atu res w e re a l ready d isturbed , a s h uman b ones , a nd s herds f r om 2 u rns w ere s cattered i n t h e m ound , Ac u p m a rked s tone w as f o und a nd t h ere w as a s ma ll p ie ce o f b ronze u nder a l a rge s lab , T h e m odern e x cavation s howed t h e f i rst p hase c o mprised a f r eestand ing c i rcle a n d c entra l s e tting , T he c i rcle h as b een d amaged b u t a ppea rs t o h ave b een g raded t o t h e s o uth , T wo s t ones t o t h e w est h ave b een r e moved a nd a t h ird r edu ced t o as tump , 2o thers h a d r o tted t o s tumps , I n f i ve o f t h e s toneho les c r emated b one w as f o und a mongst t h e s tone p a cking ( 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,9), a nd a lso 2 s herds o f g rooved w a re i n o ne u pper f i ll ( 2 ) , A t t h e c e ntre o f t h e s ite w as a r e ctangu la r s etting o f l o w c ontiguous s labs m easuring 3 ,3x2 ,8m i n ternally a nd o r ientated SE/NNW , T h is p rotruded o n ly s l ightly a bove t h e s ubso il a nd w as

- 3 09 -

s et i n ab edd ing t rench c onta ining t iny f ragments o f c remated b one , Ad ate o f 8 90±80b c w as o btained f rom c harcoa l o n t he s urface o f s ubsoil w ithin t he s etting ( a t erminus p ost q ue r n , o r s purious s ample d ue t o d ownwashing), I n t he s econd p hase , 4s ma ll s ub-rectangular c ists w ere i n serted i n p its w ith in t he i n terior o f t he s ite , d isturbing t he c entral s etting i n t he p rocess . T he s ite w as p ossibly f u rther d efined b y ab ank l in king t he o rthostats i n t h is p hase ( see b elow), T he f i rst c ist c ontained a f ragmentary c remation , a f l int f lake a nd a j e t b ead , Ac up-marked s tone h ad b een u tilised a s o ne o f t he c ist s tones , G ist 2 c onta ined a c remated a du lt f ema le a nd a c h ild , a nd a b one b ead , C ist 3 a gain c ontained a c remated a du lt f emale a nd a c h ild , t hey w ere a ccompanied b y a f ood v essel a nd f l int k n ife , A c up-marked s tone h ad a ga in b een u tilised , C ist 4 h ad b een d isturbed b ut c ontained a j et b utton , I n t he s outhwestern q uadrant a l a te b eaker ( 54) w as f ound o n t he s ubsoil s urface , s et b etween 2 p lan ks o f b urnt w ood , t ogether w ith a j e t b ead , T his d eposit w as s uggested t o h ave b een d istu rbed w hen t he l a ter c a irn w as b uilt , a s s everal m ore j et b eads w ere f ound i n t he m ound m a ke-up , T he w ood g ave a d ate o f 1 330±90bc(GaK3425), I n p hase 3 t he w hole i n terior w as f i lled w ith a c a irn d e fined b y c ontiguous k e rb o f r ounded b oulders w hich l inked t he o rthostats , T he c a irn w as d escribed i n t he n ineteenth c entury a s c l‚ 8 m h igh , b ut i n 1 9 70 w as o nly a m aximum o f 1 , 00m a nd r e latively f lat t o pped , I t m ay h ave b een r obbed i n t he i n tervening p eriod a nd i t w as c learly m uch d istu rbed , A t l e ast 1 0 c remations h ad b een i n serted i n t he m ound ( +6 s cattered d eposits) a nd t hese w ere a ssociated w ith c ordoned a nd c o llared u rn s herds , B etween t wo o f t he o rthostats t o t he s outheast w as a c 1 ,8m w ide r ubble b an k, d e fined o n b oth f a ces b y k erbs , w ith t he o rthostats s et o n t he o uter e dge , T his f eature w as n ot f ound e lsewhere a nd w as e ither d isturbed , o r m ore l i kely r obbed i n p reh istory w hen t he f inal c a irn w as b uilt , I t c an b e p ostulated t hat s uch a p enannular f eature p re-dated t he p hase 3 c a irn , a s a ll t he e arlier i n ternal d eposits w ou ld h ave b een w ithin i t s i n ner c i rcumference , H owever , i t i s u nclear i f i t i s c ontemporary w ith t he s tone c i rcle o r w hether t he l a tter w as s ubsequently c onverted i n to a n e mbanked s ite i n a r emode lling i n t he p eriod p rior t o i t s c entral a rea b eing f i lled , O ne o f t he c ists h ad b een d emo lished p r ior t o t he c onstruction o f t he c a irn , i m plying a t ime d elay b etween t he b uild ing o f t he t wo f eatures , T he B alfarg c i rcle-henge l i es c 340m t o t he W NW ( centre t o c entre), A bout 1 2 0m f rom B albirnie t o t he NW e xtensive e x cavations h ave r e cently r evealed a l a rge s ub-rectangu lar t imber s etting s urrounded b y a b road d itch o f c 38m i n ternal d iameter , T he s ite h as a bundant g rooved w are , w ith A OC b eaker a bove i n t he u pper d itch f i lls , Ad ate o f 2 475±50bc h as b een o btained a ssociated w ith t he g rooved w are , I t i s l i kely t hat t h is s ite i s a s e cond ' h enge ', A bout 4 0m t o t he s outh-west o f t h is w as a c a irn , a nd a p ossible h eng iform l a ter c onverted i n to a r ingcairn w ith 2 c oncentric b anks , T he c a irn c overed 2 c i sts , o ne c onta ining a f ood v essel, A s econd s ub-rectangular t imber s etting w h ich m easured 1 8 ,5x9 ,2m u nderlay t he r ingcairn , M iddle N eolithic a ctivity w as d emonstrated b etween t h is c omp lex a nd t he B alfarg h enge , 1 : R CAHM 1 933 ( 4 18)

2 : R itchie 1 9 74

3 : B url 1 9 76 ( F ife 1 )

4 : S elkirk 1 984

5 : B arclay 1 985

6 : B arclay a nd T avener 1 9 85

7 :4 B ALFARG N O 2 8 1032 B : D /C H3 / P O /T ; M ercer 1 9 77-8 C : M ercer 1 98 1; G / c 57 ,0x5 1,0m / 1 / c 19-29

F i fe

D : 2SM / E H /M ? /E H /E H /E H /E H /E H /3 -6M / E H /2 -5M / 1 ; 1 ,60 / E H /E H /? M / E H E : 0 /E H-EH ; 8 , 1 /E H-EH ; 8 , 1 /E H-EH ; 6 ,5 / E H-EH ; 5 ,3 / 0 / 1 -EH ; 4 ,2 / E H-EH ; 8 ,7 / 0 F : ( 1 ,60) / ( 1 ,60) / ( 6 ,8?) / ( 4 ,2-8 ,7?) / c 10 ,5% G : d olerite / T C ,TP0 ,1-2P0 ,EB ,E0 ,2ET ,ASC ,AHE ,2ATS ,ARC ,ACA / 2 E ,P ,G? T h is c i rcle-henge w as f u lly e xcavated b y M ercer w ho d emonstrated a c omplex s equence o f e vents ,

T he s ite w as d efined b y a6 -8m w ide a nd c 2 ,5m d eep d itch f o r

- 3 10 -

t wo t h irds o f i ts

c i rcum ference ,

T o

t he s outhwest a n

i r regular

b ut

s teep-sided n atural

g ully d efined

i t s

p resent e dge , B etween t he d itch a nd g u lly w ere 2 e ntrances , T hat t o t he n orthwest w as 8 ,5m w ide a nd c onta ined a p ortal s tone , w hich s tood 2 ,00m h igh , a gainst t he g ully e dge , T he o ther e ntrance t o t he s outh w as n arrower, b eing o nly c 5 ,0m w ide ( for i nexplicable r easons M e rcer d id n ot c onsider t h is t o b e a n e ntrance), I t i s u nclear t o w hat e xtent t he g u lly h as w idened s in ce p rehistory a nd h ence r emoved f eatures , P erhaps a b ank a nd d itch o r iginally a lso e xisted h ere ( see b elow) , T he p ortal s tone p erhaps o riginally s tood i n t he c entre o f t he e ntrance a nd a m atching s tone c ould h ave s tood i n t he o ther e ntrance i n a p osition n ow c ut a way b y t he g ully , T he d itch h as a n i nternal d iameter o f c 65m , w hile t he g u lly r educes t he p resent d iameter t o 5 6m f rom S W t o N E , Ap loughed-out b ank o nce s tood o utside t he d itch w ith a n arrow b erm b etween t he t wo , o rig inally t h is b ank m ust h ave h ad a n e xternal d iameter o f a bout 1 00m , P loughing h ad t runcated f eatures c ut i n t he s ubsoil i n t he c entral a rea , h ence s hallower s toneholes a nd o ther f eatures h ad b een d estroyed , H owever , ac omplex s equence o f e vents w as d emonstrable , A t a n e arly s tage t he b ank a nd d itch w as c onstructed a nd a t imber c i rcle p laced i n t he c entral a rea , b oth w ith a n a pproximate c ommon c entre , T his r ing h ad 1 6 e qually s paced p osts i n ac 29 ,0x29 ,5m r ing , w ith 2 t imber p ortals p laced i mmed iately o utside t wo o f t he c ircle t imbers t o t he w est , A n a nalysis o f p osthole d epth s uggested t he l a tter, w ith d iameters o f 0 ,45-0 ,60m , w ere g raded t owards t he p ortals , t hese b eing t he m ost m assive , w ith d iameters o f o ver a m etre , T he r ing t imbers p robably s tood b etween 2 m a nd 4 m h igh a nd t he p ortals w ere e ven h igher, S hortly b efore t he t imber r ing w as b uilt , t h e w estern p ortion o f t he c entral a rea h ad b een b urnt , a l a rge n umber o f g rooved w are p ots s mashed ( 4 3+), a nd m any f l int t ools d iscarded , T his d ebris m ay h ave b een d eposited d u ring a r itual f east a s m any s mall f ragments o f b urnt b one s uggested , T he c harcoal g ave d ates o f 2 085bc±50 (R 116 1), 230bc±50 (GU 1160) a nd 2 320bc±60 (GU 1162) , A s mall f eature , c omprising 7 h aphazard ly p laced p ostho les , e xisted w ithin t he t imber r ing , s ituated i n i ts e astern h alf, o pposite t he p ortal e ntrance ( and h ence i s l i kely t o h ave b een b uilt w hile t h is c i rcle w as i n u se) , I t s f orm a nd f un ction a re o bscure , a ll t he p osts w ere b urnt i ns itu , M ercer s uggested t hat t he t imber r ing w as s urrounded b y 3h urdle f ences w ith a f ourth w ith in t he r ing , H owever, t here w ere s o m any p ossible s takeholes a nd o ther s ubsoil a nomalies w ith in t he s ite t hat t heir i n terpretation s hou ld b e r egarded a s t enuous , T he s tatistical a nalysis w hich l ed t o t he s uggestion t hat t he r ings e xisted , a ssumed t hat r ings w ould b e e xactly c i rcu lar, t h is m ay w ell n ot b e av alid p rocedure , H owever, a s hort s t retch o f h urd ling b y t he i nner e dge o f t he d itch s urvived i n tact d ue t o p rotection b y a s tony l ayer a nd t h is a ppeared t o b e c ut b y o ne o f t he s toneholes , T his m ay s uggest a h u rd le f ence w h ich d efined t he e dge o f t he i n ternal a rea i s al i kely p ossibility , A t al a ter d ate , a fter t he t imber s tructures h ad r otted o r p ossibly b een r emoved , t he h enge w as r e fu rbished i n s tone , T he p ortal s tone ( stones) w ere e rected a nd a r ing/rings o f s tone e rected i n t he c entral a rea , O nly a s ingle o rthostat a nd 1 0 s toneholes s urvived w ithin t he h enge , t hese f e ll o n 2a rcs , T he o rthostat a nd 4 s toneholes t o t he s outhwest w ere n earer t h e c entre o f t he s ite t han 6 s toneholes t o t he n ortheast , w hich w ere n ear t he e dge o f t he d itch , T his l ed M ercer t o h ypothesize 2 c oncentric s tone r ings , T his s eems u nlikely a s i t i s c u rious t hat n either r ing i s f ound t ogether i n a ny p ortion o f t he s ite , I t i s f a r m ore l i kely t hat b oth a rcs f o rm a s ingle n on-circu lar r ing d isplaced s lightly f rom t he h enge c entre t o t he n ortheast , T his m ay w ell h ave b een n ecessary i f e rosion o f t he g ully h ad d eveloped/increased s ince t he b ank a nd d itch w ere b uilt a nd h ence a t rue c i rcle f o llowing t he d itch e dge w as n o l onger p ossible , T his i n t urn s uggests a r e latively l o ng p eriod o f t ime m ay h ave e lapsed b etween t he e rection o f t he h enge a nd t he s tone c i rcle , T he s tonehole d epths a nd d iameters s uggested t h is r ing w as a lso g raded a pproximately t o t he w est , A t a d ate p resumably l a te i n t he s ites h istory , a nd p erhaps c ontemporary w ith t he s tone c i rcle , ab urial w as p laced i n ap it i n t he c entral a rea , T his w as a bout 1 , 5m d eep a nd h ad a b locking s lab p art-way d own , A t t he b ase w as a c rou ched i n humation w ith a l ate h and led b eaker a nd a f l int k nife ,

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T he s ite h as s everal o ther c e remon ial m onuments n e arby t o t h e e ast a nd n o rtheast ( s ee B a lbirnie ), 1 : R CAHM 1 9 33 ( 4 20) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( F ife 2 ) 3 : M e rcer 1 9 8 1 7 :5 B ALGARTHNO N O 3 533 16 T ayside ( A ngus) B : K /S P2 (or F ) /P /U ; J e rv ise c 1 850 C : N /c 6 ,0 / 9 / I D D : I D ( 1 u p right ; 1 , 70) E : N D F : I D / (?1 ,70) / N D /N D /( I D ) G : N D /I C A? ,ED? / I D T h is d amaged s ite i s p oorly d o cumented , I t h as 9 l a rge s tones a nd 4 s mall o nes ( k erbs?) , t ogether w ith r u bble , I n t h e 1 9 th c entu ry a s ma ll d itch w ith a n i n terna l d iameter o f c l lm w as r eported t o s urround t h e s ite , i t i s a pparently n o l o nger v isible , 1 : S tuart 1 8 56 ( T he N ine S tones) 2 : W a rden 1 8 84 3 : E l liot 1 9 11 4 : C outts 1 9 70 5 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A ngus 1 ) 7 :6 B ALHOMA IS N 8 23493 T ayside ( P erthshire) 8 : K /P SP 1 /P /C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /P ; c 23 ,2 / 3 -6 / I D ( c 1012?) D ; 1 ; 1 , 05 / 3 M ? /2 ; S ? /2 M ? /3 ; 1 , 70 / 2 M ? /4 ; L1 , 50 E : 0 /4 1; 6 ,7 / 0 F : ( 1 ,40) / ( 1 ,051,70) / I D /( 6 ,7) / I D G : N D /I C A /T h is r u ined s ite i s d i fficu lt t o i n terpret , I t h as a l a rge c a irn f i lling t h e w ho le i n terio r, b ut i t s l a rge o rthostats s uggest t hey a re n ot s imp ly a k e rb , T he s ite h a s b een q ua rried t o t h e e ast a nd o n ly t h e w est h a lf s u rvives , T wo l a rge r e cumbent s tones l y ing c lose t ogethe r t o t h e n o rthwest a re s hown o n T hom 's p lan b ut n o t b y C o les , T heir s t atus i s u n certa in a nd t h ey a re o m itted i n t a bles D -F a bove , 1 : C o les 1 9 08 ( 2 0) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 9 , C a rse F a rm I ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( P 1/5 W eem) 7 : 7 B ALKEMBACK N O 3 82384 T ayside ( A ngus) B : K /F 16? / A / C : N/c 8 ,5 / 4 / I D D : ( 2 u prights , 2f a llen ) E : N D F : N O /N D /N D /N D /N D G : N D /I D /I D T h is p oorly d o cumented s ite m ay b e aF our P oster , b ut i t s d iameter i s l a rger t h an i s u sual s uggesting i t i s a c lass K f r eestand ing r i ng , T he s outheast s tone h as c u p a nd r i ng c a rvings , 1 : W a rden 1 8 84 2 : C outts 1 9 70 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( A ngus 2 ) 7 :8 B ALMUICK N 7 85247 T ays ide ( P erthsh ire) B : N /F P2 / A / C : C o les 1 9 11; U / c 3 ,5 / 4 / 4 D : 1 ; S ?+T? ( 0 ,75 o r 3 , 15?) / 2 ; F1 , 70 / 3 ; 1 , 35 / 4 ; F1 , 20 E : 1 2 ; 2 ,3 / 2 -3 ; 2 , 1 /3 -4 ; 2 ,8 / 4 1; 2 ,6 F : 1 , 40 / 1 , 201,70 / 2 ,4 / 2 , 1-2 ,8 / I D G : s ch ist , w h instone , g ran ite / I C A /G ? T h is F our P oster h as i t s s tones a t t h e e dge o f as l ight s tony c a irn w h ich a ppears t o f i ll t h e i n terio r , t h e c entre i s s l ightly d ished , T he f ou r s t ones a re a r ranged i n c r udely c i rcu lar a s o pposed t o r e ctangu lar f a sh ion , Al a rge b lo ck w i th a f r actu red e nd l i es b y t h e

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n o rtheast s tone a nd m ay b e t h e t o p f r om t h is s tone , As e cond b lock c lose t o t h e s ite t o t h e e ast h as b een p a rtia lly d ressed a s am i llstone , i t m ay h ave b een t a ken f rom t he s ite , I t a ppears t h e r i ng i s g raded t o t h e s outheast ( o r p ossibly t he n o rtheast?) , 1 : C o les 1 9 1011 ( 5 ) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 4 ) 7 :9 B AND IRRAN N O 2 073 10 T ayside ( P erthshire) B : K /P F 16 / A ? /C ; N/c 7 ,7x8 ,5 / 9 / I D D : ( s evera l f a llen ) E : I D F : s mall / I D /I D /I D /c 9 ,4% G : N D /- /G ? F e w d eta ils a re k nown o f t h is p oorly d o cumented s ite , b ut i t a ppears t o b e ap la in r i ng , H owever , t he p ossibility t h at i t i s a r obbed k e rb c ou ld a lso b e c onsidered , l t i s a p parently g raded t o t he w est , 1 : S tewart 1 9 66 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 5 ) 7 ; 10 B LACKFAULDS N O 1 4 53 17 T ayside ( P erthsh ire) 5 : K /P F 16 / A / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 7 ,4x8 ,8 / 8 / 9 0 : A : M/1 ; F0 , 80 / 2 ; F ? 0 ,70 / 3 ; F0 ,70 / 4 ; F1 , 20 / 5 ; 1 , 20 / 6 ; F ? 0 ,80 / 7 ; F ? 0 ,60 / 8 ; F0 , 70 E ; ( M 1; 2 ,3 ) /1 2 ; 2 ,6 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,3 / 3 -4 ; 2 ,7 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,3 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,4 / 6 -7 ; 3 ,0 / 7 -8 ; 2 .7 /( 8 -M ; 2 ,3 ) F ; c 0 ,80 / c 0 ,601,20 / 3 ,0 / 2 ,6-3 ,3 / c 1 . 5 ,9% G : N D /K ? /G ? T h is s ma ll p oss ible s tone c i rcle a ppears t o b e c rudely g raded t o t he s outh , H owever , i t i s d i fficult t o t e ll i n s ome c a ses w h ich s tones h ave f a llen , S evera l s mall b lo cks o f s tones l i e b etween t h e o rthostats t o t he s outh s uggesting a k erb , w h ich m ay i n dicate t he s ite i s e i ther a k erb-ca irn v a riant o r S cottish p lat form c i rcle , Ap ossible s e cond s ite o n ce l a y i m med iate ly s outh o f t h e r i ng b ut t h is i s o f d ub ious a ntiquity ( s ee C hapter 8 ) , 1 : S tuart 1 9 66 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 6 a) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( P 2/9 , G u ildtown ) 7 : 11 B ROAD M OSS N O 1 9 7487 T ayside ( P erthshire) B : K /F 16 / A / C : C o les 1 9 09 ; U/c 5 ,9x6 ,9 / 8 / 8-9 D : 1 ; F0 ,80 / 2 : 0 ,60 / 3 ; F0 ,45 / 4 ; F0 ,60 / 5 ; 0 ,60 / 6 ; F ,D I? 0 ,50 / 7 ; F ? 0 ,40 / ( 8 ; F ? ) /9 ; 0 ,50 / M ? E : 1 2 ; 3 , 1 /2 -3 ; 2 ,9 / 3 4 ; 2 ,7 / 4 -5 ; 2 , 1 /5 -6 ; 2 , 1 /6 -7 ; 2 ,3 / 7 -9 ;2 , 1 / ( 9 -M ; 2 ,0 ) /( M 1; 2 ,0 ) F : 0 ,55 / 0 ,40-0 ,80 / 2 , 5 / /c 1 4 .5% G : w h instone / / T h is s ma ll u ng raded r i ng h as s evera l f a llen s tones , o ne o f w h ich i s s omewhat l o nger t han t h e o thers , O ne s ma ll s tone m ay b e f o rtuitous a s i t s poils t h e s pa cing r ound t he r ing , 1 : C o les 1 9 08-9 ( 1 2) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 7 ) 7 : 12 C ARSE F ARM - S ITE I N 8 02488 B : N /F P 1 /G , PR / T : S t ewart 1 9 64 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; 6 (00 ) /c 4 ,6 / 4 / 4 D : 1 ; 1 , 25 / 2 ; 1 , 55 / 3 ; R1 , 50? / 4 ; 1 , 20 E : 1 2 ; 2 ,4 / ( 2 -3 ; ? ) /( 3 -4 ; ? ) /4 1; 3 ,4 F : 1 , 35 / 1 , 201,55 / 2 , 9 /2 ,4-3 ,4 / I D G : N D /I P T ,3PH ? /G ? ,F

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T ayside ( P erthsh ire )

T h is r e ctangu la r F our P oster w as e x cavated i n 1 9 64 , I t s s labs a re o r ientated t o t h e W SW /ENE a nd t he t a llest s tones a re t o t he s outh , B oth s tones t o t he e ast a re c u pmarked , T he s outhwestern s tone w as r e -ere cted i n i t s o r ig ina l s toneho le , Ap it a gainst t h e i n ner f a ce o f t he n o rtheast s tone c onta ined c harcoa l a nd c r emated b one , w ith a c o llared u rn a nd af l int f l ake , 2s hallow u nweathe red p its w ere f ound t o t h e n o rth a nd s outh , b etween t h e o rthostats , i t w as s uggested t h ey s upported p rops u s ed d u ring s tone e re ct ion , O ther p ossibilities c ould b e c onsidered , p e rhaps t h ey c onta ined s ma ll s tones a s a t F ortinga ll , A t h ird s hallow p it w as a lso f o und , 1 : C o les 1 9 07-8 ( 1 8) 2 : S tewart 1 9 64 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 8 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( P 1/4 , W eem ) 7 : 13 C ARSE F ARM - S ITE I N 8 02485 T ayside ( P erthsh ire ) B ; K /F 13 / P / P ; C ash 1 9 10 , P ; S tewart 1 9 64 C : C o les 1 9 10 ; U (OD) / c 13 ,015 ,0? / 3 / I D ( c 6-7?) D ; M/1 ; 1 , 90 / 2 ; F ,BU 1 , 80 / 3 ; F2 ,40 / 2 -3M ? ( E H ) E : 0/1 2 ; c9 ,5 / 2 -3 ; c9 ,5 / 0 F : ( 2 ,0 ) /( 1 ,80-2 ,40) / I D /( 9 ,5) / I D G : N D /I C I? / T h is r u ined s ite i s u n like ly t o b e aF ou r P oster a s i n d icated b y i t s r e latively l a rge d iamete r, B oth t h e f a llen s labs a re c u pmarked , T wo f u rther s tones d ug u p b y C ash w e re p robably n a tural , As toneho le t o t h e w est w as f ound b y S tewart i n d icating t h e d iameter g iven a bove i s a pproximately c o rre ct b ut n ot e nough w as e x cavated t o d etermine t h e f u ll l a yout o f t h e s ite , As mall b uried s lab w ith in t h e s ite , i n vestigated b y b oth C a sh a nd S tewart , m ay h ave b een t h e v estiges o f ac ist o r i n terna l s e tting , I t s tood 0 ,40m h igh ( f rom s ubsoil) a nd h ad p a cking r o und i t , S ma ll q uantities o f c remated b one a nd f l attened r i ver p ebbles w e re f ound , 1 : C o les 1 9 0910 ( 1 5) 2 : C ash 1 9 1011 3 : S t ewart 1 9 64 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 9 ) 7 ; 14 C LACH N A T IOMPAN N 8 3 1329 T ayside ( P erthsh ire) B : N /F P 1 /A /T ; H enshall a nd S tewa rt 1 9 54 C : H enshall a nd S tuart ; G /3 ,7x4 ,3 / 2 / 4 D : 1 ; S /E H /2 ; 1 , 30 / E H E : 1 2 ; 3 ,0 / 2 -3 ; 2 ,9 / 3 -4 ; 2 ,5 / 4 1; 3 , 1 F : ( 1 ,30 ) /( 1 ,30 ) /2 ,9 / 2 ,5-3 ,1 / 1 4 ,0% G : N D /I C A ,ACA / F T h is F our P oster i s b ad ly d amaged h en ce i t s g rad ing c a nnot b e a ssessed , I n p lan i t i s r e ctangu la r , w i th t he s labs o rientated s outheast/no rthwest , I t w as e x cavated i n 1 9 54 a nd f o und t o b e b u ilt o n an atura l k no ll r a ther t han a l a rge b a rrow , H owever, t h e o rthostats s tood a t t h e e dge o f al o w d istu rbed c a irn , t i nder t h is , a t t h e c entre , w as a l o w m ound o f b u rnt l o am w i th c harcoa l, O ver 1 0 0 q uartzite p ebbles w e re f o und s cattered i n t h e c a irn m a teria l, b ut o therwise n o f i nds w e re m ade , 1 : C o les 1 9 1011 ( 3 5 ) 2 : H enshall a nd S tuart 1 9 54-6 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 1 0 ) 7 : 15 C O ILLEACHUR N 8 45466 T ayside ( P erthsh ire) B : H /P RSC / D O / C : C o les 1 9 10 ; U/c 15 ,8 / 0 1 /I D D ; I D E : I D F : I D /I D /I D /I D /I D G : N D /I K ,B , /T h is b ad ly d amaged p ossib le s tone c i rcle h as n o o rthostats i n -situ a nd h en ce i s d i fficu lt t o i n terpret , I t c omprises t w o c oncentric k e rbs , t h e o uter o n e s et i n al o w b an k w i th a d iameter o f c 1 5 ,8m , ( R ugg les n otes a d iameter o f 4 9 ,0m f o r t h e o uter k e rb , w h ich c on flicts

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w i th C o les ' p lan ) , T h is b a n k s uggests i t m ay b e ar o bbed R e cumbent S tone C i rcle r a ther t h an a t y p ica l T ayside c i rcle ( b ut a lternatively t he r i m o f al a rge r obbed c a irn i s a n e q ua lly p ossible i n terp retation ) , T he o uter k e rb i s d amaged b ut h as t wo s hort a r cs o f n e a r-contiguous s tones , s t anding u p t o 0 ,40m h igh , O ne s tone t o t he e ast , w h ich i s 1 , 80m l o ng , m ay b e a f a llen o r thostat , T he i n ner k e rb i s m ore c omplete , c omprising n ea rc o ntiguous s labs s tand ing 0 ,50-0 ,25m t a ll, i n a r ing o f 1 0 ,4m d iameter , T he i s o lated l o cation c ontrasts w ith R e cumbent S tone C i rcles i n G rampian a nd a rgues a gainst t h is i n terpretation , 1 : C o les 1 9 0910 ( 1 4) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 1 ) 3 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 9 8 ) 4 : R uggles a nd B u rl 1 9 85 7 ; 16 C OLEN N O 1 03 11 T ayside ( P erthsh ire) B : K /F 16 / A / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 8 ,2x7 ,9 / 9 / 7 -9? D : A ; 1 ; L0 ,90 / 2 ; F ,BU 0 ,40 / 3 ; F0 ,40 / 4 ; 0 ,40 / 5 ; F ,BU 0 ,40 / 6 ; F1 , 00 / 7 ; 1 , 10 /8 ; F1 , 00 / 9 ; F , B0 ,90 E : 1 2 ; 2 ,0 / 2 -3 ; 2 ,0 / 3 -4 ; 2 ,9 / 4 -5 ; 1 , 6 /5 -6 ; 3 ,4 / 6 -7 ; 3 ,5 / 7 -8 ; 4 ,0 / 8 -9 ; 3 ,5 / 9 1; 3 ,2 F : ( 0 ,70) / ( 0 ,401,10) / 2 ,9 / R : 1 , 6-4 ,0 / c 3 ,6% G : N D /- /G T h is s omewhat r u ined r i ng a ppears t o h ave e ight s tones t oday , a lthough t wo o f t he r e cumbent s tones m ay b e f o rtu itous ( 2 ,5 ) , I t s eems t o b e g raded t o t he s outhwest w here t h e t w o l a rgest b l ocks a re c u pmarked , T he s pa cing b etween s tones i n creases i n t h is d i re ction , 1 : P SAS 2 6 , 1 8 9 1-2 , 2 1-4 , 2 : S tewart 1 9 66 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 2 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( P 2/6) 7 : 17 C OMMONBANK N O 1 7 7247 T ayside ( P erthshire ) B : K /P F 16 / P / C : N /c 1 1,5 ? /4 / I D 0 : N D E : I D F : N D /N D /I D /I D /I D G ; N D / /L i ttle h as b e en p ublished o n t h is p ossible s tone c i rcle a nd h en ce i t s s tatus i s u n certa in , T h e f our r e ma in ing p rostrate s tones f o rm a t r apez ium m easuring 6 ,2x 10 ,0x4 ,0x 11,5m , O ne s t one t o t h e s outh-east i s c u pmarked , 1 : S tevenson 1 9 73 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthshire 1 3 ) 7 : 18 C OMR IE N 7 55225 T ayside ( P erthsh ire) B : N /P FP2 / P / C : C o les 1 9 11; U / c 5 ,0? / 2 / I D (4+) D : D/1 ; 1 , 50 / 2 ; 1 , 40 / D E : 0/1 2 ; 3 , 6 /0 F : ( 1 ,45) / ( 1 ,401,50) / ( 3 ,6) / ( 3 ,6 ) /I D G : s chist , w h instone / - / O n ly 2 s tones r e ma in t o day , H oweve r , t h e O rdnance S urvey m a rked f o ur i n t h e 1 9 th c entury , I n C o les d ay a l o ca l h ad m emory o f o ne o f t h ese , a f a llen s tone w h ich w as r e moved i n c 1 894 , T he a ng les a t w h ich t h e t w o s tones a re s et s uggest t h e r e moved s tones s tood o n a c i rcle l y ing t o t h e n o rtheast , T he i n ferred d iameter s uggests t h is s ite m ay h ave b een a F our P oster , 1 : C o les 1 9 1011 ( 4 T u llybannocher) 2 ; S tewart 1 9 66

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7 : 19 C OMR IE B R IDGE N 7 87468 T ayside ( Perthsh ire) 6 : N /F P 1? / A / C : C o les 1 9 10 ; U /c 3 ,9 / 3 ? /4 ? 0 : M/1 ; 1 , 00 / 2 ; 0 ,85 / 3 ; 0 ,70 E : 0/1 2 ; 3 ,0 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,0 / 0 F : 0 ,85 / 0 ,701,00 / ( 3 ,0 ) /( 3 ,0 ) /I D G : N D /A SS? / F ? G ? T h is s ite i s d i fficult t o c lass ify , T here a re f ive s tones i n a n o vo id w h ich i s 9 , 4x6 ,0m i n p lan , T h is c ou ld b e a n u nusua lly o f f-circu la r p la in r ing , H owever , t he o r ientat ion o f t h e 3s labs t o t h e w est , s uggests t hese a re t h e r ema ins o f aF ou r P oster w ith t h e r u ined r e ma ins o f as e cond a d ja cent s etting t o t he e ast , T he w e ste rn s ite i s s ub-re ctangu lar a nd t h e s labs a re o r ientated e ast/west , t h ey a ppear t o b e g raded t o t h e s outheast , T he t w o e astern s tones , w h ich f o rm a n o rth/south l i ne , s tand 2 ,6m a part , T he n o rthern o ne i s 0 ,90m t a ll w h ile t h e o ther h as b een r e du ced t o as tump , 1 : C o les 1 9 0910 ( 1 1) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( P erthshire 1 4 ) 7 :20 C OROGLE B URN N O 3 48603 T ayside ( A ngus) B : K /F 16? / A / C : T hom 1 9 7 1; G / c 8 ,2 / 3 / I 0 (4-61) 0 : A : M /1 ; L? 2 ; 0 ,90 / 3 ; 1 , 05 E : 0 /1 2 ; 4 , 1 /( 2 -3 ; 7 ,9 ) /0 F : ( 0 ,95) / ( 0 ,901,05) / I D /I 0 (4 ,1?) / I D G : N D /- /T h is s ite c o u ld b e ar e ctangu lar F our P oster a l igned NE/SSW , H owever , i t i s u n usua lly e longated a nd i t s d iameter s uggests i t i s ar u ined p la in r i ng w ith f u rther m issing s tones , T wo a dd itional r e cumbent s labs t o t h e SW h ave l e d t o i n terpretation a s as t one r ow , H owever , t h ese a re a r chaeo logically u n conv in cing , 1 : C outts 1 9 70 2 : T hom 1 9 7 1 ( P 3 / 1 G len P rossen) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A ngus 5 ) 4 : A t kinson 1 9 8 1 7 :2 1 C RAMRAR N 7 25455 T ayside ( P erthsh ire ) B : N /P FP3 / A / C : N /c 7 ,6? / 4 / 4 0 : I D E : I D F : I D /I D /I D /I D /I D G : N D / /G 1 L i ttle h a s b een p ub lished o n t h is s i te , I t c omprises 4 f a llen s tones o n ah i lls ide , T he l a rgest t o t h e e ast i s c u pmarked , I t m ay b e aF our P oster o r t h e v estiges o f al a rger s e tting , 1 : B u rl 1 9 7 1 ( 1 7) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthshire 1 5 ) 7 :22 C ROFT M ORA IG N 7 97472 T ayside ( P erthsh ire) B : K /S P 1 /G /T ; P iggott a nd S impson 1 9 65 C : P iggott a nd S impson 1 9 7 1; G / I n ner ; 6 ,3x7 ,4 , O uter ; c 1 1,5x 13 ,4 / 8 / 9 (+3 ) / 8 /9 (+3) 0 : A : I n ner : 1 ; - /2 ; - /3 ; - /4 ; - /5 ; F - /6 ; - /7 ; - /8 ; O uter : 1 ; - /2 ; - /3 ; /4 ; -/( 5 ; - )/ 6 ; F/( 7 ; - )/ 8 ; F- /( 9 ; F - )/ 1 0 ; F- /1 ; F- / 1 2 ; E : I n ner : 1 2 ; 1 , 8 /2 -3 ; 3 , 1 /3 -4 ; 3 ,0 / 4 -5 ; 2 , 1 /5 -6 ; 3 , 2 /6 -7 ; 3 ,8 / 7 -8 ; 3 ,3 / 8 1; 2 ,0 O u ter: 1 2 ; 3 , 7 /2 -3 ; 4 ,4 / 3 -4 ; 4 , 4 /4 -6 ; 4 ,7 / 6 -8 ; 4 , 2 /8 10 ; 4 ,8 / 1 0 11; 4 , 6 / 1 12 ; 4 ,4 / 1 2 1; 4 ,0

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F : c1 , 50 / c 2 , 00 (+ 1,10 ) / 1 , 451,60 / 1 , 75-2 ,15 (+ 1,001,30) / 2 ,8 / 4 ,4 / 1 , 8-3 ,8 / 3 , 7-4 ,8 / 1 4 ,9% / c 1 4 ,2% 6 : e p id iorite , s ch ist / C ,E8 o r P L ,P0 ,(TC ,D ,PO ,TS) / P ,ET ,30 ,G? T h is s ite w as f u lly e xcavated i n 1 9 65 , r evealing a c omp lex s equence , I n i t s f i rst p hase t h e s ite c omprised a r i ng o f t imber p osts i n a8 ,2x8 ,8m r ing , w ith a c l O m w ide p o rtal e n trance o f 2s e ts o f 3p o sts , s et c lose t ogether t o t he E SE , a bout l m o utside t he r ing , T he re a re a lso f u rther i n te rna l a nd i n ternal p osts , O utside t he r i ng t o t he SW , a t r ight a ng les f r om t h e e n trance , w e re 1 2 p ostholes , T here a re 2 p ossible p ostho les i n a nalogous l o cations t o t h e NE , As i ng le p osthole w as s et c 1 ,3m o utside t he r ing t o t he W NW , w ith a s e cond p ossib le p ostho le c 2 ,0m t o t h e s outh o f t h is , T hese t wo p osts c ou ld s uggest a s e cond p o rta l e ntrance h e re , o pposite t h e b etter p rese rved o ne , T hese o uter s ettings s eem t o b e d esigned t o c rude ly i n dicate t h e f our c a rd ina l d ire ctions , A bout 1 , 5m w ithin t he r i ng t o t he SW , o n t h e SW/NNE l i ne , w as a f u rther p osthole , T he p o sts i n t h e c i rcle i t se lf a ppea r t o h ave o r ig ina lly b een e qua lly s pa ced ( a llow ing f o r 2 4 m issing i n d istu rbed a reas = 1 , 01,7m a part) , e xcept f o r aw ider g ap a t t h e e ntrance , S ome u n certainty e x ists a bout t h e d es ign o f t he r ing t o t he w est , d ue t o p oo r p reservation , w here t h ere w ere p rob lems d istingu ish ing t rue p ostho les f rom f o rtu itous h o llows , Af u rther c omp lication a r ises b e cause s everal o f t h e p ostholes h ad b een r e cut a t l e ast o n ce , i n d icating p r o longed u se o f t he t imber c i rcle , T he e x cavators c on cluded t h is r i ng w as o pen t o t h e s outhwest , a long t h e i n d icated NE/SSW a x is , b ut t h is h ypothes is n eed n o t a pply a s o n ly 2 p ostholes h ave t o b e p ostu lated t o f i ll t h e g ap , b oth u nder f a llen o r thostats , T wo f u rther p ostholes m ay w e ll h ave b een d estroyed b y l a ter s toneholes e l sewhere i n t h e r ing , W h ile a s etting w ith a n e ntran ce a t r ight a ng les t o a n o pen e nded r i ng i s n ot i m possible , i t s eems a n u nne cessarily c omplex a nd a symmetrica l i n terpretation o f t h e f eatu res , I t i s m o re l i ke ly t h e r ing w as c omplete , w ith t he p r imary e mphasis b eing t o t h e e ntran ce t o t he E S E , I f s o t h ere w ou ld h ave b een 1 5 18 p osts i n t he r ing , p lus t he 6a t t h e e ntran ce , W hen t h e p osts w e re r e pla ced ( 5 -8 c ases k nown ) t he o r ig inal n umber a nd s p acing a ppears t o h ave b een r e tained , T he p ostho les w ou ld h ave c onta ined p osts o f c 0 ,25m d i ameter w h ich c ou ld h ave s tood u p t o 1 , 8m h igh , T he r i ng o f p osts i s s e t a t t h e o uter e dge o f as ha llow d itch w h ich w as 1 , 21,5m w ide , 0 ,30-0 ,45m d eep , a n d o n ly p resent i n t he n orthern h a lf o f t he s ite , I t f aded o ut t o t h e s outh , T he r e lative c h rono logy o f t h e t wo f eatures c ou ld n ot b e d etermined w ith c e rtainty , T he e x cavators f a vou red t h e d itch b e ing l a ter , b ut t here s eems n o g rounds f o r t h is , I n c ontrast , t h e e xa ct p lacing o f t h e p r imary p hase o f p osts w ith in t he i n ner e dge ( w hich i s n o t t h e c ase w i th t h e r e cuts) , i s s uggested b y o ne l a ter p ost w here t he r e cut i s b adly p la ced i n r e lation t o t h e d itch e dge , T h is i m p lies t h e p r imary p osts a re c o ntemporary w i th , o r s l ightly l a ter t h an , t h e d itch , I t w as a lso u n clear i f t he d itch m a terial h ad o r ig ina lly b een u sed t o f o rm a c entra l c a irn , a n o uter b an k , o r h ad b een i m mediately r e p la ced i n t h e d itch , T he f a ct t hat t he d itch i s u n interrupted a t t he W SW e n tran ce c o u ld s uggest t h e f o rmer i s e a rlier , r epresenting a n u n identified p r imary p hase o f a c tivity a t t h e s i te , T he f i ll o f t h e d itch c onta ined s ma ll p ieces o f c harcoal a nd s he rds o f w estern n eolith ic a nd f l at r immed w a res , I n al a ter p hase , t h e s ite w as r e mode lled i n s tone , N atural h o llows t o t he s outheast a nd e ast w e re m ade u p a nd t h e d itch b a ckfilled ( i f n ot a l ready l e ve lled/silted ), T here w as n o e v idence f o r p ost r e mova l, b ut i f t h is d id n ot t a ke p lace , t h e r o tted s tumps o f t h e t i mber r ings m u st h ave b een v isib le , a s t h e s tone d esign d isp lays c lear k now ledge o f t h e p recise l a yout o f t he t i mber f e atures , Ap atchy p avement w as l a id i n t h e c entral a rea , 2 c o ncentric r i ngs o f o r thostats w e re b u ilt , t ogether w ith 2 l a rge o rthostats o utside t h e r i ngs t o t h e E SE , T he e x cavators c on cluded t h ese f eatures w e re b u ilt i n 2d istin ct p hases o n t h e b asis o f c h anges i n o r ientation i n r e lation t o t he a x is o f t h e t i mber m onument , a n a rgument w h ich i n p a rt m ay b e s purious , T he i n ner c i rcle a nd t h e 2o utliers w e re c e rta in ly b u ilt w h ile k now ledge o f t h e t i mber f e atures w as r e ta ined , T he i n ner c i rcle o f 8s tones h as r ough ly t h e s ame d i ameter a nd o verlays t h e t imber r ing , F our o f i t s s tones r e ta in t h e t w o a xes m a rked b y t i mber p osts e xterna l t o t h e t imber c i rcle , T he r e ma in ing f o ur s tones

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a re p laced m idway b etween e ach o f t he a xes i ndicators , T he t wo o utliers r etain a c ommon a xis w ith t he e arlier t imber e ntrance p ortals , T he i nner r ing c omprises r e latively s ma ll o rthostats o f s imilar h eight ,

s et i n s hallow s toneholes , T he 2 o utliers a re p laced c 8 ,5m

f rom t he i nner r ing a nd s tand 2 , 15m a nd 2 ,30m h igh , As hort d istance b eyond e ach o f t hese s tones w as a p it , n either c ontained f inds a nd t he e x cavators s uggested t he a cid s oil m ay h ave d estroyed i nhumations , T he o uter c i rcle o f s tones c omprises 9 t a ll, e qua lly-spaced o rthostats i n s hallow s toneholes , w hich m ay h ave b een g raded s lightly t o t he s outhwest , I n a ddition , t here a re 3 s maller o rthostats p laced m idway b etween c onsecutive r ing s tones i n t he s outhern h alf o f t he c ircle , T his u nusual a rrangement l ed t he e xcavators t o p ropose t hat t he a r c o f 3 s tones w as c ontemporary w ith t he i nner c ircle , w hile t he o uter c ircle a nd 2 o utlie rs w ere b u ilt l ater , a fter a c hange o f e mphasis i n o rientation , T h is h ypothesis f a ils t o a ccount f o r t he e arlier e mphasis o n t he E SE c reated b y t he t imber p ortals ; i t s eems m ore l i kely t hat t he o utliers r e late d irectly t o t he i nner c ircle g iven t heir c ommon o rientation w ith t he t imber e ntrance , T he p hasing o f s tones o f t he o uter r ing i s e qu ivocal, T hey c ou ld a lso b e a rgued t o r espect t he 2 a xis d e fined b y t he t imber r ings , w ith o ne s tone t o t he W SW l y ing o n t he a x is a nd t he o ther 3 d irections b eing d e fined b y g aps m idway b etween s tones , h ence r especting t he ' e ntrance ' d efined b y t he t wo o utliers a nd t he e arly t imber p ortals , E qually t h is r ing c ould b e l ater t han t he i nner s tone r i ng , B oth r ings a nd t he o utliers m ay p resent a u n ified i f s ubtle d esign w hich r e lates d ire ctly t o t he e arlier f eatures , T he 3l ow s tones i n t he o uter r ing c ould a lso b e c ontemporary , a s t he c entral o ne i s o n o ne o f t he a xes d e fined b y t he t imber m onument , T his a xis i s g iven f u rther e mphasis b y ac up a nd r ing m arked s tone i n t he o uter k erb a t t h is p oint ( see b e low) , H owever , i t c ou ld b e a rgued w ith e qual p lausibility t hat t he t h ree s tones a re a l a ter a ddition , b uilt w hen t h is o rientation t ook p re ference o ver t he e arlier e mphasis t o t he E SE , B etween c 2 ,0 a nd 3 ,0m b eyond t he o uter c ircle i s ak erb o f c ontiguous b oulders w ith a n e xternal d iameter o f c 18 ,0m , T his h ad b een r obbed i n p a rt , p articu larly t o t he n orth a nd s outhwest , B efore e xcavation i t a ppeared t o d e fine t h e c rest o f ap latform , b ut t h is w as i l lusory , t he s urrounding a rea h aving b een r educed s omewhat i n h eight b y p loughing , w hile t he s ite i t self w as o n as light n atura l k noll, E xcavation s howed t he s labs w ere s et i n p art o n as light b ank o f r ubble g iv ing t he f eature a t o ta l m aximum h eight o f c 0 ,6m t o t he n orthwest , w hile e lsewhere i t w as l e ss , A lthough t he s tone c ircles d id n ot s tand o n a n a rtificial p lat form , t h is k erb w ou ld s eem t o b e d esigned a s ab oundary a dded t o an atu ral k noll t o c reate t he v isual i mpression o f a l ow p latform , T here w as n o i ndication o f a n e ntrance t h rough t he k erb w here w ell p reserved a nd i t r an a cross t he a rc t o t he e ast i n t he d ire ction o f t he e arly e ntrance a nd t he l a ter o utlier-portals ( which l ay o utside t he k erb), N o s tratigraphic e vidence r emained t o s ecure ly p lace t h is f eature w ith in t he c h ronological f ramework e stablished f o r t he c entral a rea , H owever, i t s eems l i kely i t b elongs t o t he t ime o f r emodelling i n s tone , r ather t han t he e arlier p hase , A t t he c entre o f t he s ite w as a f lat n atural b oulder w ith a s hallow s coop n earby c ontain ing a s parse s catter o f c harcoal, W hite q uartz f ragments w ere f ound a cross t he s ite a nd i t o ccurs n aturally h ere , H owever ,

i t c oncentrated i n t h e c entral a rea a nd t o t he e ast

a nd h ence m ay h ave s ome s ignificance , 1 : C oles 1 90910 ( 13) 2 : P iggott a nd S impson 1 97 1 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( P 1/19) 7 :23 C UNNINGHAR B : K /P F 13 / D O /— ? C : N /c 18 ,5 / 0 / I D (5+)

N S ,92 ,97 ,

D : I D E : N O F : I D /I D /N D /N D /I D G : N D / /-

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3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Perthshire 1 6 )

T ayside ( C lackmannan)

T h is s ite i s d i fficu lt t o i n terpret , T he O SA r e cords a r ing o f 5l a rge s tones ( c 1,7m t a ll) i n ar ing o f c 1 8 ,5m , B y t h e l a te 1 9 th c e ntury a l l t hat r e ma ined w as a n e a rthen b an k w ith a d i ameter o f c 32 ,5x 2 9 ,5m , w i th o ne p ossible o rthostat o n t h e b an k t o t h e s outheast , T h ere w a s m emory o f o thers h av ing b een d estroyed i n t he m id 1 9 th c entury , T hese w e re d e scribed a s ' b ou lder l i ke ', l m h igh o r l e ss , a nd s et 1 , 51,2m a pa rt , T he n o rtheastern h a lf o f t he s i te h ad b een c u t a way b y as and p it , l t i s d i fficult t o s ee h ow t h ese a c counts c a n b e m a de t o t a lly a nd t hey m a y r e fer t o d i fferent s ites , T hat r e corded l a tterly c o u ld b e i n terpreted a s t h e r u ined r e ma ins o f ab a rrow w ith a l a rge k e rb , w h ile t h e t r ue s tone c i rcle p e rhaps l a y e lsewhe re i n t h e v i cin ity , 1 : R obertson 1 8 94-5 2 : P SAS 3 , 1 8 98-9 , 3 6 1-5 , 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C la ckmannan 1 ) 7 : 24 D RUIDS S EAT N O 1 2 53 13 T ayside ( P erthsh ire) B : K /F 16 / A / C : T hom e t a l ; G /c 8 ,5x?9 ,7 / 8 10 / 9 13 D : A ; 1 ; ? /2 ; F0 ,80 / 3 ; F0 ,60 / 1 2M / 4 ; F1 , 00 / ? 5 ; F0 ,50 / 6 ; ?/7 ; ?/ 8 ; F0 ,80 / ? M 19 : L ?/( ? 10 ; F0 ,30 ) E : 1 2 ; 2 ,9 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,6 / 0 / 6 -7 ; 2 ,3 / 7 -8 ; 2 ,3 / 0 F : ( 0 ,75) / ( 0 ,501,00 ) /( 2 ,6) / ( 2 ,3-3 ,0 ) /I D G : c ong lomerate / / G ? T h is s ma ll r i ng i s s omewhat r u ined a nd i t i s d i fficu lt t o a ssess h ow m any s tones s tood o r ig ina lly , I t m ay b e g raded , t h e l a rgest s tone l y ing t o t h e SW , 1 : S tewart 1 9 66 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 1 7 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( P 2/3 , B l indwells) 7 : 25 D UNMO ID N 7 802 12 T ayside ( P erthshire ) B : N /F P3 / R / I ; c 1840 , 1 8 76 C : C o les 1 9 11; U / c 4 ,5 / 4 / 4 D : 1 ; F0 ,90 / 2 ; R1 , 55 / 3 ; F0 ,90 / 4 ; R1 , 60 E : 1 2 ; 2 ,6 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,0 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,2 / 4 1; 3 ,0 F : ( 1 ,25) / ( 0 ,901,60) / ( 2 ,9) / ( 2 ,6-3 ,2) / I D G : s chist , w h instone / I C I /G ? T h is F our P oster w as r e stored i n t h e l a te 1 9 th c entury a nd i t i s n ot k nown h ow a c curate r e bu ilding w a s , h ence t h e d e ta ils o f l a yout a re u n certa in , T he t w o o rthostats s tand ing t o day a re s e t r a dially w h ich s uggests i n a ccuracies , H owever , i t i s l i kely t h e 2t a llest s tones w ere o r ig ina lly o pposite e a ch o ther , o r ientated n o rthwest/southeast , A s ma ll r e ctangular c i st w as f o und w i th in t h e s ite i n c 1876 w h ich c onta ined a ' t h igh b one ', A l o ca l r emembered a n e a rlier e x cavat ion h e re , w hen a n ' u rn f i lled w ith a shes ' w a s f ound , 1 : C o les 1 9 1011 ( 9 ) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 1 8 ) 7 :26 F ASKALLY C O TTAGES N 9 30589 T ayside ( P erthsh ire) B : K /F 14 / A / C : C o les 1 9 08 ; U /c 6 ,3x7 ,5 / 7 / 9 10 D : 1 2M / 1 ; S 12 ; S /3 ; 0 , 70 / 4 ; 1 , 05 / M / S ; F ,BU / 6 ; L1 , 20+ / 7 ; 1 , 60 E : 0/1 2 ; 1 , 6 /2 -3 ; 1 , 9 /3 -4 ; 2 ,3 / ( 4 -M ; 2 ,0) / ( M-5 ; 2 ,0 ) /5 -6 ; 2 ,4 / 6 -7 ; 2 ,9 / 0 F : 1 , 15 / 0 ,701,60 / 2 , 2 /1 , 6-2 ,9 / c 1 6 ,0% G : s chist (5 ) , w h instone (1) / / G ? T h is p lain r i ng a ppears t o b e g raded t o t h e n o rth , 1 : C o les 1 9 07-8 ( 1 4) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 1 9 ) 7 :27 F ERNTOWER N 8 74226 T ayside ( P erthsh ire ) B : N /F P3 ? /A / C : C o les 1 9 11; U / c 7 ,6x6 ,6? / 4 / 4 ( -6) D : ? M /1 ; F ? 1 , 20 / 2 ; F ? ,S ( 1 ,10+) / 3 ; F ? 1 , 20 / 4 ; F ? 1 , 00 / ? M E : 1 2 ; 4 ,2 / 2 -3 ; 5 ,0 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,8 / ( 4 1; 7 ,3)

- 3 19 -

F : ( 1 ,15) / ( 1 ,001,20) / ( 4 ,3) / ( 3 ,8-5 ,0 ) /I D G : w h instone , d iorite / A SS / T h is p robab le F ou r P oster i s b u ilt o f l a rge b ou lders , i t i s d i fficult t o d eterm ine i f t hey h ave f a llen o r n ot , C o les s uggested i t w as t h e r ema ins o f as ix s tone r ing , i n cluding a s e cond s ett ing o f 2s tones , s et 3 ,0m a part i n an o rthwest/southeast l i ne a s hort d i stan ce t o t h e e ast , T he n o rthernmost s tands 2 ,35m h igh w h ile t h e o the r h as p robably f a llen a nd i s 1 , 80m l o ng , T h ese a re p robably b est i n terpreted i n dependently o f t h e o ther f o ur s t ones . 1 : C o les 1 9 1011 ( 2 4) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 2 0 ) 7 :28 F ONAB M OOR N 9 2 5558 T ayside ( P erthsh ire ) 8 : N /F P 1 /A / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 5 ,0 / 3 / 4 0 : 1 ; L ,S ( 1 ,00+) / 2 ; 1 , 80 / 3 ; 1 , 85 / 4 ; F R E : 1 2 ; 3 ,4 / 2 -3 ; 4 ,0 / 0 F : ( 1 ,80 ) /( 1 ,801,85) / ( 3 ,7) / ( 3 ,4-4 ,0 ) /I D G : s andstone / / F T h is F our P oster i s r e ctangu lar w ith t h e s labs o r ientated NE/SSW , I t i s u n clea r i f i t i s g raded a s t h e t w o n o rthern s tones h ave b een d amaged ( p rio r t o t h e m id 1 9 th c entu ry) , 1 : W i lson 1 8 5 1 2 : C o les 1 9 07-8 ( 1 2 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 2 1 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( P 1/ 18 , C la chan a n O iridh ) 7 :29 F ORTINGALL - E AST N 7 47470 T ayside ( P erthsh ire) B : N /F P 1 /A /T ; S impson 1 9 70 C ; T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; 8 (00) / c 6 ,7 / 4 / 4 (+4) 0 : A : 1 ; F ,BU ,? / 2 ; ? /3 ; L ? /4 ; L? E : 0 /2 -3 ; 4 ,7 / 3 -4 ; 4 ,4 / 0 F : s mall / I D /( 4 ,6) / ( 4 ,4-4 ,7) / ( I 0) G : m i caceous g ne iss / 2 AFP / F ,M T h is u ngraded , r e ctangular F ou r P oster h as i t s s labs o r ientated s outhwest/northeast , I t w as e x cavated i n 1 9 70 , M idway b etween e a ch o rthostat a s ma lle r s tone w as f ound , e a ch a bout h a lf t h e h e ight o f t h e c o rner s tones a nd d e fin ing s t raight s ides t o t he s etting , T hese s tones a nd o ne o f t he o rthostats h ad b een o verthrown a nd b uried , T here w e re p o ssible t r aces o f ac e ntra l c r emation , F o rtinga ll W est l i es n ea rby t o t he s outhwest a nd F o rt ingall S outh l i es a s ho rt d istance SE o f b oth , 1 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 2) 2 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( P 1/6) 7 :30 F ORTINGALL - S OUTH N 7 47470 T ayside ( P erthshire) B : N /F P 1? P /P ; S impson 1 9 70 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (OD) c 9 ,0? / 2 / 4 (+4)? 0 : 2 M ? /1 ; 1 , 25 / 2 ; 1 , 20 E : 0/1 2 ; 6 , 4 /0 F : ( 1 ,20 ) /( 1 ,201,25) / ( 6 ,4) / ( 6 ,4) / I D G : m i caceous g ne iss / 2 AFP / F ? ,M T h is s e tting c o mprises a l i ne o f 3 o rthostats , A s ma ll e x cavat ion i n 1 9 70 f o und a s toneho le 3 ,0m t o t h e n o rthwest w h ich l e d t o as uggestion ( o n i n su fficient g rounds?) t h at c 12 s tones l i e o n ac i rcle o f c 23 ,0m d iameter , A lternative ly , t h e o r ientations o f t h e 3 r e ma ining s labs s uggests t h is w as a c omplex F our P o ste r , i d entica l t o t he t w o s i tes n earby , o ne s ide o f w h ich r e mains ( b ut n o t r ace o f t h e o ther w as f ound , a nd t h is i n terpretation a lso b egs t h e q uestion a s t o t h e s tatus a nd c o ntext o f t he e x cavated s toneho le , a l though i t i s p e rhaps p a ra lleled b y s ettings s u ch a s t hat a t G lassel - s i te 6 :47), T he 2 c o rner s labs a re o rientated SW/NNE , T he s ma ll s t one m idway a long t h e s ide i s v isible a bove t h e g round , s tand ing 0 ,95m h igh , T he a nalogy w i th t h e o ther 2 s ites a t

- 3 20 -

F o rtinga ll i s s o c l ose t h at i t s eems h igh ly u nlikely t h at c o mparisons w ith R e cumbent S tone C i rcles [ c f B u rl 1 9 76] n eed b e e voked , 1 : C o les 1 9 07-8 ( 1 7) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 2 4 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( P 1/6) 7 : 3 1 F ORTINGALL - W EST B ; N F P 1 / A /T ; S impson 1 9 70

N 7 47470

T ayside ( P erthshire)

C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; 6 (00 ) /c 9 ,0 / 3 / 4 (+4) D : 1 ; 1 , 30 / 2 ; 1 , 20 / 3 ; 1 , 15 / 4 ; F ,BU ? E : 1 2 ; 7 ,0 / 2 3 ; 4 ,9 / 0 F : 1 , 20 / 1 , 151,30 / ( 5 ,9 ) /( 4 ,9-7 ,0) / ( I D ) G : m i caceous g ne iss / 2 AFP / F ,M T h is u ng raded , r e ctangu lar F ou r P oster h as i t s s tones o r ientated SW/NNE , l t w as e x cavated i n 1 9 70 , M idway b etween e a ch o rthostat w as a s maller s tone s im ilar t o t hose a t F o rtinga ll E a st , A gain f i ve o f t h e s tones h ad b een b uried a nd e v iden ce w as f ound t o s how t h is t oo k p l a ce i n t he 1 9 th c entury , 1 : C o les 1 907-8 ( 1 7) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( P erthshire 2 3 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( P 1/6) 7 ; 32 F OWLIS W ESTER - E AST N 9 23249 T ayside ( P erthsh ire ) 8 : K /F 16 / P O /7 ; Y oung 1 9 39 C : Y oung 1 9 43 ; U /c 7 ,7x8 ,4 / 4 / 1 D : 3 EH / 1 ; 5 ? /E H /2 ; S ? /3 ; S ? /3 EH / 4 ; F R E ; E H-EH ; 2 ,9 / E H-EH ; 2 ,0 / E H1; 2 , 1 /1 EH ; 2 ,3 / E H-2 ; 2 ,0 / 2 -3 ; 2 ,7 / 3 -EH ; 2 , 1 / E H-EH ; 2 ,7 / E M-EH ; 2 ,9 / E H-4 ; 1 , 5 /4 -EH ; 2 ,2 F ; I D ( l ow) / I D /2 ,3 / 1 , 5-2 ,9 / c 8 ,3% G : N D /I K C ,A0 ,ASC / 0 ,M T h is s mall r i ng w as f u lly e x cavated i n 1 9 39 , B e fore t h is d ate o n ly t h e i n ternal k e rb w as o b vious , I t w a s n oted i n t h e N SA o f 1 8 37 a s ad oub le c i rcle a nd h en ce i s l i kely t o h ave b e en d amaged a f ter t h is d a te , O n e x cavation i t c omp rised a r u ined r i ng o f s ma ll o rthostats o r s tumps , s u rrounding a k e rb-cairn o f n ea r c ontiguous s labs w ith a d iameter o f 4 ,9x5 ,7m , O n e o f t he s labs t o t h e s outhwest i s c upmarked , U nder t h e d enuded c a irn w ithin t h e i n ner r i ng w as a c l ay f l oor , w ith s catte red c harcoal a nd b u rnt b one n ear t h e c entre , c o n centrating o n t wo s ha llow s coops , A s andstone d isc a nd l a rge q uantities o f q ua rtz f r agments w e re a lso f ound h e re , A pprox imately 9 , 5m , b eyond t h e r i ng o f o rthostats t o t h e NE i s a 1 , 80m , h igh o r thostat o r ientated r a d ia lly t o t h e s ite , T h is w as s et i n a l a rge p it w h ich c ontained c h arcoal , b u rnt b one a nd q uartz c h ips , A p it o n i t s e ast s ide h ad a f i ll o f w h ite w a terworn s tones , A bout 2 6 ,5m ( c entre t o c entre) t o t h e w est o f t h e s ite i s t he s e cond r i ng a nd b etween t h e t w o i s at a ll o rthostat , 1 : C o les 1 9 1011 ( 3 3) 2 : Y oung 1 9 42-3 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 2 5 ) 7 :33 F OWL IS W ESTER - W EST N 9 23249 T ayside ( P erthsh ire) B : K /P F 14 / 0 / A / T ; Y oung 1 9 39 C : Y oung 1 9 43 ; U /c 6 ,4x7 ,5 / 9 10 / 1 2 0 : A : 3 EH / 1 ; F0 ,90 / 2 ; F R /3 ; F1 , 25 / ( 4 ; B ,D 1) / 5 ; F1 , 40 / 6 ; F ,B? / 7 ; F1 , 70 / 8 ; F1 , 40 / 9 ; F R /1 0 ; F1 , 10 E : E H-EH ; 2 ,2 / E H-EH ; 2 , 0 /E H1; 2 , 4 /1 2 ; 1 , 3 /2 -3 ; 1 , 3 /3 -5 ; 2 ,6 / 5 -6 ; 1 , 2 / 6 -7 ; 2 ,0 / 7 -8 ; 2 ,3 / 8 -9 ; 1 , 0 /9 10 ; 2 ,3 / 1 0 -EH ; 1 , 2 F : c 1 ,30 / c 0 ,901,70 / 1 , 8 /1 , 0-2 ,6 / c 1 4 ,7% G : N D /I C A? A O ,ASC / 6 ,0 ,M T h is s ma ll r u ined r i ng w a s f u lly e x cavated i n 1 9 39 , I t h as v a riably-spa ced s tones , s ome o f w h ich i n t h e w e stern h a lf a re n ear c ontiguous , T h is s uggests t h e s ite m ay b e ak erb-ca irn v a riant r a ther t h an a t r ue s tone c i rcle , H oweve r , t h e o rthostats a re e x ceptiona lly t a ll

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w h ich f a vou rs t h e l a tter i n terpretation , T hey a re g raded t o t h e s outhwest , Y oung m a kes n o m ention o f i n terna l c a irn m ateria l b ut h is p ublished s e ction s hows a g reate r d epth o f m aterial h e re , a nd t h e f a ct t h at a l l b ut o ne o f t h e s tones f e ll o utwa rds s u ggests t h e i n terior w as f i lled w ith a c a irn , W ithin t h e r i ng i n t h e s outhern h a lf w a s a n e mpty s ha llow p it a nd n ear t h e c e ntre a s catter o f c remated b one a nd c h arcoal w as f o und o n t h e s u rface , O utside t h e r i ng , c 6 ,2m t o t h e e ast , i s af a llen o rthostat w h ich o r ig ina lly w ou ld h ave b een s et r a d ially t o t h e r i ng a nd w ould h ave s tood c 2 ,0m h igh , 1 : C o les 1 9 1011 ( 3 3) 2 : Y oung 1 9 43 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthshire 2 5 ) 7 :34 G LENBALLOCK N O 1 8 548 1 T ayside ( P erthsh ire ) B : N /F P3 / A / I ; c 1870 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 7 ,3 / 4 / 4 D : 1 ; F1 , 20 / 2 ; F1 , 30 / 3 ; F1 , 20 / 4 ; F1 , 30 E : A : 1 2 ; 5 ,6 / 2 -3 ; 4 ,6 / 3 -4 ; 5 ,3 / 4 1; 5 ,6 F : 1 , 25 / 1 , 201,30 / ( 5 ,3) / ( 4 ,6-5 ,6 ) /I D G : g ranite / - / T h is F our P oste r i s b u ilt o n as l ight n atura l k no ll , I t i s u n clear i f i t i s c i rcular o r r e ctangu lar ; a l l f o ur s tones a re f a llen , T heir s imilar l e ngths s uggest i t w a s n ever g raded , I n t h e m id 1 9 th c e ntury o ne o f t he s tones w as s t anding , I n c 1 870 a n e n crusted u rn c o ntaining a c r emation w as f o und a t t h e s ite , o r a t w h at m ay h ave b een a s e cond s tone c i rcle n earby ( d estroyed a t t h at d ate ) , 1 : S impson 1 8 64-6 2 : A l len 1 8 801 3 : C o les 1 9 08-9 ( 1 0 , C ra ighall M i ll) 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthshire 2 6 ) 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( P 2/4 , C ourthill) 7 :35 G REENLAND N 7 67427 T ayside ( P erthsh ire ) B : K /F 14 / A / C : C o les 1 9 10 ; U /c 9 ,3x8 ,8 / 6 / 6 o r 9 D : 1 ; S ? (0 ,30 4 .) / 2 ; 1 , 30 / ? M /3 ; 1 , 30 / ? M /4 ; F1 , 80 / 5 ; 1 , 70 / 6 ; F1 , 70 / ? M E : 1 2 ; 2 ,7 / 0 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,2 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,4 / 0 F : 1 , 55 / 1 , 301,80 / ( 3 ,1) / ( 2 ,7 -3 , 4) / c 5 ,4% G : q uartzitic s ch ist / - / G T h is r i ng h as a w a ll b u ilt t h rough t h e i n terior f r om n o rthwest t o s outheast , I t a p pears t o b e a9s tone r i ng , u n less t h e s pa cing w as p articu larly i r regular , i n w hich c a se i t m ay h ave a f u ll c omp lement o f 6 , I t i s g raded t o t h e s outhwest , 1 : M a ckenz ie 1 9 08-9 2 : C o les 1 9 0910 ( 1 0) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthshire 2 7 ) 7 :36 K ILL IN N 5 76327 T ayside ( P erthsh ire ) B : K /F 14 / G / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G/1 0 ,0x8 ,6 / 6 / 6 D : 1 ; 1 , 35 / 2 ; 1 , 20 / 3 ; 1 , 95 / 4 ; 1 , 90 / 5 ; R1 , 90 / 6 ; 1 , 65 E : 1 2 ; 4 ,0 / 2 -3 ; 4 ,6 / 3 -4 ; 4 ,2 / 4 -5 ; 4 ,7 / 5 -6 ; 4 ,6 / 6 1; 5 ,8 F : 1 , 65 / 1 , 201,95 / 4 ,6 / 4 ,0-5 ,8 / 1 4 ,0% G : s ch ist / - / G T h is f i ne r i ng i s g raded t o t h e SW , O ne o f t h e s tones , l e an ing i n 1 9 10 , a ppears t o h ave s ubsequently b een r e -erected o r s t raightened , 1 : C o les 1 9 0910 ( 9 , K innell) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthshire 2 9 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( P 1/3 ) 7 :37 L UND IN F ARM - S ITE I N 82505 T ayside ( P erthsh ire) 8 : N /F P 1 /G /E ; S tewart 1 9 62 C : S tewart 1 9 66 , G /5 ,5x5 ,8 / 4 / 4 D : 1 ; 2 ,70 / 2 ; 2 ,30 / 3 ; 2 ,20 / 4 ; L1 , 75 ( h eights f r om s u bso il l e vel) E : 1 2 ; 3 ,5 / 2 -3 ; 5 ,0 / 3 -4 ; 2 ,6 / 4 1; 4 ,6

- 3 22 -

F : 2 ,25 / 1 , 75-2 ,70 / 3 ,9 / 2 ,6-5 ,0 / 5 ,2% G : s chist / I C A /G ,F T h is F our P oste r w as e xcavated i n 1 9 62 , I t i s r e ctangu lar a nd o rientated e ast/west ,

t he

t a llest s tone s tands t o t he n ortheast , T he o rthostats a re s et o n an atural k noll w ith a h e ight o f c l S m , T he f i rst s tage i n c onstruction w as a m arking o f t he s ite e dge b y a s l ight d itch o f c l ,Om d iameter , d eturfing o f t he i n ternal a rea , a nd a s light h ollowing o ut o f i t s c entre , T he d itch w as a bsent t o t he e ast a nd t h is w as s uggested t o b e a n e ntran ce , Ap i t w as t hen d ug a t t he c entre a nd o rganic d eposits o f s ome k ind p laced w ithin i t , A fter i t h ad b een p artly r e filled , ac remation w as p laced w ithin i t , a nd a f urther 3 -4 s cattered c r emations w ere p laced i n t he s urround ing a rea m arked b y t he d itch , o ne o f w hich w as a s mall t o ken d eposit i n t he n o rthwest s tonehole , A f u rther c remation w as p laced i n t he d i tch , T he p it w as t hen r e filled , e arth s cattered o ver t he w ho le a rea a nd t he o rthostats e rected , F ina lly a c a irn o f c 10 ,0m d iameter a nd o f 0 ,6m h eight w as b uilt , l eaving t he o r thostats p art-buried a t t he c entre , S herds o f a n A OC b eaker a nd a c ollared u rn , a n u n finished p erforated s tone t ool, a nd a s econd f ragment o f ap erforated t ool, w ere f ound i n t he m ound , I t i s p ossible t hese a rtefacts r epresent r edeposited d omestic d ebris , A s catter o f 2 4 q uartz p ebbles w ere f ound i n t he S W q uadrant , T he c airn m ay h ave b een b uilt s o me t ime a fter t he s tones a s o ne o f t h ese h ad d eveloped a l e an a nd h ad b een p roped-up w i th s econdary p acking , 1 : C oles 1 907-8 ( 23) 2 : S tewart 1 9 66 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( p 1/7 , A berfeldy) 7 ; 38 L UNDIN F ARM - S ITE B : N /P FP 1 /P /C : C oles 1 908 ; U/c 7 ,1 D : M/1 , 0 ,90 / M / 2 ; E ; I D F : ( 0 ,80) / ( 0 ,75-0 ,90) G : N D / /F

I

3 ; B url 1 976 ( P erthshire 3 0)

N 82505

T ayside ( Perthshire)

/2 /4 ? 0 ,75 /I D /I D /I D

T h e o rientation o f t he 2 s labs h ere s uggest t hey l ie o n o pposite c orners o f ar e ctangular F our P oster , o r ientated e ast/west , A t t he c entre i s a f lat n atura l o utcrop w h ich i s c u pmarked , Al a ne p asses t h rough t he e astern h alf o f t he s ite , 1 ; C oles 1 907-8 ( 22) 2 : S tewart 1 966 7 :39 L UNDIN L INKS N O 4 04026 F ife B : K /P F 13 / P / U , p re 1 790 C : C oles 1 903 ; U /c 16 ,2 / 3 / c 911 D : 2 -3M / 1 ; L4 , 15 / 2 ; L4 ,60 / 4 -5M / 3 ; L5 , 10 E : 0/1 -2 , 4 ,6 / 0 F : ( 4 ,60) / ( 4 ,15-5 ,10) / ( 4 ,6) / ( 4 ,6) / I D G : s andstone / I C I? / T h is s ite i s l i kely t o b e ar u ined s tone c i rcle , a lthough i t h as a lso b een s uggested t o b e ap air o f t wo s tone a l ignments , Af ourth s tump a pparently e xisted a t t he s ite i n c 1790 b ut h as s ince d isappeared , I n t he 1 8 th c entury s everal ' c offins ' w ere f ound ' b eneath ' t he s tones , w h ich c ontained t he ' b ones o f m en ' a nd a ' r ound b utton o f s tone o f av ery c u rious s hape ', I n 1 8 37 i t w as n oted ' a ncient s epulchures a re f ound n ear t hem ' w hich m ay s uggest t h e e xcavations w ere n ear, r a ther t han w ithin , t he s tone c i rcle , 1 : C oles 1 9 02-3

2 : R CAHM 1 933 ( 3 79)

3 : T hom 1 9 7 1

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( P 4/1)

4 : B url 1 9 76 ( F ife 4 )

7 : 40 M ACHUINN N 6 8240 1 T ayside ( P erthsh ire ) B : K /S P2 / G / C : C o les 1 9 10 : U /c 5 ,5x6 ,1 / 6 / 6 D : 1 ; F1 , 10 / 2 ; 1 , 35 / 3 ; F1 , 40 / 4 ; 1 , 35 / 5 ; 1 , 20 / 6 ; 1 , 10 E : 1 2 ; 3 ,0 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,3 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,5 / 4 -5 ; 2 , 4 /5 -6 ; 2 ,4 / 6 1; 2 , 7 F : 1 , 25 / 1 , 101,40 / 2 ,9 / 2 ,4-3 ,5 / c 9 ,8% G : N D /I C A ,K / G T h is s ma ll r i ng s tands o n t h e w e stern h a lf o f as tony m ound w h ich h as a d i ameter o f c 1 3 ,5x 11,0m a nd i s 0 ,9m h igh , T he o r thostats a re g raded t o t h e s outh , T hey a r e l i n ked b y t r a ces o f ak e rb , o ne s tone b etween e a ch o rthostat , w h ich s tand u p t o 0 ,25m c l ea r o f t h e m ound , I t i s n ot c e rta in i f t h e m ound i s c omp letely o r ig inal , i t m ay w e ll h a ve b een g reatly a c centuated b y f i eld c l earan ce , a nd t h us t h e k e rb m ay d enote i t s o r ig ina l p e rimeter , I f s o , t he o rthostats n ow a ppear l o wer t h an t h ey o r ig ina lly d i d , b e ing p a rtia lly m asked b y t he p resent c a irn , 1 : C o les 1 9 0910 ( 8 ) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 3 1 ) 7 : 4 1 M ONCR IEFFE N O 1 3 3 193 T ayside ( P erthsh ire ) B : K /S P3 / D (R) / U ; a non p re 1 8 64 , T ; S tewart 1 9 74 C : S tewart 1 9 85 ; G /8 ,7x9 ,2 / 8 / 8 D : 1 ; 1 , 30 / 2 ; 1 , 65 / 3 ; 1 , 75 / 4 ; 1 , 15 / 5 ; 1 , 90 / 6 ; 1 , 47+ / 7 ; 2 ,00 / 8 ; 1 , 30 E : 1 2 ; 2 ,2 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,8 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,0 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,8 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,9 / 6 7 ; 3 ,4 / 7 -8 ; 4 ,3 / 8 1; 3 ,0 F : 1 , 55 / 1 , 15-2 ,00 / 3 ,4 / 2 ,2-4 ,3 / 5 ,4% G : g ranite / I R C o r C A ,PL? ( E D ,ET ,ITC ,SC ,ICA) / G , (E) B e fore e x cavat ion , t h is s ite h ad t h e a ppea ran ce o f at y p ica l s ma ll p lat form-circle , w ith a c o mp lete c i rcle o f 8s tones g raded t o t h e s outhwest , s e t o n as imp le l o w p lat form , T he s i te w as f u lly e x cavated i n 1 9 74 p r ior t o i t b e ing m oved t o m a ke w ay f o r am o to rway , I t w a s a l ready s omewhat d isturbed , S impson r e cords t hat b ones h ad b een f ound h e re a n d t hat a l a rge c u pmarked s tone , p e rhaps o r ig ina lly s omewhere i n t h e c entre , t h en l a y a t ap o int o utside t h e r i ng t o t h e n o rthwest , T he 1 9 74 e x cavations r e vea led a c omp lex s e quen ce o f m od ifications t o t h e s ite w h ich w e re n ot a pparent p r ior t o e x cavation , l t s tarted l i fe a s ah eng iform s ite , w ith a 3 ,6m w ide e ntrance t o t h e NE , w h ich i n terrupted a d i tch a nd o u ter b an k , T he d itch w as o n ly 1 , 4m w ide a nd 0 ,55-0 ,75m d eep , T h is h ad b een r e cut a t a l a ter d ate a s as l ighter d itch , w h ich w as 0 ,65m w ide a nd 0 ,22m d eep , A t t h e o ute r e dge o f t h e p r ima ry d i tch w e re a n umber o f s lanting s takeho les c u t i n to t he s i lting , T h ey m ay b e a sso ciated w ith t h e s e condary d itch ( a nd/or w e re a sso ciated w i th t he c e ntra l t i mbe r r i ng s ee b e low) , a nd i t c ou ld b e p ostu lated t h at t h is d itch c o nta ined u p right t imbe rs , a nd s upported a b u ilding s imilar t o t h at e x cavated a t W h itton H i ll 1 i n N o rthumberland ( M iket 1 9 85) , A lternatively , t h e s ta keho les m ay h ave b een a r e tain ing h u rd le-fen ce f o r t he r e mode lled o uter b an k, I n t h e c entral a rea w e re 9 p ostho les , s ome w ith p a cking , i n a6 ,5m r i ng , O utside t h e h enge e ntran ce w as a c remation , p robab ly o f ac h ild , i n as ma ll p i t , I n t h e s e cond p hase t h e p osts w e re r emoved ( o r p o ssibly r o tted i n -situ ) a n d t he d i tch b a ckfilled , T he l a tter c onta ined a b ea ker s herd , S l ight ly e c centric t o t h e o r iginal s i te , a nd c u tting t h e h enge d itch f i lls , ac i rcle o f 8( o r p o ssib ly 7 ) s tones w e re e r e cted w ith a d iameter o f c 9 ,0m , Af u ll r e constru ct ion o f t h is r i ng i s n ot p ossible b e cause o f s ubsequent r e modelling , I n a dd ition , i n vestigation o f 1 2 p o tential s toneho le s ites t o t he e ast w as i n h ib ited b y t ree r oots , T o t h e n o rth a nd s outh 2 d e fin ite a nd 2 p r obable s toneholes w e re f ound , T o t h e w est o ne s tone ( 7 ) m ay w e ll h a ve b een r e ta ined i n t h e l a ter r e constru ction , w h ile t h e l a ter o rthostat f u rther s outh m ay o c cupy t h e s ame s ite a s i t s p rede cessor , O ne o f t h e o rthostats t o t h e NW w as n ot r eused i n t h e l a ter p hase a n d w as f o und r e cumbent , h aving f a llen o utwards , T h is w as r e placed u pon r e constru ction b y an ew s tone ( 8 ) p la ced a bove t h e o ld s tone t o g ive i t e xtra h e ight , T he e arlier o rthostat w ou ld h ave s tood c 2 ,00m h igh , a c omparab le h e ight t o s tone 7 w h ich m ay a lso b e long t o t h is p hase , T he h e ights o f t h e o thers i s u n known a nd h en ce g rad ing c annot b e a ssessed , T he

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s t ones o f t h is f i rst s tone c i rcle s u rrounded a s ma ll i r regu larly-shaped c a irn o f c 4 ,0-5 ,5m d i ameter w h ich w a s d e fined b y ac ontiguous k e rb , I n t h e t h ird p hase , t h e c a irn a nd a l l b ut o ne o f t h e o rthostats w e re d emo lished , a n d t he p resent c i rcle w a s b u ilt , T h is h ad a n a lmost i d entical d iameter t o i t s p r ede cessor , e x cept t o t h e n o rtheast w here i t w as s et s l ightly w ith in t h e e a rlie r c i rcle . I t i s n ot c lea r w hy t h e c i rcle w as r emode lled , p e rhaps i t w as r u inous b y t h is d ate , A l ternatively , ad esire t o g rade t h e s tones m ay h ave l e d t o t h e r ebuild ing , a s s uggested b y t h e u se o f as maller r e p lacement s tone ( 8 ) t o t he NW , T races s urvived o f ac ontiguous k e rb o f l o w s tones t h at l i n ked t he o rthostats t o t h e s outhwest ; p erhaps d esigned t o m a rk t h e e dge o f as l ight i n te rnal p lat form , A n i n te rna l r ing ca irn o r c a irn w as a lso b u ilt w h ich h ad a n o u ter c ont iguous k erb o f c 5 ,5x7 ,0m d iameter , a nd f ragmentary t r a ces o f a p o ssib le i n ne r k e rb s et c 1 ,5m w ith in t he f o rmer , H owever , i t i s e qua lly l i ke ly t h at t h e l a tter i s af o rtuitous a r rangement , M any q uartz s tones w ere f ound i n t h e m a ke-up b etween t h e t wo k erbs , S even p its w e re f o und i n t h e c entra l a rea , s ome o f w h ich c onta ined b u rnt s o il/charcoa l , I t p roved i m possib le t o d istingu ish w h ich b e longed t o p hase 2 a nd w h ich t o p h ase 3 , C remations a nd s herds o f c o rdoned u rns , g rooved w a re a nd f l at r immed w are p r obably o r ig inated i n t h e c e ntra l f e atu res o f t h e s tone c i rcles , b ut t hese h ad b een t h o rough ly d isturbed , Ac o rdoned u rn w as f ound i n verted i n ap it b eyond t h e c i rcle t o t he n o rth , I n l a te r t imes t h e c entral r i ng cairn h ad b een b ad ly d amaged a nd r u bble f rom t h is u s ed t o b u ild a s he lter-bed b etween t h e o r thostats t o t he s outh , M etalurg ists a lso s me lted i r on w ithin t h e i n terior , 1 : S impson 1 8 64-6 2 ; A l len 1 8 8 1-2 3 : S tewa rt 1 9 74 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 3 2) 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( P 1/20 ) 6 : S tewart 1 9 85 7 : 42 M URTHLY N O 1 0 3386 T ayside ( P erthsh ire) B : K /F 14 / A / C : C o les 1 9 08 ; U /c 1 1,0 / 5 / 8 -9 D : 1 2M / 1 ; L1 , 05 / 2 ; 1 , 50 / 3 ; 1 , 65 / M / 4 ; 2 ,45 / 5 ; 1 , 20 / M E : 0/1 2 ; 3 ,6 / 2 -3 ; 4 , 1 /( 3 -M : 4 , 1) / ( M -4 ; 4 , 1) / 4 -5 ; 4 ,5 / 0 F : 1 , 55 / 1 , 05-2 ,45 / ( 4 ,0 ) /( 3 ,G-4 ,5) / I D G : N D /- /G T h is s ite s tands i n h osp ita l g rounds , w hen t h ese w e re l a id o ut i n 1 8 63-4 t he c i rcle w as g iven a s urround ing c i rcu lar b an k, H oweve r , t h e s tones t h emse lves d o n ot a ppear t o h ave b een r e stored , T he r i ng i s g raded t o t h e s outhwest , S evera l u rns a nd a b one b utton w ere f o und i n t h e h osp ital g r ounds i n t h e 1 9 th c entury b ut w e re n ot d irectly a sso ciated w ith t h e c i rcle , 1 : C o les 1 9 07-8 ( 3 8) 2 : S tewart 1 9 66 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 3 5 ) 7 : 43 N A C ARRA IGEAN E D INT IAN N 8 39620 T ayside ( P erthsh ire ) B : N /F P2 / A / C : C o les 1 9 08 ; U /c 4 ,7 / 4 / 4 D : 1 ; F0 ,90 / 2 ; L1 , 00 / 3 ; 1 , 15 / 4 ; F1 , 00 E : 1 2 ; 3 ,5 / 2 -3 ; 3 , 1 /3 -4 ; 3 ,4 / 4 1; 3 , 1 F : 1 , 00 / 0 ,901,15 / 3 , 2 /3 , 1-3 ,5 / I D G : s chist , w h instone / I C A /T h is F our P oster s tands o n as l ight m ound w ith a d iameter o f 1 6 ,5m , w h ich h as a n o uter k e rb o f l o w s tones , T he o rthostats a ppears t o b e d esigned t o s tand i n ac i rcle r a ther t han ar e ctang le , a nd t o b e g raded t o t h e s outhwest , T he i n te rior o f t he r ing h as a s hallow h o llow w h ich s uggests i t h as b een d ug o ver , 1 : C o les 1 9 07-8 ( 1 0 ) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 3 6 )

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7 :44 P ARKNEUK N O 1 955 15 T ayside ( Perthsh ire ) 8 : N /F P 1 /G / C : C oles 1 909 ; U /c 5 ,8 / 4 / 4 D : 1 ; F0 ,90 / 2 ; 1 , 15 / 3 ; 1 ,20 / 4 ; 1 , 00 E : ( 1-2 ; 3 ,8) / 2 -3 ; 4 ,6 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,8 / ( 4 1; 3 ,4) F : 1 ,05 / 0 ,901,20 / ( 4 ,2) / ( 3 ,8-4 ,6) / I D G : g ranite , w hinstone / / F ,G T his r e ctangular F our P oster h as i t s s labs o rientated NE/SSW a nd t he l a rgest s tone s tands t o t he s outhwest , 1 : C oles 1 908-9 ( 3 )

2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Perthshire 3 7)

7 :45 P ITSCANDLIE N O 4 84528 B : K /S P 1 /P / U ; p re 1 850 C : T hom e t a l 1 980 ; G /c 16 ,3 / 4 / c 9

T ayside ( Angus)

D : A : 1 ; 2 ,00 / D / 2 ; S /3 ; F ,BU / M / 4 ; 2 ,75 / 3 M E : ( 1 -M ; 5 ,4) / ( M-2 ; 5 ,4) / 5 ,7 / ( 3 -M : 5 ,4 ) / ( M -4 ; 5 ,4) F : ( 2 ,40) / ( 2 ,00-2 ,75) / ( 5 ,5) / ( 5 ,4-5 ,7) / I D G : s andstone / I PL / G ? T his r u ined r ing s tands o n a l ow m ound , T he 2 r ema in ing u prights s uggest t he r i ng w as g raded t o t he s outhwest , I n t he e arly 1 9 th c entury o ne o f t he o rthostats b lew o ver ( no 3 ?) , r evealing a n ' u rn ' a nd ' b urnt a shes ', D igg ing i n t he m ound r evealed a s tone m easuring c 0 ,45m s quare w hich w as m arked b y 2c oncentric c ircles a nd o ther ' e n igmatic m arkings ', A n u pright b etween s tones 1 -2 w as n oted a s h aving b een r emoved s ometime b efore , t h is m ust h ave t a ken p lace p rior t o 1 850 a s o nly 2 u prights w ere n oted a t t h is d ate , 1 : P SAS 2 , 1 8 54-7 , 1 90 , 2 : W arden 1 8 84 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Angus 1 0 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( P3/2 , B lackgate) 7 :46 S T M ARTINS 8 : K /P F 16? / P / C : N /c 7 ,5 / 4 / I D D : N D E : N D F : N D /N D /N D /N D /N D G : N D / /G ?

N O 1 603 12

T ayside ( Perthshire)

L ittle h as b een p ublished o n t h is r u ined p ossible s ite , S tewart n otes i t i s g raded t o t he s outhwest a nd t hat s everal s tones a re m issing , 1 : S tewart 1 9 66 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( P erthshire 3 9) 7 :47 S ANDY R OAD - W EST N O 1 56273 T ayside ( Perthshire) B : K /F 16 / A (R) / T ; S tewart 1 96 1 C : S tewart 1 9 66 ; 6 (00) / 5 ,7x6 ,5 / 6 / 7 D : E H /1 ; F0 ,60 / 2 ; F0 ,75 / 3 : 0 ,75 / 4 ; F1 ,00 / 5 ; L0 ,75 / 6 ; F0 ,75 E : E H1; 2 ,8 / 1 -2 ; 2 ,7 / 2 -3 ; 2 ,3 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,0 / 4 -5 ; 2 ,6 / 5 -6 ; 2 ,6 / 6 -EH ; 2 ,5 F : 0 ,75 / 0 ,601,00 / 2 ,6 / 2 ,3-3 ,0 / 1 2 ,3% G : d olerite , e pidiorite , d iorite / - / G T his s mall r ing i s g raded t o t he SW , I ts s tones a re a rranged t o h ave t heir f lat s ides f a cing t he i n terior , I t w as e xcavated i n 1 96 1 p rior t o r e -erection o n ad ifferent s ite , T he r ing a ppears t o o riginally h ave h ad 7 s tones , A n a dd itional s mall s tone t o t he w est , a nd o ne t o t he n orth r e corded b y C oles ( b ut m issing b y 1 96 1), s eem t o h ave b een f ortu itous a s n o s toneholes w ere f ound f or t hem , As econd s tone t o t h e n orth r e corded b y C oles , b ut m issing b y 1 96 1, c ould h ave c ome f rom t he s toneho le e xcavated h ere , N ear t he c entre o f t he r ing w as a p it c ontaining a n u rn o f f lat r immed w are , w ith c harcoal a nd a t oken c remation ,

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T he c harcoal g ave a d ate o f 1 200± 150bc(GaK787), A s econd a d jacent c ircle h as b een r eported b ut t h is i s o f d ubious a uthenticity ( see C hapter 8 ) , 1 : C oles 1 908-9 ( 2 4) 2 : S tewart 1 966 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( P2/ 11, S cone)

3 : B url 1 976 ( Perthshire 4 0A)

7 ;48 S HIAN B ANK - N W N O 1 56273 T ayside ( Perthshire) B ; K /F 16 / A / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 8 ,4 / 7 / 9 10 D : A ; 1 ; 0 ,90 / 2 ; 0 ,90 / 3 ; F0 ,45 / 4 ; 0 ,90 / 5 ; F0 ,60 / 6 ; F0 ,80 / 2 -3 M / 7 ; 1 ,20 E : 1 -2 ; 2 ,2 / 2 -3 ; 2 ,4 / 3 -4 ; 2 ,5 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,3 / 5 -6 ; 4 ,0 / 0 / 7 1; 2 ,0 F : ( 0 ,80) / ( 0 ,451,20) / 2 ,7 / R 2 ,0-4 ,0 / I D G : N D /A SC / M T hese t wo s ites w ere d amaged i n t he s econd w orld w ar w hen p illboxes w ere b uilt n earby a nd t rees d umped o n t he s tones , N ot e nough s urv ives t o d etermine i f t he n orth-western r ing i s g raded , T he s e cond r ing l i es 2 1 ,5m ( centre t o c entre) t o t he s outheast , 1 : S tewart 1 9 66 2 : B url 1 976 ( Perthshire 4 2a) 3 ; T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( P2/8) 7 :49 S HIAN B ANK - S E N O 1 56273 T ayside ( Perthshire) B : K /F 16 / A / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 7 ,9?x8 ,5 / 9 / 1 0 D ; A ; 1 ; F ? - /2 ; 0 ,90 / 3 ; - /4 ; 0 ,60 / 5 ; F ? /6 ; - /7 ; 0 ,75 / M / 8 ; F ,BU 0 ,60 / 9 ; F ,BU E : 1 -2 ; 2 ,6 / 2 -3 ; 2 , 1 /3 -4 ; 2 ,6 / 4 -5 ; 2 ,5 / 5 -6 ; 2 ,7 / 6 -7 ; 3 ,9 / ( 7-M ; 2 ,3) / M -8 ; 2 ,3) / 8 -9 ; 2 ,4 / 9 1; 2 ,3 F : ( 0 ,70) / ( 0 ,60-0 ,90) / 2 ,6 / 2 , 1-3 ,9 / I D G : N D /A SC / M T his r ing i s t he b etter p reserved o f t he t wo , t he s tones a re s mall, i t i s u n clear i f t hey a re g raded , 1 : S tewart 1 9 66 2 : B url 1 976 ( Perthshire 4 2b) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( P2/8) 7 :50 S PITTAL O F G LENSHEE N O 17702 T ayside ( Perthshire) 6 : N /P FP 1 /G /E ; M 'Combie S mith 1 894 C : T hom e t a l 1 980 ; G /3 ,8 / 4 / 4 D : 1 ; 0 ,70 / 2 ; 0 ,35 / 3 ; 0 ,70 / 4 ; 0 ,65 E : 1 -2 ; 2 ,4 / 2 -3 ; 2 ,5 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,0 / 4 1; 3 ,0 F : 0 ,60 / 0 ,35-0 ,70 / 2 ,7 / 2 ,4-3 ,0 / c O% G : N D / /F T his p robable F our P oster s tands o n a s mall k noll a nd w as e xcavated i n 1 894 , T he k noll m easures 3 5 ,5x26 ,5m , i s c 5-6m h igh , a nd w as s hown t o b e g lacial, N o f inds w ere m ade w ith in t he a rea d e fined b y t he s tones a nd i t w as c oncluded t he l atter w ere a lso n atural, H owever, t he c on figu ration o f t he s tones s trong ly s uggests t hey a re a r e ctangular-type F our P oster w ith s mall, u ngraded s labs o rientated W SW/ENE , 1 : M 'Combie S m ith 1 894-5 2 : B url 1 97 1 3 : T hom , T hom a n B url 1 980 ( P2/14) 7 :5 1 T IGH N A R UAICH N 9 76534 B : K /F 14 / G / E ; 1 8 55 C : T hom e t a l 1 980 ; 5 (00) / 6 ,5x7 ,7 / 6 / 6

T ayside ( Perthshire)

D : 1 ; 1 , 15 / 2 ; 0 ,95 / 3 ; L1 ,80 / 4 ; 0 ,80 / 5 ; 1 ,25 / 6 ; 1 , 40 E : 1 -2 ; 3 ,6 / 2 -3 : 4 ,3 / 3 -4 : 3 , 1 /4 -5 ; 3 ,3 / 5 -6 ; 4 ,5 / 6 1; 3 , 1 F : 1 ,20 / 0 ,801, h / 3 ,6 / 3 , 1-4 ,5 / 1 5 ,6% G ; w hinstone / - 5 ? T his s mall r ing h as i t s l a rgest s tone t o t he SE b ut o therwise i s n ot w ell g raded , O ne o f

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t h e s tones i s p oo rly s et , b e ing a lmost r ad ial ( 1 ) , I n 1 8 55 t h e s ite w as d ug a nd 4 l a rge ' u rns ' w ere f ound , t ogether w ith c r emated b one a nd c harcoa l , 1 : C o les 1 9 07-8 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 4) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( P 2/2 , B a llin luig ) 7 ;52 W ESTER T ORRIE N 6 46045 T ayside ( P erthshire ) B : K /F 16 / A / C : 1 9 02 ; U /c 6 ,7x7 ,8 / 5 / 6 D : 1 ; B ? 0 ,85? / 2 ; 0 ,75+? / 3 ; 1 , 10 / M / 4 ; 0 ,70? / 5 ; F ? 0 ,60? E : 1 2 ; 3 ,8 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,5 / ( 3 -M ; 3 ,7) / ( M -4 ; 3 ,7) / 4 -5 ; 3 , 3 /5 1, 3 ,3 F : ( 0 ,80 ) /( 0 ,601,10) / ( 3 ,5) / ( 3 ,3-3 ,8) / ( I D ) G : ' t rap ' /- /G ? T h is r ing i s s omewhat r u ined b ut a ppea rs t o b e g raded t o t h e s outh o r s outhwest , H o wever, i t i s u n clear i n s everal c ases w h ich s tones a re u pright , 1 ; P SAS 3 6 , 1 9 0 1-2 , 6 18-20 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 4 8 ) 7 :53 W OODSIDE N O 1 8 550 1 T ayside ( P erthsh ire) B ; N /F P3? / P / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (OD ) /c 4 ,7 / 4 (+3 ) 4 (+4) D : 1 ; F1 , 20 / 2 ; F0 ,80 / 3 ; F1 , 40 / 4 ; F1 , 30 E : A ; 1 2 ; 3 ,4 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,6 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,6 / 4 1; 3 , 1 F : 1 , 15 / 0 ,801,40 / ( 3 ,4) / ( 3 ,1-3 ,6) / I D G : N D / - /G ? T h is s ite i s d i fficu lt t o c lassify w ith c e rta inty b e cause a l l t h e s tones a re f a llen , H owever , t h e m o st l i kely p ossib ility i s t hat i t i s aF ou r P oster , w ith s maller o rthostats p la ced m idway a long e a ch s ide , a s a t F o rtinga ll , I t i s t o o b ad ly r u ined t o d eterm ine i f i t i s c i rcu la r o r r e ctangu lar a nd g rad ing i s u n certa in , t h e l a rgest t w o s tones l i e i n t he e astern h a lf o f t h e r i ng , 1 : C o les 1 9 08-9 ( 6 ) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 4 9 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( P 2/5 , H i ll o f D r imm ie )

— 3 28 —

Z ONE 8 :

S OUTHERN S COTLAND

8 : 1 B ORROWSTON R IGG N T 57523 B o rders ( B erwickshire) 8 : C /P F3 / A / C ; T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (00) / 4 6 ,6x4 1,5 / 3 2-40 / 5 9-84 D : M/1 ; F - /2 ; F ; - /3 ; F - /M / 4 ; F /5 ; F /6 ; - /? M /7 ; F ,BU /1 2M / 8 ; /4 -7M / 9 ; F ,BU - / 1 0 ; F ,BU - / M / 1 ; F /M / 1 2 ; F /1 3 ; F ,BU / 1 4 ; -/ 1 5 ; F- /? M /1 6 ; F- /1 7 ; F ,BU /1 3M / 1 8 ; F ,BU / 1 9 ; F ,BU / ? M /2 0 ; F- /? M / 2 1 ; F ,BU - / 1 3M / 2 ; - /? M /2 3 ; F ,BU / 1 3M / 2 4 ; - /2 5 ; F - /2 6 ; F ,BU - / ? M / 2 7 ; F- /? M /2 8 ; -/1 3M / 2 9 ; F ,BU / 3 0 ; F ,BU - / 7 M /3 1 ; F ? - /3 2 ; - /3 ; -/ 2 4M / 3 4 ; F - /M /3 5 ; F - /M /3 6 ; F - /3 7 ; F ,BU /7 3 8 ; F ,BU ? M /3 9 ; F ,BU /? M /4 0 ; F E : 0/1 2 ; 1 , 7 /2 -3 ; 1 , 2 /( 3 -M ; 1 , 7) / M -4 ; 1 , 7) / 0 / 5 -6 ; 1 , 2 /0 /9 10 ; 1 , 3 / ( 1 0-M ; 1 , 8) / ( M 11; 1 , 8) / 1 -M ; 1 , 8 ) /( M 12 ; 1 , 8) / 1 2 13 ; 1 , 2 /1 3 14 ; 1 , 7 / 1 4 15 ; 1 , 5 /0 / 1 6 17 ; 1 , 5 /0 / 1 8 19 ; 2 , 1 /0 / 2 4-25 ; 1 , 2 /2 5-26 ; 1 , 7 /0 / ( 2 7-M ; 1 , 5 ) /( M -28 ; 1 , 5 ) /0 /2 9-30 ; 2 , 1 /0 /3 1-32 ; 2 ,2 / 3 2-33 ; 1 , 5 /0 / ( 3 4-M ; 1 , 7) / ( M -35 ; 1 , 7) / ( 3 5-M ; 1 , 8 ) /M -36 ; 1 , 8) / 3 6-37 ; 2 ,2 / 0 / ( 4 0-M ; 1 , 7) / ( M 1; 1 , 7) F : ( s mall) / ( 7 -0 ,60) / ( 1 ,6+) / ( 1 ,2-2 ,2+) / c 1 1,0% :N D /- /A l though t h is m ay b e as t one c i rcle a s t h e i n terior i s f l at , t he s tones a re s mall a nd t he s i te i s m arked a s ac a irn o n 1 9 th c entury m aps . 1 : R CAHM 1 9 15 ( 2 26) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( B erw ick 1 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( G 9/ 10) 8 : 2 B URGH H ILL N T 4 70 0 6 B o rders ( R oxburghshire) 8 : C /F 3 / A /E ; p re 1 8 73 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (OD ) /1 6 ,6 x c 13 ,4 / 2 / 2 9-34 0 : A : 1 2M / 1 ; L /2 ; /3 ; -/1 2M / 4 ; F0 ,70 / 5 ; F0 ,40 / 6 ; /1 2M / 7 ; -/ 8 ; F0 ,70 / M / 9 ; - /M / 1 0 ; -/1 ; F , D I 0 ,60 / 1 2 ; -/1 3 ; -/1 4 ; F ,DI? 1 , 05 / 1 5 ; F0 ,40 / 1 6 ; F ? 0 ,70 / 1 7 ; F0 ,30 / 1 8 ; F ,BU 0 ,60 / M / 1 9 ; F0 ,50 / ? M / 2 0 ; F0 ,60 / 1 2M / 2 1 ; /2 ; E : 0 /1 2 ; 2 , 0 /2 -3 ; 1 , 4 /0 /5 -6 ; 1 , 5 /0 /7 -8 ; 1 , 3 /( 8 -M 1 , 4) / ( M -9 ; 1 , 4) / ( 9 -M ; 1 , 5) / ( M 10 ; 1 , 5) / ( 1 0-M ; 1 , 6) / ( M 12 ; 1 , 6) / 1 2 13 ; 1 , 5 /( 1 3-M ; 1 , 50) / ( 1 4-M ; 1 , 50 ) /1 5 16 ; 1 , 7 /1 6 17 ; 1 , 4 /1 7 18 ; 1 , 7 /0 / 2 1-22 ; 1 , 2 F : ( c 0 ,50)+ 1,05 / ( c 0 ,20-0 ,80)+ 1,05 / 1 , 5 /1 , 2-2 ,0 / c 1 9 ,3% G : N D /- /S ? T h is c i rcle o f s mall s t ones h as o ne t h at i s s omewhat l a rger , n ow f a llen , t o t h e S W , I t w as ' w ell e xplored b ut y ielded n oth ing o f as epu lch ral n atu re ' i n t he m id 1 9 th c entury , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 56 ( 1 0 11) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( R oxburgh 1 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( G 9/ 15 , A l lan W ater) , 8 :3 C A IRNPAPPLE N S 9 877 17 L othian ( W est L o th ian) B : D /P CH3 / D O /E ; P iggott 1 9 47-8 C : P iggott 1 9 48 ; G /3 2 ,7x26 ,5 / 0 / 2 4-25 D : 1 E H /M / 1 3 EH E : E H-EH ; 3 ,5 / E H-EH : 3 , 7 /E H-EH ; 3 ,7 / E H-EH : 3 ,7 / E H-EH ; 3 ,7 / E H-EH ; 4 ,0 / E H-EH ; 3 ,5 / E H-EH ; 4 , 5 /E H-EH 4 ,0 / E H-EH 3 , 1 /( E H-M ; 3 ,7) / ( M -EH ; 3 ,7) / E H-EH 3 ,3 /E H-EH ; 3 , 6 /E H-EH ; 4 ,4 / E H-EH 3 ,8 / E H-EH 3 ,8 / E H-EH ; 4 ,2 / E H-EH ; 4 , 1 / E H-EH ; 3 ,9 / E H-EH ; 3 , 4 /E H-EH ; 3 ,8 / E H-EH ; 4 ,3 / E H-EH ; 3 ,4 / E H-EH ; 3 ,8 F : I D /I D /3 ,8 / 3 , 1-4 ,5 / 1 9 ,0% G : N D /2 IP0 ,EB ,ED ,2ET ,IC0 ,3 IPT ,ITS ,3 ICA / 2 E ,I ,2P T he c entra l a rea o f t h is c i rcle-henge , a s d e fined b y t h e d it ch , w as f u lly e x cavated b y P iggott , T he h enge d i tch i s 2 ,5-4 ,5m w ide , o ver 1 , 00m d eep , a nd e n closes a c e ntral a rea

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w ith a d iameter o f 3 4 5x4 1 S m , T he b ank h as a n e xternal d iameter o f c 63x67m , w as o ver 1 ,5m h igh , a nd s eparated f rom t he d itch b y ab erm , T wo c 8m w ide e ntrances i nterrupt t he d itch t o t he n orth a nd SE , Ar ing o f 2 4-25 u prights w ere s et 3 -6m f rom t he d itch e dge , w ith 2 a dd itional o nes s et c 2 ,5m w ithin t he r ing , t o t he NW a nd SE , t he l atter i n l i ne w ith t he SE e ntrance , P iggott c on cluded t hat t h is r ing h ad b een o f s tone , a s o ne h ole c ontained s tone f ragments a nd t he n umber o f l a rge s tones u tilised l ater i n ak erb ( 2 1), r oughly c orresponded w ith t he n umber o f m issing s tones ( 26-7) , I f t h is i s t he c ase , t hese s tones w ould h ave s tood a n a verage o f c l‚ O m h igh , H owever , M ercer h as p ointed o ut t he p its h ave s teep s ides a nd s uggests t hat , a llowing f o r t he m issing t opsoil, t hese a re t oo d eep f or s toneho les a nd m ore l i kely t o b e p ostholes ( but s ee b elow), I nside t he r ing a s eries o f e arly f eatures w ere i d entified , T o t he w e st w as a d emolished c ove , w hich m easured c 2 ,5m s quare a nd h ad s toneholes o n 3s ides ; t h e e astern s ide w as o pen , T he w estern e nd h ad o ne s tone , w hile t he n orthern s ide h ad t wo , T he s outhern s ide w as d estroyed t o t he e ast b ut m ay o riginally a lso h ave h ad 2 s tones , A1 ,90m h igh o rthostat w as f ound w hich o n ly f i lled h alf t he s u rviving s tonehole o n t h is s ide , P iggott c oncluded t h is w as a l a ter s tone a ssociated w ith t h e b eaker b urial d escribed b elow ( w hich h ad p resumably a lso d estroyed t he o ther s tonehole ) , b ecause o f i ts p oor f i t t o t he o riginal h ole , H owever, i f t he c ove w as b uilt t o h ave a s ymmetrical a ppearance , t h en i t c ould b e a rgued t hat t h is o rthostat i s o ne o f t he o rigina l c ove s tones , a s i t m atches t he n orthern s ide b etter t han a l a rger s tone w ould h ave d one , P erhaps t he o riginal s t onehole w as i nadvertently d ug t oo l a rge , I f t he o rthostat i s t he o r iginal, i t a ppears n ot t o h ave b een d emo lished b ecause o f i t s a ssociation w ith t he b eaker g rave , T he o ther s toneholes o f t he c ove a re o val a nd h ence a re l i kely t o h ave c ontained s labs r ather t han t imber p osts , T hese p its a re c omparable t o t hose i n t he r ing o f o rthostats b oth i n t heir d epth a nd s teepness o f s ide a nd h ence t h is w eakens M ercer 's c ase f o r t imber u prights i n t he c i rcle , T he b eaker g rave c omprises a c 1 ,3x2 ,1m r o ck-cut p it , w hich w as 0 ,45m d eep a nd o r ientated e ast/west , I t c onta ined t he s tain o f ae xtended i nhumation a ccompan ied b y 2 r e latively l a te b eakers , a f u rther s herd ( g rooved w are?) , a nd 2 o b jects o f c a rbonized w ood ; o ne o ver t he f ace , a nd t he o ther , a ' c lub l i ke o b ject , b eside t he b ody , T h is p it w as s urrounded b y ac ontiguous k erb o f l ow s labs w ith a d iameter o f 2 ,8x3 ,4m , T h is r ing w as i n tact , b ut i n c ontrast , ap robable o uter k erb h ad b een e xtensively r obbed , w i th o nly 3 -4 s tones r emain ing , T his w as e ccentrically p laced s o a s t o i n corpo rate t he o rthostat a nd i t h ad a d iameter o f c 4 ,5m , A lthough n o i dentifiably d i fferent c a irn m aterial c ou ld b e d istinguished ( f rom t he l a ter c a irn t hat o verlay t hese f e atures), i t i s l i kely t h at a c a irn e xisted a s t h is w ould e xplain t h e d ifferentia l s urvival o f t he k erbs , t he i n ne r o ne , b eing b uried , r emained i n tact , w hile t he v isible o uter o ne w as v irtually d emolished b e fore al a ter c a irn w as b uilt , W hile t he r e lative c hronology o f t he c ove a nd k erbed m ound w as c learly d emonst rable , t h is w as n ot t he c ase w ith o ther e arly f eatures i n t he i n terior, A t t he c entre w as a s hallow s ub-rectangular s coop m easuring c 6 ,0 x 1 2 ,5m a nd a ligned o n t he SE e ntrance , W ithin t he e dges o f t h is w ere 3 m uch d eeper e longated p its a lso w ith t he s ame o rientation , T hat o n t he e astern s ide m easured c 2 ,5x7 ,0m a nd w ent d own i n 2 -3 s teps t o t he c entre , T he t wo w estern p its w ere s maller m easuring c 2 ,0x4 ,0 a nd c 2 ,0x3 ,5m , O ne o f t hese c ontained 2 u ndecorated b eaker s herds , w h ile t he o ther h ad f ragments o f c remated b one , T he f un ction o f t hese p its i s u nknown b ut i t h as b een s uggested t hey w ere q uarries ( for t he b eaker -g rave m ound?), A lternatively , t hey c ould h ave h ad r itual s ignifican ce a s m ay b e s uggested b y t he s ilting w hich s uggests t he w hole f eature i s l i kely t o h ave b een p urposefully b a ckfilled , A d jacent t o t h is f eature w as a s ub-circular a rc o f 7 -8 p its w ith a ssociated c remat ions , b oth w ithin t he p its a nd n earby , I t f a ced t he c ove a nd b ea ker c a irn a nd h ence i s l i ke ly t o h ave b een b uilt w hile o ne o r t he o ther o f t hese w ere i n u se , T he p its a re e qually s paced , i n dicating t hey w ere c arefully b uilt a nd t hey d e fine t hree s traight s ides r ather t h an a s ingle a rc, A p ro jected c entre t o t h e s etting f a lls o n t he b eaker g rave r ather t h an t he a d ja cent c ove , p erhaps i ndicating t hat t hey r e lated t o t h e f o rmer s tructure , P iggott

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s uggested t he p its c ould h ave c ontained e ither s tones o r p osts , 5 -6 o f t he p its a ppear t o h ave b een r e cut w hich p erhaps f avours t he p ost h ypothesis , A lternative ly , i t i s p ossible t h at a n a rc o f 8 -9 s hallow p its c ontaining c remations , b ut n o p osts o r s tones , w as r e placed s oon a fterwards b y a n a rc o f 6 t imber p osts s et i n d eeper h oles o n t he s ame a l ignment , b ut n ot e xtending a s f a r a s t he t wo e nds o f t he e arlier s etting , S evera l o ther e arly f eatures a nd a rtefacts w ere f ound w hich h ave n o d istinctive s patial r e lationship t o t he f eatures a lready d escribed , I mmed iately o utside o ne o f t he r i ng o rthostats w as a s ma ll, r ubble-filled , r o ck-cut p it c ontaining a c rushed b eaker o f r e latively e arly t ype , b ut n o i n terment , P iggott s uggested i t c ould h ave c ontained a c hild i n humation w hich t he a cid s oil h ad d estroyed , b ut t he p ossibility o f ad edicatory/ritual d eposit i s e qua lly p lausible , T hree c harcoal p atches w ere f ound s ealed u nder t he l a ter c e ntral c a irn ( see b elow) a nd h ence m ust b e r elatively e arly , w hile 2 o thers , o ne b y t he SE e ntrance a nd o ne i n t he n orthwest q uadrant , c ou ld n ot b e d ated , T wo p olished a xe f r agments a nd a s herd ( g rooved w are?) w ere a lso f ound s ealed u nder t he l ater k erb , T he r e lative c h ronology o f a ll t he e arly f eatures a t C airnpapple i s d ifficult t o u n ravel, P iggott s uggested t hat t he c ove , t he p ost a rc a nd t he b ank a nd d itch w ere e a rliest , I n h is s econd p hase t he c ove w as d emolished , a nd r eplaced b y t he b eaker c airn , a nd t he r e ctangu lar a l ternatives e x ist ,

s coop , a nd t he c i rcle w ere a dded , W hile t h is s equence i s p lausible , W orthy o f n ote i s t he p ossibility t hat t he c ircle a nd c ove a re

c o ntemporary , w h ile b oth t he b eaker g rave a nd t he a rc o f p osts m ay b e l a ter, T he m ismatch b e tween t he c i rcle p ortals a nd t he h enge e ntrances m ay w ell s uggest t hese w ere b uilt a t d i fferent d ates , I n c ontrast , t he s ub-rectangu lar s coop i s a ligned d irectly o n o ne o f t he e n trances a nd m ay s uggest i t i s ap rimary f eature , A n i n teresting p ossibility , d espite i t b e ing c ontrary t o s equen ces d emonstrated e lsewhere , i s s uggested b y t he c ircle p ortal m ismatch w ith t he e ntrance t o t he n orth , I f t h is o rthostat f unctioned a s a n e ntrancem a rker t he r ing a nd c ove m ay h ave b een b uilt p rior t o t he b ank a nd d itch , T he h enge e ntrances a re r e latively u nusual i n t hat t hey a re n ot d iametrically o pposite a nd t h is c ould b e e xplained b y a p oint o f e mphasis , t he c ove , a lready e xisting i n t he w estern q uadrant , A t al a ter d ate t he s ite w as r emodelled , I n t he w estern h alf, a l a rge s tone c a irn w as a dded e ccentrically o ver t he b eaker c a irn , w ith a k erb o f m assive s labs i n a 1 3 ,5x 14,0m r i ng , T his o verlay t he l i ne o f t he c i rcle w hich m ust h ave b een p reviously d ismantled ( o r r o tted), T he k erbstones w ere u p t o 2 ,75m l ong a nd P iggott s uggested t hey w ere t he r e-used c i rcle o rthostats , A t t he c entre o f t h is c airn w as a s ub-rectangular c ist i n ap it , w ith a m assive c apstone m easuring c 2 ,4x 1,2m , T his c ontained a b ad ly r otted i nhumation , a f ood v essel a nd a s mall c a rbonized o b ject , I n t he e astern h alf o f t he c a irn w as a s econd c ist o n t he o ld g round s urface w hich c ontained a h uman c remation a nd a g reen p ebble , A t ad ate w hen t h e h enge d itch w as v irtually f u lly s ilted , t he c a irn w as e nlarged , w ith a k erb o f r ounded b oulders , o f c 26 ,5x28 ,5m d iameter , b uilt c on centric t o t he e arlier k e rb , U nder t h is a ddition w ere f ound 2 c remations , e ach a ccompanied b y ac o llared u rn a nd ab one p in , O ne a lso h ad b urnt f l int f la kes , I n t he C hristian e ra f our g raves , o rientated e ast-west a nd o f s uitab le s ize e xtended i nhumations , w ere i n serted i n to t he e astern q uadrant o f t he h enge , 1 : P iggott 1 9 48 2 : B url 1 969 3 : B url 1 976 ( West L othian 1 ) 4 : M ercer 1 98 1

f o r

8 :4 C AULDSIDE B URN N X 5 2957 1 D um fries a nd G alloway ( K irkcudbrightshire) B : C /F 3 /A /C : T hom e t a l 1 980 ; G (OD) / c 24 ,7x25 ,9 / 1 319 / 3 0-33 D : ? 1 ; F ,BU / 2 ; S ? /2 M /3 ; S ,T / ? 4 ; F ,BU / 2 -3M / 5 : S ? /M /6 ; /? 7 ; F ,BU / 2 M / ? 8 ; F ,BU / 9 ; S ? /? M /? 10 ; F ,BU / 1 ; /M / 1 2 ; 1 ,20 / 1 3 ; -/1 4 ; -/? 15 ; F ,BU / M/1 6 ; - /M / 1 7 ; -/1 8 ; -/1 -2M / 1 9 ; E : 1 -2 ; 2 ,7 / 0 / ( 1 1-M ; 2 ,5) / ( M12 ; 2 ,5) / 1 2 13 ; 2 ,3 / 1 3 14 ; 2 ,3 / 0 / ( 16-M ; 2 ,3) / M 17 ; 2 ,3) / 1 7 18 ; 2 ,7 / 0 / 1 91; 2 ,7 F : ( small) / ( ? -1 , 20) / ( 2 ,5) / ( 2 ,3-2 ,7) / c 4 ,6%

- 3 31

-

G : w h instone f l ags / A CA / S ? ,0? T h is d i lap idated c i rcle h as a t a ll s tone t o t he s outh-west , H owever , i t s s t atus a s a d i rectiona l s tone i s u n certa in a s o ther s tones m ay h ave r o tted t o s tumps , T h e re a re e xtensive s hallow p eat d igg ings i n a nd a round t h e s ite , I m med iate ly t o t he NW i s ac 19 ,0m c a irn w ith a s mall c ist a t i t s s ummit , F u rther t o t h e NW , o n t he s ame l i ne , a r e 2s mall o rthostats a l igned o n t he c i rcle , a nd b eyond t hese a r i ng cairn o r r obbed c a irn w ith a d iameter o f 1 2 m a nd a c i st a t i t s c entre , As hort d istan ce t o t h e e ast o f t he s t one c i rcle i s ac a irn fie ld , 1 : C o les 1 8 94-5 2 : R CAHM 1 9 14 ( 1 6) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( K irkcudbright 1 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 6 4/ 14) 8 :5 C LAUGHREID N X 5 1756 D um fries B : L /F 22 / G / C : R CAHM 1 9 14 ; U /9 , 1x 10 ,5 / 9 / 9 D : 1 ; - /2 ; - 3 ; - /4 ; /5 ; - /6 ; /7 ; /8 ; E : 1 2 ; 3 ,3 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,4 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,3 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,8 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,4 9 1; 3 , 7 F : ( s ma ll) / ( ? -0 ,40) / 3 ,4 / 3 , 1-3 ,8 / 1 3 ,3% G : g ranite / I D /T he c i rcle o f s mall s tones s u rrounds a l a rge g ran ite 1 , 65x 1,10m i n p lan , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 14 ( 2 93) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( K irkcudbright

a nd G a lloway ( K irkcudbrightsh ire)

/9 ; -/ /6 -7 ; 3 , 1 /7 -8 ; 3 , 1 /8 9 ; 3 , 1 /

b ou lder

w h ich

i s 0 ,65m h i gh a nd

2 )

8 :6 C ROWSTONES N T 6 18652 L othian ( E ast L oth ian ) B : N /P FP3 / A / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; U /c 1 ,5 / 4 / 4 D : 1 ; F ? /2 ; F ? /3 ; F ? /4 ; F ? E : I D F : ( s ma ll) / I D /I D /I D /I D G : N O / - /T h is s ite c o mprises 4 e a rth fast b ou lders s et i n a r e ctang le a nd h ence i t m a y b e d im inutive F ou r P oster , T here i s as l ight h o llow a t t h e c e nt re s uggesting d isturban ce , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 24 ( 2 45 ) 2 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 p 306

a

8 :7 D RANNANDOW N X 4 0 17 11 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( K irkcudbrightsh ire) B : L /F 24 / A / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 2 7 ,2 / 6 / 1 2 14 D : A : 1 ; S ? o r F/1 2M / 2 ; 0 ,45 / 3 ; 0 ,45 / B / 2 -3M / 4 ; 0 ,45 / 5 ; 0 ,45 / M / / 6 ; 0 ,80 E : 2 -3 ; 5 ,4 / 0 / 4 -5 ; 6 ,9 / 0 / B -6 ; 7 ,3 / 6 1; 6 ,5 F : ( 0 ,50 ) /( 0 ,45-0 ,80 ) /( 6 ,5) / ( 5 ,4-7 ,3) / I D G : N O /A CA / T h is d i lap idated c i rcle h as h ad s everal s tones b ro ken u p a nd r e moved , 2 7 m etres t o t h e S E i s al a rge c a irn b ut t h is i s n ot v isib le b e cause o f a n i n te rven ing r idgetop , I m med iately b eyond t h is i s a n e xtensive c a irn field , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 14 ( 3 66) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( K irkcudbright 3 ) 3 : T hom ,Thom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 6 4/3) 8 :8 D RUMMORE N X 6 88459 B : L /F 24 / D / C : N /c 2 6 ,0 / 0 / I 0 (9+) 0 : I D E : N D F : ( 1 ,50?) / I D /N D /N D /I D

D um fries a nd G a lloway ( K irkcudb rightsh ire)

— 3 32 —

G : N D /- /T h is s ite w as d estroyed b y t he t enant i n 1 867 , F our r e cumbent a nd a pparently d isplaced b ou lders r emain i n t he f ield , T hese a re s maller t han t he h eight ( 1 ,5m) q uoted f or t he 5 o ut o f 9s tones w h ich s tood p rior t o 1 867 , T hey a re 1 , 11,5m l ong , 1 : C oles 1 894-5 2 : R CAHM 1 9 14 ( 237) 3 : B url 1 976 ( K irkcudbright 4 ) 8 :9 E AST H ILL B : L /F 24 / P /

N X 9 19739

D umfries a nd G alloway ( K irkcudbrightshire)

C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (00) / c 20 ,0 / 8 / 9 12 D : 1 ; D I? / 2 ; D I ? /3 ; - /P ? /M /4 ; - /P ? /5 ; B ? - /6 ; D I? / 7 ; - /8 ; - /P ? E : I D F : ( l ow) / ( ? 0 ,90) / I D /I D /I D G : N D /- /T h is d ilapidated r ing w as t rad itionally k nown a s ' t he S even G ray S tanes ' d espite i t h aving 8s urviving t oday w ith a n inth r ecorded , I t i s s ited o n a s light b ut n oticeable k noll, C o les r e corded 3 h ollows w hich h e i nterpreted a s s ites o f f u rther s tones , S ome o f t he r e maining s tones a ppear t o h ave b een d isplaced , o nly 2 a re s till u pright , 1 : C oles 1 894-5 2 : R CAHM 1 9 14 ( 332) 3 : B url 1 976 ( K irkcudbright 5 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( G5/9 , M axwelltown) 8 : 10 E LDRIG L OCH N X 3 24498 D umfries a nd G alloway ( W igtownshire) 8 : L /F 22 / D O / C : N /c 3 ,5-5 ,0 / 0 / I D (5+) D : I D E : N D F : ( low) / ( 0 ,30-0 .45) / I D /I D /I D G : N D /I O /T oday t he 1 ,7m h igh C arlin S tone s tands a lone , B efore t he m id 1 9 th c entury , 5s tones , e ach 0 ,3-0 ,5m h igh , s tood i n ar ing r ound t he t a ll c entre s tone , T he c ircle w as i n complete , d amaged b y a d yke t o t he n orth-east , T he d iameter w as n oted t o b e ' s ay 1 2 f eet ' b ut f u rther d escription o f t he s ite s uggests i t w as s omewhat l a rger . T he c ircle w as d estroyed i n 1 848-9 , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 12 ( 2 30)

2 : B url 1 976 ( W igtown 1 )

3 : M urray 1 98 1

8 : 11 G IRDLE S TANES N Y 2 5496 1 D umfries a nd G alloway ( Dumfries-shire) B : C /W CH / A / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (00) / c 39 ,0 / 2 0+ / 3 7-47 D : 1 ; 1 , 10 / 2 ; 0 ,75 / 3 ; 0 ,85 / 4 ; 0 ,90 / ? M /5 ; 0 ,50 / 6 ; F1 ,20 / 7 ; L1 ,50 / 8 ; F ? 1 ,00 / 9 ; 0 ,65 / 1 0 ; F1 ,20 / M / 1 ; 1 ,50 / 1 2 ; F1 ,50 / 1 3 ; 1 ,30 / 1 -2M / 1 4 ; F ? 0 ,80 / 1 5 ; F0 ,90 / 1 6 ; 0 ,80 / M / 1 7 ; 1 , 10 / ? M /1 8 ; F ,BU / 1 -2M / 1 9 ; F ,BU 1 , 00 / 1 2 18M / 2 0 ; F1 , 30 / M E : 1 -2 ; 4 , 1 /2 -3 ; 3 ,5 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,4 / 0 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,0 / 6 -7 ; 3 ,5 / 7 -8 ; 2 ,7 / 8 -9 ; 2 ,4 / 9 10 ; 1 ,8 / ( 1 0-M ; 2 ,6) / ( M11; 2 ,6) / 112 ; 2 ,4 / 1 2 13 ; 2 ,3 / 0 / 1 415 ; 2 ,6 / 1 5 16 ; 3 ,0 / ( 1 6-M ; 2 ,7) / M 17 ; 2 ,7) / 0 / ( 20-M ; 3 ,6) / ( M1; 3 ,6) F : 1 ,05 / 0 ,501,50 / 2 ,9 / 1 ,8-4 ,1 / I D G : N D /E B ,P0 ,ET / P ,E T he w estern a r c o f t h is w estern c ircle-henge h as b een d estroyed b y t he r iver , 6 -8 b oulders l i e i n i t s b ed w hich c ou ld o riginate f rom t he s ite , A bout 6 0% o f t he c ircum ference s u rvives , T he b ank i s b est p reserved t o t he n orth a nd e ast w here i t i s q uite s ubstantial a nd u p t o c 4 ,0m w ide , I n t he 1 9th c entury a h edge f o llowed i t s c ourse , T he o rthostats l i e w ithin b ut n ear i t s i n ner e dge , S everal s mall r e cumbent s tones a lso l ie h ere w h ich h ave n ot b een c ounted i n t he t ables a bove b ecause o f t heir u ncertain s tatus , T here i s a n e ntrance t o t h e s outheast w here t here i s a n o uter p ortal s tone w hich s tands 0 ,80m h igh , A s e cond

m atch ing p ortal

h as

p robably

b een

r emoved ,

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A bout

1 20m

n orth

o f

t he

s ite

a re

2

f a llen s tones o f u ncertain s tatus a t t he r idge c rest , w h ich i n dicate t he d irection o f t he L oupin S tanes w hich l ies o ut o f v iew a s hort d istance b eyond t hem , 1 : C hristison 1 896-7 2 : R CAHM 1 920 ( 198) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( G 7/5)

3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Dum fries 1 )

8 : 12 G LENQUICKAN N X 5 09582 D umfries a nd G a lloway ( K irkcudbrightshire) B : D /F S /G / C : T hom e t a l 1 980 ; G/1 5 ,4x 16 ,5 / 2 8 /2 9 0 : 1 ; - /2 ; L /3 ; - /4 : /5 ; - /6 ; /7 ; /8 ; - /9 ; -/1 0 ; -/1 ; -/1 2 ; /1 3 ; 0 ,90 / 1 4 ; 0 ,90 / 1 5 ; /1 6 ; - /1 7 ; -/1 8 ; -/1 9 ; /M /2 0 ; - /2 1 ; L / 2 : - /2 3 ; /2 4 ; - /2 5 ; - /2 6 ; L- /2 7 ; - /2 8 ; E : 1 -2 ; 1 ,5 / 2 -3 ; 1 ,5 / 3 -4 ; 2 ,0 / 4 -5 ; 1 ,7 / 5 -6 ; 1 , 6 /6 -7 ; 1 , 5 /7 -8 ; 1 ,0 / 8 -9 ; 1 ,3 / 9 10 ; 1 ,8 / 1 0 11: 2 ,0 / 112 ; 2 ,2 / 1 213 ; 2 ,4 / 1 3 14 ; 1 ,6 / 1 4 15 ; 1 ,5 / 1 5 16 ; 2 ,0 /1 6 17 ; 1 ,9 / 1 7 : 18 ; 2 ,0 / 1 8 19 : 2 ,3 / ( 19-M ; 1 ,6) / M -20 ; 1 , 6) / 2 0-2 1; 1 ,3 / 2 1-22 ; 1 ,9 / 2-23 ; 2 ,2 / 2 3-24 ; 2 , 1 /2 4-25 ; 2 ,2 / 2 5-26 ; 1 , 7 /2 6-27; 2 ,0 / 2 7-28 ; 1 , 5 /2 81; 1 ,2 F : ( c0 ,60) / ( c 0 ,30-0 ,90) / 1 ,9 / 1 ,2-2 ,4 / 6 ,7% G : g ranite / I O ,IPL / G T h is v irtually c omplete c i rcle o f s mall w aterworn s tones s urrounds a t all g ran ite p illar w h ich s tands 1 ,85m h igh a t t he c entre o f t he r ing , S u rrounding t he l atter , a nd f i lling m uch o f t he i n terior, i s a l ayer o f c obbling o r f ield c learance , T he c ircle s tones a re g raded t o t he SE a nd t he 2 t a llest a re s lab-like r ather t han t he u sual r ounded b oulders , 1 : C oles 1 894-5 2 : R CAHM 1 9 14 ( 2 92) 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( K irkcudbright 7 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( 6 4/12), 8 : 13 G LENTIRROW B : C : D : E : F :

N X 1 45625

D um fries a nd G alloway ( W idtownsh ire)

N /F P 1 /G / N /c 3 ,5 / 4 / 4 1 ; 0 ,55 / 2 ; 0 ,70 / 3 ; 0 ,65 / 4 ; F0 ,55 I D 0 ,60 / 0 ,55-0 ,70 / ( c 2 ,5) / ( c 2 ,4-2 ,7) / I D

G : N D /( AO?) / F T his s ite h as s puriously b een i n terpreted a s t he f ragmentary r emains o f al a rge c oncentric c i rcle , b ut i t i s c learly a r e ctangu lar F our P oster o rientated r oughly n orth/south , I ts c entre i s l ow a nd b oggy s uggesting t h is h as b een e xplored , T he s tones a re a ll o f s imilar h eight , a lthough t he s outhwestern s tone i s b ulkier t han t he o thers , T he n orthwest s tone h as f a llen , i n t he m id 1 9th c entury t h is w as s tand ing , b ut l o ose , a nd o n ly s et 0 ,3-0 ,5m i n to t he g round , A t t h is t ime t here w as a s ingle o rthostat a s hort d istance f rom t he s ite , N earby a re s everal c a irns a nd r ingcairns , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 12 ( 48) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( W igtown 2 ) 8 : 14 G RAY S TANES 0 ' G ARLEFFAN

N X 0 878 16

3 : M urray 1 98 1 S trathclyde ( Ayrsh ire)

8 : A /P F 1 /P /C : N /c 180 ,0? / 7 / I D ( c 1213?) 0 : I D : 5u pright ,2 f a llen E : I D F : ( large) / ( ? 1 ,60) / I D /I D /I D G : c onglomerate , g ranite / / T he s tatus o f t h is s ite i s u ncertain , 7s tones d escribe t he n orthern h alf o f ar ind o f h uge d iameter , A lternatively , t he s tones m ay n ever h ave f o rmed a f u ll c ircle , b ut b e long t o m ore t han o ne m enhir s etting , T wo o f t he s tones a ppear t o b e p laced t ogether a lthough a t l east o ne o f t hese h as f a llen a nd m ay b e d isplaced , T he o thers a re r oughly e qually s paced , 1 : S m ith 1 895

2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Ayrshire 4 )

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8 : 15 H ARESTANES N T 1 2 4443 B o rders ( P eebles-sh ire) B : L /F 23 / G C : R CAHM 1 9 67 ; G /c 3 ,5x3 ,8 / 5 / 5 D : 1 ; S ,T / 2 ; 1 , 40 / 3 ; 0 ,90 / 4 ; 0 ,90 / 5 ; 1 , 00 E : 1 2 ; 2 ,5 / 2 3 ; 2 ,5 / 3 4 ; 2 , 3 /4 -5 ; 1 , 8 /5 1; 2 ,5 F : 0 ,95+ 1,40 / 0 ,901,00+ 1,40 / 2 ,3 / 1 , 8-2 ,5 / c 7 ,9% G : c ong lomerate / K ? /S T h is w e ll p reserved b u t s ma ll s tone c i rcle h as o ne p articu larly t a ll s tone t o t h e s o utheast , O ne s tone i s b ro ken , t h e t o p l i es n ear i t s s tump , T here w as a c ont iguous l i ne o f s ma ll v e rtica lly-set s tones b etween 2 o f t h e o rthostats n oted i n o ne a c count , A l l w e re l o ose a nd t h ey m ay n ot h ave b een a n o r ig ina l f e atu re , 1 : C o les 1 9 02-3 2 : R CAHM 1 9 67 ( 1 07) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P eeblesh ire 1 ) 8 : 16 H IGH A UCHENLAR IE N X 5 39534 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( K irkcudbrightsh ire) B : L /P F25 / A / C : R CAHM 1 9 14 ; U /c 19 ,8x 14 ,3? / 4 -6? / I D ( c 13?) D : 1 ; 0 ,90 / M / 2 ; 1 , 10 / 3 ; 1 , 50 / c 3 M /4 ; 1 , 35 / c 2M / ? ( 5 ; F , ?DI 0 ,80) / ?( 6 ; F , ?D I 0 ,50) / c 3M E : ( 1 -M ; 3 ,7) / ( M -2 ; 3 ,7) / 2 -3 ; 4 ,3 / 0 F : ( 1 ,20) / ( 0 ,901,50) / ( 4 ,3) / I D /I D ( 2 7 ,8%?) G : N D /I C A /T h ere a re c o n flicting a c counts o f t h is s ite , C o les d escribes t h e s tones a s b e ing s et o n t h e i n ner e dge o f ar ing ca irn w ith a d iameter o f c l l m etres , H e c on cluded t h is r u bb le r i ng w a s t h e r ema ins o f ar o bbed c a irn w h ich o n ce f i lled t h e i n terior , T he R oya l C omm ission d e scribe t h e s ite a s af r eestand ing r i ng w h ich o n ce p assed t h rough a c a irn o f c 6 ,5 m etres d i ameter o n i t s s outhern a r c , T hey a lso s uggest 3 o f t he s tones t o t h e s outh w e re n ot p a rt o f t h e c i rcle b ut s tood o utside i t , T h is s eems u n likely a nd t h e r ing i s p robab ly o va l r a the r t han c i rcu la r , w i th t h e c a irn i n t h e i n terior , T wo o f t he s outhern s tones a re i n terpreted a s s tumps b u t c ou ld b e f o rtu itous s tones , T he t h ird s tands 1 , 35m h igh a nd p r obab ly l i es o n t h e r i ng , 1 : C o les 1 8 94-5 2 : R CAHM 1 9 14 ( 1 8 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( K irkcudbright 9 ) 8 : 17 H OLM O F D ALTALLOCHAN N X 54942 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( K irkcudbrightsh ire) B : L /P F24 / A / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (OD ) c 1 9 ,2x26 ,2 / 1 2 13 / 1 5 ? D : A ; 1 ; F0 ,90 / 2 ; L1 , 20 / M / 3 ; F1 , 00 / 4 ; F0 ,80 / 5 ; F ,BU / M / 6 ; F1 , 00 / 7 ; F0 ,80 / ? 8 , F , 0 ,60 / ? 9 , F0 ,80 / 1 0 ; F1 , 50 / M / 1 ; F1 , 00 / 1 2 ; F0 ,90 / 1 3 ; F0 ,80 E : 1 2 ; 4 ,9 / ( 2 -M ; 4 ,9 ) /( M -3 ; 4 ,9 ) /3 4 ; 4 ,0 / 4 -5 ; 4 ,6 / ( 5 -M ; 3 ,8 ) /( M -6 ; 3 ,8) / 6 -7 ; 3 ,7 / 7 8 ; 4 ,9 / ( 8 -9 ; 1 , 4) / ( 9 10 ; 3 ,4) / ( 1 0-M ; 4 ,9) / ( M 11; 4 ,9) / 1 12 ; 5 ,5 /1 2 13 ; 4 ,4 / 1 3 1; 6 ,4 F : ( 0 ,95) / ( 0 ,601,50) / 4 ,8 / 3 ,7-6 ,4 / c 2 6 ,7% G : w h instone / I C A? / 8 ? T h is r i ng i s b u ilt a round t h e b ase o f ap rominent m ound w h ich i s p robab ly a d rum lin , T he m a jority o f t h e s tones a re s mall a nd l o ose , w h ich h as l e d t o s pe cu lation t h at t h ey a re n o th ing m o re t h an f i e ld c l earan ce , T h is s eems u n likely a s t h e m a jority a re e qua lly s paced , T wo l a rger s t ones e x ist w h ich a re r o ugh ly d iametrically-opposite e a ch o ther , T hat t o t h e NE l e ans i n wards r a the r t h an b e ing r e cumbent , T hat t o t h e SW i s p erhaps d es igned t o b e s ign ificantly t a ller t h an i t s f e llows , 1 : C o les 1 8 94-5 2 : R CAHM 1 9 14 ( 9 7) 3 ; B u rl 1 9 76 ( K irkcudbright 1 0 ) 4 ; T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( G 4/ 1, C a rsphairn )

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8 : 18 K INGSIDE S CHOOL N T 6 43642 L o th ian ( E ast L oth ian ) B : N /P FP3 / G / C : N /c 3 ,5? / 4 / 4 0 : I D E : I D F : ( c 0 ,35) / 0 ,25-0 ,45 / I D /( c 2 ,0-3 ,0 ) /( I D) G : N D / - /F ? T h is p robable d iminutive F ou r P oster i s i n ta ct a nd h a s al o ng a x is o rientated W NW/ESE , T he re i s af i fth r e cumbent s tone n ear t h e c entre o f t h e S W s ide , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 24 ( 2 46) 8 : 19 K IRKH ILL N Y 1 4 0960 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( D um fries-sh ire) B : L /F 2 1 /P /C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 1 1,6 / 7 / c 9 10? D : A : 1 ; Fo r L ? 0 ,60 / M / 2 ; F ? 1 , 00 / ( 3 ; F ,D I 0 ,80) / 4 ; F ? 0 ,60 / 3 -4M / 5 ; For L ? 0 ,60 / ( 6 ; F ,DI 0 ,60) / 7 ; For L ? 0 ,50 E : ( 1 -M ; 3 ,7) / ( M -2 ; 3 ,7) / 2 -4 ; 3 , 1 /0 / 5 -7 ; 4 , 1 / 7-1 ; 4 ,4 F : ( 0 ,65) / ( 0 ,501,00) / ( 3 ,9 ) /( 3 ,1-4 ,4) / I D G : w h instone / - / T h is r ing i s p oorly p reserved , s ome s tones a ppear t o h ave b een r emoved a nd o thers d isp la ced , I t i s d i fficu lt t o d eterm ine w h ich , i f a ny , a r e u p right , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 20 ( 6 25) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D um fries 4 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 6 7/3 , W amphray ) 8 :20 L A IRDMANNOCK N X 626 14 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( K irkcudbrightsh ire) B : L /F 22 / G / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /6 ,3x6 ,4 / 1 0 /1 0 C I !1 ; - /2 ; - /3 ; /4 ; - /5 ; /6 ; - /7 ; - /8 ; - /9 ; -/1 0 ; E : 1 2 ; 1 , 9 /2 -3 ; 2 ,0 / 3 -4 ; 2 ,0 / 4 -5 ; 1 , 9 /5 -6 ; 2 ,2 / 6 -7 ; 2 ,0 / 7 -8 ; 2 , 1 /8 -9 ; 2 ,0 / 9 10 ; 1 , 8 /1 0 1; 1 , 9 F : ( c 0 ,20) / c 0 ,10-0 ,30 / 2 ,0 / 1 , 8-2 ,2 / 1 , 6% G : g ran ite / 1 0 /T h is c omp lete r i ng o f s mall b ou lders s u rrounds a f a llen c e ntre s tone w h ich i s 1 , 60m l o ng , N ea rby t o t h e n o rth-west i s al a rge c a irn , 1 : C o les 1 8 94-5 2 : R CAHM 1 9 14 ( 4 46) 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( K irkcudbright 1 2 ) 4 : T hom ,Thom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( G 4/9 , L o ch M anno ch) 8 :2 1 L OCHMABEN S TONE N Y 3 1 1660 D um fries a n d G a lloway ( D um fries-sh ire ) B : C ? /P F 1 /V P /P ; C rone 1 9 82 C : N /c 25? / 1 / I D ( 9 +) D : 0/1 ; 2 ,90 / 0 E : N D F : I D / ?+ 2 ,90 / I D /I D /I D G : g ran ite / - / 5 ? T oday t h ere i s o n ly a t a ll o rthostat , a nd t he f r agment o f a nother 2 4m a way i n af i e ld b ounda ry , I n 1 8 4 1 i t w as r e corded t h at t h e L o chmaben S t one w as t h e l a rgest s tone i n a s tone c i rcle c o mprising ' a n umber o f w h ite s tones p laced u p right c i rcling h a lf a n a c re o f g round i n a n o val f o rm ', W hen t h e O rdnan ce S u rvey f i rst r e corded t he s ite t h e re w e re 9 s tones , T he t a ll o rthostat f e ll r e cently a nd i t s s ha llow s tonehole w as e x cavated a n d t h e s tone r e stored , C harcoa l f r om t h e s tonehole p rodu ced a d a te o f 2 525t85bc ( G U 1 5 9 1) , A r e s istiv ity s u rvey f a iled t o f i nd t h e r ema inde r o f t h e s t one c i rcle , H owever , p lough ing m ay h ave d estroyed t h e e v idence , a s e ven t he s toneho le f o r t h e l a rgest s tone w a s o n ly 0 ,25m d eep , 1 : O SA 1 8 4 1 p 528 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( D um fries 6 ) 3 : C rone 1 9 83 ( C lochmabanestane)

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8 : 22 L OCH R OAN N X 6 40709 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( K irkcudb rightsh ire) B : D /P F5 / A / C : R e id ; P /c 2 1,0x 18 ,0 / 2 0 ? /2 0 -22 D : A : 1 ; - /2 ; - /3 ; - /4 ; - /5 ; /6 ; - /7 ; - /8 ; - /9 ; -/1 0 ; -/1 ; /1 2 ; /1 3 ; -/1 4 ; -/1 5 ; -/1 6 ; -/1 7 ; - /1 8 ; -/1 9 ; - /2 0 ; E : I D F : ( s ma ll) / I D /I D /I D /I D G : N D /I D /T h is p ossib le s i te a ppears t o c omprise a c i rcle s u rround ing a f a llen c entre s tone w h ich m e asures 4 ,00x2 ,20m , H owever , t h e s ite s hou ld b e r ega rded w ith s ome c aution a s a l l t h e s t ones a re n oted a s f a llen , m any a re b u ried a nd h ave o n ly b een l o cated b y p robing , I t i s d e s cribed a s b e ing i n ag enera lly s tony a rea , 1 : R e id 1 9 38-40 ( L o ch S t roan ) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( K irkcudbright 1 4 ) 8 : 23 L OUP IN S TANES N Y 2 5 7966 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( D um fries-shire) B : L /S P7 / G / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (00 ) /c 1 0 ,4x 12 ,4 / 1 2 /1 7 18 0 : A : 1 ; F0 ,50 / M / 2 ; L0 ,40 / 3 ; 0 ,60 / 4 ; 0 ,60 / 5 ; 0 ,30 / M / 6 ; 0 ,30 / M / 7 ; 0 ,30 /8 ; 1 , 60 / 9 ; 1 , 60 / 1 0 ; 0 ,30 / M / 1 ; F0 ,40 / 1 2 ; F0 ,30 / 1 2M E : ( 1 -M ; 1 , 8) / ( M -2 ; 1 , 8 ) /2 -3 ; 1 , 8 /3 -4 ; 2 ,5 / 4 -5 ; 2 ,4 / ( 5 -M ; 1 , 9) / ( M -6 ; 1 , 9) / 6 -M ; 2 ,3) / M -7 ; 2 ,3 ) /7 -8 ; 2 , 1 /E : 8 -9 ; 3 ,5 / 9 10 ; 1 , 5 /( 1 0-M ; 1 , 6) / (M11; 1 , 6 ) / 1 12 ; 1 , 2 /0 F : ( 0 ,40)+ 1,60 ,1,60 / ( 0 ,30-0 ,60 )+ 1,60 ,1,60 / 1 , 9+3 ,5 / 1 , 2-2 ,5+3 ,5 / c 1 6 ,1% G : g ranite / B ,PL , ( A SC? ,SR ?) / P T h is s ite a ppea rs t o s u rround a l o w p lat form a nd t he r i ng i t self i s i n corporated w ith in a s o mewhat h igher b an k , T w o t a ll p i llars a re p la ced t o t h e W SW a nd s tand o ut i n s t rong c o ntrast t o t h e o ther s tones , T o t h e SW o f t h e s ite a re s eve ra l s mall s tones w h ich a ppea r t o f o rm a s inuous a venue t o t h e G i rd le S tanes , H owever , t h ese m ay w e ll b e f o rtu itous s t ones , T here i s ad ubious r u ined c i rcle i m med iately t o t h e n o rth-west o f t h e m a in c i rcle , 1 : C hristison 1 8 96-7 2 : R CAHM 1 9 20 ( 1 99 ) 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( D um fries 7 , L oupin S tanes E ast) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( G 7/4) 8 : 24 N ETHER D OD N T 0 80228 B o rders ( P eebles-sh ire) B : L /E SC 1 /P O /C : R CAHM 1 9 67 ; G /c 8 ,5 / 3 / c 12? 0 : c 3M? / 1 ; 0 , 45 / P / M / 2 ; 0 ,75 / M ? /3 ; 0 ,60 / c 3M ? E : I D F : ( 0 ,60) / ( 0 ,45-0 ,75) / I D /I D /I D G : N D /E B /T he s u rround ing r u bble b an k i s r e du ced t o a s carp , A 3 ,7m g ap t o t he S W m ay b e a n e n tran ce , T here i s ar e cent l o o king p it b y t h e i n ner e dge o f t h e b an k t o t he E SE , af ou rth s t one m ay h ave b een r e moved f r om h e re , I f s o , t h is s uggests t h e o r ig ina l n umber o f s tones m a y h ave b een a round 1 2 , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 67 ( 1 08) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P eeb lesh ire 2 ) 8 :25 N INE S TONES N T 6 26655 L oth ian ( E ast L oth ian) 8 : L /F 23 / A / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; 6 (00 ) /c 6 ,4 / 7 -8 / 7 -9 D : 1 ; L0 ,60 / ( 2 ; F ,D I,BU , o r F O ) /3 ; F0 ,50 / 4 ; F1 , 30 / M ? /P / ( 5 ; F ,D I ,FR) / ? M / 6 : F0 ,40 / 7 ; 0 ,60 / 8 ; L0 ,90 E : 1 : 3 ; 2 ,3 / 3 4 ; 2 ,0 / 0 / 6 -7 ; 2 ,3 / 7 -8 ; 2 ,0 / 9 1; 3 ,6 F : 0 ,6+ 1,30 / 0 , 40-0 ,90+ 1,30 / ( 2 ,4) / ( 2 ,0-3 ,6) / I D G : N D / /S ?

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T h is d i lapidated r ing h as a s ingle s tone m issing , b ut i t s s ite i s d enoted b y ar o bber p it , Af r agment o f t h e s tone l i es n earby t o t h e s outh , O n e s tone t o t h e E SE a ppears t o h ave s tood t a ller t h an t h e r e st , T o t h e n o rth-east t h ere i s a n a dd itiona l s tone b u ried u nder t h e p eat , i t s s tatus i s u n known a nd i t m ay b e f o rtu itous , T he c e ntra l a rea i s d i sturbed b y ap it , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 24 ( 2 39) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( E ast L oth ian 3 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( G 9/ 11, N inestone R ig ) 8 :26 N INESTONE R IGG N Y 5 18973 B o rders ( R oxburghsh ire) B : L /F 23 / A / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (00) / c 6 ,5x7 ,0 / 8 / 9 D : M/1 ; L - /2 ; L - /3 ; - /4 ; 1 , 30 / 5 ; /6 ; 1 , 75 / 7 ; F - /8 ; LE ; ( M 1; 2 ,5) / 1 2 ; 1 , 7 /2 -3 ; 2 ,5 / 3 -4 ; 2 ,7 / 4 -5 ; 2 , 2 /5 -6 ; 2 ,6 / 6 -7 ; 1 , 9 /7 -8 ; 2 ,7 /( 8 -M ; 2 ,5) F : I D /( ? 1 ,75) / 2 ,3 / 1 , 7-2 ,7 / c 7 ,1% G : N D / - /P ? T h is f ine r i ng h as 2 t a ll s tones , t o t h e s outh-west a nd s outh , w ith a s ma ll s tone b etween t h em , I t h as b een s uggested t h at t h e o ther s tones a r e a l l b roken t o s tumps b u t i t i s u n clear i f t h is i s t r ue , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 56 ( 1 13) 2 ; B u rl 1 9 76 ( R oxbu rgh 6 ) 3 : T h om , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( G 8/2) 8 :27 T HE P ACKMANS G RAVE

N T 6 4 1646

L oth ian ( East L oth ian )

B : N /P FP3 / A / C : N/c 2 ,8x 1,4? / 5 / 1 0 (4?) D : I D ( 2 u p rights ; 0 ,45) E : I D F : s mall / ( 0 ,45) / I D /I D /I D G : N D / I D N o t e nough d ata i s a vailab le t o f u lly a ssess t h is s i te , T here a re 5 s tones , b u t 3a re r e cumbent , a nd n ot a l l a re n e cessarily o r ig inal f e atu res , T h e d escription a s ' k ite s haped ' s uggests i t m ay b e aF our P oster , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 24 ( 2 44) 8 :28 P ARK O F T ONGLAND N X 6 99560 D um fries a n d G a lloway ( K irkcudbrightsh ire) B : N /F P2? / P R /C : C o les 1 8 95 ; P /c 7 ,5? / 3 / 4 ? D : M/( 1 ; D I ,R 0 ,90) / 2 ; 0 ,95 / 3 ; 1 , 00 E : 0 /2 -3 ; 5 ,5 / 0 F : ( 0 ,95) / ( 0 ,951,00) / ( 5 ,5) / ( 5 ,5) / I D G : N D / /T oday t h e t h ree s tones s tand i n at r iang le , H owever , o ne o f t h ese w as r e -erected e a rly t h is c entu ry , w hen f i rst r e corded i t w as r e cumbent a t a bout i t s p resent p osition , I t i s p robable t h is s ite i s ad amaged F ou r P oster b ut o ther p o ss ible i n terpretations , s u ch a s a l i near s etting , s hould b e b o rne i n m ind , 1 : C o les 1 8 94-5 2 : R CAHM 1 9 15 ( 3 05) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( K irkcudb right 1 5 ) 8 :29 P ENSHIEL G RANGE N T 6 4 1632 B : N /P FP3 / A / C : N /c 8 ,0x6 ,5? / 4 / 4 ? D : A ; 1 ; F0 ,40 / 2 ; F0 ,60 / 3 ; F0 ,60 / 4 ; 1 , 20 E : I D F : ( 0 ,70 ) /( 0 ,401,20) / I D /I D /I D G : N D / /G ?

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L othian ( E ast L oth ian )

T h is r u ined p robable s ite a ppears t o b e a F our P oster w ith i t s t a llest n o rthwest , T he i n terior o f t he s ite h as s everal v isible e arth fast s tones , 1 : R CAHM 1 924 ( 2 42) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( East L othian 5 ) 8 :30 T HE T HE IVES B : L /P ESC7 / P O /-

N X 4 047 16

s tone

t o t he

D um fries a nd G alloway ( K irkcudbrightsh ire)

C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 7 ,6x9 ,0 / 3 / c 7-8? D : 1 2M / 1 ; 2 ,05 / 2 ; F0 ,80? / 3 ; 2 ,25 / 3 M E : 0/1 -2 ; 2 ,7 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,7 / 0 F : ( 1 ,70) / ( 0 ,80-2 ,25) / ( 3 ,2) / ( 2 ,7-3 ,7) / c 1 5 ,5% G : N D /E B /T h is p ossible s tone c i rcle h as t raditionally b een i n terpreted a s as tone s etting w ithin a r i ngcairn , H owever, i t s eems l i kely t hat i t i s a n e mbanked s tone c ircle w hich h as h ad s ome o f i t s o rthostats r emoved , T wo t a ll s tones s tand , a nd a t h ird b etween t hem a ppears t o h ave f a llen f rom t he i nner e dge o f t he b ank t o t he s outh-east , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 15 ( 3 67) 2 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( G 4/2) 3 : A tkinson 1 982 8 :3 1 T ORHOUSEKIE N X 3 83565 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( W igtownshire) B : D /F 5 /G /C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (Q) / 2 0 ,9x 19 ,4 / 1 9 /1 9 D : 1 ; 0 ,60 / 2 ; 0 ,65 / 3 ; L0 ,80 / 4 ; 0 ,75 / 5 ; 1 , 15 / 6 ; 1 , 30 / 7 ; 1 ,20 / 8 ; 0 ,80 / 9 ; 0 ,80 / 1 0 : 0 ,75 / 1 : 0 ,95 / 1 2 ; 0 ,95 / 1 3 ; 0 ,80 / 1 4 ; 0 ,75 / 1 5 ; 0 ,75 / 1 6 ; 0 ,65 / 1 7 ; 0 ,65 / 1 9 ; 0 ,80 / 1 : 9 ; 0 ,65 E : 1 2 : 3 ,3 / 2 -3 ; 4 ,0 / 3 -4 ; 2 ,7 / 4 -5 ; 2 ,7 / 5 -6 ; 4 ,5 / 6 -7 ; 3 ,8 / 7 -8 ; 4 ,0 / 8 -9 ; 3 ,6 / 9 16 ; 4 ,0 / 1 0 11; 4 ,0 / 112 ; 3 ,2 / 1 2 13 ; 3 ,0 / 1 314 ; 2 ,3 / 1 4 15 ; 3 ,0 / 1 5 16 ; 2 ,4 /1 617 ; 2 ,6 / 1 718 ; 3 , 1 /1 819 ; 3 ,8 / 1 91; 3 ,4 F : 0 ,85 / 0 ,601,30 / 3 ,3 / R : 2 ,3-4 ,5 / 7 ,2% G : g ranite / 3 I0 ,IB ,PL ,1-2ASR / G ,I T h is w ell p reserved s ite h as i t s f u ll c omplement o f s tones , w h ich a re c rudely g raded t o t h e E SE , T heir s pacing a lso v aries , s tones p laced c loser t o t he n orthwest a nd w ider t o t he s outheast , T he w hole s ite s tands o n a l ow r a ised p latform w h ich a ppears t o b e o riginal, r a ther t han b e ing t he r e su lt o f p loughing r ound t he s ite , o r e xtensive f ield c learance , N ear t he c entre o f t he s ite a re 3 l a rger s tones s et i n aN E/SW l ine , T hat t o t he n ortheast s tands 1 , 15m h igh , w h ile t he o ne t o t he s outhwest h as f a llen b ut i s o f s imilar d imensions , T he c entral s tone i s s maller a nd s tands o n ly 0 ,65m h igh , T hese s tones a re s et o n t he s t raight s ide o f a 0 -shaped b ank a round t he c entre o f t he r ing , w hich h as a n i nternal d iameter o f 6 ,5x9 ,0m , a nd a lso f a ces s outheast , T here a re 1 2 s hort s tone r ows n earby t o t h e e ast a nd w est ( see C hapter 8 ) , 1 : C oles 1 896-7 2 : R CAHM 1 9 12 ( 53 1,Galdus ' T omb) 3 : B url 1 9 74 4 : B url 1 976 ( W igtownshire 5 ) 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( G3/7 , T orhouse) 8 :32 T WELVE A POSTLES N X 9 47794 D um fries a nd G alloway ( Dum fries-shire) B : A /F l /A /C : T hom e t a l 1 980 ; G (OD ) 8 ,4x67 ,0 / 1 / c 1318 D : 1 ; 1 ,60 / 2 ; F1 ,80 / ? M /3 ; 1 ,80 / ? M /4 ; F ,B 2 ,40 / 1 -2M / 5 ; F1 ,80 / ? M / 6 ; F1 ,80 / 7 ; 1 ,20 / 8 ; F2 ,40 / 0 / 9 ; 1 ,30 / 1 0 ; F1 , 00 / ? M /1 ; 1 ,20 E : 1 -2 ; 1 2 ,8 / 0 / 6 -7 ; 1 4 ,0 / 7 -8 ; 1 0 ,4 / ( 8-0 ; 1 5 ,8) / ( 0 -9 ; 1 5 ,8) / 9 10 ; 1 9 ,8 / 0 / 11; 1 8 ,0 F : 1 ,65 / 1 , 00-2 ,40 / ( 1 5 ,0) / ( 10 ,419 ,8) / 2 4 ,2% G : g ranite , p o rphyry / / T h is m assive s tone c i rcle i s d ivided i n h alf b y ah edge , O ne s tone w as r emoved b etween 1 7 89 a nd 1 8 37 , R eports o f as purious t h irteenth s tone r esults f rom a n a ccidental b lot o n

- 3 39

-

t he O rdnan ce S urvey 1 850 m ap , T he s tones a re i r regu larly s paced a nd h ence t heir o riginal t otal i s d ifficult t o e stimate , 1 : C oles 1 893-4 2 : R CAHM 1 920 ( 284) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( G6/ 1)

3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Dum fries 9 )

8 :33 W HITCASTLES N Y 2488 1 D umfries a nd G alloway ( Dumfries-shire) B : A /F l /A /C : T hom e t a l 1 980 ; G /5 6 ,4x44 ,2 / 9 / c 1217 D : A : 1 -2M / 1 ; F1 , 00 / 1 -2M / 2 ; F0 ,90 / 1 -2M / 3 ; F1 , 60 / 4 ; F1 ,20 / 5 ; F1 , 20 / 6 ; 1 ,00 / ? M /7 ; F1 , 40 / ? M /8 ; F0 ,90 / 9 ; F1 , 60 E : 0 /3 -4 ; 1 ,6 / 4 -5 ; 1 ,3 / 5 -6 ; 9 ,6 / 0 / 8 -9 ; 9 ,6 F : ( 1 ,20) / ( 0 ,901,60) / ( 10 ,5) / ( 9 ,611,6) / 2 1 ,6% G : g ranite / - / A t t h is m assive c i rcle a ll b ut o ne o f t he s tones a re r e cumbent ; i t h as b een s uggested t hey w ere s et i n p oor s toneholes , T he s tones a re i r regularly s paced a nd h ence i t i s d i fficult t o e stimate t he o riginal t otal, 1 : R CAHM 1 920 ( 3 07) 2 : B url 1 976 ( Dumfries 1 0 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( G 7/6) 8 :34 W HITEHOLM R IGG N Y 2 17827 D umfries a nd G alloway ( Dum fries-shire) B : L /F 24 / A / C : T hom e t a l 1 980 ; G /c 19 ,2 / 7 / 9 12 D : A : 2 -3M / 1 ; F1 ,20 / ( 2 ; F ,DI? 0 ,60) / 3 ; L0 ,60 / 4 ; 0 ,50 / 1 2M / 5 ; 0 ,50 / 6 ; F0 ,60 / 7 ; S E : 0 /3 -4 ; 6 ,7 / 0 / 5 -6 ; 6 ,4 / 6 -7 ; 5 ,9 F : ( c 0 ,70) / ( c 0 ,501,20) / ( 6 ,3) / ( 5 ,9-6 ,7) / I D G : w hinstone / / S ? M ost o f t he s tones o f t h is d ilap idated c ircle a re s mall, H owever, o ne f a llen s tone t o t he E SE i s o ver 1 , 40m l ong , T here i s al ow s tone a f ew m etres n o rth o f t he r ing , i t i s u nclear i f i t i s u pright o r n ot , 1 : R CAHM 1 920 ( 603) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Dum fries 1 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( 8 7/2 , S even B rethren) 8 :35 Z ADLEE N T 6 54673 L othian ( East L oth ian) 8 : L /F 2 1 /A / C : R CAHM 1 924 ; U /c 8 ,2 / 7 / 9 D : 1 ; - /M /2 ; F - /3 ; - /4 ; - /5 ; - /6 ; - /7 ; - /M E : ( 1 -M ; 2 ,2 ) /( M-2 ; 2 ,2) / 2 -3 ; 2 ,7 / 3 -4 ; 2 ,4 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,3 / 5 -6 ; 2 ,6 / 6 -7 ; 3 ,5 / ( 7 -M ; 3 ,2) / ( M 1; 3 ,2) F : ( c 0 , 15) / 0 , 10-0 ,20 / 2 ,9 / 2 ,4-3 ,5 / I D G : N D / /A lthough t h is c i rcle h as v ery s mall s tones , t heir e ven s pa cing s uggests t h is i s a t rue s tone c ircle , T he i n terior o f t he s ite i s l evel, 1 : R CAHM 1 924 ( 1 72)

2 : B url 1 9 76 ( East L othian 8 , Y adlee)

- 3 40 -

Z ONE 9 :

C UXBRI A

9 : 1 A NNASIDE S D 0 99853 C umbria ( C umberland) 8 : L /F 25 / V P /C : N /c 18 ,0 / 1 / I D (12+) D : I D E : I D F : ( t all) / I D /I D /I D /I D G : g ranite / - / A l l t hat r e ma ins i s ab ou lder w h ich i s 1 , 35m h igh a nd 3 ,00m l o ng , T he s ite w as r e corded i n 1 7 94 a s h av ing 1 2 s tones b u t h ad b een d emolished b e fore t h e l a te 1 9 th c e ntury , 1 : H utchinson 1 7 94 2 : E c cleston 1 8 74 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C umberland 1 ) 4 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 : 2 A SH H OUSE W OOD S D 1 9 3873 C umbria ( C umberland ) B : C /F 3 (or W CH) / V P /C : W aterhouse 1 9 85 ; U /c 3 0 ,0 / 2 / 1 0 (22+) D : 0/1 ; 1 , 15 / 0 / 2 ; L1 , 00 / 0 E : I D F : ( 1 ,10) / ( 1 ,001,15) / I D /I D /I D G : N D /- /O n ly 2 s tones r e ma in t o day , b ut i n t h e 1 8 th c e ntury 2 s tones e x isted , T he 2 s tones a ppea r t o b e s et i n ar u bble l a yer , w h ich m ay i n d icate t h e f o rmer p resen ce o f ab an k, S everal s t ones l i e a t t h e b ase o f as teep s lope b e low t h e s ite a nd m ay h ave o r igina lly s tood i n t h e c i rcle , 1 : H utchinson 1 7 94 2 : C ross a nd C o llingwood 1 9 29 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C umberland 2 ) 4 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 : 3 B LAKELEY R A ISE N Y 0 60 140 C umbria ( C umberland) 8 : L /F 2 1 /R /C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; 6 (00) / c 16 ,7 / 1 / 1 2 13? D : 1 ; R0 ,85 / 2 ; R0 ,90 / 3 ; R0 ,70 / 4 ; R0 ,85 / 5 ; R1 , 15 M ? /6 ; R1 , 00 / 7 ; R0 ,50 /8 ; R0 ,70 / 9 ; R0 , 50 / 1 0 ; 0 ,80 / M / 1 ; 0 ,85 E : I D F ; c 0 ,80 / c 0 ,501,15 / I D /I D /I D G : g ranite / I C A /T h is s ite h as b een s uggested t o b e af a ke b ut t h is i s p robab ly i n e r ror , T oday t h ere a re 1 s tones , e ight o f t h ese h ave c on crete v isible a t t h eir b ase , T hey w e re e rected b y Q u ine i n 1 9 25 w ho n o ted a ' p a rtia l r e storation ' o f t h e s ite , A nother r eport o f 1 9 28 n otes t h at h e r e pla ced 8 s tones w h ich h ad b een r emoved f o r ag ateway , T h is t a llies w ith t h e 8s tones w i th v isible c o n crete , H owever , t h is r e po rt g oes o n t o n o te h e a lso r e -erected 5 o ther s tones , m a king a t o ta l o f 1 3 , w h ich d oes n ot m atch t h e 1 s u rviving t oday , T hom n oted a t w elfth s tone i n t h e o n ly w ide g ap t o t h e N W b ut s tated i t w as o n ly 0 ,3m h igh a nd l o ose , I t c ou ld h ave b een a r e cent a dd ition a nd h as n ow d isappeared a gain , I t m ay b e t h e c ase t h at Q u ine o n ly r e pla ced 3 s tones i n t h e c i rcle a nd r e -ere cted 5 t h at r ema ined p rostrate b u t i n -situ , T he o the r 3s tones m ay h ave a lways s tood i n t h eir o r iginal p ositions , H oweve r t h is m ust r e ma in c o n je ctu ra l i n t h e a bsen ce o f e x cavation t o c l arify t h e i s sue , T he p o sition ing o f t h e r e p la ced s tones h as b een q uestioned a nd Q u ine m ay n ot h ave k nown w here t h e r ep la ced s tones o r ig ina lly s tood , T he re i s a5 ,0m l o w c a irn a t t h e c entre o f t h e s ite w h ich a lso a rgues t h e s i te i s n ot a f a ke ; i t c l ose ly r e semb les t h e s ites o n B u rn M oor ( 9 :24/2S/32 /33 ) i n c h ara cter , 1 : F a ir 1 9 28 2 : C la ire 1 9 75 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C umberland 3 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( L 1/ 16) 5 : W aterhouse 1 9 85

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9 :4 B LEABERRY H AWS B : L /S P6? / A / P ; C owper 1 886

S O 2 64946

C umbria ( Lancashire)

C ; W aterhouse 1 985 ; G /c 4 ,2x4 ,6 / 7 / 8 -9 D : 1 ; 0 ,50 / 2 ; 0 ,30 / 3 ; 0 ,50 / 4 ; 0 ,40 / 5 ; F0 ,70 / 6 ; 0 ,40 / 7 ; 0 ,45 / I -2M E : 1 -2 ; 1 ,8 / 2 -3 ; 1 ,8 / 3 -4 ; 1 , 7 /4 -5 ; 1 , 4 /5 -6 ; 1 , 5 /6 -7 ; 1 , 4 /0 F : 0 ,45 / 0 ,30-0 ,70 / 1 ,6 / 1 ,41,8 / c 8 ,7% G : s late / A CA / T his p ossible s tone c ircle i s d i fficult t o i n terpret , I t s s mall d iameter

a nd

l ow

o rthostats s uggest i t h as a ffinities w ith t he k erb-cairns o f t he r egion , H owever , t he w ider s pacing o f t he o rthostats s uggest i t m ay b e a t rue s tone c ircle , A c u rsory e xcavation i n 1 8 86 r evealed t he i n terior h ad a ' p avement o f c obble s tones ', 0 ,6-0 ,9m d eep , r esting o n b edrock, I t i s q uestionable w hether t h is h ad m an-made o rigins o r n ot , b ut i f a rtificial i t c ould s uggest t h is i s k erb-cairn v ariant , a s a t B roomrigg T here a re s everal c airns i n t he v icinity a nd a r ingcairn 4 00m t o t he n orth-east , 1 ; C owper 1 8 88 2 : C owper 1 8 93 3 : B url 1 976 ( L ancashire 2 ) 4 : W aterhouse 1 985 9 :5 B RATS H ILL

N Y 1 7360234

C umbria ( Cumberland )

C /F 3 G /C : W right c 1826 C : W aterhouse 1 9 85 ; G( OD) c 3 1.5x29 ,0 / 3 9 /4 0-43 D : 1 ; 0 ,65 / 2 ; F0 ,70 / 3 ; F0 ,90 / 4 ; F0 ,70 / 5 ; F0 ,50 / 6 ; F0 ,50 / 7 ; F0 ,70 / 8 : F0 ,50 / 9 ; F0 ,70 / 1 0 ; L0 ,65 / 1 ; 0 ,85 / 1 2 ; F0 ,70 / 1 3 ; F0 ,50 / 1 4 ; F0 ,40 / I S ; L0 ,60 / 1 6 ; F0 ,40 / 1 7 ; F0 ,70 / 1 8 ; F0 ,60 / 1 9 ; F0 ,50 / 2 0 ; 0 ,55 / 2 1 ; F0 ,60 /2 ; 0 ,60 / ? M /2 3 ; 1 ,00 / 2 4 ; F0 ,60 / 2 5 ; F0 ,90 / 2 6 ; F0 ,90 / M ? /2 7 ; 0 ,85 / M ? /2 8 ; F1 ,05 / 2 9 ; L0 ,45 / 3 0 ; L0 ,60 / 3 1 ; F0 ,50 / M / 3 2 ; F0 ,60 / 3 ; F0 ,60 / 3 4 ; F0 ,70 / 3 5 ; F0 ,80 / 3 6 ; L0 ,55 / 3 7 ; F0 ,90 / ? M /3 8 ; F0 ,90 / 3 9 ; F0 ,90 E : 1 2 : 1 ,9 / 2 -3 ; 1 ,9 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,2 / 4 -5 : 2 ,3 / 5 -6 ; 1 , 7 /6 -7 ; 2 ,5 / 7 -8 ; 2 ,4 / 8 -9 ; 2 ,4 / 9 10 ; 2 ,5 / 1 0 11; 1 , 7 / 112 ; 1 , 7 /1 213 ; 1 ,8 / 1 3 14 ; 2 ,3 / 1 4 15 ; 2 ,6 / 1 5 16 ; 2 .4 /1 6 17 : 1 , 4 /1 7 18 ; 2 ,2 / 1 819 ; 3 ,2 / 1 9-20 ; 2 ,9 / 2 0-2 1; 2 ,0 / 2 1-22 ; 1 ,7 / 0 / 2 3-24 ; 3 ,3 / 2 4-25 ; 3 ,3 / 2 5-26 ; 3 ,0 / 0 / 2 8-29 ; 1 , 5 /2 9-30 ; 1 , 7 /3 0-3 1; 2 , 1 /0 / 3 2-33 ; 1 , 5 / 3-34 ; 2 ,2 / 3 4-35 ; 2 ,0 / 3 5-36 ; 3 , 1 /3 6-37 ; 2 ,6 / 0 / 3 8-39 ; 3 ,0 / 3 91; 3 ,3 F : 0 ,65 / 0 ,401,05 / 2 ,3 / 1 , 4-3 ,3 / c 7 ,9% G : m ostly g ranite , o thers p orphyritic s late / 5 ICA ,I0 ,2ASC / M T his f ine c i rcle h as 5 s mall k erb-cairns d istributed i r regularly i n i ts i n terior , T hat n ear t he c entre h as a d iameter o f c 5 ,0m , c 16 k erbstones a re v isible w ith s paces f o r af ew m ore , T he s econd c a irn l i es a s hort d istan ce t o t he n orthwest a nd h as a d iameter o f c 5 ,0m , c 17 k erbstones a re v isible , a gain w ith s paces f o r af ew m ore , T he t h ird c a irn l ies a s hort d istance t o t he W SW o f t he f i rst a nd h as a d iameter o f c 5 ,5x6 ,0m , a ll 1 5 k erbstones a re e xtant , T he f ourth c airn l i es a s hort d istance s outh o f t h e f i rst a nd h as a d iameter o f c 5 ,5m , o nly 5 k erbstones a re v isible , T he f i fth c a irn l i es i n t he e astern h alf o f t he s ite , i t h as a d iameter o f c 4 ,0m a nd o nly c 4 k erbstones a re v isible , T wo o f t hese c a irns w ere e xcavated i n c 1826 w hen c rude c ists w ere f ound , c ontaining b urnt b ones , a ntler t ines a nd a nimal b ones , T he o ther 3 c airns h ave b een d isturbed ( t he e astern o ne i n 1 866) , b ut n o r e cord s urvives o f t heir c ontents , I m mediately s outhwest o f t he f i rst c airn i s al e an ing o rthostat , s et o utside i t s k erb , w hich w ould h ave o rigina lly s tood c l‚ 0 5m h igh , I t h as b een s uggested b y C lare t o b e av estige o f a n e arlier c i rcle w hich s urrounded o ne o f t he c a irns , I t m ay a lternatively b e v iewed a s a c entre s tone , As econd s mall s tone i n t he i n terior i s r e cumbent a nd m ay b e d isplaced , A s hort d istan ce o utside t he r ing t o t he n orth-west i s a0 ,30m h igh s tone w hich h as b een s uggested t o b e a n o utlier b ut w h ich m ay w ell b e f o rtuitous , T he W hite M oss c i rcles l ay a s hort d istance t o t he n orth-west a nd a ll t h ree l ie w ithin a n e xtensive c airn field/field s ystem , 1 : W illiams 1 8 56 2 : D ymond 1 8 78 3 : C lare 1 9 75 4 : B url 1 9 76 ( Cumberland 4 ) 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( L 1/6 , B urnmoor E ) 6 : V isited 1 983 7 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 8 : H igham 1 986

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9 : 6 B ROOMRIGG - S ITE A N Y 5 48467 C umbria ( C umberland) B : C /F 3? / P / S ; H odgson 1 9 50 C : H odgson 1 9 52 ; U /c 50 ,0x40 ,0? / 8 / 1 0 (20-30?) D : 1 ; F ? s ma ll / M ? /2 ; F ? D I? / c 1 2 -20M / 3 ; 1 , 00 / ? M /4 ; F ? s mall / 5 ; 0 ,70 / 6 ; F ? s mall / 7 ; 0 ,70 / 8 ; F ? s mall E : 0 /4 -5 : 8 ,4 / 5 -6 ; 6 ,7 / 6 -7 ; 5 ,5 / 7 -8 ; 6 ,4 / 8 1; 6 ,4 / 0 F : ( 0 ,80) / ( 0 ,701,00) / ( 6 ,7) / ( 5 ,5-8 ,4) / I D G : s andstone (6 ) , g ranite (2 ) /A SC ,AV? / M ,R? T h is r u ined c i rcle r e ta ins a r e cogn isab le a r c o f o rthostats t o t h e n o rthwest ; t he f ew s t ones r e corded i n t he s outh-eastern h a lf s eem t o b e s mall a nd d isplaced a nd m ay w e ll b e f o rtu itous , h en ce t he s horter d iamete r i s q uestionable , As mall e x cavation w as c a rried o ut i n 1 9 50 w hen s ome o f t h e s t ones w e re s hown t o b e s et 0 ,25-0 ,20m i n to s toneholes , T ra ces o f ap o ssible a venue , w h ich w a s 3 5m w ide , r an t o t h e n o rth-west , H owever , t he 5 s u rviv ing s t ones a re n ot l a rge a nd c o u ld b e f o rtu itously a l igned o n t h e c i rcle , T he s ite h as n ow b e en a f forested , T he m u ch s ma ller B room rigg B c i rcle l i es a s hort d istance t o t h e SE a nd t h ere i s ap robable h enge f u rther a way t o t he E SE , 1 : H odgson 1 9 35 2 : H odgson 1 9 52 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C umberland 6 ) 4 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 : 7 B ROOMR IGG - S ITE B N Y 5 48466 C umb ria ( C umberland ) B : L /S P6 / A / T ; H odgson 1 9 50 C : H odgson 1 9 53 ; G /3 ,0x4 ,2 / 4 / 7 0 : E H /1 ; 1 , 05 / 2 EH / 3 : 0 ,50 / 4 ; 0 ,55 / 5 ; F0 ,60 E : E H1; 1 , 5 /1 EH ; 1 , 9 /E H-EH ; 1 , 0 /E H-3 ; 1 , 2 /3 -4 ; 1 , 2 /4 -5 ; 1 , 7 /5 -EH ; 2 ,2 F : 0 ,65 / 0 ,501,05 / 1 , 5 /1 , 0-2 ,2 / 2 8 ,6% G : s andstone / I C A ,ASC / M T h is s ite i s 1 0 0m SE o f B roomrigg A a nd i s ac ross b etween a s mall s tone c i rcle a nd a k e rb-cairn , I t w as e xcavated i n 1 9 50 , O r igina lly i t h ad 7 s pa ced o rthostats s et a t t h e o u ter e dge o f ac a irn , A t t h e c entre w as a r o bbed c entral p it , J ust b y t he e xternal f a ce o f t h e s outheastern s tone w as a s ma ll p it w h ich c ontained b ones a nd c harcoa l, t h is w as c o vered b y c a irn m aterial w h ich m ay h ave b een a s econdary e xtension t o t he m ound , B e fore e x cavation t h e s ite a ppea red t o b e a n e mban ked s tone c i rcle b e cause o f t he c entral d i sturbance , 1 : H odgson 1 9 35 2 : H odgson 1 5 52 3 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 : 8 C ASTLERIGG N Y 2 9 1236 C umb ria ( C umberland) 8 : C /F 3 (or W CH) / G / 5 ; D over 1 8 82 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; EDP / 3 2 ,6x29 ,9 / 3 8-40 / 4 0-63 0 : 1 ; P1 , 65 / 2 ; 0 ,95 / 3 ; L0 ,95 / 0 -2M / 4 ; 1 , 30 / 1 3M / 5 ; 1 , 40 / ? M /6 ; 1 , 30 / 7 ; 0 ,85 / ? M /8 ; 1 , 10 / 9 ; 0 ,90 / 1 0 ; 1 , 30 / 1 ; 1 , 20 / ? M /1 2 : L1 , 00 / 1 3 ; R2 ,30 / 0 -2M / 1 4 ; 0 ,75 / M ? /1 5 ; 1 , 95 / ? M /1 6 ; 1 , 70 / M ? /1 7 ; L0 ,8 i ) /1 8 ; 1 , 30 / 1 9 ; 1 , 50 /? M /2 0 ; 1 , 55 / ? M /2 1 ; 0 ,85 / ? M /2 ; 1 , 65 / 2 3 ; 0 ,95 / 2 4 ; F0 ,75 / 2 5 ; F0 ,75 / 2 6 ; F0 ,80 / M ? /2 7 ; L1 , 70 / 1 3M / 2 8 ; 1 , 20 / 0 -2M / 2 9 ; L1 , 35 / 3 0 ; L1 , 05 / ? M / 3 1 ; 0 ,90 / M ? /3 2 ; 0 ,90 / 3 ; F1 , 10 / ? M /3 4 ; F1 , 00 / 3 5 ; 1 , 20 / 3 6 ; 0 ,45 / ( 3 7 ; p acking?) / ( 3 8 ; p a cking?) / 3 9 ; 0 ,70 / 4 0 ; 1 , 75 E : 1 2 ; 1 , 2 /2 -3 ; 0 ,7 / 0 / 6 -7 ; 1 , 5 /0 /8 -9 ; 2 ,2 / 9 10 : 1 , 9 /1 0 11: 1 , 3 /0 / 1 7 18 ; 1 , 1 /1 8 19 : 1 , 9 / 0 / 2-23 ; 2 ,0 / 2 3-24 ; 1 , 1 /2 4-25 ; 1 , 0 /2 S-26 ; 1 , 0 /0 / 2 9-30 ; 1 , 0 /0 /3 2-33 ; 1 , 4 /3 4-35 ; 1 , 5 /3 5-36 ; 1 , 1 /0 /3 9-40 ; 1 , 3 /4 01; E 4 ,8 F : 1 , 15+2 ,30 / 0 , 451,95+2 ,30 / 1 , 3+E 4 ,9 / 0 ,7-2 ,2+E 4 ,8 / 8 ,3% G : s late / I S S ,2-3 ICA ,EB? ,ASC? / S ,E ,M? T h is f ine s tone c i rcle h a s ac omplex s e ries o f a sso ciated f e atures , T he o rthostats a re s et n e ar t h e i n ner e dge o f as l ight b an k o f q uestionable a ntiqu ity , w h ich i s b est p reserved t o t h e n o rth a nd e ast , T h is i s c 3 m w ide a nd 0 ,3m h igh , E xtensive r i g a nd f u rrow o utside t h e s i te c omes c l ose t o t h e r i ng a nd t h e b ank i s b est p reserved w here m et b y t h is a t r i ght

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a ng les , h en ce i t m ay w e ll b e a h eadland r a ther t han a t rue b an k, I n t he s o uth-west q uadrant t h e re i s n o c lear t ra ce o f ab an k d espite t h e f a ct t h at t he o rientation o f t h e r igs ( n orth/south t o t h e w est , a nd e ast/west t o t he s outh a nd e ast) s uggests t h at n o p loughing t o ok p lace a long t he l i ne o f t h e h ypothesized b an k a t t h is p oint , a nd h ence i t s hou ld h ave b een w e ll p reserved , A nother a rgument a ga inst t h e a ntiquity o f t h e b an k i s t hat i t r uns u n interrupted a cross t he n o rthern e ntrance , T he r i ng o f o rthostats h as s tones o f v a riab le h e ight , b ut t h ree s tones s tand o ut , T wo o f t hese t o t h e n o rth a re p articu larly m assive a nd a lmost c e rta inly d e fine a n e ntran ce , T o e ither s ide t h e l o wer s tones a re v i rtua lly c ontiguous w h ich e mphasises t h is f e ature , T o t h e s outheast t h e t a llest s tone o f t he r ing i s s et r a d ia lly a nd t h is m ay w e ll b e a d i re ctiona l s tone , I n c o ntrast t o t h e e xterior o f t h e s ite , t h e i n terna l a rea h as n ever b een p loughed , T he m ost n otab le f eatu re i s as ub-re ctangu lar s etting o f n ear-contiguous o rthostats t o t h e E SE , T his m easu res 3 ,8-3 ,4 x 7 ,0-7 ,7m , w ith o ne o f t h e s horter e nds b eing d e fined b y 3 s tones o f t h e c i rcle , T h is i n dicates t he f eature i s c ontemporary w ith , o r p ost-dates , t h e c i rcle , T oday t h ere a re 1 0 s tones i n t he o ther 3 s ides o f t h e s etting , a l l s tanding b etween 0 ,75 a nd 0 ,95m h igh , O rig ina lly a s tone w ou ld h a ve s tood a t e a ch c o rner ( c ounting 2 i n t he c i rcle ), E a ch l o ng s ide w as p robably c ompleted b y af u rther 5 s labs w i th f lat i n ner f a ces , T he i n ner e nd h as 2 c o rner s tones a nd 2 f u rther s labs a ll a l igned t o t h is s ide , I n c o ntrast t he o ther e nd h as o n ly o ne c i rcle s tone b etween t wo f u rther s t ones a t t h e c o rners , T he f unction o f t h is f eature r ema ins o bscure , E x cavations h ere i n 1 8 82 f a iled t o m a ke a ny f i nds e x cept f o r a c 1 ,0m d eep , s tonefilled p it a t t h e w estern e nd w h ich c onta ined t r a ces o f c harcoal n ear t he b ase . I n t h e n o rthern h alf o f t he i n terior a re 2 -3 l o w c a irns . T wo o f t h ese a re d istinctive , h av ing d iameters o f 3 ,0 a nd 3 ,35m , a nd b oth a re s u rrounded b y s l ight d itches w h ich a re c 0 ,6m w ide , T hese f lan k t h e n o rthern e ntrance , I m med iate ly i n side t h is e ntran ce i s a n a morphous m ound o f c 3m d iameter , I t i s u n clea r i f t h is i s ap rehistoric f e atu re o r l a te r d istu rban ce , E lsewhere i n t he i n terior a re 3 s l ight p i ts w h ich a re l i ke ly t o b e t he s ites o f u n re co rded e x cavations , I n t h e s outhwest q uad rant i s as l ight , 7 ,5m l o ng , b an k i m mediately i n side t h e r ing o f o rthostats o f u n known d ate a nd i n terpretation , I n 1 8 56 W i lliams n oted t hat a ' s tone c lub ' ( a xe r o ughout?) a nd a g reenstone a x e h ad b een f ound i n t h e r ing a nd a f u rther u npolished s tone a xe w a s f o und i n o r n ear t h e s i te i n 1 8 75 , As ma ll o rthostat s tands n ear t h e s ite t o t he W SW , H owever, t h e a ntiqu ity o f t h is f e ature i s i n s e rious d oubt a s i t i s p lough s c ratched a nd w as e re cted i n i t s p resent p osition i n c 1 9 13 a fter b e ing m oved , A n a c count b y A nde rson m entions 2 p ossib le o u tliers i n t h is d ire ct ion b ut n e ither o f t h ese h as b een u nequ ivo cally r e corded a s u pright a n d t hey m ay h ave b een f o rtu itous s tones , I n 1 7 25 S tu ke ley n oted a s e cond s tone c i rcle a t C astlerigg i n t h e n ext f i e ld t o t he w est ( s ee C hapte r 7 ) , 1 : S tu keley 1 7 76 2 : W i lliams 1 8 56 3 : D ymond 1 8 8 1 4 : D over 1 883 5 : A nderson 1 9 15 6 : A nderson 1 9 23 7 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C umberland 8 ) 8 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( L 1/1) 9 : C lare 1 9 75 1 0 : v i sited 1 9 83 1 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 :9 D RUIDS T EMPLE S D 2 92739 C umbria ( L ancashire ) B : L /S P5 / G / E ; G e lderd a nd D obson 1 9 11, E ; A t kinson 1 9 2 1 C : W aterhouse 1 9 85 ; G( O D ) /8 ,2x9 ,2 / 1 0 /1 0 D : I n ner ; 1 ; L1 . 00 / 2 ; L0 ,55 / 3 ; L0 ,60 / 4 ; L0 ,75 / 5 ; L0 ,35 / 6 ; L1 , 00 / 7 ; L0 ,20 / 8 ; L0 ,95 / 9 ; L0 ,25 / 1 0 ; L0 ,70 E : I n ne r; 1 2 ; 2 ,8 / 2 -3 ; 2 ,3 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,5 / 4 -5 ; 2 ,9 / 5 -6 ; 2 , 7 /6 -7 ; 2 ,3 / 7 -8 ; 2 , 2 / 8 -9 ; 3 ,2 / 9 10 ; 2 ,6 / 1 0 1; 2 ,4 F : 0 ,65 / 0 ,201,00 / 2 , 7 / 2 ,2-3 ,5 / 1 0 ,9% G : l i mestone / P L ,EK /

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T h is s ite w as e x cavated i n 1 9 11 a nd a ga in i n 1 9 2 1, T he a rea w ithin t he i n ner c i rcle w as f o und t o b e g enerally c o vered i n t w o l a yers o f c o bbles f o rm ing a l o w p lat form , T o t he n o rth t hese l a yers t h inned , W ith in t h e i n ner c i rcle , i n t he s outheast q uadrant , w as a s t one f i lled p it u nder a s lab , w h ich c o nta ined c a lcined b ones a nd a s andstone d isc, I n t he s o uthwest q uad rant w ere 3 d eposits c l ose t ogether , c omprising c remations i n p its u nder t h e p l atform , O ne o f t hese w as a c companied b y a n i n verted c o llared u rn , T he a rea b etween t he t w o c i rcles w as e x cavated i n 1 9 2 1 a nd t h is d emonstrated t h e c obb le p latform r an t o t he o u ter c i rcle , T h e o n ly f i nds w e re a p iece o f r ed o chre , a' s tone k nife ', p ie ces o f c hert a n d ap ossible g ra in r u bbe r , T he o uter c i rcle c omprises 1 4 19 s ma ll s labs , s evera l c learly d i splaced a nd o thers m i ss ing , i n a r ing o f c 23 ,h d iameter , T hese h ave g enerally b een i n terpreted a s a n o uter c on centric s tone c i rcle , H owever , i t s eems m ore l i ke ly , g iven t h e ir s mall s ize , t hat t h ey s hou ld b e i n terp reted a s ak e rb a t t he e dge o f t he c obble p l atform , T he b est p rese rved s e ction o f t h is r ing , t o t h e s outheast , s uggests i t o r ig ina lly w as a s paced-ke rb o f c 25-30 l o w u p right s labs , T he i n ner c i rcle i s n ot c entral t o t h is p latform b ut m u ch n earer t h e n o rthern e dge , b e ing c 4 ,0m f rom t h is , i n c omparison w i th c 8 ,5m t o t h e s outh , T he p lat form i t self a lso t h inned t o t he n orth , T he i n ner c i rcle h a s 2v e ry l o w u p right s tones i n t h e n o rtheast q uadrant b etween t he o rthostats p roper , T h ese w ere b uried w ith in t h e p latform , t h ey m ay b e v estiges o f a n e arly k erb l i n king t he o r thostats , T he i n ner p lat form m ay h ave b een b u ilt i n 2p hases , a s s uggested b y i t s 2 l a yers o f c obb les , 1 : C owper 1 8 93 2 : G e lderd 1 9 12 3 : A t kinson 1 9 22 4 : B arnes 1 9 70 5 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( L an cashire 5 ) 6 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( L 5/ 1) 7 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 : 10 E LVA P LAIN N Y 1 7 63 17 C umbria ( Cumberland) B : C /F 3 / A /C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 3 4 ,5 / 1 5 /2 4-32 0 : 1 ; ? F , 0 ,50 / ( 2 ; F , D I ? 0 ,40) / ? M /3 ; F ,BU / 2 -3M / 4 ; F ,BU / 5 ; F0 ,60 / ? M 6 ; F ,BU / ? M /7 ; F0 ,60 / 2 -3M / 8 ; F0 ,80 / 9 ; F0 ,60 / 1 0 ; F0 ,70 / 1 ; F0 ,70 / 1 2 ; F0 ,60 / 1 3 ; F0 ,60 / 1 2M / 1 4 ; F ? 1 , 00 / 2 -3M / 1 5 ; F0 ,40 / 3 -4M E : 0 /4 -5 ; 3 , 1 /0 / 8 -9 ; 4 ,4 / 9 10 ; 3 ,5 / 1 0 11; 5 ,0 / 1 12 ; 3 , 1 /1 2 13 ; 3 ,5 / 0 F : ( 0 ,60 ) /( 0 ,401,00) / ( 3 ,8) / ( 3 ,1-5 ,0) / I D G : ' l ocal v o lcan ic a sh ' /( A O?) / 0 ? T h is l a rge d i lap idated c i rcle h as m any s tones m issing , T hose t hat r emain a re m ostly , i f n o t a l l , f a llen , I n 1 9 23 a l o w , p ossible o rthostat s tood c 5 5 ,5m t o t he s outhwest o f t h e c i rcle , t h is h as n ow b een r e moved , 1 : A nderson 1 9 23 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C umberland 1 2 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( L 1/2) 4 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 : 11 G AMELANDS N Y 6 40082 C umbria ( W estmorland) B : C /W CH / A / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G( O D ) /c 43 ,5x39 ,5 / 1 7 + /3 5-4 1 0 : A : 1 ; 0 ,75 / 2 ; F1 , 10 / 3 ; F1 , 00 / 1 2M / 4 ; 0 ,50 / 5 ; F1 , 00 / 6 ; F1 , 50 / 7 ; F0 ,90 /8 ; F0 ,70 / 9 ; F1 , 50 / 3 -5M / 1 0 ; F1 , 50 / 1 ; F1 , 00 / 4 -6M / 1 2 ; F1 , 00 / 1 2M /1 3 ; F1 , 00 / 4 -6M / 1 4 ; F0 ,90 / M / 1 5 ; F0 ,70 / M / 1 6 ; F0 ,70 / M / 1 7 ; F0 ,80 /2 -3M E : 1 2 ; 3 ,0 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,5 / 0 / 4 -5 ; 2 ,7 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,0 / 6 -7 ; 4 ,3 / 7 -8 ; 4 ,9 / 8 -9 ; 3 ,6 / 0 / 1 0 11; 4 ,6 / 0 F : ( c 1,00?) / ( c 0 ,601,50?) / ( c 3 ,7) / ( c 2 ,7-4 ,6) / c 9 ,2% G : g ranite (16+) , l i mestone (1) / E B /T h is d i lap idated c i rcle i s s et n ear t h e i n ne r e dge o f ap robab le d enuded b an k, t h is i s c l earest t o t h e n o rth , P revious c la ims f o r a n e ntrance t o t he s outheast a re u nsupportab le a s t h e b ank i s g enerally t o o f r agmentary t o i d entify o r ig ina l b rea ks , T here a re t w o w ide g a ps b etween o r thostats t o t h e S E a nd W NW , a nd s tones m ay h ave b een r e moved h ere t o f a cilitate p lough ing o f t h e i n terior , T he s ite i s k nown t o h ave b een p loughed a round 1 8 63

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w hen 1 2 s tones w e re b lasted a nd 2 -3 b uried ( t he l a tter m a y h ave b een i d entified r e cently b y p robing i n t h e W NW g ap) , As andstone s lab w as f ound i n t he s ite i n terior w h ich w as a ssumed t o b e ac i st c apstone , t h is w as d umped a gainst o ne o f t h e c i rcle s tones t o t he n o rth-east , T wo f l ints w e re a lso f o und a t t h is t ime , A n e astern g ap i n t he b an k i s c losed b y a n o ld f i eld b oundary w h ich h its t h e c i rcum fe ren ce o f t h e s tone c i rcle t angen tia lly , A d rystone w a ll r u ns c lose t o t h e c i rcle t o t he s outh o b scu ring t h e b ank h e re , S everal s tones w ithin t he w all m ay d e rive f r om t h e c i rcle , T he b an k a round t he s ite o n b a lance a ppea rs t o b e g enu ine , b ut t h e p ossib ility t hat i t i s t h e r e su lt o f p lough ing a r ound t he s ite s hould n ot b e i g nored , S ma ller s tones ( 2 4+) o n t h e r i ng c i rcum feren ce m ay b e s mall o rthostats , b roken f ragments , a nd /or b an k r u bble , t h ese a re e x cluded f rom t h e a nalysis a bove , 1 : F e rguson 1 8 8 1-2 2 : R CAHM 1 9 36 3 : F e ll 1 9 64 4 : B url 1 9 76 ( W estmo rland 3 ) 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( L 2/ 14) 6 : V isited 1 9 83 7 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 : 12 G REY C ROFT N Y 0 33024 C umbria ( Cumberland ) B : L /F 26 / R / E ; F letcher 1 9 49 C : T hom 1 9 80 ; G( O D) / c 2 4 ,5x27 ,0 / 1 0 /1 2 16 D : 1 ; R1 , 45 / ? M /2 ; E H? R 1 , 60 / 3 ; E H ? R1 , 75 / 1 2M / 4 ; R1 , 40 / ? M /5 ; E H ,R 1 , 25 / 6 ; E H ,R 1 , 95 / M / 7 ; R1 , 25 / ? M /8 ; R1 , 30 / 9 ; R1 , 55 / 1 0 ; 1 , 60 E : 0 /2 -3 ; 6 ,2? / 0 / 5 -6 ; 4 ,3 / 0 F : 1 , 50 / 1 , 251,95 / ( c 5 ,2?) / ( c 4 ,3-6 ,2 ) /I D G : v o lcan ic b re ccia (9 ), s andstone (1) / I C A ,A0? / 0 ? I n 1 8 20 a ll b ut o ne o f t he 1 2 s tones w e re b u ried i n p its b y t h e t enant , E xcavations i n 1 9 49 f ound a nd r e -erected 1 0 o f t h ese , A n e leventh s tone w as f ound 2 1m t o t h e n o rth a nd r e -ere cted w he re i t w as f ound , I t a ppears f r om t h e e x cavation r e port t hat o n ly 2 4 o f t he o rthostats h ad i n -situ e v iden ce o f t h e ir o r ig ina l s toneholes t o a id w ith r e storation , T he o thers w e re r e stored p retty m u ch b y g uesswork a nd r e fle ct t h e s tones p ositions i n 1 820 ( s ome p e rhaps a l ready f a llen?) r a ther t h an t he ir e xact o r ig ina l p ositions , T here fo re , t he d eta ils o f r e storation s hould b e t r eated w ith c aution , I t i s u n clear i f t he o u t lier i s g enu ine o r i f i t w as a s tone t h at h ad p reviously b een d ragged f r om t h e c i rcle , Ac entral c a irn w ith a b ou lder k e rb m easu ring c 6 ,5x4 ,5m i n p lan , w as f o und t o c o nta in b one f ragments , f l int f lakes , as c raper a nd a j e t r ing , Ab ro ken g roup V I p o lished a xe w as f o und n ear o ne o f t h e s tones , 1 : F letcher 1 9 57 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C umberland 1 4 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( L 1/ 10 ) 4 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 ; 13 G REY Y AUDS N Y 5 45487 C umbria ( C umberland ) B : C /W CH? ( o r F ) /0 /C : N /c 4 7 ,5 / 0 / I D ( 8 8+) D : I D E : I D F : I D / (?- c 1 ,50) / I D /I D /I D G ; g ranite / E O /0 T he s ite w as r e corded i n t h e 1 8 th c e ntury a s h av ing 8 ' p retty l a rge ' g ran ite s tones i n a ' n ea rly e xa ct c i rcle ', T here w as a t a ll o utlier ( o r p o rta l) a bout 5 m n o rtheast o f t h e r ing ( s pu riously q uoted a t n o rthwest? - s ee b e low ), T h is d escription s uggests t h e s i te w as s im ila r t o L ong M eg a nd t h e o ther W estern C i rcle-Henges o f t h e r eg ion , B y t h e s e cond h alf o f t h e 1 9 th c entury t he c i rcle h ad b e en v i rtua lly d emo lished , O n ly t h e o utlier s u rv ives , a b lock o f g rand iorite , s tand ing n early 1 , 80m t a ll, T he l a nd t o t h e w est o f t h is s t one i s f l at , a nd s evera l l a rge g ran ite f r agments b u ilt i n to d rystone w a lls e x ist h e re , 1 : N i co lson a nd B u rn 1 7 77 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C umberland 1 5 ) 3 : W aterhouse 1 9 85

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9 : 14 G UNNERKELD N Y 5 68 178 C umbria ( Westmorland) B : C /F 3 / A /C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G( O D) / c 29 ,1x3 1,5 / 1 8 /3 2-42 D : 1 ; L1 ,65 / 5 -8M / 2 ; F1 ,30 / 3 ; F1 ,80 / M / 4 ; F1 ,00 / 2 -3M / 5 ; F2 ,20 / 6 ; F1 ,30 /7 ; F1 ,00 / 8 ; F1 ,65 / 9 ; F1 ,20 / ? M /1 0 ; F1 ,00 / 1 ; F1 ,20 / 1 2 ; F2 , 10 / 1 3 ; F2 , 10 / 2 -3M / 1 4 ; F1 , 70 / 1 -2M / 1 5 ; F1 ,20 / 1 6 ; F1 , 40 / 3 -6M / 1 7 ; F1 ,00 / 1 8 : L1 ,35 E : 0 /2 -3 ; 2 ,2 / 0 / 5 -6 ; 2 ,4 / 6 -7 ; 2 ,5 / 7 -8 ; 3 ,5 / 8 -9 ; 2 ,9 / 1 0 11; 1 ,7 / 112 : 2 ,0 /1 213 ; 3 ,5 / 0 / 1 5 16 ; 3 ,3 / 0 / 1 7 18 ; 3 ,3 / 1 81; 2 ,8 F : c 1 ,45 / c 1 ,00-2 ,10 / c 2 ,7 / c 1 ,7x3 ,5 / c 7 ,6% G : g ranite / I C A ,ICI / T h is d ilapidated r ing h as l o st s ome o f i t s s tones , Am id 1 9th c entury d rawing s hows t he s i te m uch a s i t i s t oday , w ith t he e xception o f o ne a dditional s tone t o t he N W a nd a s e cond s mall s tone t o t he S W , I n 1 8 79 D ymond n oted 2 v isible s toneholes t o t he N W , T hese a re n ot a pparent t oday , a lthough t he g round i s g enerally u neven h ere , T o t he S W a n a rc o f t h e c i rcle i s d isturbed b y an atural o r m an-made c utting , t he o ne s tone r emaining h ere h as s l ipped o utwards , S uggestions t hat s ign ificantly t a ller p ortal s tones l ie t o t he n orth a nd s outh a re s purious , B e fore t he m ajority o f s tones f ell t here w ould h ave b een a n umber o f s tones o f s im ilar h eight i n a ll q uadrants , A t t he c entre o f t he s ite i s a 1 5 ,0x 14 ,5m d iameter p latform o r k erb-cairn , T his h as a f lat t op a nd i s r etained b y ac ontiguous k erb o f m oderate-sized s tones , t he m a jority o f w hich h ave f allen o utwards , A t i t s c entre i s a p ossible c ist , a ll t hat r emains i s o ne v ertical s tone a nd a p it w hich r esu lts f rom d isturbance , 1 : D ymond 1 879 2 : R CAHM 1 936 3 : C lare 1 975 4 : B url 1 976 ( Westmorland 4 ) 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( L 2/ 10) 6 : V isited 1 983 7 : W aterhouse 1 985

i t s

9 : 15 H ALL F OSS S D 12857 C umbria ( Cumberland) B : L /F 26 / D / C : N /c 23 ,0 / 0 / I D ( 8 +) D : I D E : I D F : ( l arge) / I D /I D /I D /I D G : N D /- /T h is s ite w as d escribed i n t he 1 8 th c entury a s a ' d ruidical t emple c a lled S tanding S tones ' c o mprising ' 8 m assive r ude c o lumns d isposed i n a c ircle o f 2 5 y ards d iameter ', I t h ad d isappeared b y t he l a te 1 9 th c entury , 1 : H utchinson 1 7 94 2 : E c cleston 1 874 3 : B url 1 976 ( Cumberland 1 6 ) 4 : W aterhouse 1 985 9 : 16 K EMP H OWE B : L /F 26 / P / -

N Y 5 67 133

C umbria ( Westmorland)

C : N/c 25 ,0 / 5 -6 / c 1517 0 : 0 1 ; F1 , 8 /? M /2 ; F1 , 8 /3 ; F- 1 ,9 / 4 ; F1 ,8 / ? M /5 ; F1 ,9 / ( 6 : F-p art o f a venue?) E : I D F : ( t all) / ( ? -2 ,40) / I D /I D /I D G : g ranite / A V /R T h is b adly d amaged r ing n ow c omprises 5 -6 l a rge p rostrate s tones i n t he w estern a rc o f a c i rcle , T he e astern h alf o f t he s ite i s b uried u nder a r a ilway e mbankment , T he r a ilway w as b u ilt i n t he m id 1 9 th c entury w hen s everal o f t he s tones b roken u p , B efore t h is t ime t here w e re 1 2 s tones , u nder h a lf o f w hich w ere u pright , t he l a rgest b eing 2 ,4m h igh , O ne e arly d r awing s uggests t hat a m aximum o f 5s tones w ere a lready m issing a t t h is d ate a nd t hat s e veral o thers h ad a lready f a llen , T he c ircle s tood a t t he s outhern e nd o f a n a venue o f m assive s tones , af ew o f w hich s t ill s urvive ,

I t a ppears t o h ave b een i n e xcess o f 3 km l ong a nd t o h ave g radually c u rved

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r o und t o t h e n o rthwest , A lternatively t h ere m ay h ave b een a b rea k n ear t he n o rthern e nd w ith 2 s eparate a venues f o llowing o n f r om e a ch o ther , O ld a c counts r e cord i t w as a b out 2 7m w ide a t t h e s outhern e nd , as im ilar w idth t o t h e c i rcle d iameter , w h ile f u rthe r n o rth i t w as o n ly a bout 1 8 m w ide , I t i s u n known h ow m any s tones s t ood i n t h e a venue , b u t t h is w a s p robably w e ll i n e x cess o f 1 0 0 , s ome o ver 2 m t a ll , T he m o st n o rthe rly o f t h e 6s tones a t t h e c i rcle s ite d oes n ot f a ll c om fortab ly o n t he r i ng a nd m ay b e o ne o f t he a venue s tones r a ther t h an p a rt o f t he c i rcle , 1 : P ennant 1 7 74 5 ; B u rl 1 9 76 ( W estmorland 7 )

2 : H a ll 1 8 24 6 : C lare 1 9 78

3 : ' D ru id ' 1 8 44 7 : v i sited 1 9 83

4 ; R CAHM 1 9 36 8 : W aterhouse 1 9 85

9 : 17 K OPSTONE N Y 4 962 16 C umbria ( W estmorland) B ; L /P ESC7 / P / C : T aylor 1 9 85 ; P /c 1 7 ,5 / 1 / I D D : 0/1 ; 1 , 65 / 0 E : I D F : ( 1 ,65) / ( 1 ,65 ) /I D /I D /I D G : N D /E B /T he K opstone s tands 1 , 65m h igh , T h is i s p la ced o n t h e i n ne r e dge o f al o w b an k w h ich t o day c a n o n ly b e t r a ced r o und p art o f t h e c i rcum feren ce , T here a re a lso v estiges o f a n e xterna l k e rb o f s ma ll s tones w ith a d iameter o f c 2 3m , T he s i te m ay w e ll b e a n e mban ked s tone c i rcle w ith a l l e x cept o ne o f t h e o rthostats r e moved , 1 : T aylor 1 8 85 2 : R CAHM 1 9 36 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( W estmorland 8 ) 4 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 : 18 L AMPLUTH N Y 0 65 177 C umbria ( C umberland ) B : C /F 3 ? /D /C ; N/I D /0 / I D ( 6 +) D : I D E : I D F : ( c 1,20 ) /( c 1,20 ) /I D /I D /I D G : N D /- /T h is s ite w as n o ted i n 1 8 42 w hen t h e n o rthern a r c o f ac i rcle s u rv ived , t h e r e st h av ing b een b lasted a nd r e moved a f e w y ears p rev iously , S ix s tones r e mained , f our o f w h ich s tood n early 4 f e et h igh , I t w as e stimated t h e o r ig ina l d iameter w ou ld h ave b een a bout 1 0 0 p a ces ( c 75m ?) b ut t h is m ay h ave b een o n ly a w i ld g uess , T he 6 s tones h ad v anished b y t h e e arly 2 0 th c entu ry , 1 : J e fferson 1 8 42 2 : F e rguson 1 9 06 3 ; B u rl 1 9 76 ( C umberland 2 5 ) 4 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 ; 19 L ACRA - S I TE A S D 1 5 08 14 C umbria ( C umberland ) 8 : L /F 2 1 /P / C ; W aterhouse 1 9 85 ; G /c 16 ,0 / 5 -8 / 8 12 D : 1 2M / 1 ; 1 , 00 / ( 2 -4 ; D I ) /? M /5 ; F0 ,50 / ? M /6 ; 0 , 70 / 1 2M / 7 ; F0 ,80 / 8 ; F0 ,50 / M E ; 0 /7 -8 ; 4 ,5 / 0 F ; ( 0 ,70 ) /( 0 ,501,00) / ( 4 ,5) / ( 4 ,5) / I D G : ' v olcanic a sh ' /A SC ,ASR? / M T h is d amaged s i te a ppears t o h ave 5 s tones s t ill i n -s itu , o n ly 2 o f w h ich a r e s t ill s tand ing , O ne u p right t o t he e ast h as 3 f u rther s tones s u rrounding i t w hich a re l i kely t o h ave b een m oved h ere f r om e lsewhere o n t h e s ite , I n 1 8 74 t h e c i rcle w as d e s cribed a s h aving 6 s tones , w ith a nother h av ing r e cently b een m oved a nd a n e ighth b eing m i ssing ( o r m o re?), T he s ite w as u nder t h e p lough a t t h is t i me , L a cra B l i es a t ad istan ce t o t h e s outh , a nd t h ere a re p ossib le s tone r o ws t o t h e s outh-east , 1 : E c cleston 1 8 74 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C umbe rland 1 8 ) 3 ; T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( L 1/ 12) 4 : W aterhouse 1 9 85

- 3 48 -

9 : 20 L ACRA - S I TE B S D 1 4 98 10 C umbria ( C umberland) B : L /F 2 1 /A /P ; D ixon a nd F e ll 1 9 47 C : D ixon a nd F e ll 1 9 48 ; G /c 1 5 ,0 / 6 / 1 D : E H /1 ; 0 ,50 / 2 ; F0 ,60 / 3 ; 0 ,60 / M / 4 ; F0 ,80 / M / 5 ; 0 ,90 / M / 6 ; L0 ,60 / M E : E H1; 4 ,4 / 1 2 ; 4 ,2 / 2 -3 ; 4 ,0 / ( 3 -M ; 4 ,3) / ( M -4 ; 4 ,3 ) /( 4 -M ; 4 ,0 ) /( M -5 ; 4 ,0) / ( 5 -M ; 4 ,2 ) /( M -6 ; 4 ,2 ) /( 6 -M ; 4 ,4) / ( M -EH ; 4 ,4) F : 0 ,65 / 0 ,50-0 ,90 / ( 4 ,2 ) /( 4 ,0-4 ,4) / I D G : N D /I C A ,ASC ,ASR? / M T h is d amaged r i ng w as p a rt ia lly e x cavated i n 1 9 47 , I t h ad p rev iously b een p loughed , A t t he c e ntre w as a t u rf-built c a irn w ith a d iameter o f c 4 ,3m , T h is o verlay a c remation o n t h e o l d g round s u rfa ce , T he t u rf s tack w as c apped b y r ubble , a nd t o t h e n o rth t here w as a r ing o f h o rizonta l s labs n ea r i t s e dge , p la ced o n t h e c rest o f t h e c a irn , T he r ubble s pread f o r a b out 2 ,5m b eyond t h is r i ng a t t h is p o int a nd t he m ound a lso a ppeared t o h ave a k erb o f s m a ll s tones a t i t s e dge , T h is s uggests a p reh istoric a dd ition t o t h e o r ig ina l m ound , O n ly as ing le s toneho le f o r o n e o f t h e m issing o rthostats w as i n vestigated , T h is w as 0 ,20m d eep a n d c ontained p a cking s tones , T he t w o e xtant o rthostats e xam ined a lso h ad p a cking r ound t h e ir b ases , 1 : E c cleston 1 8 74 2 : D ixon a nd F e ll 1 9 48 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C umberland 1 9 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( L 1/ 13) 5 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 : 2 1 L EACET H ILL N Y 5 63263 C umbria ( C umberland) B : L /P SP7 / A / R obinson a nd F e rguson 1 8 80 C : R obinson a nd F e rguson 1 8 8 1; U / c 1 0 ,2x 11,3 / 9 / 9 D : 1 ; F ,BU 1 , 00 / 2 ; F ,BU 0 ,80 / 3 ; c 0 ,50 / 4 ; 1 , 75 / 5 ; F ? 0 ,70 / ( 6 ; F ortuitous?) / 7 ; 0 ,80 / 8 ; 0 ,80 / 9 ; c 0 ,50 / 1 0 ; F ,BU 1 , 20 E : 1 2 ; 2 ,8 / 2 3 ; 2 ,8 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,7 / 4 -5 ; 4 ,4 / 5 -7 ; 4 , 1 /7 -8 ; 4 ,7 / 8 -9 ; 3 ,2 / 9 10 ; 3 ,7 /1 0 1; 3 ,4 F : 0 ,80+ 1,75 / 0 ,501,20+ 1,75 / 3 ,6 / 2 ,8-4 ,7 / c 9 ,7% G : N D /I C A /S ? T h is u nusua l s i te c omprises a f l at-topped c a irn w ith a s tone c i rcle s et a t t he o uter e dge , W i th t he e x ception o f as m all r e cumbent s tone w h ich m ay b e f o rtuitous , t he r e latively t a ll s t ones a re e qua lly s pa ced , w ith w ide g aps b etween t hem , s uggesting c lose a f fin ities w ith t r ue s tone c i rcles a s w e ll a s t h e s ma ller k erb-cairns o f t h e r eg ion , T he c i rcle h as i t s f u ll c omplement o f s tones , a lthough 3 o f t hese , t o t he n o rth-east o f t he d rystone w a ll w h ich c rosses t h e s ite , a re b u ried a nd w e re o n ly l o cated b y e x cavation , O ne p articularly l a rge s tone s tands t o t h e s outheast , T he s ite w as d ug i n 1 8 80 w hen c remation d eposits w ere f o und a t t h e b a ses o f 4o f t h e s tones , a c compan ied b y at o ta l o f 5c o llared u rns , af ood v e ssel a nd a p ygmy c u p , A t t h e c entre o f t h e s ite w as a l a yer o f c harcoal c ontain ing c a lcined b ones a nd f i re-reddened s tones , 1 : R obinson a nd F e rguson 1 8 8 1 2 : R CAHM 1 9 36 3 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 : 22 L ONG M EG A N D H ER D AUGHTERS N Y 5 7 1372 C umbria ( C umberland ) B : C /W CH / A / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (OD ) /c 1 10 ,0x93 ,0 / 6 ( + 2) / 7 6-90 ( + 2 ) D : 1 ; F1 , 50 / 2 ; F1 , 00 / 3 ; F ; 1 , 50 / 4 ; F1 , 50 / 5 ; F1 , 00 / 6 ; F1 , 50 / 7 ; F1 , 50 / 1 2M ( 8 ; D I i n w a ll) / 9 ; 1 , 95 / ? M /1 0 ; F1 , 00 / 1 ; F1 , 50 / 1 2 ; F1 , 50 / 1 3 ; F2 ,00 /1 4 ; F1 , 00 / 1 5 : F1 , 00 / M / 1 6 ; F1 , 80 / 2 M /1 7 ; 2 ,25 / 1 2M / 1 8 ; F1 , 50 / M / 1 9 ; 0 ,85 / 2 0 ; F1 , 80 / 2 1 ; 1 , 60 / 2 ; F1 , 80 / 2 3 ; F1 , 80 / 2 4 ; 2 , 10 / 2 5 ; 1 , 35 / ? M / 2 6 ; 1 , 60 / 2 7 ; 1 , 00 / 2 8 ; 1 , 20 / ? M /2 9 ; F1 , 50 / 3 0 ; L1 , 35 / 3 1 ; 1 , 70 / 1 2M ( 3 2 ; D I i n w a ll) / 3 ; F1 , 50 / 3 4 ; F1 , 50 / 3 5 ; F R ? - /3 6 ; F1 , 80 / 3 7 ; L1 , 20 / 1 2M / 3 8 ; F1 , 00 / 3 9 ; F1 , 00 / 4 0 : 2 ,05 / 4 1 ; 1 , 30 / 4 2 ; F1 , 00 / 4 3 ; F ,BU / 4 ; F1 , 50 / 4 5 ; P1 , 65 / 4 6 ; F P 1 , 50 / ? M /4 7 ; F1 , 80 / 4 8 ; 1 , 35 / ? M /4 9 ; F1 , 50 / 5 0 ; 1 , 30 / 5 1 ; 1 , 15 / 5 2 ; F1 , 00 / 5 3 ; 1 , 60 / ? M /5 4 ; 2 ,45 / 1 2M / 5 ; 1 , 65 / 1 3M / 5 6 ; F1 , 00 / 5 7 ; F1 , 50 / M / 5 8 ; 1 , 75 / ? M /5 9 ; F1 , 50 / 6 0 ; 1 , 65 / M / 6 1 ; F1 , 50 /

6 2 ; F1 , 50 / 6 3 ; 1 , 65 / 6 4 ; F1 , 50 / 6 5 ; F ,BU / 6 ; F1 , 50 E : 1 2 ; 3 ,5 / 2 -3 ; 4 ,5 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,3 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,0 / 5 -6 ; 4 ,0 / 6 7 ; 3 ,3 / 0 / 1 0 11; 4 , 2 / 1 12 ; 3 ,9 / 1 2 13 ; 4 ,0 / 1 3 14 ; 4 ,0 / 1 4 15 ; 3 ,7 / 0 / 1 9 -20 ; 3 ,0 / 2 0-2 1; 3 , 7 / 2 1-22 ; 3 ,5 / 2-23 ; 4 ,2 / 2 3-24 ; 3 ,8 / 2 4-25 ; 3 ,7 / 0 / 2 6-27 ; 3 ,8 / 2 7-28 ; 3 ,6 / 0 / 2 9-30 ; 4 ,2 / 3 0-3 1; 3 ,8 / 0 / 3-34 ; 3 ,8 / 3 4-35 ; 3 ,5 / 3 5 -36 ; 4 ,0 / 3 6-37 ; 3 ,8 / 0 / 3 8-39 ; 4 ,5 / 3 9-40 ; 3 ,7 / 4 0-4 1; 3 ,5 / 4 1-42 ; 3 ,3 / 4 2 -43 ; 4 ,0 / 4 3-44 ; 3 ,5 / 4-45 ; 4 ,2 / 4 5-46 ; E9 ,0 / 0 / 4 7-48 ; 3 ,5 / 0 / 5 0-5 1; 4 ,0 / 5 1-52 ; 4 ,5 / 5 2-53 ; 3 ,5 / 0 /5 9-60 ; 4 ,0 / 0 / ( 6 1-62 ; 4 ,0 ) /( 6 2-63 ; 4 ,0 ) /6 3-64 ; 4 ,5 / 6 4-65 ; 3 ,5 / 6 5 -66 ; 3 ,5 / 61; 3 ,8 F : 1 , 40+2 ,25 ,2 ,45 / 0 ,85-2 ,10+2 ,25 ,2 ,45 / 3 ,8+E 9 ,0 / 3 ,0-4 ,5+E 9 ,0 / c 1 5 ,4% G : p orphyry / E B ,EPO ,E0 ,ASC? ,2ICA? / E ,0 ,2S? ,M? T h is m assive s tone c i rcle h as s u ffered s ome d amage , An a rrow r o ad c r osses t h e e aste rn h a lf o f t he s ite f r om n o rth t o s outh , As hort d istan ce w est o f t h is w as a w a ll w h ich h as n ow b een d emo lished , T he i n terior o f t he s ite b eyond t h is h a s r i g a nd f u rrow r unn ing p a rallel t o t he w a ll f r om n o rth t o s outh , E ast o f t h e r o ad t h e i n terior h as r i g a nd f u rrow r u nn ing f r om e ast t o w est , T he o rthostats a re s et i n a l o w b an k w h ich i s p oorly p rese rved b ut v isible i n te rm ittently r ound m u ch o f t h e r i ngs c i rcum feren ce , e x cept t o t h e n o rth , A t b est i t i s c 4 ,0m w ide a nd 0 ,3m h igh , S evera l o rthostats h ave b e en r e moved f r om t h e r i ng , T oday t h ere a re 6 9 s tones , w hereas C amden n oted 7 , S tukeley r e corded s eve ra l s tones h ad b een b ro ken u p s ho rtly b e fore h is v isit i n 1 7 25 , D ymond q uoted a l o ca l t r adition t h at s ome s tones h ad b een r e moved a nd t hen l a ter r e pla ced , S evera l a u thors h ave n oted t w o s t ones i n t h e r ing , t o t h e e ast a nd w est , w h ich a re p a rticula rly m a ssive , H owever , i t i s u n clear i f t h ese a re d es igned t o b e s ign ificant o r ientation m a rkers , a s s o m any s tones h a ve f a llen w h ile o thers h ave b een r e moved , I n 1 5 99 C amden n o ted ' t wo h eaps o f s tone ' w ith in t h e r i ng , A ubrey , ( q uoting a p robab ly e xaggerated a c count) , a lso n oted 2 b a rrows o f c o bb le s tones ' n ine o r t e n f o ot h igh ', N e ither S tu keley , n o r a n a nonymous a uthor l a ter i n t h e 1 8 th c entury , m e ntioned t h ese c a irns , b u t G ough i n 1 8 06 n o ted t h ey w e re f i eld c l ea ran ce , T here i s n o t r ace o f t h ese t o day a nd t h e ir s tatus m u st r e ma in u n certa in , A u brey , q uoting T od , n oted ' g iants b ones , a nd b ody f o und w ithin t h e c i rcle , T he c i rcle i s b u ilt o n n oticeab ly s loping g round , w i th t h e u ph ill s ide b e ing t o t h e s outhwest , w he re t h ere i s a n e ntran ce d e fined b y t w o e xte rna l p o rta ls s et c 4 ,8m b e yond t h e c i rcle o rthostats , O ne o f t h ese h as f a llen b ut t h e o the r s tands 2 ,30m h igh , 2 ,5m b eyond t h e r ing , a nd c r ude ly a l igned w ith t h e w estern s ide o f t h e e ntran ce , i s L ong M eg , a3 ,65m h igh o rthostat o f s andstone , T h is h as p e cked c a rv ings o n t h e n o rtheast f a ce , c o mprising a 4c o il s p ira l a nd 2 s e ts o f c o ncentric r i ngs , T he u pper o n e h as 3 r i ngs r ound a c u pmark, T he l o wer o ne h as 4 c on centric r ings w ith 2 p ossible c o n centric r i ngs s uperimposed , A l l a re n ow w o rn a nd f u rther d etail m ay o n ce h ave e x isted , S tukeley n oted a s e cond c i rcle a t t h e s ite a s hort d istan ce t o t he s outhwest , T h is h as n ow b een d estroyed , 1 : C amden 1 5 99 2 : A ubrey 1 6 65-97 3 : G ents ,Mag , 1 7 52 p 3 1011 4 : S tukeley 1 7 76 5 : G ough 1 8 06 ( C amden ) 6 : D ymond 1 8 8 1 7 : L u kis u npub lished 1 8 84 8 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C umberland 2 3 ) 9 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( L 1/7) 1 0 : C lare 1 9 75 1 : v isited 1 9 83 1 2 : W a terhouse 1 9 85 9 :23 L ONG M EG - S W 8 : C /P F3? / D / C : N /c 15 ,0 / 0 / I D ( 2 0+) D : N D E : N D F : N D /N D /N D /N D /N D G : N D /A O ,ASC / M ,0

N Y 5 7 ,37 ,

- 3 50 -

C umbria ( C umberland )

W hen S tukeley v isited L ong M eg i n 1 725 h e n oted a s econd s maller c ircle i n t he a d jacent f ield t o t he s outh-west , T his h ad 2 0 s tones i n a c 15 ,0m r ing , a nd a lso h ad a n o utlier f u rther t o t he s outh-west , i n a n a nalogous p osition t o L ong M eg , 1 : S tukeley 1 7 76 2 : W aterhouse 1 985 9 :24 L OW L ONGRIGG - N E N Y 1 7300252 C umbria ( Cumberland) B : L /F 24 / A / C : W aterhouse 1 9 85 ; G (OD) / c 19 ,5x2 1,3 / 115 / 1 6 ? D : M/1 ; F0 ,30 / M 2 ; F ,BU 0 ,50 / ( 3 ; s mall-fortuitous?) / 4 ; F1 ,00 / 5 ; F0 ,50 / 6 ; F0 ,80 / ( ? 7 ; s mall f o rtuitous?) / 8 ; F0 ,50 / ( 9 ; b uried-fortuitous?) / 1 0 ; F0 ,70 /1 ; L0 ,70 / 1 2 ; L0 ,55 / M / 1 3 ; L0 ,75 / 2 M ( 14 ; s mall-fortuitous?) / 1 5 ; F ,B c 1 ,20 E : 0 /2 -4 ; 4 ,2 / 4 -5 ; 4 ,4 / 5 -6 ; 4 , 1 /6 -8 ; 5 , 1 /8 10 ; 4 ,6 / 1 011; 3 ,6 / 112 ; 4 , 1 /0 F : 0 ,65 / 0 ,301,20 / ( 4 ,3?) / ( 3 ,6-5 ,1?) / c 8 ,5% G : g ranite / 2 ICA ,ASC / M T his s tone c i rcle i s a l i ttle l a rger t han t he a d jacent s ite a nd h as m ore o rthostats , S everal s mall r e cumbent s tones m ay b e f o rtuitous , T here i s a n i nternal c a irn a t t he c entre w ith a d iameter o f 6 ,0m , A d jacent t o i t i n t he n ortheast q uadrant i s a s econd o f 4 ,0m d iameter, T he s ite l ies w ithin a n e xtensive c a irn field/field s ystem , T he s econd c ircle l i es a djacent t o t he s outhwest , 1 : D ymond 1 88 1 2 : C lare 1 9 75 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( L 1/6 , B urnmoor A ) 6 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 7 : H igham 1 986

3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Cumberland 2 4a) 5 : v isited 1 983

9 :25 L OW L ONGR IGG - S W N Y 1 7260240 C umbria ( Cumberland) B : L /F 2 1 /G /C : W aterhouse 1 9 85 ; 5 (00) / c 14 ,8x 15 ,5 / 9 / 9 D : 1 ; L0 ,25 / 2 ; 0 ,70 / 3 ; F0 ,50 / 4 ; 0 ,60 / 5 ; 0 ,50 / 6 ; 0 ,30 / 7 ; F ,BU - / 8 ; F0 ,30 / 9 ; L0 ,55 E : 1 -2 ; 5 ,5 / 2 -3 ; 6 ,0 / 3 -4 ; 5 ,9 / 4 -5 ; 5 ,3 / 5 -6 ; 4 ,8 / 6 -7 ; 4 ,8 / 7 -8 ; 4 ,7 / 8 -9 ; 4 ,5 / 9 1; 4 ,7 F : 0 ,45 / 0 ,25-0 ,70 / 5 , 1 /4 ,5-6 ,0 / c 4 ,5% G : g ranite / I CA ,ASC / M T h is s ite i s 3 5m f rom t he a d jacent o ne , I t h as a c entral c airn w ith a d iameter o f 4 ,5m , 1 : D ymond 1 88 1 2 : C lare 1 9 75 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Cumberland 2 4b) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( L 1/6 , B urnmoor B ) 6 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 7 : H igham 1 986

5 : v isited 1 9 83

9 :26 M OOR D IVOCK - S ITE 4 N Y 4 94220 C umbria ( Westmorland) 8 : L /S P6 / A / C ; G reenwell a nd S impson 1 8 66 C : W aterhouse 1 9 85 ; G /c 4 ,8x5 ,5 / 1 0 /1 D : 1 ; F0 ,80 / 2 ; 0 ,80 / 3 ; 0 ,65 / 4 ; F0 ,70 / 5 ; 0 ,45 / M / 6 ; F ? 0 ,40+ / 7 ; 0 ,95 / 8 ; F0 ,80 / 9 ; 0 ,75 / 1 0 : 0 ,85 E : 1 -2 ; 1 ,8 / 2 -3 ; 1 , 4 /3 -4 ; 1 , 5 /4 -5 ; 1 ,3 / ( 5 -M ; 1 ,5) / ( M -6 ; 1 ,5) / 6 -7 ; 1 ,9 / 7 -8 ; 1 ,6 / 8 -9 ; 1 ,2 / 9 10 ; 1 ,8 / 1 0 1; 1 , 7 F : 0 ,70 / 0 ,40-0 ,95 / 1 , 6 /1 , 21,9 / 1 2 ,7% G : N D /I CA / T h is s mall r ing o f s paced o rthostats m ay w ell b e av ariant f o rm o f k erb-cairn r ather t han at rue s tone c i rcle , I t s i n terior i s f i lled w ith a m ound , T here i s ac entral d isturban ce w h ich r esults f rom t he e x cavation h ere b y G reenwell a nd S impson i n 1 866 , Ac remated a dult , af ood v essel a nd 2 o ther s herds w ere f ound , T he c a irn s preads a bout l m b eyond t he c ircle b ut t h is m ay r esult f rom e rosion a nd d isturbance , T he p resent s tate o f t he s ite d oes n ot t a lly w ith a 1 9 th c entury p lan a nd t h is h as l e d t o t he s uggestion t hat i t h as b een r emodelled a s as hooting-butt , H owever, t h is s eems

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u n likely a s a l a rger c entra l h o llow w ou ld b e e xpected i f t h is w e re t he c ase ; t h e e a rly p lan m ay b e i n a ccurate , Ap ossib le a venue o f s mall s tones r uns t o t h e NW t owards M oor D ivo ck 5 b ut i t s a uthenticity h as b een q uestioned , T here a re s evera l r obbed c a irns i n t h e v i cin ity , s ome w ith k e rbs ( s ee C hapter 8 ) , 1 : G reenwell 1 8 77 2 : T aylor 1 8 85 3 : R CAHM 1 9 36 4 : B url 1 9 76 ( W estmorland 1 ) 5 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 :27 O DDENDALE N Y 5 92 129 C umbria ( W estmorland ) B : C /F 3 /A /C ; p re 1 8 79 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (00) / c 26 ,2x26 ,0 / 3 1 /4 1-48 D : 1 2M / 1 ; L0 ,75 / 2 ; L0 ,65 / 2 -3M / 3 ; L0 ,75 / 4 ; F0 ,70 / 5 ; F0 ,50 / 6 ; L0 , 75 / 7 ; 0 ,70 / 8 ; F0 ,60 / 9 ; 0 ,65 / 1 0 ; F0 ,60 / M / 1 ; F0 ,60 / M / 1 2 ; F0 ,60 / 1 3 ; L0 ,40 / 1 4 ; L0 ,45 / 1 5 ; F0 ,60 / 1 6 ; F0 ,50 / 1 7 ; L0 ,85 / 1 8 ; 0 ,50 / 1 9 ; F0 , 40 /1 M /2 0 ; L0 ,50 / 2 1 ; L0 ,75 / 2 ; L0 ,70 / 2 3 ; F ,D I 0 ,30 / 1 2M / 2 4 ; F0 ,30 / 2 5 ; F ,D I 0 ,30 / 2 6 ; F0 ,40 / 1 2M / 2 7 ; F0 ,30 / M / 2 8 ; F0 ,40 / 2 9 ; L0 ,55 / 1 2M / 3 0 ; F0 ,30 / 1 2M / 3 1 ; F0 ,45 E : 0/1 2 ; 2 ,6 / 0 / 3 -4 ; 2 ,3 / ( 4 -5 ; 1 , 7) / ( 5 -6 ; 1 , 7) / 6 -7 ; 2 ,3 / 7 -8 ; 1 , 8 /8 -9 ; 2 , 2 /9 10 ; 1 , 9 /( 1 0-M ; 1 , 9) / ( M 11; 1 , 9) / ( 1 1-M ; 1 , 5) / ( M 12 ; 1 , 5) / 1 2 13 ; 1 , 3 / 1 3 14 ; 2 ,0 / 1 4 15 ; 1 , 8 /1 5 16 ; 1 , 9 /1 6 17 ; 2 ,2 / 1 7 18 ; 1 , 3 /1 8 19 ; 2 ,0 / 0 / 2 0-2 1; 1 , 9 /2 1 -22 ; 2 ,0 / 0 / ( 2 4-25 ; 1 , 8) / ( 2 5-26 ; 1 , 8 ) /0 /2 8-29 ; 1 , 6 /0 F : 0 ,50 / 0 ,30-0 ,85 / 1 , 9 /1 , 3-2 ,6 / c 0 ,8% G : g ranite (30 ), l i mestone (1) / I C A ,I0 / G , T h is c i rcle s u rrounds a f l at-topped c a irn d e fined b y ac o ntiguous k e rb , w ith a d iamete r o f 7 ,5m , T he k e rbstones a re p ossibly g raded s l ightly a nd t h e t a llest , a t 0 ,40m h igh , l i e t o t h e n o rtheast , C harcoal a nd b urnt e a rth w ere f ound w hen t h e m ound w as i n vestigated i n t h e 1 9 th c entury , T he re i s a0 ,4 . 5m h igh o rthostat b etween t h e m ound a nd o uter c i rcle t o t h e E SE , O utside t h e c i rcle v a rious s tones h ave b een s uggested t o b e o f s ign ificance , H owever , t h e a rea i s g enera lly s tony a nd t hey m ay w e ll b e f o rtuitous , 1 : S impson 1 8 63 2 : R CAHM 1 9 36 3 ; B url 1 9 76 ( W estmorland 1 5 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( L 2/ 13) 5 ; v isited 1 9 83 6 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 :28 T HE R INGLEN S TONES , E GREMONT N X 95 107 C umbria ( C umberland ) B : L /F 25 / 0 / C : N /c 15 ,0 / 0 / I D ( 1 0+) 0 : N D E : N D F : N D /N D /N D /N D /N D G : N D /- /T h is d estroyed s ite w as r e corded i n t h e l a te 1 8 th c entury a s h aving 1 0 l a rge s tones w i th a c i rcum feren ce o f 6 0 p a ces , T he c e ntra l a rea w as f l at w ith n o c entra l m ound , 1 : H utch inson 1 7 94 2 : J e fferson 1 8 42 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C umberland 1 ) 4 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 :29 S HAPBECK N Y 526 1885 C umbria ( W estmorland ) B : C /F 3 /A /C ; S impson a nd S tuart 1 8 82 C : T u rner 1 9 86 ; G /c 20 ,5x22 ,0 / c 23-28 / 3 1-35 D : 1 ; - /2 M /1 2 ; - /3 ; -/( 1 4 ; D I ?) / 5 ; - /6 ; - /7 ; B U /8 ; /9 ; - /2 -3M / 10 ; -/1 ; -/1 2 ; /1 2M / 1 3 ; -/1 4 ; -/1 5 ; - /3 -4M ( 1 619 D I?) / 2 0 ; -/1 2M /2 1 ; - 2 ; - /2 3 ; - /2 4 ; /2 5 ; - /2 6 ; - /2 7 ; -/( 1 28 ; D I ) E : 0 /2 -3 ; 1 , 8 /3 -5 ; 1 , 8 /5 -6 ; 2 ,6 / 6 -7 ; 1 , 7 /7 -8 ; 2 , 3 /8 -9 ; 1 , 8 / 0 / 112 ; 1 , 7 / 0/1 3 14 ; 2 ,5 / 1 4 15 ; 1 , 7 /0 /2 1-22 ; 1 , 6 / 2-23 ; 2 ,3 / 2 3-24 ; 2 ,4 / 2 4-25 ; 3 , 0 / 2 5-26 ; 2 ,2 / 2 6-27 ; 1 , 3 /2 71; 2 ,4 F : I D /( 1 -0 ,90 ) /c 2 ,0 / c 1 ,3-3 ,0 / c 6 ,8% G : N D /I C A /-

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T h is r ing h as r e cently b een r e -d iscovered a nd i s a lmost c e rtain ly t he s ame s ite a s t hat e x cavated i n 1 8 82 , T oday i t c omprises a d amaged r i ng o f o rthostats n ear t h e e dge o f a s l ight p latform c r eated b y p lough ing , A t t h e a pprox imate c e ntre i s ad amaged c ontiguous k e rb o f c 6 ,5m d iameter a nd w ithin t h is i s as e cond c r ude k e rb o f c 2 ,0m d iameter , B eyond t h e o ute r k erb t o t h e s outhwest i s ac 5 ,0m d iameter c a irn w h ich h as b een s uggested t o b e a c l earance c a irn , b ut e qua lly c ou ld b e t h e s po il f r om S impson a nd S tuart 's e x cavation , T hey f o und c harcoa l a n d b urnt e a rth u nder a f l at s lab i n t h e n o rthwestern p ortion o f t h e s pa ce w i th in t h e i n ne r k e rb , S impson a lso n oted a s e cond c i rcle c 2 9m a way i n t h e n ext f i eld , H owever , h is a c count i s s o v ague a s t o m a ke i t i m possib le t o i n terpret , i t w as e ither a s tone c i rcle o r a b a rrow k e rb . 1 : S impson 1 8 83 2 : T u rner 1 9 86 9 : 30 S TUDFOLD N Y 0 40223 C umbria ( C umbe rland ) B ; C /F 3 / P /C ; p re 1 9 24 C : W aterhouse 1 9 85 ; G /c 2 6 ,0x33 ,7 / 1 5 /2 0-26 0 ; 1 ; F ,BU / 2 ; F ,BU / 3 ; F ,BU ,?DI / 4 ; 0 ,60 / 5 ; 0 ,75 / 1 2M / 6 ; 0 ,55 / 7 ; F ,BU / 8 ; F ,BU / 1 2M / 9 ; 0 ,95 / 2 -3M / 1 0 ; F ,BU / 1 2M / 1 ; 0 ,40 / 1 2 ; F ,BU ,?D l /1 3 ; F ,BU /1 4 ; F0 ,70 / ? M /1 5 ; F ,BU / ? M E : 1 2 ; 4 ,7 / ( 2 -3 ; 3 ,9) / ( 3 -4 ; 2 ,7) / 4 -5 ; 4 , 1 /0 /6 -7 ; 3 ,5 / 7 -8 ; 4 ,8 / 0 / ( 1 112 ; 2 ,5 ) /( 1 213 ; 6 ,0 ) /1 3 14 ; 5 ,3 / 0 F : ( 0 ,65) / ( 0 ,40-0 ,95) / ( 4 ,5 ) /( 3 ,5-5 ,3) / c 22 ,8% G : s andstone / I C A /T h is d amaged c i rcle i s b isected b y ad rystone w a ll , S l ightly t o t he w est o f t h e c e ntre i s a n i n ternal c a irn w ith a d iameter o f c 7m , T h is w as e x cavated b e fore 1 9 24 b ut n o f i nds w e re m a de , T he p lantation w h ich o bscured t h e w estern h a lf o f t h e s ite h as b een r e moved i n r e cent y ears , r e vealing s tones h e re t hat w e re p rev iously o bscured , 1 ; M ason a nd V a lentine 1 9 25 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( C umberland 2 7 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( L 1/ 14 , D ean M oo r) 4 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 : 3 1 S W INSIDE S D 1 7 2883 C umbria ( C umberland) 8 : C /W CH / G / P ; D ymond 1 9 0 1 C ; T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (00) / 2 9 ,1x27 ,7 / 5 2 (+2 ) /6 1-67 (+2) D : 1 ; F0 ,40 / 2 ; 2 ,35 / 3 ; 1 , 55 / 4 ; 1 , 35 / 5 ; L1 , 60 / 6 ; F0 ,90 / 7 ; 1 , 35 / 8 ; 0 ,75 / 9 ; 1 , 35 / 1 0 ; F0 ,50 / 1 ; L1 , 00 / 1 2 ; 1 , 65 / 3 -4M / 1 3 ; L1 , 00 / M / 1 4 ; 1 , 70 / 1 5 ; 1 , 55 / M / 1 6 ; F0 ,90 / 1 7 ; 1 , 00 / 1 8 ; F1 , 40 / 1 9 ; P1 , 90 / 2 0 ; P1 , 90 / 2 1 ; 1 , 60 /2 ; 1 , 75 / 2 3 ; 1 , 30 / ? M /2 4 ; L1 , 00 / ? M /2 5 ; F1 , 00 / 2 6 ; F0 ,50 / 2 7 ; L1 , 00 / 2 8 ; 1 , 85 / 2 9 ; F1 , 00 / M / 3 0 ; F0 ,60 / 3 1 ; F0 ,70 / 3 2 ; F0 ,50 / 3 ; F1 , 00 / 3 4 ; 1 , 70 / 1 2M / 3 5 ; F1 , 00 / 1 2M / 3 6 ; F1 , 40 / 3 7 ; 1 , 00 / M / 3 8 ; L1 , 00 / 3 9 ; F0 ,50 / 4 0 ; 1 , 40 / 4 1 ; F1 , 30 / 4 2 ; L1 , 40 / 4 3 ; F1 , 60 / 4 ; F1 . 50 / ? M / 4 5 ; 0 ,95 / 4 6 ; 1 , 35 / 4 7 ; F0 ,70 / 4 8 ; 1 , 20 / 4 9 ; F1 , 10 / 5 0 ; F1 , 10 / 5 1 ; 1 , 55 / 5 2 ; 1 , 80 E : 1 2 ; 1 , 0 /2 3 ; 1 , 6 /3 -4 ; 2 ,3 / 4 -5 ; 1 , 5 /5 -6 ; 1 , 5 /6 -7 ; 1 , 1 /7 -8 ; 0 ,8 / 8 -9 ; 1 , 0 / 9 10 ; 1 , 3 /1 0 11; 1 , 1 /1 12 ; 0 ,7 / 0 / ( 1 3-M ; 1 , 2 ) /( M 14 ; 1 , 2) / 1 4 15 ; 1 , 0 / ( 1 5-M ; 1 , 3 ) /( M 16 ; 1 , 3 ) /1 6 17 ; 1 , 7 /1 7 18 ; 1 , 4 /1 8 19 ; 1 , 5 /1 9 -20 ; E2 ,6 / 2 0-2 1; 1 , 1 /2 1-22 ; 1 , 1 / 2-23 ; 1 , 6 /0 / 2 5-26 ; 1 , 2 /2 6-27 ; 1 , 6 /2 7-28 ; 1 , 6 / 2 8 -29 ; 2 , 1 /( 2 9-M ; 1 , 5) / ( M -30 ; 1 , 5) / 3 0-3 1; 1 , 1 /3 1-32 ; 1 , 7 /3 2-33 ; 1 , 4 / 3-34 ; 1 , 3 /0 /3 6-37 ; 1 , 1 /( 3 7-M ; 1 , 2 ) /( M -38 ; 1 , 2 ) /3 8-39 ; 0 ,7 / 3 9-40 ; 1 , 2 / 4 0-4 1; 1 , 4 /4 1-42 ; 1 , 5 /4 2-43 ; 1 , 7 /4 3-44 ; 2 , 1 /0 /4 5-46 ; 1 , 0 /4 6-47 ; 1 , 1 / 4 7-48 ; 1 , 0 /4 8-49 ; 1 , 2 /4 9-50 ; 1 , 9 /5 0-5 1; 2 ,0 / 5 1-52 ; 2 , 1 /5 21; 1 , 1 F ; 1 , 20+2 ,35 / 0 ,401,90+2 ,35 / 1 , 4+E2 ,6 / 0 ,7-2 ,3+E2 .6 / 4 .8% 8 : p o rphyritic s late / E PO ,PEB / E ,S? T h is f ine c i rcle h as a n e ntrance t o t h e s outheast d e fined b y 2p ortals s et c 1 ,5m o utside t h e r ing , t h ey s tand c 2 ,0m h igh , T he t a llest s tone i n t h e r i ng s tands a lmost e xactly a t

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n o rth , i t m ay b e a n d irection i n dicator, T oday t here i s n o v isible i nd ication o f ab an k a ssociated w ith t he r ing , b ut e xcavations i n 1 9 0 1 f ound t he o rthostats w ere s et i n ab ed o f r ammed p ebbles r ather t han t he s ubsoil, A t t he e nd o f t he 1 8 th c entury G ough n oted a b ank w hich s tood c 0 ,5m h igh , A ll t he o rthostats t hat h ave f a llen h ave c onsistently f allen i n wards w hich i s s trong ly i ndicative t hat t hey o riginally s tood a t t he i nner e dge o f t he b an k, P loughing i n t he 1 9 th c entury m ay w ell h ave r educed t h is b ank t o i t s p resent e phemeral s tate , Ag ap i n t he c i rcle t o t he E NE s uggests s tones h ave b een r emoved h ere t o a l low a ccess w ith a p lough , D ymond n oted t he s ubsoil s urface w as i r regular c ompa red w ith t he t opsoil s urface w hich m ay b e a s econd i n dication t he i n terior h as b een p loughed . D ymond m ade n o f inds e xcept f o r af ew f ragments o f c harcoal a nd a m inute s plinte r o f b one , 1 : D ymond 1 88 1 2 : D ymond 1 9 02 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( L 1/3)

3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Cumberland 2 8) 6 : W aterhouse 1 985

4 : v isited 1 9 78 ,1985

9 :32 W HITE M OSS - E NE N Y 1 7 150276 C umbria ( Cumberland) B : L /F 2 1 /R /C : W aterhouse 1 985 ; G/1 5 ,1x 16 ,9 / 1 / 1 D : 1 ; 0 ,75 / 2 ; R0 ,70 / 3 ; R0 ,65 / 4 ; R0 ,70 / 5 ; R0 ,75 / 6 ; R0 ,75 / 7 ; R1 , 15 / 8 ; R0 ,90 / 9 ; R1 ,05 / 1 0 ; 0 ,65 / 1 ; R0 ,60 E : 1 -2 ; 4 ,2 / 2 -3 ; 4 ,6 / 3 -4 ; 4 ,6 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,7 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,2 / 6 -7 ; 4 ,2 / 7 -8 ; 5 ,2 / 8 -9 ; 5 ,8 / 9 10 ; 4 ,6 / 1 0 11; 4 ,9 / 11; 5 ,3 F : 0 ,80 / 0 ,601,15 / 4 ,6 / 3 ,2-5 ,8 / 1 0 ,7% G : g ranite / I C A ,2ASC / M A l l t he s tones o f t h is r ing a re u pright t oday , 9h av ing b een r e-erected r e cently b y B url ( u npublished), T here i s a d isturbed c entral c a irn w ith a d iameter o f 5 ,5 m etres , T he c i rcle i s w ithin a n e xtensive c a irn field/field-system , a nd t he s econd c ircle i s 4 6m t o t he W SW a nd B rats H ill c ircle l i es f u rther a way t o t he s outh-east , 1 : B url 1 9 76 ( Cumberland 2 9a) 2 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( L 1/6 B urnmoor 0 ) 3 : v isited 1 983 4 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 5 : H igham 1 986 9 :33 W HITE M OSS - W SW N Y 1 7 110274 C umbria ( Cumberland ) B : L /F 2 1 /A /C : W aterhouse 1 985 ; G( OD) / c 15 ,8x 17 ,2 / 1 3 /1 3 D : 1 ; L0 ,75 / 2 ; L0 ,75 / 3 ; 0 ,75 / 4 ; F0 ,90 / 5 ; F1 ,00 / 6 ; F ,BU / 7 ; F1 ,20 / 8 ; F0 ,80 / 9 ; F0 ,60 / 1 0 ; F0 ,60 / 1 ; F1 ,00 / 1 2 ; F0 ,80 / 1 3 ; F0 ,60 E : 1 -2 ; 3 ,8 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,3 / 3 -4 ; 4 ,2 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,3 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,9 / 6 -7 ; 4 ,0 / 7 -8 ; 3 ,9 / 8 -9 ; 3 ,9 / 9 10 ; 4 ,5 / 1 0 11; 3 ,5 / 112 ; 4 ,6 / 1 2 13 ; 4 ,3 / 1 31; 4 ,3 F : 0 ,80 / 0 ,601,20 / 4 ,0 / 3 ,3-4 ,6 / c 8 ,1% G : g ranite / I CA ,2ASC / M T h is r ing i s v irtually i dentical t o i t s p artner , e xcept t hat i t i s al i ttle l a rger a nd h as 2m ore s tones , T here i s ad amaged c entral c a irn w ith a d iameter o f 5 ,0 m etres , 1 : B url 1 976 ( Cumberland 2 9b) 2 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( L 1/6 B urnmoor C ) 3 : v isited 1 9 83

4 : W aterhouse 1 9 85

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5 : H igham 1 986

Z ONE 1 0 :

C HEVIOTS/PENNINES

1 0 :1 A PPLETREEW ICK S E 0 65632 N o rth Y o rkshire , B ; L /F 23 / G / C : B a rnatt u npub lished ; U /c 8 ,7x7 ,5 / 6 / 6 0 : 1 ; 0 ,45 / 2 ; F0 ,55 / 3 ; F1 , 40 / 4 ; 0 ,50 / 5 ; L0 ,70 / 6 : 0 ,55 E : 1 2 ; 4 ,0 / 2 3 ; 4 ,8 / 3 4 ; 4 ,5 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,7 / 5 -6 ; 4 ,2 / 6 1; 3 , 1 F : 0 , 55+ 1,40 / 0 , 45-0 ,70+ 1,40 / 4 ,0 / 3 , 1-4 ,8 / c 13 ,8% G : g r itstone (5 ) , l i mestone (1) / - / S T h is w e ll p reserved c i rcle h as o ne s ignificantly l a rge a nd b ulky s tone i n t h e s outhern h a lf , T here i s a p ossible r i ngca irn n earby t o t he n o rtheast , R a istrick n oted a c 3 ,5m d i ameter d oub le c i rcle o f s ma ll r e cumbent s tones s omewhere n earby , t h is c ou ld n ot b e f o und i n 1 9 84 ; i t i s u n likely t o h ave b een a s tone c i rcle , 1 ; R a istrick 1 9 66 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( Y o rkshire 1 ) 3 : V isited 1 9 84 1 0 :2 C ARPERBY S D 90902 N orth Y o rkshire , B ; L /E SC5 / A / C : R a istrick 1 9 29 ; U /2 ,8x26 ,4 / 1 4 /1 8 -20? 0 : A : 1 ; F ? - /2 ; D I? - / ? M /3 ; F ? - /M /4 ; F ? /5 ; D I? - / 6 ; F ? /7 ; F ? /M / ( 8 ; D I? - ) / 9 ; F ? -/1 0 ; F- / 1 ; F /M / 1 2 ; F /1 3 : F-/1 2M / 1 4 ; D I ? E : 0 /4 -5 ; 4 ,9 / 5 -6 ; 5 , 5 /6 -7 ; 3 ,4 / 0 / 1 0 11; 4 ,6 / ( 1 1-M ; 4 ,4) / ( M 12 ; 4 ,4) / 1 2 13 ; 5 ,0 / ( 1 3-M ; 4 ,9 ) /( M 14 ; 4 ,9 ) /1 4 1; 5 , 1 F : l o w ( c 0 ,60) / I D /( c 4 ,7) / ( c 3 ,4-5 ,1) / c 13 ,6% G : d r itstone / E B ,ICA / T h is e mbanked s tone c i rcle h as a r i ng o f o rthostats a t t he i n ner e dge o f a2 ,0m w ide b an k, T h e re i s al o w 3 ,0m m ound a t t he c e ntre , R a istrick's p lan s uggests t h ere w e re o r ig ina lly 1 8 -20 o rthostats ( b ut s ee c o mments o n t h e G rubstones) , 1 ; R a istrick 1 9 29 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( Y orksh ire 6 ) 1 0 :3 C ASTERTON S D 6 40799 C umbria ( W estmorland) B : L /P SP5 / G / C : W aterhouse 1 9 85 ; G (OD) / 1 8 ,6x 19 ,0 / 1 9 -2 1 /1 9 -22? 0 : ? 1 ; - /2 ; - /3 ; - /4 ; - /5 ; - /6 ; - /7 ; -/? 8 , - /M /9 ; -/1 0 ; -/1 ; -/ 1 2 ; -/1 3 ; /M / 1 4 ; - /? 1 5 ; -/1 6 ; -/1 7 ; -/1 8 ; -/1 9 ; - /2 0 ; - /? 2 1; E : 1 2 ; 2 ,2 / 2 -3 ; 2 ,7 / 3 4 ; 3 ,2 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,4 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,6 / 6 -7 ; 3 , 1 /7 -8 ; 3 ,7 / 8 -9 ; 3 ,0 / ( 9 10 ; 1 , 3 ) /1 0 11; 3 , 1 / 112 ; 2 ,0 / 1 2 13 ; 3 ,3 / ( 1 314 ; 2 ,7) / ( M 14 ; 2 ,7) / ( 1 415 ; 0 ,9 ) /1 5 16 ; 2 , 4 /1 6 17 ; 3 ,2 / ( 1 718 ; 0 ,8) / 1 8 19 ; 2 ,9 / 1 9 -20 ; 2 ,7 /2 0-2 1; 2 , 7 /2 1-22 ; 2 , 8 F : I D ( l ow) / 0 ,05-0 ,50 / 2 ,9? / 2 ,0-3 ,7? / 2 , 1% G : N D /I P L o r B /T h is p ossible s t one c i rcle i s d i fficult t o i n terpret , T he l o w s tones a re s et o n a l o w p l atform o r b an k , T heir s p a cing i s g enerally w ide ( w ith 2 -3 e x ceptions) , a nd i t i s n ot c l ear i f t h is i s a n e mban ked s tone c i rcle , w ith s tones w ithin t h e b ank r a ther t h an o n i t s i n ner e dge , o r s ome f o rm o f p lat form c a irn w i th a s paced-kerb , T here a re d iscrepan cies b e tween t he p lans b y W a te rhouse a nd t h e R CAHM i n t h e p osition ing a nd n umber o f s tones ( s tones 1 , 8 ,12 ,15 ,2 1), w h ich m a kes t h e a bove a nalysis o f s tone s pacing u n certain , S ome a re s o l o w t hey c o u ld b e f o rtuitous , T he b an k h as b een d amaged t o t h e n o rth a nd n o rth-west , T h e re a ppears t o b e ac 3 m d iameter c a irn a dded t o i t s o uter e dge h e re , b ut d i sturban ce n e a rby m a kes i n terpretat ion u n certa in , S evera l a rte fa cts c o uld h ave b een r e covered f r om t h e s ite i n t h e e a rly 1 9 th c e ntu ry , t h ese i n cluded a b ronze s pearhead , af l int a r rowhead a n d ap robable b ea ker , H owever , t h ey c a nnot b e f i rm ly a ttributed t o t h is s ite , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 36 ( 6 6) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( W estmorland 1 ) 3 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 ,

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1 0 ;4 C HEETHAM C LOSE

S O 7 163 1588

G reater M anchester ( L an cashire)

B : L /F 23 / R ? /C : N /c 15 ,5? / 7 / 1 0 11? D : 1 ; 1 , 40 / 2 ; F - /3 ; F - /M /4 ; 0 ,85 / 5 ; 0 ,55 / 6 ; 0 ,65 / 2 -3M / 7 ; 0 ,65 E : I D F : ( 0 ,657+ 1,40) / ( 0 ,55-0 ,85?+ 1,40) / I D /I D /I D G : g ritstone / A RC ,2A0 / M ,O ,B? T h is d amaged r ing a ppears t o h ave o ne t a ll d irectional s tone t o t he n orth , T oday i t h as a s imilar n umber o f s tones a s w hen f i rst r e corded i n 1 8 29 , H owever, i t w as n oted i n 1 87 1 t hat s tones w ere b eing b roken u p a t t h is t ime a nd o nly t heir s tumps w ere l e ft i n -situ , T he O rdnance S urvey r e corded s tumps , w ith t he o ther s tones r e cumbent , h ence t odays u prights m ay w e ll h ave b een r estored a s t hey a re n ow u pright a ga in , F rench r e corded i n 1 8 94 t hat h e p lanned t o r estore t he s ite b ut n ever p ublished a n a ccount o f t h is a fter t he e vent ( the d imensions g iven a bove a re t a ken f rom a ccounts p rior t o t h is), T here i s a r i ngcairn a s hort d istance t o t he s outhwest a nd 2 o utlying s labs b etween t he t wo s ites , T hat 1 4m t o t he S W o f t he c ircle i s 0 ,5m h igh , T he o ther, 3 1m t o t h e SE , a nd e ast o f t he r i ngcairn , i s 0 ,9m h igh , 1 : D awes 1 8 5 1-2 2 : G reenhalgh 1 8 7 1 3 : G reenhalgh 1 880 4 : F rench 1 8 94 5 : B url 1 9 76 ( L ancashire 3 ) 6 : B arnes 1 982 ( 9 ) 1 0 :5 D ELF H ILL S D 9 0063373 L ancashire B : L /P F2 1 /P /S pencer 1 8 42 C : N /c 4 ,5 / 6 / 6 -7? 0 : I D E : I D F : ( c0 ,50) / I D /I D /I D /( ID) G : N D /I CA / T oday t here a re 6 s tones , b etween 0 ,3 a nd 0 ,6m l ong , w h ich s urround a l ow m ound , I n 1 842 f ive s tones s tood , a ll a bout 0 ,5m h igh , E xcavation i n t he c entre a t t his t ime , f ound 2 u rns a nd c remations i n ap it c overed w ith a s lab , I n 1 8 74 t he s ite w as d escribed a s h aving 7s tones a nd h ence p erhaps t he e arlier a ccount o mitted f a llen s tones , 1 : S pencer 1 8 42 2 : C lement 1 874 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Lancashire 4 ) 4 : B arnes 1 9 82 ( 39) 1 0 :6 D ODDINGTON M OOR N U 0 123 17 N orthumberland B : L /P F25 / P / C : N/c 12 ,2? / 4 / I D D : I D ( two u pright 1 ,75 ,1,25 ( leaning),two f a llen - o riginally c 1 ,50 ,1,20) E : N D F : 1 , 40 / 1 , 201,75 / N D /N D /I D G : s andstone / - / N o p ublished p lan o f t h is s ite e xists , h ence i t i s n ot k nown h ow m any s tones m ay m issing , O ne o f t he s tones h as b een s plit i n t wo f o r ag atepost , 1 : V CH ; N orthumberland 1 935 2 ; B url 1 9 76 ( N orthumberland 3 ) 1 0 :7 T HE D RUIDS A LTAR S D 9 49652 8 : N /F P 1 /G / C : B arnatt u npublished ; U /4 , 1x4 ,2 / 4 / 4 D : 1 ; L1 ,00 / 2 ; 1 ,25 / ? 2 ; L S - /4 : 1 ,05 E : 1 -2 ; 3 ,2 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,0 / 3 -4 ; 2 ,8 / 4 1; 2 ,6 F : 1 , 10 / 1 ,001,25 / 2 ,9 / 2 ,6-3 ,2 / c 2 ,4%

b e

N orth Y orkshire

G : l i mestone / I CA / F ,G T his f ine F our P oster i s a t t he c entre o f a1 ,5m m ound w h ich i s j ust u nder 1 ,0m h igh , T he l a tter i s d isturbed b y a n e xtensive c utt ing w hich h as r e moved t he s outhwestern q uadrant a nd d isturbed t he c entral

a rea ,

T he 4 o rthostats a re o r ientated r ather

— 3 56 —

i r regu larly ,

b ut

t h ree o f t hese s uggest a r e ctangular l ayout , o rientated NE/SSW w ith t he l a rgest s tones t o t h e s outh , W ithin t he c entral a rea i s af i fth r e cumbent s tone w hich i s 1 , 4m l ono , T his i s t o o l a rge t o b e t he m issing t op f o r t he S W ' s tump ', H owever , t h is ' s tump ' i s o rientated w rong ly a nd m ay b e a f o rtu itous s tone d ispla ced b y t he c entral d isturbance , I f s o , t he r e cumbent s lab m ay b e t h e S W p illar , T here i s a s ixth s tone l y ing p rostrate a t t he s outhern e dge o f t he m ound , t h is a ppears t o b e e arth fast , 1 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( Y orkshire 9 ) 2 : V isited 1 984 ( N ote : r e feren ces q uoted b y B url d escribe a n e nclosure n earby) 1 0 :8 D UDDO F OUR S TONES N T 9 3 1437 N orthumberland B : L /F 25 / A ,PR / C arr c 1890 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (00) / c 9 ,6 / 5 / 7 -8 0 : M ? /1 ; R1 , 50 / 2 ; 2 ,30 / 3 ; 1 ,80 / 4 ; 1 , 60 / 2 EH / 5 ; 2 ,20 E : 0 /2 -3 ; 4 ,2 / 3 -4 ; 4 ,7 / 0 / F : 1 , 90 / 1 , 50-2 ,30 / 5 ,00 / 4 ,2-5 ,9 / I D G : g r itstone / - / T he E NE s tone h as b een r e -erected , i t w as r e cumbent a nd d isplaced w hen f i rst r e corded i n 1 8 49 a nd w as s t ill s o i n 1 9 03 , I t i s u nclear i f i t w as p laced i n i ts o riginal p osition , T he S W s tone h as b een s uggested t o b e c upmarked , b ut t hese m ay w e ll b e n atural, T here i s a d eeply g rooved s tone i n an earby w a ll w hich m ay b e o ne o f t he m issing o rthostats , T he i n terior o f t h e s ite h as b een p loughed , E x cavations h ere i n t he l a te 1 9th c entury r evealed ac e ntral p it o f c 2 ,0-2 ,5m d iameter , w hich c ontained c harcoal a nd b one , T wo s toneholes w e re a lso f ound i n t he N W g ap i n t he c i rcle , c on firming i t o riginally h ad 7 -8 o rthostats , 1 : C raw 1 932 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( N orthumberland 4 ) 3 : T hom ,Thom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( L 3/1, F elkington), 1 0 :9 D UMPIT H ILL - N E S E 0 29639 N orth Y orkshire , B : L /F 2 1 /A / C : B a rnatt u npublished : U /c 10 ,8 / 6 / 1 0 D : 1 ; L0 ,55 / M / 2 ; F0 ,50 / 3 ; F0 ,40 / M / 4 ; 0 ,45 / 5 ; L0 ,40 / 6 ; L0 ,45 E : 0/2 -3 ; 3 ,8 / ( 3 -M ; 2 ,9 ) /( M-4 ; 2 ,9) / 4 -5 ; 3 ,2 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,0 / 6 1; 3 ,6 F : 0 ,45 / 0 ,40-0 ,55 / 3 ,4 / 3 ,0-3 ,8 / I D G : g r itstone / I C A ,ASC ! M T h is f reestand ing c i rcle h as h ad 4 s tones r emoved , c a irn , As econd c i rcle l i es 7 0m t o t he s outh-west , 1 : R a istrick 1 9 66 2 : v isited 1 984 1 0 :10 D UMPIT H ILL - S W B : L /F 2 1 / A /C : D : E : F :

S E 0 29639

T here

i s ac entral 3 ,3x2 ,7m d iameter

N orth Y orkshire

B a rnatt u npublished : U /c 1 0 ,2 / 5 / 9 11 M/1 ; 0 ,50 / 2 ; 0 ,75 / M / 3 ; 0 ,55 / 4 : F0 ,60 / ? M /5 ; F0 ,55 / 2 -3M 0/1 -2 ; 3 ,5 / ( 2 -M ; 3 ,4) / ( M-3 ; 3 ,4) ! 3 -4 ; 3 ,3 / 0 0 ,60 / 0 ,50-0 ,75 / ( 3 ,4) / ( 3 ,3-3 ,5) / I D

G : g r itstone / P EB ,ASC / M T h is d amaged s ite h as h ad t he n orth-western q uadrant r emoved , 4a ngular s tones l i e w ithin t h e f lat c entra l a rea a nd t hese m ay b e f ragments o f t he r emoved o rthostats , T wo o f t he o r thostats t o t h e e ast a ppear t o l i e w ithin a s hort a rc o f l ow b an k, A s t h is i s d is continuous t h e s ite i s u n likely t o b e e mbanked a nd t h is f eature c ou ld b e n atura l, o r i s s ome f o rm o f d isturbance , 1 : R a istrick 1 9 66 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Yorksh ire 1 0 ) 3 : v isited 1 984

- 3 57 -

1 0 :11 E GGLESTON N Y 9 82252 D urham B : L /E SC 1? / P / C : N/I D /I D /1 0 (14+) D : I D E : I D F : ( low) / I D /I D /I D /I D G : N O /I CA ,PEB / T his s ite w as d ocumented i n t he l a te 1 8 th c entury a s ac i rcle o f r ough s tones w ith a n i n ternal t rench a nd a c entral c a irn , T he a ccompanying d rawing s hows 1 417 l o w s tones i n t he c ircle , a nd a n umber o f s tones a t t he e dge o f , a nd w ith in , t he c airn , T he c ircle s urvives i n a m uch d ilapidated s tate b ut t here a re n o p ublished d etails , H u tchinson 's a c count s uggests t h is s ite c ould b e e mbanked , h e m ay w e ll h ave m isinterpreted t he d itch , t h is b eing t he n atural l evel b etween t he c airn a nd a l o w b ank, 1 : H utchinson 1 794

2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Durham 1 )

1 0 :12 F IVE S TANES

N T 7 52 168

B orders ( Roxburghshire)

B : L /F 2 1 /A /C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 6 ,0 / S / 8 0 : 1 ; F0 ,60 / 2 ; 0 ,70 / M / 3 ; 0 ,85 / 4 : F0 ,50 / M / 5 ; 0 ,85 / M E : 1 -2 ; 2 , 1 /( 2 -M ; 2 ,0) / ( M -3 ; 2 ,0) / 3 -4 ; 2 ,3 / 0 F : 0 ,70 / 0 ,50-0 ,85 / ( 2 ,2) / ( 2 ,1-2 ,3) / I D G : N D / - /T h is s tone c i rcle d oes n ot a ppear t o b e t he o ne d escribed i n 1 8 45 a s ' p retty e n tire ' w ith a d iameter o f c 14 ,5m a s t h is w as m u ch t oo l a rge , T he l a tter a ccount d estroyed s ite o r t he k erb o f t he T restle C airn n earby , 1 : N SA 1 8 45 2 : R CAHM 1 9 56 ( 3 49) 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( R oxburgh 3 ) 4 ; T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( G 8/7) 1 0 :13 G OATSTONES B : N /F P 1 /G /C : N /c 4 ,9 / 4 / 4 0 : I D E : I D ( average c 4 ,9 F : I D /?0 ,60 / I D G : -/I CA? / G T his w ell p reserved t o t he n orthwest a re

N Y 8 29748

m ust

r e fer

t o a

N orthumberland

o r l ess) /I D /c 7 ,5% c ircular F our P oster h as i ts t a llest s tone t o t he SW , w h ile t he t wo t he s mallest , T he E SE s tone h as 1 3 c upmarks o n i ts f lat t o p , I n 1 93 1

t he c entral a rea h ad a n u ndisturbed l o w c entral m ound , b y 1 9 70 t h is h ad b een m ut ilated b y p ersons u nknown , 1 : H oneyman 1 9 32 2 : B url 1 9 7 1 3 : B url 1 976 ( Northumberland 7 ) 1 0 :14 G RUBSTONES S E 1 36447 W est Y orkshire 6 : L /E SC2 / A / C oll 1 8 44 C : B arnatt u npublished ; G /9 ,6 x c 1 0 ,7 / 1 8 /2 8-32 D : 1 ; F0 ,50 / 2 ; F0 ,50 / 3 ; F0 ,30 / 4 ; 0 ,60 / 2 -3M / 5 ; 0 ,35 / 6 ; 0 ,75 / 7 ; F , DI 0 ,70 / 8 ; L0 ,70 / 9 ; F ,S - / 1 0 ; 0 ,35 / M / 1 ; 0 ,60 / 1 2 ; 0 ,55 / 7 10M / 1 3 ; 0 ,55 / 1 4 ; 0 ,60 /1 5 ; F0 ,35 / 1 6 ; F0 ,40 / 1 7 ; 0 ,40 / 1 8 ; F0 ,40 E : 1 -2 ; 1 ,0 / 2 -3 ; 0 ,7 / 3 -4 ; 0 ,7 / 0 / 5 -6 ; 1 ,0 / ( 6-7 ; 1 , 1) / ( 7-8 ; 1 , 1) / 8 -9 ; 1 ,2 / 9 10 ;

1 ,0 / ( 10-M : 0 ,9) / ( M 11; 0 ,9 ) / 112 ;

1 ,4 / 0 / 1 3 14 ; 1 , 5 /1 415 ; 1 , 5 /

1 5 16 ; 0 ,9 / 1 6 17 ; 0 ,7 / 1 7 18 ; 0 ,8 / 1 8 1; 0 ,7 F : 0 ,50 / 0 ,30-0 ,75 / 1 ,0 / 0 ,71,5 / c 10 ,3% G : m illstone g rit / E B /T h is e mbanked s ite i s u nusual, c i rcle ,

b eing a c ross b etween a r ingcairn a nd a n e mban ked s tone

T he o rthostats a re t he h eight o f t hose

i n e mbanked s tone c i rcles ,

- 3 58 -

b ut t hey a re

a r ranged s o a s t o b e v irtually c ontiguous , T he b ank i s c l S m w ide a nd h as t races o f a n o uter k erb o f l o w v ertically-set s labs , T here i s ah ollow a t t he c entre o f t he s ite , T his w a s d ug b y C oll w ho n oted t here w ere 3 s tones l y ing h ere a nd t hat h e f ound t races o f f ire , b ones a nd a shes a nd a ' s pear' o f w hite f l int , T he s outhern p ortion o f t he s ite h as b een v i rtually d estroyed b y t he c onstruction o f as hooting b utt , C oll d escribed t he r ing a s u nbroken , s o p erhaps t he b utt w as b uilt a fter t h is d ate , H owever, h e n otes 3 l a rge s tones , w h ich c ould s uggest t h is w as t he b utt a nd i t i s i n as imilar s tate t o t his t oday , T o t he SW o f t his , m ore r ecent d isturbance h as t a ken p lace w ith t he c onstruction o f a s ubr e ctangular m ound , b uilt a s a n ' o rgone a ccumulator' ( B , L arkman p ers ,comm ,), R a istrick's a c count o f t he s ite i s m isleading , h e e rroneously n oted t he s tones t o b e s et o n t he s ummit o f t he b ank, H is p ublished p lan d oes n ot t a lly w ith t he p resent r ema ins , s howing f ewer o r thostats , w ith o nly t he c rudest o f c o rrespondence w ith t heir t rue d isposition r ound t he r i ng , T here a re a l a rge c a irn , 2r ingcairns a nd a c airn field , n earby t o t he s outh-east , 1 : C oils 1 846 2 : W ardell 1 88 1 3 : R aistrick 1 929 4 : V isited 1 9 78 ,1983 1 0 :15 H ETHPOOL

N T 8 92 12780

N orthumberland

8 : A / PH / P / C : T opping 1 98 1; G / c 62 ,0x56 ,0? / 5 + /9 +? D : M ? /1 ; - /2 M? / 2 ; -/3 ; - /M ? /4 ; - /5 ; E : 0 /2 -3 ; 2 5 ,0 / 0 / 4 -5 ; 1 8 ,0 / 0 F : ( c 1 ,0) / I D /( 2 1,5) / ( 18 ,0-25 ,0) / I D G : N D /( AO?) / 0 ? T h is r u ined p ossible s tone c ircle h as r ig a nd f urrow r unning t hroughout i t , I n m ost c ases i t i s n ot c lear i f t he l a rge b oulders a re u pright o r n ot , T he s imilarity t o as tone c ircle m ay b e f ortu itous , n atura lly p laced b oulders c ould h ave b een p ropped u pright , o r m oved , t o f a cilitate p lough ing , 2s maller s tones h ave b een p robed t o t he w est , s lightly o utside t he c i rcle , t hey h ave b een s uggested t o b e s tones b uried b y f a rmers , T o t he n orth o f t he r ing i s a nother u pright b oulder w ith s everal o thers s cattered a round i t , I t h as b een s uggested t h ese a re a s econd r u ined c ircle b ut t h is i s u nlikely a s t heir a rrangement a ppears r andom , 1 : H oneyman 1 935 2 : B url 1 976 ( Northumberland 8 ) 3 : T opping 1 98 1 1 0 :16 I LDERTON N T 9 7 1205 N orthumberland B : L /F 24 / A / p re 1 8 62 C : T hom e t a l 1 980 ; P /c 36 ,0x29 ,0 / 1 3 /c 16-22 D : 1 ; F - /2 ; F - / M /3 ; - /4 ; F- /5 ; F - /6 ; F /2 -3M? / 7 ; F /8 ; F 9 ; - /M ? /1 0 ; F /M ? /1 ; - /M ? /1 2 ; - /M ? /1 3 ; E : I D F : I D /c 0 ,551,65? / I D /I D /( ID) G : g ranite / - / T h is l a rge b ut p oorly d o cumented s tone c ircle h as

1 3 s tones ,

I n c 1780 o nly

/? M /

1 o f t hese

w ere v isible , t he t enant d ug r ound t he s ite a nd e xposed 2 m ore , S hortly b e fore 1 8 62 e xcavations w ith in t he c i rcle t ook p lace , T he ' n atural' s urface w as r eached u nder c 40cm o f p eat , S everal p ieces o f c harcoal w ere f ound s cattered h ere t ogether w ith a f l int f lake , 1 : T ate 1 856-62 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Northumberland 9 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( L3/4 L ilburn) 1 0 :17 M UDBECKSIDE

N Y 9 5500760

N orth Y orkshire

B : L /F 2 1 /A /C : N /c 18 ,0 / 1 012 / 1 13 D : A ; ( c rude o rientation f rom n orth o nly) 1 ; S ? 0 , 15 / 2 ; 0 ,45 / 3 ; - /4 : F / ( 5 ; D I , l y ing o n 4 ) /M ? /6 ; B U /7 ; B U /M ? /8 ; F - /9 ; 0 ,45 / 1 0 ; 0 ,55 / 1 ; 0 ,55 / ? 12 ; B U , o r M E : I D F : ( 0 ,50) / ( c 0 ,45-0 ,55) / I D !I D /( ID)

- 3 59 -

G : s andstone / - / T h is f r eestand ing c i rcle h as h ad s ome s tones r e moved , T o t h e e ast t w o s labs l i e t o gether a m idst a r u bb le p atch , p e rhaps t h is i s w here t h e s tones w e re t a ken t o b e b ro ken u p b e fore r e moval , 1 : v isited 1 9 82 2 : L aurie 1 9 85 1 0 :18 N UNWICK P ARK N Y 8574 1 N o rthumberland B : L /F 25 / 0 / C : N /c 8 ,5 / 0 / 1 0 (5+) D : I D E : N D F : ( c 2 ,4) / I D /N D /N D /I D G : N D / /T h is d estroyed s tone c i rcle w as r e corded i n t h e 1 8 th c e ntury , w hen i t a pparent ly h ad 5 s tones , e a ch a bout t he s ame h e ight , H owever , as e cond d r awing , o f c 1 7 15 , s hows o n ly 4 u p rights , 1 : V CH ; N o rthumberland 1 9 35 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( N orthumberland 1 0 ) 1 0 :19 S IMONBURN N Y 8 027 12 N o rthumberland B : L /F 23 / A / C : N /c 9 ,0 / 1 / c 14 D : A : 1 ; 0 ,20 / M / 2 ; F0 ,40 / 3 ; 0 ,50 / 4 ; L0 ,40 / 5 ; 0 ,80 / 6 ; 0 ,80 / 7 ; 0 ,20 / 8 ; 0 ,20 / M / 9 ; 0 ,20 / M / 1 0 ; L0 ,30 / 1 ; L0 ,30 E : I D F : 0 ,30+0 ,80 ,0 ,80 / c 0 ,20-0 ,50+0 ,80 ,0 ,80 / I D /I D /( I D) G : N D /C A /P T h is s tone c i rcle c omprises a f r eestanding r i ng o n ag entle s lope , T he f lat i n te rior o f t h e s i te a ppears t o h ave b een l e ve lled i n to t h e h i llside w i th a l y n chet u ph ill t o t he n o rth , T he s tones a re g enerally s mall , b ut 2 m o re m assive s tones l i e t o t h e s o uth a nd t h ese a ppear t o h ave b een d esigned a s d im inutive p o rta ls , O n e o f t h ese i s p artia lly b u ried b y a c 2 m l o w m ound w h ich l i es o n t h e c i rcum ference o f t h e c i rcle , T h is m a y b e a p r eh istoric f e ature a s t h ere a re 3 l a rger c a irns n earby t o t h e e ast , H owever , t h ere a re a l so s igns o f m o re r e cent a g ricultu ral a ctiv ity a nd i t c ou ld b e ac l earan ce c a irn , 1 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( N orthumberland 1 2 ) 2 : G ,Mo ir p e rs ,comm , 3 : v isited 1 9 86 1 0 :20 T HREE K INGS N T 74009 N o rthumbe rland N /F P 1 /A /B u rl a nd J ones 1 9 7 1 C : B u rl a nd J ones ; G /4 , 1x4 ,4 / 4 / 4 0 : 1 ; 1 , 35 / 2 ; F1 , 35 / 3 ; 1 , 40 / 4 ; 1 , 40 E : 1 2 ; 3 , 1 /2 -3 ; 3 ,2 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,2 / 4 1; 2 ,8 F : 1 , 40 / 1 , 351,40 / 3 , 1 /2 ,8-3 ,2 / 6 ,8% G : s andstone / C A /F T h is F our P oster i s o f r e ctangu la r t y pe a nd o r ientated SE /NNW , I t w a s e x cavated i n 1 9 7 1, t h ere w as a b ad ly d isturbed c entral m ound , w h ich h ad b een d u g o ut s hortly b e fore 1 9 12 , 1 : H odgson 1 8 27 2 : S pain 1 9 11-2 3 : B u rl 1 9 7 1 4 : B u rl a nd J ones 1 9 72 5 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( N orthumberland 1 3 ) 1 0 :2 1 T WELVE A POSTLES S E 1 2 645 1 W est Y o rkshire 8 : L /E SC 1 /P /C : R a istrick 1 9 29 ; U/c 1 5 ,0 / 1 2 /c 1 6-20 0 : A : M/1 ; F /1 2M / 2 ; F - /3 ; F /? M /4 ; F- /? M /5 ; F - /6 ; F - /7 ; F- / ? M /8 ; F - /M /9 ; F- /1 0 ; F - /M 1 ; F- /1 2 ; F E : ( M 1; 2 ,6) / 0 / ( 2 -3 ; 2 ,4) / 0 / ( 5 -6 ; 2 ,7) / ( 6 -7 ; 2 ,4 ) /0 / ( 8 -M ; 2 ,4) / ( M -9 ; 2 ,4) /( 9 10 ; 3 ,3) / ( 1 0-M ; 2 ,6) / ( M 11; 2 ,6) / ( 1 112 ; 2 ,4) / ( 1 2-M ; 2 ,6)

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F : ( c 0 ,75) / ( c 0 ,60-0 ,90 ) /1 0 (c2 ,6 ) /I D /I D G : g r itstone / E B /T h is r u ined s ite h as 1 o rthostats w h ich u ntil r e cently w ere a l l r e cumbent , e x cept o ne w h ich l e ant b adly , T h ey w e re a t i r regu lar i n terva ls s uggesting o thers w e re m issing , R a istrick's p lan s uggests t h ere w e re o r ig ina lly a bout 1 6 -20 ( b ut s ee c omments o n G rubstones) , I n 1 9 14 t h ree w e re r e ported a s u p right , W hen v isited i n 1 9 78 t h e 1 0 r e cumbent s tones h ad b een r e cently m oved b y v anda ls a nd p ropped u pright , T he b an k o n w h ich t h ey o r iginally s tood ( a t t h e i n ner e dge?) i s i n p oor c ondition , b ut i s a bout 1 , 5m w ide , 1 : C o ils 1 8 44 2 : R a istrick 1 9 29 3 ; B u rl 1 9 76 ( Y orkshire 2 1 ) 4 : v isited 1 9 78 1 0 :22 W ALSHAW D EAN R ESERVOIR S D 9 6653358 W est Y o rksh ire 8 : L /F 23 / D / C : R oth ; U /c 1 1,0 / 1 0 /1 0 12 D : ( n ot o rientated) 1 ; F ? 1 , 30? / 2 ; - /1 M /3 ; F ? - /4 ; L /5 ; L /6 ; /1 M /7 ; /8 ; - /9 ; -/1 0 ; E : I D F : c 0 ,75+1 1,30 / I D +? 1,30 / I D /I D /I D G : g r itstone / I C A? / S ? T h is s ite w a s d estroyed e a rly t h is c e ntury w hen t h e r e servo ir w as b u ilt , O ne o f t h e o r thostats c o u ld o rig ina lly h ave s tood t a ller t h an t h e r e st ( w h ich w ere a l l o f s im ilar s ize) , Ap hotograph o f t h e s ite s uggests t h e p ublished p lan i s s omewhat d iagramatic a nd p e rhaps u p t o 2s tones w e re a l ready m issing , A t t h e c entre o f t h e s ite w as a n a r c o f s mall c o ntiguous k e rbstones s u ggesting a c 3 ,5m c e ntra l c a irn , H owever , t h is h ad b een d isturbed a nd r e built j u st b e fore t h e s ite w as e xam ined a nd h ence i t w as i m possible t o t e ll i f i t w a s a n o r ig ina l f eature . 1 : R oth 1 9 06 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( Y orksh ire 2) 3 ; B a rnes 1 9 82 ( 3 36),

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Z ONE 1 1 :

N ORTH Y ORK M OORS

1 :1 B LAKEY T OPPING B ; L /F 25 / P / C ; N /c 16 ,5 / 3 / I D (5+) D ; I D E : N D F : ( c 1,80) / I D /N D /N D /I D G : s andstone / - / -

S E 8 73934

N o rth Y o rkshire

L ittle d ata h as b een p ublished o n t h is s ite , 3l a rge s tones s u rvive a nd 2 -3 h o llows m a rk t h e p ositions o f o thers , S ome h ave b een b roken u p a nd o t hers u sed n e arby a s g ateposts , T here i s a n e xtensive c a irn field a s hort d istance t o t h e s outheast , 1 : E lgee 1 9 30 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( Y orkshire 2 ) 3 : S p ratt 1 9 82 , 1 :2 D ANBY R IGG N Z 7 08065 N o rth Y o rkshire B : L /E SC7 / P O /C : N /c 12 ,8 / 1 / I D (4+) 0 : I D : D/1 ; 1 , 80 / 2 0 E : I D F : ( c 1,70) / ( c 1,651,80) / I D /I D /I D G : s andstone / E S /A l l t h at s urv ives o f t h e s tone c i rcle , s et o n t h e i n ner e d ge o f ab an k , i s as ing le t a ll o rthostat , I n t h e m id 1 9 th c entury t h ere w as m emory o f 4s t ones , e a ch a bout 1 , 61,8m h igh a nd s et a t t h e c a rd inal p o ints , A fter t h eir r emova l , h o llows a t t he ir s ites ( a nd f o r o ther s tones?) w e re v i sible , A t r en ch w as c u t a t t h e c e ntre a t t h is t i me w hen 2 i n verted c o lla red u rns a c companied b y c remations w e re f o und c 50 cm b e low t h e s u rface , T he b an k i s 1 , 5-2 ,0m w ide b ut h as b een d amaged i n p a rt b y t r ackways , T h ere i s a n e xtensive c a irn field n earby , 1 ; A t kinson 1 8 6 1 2 : A t kinson 1 8 63 3 ; E lgee 1 9 30 4 ; B u rl 1 9 76 ( Y orksh ire 8 ) 1 :3 H ARLAND M OOR S E 6 76926 N o rth Y o rkshire B : L /E SC 1 /A / C : S p ratt 1 9 82 ; U /c 19 ,0x20 ,0 / I D (9+?) / 1 0 (9+) D : I D E : I D F : ( s ma ll) / ( ? 1 ,00) / I D /I D /( I D ) G : N D /E S /L i ttle d ata i s p ub lished o n t h is s ite , T he o rthostats a r e s e t w ith in t he i n ner e dge o f a 2 ,51,5m w ide b an k, T here a re 5 c a irn fields i n t h e i m mediate v i cin ity , 1 : S p ratt 1 9 82 1 :4 S LEDDALE N Z 6 37 108 N o rth Y o rkshire B : L /F 24 / G / P ; P earson 1 9 68 , P ; E lgee p re 1 9 30 C : S p ratt 1 9 82 ; G /c 28 ,0x33 ,5 / 1 4 16 / 1 7 -20 0 : A : 2 M ( 5 FR s cattered) / 1 ; F0 ,30 / M ? /2 ; F ,?B o r D I 0 , 70 / 3 : F0 ,25 / 4 ; - /5 ; R/6 ; R /7 ; - /8 ; S ,T o r D I 0 , 70 / 9 ; F ,B o r D I ? 0 ,60 / ? M /1 0 ; -/ 1 2M ( m ound h ere) / 1 ; -/1 2 ; F ,DI? 0 ,50 / 1 3 ; - /1 4 ; E : 0 /2 -3 ; 4 ,4 / 3 -4 ; 4 ,3 / 4 -5 ; 4 ,3 / 5 -6 ; 5 ,7 / 6 -7 ; 4 , 9 /7 -8 ; 6 ,0 / 0 / ( 1 1-M ; 5 , 1) / ( M 13 ; 5 , 1) / 1 3 14 ; 4 ,5 F : ( s ma ll) / ( ? 0 ,70) / 4 ,9 / 4 ,3-6 ,0 / c 16 ,5% G : N D /C A ,(A0?) / P ? ,0? T h is s ite h as b een p a rtially e x cavated , T r ial t r enches a t t h e c entre r e vealed n o f e atures , o n ly a f ew f l int f la kes w e re f o und , T r en ches a t s evera l o f t h e o rthostats i l lustrated s ome

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w ere s et i n d eep h oles w ithout p acking , w hile o thers w ere i n s hallow s ockets w ith p acking , T wo a d jacent o rthostats t o t he s outheast a ppear t o b e s et r adially a nd m ay m ark a n e ntrance , AS x6m c a irn o n t he o f f l int b ut n o b urials , l t a d jacent c a irn field , A n o uter t h is i s u nlikely ; t he s tones

s outhern c i rcum feren ce o f t he r ing c overed a c oncentration m ay h ave b een a c learance c a irn a s t here i s a n e xtensive r ing o f o rthostats o f c 49m d iameter h as b een s uggested , b ut a re m ore l i kely t o b e i solated o utliers , A d jacent r u ined

a lignments o f s tone h ave a lso b een p ostulated b ut t hese m ay w ell b e f ortuitous , 1 : E lgee 1 930 2 : P earson 1 969 ( C ommondale) 3 : B url 1 9 79 ( Yorkshire 7 , C ommondale) 4 : S pratt 1 982

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Z ONE 1 2 :

T HE P EAK D ISTRICT

1 2 :1 A RBOR L OW S K 1 6 036355 D e rbysh ire B : D /C H3 / A / P ;Gray 1 9 0 1-2 , S ; a non 1 7 70 , R oo ke 1 7 82 , M i tchell a nd B ateman 1 8 24 , B ateman 1 8 45 C : B a rnatt f o rthcoming ; G /c 42 ,0x37 ,0 / 3 6-37 / 4 1-44 0 : 1 ; F1 , 1 /2 ; F1 , 6 /3 ; S - /4 ; F S /5 ; F1 , 0 /6 ; F2 ,4 / D / 7 ; F2 ,0 / 8 ; F G -/ 9 ; F2 ,0 / M / 1 0 ; F1 , 8 /M /1 ; S?/1 2 ; S T 1 , 7 /1 3 ; F1 , 2 /1 4 ; F2 ,4 / 1 5 ; F2 ,6 /1 6 ; F2 ,6 / 1 7 ; F2 ,9 / 1 8 ; F2 ,8 / 1 9 ; F2 ,4 / 2 0 : S- /2 1 ; F2 ,9 / 2 ; F G / 2 3 ; F1 , 7 /2 4 ; F2 , 1 /0 /2 5 ; L2 ,0 / ? M /2 6 ; S T /2 7 ; F1 , 8 /2 8 ; S T /2 9 ; F S ? /3 0 ; F1 , 8 /3 1 ; F2 , 1 / M /3 2 ; F2 ,7 / 3 ; F S / M /3 4 ; F2 ,0 / 3 5 ; S - /3 6 ; S/3 7 ; F2 ,6 E : ( 1 -2 ; 2 ,3) / ( 2 -3 ; 2 ,3) / 3 -4 ; 2 ,3 / 4 -5 ; 2 ,6 / 5 -6 ; 2 , 6 /( 6 -0 ; 2 ,8) / ( 0 -7 ; 2 ,8) / ( 7 -8 ; 4 ,0 ) /( 8 -9 ; 3 ,5) / 9 -M ; 2 ,9) / ( M 10 ; 2 ,9) / ( 1 0-M ; 2 ,8) / ( M 11; 2 ,8) / ( 1 112 ; 2 ,2 ) /1 2 13 ; 2 , 1 /1 3 14 ; 2 ,5 / 1 4 15 ; 2 ,2 / 1 5 16 ; 3 ,5 / 1 6 17 ; 3 , 1 / 1 7 18 ; 3 ,2 / 1 8 19 ; 2 ,3 / 1 9 -20 ; 3 ,2 / 2 0-2 1; 3 ,0 / ( 2 1-22 ; 2 ,6) / ( 2 2-23 ; 2 ,6) / 2 3 -24 ; 3 ,7 / ( 2 4-0 ; 3 , 1) / ( D -25 ; 3 , 1) / ( 2 5-M ; 2 , 1) / ( M -26 ; 2 , 1) / 2 6-27 ; 3 ,7 / 2 7 -28 ; 3 ,0 / ( 2 8-29 ; 2 ,2) / ( 2 9-30 ; 2 ,2 ) /3 0-3 1; 2 ,7 / ( 3 1-M ; 3 ,3) / ( M -32 ; 3 ,3) / 3 2-33 ; 2 , 1 /( 3 3-M ; 2 ,5) / ( M -34 ; 2 ,5 ) /3 4-35 ; 2 ,7 / 3 5 -36 ; 2 ,2 / 3 6-37 ; 2 ,6 / 3 7 1; 3 ,4 F : c 2 ,1 / c 1 ,0-2 ,9 / 2 ,8 / 2 , 1-3 ,7 / c 1 1,9% G : l i mestone / E B ,ED ,ECA ,EP0 ,2ET ,ICO / 2 E T h is c i rcle-henge h as a m assive e xterna l b an k a nd d itch , w i th 2 e ntran ces o r ientated N W a nd SE , T he b an k h as a c rest d iameter o f 7 9 ,0x75 ,0m a nd t h e d itch d e fines a c entra l a rea o f 5 2 ,0x40 ,0m , T he n arrow SE e ntran ce h as t h e s tump o f ap o rta l s tone w ith in i t , t h e o ther w ide r e ntran ce h as a p it w here a s e cond m ay h ave b een r e moved , I t i s p ossib le t hat b o th e ntran ces h ad p airs o f p o rta ls o r ig ina lly , I n t h e c e nt ra l a rea i s ar u ined c ove w h ich a ppea rs t o h ave b een s ub-re ctangu la r , m easu ring c 3 -4m a c ross , T he s outh-western s ide i s d e fined b y 3s ma ll o rthostats , t h e s tumps o f w h ich s urv ive , I n c ontrast t he n o rthwest a nd s outheast s ides e a ch h ave a m assive s lab , b oth p robab ly o n ce u p right a nd w hich e f fe ctive ly b locked t h e v iew o f t he i n te rio r o f t h e c o ve f r om t h e e nt ran ces , T he n o rth-eastern s ide i s m o re d i fficu lt t o r e constru ct , i t m ay w e ll h ave b een o pen , E x cavat ions b y G ray r e vealed a n e xtended i n humation o f u nknown d ate s u rrounded b y a n o va l r ing o f s tones i m med iate ly n o rth-east o f t h e s u rv iv ing c ove s tones , A bout 7 m b eyond t h is w as a p reviously d isturbed p i t w h ich w as o n ly p artially e x cavated b y G ray , T h is w as o ver 2 m d eep a nd a h uman u lna w as f o und i n t h e f i ll, G ray 's t r en ch ing i n t h e b an k a nd d i tch f a iled t o i d entify a dequate d ating e v iden ce , S u ch f i nds c omprised a b a rbed a nd t anged a r rowhead i n t h e d i tch b ottom , a nd a l e a f s haped a r rowhead n ear t h e d itch s ide , T h ree s c rapers , e ight f l int f l akes , o x b ones/teeth a nd a nt ler t i nes w e re a lso f ound . T he s outh-eastern q uad rant o f t he h enge b an k h as b e en r o bbed t o b u ild a l a rge b a rrow o f 2 1 ,0m d iameter , T h is h as b e en e x cavated s everal t i mes i n t he 1 8 th a nd 1 9 th c e ntu ries , I n 1 8 45 B ateman f ound a p aved p o lygona l c i st o n t h e o ld g round s u rfa ce , T h is c o nta ined s cattered h uman b ones , af l in t , ab one p in , ap iece o f i r on p y rites a nd a n o rnamented r ims herd , A t t h e w est e nd o f t h e c i st w e re t w o u nusua l p o ts , T hese h ave t raditiona lly b een c lassified a s f o od v essels , H oweve r , t h ey h ave a f finit ies w ith L ater N eolith ic w a res a nd m ay w e ll b e o f t h is d ate , I f s o , t h is h as c lear i m plicat ions a s t o t h e d ate o f t h e h enge i t self w h ich p redates t he b a rrow , T he s tone c i rcle s tands 3 -6m f r om t he d itch e dge , T oday t h ere a re 5 0-52 s tones , H owever , m any a re f r agments b r oken f r om l a rger s tones , T oday a l l b ut o ne s tone , a nd 7 s tumps , a re r e cumbent , H oweve r, t h e i d ea t h at t he s ite w a s n ever f i n ished , a s s uggested b y p rev ious a uthors , c a n b e d ism issed ( c f B a rnatt i n p ress) , T he s tones w ere p robab ly s et i n s ha llow s toneho les w h ich h as l e d t o t h e ir c o llapse , S everal h ave s ubsequently b een b ro ken

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u p a nd p ieces r e moved f r om t h e s ite , O r iginally t h e s tones s tood a round h ead-height a nd t h ere i s ac rude t e nden cy f o r t h em t o i n crease i n h e ight t o wards t h e e ntrances , T he s labs w e re q ua rried f r om a l i mestone p avement a nd t y pica lly h ave o ne i r regu lar s ide , o ften e rected t o f a ce i n wards , I t i s d ebatable i f t h e s ource w as t h e h enge d itch o r n ot , As hort d istan ce t o t h e s outhwest o f t h e h enge i s G ib H i ll, w hich a ppears t o b e a n eo lithic o val m ound w ith a r o und b a rrow s uperimposed o n t h e w est e nd , N earby a s e cond u n finished h enge h as b een p ostu lated , b ut t h is i s m o re l i kely t o b e l a ter q uarrying , Al o w b an k a nd d itch w h ich a but A rbor L ow t o t h e SW h as b een d escribed a s a n a venue , t h is i s m o re l i kely t o b e al a ter f i eld b ounda ry , 1 : P egge 1 7 85 2 : P i lkington 1 7 89 3 : G lover 1 8 33 4 : B ateman 1 8 48 5 : W ilkinson 1 8 60 6 : G ray 1 9 03 7 : T hompson 1 9 63 8 : R adley 1 9 68 9 : B url 1 9 76 ( D erbysh ire 2 ) 1 0 : B arnatt 1 9 78 1 : B arnatt i n p ress , 1 2 :2 A SH C ABIN F LAT S K 2 6938625 S outh Y orksh ire B : L /E SC 1 /P O /C : B arnatt f o rth coming ; G /c 4 ,4x5 ,5 / 3 -5 / 4 -9? D : ? 1 ; F0 ,50 / ? 2 ; F0 ,40 / 3 ; F0 ,40 / M / 4 ; 0 ,55 / M / 5 ; 0 ,45 / 2 M? E : I D F : 0 ,45 / 0 ,40-0 ,55 / I D /I D /c 2 0% G : g r itstone E B /T he o rthostats a re s et a t t h e i n ner e dge o f a1 , 0-2 ,0m w ide b an k , T h ree l o w v e rticallys et s labs a ppear t o b e v estiges o f a n ear-contiguous k e rb w h ich l i n ked t h e t a ller o rthostats , 1 : B arnatt i n p ress , 1 2 :3 B AMFORD M OOR - S OUTH S K 2 118454 D e rbyshire 1 3 : L /E SC4 / G C : B a rnatt f o rthcoming ; G /7 ,9x6 ,8 / 6 / 6 D : 1 ; 0 ,50 / 2 ; 0 ,65 / 3 ; 0 ,60 / 4 ; 0 ,55 / 5 ; 0 ,40 / 6 ; 0 ,50 E : 1 2 ; 3 ,7 / 2 3 ; 3 ,5 / 3 -4 ; 3 , 1 /4 -5 ; 5 ,0 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,5 / 6 1; 3 ,2 F : 0 ,55 / 0 ,40-0 ,65 / 3 ,7 / 3 , 1-5 ,0 / 1 3 ,9% G : g r itstone / E B /6 ,0 T he i r regu larly s paced o rthostats a re s et o n t he e dge o f ac ontinuous l o w b an k w h ich i s 1 , 5-2 ,0m w ide , T hey a ppear t o b e c rudely g raded t o t h e e ast/southeast b ut t h is c haracteristic m ay b e f o rtu itous , T he s ite h as b een t e rra ced i n to t he h i llside t o c reate a f l at i n terior , T here w as a 2 ,4m h igh m enh ir , c a lled t h e O ld W omans S tone , 1 9 0m t o t h e NW , i t h as n ow b een f e lled , T here a re c a irn fie lds t o t h e w est a nd s outh-east , 1 : B ateman 1 8 48 2 : R ad ley 1 9 66 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D erbysh ire 1 3 , M oscar M oor) 4 : B a rnatt 1 9 78 5 : B a rnatt 1 9 86 6 : B arnatt i n p ress 1 2 :4 B ARBROOK - S ITE I S K 2 7857558 D e rbyshire B : L /E SC3 / G / P ; S torrs F ox a nd P eat c 1900 , P eat 1 9 1112 , G u ilbert 1 9 87 C : B arnatt f o rth coming ; G/1 2 ,5x 14 ,5 / 1 2 /1 3 D : 1 ; 0 ,40 / M / 2 ; L0 ,50 / 3 ; 0 ,40 / 4 ; 0 ,70 / 5 ; 0 ,60 / 6 ; 0 ,50 / 7 ; 0 ,50 / 8 ; 1 , 05 / 9 ; 0 ,35 / 1 0 ; 0 ,65 / 1 ; 0 ,55 / 1 2 ; 0 ,60 E : ( 1 -M ; 3 ,4) / ( M -2 ; 3 ,4) / 2 -3 ; 2 ,6 / 3 -4 ; 2 ,6 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,0 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,8 / 6 -7 ; 3 ,2 / 7 -8 ; 3 , 1 /8 -9 ; 3 ,9 / 9 10 ; 3 ,4 / 1 0 11; 4 , 1 /1 12 ; 3 ,6 / 1 2 1; 2 ,7 F : 0 ,50+ 1,05 / 0 ,35-0 ,70+ 1,05 / 3 ,3 / 2 ,6-4 ,1 / 1 3 ,8% G : g r itstone / E B /S T he o rthostats a re s e t o n t h e e dge o f ac ontinuous 2 ,0-2 ,5m w ide b an k, r e ta ined o n t h e i n ner e dge b y ac omb inat ion o f v e rtica l s labs a nd d rystone w a lling , O ne o rthostat t o t he s outh-west i s s ign ificant ly t a ller t h an t h e o thers , T wo t r en ches w e re d ug w ith in t h e s ite i n t he e arly 2 0th c entury b ut t h e o n ly k nown f i nds a re 3 f l int f l akes ( u npub lished ) , T hese t r enches h ave r e cently b een r e -ex cavated t o o bta in e nv ironmental d ata , T hey w e re o f

- 3 65 -

v ariable d epth , r eaching a m aximum o f c l‚ 4 m , n o f inds w ere m ade , T he s ite l ies w ith in a n e xtensive c a irn field , a nd B arbrook I l i es a s hort d istance t o t he NW b ut t he t wo s ites a re n ot i n tervisible , 1 : B ateman 1 8 48 2 : R adley 1 966 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Derbyshire 3 ) 4 : B arnatt 1 9 78 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( 0 1/7) 6 : B arnatt 1 986 7 : B arnatt i n p ress , 8 : G , G uilbert p ers , c omm , 1 2 :5 B ARBROOK - S ITE I S K 2 775758 1 D erbyshire B : L /E SC3 / A ,PR / T ; L ewis 1 962-8 C : L ewis u npublished : G /c 13 ,7x 14 ,7 / 9 / 9 +? 0 : 1 ; L0 ,45 / ? M /2 ; D /3 ; F ,D / 4 ; F0 ,60 / ( 5 ; F0 ,50?) / 6 ; F0 ,55 / ? 2M / 7 ; F1 ,00 /8 ; 0 ,70 / 9 ; F0 ,70 E : 0 !2 -3 ; 2 ,2 / 3 -4 ; 1 ,2 / 4 -5 ; 2 ,0 / 5 -6 ; 4 ,6 / 0 / 7 -8 ; 5 ,5 / 8 -9 ; 4 ,8 / 9 1; 5 ,3 F : 0 ,60+ 1,00 / 0 ,45-0 ,70+ 1,00 / ( 3 ,7?) / ( 1 ,2-5 ,5?) / 6 ,8% G : g ritstone E B ,ET,ICA ,ICI,ASC / S ,E T he e xcavation b y L ewis o f t h is i mportant s ite r emains u npublished , T he o rthostats w ere s et i n t he i nner k erb o f a 1 , 5-2 ,0m w ide b ank, T he s tones w ere n ot s et d eeply i n to t he g round b ut h eld i n p lace b y s tone c hocks , I n t he a bsence o f a p ublished r eport i t i s u n clear i f m issing s tones c ou ld h ave e xisted i n s ome o f t he w ider g aps , S ubsequent i n accurate r estoration o f t he i nner k erb m akes a ssessment o f t h is i mpossible t oday , T he i n ner k erb w as a 2 -3 c ourse d rystone w all a nd t he o rthostats w ere n o t a ller t han t he r ubble b ank , w ith t he e xception o f o ne t a ll s tone t o t he W SW , T he o uter k erb c omprised a r ing o f s mall s labs s tand ing c 0 ,3m h igh , T here w as p robab ly a n e ntrance t hrough t he b ank t o t he n orth-east , T his h ad b een m asked b y a l ow c airn b uilt o ver a s tone f i lled p it , N earby w as a c upmarked s tone . T oday t here i s as econd s lab i n t he b ank b y t he e ntrance w ith a s ingle c upmark, t wo o thers w ere f ound d uring t he e xcavation , F our f eatures w ere f ound i n t he i n terior o f t he s ite , A2 ,5m c a irn i n t he S W q uadrant h ad a k erb o f v ertically-set s labs , o ne o f w hich w as c upmarked , U nder t h is w as a p it c ontaining a c remation , w ith a c o llared u rn , a nd a s craper a nd a f l int k nife , a ll t h ree o f w hich w ere b urnt , A d ate o f 1 500t 150b c ( BM 179) w as o btained , P art o f a s hale r ing w as f ound u nder t he c a irn , I mmediately b eyond t he c a irn-edge t o t he n orth-west w as a s econd p it , T his c ontained a c remation a nd b urnt f l ints , u nder c harcoal f rom a f i re l it a fter d eposition , T o t he s outheast o f t he c a irn w as a s mall d isturbed c ist w ith a c upmarked c apstone , w h ich c ontained f ragments o f c remated b one , I n t he s outh-east q uadrant , b y t he i n ner e dge o f t he b ank, w as a t h ird p it w hich c ontained a c o llared u rn , 1 ; R adley 1 966 2 : L ewis 1 9 66 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Derbyshire 4 ) 4 : L ewis 1 9 70 5 : M arsden 1 9 77 6 : B arnatt 1 9 78 7 : B arnatt a nd R eeder 1 982 8 : B arnatt 1 986 9 : B arnatt i n p ress 1 2 :6 B ARBROOK - S ITE I I S K 2 8337729 D erbyshire B : L /E SC6 / A / C : B arnatt f o rth coming ; G /c 23 ,4x26 ,2 / 2 1 /2 5 D : 1 ; L0 ,45 / 2 ; L0 ,40 / 3 ; L0 ,55 / 4 : L0 ,80 / 5 ; L0 ,60 / 6 ; L0 ,60 / 7 ; 0 ,45 / M / 8 ; L0 ,40 / 9 ; F0 ,40 / 1 0 ; F0 ,40 / 1 ; 0 ,40 / 1 2 ; F0 ,50 / 1 3 ; 0 ,45 / 1 4 ; 0 ,40 / 1 5 ; L0 ,40 / 3 M /1 6 ; F1 , 15 / 1 7 ; L0 ,40 / 1 8 ; L0 ,55 / 1 9 ; F0 ,55 / 2 0 ; L0 ,40 / 2 1 ; L0 ,40 E : 1 -2 ; 3 ,5 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,8 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,5 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,3 / 5 -6 ; 2 ,9 / 6 -7 ; 3 ,0 / ( 7 -M ; 2 ,9) / ( M -8 ; 2 ,9 ) /8 -9 ; 2 ,3 / 9 10 ; 2 ,6 / 1 0 11; 3 ,0 / 112 ; 2 ,8 / 1 213 ; 3 ,1 / 1 314 ; 2 ,7 / 1 4 15 ; 3 ,3 / 0 / 1 6 17 ; 3 ,3 / 1 7 18 ; 3 ,6 / 1 819 ; 3 ,5 / 1 9 -20 ; 3 ,4 / 2 0-2 1; 3 ,5 / 2 11; 3 ,3 F : c 0 ,50+ 1,15 / 0 ,40-0 ,80+ 1,15 / 3 ,2 / 2 ,3-3 ,8 / 1 0 ,7% G : g ritstone / E B /S T he o rthostats s tand o n t he i nner e dge o f a2 ,0m w ide b an k, T hree b reaks i n t h is m ay w ell b e l a ter d isturbance r ather t han o rig ina l e ntrances , O ne o f t he o rthostats t o t he w est i s

- 3 6 ( 5 -

t a ller t han t he o thers , T here i s ac a irn field i mmediately t o t he e ast a nd a c airn o f 7 ,5m d iameter t o t he s outh , 1 : R adley 1 966 2 : B url 1 976 ( D erbyshire 5 ) 3 : B arnatt 1 978 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( 0 1/8 , O wler B ar) 5 : B arnatt 1 986 6 : B arnatt i n p ress 1 2 :7 B ROWN E DGE

S K 2 8837899

D erbyshire

B : L /P ESC 1 /E ; R adley 1 963 C : R adley 1 966 ; G /c 7 ,5x6 ,0 / 2 / I D D : 0/1 ; F0 ,90 / 0 / 2 ; F0 ,60 / 0 E : I D F : ( 0 ,75) / ( 0 ,60-0 ,90) / I D /I D /c2 0% G : g ritstone / E B ,ICA / T h is p ossible s tone c ircle w as e xcavated i n 1 963 b y R adley , w ho e xamined t he w ho le o f t he i n terior a nd t wo s ections a cross t he b ank, T he b ank i s u nusually w ide b eing c 3 ,0m f rom k e rb t o k erb , B oth t he l a tter w ere l ow d rystone w alls , w hile t he b ank w as e arthen a nd p robably b uilt o f b urnt t u rves , A t t he i nner e dge o f t he b ank w ere 2 f a llen o rthostats w h ich o riginally w ere s et i n s toneholes w ith t he a id o f p acking s tones , U n fortunately R adley d id n ot i n vestigate t he p ossibility o f o ther s toneholes s unk a long t he l ine o f t he i n ner k erb h ence t he o riginal n umber o f o rthostats c annot b e a ssessed , T he i n ternal a rea h ad s everal f eatures , A t t he c entre w as a 3 x2 ,5m c a irn , I n a s hallow p it u nder t h is w as t he c remation o f ay oung a dult m a le , t h is p rodu ced a d ate o f 1 0 50± 150bc ( BM 1 77), A n e mpty c o llared u rn w as p laced o n i t s s ide i n a h ollow i n t he a shes , w ith b ones p acked r ound i t , U nder t he u rn w ere 3 s crapers , ab lade a nd a l a rge q uartz p ebble , C lose-by t o t he n orth-west , w as a s econd p it s ealed b y af lat s tone , T his c ontained a c remation o f ay oung a du lt m ale i n ad ecayed u rn , w ith 2 b urnt f l ints , Ad ate o f 1 250± 150bc ( B M 2 1 1) w as o btained , P arallel l ogs h ad b een p laced a bove a nd b elow t he u rn a nd b urnt i n -situ , A t h ird p it , u nder t he s outh-eastern e nd o f t he c airn , c ontained a c o llared u rn i n verted o ver c harcoal, a sh , a nd f ragments o f ac remated y oung a dult f emale , A ccompanying t h is w ere a p ygmy c up , af l int a nd a p olished r im o f a l impet s hell, A bout o ne m etre s outh-west o f t he c a irn w as a s aucer s haped d epression c onta in ing a c remated f emale a nd a b urnt f l int , T his p rodu ced a d ate o f 1 530± 150bc ( BM 2 12), A f i fth d eposit , i n t he n orth-west q uadrant , c omprised a p it b eneath a f lat s tone w hich w as l i ned w ith c a rbonized b ran ches a nd c ontained p ossible t races o f t he b ase o f ad ecomposed u rn , S everal e mphemeral s tone f eatu res a lso e xisted i n t he c entral a rea , i n cluding 1 -2 h earths , 2 s hallow a rcs o f s mall s tones a nd 2 p arallel l i nes o f s mall s tones , R adley c oncluded t hese p re-dated t he s ite a nd w ere t races o f d omestic a ctivity , T he c ase f or t h is c an b e q uestioned , b ut t heir i n terpretation r emains o bscure , 1 : R adley 1 966 2 : L ewis 1 966 5 : B arnatt i n p ress

3 : B arnatt 1 9 78

1 2 :8 D OLL T OR S K 2 3856287 B : L /S P8 / A / I ; B ateman 1 8 52 , T ; H eathcote 1 93 1-3

4 : B arnatt 1 986

D erbyshire

C : H eathcote 1 9 39 ; G /c 5 ,9x4 ,5 / 6 / 6 D : 1 ; 0 ,85 / 2 ; 0 ,80 / 3 ; L0 ,80 / 4 ; 0 ,85 / 5 ; F0 ,85 / 6 ; F1 ,00 E : 1 -2 ; 2 ,4 / 2 -3 ; 2 ,2 / 3 -4 ; 3 , 1 /4 -5 ; 2 ,9 / 5 -6 ; 2 ,8 / 6 1; 2 ,3 F : 0 ,85 / 0 ,801,00 / 2 ,6 / 2 ,2-3 ,1 / 2 3 ,7% G : g ritstone / I CA ,ACA / G ? T he c i rcle o rthostats a re a ll o f s imilar h eight , b ut t hose t o t he w est a re b ulkier a nd o n ce p robably s lightly t a ller , h ence t he r ing m ay b e s ubtly g raded , S ome u n certainties e xist o ver t he i nterpretation o f t h is s ite , T oday t here i s n o s ign o f a n i n ternal m ound b ut i t i s l i kely o ne o nce f i lled t he w hole i n terior , T his w as r etained b y al o w d rystone w a ll w hich r uns b etween t he o rthostats , H owever , i t i s u nclear i f t h is i s as econdary f eature , o r w hether t he s ite w as d esigned i n itially a s av ariant k erb-cairn w ith a s pa ced o rthostatic-kerb ,

B ateman d ug i n t he i n terior,

f inding 3 -4 s mashed

— 3 67 —

' u rns ',

a s m any p ygmy

c ups a nd c a lcined b ones , F rom h is d escription i t i s l i kely t he ' u rns ' w ere b icon ical o r c ordoned , H eathcote 's e xcavation f ound a f u rther 6 d eposits a t t he b ases o f 5o ut o f 6o f t he o rthostats , T hese i n cluded c remations , f ragmentary b one a nd c harcoal d eposits , a nd w ere a ccompanied b y f lint f lakes , u rn s herds a nd a b iconical u rn , A butting t he r ing t o t he e ast i s as econdary p o lygonal c a irn , d e fined b y ak erb o f h orizontal s labs , T his m ay h ave b een b uilt i n t wo p hases , a s i ndicated b y 2l ines o f s labs t o t he s outh-east , A t t he c entre i s a s ub-rectangular s etting o f l ow v ertical s labs d e fining a 1 ,8x 1,3m i n ternal s pa ce , I t i s u nclear i f t h is w as d esigned t o b e a n o pen s etting o r n ot ( which w as o nly s ubsequently f i lled), W ithin t h is w as a c remation u nder a f lat s lab , a c companied b y as egmented f a ience b ead , E lsewhere i n t he m ound w ere a f u rther 3 c remations , 1a dult a nd 2 c h ildren , a ccompan ied r espectively b y ; a f a ience s tar-bead w ith a b ronze p in h ead ; f our f l int s crapers w ith 3 b iconical u rns ( w ith f ood v essel a f finities); a nd u rn s herds , 1 : B ateman 1 8 6 1 2 : H eathcote 1 939 3 : R adley 1 9 66 4 : B url 1 976 ( Derbysh ire 9 ) 5 : B arnatt 1 9 78

6 : B arnatt 1 986

7 : B arnatt i n p ress

1 2 :9 E WDEN B ECK S K 2 38 19664 S outh Y orkshire B : L /E SC3 / A / C : B arnatt f o rthcoming ; G /c 14 ,7x 15 ,9 / 8 -9 / 1 4 15? D : 1 ; R0 ,75 / 2 ; 0 ,50 / ? 3 ; 0 ,35 / 2 M /4 ; 0 ,45 / 5 ; R0 ,50 / 6 ; R F 0 ,50 / 7 ; 0 ,45 / 2 -3M /8 : F0 ,45 / M / 9 ; R F 0 ,75 E : 1 -2 ; 3 ,7 / 0 / 4 -5 ; 2 ,7 / 5 -6 ; 2 ,7 / 6 -7 ; 3 ,5 / 0 / ( 8 -M ; 3 , 1) / ( M-9 ; 3 , 1) / 9 1; 2 ,5 F : 0 ,50 / 0 ,35-0 ,75 / 3 ,0 / 2 ,5-3 ,7 / c 7 ,5% G : g ritstone / E B ,2ET ,P0 ,2ICA / E ,P T he o rthostats a re s et a t t he i n ner e dge o f a2 ,0-3 ,0m w ide b ank , T his i s b roken b y t wo e ntrances , o rientated NW/SSE , E ach o f t hese i s f lanked b y r adially-set s labs a t t he i n ner a nd o uter e dges , O ne o f t hese , i n t he o uter e nd o f t he SE e ntrance , p robably s tood s omewhat h igher t han a ny o f t he o ther o rthostats a t t he s ite , a lthough i t i s n ow r e cumbent , I n t he c entral a rea a re t wo e ccentrically p laced c a irns , e ach w ith a d iameter o f 3 ,5m , 1 : R adley 1 9 66 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( D erbyshire 7 , B roomhead 1 ) 3 : B arnatt 1 978 4 : B arnatt i n p ress 1 2 :10 E VAN M OOR - S ITE I B : L /E SC 1 /P O /

S K 2 3 157895

D erbyshire

C : B arnatt f o rthcoming ; G c 7 ,7x8 ,0 / 4 / 9 D : 1 ; 0 ,30 / 2 ; 0 , 15 / 3 ; 0 ,30 / 3 M /4 ; 0 ,25 / 2 M E : 1 2 ; 2 ,2 / 2 -3 ; 2 ,8 / ( 3 -M ; 2 ,2) / ( M-M ; 2 ,8) / ( M-M ; 3 ,3) / ( M-4 ; 2 ,9) / ( 4-M ; 2 ,9) ! ( M -M ; 3 ,0) / ( M 1; 3 ,0) F : ( 0 ,25) / ( 0 ,15-0 ,30) / ( 2 ,5) / ( 2 ,2-2 ,8) / I D 6 : g ritstone / I C A ,EB ,?ET / E T he o rthostats a re s et o n t he i nner e dge o f ab ank w hich i s 2 ,0-2 ,5m w ide , T here i s a b reak t o t he NW w hich m ay b e a n o riginal e ntrance , T o t he s outh , d isturbance o f t he b ank 's i nner e dge , s uggests t he s ites o f 3f urther o rthostats , I n 1 852 B ateman r e corded 7 u p rights a t t he s ite , A t t he c entre i s ad isturbed c a irn o f 4 ,5m d iameter, N earby i s a n e xtensive c a irn field , 1 : B ateman 1 8 6 1 2 : B arnatt 1 986 3 : B arnatt i n p ress 1 2 :11 E VAN M OOR - S ITE I I S K 2 3227879 D erbyshire B : L /F 2 1 /A / C : B arnatt f o rthcoming ; G c 12 ,3x 13 ,0 / 6 / 8 -9 D : 1 ; 0 ,70 / M / 2 ; F1 , 10 / 3 ; F0 ,90 / M ? /4 ; 0 ,25 / M / 5 ; 0 ,55 / 6 ; 0 .40 E : ( 1 -M ; 4 ,2) / ( M -2 ; 4 ,2) / 2 -3 ; 5 ,4 / ( 3 -M ; 3 , 1) / ( M -4 ; 3 , 1) / ( 4-M ; 3 ,9) / ( M-5 ; 3 ,9) /5 -6 ; 4 ,7 / 6 1; 5 ,3

- 3 68 -

F : 0 ,65 / 0 ,251,10 / ( 5 ,1) / ( 4 ,7-5 ,4) / c 5 ,4% G : g ritstone / I C A /T h is f reestanding r ing a ppea rs t o b e n oted b y B ateman i n 1 852 a s h aving 9 s tones , a lthough p resent s pacing s uggests o n ly 8 a nd i t i s p ossible B ateman w as r e fering t o a nother s ite n earby , a s s eve ra l p ossib le s tone c i rcles ( o r b arrow k erbs) w ere n oted i n t he v icinity i n t he 1 8 th c entury , T he r ing i s u nusual ( for t he r eg ion) a s i t i s f reestanding , T here i s a d isturbed c entral c a irn o f 8 ,5x6 ,0m d iameter, T he r ing i s as hort d istan ce SE o f E yam M oor I a nd t here i s a n e xtensive c a irn field n earby , 1 : B ateman 1 86 1 2 : B arnatt 1 986 3 : B arnatt i n p ress 1 2 :12 G IBBET M OOR - N ORTH S K 2 82 17085 B : N /F P 1 /A/ C : B arnatt f o rthcoming ; G /c 4 ,0 / 3 / 4 0 : 1 ; L0 ,65 / 2 ; 0 ,65 / 3 ; 0 ,65 / M E : 1 2 ; 2 ,6 / 2 -3 ; 2 ,6 / 0 F : 0 ,65 / 0 ,65 / ( 2 ,6) / ( 2 ,6) / I D G : g ritstone / - / F T his i s a d im inutive F our P oster w ith

o ne

s tone

D erbyshire

m issing ,

T he

3 r emaining

s tones

a re

a rranged i n as ub-square s etting , w ith t he s labs p laced r oughly p arallel t o e ach o ther a nd o rientated NE/SSW , 1 : B arnatt 1 986 2 : B arnatt f o rthcoming , 1 2 :13 G IBBET M OOR - S OUTH S K 2 8 107027 D erbyshire B : L /P ESC1 / P / C : B arnatt f o rthcoming ; G /c 10 ,5x 13 ,0 / 1 5 /I D ( c 15-20) 0 : 0/1 ; L0 ,70 / 0 E : I D F : I D /I D /I D /I D /1 9 ,2%? G : g ritstone / E B ,ET / P ,P? T he i n terpretation o f t h is s ite i s u ncertain , I t l i es a t t he b ase o f as lope a nd m ay b e n othing m ore t han f ortuitous p eat-covered s labs , O nly o ne l eaning o rthostat i s c onvincing , T his i s s et a t t he i nner e dge o f o ne o f t wo a rcs o f l o w b ank , w hich a re b etween 1 , 5x3 ,0m w ide ( and w h ich m ay a lternatively b e f ragmentary r ema ins o f f ield b oundaries - 9 , A insworth p ers c omm ,), T hree o ther s tones a t t he i n ner e dge a re r e cumbent a nd a ppear t o h ave ' f allen ' f r om d ifferent a ngles , T o t he SW i s ap ossible e ntrance f lanked b y s labs , T h is i s u nusua lly n arrow a t o nly 0 ,5m w ide , 1 -2 o f t hese s labs a t t he o uter e dge a re v ertical, t he h ighest b e ing 0 ,5m h igh , T he s ite l ies a t t he s outhern e nd o f a n e xtensive c a irn field/field s ystem , 1 : B arnatt 1 9 86

2 : B arnatt i n p ress ,

1 2 :14 H ANDSOME C ROSS S K 2 6 ,94 , S outh Y orkshire B : L /F 2 1? / D / C : N /c 7 ,5x6 ,5m / 0 / 1 0 (12+) D : I D E : I D F : I D /I D /I D /I D /I D G : I D /I CA / T h is s ite w as r e corded i n 1 776 a nd 1 8 19 , I t h ad b een d estroyed b y t he l a te 1 9 th c entury , I t h ad 1 2 o rthostats a nd a lthough n o e xternal b ank i s m entioned , t hese a re t ypical f o r t he r egion a nd t h is m ay h ave b een o verloo ked , A d isturbed c entral c a irn w as n oted b ut n o d etails g iven , 1 : W atson 1 7 76 2 : H unter 1 8 19 3 : B arnatt i n p ress ,

- 3 69 -

1 2 :15 T HE N INE L ADIES ( S TANTON M OOR I ) S K 2 4 9 16349 D e rbysh ire B : L /E SC 1 /G / C : B a rnatt f o rthcoming ; G /c 1 0 ,6x 11,4 / 1 0 /1 D : 1 ; 0 ,60 / 2 ; 0 ,90 / 3 ; 0 ,75 / 4 ; F0 ,90 / 5 ; 0 ,70 / M / 6 ; 0 ,70 / 7 ; L0 ,45 / 8 ; L0 ,85 /( 9 ; S ? 0 ,45) / 1 0 ; 0 ,70 E : 1 2 ; 2 ,8 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,7 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,0 / 4 -5 ; 2 ,6 / ( 5 -M ; 3 , 0 ) /( M -6 ; 3 ,0) / 6 -7 ; 2 , 7 / 7 -8 ; 2 ,9 / 8 -9 ; 3 ,3 / 9 10 ; 3 ,8 / 1 0 1; 3 ,5 F : 0 ,75 / 0 ,45-0 ,90 / 3 , 1 /2 .6 -3 ,8 / c 7 .0% G : g r itstone / E B ,ICA ,A0 / 0 T he o rthostats l i e o n t h e i n ner e dge o f ad amaged b an k o f c 2 ,0m w idth , I t i s n o t c lea r i f b rea ks i n t he l a tter , t o t h e N E a nd S W , a re o r igina l , A t t he c e ntre i s ab ad ly d amaged c a irn o f 5 ,0m d iameter , 4 0m t o t h e W SW i s a0 ,9m h igh r a d ially-set o utlier k nown a s t h e K ing S tone , T he s i te l i es w i th in a n e xtensive c a irn fie ld , S tanton M oor I l i es t o t h e NE , a nd S tanton M oor I I a nd I V l i e t o t h e SW , T hese f o ur s ites , t o gether w ith 2 -3 l a rge c a irns , f o rm a c rude l i ne a c ross t h e m oor , 1 : R ooke 1 7 82 2 : R adley 1 9 66 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D erbysh ire 1 4 ) 4 ; B arnatt 1 9 78 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 0 1/3 ) 6 : H eath cote 1 9 80 7 : B a rnatt 1 9 86 8 : B a rnatt i n p ress 1 2 :15 N INE S TONE C LOSE S K 2546264 D e rbysh ire B : L F 25 / PPA / P : c 1848 B ateman C : B a rnatt f o rthcoming ; G /c 1 2 ,013 ,5 / 4 / 8 -9 D : 1 ; R1 , 95 / 2 ; 2 ,00 / D / 3 ; 2 , 10 / 4 ; R2 ,20 / 3 -4M E : 1 2 ; 5 ,2 / ( 2 -M ; 4 ,5) / ( M -3 ; 4 ,5) / 3 -4 ; 4 ,2 / 0 F : ( 2 ,05) / ( 1 ,95-2 ,20) / ( 4 ,7) / ( 4 ,2-5 ,2) / I D G : g r itstone / - / T oday o n ly 4 t a ll s tones r e ma in i n t h e e astern h a lf o f t h e s ite , Af i fth s tone h as b een u t ilised a s ag atepost a s hort d istan ce t o t h e s outh , T wo o f t he s tones w ere r e -ere cted i n t h e l a te 1 9 30 's b y H eath cote , W hen f i rst r e corded i n t h e l a te 1 8 th a nd e a rly 1 9 th c enturies 8 s tones e x isted , t h ose t o t h e w est b e ing s ma lle r t han t h e s u rviv ing o rthostats , B y 1 8 70 t h e s ite h ad b een r o bbed a nd w as i n t h e s ame s t ate a s t o day , B ateman d ug a t t h e r ing c entre a nd f o und s evera l s herds a nd f l ints b ut n o i n ta ct d eposits , T here i s n o s t rong e v idence t h ere w as e ver a c e ntra l c a irn , 1 : R ooke 1 7 82 2 : P i lkington 1 7 89 3 : B ateman 1 8 48 4 : J ew itt 1 8 70 5 : H eathcote 1 9 39 6 : R ad ley 1 9 66 7 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D erbysh ire 1 5 ) 8 : B a rnatt 1 9 78 9 : B a rnatt i n p ress 1 2 :17 P ARK G ATE S K 2 805685 1 D erbysh ire B : L /E SC3 / A / C : B a rnatt f o rthcoming ; G c 1 1 , 8 x 12 ,4 / 1 0 14 / 2 0 ? D : 3 M /1 ; 0 ,45 / M / 2 ; 0 ,55 / 3 : 1 , 00 / M / 4 ; F0 ,90 / ? 5 ; F0 ,45 / 6 ; 1 , 15 / ( ? 7 ; F0 ,30) / ? 8 ; 0 ,45 / M / 8 ; L0 ,70 / ? 1 0 ; F0 ,30 / 1 ; 0 ,55 / 1 2 ; L0 ,75 / 1 3 ; 0 ,50 / M / 1 4 ; 0 ,30 E : 0/( 1 -M ; 1 , 9) / ( M -2 ; 1 , 9) / 2 -3 ; 1 , 7 /( 3 -M ; 1 , 9) / ( M -4 ; 1 , 9) / 4 -5 ; 1 . 5 /5 -6 ; 2 ,0 /6 -8 ; 1 , 8 /( 8 -M ; 2 ,2) / ( M -9 ; 2 ,2 ) /9 10 ; 2 ,3 / 1 0 11; 1 , 7 /1 12 ; 1 , 7 /1 2 13 ; 1 , 8 /( 1 3-M ; 1 , 9) / ( M 14 ; 1 , 9) F : 0 ,55+ 1,15 / 0 ,301,00+ 1,15 / 1 , 8 /1 , 5-2 ,3 / c 4 ,8% G : g r itstone / E B ,ACA ,ICA / S , ?G T he o rthostats a re s et o n t h e i n ner e dge o f ac ontinuous 1 , 5-2 ,5m w ide b ank , T o t h e e ast a 2 ,5x3 ,0m c a irn a buts i t s o u ter e dge , S everal o f t h e o rthostats a re d i fficult t o i n terpret , a t l e ast o ne a ppears t o b e v e st iges o f av e rtica lly-set k e rb l i nking t h e t rue o rthostats , O ne s tone t o t h e s outh i s t a ller t h an t h e r e st , t h is h as a c u pmark o n o ne s ide , O ther t a ll s tones t o t h e s outheast c ou ld s uggest t h e r i ng i s c rudely g r aded b ut t h is i s p e rhaps m o re l i kely t o b e af o rtu itous c h ara cteristic , I n t h e s outh-eastern q uadrant o f t he i n terior i s

- 3 70 -

a5 ,0m k erb w ith 5 s urv iv ino k erbstones , s et t o l e an i n wards , s urrounding a r u ined c a irn , T h is w as w recked s ometime b etween 1 907 a nd 1 966 , T he s ite l i es a t t he n orthern e dge o f a n e x tensive f ield s ystem/cairn field , 1 : A ndrew 1 907 2 : R adley 1 9 66 3 : B url 1 976 ( D erbyshire 1 7 ) 5 : B a rnatt 1 986 6 : B arnatt i n p ress

4 : B arnatt 1 9 78

1 2 :18 T HE S EVEN B RIDERON cS K 3 05620 D erbyshire B : L /F 23 / D / C ; N /c 7 ,5 / 7 / 8 ? D : o ne w as c 2 ,1m h igh , t he o thers w ere m uch l ower, E : I D F : L ow+2 ,1 / 1 0 +2 ,1 / I D /I D /I D G : g ritstone / - / S T h is s ite w as r e corded b y R ooke i n 1 784 b ut n ever p ublished ( notebooks - S heffield C ity M u seum), I t h as s ince b een d estroyed , p robably i n t he 1 9th c entury , O ne o f t he o rthostats w a s s ignificantly t a ller t han t he o thers , T here w as a c airnfield n earby , 1 : M arsden 1 9 77 2 : B arnatt i n p ress 1 2 :19 T HE S EVEN S TONES O F H ORDRON

S K 2 15 18684

D erbyshire

B : L /F 2 1 /A /C : B arnatt f o rthcoming ; G /c 15 ,2x 15 ,9 / 1 0 /1 6 D : 1 ; F0 ,75 / 2 ; L0 ,90 / 3 ; 0 ,70 / 3 M /4 ; 0 ,80 / 5 ; 0 ,50 / 6 ; 0 ,70 / M / 7 ; 0 ,65 / 8 ; 0 ,95 / 9 ; L0 ,45 / 2 M /1 0 ; 0 ,45 E : 1 -2 ; 2 ,9 / 2 -3 ; 2 ,8 / 0 / 4 -5 ; 2 ,8 / 5 -6 ; 2 ,4 / ( 6 -M ; 3 ,5) / ( M-7 ; 3 ,5) / 7 -8 ; 3 ,2 / 9 10 ; 4 ,3 / 0 / 1 0 1; 2 ,5 F : 0 ,70 / 0 ,45-0 ,95 / 3 ,0 / 2 ,4-4 ,3 / c 4 ,4% G : g ritstone / - / T h is f reestanding r ing h as n o i n ternal o r e xternal f eatures , T oday t here a re 1 4 s mall l o ose s tones r ound t he c i rcumference , i n a ddition t o t he t rue o rthostats , w hich a re p robably a r e cent a ddition , B ateman d escribed t he s ite a s ' v ery c omplete ' w hich c ould s uggest i t h as b een r obbed s ubsequent t o h is v isit , 1 : B ateman 1 8 48 2 : A ddy 1 893 3 : R adley 1 966 4 : B url 1 976 ( Derbyshire 1 8 ) 5 : B arnatt 1 9 78 6 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( 0 1/9 , M oscar M oor) 7 : B arnatt 1 986 8 : B arnatt f o rthcoming 1 2 :20 S MELTING H ILL S K 2 0278039 D erbyshire B : L /E SC 1 /P /C : B arnatt f o rthcoming ; 6 (00) / c 7 ,5 / 2 / 9 10 D : 3 M /1 ; 0 ,75 / M / 2 ; F0 ,75 / 3 -4M E : 0/( 1-M ; 2 ,2) / ( M -2 ; 2 ,2) F : ( 0 ,75) / ( 0 ,75) / ( 2 ,2) / ( 2 ,2) / I D G : g ritstone / E B ,ET / E T he o rthostats l i e o n t he i n ner e dge o f a l ow b ank w hich i s 1 , 5-2 ,0m w ide , T he s ite h as b een i n i t s p resent s tate s ince a t l east 1 883 , I n 1 76 1 t here w ere 9 s tones , w ith a c learly d e fined e ntrance t h rough t he b ank t o t he NE , B y 1 785 t here w ere o nly 4 s tones , E xamination o f R ooke 's u npublished p lan , i n c on junction w ith t he p resent r ema ins , s uggests o r iginally t h ere w ere 9 10 s tones , S mall c a irnfields l i e t o t he e ast a nd w est o f t he s ite , 1 : R ooke 1 7 85 2 : B ateman 1 8 48 3 : W ard 1 905 4 : R adley 1 9 66 5 ; B url 1 9 76 ( D erbysh ire 1 9 )

6 : B arnatt 1 986

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7 : B arnatt i n p ress

1 2 :2 1 S TANTON M OOR - S ITE I

S K 2 4946367

D erbyshire

B : L /E SC3 / P O /I ; P egge 1 784 , E ; H eathcote 1 9 4 1, P ; R adley 1 964 C : B arnatt f o rthcoming ; G/1 0 ,0x9 ,0m / 2 / I D D : 0/1 ; 0 ,50 / M / 2 ; R0 ,40 E : I D F : ( 0 ,45) / ( 0 ,40-0 ,50) / I D /I D /I D G : q ritstone / E B ,2ET ,PO ,ICA / E ,P O ne o rthostat r emains o n t he i nner e dge o f a2 ,0-2 ,5m w ide b an k, T he l atter i s b roken b y e ntrances t o t he NE a nd SW , t he s outhern o ne h as a r adially-set o rthostat a t i t s i nner e nd , I n t he e astern q uadrant i s a b adly d isturbed c a irn o f c 5 ,0m d iameter , T h is w as e xcavated i n 1 784 b y P egge w ho f ound a c o rdoned u rn , t ogether w ith c remations a nd a p ygmy c up , T he s ite w as a gain e xcavated i n 1 9 4 1 b y H eathcote , b ut n ever p ublished , H is f inds i n cluded a c remation u nder a n i nverted c o llared u rn a ccompanied b y 2p ygmy c ups , T here w as as econd c remation u nder a c o llared u rn , t ogether w ith a b ronze a wl a nd b urnt f l ints , A t h ird c remation w as a ccompanied b y ac ollared u rn , af ourth h ad a c o rdoned u rn , T he e xact c ontexts o f t hese f inds i s u n known , I n 1 964 a t est p it f o r p ollen s amples , b y t h e i nner e dge o f t he b an k, i nadvertently e xposed 2 c ollared u rns p laced m outh t o m outh a nd a b urnt f l int , i n t he a shes o f ac remation p it , T he l a rder u rn c ontained a f ew f ragments o f b one . T he s ite l ies a t t he n orthern e nd o f a n e xtensive c a irn field , 1 : P egge 1 787 2 : R adley 1 9 66 3 : B arnatt 1 9 78 4 : B arnatt 1 986 5 : B arnatt i n p ress , 1 2 :22 S TANTON M OOR - S ITE I V S K 2 47 16290 D erbyshire B : L E SC3 / P O /E ; H eathcote 1 930 's/1940 's C : B arnatt f o rthcoming ; G c 1 1 , 8 x 13 ,3 / 3 -6 / 1? D : ? 1 ; F0 ,40 / 2 M /? 2 ; F0 ,30 / 3 ; 0 ,35 / M / 4 ? ; F0 ,45 / 5 ; F0 ,60 / M / 6 ; 0 ,50 / M E : 0 /2 -3 ; 4 , 1 /( 3-M ; 3 ,4) / ( M -4 ; 3 ,4) / 4 -5 ; 3 ,3 / ( 5 -M ; 3 ,4) / ( M -6 ; 3 ,4) / ( 6 -M ; 3 ,0) / ( M 1; 3 ,0) F : ( 0 ,45) / ( 0 ,30-0 ,60) / ( 3 ,7) / ( 3 ,3-4 ,1) / c 1 1,3% G : d ritstone / E B ,ET ,P0 / E ,P T he o rthostats l i e o n t he i nner e dge o f a 1 ,5-2 ,5m w ide b ank, T h is i s b roken b y a n e ntrance t o t he s outh , w ith a r adially-set s lab , 0 ,40m h igh , m idway a long i t s e astern s ide , S everal o f t he o rthostats a re r e cumbent a nd i t i s u nclear i n s ome c ases i f t h ey w ere o nce u pright , o r a lternatively h ave b een d isplaced f rom t he b ank k erb , H eathcote e x cavated t he b ank b ut n ever p ublished , n o f inds a re r e corded , A l a rge p it h as b een d ug i n t he c entre a nd u pcast p laced t o t he n o rtheast , T here a re n o c lear i ndications o f a n o r ig inal c entral c a irn , T he s ite l ies w ithin a n e xtensive c a irn field , 1 : P egge 1 787 2 : R adley 1 966 3 : B arnatt 1 978 4 : B arnatt 1 986 5 : B arnatt i n p ress 1 2 :23 S TOKE F LAT S K 2 4957678 D erbyshire B : L /E SC3 / A / P ; P eat e arly C 20 C : B arnatt f o rthcoming ; G /c 1 1,7 / 7 / c 16? D : 1 ; R0 ,55 / M R /2 ; F0 ,45 / 3 ; F0 ,45 / 4 M /4 ; R0 ,30 / 5 ; R1 , 10 / 6 ; 0 ,55 / 2 M / 7 ; 0 ,40 / 2 M E : ( 1 -M ; 2 , 1) / ( M -2 : 2 , 1) / 2 -3 ; 1 ,8 / 0 / 4 -5 ; 2 ,5 / 5 -6 ; 2 ,2 / 0 F : 0 ,45+ 1,10 / 0 ,30-D ,55+ 1,10 / ( 2 ,2) / ( 1 ,8-2 ,5) / I D G : g ritstone / E B ,2ET ,P0 E ,P T he o rthostats a re s et a t t he i n ner e dge o f a2 ,5-3 ,0m w ide b ank, T his i s b roken b y t wo e ntrances o rientated NE/SSW , E ach i s f lanked b y f our r adially-set s labs , O ne o f t h ese a t t he i n ner e dge o f t he SW e ntrance i s s ignificantly t a ller t han t he o ther o rthostats , T he NE e ntrance a ppears t o h ave b een c a re fully b locked , M itchell w riting i n 1 846 , d es cribed t he s ite a s h aving ' s tones a t r egular i n tervals ' w hich c ou ld s uggest t he s ite h as b een d amaged s ince t h is d ate , T he s ite w as p artially e xcavated i n t h e e arly 2 0th c entury o n t he

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i n struction o f t he D uke o f R utland , w hen a n u rned c remation w as d iscovered , i t s e xact c o ntext i s u nknown , T he s ite i s a t t he n orthern e nd o f a n e xtensive f ield s y stem/cairnfield , T here i s a1 3 ,5m c a irn a s hort d istance t o t he s outh , 1 : B ateman 1 848 2 : R adlev 1 9 66 3 : B url 1 976 ( D erbyshire 1 , F roggatt E dge) 4 : B a rnatt 1 978

5 : B a rnatt 1 986

6 ; B arnatt i n p ress ,

1 2 :24 W ET W ITHENS ( E YAM M OOR I ) S K 2557899 D erbyshire B : L /E SC5 / G / C : B a rnatt f o rthcoming ; G /2 9 ,7x30 ,9 / 1 0 11 / 1 6 18 D : M/1 : 0 ,65 / M ? /? 2 ; F0 ,25 / 3 ; 0 ,45 / 4 ; 0 ,55 / 5 ; 0 ,50 / 6 ; 0 ,60 / 7 ; L0 ,45 / 8 ; L0 ,70 / 9 ; 0 ,30 / M ? /1 0 ; F0 ,60 / 3 M /1 ; 0 ,35 / M E : 0 /3 -4 : 6 , 1 /4 -5 ; 6 ,3 / 5 -6 ; 5 ,7 / 6 -7 ; 5 ,2 / 7 -8 ; 4 ,3 / 8 -9 ; 5 ,9 / 0 F : 0 ,50 / 0 ,25-0 ,70 / 5 ,6 / 4 ,3-6 ,3 / 3 ,9% G : g ritstone / E B ,ACA / T h e 1 0 11 o rthostats a re s et o n t he i n ner e dge o f a c ontinuous b ank w hich i s 2 ,5-3 ,0m w ide , I n t he 1 8 th c entury t here w ere 1 6 s tones , b ut b y 1 8 60 t hey h ad b een r edu ced t o t he p resent n umber, A ccounts o f a c entral o rthostat a nd/or m ound a re p robably s purious a nd d e rive f rom a nother s ite i n t he v icin ity ( p robably a c a irn) , T here i s a l a rge m utilated c a irn a d jacent t o t he n orth , a nd a n e xtensive c a irnfield t o t he e ast , 1 : W ilkinson 1 8 60 2 : B ateman 1 8 6 1 3 : R adley 1 966 4 : B url 1 9 76 ( D erbyshire 2) 5 : B arnatt 1 978 6 : B arnatt 1 986 7 : B arnatt i n p ress ,

— 3 73 —

Z ONE 1 3 :

W ALES

1 3 :1 B EDD G URFAL B : L /P ESC 1 /A /-

S H 6 133 12

C : N /c 4 ,0 / 9 / I D D : I D ( 8 u pright) E : I D F : I D /( ? -c 1 ,00) / I D /I D /( ID) G : s late / E B /L ittle d ata h as b een p ublished o n t h is p ossible s tone c i rcle , H owever, i t h as a lso b een d escribed a s ac a irn-circle , 1 : B owen a nd G resham 1 967 ( 143)

G wynedd ( Merionethsh ire)

I t i s a pparently e mbanked ,

2 : L ynch 1 9 84

1 3 :2 B RYN C ELLI O DU S H 5 08702 G wynedd-Ynys M on ( A ng lesey) B : D /C H3 / P O /E ; H emp 1 927-8 C : H emp 1 930 ; G/c 19 ,0x 17 ,5 / 7 10 / 1 6 -20 D : 1 ; Lc 2 ,00 / 2 ; Fc 1 ,10 / 2 -4M / 3 ; S /M ? /4 ; E H ? /5 ; S ? ,FG ,L / 6 ; S ,L / 7 ; S ? ,FG ,L / 8 ; Lc 1 ,80 / 9 ; E H /1 0 ; S ,L / 1 ; E H /1 2 ; S/1 3 ; S/? M /1 4 ; E H E : 1 -2 ; 3 ,7 / 0 / ( 3-4 ; 4 ,2) / 4 -5 ; 2 ,3 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,4 / 6 -7 ; 2 ,4 / 7 -8 ; 3 ,8 / 8 -9 ; 2 ,2 / 9 10 ; 3 ,6 / 1 0 11; 3 ,9 / 112 ; 3 ,0 / 1 2 13 ; 3 ,7 / ( 1 314 ; 5 , 1) / 1 41; 2 ,9 F : ( 1 ,65) / ( 1 ,10-2 ,00) / 3 ,2? / 2 ,2-3 ,9? / c 7 ,9% G : g ritstone C T ,EB ,?I0 / E xcavation h as d emonstrated t hat t h is f ine p assage g rave p robably o verlies a w recked h enge w h ich w as d emolished w hen t he t omb w as b uilt , Ar ing o f o rthostats e xists , s et c 2 ,0-4 ,0m w ith in t he e dge o f ad itch w hich h as a n i n ternal d iameter o f c 20 ,5-2 1,0m , w as c 4 ,5m w ide a nd c l‚ 6 5m d eep , N o t race o f a n e xternal b ank w as f ound , i t m ay h ave b een p loughed o ut , o r w as d emolished w hen t he t omb w as b u ilt , M uch o f t he s i lted d itch r emains u nex cavated , h ence i t c annot b e d etermined i f i t h ad a c auseway o r i n w hat d irection t his l ay , W hile t he c ircle o f o rthostats m ay h ave b een p artially d emolished a t t he t i me t he t omb w as b uilt , i t w as c learly a lready i n r u ins , T hree o f t he s tones r emained u nsmashed , t wo w ere l e aning b adly a nd t he t h ird h ad f a llen , Af urther 4 s tumps a lso l eant , S ome t ime h ad e lapsed b etween t he c onstruction o f t he t wo m onuments a s t he d itch w as p a rtially s i lted , I t h as b een s uggested t he t omb b uilders w recked t h e s ite o ut o f a ntagon ism f o r t he r ites o f t he h enge b uilders , H owever , i f t he s ite w as a lready a bandoned i t m ay b e t h at a ny w recking w as p urely t o r emove f eatures w hich w ould h ave b een o btrusive o nce t he t o mb w as b uilt , T hree b roken r ecumbent s labs , e ach c 1 ,21,5m l o ng , l ay i mmediately o utside t he c i rcle t o t he s outheast a nd a ppear t o h ave r ested o n t he s ubsoil r ather t han t h e o ld g round s urface , T his c ould i mply a n a ttempt t o p artly b ury t he d isplaced s tones i n a d eturfed a rea , a t t he t ime o f t he t omb c onstruction , As ma ll p it b y t he b ase o f o ne o f t he s tumps c onta ined f ragments o f t he s tone a s w ell a s c harcoal a nd q uartz p ebbles , T h is p it w as c ut t h rough t he o ld t urf a nd h ence c ould d ate t o ap eriod s oon b efore t he c onstru ction o f t he t omb , T he b est a rgument t hat t he f e lling o f s tones t ook p lace i m mediate ly p r ior t o t he t omb c onstruction ( and t hat t he s ite w as a lready r u ined) i s t hat s tone d estru ction a ppears t o h ave b een s elective , w ith o nly u pright a nd n ear-upright s tones b eing r e moved , T his s uggests s tones w hich w ould h ave p rotruded t hrough t h e m ound , a nd h ence s poiled i t s a ppearance , w ere d emolished , w hile o thers w ere l e ft t hat a lready l eaned b adly o r h ad f a llen , A ll t he o rthostats w ere s et i n s hallow s toneholes w h ich b arely e ntered t he s ubsoil a nd t h is p robably l ed t o t he n atural c o llapse o f s everal o f t hem , L ittle d ata w ere f o und r e lating t o t h e p eriod w hen t he h enge w as i n u se , T wo o f t he s toneholes h ad f ragments o f c remated b one i n t hem s uggesting c remation r ites h ad b een p erformed p rior t o t he e rection o f t h e c i rcle ;

f ragments o f b one l ater f inding t heir w ay i n to t he s toneholes , As ma ll p it

w ithin t he r ing , n ear a n o rthostat i n t h e n orthwest q uadrant , c learly p redated t he t o mb a s

— 3 74 —

i t w as s ealed b y t h e o ld t u rf, I t c onta ined a s mall v e rtically-set s lab a nd c remated b one , Ac entral p it d escribed b e low m ay a lso r e late t o t h is e arly p hase , T he p assage g rave b u ilt o ver t h e h enge w as d e fined b y a n o uter k erb o f c ontiguous u p right s labs e rected a t t h e b ase o f t he p artly s i lted d itch , T h is k erb h ad a d iameter o f c 2 6 ,0x27 ,0m , T here a ppears t o b e a s e cond k erb o f s ma ller s tones c 0 ,51,0m i n side t h e f i rst , w h ich c o uld s uggest t h e p assage g rave i t self h as b een r emodelled , T he e ntran ce p a ssage w as o r ientated t o t h e E NE , N ear t he c entre o f t he m ound w as a w ell p rese rved p o lygona l c hamber , w hich w a s c 2 ,0m h igh a nd c 2 ,4m i n d iameter , B oth c hamber a nd p assage w e re d e fined b y v e rtically-set s labs s urmounted b y d rystone w alling a nd r oo fed b y l a rge h o rizontal c apstones , T hese w e re o r iginally b uried w ith in a h igh m ound , T he o uter p o rt ion o f t h e p assage , b etween t h e t w o k e rbs , a ppears t o h ave n ever b een r oo fed , A h uman c r emation w as f o und o utside t h e p assage e ntran ce i n ap it , B eyond t h is w as a l i ne o f 5 p o stholes , a sso ciated w ith 2 l i nes o f s tones , i n as ub-rectangu lar s etting , A n o x s ke leton w a s f ound i n ap i t w ithin t h is , T he d ate a nd p urpose o f t hese f e atures i s u n known , B eh ind t h e c hamber w a s ap it d ug b e fore t he m ound w as b u ilt , T h is h ad a d iameter o f c l‚ 2 m a nd w as 1 , 35m d eep , Af i re h ad b een l i t a t t h e b ase a nd w ood a nd a h uman e a r b one p la ced a t t h e b ottom , T h e b ottom h a lf o f t h e p it w as t hen r e filled a nd a s lab l a id h o rizontally i n t h e p it , l y ing r e cumbent a bove t h is , t o o ne s ide , w as a h ighly d e corated s tone w ith p e cked g rooves i n s inuous d esigns ( a typical p assage g rave s tyle?) , T he d istribution o f t h is o rnament o ver o ne e nd o f t h e s tone s uggests i t h ad o n ce s tood u p right , I t s o r iginal c o ntext i s u n known b ut i t m ay h ave s tood o ver t he p it a nd h en ce e xpla in w hy t h e l a tter w as s ealed a t d epth b y t he h o rizontal s lab , r ather t han a t t h e o ld g round s u rface , W h ile t h e p it i s e arlier t han t he t o mb m ound , i t i s u nclear i f i t b e longs t o ap r imary p hase o f t h e t omb c onstru ction , o r r e lates t o t h e e arlier h enge , I t s a rt s tyle s uggests i t i s a sso ciated w ith t h e t o mb , 1 : H emp 1 930 2 : O 'Kelly 1 9 69 3 : L yn ch 1 9 70 4 : B url 1 9 76 ( A ng lesey 1 ) 1 3 :3 B RYNGWN S TONES S H 4 62669 G wynedd-Ynys M on ( A nglesey) B : L /P F25 / P / C : N/c 12 ,0? / 2 / 8 -9? D : 0/1 ; 3 ,05 / 2 ; 3 ,95 / 0 E : 0/1 2 ; c 6 ,4 / 0 F : ( 3 ,5) / ( 3 ,05-3 ,95) / ( 6 ,4) / ( 6 ,4) / I D G : N D /( EB? ,ED ?) A SS? / A l l t hat s u rv ives o f t h is p ossible s tone c i rcle a re t wo t a ll s tones i n a v i rtua lly s t raight l i ne , E a rly a c counts o f t he s ite a re s omewhat c ontrad ictory , T he e a rliest r e cord ( R owlands 1 7 23 ) n oted 3 t a ll s tones a nd a s tump , s et i n at h ird o f ac i rcle o f 1 2 14 y a rds d iameter w h ich o r ig inally h ad 8 -9 s tones , H e a lso n oted f u rther s maller s tones w hich h e r e garded a s b e ing o n 2 s maller c i rcles , T he 1 7 72 e d ition o f C amden n otes 1 2 s tones , P ennant i n 1 7 73 n oted 2 l a rge s tones a nd ' s ome l e sser s tones ', s uggesting o ne o f t he t a ll s tones h ad b een r e moved b y t h is d ate , H is c entra l ' c rom lech ' m ay w ell h ave b een w ish fu l t h inking , p e rhaps b ased o n s ma ll s tones h e re , I n 1 7 97 H utton n oted t he d iameter h ad b een 5 2 y a rds ( 4 7 ,5m) b ut t h at t h e s ite h ad b een r e cently d estroyed ( e x cept f o r t h e t wo o r thostats) , I n 1 8 10 s ix s tones , e a ch c 1 ,0m h igh , w ere n oted i n an earby f i eld , t hese p e rhaps w ere s ome o f t h e s ma ller s tones n oted b y R ow lands , B y t he s e cond h alf o f t he 1 9 th c entury t hese a lso h ad g one m issing , I n 1 8 10 a c ottage s tood a ga inst t h e w estern s tone ; i t i s n ot r e corded b y e a rlier w r iters a nd i t h ad b een r e moved b y 1 8 4 1, T he R CAHM n oted t r a ces o f a d itch ( d iameter c 3 5 ,0) w ith o uter b an k ( d iameter c 65 ,0m ), H owever , t h is i s n ot a pparent t o day a nd i t s a u thenticity h as b een q uestioned , 1 : R owlands 1 7 23 2 : C amden 1 7 72 3 : P ennant 1 7 73 4 : S k inner 1 8 10 5 : W i lliams 1 8 7 1 6 : R CAHM 1 9 37 ( 1 03) 7 : G r imes 1 9 63 8 : L ynch 1 9 70 9 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A ng lesey 2 )

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1 3 :4 B RYN Y G ORLAN S N 7 4945473 D y fed ( C ardiganshire) B : C /F 4 / P /C : L eighton ; G /c 18 ,0 / 1 0 /c 32-38 D : c1 5 19M / 1 ; S /2 M /2 ; 0 ,60 / M / 3 ; S /M /4 ; F1 , 00 / 5 ; S /6 ; S / 7 ; 5- / 8 ; 0 ,90 / 9 ; 5- / 1 2M / 1 0 ; 0 ,60 / c 2-3M E : 0 /4 -5 ; 1 , 7 /5 -6 ; 1 , 4 /6 -7 ; 1 , 6 /7 -8 ; 1 , 8 /8 -9 ; 2 ,0 / 0 F : ( 0 ,75 ) /( 0 ,601,00) / ( 1 ,7) / ( 1 ,4-2 ,0) / I D G : s andstone / - / T h is d amaged s ite h as h ad i t s n o rth-eastern h a lf r emoved a nd s eve ral o f t he r e ma in ing s tones h ave b een r educed t o s tumps , p resumab ly d ue t o e rosion o f t h e f r iable l o ca l s tone , T here i s a f a llen s tone 9 0m t o t h e s outh-east , a nd a l so 3 c a irns i n t h e i m mediate v i cinity , 1 : L e ighton 1 9 80 1 3 :5 C APEL H IRAETHOG - S ITE I I S J 0 32545 C lwyd ( D enbighsh ire ) B : C /P F4 / P / C : D avies 1 9 29 ; P /c 14 ,0 / 3 / c 18-22? D ; 1 ; F ? /8 P /2 ; F ? - 2 -3P / ? M /3 P /3 ; F ? - / P /M ? /P /M ? E ; I D F l ( c 0 ,90) / I D /I D /I D /I D G : N D /I C A /O n ly 3 s tones s u rvive a t t h is p oss ib le s tone c i rcle , U p u ntil c 1 9 19 t here w e re 1 8 19 s tones i n t h e r i ng b ut t hese w e re r emoved b y r oadmen , T he s ite w as v isited a nd p lanned i n 1 9 23 w hen t he ir s ites w ere s t ill v is ib le , T he c i rcle s urrounded a l o w c a irn a t t h e c e ntre w ith a d iamete r o f a bout 5 m , T h is r i ng m ay h ave b een a d enuded o r r obbed c a irn w i th a s pa ced k erb , r a ther t han a t r ue s tone c i rcle , 1 : D avies 1 9 29 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D enbighshire 1 ) 1 3 :6 C EFN C OCH S H 5 48427 G wynedd ( Caernarvonsh ire ) B : C /F 3 /D /C : N /c 20 ,0x 16 ,5 / 1 / I D (144) D : I D E : I D F : I D /I D !I D /I D /I D G : N D /( A O ?) / 0 ? T h is s tone c i rcle w as w recked b e fore t he m id 1 9 th c entury , O ne s mall s tone s urv ives a nd a p ossible l o w o u tlier s tands c 120m t o t h e w est , I n t h e 1 8 th c entu ry a n o val o f 1 2 u p right a nd 2 f a llen s tones w as r e corded ; i t i s u nclear h ow m any s tones h ad g one m issing b y t h is d a te , 1 : G r imes 1 9 63 ( 2 ) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C aernarvonshire 1 ) 1 3 :7 C EFN G WERNFFRWD S N 7 37 14936 D y fed ( C armarthensh ire) B : C /F 4 /A /C : B r iggs 1 9 75 ; G/c 23 ,2x24 ,7 / 1 9 /2 8-36 D : 1 ; S /M /2 ; S /3 ; S /4 ; S /3 -4M / 5 ; /6 ; - /? M /7 ; S /M /8 ; S /M /9 ; S/ ? M /1 0 ; S /? M /1 ; S/? 1 2 ; S/1 3 ; S/1 2M / 1 4 ; S/1 2M / 1 5 ; S/? M /1 6 ; S/ 1 7 ; S /M / 1 8 ; S/1 9 ; S /M E : 0 /2 -3 ; 2 ,3 / 3 -4 ; 1 , 8 /0 /5 -6 ; 1 , 8 /0 / 1 12 ; 1 , 7 /1 2 13 ; 1 , 4 /0 / 1 6 17 ; 2 , 8 / 0/1 8 19 ; 1 , 8 /0 F ; I D /I D /( 1 ,9 ) /( 1 ,4-2 ,8) / c 6 ,1% G : N D /A CA ,ARC ,ASR / M M any o f t h e s tones a re b ad ly s hattered a nd o ne o f t h ese s t ill h as s everal p i e ces s u rrounding i t , b ro ken b y f r ost d amage , T here i s as ma ll s t one n ear t h e c entre b ut i t m ay w e ll h ave b een d isplaced f rom e lsewhere , T here a re a lso 3 s tones i m med iate ly o utside t h e

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c i rcle t o t he w est w hich m ay h ave b een m oved , B eyond t hese , a nd 1 0 m f rom t he c i rcle , i s a 1 0 m c a irn , A s ho rt d istan ce t o t he n o rth o f t h ese 2 s ites i s a2 6m r ingcairn w ith a n a l ignment o f 3s tones t o t h e e ast , 1 : B r iggs 1 9 75 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C armarthenshire 1 ) 1 3 :8 C ERR IG A RTHUR S H 6 3 16 1888 G wynedd ( M erionethsh ire) B : C /P WCH / P / C : B owen a nd G resham 1 9 67 ; G /c 15 ,9x 12 ,8 / 1 12 / 2 4-34 D : 1 ; - 2 ; -/1 2M / 3 ; - /? M /4 ; - /2 -4M / 5 ; /6 ; R A 1 , 20 /7 ; R A ; 1 , 05 / ( ? 8 ; D I ?) / 4 -6M / 9 ; /3 -5M / 1 0 ; - /3 -5M / 1 : /1 2 ; E : 1 2 ; 1 , 1 / 0 /5 -6 ; 1 , 5 /6 -7 ; 1 , 7 /0 / 1 12 ; 1 , 7 /1 2 1; 2 ,2 F : l o w + 1 ,20 ,1,05 / 0 ,05-0 ,45 + 1 ,20 ,1,05 / ( 1 ,6) / ( 1 ,1-2 ,2) / c 19 ,5% G : N D /E BA? / P O /P T h is p ossible s tone c i rcle h as b een t e rraced i n to a g entle s lope , U pslope t o t h e s outhw e st t h e s lope h as b een c u t b y c 1 ,0m , T o t h e s outheast i t i s b u ilt u p w ith a s tony b an k, E l sewhere r ound t h e c i rcum ference t h is b an k i s a lso t r aceab le a nd t h e o rthostats a re s et a t i t s i n ner e dge , T o t h e s outh-east a re 2 r ad ially-set p ortal s tones w hich s tand 1 , 20 a nd 1 , 05m h igh , W i th in t hese i s at h ird s tone w h ich i s t hought t o h ave b een m oved , T he s tatus o f t h e s ite h a s b een q uestioned a nd a lternative i n terpretations a s a r u ined t o mb o r h ab itation s ite s uggested , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 2 1 ( 1 16) 2 : G r imes 1 9 63 3 : B owen a nd G resham 1 9 67 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( M erioneth 1 ) 1 3 :9 C ERRIG D UON S N 8 52206 P owys ( B recknocksh ire) B : C /F 4 / G /C ; T hom e t a l 1 9 80 : 6 (00) / 1 9 ,4x 18 ,2 / 2 0 /c 2 7-29 D : 1 ; 0 ,05 / 2 ; 0 ,05 / 3 ; 0 , 15 / 4 ; 0 ,05 / 5 ; 0 ,05 / 6 ; F( + P) 0 ,60 / M / 7 ; 0 , 10 / 8 ; 0 , 15 / 9 ; 0 , 15 / 1 2M / 1 0 ; 0 ,45 / 1 ; 0 ,05 / 1 2 ; 0 ,35 / ? M /1 3 ; 0 ,25 / 1 4 ; 0 ,50 / P/1 5 ; 0 ,30 / M 1 6 ; 0 ,25 / 1 7 ; 0 ,25 / 1 8 ; 0 , 15 / M / 1 9 ; 0 ,25 / M / 2 0 ; 0 ,55 / M E : 1 2 ; 1 , 3 /2 -3 ; 2 ,2 / 3 4 ; 1 , 5 /4 -5 ; 2 ,2 / 5 -6 ; 2 . 1 /( 6-M ; 1 , 7) / ( M-7 ; 1 . 7) / 7 -8 ; 2 , 1 /8 -9 ; 2 , 5 /0 / 1 0 11; 2 ,6 / 1 12 ; 3 , 1 /( 1 2-M ; 2 , 1) / ( M 13 ; 2 , 1) / 1 3 14 ; 2 , 4 /( 1 4-P ; 2 , 0 ) /( P 15 ; 2 ,0) / ( 1 5-M ; 2 , 1) / ( M 16 ; 2 , 1) / 1 6 17 ; 1 , 7 / 1 7 18 ; 1 , 7 /( 1 8-M ; 1 , 7) / ( M 19 ; 1 , 7) / ( 1 9-M ; 1 , 8) / ( M -20 ; 1 , 8) / ( 2 0-M ; 1 , 9 ) / ( M 1; 1 , 9) F : ( 0 ,25+) / ( 0 ,05-0 ,55+) / 2 ,0 / 1 , 3-3 ,1 / 6 ,2% G : s andstone / AV ,A0+ ,A0 / 1 20 T h is f reestand ing r i ng a ppears t o h ave h ad o ne o f i t 's s tones r e moved t h is c entury b ut o therwise i s v i rtually i n tact , M any o f t h e s andstone o rthostats m ay h ave h ad t h e ir h e ights r e duced b y e rosion , 3 m o utside t h e r i ng t o t h e NE i s M aen M aw r , am ass ive 1 , 8m h igh b lo ck w h ich d ominates t h e s ite , B eyond t h is a re 2 l o w s labs , s tand ing 0 ,35 a nd 0 ,08m h igh , w h ich a l ign t o o n e o f i t s e dges a nd f o rm a s hort s tone r o w o r ientated t o t h e c i rcle , As imilar d istance f r om t h e r i ng t o t h e NW i s as ingle r a d ially-set s lab , o n ly 0 ,25m h igh a nd o f q uestionable i n terpretation , As hort d istance t o t h e E NE o f t h e c i rcle i s a n a venue o f l o w s tones w h ich b e comes n a rrower a s i t a pproaches t h e c i rcle , I t i s o r ientated N E /SW , a bout 4 5m l o ng , a nd b etween 5 a nd 6 ,5m w ide , I t i s n ot a l igned o n t h e c i rcle , b ut i f h ypothetically e xtended , w ou ld p ass t h e r i ng c 7 ,5m t o t h e e ast . 1 ; G r imes 1 9 63 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( B recknocksh ire 1 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( W 11/3 , M aen M awr)

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1 3 :10 C ERRIG G AERAU S H 9 04005 P owys ( M ontgomerysh ire ) B : C /F 4 /P /C : G rimes 1 9 63 ; G/c 22 ,0 / 8 / 1 8 -2 1 D : A : 2 -3M / 1 ; F1 , 00 / M / 2 ; F1 , 00 / M / 3 ; F1 , 00 / 4 ; F1 , 20 / 5 ; F1 , 10 /6 ; F0 ,70 /7 ; F1 , 00 / 4 -5M / 8 ; F1 , 30 / 2 -3M E : 0 /3 -4 ; 2 ,7 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,2 / 5 -6 ; 4 ,2 / 6 -7 ; 3 ,0 / 0 F : ( c 1,00) / ( c 0 ,701,30) / ( 3 ,3) / ( 2 ,7-4 ,2) / I D G : N D /A SC M A l l t he w eathered s tones a re f a llen a nd s everal a re m i ssing , I n t h e m id 1 9 th c e ntu ry i t w as s aid t o b e ' n ear p erfect ', T he L ied C roen y r Y ch c i rcle l i es a s hort d istan ce t o t he E NE , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 11 2 : G r imes 1 9 63 ( 1 4a) 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( M ontgomerysh ire 1 a ) 1 3 ;11 C ERR IG P RYFAID S H 7 247 13 B : C /F 4 /A / C : R CAHM ; G /2 0 ,3x22 ,1 / 1 0 /1 3 14

G wynedd ( Caernarvonsh ire)

/M E : 1 2 5 ,3 / ( 2 -M ; 4 ,9) / ( M -P ; 4 ,9) / P -3 ; 3 ,3 / 3 -4 ; 4 ,0 / ( 4 -M ; 4 ,0 ) /( M -5 ; 4 ,0 ) / 5 -6 ; 4 ,9 / 6 -7 ; 5 ,2 / 7 -8 ; 5 ,3 / 8 -9 ; 3 ,8 / ( 9 -M ; 3 ,3 ) /( M 10 ; 3 ,3) / ( 1 0-M ; 5 , 1) / ( M 1; 5 , 1) F : I D (low) / 0 , 15-0 ,70 / 4 ,5 / 3 ,3-5 ,3 / 8 , 1% G : N D /2 A0 / 2 0 T h is s ite h as h ad s everal s tones r e moved , t h e s toneho le o f o ne i s s t ill v isible , S ix m etres t o t h e w est o f t h e r i ng i s a0 ,65m h igh , r ad ially-set s lab , 2 3 ,5m t o t he n o rth-west i s a0 ,90m h igh s tone , c 6m t o t h e s outh-west i s ap ossib le s tonehole , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 56 ( 1 77) 2 : G r imes 1 9 63 ( 5 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C aernarvonshire 2 ) 1 3 :12 C IRCLE 2 75 S H 7 2537476 G wynedd ( C aernarvonsh ire) B : L /F 2 1 /G /E ; G r iffiths 1 9 60 C : G r iffiths 1 9 60 ; G /4 , 1x3 ,8 / 5 / D : 1 ; F /2 ; - /3 ; - /4 ; - /5 ; E : 1 2 ; 2 ,3 / 2 -3 ; 2 ,5 / 3 -4 ; 2 ,4 / 4 -5 ; 1 , 4 /5 1; 2 ,7 F : ( c 0 ,50) / 0 ,45-0 ,55 / 2 ,3 / 1 , 4-2 ,7 / 7 ,3% G : N D /2 ASC / T he r i ng w as e x cavated i n 1 9 59 , Av e ry s l ight b an k o f s ma ll q uartz s tones , t o t h e s outh , l i n ked t wo o f t h e o rthostats , Q ua rtz s tones w ere s cattered e l sewhere i n t he i n terior a nd a s ma ll c entra l p it w as f i lled w ith q uartz f ragments , I t i s u n clear i f t h is s ite i s at r ue s tone c i rcle , o r av a riant f o rm o f k e rb-ca irn t h e i n terior o f w hich h ad b een v i rtua lly r e moved p r ior t o e x cavation , T he D ru ids C ircle a nd C ircle 2 78 l i e s ome d istan ce t o t h e W SW , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 56 ( 2 75 ) 2 : G r iffiths 1 9 60 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C aernarvonshire 3 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( W 2/ 1B , P enmaenmawr) 1 3 :13 C IRCLE 2 78 S H 7 2 167458 G wynedd ( C aernarvonsh ire ) B : L /E SC3 / A / T ; G r iffiths 1 9 59 C : G r iffiths 1 9 60 ; G/1 ,5x 12 ,8 / 4 / 7 -8 D : ( t imber p ost?) / M / 1 ; 0 , 45 / 2 ; 0 ,40 / M / 3 ; F1 , 35 / 4 ; 0 ,70 / M E : 0/1 2 ; 3 ,8 / 0 / 3 -4 ; 6 ,2 / 0 F : ( 0 ,50+ 1,35) / ( 0 ,40-0 ,70+ 1,35) / ( 5 ,0 ) /( 3 ,8-6 ,2) / 1 0 ,2% G : N D /E BA ,2ASC / S ? T h is s ite w as t o tally e xcavated i n 1 9 59 , w ith t he e x cept ion o f 3q uadrants o f t h e b a n kf i ll w h ich w as n ot r emoved , I t c o mprises a n u nbroken r ubble b an k w hich i s d e fined o n b oth e dges b y c ontiguous k e rbs o f b ou lders , I t i s c 1 ,5-2 ,5m w i de , 0 ,45m h igh a nd h a s a n

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e x ternal d iamete r o f 1 5 ,8x 16 ,8m , S et w ithin t h e i n ner k erb a re a n umber o f l a rger s tones w h ich a ppear t o b e t rue o r thostats , a lthough o n ly o ne w ou ld h ave r isen s ign ificantly h i gher t h an t he b an k, t h is l i es t o t h e W SW , O ne o f t hese s tones ( 2 ) , t o t he s outheast , w as a1 , 65m l o ng e a rth fast s lab a nd h ad a cted a s ar i tual f o ca l p o int , T here h ad b een a f i re i n t h e i n terior n ext t o t h is s tone a nd n earby a h uman c remation h ad b een p laced i n an i che i n t h e b ank f a ce , G aps i n t h e k erb e x ist w here o ther o rthostats m ay h ave b een r e moved , A u n ique f eature w as a ' s eat-like ' s tructure s et w ith in t h e i n ner k erb t o t h e NE a nd d e fined b y 3s ide s tones w i th a s lab a t i t s b ase , T h is w as s peculated t o h ave c onta ined a w o oden p ost o r t o tem , I m med iately w ithin t he k erb t o t he NW w as a p it c overed b y as mall s l ab a nd s urrounded b y c ha rcoal a nd b la ckened e arth , I n t h e p it w as a c o llared u rn f i lled b y b u rnt e arth , U nder t h e n o rthern p o rtion o f t he b an k t h e o ld g round s u rface c onta ined a s t a kehole , m any f l ecks o f c h arcoal, a nd 5 s mall s herds o f i n determ inate t ype , i n dicat ing p r e-site a ctiv ity , C harcoa l f rom t he e x cavations h ave g iven d ates o f 1 5 20t 145b c ( N PL 11), a n d 1 4 04± 155bc ( N PL 10) , T he D ru ids C i rcle l i es c lose b y t o t he E NE a nd c i rcle 2 75 i s s ome d istan ce b eyond i t , n e ither a re v isible b ecause c i rcle 2 78 i s b u ilt w ithin a n atu ral h o llow , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 56 ( 2 78) 2 : G riffiths 1 9 60 3 : G r imes 1 9 63 ( 8 ) 1 3 :14 C ORS Y C ARNEDDAU S H 7 1877467 G wynedd ( C aernarvonsh ire) B : C /F 4 / P /C : N /c 16 ,5 / 9 10 / I D ( c 30) D : I D E : I D F : v e ry l o w /I D /( c 1,8 ) /I D /I D G : N D /- /T h ere i s l i ttle p ublished d ata f o r t h is s ite , 9s tones l i e o n a n a r c , e ach s tanding c 1 ,8m a p a rt , a nd t h e re i s at e nth t o t he s outheast , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 56 ( 2 79) 2 : G rimes 1 9 63 ( 9 ) 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( C ae rnarvonsh ire 4 ) 1 3 :16 C WM M AWR S H 534 14 G wynedd C aernarvonsh ire) B : C /F 3 /V P /C : N /c 20 ,0x 16 ,5 / 0 / I D (38+) D : I D E : I D F : I D /I D /I D /I D /I D 6 : N D /A O /0 T h is s ite w as d o cumented i n t he 1 8 th c entury a s ad amaged c i rcle o f 3 8 s tones o f v a rious s i zes , i n ac 2 0 ,0x 16 ,5m r i ng , T he s tones w ere i r regu larly s paced a nd o thers h ad p resumably b e en r emoved , T here w as a n o utlier t o t he w est , B y 1 8 68 t he c i rcle h ad b een v i rtua lly d e stroyed , T oday a l l t h at r emains a re 6 d isplaced s tones w h ich m ay o nce h ave s tood i n t h e c i rcle , 1 : G r imes 1 9 63 ( 3 ) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( C aernarvonshire 5 ) 1 3 :16 D RUIDS C ASTLE S O 3 0598 1 S h ropsh ire B : N /P FP 1 /D /C : N/( s ma ll) / 0 / 4 ? D : I D E : I D F : ( c 1,25) / ( c 1,001,50 ) /I D /I D /I D G : N D /- /T h is p ossib le s tone c i rcle w as s ketched b y L luyd i n 1 6 98 , I t c omprised 3 l a rge s labs , s et o n 3c o rners o f as qua re , s uggesting i t w as a d amaged F our P oster , I n t he m id 1 9 th c entu ry t w o l a rge s labs s tood w i thin t he y a rd o f at e nement t hat h ad p robably b een b u ilt e arlier t h at c entury , A lthough t h ey s eem t o h ave b een r e -used , t h ey m ay h ave b een o n o r n ea r t h e

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s ite o f t he c i rcle d escribed b y L luyd , T his s ite m ay b e o ne o f t h e c i rcles n o ted i n 1 8 4 1 a s n ear M itchell 's F o ld , T he t wo s labs w ere d estroyed i n c 1 878 , 1 : H a rtshorne 1 8 4 1 2 : M ountfo rd 1 9 32 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( S hropshire 3 ) 1 3 :17 T HE D RU IDS C IRCLE S H 7 2287466 G wynedd ( C aernarvonsh ire) B ; C /W CH / G / P ; G r iffiths 1 9 58 C : G r iffiths 1 9 60 ; G /2 5 ,6x24 ,5 / 1 4 -22+ / c 2 1-28 ( + 2)? D : A ; D ; t a ll-somewhere h e re + 1-2M ( ? 1; D I ,FR , ? 2 ; F G ,D I , ? 3 S ? , ? 4 B U ,F?, ? 5 F G o r B ( J ) / 6 ; F1 , 00 / 7 ; c 0 ,80 / ( 8 ; c 0 ,60 flanking 9 ) /9 ; c 1 ,60 / ( 1 0 ; F , c 0 ,50f lan king 9 ) /1 2M / ( ? 11; F , FG) / ? 12 ; ? F ,?BU / 1 3 ; c 1 ,60 / 1 3M ( ? 14 ; ? F ,?BU ) / 1 5 ; D ; t a ll FG r emains / 1 6 ; 0 ,80 / 1 7 ; c 1 ,10 / ? M /1 8 ; c 0 ,80 / ( 1 9 ,20 - F G ,DI? o r k e rbs) / 2 1 ; F( 1 ,40+) / e ntran ce / 2 ; E H ,D , t a llest s tone FG r emains / 1 2M / 2 3 ; c 1 ,60 / 1 2M? / 2 4 ; 1 , 80 / 2 5 ; F2 ,00 / ( ? 26 ; D I ,FG ) /? 2 7 ;?F ,?BU E : 0/( 6 -7 ; 1 , 5) / 7 -9 ; 2 ,6 / ( 9 11; 4 ,2) / ( 1 112 ; 2 ,8 ) /( 1 213 ; 1 , 7) / 0 / ( 1 516 ; 4 , 1) / 1 6 17 ; 3 ,9 / 0 / 1 8 -2 1; 4 ,0 / 2 1-22 ; 3 , 8 /0 /2 4-25 ; 3 ,9 / ( 2 5-27 ; 4 ,3) F ; ( c 1,30?) / ( c 0 ,50-2 ,80?) / ( 3 ,6?) / ( 2 ,6-4 ,0?) / 4 ,3% G : d o lerite , r h yolite , v o lcanic a sh / E B ,ET ,2PO ,ICA? E 0 /E ,P ,0 T h is s ite w as p a rtially e x cavated i n 1 9 58 w hen a n a rea a t t he c entre a nd s ma lle r t r en ches r o und o ne h a lf o f t h e b an k w ere d ug , I t c omprises a r i ng o f o rthostats , s et w i th in t h e i n ner e dge o f ar u bble b an k w h ich i s c 0 ,50m h igh a nd c 1 ,01,7m w ide , S cattered o n , a nd a round , t h is w e re m any p ieces o f q uartz w hich m ay w e ll h a ve b een i n tentionally i n troduced t o t h e s ite , T he o rthostats w ere e rected p r ior t o t he c o nstruction o f t he b an k b u t t h ere w as n o i n d ication o f ac h ronolog ica l g ap b etween t h e t w o e vents , T here i s ac 3 ,0m w ide e ntrance t o t h e s outhwest w h ich h as 2 t a ll p o rtal s tones s et a t t h e o uter e dge o f t h e b ank , B oth h ave n ow c o llapsed b ut w ou ld h ave o n ce s tood o ver a m etre h igh , O ne o f t h e 2 s tones a t t h e i n ner e dge o f t h e b an k a t t h e e ntran ce , h a s b een b ro ken u p i n r e cent t i mes ; f r agments w ith s hot h o les w e re f ound , T he o r igina l n umber o f o rthostats i n t h e r i ng i s d i fficu lt t o d eterm ine b e cause o f t h eir p oor s pacing a nd d i versity o f s ize , S evera l o f t h e s ma ller s tones m ay b e b ou lders i n t h e b an k r u bble , o r d i splaced f r agments , r a ther t h an t r ue o rthostats . T he s ite h as d eteriorated s omewhat s i n ce f i rst r e corded i n t h e 1 7 th c e ntury , s ome o f t he n ow d estroyed s tones w ere t a ller t h an t h ose s u rviving t oday , s t and ing u p t o c 2 ,50m h igh , S evera l a c counts s uggest i t r ema ined i n as im ilar s tate u n t il a f ter 1 8 40 , w hen 3 t a ll s tones w e re r e moved a nd t h e e ntrance d i sturbed , T he s ite h as b een i n i t s p resent s tate s in ce c 1880 , O ne s tone o f m oderate h e ight s t ands 2 ,3m o utside t h e r i ng t o t h e E NE a nd a ppears t o b e a n o utlier , E x cavation s howed i t r e sted o n t h e o l d g r ound s u rface , a nd i f t h is i s a n o r ig ina l f eature , i t i n d icates o ther s ma ller o rthostats i n t he r i ng m ay a lso h ave b een e re cted w ithout s toneholes a nd m a y n o t b e d ete ctable t o day d u e t o t h e d istu rbed n a ture o f t h e b an k, T he r ing i t self i s a typ ica lly d esigned i n t h e v i cin ity o f t h e o utlier , t h is i s t h e o n ly p o int w here o rthostats a r e v i rtually c ontiguous , w i th o ne t a ll s tone f l an ked b y 2s maller o nes , T h is p robab ly s uggests t h is p o int , r ough ly o p posite t h e e ntran ce , w as g iven s pecia l s ign ifican ce , r a ther t h an i n d icating t he w ho le r i ng h ad c o ntiguous o rthostats , T he b an k a t t h e D ruids C i rcle i s s omewhat f l attened i n p lan t o t h e n o rth a nd i m mediately a d ja cent i s a n a n cient h o llow-way , G r iffiths a rgued t h e r ing i s b u ilt t o r e spect t h is t r a ck b ut t h e c ase c ou ld b e a rgued t he o ther w ay , a s f o rtuitous f l a ttening a nd e longations a way f rom t r ue c i rcu la rity a re c o mmon a t s t one c i rcles , A t t h e c e ntre o f t h e s ite w as a s mall s ub-rectangu lar c ist , s et i n ap it , w i th t h e c a pstone a bove g round l e vel, T h is s uggests i t w as o r ig inally b u ilt i n a c a irn a n d i t s p robab le r e ma ins , as tone s catter , w as f ound t o t he s outheast ; t h is a gain i n cluded m any q ua rtz f r agments , T he c i st c onta ined a n e n larged f ood v e sse l, i n verted o ver a c h ild c r emation m ixed w ith s o il, T o t h e W NW o f t h e c i st w as a p la in f o od v esse l i n ap it c o ve red b y as lab , T h is w as a lso i n verted o ver a c h ild c remation , a c companied b y a n o g iva l b r onze k n ife , T o t h e S E o f t he c i st , u nder t h e s tone s catter , w as a s ma ll p it w ith a p o rt ion o f a p lain u rn , N earby , w as a c r emation i n a s coop l i ned b y s evera l w hetstones ; 2w e re

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c o mp lete , at h ird w as b roken , a nd a nother 7 + w e re b roken t o f r agments , A l l b ut o ne w e re s a ndstone , t he e x ception w a s as laty ' h one s tone ', A f ew f l int f l a kes , as c raper , 2c o res , f r agments o f G ra ig L wyd a x es , a nd o ne a xe r oughout w ere f ound o n t h e s ite a s aw hole b ut n o ne w e re i n s t ratified c o ntexts , T he G raig L wyd o utcrop , u sed a s as ource o f s tone f o r p o lished a xes , i s u nder l k m t o t h e n o rth-west a long t he r idgetop , N ear t h e c i rcle a r e 2s ma ller c i rcles , ( 2 75 ,278) , ar u ined s tone s etting ( r uined c a irn?) a nd 2 f u rther c a irns , 1 : R CAHM ( 2 77) 2 : G r iffiths 1 9 60 3 : G r imes 1 9 63 ( 6 ) 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C aernarvonsh ire 6 ) 5 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( W 2/ 1) 1 3 :18 D YFFRYN S N 0 59284 D y fed ( P embro kesh ire) B : C /P F4 / A / C : N /c 22 ,0x 19 ,0? / 1 3 /c 1 7-26 D : 1 ; 1 , 50 / ? M /2 ; /? M /3 ; /1 3M / 4 ; 1 , 20 / 5 ; - /6 ; - /7 ; /1 2M / 8 ; 1 2M / 9 ; D I /1 0 ; -/1 2M / 1 ; /? M /1 2 ; F1 , 00 / ? M /1 3 ; E : I D F : I D /l o w1,50 / I D /I D /I D G : N D /I C A /T h is p ossib le s tone c i rcle h as i t s i n terior f i lled w ith a 0 ,6m h igh c a irn , H owever , 3t a ll o r thostats s uggest t h is i s n ot s imply a s paced-kerb , I t c ou ld b e at rue c i rcle t h at h as l a ter h ad i t 's c entre f i lled , A bout 1m t o t he n orth-east o f t h e s ite a re r u ins o f w hat m a y b e ac hamber o r l a rge c i st , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 25 ( 3 13 ) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P embrokeshire 1 ) 1 3 :19 FRIDD N EWYDD - N ORTH S H 6 1632 135 G wynedd ( M erioneth ) B : C /P WCH / D O /P ; C raw ford 1 9 19 C : C raw ford 1 9 20 ; U /c 3 3 ,0 ? /0 / I D D : I D E : I D F : I D /I D /I D /I D /I D G : I D /E B ,ED ,ASC / M T h is p ossible s tone c i rcle w as d escribed i n P ennant a s h aving s evera l u pright s tones a t i r regular i n te rva ls , T h ese h ad b een r e moved b y 1 9 18 ( i f t h ey e ver e x isted ) , S evera l t r enches w e re d ug b y C r aw ford w ho f a iled t o i d entify a ny s toneho les ( w ith a p i ck?) , H o wever , t h ese t r en ches w e re p erhaps t oo s ma ll t o i d entify s toneholes i f t h e l a tter w e re w i dely s pa ced ; a lternatively s ma ll s tones m ay h ave h ad n o s toneholes d eep e nough t o c ut t h e s ubsoil, A l l t h at r e ma ined i n C raw fords d ay w as a d itch t hat w as f o und b y e x cavation t o h ave a n i n ternal d iameter o f c 3 5 ,5m , I t w as v isible i n i t s w estern h a lf b ut h ad b een d estroyed t o t h e e ast b y t he c o nstru ction o f ad rystone w a ll, T he d itch w as c 1 ,5m w ide , h ad s teep s i des , a nd w a s c 0 ,60m-0 ,75m d eep , An atura l b oulder i n terrupted t h e d itch t o t h e s outh , A s e cond n atu ra l b ou lder w a s l o cated 1 , 2m i n side t he d itch t o t h e n o rthwest , I n terna l t o t h e d i tch w ere i n d ications o f as l ight b an k, A t t h e c entre w a s a n e mpty o void p it o f u nknown d ate , N earby , t o t h e w est , w as a s m all p it c o nta in ing ' r ed a sh ' a nd s cattered n earby , i n a n u nstratified c ontext , w e re 1 3 s h erds o f a n e a rly r u st icated b eaker , T he s e cond c i rcle l i es 7 1m t o t he s outh ( c entre t o c e ntre), 1 : P ennant ( 1 883 c d ,) 2 : C raw ford 1 9 20 3 : G r imes 1 9 63 ( 1 2 ) 4 : B owen a nd G resham 1 9 67 5 : B url 1 9 76 ( M erioneth 2 6 )

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1 3 :20 FRIDD N EWYDD - S OUTH S H 6 1642 129 G wynedd ( Merioneth ) B : C /F 3 /P /P ; C raw ford 1 9 19 C : C raw ford 1 9 20 ; U /c 52 ,0x55 ,0 / 1 2 /5 6-86 0 : 8 17M ( p ossible p its) / P / ? M /P / 1 3M / P / 1 ; 0 , 60 / ? M /2 EH / 3 -7M / E H / 2 ; E H+F? / M ? /P / M ? /3 ; 0 ,50 / ? M /E H /? M /6 P /M / 3 P /E H /4 ; S /5 ; S /6 ; S /7 ; 0 ,80 / E H /? M /8 ; S /9 ; S/1 0 ; S/1 ; S /E H /M ? /P /M ? /5 P /M ? /P / M ? /2 P /1 2 ; S /3 -6M ( p ossible p its) E : 0 /E H-EH ; 2 ,8 / 0 / E H-2 ; 2 ,2 / 0 / P -P ; 2 ,2 / P -P ; 1 , 8 /P -P ; 1 , 7 /P -P ; 2 , 7 / P -P ; 1 , 8 /( P -M ; 2 ,3) / ( M -P ; 2 ,3) / P -P ; 1 , 8 /P -P ; 1 , 6 /P -EH ; 2 , 1 /E M-4 ; 2 , 2 / 4 -5 ; 2 ,8 / 5 -6 ; 2 ,6 / 6 -7 ; 2 ,3 / 7 -EH ; 1 , 3 /0 /8 -9 ; 2 , 0 /9 10 ; 2 ,0 / 1 0 11; 1 , 8 / 1 -EH ; 1 , 8 /0 / P -P ; 2 ,9 / P -P ; 1 , 6 /P -P ; 1 , 9 /P -P ; 2 , 6 / 0 /P -P ; 2 , 1 /P 12 ; 2 ,0 /0 F ; ( 0 ,65) / ( 0 ,50-0 ,80) / 2 , 1+ / 1 , 3-2 ,9+ / c 5 ,5% G : N O /A SC? ,B? / M T h is s ite w as d escribed b y P ennant a s ' f ormed o f p i les o f l o ose s tones w ith u p right c o lumns p la ced a t f ive y a rds d istance f r om e a ch o ther i n p a irs s o a s n early t o d iv ide t he c i rcle i n to f o u r p arts ', I t i s h a rd t o k now w hat t o m a ke o f t h is a c count , W hen C r aw ford c a rried o ut p a rtial e x cavations , t h ere w ere a f ew l o w s tones o r s tumps , a nd a l a rge n umber o f h o llows w here s tones h ad b een r emoved , p robably i n c 1 840 w hen t he n earby w a ll w as b u ilt , S evera l o f t hese p its w ere e x cavated a nd s hown t o b e s toneholes , O ne c o ntained s herds o f r u sticated b eaker , T he s tones l o o k t o b e s e t i n as l ight b an k a lthough i t s a ntiqu ity i s q uestionab le , i t c ould n ot b e d etected b y e x cavation w h ich s uggests t h is b ank w as o n ly s o il a c cumu lation , p erhaps f rom r e cent a gricu ltural a ctiv ity , T o t h e w e st , a s hort s t retch o f d itch w as e x cavated i m med iate ly o utside t h e c i rcle , T his w as 4 , 0m w ide a nd h ad a s ha llow U -shaped p ro file , I t w as n ot f ound e l sewhere r ound t he c i rcle a n d w as p a rtially o verla in b y t h e c i rcle w here e x cavated , i n d icating i t p robably h ad n o d i rect r e lation t o t h e c i rcle , As l ight d itch c rossed t h e i n terio r o f t h e s ite w h ich i s l i kely t o b e r e latively r e cent , S mall t ren ches i n t he i n terior f a iled t o i d entify a ny p reh istoric f e atu res , 1 : P ennant ( 1 883 e d ,) 2 : C rawford 1 9 20 3 : G r imes 1 9 63 ( 1 2 ) 4 : B owen a nd G resham 1 9 67 5 : B url 1 9 76 ( M erioneth 2 6 ) 1 3 :2 1 F OUR S TONES S O 2 45607 P owys ( R adnorsh ire) 8 : N /F P2 / G / C : T hom e t a l ; G /5 ,0x5 ,5 / 4 / 4 0 : 1 ; L1 , 20 / 2 ; 1 , 80 / 3 ; 1 , 50 / 4 ; 1 , 50 E : 1 2 ; 2 ,6 / 2 -3 ; 4 ,0 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,7 / 4 1; 3 ,8 F : 1 , 50 / 1 , 201,80 / 3 ,5 / 2 ,6-4 ,0 / 9 . 1% G : ' v o lcanic ' / /G T h is F ou r P oster i s c i rcular ( a s o pposed t o r e ctangu lar) , T h e s uggestion b y t he R CAHM t h at t hey w e re f o rtu itously p laced i s h ighly u n like ly , T he n o rth-eastern s tone i s t h e l a rgest a nd a ppea rs t o h ave a t l e ast o ne c upmark, T here i s n o s ign o f ac entral m ound , 1 : A r ch , C amb , ( 1 9 11) 1 0 3-5 2 : R CAHM 1 9 13 ( 6 15b) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( R adnor 2 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( W 8/3) 1 3 :22 G ELL I H ILL S O 0 95583 P owys ( R adnorsh ire) 8 : C /F 4 /A /C : G r imes 1 9 63 ; U /2 3 ,0 x c 19 ,5 / 1 2 /1 6 17 D : 1 ; 0 ,05 / 2 ; 0 ,60 / 3 ; 0 ,40 / 3 -4M / 4 ; F ? ,BU / M / 5 ; 0 , 20 / 6 ; 0 , 15 / 7 ; 0 ,55 / 8 ; 0 ,25 / 9 ; F ? B U /1 0 ; F ? B U /1 ; F ? B U /1 2 ; F ? B U E : 1 2 ; 4 ,5 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,2 / 0 / ( 4 -M ; 3 ,5 ) /( M -5 ; 3 ,5) / 5 -6 ; 3 , 1 /6 -7 ; 2 ,5 / 7 -8 ; 4 , 5 / 8 -9 ; 3 ,8 / 9 10 ; 4 ,8 / 1 0 11; 4 ,8 / 1 12 ; 4 ,8 / 1 2 1; 5 , 0 F : 0 ,30 / 0 ,05-0 ,60 / 4 , 1 /2 ,5-5 ,0 / c 13 ,9% G : N D / /-

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S everal o f t h e s tones a re b u ried b y p eat a nd b are ly v isible , t h e m a jority o f t h ese m ay w e ll b e r e cumbent o r r edu ced b y e rosion , Al a rge g ap t o t he e ast c ou ld h ave b een r o bbed , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 13 ( 4 1) 2 : G r imes 1 9 63 ( 2 1) 3 ; B u rl 1 9 76 ( R adnorshire 3 ) 1 3 :23 G ORS F AWR S N 1 3 4294 D y fed ( P embro keshire) B : D /F 8 G /C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /2 ,9x2 1,8 / 1 5 16 / 1 5 D : 1 ; F0 ,70 / 2 ; F , S U /3 ; 0 ,50 / 4 ; 0 ,45 / 5 ; L0 ,70 / 6 ; 0 ,80 / 7 ; 0 ,50 / 8 ; 0 ,75 / 9 ; 0 ,90 1 0 ; 0 , 60 / ( 1 1;F f o rtu itous?) / 1 2 ; F ,BU - / 1 3 ; 0 ,45 / 1 4 ; 0 ,50 / 1 5 ; 0 ,45 / 1 6 ; 0 , 45 E : 1 2 ; 4 , 4 /2 -3 ; 4 , 1 /3 4 ; 4 ,2 / 4 -5 : 3 ,9 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,5 I 6 -7 ; 5 ,3 / 7 -8 ; 4 ,2 / 8 -9 ; 5 ,3 / 9 10 ; 5 ,4 / 1 0 12 ; 5 ,3 / 1 2 13 ; 4 ,4 / 1 3 14 ; 4 ,6 / 1 4 15 ; 4 ,6 / 1 5 16 ; 4 ,9 / 1 6 1; 4 ,6 F : 0 ,60 / 0 ,45-0 ,90 / 4 ,4 / R 3 ,5-5 ,4 / 4 ,8% G : ' l oca l i g neous ' /2 A0 / 0 ,G? T h e s tones a re b adly w eathe red a nd t h eir h e ights a re a lso u nderstated b e cause o f t h e p eat g r owth , T oday 4 s tones a r e r e cumbent , b ut 2 o f t h eses h ave f a llen s ince 1 8 7 1, T he r ing a p pears t o b e c r ude ly g raded t o t h e s outh-east a nd t h e s pa cing b etween s tones t e nds t o i n crease s l ight ly t o t h e s outh , T he e x ception t o g ood s pa cing i s o ne r e cumbent s tone ( 1 1) w h ich m ay w e ll b e f o rtuitous , 4 00m t o t h e NE a re 2 t a ll s labs s et 1 4 m a part , T hey s tand 1 , 65 a nd 1 , 70m h igh a nd a re a l igned o n e a ch o ther i n at w o s tone s etting ( o r t h e v estiges o f as hort r o w ) , T h is i s a l igned N E /SW r a ther t h an t o wards t h e c i rcle , S evera l l o w s tones n e a r t h e c i rcle h ave b een s uggested t o b e v estiges o f s tone r ows o r o utliers b ut a re l i kely t o b e f o rtuitous s tones , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 25 ( 7 3 1) 2 ; G r imes 1 9 63 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P embrokesh ire 2 ) 4 : T hom , T hom , a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( W 9/2 ) 1 3 :24 H AFOTY S H 7 4727528 G wynedd ( C aernarvonsh ire) B : L /F 2 1 / P /C : N /c 1 2 ,2 / 5 6 /c 9 ? D : I D ( 3 s tand ing 1 ,45 ,0 ,90 ,0 ,75m , 2 -3 r e cumbent) E : N D F : ( 0 ,90) / ( 0 ,751,45) / I D (c4 ,25?) / I D /I D G : ' i gneous ' / /T h is r u ined r i ng o f w eathe red s tones h as h ad s evera l s tones r emoved , O ne r e cumbent s tone o u tside t he r i ng t o t h e w est h as b een s p lit , i t i s e ither d isp laced o r f o rtuitous , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 56 ( 3 04) 2 : G r imes 1 9 63 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C aernarvonshire 7 ) 1 3 :25 H OARSTONES S O 3 24999 S h ropshire B : C /F 4 /G /S ; C h itty 1 9 26 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (00 ) 2 3 ,2x2 1,6 / 3 7 /4 0-4 1 D : M/1 ; l o w /2 ; F0 ,60 / 3 ; F0 ,25 / 4 ; l o w /5 ; F0 ,45 / 6 ; F0 ,45 / 7 ; l o w /8 ; l o w / M /9 ; l o w /1 0 ; 0 ,60 / 1 ; l o w /1 2 ; F1 , 00 / 1 3 ; l o w /1 4 ; 0 ,75 / 1 5 ; 0 ,45 / 1 6 ; F0 ,25 / 1 7 ; 0 ,55 / 1 8 ; L0 ,60 / 1 9 ; l o w /2 0 ; 0 ,30 / 1 2M / 2 1 ; F0 ,45 / 2 ; F0 ,30 / 2 3 ; 0 ,30 / 2 4 ; l o w /2 5 ; l o w /2 6 ; F0 ,30 / 2 7 ; l o w /2 8 ; l o w /2 9 ; l o w / 3 0 ; S ? /3 1 ; F0 ,50 / 3 2 ; F0 ,20 / 3 ; l o w /3 4 ; l o w /3 5 ; F /3 6 ; l o w /3 7 ; l o w E : ( M 1; 1 , 7) / 1 2 ; 1 , 7 /2 -3 ; 1 , 9 /3 -4 ; 2 ,3 / 4 -5 ; 2 ,3 / 5 -6 ; 2 ,4 / 6 -7 ; 2 ,0 / 7 -8 ; 1 , 3 /( 8 -M ; 2 , 0 ) /( M -9 ; 2 ,0 ) /9 10 ; 2 , 1 /1 0 11; 1 , 7 /1 12 ; 1 , 6 /1 2 13 ; 1 , 4 / 1 3 14 ; 1 , 3 /1 4 15 ; 1 , 4 /1 5 16 ; 1 , 2 /1 6 17 ; 1 , 7 /1 7 18 ; 1 , 4 /1 8 19 ; 2 ,2 / 1 9 -20 ; 2 ,3 / 0 / 2 1-22 ; 1 , 1 / 2-23 ; 2 ,2 / 2 3 -24 ; 2 ,2 / 2 4-25 ; 1 , 4 /2 5-26 ; 1 , 6 / 2 6 -27 ; 1 , 9 /2 7 -28 ; 2 , 2 /2 8-29 ; 2 ,0 / 2 9-30 ; 1 , 4 /3 0-3 1; 1 , 1 /3 1-32 ; 2 , 1 / 3 2-33 ; 1 , 4 / 3-34 ; 2 ,0 / 3 4-35 ; 1 , 6 /3 5-36 ; 1 , 3 /3 6-37 ; 1 , 7 /( 3 7-M ; 1 , 7) F : ( c 0 ,30+ 1,00 ) /c 0 ,10-0 ,75+ 1,00 / 1 , 7 /1 , 1-2 ,4 / 6 ,9% G : d o lerite / 1 0 /S ?

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T his f ine r ing o f l ow r ounded b oulders s urrounds a l e aning c entre s tone w hich s tands 0 ,95m h igh , O ne l a rge s tone i n t he r ing t o t he s outheast m ay b e d esigned a s a n d i rectiona l s tone , S everal w ider g aps i n t he r ing w ere t renched b y C hitty t o l ook f o r b uried s tones , T hree o f t hese h ad n one a nd w ere c oncluded t o b e e ntrances , H owever , s he e stablished e lsewhere t he s maller s tones d id n ot a ppear t o b e s et i n t he s ubsoil b ut w ere b edded i n a l ayer o f s mall p ieces o f l o cal s andstone , h ence i t i s l i kely t hat a ny s tones r obbed f rom t he g aps w ould h ave l e ft l i ttle o r n o t race , 1 : H artshorne 1 8 4 1 2 : L ewis 1 8 82 3 : C hitty 1 926 4 : G rimes 1 963 ( 18) 5 : B url 1 9 76 ( Shropshire 1 ) 6 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 02/2 , B lackmarsh) 7 : v isited 1 98 1 1 3 :26 K ERRY H ILL S O 1 58860 B : C /F 4? / A / C ; T hom e t a l 1 980 ; G /2 6 ,7x24 ,4 / 8 (+ 1) / I 0 (8+)

P owys ( Montgomerysh ire)

D : 1 ; F - /2 ; -( 2 s tones t ogether) / 3 ; - /4 ; - /5 ; /6 ; - /7 ; - /8 ; E : 1 -2 ; 1 0 ,0 / 2 -3 ; 1 0 ,0 / 3 -4 ; 8 ,4 / 4 -5 ; 1 0 ,8 / 5 -6 ; 1 0 ,0 / 6 -7 ; 8 ,5 / 7 -8 ; 1 0 ,4 / 8 1; 1 0 ,7 F : ( c 0 ,80) / ( 0 ,70-0 ,90) / I D /I D /8 ,6% G : s andstone / P IO / T oday t he s tones a re e qually s paced , e xcept t o t he e ast w here 2 b locks a re p laced t ogether, o ne o utside t he o ther, A nalogy w ith o ther s ites i n t he r egion s uggests m any o ther s tones c ould h ave b een r emoved f rom t he r ing a nd t he p ossibility e xists t h e o thers h ave b een r estored b y p ersons u n known , a s s uggested b y t he t wo s tones p laced t ogether , A t t he c entre

i s a1 ,2m l ong r e cumbent s tone ,

T his c ould h ave o nce s tood h ere ;

i t i s s hown

u pright o n ap lan o f 1 889 , H owever, t h is p lan i s d iagramatic a nd m ay n ot b e r e liable , T he s ite h as b een p loughed t o i t s e dge g iving t he i l lusion t hat t he c ircle s tands o n a p latform , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 2 92) 2 : G rimes 1 9 63 ( 15) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( W 6/1, K erry P ole)

3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Montgomeryshire 2 )

1 3 :27 L ETTERSTON - S ITE I I S M 9 37294 D yfed ( Pembrokeshire) B : C /W CH / A / C ; F enton p re 1 8 14 , E ; S avory 1 96 1 C : S avory 1 964 ; G /c 1 1,6x 13 ,3 / 1 4 (+6) / 2 3-32? D : 1 ; c 0 ,60? / M / 2 ; L0 ,50 / 3 ; F1 ,00 / 4 ; 0 ,75 / 5 ; S ? ( 0 ,40) / ? M /6 ; R A ,F 1 , 50 / 7 ; R A ,F 1 ,35 / ( 8 ; F0 ,45) / ( 9 ; 0 ,45) / 1 0 ; 0 ,90 / ( 1 1: c 0 ,45) / 1 2 ; 1 ,30 / 2 -4M / 1 3 ; F1 ,00 / 3 -5M / ( 1 4 ; 0 ,40) / 1 5 ; Lc 0 ,50 / ( 16 ; c 0 ,30 ) /1 7 ; c 0 ,60 / ( 18 ; c 0 ,40) / 1 9 ; c 0 ,60 / 2 0 ; L0 ,80 / 3 -5M ( stones i n p arenthesis t reated a s k erbs) E : 0 /2 -3 ; 1 ,6 / 3 -4 ; 1 , 1 /4 -5 ; 1 , 1 /0 /6 -7 ; 1 ,5 / 7 10 ; 1 ,6 / 1 0 12 ; 1 5 17 ; 1 ,7 / 1 7 19 ; 1 ,9 / 1 9-20 ; 1 , 5 /0

1 ,9 / 0 /

F : 0 ,80?+ 1,50 ,1,35 / 0 ,501,30?+ 1,50 ,1,35 / ( 1 ,5?) / ( 1 ,11,9?) / 1 2 ,8% G : g lacial e rratics / E B ,ET ,2P0 / E ,P T his s ite h ad i t s c entral a rea e xcavated i n 1 96 1, B efore e xcavation i t a ppeared t o b e a t ypical b arrow ; ah engiform s ite w as f ound b uried a t t he c entre , I t w as b adly d amaged b y p revious e xcavations , b ut c omprised a r ing o f c losely-set o rthostats , p laced a t t he i nner e dge o f a r ubble b ank o f l o cal q uartz , w hich w as c 3 ,0m w ide , c l‚ O m h igh a nd h ad a n e xternal d iameter o f c 17 ,5x 18 ,0m , N o f o rmal o uter k erb w as f ound i n t he p ortions e xcavated , T o t he e ast w as a 1 ,4m w ide e ntrance d efined b y 2r adially-set p ortal s tones a t t he i nner e dge , T his a rea h ad b een b adly d amaged b ut t here w ere t races o f ac remation a nd s herds ( food v essels o r c ollared u rn?) b etween t he t wo s tones , T hese w ere h igher t han t he o ther s tones i n t he r ing , S ix o f t he r ing s tones a re p articularly l ow a nd i t i s a rgued h ere t hat t hese w ere d esigned a s an ear-contiguous k erb w h ich l inked i ntermittent t a ller o rthostats , L arge g aps i n t he r ing t o t he n orth m ay h ave b een r obbed l a st c entury , A t t he o uter e dge o f t he c entral a rea w ere a pparent t races o f a p avement o f q uartzite b locks w hich

h elped

s upport

t he

o rthostats ,

t he

l atter

b eing

- 3 84 -

s et

i n s hallow

s toneholes ,

T his

p a vement c ou ld a l ternative ly b e i n terp reted a s c o llapse f r om t h e b an k , A bout 9 ,5m o utside t h e s ite , i n l i ne w ith t h e e n tran ce t o t h e e ast , w as a p it c ontain ing c harcoal , T h is m ay h a ve b een c ontempo rary w ith t h e m onument , A t at ime w hen a t l e ast o ne o f t h e o rthostats h ad f a llen a nd s evera l t o t h e s outh a p pear t o h ave b een r o bbed , a t u rf-bu ilt b a rrow w as s uperimposed o n t h e s ite . T h is c o mp letely m as ked t h e e a rlie r s t ru ctu res , w as a t l e ast c 1 ,5m h igh a nd d e fined a t i t s e dge b y ak e rb o f q uartz b ou lders o f c 32m d iameter , T he c e ntra l a rea w as t o o b ad ly d isturbed t o i d entify a ny a sso ciated b u rials , I t i s d ebatab le i f t h e e m ban ked c i rcle h ad f a llen i n to d i s repa ir o r w a s p u rpose fu lly w recked w hen t h e b a rrow w as b u ilt , I f t h e p avement v e stiges w e re r e a l t h is s uggests a s h ort i n terva l b etween b oth p hases o f c onstru ction , H oweve r , i f i t i s c o llapse t h en a l o nger t i me p e riod m ay h ave e lapsed b etween t h e t w o p hases T wo f u rthe r l a rge b a rrows e x isted i n al i ne t o t h e n o rtheast , t hese w e re d estroyed a f ter r e scue e x cavation i n 1 9 46 , 1 : S avory 1 9 64 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P embro keshire 3 ) 1 3 :28 LECHEIDD IOR S H 6 1 112 175 G wynedd ( M erionethsh ire) 8 : C /P WCH / P / C ; B owen a nd G r esham 1 9 67 ; G /c 16 ,4x2 1,0 / 9 + /c 1 8-2 1 0 : 1 ; - /2 ; /3 ; - /3 -4M / 4 ; - /5 ; /6 ; /M /7 ; - /3 -4M / 8 ; -/1 2M / 9 ; /M E : 1 2 ; 3 ,0 / 2 -3 ; 2 ,4 / 0 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,0 / 5 -6 ; 4 ,0 / 0 F : ( l ow) / ? 0 ,60 / ( 3 ,1) / ( 2 ,4-4 ,0 ) /c 2 1,9% G : N D /E B /T h is p ossib le s t one c i rcle h a s v e stiges o f ab an k , b est s een i n t h e e astern h a lf, w ith t h e o r thostats s et a t i t s i n ne r e dge , T h e p oor p reservation m a kes i n terpretation d i fficu lt , i t a p pears t o b e a n e mban ked c i rcle b ut c o u ld b e ar o bbed c a irn w ith a r u ined k e rb , 1 : B owen a nd G resham 1 9 67 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( M erionethshire 3 ) 1 3 ;29 LED C ROEN Y R Y CH S H 9 03005 P owys ( M ontgomerysh ire) B : C /F 4 / P /C : G r imes 1 9 63 ; U/c 22 ,7x26 ,0 / 6 / 2 3 -28 D : 1 ; 0 ,50 / M / P / M / 2 ; 0 ,55 / 1 2M / P / M / 3 ; F ,BU - / 2 -3M / 4 ; F0 ,30 / ? M /2 P / M /P /5 ; 0 , 50 / ? M /P / ? M /2 P /M / P /6 ; P +FR E : 0 /P -P ; 2 , 4 /( P -M ; 3 ,2) / ( M -P ; 3 ,2 ) /P -5 ; 2 ,8 / 0 / P -P ; 3 ,2 / ( P -M ; 3 ,5) / ( M -P ; 3 ,5) / P -6 ; 2 , 6 /6 1; 3 ,7 F : ( 0 ,50) / ( 0 ,50-0 ,55) / ( 2 ,9) / ( 2 ,4-3 ,7) / c 1 2 ,7% G : N D /A SC ,A0 ? /M ,0? F e w s tones s u rv ive b ut s everal s toneho les a re v isible , T he c i rcle w as ' n ear p e rfe ct ' i n t h e m id 1 9 th c e ntu ry , T here i s a0 ,5m h igh o ut lier 3 2m t o t h e s outheast , T he C e rrig G aerau c i rcle l i e c 1 34m t o t h e W SW ( c entre t o c e ntre), 1 : R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 3 09) 2 : G r imes 1 9 63 ( 1 4b) 3 ; B url 1 9 76 ( M ontgomerysh ire l b ) 1 3 ;30 LYN Y T A RW S O 0 2579726 P owys ( M ontgomerysh ire) B : C /P F3 / A / C ; D o rling 1 9 82 ; G/1 9 ,1x 19 ,7 / 3 7+ / c 6 6-89 D ; 1 ; 0 ,05 / 2 ; 0 ,05 / 3 ; 0 , 10 / 1 3M / 4 ; 0 ,00 / 1 2M / 5 ; 0 , 10 / M / 6 ; 0 ,05 / 1 2M / 7 ; 0 ,00 / 2 4M / 8 ; 0 , 15 / 4 -7M / 9 ; 0 , 10 / M / 1 0 ; 0 ,05 / 1 : 0 ,00 / 1 2 ; 0 , 10 / 1 3 ; 0 , 10 / 2 -3M / 1 4 ; 0 ,00 / 1 5 : 0 ,00 / 2 4M / 1 6 ; 0 ,00 / 6 14 1 /1 7 ; 0 ,00 / 1 8 ; 0 ,00 / 1 9 ; 0 ,05 / 2 0 ; 0 ,40 / 2 1 ; 0 ,05 / 1 2M / 2 ; 0 , 10 / 1 2M / 2 3 ; 0 ,00 / 2 -4M / 2 4 ; 0 ,05 / 2 5 ; 0 ,05 / 2 -3M / 2 6 ; 0 , 10 / 2 7 ; 0 ,00 / 2 8 ; 0 , 10 / 2 9 ; 0 ,00 / 3 0 ; 0 , 15 / 3 1 ; 0 , 10 / 3 2 ; 0 ,30 / 3 ; 0 , 10 / 3 4 ; 0 , 10 / 3 5 ; F ? /3 6 ; F ? /3 7 ; 0 , 10 / 2 -3M

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E : 1 2 ; 0 ,9 / 2 -3 ; 0 ,6 / 0 / 1 0 11; 0 ,5 / 1 12 ; 1 7 18 ; 1 , 2 /1 8 19 ; 0 ,7 / 1 9 -20 ; 1 , 1 /2 0-2 1; 2 7 -28 ; 0 ,5 / 2 8 -29 ; 0 ,9 / 2 9 -30 ; 0 ,7 / 3 0-3 1; 3-34 ; 0 ,7 / 3 4-35 ; 0 ,7 / 3 5-36 ; 1 , 1 /3 6-37 ; F : c0 ,05 / 0 ,00-0 ,40 / 0 ,8 / 0 ,41,2 / 3 ,0% G : N D /A CA / -

0 ,8 0 ,9 0 ,6 1 , 1

/1 2 13 ; 0 ,6 / 0 / 1 4 15 ; 0 , 8 /0 / /0 / 2 4-25 ; 0 ,6 / 0 / 2 6 -27 ; 0 ,4 / /3 1-32 ; 0 ,9 / 3 2-33 ; 0 ,5 /0

M any o f t h e g aps i n t h is p oss ib le s tone c i rcle m ay h ave s tones b u ried u nder t h e p e at , T h e v isib le s tones a re a l l v e ry s ma ll, a lthough e rosion m ay h ave r edu ced t h e ir h eight c o nsiderably , T he n ear c ont iguous n a tu re o f t hese s tones c ou ld s uggest a c a irnkerb , b ut n o s ign o f a n i n terna l m ound e x ists t o day , Al o w b oundary b an k c r osses t h e s i te i n t h e n o rthern h a lf, T he re i s a2 ,5m c a irn i m med iately o utside t h e c i rcle t o t h e s outhwest a nd 7 o thers i n t h e i m med iate v i cinity , A1 2 m d iameter c a irn l i es 6 0 m etres t o t h e e ast , 1 : D o rling 1 9 82 1 3 :3 1 M E IN I G W YR S N 1 4 2267 D y fed ( C armarthensh ire) B : C /W CH / P O /P ; G r imes 1 9 38 C : G r imes 1 9 63 ; G /c 18 ,0-20 ,0 / 2 / 1 7 D : 0/1 ; L0 ,90 / ? M /2 ; L1 , 75 / 0 E : I D F : ( 1 ,30) / ( 0 ,901,75) / I D /I D /I D G : N D /E B ,ET / E ,P T oday t h is s i te c o mprises a d enuded b ank w h ich h as a n i n ternal d iameter o f c l 5x 10m , a n e x terna l o ne o f c 3 6 ,5m , a nd i t i s c l‚ 0 w h igh , T wo l e an ing o rthostats s urv ive o n t h e i n ne r s lope , i n t h e s outheast q uadrant , o r ig inally o n ac i rcle o f c 18-20m d iameter , T h ere i s a n a rrow e ntran ce t o t h e w est , T he s i te w a s e x cavated i n 1 9 38 b ut u n fortunate ly t h e r e cords w ere d estroyed d u ring t h e l a st w a r , T h ese e x cavations c o n firmed a n e a rly a c count o f t he s ite b y L huyd , w h o d rew t h e s ite a s h av ing t h e e ntran ce l i ned b y c ontiguous s t ones a nd t h e c i rcle a s h a v ing 1 5 t a ll s tones w i th s pa ce f o r 1 2 m o re , H is c r ude p lan w ould s uggest t he m a jo rity w e re l e an ing o r f a llen b y t h is d a te , Am o re s tylised u npublished d rawino b y S tu ke ley s h ows a l l 1 5 s tones a s u p right , w ith t h e s ame g ap t o t h e n o rth-west , a nd 4 s tones t o e ithe r s ide o f t h e e n tran ce ( 1 f a llen ), E x cavation s howed t h e e ntran ce s tones w e re s et i n b edd ing t r en ches , T he 1 7 s toneholes w e re d ug i n to t he i n ner s lope o f t he b an k, w h ich w as b u ilt o f t u rf a nd c l ay , s c raped u p f r om t h e s u rrounding a rea , Ah e a rth o n t h e S E s ide o f t h e b an k w a s a ssociated w i th b ronze a ge s herds a nd a ppeared t o d amage o ne o f t he s toneholes , a nd h en ce p ost-date t h e s ite , T he i n terna l a rea w as f e ature less , b ut a c lay f i lled p i t w ith c h arcoal w as f o und i n f r ont o f t h e e ntran ce , 1 : C amden ( 1 722 ) 2 : G r imes 1 9 38 3 : R CAHM 1 9 17 ( 3 2 1) 4 ; R CAHM 1 9 25 5 : G r imes 1 9 63 ( 3 0 ) 6 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C armarthensh ire 2 ) 1 3 :32 M ITCHELL 'S F OLD S O 3 04983 S h ropsh ire B : C /F 4 /A /C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (OD) / c 2 8 ,5x26 ,5 / 1 3 /2 3-3 1 D : 2 -4M / 1 ; 0 ,65 / 2 ; L ,S / D / ( b uried f o rtu itous s tone ) /4 ; 0 ,40 / 5 ; Fo r S-/ 6 ; 1 , 85 7 ; F1 , 30 / 2 -3M / 8 ; 0 ,45 / ( b uried f o rtuitous s tone) / 2 -3M / 9 ; F R -/ 1 0 ; S /2 -4M / 1 ; F0 ,90 / ? M /1 2 ; 0 ,45 / ? M /1 3 ; 0 ,90 / M / 1 4 ; 0 ,45 E ; 0/1 2 ; 3 ,6 / ( 2 -0 ; 3 ,0 ) /( 0 -4 ; 3 ,0 ) /4 -5 ; 2 , 4 /5 -6 ; 3 ,4 / 6 -7 ; 2 ,4 / 0 / 9 10 ; 2 ,6 /0 F : 0 ,60+ 1,85 ,1,30 / 0 ,45-0 ,90+ 1,85 ,1,30 / ( 2 ,9) / ( 2 ,4-3 ,6) / c 7 ,0% G : d o lerite / / P ? T h is r i ng h as b een d amaged , w ith s ome s tones r e moved a nd o t hers r edu ced t o s tumps , At r a ck r u ns t h rough i t f r om n o rth-east t o s outh-west , T races o f r i dge a nd f u rrow e n croach o n t h e s i te t o t h e n o rth-west , M u ch o f t h e d amage i s a n cient , a s i l lustrated b y d raw ings b y S tu keley a nd C a mden , w ho s hows t h e s i te m u ch a s i t i s t o day , T he o n ly d i fference b e ing 3

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s t ones t o t he e ast a nd o ne t o t he w est , w hich a ppear t o h ave b een s tand ing i n C amden 's d ay b u t w hich a re n ow r e cumbent , Al o cal t radition o f ac entral ' d o lmen ' i s p robab ly s purious , T w o p articularly l a rge s tones l ie t o t he s outh-east a nd t hese m ay w ell h ave b een p orta ls , a l though t he d amaged n ature o f t he s ite m akes t h is i n terpretation t enuous , 1 : C amden ( 1759) 2 : H artshorne 1 8 4 1 3 : L ewis 1 8 82 4 : G rimes 1 963 ( 17) 5 : B url 1 976 ( S hropshire 2 ) 6 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( 0 2/1) 7 : v isited 1 98 1 1 3 :33 N OEL F ABEN S H 6 3568 1 B : L /P ESC 1 /A /C : N /c 5 ,0 / I D /I D D : I D E : I D F : I D /I D /I D /I D /( I D) G : N D /E B? / L i ttle h as b een p ublished o n t h is p ossible s tone c ircle , T he a s ar u ined h ut o r c airn w ith a d iameter o f c 8 ,0m , c omprising i s 0 ,6m h igh w ith a n i n ner f a ce o f u pright s tones , H owever , w ith t he e mbanked s tone c i rcle a t M oe l G oedog , 1 : R CAHM 1 956 ( 5 19) 2 : L ynch 1 984

G wynedd ( Caernarvonshire)

R oyal C ommision d escribed i t a1 ,5m w ide s tony b ank w h ich L ynch n otes i t a s c omparable

1 3 :34 N OEL G OEDOG - W EST S H 6 1003244 G wynedd ( Merioneth) B : L /E SC3 / P R /T ; L ynch 1 9 78 C : L ynch 1 984 ; G /6 ,3x6 ,9 / 5 (+3) / 1 2 D : 1 ; E H ( N ) - /2 ; E H ( N ) /3 ; R c0 ,50 / 4 ; E H - /5 ; E H - /6 ; S /7 ; R ,B c 0 ,60 / 8 ; R ,B c 0 ,70 / 9 ; E H ( N ) -/1 0 ; E H -/1 ; Rc 1 ,00 / 1 2 ; 0 ,45 E : 1 -2 ; 0 ,9 / 2 -3 ; 1 ,3 / 3 -4 ; 1 ,7 / 4 -5 ; 1 ,6 / 5 -6 ; 2 ,0 / 6 -7 ; 2 ,2 / 7 -8 ; 1 ,5 / 8 -9 ; 1 , 7 / 9 10 : 1 ,9 / 1 0 11; 1 , 9 / 112 ; 2 , 1 /1 21; 2 ,4 F : ( 0 ,65) / ( 0 ,451,00) / 1 , 8 /0 ,9-2 ,4 / 8 ,7% G : N D /E B /S ? T h is s ite i s l o cated o n as helf p art-way u p a s teep s lope , w ith a r ingcairn o n h igher l a nd , n earby t o t he E SE , T he s ite w as d amaged i n 1 978 , b ut s ubsequently e xcavations a nd p a rtial r estoration h ave t a ken p lace ; 3o f t he d emolished o rthostats c ould n ot b e l o cated . T he o rthostats a re s et o n t he i nner e dge o f a0 ,2-0 ,3m h igh b an k w hich i s c ontinuous a nd 2 ,6m w ide , I t s e xternal e dge h as t races o f al ow k erb w h ich i s w ell p reserved t o t he w est a nd h as a d iameter o f 1 ,2x 11,8m , T he m issing o rthostats w ere s et i n s toneholes o f s imilar s ize t o t hose o f t he s urviving s tones a nd h ence i t i s u nlikely a ny e xceptiona lly t a ll s tones e x isted i n t he r ing , O ne o f t he s urviving s tones t o t he W NW i s s omewhat h igher t han i ts f e llows , T he c entral a rea h ad b een d eturfed i n p rehistory a nd s lightly t erraced i n to t he h i llside , i t c ontained a n umber o f d eposits , T en p its w ere f ound , w hich h ad a t endency t o c oncentrate a round t he e dge o f t he i n terior , A c entral p it c overed b y as lab w as e mpty e xcept f or c harcoal a nd b urnt s hale , T he c harcoal g ave a d ate o f 1 4 95±70bc ( CAR 16 1), O ne p it b y as tonehole i s l i kely t o h ave b een d ug a t t he s ame t ime a s t he l atter a nd h en ce d ates t he r ing , T his c ontained a n e nlarged f ood v essel w ith a t o ken d eposit o f c remated h uman b one , C harcoal g ave a d ate o f 1 5 50±70bc ( CAR 160), N one o f t he o ther 8 p its h ad a ny d irect s tratigraphic c o rrelation w ith t he c onstruction o f t he m onument , 2 -3 o f t hem a ppeared t o b e e arly a nd c ontained c harcoal, o ne d eposit g ave a d ate o f 1 6 60±70b c ( C AR 162), I n a dd ition , o ne p it a lso h ad a t o ken d eposit o f c remated h uman b one , A fter t hese p its h ad b een d ug t he i n terior o f t he s ite a ccumulated a t h in s oil l ayer, 5 -6 o f t he p its h ad b een d ug t h rough t h is , O ne p it c ut t h rough o ne o f t he s toneholes s ides , T h is c ontained a c o llared u rn c ontaining c harcoal a nd d ark e arth , T he c harcoal g ave a d ate o f 1 5 15t7Obc ( C AR 164), A nother o f t hese p its a lso c ontained a c o llared u rn , t ogether w ith a h uman c remation a nd a f l int f lake , c harcoal g ave a d ate o f 1 6 85±70bc ( CAR 165), A t h ird p it

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h ad a t o ken c remation i n s oil r e-deposited f rom e lsewhere , C harcoal g ave a d ate o f 1 6 45t7Obc ( C AR 163 ), T he o ther p its c ontained o nly c harcoal f ragments , o ne o f w h ich g ave a d ate o f 1 5 15 i 7Obc ( CAR 166) , A fter t hese p its w ere d ug ( w ith 1 p ossible e x cept ion) t he i n terior o f t he s ite w as f i lled w ith a t h in l ayer o f s tones , A s t he C 14 d ates f rom a ll p hases o f t h is m onument a re s tatistically i nseparable t he d emonstrated s equence o f e vents p robably t ook p lace o ver a m aximum o f af ew h undred y ears , 1 : R CAHM 1 92 1 ( 1 58) 2 : B owen a nd G resham 1 9 67 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Merioneth 5 ) 4 : L ynch 1 9 84 1 3 :35 M YNYDD Y G ELLI B : L /E SC 1 /A /E ; G riffiths 1 903 C : N/1 0 ,7x9 ,1 / 9 / 1 5 ? D : I D E : I D

S 9 7579397

G lamorgan

F : ( 0 ,60) / I D /( c 1,4) / I D /c 15%? G : N D /E B /T his s ite w as e xcavated i n 1 903 a nd t he o rthostats w ere s hown t o b e s et i n aw all o f l a id s tones s upporting a b ank w hich w as 1 ,21,5m w ide , A gainst t h is w all w ere 3 ' c ist-like ' s tructures w ith t races o f f i re , N ear t he c entre w as a s mall r i fled c ist , s et i n ap it, w hich w as 0 ,6m d eep a nd 1 , 1x0 ,8m i n p lan ; t h is h as n ow b een r emoved , T here i s as mall c a irnfield n earby , 1 : G riffiths 1 9 06 2 ; D avies a nd T albot 1 966 3 : R CAHM 1 9 76 ( 368) 4 : B url 1 9 76 ( G lamorgan 1 ) 1 3 :36 N ANT T ARW - E SE S N 8 19258 P owys ( B recknocksh ire ) 8 : C /F 4 /A /C : T hom e t a l 1 980 ; G (00) / c 20 ,3x22 ,4 / 1 516 / 1 819 0 : M/1 ; FB U /2 ; 0 ,05 / P / 2 -3M / 3 ; F0 ,80 / 4 ; L , 1,25 / 5 ; F ,BU / 6 ; F ,BU / 7 ; F0 ,40 / 8 ; 0 ,05 / M / 9 ; F0 ,80 / ( 10 ; F -small, p robably f o rtuitous) / 1 ; 0 , 45 / 1 2 ; 0 ,75 / 1 3 ; 0 ,45 / 1 4 ; F0 ,30 / 1 5 ; 0 ,25 / 1 6 ; 0 ,05 E : ( M 1; 3 ,0) / 1 2 ; 3 ,3 / 2 -P ; 3 ,6 / 0 / 3 -4 ; 2 ,8 / 4 -5 : 3 ,6 / 5 -6 : 2 ,5 / 6 -7 ; 3 ,8 / 7 -8 ; 3 ,0 / ( 8 -M ; 3 ,4) / ( M-9 ; 3 ,4) / 9 11; 3 ,5 / 112 ; 3 ,8 / 1 2 : 13 ; 2 ,7 / 1 314 ; 2 ,8 / 1 4 15 : 2 ,6 / 1 5 16 ; 3 ,3 / ( 16-M ; 3 ,0) F : 0 ,40+ 1,25 / 0 ,05-0 ,80+ 1,2S / 3 ,2 / 2 ,5-3 ,8 / c 9 ,4% G : N D /A SC ,A0 / M ,O ,S? T he c ircle h as o ne t a ll o rthostat t o t he s outh-east w h ich m ay o riginally h ave b een s ignificantly t a ller t han o thers i n t he r ing , H owever, t he r ema inder m ay h ave b een r e du ced b y e rosion , T here i s al a rge o utlier t o t he W NW , c lose t o t h e c i rcum ference o f t he w estern c i rcle , T his h as f a llen a nd i s c 2 ,5m l ong , N ext t o i t i s as mall u pright s lab s tanding 0 ,08m h igh , T h is m ay b e t he r emains o f a s hort l i near s etting s imilar t o t hat a t t he o utlier t o t he w est o f t he w estern c ircle , T his c i rcle s tands 1 08m a way ( c entre t o c entre) , 1 : G rimes 1 9 63 ( 2 6) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( B recknockshire 2 a ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( W 11/4 , U sk W ater) 1 3 :37 N ANT T ARW - W NW S N 8 19258 P owys ( B recknockshire) B : C /F 4 /A /C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; 6 (00) / c 20 ,7x 19 ,7 / 1 5 17 / c 23-30 D : 1 ; 0 , 15 / 2 ; 8 ? 0 ,35 / ( 3 ; f ragment o f 2 ?) / 2 -3M / 4 ; F ,?B - / ( 5 ; f ragment o f 4 ? ) / 6 ; L0 ,30 / ? M /7 ; F ,BU - / 1 -2M / 8 ; L0 ,95 / M / 9 ; 0 ,40 / 1 0 ; 0 ,40 / 1 ; L0 ,70 / P /1 2 ; F0 ,25 / ? M /1 3 ; 0 ,40 / 1 4 ; 0 ,25 / 2 -3M / 1 5 ; 0 ,35 / 1 6 ; 0 ,55 / 1 -2M / 1 7 ; 0 , 15 /? M E : 1 -2 ; 1 , 4 /0 / ( 8-M ; 2 ,0) / ( M-9 ; 2 ,0) / 9 10 ; 1 ,7 / 1 0 11; 2 ,6 / ( 1 1-P ; 2 ,9) / ( P 12 ; 2 ,9) / 0 / 1 314 ; 3 ,3 / 0 / 1 516 ; 2 ,9 / 0

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F : 0 , 40 / 0 , 15-0 ,95 / ( 2 ,4) / ( 1 ,4-3 ,3) / 4 ,8% G : N D /A SC ,A0 / M ,0 T h is c i rcle h as a f a llen o u tlier c 1 16m t o t he W NW ( f rom t h e c i rcle c entre) , T h is h as f a llen a nd i s 3 ,0m l o ng , B eyond i t a re 2 l o w s labs 0 ,45 a nd 0 ,30m h igh , T he 3 s tones f o rm as h ort r ow a l igned e ast/west , As e cond f a llen o rthostat j u st o utside t h e r ing t o t h e e ast w a s p robab ly b u ilt i n c o n jun ction w ith t h e e astern r ing i f a na logy w ith t h e w e stern o r thostat i s t o b e t rusted , 1 : G r imes 1 9 63 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( B recknockshire 2 6 ) 3 : T h om , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 1 4 11/4) 1 3 :38 P ENBEDW P ARK S J 1 7 1679 C lwyd ( F lintshire) B : L /P F26 / A / C : T h om e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 3 0 ,0 / 5 / c 1 112 D : c 2 M /1 ; 0 ,40 / 2 ; 1 , 00 / 3 ; 1 , 00 / 4 ; 1 , 05 / 5 ; 1 , 60 / c 4 -5M E : 0/1 2 ; 1 0 ,3 / 2 -3 ; 7 ,6 / 3 -4 ; 7 ,6 / 4 -5 ; 9 ,4 F : ( 1 ,00) / ( 0 ,401,60) / ( 8 ,7) / ( 7 ,610 ,3) / I D G : g r itstone / ( A O ,ACA) / 0 ? ,G? T h is p robable s t one c i rcle c omprises a s outheastern a r c o f 5s tones , I t m ay b e g raded t o t h e s outh-west , B e cause i t s tands i n t h e g rounds o f as tately h ome i t h as b een s uggested t o b e a n e arly 1 8 th c entu ry f a ke , H owever , t h e c i rcle h as s ubtle s im ilarities t o o ther c i rcles i n w este rn E ngland w h ich s uggests i t i s g enu ine , I t w as s a id t o h ave 1 s tones i n t h e 1 8 th c entury , s ix o f w h ich h ad b een b ro ken u p a nd t h e ir s ites m a rked b y t r ees , T here i s ab a rrow c 2 30m t o t h e n o rth f r om w h ich a e n larged f o od v essel w as r emoved i n 1 8 60 , T h e re i s a1 , 5m h igh o rthostat c 2 15m t o t h e w est , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 12 ( 4 7) 2 : G r imes 1 9 63 ( 1 1) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( F lintsh ire 1 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 1 4 4/ 1) 1 3 :39 P EN Y B EACON S O 2 39373 P owys ( B recknockshire ) B : C /P F4 / P / C : N /c 29 ,5-30 ,0 / 1 7 /I 0 (17+) D : N D E : N O F : N D /N D /I D /I D (c 1 , 00- ? ) /( I D) G : N D /2 P0? P ? T h is p robable s tone c i rcle i s p oorly d o cumented , 1 7 s tones h ave b een r e corded , s ome o f w h ich a re v e ry s mall a nd o n ly l o cated b y p robing , T he m a jority l i e t o t h e S E a nd N W a nd a r e s et t angentia lly , e x cept f o r 2t a ller s tones t o t h e s outheast , w h ich a re r a dial a nd m a y b e p orta ls , T he r i ng h as b een e n croa ched u pon t o t h e e ast b y ah a rd core c a r p a rk w h ich h a s b uried s ome o f t h e s t ones , 1 : H ou lder 1 9 73 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( B reckno ckshire 3 ) 1 3 :40 P EN Y S TRYD S H 7 2553 125 G wynedd ( M erionethsh ire) B : C /P F4 P/ C : N /c 17 ,1 / 6 / I D D : I D ( a ll s tumps?) E : I D F : I D /I D /I D /I D /( I D) G : N D /- /T h is p ossib le s t one c i rcle h as e ither h ad a l l i t s r e ma in ing s tones r e du ced t o s tumps , o r i t c o uld b e af o rtu itous a r rangement o f s ma ll s tones , 1 : B owen a nd G resham 1 9 67 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( M erioneth 7 )

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1 3 :4 1 R ED F ARM S H 7 3247507 B : C /P F4 / P / C : N /c 30 ,0? / 4 / I D ( c 15-25?) D : 0/1 ; - /2 ; - /3 ; - /4 ; /0 E : F : ( c0 ,40) / ( 0 ,30-0 ,45) / I D /I D /I D G : N D /- /-

G wynedd ( Caernarvonsh ire)

A ll t hat r emains o f t h is r ing i s a s outh/south-east a r c o f s tones , I t 's d iameter o riginal n umber o f s tones c an o nly b e e stimated , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 56 ( 2 76) 2 : G rimes ( 7 ) 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Caernarvonsh ire 8 )

a nd

1 3 :42 R HOS M AEN S O 1 43579 P owys ( Radnorshire) B : C /F 3 /0 /C : R CAHM 1 9 13 ( 1860); U / c 24 ,0 / ( 37) / c 50-65? D : A : 1 ; /2 M /2 ; - /3 ; - /4 ; - 5 ; 1 ,00 / ( 5 ; d isplaced i n f ront o f 4 ) /2 4M / 7 ; - /8 ; /3 -5M / 9 ; 1 ,50 / 2 -3M ( 1013 d ispla ced) / 1 4 ; - /2 -4M ( 1516 d isplaced) / 1 7 ; - /M ( 18 ; d isplaced) / 1 9 ; -/1 2M / 2 0 ; 1 ,20 / M ( 2 1 d i splaced) / 2; - / 2 3 ; /? M /2 4 ; - /2 5 ; /? M /2 6 ; - /2 7 ; - /2 8 ; - /2 9 ; - /M / 3 0 ; - /2 -3M / 3 1 ; 0 ,65 / 3 2 ; - /2 -3M / 3; 1 , 40 / 1 2M / 3 4 ; - /2 -3M / 3 5 ; -/ 3 6 ; - /M E : A : 0 /2 -3 ; 1 , 7 /3 -4 ; 1 , 7 /4 -5 ; 1 , 4 /0 /7 -8 ; 2 ,0 / 0 / 2-23 ; 0 ,8 / 0 / 2 4-25 ; 0 ,9 /0 /2 6-27 ; 1 , 0 /2 7-28 ; 1 ,0 / 2 8-29 ; 1 ,3 / 0 / 3 1-32 ; 1 ,8 / 0 / 3 5-36 ; 1 , 3 /0 F : ( low) / ( low1,50) / ( c 1,4) / ( c0 ,81,8) / I D G : N D /- /T oday t h is s ite i s c ompletely r u ined , L huyd d escribed t h e r ing a s h aving 3 6 s tones , b ut h is p lan s hows 3 7 , O f t hese , 4w ere d isplaced f rom t he c i rcum ference , Ap lan d rawn i n 1 860 a lso s hows 3 6 s tones , a lthough t here i s o nly a r ough c orrelation w ith t he e arlier p lan i n t heir p lacings , T he m a jority o f t he s tones w ere l ow o r f a llen ( unspecified), H owever, 5 s till s tood t o a g ood h eight , T he s tones i n t he s outheastern a rc a ppear t o h ave b een l a rgely d ispla ced , M any o f t he s tones w ere r emoved i n c 1880 , S ince t hat d ate t h e p rocess o f r u ination h as c ontinued , t oday d isplaced s tones n ow m ostly l ie i n t wo p iles , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 13 ( 1 89) 2 : G rimes 1 963 ( 22) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( Radnorshire 4 ) 1 3 :43 R HOS Y B EDDAU S J 0 58303 P owys ( Montgomerysh ire) B : C /F 4 /A /C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (00) / c 12 ,9 / 1 2 14 / 2 1-24 D : 1 ; F ,BU - / 2 ; 0 ,20 / 3 ; 0 ,30 / M / 4 ; L0 ,50 / M / 5 ; L0 ,75 / 6 ; 0 ,35 / 7 ; 0 ,25 / 8 ; 0 ,60 / 9 ; 0 ,30 / 1 -2M / P ( 2 d isplaced f ragments n earby) / 1 0 ; S/1 ; 0 ,70 / 5 -7M / 1 2 ; 0 ,75 E : 1 -2 ; 2 ,3 / 2 -3 ; 1 ,7 / 0 / 5 -6 ; 2 ,0 / 6 -7 ; 1 ,4 / 7 -8 ; 1 , 6 /8 -9 ; 2 , 1 /0 /P 10 ; 2 ,3 / 1 0 11; 1 ,0 / 0 / 1 2 1; 1 , 5 F : 0 ,45 / 0 ,20-0 ,75 / 1 ,8 / 1 , 0-2 ,3 / I D G : N D / AV / R ? T his r ing h as b een w recked o n i t 's w estern s ide , A bout 7 ,5m b eyond t he s outh-eastern q uadrant o f t he c i rcle i s t he b eginning o f a n s omewhat d amaged a venue o f l o w p a ired s tones , T his r uns t o t he E NE f o r 4 9 ,5m a nd i s a ligned o n t he s outhern p ortion o f t he c i rcle , r ather t han i t 's c entre , A t t he c ircle e nd i t t apers , b eing o nly 2 , 1m w ide , w hile e lsewhere i t i s c 3 ,4m w ide , A s hort d istance t o t he n o rtheast , b eyond t he e nd o f t he a venue , i s ac a irn , T he w hole s ite h as c hanged l ittle s ince f i rst r e corded i n 1 868 , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 6 3 1) 2 : G rimes 1 963 ( 13) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( W6/2)

3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Montgomeryshire 3 )

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1 3 :44 S IX S TONES S O 1 635 16 P owys ( Radnorshire) B : C /F 4 /A /C : G rimes 1 963 ; U/c 24 ,0x27 ,5 / 1 4 /2 7-35 D : 1 ; F ? B U /? M /2 ; 0 , 15 / 1 -2M / 3 ; 0 ,05 / 4 ; 0 ,00 / 2 -3M / 5 ; 0 ,25 / 6 ; 0 , 10 / M / 7 ; 0 , 10 / 4 -6M / 8 ; 0 ,20 / 2 -3M / 9 ; 0 ,20 / 3 -4M / 1 0 ; 0 ,00 / 1 ; 0 , 10 / 1 2 ; 0 ,00 / 1 3 ; F- /? M /1 4 ; 0 , 15 E : A : /0 /3 -4 ; 1 ,9 / 0 / 5 -6 ; 2 ,9 / ( 6-M ; 2 ,2) / ( M-7 ; 2 ,2) / 0 / 1 011; 3 ,4 / 112 ; 2 ,4 / 1 213 ; 2 ,4 / 0 / 1 41; 1 ,5 F : 0 , 10+ / 0 ,00-0 ,25+ / ( c2 ,4) / ( c 1,5-3 ,4) / c 12 ,7% G : s andstone / - / T h is r ing o f l ow s tones h as s ome m issing , t he r emainder m ay h ave h ad t heir h eights c onsiderable r educed b y e rosion a nd r emain p artially b uried b y p eat , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 13 ( 65) 2 : G rimes 1 963 ( 23) 3 : B url 1 976 ( Radnorshire 5 ) 1 3 :45 T RECASTLE M OUNTAIN - N E S N 8 333 11 P owys ( B recknockshire) B : C /F 4 /A /C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (OD) / 2 3 ,3x22 ,6 / 2 / 3 4 D : 1 ; F0 ,30 / 2 ; 0 ,60 / 3 ; 0 ,35 / 4 ; 0 ,20 / 5 ; 0 ,60 / 6 ; 0 ,25 / 7 ; 0 , 15 / 3 P /M / 8 ; F0 ,70 / 9 ; 0 ,25 / 1 0 ; 0 , 15 / 1 ; 0 ,30 / 1 2 ; 0 ,55 / P / 1 3 ; F0 ,50 / P / 1 4 ; L0 ,30 /2 M /1 5 ; 0 ,30 / 1 6 ; 0 ,30 / 3 P /1 7 ; 0 ,20 / 1 8 ; 0 ,30 / P / 1 9 ; 0 ,20 / 2 0 ; 0 ,25 / 2 1 ; 0 , 15 / 2 : 0 ,55 E : 1 -2 ; 2 ,2 / 2 -3 ; 2 ,2 / 3 -4 ; 1 , 7 /4 -5 ; 2 ,3 / 5 -6 ; 2 ,4 / 6 -7 ; 2 ,2 / 7 -P ; 2 ,2 / P -P ; 2 ,3 / P -P ; 2 ,4 / ( P -M ; 1 ,8) / ( M-8 ; 1 ,8) / 8 -9 ; 2 ,0 / 9 10 ; 1 , 6 /1 011; 2 ,0 / 112 ; 2 ,6 / 1 2 -P ; 2 ,6 / P 13 ; 2 ,3 / 1 3-P ; 1 ,9 / P I4 ; 2 ,4 / 0 / 1 516 ; 2 ,2 / 1 6-P ; 2 , 1 /P -P ; 2 ,6 / P -P ; 1 ,5 / P 17 ; 1 ,8 / 1 7 18 ; 2 , 1 /1 8-P ; 2 , 1 /P 19 ; 2 ,0 / 1 9-20 ; 2 ,2 / 2 0-2 1; 1 ,8 / 2 1-22 ; 2 ,6 / 21; 1 ,8 F : 0 ,35 / 0 , 15-0 ,70 / 2 , 1 /1 , 5-2 ,6 / 3 ,0% G : N O /I CA ,ASC ,ASR? / M W here s tones h ave b een r emoved t he s toneholes a re m ostly v isible , T here i s a l ow c 7 ,5m m ound n ear t he c entre , C lose b y , t o t he s outh-west , i s as econd s maller s tone c ircle a nd b eyond t his a s hort s tone r ow , 1 : G rimes 1 963 ( 25) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( B recknockshire 4 a) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( W 11/2 , YP igwn) 1 3 :46 T RECASTLE M OUNTAIN - S W S N 8 333 11 P owys ( B recknockshire) B : L /F 2 1 /A /C : G rimes 1 963 ; G /c 8 ,0 / 5 / 1 2 13? D : 2 P /I -2M / 1 ; L1 ,05 / M / 2 ; L0 ,80 / 3 P /3 ; L0 ,95 / 4 ; F /5 ; L0 ,75 E : P -P ; 1 ,4 / 0 / ( 1-M ; 2 , 1) / ( M-2 ; 2 , 1) / 2 -P ; 2 , 1 /P -P ; 2 , 1 /P -P ; 2 ,6 / P -3 ; 2 ,3 / 3 -4 ; 1 ,9 / 4 -5 ; 2 ,0 / 5 -P ; 1 ,9 F : 0 ,90 / 0 ,751,05 / 2 ,0 / 1 , 4-2 ,6 / I D G : N D /A SC ,ASR? / M ,R? T h is s ite a ppears t o h ave b een i n i t 's p resent s tate s ince f i rst r eported i n 1 854 H owever, i t i s w orth n oting t here a re d iscrepancies i n t he p lacing o f s tones b etween T ho r n 's s urvey a nd o ther p lans o f t he s ite , T he l a rger s tone c ircle i s 4m t o t he n ortheast ( c entre t o c entre), T o t he W SW i s as hort s tone r ow o f 3l ow s labs a nd a s tonehole , T his a l igns o n t he s outhern h alf o f t he c ircle , T here a re m any s mall s tones i n t he g eneral v i cinity a nd h ence t he r ow s hould o nly b e a ccepted w ith c aution , 1 : G rimes 1 963 ( 25) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( B recknockshire 4 b) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( W 11/2 , YP iown)

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1 3 :47 Y C APEL S H 9950005 P owys ( M ontgomerysh ire) 8 : C /F 3 /A /C : B utler a nd B utler 1 9 78 ; 6 /2 ,8x26 ,3 / 5 4 /c 67-77 D : 1 ; - /2 ; - /3 ; - /M /4 ; - /5 ; /6 ; - /7 ; - /8 ; - /9 ; -/1 0 ; - /1 ; -/ 1 2 ; -/1 3 ; - /1 2M / 1 4 ; -/1 5 ; -/1 6 ; -/1 7 ; - /1 2M / 1 8 ; -/1 9 ; /2 4M / 2 0 ; - /M /2 1 ; - /2 ; - /2 3 ; - /2 4 ; /2 5 ; - /2 6 ; /2 7 ; /2 8 ; - /2 9 ; -/ 3 0 ; /3 1 ; /3 2 ; - /4 -6M / 3 ; -/1 2M / 3 4 ; - /3 5 ; /3 6 ; - /3 7 ; /3 8 ; -/ 3 9 ; - /4 0 ; - /4 1 ; /4 2 ; - /4 3 ; - /4 ; - /4 5 ; /2 -3M / 4 6 ; - /4 7 ; - /4 8 ; -/ ? M /4 9 ; -/? M /5 0 ; - /5 1 ; - /5 2 ; /5 3 ; - /5 4 ; E : 1 2 ; 1 , 4 /2 -3 ; 1 , 1 /0 / 4 -5 ; 0 ,8 / 5 -6 ; 0 ,9 / 6 -7 ; 1 , 3 /7 -8 : 1 , 2 /8 -9 ; 0 ,9 / 9 10 ; 1 , 3 /1 0 11; 0 ,7 / 112 ; 0 ,5 / 1 2 13 ; 1 , 5 /0 / 1 4 15 ; 1 , 4 /1 5 16 ; 0 ,8 / 1 6 17 ; 0 ,9 / 0 / 1 8 19 ; 0 ,4 / 2 1-22 ; 1 , 2 / 2-23 ; 0 ,7 / 2 3-24 ; 1 , 2 /2 4-25 ; 0 ,7 / 2 5-26 ; 0 ,7 / 2 6-27 ; 0 ,8 / 2 7-28 : 0 ,7 / 2 8-29 ; 0 ,5 / 2 9 -30 ; 0 ,7 / 3 0-3 1; 0 ,5 / 3 1-32 ; 0 ,9 / 0 / 3 4-35 ; 0 ,8 / 3 5-36 ; 0 ,5 / 3 6-37 ; 0 ,7 / 3 7-38 ; 1 , 1 /3 8-39 ; 1 , 6 / 3 9-40 ; 1 , 6 /4 0-4 1; 1 , 9 /4 1-42 ; 1 , 5 /4 2-43 ; 1 , 6 /4 3-44 ; 1 , 0 / 4-45 ; 0 ,8 / 0 / 4 6-47 ; 1 , 7 /4 7-48 ; 1 , 0 /0 /5 0-5 1; 1 , 0 /5 1-52 ; 1 , 8 /5 2-53 ; 1 , 1 /5 3-54 ; 1 , 6 / 5 41; 1 , 6 F : v e ry s mall / v e ry s mall / 1 , 2 /0 ,41,9 / 1 3 ,3% 6 : N D /- /T h is r e cently d iscovered s ite h as v e ry s ma ll s tones , p a rt-buried i n p eat , O ther b u ried s tones m ay e x ist i n t he p resent g aps , 1 : B utler a nd B utler 1 9 78 1 3 :48 Y E DEL F RECH S i 0 12539 C lwyd ( D enbighsh ire) B : L /P F2 1 /A ? /C : N /c 1 1,0 / 8 / I D ( c 1012?) D : I D ( 2 -3 a re d e scribed a s h eather c overed , a l l b etween 4 a nd 8 p a ces a part) E : I D F : I D /I D /I D /I D /I D G : I D /I C A? / T h is p ossible s i te w as n oted a s b e ing a ' s tone c i rcle ' o f ' f airly l a rge ' s tones w ith a s ma ll p i le o f s tones a t t h e c entre , I t i s n ot k nown i f i t s t ill s urvives ( the a rea i s n ow a f forested ), o r w hat t h e t r ue n ature o f t h e s ite w as ( i t m a y b e ab a rrow k erb) , 1 : D avies 1 9 29 1 3 :49 Y N AW C ARREG S N 5 6 1099 D y fed ( C amarthen) 8 : D /F 8 ?(or C ; F4) / D / C : N /c 18 ,0 / 0 / I D ( 1 218?) D : I D E : I D F : ( 0 ,50 ) /( 0 ,45-0 ,60) / I D (5 ,5?) / I D /I D G : g r itstone / / T h is s ite w as d estroyed i n 1 9 15 , l t w as r e corded b e fore t h is d ate a s h av ing 5 -6 e qua lly s paced s tones i n a l i ttle m ore t h an a s em i-circle , H oweve r , w hen v isited j u st a fter d estruction , 1 4 s toneholes w ere p lotted , I t s eems l i kely t h at s tones w ere r emoved t h at w e re n o t v isib le b e fore d estruction b e cause t h ey w e re m asked b y p eat , I t i s n ot c l ear h ow m any s tones o r ig inally s tood i n t h e r ing a s ' o bvious ' g aps w e re n oted , H owever , t o m a ke t h e t w o a c counts t a lly i t s eems l i kely o n ly a f ew w e re m iss ing , T h ree d ispla ced o rthostats r e ma ined o n s ite i n 1 9 33 w h ich w e re 1 , 001,05m l o ng , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 17 ( 2 92) 2 : G r imes 1 9 63 ( 2 8 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C armarthensh ire 3 )

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1 3 :50 Y NYS H IR S N 9 2 1383 P owys ( B recknocksh ire) 8 : C /F 4 / A /T ; D unn ing 1 9 40 C : D unning 1 9 40 ; G (OD) / 1 8 ,0x 17 ,7 / 2 7 /3 2-36 D : 1 ; SiT c 0 ,75 / 2 ; D I 0 , 70 / 3 ; RF R ? ( 0 ,15) / 4 ; F0 ,60 / 5 ; F0 ,65 / 6 ; S /7 ; F0 ,80 /8 ; R0 ,55 / 9 ; F0 ,45 / 1 0 ; R0 ,55 / 3 -6M / 1 ; S /1 2 ; S/1 3 ; S ? ( 0 ,45+) / 1 4 ; R0 ,75 / 1 5 ; S ? ( 0 ,40+) / 1 6 ; S ? ( 0 ,70+) / 1 7 ; F0 ,55 / 1 8 ; F0 ,55 / 1 9 ; F0 ,70 / 2 0 ; S ? ( 0 ,40+) / 2 -3M / 2 1 ; F0 ,60 / 2 ; R0 ,60 / 2 3 ; F0 ,45 / 2 4 ; R0 ,50 / 2 5 S/ 2 6 ; S ? ( 0 ,85+) / 2 7 ; F0 , 60 ( h eights e stimated f rom t o p o f o ld g round s u rface) E : 1 2 ; 2 ,3 / 2 3 ; 2 , 1 /3 4 ; 1 , 8 /4 -5 ; 1 , 3 /5 -6 ; 0 ,8 / ( 6 -7 ; 1 , 7) / ( 7 -8 ; 1 , 7) / 8 -9 ; 1 , 4 /9 10 ; 1 , 6 / 0 / 112 ; 1 , 6 /1 2 13 ; 1 , 4 /1 3 14 ; 2 ,0 / 1 4 15 ; 1 , 5 / 1 5 16 ; 1 , 9 /1 6 17 ; 1 , 3 /1 7 18 ; 1 , 9 /1 8 19 ; 2 , 1 /1 9 -20 ; 1 , 2 /0 /2 1-22 ; 1 , 6 / 2-23 ; 2 ,0 / 2 3-24 ; 1 , 1 /2 4-25 ; 1 , 2 /2 5-26 ; 1 , 5 /2 6-27 ; 2 ,2 / 2 71; 2 ,3 F : 0 ,60 / 0 ,45-0 ,85 / 1 , 7 /0 ,8-2 ,3 / 1 , 7% G : s andstone / I P H ,ACA / T h is s ite w as f u lly e x cavated i n 1 9 40 , W ith o ne e x ception o n ly s toneholes w ith s u rv iving o r thostats a nd s tumps w e re i d entified , S everal g aps i n t h e r i ng p robab ly o n ce c o nta ined f u rther s tones f o r w hich s t oneholes w e re n ot i d entified o r n ever c u t t h e s ubsoil, A l l t h e s toneholes i n t h e s ubso il w e re s hallow a nd 3 o f t h e e x cavated s tones h ad n o s toneholes w hatsoever , 9o t her s tones d o n ot h ave p a cking i n t h eir s toneho les s o t h is w as n ot a r e liable g u ide t o t he r e a l a bsen ce o f s toneho les e lsewhere ( i n c ontrast t o D unn ing 's s uggestion) , T h us t he e x cavator 's c l aim t hat 2 w ide g aps w e re e ntran ces s eems t o h ave n o f o undation a s f u rther s t ones c ould e asily h ave s tood h ere , T he o rthostats t hat r emain u p right h ave b e en s evere ly w eathered a nd f ragments w e re f o und s ea led u nder t he p eat c over, o n t o p o f ad a rk s andy l a yer ( t he o ld g round s urface - D unn ing c a lled t he l a yer b e low t he ' o ld t u rf' b ut t h is i s l i ke ly t o b e aB h o rizon ) , A t l e ast 1 o f t h e o rthostats h ad f a llen i n a ntiquity a s t h ey a re n o ted a s r e sting o n t h e o ld g round s urface a nd w ere c overed b y p eat , Af u rther 5 s toneho les h ad g rey s andy f i lls r a ther t han p eat , w h ich s uggests t hese s tones a lso f e ll a t a n e a rly d ate , Ag roup o f 3 -4 l a rge r e cumbent s tones l i e i m mediately o u tside t he c i rcum ference o f t h e r i ng t o t he s outheast a nd m ay b e n aturally p la ced , U n fortunately t h ese h ad b e en d ug r o und p rev iously a nd t h e s t ratigraphy d isturbed , T he e x cavator 's c l a im t hat t h e c i rcle w as n ot b u ilt i n t h is q uadrant i n r e spect o f t h ese s tones s eems u n likely , A n a lternative e xplanation o f t h ese s tones i s t hat t h ey w ere o r thostats r e moved i n p r eh istory f rom t h e s outh-east q uadrant o f t he s ite , I f s o t h ey i l lustrate s ome o f t h e s t ones c ou ld h ave s tood c 1 ,21,8m h igh b e fore e rosion , T he o n ly f e atu res w i th in t h e r i ng w as a p it n ear t h e c entre w h ich h ad a p eat f i ll a nd w as r e cent , a nd a p r obab le p osthole s et 1 , 7m w ith in t h e r i ng t o t he SE , T h is w as s ea led b y t h e p eat , T wo f l int f l akes w ere f ound i n t he s ite i n terior , T here i s a1 0 ,0m d iameter c a irn 3 7m t o t h e s outhwest o f t he c i rcle w h ich c overed t w o c remations , o ne w as a c companied b y 2f l ints , ab i con ica l p ot , j e t b eads a nd a p ygmy c u p , 1 : D unning 1 9 43 ( M ynydd E p ynt) 2 : G r imes 1 9 73 ( 2 4) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( B recknocksh ire 5 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( W 11/5)

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Z ONE 1 4:

S OUTH W EST E NGLAND

1 4 :1 A LTARNUN S X 2 36 178 15 C ornwa ll B : E /F 9 /R / C : B a rnatt 1 9 82 ; 6 /c 13 ,7x 15 ,2 (R) / 8 / 1 0 12? 0 : P/1 ; F1 , 05 / 2 ; 1 , 05 / ? M /3 ; 1 , 00 / M ? /4 ; 1 , 15 / 5 ; 1 , 00 / 6 ; 1 , 15 / 7 ; 1 , 05 / 8 ; 1 , 30 / M E : ( P 1; 4 ,0) / 1 2 ; 3 ,7 / ( 2 -M ; 2 ,9) / ( M -3 ; 2 ,9) / ( 3 -M ; 3 ,2 ) /( M -4 ; 3 ,2) / 4 -5 ; 3 , 7 / 5 -6 ; 4 ,0 / 6 -7 ; 4 ,4 / 7 -8 ; 4 ,7 / ( 8 -M : 3 ,9) / ( M-P ; 3 . 9 ) F : 1 , 10 / 1 , 001,30 / ( 4 ,1) / ( 3 ,7-4 ,7) / I D G : g ranite / ( 1 0)1 / T h is s ite w as r e stored i n 1 8 89 a nd n o a dequate r e cord e x ists o f i t s s tate b e fore t h is d ate , S ix s tones o f t h e c i rcle w e re r e -erected , a s w as t h e c entre s tone , O nly t w o s t ones w e re s tand ing p rev ious ly b ut i t i s n o t k nown w h ich t h ese w e re , T he a uthenticity o f t h e c e ntre s tone i s q uestionab le , i t w as n oted t hat i t w as e r e cted i n a ' n ew p it ' w h ich w as a pparently n ext t o i t 's ' p roper s ite ', T wo r ows o f b ounda ry s tones a l ign o n t h e c i rcle t o t h e S W a nd E NE , O ne o f t h ese h as e r roneously b een i n terp reted a s p rehistoric, T he c e ntre s tone m ay w e ll h ave b een e rected a t t h e s ame t ime a s t hese s tones , T he a c cura cy o f r e construction o f t he c i rcle i s n o t k n own , o ne s hallow p it e x ists t o t h e n o rth w h ich i s p robably t h e s ite o f o ne o f t h e t w o s tones n o ted i n 1 8 89 a s h a v ing a l ready b een r e moved , T h is p it l i es s l ightly w ithin t h e p resent r ing , B e cause o f t h e u n certainties , t h e d ata o n d iameter , s hape a nd s tone n u mbers s hou ld b e t r eated w ith c a ution , O ne o f t h e s tones h as r e cently f a llen , 1 : R odd 1 8 89 2 : T regelles 1 9 06 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C ornwa ll 1 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 5 1/2 N ine S tones) 5 : B a rnatt 1 9 82 1 4 :2 A SSYCOMBE H ILL S X 6 108264 D evon-Dartmoor B : M /D R 1 /P /C : B a rnatt u npub lished ; G /c 8 ,5x8 ,0 / 8 -9 / c 22-27 0 : 1 ; 0 ,30 / 2 ; 0 ,30 / M / 3 ; 0 ,25 / 4 ; 0 ,60 / 5 ; 0 ,30 / 3 5M / 6 ; 0 ,35 / 2 -3M / 7 ; 0 , 25 / 8 ; 2 ,40 / 6 -8M / 9 ; 0 ,35 M E : 1 2 ; 0 ,7 / ( 2 -M ; 1 , 1) / ( M -3 ; 1 , 1) / 3 -4 ; 1 , 2 /4 -5 ; 0 , 9 /0 / ( 9 -M ; 1 , 1) / ( M 1; 1 , 1) F : 0 ,35+2 ,40 / 0 ,25-0 ,60+2 ,40 / ( 0 ,9) / ( 0 ,71,2) / I D G : g ranite / I C A ,SR R T h is r i ng h as a d oub le s tone r o w l e ad ing f r om i t t o t h e s outhwest , T he s tones o f t h is i n crease i n h e ight a s t h ey r e ach t h e c i rcle , T he l a st p a ir b e ing c 1 ,55m ( n ow l e an ing ) a nd c 1 ,75m h igh ( n ow f a llen ) , As tone i n t h e r ing , s et a t r i ght-ang les t o i t a nd a l igned w ith t h e s outhe rn l i ne o f t h e r o w , i s 2 ,40m h igh , I t i s u n clea r i f as e cond s tone o r ig ina lly m a tched i t a t t h e h ead o f t h e o the r r o w , T he o ther s tones i n t he c i rcle a re s ign ificant ly s maller , T he b u lk o f t h e i n terior o f t h e s ite i s f i lled w ith a d i sturbed c a irn w i th a p r esent d iamete r o f 7 ,0x8 ,0m , N ine s u rviving s tones i n d icate i t w as d e fined b y as p a cedk e rb , o f c 7 ,1m d iameter , w h ich h as b een r o bbed t o t h e s outh a nd e ast , t here w e re p r obably c 1 516 s tones o r ig inally , T hese s tones s tand b etween 0 ,30 a nd 0 ,75m h igh a nd o n a ve rage a re s l ightly h igher t h an t h e c i rcle s tones , T he s pacing b etween s tones i s i r regu lar , v a rying b e tween 0 ,7 a nd 1 , 9m , a nd o n a verage i s 1 , 4m , T o t h e s outh-west t h e c a irn h as s p read b eyond t h e k erb t o t h e t a ll o rthostat i n t h e c i rcle a t t he h ead o f t h e r o w , T o t h e n o rth a nd e ast t h e s tone c i rcle s tands 0 ,51,0m b eyond t h e k e rb ; e lsewhere i t h a s b een r o bbed , 1 : W o rth 1 9 53

2 : G r insell 1 9 79 ( L yd ford 2 6 )

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3 : v isited 1 9 82

1 4 :3 B OLEIGH S W 4 3 142444 C ornwall 8 : E ? /F 9 /0 /C : N c 27 ,0 / 0 / I 0 (7+) 0 : N D E : N D F : N O /N D /N D /N D /N D G : N D /A SC / M T h is s ite w as n oted i n t h e 1 8 th c entury a s h aving a d iameter o f 3 0 p aces , F our o f i t s s even s urviving s tones w ere s till u pright , T he s ite a ppears t o h ave b een i n t he s ame s tate i n 1 8 6 1, b ut w as d estroyed s oon a fterwards , I t s tood a s hort d istance t o t he W SW o f M erry M a idens , 1 : B orlase 1 754 2 : H a lliwell 1 8 6 1 3 : B arnatt 1 982 1 4 :4 B OSCAWEN U N S W 4 1222736 8 : E /F 9 /G (PR) / C : B arnatt 1 9 82 ; G /2 4 ,9x2 1,9 / 1 9 /2 0

C ornwall

0 : ( 1 ; R1 , 15) / 2 ; 1 ,05 / 3 ; 1 ,05 / 4 ; 1 , 10 / ( 5 ; R1 , 45) / 6 ; 1 , 15 / 7 ; 1 , 10 / ( 8 : R1 ,30) / 9 : 1 ,00 / 1 0 : 1 ,05 / 1 ; 1 , 10 / 1 2 ; 0 ,95 / 1 3 ; 0 ,95 / 1 4 ; 1 , 20 / 1 5 ; 1 ,30 /M / 1 6 : 1 , 10 / 1 7 ; 1 , 05 / 1 8 ; 0 ,85 / 1 9 ; 1 ,05 E : ( 1-2 ; 3 ,3) / 2 -3 ; 3 ,6 / 3 -4: 3 , 1 /( 4 -5 ; 4 ,0) / ( 5 -5 ; 4 ,2) / 6 -7 ; 4 ,4 / ( 7 -8 ; 3 ,8) / ( 8 -9 ; 3 ,8) / 9 10 ; 4 ,0 / 1 0 : 11; 4 , 1 / 112 ; 3 ,6 / 1 213 ; 4 , 1 /1 314 ; 3 ,7 / 1 4 15 ; 3 ,6 /( 15-M ; 3 ,5) / ( M16 ; 3 ,5) / 1 6 17 ; 3 ,6 / 1 7 18 ; 3 ,7 / 1 8 19 ; 3 ,7 / ( 191; 3 ,8) F : 1 ,05 / 0 ,851,30 / 3 ,8 / 3 , 1-4 ,4 / 1 2 ,0% G : g ranite (18), q uartz (1) / 1 0 /G ,S T h is c ircle w as r estored i n 1 862 , w hen a ' c ornish h edge ' w hich c rossed t he s ite w as r e moved a nd 3 s tones r e-erected , As mall t rench w as c ut t h rough t he s ite i n 1 862 o r 1 8 64 b u t n o f inds w e re m ade , O ne o f t he s tones t o t he W SW i s w h ite q uartz r ather t han g ranite , t h is m ay h ave b een g iven s pecial s ign ificance b y t he b uilders , A lso i n t he s outh-western q uadrant i s a t a ll c entre s tone , T his n ow l e ans t o t he n orth-west b ut w ould o riginally h ave b een 2 ,4m h igh , T he s tones o f t he c ircle a re r ound-topped a nd h ave f lat i nner f a ces , T hey a re s ubtly g raded t owards t he w est , t he o nly s tones s poiling t h is p attern b e ing t he t h ree t hat h ave b een r e stored , T here a re t h ree e nigmatic s labs b etween 2 o f t he c i rcle o r thostats i n t he n orth-east q uadrant , f i eld c learance , 1 : C amden 1 582 2 : B orlase 1 7 54 5 : L ukis a nd B orlase 1 885 8 : B url 1 976 ( C ornwall 2 )

i t i s n ot c lear i f t hese a re a n o riginal f eature o r 3 : C otton 1 8 27

4 : B light 1 8 65

6 : L ewis 1 9 05 7 : T regelles 1 906 9 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 5 1/ 13) 1 0 : B arnatt 1 9 82

1 4 :5 B OSKEDNAN S W 4 34335 12 C ornwall B : 0 /F 6 / A /C : B arnatt 1 9 82 ; G /2 1 ,85m / 1 / 2-23 0 : D /D / 2 M /0 / 1 ; 1 , 30 / 2 ; L1 , 35 / D / 3 : 1 , 15 / 4 ; 1 , 30 / 1 -2M / D / 5 ; 1 , 15 / D / 6 ; F1 , 10 / 7 ; F1 , 05 / 8 ; S- /2 M /9 ; D I 1 , 50 / 1 0 ; 2 ,00 / 1 ; F1 , 20 E : 0 /1 -2 ; 2 ,5 / ( 2-M ; 3 ,4) / ( M -3 ; 3 ,4) / 3 -4 ; 3 ,0 / 0 / ( 5-M ; 3 ,0) / ( M -6 ; 3 ,0) / 6 -7 ; 2 ,8 / 7 -8 ; 3 ,3 / 0 / 1 011; 3 , 1 /0 F : 1 ,2+ 1,5 ,2 ,0 / 1 ,051,35+ 1,5 ,2 ,0 / ( 2 ,9) / ( 2 ,5-3 ,3) / c O% G : g ranite / A CA / P W hen f i rst d o cumented t h is s ite h ad 1 3 u pright a nd 6 f a llen s tones , B y t he e arly 1 9 th c entury a f u rther 5 h ad f a llen a nd b y t he m id 1 9 th c entury t he s ite w as i n t he s ame s tate a s t oday ; w ith 1 s tones , o nly s ix o f w hich a re u pright , S everal t r ial m ineral w orkings e x ist n earby , o ne o f w h ich l i es w ith in t he c ircle , E ight s tones w ent m issing i n t he f i rst h a lf o f t he 1 9 th c entury a nd t hese m ay h ave b een r emoved a t t he s ame t ime a s m ineral e xploration t o ok p lace , T he s urviving s tones f a ll o n a n a ccurate c ircle , h ave f l at i n ner f a ces a nd a re a ll o f s im ilar h eight , w ith t he e xception o f o ne m uch t a ller p illar t o t he

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NW ,

As econd l a rge s tone l y ing n ext t o i t h as f a llen , b ut w as o n ce p robably o f s i milar

h eight , T ogether t hey w ould h ave f o rmed a p air p rominent C am nG alva a s hort d istance a way , T his

o f p o rtal s tones o rientated t o g ran ite t o r h as a n e nclosure o n

t he i t s

s ummit w hich m ay w ell b e N eolith ic a nd b e o f as imilar n ature t o C am nB rea ( P , H e rring a nd J , N owakowski-pers ,comm ,), I mmediately a d jacent t o t he c i rcle , b ut n ot o verlaying i t , i s a b arrow o f c 8 ,0m d iameter, T his h as b een b adly d amaged b y m ineral p rospecting , I n 1 8 48 a n i n ternal c ist w as o pened a nd ' u rns ' w ere n oted , T his w as i n vestigated a gain i n 1 8 72 w hen a T revisker s herd w as f ound , 1 : B orlase 1 754 2 : C otton 1 827 3 : H alliwell 1 86 1 4 : B light 1 868 5 : B orlase 1 872 6 : T regelles 1 906 7 : B url 1 976 ( C ornwall 4 ) 8 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( S 1/ 11, N ine M aidens)

9 : B arnett 1 982

1 4 :6 B RENT F ORE H ILL S X 6856 134 D evon-Dartmoor B : M /D R3 / P / C : B arnatt u npublished ; U /c 13 ,0 / 7 / c 35-40 D ; 1 ; 0 , 15 / 2 ; 0 ,05 / 3 ; 0 , 10 / 4 ; 0 , 15 / 5 ; 0 ,25 / 6 ; 0 ,20 / 7 ; 0 , 10 E : I D F : 0 , 15 / 0 ,05-0 ,25 / I D /I D /I D G : g ranite / I CA ,ASR ,ACA / R T his p ossib le s tone c i rcle a ppears t o b e a b adly d amaged e xample o f a m ultip le r ing v ariant , T he m ain f eature i s al ow d isturbed c a irn w hich h as a d iameter o f 1 2 ,0m a nd h as b een r obbed a t t he c entre , A t i ts e dge a re 9 v ery l ow , u nevenly s paced k erbstones , t he h ighest b eing o nly 0 , 10m t a ll, A bout 0 ,5m o utside t h is i s as econd r ing o f l ow i r regu larly s paced s tones , m any o f w hich h ave b een r emoved , Ab ad ly r o bbed , d ouble s tone r ow d e s cends t o t he W SW b ut i s p oorly a ligned a nd i s u nlikely t o b e d irectly r e lated t o t he r i ng , B oth a re p art o f t he C orringdon B all m onument c omplex , 1 : G rinsell 1 9 79 ( South B rent 8 ) 2 : v isited 1 9 8 1 1 4 :7 B RISWORTHY S X 5 6476548 B : C /W CH / R / P ; B reton 1 909 C : B arnatt u npublished ; G /c 24 ,0x25 ,3 / 1 9 -25 / 3-38(-52)

D evon-Dartmoor

0 : ( 1 ; R U 0 ,50 ) /M (+M) / 2 ; R0 ,80 / 3 -4M ( 3 ; R U 0 ,60) / ( 4 ; R U 0 ,35) / ( 21) / ( 5 : R U 0 ,60) / ( 21) / 6 ; 1 ,00 / M ? /7 ; R0 ,90 / 4 -6M ( 8 ; R U 0 ,60) / ( c 8 1) / 9 ; R0 ,65 /1 2M ( e) / 1 0 ; R S /3 -4M (+2M) / 1 ; 0 ,75 / 1 2 ; R0 ,85 / M / 1 3 ; 1 5 ; R0 ,65 / 1 6 ; 0 ,95 / M / 1 7 ; R0 ,90 / 1 8 ; R0 ,80 / 1 9 ; R0 ,75 2 1 ; R0 ,95 / M / ( 22 ; R U 0 ,45) / 2 3 ; R0 ,95 / ( M ) /2 4 ; R1 , 30 E : 0 / 112 ; 1 ,9 / ( 12-M ; 2 , 1) / ( M 13 ; 2 , 1) / 1 314 ; 2 ,2 / 1 4 15 ; ( 1 6-M ; 1 , 7) / ( 117 : 1 , 7) / 1 7 18 ; 2 ,5 / 1 819 ; 1 ,9 / 1 9 -20 ; 2 ,2 F : 0 ,90? / ( 0 ,35-)0 ,65: 1,30 ( 2 ,1)? / ( 1 ,7-2 ,5)? / c 5 ,1%? G : g ranite / E B -

1 , 05 ! 1 4 ; R1 , 20 / /2 0 ; R0 ,75 / 1 ,9 / 1 516 ; 1 , 7 / /2 0-2 1; 2 ,5 / 0

T h is c i rcle w as r estored i n 1 909 b ut f o rtunately i t h ad b een p lanned b efore t he e vent , F our o f t he s tones h ave a lways b een u pright a nd 2 0 w ere r e -erected , W orth 's d etailed p lan s hows t he r e storation w as d one w ith s ome c are a nd t he t ru ly c i rcular p lan o f t he r i ng i s p robably a n o riginal c haracteristic, H e a lso n otes e x cavation ' w hich w as n o t v e ry t h orough ' t h at r evealed s mall a mounts o f c harcoal a nd a f l int f lake , O ne i mportant f e ature n ot n oticed b y p revious i n vestigators i s a l ow r ubble b an k w h ich i s c 3 ,5-4 ,5m w ide ; t he o rthostats a re s et a t i t s i nner e dge , T he b ank i s o nly a pparent o n t he e astern h alf o f t he s ite , t o t he w est a d isused c art-track r uns o ver t he b an k s ite , h ence t he i dentification o f e ntrances i s d ifficult , F ive o f t he r estored s tones ,

t o t he n orth a nd w est , a re s maller t han n ormal a nd 4 o f

t h ese d isrupt t he ' t ypical' s pacing o f o rthostats , I t m ay b e t hat t hese s tones a re p a rt o f t h e i n ternal b an k-retaining a nd w ere n ever u pright , I f t h is i s t he c ase t he s tones a re r e latively e venly s paced , H owever , i f n ot , t he s tones t o t he n orthwest a re m ore c l osely

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s pa ced ( 1 ,11,4m), a nd t h ere m ay h ave o riginally b een u p t o 5 2 s tones i n t he r ing , w hile t h e m ost l i kely t otal w ould b e i n t he r egion o f 4 5 , 1 : L ukis a nd P ode 1 879 2 : W orth 1 9 16 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Devon 1 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 52/3) 5 : V isited 1 98 1 1 4 :8 B ROAD D OWN - C ENTRAL B : M /D R4 / D O /I ; K irwan 1 869

S Y 1 7429447

D evon

C : K irwan 1 870 ; P/c 25 ,0 / 0 / 1 5 0 : I D E : I D F : I D (low) / I D /( 5 ,25) / I D /N D G : c hert / I CA ,I0 ,6ACA / T h is p ossib le s tone c ircle v ariant l ies i mmediately n orth o f B road D own S outh , t he l atter b e ing t he c entral o ne i n an orth/south l ine o f 7b arrows o n t he r idge c rest , B road D own C e ntral c omprised a c 17 ,5m d iameter b arrow s urrounded b y ad itch w ith a r ing o f o rthostats a t i t s o uter e dge , I t w as o pened b y K irwan i n 1 869 , w ho f ound a n o val c ist s urrounded b y f l ints, T his c ontained a c remated a dult a nd i n fant w ith a s egmented b one b ead , T he i n ternal f lint c a irn w as o verlain b y a n e arthen b arrow , n ear i ts s urface a l ooped s ocketed b ronze a xe w as f ound , T he r ing o f l ow o rthostats h as b een r emoved , 1 : K irwan 1 870 ( 0 ) 2 : H utchinson 1 880 ( 62) 3 : F ox 1 948 ( 46) 4 : B url 1 976 ( D evon 2 ) 5 : G rinsell ( Farway 3 1) 1 4 :9 B ROAD D OWN - N ORTH S Y B : M /D R4 / D O /C : N/I D / 0 /N D 0 : I D E : N D F : 1 D (low) / I D /N D /N D /N D G : c hert / I CA ,6ACA / T h is p ossible s tone c i rcle v ariant i s b a rrow , T he b arrow h as a d iameter o f o r thostats w as r emoved i n 1 87 1-2 , 1 : H utchinson 1 8 80 ( 63) 2 : F ox 1 948 4 : G rinsell 1 983 ( Farway 3 0)

1 742945 1

D evon

t he s econd f rom t he n orthern e nd o f a l i ne o f 7 c l6m a nd h as b een d isturbed , I ts o uter r ing o f ( 45)

3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Devon 3 )

1 4 :10 B ROAD D OWN - S OUTH S Y 1 7429443 D evon B : M /P DR4 / D O /I ; K irwan 1 870 C : N/I D / 0 /N D D : I D E : N D F : I D (low) / I D /N D /N D /N D G : c hert / I CA ,ID ,6ACA / T h is p ossible s tone c i rcle v ariant c omprised o f a l a rge b arrow w ith e xternal d itch a nd a l o w r ing o f o rthostats o r r etaining k erb b eyond t his a t t he e dge o f t he d itch , I t w as e x cavated i n 1 8 70 , U nder a s mall c entral c a irn o f f lints w as a c rude c ist c ontaining a c r emation l a id o n t ree b ark a nd a ccompanied b y f ragments o f a g rooved b ronze d agger, N e arby w as a h andled s hale c up , T his c airn w as o verlain b y a n e arthen b arrow w ith a d i ameter o f c 36m , T his b arrow w as t he c entral o ne o f a l ine o f 7 , o rientated r oughly n orth/south o n a r i dge c rest , T oday i t i s o n a rable a nd h as b een p loughed d own t o ad iameter o f c l8m a nd t h ere i s n o s ign o f t he d itch o r o uter o rthostats , 1 : K irwan 1 8 70 ( E ) 2 : H utchinson 1 880 ( 6 1) 3 : F ox 1 9 48 ( 4 7) 4 : G rinsell 1 9 83 ( Farway 3 2)

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1 4 :11 B ROWN H EATH S X 6 4 106532 D evon-Dartmoor 8 : M /D R 1 /G / C : B a rnatt u npublished ; G /9 ,8x9 ,4 / 1 3 /1 8 -22 D : 1 ; 1 , 55 / 2 4M / 2 ; 0 ,65 / 3 ; L0 ,75 / 4 ; 1 , 05 / 5 ; F0 ,95 / 6 ; 0 ,50 / 7 ; 0 ,75 / 2 -3M / 8 ; 0 ,65 / 9 ; 0 ,60 / I 2M / 1 0 ; L1 , 00 / 1 ; 0 ,70 / 1 2 ; 1 , 05 / 1 3 ; 1 , 05 E : 0 /2 -3 ; 1 , 8 /3 -4 ; 1 , 3 /4 -5 ; 1 , 3 /5 -6 ; 1 , 3 /6 -7 ; 1 , 6 /0 / 8 -9 ; 1 , 4 /0 / 1 0 11; 2 ,0 / 112 ; 1 , 1 /1 2 13 ; 1 , 3 /1 3 1; 1 , 9 F : 0 ,85 / 0 ,501,55 / 1 , 5 /1 , 1-2 ,0 / 4 , 1% G : g ranite / I C A ,ICI,SR / R T h is s ite h as a d oub le s tone r ow r unn ing t o t he SW a nd a l igned o n t he c i rcle c e n tre , A t t h e c i rcle e nd i t i s r u ined , o ne f a llen s tone s uggests t a ll s tones o n ce s tood h e re , W ithin t h e c i rcle i s a5 ,5x7 ,0m c a irn w h ich i s o f fset f rom t h e c e ntre , T he s tone c i rcle i s c 2 ,5m b eyond t he c a irn t o t h e n ortheast , w h ile t o t he s outhwest t h ey t ou ch , H owever , t h e c a irn m ay h ave c o llapsed o utwards b y c lm a t t h is p o int , I n 1 8 7 1 ac ist w as n oted w i th in t he c a irn b ut t h is h ad b een b u ried o r d estroyed b y 1 9 19 , I m mediately t o t h e n orth-west o f t h e c i rcle i s al a rge p ound , T he c i rcle i s b u ilt o f i r regu la rly s haped s tones w h ich a re s paced u nequa lly r ound t h e r ing , T o t h e NW t h ree a re p a rticu larly c lose t oge the r , T he s tones a re a l so p oorly p la ced o n t h e r ing , t wo b e ing n oticeab ly w ithin i t s c i rcum feren ce , T he s tones a r e t a ller t h an u sua l f o r t h is t y pe o f s ite a nd a re n oticeab ly l a rge r t h an t h ose i n t h e s t one-row , T he t a llest i s o ppos ite t he s tone-row , I n 1 8 7 1 B ate n oted 1 4 s tones s till s tood , b ut b y 1 9 19 t he s i te w as i n t h e s ame s tate a s t o day , T h is w ou ld s uggest o ne s tone w as r e moved a nd 2f e ll i n t h e i n tervening p eriod , A lthough t h e r ing o r ig ina lly c ou ld h ave h ad b e tween 1 8 a nd 2 s tones , t h e m ost l i kely t o ta l i s 1 9 -20 , 1 : B ate 1 8 7 1 2 : W orth 1 9 19 3 : D avidson a nd S eabrook 1 9 73 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D evon 5 ) 5 : G r inse ll 1 9 79 ( H arford 3 ) 6 : V isited 1 9 8 1 1 4 :12 B URFORD D OWN S X 6 37060 17 D evon-Dartmoo r B : M /D R I /P / C : B a rnatt u npublished ; G /c 9 ,7 / 5 -6 / c 1 415 D : 2 M ? /1 ; S- /2 ; F0 ,80 / 3 ; 0 ,40 / 2 -3M / 4 ; 0 ,75 / 3 M ? /5 ; 0 ,75 / 6 ; 0 ,90 /M E : 0 /2 -3 ; 2 , 4 /0 /5 -6 ; 1 , 8 /0 F : 0 ,70 / 0 ,40-0 ,90 / ( 2 ,1) / ( 2 ,41,8 ) /I D G : g ranite / I C A ,SR / R T h is s ite h as a s tone r o w o rientated t o t h e s outh , t h is i s r u ined a t t he c i rcle e n d , T he c i rcle h as a lso b een r o bbed , Ac a irn w ith a d iamete r o f 8 ,5m f i lls v irtually t h e w hole i n terior , T he c i rcle l i es 0 ,3-0 ,7m b eyond i t , e x cept t o t h e s outh-west w here t h e m ound e xtends a s f a r a s o ne o f t h e o rthostats , 1 : F a lcon 1 9 05 2 : D avidson a nd S eabrook 1 9 73 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D evon 8 ) 4 : G r insell 1 9 79 ( H arford 5 ) 5 : V isited 1 9 8 1 1 4 :13 B UTTERDON H ILL S X 6 563588 1 D evon-Dartmoor B : M /D R I /A / C : B a rnatt u npub lished ; G /c 1 1,0x 11,5 / 1 / 1 9 D : M/I ; F1 , 10 / M / 2 ; F1 , 35 / 3 ; F0 ,60 / 4 ; S /5 ; F1 , 00 / 6 ; F1 , 05 / 7 ; F1 , 00 /M / 8 ; F1 , 20 / 9 : F1 , 05 / M / 1 0 ; F0 ,85 / M / 1 ; F0 ,80 / M E : ( M I; 1 , 8 ) /( 1 -M ; 1 , 7) / ( M -2 ; 1 , 7) / 2 -3 ; 1 , 8 /3 -4 ; 2 , 0 /4 -5 ; 1 , 6 /5 -6 ; 2 , 0 / 6 -7 ; 2 , 1 /( 7 -M ; 1 , 7) / ( M -8 ; 1 , 7) / ( 8 -M ; 1 , 8) / ( M -M ; 1 , 8) / (M-9 ; 1 , 8) / ( 9 -M ; 2 , 0) / ( P 1 10 ; 2 ,0 ) /( 1 0-M ; 2 ,0 ) /( H 11: 2 ,0) / ( 1 1-M ; 1 , 8) / ( M -M ; 1 , 8 ) F : c 1 ,00 c 0 ,601,35 / 1 , 9 /2 , 11,6 / I D G : g ranite / I C A ,SR / R T h is s ite h a s as tone r o w w h ich d escends t o t h e NW , t h is i s r u ined a t t h e c i rcle e nd , W i th in t h e c i rcle i s al o w c a irn o f 7 ,0x6 ,5m d iameter , T h e c i rcle o rthostats o r ig ina lly w e re h igher t h an u sual b ut a re n ow f a llen , t h ey a re i r regu lar i n s hape a nd t h e ir s p a cing

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i s s omewhat a n t iqu ity ,

e r ratic,

S eve ra l

a re

n ow

p a rtia lly

b uried

s uggest ing

t hey

c o llapsed

i n

1 : W o rth 1 9 4 1 2 : W o rth 1 9 53 3 : D av idson a nd S eabroo k 1 9 73 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D evon 9 ) 5 : G r inse ll 1 9 79 ( H arford 1 6 ) 6 : V isited 1 9 82 1 4 :14 B UTTERN S X 6 4948847 D evon-Dartmoor 8 : D /F 6 ? / A /C : B a rnatt u npub lished ; G /c 2 4 ,6x25 ,1 / 2 1 /3 4 0 : 1 ; F0 ,90 / 2 ; F0 ,85 / M / 3 : 0 35 / 4 ; 0 ,40 / 5 ; 0 ,60 / 6 ; F0 ,80 / M / 7 ; L0 ,35 / M /8 ; F0 ,80 / 2 M /9 ; F0 , 80 / M / 1 0 ; F0 ,90 / 2 M /1 ; F1 , 20 / 1 2 ; L0 ,70 / M / 1 3 ; F1 , 20 / 1 4 ; F0 ,95 / 1 5 ; D I 1 , 05 / 1 6 ; F0 ,85 / 1 7 ; D I 1 , 35 / 1 8 ; L0 ,55 / M / 1 9 ; F1 , 25 / 2 M /2 0 ; F1 , 05 / 2 1 ; D I ? 0 ,85 / M E : 1 2 ; 2 ,4 / ( 2 -M ; 2 ,4) / ( M -3 ; 2 , 4) / 3 -4 ; 2 ,2 / 4 -5 ; 2 , 1 /5 -6 ; 2 ,3 / ( 6 -M : 2 ,2) / ( M -7 ; 2 ,2) / ( 7 -M ; 2 ,2 ) /( M -8 ; 2 ,2) / ( 8 -M : 2 ,2) / ( M -M ; 2 ,2) / ( M -9 ; 2 ,2) / ( 9 -M ; 2 ,2) / ( M 10 ; 2 ,2) / ( 1 0-M ; 2 ,3) / ( N -N ; 2 ,3) / ( M 11; 2 ,3) / 1 12 ; 2 ,2 / ( 1 2-M ; 2 , 1) / ( M 13 ; 2 , 1) / 1 3 14 ; 2 ,3 / ( 1 4-M ; 2 ,3) / ( M 16 ; 2 ,2) / ( 1 6-M ; 2 ,3 ) / ( M 18 ; 2 ,3) / ( 1 8-M ; 2 ,3 ) /( M 19 ; 2 ,3) / 0 F : 0 ,85 / 0 ,351,35 / 2 ,2 / 2 , 1-2 ,4 / c 2 ,0% G : g ranite / - / T h is s ite h as n e ver b een r e stored o r e x cavated , I t l i es o n p oorly d rained l a nd a nd s t ream g u llies h ave d one m inor d amage , As k im o f p eat w as r e moved f r om t h e s ite i n 1 9 3 1, A lthough m a ny o f t he s tones h ave f a llen , g ood e stimates c an b e m ade o n d imensions , O n ly t h e n o rthw e stern q uadrant i s d i fficu lt t o i n terpret , T he s tones a re v a riable i n h e ight b u t a ppear t o b e w e ll s pa ced o n ag ood c i rcle , S everal s ma ll s tones a nd f r agments a re l i ttered r ound t h e s ite , s ome o f w h ich h ave b een c l a imed a s p a cking-stones , t h eir s tatus i s e qu ivocal, S ome o f t h e l a rge r s tones h ave b een m oved s l ightly a nd d ressed , o thers h ave b een r e moved f o r g ateposts , I n 1 8 94 i t w as n o ted m ost o f t h e s tones h ad f a llen b ut t h at 3 6 s tones r e ma ined , I t i s n ot c lea r i f t h e m issing s tones w e re r e moved a fter t h is d ate , o r w hether m any o f t he s ma ller s tones h ad b een c o unted , 1 : W o rth 1 8 94 2 : W o rth 1 9 32 3 : W o rth 1 9 53 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D evon 1 ) 5 : V isited 1 9 8 1 1 4 :15 C HOLWICHTOWN W ASTE S X 5 8466225 D evon-Dartmoor B : M /D R 1 /D /T ; E ogan 1 9 6 1 C : E ogan 1 9 64 ; G /5 ,6x4 ,4 / 6 / 9 D : 1 ; 0 ,85 / D / 2 ; 0 ,95 / 3 ; 0 ,80 / 4 ; 0 ,95 / 0 / 5 ; 0 ,60 / D / 6 ; 1 , 15 E : 1 0 1 , 6 /0 -2 ; 1 , 7 /2 -3 ; 1 , 6 /3 -4 ; 2 ,2 / 4 -0 2 ,0 / 0 -5 ; 1 , 7 /5 -D ; 1 , 2 /D -6 ; 1 , 8 / 6 1; 2 ,0 F : 0 ,90 / 0 ,601,15 / 1 , 8 /1 , 2-2 ,2 / 2 1 ,4% G : g ran ite / A SR R T h e s ite w as e x cavated b e fo re b e ing c overed b y C h ina C lay w aste i n 1 9 62 , As tone r o w r a n d ownhill t o t h e SW , A t t h e c entre o f t h e r i ng w as a p i t m easu ring 2 ,0m i n p lan a nd 0 ,9m d e ep , c ontain ing l o ose e a rth a nd s tones , b ut n o f i nds , I t m ay h ave b een a l a ter d i sturbance r a ther t han a n o r iginal f e ature ; t h ere w as n o t ra ce o f a n i n ternal m ound b ut t h is m ay h ave b een d estroyed a t t h e t i me t h e p i t w as d ug , 1 : E ogan 1 9 64 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D evon 1 2 ) 3 : G r insell 1 9 79 ( C ornwood 5 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 8 2/7 , L ee M oor)

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1 4 :16 C OLLARD T OR S X 5856205 D evon-Dartmoor 8 : M /D R 1 /A / C : B a rnatt u npub lished ; G /c 7 ,8 / 7 / 1 3 0 : M/1 ; 0 ,60 / 2 ; 0 ,75 / 3 ; F0 ,90 / 2 M /4 ; F0 ,60 / M / 5 ; 0 ,75 / M / 6 ; L1 , 00 / 7 ; 0 ,80 / M E : ( M 1; 1 , 7) / 1 2 ; 2 ,2 / 2 -3 ; 1 , 5 /( 3 -M ; 1 , 8) / ( M -M ; 1 , 8) / ( M -4 ; 1 , 8) / ( 4 -M ; 1 , 9) / ( M -5 ; 1 , 9 ) /( 5 -M ; 2 ,2) / ( M -6 ; 2 ,2 ) /6 -7 ; 2 , 1 /( 7 -M ; 1 , 7) / ( M -M ; 1 , 7) F : 0 ,75 / 1 , 00-0 ,60 / ( 1 ,9) / ( 1 ,5-2 ,2 ) /I D G : g ranite / I C A ,SR / R T h is s ite h as a r u ined s tone r ow o r ientated t o t h e s outh , i t i s r o bbed a t t h e c i rcle e nd , T he i n te rio r i s f i lled w ith a d isturbed a nd s omewhat i r regu lar c a irn o f 6 ,5x7 ,5m d i ameter , O n ly 2 o rthostats o f t he c i rcle p resently s tand b eyond t h e c a irn , t o t he w est , E l sewhere , p a rticularly t o t h e s outh , t he c a irn m ay w e ll h ave s p read b eyond i t s o r igina l e dge , H owever , t o t h e n o rth-east i t a ppears t o h ave a lways a butted t h e c i rcle , 1 ; W o rth 1 9 03 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( D evon 1 3 ) 3 : G r inse ll 1 9 79 ( S haugh P rior 4 6 ) 4 ; V isited 1 9 8 1 1 4 :17 C ORNRIDGE S X 5 4708960 D evon-Dartmoor B : E /F 9 / A /C : B a rnatt u npublished ; G /c 3 1,Sx33 ,5 / 1 8 /2 9-32 D : 1 ; F1 , 30 / 2 ; F0 ,90 / 3 ; F1 , 50 / 2 M /4 ; F1 , 40 / 3 4M / 5 ; F1 , 30 / 6 ; F0 , 70 / 7 ; F1 , 40 / 8 ; F0 ,80 / 9 ; S /2 M /1 0 ; F0 ,90 / 1 ; F0 ,80 / 1 2M / 1 2 ; F1 , 40 / 1 3 ; S /1 4 ; S /M / 1 5 ; F1 , 50 / 1 6 ; F0 ,90 / 3 -4M / 1 7 ; D I ? 1 , 40 / 1 8 ; 1 , 40 E : 1 2 ; 3 ,3 / 2 -3 ; 2 ,8 / 0 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,0 / 6 -7 ; 3 ,2 / 7 -8 ; 2 , 7 /8 -9 ; 2 ,9 / 0 / 1 0 11; 3 ,5 / 0/1 2 13 ; 3 ,6 / 1 3 14 ; 4 ,0 / ( 1 4-M ; 2 ,7) / ( M 15 ; 2 , 7) / 1 5 16 ; 3 ,2 / 0 / 1 8 1; 3 ,3 F : c 1 ,20 / c 0 ,801,50 / ( 3 ,2) / ( 2 ,7-4 ,0) / c 6 ,0% G : g ranite / - / A l l t h e s tones o f t h is s ite h ave f a llen o r h ave b een r e du ced t o s tumps , N aturally-p la ced s tones o c cur i n t h e v i cin ity w h ich m a kes i n terpretation o f s maller s tones p roblemat ical i n s ome c a ses , t h ese h ave b een o m itted f r om t he a bove t a b les , T he s tones a ppear t o b e w ell s paced , w ith t h e e x ception o f t wo t o t h e n o rth w h ich v i rtua lly t o uch , o ne o f t h ese m ay b e d isplaced , 1 : R . R obinson pers ,comm , 2 ; V isited 1 9 82 1 4 :18 C ORRINGDON B ALL - N W S X 6656 122 D evon-Dartmoor B : M /D R 1 / P /C : B a rnatt u npub lished ; G /c 8 ,7 / 5 / c 1 0 0 : 1 ; F0 ,60 / 2 ; F0 ,25 / 3 ; 0 ,65 / 2 M /4 ; F0 ,50 / 2 M /5 ; 0 ,40 / M E : 1 2 ; 2 ,0 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,0 / ( 3 -M : 2 ,6) / ( M -M ; 2 ,6 ) /( M -4 ; 2 ,6 ) /( 4 -M ; 2 ,5) / ( M -M ; 2 , 5) / ( M -5 ; 2 ,5 ) /( 5 -M ; 3 , 1) / 3 , 1) F : 0 ,50 / 0 ,25-0 ,65 / ( 2 ,5) / ( 2 ,0-3 ,0) / I D G : g ranite / A SR ,ICA ,ASC ,3ACA / R T h is s ite l i es i m mediately t o t he n o rth-west o f t h e m u ltiple s tone r o ws o f C orringdon B all S E , As ing le s tone r ow a l igns o n t h e c i rcle , a nd r u ns p a ralle l t o t h e m ultiple r o ws t o t he s outh-west , S everal s tones h ave b een r o bbed a t t he r ow e nd w h ich w e re p resent i n 1 8 80 , A n u p right i n t h e w estern h a lf o f t h e c i rcle h as a lso b een r e moved s in ce t hat d ate , An umber o f b u ried s tones w ere p robed a t t h is t i me , s uggesting a f u ll c omplement o f 1 s tones w ere t h en p resent ( T he p resent s pacing s uggests o n ly 1 0 s t ones) , T here i s a l o w c a irn o f 5 ,5x4 ,5m d iameter a t t he c entre o f t h e s ite , t h e r ing s tands c 2 ,0m b eyond i t , 1 : L u kis a nd P ode 1 8 80 2 : W orth 1 9 53 3 : V isited 1 9 8 1 4 : R obinson a nd G reeves 1 9 8 1

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1 4 :19 C ORRINGDON B ALL - S E S X 6676 119 D evon-Dartmoor B : D /F 7(DR) / P / C : B a rnatt u npublished ; G /c 14 ,5m / 7 / c 30-35 D : 1 ; 0 ,35 / 2 ; 0 ,40 / 3 ; 0 ,35 / 4 ; 0 ,40 / 5 ; 0 ,35 / 1 7-22M / 6 ; 0 ,40 / 5 M /7 ; 0 ,50 / M E : 1 2 ; 1 ,3 / 2 -3 ; 1 ,4 / 3 -4 ; 1 ,2 / 4 -5 ; 1 ,0 / 0 / ( 7-M ; 1 , 2) / ( M 1; 1 , 2) F : 0 ,40 / 0 ,35-0 ,50 / ( 1 ,2) / ( 1 ,01,4) / I D G : g ran ite / A SR ,ASC ,3AC ,ICA / R Am u ltiple s tone r ow l eads d ownslope t o t he s outhwest , u n fortunately t h is i s r u ined a s i t a p proaches t he c i rcle , O nly t he n orthern p ortion o f t he r ing s urvives , I n t he l a te 1 9 th c e ntury i t w as i n t he s ame s tate a s t oday , b ut s everal f u rther b uried s tones w ere p robed ( t he ir s tatus i s u nclear), A c entral c a irn o f c l lm d iameter w as a lso r e corded , b ut t here i s l i ttle t race o f t h is t oday , T he c i rcle s tood c l S m b eyond t h is c a irn , O ne o f t he s tones o f t h e r ing , a l igned o n t h e m ost w esterly o f t he r ows , i s s et r adially t o t he c i rcle ( the o thers i n t h is a r c a re m issing ), T here a re s everal s ites i n c lose a sso ciation w ith t he c i rcle , i n cluding t wo s tone c i rcles ( 1 4 :6 , 1 4 :18), a c hambered t omb , u nusual c a irns a nd s tone r ows , 1 : L u kis a nd P ode 1 880 4 : B u rl 1 976 ( D evon 1 4 ) 1 4 :20 C OSDON B EACON 8 : C : D : E : F : G :

2 : W orth 1 9 53 3 : D avidson a nd S eabrook 1 9 73 5 : G rinsell 1 9 79 ( Ugborough 4 ) 6 : V isited 1 98 1 S X 6 4329 159

D evon-Dartmoor

M /D R 1 / P /B a rnatt u npublished ; G /c 6 ,5x7 ,0 / 4 / [ 1415? c 4M / 1 ; 0 ,25 / 2 ; 0 ,30 / 3 : 0 ,30 / 2 M /4 ; 0 ,50 / c 4-5M 0/1 -2 ; 1 , 3 /2 -3 ; 1 , 5 /( 3-M ; 1 , 5) / ( M -M : 1 , 5) / ( M -4 ; 1 , 5) / 0 0 ,35 / 0 ,25-0 ,50 / ( 1 ,4) / ( 1 ,31,5) / I D g ranite I I C A ,2ICI,SR ,?ACA / R

T h is s ite w as ' r estored ' i n 1 896 w ithout a dequate d ocumentation , T he o nly b rief a c count p r evious t o t h is d ate n otes a c ist w ith t h ree c rude c oncentric c i rcles o f 1 ,8 , 4 ,6 a nd 6 , 7m d iameter , a nd a t r ipple s tone r ow r unning d ownslope t o t he e ast , T oday t he r ing a p pears v ery d i fferent , A t i t s c entre i s a r u ined b ipartite c ist m easuring c 0 ,5x0 ,7m i n ternally , T h is i s w ith in a d isturbed 5 ,0x5 ,5m d iameter c a irn w hich a buts t he r emnants o f as tone c ircle t o t he e ast , T o t he w est a nd s outh , t he c ircle l ies 0 ,51,0m o utside t he c a irn ; i t i s t o tally r o bbed i n t he n o rthern h alf, T he t h ree e nd s tones o f t he s tone r o w a re t a ller t han t he o thers , s tand ing 0 ,601,00m h igh , T heir a rrangement i s u nusual a nd t h ese m ay h ave b een r e stored i n correctly , A lternatively , t he s ite c an b e s een a s m u ltiphased , w ith t he n o rthernmost r ow , w hich a ligns o n t he c ircle c entre , b eing b uilt i n dependently o f t he o ther t wo , A t t he e nd o f t he l a tter p air i s m uch r ubble a nd t here m ay h ave o nce b een a s econd c a irn h ere , T he s tone c i rcle h as a d iameter o f c 6 ,5-7 ,0m w h ich s uggests t h is i s W orth 's o uter c i rcle , H e d escribes t h is a s h aving o nly t races s urviving , w h ile t he c entral c ircle w as n oted a s h aving 1 8 p artly h idden s tones , I t s eems l i kely o nly o ne r ing e ver s tood h ere a nd t hat W orth w rongly a ssumed t he c ists w ere t ruly c entra l t o t h e s ite a nd h ence m ade o ne c ircle i n to t wo , I n r eality t he c ists l i e t o t he s outheast o f t h e c entre , W o rth 's i nner c ircle o f 1 ,8m d iameter w as n oted a s h aving o nly a f ew f a llen s tones , t hese m ay w ell h ave b een m isinterpreted , b eing s ome o f t he d isplaced c ist s tones w h ich e xist t o day , I t r e mains u nclear h ow m any , i f a ny , o f t he t rue c ircle s tones h ave b een r emoved s ince 1 892 , T he r estoration o f 1 896 m ay h ave c on fined i t self t o t he e nd o f t h e s tone r ow , 1 : W orth 1 892 2 : B aring-Gould 1 898 3 : F alcon 1 905 5 : B url 1 976 ( D evon 1 5 ) 6 : G rinsell 1 9 79 ( South T aunton 5 )

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4 : B railsford 1 9 38 7 : V isited 1 982

1 4 :2 1 C RADDOCK M OOR

S X 2 4867 183

C o rnwall

B : E /F 9 /A / C : B a rnatt 1 9 80 ; G /c 39 ,3m / 1 7 /2 7 D : M/1 ; F1 , 50 / M / 2 ; F B 1 , 15 / 4 M /3 : F1 , 15 / 4 ; F1 , 00 / 5 ; F1 , 00 / 6 ; 0 , 85 / M / 7 ; F0 ,85 / 8 ; S /9 ; F0 ,85 / 2 M /1 0 ; F1 , 15 / 1 ; F1 , 15 / 1 2 ; F1 , 00 / 1 3 ; F1 , 50 / M/1 4 ; F1 , 35 / 1 5 ; F1 , 05 / 1 6 ; F1 , 15 / 1 7 ; F1 , 15 E : ( M 1; 4 ,5) / ( 1 -M ; 4 ,9) / ( M -2 ; 4 ,9) / 0 / 3 -4 ; 4 ,4 / 4 -5 ; 4 ,5 / 5 -6 ; 4 ,8 / ( 6 -M ; 4 ,6) /( M -7 ; 4 ,6) / 7 -8 ; 4 ,5 / 8 -9 ; 4 ,6 / 0 / 1 0 11; 4 ,4 / 1 12 ; 5 ,0 / 1 2 13 ; 3 , 8 / ( 1 3-M ; 4 ,3 ) /( M 14 ; 4 ,3 ) /1 4 15 ; 4 ,4 / 1 5 16 ; 4 ,5 / 1 6 17 ; 4 ,7 / ( 1 7-M ; 4 , 5 ) F : c 1 ,10 / c 0 ,851,50 / 4 ,5 / 3 ,8-5 ,0 / I D G : g ranite / A SR ,AAV / G ? T h is c i rcle w as n ot d iscovered u nt il 1 9 23 , A l l t h e s tones a re f a llen b ut t h ey a ppear t o o n ce h ave s tood o n at rue c i rcle , T hey m ay h ave b een s u btly g raded t o t he NW , T h e re i s a s tone r o w a nd a b an ked a venue n earby , 1 : A ndrew 1 9 37 2 : A ndrew 1 9 38 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( C ornwall 5 ) 4 : B a rnatt 1 9 80 5 : B a rnatt 1 9 82 6 : P ,Rose p e rs ,comm , 1 4 :22 C ROWAN B EACON S W 64348 C o rnwall B : E /F 9 /P / C : W a ll a nd T ryhall u npublished ; G /c 2 5 ,5 / 1 3 18 / 2-25 D : 1 ; F0 ,80 / M / 2 ; LN D /3 ; LN D /4 ; N D /5 ; F0 ,90 / 6 ; F0 ,80 / 7 ; F1 , 10 / 3 -4M / 8 ; F1 , 10 / 2 -3M / 9 ; F1 , 00 / 2 M ? /1 0 ; F1 , 00 / M / 1 ; F1 , 10 / ? M /1 2 ; N D / 1 3 ; F1 , 00 E : ( 1 -M : 3 ,6 ) /( M -2 : 3 ,6) / 2 -3 : 2 ,8 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,6 / 4 -5 ; 4 , 0 /5 -6 ; 3 ,9 / 6 -7 ; 2 , 7 /0 / ( 1 0-M ; 3 , 5) / ( M 11; 3 ,5) / ( 1 112 ; 5 ,2?) / 1 2 13 ; 4 , 0 /1 3 1; 3 , 7 F : ( 0 ,95) / ( 0 ,801,10) / ( 3 ,5) / ( 2 ,7-4 ,0) / I D G : g ranite / - / T h is r e cently d i scovered s ite i s r u ined i n i t s w estern h a lf, w here s tones h ave b e en b ro ken u p a nd f r agments l i e s cattered a bout , T h e m ost l i kely o r ig inal t o ta l n umber o f s t ones i s 2 b ut t h is c o u ld b e a s h igh a s 2 5 , T h is u n certa inty a r ises f rom d i fficu lty o f i n terpretation t o t h e w est a nd s outh , T h ere a re 2 c l earan ce c a irns o n t he c i rcle p e rimeter t o t h e n o rth-west ( 4 ,0x3 ,0m a nd 1 , 0x 1,5m d iameter), o n e o f w h ich o verlies a f a llen o r thostat , T h ere i s as e cond s ma ll c a irn a t t he r i ng c ent re ( c 2 ,0 x 1 , 5m d iamete r) , 1 : P ,Herring-pers ,comm , ( p lan b y W a ll a nd T ryhall) 1 4 :23 D OWN T OR S X 5 8686926 D evon-Dartmoor B : M /D R 1 /G (PR) / C : B a rnatt u npublished ; G/1 ,7x 12 ,1 / 2+ / 2 3 D : 1 ; 0 ,70 / 2 ; 1 , 00 / 3 ; R1 , 10 / 4 ; 0 ,75 / 5 ; R0 ,80 / 6 ; N /7 ; 0 ,85 / 8 ; 0 , 45 / 9 ; L1 , 05 / 1 0 ; 0 ,50 / 1 ; 0 ,65 / 1 2 ; R0 ,60 / 1 3 ; 1 , 05 / 1 4 ; R1 , 10 / 1 5 ; R1 , 00 / 1 6 ; L0 ,85 / 1 7 ; 0 ,55 / 1 8 ; 0 ,60 / 1 9 ; 0 ,65 / 2 0 ; 0 ,45 / 2 1 ; 0 ,85 / 2 ; L0 ,45 / 2 3 ; R0 ,50 E : 1 2 ; 2 , 1 /2 -3 ; 1 , 7 /3 -4 ; 2 , 1 /4 -5 ; 2 ,0 / ( 5 -N ; 1 , 4) / ( N -7 ; 1 , 4) / 7 -8 ; 1 , 6 / 8 -9 ; 2 , 1 /9 10 ; 1 , 7 /1 0 11; 1 , 4 /1 12 ; 1 , 5 /1 2 13 ; 1 , 4 /1 3 14 ; 1 , 7 /1 4 15 ; 1 , 7 / 1 5 16 ; 1 , 3 /1 6 17 ; 1 , 4 /1 7 18 ; 1 , 3 /1 8 19 ; 1 , 7 /1 9 -20 ; 1 , 7 /2 0-2 1; 2 , 1 / 2 1-22 ; 1 , 4 / 2-23 ; 1 , 0 /2 31; 1 , 5 F ; 0 ,75 / 0 , 451,10 / 1 , 6 /1 , 0-2 ,1 / 3 ,3% G : g ranite / A SR ,ICA / R T h is s ite w a s r e stored i n 1 8 94 , f o rtunately a n e a rlier p l an i l lustrates i t s s t ate b e fore t h is t o o k p la ce , S ix o f t h e c i rcle s tones w e re r e -erected a nd a n ew s tone a d ded t o c o mplete t h e r i ng , T he s tones a re o f u nequa l h e ight a n d s pa cing . T h ree o f t h e 2 3 g aps b e tween o rthostats a re f i lled w ith s maller s tones , t w o o f w h ich s t ill s tand 0 ,40 a n d 0 ,35m h igh , L u kis i l lustrated s mall r e cumbent s tones f i lling a f u rther 8 g aps a nd i t s eems l i kely t h e r i ng h ad o r iginally , o r a s as ubsequent a lterat ion , h ad i t s o rthosta ts l i n ked

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b y l o wer s tones t o f o rm a c o ntiguous r i ng , As tone r o w l e ads f r om t h e s ite t o t h e E NE , T he l a st f ou r s tones i n crease i n h e i et t o wards t h e c i rcle , t h e l a st b e ing 3 ,05m h igh ( 2 f e ll 1 8 78-80 , 3 r e stored 1 8 94) , W ith in t h e c i rcle i s a c a irn o f 8 ,0x7 ,5m d iameter w ith a c e n tral h o llow , l t i s r e puted t o h ave o n ce h ad a c i st a t t h e c e ntre , b ut t h is h ad g one b y 1 8 80 , 1 : L u kis a nd B a ring G ould 1 8 80 2 : W o rth 1 8 92 3 : B u rnard 1 8 94 4 : B reton 1 9 14 5 : W o rth 1 9 53 6 : D avidson a nd S eabroo k 1 9 73 7 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D evon 1 7 ) 8 : G r insell 1 9 79 ( W alkhampton 3 1 ) 9 : V isited 1 9 8 1 1 4 :24 D RIZZLECOMBE - C ENTRAL S X 5 9246707 D evon-Dartmoor B : M /D R 1 / A /C : B a rnatt u npub lished ; G /c 8 ,0x8 ,3 / 8 / 1 D : 1 ; F0 ,20 / 2 M /2 ; F0 ,50 / 3 ; 0 ,55 / 4 ; L0 ,25 / M / 5 ; 0 ,75 / 6 ; F0 ,45 / 7 ; 0 ,65 / 8 ; L0 ,50 E : ( 1 -M ; 2 ,2) / ( M -M ; 2 ,2) / ( M -2 ; 2 ,2) / 2 -3 ; 2 ,3 / 3 -4 ; 2 , 1 /( 4 -M ; 2 , 4) / ( M -5 ; 2 ,4) / 5 -6 ; 2 ,8 / 6 7 ; 2 ,3 / 7 8 ; 2 ,3 / 8 1; 2 ,0 F : 0 ,50 / 0 ,20-0 ,75 / 2 ,3 / 2 ,0-2 ,8 / I D G : g ranite / A SR ,2ASC ,ICA / R T h e r i ng s tones a re o f v a riable h e ight a nd s hape , a nd a re p oorly s paced , I t h as a s tone r o w d escend ing t o t he s outh-west , T he f i rst s tone i n t h e r o w i s t a ller t h an t h e o thers , s t anding 1 , 05m h igh , I n side t h e r i ng i s ac a irn o f 6 ,5x7 ,0m d iameter w h ich a buts o ne o f t h e o rthostats t o t he s outh , T he r i ng i s t he c entral o ne o f al i ne o f t h ree , o r ientated NW-SSE , 1 : W o rth 1 9 53 2 : G r insell 1 9 79 ( S heepstor 2 9 ) 3 : V isited 1 9 8 1 1 4 :25 D R IZZLECOMBE - NW S X 5 92367 10 D evon-Dartmoor 8 : M /D R3 / P / C : B a rnatt u npublished ; G/ c 8 ,25 / c 9 ,75 / 7 / 6 / c 1 516 / c 1 6 D : I n ner : 1 2M / 1 ; 0 , 15 / 2 ; 0 , 10 / 3 ; F0 ,20 / M / 4 ; 0 , 10 / 4 M /5 ; 0 ,25 / 6 ; 0 ,35 / 7 ; 0 ,20 / 2 M O uter: 1 ; 0 , 15 / M / 2 ; 0 , 15 / 3 ; 0 ,20 / 4 M /4 ; 0 ,35 / 5 : 0 , 15 / 3 M /6 ; 0 ,25 / 2 M E : I n ner : 0 /1 2 ; 1 , 6 /2 -3 ; 1 , 9 /( 3 -M ; 1 , 6) / ( M -4 ; 1 , 6) / 0 / 5 -6 ; 1 , 6 /6 7 ; 1 , 4 /0 O uter: ( 1 -M ; 2 , 1) / ( M -2 ; 2 , 1) / 2 -3 ; 1 , 9 /0 /4 -5 ; 1 , 9 /0 F : 0 ,20 / 0 ,20 / 0 , 10-0 ,35 / 0 , 15-0 ,35 / ( 1 ,6 / 1 , 9) / ( 1 ,41,9 / 1 , 9) / I D /I D G : g ran ite / C ,2ASC ,ICA / T h is r u ined s i te i s d i fficu lt t o i n terpret , A t i t s c entre i s ad istu rbed c a irn o f 7 ,5x6 ,5m d i ameter , T he w estern e dge o f t h is h as r e mnants o f as pacedkerb , 5s tones o f w h ich s t ill s u rvive , t hese s tand b etween 0 ,20 a nd 0 ,25m h igh a nd a re s paced c l‚ 2 m a part , O r igina lly t h e re w ould h ave b een c 1 6 s tones , B eyond t h e c a irn k e rb a re s evera l t i ny o rthostats t hat a p pear t o s tand o n 2r u ined c o n centric c i rcles , T he i n ner o ne s tands c 0 ,5-0 ,75m f r om t h e k e rb a nd t he o u ter o ne i s 0 ,751,00m b eyond t h is , T he v e ry l o w s tones s uggest t h is s ite i s am u ltiple-ring v a riant , T he o ther t w o a d ja cent c i rcles d i ffer f r om D r izz le combe NW i n t h at t h ey h ave s ingle r i ngs o f l a rger s tones a nd b oth h ave a ssociated s tone r o ws , 1 : W orth 1 9 53 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D evon 1 8 ) 3 : G r insell 1 9 79 ( S heepstor 2 8 ) 4 : V isited 1 9 8 1 1 4 :26 D R IZZLECOMBE - SE S X 5 9276704 D evon-Da rtmoor 8 : M /D R 1 /A /C : B a rnatt u npublished ; G/c 1 0 ,0x 10 ,8 / 1 2 /1 6 17 D : 2 -3M / 1 ; F0 ,30 / 2 ; L0 ,60 / 3 ; 0 ,35 / 4 ; F0 ,55 / 5 ; L0 ,30 / 6 ; 0 ,40 / 7 ; F0 ,25 / M /8 ; 0 ,50 / 9 ; F0 ,35 / 1 0 ; F0 ,35 / 1 ; F0 ,35 / 1 2 ; F0 ,35 / M E : 0/1 2 ; 2 , 6 /2 -3 : 1 , 7 /3 -4 ; 2 , 4 /4 -5 ; 1 , 8 /5 -6 ; 1 , 5 /6 -7 ; 2 ,3 / ( 7 -M ; 2 , 1) / ( M -8 ; 2 , 1) / 8 -9 ; 2 ,2 / 9 10 ; 2 , 1 /1 0 11; 1 , 9 /1 12 ; 2 ,3 / 0 F ; 0 ,40 / 0 ,25-0 ,60 / 2 , 1 /1 , 5-2 ,6 / c 7 ,4%

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G : g ran ite / A SR ,2ASC ,ICA / R T he r i ng s tones a re s omewhat v a riab le i n h e ight a nd s hape , a nd a re p oorly s paced . T here i s as tone r o w d escending t o t h e s outhwest , T he f i rst s t one i n t he r ow i s t a ller t h an t h e o thers , s tand ing 0 ,80m h igh , I n side t h e r i ng i s a n o f f-centre c a irn o f 7 ,5x8 ,0m d iameter , T o t h e s outh i t i s 0 ,5m f r om t h e r i ng , w h ile t o t h e n o rth i t i s 1 , 25m , 1 : W o rth 1 9 53 2 : G r insell 1 9 79 ( S heepstor 3 0 ) 3 : V isited 1 9 8 1 1 4 :27 D ULOE S X 2 3595830 C ornwa ll B : L /F 25 / G (PR) / P ; c 1 86 1-3 C : B a rnatt 1 9 82 ; G/c 1 1,7x 10 ,2m / 8 / 8 0 : 1 ; 1 , 50 / 2 ; 2 ,35 / 3 ; 0 ,95 / 4 ; 2 ,65 / 5 ; 1 , 90 / 6 ; 1 , 90 / 7 ; 1 , 60 / 8 ; F ,B , t a ll E : 1 2 ; 3 , 1 /2 -3 ; 3 ,4 / 3 -4 ; 4 ,4 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,9 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,2 / 6 -7 ; 3 , 1 /7 -8 ; 3 ,8 /8 1: 2 ,9 F : 1 , 85 / 0 95-2 ,65 / 3 ,5 / 2 ,9-4 ,4 / c 1 2 ,8% G : q ua rtz / / T h is i r regu lar c i rcle h as s tones o f v a riab le s ize w h ich a ppear t o b e d esigned t o h ave a lternating l a rge , b ulkier s tones , a nd s ma ll o nes , w ith t h e l a rger o nes a t a p p rox imate c a rdinal p o ints , T he s ite w as f i rst n oted i n 1 8 0 1 a nd p a rtia lly r e stored i n 1 8 6 1 o r 1 8 63 , Aw a ll t h at r a n t h rough t h e s ite w as r emoved , T here i s s ome c on fusion w hat e lse w a s d one a t t h is t i me , b ut t h e m ost l i kely i n terpretation o f o ld a c counts i s t hat t wo o f t h e s tones w e re d iscovered u p right , p revious ly h idden i n t h e w a ll a nd t h at o nly t h e n o rthernmost s tone w as r e cumbent , A ttempts t o r e -erect t h is f a iled a s ap o rtion o f i t s b ase b r o ke , T h is l a y b y t h e s tone u ntil a fter 1 9 02 b ut h as n ow v an ished , A T rev isker u rn c o ntaining f r agmentary h uman b ones , a nd s u rrounded b y c harcoal , w as f o und a t t h e b ase o f t h is s tone , 1 : B r itton a nd B ray ley 1 8 0 1 2 : B o rlase 1 8 72 3 : D un kin 1 8 73 4 : D y mond 1 8 82 5 : L u kis a nd B o rlase 1 8 85 6 : T rege les 1 9 06 7 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C o rnwall 6 ) 8 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( S 1/3 , D u loo) 9 : B a rnatt 1 9 82 1 4 :28 F ERNACRE S X 1 4 487998 C ornwall B : C /F 3 /G /C : B a rnatt 1 9 82 ; G /4 6 ,0 x 4 ,0m / 5 0-59 / 7-93 D : 1 ; F0 ,75 / ( 2 ; F ,DI 0 ,75) 2 -3M / 3 ; F0 ,75 / 4 ; F0 ,50 / 3 -4M / 5 ; 1 , 30 / 2 M /6 ; 0 ,60 /7 ; 0 ,35 / 2 M /8 ; 0 ,30 / 9 ; 0 ,40 / ? M /1 0 ; F ,DI 0 , 75 / 1 ; 0 ,50 / 1 2 ; 0 ,30 / 1 3 ; 1 , 10 / 1 4 ; 0 ,40 / 1 5 ; 0 ,50 / ? M /1 6 ; 0 ,40 / 1 7 ; 0 , 45 / ? M /1 8 ; F0 ,90 / 1 9 ; F0 ,45 / 2 0 ; 0 ,70 / 2 1 ; 0 ,30 / 2 : 0 ,40 / 2 3 ; F0 ,85 / 1 2M / 2 4 ; 0 ,35 / 2 5 ; F0 ,30 /2 6 ; 0 ,45 / 2 7 ; 0 ,50 / M / 2 8 ; 1 , 05 / 2 9 ; 0 ,45 / 3 0 ; 0 ,90 / ? M ? 3 1; S / ? 32 ; F0 ,30 ? 3 3 ; F0 ,30 / 3 4 ; F0 ,85 / 1 3M / ? 3 5 ; F0 ,30 / 3 6 ; 0 , 40 / 3 7 ; 0 ,65 / 1 2M /3 8 ; 0 ,50 /2 -3M / 3 9 : 0 ,50 / 4 0 ; 0 ,45 / 7 4 1; F 0 ,40 / 4 2 ; 0 ,50 / ? M /4 3 ; 0 ,35 / ? M /4 ; 0 ,45 / 4 5 ; 0 ,55 / 4 6 ; 0 ,45 / 4 7 ; 0 ,60 / 7 4 8 ; F0 ,35 / ? 49 ; F ,0 ,60 / 5 0 ; F0 ,40 / 5 1 ; 0 , 70 / ? 5 2 ; 0 ,30 / 5 3 ; 0 ,70 / M / 5 4 ; F0 ,60 / M / D / 5 ; 0 ,65 / 1 2M / 5 6 ; F ,B 1 , 35 / D / 5 7 ; 1 , 00 / 5 8 ; 0 ,75 / M 5 9 ; 0 ,60 E : 0 /3 -4 ; 1 , 2 /0 / 6 -7 ; 1 , 2 /0 /8 -9 ; 1 , 3 /1 12 ; 1 , 2 /1 2 13 ; 1 , 6 /1 3 14 ; 1 , 4 / 1 4 15 ; 1 , 7 /0 / 1 6 17 ; 1 , 3 /0 / 1 8 19 ; 1 , 9 /1 9 -20 ; 1 , 0 /2 0-2 1; 1 , 2 /2 1-22 ; 1 , 2 / 2-23 ; 2 ,0 / 0 / 2 4-25 ; 1 , 7 /2 5-26 ; 1 , 3 /2 6-27 ; 2 ,3 / ( 2 7-M ; 2 , 1) / ( M -28 ; 2 , 1) / 2 8 -29 ; 2 ,5 / 2 9-30 ; 2 ,3 / 0 / 3 6-37 ; 0 ,7 / 0 / 3 9-40 ; 1 , 2 / 0 / 4-45 ; 2 ,2 / 4 5 -46 ; 2 ,4 /4 6-47 ; 1 , 8 /( 4 7-48 ; 1 , 9) / ( 4 8-49 ; 2 ,5) / ( 4 9-50 ; 2 , 0) / 5 0-5 1; 2 ,5 / ( 5 1-52 ; 2 ,0 ) / ( 5 2-53 ; 1 , 7) / ( 5 3-M ; 1 , 9) / ( M -54 ; 1 , 9 ) /( 5 4-M ; 1 , 9) / ( M -D ; 1 , 9) / ( 0 -55 ; 1 , 4) / 0 / ( 5 6-0 ; 2 ,0) / ( D -57 ; 2 ,3 ) /5 7-58 ; 1 , 9 /( 5 8-M ; 2 ,2) / ( M -59 ; 2 ,2) / 5 91; 2 , 1 F : 0 ,55 / 0 ,301,35 / 1 , 7 /0 ,7-2 ,5 / 4 ,3% G : g ranite / - / T h is r i ng i s v e ry i r regu larly b u ilt , b e ing n on-circu lar a nd h aving p oorly s pa ced o r thostats o f v a riable h e ight , M any o f t h e s tones a re s ma ll a nd i n s ome i n stan ces t h ere i s d i fficulty d istingu ishing b etween f a llen o rthostats a nd p a cking s tones , T he i r regu lar s pa cing a lso m a kes d etermination o f t h e o r iginal n umber o f s tones d i fficult , T he s i te w as f i rst r e corded i n 1 8 79 a nd h as c hanged l i ttle , e x cept f o r t h e r emova l o f 2s tones a n d t he

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s m ashing o f at h ird i n t he n orth-west q uadrant , s ome t ime a fter 1 905 , T wo s hort s tretches o f b ank b uilt a gainst t he s tones t o t he SE a re f ragmentary r emains o f a p rehistoric b o undary w hich r uns t angentially t o t he c i rcle a nd p ostdates i t , 1 : L u kis a nd B o rlase 1 8 85 2 : T regelles 1 894 3 : L ewis 1 896 4 : T regelles 1 9 06 5 : G ray 1 908 6 : B url 1 9 76 ( Cornwall 7 ) 7 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( 8 1/7 R ough T or) 8 : B arnatt 1 982

9 : P , H erring , p ers , c omm ,

1 4 :29 F ERNWORTHY - N ORTH S X 6 54884 12 D evon-Dartmoor B : D /F 7 /G (PR) / P ; 1 8 97 B aring G ould C : B arnatt u npublished ; G/1 9 ,1x 19 ,9 / 2 7 /2 9-33 D : 1 ; 0 ,45 / 2 ; L0 ,40 / 3 ; L0 ,30 / ? M /4 ; 0 ,25 / 5 ; 0 ,35 / 6 ; 0 ,35 / 7 ; 0 ,50 / 8 ; 0 ,40 /9 ; 0 ,35 / 1 0 ; 0 ,60 / 1 ; 0 ,50 / 1 2 ; 0 ,50 / 1 3 ; 0 ,90 / 1 4 ; 0 ,85 / 1 5 ; L ,R 1 ,00 / 1 6 ; 1 ,00 / 2 -3M / 1 7 ; L ,R 0 ,70 / 1 8 ; 0 ,70 / 1 9 ; 0 ,95 / 2 0 ; 0 ,55 / 2 1 ; R0 ,65 / 2 ; 0 ,45 /2 3 ; 0 ,40 / ? M /2 4 ; 0 ,45 / ? M /2 5 ; 0 ,50 / 2 6 ; 0 ,40 / 2 7 ; 0 ,50 E : 1 -2 ; 1 ,7 / 2 -3 ; 1 ,5 / ( 3 -M ; M -4 ; 1 ,4 ,1,4 o r 3 -4 ; 2 ,8) / 4 -5 ; 1 , 8 /5 -6 ; 2 ,2 / 6 -7 ; 1 ,9 /7 -8 ; 1 ,9 / 8 -9 ; 1 , 4 /9 10 ; 2 , 1 /1 0 11; 2 , 1 / 112 ; 1 , 9 /1 2 13 ; 2 , 1 /1 3 14 ; 1 ,8 / 1 4 15 ; 1 ,5 / 1 5 16 ; 2 ,5 / 2 -3M ( 2 s tones 7 ,2 ,6m o r 3s tones = 1 ,9m) / 1 718 ; 1 ,6 / 1 8 19 ; 2 ,2 / 1 9 -20 ; 2 ,2 / ( 20-2 1; 2 ,2) / ( 2 1-22 ; 2 ,2 ) / 2-23 ; 2 ,4 / ( 23-M ,M-24 ; 1 , 5 ,1,5 o r 2 3-24 ; 3 ,0) / ( 2 4-M ,M-25 ; 1 , 7 ,1,7 o r 2 4-25 ; 3 ,3) / 2 5-26 ; 2 ,0 / 2 6-27 ; 1 ,8 / 2 71; 2 ,2 F : 0 ,55 / 0 ,251,00 / 1 , 9 /1 , 4-2 ,6 / 4 ,01 G : g ranite / 2 ASC ,3ASR ,ACA / G B a ring G ould n o ted a ll 2 7 s tones w ere s tanding w h ich i nd icates t he s ite w as p artially r e stored b etween 1 8 79 a nd 1 898 , H owever, t he s ite w as i n r e latively g ood c ondition i n 1 8 79 a nd h ence i t s eems o nly 1 s tone h as b een r e-erected ( but i n correctly p ositioned ) a nd a f u rther 2 s traightened , T he s tones a re n ot p articularly r egu larly s paced b ut t heir h eights h a ve b een c a re fu lly s elected t o b e g raded t o t he s outh , T he m ost l i kely o riginal n umber o f s t ones i s 3, T he o nly g ap f o r m issing s tones i s t o t he s outh , a nd t hese a re l i kely t o h ave b een s e lected f o r r emoval b ecause t hey w ere t he l a rgest , I n 1 898 t wo 0 ,6m w ide t r enches w ere d ug a cross t he s ite ( E /W a nd N /S), A f urther 3 s maller t ren ches w ere d ug w i thin t he i n terior, a nd a f ourth b y t he f oot o f o ne o f t he s tones , T he o nly f inds w ere s mall p ieces o f c harcoal o n t he o ld g round s urface , s cattered e verywhere w ith in t he t r enches , T he r ing l i es a t t he h eart o f ac omplex o f m onuments , T here a re 2 p arallel s tone r o ws t o t he s outh , o ne w ith a s tone c ircle , T o t he e ast i s a nother p ossible r u ined c ircle ( o r b arrow), a nd t o t he n orth a s tone r ow , 1 : L ukis a nd A ndrew 1 8 79 2 : B aring G ou ld 1 898 3 : W orth 1 9 53 4 : B url 1 976 ( D evon 1 9 ) 5 : V isited 1 98 1 1 4 :30 F ERNWORTHY - S E S K 6 5558408 B : M /D R 1 /V P /I ; B aring G ould 1 898 C : B arnatt u npublished ; G /c 1 115 / 1 3 /I D 0 : 1 : L0 ,45? / 0 / 2 ; L0 ,50 / 3 ; 0 ,30? E : 1 0 F : ( 0 ,40) / ( 0 ,30-0 ,50) / I D /I D /I D G : g ranite / I C A ,ACA ,2ASC ,3ASR / T h is p ossible s tone c i rcle l ies a s hort d istance

D evon-Dartmoor

t o

t he

E SE

o f

t he

F ernworthy

N orth

c i rcle , I t i s b adly r u ined a nd h as b een s o s ince a t l east 1 8 98 , O nly 1 -3 s tones r emain i n t h e c ircle , 2o f t hese c ould b e f o rtuitous b oulders , w hile t he o ne t o t he s outheast i s a t r ue o rthostat , W ithin t he p ostulated r ing i s ac a irn o f 6 m d iameter, I t w as e x cavated i n 1 8 98 , a t t he c entre w as a 0 ,45m d eep p it , m easuring c 1 ,2x2 ,1m i n p lan , T his c ontained c h arcoal, a l o ng n ecked b eaker, a V -perforated s ha le b utton , af l int k nife , af ragment o f b ronze a nd 2 -3 s herds , b ut t here w ere n o t races o f ab urial, 1 : B aring G ould 1 898 2 : G rinsell 1 9 79 ( Lyd ford 2 4) 3 : V isited 1 98 1

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1 4 :3 1 F ERNWORTHY - S W S K 6 54884 10 D evon-Dartmoor 6 : M /D R 1 /D O /C : L ukis a nd A ndrew 1 8 79 ; P /c 9 ,5 / 0 / c 17-20 0 : N D E : I D F : ( low) / N D /I D /I D /I D G : g ranite / I C A ,ASR ,ASC / R T his r ing l a y i mmediately t o t he s outh o f F ernworthy N orth b ut h as n ow b een t otally r u ined , I n 1 8 79 i t w as p lanned a s an ear c omplete c ircle o f 1 5 l ow o rthostats w ith o nly 2 5 m issing , T hey s urrounded a c a irn o f c 6 ,5m d iameter w ith t races o f a s paced k erb , A d ouble s tone r ow r an t o t he s outh ; af ew s tones o f t h is s urvive , B y 1 898 , w hen t h e c airn w as d ug o ver, t he o uter c ircle h ad g one a nd t he r ow , k erb a nd c a irn h ad b een r o bbed f o r w all b uild ing , T he l ast t races o f t he c airn w ere d estroyed t h is c entury b y f o restry w orkers , 1 : L ukis a nd A ndrews 1 8 79 2 : B aring a nd G ould 1 898 3 : W orth 1 953 4 : G rinsell 1 9 79 ( L yd ford 2 1) 5 : V isited 1 98 1 1 4 :32 G OODAVER S X 2 08775 15 C ornwall B : E /F 9 /R / C : B arnatt 1 9 82 ; G /3 2 ,7x3 1,5 ( R ) /2 4-25 / 3 0-32? 0 : 1 /2 ; B - /M /3 ; 1 , 20 / 4 ; 1 ,05 / 5 ; 1 ,05 / 1 -2M / 6 ; 0 ,90 / 7 ; 1 ,00 / 8 ; 1 , 00 / M / 9 ; F1 ,30 / M / 1 0 ; 1 ,35 / 1 ; 1 ,05 / 1 2 ; 1 ,00 / 1 3 ; 1 , 15 / M / 1 4 ; 1 ,20 / 1 5 : 0 ,95 / 1 6 ; 0 ,95 / 1 7 : 0 ,85 / M ? /1 8 ; 1 ,05 / 1 9 ; 1 , 10 / 2 0 ; 0 ,80 / 2 1 ; 1 , 00 / 2 ; 1 , 05 / 2 3 ; 0 ,90 / 2 4 0 ,95 / 2 5 ; 1 ,05 / M E : 0 /3 -4 ; 3 ,3 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,3 / 0 / 6 -7 ; 3 ,4 / 7 -8 ; 3 ,8 / ( 8 -M ; 2 ,9) / ( M-9 ; 2 ,9) / ( 9 -M ; 3 , 1) / ( M 10 ; 3 , 1) / 1 0 11; 3 ,2 / 112 : 3 ,0 / 1 2 13 ; 3 , 1 /( 13-M ; 3 ,4) / ( M 14 ; 3 ,4) / 1 4 15 ; 3 ,3 / 1 5 16 ; 3 ,4 / ( 1617 ; 4 ,2) / ( 1 718 ; 4 ,3) / ( 1819 ; 3 ,6) / 1 9 -20 ; 3 , 1 /2 0-2 1; 3 ,2 / 2 1-22 ; 3 ,2 / 2-23 : 3 , 1 /2 3-24 ; 3 ,2 / 2 4-25 ; 2 ,8 / 0 F : ( 1 ,05) / ( 0 ,801,35) / ( 3 ,2) / ( 2 ,8-3 ,8) / I D G : g ranite / - / T his s ite w as r estored i n 1 906 b ut n o g ood a ccount s urvives o f t h is , O nly 3 s tones w ere v ertically-set b e fore t h is d ate , b ut i t i s n ot k nown w hich t hese w ere , T he p resent p oor s pacing o f s ome o f t he s tones s uggests f a llen s tones w ere e rected w here t hey l a y r ather t han i n t he ir o riginal p ositions , A f lattening o f t he r ing t o t he e ast m ay r e su lt f rom s tones b eing r e -erected u pside d own , T he r etention o f g aps w here s tones w ere m issing b e fore r estoration , i ndicate t h is s ite i s n ot a f a ke a nd i t i s l i kely t hat i t o r iginally w as a w ell p lanned c i rcular s ite w ith 3 0-32 s imilar s ized s tones , 1 : B reton 1 9 12 2 : A ndrew 1 938 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( C ornwall 8 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( 5 1/17 , T rezibbet) 5 : B arnatt 1 980 6 : B arnatt 1 9 82 1 4 :33 T HE G REY W ETHERS - N ORTH S X 6 38883 16 D evon-Dartmoor B : E /F 9 /R /P ; 1898 B aring G ould C : B arnatt u npublished ; G /3 1 ,8x32 ,2 / 2 0 /3 0 0 : 1 ; R1 , 10 / 2 ; R1 , 10 / 2 P /3 ; 0 ,95 / P / 4 ; 1 ,00 / 5 ; 0 ,90 / 6 ; 1 ,05 / 7 ; 1 , 05 / M / 8 ; 0 ,95 / 9 ; 1 , 05 / P / 1 0 ; 1 ,00 / 1 : 1 ,20 / 1 2 ; R1 , 25 / P / 1 3 ; R1 ,25 / 1 4 ; R1 ,25 /1 5 ; R1 , 20 / 1 6 ; R1 ,05 / 1 7 ; R0 ,90 / 1 8 ; R1 ,20 / 3 P /1 9 ; R1 ,25 / 2 0 ; R1 , 20 / P E : 1 -2 ; 3 ,2 / 2 -P ; 3 ,2 / P -P ; 3 ,5 / P -3 ; 3 ,5 / 3 ; P , 3 , 1 /P -4 ; 3 ,6 / 4 -5 ; 3 , 1 /5 -6 ; 3 ,9 /6 -7 ; 3 ,5 / ( 7 -M ; 3 ,5) / ( M -8 ; 3 ,5) / 8 -9 ; 2 ,9 / 9 -P ; 3 ,6 / P 10 ; 3 ,5 / 1 011; 3 ,0 / 112 ; 3 ,4 / 1 2 -P ; 3 , 1 /P I3 ; 3 ,3 / 1 3 14 ; 4 ,0 / 1 415 ; 3 ,7 / 1 5 16 ; 3 , 1 /1 6 17 ; 3 ,2 /1 718 ; 3 ,4 / 1 8 -P ; 3 ,5 / P -P ; 3 ,4 / P -P ; 3 ,2 / P 19 ; 3 ,3 / 1 9 -20 ; 3 ,3 / 2 0-P ; 3 ,6 / P 1; 3 ,2 F : 1 , 10 / 0 ,901,25 / 3 ,4 / 2 ,9-4 ,0 / 1 ,2% G : g ranite / A SC / M ,?G

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T he t wo s tone c i rcles s tand 6 ,0m a part ,

T hey w ere r estored b etween 1 89 1 a nd 1 900 w ithout

a dequate d ocumentation , F ortunately t hey w ere p lanned p reviously b y L ukis a nd i t c an b e s een f rom t h is t hat t he r estoration w as a ccurate , T his i s c on firmed b y s evera l p its m a rking t he s ites o f s tones r emoved p r ior t o t his d ate , t hese f a ll e xactly o n t he p resent c i rcumference a t t he c orrect s pacings , i n dicating t he r ings d esign h as n ot b een i mproved d u ring r estoration , B oth r ings w ere p artially e xcavated i n 1 898 , t he o nly f ind w as c h arcoal s cattered o n t he o ld g round s urface w ith in t he c ircles , S hortly b e fore 1 8 7 1 t he n orthern c i rcle w as d amaged , w hen s everal s tones w ere r emoved t o b e u sed i n an earby l e at t o t he n orth-east , O f t he 1 0 s tones m issing t oday , 9s ites a re m a rked b y s hallow p its ( some o nly v isible p robably t he s ites o f t he s tones r emoved p it m ay h ave b een r emoved p revious t o r e mained u pright ( 2 o f t hese l eaned a nd

w hen s tagnant w ater l ies o n t he s ite), T hese a re s hortly b efore 1 87 1, t he o ther w ith n o v isible t h is , B efore t he s ite w as r estored , 9 s tones w ere s traightened), 1 s tones w ere r e-erected ,

i n cluding 5 w hich w ere b u ried u nder p eat a nd h ence n ot s hown o n t he L ukis p lan ; t hese p robably f e ll i n a ntiquity , T he r ing h as w ell s pa ced o rthostats o n at rue c ircle , T he s tones a re c arefu lly c hosen s labs w hich a re s ubtly g raded i n h eight t o t he w est , a lthough i t i s n ot c lear i f t h is w as i n tended b y t he b uilders , w hose m ain c oncern m ay h ave b een t hat t hey a ppeared t o b e o f r o ughly e qual h eight , a s a t t he s outhern c ircle , 1 : B ate 1 87 1 2 : L ukis 1 879 3 : B aring G ould 1 899 4 : W orth 1 939 5 : W orth 1 953 6 : B url 1 9 76 ( Devon 2 0a) 7 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( 82/1) 8 : V isited 1 9 8 1,1982 1 4 :34 T HE G REY W ETHERS - S OUTH B : E /F 9 /R /P ; 1 898 B aring G ould

S X 6 38783 11

D evon-Dartmoor

C : B arnatt u npublished ; G / 3,2x34 ,0 / 2 9 /3 0 0 : 1 ; 1 ,00 / 2 ; R0 ,95 / 3 ; 1 , 15 / 4 ; 1 , 00 / 5 ; R1 ,00 / 6 ; 1 ,20 / 7 ; R1 , 10 / P / 8 ; R1 ,25 / 9 ; R1 ,30 / 1 0 ; R1 , 15 / 1 ; R1 ,40 / 1 2 ; R1 , 10 / 1 3 ; R1 ,30 / 1 4 ; R1 ,25 /1 5 ; R0 ,95 / 1 6 ; R1 , 00 / 1 7 ; R1 , 15 / 1 8 ; R1 ,00 / 1 9 ; 1 ,00 / 2 0 ; R1 ,00 / 2 1 ; R1 ,30 / 2 ; R1 , 15 / 2 3 ; R1 , 20 / 2 4 ; R1 ,20 / 2 5 ; R1 ,35 / 2 6 ; R1 ,20 / 2 7 ; 1 , 10 / 2 8 : R1 ,25 / 2 9 ; 1 , 15 E : 1 -2 ; 3 ,4 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,0 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,5 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,8 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,4 / 6 -7 ; 3 ,4 / 7 -P ; 3 , 1 /P -8 ; 3 ,5 / 8 -9 ; 3 ,3 / 9 10 ; 3 ,6 / 1 0 11; 3 ,6 / 112 ; 3 ,4 / 1 213 ; 3 ,3 / 1 314 ; 3 ,5 / 1 415 ; 3 ,9 / 1 5 16 ; 3 , 1 /1 6 17 ; 3 ,2 / 1 7 18 ; 3 ,2 / 1 819 ; 3 ,5 / 1 9-20 ; 3 ,0 / 2 0-2 1; 4 ,0 / 2 1-22 ; 3 ,7 / 2-23 ; 3 ,8 / 2 3-24 ; 3 ,8 / 2 4-25 ; 3 ,8 / 2 5-26 ; 3 ,8 / 2 6-27 ; 3 ,9 / 2 7-28 ; 3 ,8 / 2 8-29 ; 3 ,5 / 2 91; 3 ,9 F : 1 , 15 / 0 ,951,40 / 3 ,5 / 3 ,0-4 ,0 / 2 ,4% G : g ranite / A SC / M T h is r ing h as b een p artially e xcavated a nd r estored ( see a bove), O nly o ne s tone w as r e moved p rior t o r estoration , i t s s ite i s m arked b y ap it a nd i t m ay w ell h ave b een u sed i n t he l eat , B e fore r estoration 7 s tones r emained u pright ( 1 s traightened a t r estoration), a nd 2 s tones w ere r e-erected , i n cluding 2 w hich w ere t otally b uried a nd d o n ot a ppear t h e L ukis p lan , T h is r ing i s a lso c arefully d esigned w ith w ell s paced s tones o n at rue c ircle , r e tain t he s ame n umber o f s tones o n as l ightly l a rger c ircle , t he s pacing b etween t hem i n creased , T he s tones a re c hosen f o r t heir s ub-rectangular s lab-like s hape a nd a re a ll a pproximately e qual h eight , 1 : B ate 1 87 1 2 : L ukis 1 8 79 3 : B aring G ould 1 899 4 : W orth 1 939 5 : W orth 1 9 53

6 : B url 1 9 76 ( Devon 2 0b)

7 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( 82/ 1)

8 : V isited 1 9 8 1; 1 982

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o n T o i s o f

1 4 :35 H ARFORD M OOR S X 6 4505965 B : M /D R 1 /V P /C : B arnatt u npublished ; G /c 14 ,5 / 3 -4 / I D D : 1 ; 0 ,55 / 2 ; F0 ,60 / 3 ; F1 ,00 E : I D F : ( 0 ,70) / ( 0 ,551,00) / I D /I D /I D

D evon-Dartmoor

G : g ranite / I CA / T h is r u ined s ite c omprises a m utilated c a irn o f 1 0 ,5m d iameter w ith t races o f a s urrounding s tone c ircle , O nly o ne o rthostat s tands t o t h e SE , T o t he w est a nd n o rthwest a re 2 r e cumbent s labs , T o t he s outhwest a f ourth s lab , l y ing f urther f rom t he c a irn , m ay b e ad isplaced c ircle o rthostat , T he s ite l ies n ear i n takes , t he b u ilding o f w hich m ay b e t he c ause o f t he d estru ction , s urvived , 1 : G rinsell 1 9 79 ( Harford 2 6)

A ny

a ssociated

f eatures ,

s uch

a s

s tone

r ows ,

h ave

n ot

2 : V isited 1 982

1 4 :36 H ARTOR S X 5 7727 170 D evon-Dartmoor B : M /D R 1 /G /C : B arnatt u npublished ; G /8 ,5 x c 9 ,0 / 1 4 /1 5 D : 1 ; F0 ,80 / 2 ; L0 ,75 / 3 ; F0 ,85 / 4 ; L0 ,85 / 5 ; L0 ,80 / 6 ; L0 ,65 / 7 ; 0 ,55 / 8 ; L1 ,05 / 9 ; 0 ,40 / 1 0 ; L0 ,65 / 1 ; L0 ,95 / M / 1 2 ; 0 ,65 / 1 3 ; 0 ,65 / 1 4 ; F0 ,90 E : 1 2 ; 2 ,2 / 2 -3 ; 1 ,8 / 3 -4 ; 1 ,4 / 4 -5 ; 2 ,0 / 5 -6 ; 1 ,8 / 6 -7 ; 2 ,3 / 7 -8 ; 1 ,9 / 8 -9 ; 2 ,3 / 9 10 ; 2 , 1 /1 0 11; 2 , 1 /( 1 1-M ; 1 , 7) / ( M 12 ; 1 , 7) / 1 2 13 ; 1 ,5 / 1 3 14 ; 1 ,9 / 1 4 1; 1 , 9 F : 0 ,75 / 0 ,401,05 / 1 ,9 / 1 , 4-2 ,3 / c 5 ,5% G : g ranite / I C A ,ASR ,ACA+SR / R T he c i rcle h as b een i n i ts p resent s tate s ince f i rst r e corded i n 1 880 , T he s tones a re i r regular i n h eight a nd s hape , a nd a re p oorly s paced , T h is s ite h as a d ouble s tone r ow d escending t o t he w est , o nly o ne o f t he e nd s tones o f w h ich i s t a ller t han t h e n orm , s tand ing 0 ,75m h igh , W ithin t he r ing i s a7 ,5x8 ,0m c a irn w ith a c entral d isturban ce , T he c a irn a buts t wo o f t he o rthostats t o t he n orthwest , I mmediately a d jacent t o t he r i ng t o t he s outh i s as econd c a irn o f 6 ,5m d iameter , T h is l i es a t t he h ead o f as ingle s tone r ow b ut t here i s n o i ndication o f ac oncentric s tone c i rcle , 1 : L u kis 1 8 80 2 : W orth 1 892 3 ; W orth 1 9 4 1 4 : W orth 1 953 5 : B url 1 9 76 ( D evon 2 1) 6 : G rinsell 1 9 79 ( Walkhampton 1 2 ) 7 : V isited 1 98 1 1 4 :37 T HE H URLERS - C ENTRAL S X 2 5827 139 B : E /F 9 /A ( PR) / E : R aleigh-Radford 1 935-6 C : B arnatt 1 9 82 ; G /4 i ,7x43 ,4m / 1 4 /2 9

C ornwall

D : 5 M /1 ; R0 ,95 / 4 SM / 2 ; R1 ,45 / 3 ; 1 , 40 / S M /4 ; 1 , 50 / 5 ; 1 ,00 / 5 M /6 ; R1 , 40 / 7 ; 1 , 60 / 8 ; 1 , 70 / M / 3 SM / 9 ; 1 ,50 / 1 0 ; R1 ,50 / 1 ; R1 , 15 / 1 2 ; 1 ,45 / S M / 1 3 ; 1 , 50 / 2 SM / ( 14 ; R ,B? 0 ,70) / S M E : ( S M1 : 4 , 1) / ( 1SM ; 4 ,4) / ( SM-SM ; 5 ,4) / ( Sm-SM ; 3 ,7) / ( SM-SM ; 4 ,8) / ( SM 2 ; 4 ,9) / 2 -3 ; 4 ,8 / ( 3SM ; 4 ,6) / ( SM 4 ; 4 ,4) / 4 -5 ; 4 ,4 / ( 5SM ; 4 ,3) / ( SM 6 ; 5 ,0) / 6 -7 ; 4 ,2 /7 -8 ; 4 ,4 / ( 8 -M ; 4 ,7) / ( MSM ; 4 ,7) / ( SM-SM ; 4 ,4) / ( S M-SM ; 4 ,3) / ( SM 9 ; 4 ,5) / 9 10 ; 4 ,5 / 1 0 11; 4 ,3 / 112 ; 5 ,0 / ( 12 SM ; 4 ,3) / ( S M13 ; 4 ,5) / ( 13 SM ; 4 ,5 ) / ( S M-SM ; 4 ,7) / ( SM 14 ; 4 ,4) / ( 1 4SM ; 4 ,3) / ( SM-SM ; 4 ,3) F : 1 , 40 / 0 ,951,70 / 4 ,5 / 4 ,2-5 ,0 / 3 ,9% G : g ranite / 2 ASC ,(2A0?) / M ,G T his c i rcle w as r estored b y R aleigh-Radford a fter p artia l e x cavation i n 1 935-36 , H e r ee rected 5 s tones a nd p laced 1 4 m arkers t o i ndicate w here o ther s toneholes w ere f o und , I n o ne i n stance t o t he SW a m arker w as o mitted , h e f ound a p it h ere w hich h e c oncluded t o b e p rehistoric, H owever, t h is i s s hown o n a1 9th c entury p lan a s at r ial m ineral w orking ; i t p resumably d estroyed a s tonehole , R a leigh-Rad ford f i lled i n o ther t r ial m ineral w o rkings a nd l e velled o ld b oundary b anks w ithin t h is r ing ( and t hat t o t he NE),

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E xcavation

i n

t h e

c entral

a rea

f ound

t hat

t he

i n terior

w as

c overed

i n q uartz

c r ystals , f rom w hich i t w as c oncluded t hat t he s tones h ad b een h ammer d ressed b efore e re ction , A s ma ll c entre s tone w as e rected s outh o f t he s ite c entre ; p resumably t he s tonehole w as d ubious a s i t w as n oted t hat i t w as u ncertain i f i t w as e ver u pright o r n ot , P rior t o t he 1 935 o n ly 8 o f t he s tones w ere s tanding a nd t he s ite h ad d eteriorated s omewhat s ince d o cumented b y B orlase i n t he 1 8 th c entury , I n h is t ime t here w ere a f urther 4f a llen s tones , T he r ings w ere p robably a lready r u ined i n t he 1 6th c entury , a s N orden d id n o t r e cognise t hat t he s tones f e ll o n 3c i rcles , T he r ing i s s lightly o f f-circular , w ith a 1 , 7m b ulge t o t he e ast , I ntractable g ranite i s v isible w ithin t he r ing h ere a nd t he c onstru ction o f a t rue c ircle m ay h ave p roved i m possible , T he s tones a re w ell s paced a nd h ave f lat i n ner f a ces , T hey a re g raded t o t he s outh , T wo t a ll o rthostats l ie s ome d istance t o t he s outh-west o f t he t hree a d jacent c i rcles , T hese a lign t o t he s outhern h alf o f t he c entral c i rcle , b ut t here i s s ome d oubt a s t o t heir a ntiquity , 1 : N orden 1 584 2 : C amden 1 607 3 : B orlase 1 754 4 : B light 1 868 5 : D ymond 1 8 79 6 : L u kis a nd B orlase 1 885 7 : T regelles 1 894 8 : L ewis 1 896 9 : T regelles 1 9 06 1 0 : R ad ford 1 935 1 : R adford 1 938 1 2 : B url 1 976 ( Cornwall 1 0 C) 1 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( S 1/1) 1 4 : B arnatt 1 982 1 4 :38 T HE H URLERS - NE S X 2 5847 146 C ornwall 8 : E /F 9 /A (PR) / E ; R a leigh-Rad ford 1 9 35-6 C : B arnatt 1 9 82 ; G /3 4 ,3x35 ,1 / 1 5 /2 9 0 : 1 ; F1 ,05 / S M /2 ; F1 , 05 / M / 3 ; F1 , 15 / 4 ; L1 ,20 / M / 2 SM / 5 ; R1 , 15 / 6 ; 1 , 45 /7 ; R1 ,50 / 8 : R1 , 35 / 9 ; 1 , 50 / 1 0 ; R0 ,90 / 1 ; 1 ,55 / S M /1 2 ; 1 ,35 / 2 SM / 1 3 : 1 ,30 / M / S M/ 1 4 ; R ,B - / S M M/1 5 : F1 ,20 / D SM / S M E : ( 1SM ; 3 ,6) / ( SM 2 ; 3 ,7) / ( 2 -M ; 3 ,4) / ( M L .3 ; 3 ,4) / 3 -4 ; 4 ,5 / ( 4-M ; 3 ,9) / ( MSM ; 3 ,9) / ( SM-SM : 3 ,6) / ( SM 5 ; 3 ,7) / 5 -6 ; 3 ,8 / 6 -7 ; 3 ,8 / 7 -8 ; 3 ,8 / 8 -9 ; 3 ,9 / 9 10 ; 3 ,6 / 1 0 11; 4 ,0 / ( 1 1SM ; 3 ,5) / ( SM 12 ; 3 ,7) / ( 12 SM ; 3 ,6) / S M-SM ; 3 ,6) / ( SM 13 ; 4 ,0 ) /( 13-M ; 3 ,6) / ( MSM ; 3 ,6) / ( SM 14 ; 4 ,5) / ( 14 SM ; 4 ,0) / ( SM M ; 3 ,0) / ( M 15 ; 3 ,5) / ( 15-M ; 3 ,2) / ( MSM ; 3 ,2) / ( SM 1 ; 3 ,3) F : 1 ,25 / 0 ,901,55 / 3 ,9 / 3 ,5-4 ,5 / 2 ,3% G : g ranite / 2 ASC ,(2A0?) / M ,G T h is r ing w as e xcavated a nd r estored b y R aleigh-Rad ford , b ut h ere t h is w as n ever c ompleted , F ive o f t he o rthostats r ema in f a llen o r l eaning , a nd a bout 5 s toneho les d o n ot s eem t o h ave b een l o cated , P rior t o 1 9 35 o nly 6 s tones r emained s tanding , W hen B orlase v isited t he s ite t here w ere 1 0 u prights a nd 6 f a llen s tones , B y t he m id 1 9th c entury 4 h ad f a llen a nd 3 h ad b een r e moved , R a leigh R adford r e-erected 5 s tones , t wo o f w hich w ere f o und b uried u nder b oundary b anks w h ich w ere r emoved , T here w as a 1 ,8m w ide s trip o f p aving o n t he a x is b etween t h is c i rcle a nd t he c entral o ne , w hich w as n ot a rticulate w ith e ither c ircle , T he s ite i s c i rcu lar a nd t he s tones a re w ell s paced , w ith o ne e xception t o t he n o rthwest , w here a g ranite o utcrop n e cessitated a d ev iation f rom p lan , T he s tones a re g raded t o t he SE r ather t han o n a n a l ignment t o t he c entral c i rcle t o t he SW ; t he r eason f o r t h is i s o bscure , 1 : B orlase 1 7 54 2 : B l ight 1 8 68 3 : D ymond 1 879 4 : L ukis a nd B orlase 1 885 5 : T regelles 1 8 94 6 : L ewis 1 896 7 : T rege lles 1 906 8 : R ad ford 1 938 9 : B url 1 9 76 ( C ornwall 1 0 A) 1 0 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 76 ( S 1/1) 1 : B arnatt 1 982

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1 4 :39 T HE H URLERS - S OUTH S X 2 58 17 133 C ornwa ll 8 : E /F 9 /P /C : B a rnatt 1 9 82 ; G /3 2 ,3x33 ,3 / 9 / 2 9 D ; M/1 ; 1 , 50 / 2 M /P /M /2 ; F1 , 35 / 2 P /3 ; F1 , 65 / 6 M /4 ; 1 , 50 / 5 ; F1 , 50 / P / ( 6 ; F ,B? 0 ,75) / 7 ; F1 , 35 / M / 8 ; F1 , 45 / 3 M /9 ; F1 , 05 / 2 M E ; 0/( 2 -P ; 3 ,5) / ( P -P ; 3 ,2) / ( P -3 ; 3 ,5) / 0 / 4 -5 ; 3 , 6 /( 5 -P ; 3 ,3 ) /( P -6 ; 3 , 1) / 6 -7 ; 4 ,2 / ( 7 -M ; 3 ,4) / ( M -8 ; 3 ,4) / 0 F ; 1 , 40 / 1 , 051,65 / ( 3 ,9) / ( 3 ,5-4 ,2 ) /3 ,0% G : g ran ite / 2 A SC ,(2A0?) / M , ?G T h is r i ng w as l e ft u ntouched b y R a le igh-Rad ford , S everal t r ia l m inera l w orkings s t ill l i e w ith in t h e c i rcle a nd i t i s b ise cted b y at r a ck, B o rlase n o ted 3 u p rights a nd 9 f a llen s tones , b ut b y 1 8 77 o ne h ad f a llen a nd 3 s tones h ad b een r e moved , T he s ite h as n o t c h anged s in ce t h at d a te , I n a dd ition t o t h e 9s tones , t h e s ites o f af u rther 4 c an b e s e en a s s ha llow p its , T he r i ng a ppea rs t o b e c i rcu lar a nd t he s t ones a re e qua lly s paced , t h ey m ay h ave b een g raded t o t h e s outh-east b ut n ot e nough r e mains t o b e c e rtain o f t h is , 1 : B o rlase 1 7 54 2 ; B l ight 1 8 68 3 ; D ymond 1 8 79 4 ; L u kis a nd B o rlase 1 8 85 5 : T regelles 1 8 94 6 : L ew is 1 8 96 7 : T regelles 1 9 06 8 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C ornwall 1 0 B) 9 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 76 ( 9 1/ 1) 1 0 : B a rnatt 1 9 82 1 4 ;40 J OAN F ORD N EWTAKE S K 6 30472 19 D evon-Dartmoor B : M /D R 1? / P / C : B a rnatt u npub lished ; G /c 7 ,6 / 7 / 1 8 ? 0 : 1 ; 0 ,30 / 2 ; F0 ,90 / M ? /3 ; 0 ,60 / M 1 /4 ; 1 , 15 / M ? /5 ; L1 , 00 / 6 M ? /6 ; 1 , 45 / M ? /7 ; 0 ,60 / M ? E : 1 2 ; 1 , 2 /( 2 -M ; 1 , 2 ) /( M -3 ; 1 , 2) / ( 3 -M ; 1 , 5) / ( M -4 ; 1 , 5) / ( 4 -M ; 1 , 2) / ( M -5 ; 1 , 2) /0 / ( 6 -M ; 1 , 5) / ( M -7 ; 1 , 5) / ( 7 -M ; 1 , 2) / ( M 1; 1 , 2 ) F : 0 ,85 / 0 ,301,45 / ( 1 ,3 ) /( 1 ,21,5) / I D G : g r an ite / ? / T h is r i ng h as b een b adly d isturbed b y aw a ll w h ich b isects i t , T oday a l l t hat r e ma ins a re p a rts o f a r i ng o f o rthostats , W a ll b u ild ing m ay h ave r e moved a l l t races o f ac e ntra l c a irn , a nd p ossib ly a n a ssociated s tone r o w w h ich c ou ld h a ve r u n d ownslope t o t h e e a st o r s outh-east , T h ere a re t h ree t a ll o r thostats c 2 00m t o t h e S E , t h ese m ay b e t h e t e rmina l s tones o f t h e r o w , o r a lternatively c o u ld b e as e cond s t one r o w , T he s pacing o f t h e r ing o rthostats i s d i fficu lt t o i n terp ret a s o ne s tone d isrupts a r e lative ly r egu lar p a ttern , i f t h is h as b een d isp la ced t h ere m ay h ave b een o n ly 8 -9 s tones o r ig inally , T he s u rv iv ing s tones v a ry g r eatly i n h e ight , 1 ; W o rth 1 9 11 2 : G r insell 1 9 79 ( L yd ford 9 1 ) 3 : V isited 1 9 82 1 4 ;4 1 K ING A RTHUR 'S D OWN - E SE S X 1 3 487750 C o rnwall B : 0 /F 6 / P /C : B a rnatt 1 9 80 ; G /c 23 ,25 / 6 / c 1 8-2 1 0 : 4 5M / 1 ; 0 , 50 / 3 -4M / 2 ; F2 , 15 / 3 ; F ,B - / 4 ; F1 , 05 / 5 ; S /2 M /6 ; S /3 4M E : 0 /2 -3 ; 4 ,0 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,2 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,2 / 0 F : ( 0 ,80+2 ,15) / ( 0 ,501,05+2 ,15) / ( 3 ,5) / ( 3 ,2-4 ,0) / I D G : g ran ite / A SC / M , 18 T h is c i rcle ( a nd t h at a d ja cent) l i es n ear a w a ll a nd h as b e en r o bbed , s evera l s tones h ave b een r e du ced t o s tumps , w h ile o the rs h ave b een r e moved a l together , T he s tones a p pea r t o h ave b een i n t h is s tate s in ce a t l e ast 1 8 60 w hen F l inders P e trie p lanned t h em ( u npublished) , T here w as o ne p a rticu la rly t a ll s tone i n t h e r i ng t o t h e SE ( n ow f a llen ), 1 : L ew is 1 8 96 2 : B a rnatt 1 9 80 3 : B a rnatt 1 9 82

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1 4 :42 K ING A RTHUR 'S D OWN - W NW

S K 1 3 45775 1

C ornwall

B : 0 /F 6 / A /C : B a rnatt 1 980 ; G /c 23 ,5x23 ,0 / 8 / 1 7 -22 0 : 1 ; 1 ,00 / M / 2 ; S /M /3 ; F0 ,75 / 2 -4M / 4 ; F1 ,50 / 5 ; S ? 7 : S ? /1 2M / 8 ; 0 ,90 / M E : ( 1 -M ; 3 , 1) / ( M -2 ; 3 , 1) / ( 2-M ; 4 ,0) / ( M -3 ; 4 ,0) / 0 / 4 -5 ; 4 ,6 ( 8 -M ; 3 ,7) / ( 1 1; 3 ,7)

/6 ; S - /3 -5M / /5 -6 ; 2 ,7 / 0 /

F : ( 0 ,90+ 1,50) / ( 0 ,751,00+ 1,50) / ( 3 ,6) / ( 2 ,7-4 ,6) / I D G : g ranite / A SC ,ICA / M ,?S T h is s ite h as a s mall, d isturbed m ound a t i t s c entre , o f c 4 ,5m d iameter , w h ich m ay b e p rehistoric, T here w as o ne p articularly t a ll s tone i n t he r ing t o t he SE ( now f a llen), t he o thers a re o f v ariable h eight a nd a re i r regularly s pa ced , S everal h ave b een r edu ced t o s tumps , 1 : L ewis 1 896 2 : B arnatt 1 980 3 : B arnatt 1 982 1 4 :43 L AKEHEAD H ILL S X 6 4507760 B : M /D R 1 /R / C : B a rnatt u npublished ; G /c 8 ,0x6 ,7(R) / 6 / 1 0 ?

D evon-Dartmoor

0 : 1 ; 0 ,35 / 2 ; 0 ,25 / 3 ; 0 ,35 / M ( r ow s tone 0 ,35) / M / 4 ; 0 ,45 / M / 5 ; 0 ,45 / 6 ; 0 ,65 E : 1 2 ; 2 ,5 2 -3 ; 1 ,9 / ( 3 -M ; 2 ,3) / ( M -M ; 2 ,3) / ( M -4 ; 2 ,3) / ( 4-M ; 2 ,4) / ( M -5 ; 2 ,4) / 5 -6 ; 2 ,0 / ( 6 -M ; 2 , 1) / ( M1; 2 , 1) F : 0 ,40 / 0 ,25-0 ,65 / ( 2 ,1) / ( 1 ,9-2 ,5) / I D G : g ranite / I C I,SR / R T h is s ite w as r e stored i n c 1895 , I t h as b een s uggested t o b e af a ke b ut t h is i s n ot s o , a s i n dicated b y B a ring G ou ld 's b rief a ccount , T he c i rcle h as s ix s tones , a nd t he a butting r ow w h ich r uns t o t he e ast h as e leven , a s t hey d id w hen f irst f ound , H owever, i t i s n ot k nown h ow m any o f t hese h ave b een r e-erected , T he c entral c ist i s e xceptionally l a rge , m easuring 1 , 60x 1,15m i n ternally , W hen t h is w as f i rst f ound t he c apstone w as d isplaced a nd t he s ide s labs w ere r e cumbent , T he r estoration m ay w ell b e i n accurate , t he o rig ina l c ist h aving b een s omewhat s maller , A nother i n dication t hat r estoration w as c a reless i s t hat t he f irst s tone o f t he r ow a ppears t o l ie w ith in t he c ircle , E ither t h is w as o rig inally a d isplaced c i rcle s tone , o r a s s eems m ore l i kely , p art o f t he r ow ; t he c i rcle-stone i m mediately t o t h e n orth h aving b een e rected u pside d own , d istorting t he c i rcle d iameter o utwards b y a bout a m etre a t t h is p o int , T wo f u rther s toneho les i n t he r ow w ere f ound a t t he t ime o f r e storation b ut i t i s n ot k nown h ow m uch f u rther t he r ow o riginally e xtended , T he i n terior o f t h e r ing h as l i ttle s ign o f a n i n ternal m ound , b ut t he c entral c ist s uggests o ne p robably o nce e xisted , T here a re f u rther s tone r ows a nd c airns i n t he v icinity , 1 : B aring G ou ld e t a l 1 8 96 2 : B railsford 1 938 3 : W orth 1 9 53 4 : D avidson a nd S eabrook 1 9 73 5 : B url 1 9 76 ( Devon 2) 6 : G r insell 1 9 79 ( Lydford 5 4)

7 : V isited 1 98 1

1 4 :44 L ANGSTONE M OOR S X 5657820 D evon-Dartmoor B : E /F 9 /R /C : B a rnatt u npublished ; G /c 23 ,0 / 1 7 /c 18 D : 1 ; F0 ,90 / 2 ; 1 ,05 / 3 ; /4 ; S ,T 1 , 90 / 5 ; S /6 ; S ,T 1 ,00 / 7 ; F1 ,05 / 8 ; S /9 ; S /1 0 ; 1 , 10 / 1 ; F0 ,90 / 1 2 ; F0 ,90 / 1 3 ; F1 , 00 / 1 4 ; 0 ,90 / 1 5 ; F1 ,50 / 1 6 ; S ,T 1 , 20 / o uter s tone 0 ,65 E : I D F : c 1 ,1 / c 0 ,651,90 / I D /I D /I D G : g ranite / - / T h is c i rcle w as f u lly r e stored i n 1 894 , B e fore t h is d ate a l l t he s tones w ere r e cumbent , a lthough s ome h ad f a llen i n r e cent t imes a s i n dicated b y p its a round t heir b ases , U n fortunately n o p re-restoration p lan w as e ver m ade , A s r estored , t he c i rcle c omprised 1 6

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t a ll o rthostats i n a2 3 ,0x 16 ,0m r i ng , I n a ddition , t h ere w e re t wo s tones a nd t h e p it o f a t h ird , a l l s et 3 ,0m o utside t h e r i ng i n ac on centric a r c t o t he s outh-west , I t i s l i kely t h at t h e r e storers m ista kenly r e stored m any o f t h e s tones u pside d own , h en ce s ho rtening t h e d iameter t o t h e s outh-west a nd n o rth-east ; o r iginally t h e s tones i n t h e p r esent o uter a r c p robab ly s tood o n t h e c i rcle , T h is m ay h ave b een c i rcu lar , w ith a d iameter o f c 23 ,0m , a nd i f t he p resent s pacing o f s tones ( 3 ,0-4 ,5m ) i s a nyth ing l i ke c o rrect , t h en t h ere w ou ld h ave p robab ly b een 1 8 i n t o tal , S in ce r e storation , t h e s ite h as s u ffered b ad ly a t t h e h ands o f t h e a rmy , B y 1 9 53 m any o f t h e s tones h ad b een d amaged , T oday o n ly 4 s tones r e ma in u p right , 6h ave f a llen ( a t l e ast t w o r e cently ), 3 s tumps h ave t h e ir b ro ken t o ps n e arby , a nd 4 s tumps h ave o n ly f r agments n earby , O ne o f t h e s tones i n t h e o uter a r c i s m i ssing , 1 : B a ring G ou ld e t a l 1 8 95 2 : W o rth 1 9 53 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D evon 2 4 ) 4 : V isited 1 9 8 1 1 4 :45 L EA H S X 1 3 677729 C o rnwall B : E /F 9 /A /C : B a rnatt 1 9 82 ; G /2 4 ,5x25 ,1 / 1 4 /2 D : M /1 ; 1 , 10 / 2 ; 1 , 05 / 3 ; 1 , 15 / 4 : 1 , 10 / M / 5 ; L1 , 15 / P / P / 6 : F1 , 05 / 7 ; F1 , 05 / P / 8 : F1 , 15 / 9 ; L1 , 05 / 1 0 ; 1 , 05 / 1 ; L1 , 15 / M / 1 2 ; L1 , 15 / M / 1 3 ; 1 , 15 / 1 4 ; F1 , 00 / M E : ( M 1; 3 ,5 ) /1 2 ; 3 ,3 / 2 -3 : 3 ,5 / 3 4 ; 3 ,5 / ( 4 -M : 3 ,5 ) /( M -5 ; 3 ,5) / ( 5 -P ; 3 , 5 ) / ( P -P : 3 ,5) / ( P -6 ; 3 ,7) / 6 :7 ; 3 ,4 / ( 7 -P ; 3 ,8) / ( . P -8 ; 3 ,8) / 8 -9 ; 3 , 1 /9 10 ; 3 ,8 / 1 0 11; 3 ,7 / ( 1 1-M ; 3 ,5 ) /( M 12 ; 3 ,5 ) /( 1 2-M ; 3 ,6) / 0 13 ; 3 ,6 / 1 3 14 ; 3 , 1 / ( 1 4-M ; 3 ,5) / ( M -M ; 3 ,5 ) F : 1 , 10 / 1 , 001,15 / 3 ,4 / 3 , 1-3 ,8 / 2 , 4% G : g ran ite / - / T h is s ite h as b een i n i t s p resent s tate s in ce f i rst s urveyed i n 1 8 92 , l t i s b ise cted b y a C o rn ish h edge , T o t h e s outh t he s ites o f 3 r e moved s tones c an b e s een a s v e ry s hallow p its , T he s tones a re o f e qual h e ight t h roughout , h ave f l at t o ps a nd i n ner f a ces , a nd t h e r i ng i s c i rcu lar , 1 : L ew is 1 8 92 2 : T regelles 1 8 94 3 : T rege lles 1 9 06 4 : G rey 1 9 08 5 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C ornwall 1 ) 6 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 5 1/6) 7 : B arnatt 1 9 82 1 4 :46 L ESKERN ICK - N W S K 1 8 607993 C o rnwa ll B : D /P F6 / A / C : H e rring u npublished ; G /c 22 ,5x23 ,0 / 1 18 / c 2 6-28 D : 1 ; F0 ,30 / M / 2 ; F0 , 70 / ? 3 ; F0 ,30 / M / 4 ; 0 ,40 / M / 5 ; F0 ,60 / 1 2M / 6 ; F0 ,40 /? 7 ; F0 ,50 / 1 2M / 8 ; F0 ,80 / 9 ; 0 ,65 / 1 0 ; F0 ,30 / M / ( ? 11; S ) /1 2 ; F0 ,50 / M /? 1 3 ; F0 ,50 / ? 1 4 ; F R /M / 1 5 ; F0 ,40 / 1 6 ; F0 ,30 / ? 1 7 ; F0 ,30 / M / 1 8 ; 0 ,60 E : ( 1 -M ; 2 ,8 ) /( M -2 ; 2 ,8) / 2 -3 ; 3 ,0 / ( 3 -M ; 2 ,4) / ( M -4 ; 2 , 4) / ( 4 -M ; 2 ,4) / ( M -5 ; 2 ,4) /0 / 8 -9 ; 2 ,8 / 9 10 ; 2 ,3 / 0 / 1 5 16 ; 3 ,5 / ( 1 617 ; 3 , 8) / ( 1 7-M ; 2 ,8) / ( M 18 ; 2 ,8) /1 8 1; 3 ,3 F : ( c 0 ,45) / ( c 0 ,30-0 ,80 ) /( 3 ,0) / ( 2 ,3-3 ,5) / I D G : g ran ite / 1 0 ? A SR ,ASC / M T h is p robab le s tone c i rcle w as d is covered r e cent ly , i t m ay b e af o rtu itous g roup o f s tones b u t t h e a r rangement s eems a n u n likely c o incidence , F ive o f t h e f a llen s tones a r e b u ried a nd i t i s n o t c l ea r i f t h ese a re p a rt o f t h e m onument o r n o t , Al a rge r e cumbent ' p illarl i ke ' s lab l i es a t t h e c entre o f t h e r i ng , w h ich i s 3 ,80m l o ng , a nd m ay b e af a llen c entre s tone o r a lternative ly c ou ld b e e a rth fast , T here i s as t one r o w , o r ientated e a st/west , b e tween t h e t w o w idely s pa ced s tone c i rcles h ere , 1 : P ,Herring ( p ers , c omm , 1 9 83) 2 : V isited 1 9 83

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1 4 :47 L ESKERNICK - S E S X 1 88 1796 1 C ornwall B : E /F 9 / A /C : B a rnatt 1 980 ; G c 30 ,4m / 2 1 /3 1-33 0 : M/1 ; F1 , 20 / 2 ; F1 , 15 / 3 ; F B 1 ,00 / 2 M /4 ; F1 ,05 / 5 ; S /6 ; F0 ,70 / M / 7 ; F1 ,05 / 8 ; F1 ,05 / 9 ; F1 , 15 / 1 0 ; F0 ,90 / 1 ; F0 ,90 / 1 2 ; S/1 3 ; F1 , 15 / M / 1 4 : F1 ,05 / 1 5 ; F1 , 05 / 1 6 ; F0 ,90 / 1 -2M / 1 7 ; F1 , 15 / M ? /1 8 ; F1 , 15 / 1 9 ; F1 ,20 /2 0 ; F1 ,20 / 3 -4M / 2 1 : 1 , 15 / ? M E : 1 2 ; 2 .4 / 2 -3 : 2 ,4 / 0 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,3 / 5 -6 ; 3 , 1 /( 6-M ; 3 ,4) / ( M-7 ; 3 ,4) / 7 -8 ; 2 ,9 / 8 -9 : 2 ,9 / 9 10 ; 3 ,2 / 1 0 11: 3 ,2 / 112 ; 3 , 1 /1 2 13 ; 2 ,8 / ( 13-M ; 3 ,2) / ( M14 ; 3 ,2) /1 d15 ; 2 ,9 / 1 516 ; 3 ,2 / 0 / 1 9 -20 ; 2 ,5 / 0 F : 1 ,05 / 0 ,701,20 / 3 ,0 / 2 ,4-3 ,3 / I D G : g ranite / - / A l l t he s tones o f t h is r ing h ave f a llen a nd s everal t o t he n orth h ave b een r emoved , T rial m ineral e xtraction h as a lso e ncroached o n t he s ite t o t he n orth a nd s outheast , O rig inally t h e s ite s eems t o h ave b een c ircular w ith e qually s paced s tones o f s imilar s ize . 1 : B arnatt 1 980 2 ; B arnatt 1 982 1 4 :48 L OUDEN H ILL S X 1 3207949 C ornwall B : E /F 9 / P /C : B arnatt 1 980 ; G /c 45 ,5x43 ,0m / 1 617 / 3 0-35 0 : 1 ; F1 ,05 / M / 2 ; 0 ,55 / 4 -6M / 3 ; F1 ,00 / 3 M /? 4 ;F 0 ,45 / 5 ; F0 ,85 / 6 ; F0 ,90 / 7 ; L1 ,45 / 8 ; F1 ,20 / 9 ; F1 ,00 / 4 -6M / 1 0 ; F0 ,85 / 1 ; F1 , 05 / 2 M /1 2 ; F1 , 05 / 1 3 ; 0 ,60 / 1 4 ; 0 ,70 / 1 5 ; F1 ,05 / 1 6 ; 0 ,45 / 1 7 : F1 ,00 E : ( 1 -M ; 4 ,0) / ( M-2 ; 4 ,0) / 0 / 6 -7 ; 5 ,0 / 7 -8 ; 4 ,7 / 8 -9 ; 4 ,5 / 0 / 1 0 11; 4 ,4 / 0 / 1 2 13 ; 4 ,5 / 1 314 ; 5 , 1 /1 4 15 ; 5 ,7 / 1 516 ; 4 ,7 / 1 617 ; 3 ,2 / 1 71; 4 , 1 F : 0 ,90 / 0 ,451,45 / 4 ,6 / 3 ,2-5 ,7 / c 5 ,5% G : g ranite / - / T h is c ircle a ppears t o h ave b een e xtensively r obbed , d espite i t s i solated p osition ( ex cept f o r o ther p rehistoric s ites), u nless m any o f i t s s tones a re b uried u nder p eat , 1 : B arnatt 1 9 80 2 : B arnatt 1 982 1 4 :49 M AROON D OWN S X 7 67687 19 D evon-Dartmoor B : C /F 3 /P /C : B arnatt u npublished ; G/c 38 ,5 / 2 1 /5 1-66 0 : 117M / 1 ; L0 ,95 / 2 ; F0 ,60 / 3 ; F0 ,80 / 4 ; F0 ,70 / 5 ; F0 ,60 / 6 ; F0 ,90 / 7 ; F1 ,60 / 2 -4M / 8 ; L0 ,75 / 9 ; F0 ,70 / M / 1 0 ; F1 ,00 / 5 -8M / 1 ; F0 ,40 / 1 2 ; F1 , 10 / 1 3 ; F0 ,90 / M / 1 4 ; F0 ,60 / M / 1 5 ; F0 ,80 / 1 -2M / 1 6 ; F1 , 00 / 4 -7M / 1 7 ; 1 ,35 / 2 M /1 8 ; F0 ,90 / 1 9 ; F0 ,60 / M / 2 0 ; L0 ,90 / 2 1 ; L0 ,90 / M E : 0/1 -2 ; 2 , 1 /2 -3 ; 2 ,6 / 3 -4 ; 1 , 4 /4 -5 ; 2 , 1 /5 -6 ; 1 ,9 / 6 -7 ; 1 ,8 / 0 / 8 -9 ; 2 ,4 / ( 9 -M ; 1 ,8) / ( M10 ; 1 , 8) / 0 / 112 ; 2 ,7 / 1 2 13 ; 2 ,5 / ( 13-M ; 2 ,2) / ( M14; 2 ,2) / ( 1 4-M ; 2 , 1) / ( M15 ; 2 , 1) / 0 / ( 1 7-M ; 1 ,6) / ( M-M ; 1 ,6) / ( N18 ; 1 , 6) / 1 8 19 ; 2 ,5 / ( 19-M ; 1 ,6) / ( M-20 ; 1 , 6) / 2 0-2 1; 1 ,5 / 0 F : 0 ,85 / 0 ,401,60 / ( 2 ,1) / ( 1 ,5-2 ,7) / I D G : g ranite / A CA / T h is s ite w as f i rst n oted i n 1 7 52 b y M illes i n a l e tter t o B orlase , w hen i t w as i n m uch t h e s ame s tate a s t oday , w ith o nly 5 u prights , N o f urther a ccounts o f t he s ite a ppeared u ntil 1 979 , M illes n oted a n o riginal t otal o f ' n ear 7 0 ' s tones t he m a jority e ither g one o r a lmost b uried , T his m ay s uggest i t h ad r e cently b een r obbed , H owever, w hat a ppears t o b e a r e ave b isects t he s ite i n i ts w estern h alf, w hich c ould s uggest m uch e arlier d amage , T here i s a lso a t inners p it o n t he n orth-eastern c ircumference , 1 : F letcher 1 9 79 2 : V isited 1 982

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1 4 :50 M ERRIVALE - C ENTRAL S X 5357463 D evon-Dartmoor 8 : D /F 7 /G /P ; B ate 1 87 1 C : B arnatt u npublished ; G /2 0 ,3x 18 ,7 / 1 0 (+ 1) / 1 9-20? 0 : 1 ; 0 ,35 / M ? /2 ; 0 ,60 / M ? 3 ; 0 ,50 M ? /4 ; 0 ,65 / 5 ; 0 ,60 / M ? /6 ; 0 ,45 / M ? / 7 ; 0 ,25 / 2 -3M? / 8 ; 0 ,30 / M ? /9 ; 0 ,30 / 1 0 ; 0 ,30 / M ? E : ( 1-M ; 3 ,5) / ( M -2 ; 3 ,5) / ( 2-M ; 2 ,6) / ( M-3 ; 2 ,6) / ( 3 -M ; 2 ,8) / ( M-4; 2 ,8) / 4 5 ; 2 ,6 /( 5-M ; 3 ,3) / ( M-6 ; 3 ,3) / ( 6-M ; 3 ,5) / ( M-7 ; 3 ,5) / 0 / ( 8-M ; 3 ,5) / ( M-9 ; 3 ,5) / 9 10 ; 3 ,7 / ( 10-M ; 3 ,3) / ( M1; 3 ,3) F : 0 ,45 / 0 ,25-0 ,65 / ( 3 ,1) / ( 2 ,6-3 ,7) / 7 ,9% G : g ranite / 3 A0 ,4ASR ,2ASC G T oday t h is c i rcle h as 1 s tones , H owever, e arly p lans i n dicate o nly 1 0 s tones ; t hat b etween s tones 7 a nd 8 t o t he w est w as i nserted b etween 1 8 79 a nd 1 895 , I n 1 871 B ate c ut a t rench f rom t he c entre o f t he s ite t o t he SW e dge ; n o f inds w ere m ade , T his t r ench i s s till v isible a nd t here i s a lso a p it t o t he e ast o f t he c entre , T he s tones i n t h e c ircle d o n ot f a ll o n ap articularly c ircular r ing , W hen t he n ew s tone i s i gnored , i t c an b e s een t hat t hey a re g raded t o t he s outh-east , F urther s tones m ay w ell h ave b een r emoved a nd h ence i t i s n ot c lear h ow g ood t he s pa cing b etween s tones w as , I f i t w as a nything l i ke e qual t here w ou ld h ave b een 1 9-20 s tones , H owever , t he s pacing m ay b e e rratic, a nd i f s o , t he t otal c ould h ave b een a s l ow a s 1 , A bout 7 ,5m o utside t he r ing t o t he e ast a re t wo r ad ially-set s labs s tanding 0 ,35 a nd 0 ,25m h igh , T o t he NE a t hird r adial s lab s tands 0 ,25m h igh , t h is i s 1 5 ,0m f r om t he c i rcle , T o t he s outh a nd s outheast a re t wo p its , b oth 9 ,0m f rom t he c ircle , T hese w ere e x cavated i n 1 895 a nd i n terpreted a s s tone h oles , t hey h ad p acking s tones a nd o ne c ontained a f l int f lake , T his o uter s etting o f r adial s labs i s d ifficult t o i n terpret, t hey m ay b e a n o uter c ircle s et e x centrically t o t he s urviving r ing , H owever, t here i s n o i n dication o f s tones t o t he w est a nd t here a re n o p arallels f o r s uch a s etting , F u rther s tones m ay w ell h ave b een r obbed e lsewhere i n t he v icinity b ut t heir a rrangement m ust r emain c on jectural, T he s ite l ies a t t he c entre o f a n e xtensive m onument c omplex , w ith s tone r ows , b arrows , m enhirs , a nd s maller s tone c ircles t o t he n orth a nd s outh , 1 : K empe 1 8 29 2 : W ilkinson 1 8 60 3 : B ate 1 8 7 1 4 ; L ukis a nd R ode 1 8 79 5 : B aring G ould e t a l 1 895 6 : W orth 1 9 53 7 : B url 1 9 76 ( Devon 2 6) 8 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( 82/2) 9 : V isited 1 98 1 1 4 :5 1 M ERRIVALE - N ORTH S X 5447477 D evon-Dartmoor B : M /D R 1 /G /C : B arnatt u npublished ; G /3 ,7 x c 4 ,4 / 7 / 1 0 D : 1 ; 0 ,45 / 2 ; 0 ,25 / 3 ; R A ,L 0 ,50 / 4 ; R A ,F 0 ,35 ! M / 5 : 0 ,55 / 6 ; 0 ,50 / 2 M /7 ; 0 ,25 E : 1 -2 ; 1 ,3 / 2 -3 ; 1 ,3 / 3 -4 ; 1 ,3 / ( 4-M ; 1 ,3) / ( M-5 ; 1 , 3 )/ 5 -6 ; 1 , 6 /( 6-M ; 1 , 2) / ( M -M ; 1 , 2) / ( M -7 ; 1 ,2) / 7 1; 1 ,3 F : 0 ,40 / 0 ,25-0 ,55 / 1 , 4 /1 ,21,6 / c 15 ,9% G : g ranite / A SR ,ICA / R T h is s mall r ing i s u nique i n t hat i t l i es m idway a long a d ouble s tone r ow o r ientated E NE/WSW , O rig inally i t m ay h ave s tood a t o ne e nd o f a r ow w hich w as s ubsequently l e ngthened , T o t he e ast , t wo o f t he c i rcle s tones a re s et r adially a nd a lign t o t h e r ow , I n c ontrast , t o t he w est t he s tones w ere s et t angentially , N either o f t he l a tter s u rvives t oday b ut o ne s tood u pright i n t he l ate 1 9 th c entury , Ap it h as b een d ug h ere a nd u p cast p laced t o t he w est , p resumably w hen t he o rthostat w as r emoved , I t i s u ncertain w h ich h alf o f t he r ow w as b uilt f irst , t he r ad ial c i rcle s tones t o t h e e ast m ay s uggest t he w estern h alf i s l a ter , I n side t he r ing i s a 2 ,5m c airn w ith a p it a t t he c entre , I t h as b een s uggested t here i s ac ist h ere , b ut t he s tones v isib le t oday a re m ore v iably i n terp reted a s c a irn r ubble , 1 : L ukis a nd P ode 1 8 79 2 : B aring G ould e t a l 1 895 4 : G rinsell 1 9 79 ( Walkhampton 6 ) 5 : V isited 1 98 1

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3 : W orth 1 9 4 1

1 , 1 : 52 M ERRIVALE - S OUTH S X 5377459 B : M /D R 1 /P /C : B a rnatt u npublished : G /c 6 ,5 / 4 / I D 0 : 1 ; F0 ,30 / 2 ; F1 , 30 / 3 ; R0 ,25 / 4 ; 0 ,25 E : I D F : ( 0 ,50) / ( 0 ,251,30) / I D /I D /I D G : g ranite / A SR ,ICA / R ?

D evon-Dartmoor

T h is s ite h as b een r u ined s i n ce f i rst r e co rded i n 1 8 79 , I n 1 8 95 t w o o f t h e s tones w e re r e e r e cted , b ut t h e t a ller o f t h ese h as s in ce f a llen a ga in , E arly p lans o n ly i l lustrate 3 s t ones , b ut a f o u rth r e cumbent s lab i s v isib le t o day , W ith in t h e r i ng i s a2 ,5m c a irn w ith ad i sturbed c e ntre , T o t h e W SW o f t h e r i ng i s a t a ll m enhir s tanding 3 ,05m h igh a nd s e veral l o w s labs a l l u nde r 0 ,40m h igh , T hese a ppear t o b e t h e l a st v estiges o f s tone r o ws , r o bbed f o r t h e w a ll i m med iately t o t h e s outh , H owever , t h ey a r e d i fficu lt t o i n terpret i n d e tail , O ne s h ort r o w o f 3 -4 s labs i s o r ientated n o rth-south , T h ere i s a p o ssible s e cond r o w o f 1 4 s labs o r ientated W SW-ENE a nd a l igned o n t h e c i rcle , I t i s n ot c l ear e xactly h o w t he m enh ir r e lates t o e ither, 1 : L u kis a nd P ode 1 8 79 2 : B a ring G ou ld e t a l 1 8 95 3 : G r insell 1 9 79 ( W alkhampton 4 ) 4 : V isited 1 9 8 1 1 4 :53 M ERRY M A IDENS S W 4 327245 1 C o rnwall B : E /F 9 /G ( P R ) /C : B a rnatt 1 9 82 ; G /2 3 ,6x24 ,0 / 1 8 (91) / 2 0 D : 1 ; N - /2 ; 1 , 20 / 3 ; 0 ,95 / 4 ; 1 , 15 / M / 5 ; 1 , 00 / ( 6 ; R1 , 15) / ( 7 ; R1 , 20) / 8 ; 1 , 40 / 9 ; 1 , 30 / 1 0 ; 1 , 15 / 1 ; 1 , 25 / 1 2 ; 1 , 25 / 1 3 ; 1 , 35 / 1 4 ; 1 , 20 / 1 5 ; 1 , 10 / 1 6 ; 1 , 00 / 1 7 ; 0 ,85 / 1 8 ; 0 ,95 / 1 9 ; 1 , 00 E : ( M -2 ; 3 ,4) / 2 -3 ; 3 ,8 / 3 4 ; 3 ,5 / ( 4 -M ; 3 ,5) / ( M -5 ; 3 ,5) / ( 5 -6 ; 3 ,5) / ( 6 -7 ; 3 ,9) / ( 7 -8 ; 3 ,8) / 8 -9 ; 3 ,4 / 9 10 ; 3 ,4 / 1 0 11; 3 ,8 / 1 12 ; 3 ,8 / 1 2 13 ; 3 ,7 / 1 3 14 ; 4 ,2 / 1 4 15 ; 4 ,0 / 1 5 16 ; 4 ,0 / 1 6 17 ; 3 ,7 / 1 7 18 ; 4 ,3 / 1 8 19 ; 3 ,7 / ( 1 9-M ; 3 , 4) F : 1 , 15 / 0 ,851,40 / 3 ,8 / 3 ,4-4 ,3 / 1 , 7% G : g ranite / A S C /M ,G I n t h e 1 8 th c entury o n ly 1 8 s tones e x isted , 2o f w h ich w e re f a llen , B etween 1 8 62 a nd 1 8 69 t h e s ite w as r e stored , t h e 2f a llen s tones w ere r e -ere cted a nd a n a dd itiona l s tone p la ced i n o n e o f t he t w o g aps , t o m a ke t h e t o ta l t a lly w ith B o rlase 's i n advertent s l ip ; h e q uoted 1 9 i n stead o f 1 8 s tones i n h i s p ub lished w o rk , T he s ite i s c i rcu la r a n d t h e s tones a re w e ll s paced , r ough ly f l at-topped , a nd m ost ly h a ve f l at i n ner f a ces , T hey a re g raded , w ith t h e t a llest s tones t o t h e SW , T h e r e stored s t ones s poil t h e e xa ct s ymmetry o f t h e d esign , h av ing b een p oorly s e t i n i g norance o f t h e s u b tle d esign c h a ra cteristics , T he d estroyed B o leigh c i rcle o n ce s tood a s hort d istan ce t o t h e W SW , a nd t h e T reg iffian E n trance G rave l i es b eyond t h is , 1 : B o rlase 1 7 54 2 : B o rlase P a roch ial M emoranda ( B M ;MS E gerton 2 657) 3 : C o tton 1 8 27 4 : E dmonds 1 8 62 5 : B esley 1 8 63 6 : B o rlase 1 8 72 7 : L u kis a nd B o rlase 1 8 85 8 : T regelles 1 8 94 9 : L ew is 1 9 05 1 0 : T rege lles 1 9 06 1 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C ornwall 1 2 ) 1 2 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 5 1/ 14) 1 3 : B a rnatt 1 9 82 1 4 :54 F ORLOCK S 8 44447 S omerset-Exmoor 8 : C /F 3 / A /C : G ray 1 9 29 ; G /c 23 ,6x25 ,0 / 2 1 /3 8-43 0 : M/1 ; F0 ,30 / M / 2 ; F0 ,45 / M / 3 ; L0 ,45 / 4 ; 0 ,20 / 5 ; 0 ,25 / 6 ; 0 ,30 / 4 -5M / 7 ; F1 , 30 / M / 8 ; F0 ,50 / M / 9 ; 0 ,25 / 1 0 ; F0 ,40 / M / 1 , F0 ,55 / M ? /1 2 ; F0 ,40 /M / 1 3 ; F0 , 15 / ( 1 4 ; S ? 0 ,05) / 1 5 ; F D ,P 0 ,25 / M ? /? 1 6 ; 0 ,45 / M / ( 1 7 ; S ? 0 ,05) / P/1 8 ; 0 ,20 / 1 9 ; 0 ,80 /4 -6M / 2 0 ; F0 ,35 / 2 1 ; 0 ,20 E : 0 /3 -4 ; 2 , 1 /4 -5 ; 1 , 7 /5 -6 ; 1 , 8 /0 / ( 8 -M ; 1 , 9 ) /( M -9 ; 1 , 9) / 9 10 ; 2 ,2 / 0 / 1 3 14 ; 2 ,3 / ( 1 415 : 2 ,0 ) /0 / ( 1 6-M ; 2 , 1) / ( M 17 ; 2 , 1) / ( 1 7-P : 1 , 8 ) /( P 18 ; 1 , 8) / 1 8 19 ; 1 , 8 /0 / 2 0-2 1; 1 , 6

- 4 15 -

F : ( 0 ,40?+ 1,30) / ( 0 ,15-0 ,807+ 1,30) / 1 , 9 /1 ,6-2 ,3 / c 5 ,6% G : s andstone / A CA / 8 ? M any o f t he s tones a re r educed t o s tumps , a nd t hose p resently u pright a re p artia lly m asked b y p eat , G ray e xposed s ome o f t he s tones w hich w ere b uried , T he m a jority m ay h ave s u ffered s evere e rosion , T he o ne t a ller p rostrate s tone t o t he s outheast m ay o riginally n ot h ave b een s ignificantly t aller t han t he o thers i f i t f e ll i n a ntiquity , A t t he c e ntre G ray f ound c 12 r andom ly a rranged s labs , i t w as n ot c lear i f t h ese w ere n aturally p laced , o r t he v estiges o f a c a irn , N o f inds w ere m ade , T he s ite s u ffered s ome d amage d uring t h e l ast w ar , As hort d istance o utside t he c ircle t o t he n orth-east i s al ow 8 ,5m m ound , 1 : G ray 1 929 2 : G ray 1 950 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( S omerset 6 ) 1 4 :55 P ORTHMEOR S W 4463666 C ornwall B : C /P WCH / A / C ; H erring a nd N owakowski, u npublished ; G /3 4 ,5x32 ,0 / 8 + /I D D : N D E : N D F : I D /I D /I D (close) / I D /I D G : g ranite / P O? / P ? T h is p ossible s tone c ircle i s d ifficult t o i n terpret , I t m ay b e a n e nclosu re , b ut a lternatively c ould b e a r u ined W estern C ircle-Henge , S everal o rthostats s urv ive o n t he i n ner e dge o f a l ow r u ined b ank w hich i s a pproximately 5 -7m w ide , T hese a re m ostly l ow , w ith t he e xception o f ar adially-set s tone t o t he SE , w hich m ay b e ap ortal f l anking a d ilapidated e ntrance , A f u rther 7 s tones i n t he w estern h alf s t ill s tand , t w o o f w hich s uggest t hat t h e s tones w ere o nce v irtually c ontiguous , S everal r e cumbent s labs l i tter t he s ite b ut i t i s n ot c lear w hich , i f a ny , w ere o nce s tand ing , 1 : B orlase 1 7 54 2 : L ukis a nd B orlase 1 885 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Cornwall 1 4 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( 8 1/ 12) 5 : B arnatt 1 982 6 : V isited 1 9 79 ,1984 1 4 :56 R INGMOOR D OWN S X 5 6326580 B : M D R 1 /R /C : B arnatt u npublished : G (OD) / c 12 ,7 / 5 (+6) / 1 6 ? D : 1 ; R0 ,90 / M / 2 ; N /M ? /3 ; N /M /4 ; R0 ,90 / M / 5 ; 8 ; R0 ,90 / 9 : N/1 0 ; N/1 : R0 ,75 E : ( 1 -M : 2 ,6) / 2 ,6) / ( 2 -M ; 1 ,9) / ( M-3 ; 1 ,9) / ( 3 -M ; ( 4 + 2 ,3) / ( M -5 ; 2 ,3) / ( 5 -M : 2 ,6) / ( M-7 ; 2 ,6) / ( 7 + ( 8 -9 ; 3 , 1) / ( 9 10 ; 2 ,9) / ( 10 1 .1 ; 2 ,7) / ( 1 11; 2 ,6) F : ( 0 ,85) / ( 0 ,75-0 ,90) / ( 2 ,5) / ( 1 ,9-3 ,1) / I D G : g ranite / I C A ,ASR / R T h is r ing w as r e stored b y B aring G ould i n 1 909 , F ortunately

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N /6 ; N /7 ; 0 ,75

M/

2 ,2) / ( M-4 ; 2 ,2) / 2 ,7) / ( M-8 ; 2 ,7) /

i t w as s urveyed s hortly b efore

b y W orth , P r ior t o r estoration o nly 1 s tone w as u pright , 4l ay r e cumbent a nd 6 s ites w ere d enoted b y p its , T he 4 r e cumbent s tones w ere r e-erected a nd a f u rther 5 n ew s tones e rected i n t he p its , F or s ome r eason o ne o f t he p its t o t he s outheast , a s i l lustrated b y W orth , w as i g nored ; i t i s n ot v isible t oday , T oday t here i s al o w s tone t o t he SW w h ich i s o ut o f c haracter w ith t he o thers , i t i s n ot c lear i f t h is w as p laced h ere a t t h e t ime o f r e storation ; t here i s n o i ndication o n W orth 's p lan t hat a s tone e ver s tood h ere o r iginally , I n t he c entre o f t he c ircle i s ad enuded a nd d isturbed c a irn o f 7 ,0m d iameter , Ad ouble s tone r ow r uns t o t he NE , t h is h as a lso b een m u ch r estored , 1 : W orth 1 9 4 1 2 : B url 1 976 ( Devon 2 7) 3 : G r insell 1 9 79 ( Sheepstor 1 9 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( 82/4)

5 : V isited 1 9 8 1

- 4 16 -

1 4 :57 S CORHILL 8 ; C/F 3 /A /

S X 6 5468738

D evon-Dartmoor

C : B arnatt u npublished ; G /2 7 ,0x27 ,4 / 2 9+ / 5 2-74 0 ; 1 ; 1 ,00 / 2 ; 0 ,80 / ? M /3 ; 0 ,85 / 4 ; F1 ,00 / 5 ; 1 , 10 / 6 ; 1 ,00 / 7 ; 0 ,80 / 3 -8M / 8 ; L1 ,60 / 9 ; 0 ,95 / 1 0 ; 1 , 05 / 4 -8M / 1 ; 0 ,80 / 1 2 ; 0 ,80 / 1 3 ; 1 , 00 / 4 -8M / 1 4 ; F1 ,45 / M / 1 5 ; F1 , 20 / 2 -3M / 1 6 ; 0 ,95 / 1 7 ; 0 ,85 / 1 8 ; 0 ,80 / 1 9 ; F1 , 30 /M / 2 0 ; 1 ,30 / 1 -3M / 2 1 ; 1 ,20 / 2 ; 1 ,00 / M / 2 3 ; 1 , 40 / M / 2 4 ; 1 , 40 / 2 -4M / 2 5 ; 2 ,30 / 2 6 ; D I 1 ,30 / 2 7 ; 1 ,00 / 3 -6M / 2 8 ; 0 ,90 / 2 9 ; 1 , 15 E : 1 2 ; 2 ,3 / 0 / 3 -4 ; 1 ,8 / 4 -5 ; 2 , 1 /5 -6 ; 2 ,0 / 6 -7 ; 2 ,0 / 0 / 8 -9 ; 1 , 1 /9 10 : 1 , 1 /0 / 112 : 0 ,9 / 1 213 ; 1 , 2 /0 / 1 617 ; 1 ,2 / 1 7 18 ; 1 ,0 / 1 819 ; 1 , 3 /( 19-M ; 1 , 0) / ( M -20 ; 1 ,0) / 0 / 2 1-22 ; 0 ,7 / ( 2 7-M ; 1 ,3) / ( M -28 ; 1 ,3) / ( 28-M ; 1 , 2) / ( M-29 ; 1 , 2) / 0/( 25-M ; 1 , 6) / ( M-27 ; 1 , 6) / 0 / 2 8-29 : 1 ,3 / 2 91; 2 ,0 F ; 1 ,05+2 ,30 / 0 ,801,60+2 ,30 / 1 ,5 / 0 ,7-2 ,1 / 1 , 5% G ; o ranite / - / S T h is c ircle h as s u ffered s ome d amage w hich a ppears t o h ave t a ken p lace b efore t he m id 1 9th c e ntury , A n a ccount o f 1 828 n otes 3 7 s tones , t en o f w hich a re f a llen , I f a ccurate , t h is s uQgests t hat b etween 1 828 a nd c 1850 , t h ree s tones f e ll a nd 5 -8 w ere r emoved , T oday 2 s tones h ave d r ill h oles i n t hem a nd 2 s tones l i e d isplaced , S everal o thers h ave n o d oubt b een r emoved f o r g ateposts , I n 1 8 79 t he f i rst p lan w as d rawn o f t he s ite a nd t h is s hows i t m u ch a s t oday , e x cept f o r o ne s tone t o t he SW w hich f e ll b etween 1 8 79 a nd 1 89 1, T he s tones l ie o n at rue c i rcle b ut a re u neven ly s paced , w hich m akes e stimation o f t h e o riginal n umber o f s tones d ifficult ; t he m ost l i kely t o tal i s c 60-65 , T here i s a t e ndency f or c loser s pacing t o t he s outh , T hey a lso v ary g reatly i n h eight a nd t here i s a s ignificantly t a ller s tone t o t he n orth-west , T wo t racks c ross t he s ite a nd a p ile o f s tones o n t he c i rcum ference t o t he s outh i s d ifficult t o i n terpret , s ome i f n ot a l l a re e a rth fast ( 1-2 m ay b e f a llen o rthostats b ut a re e xcluded f rom t he p resent a nalysis), A n ew s tone ( loose) h as b een a dded t o t he c i rcle t o t he e ast s ince 1 9 32 b y p ersons u nknown , 1 : L ukis a nd A ndrews 1 8 79 2 : W orth 1 932 3 ; W orth 1 953 4 : B url 1 976 ( D evon 2 8) 5 : V isited 1 9 8 1 1 4 ;58 S HAUGH M OOR S X 5426340 B : M /D R 1 /P /C : B arnatt u npublished ; G/c 12 ,4 / 5 / I D 0 : 1 ; 0 , 15 / 2 ; 0 ,25 / 3 ; R A 0 ,30 / 4 ; 0 ,30 / 5 ; 0 , 10 E : I D

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F : ( 0 ,20) / ( 0 ,10-0 ,30) / I D /I D /I D G : g ranite / A SR ,ICA ,A0 / R T h is s ite a ppears t o b e ar u ined s tone c i rcle w ith t races o f a l ow c a irn i n i t s e astern h a lf, A s tone r o w r uns t o t he NE , As hort d istance t o t he NE o f t he r ing , a nd a l i ttle w ay w est o f t he r ow , i s al ow o rthostat , N earby i s ar e cumbent s lab a ssociated w ith a p it s u rrounded b y u p cast , t h is a ppears t o h ave b een a c 1 ,3m h igh o rthostat , B oth t hese s tones a re t oo f ar a way f rom t he r ing t o h ave e ver f o rmed p art o f i t s c ircumferen ce a nd t heir i n terpretation i s o bscure , 1 : W orth 1 953 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Devon 3 1) 3 : G rinsell 1 9 79 ( Shaugh P r ior 4 1)

4 : V isited 1 9 8 1

1 4 :59 S HERBERTON S X 6 39473 17 D evon-Dartmoor B : C /F 3 /P /C : B arnatt u npublished ; G /c 29 ,9 / 1 2 / 4-54 0 : 1 ; 0 ,50 / M / 2 : 0 ,60 / 3 ; 0 ,75 / P / 4 ; 0 ,50 / 3 -4M / 5 ; 0 ,35 / 6 ; 0 ,70 / 5 -7M / P / P /7 ; 0 ,75 / 2 1 /8 ; F1 , 75 / 9 ; F1 , 75 / 1 8 -25M / 1 0 ; 0 ,45 / 1 ; 0 ,50 / M ( 1 2 ; m oved i n w all; 1 , 45) E : ( 1-M : 1 ,8) / ( M -2 ; 1 , 8) / 2 -3 ; 1 ,6 / 3 -P ; 1 , 9 /P -4 ; 1 ,8 / 0 / 5 -6 ; 1 , 6 /0 /P -P ; 1 , 6 /P -7 ; 2 ,0 / 0 / ( 8-9 ; 2 ,5?) / 0 / 1 0 11; 2 ,3 / ( 1 1-M ; 2 , 1) / ( M 1; 2 , 1)

- 4 17 -

F : 0 ,80 / 0 ,351,75 / ( 1 ,8) / ( 1 ,6-2 ,3) / I D G : g ranite / - / T his c i rcle i s b ad ly d amaged , Aw all b isects i t t o t he w est a nd a g u lly h as d amaged t he i n terior t o t he n orth , I n a ddition t o 1 i n -situ s tones e ast o f t he w all, t he s i tes o f a f u rther 3 a re d enoted b y s hallow p its , T he s tones a nd p its a ppear t o f a ll o n at r ue c ircle a nd t heir s pa cing i s r e latively e qual , H owever , t he s tone h eights v ary , A ll s tones w est o f t he w all h ave b een r emoved a nd o ne n ow i n t he w all i s d isplaced , T wo g ateposts a s hort d istance s outh o f t he r ing p robab ly c ame f rom t he c i rcle , A r e cumbent s lab e ast o f t he w a ll m ay a lso h ave b een d ragged o ut f rom t he s ite , 1 : W orth 1 9 39 2 : W orth 1 9 53 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Devon 3) 4 : V isited 1 9 8 1 1 4 :60 S HOVEL D OWN - N W B : D /F 7 /V P /C : 0 : E : F : G :

S X 6 58486 14

D evon-Dartmoor

B arnatt u npublished ; G /c 17 ,5m / 3 / I D 7o r 1 4M? / 1 ; 0 ,35 / 4 o r 8M ? /2 ; 0 ,85 / 0 1M / 3 ; 0 ,70 / 1 2 M ? 0/( 2 -3?; 3 ,5) / 0 ( 0 ,65) / ( 0 ,35-0 ,85) / I D /I D /I D g ranite / A SR / -

T h is r ing w as r u ined w hen f i rst r e corded b y W orth , I t l i es a s hort d istance t o t h e w est o f ad ouble s tone r ow ( not a ligned) , a nd c lose t o t he j unction o f t wo r eaves , T he b u ilding o f t he l a tter c ou ld h ave r esulted i n t he r obbing o f t he m onument ; f u rther s outh t h e r eave s l ights t he s tone r ow , I f as tone i s m issing b etween s tones 2 a nd 3 t he o rigina l n umber o f s tones c ould h ave b een a round 3 0 ( i f n ot , t hen c 15), S everal o ther s tone r ows a nd c a irns , a s w ell a s as maller s tone c ircle , e x ist i n t he i m mediate v i cinity , 1 : W orth 1 9 32 2 : W orth 1 9 53 3 : V isited 1 9 8 1 1 4 :6 1 S HOVEL D OWN - S E S X 6 595860 1 D evon-Dartmoor B : M /D R2 / G ! C : B arnatt u npublished ; G/ 4 ,9x4 ,6 / c 6 ,6 / 8 ,6x9 ,0// 8 / 6 / 1 0 / 1 0 /1 0 /1 5 0 : I n ner: M / 1 ; 0 ,20 / 2 ; 0 , 10 / M / 3 ; 0 , 15 / 4 ; 0 , 15 / 5 ; 0 ,25 / 6 ; 0 ,25 / 7 ; 0 , 20 / 8 ; 0 ,20 C entral: M / 1 ; 0 ,25 / 3 M /2 ; 0 ,25 / 3 ; 0 ,25 / 4 ; 0 ,20 / 5 ; 0 ,40 / 6 ; 0 ,20 O uter: M / 1 : L0 ,45 / M / 2 ; 0 ,40 / 2 M /3 ; 0 ,55 / 4 ; 0 ,50 / 5 ; 0 ,40 / 6 ; F0 ,35 / 7 ; F0 ,35 / 8 ; S /9 ; 0 ,55 / 1 0 ; 0 ,50 / M E : I nner: ( M 1; 1 ,4) / 1 -2 ; 1 , 1 /( 2 -M ; 1 , 6) / ( M-3 ; 1 ,6) / 3 -4 ; 1 , 4 /4 -5 ; 1 ,5 / 5 -6 ; 1 ,7 /6 -7 : 1 , 6 /7 -8 ; 1 , 8 /( 8 -M ; 1 , 4) C entral: ( M 1; 1 , 8) / 0 / 2 -3 ; 2 ,2 / 3 -4 ; 2 ,4 / 4 -5 ; 1 , 8 /5 -6 : 2 ,5 / ( 6-M ; 1 , 8) O uter: ( M 1; 1 , 9) / ( 1 -M ; 1 ,8) / ( M-2 ; 1 ,8) / ( 2 -M ; 1 , 8) / ( M -M ; 1 , 8) / ( M-3 ; 1 , 8) / 3 -4 ; 1 , 7 /4 -5 : 1 ,9 / 5 -6 ; 2 ,0 / 6 -7 ; 2 ,0 / 7 -8 ; 1 , 6 /8 -9 ; 1 ,7 / 9 10 ; 1 , 7 / ( 10-M : 1 ,9) / ( M -M : 1 , 9) F : 0 ,20 / 0 ,25 / 0 ,45 / 0 , 10-0 ,25 / 0 ,20-0 ,40 / 0 ,35-0 ,55 / 1 ,5 / 2 ,2 / 1 ,8 / 1 , 11,8 / 1 , 8-2 ,5 1 , 6-2 ,0 / 6 , 1% / I D /4 ,4% G : g ranite / CC ,ICA ,ASR / R T h is u nusual s ite c omprises 3 c on centric

s tone c i rcles s urrounding a k erb-cairn ,

T o t he

n o rth a d ouble s tone r ow m eets t he c i rcle , t e rminating i n t wo m assive f a llen o r thostats j ust b eyond t he r ing ; o riginally c 2 ,35 a nd 1 , 45m h igh , T he l o w c entral c airn h as s p read t o ad iameter o f c 5 ,0m , o riginally i t w as p robably c ontained b y t he k erb w hich h as a d iameter o f 2 ,4m , T oday 5 k erbstones s urvive , as ixth p lanned b y W orth i s n ow m issing , T wo o f t he s labs a re v irtually c ontiguous , s uggesting u p t o 8 h ave b een r emoved i f i t w as o nce c ontiguous , T he r emaining k erbstones s tand b etween 0 ,30 a nd 0 , 10m h igh , T h e t h ree c oncentric c i rcles a re c arefully d esigned , T he t wo i n ner o nes h ave t he s ame n umber o f s tones w hich a l ign r adially , T he o uter c i rcle h as n oticeably t a ller s tones a nd i s a r ranged s o o ne s tone

i n e very t h ree

i s a lso r adially a ligned ,

- 4 18 -

t h e i ntervening t wo f orming a ' Y '

s haped

a rrangement

w ith

t he

i n ner

r ings ,

T he

r ings

h ave

n o rth-eastern q uadrant , b ut e lsewhere a re i n tact , 1 : W orth 1 932 2 : W orth 1 9 53 3 ; B url 1 9 76 ( Devon 3 4)

b een

p artia lly

r obbed

i n t he

4 : G rinsell 1 9 79 ( G idleigh 3 )

5 : V isited 1 9 8 1 1 4 :62 S TALL D OWN S X 6 3206249 D evon-Dartmoor B : M /D R3 / A / C : B arnatt u npublished ; G/ c 9 ,6 / c 14 ,4x 17 ,0 / 4 / 1 9 -20 / 1 2 ?+ / 2 7-32 0 : I n ner: 1 ; 0 ,45 / 2 M? / 2 ; 0 ,25 / 1 M ? /3 ; 0 ,50 / 2 M? / 4 ; 0 ,30 / 3 M? O uter: M ? /1 ; F0 ,65 / M ? /2 ; F0 ,75 / M / 3 ; F0 ,45 / 4 ; F0 ,50 / 5 ; 0 ,45 / ? 6 ; F0 ,55 b adly p laced? / M / 7 ; 0 ,20 / 3 -4M / 8 ; F0 ,35 / 9 ; 0 ,20 / 1 0 ; 0 , 15 / 1 ; 0 ,25 / 1 2 ; F0 ,30 / 1 3 ; F0 ,50 / M / 1 4 ; L0 ,40 b adly p la ced / 1 5 ; F0 ,50 / ? M /1 6 ; L0 ,30 / 1 -2M / 1 7 ; F0 ,60 / 1 8 ; 0 ,55 / 1 9 ; L0 ,45 / 2 0 ; 0 ,25 E : I n ner: I D O uter: 0 / 3 -4 ; 1 ,5 / 4 -5 : 1 ,3 / 0 / 8 -9 : 2 ,2 / 9 10 ; 2 ,0 1 0 11; 1 , 4 /1 12 ; 2 , 1 / 1 2 13 : 1 ,3 / 0 / 1 7 18 ; 1 , 7 /1 8 19 ; 1 ,5 / 1 9L20 ; 1 , 8 /0 F : 0 ,35 / 0 ,50 / 0 ,25-0 ,50 / 0 , 15-0 ,75 / I D /1 , 7 / I D /1 , 3-2 ,2 / I D /1 5 ,3? G : g ranite / A SR ,ICA / T h is s ite i s av a riant D a rtmoor m u ltiple-ring , T he s ite i s p artially m asked b y p eat w hich h inders d eta iled i n terpretation , I n s ome c ases s tones h ave b een d ug r ound b y p ersons u n known ; b efo re t h is d ate t hey w ou ld h ave b een b uried ( to c ompensate f o r t h is , v e rticallys et s tones w ithout p its h ave 0 ,2m a dded t o t heir h eights i n t able 0 ) , A t t he c entre o f t he s ite i s al ow c a irn o f 7 ,5x8 ,0m d iameter , d e fined o n t he o uter e dge b y as pa ced-kerb , 4 -5 o rthostats s urv ive o ut o f ap ossible t otal o f c 12 , t hese s tand 0 ,20-0 ,35m h igh , 0 ,4-0 ,8m b eyond t h is k erb , i s a n i n ner r ing o f o rthostats , T he o uter r ing i s m ore p roblematical , i t b e ing i r regular a nd f a r f rom c i rcu lar, I t i s t reated h ere a s a s ingle o void r ing ; a lternatively i t c ould b e t he f ragmentary r emains o f 2 , o r p ossibly 3 , c i rcular r ings , S everal s mall r e cumbent s labs l i e s cattered e lsewhere o n t he s ite w h ich d o n ot f a ll o n a ny o f t he r ings , t hey m ay b e f o rtuitous s tones , T he s ite l ies t o o ne s ide o f as tone r ow a s hort d istan ce t o t he e ast , 1 : G rinsell 1 9 79 ( Cornwood 1 9 ) 2 : V isited 1 9 82 1 4 :63 S TALL M OOR B : C /F 3 ( DR) / G /

S X 6 3526443

D evon-Dartmoor

C : B arnatt u npublished ; G/1 5 ,0x 16 ,2 / 2 7 /3 5-44 D : 1 ; F1 ,05 / 1 2M / 2 ; L0 ,85 / ? M /3 ; L0 ,50 / 4 ; L0 ,50 / 1 2M / 5 ; S ? /2 -3M / 6 ; 1 ,00 / 7 ; 0 ,65 / 2 -4M / 8 ; 1 , 15 / 9 ; F1 , 15 / 1 0 ; 0 ,90 / 1 ; 0 ,25 / M / 1 2 ; 0 ,75 / ? M /1 3 ; L0 ,90 / 1 4 ; L0 ,30 / ? M /1 5 : 0 ,80 / 1 -2M / 1 6 : 0 ,50 / 1 7 ; L0 ,60 / 1 8 ; L0 ,80 / 1 9 ; 0 ,80 / 2 0 ; L0 ,80 / 2 1 ; S /2 ; 0 ,65 / 2 3 ; L0 ,70 / 2 4 ; L0 ,65 / 2 5 ; L1 ,45 / 2 6 ; 0 ,75 / 2 7 ; L0 ,70 E : 0 /3 -4 ; 1 , 3 /0 /6 -7 ; 1 , 7 /0 /8 -9 ; 1 ,3 / 9 10 ; 1 , 5 /1 0 11; 1 , 1 /0 / 1 3 14 ; 1 ,0 / 0/1 6 17 ; 1 , 4 /1 7 18 ; 0 ,9 / 1 8 19 ; 1 , 5 /1 9 -20 ; 1 ,5 / 2 0-2 1; 1 , 8 /2 1-22 ; 1 ,3 / 2-23 ; 1 , 1 /2 3-24 ; 1 , 2 /2 4-25 : 1 , 4 /2 5-26 ; 1 , 4 /2 6-27 ; 1 ,5 / 2 71; 1 ,2 F : 0 ,75 / 0 ,251,45 / 1 , 3 /0 ,91,9+ / 7 ,4% G : g ranite / A SR ,ICA / R T h is l a rge c i rcle i s c rudely b uilt i n t hat t he s pacing o f s tones i s v ery e rratic a nd s everal s tones d o n ot f a ll o n s mooth a r cs , T he m ost l i kely o rig inal t o tal i s b etween 4 0 a nd 4 2 s tones , S everal s tones a re m issing a nd t h is d amage m ust h ave o ccurred b e fore 1 8 79 w hen t he s ite w as i n e xactly t he s ame s tate a s t oday , A t t he c entre o f t he r ing i s al o w c a irn o f 5 ,5m d iameter, T he d itch r eputed t o s urround t he s ite i s as eries o f o ld p eat c u ttings , T h is r ing h as a s tone r ow l e ading f rom t he s ite t o t he n orth , T he s tones o f t h is d o n ot i n crease i n h eight a s t hey a pproach t he r ing , I t i s u nusual t o f ind s uch a l a rge

- 4 19 -

c i rcle a butted b y a r o w a nd t h is m ay s uggest c h ronolog ica l d epth , t h e r ow b e ing a dded a f terwards , T h e r o w i s a lso u nusual o n a c count o f i t s e x ceptional l e ngth , 1 : L u kis a nd P ode 1 8 79 2 : W o rth 1 8 92 3 : W o rth 1 9 4 1 4 : W o rth 1 9 53 5 : D avidson a nd S eabroo k 1 9 73 6 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D evon 3 6 ) 7 : G r insell 1 9 79 ( C ornwood 1 0 ) 8 : V i sited 1 9 8 1 1 4 :64 S TANNON S X 1 2 5780 10 C o rnwa ll B : C /F 3 / G /C : B a rnatt 1 9 82 ; G /4 2 ,7x39 ,0m / 6 5 -66 / 7 1-83 0 : 1 ; F0 ,60 / 2 ; 0 ,45 / 3 ; 0 ,45 / ? M /4 ; 0 ,45 / 5 ; F0 ,90 / 6 ; F0 ,60 / 7 ; F0 , 75 / 8 ; F1 , 05 / 2 3M / 9 ; 0 ,55 / P / 1 0 ; F1 , 00 / 1 ; 0 ,70 / 1 2 ; F1 , 15 / 1 3 ; F0 , 60 / 1 4 ; 0 ,60 / 1 5 ; 0 ,45 / ? M /1 6 ; 0 ,30 / 1 7 ; 0 ,45 / 1 8 ; F0 ,85 / 1 9 ; 0 ,45 / 2 0 ; 0 , 50 / 2 1 ; 0 ,35 / 2 ; L0 ,80 / 2 3 ; 0 ,40 / 2 4 ; 0 ,50 / 2 5 ; L0 , 70 / 2 6 ; 0 ,60 / 2 7 ; F0 , 55 / 2 8 ; 0 ,55 / 2 9 ; 0 ,60 / ? M /3 0 ; 0 , 70 / 1 3M / 3 1 ; F1 , 15 / ? M /3 2 ; 0 ,65 / ? 3 3 S/ 3 4 ; 0 ,60 / ? M /3 5 ; L1 , 05 / 3 6 ; 0 ,45 / M / 3 7 ; F0 ,70 / 3 8 ; F0 ,90 / ? M /3 9 ; F0 ,60 / 4 0 ; F0 ,55 / ? M /4 1 ; F0 ,70 / ? M /4 2 ; F0 ,70 / 4 3 ; 1 , 00 / 4 ; F0 ,85 / 4 5 ; 1 , 10 / 4 6 ; F0 ,90 / 4 7 ; F1 , 05 / 4 8 ; 0 , 45 / 4 9 ; F0 ,45 / 5 0 ; 0 , 50 / 5 1 ; F0 ,55 / 5 2 ; F0 , 70 / 5 3 ; L1 , 10 / 5 4 ; F0 ,60 / 5 ; 0 ,70 / 5 6 ; 0 , 70 / 5 7 ; 0 , 55 / 5 8 ; 0 , 75 / 5 9 ; 0 ,80 / 6 0 ; F0 ,70 / 6 1 ; F0 ,70 / 6 2 ; 0 ,80 / 6 3 ; 0 , 75 / 6 4 : 6 /6 5 ; 0 ,55 / 6 ; 0 ,75 / P E : 1 2 ; 1 , 3 /2 3 ; 1 , 2 /0 /4 -5 ; 2 , 2 /5 -6 ; 2 ,3 / 6 -7 ; 1 , 7 /7 -8 ; 2 ,0 / 0 / ( 9 -P ; 1 , 4) / ( P 10 ; 1 , 9 ) /1 0 11; 1 , 8 / 112 ; 0 ,8 / 1 2 13 ; 1 , 7 /1 3 14 ; 1 , 5 /1 4 15 ; 1 , 6 /0 / 1 6 17 ; 1 , 0 /1 7 18 ; 1 , 1 /1 8 19 ; 1 , 5 /1 9 -20 ; 1 , 6 /2 0 -2 1; 1 , 2 /2 1 -22 ; 1 , 7 / 2-23 ; 1 , 3 /2 3 -24 ; 1 , 5 /2 4-25 ; 1 , 2 /2 5-26 ; 1 , 7 /2 6 -27 ; 2 , 1 /2 7-28 ; 1 , 5 / 2 8 -29 ; 1 , 1 /0 /3 5-36 ; 2 ,3 / ( 3 6-M ; 1 , 7) / ( M -37 ; 1 , 7) / 3 7-38 : 1 , 5 /0 /3 9-40 ; 0 ,8 / 0 /4 2-43 ; 1 , 7 4 3-44 ; 1 , 4 / 4-45 ; 0 ,8 / 4 5 -46 ; 1 , 4 /4 6-47 ; 1 , 5 /4 7-48 ; 1 , 5 / 4 8 -49 ; 1 , 8 /4 9-50 ; 2 ,0 / 5 0-5 1; 1 , 7 /5 1-52 ; 1 , 5 /5 2 -53 ; 2 , 4 /5 3-54 ; 1 , 8 / 5 4 -55 ; 2 ,2 / 5-56 ; 2 ,3 / 5 6-57 ; 1 , 9 /5 7-58 ; 2 ,4 / 5 8-59 ; 2 ,2 / 5 9-60 ; 2 ,4 / 6 0 -6 1; 2 ,2 / 6 1 -62 ; 2 ,5 / 6 2-63 ; 2 ,8 / 6 3-64 ; 2 ,5 / 6 4 -65 ; 1 , 7 /6 5-66 ; 2 , 7 / ( 6 6-P : 2 , 1) / ( P 1; 2 , 1) F : 0 , 70 / 0 ,301,15 / 1 , 7 /0 ,8-2 ,8 / 8 ,7% G : g ran ite / A S R /T h is f i ne s tone c i rcle h a s c hanged l i ttle s in ce f i rst r e corded i n 1 8 93 , O ne s t one h as f a llen a fter 1 9 05 , T he r i ng i s i r regu la r i n s hape a nd t h e s tones v a ry i n h eight . A b out 8 4m t o t h e n o rth-west i s as etting o f 4s ma ll o rthostats i n ac r ude l i ne w h ich m ay w e ll b e t h e v e stiges o f as t one-row , 1 : T regelles 1 8 94 2 : L ewis 1 8 96 3 : T regelles 1 9 06 4 : G ray 1 9 08 5 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C ornwall 1 6 ) 6 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( S 1/8 D innever H i ll) 7 : B a rnatt 1 9 82 1 4 :65 T HE S TRIPPLE S TONES S X 1 4 37752 1 C ornwall B : D /C H2 / A / P ; G ray 1 9 05 C : B a rnatt 1 9 82 ; G /c 4 6 ,3x43 ,3m / 1 3 /2 8 ? 0 : 1 ;F1,35 / 2 ,F 2 ,00 / 3 ; 1 , 05 /M/ 0/ 0/ 0 / M/ D/ 4 ; 1 , 40 / 5 ; F B ,DI , 2 , 75 + 0 ( s tone o r p a cking?) / 6 ; F2 ,30 / 7 ; 1 , 65 / 2 M /8 ; F1 , 30 / 2 M /9 ; F1 , 80 / 1 0 ; 1 , 90 /1 ; F1 , 90 / 1 2 ; F1 , 80 / 1 3 ; F1 , 50 / 3 M /0 /M E : 1 2 ; 4 ,8 / 2 3 ; 5 ,0 / 0 / 6 -7 ; 4 , 5 /0 / 9 10 ; 5 ,2 / 1 0 11; 4 ,6 / 1 12 ; 5 ,0 / 1 2 13 ; 5 ,2 / 0 F : 1 , 6+2 ,30 ,2 ,75 / 1 , 05-2 ,00+2 ,30 ,2 ,75 / 4 ,9 / 4 ,5-5 ,2 / c 6 ,5% G : g r anite / I 0 ,4IPT ,EB ,ED / E ? 2 S T h is c i rcle-henge w as a l ready r u ined w hen f i rst d o cumented i n 1 8 79 , I n 1 8 85 a w a ll w as b u ilt o ver t h e e astern h a lf, c r eating f u rther d amage ; 2 s tones w e re r e moved , o ne d i sp la ced , a nd t h e b an k a nd d itch p loughed-out e ast o f t h e w a ll, T he s i te w a s p a rtially e x cavated b y G ray i n 1 9 05 , S everal s tones w ere i n vestigated a nd i t w as f o und t h ey w e re s et i n s ha llow s toneholes , A t t h e c entre , f our e mpty p i ts o f

- 4 20 -

u n known f unction w ere f ound n ear t he c o llapsed c entre s tone , T his h ad f a llen t o t he n orth a nd o rigina lly w ould h ave s tood c 2 ,9m h igh , T hree o f t he p its l ie i n an orth/south l ine a l i ttle t o t he e ast o f t h e s tone , w hile t he f ourth w as a s im ilar d istance t o t he s outhwest , S u fficient a rea w as o pened t o d emonstrate f u rther p its d id n ot e xist i n t h is c entral a rea ( i n ar e ctangu lar ' c ove-like ' s etting) , I t i s u nclear i f t hese p its e ver c ontained p osts o r s tones , M ost o f G ray 's e f forts w ere c on centrated o n t he h enge d itch , T o t he n orth i t v a ried i n w idth f rom 2 ,9 t o 4 ,9m , r eached a m aximum d epth o f c 1 ,3m a nd w as s eparated f rom t he b an k b y a1 ,5m b erm , T o t h e s outh G ray f a iled t o f ind t he d itch , p rimarily b ecause i t w as s ha llower, b ut e lsewhere b e cause h e s eems t o h ave i nadvertently d ug i n t he b erm , T he o nly f i nds f rom t he w hole e x cavation w ere 3 f l int f lakes , af ragment o f o x b one , a nd p ieces o f o a k f rom n ear t he b ase o f t he n orth d itch , T oday t he s ite i s m u ch a s G ray l e ft i t , T he r ing i s o void a nd a lthough t he s tones a p pear t o b e w e ll s paced t heir h eights v ary , T wo p articularly l a rge s tones l ie i n t h e s outh-east q uadrant b ut i t i s u nclear i f t heir g reater h eight w as g iven s ignifican ce , T he d i tch i s v irtually s ilted a nd t he b ank a t b est o n ly 0 ,5m h igh a nd b etween 3 ,0 a nd 4 ,5m w ide , I ts o uter d iameter i s a pprox imately 7 0x73m , T he s ingle e ntrance i s 2 ,7m w ide a nd i s o r ientated t o t he W SW , W hen f irst r e corded 3 s emi-circular b ulges w ere n oted i n t he b an k, T h ese a ppear t o b e d isturbances c aused b y t rackways , 1 : L ukis a nd B orlase 1 8 85 2 : T regelles 1 894 3 : L ewis 1 896 4 : T regelles 1 9 06 5 : G ray 1 9 08 6 : B url 1 9 69 8 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 5 1/4)

7 : B url 1 9 76 ( C ornwall 1 7 ) 9 : B arnatt 1 9 82

1 4 :66 T REGESEAL - E AST S W 3 8653237 C ornwall B : E /F 9 /P R / C : B arnatt 1 9 82 ; G /c 2 1,3x20 ,1?(PR) / 1 0 + /2 1 0 : 1 ; 1 ,00 / 2 ; N F /3 ; N F /4 ; 0 ,75 / 5 ; 0 ,85 / 6 ; 0 ,80 / 7 ; 080 / 8 ; O N /9 ; 1 , 00 / 1 0 ; 1 ,05 / 1 ; N /1 2 ; F0 ,80 / 1 3 ; N F /1 4 ; R1 , 40 / 1 5 ; O N /1 6 ; O N /1 7 ; O N /1 8 ; O N /1 9 ; R1 ,05 / 2 0 ; O N /2 6 ; N E : 0 4 -5 ; 3 ,2 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,3 / 6 -7 ; 3 ,2 / ( 7 -0 ; 3 ,2) / ( 0-9 ; 3 ,2) / 9 10 ; 3 ,3 / ( 10-M ; 3 ,5) /( M12 ; 3 ,5) / ( 12-M ; 3 ,3) / ( M 14 ; 3 ,3) / 0 F : 0 ,95 / 0 ,751,40 / ( 3 ,25) / ( 3 ,2-3 ,3) / I D 6 : g ranite / A SC / MG/ T h is c ircle h as s uffered m uch i n t he l a st t wo c enturies , O riginally i t w as p robably c i rcular a nd c ou ld h ave b een g raded t o t he s outhwest , B orlase n oted 2 0 s tones , 1 7 o f w hich w e re s tanding , F rom t h is d ate i t s lowly d eteriorated , b y 1 825 t h ree s tones h ad b een r e moved a nd 5 h ad f a llen , B etween 1 86 1 a nd 1 8 69 a s ma ll q uarry e ncroached u pon t he w estern h a lf o f t he r ing , 6s tones w ere r emoved , T hree m ore o f t he s tones h ad f a llen b y 1 9 02 , B y 1 9 32 t he s ite h ad b een r e stored b y p ersons u nknown a nd n ew s tones a dded t o c omplete t he r i ng , I t n ow l o oks s omewhat r idiculous w ith 2 o rthostats s tanding i n t he b ase o f t he q uarry , T here w as a s econd a d jacent c i rcle , 1 : B orlase 1 7 54 2 : B orlase P arochial M emoranda ( B M ;MS E gerton 2 657) 3 : C otton 1 8 27 4 : B u ller 1 842 5 : H alliwell 1 86 1 6 : B orlase 1 8 72 7 : T regelles 1 8 94 8 : L ewis 1 905 9 : T regelles 1 906 1 0 : H encken 1 932 1 : B url 1 9 76 ( C ornwall 2 0B) 1 2 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 5 1/16 , B otallack) 1 3 : B arnatt 1 9 82 1 4 :67 T REGESEAL - W EST S W 3 86 13237 C ornwall 8 : E /F 9 /D /C : T regelles 1 9 06 ; U /c 23 ,2 / 1 / 1 8 19? 0 : 1 ; D /2 ; D /3 ; 1 , 55 / 3 M /4 ; B /5 ; D /6 ; D /2 M /7 ; 0 /M /8 ; 0 /2 M /9 ; D /1 0 ;D E : I D F : I D /( 1 ,55) / I D /I D /I D

- 4 21 -

M ?

G : g ranite / A SC / M A ll t hat n ow r emains o f t h is s ite i s o ne s tone b uilt i n to a C ornish h edge , W hen f irst r e corded b y B orlase t here w ere 1 0 u pright a nd 4 f a llen s tones , B y 1 879 o nly 5 s tones r emained u pright a nd 5 w ere f a llen , S ometime s hortly b e fore 1 905 a ll t he s tones , o ther t han f our i n t he h edge , w ere r emoved , I n 1 9 6 1 t h ree o f t h ese a lso w ent m issing , 1 : B orlase P arochial M emoranda ( B M ,MS E gerton 2 657) 2 : C otton 1 827 3 : B u ller 4 : H alliwell 1 8 6 1 5 : B orlase 1 8 72 6 : T regelles 1 8 94 7 : L ewis 1 905 8 : T regelles 1 894 9 : B url 1 976 ( Cornwa ll 2 0C) 1 0 : B arnatt 1 982 ,

1 842

1 4 :68 T REHUDRETH D OWN S X 1 26727 C ornwall 8 : L /P ESC7 / P / C : B arnatt u npublished ; G c 8 ,0 / 3 / 6 -8 0 : 1 ; M /2 ; M /3 ; M ? /4 ; F1 ,9 ( 1 ,3) / 5 ; L1 ,2 / 6 ; M ? /7 ; 1 ,55 / 8 ; M E : 1 4 ; ?/4 -5 ; 3 ,5 / ( 5-6 ,6-7 ; 2 ,8 o r 5 -7 ; 5 ,5) / 8 , 1; ? F : ( 1 ,35) / ( 1 ,201,55) / I D /1 0 (2 ,8-3 ,5?) / I D G : g ranite / A CA ,ASR / T his u nusual s tone-setting a ppears t o b e a n e mbanked s tone c ircle , w ith a s light l m w ide b ank a nd t a ll o rthostats a t i t s i n ner e dge ; o nly t he s outh-western q uadrant s u rvives , T here a re s everal c airns t o t he n orth-west , t ogether w ith a s econd s tone-setting c omprising a 1 , 7m h igh o rthostat a nd a m uch l ower o ne s et a t r ight a ngles a d jacent t o t he f i rst , T his c ould b e t he t e rminal o f ad estroyed s tone r ow w hich m ay h ave a ligned o n a l a rge c a irn n ear t he c ircle , T wo s hort s tone r ows ( o r p ossibly 1 p art-robbed l o nger r ow) l i e f u rther a way t o t he n ortheast , t he e astern o ne i s a lso a ssociated w ith c airns , 1 : V isited 1 9 83 1 4 :69 T RIPPET S TONES S X 1 3 12750 1 C ornwall B : E /F 9 /A /C : B arnatt 1 982 ; G /3 ,0 / 1 2 /2 6-7 0 : M /1 ; L1 , 35 / 2 ; F1 ,20 / 3 ; 1 , 35 / 4 ; F1 ,35 / 5 ; 1 , 30 / P / P / 6 ; 1 ,45 / M / P / 7 ; 1 ,30 / P / P / P / 8 ; L1 , 35 / 9 ; F ,B - / 1 0 ; L1 , 45 / M / 1 ; F1 ,05 / M / 1 2 ; 1 ,35 /4 -5M E : 0 /1 -2 ; 3 ,7 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,7 / 3 -4 ; 4 ,0 / 4 -5 ; 4 ,2 / ( 5-P ; 4 ,0) / ( P-P ; 4 ,0) / ( P -6 ; 3 ,9) / ( 6 -M ; 4 ,0) / ( M-P ; 4 ,0) / ( P -7 ; 4 ,0) / ( 7 -P ; 4 ,0) / ( P -P ; 4 ,0) / ( P-P ; 3 ,8) / ( P -8 ; 3 ,8) / ( 8 -9 ; 4 ,0) / ( 9 10 ; 4 ,0) / ( 10-M ; 4 ,0) / ( M 11; 4 ,0) / ( 1 1-M ; 3 ,9 ) / ( M 12 ; 3 ,9) / 0 F : 1 , 30 / 1 , 051,45 / ( 3 ,9) / ( 3 ,7-4 ,2) / 0 % G : g ranite / 2 ICA? / T h is r ing i s c ircular a nd t he s tones a re e qually s paced , h ave f lat t ops a nd i n ner f aces , a nd a re o f s imilar h eight , T he s ite h as r emained v irtua lly u nchanged , w ith t he e x ception o f t he f a ll o f o ne o f t he s tones , s ince f i rst r e corded i n 1 8 58 , T o t he s outh a nd e ast 6 p its i n dicate t he s ites o f m issing s tones r emoved p rior t o t h is d ate , T here i s am odern b oundary p ost i n t he s outh-west q uadrant , T wo s mall, l ow m ounds w ithin t he s outhern h alf o f t he r ing a re o f u nknown a ntiquity , T he s ite h as b een r e cently v andalized , 1 : B light 1 8 58 2 : L ukis a nd B orlase 1 8 85 3 : T rege lles 1 894 4 : L ewis 1 8 96 5 : T regelles 1 9 06 6 : G ray 1 9 08 7 : B url 1 9 76 ( Cornwall 2 3) 8 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( S 1/5 , T reswigger) 9 : B arnatt 1 9 82 1 4 :70 T ROWLESWORTHY - E AST S X 5 7646398 D evon-Dartmoor B : M /D R 1 /G /C : B arnatt u npublished ; G /6 ,6x6 ,9 / 8 / 9 10 0 : 1 ; 0 ,80 / M ? /2 ; 1 ,00 / 3 ; 1 , 15 / 4 ; 0 ,85 / M ; R A /5 : R A 1 ,40 / 6 ; 0 ,65 / 7 ; 1 , 00 / 8 ; 0 ,95 E : ( 1 -M ; 1 , 7) / ( M -2 ; 1 , 7) / 2 -3 ; 2 ,6 / 3 -4 ; 1 , 7 /( 4 ;M 1 , 6) / ( M-5 ; 1 ,6) / 5 -6 ; 2 ,7 / 6 -7 ; 2 ,6 / 7 -8 ; 3 ,0 / 8 1; 2 , 1

- 4 22 -

F : 1 , 00 / 0 ,651,40 / 2 ,4 / 1 , 7-3 ,0 / 4 ,3% G : g ranite / A SR ,PICA / R T h is s mall r ing i s u nusual b ecause o f i t s h igh s tones , t wo o f w hich w ere s et r adially a nd f o rmed t he f i rst p air o f ad ouble s tone r ow l eading t o t he SW , T he o ne t hat s urvives i s t a ller t han a ny o ther s tone o n t he s ite , T he i n terior o f t he r ing h as p atches o f r ubble , p resumably f rom a m utilated c a irn , T here i s as econd c i rcle a nd r ow a s hort d istance t o t he w est , 1 : L u kis a nd P ode 1 880 2 : W orth 1 9 4 1 3 : W orth 1 953 5 : G r insell 1 9 79 ( Shaugh P rior 4) 6 : V isited 1 98 1

4 : B url 1 9 76 ( Devon 3 8a)

1 4 :7 1 T ROWLESWORTHY - W EST S X 5 7556399 D evon-Dartmoor B : M /D R 1 /V P /C : B arnatt u npublished ; G /c 5 ,5-6 ,0 / 2 / I D 0 : 0/1 ; 0 ,60 / 0 / 2 ; F0 ,55 / 0 E : I D F : ( 0 ,60) / ( 0 ,55-0 ,60) / I D /I D /I D G : g ranite / A SR ,?ICA / R T he o nly r emains o f t h is r ing , a s i n 1 892 , a re o ne u pright , a nd o ne r e cumbent a nd p ossibly d isplaced o rthostat , W hen f i rst r e corded i n 1 880 b oth t hese w ere u pright a nd a t h ird r e cumbent s tone e xisted , t ogether w ith t races o f al ow i n ternal s etting w hich i s n o l onger a pparent , T he r ing i s a pproached f rom t he w est b y as tone r ow , t he l ast s tone o f t h is i s s ignificantly t a ller, s tanding 1 , 15m h igh , 1 : L ukis a nd P ode 1 880 2 : W orth 1 8 92 3 : W orth 1 953 5 : G rinsell 1 9 79 ( Shaugh P rior 4 3) 6 : V isited 1 98 1 1 4 :72 W ENDRON - N W S W 6 8293656 B : E /F 9 /V P /C : B arnatt u npublished ; G /c 2 1,0 / 2 / I D 0 : 0/1 ; 1 , 15 / 0 / 2 ; 0 ,95 / 0 E : I D F : ( 1 ,05) / ( 0 ,951,15) / I D /I D /I D G : g ranite / A SC / M

4 : B url 1 976 ( Devon 3 8b)

C ornwall

O n ly 2 s tones s urvive , b oth i n corporated i n h edges , B orlase n oted 1 0 s tones , b ut b y 1 8 79 o n ly 3 r emained , T here i s as econd a d jacent s tone c ircle , 1 : B orlase P arochial M emoranda ( BM ;MS E gerton 2 657) 2 : L ukis a nd B orlase 1 885 3 : T regelles 1 8 94 4 : T regelles 1 906 5 : B url 1 976 ( Cornwall 2 4A) 6 : B arnatt 1 982 1 4 :73 W ENDRON - S E S W 6 83 13653 C ornwall B : E /F 9 /A / C : B arnatt u npublished ; G /c 16 ,0 / 5 / 1 4 15 D : M/1 ; 1 , 10 / M / 2 ; 1 , 00 / 0 / 3 ; 1 , 10 / M / 4 ; 1 ,00 / 5 ; 1 ,00 / 3 -4M E : 0 /( 1 -M ; 3 ,4) / ( M-2 ; 3 ,4) / 2 -D ; 3 ,5 / D -3 ; 3 ,4 / ( 3-M ; 3 ,4) / ( M-4 ; 3 ,4) / ( 4 -M ; 3 ,3) / ( M -5 ; 3 ,3) / 0 F : 1 , 05 / 1 , 001,10 / ( 3 ,4) / ( 3 ,3-3 ,5) / I D G : g ranite / A SC / M T h is r ing h as d eteriorated s ince f i rst r e corded b y B orlase , w ho n oted 8 s tones , B y 1 8 78 t h ere w ere 5 v isible s tones , S ince t hat d ate a f u rther s tone h as b een f ound w ithin a C ornish h edge w h ich r uns t h rough t he e astern h alf o f t he s ite , O ne o f t he o ther s tones h as b een r emoved s in ce T hom s urveyed t he s ite , T he r ing a ppears t o h ave b een c i rcular, w ith w e ll s paced s tones , a nd f lat t ops a nd i nner f a ces , 1 : B orlase P arochial M emoranda ( B M ; M S E gerton 2 657) 2 : L ukis a nd B orlase 1 8 85 3 : T regelles 1 8 94 4 : T regelles 1 9 06 5 : B url 1 9 76 ( C ornwall 2 4B) 6 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 9 1/10 , N ine M aidens) 7 : B arnatt 1 9 82

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1 4 :74 W HITE M OOR D OWN

S X 6 327896 1

D evon-Dartmoor

B : E /F 9 /R /C : B arnatt u npublished ; G /2 0 ,2x20 ,5m / 1 8 /2 0 D : 1 ; 0 ,80 / 2 ; 1 ,20 / 3 ; 0 ,95 / 4 ; S /5 ; S /P /6 ; S /7 ; F0 ,95 / 8 ; 1 ,30 / 9 '' 0 ,75 / 1 0 ; 1 ,25 / 1 ; 0 ,80 / 1 2 ; 0 ,65 / 1 3 ; 0 ,70 / 1 4 ; 0 ,80 / 1 5 ; 1 , 10 / 1 6 ; 0 ,80 / M/ 1 7 ; 0 ,80 ! 1 8 ; 0 ,75 E : 1 2 ; 3 ,2 / 2 -3 ; 3 ,8 / 3 -4 ; 3 ,3 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,0 / 5 -P ; 3 ,2 / P -6 ; 3 ,2 / 6 -7 ; 3 , 1 /7 -8 ; 3 , 1 / 8 -9 ; 3 ,8 / 9- 1 0 : 3 ,4 / 1 011; 3 ,4 / 112 ; 3 , 1 /1 213 ; 3 , 1 /1 314 ; 3 ,3 / 1 4 15 ; 3 ,2 / 1 5 16 ; 2 ,6 / ( 1 6-M ; 3 , 1) / ( M17 ; 3 , 1) / 1 718 ; 3 ,2 / 1 8 1; 2 ,7 F : 0 ,90 / 0 ,651,30 / ? 3 ,2 / ? 2 ,6-3 ,8 / ? 1 ,5% G : g ranite / / W hen f i rst r e corded i n 1 890 o nly 1 3 s tones w ere v isible , 8 -9 a t l east o f w hich w ere u pright , I n 1 894 a f urther 5 f a llen s tones b ecame v isible w hen t u rf c utters r emoved a s kim o f p eat f rom t he s ite , I n 1 896 t he s ite w as r estored , O n ly t wo g aps e x isted i n t he r ing , o ne c ontained f ragments o f ar e cently b roken s tone i n ap it , As earch i n t he o ther f a iled t o f ind a s tonehole , T oday 6 o f t he s tones h ave a ga in d eveloped l eans a nd o ne h as f a llen , O ne o f t he g aps i s m arked b y as hallow p it a t t he s ite o f t he u pright t hat w as b roken u p i n t he 1 9 th c entury , S tones t o e ither s ide o f i t h ave b een r educed t o s tumps , A lthough t he s ite w as r estored w ithout a dequate r e cord , i t i s l i kely t h is w as r easonably a ccurate a s o nly a m aximum o f 1 0 s tones w ere r e-erected a nd t he o thers w ould h ave f o rmed a g ood g uide t o t he o riginal p ositions o f r e cumbent n eighbours , U n fortunately P rowse 's s ketch p lan c annot b e m ade t o t ally w ith t he p resent r emains a nd h en ce i t i s u nknown w hich s tones h ave b een r e-erected , 1 : P rowse 1 890 2 : W orth 1 894 3 : B aring G ould e t a l 1 896 4 : B aring G ould 1 8 97 5 : B url 1 976 ( D evon 3 9) 6 : V isited 1 9 8 1 1 4 :75 W ITHYPOOL H ILL S 8 36343 S omerset-Exmoor 8 : C /F 3 /A /C : G ray 1 907 ; G /c 35 ,6x36 ,4 / 3 7 /7 1-95 D : 3 -6M / 1 ; 0 , 15 / 2 ; 0 ,45 / ? M /P /3 ; 0 ,05 / 4 ; 0 ,05 / 5 : 0 , 10 / M / 6 ; 0 ,35 7 ; 0 ,35 /8 ; 0 ,05 / 9 ; 0 ,05 / ? M /1 0 ; 0 , 15 / 3 -5M / 1 ; 0 ,45 / 1 ; 0 ,05 / ? M /1 3 ; 0 , 10 / 1 4 ; 0 , 15 / 1 5 ; 0 , 10 / 1 6 ; 0 ,05 / 1 7 ; 0 ,05 / 1 8 ; 0 ,20 / 1 2M / 1 9 ; 0 ,05 / M / 2 0 : 0 , 15 / 2 1 ; 0 ,05 / 2 ; 0 ,20 / M / 2 3 ; F0 ,30 / 4 -7M / 2 4 ; 0 ,40 / M / 2 5 ; 0 ,05 / 2 -3M / 2 6 ; 0 ,05 /2 7 ; 0 ,30 / 2 8 ; 0 ,35 / 2 9 : 0 ,30 / M / 3 0 ; L0 ,60 / 3 1 ; 0 .05 / 3-5 M / P / 5-9 M / 3 2 ; 0 ,25 / 3 ; 0 ,05 / 3 4 ; L0 ,55 / 3 5 ; 0 ,20 / M / 3 6 ; 0 , 10 / M ? /3 7 ; 0 ,05 / 5 -9M E : 1 -2 ; 1 ,8 / 0 / 3 -4 ; 0 ,8 / 4 -5 ; 0 ,7 / ( 5 -M : 1 ,2) / ( M -6 ; 1 , 2) / 6 -7 ; 0 ,9 / 7 -8 ; 0 ,8 / 8 -9 : 1 ,2 / 0 / 112 : 1 , 6 /0 / 1 3 14 ; 1 ,6 / 1 4 15 ; 1 , 2 /1 5 16 ; 0 ,9 / 1 6 17 ; 1 , 4 / 1 7 i8 ; 1 ,0 / 0 / ( 19 + 1 , 5) / ( M -20 ; 1 , 5) / 2 0-2 1; 1 , 7 /2 1-22 ; 1 , 3 /( 22-M ; 1 ,6) / ( M -23 ; 1 ,6) / 0 / ( 24-M ; 1 , 3) / ( M -25 : 1 ,3) / 0 / 2 6-27 ; 1 , 9 /2 7-28 ; 1 ,8 / 2 8-29 ; 0 ,7 /0 /3 0-3 1; 1 , 8 /0 /3 2-33 ; 1 , 5 / 3-34 ; 1 ,2 / 3 4-35 ; 1 , 7 /( 3 5-M ; 1 ,5) / ( M -36 ; 1 , 5) /0 F : 0 ,20+? / 0 ,05-0 ,60+? / 1 ,3 / 0 ,71,9 / c 2 ,2% G : m icaceous s andstone / - / S everal s tones a re e ither m issing o r b uried u nder p eat , S evere e rosion m ay w e ll h ave s ubstantially r educed t he h eight o f t he s tones ; i n e f fect o nly t heir s tumps r emain , T he s tone s pacing i s i r regular w hich m akes e stimation o f t he o r iginal t otal d i fficult , 1 : G ray 1 907

2 : B url 1 976 ( Somerset 9 )

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1 4 :76 V AR T OR S X 6 8 177386 D evon-Dartmoor 6 : M /D R 1 /P /C : B a rnatt u npublished : G /c 1 0 ,0 / 6 / c 1 7-20 0 : 1 ; F0 ,65 / 6 8M / F0 , 25 / 3 ; F0 ,38 / M / 4 ; F0 ,65 / 5 ; 0 ,40 / M / 6 ; 0 ,40 /3 4M E : 0 /2 -3 ; 1 , 4 /( 3 -M ; 1 , 9 ) /( M -4 ; 1 , 9) / 4 -5 ; 2 ,3 / ( 5 -M ; 2 , 0 ) / ( M -6 ; 2 ,0 ) /0 F : ( 0 ,45) / ( 0 ,25-0 ,65) / ( 1 ,8) / ( 1 ,4-2 ,3) / I D G : g ranite / I C A ,ICI,ASR / R A l l t h e s tones o f t h is s i te h ave f a llen o utwards , W i th in t h e c i rcle i s ac a irn d e fined b y ac o ntiguous k e rb o f 3 , 4x2 ,8m d iameter , t h e l a tter h aving h e ights r a ng ing f rom 0 ,20m t o 0 , 55m , T o t h e s o uth-east t h e k e rb i s d ouble , N ear t h e c e ntre o f t h e c a irn i s ac i st w h ich w a s d amaged i n t h e 1 9 20 's , T w o s ide s labs r e main i n ta ct , t h e c a pstone a nd a f u rther s ide s l ab a re d isp la ced , Ab ad ly r o bbed t r iple r ow d es cends f r om t h e s ite t o t h e NW , i t i s d e stroyed n ear t h e c i rcle , p i llaged i n c 1 867 , As e cond t r ip le r o w m ay o n ce h ave r u n t o t h e SE , 1 : W o rth 1 9 37 2 : W o rth 1 9 4 1 3 : W o rth 1 9 53 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D evon 4 1 ) 5 : G r insell 1 9 79 ( W idecombe 2 1 ) 6 : V i sited 1 9 8 1 1 4 :77 Y ELLOWMEAD S X 5 7 486785 D e von-Dartmoor B : D /F 7 (DR ) /R / C : B a rnatt u n pub lished ; G /c 1 2 ,1x 11,4 / c 15 ,5x 14 ,5 / c 2 0 ,0x 18 ,5 / 3 2 /2 7 /2 4 / c 3 4-36 / c 3 1-33 / c 2 6-27 0 : I n ner : 1 ; 0 , 25 / 2 ; 0 , 25 / 3 ; 0 ,30 / 4 ; 0 ,25 / 5 ; 0 ,25 / 6 ; 0 ,25 / 7 ; 0 ,25 / 8 ; 0 , 30 / 9 ; 0 , 35 / 1 0 ; 0 , 35 / 1 ; 0 , 40 / 1 2 ; 0 ,35 / 1 3 ; 0 , 10 / 1 4 ; 0 ,25 / 1 5 ; 0 , 10 / 1 6 ; 0 , 35 / 1 7 ; 0 , 25 / M / 1 8 ; 0 ,40 / 1 9 ; 0 ,30 / M / 2 0 ; 0 ,20 / 2 1 ; 0 ,25 / 2 ; 0 , 35 / 2 3 ; 0 , 46 / 2 4 ; 0 ,30 / M ? /2 5 ; 0 ,30 / 2 6 ; 0 , 15 / M ? /2 7 ; 0 , 10 / 2 8 ; 0 , 15 / 2 9 ; 0 , 35 / 3 0 ; 0 ,30 / 3 1 ; 0 ,35 / 3 2 ; 0 ,25 / C entral : 1 ; 0 , 40 / 2 ; 0 , 35 / 3 ; 0 ,50 / 4 ; 0 ,30 / 5 ; 0 ,80 / 6 ; 0 ,65 / 7 ; 0 ,35 / 8 ; 0 ,50 /9 ; 0 ,40 / 1 0 ; 0 ,65 / 1 ; 0 , 40 / 1 2 ; 0 ,20 / 1 3 ; 0 ,30 / 1 4 ; 0 ,35 / 1 5 ; 0 ,30 / 1 6 ; 0 ,30 / 1 7 ; 0 , 30 / 1 8 ; 0 ,65 / 1 9 ; 0 , 40 / 2 0 ; D I 0 ,25 / 2 1 ; D I 0 ,40 / 2 ; D I 0 ,30 / 2 3 ; 0 ,20 / 2 1 /2 4 ; 0 , 15 / 2 5 ; 0 , 40 / 2 6 ; 0 ,25 / M ? /2 7 ; 0 ,30 / 2 3M O uter: 1 ; F0 , 50 / 2 3M / 2 ; 0 ,25 / 3 ; 0 ,65 / 4 ; 0 ,35 / 5 ; 0 ,60 / 6 ; 0 ,90 / 7 ; 0 ,90 / 8 ; D I 1 , 15 / 9 ; D I 0 ,55 / 1 0 ; 0 ,35 / 1 ; 1 , 05 / 1 2 ; 0 , 60 / 1 3 ; 0 ,75 / 1 4 ; 0 ,25 / 1 5 ; 0 ,30 / 1 6 ; 0 , 50 / 1 7 ; 0 ,55 / 1 8 ; 0 ,35 / 1 9 ; 0 ,50 / 2 0 ; 0 ,25 / 2 1 ; 0 ,35 / 2 ; 0 , 55 / 2 3 ; 0 , 35 / 2 4 ; 0 ,30 E : I n ner : 1 2 ; 1 , 7 /2 3 ; 1 , 1 /3 -4 ; 1 , 2 /4 -5 ; 0 , 7 /5 -6 ; 0 ,8 / 7 -8 ; 1 , 1 /8 -9 ; 1 , 0 / 9 10 ; 1 , 6 /1 0 11; 1 , 2 /1 12 ; 1 , 3 /1 2 13 ; 1 , 2 /1 3 14 ; 1 , 5 /1 4 15 ; 1 , 2 / 1 5 16 ; 1 , 3 /1 6 17 ; 1 , 0 /( 1 7-M ; 1 , 2) / ( M 18 ; 1 , 2) / 1 8 19 ; 1 , 3 /( 1 9-M ; 1 , 0) / ( M -20 ; 1 , 0 ) /2 0 -2 1; 0 ,9 / 2 1 -22 ; 1 , 0 / 2-23 ; 1 , 2 /2 3 -24 ; 0 ,8 / 0 / 2 5 -26 ; 1 , 3 /0 /2 7 -28 ; 0 , 7 /2 8 -29 ; 0 , 7 /2 9 -30 ; 0 ,8 / 3 0-3 1; 1 , 1 /3 1-32 ; 0 ,9 / 3 2 1; 0 ,9 C entral: 1 2 ; 2 , 0 /2 3 ; 2 ,2 / 3 4 ; 2 ,2 / 4 -5 ; 2 , 0 /5 6 : 1 , 8 /6 -7 ; 1 , 4 /7 -8 ; 1 , 8 / 8 9 ; 1 , 8 /9 10 ; 1 , 6 /1 0 11; 2 ,0 / 1 12 ; 1 , 2 /1 2 13 ; 2 , 1 /1 3 14 ; 1 , 5 / 1 4 15 ; 1 , 3 /1 5 16 ; 1 , 3 /1 6 17 ; 1 , 5 /1 7 18 ; 1 , 2 /1 8 19 ; 1 , 5 /1 9 -20 ; 1 , 2 / 2 0 -2 1; 1 , 2 /2 1 -22 ; 1 , 5 / 2-23 ; 2 ,0 / 0 / 2 4 -25 ; 0 , 7 /2 5-26 ; 1 , 2 /0 O u ter : 0 /2 3 ; 3 , 1 /3 4 ; 2 ,2 / 4 -5 ; 2 ,2 / 5 -6 ; 2 , 4 /6 7 ; 2 ,8 / 7 -8 ; 2 , 7 /8 -9 ; 2 , 8 / 9 10 ; 3 ,3 / 1 0 11; 1 , 7 /1 12 ; 3 ,0 / 1 2 13 ; 3 ,2 / 1 3 14 ; 2 ,3 / 1 4 15 ; 2 , 0 / 1 5 16 ; 2 , 7 /1 6 17 ; 1 , 5 /1 7 18 ; 1 , 4 /1 8 19 ; 2 , 1 /1 9 -20 ; 2 ,2 / 2 0-2 1; 1 , 6 / 2 1 -22 ; 1 , 8 /2 -23 ; 2 , 3 /2 3-24 ; 2 , 7 /2 4 1; 3 ,0 F : 0 ,25 / 0 , 40 / 0 ,55 / 0 , 10-0 ,45 / 0 , 15-0 ,80 / 0 ,251,15 / 1 , 1 /1 , 6 /2 , 4 / 0 , 71,7 / 0 , 7-2 ,2 / 1 , 4-3 ,1 / I D /I D /I D G : g r an ite / A S R ,ICA / R

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T his s ite w as r estored b y B reton i n 1 92 1, n o p lan e x ists o f i t b e fore t h is d ate , I t i s k nown t hat a ll s tones w ere e rected w here t hey l ay , I n g eneral t e rms i t i s l i kely t h e r estoration c an b e t rusted , H owever, t he p ositioning o f 3s tones i n t he c entral r ing a nd t wo o f t he o uter r ing , i ndicate t hey w ere r e-erected u pside-down , Al a rge g ap i n t he o uter r ing h as a e longated p it w here s everal s tones w ere r e moved p rior t o r estoration , t h is c on firms s tones t o e ither s ide l ie o n t he c orrect l ine , H owever , i t i s p ossible l o ng a r cs e lsewhere c ould b e e rected u pside d own , B efore r estorat ion i t i s n oted o nly 3 s tones w e re u pright , t he r est w ere f a llen a nd p artly b uried , O ne s tone ( n ot n ow i dentifiable) w as i n troduced t o f i ll a p it i n t he o uter c ircle , T he s ite i s t he c lassic e xample o f aD artmoor m u ltiple-ring v ariant , 3c oncentric c ircles s urround a c entral c a irn w ith k erb , T he c a irn m aterial h as v irtually g one b ut i t s r etaining k erb h as b een r estored , T oday t h is c omprises 2 c ontiguous o rthostats s tand ing 0 ,20-0 ,90m h igh , i n a6 ,4x6 ,7m r ing , O riginally t here w ou ld h ave b een c 28 s tones; 2 h ave f a llen s ince r estoration , T he 3 o uter r ings o f t he c i rcle v ary f rom e ach o ther i n t hat t hey h ave s tones o f d ifferent h eight. T he i nnermost a re c onsistently v ery s mall , t he c entral o ne h as s omewhat l a rger s tones a nd t he o utermost h as t he l a rgest o f a l l a nd t hese a ppears t o b e c rude ly g raded t o t he s outh-east , T here i s am u ltiple s tone r ow l eading f rom t he s ite t o t he W SW/W , T his h as b een b ad ly r obbed t o b uild a l eat a nd w all, b oth a s hort d istance t o t he w est , T here i s e vidence f o r u p t o 8r ows i n t otal, 1 : W orth 1 922 2 : W orth 1 9 53 3 : G rinsell 1 9 79 ( Sheepstor 4 ) 4 ; V isited 1 98 1

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Z ONE 1 5 :

Y ESSEX

1 5 :1 A VEBURY S U 1 0 3700 W i ltshire G e neral 8 : D /C H3 ,4 / P R /P ; S m ith a nd C unn ington 1 8 65 , P ; S mith 1 8 8 1, P ; M eux 1 8 94 , P ; G ray 1 9 08 ,1909 ,19 11,19 14 ,1922 , E ; K ieller 1 9 34-9 , S ; P iggott 1 9 60 , S ; V atcher 1 9 69 , S ; E vans , P itts a nd W i lliams 1 9 82 T h e_ O uter C ircle C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (OD ) /3 50 ,6x323 ,2 / 3 0 /c 98-99 D : S tarting a t n o rth e ntran ce ( S m ith ; s tone 4 6) 1 ; 4 ,50 / D ; l a rge / D / D / 2 ; 2 ,45 / c 5 M ( 5 0) / 0 ; F /0 ; F /2 M /P ; 0 /P ; D /P ; D / P /P / c 3M ( D ) /3 ; 2 ,75 / c 4M / 4 ; Fc 4 ,00 / D / D / 1 2M ( 2 0) / 5 ; Fc 2 ,70 / 6 ; Fc 3 ,00 / c 9M ( D ) /P ; D /M /M ( 0 ) /P / D/ M/ P/ P/ P/ D/ 7 ; 4 ,35 / 8 ; 4 , 15 / D ; l a rge / S M ( 0 ) /9 ; Rc2 ,70 / 1 0 ; Rc 2 ,70 / 1 ; Rc 2 ,70 / 1 2 ; Rc 3 ,90 / 1 3 ; c 2 ,70 / 1 4 ; Rc 3 ,90 / 1 5 ; Rc 4 ,20 / S M ,D / 1 6 ; Rc 3 ,6 / S M ;D / 1 7 ; Rc 3 ,00 / S M ( D ) /1 8 ; c 3 ,00 / S M ( 0 ) /S M ( D ) / S M ( D ) /S M ( D ) /S M ( D ) /S M ( 0 ) /S M ( 0 ) /1 9 ; R ,B / M / D ; F /D ; F /M /D / 2 0 ; Rc 3 ,00 / 2 1 ; Rc 3 ,00 / 2 ; c 2 ,40 / 2 3 ; 2 ,05 / 2 4 ; R2 , 10 / 2 5 ; R ,S? / 2 6 ; R ,S? /S M ; D /S M ; D /S M ; D /2 7 ; Rc 3 ,00 / 2 8 ; R ,S / 2 9 ; R ,S? / S M ; 0 /3 0 ; c 3 ,60 / S M ; D , T hose i n p arenthesis w e re d estroyed b e fore S tu ke ley p lanned t he s ite . E : 0 /7 -8 ; 1 2 ,3 / ( 8 -0 ; c 12 ,0) / ( 0SM ; c 12 ,0 ) /S M9 ; 1 ,4 / 9 10 ; 1 0 ,8 / 1 0 11; 1 0 ,8 / 1 12 ; 1 ,1 / 1 2 13 ; 1 0 ,8 / 1 3 14 ; 1 0 ,5 / 1 4 15 ; 1 0 ,8 / 1 5 -5M ; 1 4 ,2 / S M16 ; 8 ,4 / 1 6SM ; 1 0 ,5 / S M17 ; 1 ,1 / 1 7SM ; 1 ,1 / S M18 ; 1 ,1 / 1 8SM ; 1 0 ,8 / S M-SM ; 1 ,1 / S M-SM ; 1 ,1 / S M-SM ; 1 ,4 / S M-SM ; 8 , 1 /S M-SM ; 8 , 1 /S M-SM ; 8 , 1 /S M19 ; 1 0 ,8 / 0 / 2 0-2 1; 1 ,7 / 2 1-22 ; 1 ,1 / 2-23 ; 1 0 ,8 / 2 3-24 ; 1 0 ,5 / 2 4-25 ; 8 , 1 /2 5-26 ; 7 ,8 / 2 6SM ; 1 ,7 / S M-SM ; 1 ,1 / S M-SM ; 1 ,1 / S M27 ; 1 0 ,5 / 2 7 -28 ; 1 ,7 / 2 8-29 ; 1 ,4 / 2 9SM ; 1 0 ,8 / S M30 ; 1 ,7 / 3 0SM ; 7 ,5 / S M1 ; 8 , 1 F : 3 ,20 / 2 ,05-4 ,50 / 1 0 ,5 / 7 ,514 ,2 / 7 ,8% G : s a rsen / E D ,EB ,4ET ,ISC ,ICC ,1-2 ISS ,IC0 ,3-610 ,2AV ,(ACO) / I , 4E ,2R T h e S outh C i rcle 9 : E /C H4(F) / P R /C ; S m ith a nd C unn ington 1 8 65 , E ; K ie ller 1 9 39 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 : G (00) / c 100 ,0105 ,0 / 5 / c 29-30? 0 : ? c 3-4M / ? D ; F/ c 2M /P / M/ P/ P ; D/ P : D/ P/ M/ P/ 1 ; 4 , 15 / 2 ; Rc3 ,80 / 3 ; c 3 ,50 / S M /4 ; R2 , 75 / 5 ; Rc 3 ,80 / /S M /S M /D : F /D ; F /M / ? 0 ; F/ ? D ; F /? D ; F/ E : 0/1 2 ; 9 ,9 / 2 -3 ; 1 0 ,8 / 3SM ; 1 0 ,8 / S M4 ; 1 ,7 / 4 -5 ; 1 ,7 / 5SM ; 9 ,9 / S M-SM ; 1 ,1 / S M-SM ; 1 ,1 / 0 F : c 3 ,60 / 2 , 75-4 ,15 / ( 1 0 ,9 ) /( 9 ,911,7) / I D G : s a rsen / 2 I0 ,ISS ,AO ,ASC / I , M T h e . N o rth C ircle 8 : E /C H4(F) / V P /C ; P : S m ith a nd C unnington 1 8 65 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 : G (00 ) /c 95 ,0105 ,0 / 4 / c 2 7-30 D : P ; /1 ; 3 ,75 / D ,F / M / P ; D ,F / M / 2 ; 3 ,35 / 3 ; Fc 3 ,40 / M / D ,F / 4 ; Fc 3 ,40 /c 4 -5M ( 2 0 ) /D ,F / M ( D ) /D ,F / D ,F / M ( D ) /2 -4M ; ( 2 )-4D / 0 / M ( D ?) / 3 P ( 1 -20 ), T hose i n p a renthesis w e re d estroyed b e fore S tu keley p lanned t he s ite , E : 0 /2 -3 ; c 9 ,0 / 0 F : ( 3 ,50) / ( 3 ,35-3 ,75) / I D ( 9 ,011,0) / I D ( 9 ,011,0 ) /I D G : s a rsen / C ,ICO ,?ISS ,ASC / I , M T h e I n ner N o rt h C i rcle B : E /P CH4?(F) / D / P ; S m ith a nd C unn ington 1 8 65 C : N /c 4 1,0 / 0 / I D (c 12?) 0 : M( D ) /0 ; /M ( 0 ) /D ; F /D ; F /M /D ; F /D ; F /D : F /3 M ( 3 D) , T hose i n p a renthes is d estroyed b e fore S tukeley p lanned t h e s ite , E : I D

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F : ( large) / I D /I D /I D /I D 6 : s arsen / C ,ICO ,?ISS / I T his w ell k nown c ircle-henge i s e xtensively d ocumented , o n ly a b rie f s ummary a nd c r itique i s g iven h ere , T he H enge T he m a jority o f t he k nown f eatures a t A vebury s tand w ithin i t s m assive d itch a n d o uter b ank, T he d itch o riginally d efined a c entral a rea o f c 350x380m ( today c 340x372m d ue t o e rosion) a nd i s d istinctly p olygonal i n i t s w estern h alf, t he a ngle c hanges p e rhaps i n dicative o f w ork g ang c onstruction , T he d itch w as o riginally s teep-sided ( s tepped o n i n ner f a ce), w ith a f lat b ase , a nd w as 1 215m w ide a nd c 10 ,0m d eep o riginally , B etween t he b ank a nd d itch w as a b erm u p t o 4 ,5m w ide , T he b an k w as o r iginally a t l east 6 ,0m h igh , h ad a n e xternal d iameter o f c 440x450m a nd a ppears t o h ave b een m ore c i rcular t han t h e d itch , E xcavation t o t he s outhwest i n 1 938 a ppears t o i ndicate t hat t he b ank w as r e tained i n ternally b y ar ough c halk-block w all w hich h as n ow c o llapsed , I n o ne t ren ch , c u t t h rough t he b an k t o t he s outheast b y M eux i n 1 894 , t here w ere c lear i ndications i t h as b een b uilt i n 2p hases , t he l ater o ne b eing m ore m assive , T his w as a lso a pparent i n ac utting b y t he w est e ntrance d ug i n t he 1 9 60 's ( M ,Pitts , p ers c omm), T he d itch i s i n terrupted b y f our e ntrances p laced r oughly o pposite e ach o ther , t o t he NW ,ENE ,SSE a nd W SW , H owever, t hey a re n ot p ositioned s o a l i ne t hrough e a ch w ould i n tersect a t t he e xact c entre o f t he s ite ; t he n orthern a nd s outhern e ntran ces a re d isplaced s omewhat t o t he w est , t he c entral f eatures w ith in t he t wo i n terna l s tone c i rcles s tand w ell t o t he e ast o f t h is l ine , T he d itch w idened a nd t he b anks r ose i n h e ight a s t hey a pproa ched e ach e ntrance a nd t he c auseways w ere s cooped s lightly t o m ake t h e w hole a ppear m ore i m pressive , H owever , i n a ll c ases , e xcept t o t h e n orthern s ide o f t he e astern e ntrance , l a ter d isturbance h as a ltered t he b ank a nd d itch a round t he e ntrances , T h is i s p articularly s evere t o t he w est w here t he b ank w as l evelled i n t he l a te 1 7th c entury , T he o riginal c auseways h ave b een w idened b y b ackfilling t he d itches i n a ll b ut t he e astern e ntrance , T he w estern e ntran ce h ad b een w idened b y 1 724 a nd t he n orth/south e ntran ces w ere m odified w hen t he r oad w as i mproved i n t he e arly 1 9 th c entury , T he b anks h ave a lso b een c ut b ack a t t he s outhern a nd p ossibly t he n orthern e ntran ces , T he e astern e ntrance h as h ad i t s n orthern d itch t e rminal d amaged b y c onversion t o ap ond , S evera l o ther s ections o f t he d itch h ave b een d amaged b y s mall s cale q uarrying , I n i t s f inal f o rm t he b ank w ou ld h ave o bscured t he v iew o f t he s urround ing l a ndscape f rom w ithin t he s ite , p articularly t o t he s outh , T he w ide s labs i n t he o uter c i rcle a t t he e ntrances w ould a lso h ave r estricted t he v iew o f t he i n terior o n a pproach , N one o f t he i n terior i s v isible f rom e lsewhere i n t he n ear v icinity , T he O uter C ircle T his r ing i s d istinctly p olygonal i n t he w estern h alf, a s i t f o llows t he o uter d it ch e dge c losely , c onsistently p laced c 6 ,5-7 ,0m f rom t h is , T he w estern h alf h as b een e x cavated a nd r estored , w hile t he e astern h alf i s f ragmentary , o nly a f ew s tones a nd b urning p its b e ing v isible , M any o f t he s tones w ere i n t he p rocess o f b eing d estroyed i n S tukeley 's d a y , H e r e corded 4 2 s tones i n 1 724 , T he s outheastern a rc w as s ubstantially d estroyed i n 1 7 00 a nd t he n ortheastern a rc i n 1 7 18 , O n t he w estern s ide m any w ere b roken d own t o s tumps i n 1 7 18 , B y 1 8 12 a f u rther 1 2 s tones h ad g one , A round t he r ing c i rcum feren ce a s aw hole s e veral s tones h ad p reviously b een b roken u p o r b uried i n t he m edieval p eriod , K ieller 's e xcavations i n 1 9 37-8 f ound 1 7 b uried s tones a nd 1 6 s toneho les , i n a dd ition t o t he 6 w h ich s urvived i n 1 937 , E xcavation h as s hown t he s toneholes p enetrated t he c halk b y 0 , 15-0 ,60m , t he s tones w ere n ormally p acked w ith s arsen b ou lders a nd c lay , a nd e ach w ell p reserved h ole h ad a nti-friction s ta kes , T hese i l lustrate t hat t he m a jority ( 1 7) w ere e rected f rom t he i n side , o r s ide , o nly o ne w as r a ised f rom t he o utside , O ne o f t he s toneholes h ad c h alk p acking f rom t he d itch , W hile t h is m ay b e ar eplacement s tone , o r t he r epair o f as tone t hat f e ll, i t e qually c ou ld b e i n terpreted a s s uggesting t h e c i rcle a s aw hole w as b u ilt a t

t he

s ame

t ime

a s

t he

e nlargement

o f

t he

b ank,

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T he h e ight

o f

t he o rthostats v a ries

g e nerally , b ut p a rticularly m assive s tones w e re p laced a t t he e ntran ces , B e cause t h e e n trances h ave b een m od ified i t i s d i fficu lt t o a ssess t he e xa ct d esign , T he s outhern e n tran ce i s t h e m ost i n ta ct , h e re 2 o ut o f 3m assive s labs s urv ive , t he c entra l o ne p la ced i n a l ignment w i th t he m idd le o f t he e ntrance , T he n orthern e ntran ce s t ill h as i t s c entre s t one i n p la ce ( t he S w indon S tone) , E a rly a ccounts s uggest t he w estern s tone h ere w as s m a ller w hile t h e e astern s tone i s l i ke ly t o h ave b een l a rge a nd s lab l i ke , T he e astern e n trance h as a l a rge f a llen s tone a t i t s c entre b ut i t s f lan kers h ave g one , A t t he w estern e n tran ce o nly o ne m oderate-sized f l an ker r emains , T h e S outhern C ircle T h is r i ng h as a s imilar d iameter t o t h e n o rthern r ing a nd b oth w ere p robably d esigned t o a p pear t he s ame s ize , T he re a re d i fficulties a ssessing h ow m any s tones i t o rigina lly h ad , d u e t o d iscrepan cies i n S tu keley 's p lans i n t he n orthern s e ctor , I t h as s u ffered t he s ame f a te a s t he o ther r ings o n s ite a nd o n ly t h e s outh-west a r c s urvives , A ubrey n oted 2 3 s t ones w e re s tand ing ( h is p lan s hows 1 8 -20) b ut b y S tu keley 's t ime o n ly 4 s tood a nd 1 0 w e re f a llen , E x cavation t o t h e w est i n 1 9 39 h as r evealed 4 f u rther s toneholes , T he o ther s e ctors o f t h e c i rcle h ave n ot b een e x cavated , A t t he a pproximate c e ntre o f t h is c i rcle a m assive s tone k nown a s T he O belisk o n ce s t ood , T h is w a s o verthrown i n t he m ed ieval p eriod a nd S tu ke ley n oted i t w as c 6 ,40m l o ng , I t h as n ow b een d estroyed b ut i t 's l a rge s tonehole h as b een e x cavated , N earby t o t h e n o rth w e re f our s ma ll p its o f u n known a ge w h ich h ad a h igh c on centration o f l i th ics s urrounding t h em , b ut n o f i nds i n t h e f i lls t h emse lves , S u rround ing t h e O b e lisk w as a s etting o f s maller s tones , s tand ing 0 ,951,60m h igh , K i eller e xcavated t he w e stern h a lf o f t h is , A t t he w est w as a c rude s traight l i ne o f 9 s t ones ( o rientated SW/NNW ) , T hese h ad b een b uried i n t h e m ed ieva l p eriod a nd s ome s u bsequently b ro ken u p , T h e s toneholes w e re p a cked w ith c halk f r om t h e d itch , B oth e nds w e re a lso m a rked b y as ta kehole w h ich h ad b een s uperseded b y t he s tones ; t hese w ere 3 1 ,2m a p art , T he o ther s ides o f t h e s etting w ere n ot f u lly e x cavated a nd h en ce t he s etting 's s h ape r emains c on jectu ra l , O n ly 1 s tone o f t he n orthern s ide a nd 2 o f t h e s outhern w ere e x cavated , T he e asternmost s tone o n t he l a tter s ide i s s et w e ll w ithin t he l i ne , a nd h as l e d t o t he s uggestion t h e s ett ing w as D -shaped , A lternatively i t c ould b e c rudely s ubr e ctangular , T he e x cavated s ide i s o r ientated o n t he n o rth/south e ntran ces , B etween t h is s etting a nd t h e s u rround ing c i rcle w as a s ingle o rthostat t o t he s outh , T h is s tood i n S tu keley 's d ay b ut h ad b een d estroyed b y 1 8 12 , I t s s tonehole w as e x cavated i n 1 9 39 a nd e nough o f t h e s u rrounding a rea w as i n vestigated t o s how t h is s tone d id n ot s t and i n a n i n ner c i rcle , T h e N orthern C j rck e T h is c i rcle h as n ot b een e xtensive ly e x cavated a nd h as b een i n i t 's p resent s tate s in ce 1 8 12 , w ith t h e e x ception o f o ne s tone b y t h e r oadside w h ich w as r emoved i n c 1825 , A ubrey r e corded c 17 s tones a nd i n S tu keley 's d ay 1 s tones e x isted , m ostly f a llen , T he o thers h ad b e en r emoved b etween 1 6 94 a nd 1 7 10 , T here i s d i fficu lty e stimating t he e xact o r ig inal n u mber o f s tones b e cause o f u n certa inties i n t he e arly p lans , U n like t h e s outhern c i rcle , t h at t o t h e n o rth a ppears t o h ave b een c oncentric, w ith a n i n ner c i rcle w h ich h a s n ow d isappeared , S tu keley n oted 6 s tones i n t h is , o ne o f w h ich w a s s tand ing , I n 1 9 64 a p ipe t r en ch r e vea led o ne o f t h e s toneho les t o t h e s outhwest , T he l a st s tone w as r e moved i n 1 8 28 , t h e o ther 5 h ad g one p r ior t o 1 8 12 , F our f u rther s tones t o t h e n o rth h ad b een r emoved i n 1 7 17 s hortly b e fore S tu ke ley p lanned t he s ite , T h ree p artb u ried s ma ll s tones ( o r p a rts o f o ne l a rge o ne) n ear t he e astern h alf o f t h e r i ng , i n vestigated b y G ray a nd e a rlie r b y S m ith a nd C unn ington i n 1 8 67 , m ay b e f r om o ne o f t h e c i rcle s tones b ut t hey a re w e ll w ith in t h e c i rcumferen ce a nd m ay b e d isplaced ( o r b e long t o a n i n ner s e tting o f s im ilar d imensions t o t hat i n t he s outhern c i rcle , I n 1 8 8 1 S m ith s a id h e f ound a b u ried s t one b y p rob ing n o rth o f t he c ove w hich m ay a lso h ave b e longed t o s u ch a s etting ) , A t t h e c entre o f t h e c i rcle i s ac ove , 2o f t h e m ass ive s tones o f w h ich s u rv ive , O r iginally i t w as s ub-re ctangu lar , m easured c 8 ,010 ,0m a c ross a nd c omprised 3 s labs w ith

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a n o pen s ide f a cing n ortheast , T he b a ck s lab i s p a rticu la rly b road a nd s tands c 4 ,40m h igh , T he o ther i s t a ller , a t c 4 ,90m h igh , a nd t h e t h ird , w h ich f e ll i n 1 7 13 a nd w as d e stroyed s oon a fterwa rds , w as s im ilar ; S tu keley n otes i t w as c 6 ,3m l o ng , E a ch s tone w as s e t i n a l o ng t ren ch a nd s upported b y s arsen b lo cks , T hey a re p la ced w e ll a part a nd n o k nown s tones m a rked t he c o rners o f t he s etting , T he s outhern a nd n o rthern c i rcles l a y c 20m a part ( e dge t o e dge), i n a NW /SSE l i ne , a t t h e a pproximate c entre o f t he h enge , O the r F eatu res T o t h e n o rtheast , b y t he i n ner e dge o f t h e d itch n ext t o t h e n orthern e ntrance , S t u keley i l lustrated a s mall u pright , T h is a ppears t o h ave f a llen b y 1 8 12 a nd w as s ubsequently r e moved , As ma ll e x cavation i n 1 9 60 f a iled t o f i nd a s tonehole , H owever , i t i s l i ke ly t h at e ither t h e e x cavation w as m ispla ced b e cause o f i n a ccura cy i n S tu ke ley 's d raw ing , o r t h e s tonehole h ad b een q uarried a way , E x cavat ion i n a n e qu iva lent p osition t o t he w e st o f t h e e ntrance f a iled t o f ind a m atching s toneho le , I n t h e s outhern e ntrance , b etween t he b an k a nd d i tch o n t h e e astern s id e , w as a m assive p ostho le w h ich w as c ut c l‚ 0 5m i n to t h e c ha lk a nd c ontained a p ost o f c 0 ,6m d iameter ; i t h ad r o tted i n -situ , I t i s l i ke ly t h is p ost w as a t i mber p orta l , p e rhaps c ontempo ra ry w ith t h e b ank a nd d itch , H owever , t h e m atch ing p osition t o t he w est c a nnot b e i n vestigated a s i t l i es u nder t he r o ad , N o e qu ivalent p ost w as f ound i n t he w este rn h a lf o f t h e n o rthern e ntran ce w here t he c auseway e dge w as r e vetted b y s ma ller p osts , T h e o ther e ntrances h ave n o t b een i n vestigated , M idway b etween t h e s outhern c i rcle a nd t he o uter o ne i s t he r e -erected s tump o f T he R ing S tone , I t i s s et r e lat ively n ear t h e a x is d e fined b y t h e 2i n ner c i rcles , r a the r t han b e ing a l igned w ith t h e s outhern e ntran ce , T h is s mall s tone w as s tand ing i n S tu ke ley 's d ay a nd h ad a n a tu ra l h ole t h rough i t , E x cavation s howed t h at i t h ad r ep laced a m u ch l a rger s tone w h ich h ad b een d ismantled a nd t h e s maller o ne p ut i n i t s p la ce a nd p a c ked w ith s a rsen a nd c h a lk; t h e l a tter f r om t h e h enge d itch , S tu keley i l lustrated a s econd s t one , a t as im ilar d istan ce w ith in t he o uter c i rcle , i n t h e n orthwest q uadrant o f t he s ite , l t w as r e cumbent a nd m ay h ave b een d isplaced , H owever , t h ere i s l i ttle e v iden ce o f s ton es b e ing m oved g reat d istan ces d u ring d emolition e lsewhe re o n t h e s i te , As ma ll e xcavation i n 1 9 60 f a iled t o f i nd a s tonehole b ut t he t r en ch w as t o o s ma ll t o r e solve w hether t h is s t one o n ce s tood i n t h is v i cin ity , I t i s u n likely t h ese t w o s tones e ver s tood o n as e cond c i rcle f o llowing t h e h enge d itch , E xcavation t o t he w est o f t h e R ing S tone w ould h ave f o und a t l e ast o ne s toneho le i f t h is w as t h e c a se , E x cavations i n 1 9 37 r o und t he n o rthern e ntrance f ound 1 3 s toneho les o f w hat m a y h ave b een a t h ird c i rcle o f s imilar s tone s pa cing a nd d iameter t o t h e t w o m a in r ings i n s ide t he h enge , E x cavations i n 1 9 60 b y P iggott a long t he p ro jected c i rcum feren ce w ithin t h e h enge f a iled t o f i nd f u rther s toneholes , i n d icat ing t h at , e ithe r t h e r ing w as n ever f i n ished o r t hat a lternative e xp lanations n eed t o b e f ound , I f t h is c i rcle e ve r e x isted i t m u st p red ate t h e h enge a s i t s t radd les t he b an k a nd d itch , I n a l l t h ree c ases t he s tones h a d b een r e moved r a the r t h an b e ing d estroyed i n -situ , s uggest ing d emolition t oo k p l a ce i n p reh istory , O ne o f t hem s tood s o c lose t o o ne o f t he o u ter c i rcle s tones t hat i t s eems u n likely t h ey c ou ld h ave s tood t ogether , T he o ther 2 p its w e re s et a ga inst t he e dge o f t h e d itch a nd w e re o f a typ ica l c onstru ct ion ; i t h as b een s uggested t h ey c ould b e o f r e cent o r ig in , T he o ne c e rtain s tonehole c ou ld b e a nother e xamp le o f a n i s olated s tone a t t he s ite , p e rhaps d emo lished w hen t h e o ute r c i rcle w as b u ilt , T he A venues A venues o f p a ired s tones a re w ell d o cumented a s s tarting a t t h e s outh a nd w est e n tran ces o f t h e h enge , T he re i s a lso a p ossib ility t h at s im ilar s e tt ings e x isted a t t he o t he r t wo e ntran ces , a s i n d icated b y r e cently d iscove red e arly a ntiquarian a c counts , T he W est K ennet a venue w as o r ig ina lly c 2 ,34km l o ng a nd c omprised o f c 100 p a irs o f s tone , s pa ced 2 1 ,0-30 ,0m a part , i n a1 5 ,016 ,8m w ide a venue , I t l e d , i n as inuous c o u rse o f s ho rt s t ra ight s tretches , t o T he S an ctua ry s tone c i rcle t o t h e s outh-east , A u brey s uggested t h e s tones n ear t h e h enge w e re l a rger t h an t h e o t he rs , H owever, i n t he r e stored

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p o rtion o f t he s ite t he s tones s tood b etween c 1 ,00 a nd 3 ,50m h igh a nd t here i s n o e vidence o f g rading a s t he h enge i s a pproached , T he o ne s tonehole e x cavated o f t he f i rst p air s tood n ext t o a l a rge p ost w hich m ay w ell h ave p receded t he a venue s tone a s o ne o f ap a ir o f t i mber p ortals , I t h as o ften b een n oted t hat t he s tones a re p aired a s c ontrasting t a ll p i llars a nd b road s labs , T h is i s o nly t rue i n 4 -6 c ases , w hile a t t he o ther 2 s urviving p a irs t h is i s n ot s o a nd t h is p attern m ay w ell b e f o rtuitous , B e fore e xcavation a nd r e storation o f t he p ortion n earest t he h enge , o nly 4 u pright a nd 9 f a llen s tones w ere v i sible i n t he a venue a s aw ho le , I n A ubrey 's d ay v irtually t he w hole c ourse w as v isible , a l though m any s tones w ere m issing a long i t s l ength , T he m a jority o f t he s tones A ubrey s aw w e re r emoved i n t he 1 8 th c e ntury , T he f i rst 3 7 p airs w ere e xcavated b y K ieller, w ho f ound t h at m any s tones h ad b een b u ried i n m edieval t imes , T he f irst f our p airs a re s et a t a n a wkward a ngle t o t he r est o f t he a venue w hich m ay s u ggest r emode lling a nd t h at t he s toneholes f ound d uring e x cavation f o r p airs 5 12 d enoted a n e arlier a lignment o f t h e a venue w hich h ad p erhaps b een l a ter d emolished a nd r ebu ilt f u rther t o t he e ast ( not e x cavated ), N one o f t hese s toneholes h ad i ndication o f l a ter i n s i tu d estruction o f s tones , i n c ontrast w ith t hose f u rther s outh , w hich s uggests p rehistoric d emolition , H owever , o ne o f t he ' e arly ' s toneholes ( 9B) w as p acked w ith c halk w h ich p robably c ame f rom t h e h enge d itch , a nd t h is w ou ld s uggest t he ' e arly ' a lignment w as c o ntemporary w ith t he h enge d espite i t s m ismatch w ith t he e ntrance , O ne p ossible e xplanation o f t h e a w kward a lignment o f t he a venue i s t hat w hen i n itially b u ilt i t r e spected a p re-existing s tructure ( a t imber b uilding?) w hich s tood o utside t he h enge e ntrance , A t t he o ther e nd o f t he a venue a c ase c an b e m ade t hat t he s tone c ircle a t T he S anctuary i s c ontemporary w ith t he e xcavated s toneho les ( see 1 5 :10), T he s pacing a nd w idth b e tween t he s tones d ecreases s ignificantly a t t h is p oint , T he p ossib ility t hat t he a venue h a s h ad t his e nd r e-aligned t o l ink i t t o T he S an ctuary s hould a lso b e c onsidered , e a rly d rawings s how a k ink i n a lignment n ear t he c ircle ,

a s

N ear t he A vebury e nd o f t he a venue , t he w est s tone i n t he t h irtieth p air w as n ever e r ected , T his w as a t t he c entre o f a n a rea w ith s ubstantial e vidence f o r o ccupation w h ich i n cluded a l a rge n umber o f a rtefacts , 2l a rge p its a nd s everal s maller h oles , a nd h earths , I t i s u n clear i f t h is a rea i s o ne o f n ormal h abitation , o r d enotes c eremonial a ctivity o f s o me k ind , T he l a tter h as b een s uggested t o b e t he c ase b ecause o f t he u nusual n ature o f t h e p its , T he c haracter o f t he a rte facts i ndicate m uch o f t he a ctivity m ay h ave t a ken p lace w ell b e fore t he a venue w as b u ilt , H owever , t he s ignificance o f t h is p lace w as l a ter a c knowledged b y t he a venue b uilders b y o mitting o ne o f t he s tones , V ery l i ttle s urvives o f t he B eckhampton a venue w hich r an f rom t he w estern e ntrance o f t h e h enge , H owever, i t w as w ell d ocumented i n ar u ined s tate b y S tukeley w hen 3 u prights a n d a bout 3 0 f a llen s tones e x isted , B y t he e nd o f t he 1 8th c entury v irtually a ll h ad g one , T h is a venue h ad p aired s tones a nd w as a lso s inuous , t u rning t o t he s outhwest a nd t hen t o t h e w est a ga in , l t w as a t l e ast c 2 ,0km l ong , b ut i t s o riginal t e rminal i s u nknown , p erhaps i t a lso c omprised a s tone s tructure o f s ome k ind , S tukeley n oted t he a venue e nded a t ' a g r oup o f s tones ' a nd h is d rawing i l lustrates 4 f a llen s tones o f w hich o nly 2 a ppear t o b e t h e f inal p a ir i n t he a venue , O nly o ne t a ll a venue s tone s urv ives t oday , N earby i s a s e cond t a ll s lab s et a t r ight a ngles w h ich i s t he l ast s urvivor o f ac ove s imilar t o t hat i n t he n orth c i rcle , I t h ad 3 u pright s tones i n 1 663 w ith a n o pen s ide t o t he s outheast t h at f a ced t he a venue , w h ich m ust h ave r un i mmediately i n f ront o f i t ( and w here o ne o f i t s s tones w as p erhaps o m itted?), B y 1 7 23 o ne o f t he c ove s tones h ad f a llen a nd t he t h ird h ad b een r emoved , I n 1 9 67 a b uried s tone w as f ound o n t he l ine o f t he a venue f u rther f rom t h e h enge t han t he c ove , Ab urning p it w as f ound i n 1 9 7 1 A rteti cts

i n t he m ain r oad n ear t he h enge ,

E xtensive n umbers o f a rte facts h ave b een f ound d uring t he v arious e x cavations , H owever, m any o f t hese m ay w ell h ave b een i n-situ b efore s pecific f eatures w ere b uilt a nd a ct o nly a s a t e rminus p ost q uer ns , T h is i s i l lustrated b y f inds u nder t he b ank w hich i n clude W indmill

H ill

w are

a nd

o ther

t h in

s andy

w ares

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c ommon

a t

t he

n earby

W indmill

H ill

c ausewayed e n closure , O ther p ottery u nder t he b an k P eterborough w ares a nd s maller n umbers o f g rooved w are

i n cludes l a rge q uantities o f a nd a braded b eaker s herds , T he

d itch s ilts c ontained s everal d isarticulated h uman b ones , a s w ell a s a nimal b ones a nd f l int t ools , E x ceptions t o t he g eneral o bservation m ade a bove a re t he u nabraded s herds i n t he s econdary d itch f i lls o f ar e latively l ate b eaker, a c o llared u rn a nd a b iconical u rn , O ne c ontracted s keleton w as f ound h igh i n t he s econdary s ilts s urrounded b y a n o val s etting o f s ma ll s arsens , a ccompanying t h is w as a c halk b all , s everal f l ints , u nd iagnostic s herds a nd a s heep b one , M any a ntler p icks a nd o x s houlder b lades w ere f ound i n t h e d itch w hich w ere p robably a ssociated w ith i t s c onstruction , O ne o f t he s toneholes i n t h e o uter c i rcle ( the o ne w ith c halk p acking) h ad 3 f ragments o f h uman s ku ll a nd 2 b eaker s herds , E x cavation a t t he c ove i n t he n orthern c ircle i n 1 865 f o und q uantities o f a nima l b one a nd p ottery w hich m ay h ave b een p urpose fully d eposited , T he m ost s ign ificant d eposits a re t he f our g raves d ug a longside a venue s tones , w hose i n humations w ere a ssociated w ith 2 r e latively e arly b eakers a nd a t h ird c a rinated v essel w h ich t ypologically a ppea rs t o b e a c ross b etween a b eaker a nd g rooved w are , T he ' s ettlement ' a d jacent t o t he a venue h ad a r a nge o f a rtefacts s imilar t o t hose f ound u nder t he h enge b ank , i n cluding m any s herds o f P eterborough w ares a nd s mall q uantities o f t he o ther p ottery t ypes l i sted a bove , O ther f inds i n clude a b one p in , a s tone a xe ( g roup I ) , f ragments o f o thers ( Ia ,VII), f ragments o f N iedermendig l a va a nd l a rge q uantities o f f l int t oo ls a nd w aste , i n cluding a xes ( 1 5+) t ransverse a rrowheads ( 89) a nd s crapers ( 5 16), C h ronology T he c omplex a rrangement o f s tructures a t A vebury a re s uggestive o f a l ong s equence o f c onstruction a nd m od ification i n t he L ater N eolithic, T he m assive b ank a nd d itch i n i tself m ust h ave t a ken m any y ears t o b uild a nd a t otal o f a t l e ast 4 00 l a rge o rthostats w ere e rected , U n fortunately n ot e nough h as b een e xcavated t o e lu cidate t h is c hronology , C halk i n t he s tonehole f i lls o f t he i nner s etting o f t he s outhern c i rcle , t he R ing S tone , a nd t he e arly W est K ennet a venue a lignment , i n dicate t hey w ith d itch c utting , H owever, t here a re s trong i ndications t hat t he b ank b een m odified a nd i t i s u nclear t o w hich p hase t he o ther f i lls r e late ,

o uter c i rcle , t he a re c ontemporary a nd d it ch h aving T he o uter c ircle

m ay p erhaps h ave b een b uilt a t t he s ame t ime a s t he p r imary d itch , w hen a nd w ould t hus n ot h ave h indered e rection , T he s ubsequent r e-erection o f c ould t hus h ave t a ken p lace o n t he r emodelling o f t he d itch , T he W est t he R ing S tone c ou ld a lso h ave b een c onstructed d uring t h is s econd c i rcles a re h arder t o a ssess , I f t he p ostulated c i rcle b y t he n orthern

i t w as n ot a s w ide o ne o f i t s s tones K ennet a v enue a nd p hase , T he i nner e ntrance i s r eal,

i t s uggests t he 3 c ircles p redate t he h enge , H owever, t h e i n terpretation o f t h is f eature i s f a r f rom c lear , O ne s tone i n t h is f eature p redates t he o uter c ircle , b ut i t m ay b e t hat t h e h enge i t se lf h ad a lready b een c onstructed b y t he t i me t he f o rmer w as r epla ced , T he i n ternal s etting w ithin t he s outhern c ircle i s c ontemporary w ith o ne o f t he d itch c utting p hases b ut t h is s etting m ay b elong t o ar emodelling o f t h e i n ner c i rcle r ather t h an i ts i n itial c onstruction , S mall e xcavations i n 1 9 85 u nder t he b ank r evealed t h e h enge h ad b een b uilt i n o pen , p oorly g razed g rassland w ith i ndications o f a n e arlier p loughing a fter i n itial c learance o f t he f o rest c over ,

p hase

w hich

p ossib ly

i n cluded

T he d estru ction o f t he s ite f a lls i n to 2 m ain p hases , t he e arliest w as a t i t s p eak i n t he e arly 1 4th c entury , E vidence h as b een f ound f o r t he c a reful b urial o f 4 0 s t ones a t t h is t ime a nd t he r eal t otal i s p robably s ignificantly h igher t han t h is , T he s econd p hase b egan i n t he m id/late 1 7 th c entury a nd c ontinued i n to t he e a rly 1 9 th c entury , A t t h is t ime t h e i n terior w as b uilt u pon a nd m any s tones b roken u p b y f e lling t hem i n to b urning p its, 1 : A ubrey 1 6 65-97 2 : S tukeley 1 7 43 3 : S mith 1 8 67 4 : G ray 1 9 091923 5 : C unnington 1 9 13 6 : G ray 1 935 7 : P assmore 1 9 35 8 : P iggott 1 964 9 : S mith 1 965 1 0 : B url 1 9 76 ( W iltshire 1 ) 1 : T hom a nd T hom 1 978 1 2 : B url 1 9 79 1 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( S5/3) 1 4 : E vans e t a l 1 985

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L 5 :2 C OATE S U 1 8 168240 W i ltshire B : E /P F 10 / P / S ; P assmo re p re 1 8 94 C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; 6 (00 ) /c 6 0 ,0-70 ,0 / 6 + /I D ( c 25-35) D : 2 -3M / 1 ; F ,BU / 2 -3M / 2 ; F ,BU / 1 2M / 3 ; F ,BU / 4 ; F ,BU / E H ? /? M /5 ; F ,BU / ? M / 6 ; F ,BU / c 1 318M (30) E : 0 /3 -4 ; 6 , 4 /0 /5 -6 ; 9 ,7 / 0 F : ( l a rge) / ( ? - c 2 ,5) / I D /( 6 ,4) / I D G : s a rsen / / T oday t h is s ite c omprises t h e s outh-eastern h a lf o f ap robab le s tone c i rcle , w ith 6 f a llen s a rsens , s ome o f w hich a re v i rtua lly b u ried , T he o ther h a lf i s o verlain b y af a rmya rd , 3 f u rthe r s tones w e re r e corded h ere i n t h e l a te 1 9 th c entury , A ubrey n oted a t a ll m enh ir a bout a m ile t o t he w est , s uggesting t h at h o llows n earby i n d icated i t w as p a rt o f a n a v enue l e ad ing t o t he c i rcle , H owever , h e d oes n o t d escribe t h e c i rcle i t se lf, T he c i rcle w a s f i rst d escribed b y J e fferies i n 1 8 67 , w ho n o ted t he s em i-circle o f s tones v isib le t o day , A t t h is t i me t h ere w a s m emory o f s everal o ther s tones w ith in t h is f ield h av ing b een b ro ken u p ' w h ich c ou ld h ave s tood i n ac i rcle ', P assmore d ug b etween 2 o f t he s tones i n t h e s outheast a r c a nd f o und a p ie ce o f b u rnt s a rsen a nd w h ite a sh w h ich h e i n terpreted a s t h e s ite o f ad estroyed s tone , A lthough t h is s ite m ay w e ll h ave b een a s tone c i rcle i t c o u ld p erhaps b e a f o rtu itous a rrangement o f s tones , a s s uggested b y o ther r e corded r e cumbent s tones n earby t o t he n o rth , e ast a nd w est , I d ea lly e x cavations a re n eeded t o c o n firm t he n a tu re o f t h e s i te , 1 : A ubrey 1 6 65-97 2 : P a ssmore 1 8 94 3 : T oplis 1 8 96 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( W iltsh ire 3 ) 5 : B u rl 1 9 79 6 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 5 5/6 , D ay H ouse L ane) 1 5 :3 T HE D EVILS Q UO ITS S P 4 1 1048 O x fordsh ire B : E /C H4 / D / P ; G r imes 1 9 40 , E ; G ray 1 9 73 C : G ray 1 9 73 ; 6 (00 ) /c 7 8 ,5x75 ,5 / 0 / 3-37 D : 1 2M / E H /M / P ,FG / E H /M /E H /2 M /4 EH / 4 -6M / D ; 2 ,90 / M / D ; B U /E H /1 2M /E H /D ; E H ,BU / 0 ; E H ,BU / M / 7 EH E : 0 /( E H-M ; 6 ,8 ) /( M -P : 6 ,8) / P -EH ; c 6 ,5 / ( E H-M ; 6 ,3 ) /( M -EH ; 6 ,3 ) /0 /E H-EH ; 6 ,2 /E H-EH ; 6 ,2 / E H-EH ; 5 ,6 / 0 / 0 -EH ; c 6 ,0 / 0 / E H-D ; 8 ,8 / D -D ; 8 ,5 / ( 0 -M ; 6 ,7) / ( M -EH ; 6 ,7) / E H-EH ; 7 ,3 / E H-EH ; 7 ,2 / E H-EH ; 6 ,0 / E H-EH ; 6 ,9 / E H-EH ; 7 ,0 / E H-EH ; 8 ,5 F : ( 2 ,90) / ( 2 ,90) / 7 ,0 / 5 ,6-8 ,8 / c 3 ,8% G : c ong lomerate / E B ,ED ,2ET / 2 E T h is c i rcle-henge h as n o w b een d estroyed , l t w as e x cavated i n 1 9 40 p r ior t o t he s ite b e ing l e velled f o r a n a erodrome , a nd d ug a ga in i n 1 9 73 p r ior t o g ravel e xtraction , T he m assive d i tch , d ug i n to g rave l , w as c 2 ,5m d eep a nd o r ig inally d e fined a n i n ternal a rea o f c 1 00x 115m , E x cavation i n 1 9 73 s howed t h is h ad b een f r equently r e cut w h ich h ad c onsiderab ly a l tered i t s p r o file , p a rticu larly t o t h e n o rthwest w here t h e d itch w as w idened f r om a n o r ig ina l w idth o f c 610m t o c 30m ( a fte r w eathering ) , E lsewhere t h e w idening o n ly r ea ched 1 -20m ( a fter w eathering ) , I n i t s f i na l f o rm t h e d itch d e fined a n i n terna l a rea o f 9 5x 112m , P r io r t o 1 9 40 a d enuded e xterna l b an k w as v isible w h ich h ad a n e xterna l d iameter o f c 2 10m a nd w a s s epa rated f r om t he d it ch b y ab e rm , T he t r en ches c ut t h rough t h e b an k b y G r imes s uggests t h e m ate ria l f r om t h e d itch r e cutting w as a dded t o t h e i n ner e dge o f t h e b an k , T wo e ntran ces i n te rrupt t h e d itch t o t h e e ast a nd W SW , b o th a re c l lm w ide , I n t he S W t e rminal, w h ich h ad n ot b e en a s s everely r e cut a s t h e o thers , p ostho les f o r 2l a rge m a rker p o sts w ere i d entified , O n e h ad a n a ntler p i ck a t i t s b ase , W ith in t h e h enge a s tone c i rcle o n ce s tood b ut t h is h ad b een v i rtually d estroyed b y t h e 1 7 th c entu ry , O n ly o n e o rthostat r e mained i n -situ i n 1 9 40 , t h is w as 2 ,90m h igh a nd s tood i n t h e s outhern s e ctor , T he s tone c i rcle l i es e c centrically w ithin t h e o r ig inal d i tch a nd h as a m u ch b e tter f i t w ith t h e f i na l d it ch s hape , s t rongly s uggesting t h e s tones w e re a dded r e latively l a te , r a ther t h an b e ing p a rt o f t h e p r imary d esign , I n 1 9 40 G r imes f o und o n ly f o u r s toneho les a nd a b u rn ing p i t w here a f i fth h ad b een d estroyed , T he s ubsoil

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w as v e ry v a riab le a nd c aused p rob lems i n b oth e x cavat ions , I n 1 9 73 , 1 7 s toneho les w e re i d entified , E lsewhere t h e c ong lomerate b edrock w as n ea r t h e s urfa ce a nd s toneho les w ou ld h ave b een s ha llow , M ost o f t h e s tones h ad b een r e moved o r d estroyed i n t h e m ed ieval p e riod , S ome o f t h e l a rger s tones w e re r e du ced t o s t umps , i n 3 c ases t h e s t ones w e re b u ried , a nd o thers b roken u p i n b u rn ing p its , T he r ing i s r e markably c i rcu lar c o nsidering i t s s ize a nd t h e s tones w ere w e ll s paced , T he o n ly f i nds f r om t h e s ite w e re i n t h e d itch a n d c omprised a f e w i n determ inate a n ima l b ones a nd a f l int f l a ke f o und b y G r imes , a nd f u rther a n imal b ones a nd a f e w i n determinate s he rds r e covered b y G ray , T wo C 14 d ates w e re o bta ined f rom t h e l o we r d i tch s i lts ; 2 060t 120b c ( H ar 1887) a nd 1 6 40t7Obc ( H ar 1888 ), T h e ir d isparity m ay b e e xplained b y t h e r e cutting n oted a bove , 1 : G r imes 1 9 44 2 : G ray 1 9 75 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( O x fordsh ire 1 ) 4 : B rad ley e t a l 1 9 84b , 1 5 :4 F ALKNER 'S C IRCLE S U 1 0 9693 W i ltsh ire B : E /P F 10 / V P /C : N /c 36 ,5 / 1 / I D 0 : 0/1 ; 1 , 30 / 0 E : I D F : I D /( 1 ,30) / I D /I D /I D G : s a rsen / / A l l t h at s u rv ives i s a v e rtically-set s a rsen s lab w h ich i s 2 , 1m l o ng , I n 1 8 40 F a lkner n o ted 9 f u rther s toneholes , t h ese c a nnot n ow b e t raced a s t h e a rea h as b een p loughed , 1 : S m ith 1 8 85 2 : G r insell 1 9 57 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( W iltsh ire 4 ) 4 : B url 1 9 79 5 : V isited 1 9 84 1 5 :5 H AMPTON D OWN S Y 5 96865 D o rset B : L /F 23 D /T ; W ainw right 1 9 65 C : W a inwright 1 9 67 ; G /c 6 ,2x8 ,1 / 0 / 8 ? 0 : E H /? M /E H /E H /E H /( E H) / E H /E H /M ? /E H /E H E : E H-EH ; 5 ,0 / E H-EH ; 2 ,6 / E H-EH ; 2 ,2 / E H-EH ; 1 , 8 /E H-EH ; 1 , 9 /E H-EH ; 4 ,0 / E H-EH ; 1 , 9 /E H-EH ; 3 .3 F : I D /I D /2 ,8? / 1 , 8-5 ,0? / c 23 ,5% G : s arsen? / B ?D? / S ? I n 1 9 39 t h e r i ng a t t h is s ite a ppeared t o b e ag enu ine c i rcle o f 1 0 16 s tones o f s a rsen a nd c ong lome rate , a lthough i t w as d i fficu lt t o d etermine i f t h ey s tood u pright o r n o t , B y 1 9 64 a f u rther 1 2 s tones h ad b een a dded t o t he r ing , T he e x cavations i n 1 9 65 d emonstrated t h is r ing h ad b een p la ced h e re i n r e latively m odern t i mes a nd t hat t h e o riginal s ite l a y c l ose-by t o t h e w est , o verlain b y ab oundary b ank, I t h ad p robably b een d emo lished i n t h e l a te 1 7 th c entury , I n t h e o r ig ina l c i rcle , 8 -9 s toneholes w e re f ound , o ne o r t w o m o re m ay h ave b een d estroyed i f t h ey w e re t o o s ha llow t o l e ave a n i m p ression i n t he s ubso il , b ut i t s eems m o re l i ke ly t h at t he o r igina l s pa cing w as i r regu la r , T he s toneholes v a ried i n s ize s uggesting t h e c i rcle h ad c ontained s tones o f d i fferent d imensions , T h ree l a rge o nes l i e t o t he n o rth-west/north a nd a f o u rth t o t h e SE , T wo o f t h ese , p laced d iametrica lly ( N NW/SSE) , m ay h ave c ontained r a d ia lly-set s tones , T o t h e n o rthwest a s l ight c l ay b an k r a n b etween t h e 3l a rge s toneholes , w h ich w a s c 1, 0 0m w ide a nd c 0 ,25m h igh , A t i t s n o rth-eastern e nd t h is b ank s topped s hort o f t h e s toneho le , h e re w as a s hallow , s teep-sided g u lly w ith 3 s m a ll s labs a t i t s w estern e dge w h ich a ppeared t o r e ta in i t , J ust w ith in t h e c lay b ank h e re w e re 3 s takeholes , B etween t h e o rthostats t o t h e e ast a nd w est , w here t he s pacing w as w idest , t he c lay b an k w as r e p la ced b y 2n a rrow d itches w h ich p ostdated t h e s toneho les , T he w e stern o ne w as c 0 ,70m w ide a nd c 0 ,40m d eep , T he o ther w as b ad ly d istu rbed b ut o r igina lly w as p robably s im ilar, I f t h ese f e atures a re p reh istoric t h ey i n d icate n o f u rther s tones e x isted i n t hese t w o u nusua lly w ide g aps , T o t h e s outh t h e o n ly f e atu re w as a s hallow p it a d jacent t o o ne o f t h e

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s toneholes , T h is m ay h ave b een a f u rther s tonehole , b ut i t a ppears t o b e t oo c lose f o r b oth t o h ave c ontained s tones a t t he s ame t ime , I t i s h ard t o k now w hat t o m ake o f a ll t h ese e phemeral f eatures , T he t wo a d jacent p its t o t he s outh m ay s uggest t he s ite w as r e modelled a t s ome s tage ( a ssuming b oth a re s toneholes), T he g ully t o t he n orth a ppears t o b e c ut b y as tonehole a nd w as i nterpreted a s a n a pproa ch r oute t o t he c ircle , W ainwright s uggests t he p ath h eaded s t raight t o t h is s tone a nd t hen t urned a wkwardly r ound i t , I t s eems m ore l i kely t hey a re n ot c ontemporary a nd p erhaps t he c lay b ank a nd s takeholes a re e a rly f eatures a ssociated w ith t he g ully , a ll b uilt b efore t he o rthostats w ere e rected , 1 : P iggott a nd P iggott 1 9 39 2 : W ainwright 1 9 67 3 : B url 1 976 ( Dorset 1 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 54/3) 1 5 :6 K INGSTON R USSELL B : C /P F3 / A / -

S Y 5 77878

D orset

C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 24 ,0x27 ,0 / 1 418? / I D ( c22-37) D : 1 4M / 1 ; F1 , 35 / 0 -2M / 2 ; F1 , 40 / M ? /3 ; F0 ,95 / 4 ; F1 ,45 / M ? /5 ; F1 ,00 / 2 -4M? ( ?6 ; Fo r F O 1 , 00) / ( ? 7 ; Fo r F O , D I 1 ,00) / ( ?8 ; Fo r F O 0 ,50) / 9 ; F0 ,85 / ( ? 10 ; Fo r F O 0 ,70 / 1 ; F1 , 10 / ? M /1 2 ; F1 ,25 / 1 3 ; F0 ,85 / 2 -3M / 1 4 ; F1 ,05 / 1 5 ; F1 ,65 / 1 6 ; F0 ,85 / 2 -3M / 1 7 ; F1 , 10 / 1 -3M / 1 8 ; F0 ,95 E : I D -S ome o f t he s maller s tones m ay b e f ield c learance i n t he g aps b etween s tones , e lsewhere s pacing u neven , F : ( c 1,15) / ( c 0 ,851,65) / I D /I D / c 1% G : s arsen a nd c onglomerate / - / A l l t he s tones a re r e cumbent a nd d oubts h ave b een r a ised o ver t he a uthenticity o f t h is r ing , t he w hole s uggested t o b e t he p roduct o f f ield c learance , H owever , h ollows b y t he e nds o f s evera l o f t he s tones s uggest t hey o nce s tood o n e nd a nd t hat t he s ite i s g enuine , O ne s tone w as r e corded a s u pright i n 1 8 15 , S ome o f t he s tones t o t he s outh a ppear t o b e l e ss w orn a nd a re t he o nly l i kely c andidates f o r r e cent i n troductions , 1 : P iggott a nd P iggott 1 9 39 2 : W ainwright 1 9 67 3 : B url 1 976 ( Dorset 2 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 8 4/2) 5 : v isited 1 987 1 5 :7 N INE S TONES S Y 6 1 1904 B : L /F 23 / G / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /8 ,8x7 ,9 / 9 / 1 0

D orset

D : Mo r 0/1 ; L0 ,80 / 2 ; 0 ,60 / 3 ; 0 ,55 / 4 ; S /5 ; 0 ,80 / 6 ; 0 ,90 / 7 ; R2 , 15 / 8 ; 0 ,60 /9 ; 1 ,80 E : ( M 1; 2 ,7) / 1 -2 ; 2 ,5 / 2 -3 ; 2 ,6 / 3 -4 ; 1 ,8 / 4 -5 ; 2 ,9 / 5 -6 ; 2 ,6 / 6 -7 ; 3 ,2 / 7 -8 ; 2 . 1 /8 -9 ; 3 ,0 / ( 9 -M ; 2 ,7) F : 0 ,70+2 ,15 ,1,80 / 0 ,55-0 ,90+2 ,15 ,1,80 / 2 ,6 / 1 ,8-3 ,2 / 1 0 ,2% G : s arsen (6), c onglomerate (3) / - / P T h is w ell p reserved s tone c ircle h as 2 t a ll p ortals o r d irectional s tones t o t he W NW/NW , w ith a m uch s maller s tone b etween t hem , T he t a llest , t o t he W NW , i s s et r ad ially , T he s ite s eems t o h ave b een i n i t s p resent s tate s ince f i rst r e corded b y A ubrey , I n t he 1 9th c entury , W arne s howed a s tone o f u n certain s tatus a s j ust v isible t h rough t he t u rf a t t he p osition o f t he o ne m issing s tone , S tukeley s hows a t rack r unning t h rough t he s ite a t t h is p o int a nd t he o r iginal d ate ,

s tone

i s l i kely

t o h ave b een e ither b uried o r d estroyed b y t h is

1 : A ubrey 1 6 65-97 2 : S tukeley 1 7 76 3 : W arne 1 872 4 : P iggott a nd P igott 1 939 5 : B url 1 9 76 ( D orset 5 ) 6 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( 8 4/1, W interbourne A bbas) 7 : v isited 1 9 87

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1 5 :8 R EMPSTONE S Y 9482 1 D orset B : E /P F9 / A / C : P iggott a nd P iggott 1 9 39 ; G /c 2 5 ,0 / 8 / c 2 1-23 D : A : 1 ; - /M /2 ; - /M /3 ; F1 , 20 / 4 ; F1 , 00 / 5 ; - /8 10M / 6 ; F1 , 50 / 2 M /7 ; / 8 ; - /M E : ( 1 -M ; 3 ,8) / ( M -2 ; 3 ,8) / ( 2 -M ; 3 , 1 /( M -3 ; 3 , 1) / 3 4 ; 3 ,7 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,0 / 0 / 7 -8 ; 3 ,8 / ( 8 -M ; 3 ,6 ) /( M 1; 3 ,6) F : ( c 1,20) / ( c 0 ,901,50) / ( 3 ,5) / ( 3 ,0-3 ,8) / I D G : B agshot s andstone / - / T he s outhern h a lf o f t h is r i ng h as b een d estroyed , A l though s ome o f t he s tones a re r e latively t a ll , p illar-like s tones , d istu rbance b y t h e F orestry C omm ission h as d emonstrated s ome a t l e ast a re o n ly s uperficially b edded , T h is h as l e d t o s ome d oubt b e ing e xp ressed o n t h e a uthenticity o f t h e s ite , H owever, i t s c a re fu l d esign s uggests i t i s g enu ine , 1 : P iggott a nd P iggott 1 9 39 2 : W a inwright 1 9 67 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D orset 6 ) 1 5 :9 R OLLRIGHT S P 2 96308 O x fordsh ire 8 : C /W CH / A (R ) /C ; S he ldon p re 1 6 10 C : L ambrick 1 9 83 ; G /3 0 ,5x32 ,0 / 3 6 + /6 4-90 0 : T abulated p re 1 8 82 s tate : 4 -7M ( 4 -5 F G ) /1 ; F1 , 30 / ? M /2 ; 1 , 50 / 2 -4M ( 2 FG ) / 3 ; S ,T 1 , 80 / ? M ( F G?) / 4 ; L0 , 75 / 3 -4M ( 3 -4 F G , 5 ; F1 , 20 - n o t i d entified o n e a rly d raw ings) / 6 ; 1 . 15 / ? M ( 0 -2FG) / 7 ; 1 , 30 / 2 -4M ( 8 ; F1 , 20? d isplaced o n e a rly d rawings , 2 -3FG) / 9 ; 1 , 00 / 1 0 ; 1 , 20 / 1 2M ( F G) / 1 ; F0 ,85 / M / 1 2 ; F1 , 10 / 1 3 ; F1 , 10 / 1 4 ; 1 , 20 / E ntrance / 1 5 ; L1 , 55 / 1 2M / 1 6 ; L1 , 15 / ? M ( 0 1 F G ) / 1 7 ; L1 , 05 / 1 8 ; L1 , 45 / 5 -8M ( 1 9 ; ? s ite n ow h a rd t o i d entify , 4 7 F G) / 2 0 ; 0 ,95 / 1 2M ( 0 1 F G ) /2 1 ; S ? ( t all 1 6 77fell a nd r e moved) / 2 ; 0 ,95 / 2 3 ; 1 , 10 / 3 4M / 2 4 ; 1 , 00 / 8 12M ( 2 5 ; F , 1 , 40 n o t c l early i d entified o n e a rly d raw ings , 8 11 F G )/ 2 6 ; F1 , 05 ( s tanding 1 6 77) / 2 7 ; 1 , 40 / ( 2 8 ; 0 ,90m o utside r i ng ) /2 9 ; 0 ,90 / 3 0 ; 0 ,80 /3 1 ; 1 , 65 / 1 2M ( F G?) / 3 2 ; 1 , 45 / 3 ; F , B ? ( l arge 1 6 77) / 3 4 ; 2 ,20 / ? M / 3 5 ; F0 ,70 / 1 2M ( F G ) /3 6 : 1 , 40 E : 0 /9 10 ; 1 , 3 /0 / ( 1 415 E ntran ce 2 ,6) / 0 / 1 7 18 : 1 , 1 / 0 / 2-23 ; 1 , 2 /0 / 2 6-27 ; 1 , 4 /2 7-29 ; 1 , 1 /2 9-30 ; 0 ,8 / 3 0-3 1; 1 , 4 / 6/3 2-33 ; 1 , 1 / 3-34 ; 1 , 3 /0 F : 1 , 20+2 ,20 / 0 ,701,80+2 ,20 / ( 1 ,1?) / ( 0 ,81,4?) / 4 ,7% G : l i mestone / B ,ET ,2PO ,AM ,3-4ACA ,ACT / E T ,P ,S ,0? T h is w e ll k nown s ite h as r e cently b een t horough ly r e searched b y L ambrick w h o h as d emonstrated t h at t he s ite i s v e ry d i fferent t oday f rom w hen f i rst r e corded , A t t h is t ime i t c omprised t a ll w eathered o rthostats w ith s everal f r agments f r om b roken s tones l y ing a bout , Al a te 1 7 th c entu ry d rawing b y L ogan i l lustrates w h ich s tones w ere p resent a t t hat t i me . S tu ke ley n o ted i n t h e e a rly 1 8 th c entury t h at s ome s tones h ad b een r emoved w i thin l i v ing m emory , T h e s ite c ontinued t o d eteriorate s l ightly u ntil t he 1 9 th c entury , I n 1 8 82 t h e o wner o f t h e s ite ' r estored ' i t , b y e re cting a l l t h e b ro ken f r agments i n t h e s pa ces b etween t h e o r ig ina l s tones , H owever , a c counts o f n ew s t ones a dded t o t h e s ite a t t h is t i me a ppear t o b e s purious , C omparison w ith o ld d rawings o f t h e s ite h as e nab led t he o r igina l s tones t o b e i d entified , T hese h ave a t e ndency t o h ave r e lat ively s mooth i n ner f a ces a nd a re d i stributed u neven ly r o und t he r i ng , S evera l a re n earcontiguous s uggesting t h at o r ig ina lly t h is w as t h e c a se r o und t he f u ll c i rcum feren ce , T he o n ly p lace w here s pa cing m ay h ave b een s omewhat w ider i s i n t he n o rth-east q uadrant , T he re i s a n o r igina l p o rta l e ntran ce t o t h e SE w here 2 o rthostats w ere p la ced 0 ,7m o u tside t h e r i ng , d e fin ing a c 1 ,5m w ide e ntran ce , T hey w e re o f s im ilar h e ight t o t h e t wo s tones i m med iate ly w ithin t h em s tand ing i n t he r ing , t h e p o rtal o n t h e e ast s tands 1 , 10m h igh . T he o ther h as f a llen , b ut o r ig ina lly w ou ld h ave b een a bout 1 , 60m h igh , T here i s o ne s ign ificantly t a ller s tone i n t h e r i ng t o day , s tand ing t o t h e NW , r o ugh ly o pposite t he e n tran ce , T h is w a s p robab ly d esigned a s ad irectional s tone , A lthough o ther s tones i n t he r i ng h ave c l early b een r e du ced s omewhat i n h e ight , t he s t one i n q uestion h as s tood o ut

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s in ce a t l e ast t h e 1 7 th c e ntury , As ma ll o rthostat s tand ing 0 ,90m h igh t o t h e n o rth-west l i es i m med iate ly o utside t h e r i ng , T he l a tter i s w ell p reserved h e re , c o mprising a c o ntiguous l i ne o f s tones , h en ce t h e o uter s tone c annot h ave f o rmed p a rt o f as e cond p o rtal e ntran ce a nd r e ma ins a m ystery ( a t h ird o uter s tone t o t he s outh , p roposed b y L ambrick , p robably l i es o n t h e p e rimeter r a ther t han o utside i t ) , Ar e cent c ontou r s u rvey h as d emonstrated t h at t h e c i rcle i s s et i n as l ight b ut d e fin ite b an k w h ich m ay w e ll b e a n o r ig inal f eatu re , T h is i s t r a ceable e verywhere e x cept t o t h e SE a round t h e e ntran ce , T he o n ly k nown e x cavat ions t o h ave t a ken p la ce a t R o llright w e re c a rried o ut b y S he ldon b e fo re 1 6 10 , w ho a ppears t o h ave d u g a t t h e c entre b ut f o und n oth ing , A bout 7 5 m f r om t h e c i rcle t o t h e NE s tands t h e K ing S tone , a2 ,50m h igh m enh ir , R e cent e xcavations h ave d e monstrated t h at a p oorly p reserved c a irn , l i es a d ja cent t o t h is s tone t o t he n o rth , d e fined b y ad rystone k e rb , C remations w e re f o und a round , a nd i n serted i n to , t he m ound , I t s d a te i s u n certa in b ut m ay w e ll b e L ater N eolith ic, A s e cond , v i rtua lly p loughed-out e a rthen b a rrow o f p robab le l a ter d ate l a y as hort d istan ce f u rther w e st , a nd 1 2 m o re b arrows a re k nown t o o n ce h ave e x isted f u rthe r i n t h is d i re ction ( a nd N W f r om t he c i rcle) , As e cond p ossible b ro ken o rthostat i s r e corded a s o n ce l y ing o n o ne o f t h ese , A bout 4 25m f r om t h e c i rcle t o t he E SE , o n l o wer l a nd , i s t h e r e mains o f a p r obable p orta l d o lmen k nown a s t h e W h ispering K n ights , 1 : C amden 1 6 07 2 : P l ot 1 6 77 3 : S tukeley 1 7 43 4 : C raw ford 1 9 25 5 : R avenhill 1 9 32 6 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( O x fordsh ire 2 ) 7 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 5 6/ 1) 8 : V isited 1 9 80 9 : L a mbrick 1 9 83 1 0 : L ambrick p e rs ,comm , 1 5 :10 T HE S ANCTUARY S U 18 6 79 W i ltsh ire 6 : E /F 10 / 0 / T ; C unn ington 1 9 30 C : C unn ington 1 9 3 1; U (00 ) / 1 4 ,0x 14 ,6 / 3 9 ,6x38 9 / 0 / 0 / 1 6 /4 2 D : I n ner : 1 6 E H O u ter : 3EH / 3 EH ; R /6 E H E : I n ner : E H-EH ; 2 ,8 / E H -EH ; 3 ,2 / E H-EH ; 2 ,6 / E H-EH ; 2 ,5 / E H-EH ; 3 ,0 / E H-EH ; 2 ,9 / E H-EH ; 2 ,8 / E H -EH ; 3 ,3 / E H-EH ; 2 ,5 / E H-EH ; 2 ,9 / E H-EH ; 3 , 1 /E H -EH ; 2 , 5 / E H-EH ; 3 ,0 / E M -EH ; 2 ,9 / E H-EH ; 2 ,7 / E H-EH ; 2 ,3 O u ter : E H-EH ; 3 ,9 / E H -EH ; 2 ,9 / E H-EH ; 3 ,2 / E H-EH ; 3 ,7 / E H-EH ; 2 ,2 / E H-EH ; 3 , 6 / E H-EH ; 2 ,2 / E H -EH ; 2 ,8 / E H-EH ; 3 , 1 /E H-EH ; 3 ,3 / E H-EH ; 2 ,5 / E H-EH ; 3 ,3 / E H-EH ; 2 ,8 / E H -EH ; 3 ,5 / E H-EH ; 2 ,9 / E H-EH : 3 ,0 / E H-EH ; 2 ,7 / E H-EH ; 2 ,9 / E H-EH ; 3 , 1 /E H -EH ; 3 ,0 / E H-EH ; 2 ,3 / E H-EH ; 3 ,2 / E H-EH ; 3 ,2 / E H-EH ; 3 , 1 / E H-EH ; 2 ,9 / E H -EH ; 3 .4 / E H-EH ; 2 ,4 / E H-EH ; 2 .9 / E H-EH ; 3 ,4 / E H-EH ; 2 ,8 / E H -EH ; 2 ,5 / E M -EH ; 2 ,9 / E H-EH ; 3 , 1 /E H-EH ; 3 ,2 e ntrance / E H-EH ; 3 ,6 e ntran ce /E H -EH ; 3 ,2 / E H -EH ; 2 ,8 / E H-EH ; 2 ,7 / E H-EH ; 2 6 /E H-EH ; 3 ,2 / E H-EH : 3 ,4 / E H-EH ; 4 ,5 / ( s pa cing t o b u rning h oles - p robably m o re a c curate o r igina lly) F : ( c 1,201,50 ) /( c 1,201,50) / I D /I D / 3 ,0 / 3 ,0 / 2 3 -3 ,3 / c 2 ,2-4 ,5 / 4 , 1% / 1 , 8% G : s a rsen / C ,AV ,O ,ESS ,(6TC ,TS ,PH ) /2 R ,O ,R T h is c omplex s i te w as e x cavated i n 1 9 30 , I t s s tones w e re d estroyed i n 1 7 24 w hen t h ey w e re t o pp led i n to p i ts a nd b u rnt , S tu ke ley v isited i t , w hen i t c omprised 2 c o ncentric s tone c i rcles , w ith a s tone a v enue t o t h e n o rth-west l e ading t o A vebu ry ; a l l i n t h e p ro cess o f b e ing d estroyed , A l l b u t 3o f t h e s tones h ad a lready f a llen , I n 1 6 48 , A ubrey n o ted t h e s tones s tood c 1 ,201,50m h igh , S tukeley o bserved t hat t h e s tones i n t h e i n ner r i ng w e re s omewhat l a rger t h an t h ose i n t h e o uter , A ubrey 's p lan i l lustrates t hat a bout a t h ird o f t h e s tones w e re s t ill u p right i n h is d ay , O n ly 1 i s s hown m issing i n t h e i n ne r r i ng , w h ile 2 0 w e re m issing f r om t h e o u ter o ne , H owever , S tu keley 's d raw ing i l lustrates a l l t h e s tones ( w ith 2 e xtra i n t he i n ner r i ng a nd 2 m issing i n t he o uter) , I t i s u n clear i f S tu ke ley a s sumed s tones e x isted i n w ider g aps o r w hether t h ey w e re f o und t o b e b u ried d u ring t h e d e mo lition , T he e x cavations o f 1 9 30 d emonstrated t hat t he 2 s tone c i rcles h ad b een p re ceded b y a c o mp lex a r rangement o f 6c o n centric t i mber r ings , A t t h e c e ntre w as a s ing le s lender b ut

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d eep p osthole ( 1 ,05m d eep), T he i nnermost r ing ( G ) h ad a d iameter o f 3 ,8x4 ,1m a nd c omprised 6 l a rge a nd d eep-set p osts ( p its 0 ,6m w ide , 1 , 401,60m d eep), T he n ext r ing ( F ) h ad a s imilar d iameter , o f 4 ,2x4 ,5m , m atching t he a pprox imate o uter e dge o f r ing G ( because t he l a tter w ere m uch w ider p osts), T hese 8 s lender p osts w ere r elatively s ha llows et ( 0 ,601,10m d eep), T he n ext r ing o utwards ( E ) a gain h ad 8 p osts b ut t hese w ere m uch l a rger ( p its c 0 ,45-0 ,90m w ide), s et i n ar ing o f 5 ,7x6 ,5m d iameter, T hese w ere d eep ly s et ( 1 ,401,60m), a ll b ut o ne o f t he p ostholes w ere o va l s uggesting t he p osts h ad b een r eplaced , T he n ext r ing ( 0 ) c omprised 1 2 l a rge p osts ( p its c 0 ,50-0 ,75m w ide), s et i n a 1 0 ,1x 10 ,8m c i rcle , T hese w ere a lso d eeply s et ( 1 ,501,70 , o ne e xception - 1 ,25m), T he r ing a ppears t o h ave b een r eplaced b y ar ing w hich m atched i t e xactly i n s pacing , b ut w ith a s lightly s maller d iameter o f 9 ,2x 10 ,0m , T hese p osts w e re j ust a s w ide , b ut s et a t l e ss r egular d epths ( 0 ,751,50m) , T hree o f t hese p osts w ere n ot i dentified a nd e ither w ere n ot r eplaced , o r o ccupied t he s ame h oles a s t heir p redecessors , T he n ext r ing ( C ) h ad 1 6 l a rge p osts ( p its 0 ,45-0 ,75m d iameter) i n a 1 4 ,0x 14 ,7m r ing , s et i n h oles o f l ess r egular , b ut g enerally s hallower, d epth ( 1 ,151,50m , o ne e xception ; 0 ,95m ), T his r ing w as p robably d emolished w hen t he s tone c ircles w ere b u ilt a s o ne o f t he p ostho les h ad a l a rge p iece o f b roken s arsen p laced a bove i t s p ost p ipe , T he o uter r ing ( 8 ) h as a d iameter o f 1 9 ,3x20 ,0m a nd d i ffered f rom a ll t he o thers i n t hat i ts 3 4 p osts w ere i r regu larly s paced , T o t he n ortheast 2 p osts s tand o ut a s e ntrance p ortals b eing c 0 ,60m w ide a nd s et 1 ,05-0 ,95m d eep , T he o thers w ere s lender ( c0 ,20-0 ,45m) a nd s hallow s et ( 0 ,40-0 ,75m), t hey m ay w ell h ave s upported a w attle f ence , A ll t hese r ings h ad a rtefacts w ithin t heir p osthole f i lls , e xcept r ing F , w h ich c ould s uggest t h is i s e arlier, H owever , t he f inds i n r ing G a nd E w ere s parse w h ich c ou ld s uggest t he f inds w ere d ifferentially d istributed i n t h e f i rst p lace ; w ith a voidance o f t he c entral s pace , I f s o , t h is w eakens t he c ase t hat r i ng F i s n e cessarily e arlier t han t he o thers , T he m a jority o f t he r ings h ad p ostpipes s urv iving i n s ome o f t he p ostholes a nd o ccasionally f ragments o f w ood w ere f ound , T his w ou ld s uggest t he p ost s tumps a t l east , r otted i n -situ r ather t han b eing b urnt o r r emoved , O nly r ings F a nd B h ad n o d etectable c o res a nd t h is m ay b e b ecause o f t heir s mall d iameters , T he t imber r ings m ay b e m ultiphased , b ut t he d etails o f t heir s equence i s h ard t o u nravel a nd s everal r e constructions h ave b een p ut f o rward , l t i s a lso d ebatable i f t he p osts e ver s upported a r oof o r n ot , T he o ne t h ing t hat s tands o ut i s t he s trong s patial a nd n umerical r e lationships o f t he r ings w hich i ndicates a f i rm l ink b etween a l l o f t h em , e ither a s c ontemporary o r r eplacement f eatures , N o f eatu re o n s ite w as c onstructed w ithout r e ference t o s ome o r a ll o f t he o thers , O f t he v arious r e constructions t hat c an b e p ut f o rward , t wo a re w orthy o f n ote a s t he m ost l i kely , i f o n ly o n t he g rounds o f e conomy , T he t imber r ings c an b e s een a s b uilt a s ingle p hase , f our-aisled s tructure d e fined b y a n o uter f ence o r w all w ith a p ortal e ntrance , W ithin t h is w ere 3 r ings o f s ymmetrically a rranged p osts d ecreasing i n an umerical s equence ; 1 6 ,12 ,8 , T his m akes t he s pacing b etween u prights r e latively e qual t h roughout , I m mediately w ithin t he i n ner r ing w as t he F r ing w hich m ay h ave s upported a f ence o r w all d e fining t he c entral s pace , T he a isles v ary i n d esign , t hose a ligned w ith t he e ntrance r unning n orthwest/southeast a re s t raight, w hile t he o ther t wo a re s played , T he G r ing m ay h ave b een f reestanding w ithin t he o pen s pace w alled i n b y r ing F ( w ith t he w alls a tta ched t o t he o uter s ides o f t he G p osts), A t t he c entre w as a f reestanding p ost , T he 2 s t raight a isles a re b locked b y p illars i n r ing G , w hile t he 2 s played a isles w ere l e ft o pen b y o mitting 2 f u rther p osts ( w hich w ould m ake t he s pacing b etween t he p osts o f t h is r i ng f ar m ore r egular), T he p osts w ere c learly g raded i n h eight t owards t he c entre o f t h e r ing , w ith t he C r ing h aving s horter p osts t han t he o ther r ings o f l a rge p osts w ithin i t , O ne a rgument a gainst t h is s uggested s ing le p hase r e construction i s t he r ecutting o f r ings D a nd E , w hile t he o thers d o n ot a ppear t o h ave b een r eplaced , I f t h is s tructure w as r oofed i t w ould n ot b e p ossible t o r eplace t hese r ings w ithout r emodelling t he w hole b uilding , I t i s f a r f rom c lear i f t he s tructure e ver h ad a r oo f, b ut t he c are t aken t o s pace u prights e venly , b y i n creasing t heir n umbers o utwards , c ould s uggest t hey w ere d esigned t o b e l oad b earing ,

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I f t he t imber r ings a re m ultiphased t hen s everal o ptional c ombinations c ould b e v iable , T he o n ly t h ing t hat i s c erta in i s t hat t he B a nd C r ings m ust b elong t o t he l ast p hase , b ecause o f t heir s patial r e lationships w ith t he 2 s tone c ircles , T he F r ing m ay b e e a rly d ue t o i t s l a ck o f a rtefacts b ut t h is c ase c an b e a rgued a gainst , I t s eems l i kely t h at t he 4 a isles a re c onsciously d esigned a nd t h is m ust a lso b e a ccounted f o r i n a ny r e construction , T he s implest d ivision o f t he r ings i s i nto 2 p hases , 0a nd E i n p hase 1 , a nd B ,C ,D a nd E i n p hase 2 , R ings F a nd G a re h arder t o p lace b ut i t i s l i kely o ne s hould b e p laced i n e ach p hase ,

I f r ing G i s e arly ,

t he p osts o f t he f i rst p hase d e fine a n umber

s equence 6 ,8 ,12 a nd m ay h ave b een f reestanding , I n t he s econd p hase t he s tru cture i s l a rger a nd t he p osts h ave a s equen ce o f 8 , 12 ,16 , t he i nner a nd o uter f ences o r w alls a re a dded , a nd t he w hole m ay h ave b een r oofed w ith a c entral s pace c ontaining a f reestanding p ost a t t he c entre , O ther a uthors h ave p roposed m ore c omplex c hronologies o f 3p hases t o a ccount f or t he a pparent a wkwardness o f t he 3 i nner r ings , H owever, p roblems a rise w ith a ll s uch i n terpretations , I n P iggott 's r e construction ( and o ne o f M usson 's w hich i s s imilar e xcept t h at i t o mits F f rom p hase 2 ) r ing F c omes f irst , f o llowed b y t he a dd ition o f 0a nd E , a nd t h en r eplacement b y B ,C a nd G , I t s eems i mprobable a t ime g ap c ould e xist b etween r ings F a nd G w ithout t heir r e lative s pacing b ecoming m ore e rratic, A lso i t s eems u nlikely t he n umerical p rogression o f C ,D a nd E i s c o incidence , T he s imilarity o f p ost d epth b etween r ings DiE a nd G m ay a lso b e t oo r egular t o h ave b een d uplicated a t d ifferent d ates a nd m ay w e ll i ndicate a ll t h ree r ings a re d ug t ogether, B oth M usson 's s econd a lternative r e construction ; a s af reestanding s tructure w ith r ing G c oming f i rst , f o llowed b y 0a nd E a nd t hen B ,C a nd F ; a nd B url's r e construction , w ith D a nd E f i rst , f o llowed b y Ba nd F , a nd t hen C a nd 6 ; c an h ave s imilar o bjections r a ised a gainst t hem , I n t he l atter r e construction t here i s a n a dditional p roblem , i n t hat t he r e lationship b etween t he d iameter o f r ing B a nd t h e o uter s tone c ircle b ecomes d ivorced , I n c onclusion i t s eems i m possible t o s eparate t he r ings i n to m ore t han 2 p hases w ithout i n terpretative p roblems a r ising , T he i nner s tone c i rcle i s d irectly r elated t o t imber r ing C , I t h as t he s ame d iameter a nd t he s tones a re p laced b etween p ostholes i n e very c ase , H owever , i f C unningtons p lan i s t o b e t rusted , i n p reference t o t he s mall m arkers l e ft o n s ite a fter e xcavation , i t i s c lear t hese r ings a re n ot c ontemporary , T he d iameter o f t he s tone c ircle d eviates s lightly t o t he s outh-west s et s lightly w ith in t he t imbers , S everal o f t he s toneholes a re n ot w ell p la ced i n r elation t o t he p osts , t hey a re r arely e xactly m idway b etween p osts a nd i n s everal i nstances a ppear t o i m pinge o n t he p ostholes , T he o uter s tone c ircle i s e xactly t w ice t he d iameter o f t he o utermost t imber r ing ( mean d iameters ; 1 9 ,65m x 2 = 3 9 ,3m ; c i rcle ; 3 9 ,25m) , A n a nalysis o f s tonehole d epths d oes n ot c onfirm A ubrey 's o bservation t h at t ha i nner c ircle h ad l a rge s tones , b oth r ings h ave m ean s tone d epth o f s imilar m agnitude , I n t he i nner r ing t here i s at endency f o r t he s toneholes t o a lternate b etween d eep a nd s hallow , a lthough i t m ust r emain c on jectural i f t h is w as r e flected i n s tone h e ight , T he d eepest s tonehole l ies t o t he n orth-east a nd i s c entral t o o ne o f t he a isles o f t he t imber p hase , T he o uter r ing d isplays n o p atterning i n s toneho le d epth , a lthough o ne o f t he t h ree r adially s et s toneholes a ligned w ith t he a venue i s p articularly d eep , O ne o f t he s tones o f t he i nner c i rcle , t o t he E NE , h ad a g rave p it d ug b y i t s i nner f a ce a fter t he s tonehole w as d ug , I t c ontained a y oung a du lt i nhumation w ith c remated b ones o f p ig a nd y oung o x s cattered o ver t he b ody a nd a r elatively e arly b eaker p laced b y t h e k nees , A nother s tonehole i n t he i n ner c ircle c ontained 3 f ragments o f ah uman j aw , S everal f u rther f eatures w ere a ssociated w ith t he s ite , T o t he n orthwest t he s inuous a venue o f p aired s tones f r om A vebury j o ined t he o uter c ircle , T hree o f t he c ircle s tones w e re s et r adia lly w here t he a venue j o ined , s o t hat e ach a venue s ide w as m arked a nd t he t h ird w as c entral t o t he a venue , T he a venue i s g enerally c 1518m w ide b ut a s i t a pproached t h e c i rcle i t t apered t o m eet t he c i rcle , h aving a w idth o nly o f c 6 ,3m a t t his p oint , T o t h e n orth o f t he a venue 2 f urther s toneholes w ere f ound o utside t he c ircle c reating a r a dial l ine f rom i t s c entre , T hese t wo s tones a re h ard t o i nterpret w ith c ertainty , T hey

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c ould b e a n e arly a lignment o f t he a venue w hich w as d ismantled w hen t he o uter c i rcle w as b uilt, ( However , A ubreys d rawing c ou ld s how t hese 2 s tones - t h is i s f ar f rom c lear), A lternatively , t hey c ou ld h ave b een b uilt a s d ire ctional i n d icators t o A vebury a s t hey a re a ligned a lmost e xactly , T he a venue i t self f o llows t he l i e o f t he l and i n ag entle c urve r ound t o t he w est , T hat t he a xis t o t he a venue r ather t han A vebury w as o f p rime i m portance i s d isplayed b y t he a rchitecture o f t he c i rcles , T he 3 r ad ial s tones i n t he o uter c ircle m ark i ts b eginning , I n a ddition , a n a xis c entral t o t he a venue i s m arked i n t he i nner c i rcle b y g aps m idway b etween f our o f t he s tones , M idway g aps a lso m ark a n a xis a t r ight a ngles t o t h is a nd e ach q uadrant o f t he c i rcle h as f our s tones , T his s econd a xis m ay a lso h ave b een o f i mportance a s i t a ppears t o h ave b een m arked b y a n a dd itional s tone j ust b eyond t he i nner c i rcle ( see b elow), T he a cknowledgement o f 2 r ight-ang led a xes c o rresponds w ith t he t imber p hase w ith i t s f our a isles , H owever , t here w as a s light c hange i n o rientation ( c 12 d egrees) b etween t he s tone a nd t imber s tructures , T he f ormer a l igns t o t he b eginning o f t he a venue w hile t he l a tter a ligns m ore c losely o n A vebury ( s till i n e rror b y 1 5 d egrees), T his c hange i n o rientation i s as trong i n dicator t hat t he S anctuary w as r emodelled i n s tone a t t he s ame t ime a s t he a venue w as b uilt , A bout 1 , 65m o utside t he i nner s tone c i rcle , t o t he SW , w as a s tonehole f lan ked b y 2 p ostholes t o e ither s ide , A ll f our w ere s lender p osts s et i n s hallow h oles ( 0 ,35-0 ,40m d eep), I t i s d i fficult t o f it t h is f eature i n to t he c h rono log ical s equence w ith c e rtainty , A lthough t he s tone i s a ligned w ith o ne o f t he a isles o f t he t imber r ings , i t i s n ot p laced c entrally b ut o ccupies o ne s ide o f t he a isle , I t s r e lationship t o t he i nner s tone c ircle i s b etter ( u sing C unnington 's p lan), p laced a pproximately m idway b etween t w o c ircle s tones , o n o ne o f t he a xes o f t he s tone p hase , T his s trongly s uggests t he s tone a t l east b e longs t o t h is p hase , I t i s p ossible t he t imber p osts a re e arlier, a p ost r ough ly c entral t o t he t imber a isle c ould h ave b een d estroyed b y o ne e nd o f t he s tonehole , F urther s mall p ostholes w ere f ound o n t he l ine o f t he o uter s tone c i rcle t o t he n o rth , O nly 3 o f t hese w ere c ertainly i d entified , a l l f o r s lender p osts s et i n s hallow h oles w h ich s urv ived b elow t he s toneholes ( posts 0 ,45-0 ,60m d eep), A f ourth p it o r p osthole w as f ound i n o ne o f t he g aps , T hese p ostholes c ou ld s uggest a n o uter r ing o f f reestanding , b ut u nequally s paced , p osts w h ich h ad b een r eplaced b y s tones , t he h oles f o r w h ich d estroyed t he p ostholes e lsewhere r ound t he c i rcum ference , A lternatively , a nd p erhaps m ore l i kely , t hese p osts c ould r e late t o a t imber s tructure o f u nknown f o rm i n t h is s egment o f t he s ite ( possibly a b uilding?), C unnington d id n ot e xcavate t o e ither s ide o f t he o uter r ing 's c i rcumference , h ence t he p ossibility o f f urther p ostho les h ere r emains u ntested , O utside t he c i rcle t o t he e ast a re 2 f u rther p ossible s toneholes i n a pparently r andom r e lationship t o t he r ing , I t i s m ore l i kely t hese w ere t he s ites o f n atural s tones w h ich h ad b een r emoved w hen t he s ite w as b uilt , B oth A ubrey a nd S tu keley n oted t hat 2 b arrows l ay c lose t o t he s ite t o t he e ast , t h ese h ave n ow b een d estroyed , A l a rge n umber o f a rtefacts w ere f ound i n b oth t he p ostholes a nd s toneholes i n d icating p rolonged u se o f t he s ite , T hese i n cluded p ottery , f l int t ools/waste a nd a nimal b ones ( most ly p ig a nd o x), a nd m ay w ell r epresent t he d ebris f rom r itual f easting , O f t he m any s herds f ound , t he e arliest w ere W indmill H ill w are , a s andy w are a lso f ound a t W indmill H ill, a nd E bbsfleet w are , I n t o tal t hese r epresented c 10% o f t he t o ta l, L ater w a res i n cluded M ortla ke/Fengate ( c20%), g rooved w are ( c20-25%) a nd b eaker ( 10%) , T he o ther s herds w ere o f i ndeterminate t ype , T he f l int t ools i n cluded 5 t ransverse a rrowheads , a b arbed a nd t anged a rrowhead , ak nife a nd 6 s crapers ; m ost w ere u nstratified , O ne o f t he p ostholes c ontained f ragments f rom a q uern m ade f rom N iedermendig L ava i mported f rom t he R hineland , I t i s h ard t o i n terpret t he d istribution o f f inds a round t he s ite , a s C unnington d oes n ot g ive s u fficient d etails o f m any o f t he c ontexts , l t i s w orthy o f n ote t hat f inds s eem t o b ecome s parser t owards t he c entre o f t he s ite a nd t hat t hey w ere n ot c on fined t o t he t imber r ings b ut w ere a pparently e qually c ommon a round t he o uter s tone c i rcle , T he l a ck o f f inds i n Fr ing m ay w ell b e f o rtuitous g iven t he p aucity o f f inds i n t h is v icinity a nd t he r e latively s ma ll d iameters o f t hese h oles i n c omparison t o t hose

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n earby , T he a rtefa cts s eem t o b e s cattered r andomly i n a ll q uadrants f or m ost e x cept f or r ing C w here p ottery c oncentrates i n t he e astern h alf, 1 : S tukeley 1 7 43 2 : C unnington 1 93 1 3 : P iggott 1 9 40 4 ; S mith 1 965 5 : W ainwright 1 9 7 1

6 : B url 1 979

1 5 :11 S TANTON D REW - C ENTRAL B : E /F 10 / A / -

r ings ,

7 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( s5/2) S T 6 03630

A von ( Somerset)

C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (00) / c 1 14 ,5x 113 ,0 / 2 4 -2 6 /3 2-42 0 : 1 ; 2 , 15 / 2 ; F ,B , /3 ; F3 ,00 / 4 ; F ,BU ,?FR - 5 ; F ,?B 2 ,4+ / M / 6 ; F2 ,30 / 7 ; F , 1 ,50 / ? 8 ; F ,BU - / ? 9 : F ,BU - / M ? /1 0 ; F2 ,70 / 1 ; F ,BU 2 ,40 / ? M / 1 2 ; F ,B 2 ,70 / M / 1 3 ; F R - /M / 1 4 ; F2 ,30 / ? 15 ; ? D I,F , 2 ,00 / 1 -3M / 1 6 ; 2 ,05 / 1 7 ; F2 ,40 / ? M /1 8 ; F ,BU - / 1 9 ; F2 ,60 / ? M /2 0 ; F1 , 90 / 2 1 ; F ,B? - / ? M / 2 ; 2 ,45 / M / 2 3 ; F1 , 90 / 1 -3M / 2 4 ; F1 ,60 / 2 5 ; F2 , 10 / ? M /2 6 ; F2 ,70 E : 1 2 ; 8 ,2 / 2 -3 ; 1 0 ,4 / ( 3-4 ; 1 0 ,7) / ( 4-5 ; 8 ,2) / ( 5-M ; 7 ,0) / ( M-6 ; 7 ,0) / ( 6-7 ; 6 ,4) /0 / 1 011; 7 ,9 / 0 / ( 1617 ; 1 ,3) / ( 1718 ; 1 3 ,4) / 1 8 19 ; 1 2 ,2 / 0 / 2 0-2 1; 1 ,6 / 2-23 ; 1 3 ,7 / 0 / 2 4-25 : 9 , 1 /0 F : c 2 ,20 / c 1 ,50-3 ,00 / ( 1 6 ,4) / ( 8 ,213 ,7) / 1 ,3% G : b reccia(c22), l imestone (2) / A V ,2ASC ,AAV ,ACO / R ,M T h is m assive s tone c ircle h as c hanged l i ttle s ince f i rst r e corded b y S tu keley ,

A t t h is

d ate 2 h edges b isected t h e s ite , H is p lan s uggests o ne o r t wo s tones h ave s ubsequently b een r emoved i n t he s outh-east q uadrant , I t i s d ifficult t o m ake a ccurate e stimates o f t he o rig inal n umber o f s tones , b ecause o f p ossible b uried f ragments ( which v ary s lightly f rom a ccount t o a ccount), a nd t he p ossibility o f an umber o f t he p resent s tones b eing f ractured f rom o thers n earby d ue t o t he n ature o f t he b reccia , T he m ain s tone c ircle s tands a t t he c entre o f ac omplex w hich i n cludes s maller r ings t o t he n orth-east a nd SW , Ar u ined a venue l eaves t he m ain c i rcle a nd r uns t o t he E NE f or c 88m t o a p oint w here i t j o ins a s econd a venue f rom t he n orth-eastern c ircle , I t i s u n clear i f t h is w as t he o r iginal t e rminal p oint , o r w hether i t o nce c ontinued f urther, I n t he s urviving s e ction i t i s l i kely t here w ere o riginally 7 p airs o f s tones , T oday o nly 7 s tones s urvive , 2 -3 a re u p right , s tanding u p t o 2 ,35m h igh , T heir p lacing s uggest t h is a venue w as c 9 ,0m w ide w here i t j o ined t he c ircle b ut b ecame w ider, i t i s c 15 ,0m w ide a t t h e o ther e nd , As hort d istance t o t he s outh-west o f t he m ain c ircle i s a c ove w hich c omprises 3 t a ll s labs s et i n ar e ctangle w ith a n o pen s ide t o t he SE , T he ' b ack' s lab o r iginally s tood c 4 ,40m t a ll, w hile t he o ther t wo a re s horter , b eing 3 , 10m a nd 1 ,40m , T hat t o t he e ast m ay h ave b een r educed i n h eight , 1 : S tukeley 1 7 76 2 : T hrosby 1 785 3 : D ymond 1 8 77 4 : L ukis 1 882 5 : M organ 1 887 6 : G rinsell 1 956 7 : T ratman 1 9 66 8 : B url 1 976 ( Somerset 7 6) 9 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 83/1) 1 0 : v isited 1 982 1 5 :12 S TANTON D REW - N E S T 6 03630 B : F /F l l / G /C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G /c 30 ,0x3 1,1 / 8 / 8

A von ( Somerset)

D : 1 ; F3 ,30 / 2 ; F3 ,20 / 3 ; F , 1 3 c3 ,20 / 4 ; L2 ,65 / 5 ; 2 ,00 / 6 ; 2 ,95 / 7 ; 2 ,90 / 8 ; F2 , 10 E : 1 2 ; 1 2 ,2 / 2 -3 ; 1 ,3 / 3 -4 ; 1 ,3 / 4 -5 ; 1 ,9 / 5 -6 ; 1 2 ,5 / 6 -7 ; 1 0 ,7 / 7 -8 ; 1 2 ,2 / 8 1; 1 0 ,7 F : 2 ,80 / 2 ,00-3 ,30 / 1 ,6 / 1 0 ,712 ,5 / I D G : b reccia / A V ,2ASC ,AAV ,ACO / R ,M , T h is r ing l ies o utside t he m ain c ircle t o t he n orth-east , I t h as c hanged l ittle s ince r e corded i n t he 1 8 th c entury , Ac 10 ,5m w ide a venue o f f our p airs o f s tones l eads f rom t he s ite t o t he E SE , T h is i s 3 2 ,5m l ong b ut i t i s u nclear i f i t t e rminated h ere , I f o rig inally l o nger i t w ould h ave o verlapped o r j o ined w ith t he a venue f rom t he m ain c ircle , T hree o f

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t h e a venue s tones r ema in s tand ing b etween 0 ,85 a nd 1 , 75m h i gh , T he o the rs t hat s u rv ive a re n ow r e cumbent b u t w ou ld h ave b een s l ightly t a ller , 1 : S tukeley 1 7 76 2 : T h rosby 1 7 85 3 : D ymond 1 8 77 4 : L u kis 1 8 83 5 : M organ 1 8 87 6 : G r insell 1 9 56 7 : T ratman 1 9 66 8 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( S omerset 7 a ) 9 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 5 3/ 1) 1 0 : V isited 1 9 82 1 5 :13 S TANTON D REW - SW S T 6 03630 A von ( S omerset) B : F /F l l /A / C : T hom e t a l 1 9 80 ; G (00) / c 43 ,0x40 ,0 / 9 12 / 1 ? D : M/1 ; F2 ,20 / 2 ; F ,B? ( 0 ,9+) / ( 3 ; D( 0 ,9+) p a rt o f 2 ) /( 4 ; 01 , 70) / 5 ; F1 , 20 / 6 ; F0 ,90 / 7 ; F2 , 10 / D ; F R ? /8 ; F1 , 50 / 9 ; F ,B 2 ,80 / 1 0 ; F2 , 10 / 1 ; F2 , 80 / ( 1 2 ; Do r p art o f 1 ) E : ( M 1: 1 0 ,4) / 1 2 ; 1 0 ,4 / 2 -5 ; 1 ,6 / 5 -6 ; 1 3 ,1 / 6 -7 ; 1 3 ,7 / ( 7 -0 ; 1 3 ,1) / ( D-8 ; 1 3 ,1) /8 -1 . 9 ; 1 0 ,0 / 9 10 ; 1 3 ,7 / 1 0 11; 1 0 ,7 / ( 1 1-M ; 1 0 ,4) F : c 2 ,00 / c 0 ,90-2 ,80 / c 1 1,9 / c 10 ,013 ,7 / I D G : b reccia (11) , l i mestone (1) / 2 ASC ,2AAV ,ACO / M T h is r ing l i es a s hort d istan ce t o t h e SW o f t he m a in c i rcle , A l l t h e s tones a re f a llen a nd 2 -3 a re d ispla ced ( o r a dd it ions ) , I n S tu keley 's d ay a h edge c rossed t he s ite f r om e ast t o w est a nd t h e n o rthe rn h a lf w as i n a n o r chard , H is s k etch a ppea rs t o o m it s tone 4 , s uggesting t h is i s a l a ter a dd ition ; t h is s tone s poils t h e s pa cing o f s tones r o und t h e r i ng , W hen L u kis p lanned t h e s ite i n 1 8 82 a w a ll h ad r e p la ced t he e a stern p o rtion o f t he h edge , A t t h e c e ntre o f t h e s ite i t t u rned t h rough 9 0 d e g rees t o t h e s outh , S tone 3 l i es o n i t s f o rmer l i ne s uggesting i t w as m oved h ere w hen t h e w a ll w as b u ilt , T h is w a ll h as n ow b een r e moved , 1 : S tu keley 1 7 76 2 : T h rosby 1 7 85 3 : D ymond 1 8 77 4 : L u kis 1 8 83 5 : M o rgan 1 8 87 6 : G r insell 1 9 56 7 : T ratman 1 9 66 8 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( S omerset 7 c ) 9 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 9 3/ 1) 1 0 : V isited 1 9 82 1 5 :14 S TONEHENGE S U 1 2 3422 W i ltsh ire E x cavations : S ; C unnington 1 8 0 1, S ; G ow land 1 9 0 1, E ; H aw ley 1 9 1919 P ; A t kinson ,Piggott a nd S tone 1 9 50 ,1950-4 ,1956 ,1958 ,1978 S ; P itts 1 9 79-80 T he S ar _ sen C i rcle B : E /C H4 / G ( P R ) /s ee a bove C : T hom a nd T hom 1 9 78 ; G (00) / 3 0 ,5x30 ,2 / 2 5 /3 0 D : 1 ; -( A tkinson ; s tone 2 7 ) /2 ; R /3 ; R /4 : R /5 ; R 6 ; R /7 ; - /8 ; R /9 ; R/ 1 0 ; R/1 ; R/1 2 ; F R /1 3 ; F ,B / 1 4 ; -/1 5 ; R /1 6 ; F /E H /1 7 ; F/1 8 ; F R /1 9 ; /2 M /2 0 ; F R /M /2 1 ; R /2 ; R /2 3 ; R M /2 4 ; F /2 5 ; F R E : 1 2 ; 3 ,3 / 2 -3 ; 3 , 1 /3 -4 ; 3 ,2 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,3 / 5 -6 ; 3 ,2 / 6 7 ; 3 ,2 / 7 -8 ; 3 ,2 / 8 -9 ; 3 , 1 / 9 10 ; 3 ,4 / 1 0 11; 3 ,3 / 0 / 1 4 15 3 ,0 / 0 / 2 1-22 ; 3 , 4 / 2-23 ; 3 ,2 / 0 F : 4 , 10 ( i nclud ing l i nte l) / 4 , 10 / 3 ,2 / /1 , 01 G : s a rsen / 2 I55 ,0-310 ,1-5CC ,EB ,ED ,E ,4+EO ,AV / E , I,P ,R T he _ O uter B luestone C i rcle B : C /C H 1 /A /s ee a bove C : T hom a nd T hom 1 9 78 ; G (OD ) /c2 5 ,0x23 ,5 / 2 8-29 / 5 4-64 0 : 2 -4M / 1 ; - /2 ; - /3 ; F - /4 ; - /5 ; - /E H ( + ?2EH ) /6 ; F /7 ; F /2 EH ( + ?EH) / 8 ; S /9 ; S/1 0 ; S/1 ; /4 EH (+?0-2EH) / 1 2 ; S , ?R / 1 3 ; S/1 4 ; -/1 5 ; S /3 -5M / 1 6 ; F ,B / 1 7 ; L /1 8 ; F- / 1 9 ; F - /2 0 ; F /2 -3M / 2 1 ; S /2 EH / 2 ; S /E H / 2 3 ; F /M / ? E H /M / 2 4 ; S /2 4M ( 3 E 0) / 2 5 ; F? E H -/1 2M / 2 6 ; S /2 7 ; F R ( 2 8 ; D I ,FR ) /1 2M / 2 9 ; F /2 -3M

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E : 1 2 ; 1 , 7 /2 3 ; 1 , 6 /3 4 ; 1 , 7 /( 4 -5 ; 2 ,7 e ntran ce a x is) / 5 -EH ; 2 , 1 /E H-6 ; 1 , 8 / 6 7 ; c1 , 5 /7 EH ; c1 , 5 /E H-EH ; 1 , 3 /E H-8 ; 1 , 2 /8 -9 ; 1 , 2 /9 10 ; 1 , 0 /1 0 11; 1 , 2 / 1 -EH ; 1 , 0 /E H -EH ; 0 ,8 /E H-EH ; 1 , 3 /E H-EH ; 1 , 2 /E H12 ; 1 , 3 /1 2 13 ; 1 , 2 / 1 3 14 ; 1 , 2 /1 4 15 ; 1 , 2 /0 / 2 1 -EH ; 1 , 2 /E H-EH ; 1 , 3 /E H-22 ; 1 , 4 / 2-EH ; 1 , 1 / E H -23 ; 1 , 0 /0 F : ( I D ) /( I D) / 1 , 3 /R 0 , 8-2 ,1 / c 6 ,0% G : d o lerite (19 ) , r h yolite (4) , v o lcanic a sh (4) , c a lcereous a sh (1), s andstone (1) / s ee a bove /s ee a bove T h e I n ner B luestone C i rcle 8 : C /C H 1? / 0 / s ee a bove C : A t kinson 1 9 79 ; G (0D) , T h om a nd T hom 1 9 78 ; 6 (00 ) /c 1 1,6x 15 ,0 / 0 / c 1 418 0 : 3 E H /2 -3M / ? 2 EH / 3 4M / 2 EH / 2 4M E : E H -EH ; c 3 ,1 /E H-EH ; c 2 ,1 / E H-EH ; c 3 ,2 / 0 / ? E H-?EH ; c 2 ,1 / 0 / E H-EH ; c 3 ,6 / 0 F : N D /N D /( c 2 ,8 ) /( c 2 ,1-3 ,6) / c 2 2 ,7% G : d o lerite / 2 3 I0 ,?ESS ,1-5CC ,EB ,ED ,E ,2+EO ,AV / E , 1?,0 ,R ? T h e S taiion S t ones C i rcle 8 : D /P CH3? / V P /s ee a b ove C : T h om a nd T h om 1 9 78 ; 6 (00 ) /8 7 ,5 x c 9 0 ,8 / 2 / I 0 (1619 1) D : 1 2M / 0 / ? E H /( ? EH) / ? E H /? E H /1 ; F2 ,00 / ? E H /E H /5 -7M ( I D) / 2 ; S( 1 ,2+) / M /E H E : 0 /E H-EH ; 1 6 ,7 / E H-EH ; 1 2 ,9 / E H 1; 1 6 ,0 / 1 EH ; 1 6 ,0 / E H-EH ; 1 9 ,7 / 0 / ( 2 -M ; 1 7 ,5) ( M -EH ; 1 7 ,5 ) F : ( 2 ,00) / ( 2 ,00) / ( 1 6 ,3 ) /( 1 2 ,919 ,7) / I D G : s a rsen / E ,2P0 ,EB ,ED / P , E T h e 0R ing 8 : C /C H 1 /0 ( n ever f i n ished) / s ee a bove C : A t kinson 1 9 79 ; 6 (00) / c 2 4 ,5 / 0 / 3 6 ( 2 2+ e rected) D : 3 M /2 EH / ( e ntrance) / 2 EH / M / 5 EH / M / 2 EM / 3 M /E H /3 M /( c entre s tone) / E H / 1 2 M ( s ome n e ver e rected) / E : 0/I D /E H -EH ; 2 , 4 /E H -EH ; 1 , 9 /E H-EH ; 2 , 5 /E H-EH ; 1 , 6 /0 /E H-EH ; 1 , 9 /0 F : N D /N D /( 2 ,1) / ( 1 ,6-2 ,5) / I D G : I D /C ,?ESC ,6-8IP0 ,0 ,EB ,ED ,E ,AV ,2+E0 / s ee s a rsen r i ng T h e 9R ing B : C /C H 1 /0 ( n ever f i n ished) / s ee a bove C : A t kinson 1 9 79 ; 6 (00) / c 2 2 ,0 / 0 / 3 6 ( 2 2+ e rected) D : 2 M /3 EH / ( e ntrance) /E H /M /9 EH / 3 M /E H /3 M /( c entre s tone) / 2 EH / 1 1 1 ( s ome n e ver e rected) E : 0 /E H-EH ; c 2 ,0 / E H-EH ; c 1 ,7 / E H-EH ; c 2 ,0 ( e ntran ce) / 0 / E H-EH ; c 2 ,1 / E H -EH ; c 2 ,0 / E H-EH ; c 1 ,8 / I D /0 / I D /0 F : N O /N D /( 1 ,9 ) /( c 1 , 7-2 ,1) / I D G : I D /s ee a b ove / s ee a b ove T h e YR ing 8 : E /C H4 / n e ve r c o nstru cted / s ee a bove C : T hom a nd T h om 1 9 78 ; G /5 1 ,8x54 ,9 / 0 / 3 0 0 : N e ver e rected E : 1 2 ; 6 ,3 ( Y 27-Y28 ) /2 3 ; 6 ,0 / 3 4 ; 5 ,7 / 4 -5 ; 5 , 7 /5 -6 ; 5 ,7 / 6 -7 ; 5 ,6 / 7 -8 ; 6 ,7 / 8 -9 ; 4 ,2 / 9 10 ; 6 ,6 / 1 0 11; 4 , 8 /1 12 ; 4 ,5 / 1 2 13 ; 8 ,3 / 1 3 14 ; 6 , 4 /1 4 15 ; 5 ,0 / 1 5 16 ; 5 ,3 / 1 6 17 ; 4 , 5 /1 7 18 ; 6 ,3 / 1 8 19 ; 4 ,3 / 1 9 -20 ; 6 ,2 / 2 0 -2 1; 6 ,0 / 2 1 -22 ; 6 ,0 / 2-23 ; 5 ,8 / 2 3-24 ; 5 , 5 /2 4 -25 ; 4 ,6 / 2 5 -26 ; 5 ,8 / 2 6 -27 ; 5 ,3 / 2 7 -28 ; 7 ,5 / 2 8 -29 ; 4 , 3 /2 9-30 ; 6 ,8 / 3 0 1; 4 ,8 F : - / /5 , 7 /4 ,2-8 ,3 /5 ,6% G : -/1 5CC ,1-2 1S8 ,0-3I0 ,EB ,ED ,E ,4+EO ,AV / ( E ,I,O/P ,R)

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T he Z r ing 6 : C : 0 : E :

E /C H4 / n ever c onstructed / s ee a bove T hom a nd T hom 1 9 78 ; G /3 7 ,7x40 ,5 / 0 / 2 9-30 N ever e rected 1 -2 ; 4 ,5 ( 227 -28) / 2 -3 ; 4 , 1 /3 -4 ; 4 ,2 / 4 -5 ; 3 ,8 / 5 -6 ; 4 ,4 / 6 -7 ; 4 , 1 /7 -8 ; 4 ,2 / 8 -9 ; 4 ,0 / 9 10 ; 4 ,0 / 1 0 11; 3 ,9 / ( 1 1-M ; 4 ,7) / ( M13 ; 4 ,7) / 1 3 14 ; 4 ,5 / 1 4 15 ; 4 ,2 /1 516 ; 4 ,0 / 1 6 17 ; 3 ,8 / 1 7 18 ; 4 ,2 / 1 819 ; 4 , 1 /1 9 -20 ; 4 ,2 / 2 0-2 1; 5 , 1 / 2 1-22 ; 3 ,7 / 2-23 ; 4 ,0 / 2 3-24 ; 3 ,5 / 2 4-25 ; 3 ,5 / 2 5-26 ; 4 ,0 / 2 6-27 ; 5 ,0 /

2 7-28 ; 4 ,5 / 2 8-29 ; 3 ,5 / 2 9-30 ; 4 ,5 / 3 01; 3 ,7 F : - / - /4 , 1 /3 ,5-5 ,1 / 6 ,9% G : /s ee a bove / s ee a bove T h is w ell k nown c ircle-henge i s e xtensively d ocumented , o n ly a b rie f s ummary a nd c r itique i s g iven h ere , T he H enge T he s ite i s d e fined b y ad itch w ith i n ternal b an k, a nd h as a n e ntran ce t o t he n o rth-east , T he d itch i s c 6 ,0m w ide , b etween 2 , 11,4m d eep a nd i s i r regularly d ug i n s egments o f u nequal l ength w ith s purs o f u nquarried r o ck b etween t hem , T he b ank h as a n i n ternal d iameter o f 9 0 ,5x93 ,3m , i s c 6 ,0m w ide a nd c 0 ,60m h igh , O rigina lly i t w ould h ave s tood n early 2 ,0m h igh a nd i s r emarkably c i rcu lar g iven i t s l a rge d iameter , T here w ere t r aces o f am uch s lighter b ank o utside t he d itch t o t he n orth a nd e ast , O riginally t h is w as c 2 ,4m w ide a nd 0 ,75m h igh a nd i t m ay h ave c ontinued r ound t h e f u ll c i rcum ference , I t r emains c onjectural i f t h is w as a p rimary f eature , o r i s t o b e a ssociated w ith r ecutting o f t he d itch , S econdary d itch s ilts w ith a ssociated b eaker s herds , s uggest t h is w as n ot r e cut i n t he l a test p hases a t l east , T he s outh-eastern h a lf o f t he d itch , a nd l a rge p ortions o f t he b ank, h ave b een e xcavated , A bout 3 0 c remations w ere f ound i nserted i n b oth , b ut u n fortunate ly t h e e xact c ontext o f m ost o f t hese w as n ot r e corded , O ne w as o n t he b ase o f t he d itch i nd icating i t w as p robably e arly , w hile o thers w ere i n t he m iddle a nd u pper s ilts , I n 1 978 , at rench w est o f t he e ntrance w as r e-excavated a nd a n i nhumation i n t he s econdary s i lting w as f ound , a ccompanied b y ap olished w ristguard a nd 3 b arbed a nd t anged a rrowheads , T he m ain e ntrance w as o rigina lly c 13 ,0m w ide a nd o rientated t o t he n o rth-east , V arious f eatures l ie w ithin t h is , a nd i mmediately o utside i n a ssociation w ith t h e a venue , B etween t he t wo b ank t e rminals w ere t wo s toneholes s et c 4 ,0m a part ( D E), T he e asternmost ( E ) w as m uch t h e l a rger a nd w as c 2 ,0m d eep , T o t he e ast a 6 ,40m l ong s arsen o rthostat ( 65) h as b een f ound b uried i n ar ough p it , N o s tonehole h as b een f ound , b ut t he a rea h ad b een d isturbed b y t he d iggings o f C unnington i n 1 80 1, A tkinson s uggested A ubrey 's s ket ch-plan i n dicated t h is s tood u pright i n t he 1 7 th c entury , I t s eems m ore l i kely t h e s tone i l lustrated w as a ssociated w ith s tonehole F , Ab etter i n terpretation f or s tone 6 5 i s t hat i t s tood i n h ole E a nd w as t oppled a nd b uried i n p reh istory , B etween t he d itch t e rminals w ere a s eries o f p ostho les w hich c ontained p osts a l i ttle u nder 0 ,30m i n d iameter, O ver 5 0 o f t hese w ere f ound a nd t h e m a jority a ppear t o l i e o n a g rid o f 5 -6 l ines a cross t he e ntran ce , T he s uggestion t hat t hese r epresent m a rkers o f s u ccessive a stronomical o bservations o f m oonrise a t m idw inter i s t he o n ly p lausible e xplanation y et p ut f o rward f o r t hem , b ut s hou ld n ot b e a c cepted u ncritically a s t h is a rrangement r emains u nparalleled , Ap ossible s tonehole ( V ) w as e xcavated b y H aw ley a t t he i n ner e dge o f t he s outh-eastern d itch t e rmina l, N earby w as a s olitary p osthole , T hese d o n ot f it c om fortab ly w ith a ny o f t he h ypothesized r e constru ctions o f t he s ite a nd r e main a n e nigma , A s tone m arked o n A ubreys s ketch p lan l ay a t a bout t h is p osition ( b ut w as i n terpreted b y A tkinson a s a t s tonehole C - s ee b elow), A bout 1 3 ,Sm b eyond t he o uter e dge o f t he p ostho le g rid w as a l ine o f 4 l a rge p ostholes f a cing t he e ntrance ( A h o les), e ach a bout 1 ,2m d eep , O ne o f t hese w as b uried u nder t he a venue b ank, ( for o ther f eatures h ere - s ee b e low), T here i s as econd p ossible e ntrance t o t he s ite t o t he s outh , c auseway b reaks t he d itch ,

w here a c 3 ,5m w ide

W hile t h is m ay b e af o rtu itous g ap b etween d itch s egments ,

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i t

i s c u rious t hat t he s ta keholes f ound i n t he i n terior b y H awley , a ppear t o f o rm t wo l ines w h ich f lank t h is g ap a nd l e ad t o t he c entre o f t he s ite , T he s pace b etween t hem w as s l ightly h ollowed s uggesting e xtensive w ear , T hese p ostholes c ontained n o b luestone c h ips s uggesting t h ey c ou ld b e e arly a nd H awley n oted o ne o f t hem w as c ut b y o ne o f t he Y h oles , T he e ntrance , i f r eal, w as n ot g iven t he s ame e mphasis a s t hat t o t he n orth-east i n t e rms o f c omplex p osthole a rrangements a nd m ay h ave b een r egarded a s o f s econdary i mportance , I t p robably f e ll i n to d isuse e arly i n t he s ites h istory a s n o s tone s ettings w ere p laced h ere T he A venue a nd L ater E ntrance A t a t ime w hen t he h enge d itch w as a lready p artially s ilted , a n a venue w as a dded , T his c omprised 2 c rudely p ara llel d itches , c 23m a part , w ith i n ternal b anks d e fining a c entral s pace c l2m a cross , T he f i rst s tretch o f t h is w as s traight a nd r an f rom t he h enge e ntrance f o r 5 30m t o t h e n orth-east , T h is a venue m odified t he e ntrance a x is , s winging i t t o t he e ast b y a bout 5 d egrees , T he s outh-east d itch t erminal w as o verlain b y t he a venue b ank, T he i nner b an k o f t he h enge w as p robably c ut b ack a t t h is t ime , b ut t his c ould n ot b e d emonstrated b y e xcavation b ecause t he a rea a round t he b uried s arsen ( 95) h ad b een d isturbed , A bout 8 m o f t he d itch t e rminal w as b ackfilled a t t h is t ime a nd t h is f i ll i s l i kely t o c ome f rom t he p ostulated d emolition o f t he b ank, A t al a ter d ate , t h e a venue w as e xtended b y as inuous c ontinuation w hich f i rst r an t o t h e e ast a nd t h en s outh-east , I n t h is f o rm i t i s c 2 ,5km l ong a nd h as b een t raced t o w ithin 20m o f t he r iver ( its o r iginal t e rmination?), T he d itches i n t h is l a ter s ection w ere n ot a s c a refully s paced , A t t he b eginning o f t he a venue , f our s tones a nd s toneholes h ave b een e xcavated , T he f i rst s tonehole ( C ) l ies c 6 ,0m f rom t he o uter e dge o f t he e ntrance a nd i s c entrally p laced i n t he a venue , 8 ,5m b eyond t h is i s as econd s tonehole ( B ) i n a n a na logous p osition , T here i s n o c lear c u t e vidence w hen t hese s tones w ere d emolished , A tkinson 's a rgument , b ased o n A ubrey 's p lan , t hat o ne s u rvived u ntil t he 1 7 th c entury i s o pen t o q uestion , A bout 8 , 1m b eyond t he s econd s tonehole i s t he H eel S tone , T his s tands c 4 ,85m h igh a nd w as s urrounded b y as light d itch , s imilar t o t hose w ithin t he h enge s urrounding t wo o f t he S tation S tones ( s ee b elow), E x cavations i n 1 9 79 f ound a s econd s tonehole n earby , a nd t ogether w ith t he H eel S tone , t hey f o rm a m atching p air s et 3 ,5m a part f lanking t he a venue 's c entral a xis , T he d itch s urrounding t h e H eel S tone h as a n i n ternal d iameter o f c 8 ,5x9 ,5m a nd w as p robably d ug a fter t he s e cond s tone h ad b een r emoved a nd i t s h ole b ackfilled , T h is d itch a ppears t o h ave s i lted r apidly b ut n atura lly , I t m ay h ave b een d ug a t t he s ame t ime a s t he a venue d itch b ut t h is i s f a r f rom c lear a nd a lternatively i t m ay b e e arlier, T he o r ientation o f t he t wo s tones i n r e lation t o t he a venue a xis a ppears t o c onflict w ith t he a bove i n terpretation , u n less t he e arthen a venue s uperseded a s tone a venue w hich w as p a rtially d emolished w hen t h e f o rmer w as b uilt, F urther a long t he a venue , v arious h o les i n t he a venue b anks w ere n oted i n 1 7 60 , w hich p ossib ly r esu lted f rom t he r emoval o f o ther o rthostats , G eophysical s urvey i n 1 979-80 o f a 20m s tretch b eyond t he r oad , r evealed v arious a nomalies c lustered r ound t he a venue b anks , W h ile t h is i s n ot c onclusive , t he p ossibility t hat t he a venue h ad p aired o rthostats w ithin i t s hould b e c onsidered , T he H eel S tone a nd p artner m ay b e t he f i rst p air o f s uch a s e tting a nd i f s o t he b an ks a nd d itches m ay h ave r eplaced , o r b een a dded t o , a s tone a venue s imilar t o t hose a t A vebury , As hort d istance o utside t he a venue , t o t he n orth-west , t he 1 979-80 e x cavations f ound m any s a rsen a nd b luestone f r agments a nd 2 s hallow p its o r p ostholes , o ne o f w h ich w as a ssociated w ith a h earth , T hese s tone s preads h ave b een d emonstrated t o b e a d iscrete p rehistoric p laced-scatter , i n ar estricted z one w here s tone d ressed f rom o rthostats w as u t ilised f o r t o ols , I t s m ost l i kely i n terpretation i s a s a s tonemasons w orking f loor w ithin a f l imsy s t ructure , T he h earth w as d ated t o 1 450bc± 150 (HAR4878), A s imilar d eposit w as f ound b y H awley u nder t h e a venue b ank, n ear t he H eel S tone d itch , T his i mplies s tones w e re b e ing d ressed i n t he a rea b efore t he e arthen a venue w as b uilt ,

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T he A ubrey H oles T h is r ing o f p its i s s et a s hort d istance i n side t he b ank , T hey w ere c arefully d ug i n a n a lmost p erfect c i rcle o f 8 6 ,7x87 ,5m d iameter ( 0 ,9% d eviation), T he 5 6 p its a re e qua lly s paced r ound t he c ircum ference , I t s eems u nlikely t hat b oth t h is r ing a nd t he b ank c ou ld b e l a id o ut w ith t his p recision i f f eatures s tood a t o r n ear t he c entre o f t he s ite a t t h is t ime , 3 4 o f t he A ubrey h oles h ave b een e xcavated , w h ile m ost o f t hose t o t he n o rthw est h ave b een p robed , E ach p it i s r oughly c i rcular w ith d iameters r ang ing f rom 0 ,75 t o 1 , 80m , a nd d epths f rom 0 ,60 t o 1 , 15m , T hey h ave s teep s ides a nd f lat b ottoms , T heir f i lls w ere v ariable , s ome h ad c lean c halk a nd w ere a pparently b a ckfilled s oon a fter b eing d ug , O thers h ad b een r e cut a t l east t wice , v irtually t o t heir b ases , I n 7 3% o f c ases ( 2 5 h o les) c remated h uman b one w as f ound , o ccasiona lly i n t he p rimary f i ll ( o r i n t otally r e cut h oles), b ut u sually i n s econdary c ontexts , o ften n ear t h e s urface a nd a ssociated w ith s arsen c h ips , O nly r a rely d o t hey a ppear t o b e d iscrete d eposits , w hile m ore t ypica lly t he c remated b ones a re s cattered t h rough t he f i lls , S everal b one p ins a nd f lint f abricators h ave a lso b een f ound , l t i s u ncertain i f t hese d eposits w e re p urpose fully i n trodu ced i n to t he h oles , o r w hether h uman c remations w ere s cattered o n t h e g round s urface ( o r i n t h e o ld t opsoil?) a t t he t ime t he h oles w ere f i lled , I t r emains d ebatable i f t hese h o les e ver c ontained t imber p osts , I t m ay b e t hat t hey i n itially d id ( o r w ere i n tended t o ) a s t h e p it s hape s uggests , a nd t hat a t a l a ter p eriod , a fter t he r e moval o f t he p osts , w e re l e ft o pen a nd p eriodically r e cut t o i n sert t o ken d eposits , T he S tation S tones

t hese h o les

T hese f our s tones o nce s tood i n a n e longated r e ctangle o r ientated n orth-west/south-east a t r ight a ngles t o t he m ain s ite a xis , a nd s et c 2 ,0m i n side t he b an k, T he l ong s ides a l ign a pproximately w ith t he o uter e dges o f t he s arsen r ing ( b ut s ee b elow), O nly t wo o f t hese s u rvive t oday , o ne a s ab attered s tump , t he o ther f a llen ; t hey w ould o riginally h ave s tood c 2 ,00m h igh , T he t wo t hat h ave g one ( s toneholes e x cavated) w ere s urrounded b y n a rrow p enannular d itches , T hat t o t he SE h ad a n i n ternal d iameter o f c 10 ,5x9 ,0m a nd w as f lattened a gainst t he b ank i ndicating i t p ost-dates t he l a tter f eature , I t a lso c u t o ne o f t he A ubrey H oles , E xcavations b y H awley f a iled t o f ind a ny t race o f a n e xternal b an k o r i n ternal m ound , T he o ther d itch t o t he NW h as a n i n ternal d iameter o f c 7 ,5x 13 ,5m a nd i s a lso a pparently f lattened a gainst t he b ank ( but p erhaps n ever d ug h ere) a nd w as s urrounded b y a l o w b an k , T his d itch a lso c ut a n A ubrey H ole , a nd a t t he c entre t he s tonehole m ay o verlap o ne o f t he A ubrey H oles , At h ird p enannular d itch o f u nknown d ate i s v isible o n a e rial p hotographs , T his i s s omewhat l a rger t han t hat t o t he NW a nd a buts i t s b an k o n t he e astern s ide , A nalogy w ith t he H eelstone d itch c ould s uggest t hese r ing d itches a re s e condary t o t he s tones t hey s urround , T he f our s tation s tones p robably p ost-date t he A ubrey H oles , a nd t he 2 s urrounding d itches c learly d o , O ther p ossible s toneholes h ave b een e xcavated w ithin t he b ank i n t he s outh-eastern h alf o f t he s ite , w hich s uggests t he S tation S tones m ay w ell b e t he r e mnants o f a s tone c i rcle w hich w as p erhaps l a ter c onverted t o a r e ctangular s etting ( b ut s ee b e low), B etween t he E SE s tation s tone a nd t he e ntrance , H awley e xcavated 2 i r regu lar h oles ( F ,G) s et n earer t he b ank t han t he A ubrey H oles , I t h as r e cently b een s uggested t h at 2 o f t h e A ubrey h o les b etween t hese ( 3 ,5) h ave f i lls c onsistent w ith t hem h aving b een u t ilised a s s toneholes ( N ,Thorpe p ers ,comm), A f u rther h ole b y t he b ank ( G ) w as e xcavated b y H awley m idway b etween t he t wo s outh-eastern S tation S tones , T aken t ogether t hese p ossible a nd c erta in s toneholes s uggest a r ing o f r e latively e qually s pa ced o rthostats w ith in t he i n ner e dge o f t he h enge b ank ( ex clud ing A ubrey h ole 3 ) , N o a dequate e xtensive e x cavations h ave t a ken p lace o ver m uch o f t he r emaining c ircum feren ce t o c onfirm t his s uggestion , I n t h e

1 9th c entury a b uried s tump

( I ) w as s aid t o h ave b een f ound t o t he s outh-east ,

b ut

l a ter p robing h as f a iled t o r e locate i t , I n t he 1 7 th c entury A ubrey d rew a c rude p lan o f S tonehenge i l lustrating f ou r s tones a nd 5 h ollows b y t he i nner e dge o f t he b ank, T he l a tter h ave b een i n terpreted a s t he A ubrey h oles a nd n amed a fter t h is e arly o bservation , I t s eems h ighly u nlikely t h at t hese h oles w ou ld h ave b een v isible a t t h is d ate a s t hey b e came f u lly s ilted i n p reh istory ,

- 4 46 -

I t

i s m ore l i kely t hat w hat h e o bserved w as t he r emnants o f t he p ostulated s tone c i rcle n oted a bove , t hat h ad b een v irtually t h e d estruction h ollows s t ill w h ich c annot b e f u lly a c curate t h e n orth-west , s howing t he NW p it , W hile b earing t h is c aveat

d emolished b y t he t ime o f h is v isit, b ut w ith s everal o f v isible , H owever , t here a re p roblems w ith A ubrey 's p lan , a s h e s eems t o h ave t ransposed t he t wo s tation s tones t o s tone a s p resent a nd t he W NW s tone t hat s tands t oday a s a i n m ind i t s eems t he r est o f h is p lan i l lustrates f eatures

w h ich c an b e i d entified t oday , T he E SE s tation i s s hown a s ap it , A nother p it i s s hown t o t h e SW a t a bout t he s ame l o cation a s t he s tump ( I ) r e corded i n t he 1 9 th c entury, A t t he i n ner e dge o f t he b ank t o t he s outh-east o f t he e ntrance a n o rthostat i s s hown w hich c o rrelates w ith o ne o f t he e xcavated s toneholes ( F ), T his w as i nterpreted b y A tkinson a s t h e b uried s tone w ithin t h e e ntrance ( 95) b ut t h is s eems u nlikely ( un less A ubrey 's p lan i s h ighly i naccurate), B etween t h is s tone a nd t he E SE s tation , t wo p its a re s hown w hich m ay w e ll c orrespond w ith t h e o ther e xcavated s tonehole ( G ) a nd A ubrey H ole 5 , A s econd o r thostat i s s hown o n t he o ther s ide o f t he e ntrance c orresponding i n p osition w ith t hat o n t he s outh-east s ide ( F ) , N o e xcavation h as t a ken p lace h ere t o v erify a s tonehole , T he S arsen S ettings T he u nique o uter c i rcle i s b est p reserved t o t he n orth-east , w here s everal o f t he l intels a re s till i n p lace , I n c ontrast , t he o ther h alf h as h ad s everal s tones r emoved , T he o rthostats a re d ressed t o r e ctangu lar s ection , w ith t he f latter f a ce , w hich h ad b een c a refu lly s moothed , s et i n wards , T hey t aper t owards t he t op a nd t h is m ay b e i n tended t o m a ke t he s tones a ppear t a ller , T he t aper i s o ften n ot s traight b ut s light ly c urved a nd h ence a ppears s t raight w hen v iewed f rom b elow , T he t ops o f t hese s tones a re c a refully l e velled t o ac onstant h e ight a nd d i fferen ces i n s tone l ength o vercome w ith s toneholes o f v a riable d epth , O nly o ne s tone t o t he e ast m ay b e e xceptional, i t i s s lighter a nd l ower ( a lthough i t s t o p m ay w ell h ave b ro ken o ff) , T he l intels a re a lso c a refully d ressed , w ith s ub-rectangular s ection a nd c u rved i n ner a nd o uter f a ces w hich f o llow t he c ircum ference o f t h e c ircle , E a ch w as h eld i n p lace b y t wo h o les c orresponding t o b osses , o ne o n e ach o r thostat , T he e dges o f t h e o rthostats a re a lso r a ised f o r a dded s ecurity , E ach l intel w as c o ntiguous a nd l o cked t ogether w ith a t ongue a nd g roove , T he l intel t ops w ere c are fully l e velled a nd a m inor c o rrection w as m ade i n o ne c ase b y r ebating t he l ower s urface o f t he l i ntel, T he s arsen r ing i s l a id o ut a s a t rue c i rcle w ith v irtually n o d eviation , w hich s uggests t he i n terior w as u nobstructed w hen i t w as b uilt ( a s ap eg a nd r ope m ust h ave b een u sed), T he s pacing f rom s tone t o s tone i s e qual ( c entre t o c entre) a nd t h is m ust a lso h ave b een c a re fu lly p lanned p rior t o c onstru ction , T he v ariable w idths o f t he o rthostats m akes t h e a ctual s pa ces b etween t h em l e ss r egu lar, 7 ,0-7 ,8m w ithin t he r i ng i s au n ique s etting o f 5t r ilithons , a rranged i n ah orseshoe m easuring c 14 ,5x 15 ,5m , w ith t he o pen e nd f a cing t he e ntrance a xis t o t he n orth-east , T hese s tones a re d esigned a nd d ressed w ith t he s ame s oph istication a s t he s arsen c ircle , T he o verall h eights o f e ach p a ir i n creased f rom 6 , 10m a t t he e nds , t o t he c entral p air s tanding 7 ,30m h igh , s et o n t he m ain a xis t o t he s outh-west , T he m a jority a re s et i n p a rticularly d eep s toneholes , o ne o f t he c entral p air b eing 2 ,4m d eep , T he l intels h ave c u rved i nner a nd o uter f a ces t o e mphasise t hey w ere e nvisaged a s l y ing o n t he c u rved a rc o f ah orseshoe r a ther t han a p olygonal s tructure , S everal o f t he c i rcle o rthostats , a nd t wo o f t he t r ilithon o rthostats , h ave B ronze A ge c a rvings , T he m a jority o f t hese a re r epresentations o f f lat a xes ( c30+); 1 3 h i lted d aggers a lso e xist , a s w ell a s 1 -2 a bstract d esigns , T he O uter B luestone C ircle T h is r ing l ies a pproximately m idway b etween t he t wo r emain i n tact , w h ile t he m a jority h ave b een r educed w ere r e latively c l ose-set , T he s pacing i s s omewhat t he r ing i s n ot p articularly c i rcular , w hich c ou ld i n ner s arsen s etting ,

s arsen s ettings , O nly a f ew o rthostats t o s tumps o r r emoved , O rig inally t hey w ider t owards t he n orth-east a x is a nd s uggest t he r ing w as b uilt a fter t he

w hich i n hibited e xact l ayout , T wo o f t he s urviving s tones h ave b een

— 4 47 —

d ressed a nd a re c learly r eused l i ntels a s t hey h ave m ortice h oles , F riction w ear i l lustrates t hese w ere e rected e lsewhere p rior t o t he b uild ing o f t h is c ircle , T here i s ap ossibility t hat t he r ing r eplaced a n e arlier o ne , t he e vidence f o r w hich h as b een v irtually o b literated b y t he p resent c ircle , S everal u nexplained p ossible s toneholes i n t he e astern s ector, o n t he s ame c ircum feren ce , h ave b een e xcavated , T he C entral S et tings W ithin t he S t r ilithons a re s evera l c omplex f eatures , A h orseshoe s haped s ett ing o f b luestones s urv ives t oday , s et c l ,S-2 ,4m w ithin t he t r ilithons , I t i s c 1 1,0x 12 ,0m i n p lan a nd o pen i n t he s ame d irection ; t he l ast b luestone a t e a ch s ide p robably b eing f lush w ith t he e nds o f t he l ast p air o f t r ilithons , T his s etting w as b uilt a fter t he t r ilithons , a s o ne o f i t s s toneholes c uts o ne o f t he t r ilithon r amps , O n ly 8 s tones s urvive a nd 4 f urther s tones h ave b een r educed t o s tumps , O rig ina lly t here w ould h ave b een 1 9 s tones , s tanding u p t o c 2 ,40m h igh , a nd e qually s paced c l‚ 6 m a part , T he t a llest s tone a ppears t o h ave s tood o n t he a x is t o t he s outh-west , w hile t he o thers w ere a l l p robab ly a round 1 ,80-2 ,00m t all, A ll w ere c a re fully d ressed t o s ub-rectangular s ection w ith f lat t ops , T hey h ad b een r eused , a s s everal h ad s igns o f r emoval o f t enons , t ongues o r g rooves , T he b luestone h orseshoe s uperseded a s econd s tone s etting o f s imilar d imens ions , T his i s d ifficult t o r e construct e xactly a s n ot a ll i t s s toneholes h ave b een e x cavated , H owever, i t c learly w as a c omplete o val r ather t han b e ing o pen a t o ne e nd , O ne o f t he s toneholes u nderlay a s tonehole o f t he b luestone h orseshoe , T he n orth-eastern q uad rant i s t he b est d ocumented , t he s pacing h ere s uggesting t here w ere 1 4 18 r elatively e quallys paced s tones r ound t he f u ll c ircum ference , T here d oes n ot a ppear t o b e a ny c onclusive e vidence t o i n dicate w hat t he s tratigraphical r elationship t o t he t r ilithons i s , H owever , i t i s l a ter t han t he Q /R r ings , a s t wo o f t he s toneholes c ut t he e ntrance d umbell h oles , A tkinson s uggested t he r edressed b luestones i n t he h orseshoe a nd o uter c i rcle w ere o riginally s et i n t h is r ing , b ut t hey c ould e qually c ome f rom t he Q /R r ings , T he s ite a xis i s m arked b y 2i n ternal s ettings w h ich m ay b e c ontemporary w ith t he o val, T o t he s outh-west a l a rge s tonehole w as f ound o ffset f rom t he a xis c 1 ,5m w ithin t he o val, A tkinson h as h ypothesized t h is w as o ne o f ap air f lanking t he a xis , a nd t hat t wo b luestones w ith t enons a nd a t h ird w ith 2 m ortice h oles w ere o riginally e rected h e re , a s a s mall t r ilithon , A t t he o ther s ide o f t he o val, t o t he n orth-east , t here w as a s ingle s tonehole o n t he a xis , s et c l‚ 2 m w ithin t he r ing , A lso o n t he a xis , c l‚ 2 m n earer t he c entre w as a d isturbed g rave c ontaining s cattered h uman b ones , As hort d istance f rom t he h ypothesized i nner

' t rilithon '

s etting ,

a l a rge d ressed

s andstone s lab k nown a s t he A ltar S tone l ies r ecumbent a t a pproximately 9 0 d egrees t o t he a xis , I t w as d esigned t o s tand u pright a s i ndicated b y i t t apering b ase , a nd i s t he l a rgest o f t he ' i ntrodu ced ' s tones , a t 4 ,95m l ong , A t kinson p ostulated i t s tood i n t he l a rge s toneho le o pposite t he e ntrance o f t he Q /R r ings ( see b elow ), I t i s u ncertain w hen i t r eached i t s p resent l o cation , o r w hether i t o nce s tood i n t he c entral a rea , I t h as b een s uggested t hat i t w as p laced r e cumbent o n t he a xis w hen t he b luestone h orseshoe w as b uilt , T he Q /R r j r igs T hese p aired r ings h ave b een p artially e xcavated a nd s hown t o p redate t he o uter s arsen a nd b luestone r ings , T he t wo r ings w ere s et c 1 ,21,8m a part , e ach p a ir i n ad umbe ll s haped s tonehole , T he s tone i mpressions i n dicate h eavy s tones s tood h ere , T hese c i rcles h ave f u rther f eatures o n t he s ame a xis a s t he a venue a nd l a ter c i rcles , T o t he s outh-west a s ingle s tonehole e xisted , m idway b etween t he t wo r ings , i n p lace o f t he u sua l p air o f s tones , I t s s ize i ndicated i t h eld a p articularly l a rge s tone , Ah eavily u sed p o lished a xe w as f ound a t t he b ase o f t he s tonehole , T o t he n orth-east , f a cing t he h enge e ntrance , f our p airs o f d umbells h ad f u rther s toneholes i m mediately w ithin t he r ing , T he t wo a dditional s toneholes f lan king t he a xis e ach h eld 3 a dditional s tones , T he o ther t wo , o ne t o e ither s ide o f t he l a st n oted , e ach h ad r oom f o r o ne a dditional s tone , b ut t hese w ere n ever f inished a nd n o s tones w ere e rected , T his c i rcle w as n ever f inished i n i t s n orth-western q uadrant , E xcavations i n t he w estern q uadrant h ave f a iled t o f ind a ny s toneholes o ver a l ong a rc, T he l a st h o le i n t h e

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s outhern a rc w as u n finished a nd n o s tone e rected , T he n orthern p ortion i s u nex cavated a nd i t i s u nknown h ow m any , i f a ny , o f t he p airs w ere e rected h ere , T hg Y /Z r ings T hese 2 r ings o f s toneholes w ere c learly b uilt t ogether a s t hey a re c oncentric ( to e ach o ther) a nd t he s tones p a ired , A l i ttle o ver h alf t he c ircum ference h as b een e xcavated , w h ile t o t he n o rth-west t hey h ave b een p robed , T heir n umber a nd o rientation m atch t he o u ter s arsen c i rcle , b ut i n c ontrast , t hey d ev iate f rom a t rue c ircle t o t he SE , H ere a m i smatch e xists w h ich c ould s uggest t h is w as t he s tarting/finishing p oint f o r d igging t he s t oneholes , T he s arsen r ing w as a lready i n p lace , a s c an b e s hown b y t he c utting o f o ne o f t h e s arsen r amps , a nd h ence t he h oles w ou ld h ave b een d ug b y s pacing o ut f rom t h is r ing ( j udged b y e ye?). I t c ould b e t hat e rrors a ccumulated u ntil a t t he f inishing p oint t here w a s as ignificant m ismatch , A n a lternative i n terpretation , a nd p erhaps a m ore l i kely o ne , i s t hat t he s arsen r ing h ad a lready p artially c o llapsed , O ne o f t he s toneholes i n t he i n ner r ing a ppears t o b e m issing a nd a p ortion o f o ne o f t he s arsen p illars o ccupies i ts s i te , T he a d ja cent s arsen p illar h as a lso b een r e cumbent s in ce a t l east t he 1 7th c entury , I t m ay b e t hat b oth f e ll i n p rehistory a nd t he b u lges i n t he Y /Z r ings a re t he r esu lt o f t h e a voidance o f t hese o bstacles , N one o f t h e s toneholes c onta ined s tumps a nd t he l a ck o f s tone i mpressions s uggests t h e s tones w ere n ever e rected ; t heir s ilts s uggest t hey s tood o pen f o r s ome t ime , T he h o les a re s ub-rectangu la r i n p lan a nd d eep ( outer ; a verage 0 ,9m , i nner ; a verage 1 ,05m ), s uggesting t hey w ere i n tended t o c ontain s tones o f s ome s ize , O t her F eatures M any s mall p ostholes h ave r e ma in u nexcavated , w hile o n ly l a rge a rea e xcavated d ug b y H awley , H ere o ver

b een f ound i n t he i n terior o f t he s ite , b ut b ecause l a rge a reas o thers a re d isturbed , l i ttle s ense h as b een m ade o f t hem , T he b etween t he s arsen r ing a nd t he b ank l ies t o t he s outh a nd w as 7 0 p ostho les w ere f ound w hich m akes r e cogn ition o f i ndiv idual

p a tterns d ifficult , a lthough s ome o f t hem c ould s uggest c oncentric r ings o f c lose-set p o sts o f d iameters r anging b etween c 35 a nd 5m , O utside t hese a re t wo r adial l ines l e ad ing t o t he p ossible s outhern e ntrance , A tkinson h as s uggested t hat m any o f t he p ostholes m ay b e o f r e cent d ate , w hile o thers m ay r e late t o t he e rection o f o rthostats , H owever , t he p o ssibility o f p rehistoric t imber s tructures s hould a lso b e c onsidered , I n t h is s ame a rea , ap it d ug n ext t o o ne o f t he Y h oles c ontained a n e xtended i n humation w hich m ay w ell b e o f r e latively r e cent d ate , Al a rge n umber o f p ostholes w ere f ound w ithin t he s arsen c i rcle b u t n o s ense h as e ver b een m ade o f t hese e ither , T hree l a rge p ostholes i n a 2m l ine o rientated e ast/west w ere e x cavated a s hort d i stance o utside t he h enge t o t he n orth w here t he c arpark n ow s tands , T hese h ave p roduced C 1 4 d ates w hich g ive a d ate i n t he E arlier M esolithic ( 7 180bct 180 , 6 140bc± 140), T hese d a tes a re u sually c onsidered t o b e i n e rror . A s te fa;ts A l a rge n umber o f a rte facts h ave b een f ound a t t he s ite , i n cluding ; h uman a nd a nimal b o nes ; l ithics ; ah andful o f W indmill H ill, P eterborough a nd g rooved-ware s herds , a nd a l a rge n umber o f b eaker s herds , T he m a jority a re n ot c learly s tratified , o r i f i n f eatures m ay b e d erived f rom t he p re-existing g round s urface o r h ave m oved d own t he s oil p rofile f r om l a ter c ontexts , T he o n ly f inds c e rtain ly a ssociated w ith t he p rimary d itch w ere a b raded P eterborough s herds , T he g rooved w are s herds t hought t o c ome f rom t h is c ontext a re l i kely t o h ave b een i n serted i n a l a ter s coop ( N ,Thorpe ,pers c omm), T he l a rge n umber o f b ea ker s herds i n t he d itch w ere a ll f ound i n t he m iddle s ilts , T he p olished w ristguard a c companying a n i n humation a lso c omes f rom t h is l e vel o f t he d itch , C h ronology A t kinson h as p roposed a s equence o f c onstruction f o r t he s ite w hich h e h as s ubsequently m od ified s lightly , W hile t h is f l ex ible a pproach i s a dv isable ,

i s p erfectly p lausible , P itts h as p ointed o ut a m ore O ne m a jor p roblem i s a ssessing t he r elative s tratigraphy

o f t h e c entral f eatures i n r e lation t o t hose a ssociated w ith t he b ank a nd d itch , W ith t he d ata c u rrently a vailable t h e m ost l i kely s equence i s a s f o llows :

— 4 49 —

P rimary P hase T his i n cludes t he c onstruction o f t h e b ank a nd d itch a nd t he d igging o f t he A ubrey h oles , T he d itch h as p roduced d ates f rom a ntler t ines a ssociated w ith i t s p rimary s i lts o f 2 460bct60 (BM 1583), 2 440bc±60(BM 16 17), a nd 2 180bc± 105 (12328) , T imber s tructures m ay h ave b een b u ilt d uring t h is p hase a nd i n clude t he p ostholes i n t he e ntran ce a nd t he f o ur l a rger p osts o utside t h is , T he l a tter a re c learly e arly a s s hown b y t heir m ismatch w ith t h e l ater a xis d efined b y t he a venue w hich o verlays t hem , T imber p osts m ay a lso h ave s tood i n t he A ubrey h oles a t t h is t ime a nd t h ere c ould p ossibly h ave b een t imber s tructures a t t he c entre , T hese m ay h ave b een a pproached b y a l ine o f p osts f rom t he p ossib le s econd e ntrance t o t he s outh , E arly M egalithic T his p hase i s p robably r epresented b y t he b uilding o f a n o rthostat s etting ( a s tone c ircle?) i mmediately i n side t he b an k, o n ce t he A ubrey H o les h ad b een a bandoned o r h ad t heir p osts r emoved , S ome o f t hese s tones w ere c rudely d ressed , Ac remation i n t h e u pper f i ll o f A ubrey h ole 3 2 h as b een d ated t o 1 8 48bc±275 (C602 ) w hich m ay g ive a c l ue t o t he d ate o f t h is p hase , S ome o f t he c remations i n t he b ank a nd d itch m ay a lso b e a s signed t o t h is p eriod , T he p air o f s toneholes ( O E) i n t he e ntrance a re a l igned o n t he e arly a xis o f t he s ite a nd h ence w ere p robably b u ilt a t t h is t ime , I t i s p ossible t hat t he s ite a lso h ad a n a venue o f p aired s tones a t t h is d ate b ut t h is i s m o re l i kely t o b elong t o t h e n ext p hase , a s s uggested b y i t s o rientation , L ater N eJalithic T he o nset o f t h is p hase i s d eterm ined b y t he c hange o f o r ientation o f t he e ntran ce w hich w as w idened t o t he s outh-east , T he a x is r emained c onstant f rom t hen o n a nd i s r e flected i n t he p resent c entral f eatures a s w e ll a s a t t he e ntrance , I n b oth a reas , c h ronological s equences c an b e o bserved , b ut c ross m atching t hem i s d i fficult , A ll t he C 14 d a tes a re s tatistically i n separable f o r t he v arious s ubdivisions t hat c an b e m ade , T he s equence o f f eatures i n t he e ntrance i s d ifficult t o u nravel, I t i s l i kely t he p aired p ortals ( D ,E) w ere d ismantled a nd s tone 9 5 m ay h ave b een b uried a t t h is t i me , T he n ew a xis w as f i rst m arked b y t he H ee lstone a nd i t s m atching p air, a nd p ossibly b y f u rther p aired s tones w hich f o rmed a s tone a venue l ead ing a way f rom t he s ite , A t a l a ter d ate , a fter a t ime w hen s tone d ressing o utside t he e ntrance h ad t a ken p lace a nd t h e s tone s ettings j ust d escribed h ad b een p artially d ismantled , t he i n itial e arthen a venue w as b uilt , T his h as p roduced d ates o f 1 7 28bc±68 (BM 1164) a nd 1 7 70bct 100 (HAR20 13 ), T he p enannular d itch r ound t he H eel S tone w as p robably d ug a t t h is t ime a nd t hose w i th in t he h enge s urrounding t wo o f t he S tation S tones m ay b e c ontemporary , A t a bout t h is t ime a n i nhumation w as i n serted i n t he p artially s ilted h enge d itch w hich h as a g iven a d ate o f 1 765bc±70 (BM 1S82), Am a jor p roblem i s t he i n terpretation o f s toneholes B a nd C , T hey c learly b e long t o t he l a ter m egalith ic p hase a s t hey l i e o n t he a xis , H owever , i t i s u nclear h ow t h ey r e late t o t he o ther s tones , I f t hey b elong t o t he e arlier p hase , t hen t hey m ark t he a x is , w hile f u rther f rom t he h enge t h is w as d e fined b y p aired s tones , T he l a ck o f p enannu lar d itches c ould s uggest t hey w ere r emoved a t t he s ame t ime a s t he s tone n ext t o t he H e e l S tone , A lternatively , t hey c ould b e b u ilt a t t he s ame t ime a s t he e arthen a venue t o m ark i t s c entral l ine , I t r emains a m ystery w hy t he H eel S tone w as r etained w ith in t h e e arthen a venue a s i t w as a symmetrically p laced o nce i t s m atching s tone w as r emoved , I n t he c entral a rea , t he f i rst s tone f eatures t o b e b uilt i n t h is p hase w ere t he c oncentric Q /R r ings , T hese p redate t he o ther r ings a nd i t i s l i kely t hey r e late t o t he e arliest p hase o f t he r emodelled e ntrance , O ne o f t he h oles h ad a n a ntler p i ck i n i t s b ackfill w hich h as b een d ated t o 1 6 20bct 110 (I2384), I t r emains o bscure w hy t h is r ing w as n ever f inished a nd i t c annot b e d etermined i f ap eriod o f a bandonment f o llowed , o r w hether d emolition t ook p la ce b ecause o f ar ad ical c hange o f d esign . A l a ter p hase i s c learly d enoted b y t he c onstru ction o f t he s arsen c i rcle a nd i t s eems l i kely , g iven t he d istinctive a r chitectural s imilarity , t hat t he s arsen t r ilithons w ere

b uilt

a t

t he

s ame

t ime ,

A n a ntler

p ick

s ealed

— 4 50 -

b y o ne

o f

t he

r amps

o f t hese

h as

p roduced

a d ate o f

1 7 20b c± 150 (8M46),

T he b luestone s ettings a re m ore p roblematic,

T hey

c learly p ostdate t he Q /R c ircles b ut t heir r e lationship t o t he s arsen r ings i s d ifficult t o d etermine , W h ile i t i s p ossible t he i n ner o val w as b uilt a s ar eplacement f o r t he Q /R h o les , i t w ou ld b e i m possible t o e rect t he t r ilithons w ith t h is i n p lace a nd h ence , i f e a rly , i t m ust h ave b een d emolished w hen t he l a tter w ere b u ilt , A lternatively , t he o val c ould b e s een a s b eing b u ilt s oon a fter t he t r ilithons , T he p resent o uter b luestone c ircle w ould a lso h ave b een i n t he w ay o f t r ilithon e rection a nd h en ce m ust p ostdate t h is , T he i n ner b luestone h orseshoe w h ich r eplaced t he i n ner c i rcle c learly p ost-dates t he t r ilithons, a s t he c utting o f o ne o f t he r amps i n d icates , S ome s tones i n b oth t he i nner h o rseshoe a nd o uter b luestone c i rcle h ave b een r e-utilised a s i ndicated b y t heir m ortice h o les a nd o ther a noma lous f eatures , T o e xpla in t h is , a nd t he s tratigraphy o f t he i nner r ings i n g eneral, t wo h ypotheses c an b e p roposed : A : T he i nner a nd o uter b luestone c i rcles w ere b uilt i m mediately a fter t he s arsen s ettings , a nd t he r eused s tones w e re i n itially d ressed f o r u se i n t he Q /R r ings , T he i n ner c ircle w as l ater r e placed b y t he b luestone h orseshoe , B : T he i nner , a nd p robably t he p ostulated e arly o uter b luestone c i rcle , p redate t he s arsen s ettings , B oth w ere d emolished t o e nable t he s arsen s ettings t o b e b uilt a nd t hen r e con structed , T he o uter c i rcle f o llows t he s ame d esign a s b e fore , b ut t he i n ner r ing w as r emodelled a s ah orseshoe , T he a nomalous d ressing o f s ome b luestones c ould b elong t o t o t he e arly p hase r a ther t han b e a ssociated w ith t he Q /R r ings , A lthough t he s e cond h ypothesis i s m ore c omplex , i t h as t he a dvantage o f e xplaining t he i n ner c ircle m ore s atisfactorily , i n t hat i t s eems a w kward t o p ropose a d esign ( in h ypothesis A ) w h ich h as a c ircle w ith in t he h orseshoe ; h ypothesis B i s m ore a esthetica lly p leasing , T he o uter b luestone c i rcle a ppears t o h ave a dditional s toneholes t o t he e ast a nd r e modelling c ou ld e xplain t hese , T he 2 -3 s toneholes w ith in t he i n ner c i rcle c ould b elong t o e ither p hase ( o r e ven t he e a rly Q /R p hase), H owever , t he p os ition o f t he a ltar s tone ( i f i n tentiona lly p laced h ere) s uggests t he s toneholes r e late t o t he e arlier c i rcle w hile t he a ltar s tone w as a dded w hen t he i n ner h orseshoe w as b u ilt , P ost M egaliehic T he V IZ r ings a re u ndoubtedly n o e arlier t han t he s arsen c i rcle a s i ndicated b y t he n umber a nd o rientation o f t he h o les , T he p robable e xplanation o f t he d ev iations i n c i rcularity a s a voidance o f c o llapsed s a rsens s uggests t hese r ings a re p articularly l a te a nd a d ate o btained f rom o ne o f t h e Y h oles o f 1 2 40bc± 10S (12445) s upports t h is , A tkinson h as s uggested t hese r ings a re e arlier , d ug a t t he s ame t ime a s t he i nner b luestone c i rcle , b ut t h en a bandoned w hen t h is w as r emode lled a s ah orseshoe a nd t he o uter b luestone r ing b u ilt , H is a rgument o n t he n umber o f s tones i s p lausible b ut c ould a lternatively b e i n terpreted a s a n a borted p lan t o d emolish t he o uter b luestone r ing a nd r e-erect t he s tones i n t he Y a nd 7 :h oles , T he l a te C 14 d ate s uggests t he l a tter i s t he c ase b ut i t s hould b e b orne i n m ind t h is d ate i s n ot s tatistically d ivisible f rom t hose t hat c ome b e fore , I t i s n ot k nown w hy s tones w ere n ever e rected i n t hese h oles , As econd p a rticularly l a te m od ification t o t he s ite w as t he e xtension o f t he a venue w h ich h as b een d ated f rom t wo C 14 s amples t o 8 00bct 100 (132 16) a nd 1 0 70bc± 180 (BM 1079), 1 : S tukeley 1 7 40 2 : G owland 1 902 3 : H awley 1 9 2 11928 4 : V atcher 1 9 73 5 : B url 1 976 ( W iltshire 7 ) 6 : T hom a nd T hom 1 9 78 ( 9 . 5/ 1) 7 : A tkinson 1 9 79 8 : R CAHM 1 9 79 9 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( S 5/1) 1 0 : P itts 1 982

- 4 51

-

1 5 :15 W INTERBOURNE A BBAS S Y 6 0 ,90 , D orset B : L /F 25 / D / C : N /c 6 ,0-8 ,0? / 0 / c 7 ? D : I D E : I D F : ( 1 ,20+) / I D /I D /I D /I D G : c o ng lomerate / / A ubrey n o ted 3 s tones , e a ch o ver 1 , 2m h igh , i n ac i rcle o f c 8 p aces d iameter , H e s t ated t h at 1 2 s tones w e re m issing , b ut h is s ketch a nd p a ced d imensions s uggest t h e c i rcle p robably h ad a bout 7 s tones o r iginally , T he s i te w as d estroyed s ometime b etween A u b rey 's d ay a nd t h e 1 9 th c entury , 1 : A ubrey 1 6 65-97 2 : P iggott a nd P iggott 1 9 39 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D orset 7 ) 1 5 :16 W INTERBOURNE B ASSETT S U 0 94755 W i ltsh ire B : E /P F 10 / V P /C ; N/ c 30 ,0? / c 33 ,0? / ( 6 +) / I D (total 6 0+) 0 : I D E ; N D F : I D /I D /N D /N D /N D G : N D /C ,A0 ? /0 L i ttle r e ma ins o f t h is p robable s tone c i rcle , I n t h e 1 8 th c e ntury S tu ke ley d es cribed i t a s c o mprising 2 c on centric r i ngs , s et c l ose t o gethe r ' s o t h at o ne m ay w alk b etween ', t he o uter o ne w ith a d iameter o f a bout ' 6 0 c ubits ' ( 3 3m ) , A n u npub lished s ketch b y S t u ke ley s hows a bout 6 0 s tones , H e n oted ' m any o f t h e s tones h ave o f l a te b een c a rried a way ', T o t h e w est w a s a n o utlier w h ich w as ' b road , f l at a nd h igh ', B y t h e 1 9 th c entury v e ry l i ttle r e ma ined , t o day 6 s ma ll s tones a re v isib le , f u rther s tones h ave b een p robed , T h ey l i e s cattered i r regu larly a nd m ay w e ll b e d isp la ced , S evera l e s timates h ave b een m ade o f t he o r ig ina l d iameters b ased o n t h ese s tones , r ang ing f r om 7 3 t o 6 3m f o r t he o uter , a nd 5 0 t o 4 5m f o r t h e i n ner , T o e xp la in t h e d iscrepan cy w ith S tu ke ley 's s tated d iameter , L u kis s pe culated t h at S tuke ley m ista ken ly q uoted a d iameter w hen h e m eant r adius , H oweve r , a ll t h ese e s timates m ay w e ll b e s purious i f t h e s tones a re i n deed m isplaced , T he s uggestion t h at t h e s ite w as a c i rcle-henge i s n ot s upported b y t h e e a rly l i terature . T here i s a s tone n ea r t h e c entre o f t h e s ite w h ich h as l e d t o s pe cu lat ion a bout a c entre s t one , b ut t h is i s n o t m entioned b y S tu keley a nd m ay w e ll b e o n ly a d isp laced s tone , 1 : S tu keley 1 7 43 2 : L u kis 1 8 83 3 : S m ith 1 8 85 4 : G r insell 1 9 57 5 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( W iltshire 9 ) 6 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( S 5/5)

— 4 52 —

7 :

DESTROYED STONE CIRCLES AND OTHER POSSIBLE SITES REJECTED FROM THE PRESENT ANALYSES BECAUSE THERE I S TOO LITTLE DATA AVAILABLE FOR DETAILED CLASSIFICATION OR ANALYSIS

U WE

1 1

ORKNEY AND SHETLAND

N o s ites , Z ONE 2 :

N ORTH—EAST S COTLAND

2 : 14 O LD H ALL O F D UNN N D 2 04564 H igh land ( C a ithness) T oday t h ere i s o n ly a s i ng le m enh ir h e re , s tand ing 1 , 30m h igh , H owever , e a rly t h is c entury i t w as n oted t h ere w as m e mory t h at i t o n ce f o rmed p a rt o f as tone c i rcle , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 4 83) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C aithness 6 ) 2 : 15 S HURREY N D 0 4 ,57 , H igh land ( C a ithness) T h is p ossible s tone c i rcle c o mprises t w o l o w s labs , s et a t d ivergent a ng les s o a s t o s uggest t h ey o n ce f o rmed p a rt o f ac i rcle , T he r e st o f t h e s ite h as b een d isturbed b y p eat c u tting , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 3 8 1) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C aithness 7 ) Z ONE 3 :

O UTER H EBRIDES

3 : 12 B ORERAY N A 1 5 060499 W estern I s les-St K i lda T h is s ite w as d escribed i n 1 7 64 a s a ' l arge c i rcle o f h uge u p right s tones s et a t e qua l d i stances f r om o ne a nothe r , w ith o ne f lat t o pped o ne i n t he c entre o f t h e c i rcle ', I t h ad d isappeared b y t h e l a te 1 9 th c entury , I t i s u n certa in i f t h is w as a t r ue s tone c i rcle o r a d amaged c hambe red t omb w i th a p e ristalith , 1 : M a cau ley 1 7 64 , 2 : S ands 1 8 75 , 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( S t K i lda 1 ) , 4 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( U I 1 ) , 3 : 13 N EWMARKET N B 4 1323565 W estern I s les-Lewis T h is r u ined s i te s uperficially a t l e ast a ppears t o f o rm t h e n o rthern a r c o f ar ing o f c 45m d iameter , T here a re 3 o r thostats , al o w b ou lder a nd 3 p ossible b u ried s tones , T he s pa cing b e tween t he t h ree c 1, 0 m h i gh o rthostats , w h ich l i e c o nsecutive t o e a ch o ther , i s 5a nd 7 m etres , I f t h is w as t y p ica l s pacing , t h en s omething i n t h e r e g ion o f 2 0-25 s tones m ay o n ce h a ve e x isted , T h e s outhern a r c o f t h e c i rcle i s n ow c overed b y ar oad a nd t h ere a re o ld f i eld w a lls n ea rby , I f a l l f e atu res e x cept t he 3 o rthostats a re f o rtu itous , t hen t h e s ite c o u ld b e i n terpreted a s ac rudely b u ilt s tone r o w , A n i n terpretation a s ar u ined w a ll h as a l so b een s uggested , 1 : P onting a nd P onting 1 9 8 1, 2 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( L H 2 7 ), 3 : R uggles , p e rs , c o rm , 3 : 14 S OUTH S HAWBOST N B 2 3346 1 W estern I s les-Lewis L i ttle i s p ub lished o n t h is p ossible s tone c i rcle , I t h as a d iameter o f a bout 2 8 ,5m a nd c o mp rises u p t o 1 5 s hattered s tones , s tone h o les a nd ' o ther s tone s ettings ', T here a re 2 s tones s t ill s t and ing a n d 2m o re a re r e cumbent , T he o thers w e re r emoved t o b e u sed a s l i ntels a fter 1 9 45 , T he p o ssibility t h at i t i s ac hambered t o mb p e rista lith s hould a lso b e c o nsidered , 1 : M a cRae , P onting a nd P ont ing 1 9 83 , 2 : P onting , M a cRae a nd C u rtis 1 9 84 ,

— 453—

Z ONE 4 ;

W ESTERN S COTLAND

4 :3 1 B ENDERLOCH

N M 9 062 3 865

S trathclyde ( Argyll)

T oday t he o n ly f eature h ere i s a 1 , 5m h igh o rthostat , H owever, a s tone c ircle c ou ld b e r emembered i n t h is v icinity i n t he l a te 1 9th c entury , a nd t h is m ay b e ar emnant o f i t , 1 : S mith 1 8 72 , 2 : R CAHM 1 975 ( 1 13), 3 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( LN 7 ) , 4 :32 G LEN S HIRAG N S 02374 S trath clyde-Arran T his p ossible s tone c ircle w as d escribed a s ' a l a rge c i rcle ' w hich w as r emoved p loughing i n 1 8 13 , I t i s u nclear i f i t w as a t rue s tone c i rcle , 1 : B ryce 1 8 62 , 2 : B url 1 976 ( A rran 4 ) , 3 : M c L e llan 1 977 ( G len R osa),

f or

4 :33 K ILBRIDE N G 5 8 ,20 , W estern I s les-Skye T here i s s a id t o h ave o nce b een a s tone c ircle h ere , b ut a l l t he s tones h ave b een r emoved a nd t he e xact s ite i s n ow l o st , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 28 ( 6 76), 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( S kye 2 ) , 4 :34 K ILDONAN N S 0 352 10 S trathclyde-Arran T he 1 , 1m h igh s tone h ere w as r emembered t o b e a t t he s ite o f as tone c ircle , t he r e st o f w hich w as r emoved w hen a r oad w as b uilt t h rough i t , 1 : B ryce 1 9 10 , 2 : B url 1 976 ( A rran 5 ) ,

3 : M c L ellan 1 9 77 ,

4 :35 L OCH M AREE N G 9 2 ,72 , H ighland ( Ross) T his s ite , o n a s mall i s land , w as d escribed i n 1 79 1 a s ' a d ruidical t emple ' ' a ncient b urying p lace ', I t i s u nclear i f t h is a ccount r e fers t o as tone c ircle ,

w ith

a n

1 : O SA V ol 3 , 1 7 9 1, G airloch , 4 :36 M OLMONT

N S 5 1437 1

S trathclyde ( Ayrsh ire)

T his s ite w as d escribed i n t he l a te 1 8 th c entury a s ' a d ruidical t emple o f 6 0 f eet d iameter ( 1 8 ,3m ), a g reat p art o f w hich h ad l ately b een d estroyed ', I t h ad d isappeared b y t he l ate 1 9 th c entury , 1 : O SA 1 79 1 V ol 2 , G alston , 2 : S mith 1 895 , 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Ayrshire 7 ) , 4 :37 S OUTH S ANNOX

N S 0 14457

S trathclyde-Arran

A ' d ouble c i rcle ' o f ' t all s tanding s tones ' w as s aid t o h ave s tood h ere u ntil i t w as r emoved i n 1 836 t o b uild a w all, o nly o ne s tone h aving b een l e ft s tanding , H owever, t he l andowner t o ld B ryce t hat n o s uch c ircle e ver e xisted a nd t hat h e h ad e rected t he s ingle s tone a t a bout t hat d ate , I t i s u nknown w hich a ccount i s t rue ( the f a rmer m ay h ave b een c overing u p h is v andalism), B url c onfuses t he s ite w ith a c a irn e xcavated i n 1 9 09 ( B ryce 1 9 10), 1 : B ryce 1 8 62 , Z ONE _ 5 ;

2 : B url 1 9 76 ( A rran 1 3 ),

3 : M c L e llan 1 9 77 ( Sannox H ouse),

M ORAY F IRTH

5 :42 A BERARDER cN H 6 4 ,26 , H ighland ( Inverness) T his s ite w as d estroyed i n t he m id 1 9th c entury , N o d eta ils a re r e corded b ut i t a ppears t o h ave h ad ' i nd ications o f as mall i n ternal c hamber a nd c a irn ' a nd h ence a ppears t o b e a C lava C airn , 1 : F raser 1 883-4 ( 1 ), 2 : H enshall 1 963 ( INV 1 ) , 5 :43 A LTLARIE

N 7 26995

H ighland ( Inverness)

A ll t hat r emains o f t his s ite i s am ound , w ith a k erb o f s mall s tones o f 1 4 ,5m d iameter , T here a re v estiges o f a n i n terna l k erb o f c 6 ,5 m d iameter , a nd t hus t he s ite a ppears t o b e aC lava R ingcairn , T here i s n o r e cord o f a n e xternal s tone c ircle b ut t his m ay h ave b een

— 454—

r e moved w hen t h e a djacent r a ilway w as b uilt , T he O rdnance S urvey r e cord s tone c ists , u rns a nd h uman r emains , f ound i n 1 8 60 , 1 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( INV 3 ) , 5 ;44 A ULOEARN

N H 9 24553

H ighland ( Nairn)

A l l t hat n ow r emains o f t h is s ite i s a w estern a rc o f 3s tones , w hich a ppear t o h ave s tood i n ac l7m r ing , Af ourth s tone w as r e corded t o t he n orth i n t he 1 9th c entury , T wo o f t h e r emain ing s tones s tand 1 , 00 a nd 0 ,70m h igh , w h ile t he t h ird i s f lush w ith t he g round , I t i s u nclear i f t he r ing i s ar u ined s tone c ircle , o r t he l ast v estige o f a n i n ternal k e rb o f aC lava p assage g rave o r r ingcairn , 1 : F raser 1 883-4 ( 23), 2 : H enshall 1 963 ( Nairn 1 ) , 3 : B url 1 976 ( Nairn 1 ) , 5 :45 A VIELOCHAN N H 9 08 167 H ighland ( Inverness) T h is s ite c omprises a C lava p assage g rave w hich w as e xcavated i n t he e arly 2 0th c entury , I t 's e xternal k erb s tands 0 ,30-0 ,10m h igh a nd h as a d iameter o f 1 2 ,0m , T he c entral d rystone-walled c hamber m easures 3 ,0m a cross , T he p assage i s o rientated t o t he s outh , T he o n ly f inds h ere , a nd i n t he c hamber, w ere f ragments o f c harcoal a nd b one , a nd a p iece o f a j e t a rm let i n t he p assage f i ll, T here i s n o s urviving o uter s tone c ircle a nd t here i s n o d o cumentary e vidence t hat o ne e ver e xisted , I : C ash 1 90910 , 2 : H enshall 1 963 ( INV ,S), 5 :46 B ALANRAIT

N H 8 57507

H ighland ( Nairn)

A l l t hat r emains h ere i s as ingle 2 ,20m h igh o rthostat o f c onglomerate , l t w as n oted i n 1 8 84 a s b eing t he l ast s tone o f a C lava C airn , t he r est o f w h ich w ere b roken u p a nd r e moved b y t he f a rmer 4 0 o r 5 0 y ears b efore , O ther s tones w ere s aid t o h ave b een b uried i n h o les n ext t o t heir o riginal s ites , I t i s u nclear w hether t h is i nterpretation i s c o rrect , i t m ay h ave b een a nother t y pe o f s tone c ircle , 1 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 20), 2 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( Nairn 2 ) , 5 :47 B ALNABUAL N H 79489 H ighland ( Inverness) T h is s ite w as r e corded b y t he O rdnance S urvey a s ' s tone c ircle ( remains o f) ', F raser n oted i t a s ' f ragmentary ', A ll t hat n ow s urvives i s o ne d isplaced s tone b y af ield b oundary , 1 : F raser 1 883-4 ( 37), 2 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( INV 7 ) , 5 :48 B ELLAORUM - N ORTH

N H 5 1442 1

H ighland ( Inverness)

T h is s ite c omprises a d enuded m ound w ith a m assive k erb o f 1 3 ,5 x 1 3 ,0m d iameter , I t i s p robably t he v estige o f aC lava C airn s ite , b ut n othing s urvives o f a ny i n ternal s etting o r s urrounding s tone c ircle , 1 : C hilde 1 943-4 , p ,38 , 2 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( INV 1 ), 5 :49 C ANTRAYBRUICH - S ITE A N H 78459 H ighland ( Inverness) T h is b adly d isturbed s ite n ow c omprises a N W a rc o f s paced o rthostats w hich r ange i n h e ight f rom 0 ,7 t o 1 , 70 m etres , 6s tones s urvive , 2o f w hich a re f a llen , l y ing i n ar ing o f c 19 ,0m d iameter , Am ill a nd h ouses o nce s tood i n t he i mmediate v icinity b ut t hese h ave n ow g one , T he p resent r ema ins m ay c omprises a C lava-type k erb , i ntervening s tones o f w hich h ave

b een

r emoved ,

H owever ,

t he

h eight

o f

s ome

s tones

s uggests

i t

c ould

h ave

b een

a

f r eestanding r ing , A gainst t h is , i f c omplete , w ith e qually s paced s tones , t here w ou ld h ave b een a round 3 0-35 s tones w hich i s u nusual f o r t he r egion , h ence i nterpretation o f t he r e mains i s e qu ivocal, 1 : F raser 1 883-4 ( 1 7), 2 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( INV 1 S ),

455-

5 : 50 C ORE S TANES N J 456 12 G ramp ian ( Ban ff) T h is s ite w as d escribed i n t h e O ld S tatistical A c count a s ' a r ema rkable d ru id ica l t emple c a lled t he C o re S tanes ', I t h ad b een d estroyed t o b u ild L etterfou rie H ouse b y t h is d ate , T he O rdnance S urvey m arked t h e s ite , N o d etails o f i t s d esign a re k nown , 1 : C o les 1 9 05-6 ( 1 7), 5 :5 1 C ULDUTHEL N H 624 17 H ighland ( Inverness) A l l t hat r e ma ins o f t h is s ite i s t he s outh-eastern a r c o f ak e rb w h ich s tands 0 ,551,20m h igh , T he O rdnan ce S urvey r e corded a m u ch m ore c omp lete k e rb i n 1 8 7 1, N o i n terna l f e atures o r o uter s tone c i rcle h ave b een r e corded a t t h is p robable C lava C a irn , 1 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 2 9), 2 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( I nv ,22) , 5 :52 D ALGRAMBICH N H 7 9047 1 H igh land ( Inverness) A l l t hat r ema ins h ere i s a1 , 80m h igh o rthostat a nd a n umber o f l a rge s tones i n an earby d y ke , I t w as s a id b y F raser t o b e t h e l a st s u rvivor o f aC lava C a irn , I n 1 8 7 1 t he O rdnance S u rvey m arked t h e s ite a s a' s tone c i rcle ( r emains o f ) ', 1 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 1 9), 2 ; H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I nv 2 7 ) 5 : 53 D RUM D IVAN N J 1 9 243 1 G rampian ( M oray) T h is r u ined s ite a ppears t o h ave b een a s tone c i rcle , I t c o mprises 1 o rthostat s tand ing 1 , 30m h igh a nd 6 r e cumbent s labs b etween 1 , 20 a nd 2 , 75m l o ng , a r ranged i n ac r ude s emic i rcle , H owever , s ome o f t hese s labs m ay w e ll h ave b een m oved t o t h eir p resent p o s itions t o f a cilitate p loughing a nd h ence d eta iled i n terpretation r e ma ins u n certain , 1 : C o les 1 9 06-7 ( 1 2) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( M o ray 4 ) , 5 :54 E ASTER C LUNE - S ITE A N H 9 525 16 H igh land ( Na irn) T h is s ite c omp rises a d enuded c a irn w i th a d iameter o f ( 2 2m , I t i s d e fined b y ak e rb o f b ou lders w h ich p rotrude 0 ,3m a bove t h e c a irn-spread , a nd h as t h e a ppearan ce o f aC lava C a irn , T here i s n o r e cord o f a n i n terna l s etting o r o ute r s tone c i rcle , 1 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( N airn 3 ) , 5 :55 H ARESTANES N J 2 7 ,60 , G ramp ian ( Moray ) T h is d estroyed s ite w as r e corded i n t h e 1 9 th c entu ry a s ' a d ru ids c i rcle i n h o rseshoe f o rm ' c a lled t h e H arestanes , I t w as d estroyed i n 1 8 30 w hen a r o ad w a s b uilt t h rough i t a nd t h e s tones w e re b uried i n ag ravel p i t b y t he s ide o f t h e r o ad , I t i s u nclear i f t h is w as o r iginally a h o rseshoe s etting , o r w hether f u rther s tones h ad b een r e moved p rev iously , 1 : C o les 1 9 05-6 ( 2 4) , 5 : 56 H ATTON N J 2 704 18 G rampian ( B an ff) A l l t h at s u rvives o f t h is p ossible s tone c i rcle i s a1 ,0m c a irn w i th a k erb w h ich s tands 0 ,25-0 ,40m h igh , 5l a rge s tones i n t h e N E q uadrant c ome f r om a d emo lished c ist t h at w as f o und c 9m N E o f t h e c a irn , T here w as a t r ad ition i n t h e e a rly 2 0th c e ntury t h at m any y ears y ea rs b e fore , 2o r 3 ' g reat s tones ' w e re s tanding , s uggesting a s tone c i rcle o n ce e x isted s u rrounding t he c a irn , I n t h e 1 8 th c e ntury t he s ite w a s n oted a s h aving b een r e cently d estroyed , I t w as k nown a s L eache ll B eand ich , ' t he b lessed c hapel', 1 : G a rden 1 7 66 , 2 : C oles 1 9 05-6 ( 2 1), 5 :57 I N NESMILL - N ORTH N J 2 9 ,65 , G rampian ( M oray) I n t h e l a te 1 9 th c entury i t w as r e co rded t hat , i n a bout 1 8 40 , s evera l u pright s tones o f t h e s ame c hara cter a nd s ize a s t hose a t t he I n nesmill c i rcle ( h a lf a m ile t o t h e s outh ) w e re b ro ken u p , T his s uggests a s e cond c i rcle s tood h e re , 1 : M o rrison 1 8 70-2 ,

— 456—

5 :58 I N VERE ICHY N H 8 4 ,05 , H igh land ( I nverness) I n t he 1 8 th c entury a ' d ruidical t e mp le ' w as n o ted a t I n vere ichy , T h is p lace n ame i s n ot k nown b ut m ay e quate w ith I n vereshie , N o d etails a re k nown o f t h e s ite , 1 : R obertson 1 7 7 1 2 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I NV 3 5 ) , 5 :59 K ILTARL ITY C HURCH N H 5 124 13 H igh land ( Inverness) A ' d ruidical t e mp le ' w as r e corded i n t h e 1 8 th c entury i n K i ltarlity , N o t r a ce o f t h is s u rv ives , 1 : O SA 1 3 , 1 7 94 , p ,524 , 2 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I NV 3 6 ), 5 :60 L ITTLE U RCHANY - E AST N H 8 66485 H igh land ( Nairn) A s hort d istance t o t h e e ast o f t h e L ittle U r chany c i rcle w as a s e cond , w h ich w as d e stroyed i n a bout 1 8 40 , I t w as p resumably a lso a C lava C a irn b ut n o d etails a re r e corded , 1 : J o lly 1 8 8 1-2 2 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 2 2 ) , 3 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( N airn 5 ) , 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( N airn 3 ) , 5 : 6 1 M AINS O F C LAVA - N W N H 7 59446 H igh land ( I nverness) A l l t hat r e mains o f t h is s ite i s a2 ,00m h igh o rthostat , I t w as n oted b y F raser a s t h e r e mains o f aC lava C a irn b ut a pparently w as i n t h e s ame s tate a s t oday a nd h en ce t h is i n terpretation m ay b e a n a ssumption o n F raser 's p art , A bout 2 75m t o t h e S E i s ap robable C l ava C airn w h ich p erhaps s t rengthens t h e a rgument t h e o rthostat w as p art o f as imilar s i te , 1 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 1 3), 2 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( I NV 4 0 ), 5 : 62 M A INS O F C LAVA - S E N H 7 59446 H igh land ( Inverness) T o day t h is r u ined s ite i s c o vered i n s c rub , I n t he l a te 1 9 th c entury a 1 5 ,0m d iameter k e rb w a s v isible , a nd a n i n ternal r ing o f 5 ,5m d iamete r i n d icated i t w as p robably a C lava C a irn , T here i s n o r e cord o f a n o uter s tone c i rcle , 1 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 1 4), 2 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I NV 4 1 ), 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nverness 2 1 ) , 5 : 63 N ETHER C LUNY N J 3 1638 1 G rampian ( B an ff) T o day t h is s ite c o mprises a 1 , 15m h igh s andstone o rthostat a t t h e s outhwestern e dge o f a s l ight o val m ound , As tone c i rcle w as r e membered a s h av ing s tood h ere i n t he m id 1 9 th c e ntury , N o d etails a re k nown , 1 : C o les 1 9 06-7 ( 1 4), 5 : 64 P ITCHROY N J 1 8 0385 G ramp ian ( B an ff) T h is s ite c omprises a 2 , 15m h igh w h instone o rthostat , a nd 8 ,5m t o t he w est a 3 , 15m l o ng r e cumbent w h instone s lab , A t h ird s tone o f s im ilar d imensions w as r e membered a s h av ing b e en r emoved i n t h e 1 9 th c e ntury , T he c h ara cter o f t hese s tones s uggests a s tone c i rcle , a l though i n terpretation a s as tone r o w s hou ld a lso b e c onsidered , 1 : C o les 1 9 06-7 ( 1 1), 5 : 65 S TONEYFIELD - S ITE A N H 6 87454 H ighland ( Inverness) T h is r u ined C lava C a irn c o mprises a c o ntiguous k e rb o f 1 7 ,5m d iameter , w ith t he t a llest s t ones t o t he s outhwest , s tand ing u p t o 1 , 45m h igh , W ith in t h e k erb a re s evera l d isp la ced s l abs s cattered i n t he i n te rior , T he c a irn h as b een r emoved a nd t here a re n o t r a ces o f a n o u ter c i rcle , I n 1 8 3 1 t h e c a irn a nd i t s i n ternal s t ru ctures w ere f a irly c omplete a nd i n 1 7 60 i t w as n o ted a s a ' d ru id t e mple ', E x cavations t o o k p la ce h ere r e cently a nd t w o p its o u ts ide t he k e rb h ave g iven C 14 d ates o f 2 782±90 b c a nd 3 033± 130 b c , f rom c a rbon ized w ood a s sociated w ith p otsherds a nd c remated b one , I t i s n ot c l ear i f t h ese p its h ad a ny d i re ct a s so ciation w ith t h e C lava C a irn , 1 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 3 1), 2 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I NV 4 7 ) ,

— 457—

5 :66 S TONEYFIELD - S ITE B I n 1 7 60 t wo ' d ru id t emp les ' e x isted n earby , 1 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( I NV 4 7 ),

N H 6 87454 w e re n o ted a t S toney field ,

H ighland ( I nverness) s o p resumab ly a s econd r i ng o n ce

5 :67 W EST T OWN N H 6 2 1325 H ighland ( I nverness) T oday t h is r u ined m ound h as b een c overed b y f i e ld c learan ce a nd i t s o r igina l e dges a re u ntraceable , W i th in t he c a irn 5 s labs p rotrude a nd f o rm a 8 ,5m r i ng , O ne o f t h ese i s a t l e ast 1 , 0m h igh , T h is s etting i n d icates t h e s ite i s ar u ined C lava r i ng cairn , T here i s n o t r ace o f t h e e x ternal s tone c i rcle , 1 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I NV S O ), Z ONE 6 :

G RAKPIAN

6 : 107 A UCHCORTH IE N J 9 25523 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire ) C o les ' w as i n formed b y M r M i lne t h at t h is c i rcle w as w e ll k nown i n h is g rand fathe r 's t i me a nd t h at i t h ad a r e cumbent w ith a h o llow o n t o p , I t w as d estroyed i n a bout 1 8 40 , W h ile t h is m ay h ave b een a R e cumbent S tone C i rcle , o ther i n terpretations a re v iable , g iven t h e s e cond h and a c count w h ich m ay i n corporate u nwarranted a ssumptions , 1 : C o les 1 9 03-4 ( 1 7), 6 : 108 B ALBLA IR N J 6 98066 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) T he s ing le g ran ite o rthostat h e re s tood 2 ,60m h igh , b ut n o w l e ans , A t i t 's b ase i s al o w r i dge o f e a rth o r s tone , i n 1 8 64 t h e O rdnan ce S u rvey r e corded t h at 3 l o cals r e po rted a t r ad ition t h at i t w as t h e l a st s u rvivor o f as tone c i rcle , 1 : C o les 1 8 991900 ( 1 7), 2 : R itch ie 1 9 1819 , 6 : 109 B ARRACK N J 9 0 ,42 , G ramp ian ( Aberdeensh ire ) I n t h e m id 1 9 th c e ntury , S tuart , q uoting a n e arlier a c count , n oted t h at ' a t B a rra ck i n t h e p a rish o f N ew D eer a p e rson d igg ing i n ad ruid ical c i rcle d iscovered a n u rn f u ll o f h uman b ones ', N o s tone c i rcle s u rv ives a t B a rra ck t oday , 1 : S tuart 1 8 56 , 6 : 110 B OGHEAD T he m ost r e cent O rdnan ce S u rvey p resently k nown t o t he a uthor ,

N O 7 82679 m aps r e cord a s tone

G rampian ( Angus) c i rcle h e re , b ut n o d eta ils

a re

6 : 111 B OWMAN H ILLOCK N J 4 80398 G rampian ( Aberdeensh ire) T h is s ite a ppears t o b e b adly d amaged , b ut t o h ave a d iameter o f a bout 2 0 ,0m , N o f u rther d eta ils a re p resently k nown t o t h e a uthor , 1 : D iscovery a nd E x cavation 1 9 73 , 6 0 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 1 4 ), 6 : 112 B OYND IE T he N ew S tatistica l A c count c hu rch , T h is m ay w e ll b e t h e s tanding o n t h e g lebe , w h ich 1 : N SA : B oynd ie ,

N J 6 5 ,64 , G rampian ( Ban ff) n o tes a ' d ru id ical c i rcle ' w ithin a m i le N E o f t h e p a rish s ame s ite a s t h at l a te r r e ferred t o a s ' a g ood s tone c i rcle ' w as d estroyed i n c 1 875 , 2 : C o les 1 9 05-6 ( 4 ),

6 : 113 B OYNDIE C HURCH N J 6 42638 G rampian ( Ban ff) T he O rdnan ce S u rvey n o te t h is a s t h e s ite o f as tone c i rcle c l ose t o t h e s outhern w a ll o f t h e c hurchyard , E a rlier a c counts n o te a l a rge r ed s tone s tand ing n ear t he m anse o f fices a nd a ' d ru idical c i rcle ' n ear t h e c h urch , 1 : N SA ; B oyndie , 2 : C o les 1 9 05-6 ( 4 ),

— 458—

6 : 114 B ROOMEND O F C RICHIE - S ITE B

N J 79 196

G rampian ( Aberdeenshire)

T his s ite o n ce s tood a s hort d istance t o t he n orth o f t he B roomend o f C richie c ircleh enge , I t w as n oted b y M aitland , w ho v isited t he s ite i n t he e arly 1 8th c entury , H e d escribed i t a s ' e ncompassed w ith 3 r ows o f s tone e rect w ith a s mall c airn o r h eap i n t he m iddle ', H is r e ference t o i t a s ' t he r eater c ircle ' s uggests i t 's d iameter w as s ignificantly l a rger t han t he c i rcle-henge ( c 13 ,5m), A m ap o f 1 780 s hows t he s ite a s a c a irn , w hich c ou ld i ndicate t he o rthostats w ere s mall ( however, t he m ap a lso o mits t a ll o rthostats i n t he a venue n earby t o t he s outh), A lternatively , t he d escription b y M aitland c ould s uggest t he s ite w as a R ecumbent S tone C ircle w ith i n ternal r ingcairn , I t w as p robably d estroyed i n t he l a te 1 8 th c entury w hen t he t u rnpike w as b uilt, T here i s n ow a s andpit h ere , 1 : M aitland 1 7 57 ,

2 : R itchie 1 9 19-20 ,

6 : 115 C AIRNHALL N J 7 880 1759 G rampian ( Aberdeenshire) C oles a nd R itch ie r e corded t hat t here w as m emory t hat t h is w as o nce a s tone c ircle , A ll t hat s urvives i s a 1 , 5m h igh o rthostat , b ut i n t he e arly 2 0th c entury t here w as a s econd s tone w hich w as r e cumbent , 1 , 5m l ong a nd l y ing 1 4 ,5m f rom t he u pright , T here a ppears t o b e n o b asis t o t he s uggestion t hat t he s ite w as e mbanked a nd s imilar t o B roomend o f C richie , 1 : C oles 1 9001 ( 12), 2 : R itchie 1 9 1617 , 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Aberdeenshire 2 0), 6 : 116 C ANDY

N J 5 33303

G rampian ( Aberdeenshire)

T his w as r e corded b y t he O rdnance S urvey a s t he s ite o f as tone c ircle , A ll t hat r emains i s as ingle o rthostat s tanding 1 ,45m h igh , N earby t o t he e ast , a gainst a w all, a re m any s tones w hich m ay w e ll b e t he b roken r emains o f f urther o rthostats , W hen v isited b y C oles , a t enant c on firmed t he o rthostat w as t he l a st r emaining s tone o f a c ircle b ut g ave n o d etails o f i t s f o rmer d esign , 1 : C oles 1 90 1-2 ( 60), 2 : B url 1 976 ( Aberdeenshire 2 4), 6 : 117 G LATT B ANKHEAD T he O rdnance S u rvey m apped

t h is

N J 5 29270 G rampian ( Aberdeenshire) s ite a s a r ing w ith a c auseway l eading f rom i t , T his

s uggests a n a c count o f ac i rcle i n t he N SA c ould a pply , H owever, t h is c ou ld e qua lly r e fer t o t he G latt H illhead o r H olywell c ircles a nd i s d etailed u nder t he l a tter e ntry , W hen t he s ite w as v isited b y C oles t he o nly t race o f ac ircle w as a m assive w h instone b lock, m easuring 2 ,95x 1,30x0 ,55m , b uilt i n to a d yke c 25m t o t he s outh o f t he p osition m a rked b y t he O rdnance S urvey , C lose b y , a1 ,50m h igh w h instone p illar h ad b een u tilised a s ag atepost , 1 : C oles 1 90 1-2 ( 5 1),

2 : K eiller 1 934 ,

6 : 118 G LATT H ILLHEAD N J 5 28265 T he O rdnance S urvey m arked t h is a s as tone c ircle ,

3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Aberdeenshire 2 7),

A ll

G rampian ( Aberdeensh ire) t hat s urvived a t t he t urn o f t he

c entury w as a 0 ,80m h igh s tone a t t he c orner o f aw all, C oles s uggested t hat a n a ccount o f ac i rcle a nd c auseway i n t he N SA r e ferred t o t h is s ite , b ut i t c ould e qually a pply t o t he H o lywell c ircle , o r p ossibly t hat a t C latt B ankhead , a nd i s d etailed u nder t he f ormer, 1 : C oles 1 90 1-2 ( 50),

2 : K eiller 1 934 ,

3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Aberdeenshire 2 8) ,

6 : 119 C OLPY N J 6 3 , 3 2 , G rampian ( Aberdeenshire) T h is d estroyed s ite w as r e corded b y t he O rdnan ce S urvey a s t he s ite o f a s tone c ircle , w ith a c a irn c lose-by t o t he s outh , E arlier i n t he 1 9th c entury i t w as d escribed a s a ' d ruidical t emple ' w hich w as a lmost o bliterated , S everal ' u rns ' w ere f ound s omewhere i n t he v icin ity o f t he s ite w hen t he r oad w as b u ilt t hat c ut t hrough i t ( C oles n otes a n ' u rn ' w as f ound w ith in t he c i rcle b ut t h is i s n ot s ubstantiated b y t he e arlier a ccount). 1 : N SA 1 2 , 7 32 , 2 : C oles 1 90 1-2 ( 6 7), 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Aberdeenshire 3 0),

459-

6 : 120 C ORTIE B RAE N K 0 10595 ? G ramp ian ( A berdeenshire) T h is i s m arked b y t h e O rdnance S urvey a s t h e s ite o f as tone c i rcle a nd m ay w e ll b e t he s ame s ite r e ferred t o i n t h e e a rly 1 9 th c entury a s a' d ruid t e mple ' a t C o rtes F a rm , T oday a l l t hat r ema ins i s a0 ,85m h igh g ranite b ou lder w ith a f a llen s tone n earby ( 1 ,40m l o ng ), B oth o c cupy t h e c rest o f as emi-circu lar m ound e n closed b y aw a ll , I t i s u nclear i f t h e m ound i s o r ig ina l, o r a r e cent f e ature m ade u p o f s tones f r om a d emo lished c i rcle/ringcairn , 1 : N SA 1 2 , 2 93 , 2 : C oles 1 9 03-4 ( 2 4), 6 : 12 1 C ROOKMORE N J 5 88 184 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire ) T he O rdnan ce S u rvey m a rk t h is a s t he s ite o f as tone c i rcle w ith a c auseway e xtend ing t o t h e n o rtheast , T he o r ig ina l a c count o f ac i rcle w ith a p aved r o ad i n t h e v i cin ity i s n ot s pecific e nough t o d istingu ish b etween c i rcles a t C roo kmore , N e ther B a lfou r a nd D ruidsfield , D e ta ils a re g iven u nder t h e D ruidsfield e ntry , 1 : C o les 1 9 001 ( 8 A), 2 : K e ille r 1 9 34 , 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 3 6 ) , 6 : 122 C ULSAMOND K IRKYARD N J 6 4 ,32 , G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire ) T h is s ite w as d emolished i n t h e 1 8 th c entury w hen t h e c h u rch w as b u ilt , I t c omprised 1 2 l a rge g ran ite s tones w h ich w e re t opp led a nd b u ried , O ne o f t h ese w as d ug u p i n 1 8 2 1 b ut i s n ow d estroyed , O thers w e re b roken u p b y t h e s extant l a ter i n t h e 1 9 th c entury a s a nd w hen h e c ame a c ross t h em , N o f u rther d eta ils o f t h e d esign a r e r e co rded b ut t h e n umber o f s tones s uggests i t w as a R e cumbent S tone C i rcle , 1 : N SA 3 9 , 7 32-3 , 2 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 6 8) , 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 3 8 ) , 6 : 123 C ULSH N J 8 7 ,48 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire ) T h is p ossib le s tone c i rcle s tood o n S tand ing S tones F a rm , T he s tones w e re r e moved i n t he l a te 1 8 th o r e a rly 1 9 th c entu ry , I n 1 9 13 a l a rge n umber o f w h ite q uartz ite p e bbles s cattered o ver a 9 m p a tch w as e x cavated , w h ich w as t h ought ( o n f l imsy g rounds) t o h ave b een t he s tone c i rcle s i te , F our p its w e re f ound , t h e l a rgest t w o b e ing a bout i m i n d iameter a nd 1 , 2m d eep , T wo o f t h e p its c onta ined d e cayed b ones u nder a f i ll o f s tones , T he w ho le a rea h ad m u ch b u rnt s oil a nd s evera l f l ints a nd a s tone a xe w e re f o und , I n 1 9 0 1 s everal f i nds w e re m ade n earby w h ich i n cluded ' u rns ', a p ygmy c u p , ag lass b ead a nd a s mall p ie ce o f ab ronze b lade , H owever , i t i s n ot c l ea r i f a ny o f t h ese f inds h ad a ny d i rect r e lationship t o t h e c i rcle , I : C oles 1 9 03-4 ( 1 0 ), 2 : B everidge 1 9 13-4 , 6 : 124 D ALBOG T h is s ite s tood o n s tood o n t h e m ound ( o r a nother n earby) d epth o f I , 2m , 1 : N SA A ngus ,

N O 5 877 19 G ramp ian ( Angus) ' t he H i llo ck o f T o rnaclo ch ' o r ' t he k no ll o f s tones ', O n ly o ne s tone i n 1 8 40 , b ut o thers a lso s eem t o h ave e x isted p rev iously , T h is m ound w as l e velled a t a bout t h is t i me a nd a s ma ll e mpty c ist f o und a t a 2 : J e rvise 1 8 53 ,

3 : B url 1 9 76 ( A ngus 6 ) ,

6 : 125 D AVIOT C HURCH N J 7 50283 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire ) As tone c i rcle o n ce s tood w ithin t h e c h u rchyard b ut w as d estroyed i n [ 1820 a nd t h e s tone u sed f o r b u ild ing , T he d esign o f t he s i te i s u n known , 1 : N SA 1 2 , 8 22 , 2 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 2 8 ) , 6 : 126 D OUNE H ILL N J 4 8 ,05 , G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire ) T h is s ite w as n oted i n t h e m id 1 9 th c entury a s ' a c i rcle o f u p right s tones ' w h ich h ad s tood t i ll r e cently o n ar o cky e m inen ce , N o f u rther d e ta ils a re k nown , 1 : P SAS 1 , 1 8 5 1-4 , 2 601, 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 4 1 ),

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6 : 127 D RUMFOURS N J 5 6 1110 G rampian ( A berdeenshire) T he O rdnan ce S u rvey p lanned 5 s tones i n ar e lative ly s ma ll s ub-ova l s etting , W hen C o les v isited t h e s i te o n ly 1 t a ll o rthostat r e ma ined , As hort d istan ce t o t h e e ast , b y t h e e dge o f aq uarry , w as a c u pmarked s lab w h ich h ad b een m oved b y q uarrymen f rom w here i t r e sted a gainst t h e o r thostat , K e ille r, f o r r e asons u n known , s uggested t he r emaining s tone w as a o utlier, 1 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 2 ) , 2 : K e iller 1 9 34 , 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 4), 6 : 128 E LLON - E AST N J 9 6 ,30 , G rampian ( A berdeenshire) R i tchie r e co rded a t r adition t hat a s e cond s tone c i rcle s tood a t E llon , a l i ttle d ownstream f r om t h e e xtant c i rcle , o n t h e b ank o f t he r i ver Y than , 1 : R itchie 1 9 1617 , 6 : 129 G ASK N J 8 02064 G ramp ian ( Aberdeenshire) T wo g ranite o rthostats s t and 1 4 ,3m a pa rt , T hat t o t h e s outh i s 2 ,05m h igh , w h ile t h e o ther i s 1 , 90m , T h e n o rthern s tone i s c upmarked , T hey a re a lmost c e rta in ly t he r ema ins o f a s tone c i rcle a nd t h e o r ientation o f t h e s tones s uggest i t s d iameter w as c 15 ,0m , 1 : R itch ie 1 9 1819 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 5 2 ), 6 : 130 G AUL C ROSS - N ORTH N J 5 35639 G rampian ( B an ff) T h is s ite w as d escribed a s s imilar t o t h e s outhern c i rcle ( c lass H ) , w hich s tood c 45m a w ay , O ne f a llen s tone r e mains , w h ich i s o f d iorite a nd i s 1 , 8m l o ng , I t w as s a id t o h ave s t ood o n t he w e stern a r c o f t he c i rcle , I n a bout 1 8 30 a l a ter h oa rd o f s ilver a rte fa cts w e re f ound c 5 ,5m S E o f t h is s tone , G iven t he v agueness o f t h e d escription o f t h e s ite i t s e x act d esign t y pe i s e qu ivocal a nd i t s hou ld n ot b e a ssumed t h is w as a c lass H c i rcle , 1 : C o les 1 9 05-6 ( 1 5) , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( B anff 3 a ) , 6 : 13 1 G REENH ILL N K 0 9740 1 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) T h is s ite w as r e corded b y t h e O rdnan ce S urvey a s t h e r e mains o f as tone c i rcle , B y t h e e a rly 2 0th c e ntu ry o n ly o n e s tone r e mained , t h is s tands 1 , 30m h igh , N o f u rther d eta ils a re k n own , 1 : C o les 1 9 03-4 ( 2 ) , 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 5) , 6 : 132 G REY M U IR C A IRN N J 6 75452 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) T h is s ite w as p lanned b y t h e O rdnance S u rvey a s ad otted r i ng o f c l7m d iameter , A l l t hat r e mains i s a1 , 15m h igh s tone , w h ich i s 1 , 8m l o ng a nd 1 , 05m b road , T he t enant i n C o les ' d a y r emembered a c i rcle o f s tones e xtend ing t o t h e n o rth o f t h is , T h is s uggests t h e r e maining s tone c o u ld b e as ma ll r e cumbent , H owever , t h e n a ture o f t he s ite a s aw ho le r e mains o pen t o q uestion , i t m ay p oss ibly h ave b een a b a rrow k e rb , 1 : C o les 1 9 02-3 ( 3 3), 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 5 6 ) , 6 : 133 T HE G REY S TONE O F C ORTIECRAM N K 0 3 ,5 1, G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) T h is s tone i s a l a rge p i llar-like w h instone w h ich l e ans b ad ly t o t h e s outh , T oday i t s t ands 2 ,00m h igh , b ut o r ig ina lly w ou ld h ave b een a bout 3 ,35m , T here w as a l o cal t r ad ition t h at i t w as o n ce p a rt o f as tone c i rcle , 1 : C o les 1 9 03-4 ( 2 0) , 6 : 134 H ATTON N K 0 50364 G rampian ( A berdeenshire ) T h is s tone c i rcle o f 7o r 8s tones w as d estroyed i n 1 8 3 1, n o d etails o f i t s d esign a re r e co rded , I t w a s n o ted t h at , o n r e moval , t he e arth a round t h e s tones w as b la ck , I t h as b e en s uggested t h at v a rious f i nds w e re m ade w ithin t h e c i rcle a t t h is t ime , H owever , t hese w e re d escribed a s f rom a c a irn a nd i t i s n ot s tated w here t h is w as s ituated , i t m ay w e ll h a ve h ad n o d i rect r e lationsh ip w ith t h e c i rcle , e x cept t h at i t w as i n t h e s ame g eneral

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v i cinity , F inds i n cluded 2 p a rt -i n humations , 2u rns , v a rious f l ints a nd a p o lished b r a cer , a l l w ith in a c i st , 1 : C o les 1 9 03-4 ( 1 ), 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 5 7 ), 6 : 135 I N CHBAIRE N O 6 1 ,96 , G rampian ( A berdeensh ire ) T h is w as a pparently a s ma ll s tone c i rcle a nd w as k nown a s ' t he W o rship S tones ', I t w as d estroyed i n t h e m id 1 9 th c entury a nd n o d etails a re k nown o f i t s d es ign , 1 : R itchie 1 9 1819 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 6 5 ) , 6 : 136 I N CHMARLO N O 6 75965 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire ) T he s ing le g ran ite o rthostat h e re s tands b etween 2 ,00 a nd 2 , 4m h igh a nd i s k nown a s ' T he D ru ids S tone ', T here i s ac avity n ear t h e t o p w here a l e tterbox w as i n serted i n 1 8 35 , I n 1 8 42 i t w as r e corded t hat a ' l arge d ru id ica l c i rcle , a lmost e ntire ' s tood h e re , b u t t h is w as d estroyed i n t he l a te 1 8 th c e ntury , e x cept f o r t h e o ne s u rviving s tone , 1 : N SA 1 8 42 , 2 : S m ith 1 8 79-80 , 3 : C o les 1 8 991900 ( 1 0) , 4 : R itch ie 1 9 1819 , 6 : 137 K IMMONITY N J 5 4 ,46 , G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) T h is s tone c i rcle w as m a rked b y t h e O rdnan ce S u rvey a s d estroyed , b u t a s o n ce h av ing h ad a d iameter o f c l 5m , I n t h e e a rly 2 0th c e ntury t h ere w as l o ca l t r ad ition o f as ite k n own a s t h e R edhill c i rcle w h ich h ad b een d estroyed m any y ears p r ev iously , t h is m ay w e ll b e t he s ame s ite , 1 : C o les 1 9 02-3 ( 3 7), 2 : R itchie 1 9 1617 , 6 : 138 K INGS C ROWN N J 9 65450 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) T he O rdnan ce S u rvey n oted t h is a s t he r e ma ins o f as tone c i rcle b u t n o d etails a r e k nown , I t h ad b een d estroyed b y t h e t i me o f C o les ' v isit , 1 : C o les 1 9 03-4 ( 7 ), 6 : 139 K NOWHEAD N J 5 0 ,05 , G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) T h is s ite w as n oted i n t h e m id 1 9 th c entury a s ' a c i rcle o f u p right s tones ' w h ich h a d b een p reviously d estroyed , N o f u rther d eta ils a re k nown , 1 : P SAS 1 , 1 8 5 1-4 , 2 601, 6 : 140 L EARNY N J 6 3 ,03 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) T he O rdnan ce S u rvey n ote t h is s ite a s t h e r e mains o f as t one c i rcle , W hen v isited b y C o les o n ly a s ing le g ran ite o rthostat s u rvived , w h ich s tood 1 , 25m h igh , L o cals r e membe red t he c i rcle h aving b een d estroyed i n r e cent y ears , 1 : C o les 1 8 991900 ( 1 2) , 6 : 14 1 L ESLIE N J 5 9 ,24 ? G ramp ian ( Aberdeensh ire) I n 1 7 93 t h e O SA n o ted 2 ' d ru id t emp les , n e ither o f t h em v e ry e ntire ' i n t h is p a rish , O ne o f t h ese i s t h e B raehead s ite , w h ile t h e o ther r ema ins u n lo cated ( t he r e feren ce i n t h e N SA t o ar e cently d estroyed c i rcle i n t he p a rish m ay w e ll r e fer t o B raehead r a the r t h an t h e s e cond c i rcle) , 1 : O SA 1 7 93 , 2 ; N SA A berdeen 1 2 , 1 0 22 , 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 6 8 ), 6 : 142 L OGIE C OLDSTONE N J 4 59055 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire ) T he O rdnan ce S u rvey n oted t h e s ite o f as ma ll s tone c i rcle w here t h e r ema in ing 3 s tones w e re d emolished i n c 1 847 , H uman b ones , a shes a nd p oss ib ly s herds w ere f ound , B u rl h as s uggested t h is w as a F our P oster, I t m ay a lso h ave b een o ne o f t h e s ites r e fe rred t o b y S tuart w ho n o ted ' s everal c i rcles o f u p right s tones i n t h e p a rish ' ( t he o n ly o ther i d entifiable t o day i s t h at a t W aulkmill), 1 : S tuart 1 8 5 1-4 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 7 1 ) ,

462-

6 : 143 M ILL O F C ARDEN N J 6 9 ,25 , G rampian ( A be rdeensh ire) T h is s ite c o mp rises a s i ng le o rthostat , w h ich s tood 2 ,75m h igh , b ut h as n ow b een m oved t o an earby d y ke , K e iller s u ggested i t l o oked l i ke a R e cumbent S tone C i rcle f l anke r ; t h is a ppears t o b e s upposition , H owever , t h e N SA n otes t wo ' d ru id ica l t e mp les ' i n t h e p a rish , H atton o f A rdoyne i s o ne o f t h ese , t h e s tone a t M i ll o f C arden i s ag ood c and idate f o r t h e s e cond , a s n o o ther l i ke ly s i tes c an b e i d entified t oday , 1 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 3 4) , 2 : K e iller 1 9 34 , 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 7). 4 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 5 7) 6 : 144 M ILLTOWN O F N OTH N J 5 0 ,28 , G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) T h is s ite c omp rises 2 t a ll o rthostats s et 2 ,7m a part i n al i ne , T hat t o t h e e ast i s 1 , 85m t a ll, w hile t h e o ther i s 1 , 75m , T hey m ay w e ll b e t h e f lan kers o f aR e cumbent S tone C ircle , b u t a n a lternative i n terpretation a s a l i nea r s etting c annot b e i g nored , C lose b y t h e s tones , t o t h e n o rth , ' s epu lchral r e lics ' w e re a pparently f ound i n t he 1 9 th c entu ry ; t h e O rdnan ce S urvey r e cord a s tone c i st a nd a n ' u rn ', 1 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 5 8), 6 : 145 M UNDURNO N J 9 40 13 1 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) T h is s ite w as r e corded b y t h e O rdnance S u rvey a s ag roup o f 3s tones a nd C o les n otes t h e s i te h ad l o ng b een k nown a s t h at o f as tone c i rcle , O nly o ne o rthostat s u rv ives , ap i lla r o f w h instone s tand ing 2 , 15m h igh , I t h as b een a ssumed t o b e f lanker f o r aR e cumbent S tone C i rcle b ut t h is m ust r e ma in c o n jectura l , a s n o f u rther d etails o f t he c i rcle 's d es ign a re k nown , 1 : C o les 1 9 03-4 ( p ,303-305 ) , 2 : K e iller 1 9 34 , 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 7 8 ) 6 : 146 N ETHER B ALFOUR N J 5 39 172 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) T h e o n ly c e rta in i n formation a bout t h is s ite i s t h at t h e O rdnan ce S u rvey r e cord i t a s t he s i te o f as tone c i rcle w h ich w as d estroyed i n t h e m id 1 9 th c entury , I t h as b een s uggested t h at i t h as a p aved r o ad l e ad ing f r om i t a nd t h at a s tone c up w as f o und , H oweve r, t he o r iginal s ou rces f o r t h is d ata a re n o t e xplicit e nough t o d istingu ish t h is p ossib ility , f r om t h ose f o r t h e c i rcles o f D ru ids fie ld a nd C roo kmore n earby , T he d eta ils o f t h ese a re g i ven u nder t h e D ru idsfield e ntry , 1 : P SAS 1 0 , 1 8 72-4 , p , 196 , 2 : K e iller 1 9 34 , 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 7 9 ) , 6 ; 147 N ETHER C ORSK IE N J 7 49096 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) T h is s ite c omprises 2 t a ll o rthostats s et 3 , 10m a part , T hat t o t h e w est i s c u pma rked a nd s t ands 3 ,70m h igh , w h ile t h e o ther i s 2 ,20m , T hese s tones m ay w e ll b e t h e f l an kers o f a R e cumbent S tone C i rcle b u t t h e a lternative p oss ibilities t h at t h ey a re p a rt o f aF ou r P o ster o r a re a t w o-stone a l ignment c a nnot b e i g nored , 1 : C o les 1 9 02-3 ( 1 ) , 2 : R i tchie 1 9 1819 , 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire S O ) , 4 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 6 9) 6 ; 148 N EWBIGG ING N O 5 4 1693 G ramp ian ( A ngus) T h e O rdnan ce S u rvey r e corded a s tone c i rcle h ere , t h at h ad a d iameter o f a bout 1 7 m , w ith a c e ntral c a irn , I t w as d estroyed b etween 1 9 55 a nd 1 9 58 , B u rl s uggests i t m ay h ave b een a R e cumbent S tone C i rcle b ut f u rther d ata a re n eeded t o c on firm t h is , 1 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A ngus 9 ) , 6 : 149 O LD D EER G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) I n 1 7 93 i t w as n o ted t h at ' n ot m any y ears a go t he r e mains o f u pwards o f ad ozen d ru idical c i rcles ' e x isted i n t h e p a rish ( 1 0 o f t hese c a n b e i d entified ; A i key B rae , L ouden W ood , A u chmacher , G avel , U pper C r ichie , W est C r ich ie , U ppe r B enwalls , K ings C rown , S kelmu ir H i ll

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a nd W h ite C ow W ood) , T h is w ou ld s uggest t h at a t l e ast 2 f u rther s ites o n ce e x isted i n t h is l a rge p a rish , 1 : O SA 1 7 93 , 6 : 150 P EATHILL N J 8 2 1199 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire ) I n c 1 840 t h e s i te w as n oted a s a' d ru id ical t e mp le ' w h ich h ad b een d estroyed i n t h e l a te 1 8 th c e ntury , w i th t he e x ception o f as ing le g ran ite o r thostat , T h is s tands 2 ,00m h igh a nd i s u sed a s ar u bbing p ost , l t w as o bserved t hat t h e c o rn g rew m o re l u xu riantly f o r c l 4m a round t h e s tone , b ut b y 1 9 17 R itch ie n oted t h is h ad n o t b een t h e c ase f o r m any y e ars , S evera l ' u rns ' h ave b een f ound i n t h e v i cin ity , b ut n o ne h ave a ny u nambiguous d i rect a ssociation w ith t h e c i rcle , 1 : N SA 3 9 , 7 4 4 , 2 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 2 0 ), 3 : R itchie 1 9 1617 , 6 : 15 1 S CH IVAS N J 9 02352 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) T he O rdnan ce S u rvey m a rk t h is a s t h e s i te o f as tone c i rcle w ith a d iameter o f c 2 7 ,5m , S everal w a lls c r oss t h e s ite a nd a 1 , 15m h igh o rthostat r e mains , i n corporated i n o ne o f t h ese , 1 : C o les 1 9 02-3 ( 1 0 ), 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 9 3 ) , 6 : 152 T OCHERFORD N J 6 9 ,33 , G ramp ian ( Aberdeensh ire) T he O rdnance S u rvey n otes a s ite o f as tone c i rcle h e re , b ut n oth ing s urvives , H owever, t h e N ew S tatistica l A c count r e fe rs t o a' d ru id ical t e mp le ' o n t h e e ast s ide o f t h e h i ll o f R o thmaise , a nd t h is i s l i kely t o b e ar e ference t o t h e s ame s ite , 1 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 6 9), 6 : 153 U PPER B ENWALLS N J 9 4 ,46 , G ramp ian ( Aberdeensh ire) T he O rdnan ce S u rvey n ote t h is a s t h e s ite o f as tone c i rcle , a nd t h e l o cal t rad it ion w as t h at i t w as d e stroyed i n c 1840 , N o d etails a re k nown , 1 : C o les 1 9 03-4 ( 1 2) , 6 : 154 U PPER C R ICHIE cN J 9 60440 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) T he O rdnan ce S u rvey n ote t h is a s t h e s ite o f ac i rcle , I n t h e l a te 1 9 th c entury i t w as r e corded t h at a l o ca l's f a ther w itnessed t h e d estru ction o f t h e s tone c i rcle i n t h e l a te 1 8 th c entu ry , w hen t h e s tones w e re u sed f o r ab u ild ing , 1 : P eter 1 8 84-5 , 2 : C o les 1 9 03-4 ( 6 ), 6 : 155 U PPER T H IRD N J 6 77394 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) T he O rdnan ce S u rvey m a rk t h is s i te a s h aving a s i ng le o rthostat o n t h e s outhern c i rcum ference o f a2 4m d otted c i rcle , T oday t h ere a re t w o s tones , b oth o f w h instone , O ne o r thostat s tands 2 ,05m h igh , C lose-by i s ar e cumbent s l ab w h ich i s 2 , 15m l o ng , T h e h e ight o f t h e o rthostat a nd i t s p osition i n t h e s outhern h a lf, s uggests t h is m ay h ave b een a R e cumbent S tone C i rcle f l anker, H owever, o ther i n terpretations a re a lso v iable . 1 : C o les 1 9 02-3 ( 1 4), 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 1 0 9) , 3 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( 2 8 ) 6 : 156 W AULKM ILL N J 4 73052 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) T he O rdnan ce S u rvey n ote t h e s ite o f as tone c i rcle h e re , A l l t h at s urv ives i s as ing le w h instone o rthostat , s tand ing 1 , 75m h igh , o n as l ight m ound , T he s ite w as n oted i n t he m id 1 9 th c entury a s a c i rcle o f u p right s tones ( b ut i t w as i m plied i t w as d e stroyed p reviously ), C o les w as i n formed t h at 1 0 11 s tones w e re r e moved i n c 1835 , N o d e ta ils a re k nown o f i t s d e sign , 1 : P SAS 1 , 1 8 50-4 , 2 601, 2 : C o les 1 9 04-5 ( 3 ), 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 1 1),

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6 : 157 W EST C R ICHIE N J 9 37438 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) As tone c i rcle i s r e ported t o h ave b een d estroyed h e re i n c 1 845 . N o d eta ils a re k nown , 1 : P eter 1 8 84-5 , 2 : C o les 1 9 03-4 ( 5 ), Z ONE 7 :

T AYSIDE

7 : 54 B ACHILTON N O 0524 1 T ayside ( P erthshire) W h en C o les v i s ited t h is d estroyed s i te t h ere w as m emory o f s evera l s tones o f a c i rcle s t anding o n ad i stinct m ound , T hese w e re b uried t o f a cilitate p lough ing , N o o ther d eta ils a r e k nown , 1 : C o les 1 9 1011 ( 3 7) , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 3 ) , 7 ; 55 C ARSE G RAY

N O 4 62538

T ayside ( A ngus)

T h e O rdnance S u rvey r e co rd a p ossible F our P oster w h ich i s 3 , 7m a c ross , N o f u rther d eta ils a r e p ublished , 1 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A ngus 3 ) , 7 ; 56 D UNINO N O 5 3 ,11 F i fe I t i s n oted t h at a s tone c i rcle o n ce s tood n ear t h e c h urch , a nd t hat p ortions o f s ome o f t h e s tones a re b u ilt i n to a d y ke , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 33 ( 2 2 1) , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( F ife 3 ) , 7 : 57 H AWK H ILL N S 9 2 ,92 , T ayside ( C la ckmannansh ire) As t one c i rcle a pparently s tood h e re , b ut w as r e moved i n c 1 9 17 , N o d eta ils a re r e corded , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 33 ( 6 0 1), 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C la ckmannan 2 ) , 7 : 58 K INLOCH N O 17475 T ayside ( P erthshire ) B u rl h as n oted a F our P o ster h e re , b ut n o d etails a re p ub lished , 1 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( p ,357) , 7 : 59 M YLNEFIELD N O 3430 1 T ayside ( A ngus) T h is s ite w as n o ted b y E l liot ( w ho i m plied i t w as a l ready d estroyed ) , H e d escribed i t a s h a v ing b een e l liptical w ith 6 l a rge b ou lders , 3t o t h e e a st a nd t h e o thers t o t h e w est , w i th a g ap b etween ' c apable o f c o ntain ing a n e qual n umber o f s tones ', 1 : E l liot 1 9 11, 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A ngus 8 ) , 7 : 60 N INEWELLS N O 0 76455 T ayside ( P erthsh ire) T h is s ite h as b e en n oted r e cently , I t i s a pparently g raded a nd t h e o rthostats a re l i n ked b y ak e rb , H oweve r , n o f u rther d etails h ave b een p ub lished , 1 : S t ewart 1 9 85 7 : 6 1 P ITAGOWAN N 8 22658 T ayside ( P erthsh ire) T h is p ossib le s tone c i rcle w a s d escribed i n 1 7 9 1 a s al a rge s tand ing s tone , a nd 2 -3 o thers l y ing b y i t , w h ich p robab ly f o rmed a ' d ruidical t e mple ', O n ly t h e s ing le o rthostat s u rv ives t oday , 1 : O S A , v o l 2 , B la ir, A tholl a nd S t rowan 1 7 9 1, Z ONE 8 :

S OUTHE LEN _ S COTLAND

8 : 36 B ALMENNOCH N X 0 6 ,57 , D um fries a nd G a lloway ( W igtownsh ire ) S i x l a rge s tones , a rranged ' i n ac i rcu lar f o rm ', w e re d emo lished b etween 1 7 60 a nd 1 7 70 , K n ow ledge o f t h e s ite w as r e ta ined l o ca lly t o b e r e corded i n t h e e a rly 1 9 th c entury b y t h e l o ca l s chooltea cher , 1 : M u rray 1 9 8 1,

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8 :37 E RNESPIE N X 74632 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( K irkcudbrightsh ire) T oday 2 s tones , e a ch 1 , 35m h igh , s tand 2 , 1m a part , I t i s t h ought t h at t here w a s at h ird s tone i n t h e 1 9 th c entu ry a nd t h at t h e s tones w ere t h e r e ma ins o f as tone c ircle , 1 : C o les 1 8 93-4 ,

2 : R CAHM 1 9 14 ( 2 02),

3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( K irkcudbright 6 ) ,

8 :38 G REYSTONE P ARK N X 9 8 ,76 , D um fries a nd G a lloway (Dum fries) I n t h e m id 1 9 th c entu ry t h ere w as o ne c upmarked o rthostat , I t w as s a id t o h ave o n ce b een p a rt o f as tone c i rcle , Ap ygmy c up i s t h ought t o h ave c o me f r om t h e s ite . 1 : S impson 1 8 64-6 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D umfries 2 ) , 8 :39 K IRKBOG O ne 1 , 30m h igh o rthostat c i rcle , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 20 ( 8 1) ,

N X 8 77939 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( D um fries) s u rvives , I t i s s a id t o h ave o n ce b een a m ember o f as tone 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D um fries 3 ) ,

8 :40 K IRKGUNZEON N X 8 65666 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( K irkcudbrightsh ire) As tone c i rcle i s s a id t o o n ce h ave e x isted h ere , I t h ad g one b y t h e l a te 1 9 th c e ntury , 1 : C o les 1 8 94-5 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( K irkcudbright 1 ) , 8 :4 1 K IRKSL IGHT R IGG N Y 23885 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( D um fries) L ittle d ata h a s y e t b een p ub lished o n t h is s ite , I t c o mprises l a rge f a llen s tones a nd h as ad iameter o f c l 6m , T here i s ap ossib le c i st i n side t h e r i ng i n t h e s outheast q uadrant , a nd a s e cond p ossible c i st t o t h e n o rthwest o n t h e l i ne o f t h e c i rcle , 1 : S tuart 1 9 73 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D um fries 5 ) , 8 :42 L ITTLE B ALMAE N X 6 9 ,44 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( K irkcudbright) I n t h e l a te 1 9 th c entury C o les r e corded 5 g ranite i n -situ b ou lders , a nd h o llows a t t h e s ites o f 5o ther s tones ; a l l i n ar ing w ith a d iamete r o f c 2 7 ,5m , A t t he c e ntre w as a s l ight m ound , A f e w y ears l a ter n o thing c ou ld b e f o und a nd t h e l o cal f a rme r h ad n o k nowledge o f t h e s ite , T h is m ay b e ad estroyed s tone c i rcle , b ut s hou ld b e t r eated w ith s ome c aution , a s C o les ' e a rly w o rk i n t h is c ounty i s o f ten i n a ccu rate a nd s ometimes o pen t o o ther i n tep retation , 1 : C o les 1 8 94-5 , 2 : R CAHM 1 9 15 ( 2 37 n ote ), 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( K irkcudbright 1 3 ) , 8 :43 L ONGCASTLE N X 3 8248 1 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( W igtownsh ire) T oday t here i s a1 , 45m h igh m enh ir , a nd l m a way t h ere i s a1 , 05m h igh s tone t o gether w ith s everal b ou lders ; a l l i n a w a ll, I n 1 6 84 a s tone c i rcle w as r e corded i n t h e g ene ra l v i cin ity , s a id t o b e l i ke t h e T o rhouse c i rcle b ut ' n ot o f s o g ood s tones n o r y e t p la ced i n s o g ood o rde r ', A lthough t h e l a tter a c count p robab ly r e fers t o ag enu ine s tone c i rcle , t h e i d entification w ith t h e s u rv iv ing s tones i s t enuous , 1 : S ymson 1 6 84 , 2 : R CAHM 1 9 12 ( n o ,127) , 3 : M u rray 1 9 8 1, 8 :44 M ARCHWELL N T 2 ,6 1, L othian ( M id-Loth ian ) T h is s ite h a s b een v i rtua lly d estroyed t o b uild a r oad , T wo l o w s tones s urv ive , b oth o n ly 0 ,40m , h igh , T here a re 5 d ispla ced s tones n earby , A l l a re b asa lt w h ich d oes n o t o c cur n atu rally i n t h e i m mediate l o cality , I n t he e a rly n ineteenth c entury t h e s ite w a s d escribed a s h av ing a d iameter o f c l2m , T wo f o od v e sse l s herds w e re a pparent ly f ound i n t h e c i rcle , T he s mall s ize o f t h e o rthostats a nd t h e r u ined n a ture o f t he s i te m ake i t d i fficu lt t o i n terpret ; i t c o uld b e t h e k e rb o f ac a irn , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 29 ( 1 05) , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( M id l o thian 1 ) ,

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8 :45 M OFFAT N T 0 8 ,05 , D um fries a nd G alloway ( D um fries ) I n 1 7 9 1 ap o ssible s tone c i rcle w as r e corded w h ich h ad b een b adly d amaged b y as t ream , l t w a s d escribed a s ' a p a rt o f ac i rcle i n t h e f o rm o f ad ru id t emple , as ma ll p o rtion o f w h ich h owever s t ill r e mains ', I t i s n o t k nown i f t h is w as a t rue s tone c i rcle , 1 : O SA 1 7 9 1 M o ffat P a rish , 8 : 46 P ARTON cN X 6 9 ,70 , D um fries a nd G a lloway ( K irkcudbrightsh ire) I n 1 7 9 1 t h e r e ma ins o f a' s ma ll d ru idical c i rcle ' w e re n o ted n ear a f o rtified e n closure o n ag entle e m inen ce h a lf a m i le n o rth o f t h e c hurch , T h is a ppea rs t o h ave b een d estroyed a nd i t i s n ot c l ea r i f i t w as a t r ue s tone c i rcle , 1 : O SA 1 7 9 1, 8 : 47 S TEEPS P ARK N X 2 45527 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( W igtownsh ire) I n 1 8 99 a l a bou rer r emembered p laying a s ab oy o n 9 10 s tones i n ac i rcle , a l l b ut 2 o f w h ich w e re b ro ken u p a b out 1 8 17 , T h e r e maining 2 g ran ite b ou lders w ere m oved a ga inst a w a ll a fter 1 8 77 , T wo o ther f a rmers c o n firmed t h is a c count , T oday , t wo r o unded b ou lders e a ch a bout 0 ,8m l o ng l i e a ga inst t h e d y ke i n a bout t h e r ight p lace , N o d eta ils o f t h e d e sign a re k nown , 1 : W i lson 1 8 98-9 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( W igtownsh ire 4 ) , 3 : M urray 1 9 8 1, 8 : 48 S TROANGASSEL N X 5 89869 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( K irkcudbrightsh ire) T h e o n ly p ublished i n fo rmation o n t h is s i te i s t hat b y B u rl , w ho n otes i t i s d amaged a nd h a s ad iameter o f 2 ,1m ( 7 2 ,5 f eet) , T here i s a pparently a c entre s tone a nd t h e c i rcle m ay b e c on centric , F u rther d ata a re r equ ired b e fore i n clusion i n C hapter 6 , 1 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( K irkcudbright 1 6 ), 8 : 49 W ESTERKIRK N Y I n 1 8 4 1 i t w as r e corded t h at w h ich h ave e ve ry a ppearan ce o f b e f o und a nd n o l o cals h ad a ny 1 : N SA 1 8 4 1 W esterkirk P a rish ,

2 9 ,9 1, D um fries a nd G alloway ( D um fries) ' t here a re s evera l w h instones p la ced e re ct i n t h e g round t he r e ma ins o f ad ru id ica l t emple ', I n 1 9 12 n o t r a ce c ou ld c lear m emory o f i t , 2 : H yslop a nd H yslop 1 9 12 ,

8 : 50 W OODHEAD N Y 2 1 ,66 , D um fries a nd G a lloway ( D um fries) T o day a l l t hat r e mains o f t h is s ite a re 2 g ran ite b oulders s et 3 ,5m a part , t h e l a rgest o f w h ich s tands 0 ,9m h igh , I n 1 7 9 1 i t w as r e corded a s a ' d ru id ica l t e mp le ', s ome o f t h e s t ones o f w hich h ad l a te ly b een r e moved , 1 : O SA 1 7 9 1 D o rnoch P a rish 2 : R CAHM 1 9 20 ( 5 ) , 3 ; B u rl 1 9 76 ( D um fries 1 2 ) , Z ONE 9 :

C I JNBRIA

9 : 34 B ROAD F IELD N Y 4 3 ,45 , C umbria ( C umberland) T h is d estroyed s i te i s d i fficult t o i n terpret f r om t h e o ne f i rst-hand a c count o f i t , I t c o mprised a l a rge f l at-topped m ound w ith a n e xterna l d iameter o f a bout 2 6m , w ith t h e f l at t o p h av ing a d iameter o f c l 9m , R oo ke s uggests t h ere w ere 2 s tone s ettings , T he o uter o ne w a s p la ced n ea r t h e c r est o f t he m ound , w ith a d iameter o f a bout 1 8 m , T h is c omprised 4 h o llows w here i t w as s pe cu lated t h at l a rge s tones h ad b een r e moved ( t h is s uggestion m ay b e s p u rious a s t h ey c ou ld h ave b een n othing m ore t h an r o bber p its f o r r ubble ) , T he s e cond s e tting c onsisted o f as em i-circu lar a r c o f 3p a irs o f c ontiguous s tones , T hese s tones p r otruded b etween 1 , 2 a nd 0 , 9m f r om t h e m ound a nd R oo ke 's e x cavations s howed t h ey w e re s et d e eply , w ith s t one p a cking , r e aching a d epth o f a bout 1 m , At enant r emembered t h e s tones h a v ing l a rge p ie ces b ro ken f r om t h eir t o ps a nd R oo ke s uggested t h ey h ad o n ce b een m u ch t a ller , I f t h e p a ired o f s t ones o n ce f o rmed a c omp lete c i rcle t h ere w ou ld h ave b een 5 -6 s e ts , I n t he a rea i n side t h is s etting , 3 s ma ll r e ctangu lar c i sts w e re f o und , e a ch c o ntain ing s ku lls a nd o the r b ones , a nd l u mps o f ' c on creted m etallic p a rticles r e semb ling

467-

g old ', T hey w ere d escribed a s b eing 1 ,8m b elow g round , w h ich w ould s uggest t hat e ven i f t h ey w ere s et w ith in p its , t he m ound w as s omething l i ke l m h igh , I f s o t he p aired s tones w ere n ot s et i n to t he o ld g round s urface b ut b uilt a t t he s ame t ime o r l ater t h an t he m ound , 1 : R ooke 1 792 ,

2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Cumberland 5 , B road F lat),

9 ;35 C ASTLERIGG - W EST

N Y 2 90236

3 : W aterhouse 1 985 , C umbria ( Cumberland)

T here w as a pparently a s econd c ircle n ear T he C aries , I t w as m entioned b y S tu keley w ho n oted i t w as i n t he n ext f ield t owards K esw ick, b ut g ave n o d etails , B y t he m id 1 9 th c entury t here w as n o t race , 1 : S tukeley 1 7 76 ,

2 : W illiams 1 8 56 ,

3 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 ,

9 ;36 C HAPEL F LAT N Y 3 7 ,50 , C umbria ( Cumberland ) T h is p ossible s tone c ircle w as d escribed i n t he l a te 1 8 th c entury a s ' r ude s tones e a ch a y ard i n c ircum ference ' s et i n ac ircle w ith a d iameter o f c 24m , E ast o f t he c entre w e re 4 l a rge s tones l y ing o n t op o f e ach o ther, I t i s u nclear i f t hese w ere d ispla ced , o r w e re a r u ined c ist , c hamber o r c ove , T here w as a pparently a b arrow s omewhere n earby w h ich w as c 7 ,5m i n d iameter a nd c 2 ,5m h igh , I t i s n ot c lear i f t h is s ite w as a g enuine s tone c i rcle , t he k erb o f ad enuded b arrow , o r e ven a c hambered t omb , 1 : N icolson a nd B urn 1 7 77 , 4 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 ,

2 : W hellan 1 8 60 ,

3 : B url 1 9 76 ( C umberland 9 ) ,

9 :37 G RETIGATE - S ITE B N Y 0 57036 C umbria ( Cumberland ) I n 1 9 60 t wo a d jacent s mall s tone r ings w ere e xcavated , T hey s tood i n a f ield c ove red b y n atural b oulders , U n fortunately t h is f ield h as n ow b een c leared a nd h ence t he s ites c annot b e r e-evaluated , a nd t he a ccount o f t he e xcavations a re n ot c omplete e nough t o s uccessfully a ssess t heir t rue n ature , T he l a rgest o f t hese r ings ( B ) h ad a d iameter o f a bout 2 ,0x 19 ,0m a nd 9 s mall s tones r emained , 6 o f w hich w ere i n-situ , p ostu lated s toneholes f o r a n o riginal t otal o f 1 5 16 s tones w ere f ound , W ithin t he c ircle , i n t he N E q uadrant , w as a n a rea o f c obbles a nd l a rger s tones , i n terpreted a s t he r emains o f ac a irn . T he o nly f eatures w ere 3 b urnt a reas a nd 2 p its c onta ining c harcoal a nd a w o rn t ooth , A lthough t h is m ay h ave b een a t rue s tone c i rcle , t he p ossibility c annot b e d iscounted t hat i t w as a f o rtuitous a rrangement o f s tones , a s t he f ield w as l i ttered w ith u ncleared s tone , 1 : S tout 1 96 1, 2 : B url 1 976 ( Cumberland 1 3 b), 3 : W aterhouse 1 985 , 4 : v isited 1 9 83 , 9 :38 G RETIGATE - S ITE C

N Y 0 57036

C umbria ( Cumberland)

T his s ite s tood n ext t o G retigate 8 , a nd h ad a d iameter o f c 7 ,5m , N ine s ma ll r emained , 7o f w hich w ere i n -situ , I n t otal 1 2 s toneho les/stones w ere i dentified , t he c ircle w as a c obbled a rea i n terpreted a s r emains o f a c a irn , W ithin t h is , c entre , w ere p ossible b urnt b one f ragments , s mall c a rbon d eposits a nd a g ranite T wo f l int f lakes w ere f ound n ear o ne o f t he s toneholes , T he s ame r eservations r a ised h ere a s w ith G retigate B , 1 ; S tout 1 9 6 1, 9 :39 H IRD W OOD

2 : B url 1 976 ,(Cumberland 1 3 c), N Y 4 17059

T his r u ined s ite i s d ifficu lt t o i n terpret ,

s tones W ithin a t t he p ebble , c an b e

3 : W aterhouse 1 985 , C umbria

( Westmorland)

I ts s iting i s u nusual , s et o n an arrow t e rrace

a bove a s tream , w ith s teep s lopes a bove a nd b elow , A n o ld r oad c rosses t he s ite , A t t he c entre i s am ound w hich i s c 0 ,8m h igh , B eyond t h is , t o t he n orth , a n o rthostat s tands 1 , 1m h igh , S everal o ther s tones l ie s cattered a round t he m ound , s ome o f w hich s eem t o f a ll o n a r ing , H owever , a s t he s helf i s g enera lly s tony i t i s d ifficu lt t o d etermine w h ich a re g enuine a nd h ence w hat t he d iameter o f t he r ing w as ( a ssum ing i t e ver e xisted) ; t h e m ost l i kely a lternatives a re c 7m o r c 1 1,5m , I t h as b een s uggested t here w as a n o uter r ing o f c 20m d iameter , H owever, t he c ase f o r t h is i s w eak; t o t he n orth a re 3 l a rge r e cumbent

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s labs , t h ese m ay b e f o rtu itous , T o t h e w est i s ad rystone w a ll c onta in ing 3 e rect b ut d isplaced s tones , n o w s e t i n as t raight l i ne . As tone a xe w a s f o und i n ah eap o f s tones 5m t o t he s outh w h ich w a s s a id t o h ave b een b rought f r om t h e s ite , 1 : C owper 1 9 34 , 2 : R C AHM 1 9 36 ( T routbe ck 3 ), 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( W estmorland 5 , H e rd W ood ), 4 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 , 9 : 40 K IRKSTONES S D 1 0 6843 C umbria ( C umberland ) T h is s ite w as n o ted i n t h e l a te 1 8 th c entu ry a s ' O n t h e G reen M oor F a rm a re t h irty s tones c a lled K i rkstones , f o rming p a rt o f t w o c i rcles , s im ila r i n p osition t o t h ose o f S tonehenge '; a s ty lized p lan s hows 2 c on centric c i rcles , A bout 1 9 0m t o t h e s outh w as a l a rge c a irn w i th a d iamete r o f c 22 ,5m , N othing s u rv ived b y t h e l a te 1 9 th c entury , 1 : H utch inson 1 7 94 , 2 : E c cleston 1 8 74 , 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( C umberland 1 7 ), 4 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 , 9 : 4 1 M AYBURGH N Y 5 23284 C umbria ( W estmo rland ) T oday t h is h enge c o mp rises a m ass ive c i rcu lar b an k , w ith a n e ntrance t o t h e e ast , a nd a s o litary o rthostat n ea r t h e c e ntre , T he b an k h as a d iameter a t i t s c rest o f 1 2 2 x1 6m , i s u p t o 6 ,5m h igh a nd d e fines a c e ntral a rea o f c 93 x 8 7m , T he o rthostat i s 2 ,80m h igh , I n 1 7 69 a s e cond s tone e x isted i n t h e c e ntral a rea a nd t h e s ites o f 3o thers w e re k nown , F ou r s t ones a ppear t o h ave f o rmed a c e ntra l s qua re , w h ile t h e s e cond e xtant s tone w as l y ing f u rther f r on t h e c entre t o t h e n o rthwest , T he s ites o f 4p o rta l s tones w e re a lso n oted , f l an king t h e e n tran ce i n a s im ilar a r rangement t o S w inside a nd L ong M eg , T he b an k a p pa rently a lso h ad o u tward p ro je ctions a t i t s e ntrance t e rm ina ls , a lthough i t s eems c u rious t hat t h ese a re n o l o nger a pparent , I n 1 7 25 S tu ke ley v isited t h e s i te a nd c o n jectured t h at t h ere w e re f o rmerly t wo s tone c i rcles w ith in t h e h enge , t h e i n ner h av ing ad iameter o f c l 5m , H owever , e ven i n S tu ke ley 's d ay l i ttle s u rvived a nd t h e s ite i n terior h a d b een p loughed , t h ere fore h is i n terpretation m ay h ave b een l a rge ly c on jectu re , 1 : S tu keley 1 7 76 , 2 : P ennant 1 7 74 , 3 : R CAHM 1 9 36 , 4 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 , 9 : 42 M OTHERBY N Y 4 19282 C umbria ( C umberland ) T h is s ite w as r e corded i n t h e m id 1 9 th c e ntury a s h av ing r e cently b een d estroyed b y b l asting , o n t h e o rders o f t h e s teward o f t h e D u ke o f N orfo lk , I t h ad a d iamete r o f a bout 1 5 m , O ne o rthostat s u rvives i n t h e v i cin ity o f t h e l o st s ite a nd i t m ay w e ll h ave b een p a rt o f t he c i rcle , i t s t ands a bout a m etre h igh , T here a re a lso s everal l a rge s tones a t t h e b ase o f ad rystone w a ll t o t h e s outh a nd a p i le o f b ou lders a t t h e b ase o f as lope t o t h e n o rth-west , 1 : W i lliams 1 8 56 , 2 : C o llingwood 1 9 23 , 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C umberland 2 6 ) , 4 : W a terhouse 1 9 85 , 9 : 43 L E W HELES N X 9 89 180 C umbria ( C umberland ) T h is s ite i s r e co rded i n t h e S t B ees R eg ister a s ab u ild ing c a lled ' S tand ing S tones ' a nd i t i s n oted t h at i t w as t h e s ite o f a s tone c i rcle ' a n ciently k nown a s L e W heles ', C o llingwood r e ferred t o i t a s t h e ' C orkickle ' c i rcle a nd n o tes i t w as d estroyed i n 1 6 28 , 1 : C o llingwood 1 9 33 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C umberland 2) , 3 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 , Z ONE 1 0 :

Ga l /IO W/PENNINES

1 0 :23 B IRCH C LOSE L i ttle i s k nown o f t h is s i te , o f c 2 4 ,5m d iameter, 1 : B a rnes 1 9 82 ( 2 13 ),

S E 1 3 724 187 W est Y o rksh ire i t i s n ow d estroyed b ut i s s a id t o h ave b een a s tone c i rcle

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1 0 :24 C LEATOP N o p ub lished d eta ils d escribed , 1 : K ing 1 9 85 ,

o f

t h is

s ite

S D 8 1 ,6 1, a re a va ilable ,

N o rth Y o rkshire I t h a s b een n oted r e cently b u t n o t

1 0 :25 D UNMORE H ILL cN T 9 85 180 N o rthumberland T h is s ite c o mprises a c u rved a r c o f 3o rthostats t h at s t and b etween 1 , 0 a nd 1 , 3m h igh , T hey a re 2 ,4 a nd 3 ,6m a part , T here i s ar e cumbent s tone n e ar t h e c e ntral s tone a n d a n ' o utlier 7 ,5m a way , I t i s q uestionab le i f t h is s ite w a s e v er a s tone c i rcle , 1 : N o rthumberland C ounty H istory 1 4 , 6 5 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( N orthumberland 5 ) , 1 0 :26 E ARLY K NOWE N i ) 0 83336 N o d etails h ave b een p ublished o n t h is p ossible s tone c i rcle , 1 : G ,Mo ir , p e rs ,comm ,

N o rthumberland

1 0 :27 E LSOON N T 7 4 ,07 , N o rthumberland L i ttle p ub lished d ata e x ists f o r t h is s ite , I t w as d escribed i n 1 9 24 a s t he r e ma ins o f a l a rge s tone c i rcle , o n ly h a lf o f w h ich c an n ow b e t r a ced , T here a re 8 -9 ' g reat b l o cks ' a lmost h idden i n o verg rowth , e a ch 1 , 2 t o 1 , 8m l o ng , l y ing o n b oth s ides o f t h e b o rder f e nce , 1 : M a ck 1 9 24 , 2 : N o rthumberland C ounty H istory 1 5 , 6 0 , 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( N orthumberland 6 ) , 1 0 :28 F ROGDEN N T 74292 B o rders ( R oxbu rghsh ire) T h is s ite w as r e corded a s as tone c i rcle , I t w as k nown a s T r yst a nd w as a r endezvous p o int f o r m edieval b o rder r a ids , I t s tood i n F ive S tone F ie ld , 1 : U SA 1 7 92 , 2 : R CAHM 1 9 56 ( 5 49 ) , 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( R oxburgh 4 ) , 1 0 :29 H ARESTANES N T 6 4 ,24 , B o rders ( R oxbu rghsh ire) As tone c i rcle i s m a rked o n m aps o f 1 7 70 a nd 1 7 95 , l t w a s n o ted i n 1 8 45 b ut b y t h en h ad b een r e duced t o as ing le s tone , 1 ; N SA 1 8 45 , 2 : R CAHM 1 9 56 ( 2 2), 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( R oxbu rgh 5 ) , 1 0 :30 N ETTLEHOLE R IDGE S D 9 79563 N o rth Y orkshire T he s i te w as n o ted i n 1 9 66 a s as ma ll s tone c i rcle w ith 6 s tones s et s ymmetrica lly i n a r i ng o f 8 ,0m d iameter , T he s tones v a ried i n h e ight b e tween 0 ,5 a nd 1 , 5m , B u rl g ives e r roneous d eta ils o f t h e s ite , p resumably m ixing d ata f r om a nother s ite , T he s ite w as v i sited i n 1 9 84 a fter t h e w hole a rea h ad b een a f forested , T h e o n ly f e atu re t h at c ou ld b e f o und w as a f o rtu itous j u mb le o f b ou lders , o ne a t l e ast b eing e a rth fast , b u t i t i s u n certain i f t h ese w e re a t t h e s ame l o cation a s t he s i te d e s cribed e a rlie r, 1 : R a istrick 1 9 63-6 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( Y orksh ire 1 9 ) 3 : v isited 1 9 84 , 1 0 :3 1 R AWTHEY B R IDGE S D 7 1 ,97 , C umbria ( W estmorland ) T h is s ite w as r e corded i n t h e l a te 1 8 th c entury a s ' a c i rcle o f l a rge s tones , s u pposed t o b e am onument o f d ru id w o rsh ip ', I t h as b een d estroyed , 1 : N i cholson a nd B u rn 1 7 77 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( W estmorland 1 6 ) , 3 : W atehouse 1 9 85 , 1 0 ;32 R IDLEY C OMMON N Y 78698 N o rthumberland L i ttle p ublished d ata e x ists o n t h is s i te , I t a ppears t o b e g enu ine , a lthough m edieva l h ouses a nd f i e ld b oundaries e x ist n earby , 9 10 s tones s t and i n t h e r ing , w ith s p a ce f o r 2 3m o re , 6o f t h ese a re c learly s tand ing , w ith h e ights o f 0 ,4 t o 1 , 0m , T here i s ap ossib le i n ner m ound o r s etting , 1 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( N orthumberland 1 ), 2 : G ,Moir , p e rs ,comm ,

470-

1 0 :33 R OBIN H OOD 'S P ENNY S TONE S E 0 4642874 W est Y orkshire As ingle o rthostat s tood i n 1 836 , w hich w as s aid t o h ave b een s urrounded b y as tone c ircle w hich w as b roken u p f o r b uilding p urposes , N othing s urvives t oday , 1 : C rabtree 1 8 36 , 2 : B arnes 1 982 ( 332), 1 0 :34 S LIPPER H ILL S D 8463275 L ancashire N o o rthostats a ppear t o s urvive t oday i n t h is r ingca irn , I t w as n oted i n 1 893 a s a ' r ing m ound ( stone c i rcle)', a nd i n 1 932 f our o rthostats w ere r e corded , T hus i t m ay h ave b een a n e mbanked s tone c ircle , I t w as p artly e xcavated i n 1 887 w hen c a lcined h uman b ones w ere 0u nd 1 : W ilkinson 1 893 , 2 : B ullock 1 96 1, 3 : B url 1 976 ( L ancashire 1 /12 , W orsthorne/Worsthorne M oor), 4 : B arnes 1 982 ( 52), I

I

1 0 :35 W EECHER R ESERVOIR S E T his s ite w as d escribed r etrospectively w hich w as d estroyed w hen t he r eservoir w as o rthostats w ith a d iameter o f c 25m , 1 : W ood 1 902 , 2 : R aistrick 1 929 , 3 :

1 ,42 , W est Y orkshire a s ' t he f inest s tone c ircle o n R ombalds M oor' b uilt , I t a pparently w as a r ing o f f reestanding C owling 1 946 ,

4 : B url 1 976 ( Yorkshire 2 3),

1 0 :36 T HE W OLF F OLD , R INGSTONE E DGE S E 0 443 1830 W est Y orkshire T his s ite c ould h ave b een a n e mbanked s tone c ircle , b ut a lternatively m ay b e am utilated c a irn w hich h as h ad i ts c entre r emoved , T oday i t l ooks t o b e ad amaged r ingcairn w ith a n e xternal d iameter o f c 27m , H owever , t he b ank i s u nusually w ide , t he i n ternal d iameter i s c l5m , T his h ad b een d amaged t o t he e ast a nd n orth b efore 1 907 , I n t he l ate 1 8th c entury a ' r ing o f s tones ' w as r e corded t hat w ere ' n ot e rect b ut l ie i n ac on fused h eap l i ke t he r u ins o f ab uilding ', I n an ew e dition o f t h is t ext ( by L eyland) i t w as n oted t hey h ad r e cently b een r emoved b ut b efore t h is t hey h ad s tood u pwards o f 3f eet ( 0 ,9m) a bove t he b ank, b ut t hat t heir o riginal n umber w as u nknown a s t hey h ad l ong b een r u ined , AN W/SE t rench w as c ut t h rough t he s ite i n 1 905 , a voiding t he c entre a s t his w as a lready d isturbed ; a n u rn h ad a pparently b een f ound h ere e arlier , 5s eparate d eposits o f c harcoal w ere f ound i n 1 9 05 w ithin t he c entral a rea , Ac o llared u rn w as f ound t o t he S W o f t h e c entre i n ac rude c ist , I t h ad s labs o n t wo s ides a nd a c o llapsed c apstone , 1 : W atson 1 7 75 , 2 : L ongbotham 1 932 , 3 : B arnes 1 982 ( 285), 1 0 :37 Y EAVERING B ELL N T 9 18293 N orthumberland L ittle p ublished d ata e x ists o n t h is s ite , A pparently t here a re s everal l a rge b ut s tones , w ith a m aximum h eight o f c 1 ,2m , a rranged i n ar u ined r ing o f c l2m d iameter, 1 : L ynn 1 904 , 2 : N orthumberland C ounty H istory 1 4 , 2 1 , 3 : B url 1 976 ( N orthumberland 1 4 ), Z ONE

1 1:

l ow

N ORTH Y ORK M OORS

1 :S C OURT G REEN N Z 5 87 186 N orth Y orkshire I t w as n oted t hat t here w as a s tone c i rcle h ere i n t he m id 1 9th c entury , T here i s n oth ing v isible t oday , S pratt e xpresses d oubt o ver t he v alidity o f t h is i n terpretation , 1 : O rd 1 846 , 2 : S pratt 1 982 , Z ONE

1 2 :

T HE P EAK D ISTRICT

1 2 :25 T HE B ULL R ING S K 0 7847823 D erbyshire T h is h enge i s s imilar t o A rbor L ow i n t hat i t c omprises a m assive c ircular b an k w ith a n i n ternal q uarry d itch o f c omparable d imensions , b roken b y t wo e ntrances , o rientated n o rth/south , T he c entral a rea m easures 5 3 ,0x46 ,0m a nd i s d isturbed b y r ig a nd f urrow , e x cept a long a l i ne b etween t he t wo e ntrances w here t here o nce s tood a d rystone w a ll, T his

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w a ll a nd o thers i n t he v i cin ity h ad b een b u ilt b y 1 7 89 w hen t h e s ite w as f i rst d o cumented , A t t h is d ate a s o litary o rthostat r e ma ined , a nd a lthough i t s p osition w ith in t h e s i te i s u n known , i t c a n b e c on je ctured b y a nalogy w ith A rbor L ow , t h at a s tone c i rcle m ay w e ll h ave e x isted w h ich w as d emolished w hen t he a rea w as e n closed e a rlier i n t he 1 8 th c e ntury , T h is o rthostat i s n ow a lso m issing a nd t h e s ite s usta ined f u rther d amage f r om p lough ing a nd q uarrying i n t h e 1 9 th c entury , I n 1 9 49 A l cock d ug s everal s ma ll t r en ches t h rough t h e b an k a nd d itch w ithout f i nd ing c on clusive d ating e v iden ce , T wo s herds w e re f o und w h ich a re d i fficult t o d iagnose , U n fortunately s herds f r om a n e arlier e x cavation b y S a lt a nd W a rd i n 1 9 02 h ave b een l o st , I n 1 9 84-5 r e scue e x cavations i m med iately o utside t h e s outhern e ntrance f a iled t o f i nd c on clusive p reh istoric s t ru ctures o r s t ratified a rte fa cts , H oweve r , t he a rea h a d b een e xtensively d amaged p r ior t o e xcavation , 1 : P i lkington 1 7 89 , 2 : A l cock 1 9 50 , 3 ; B u rl 1 9 69 , 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D erbysh ire 8 ) , 5 : B a rnatt 1 9 88 , 1 2 :26 O FFERTON M OOR S K 2 1288054 D e rbysh ire T oday t h is s i te c o mprises a n o val r i ng ca irn w ith a n i n terna l d iameter o f 2 3 ,0x 18 ,5m , T he r u bble b an k i s 2 ,0-3 ,5m w ide a nd i n p la ces h as b een s omewhat d isturbed , S u rround ing t he s ite i s ac a irn field a nd t h ere i s ad amaged c a irn o f 1 6 ,0m d iameter a s hort d istan ce t o t h e n o rth-east , I n 1 7 83 a b ad ly d amaged s tone c i rcle w as n oted o n O f ferton M oor a nd t h e r i ng ca irn d escribed a bove i s t h e m ost l i kely s ite o f t h is , I t h ad b een v i rtually d estroyed s h ortly b e fore 1 7 83 , w hen v isited i n 1 7 6 1 i t h ad ' a l a rge c i rcle o f s tones , s ome o f w h ich s tood o n e nd ', 1 : R oo ke 1 7 85 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D erbysh ire 1 6 ), 3 : B a rnatt , i n p ress , 1 2 ;27 S TANTON M OOR - S ITE I I S K 2 4806327 D e rbysh ire T h is s ite i s a r i ng ca irn , w ith a n i n terna l d iameter o f 1 9 ,5m , w h ich i s s omewhat s ubt r iangu lar r a ther t h an c i rcular i n p lan , T he b an k i s 2 ,0-3 ,0m w ide a nd t here a re t r a ces o f d rystone w a lls r e tain ing b oth f a ces , T he b an k w as p a rtia lly e x cavated a nd r e sto red b y H eath cote i n t h e 1 9 30 's o r 4 0 's ( u npub lished ), T wo e ntran ces b rea k t h e b an k t o t h e n o rth a nd s outh , a nd t h ese a re f l anked b y l o w r ad ia lly-set o r thostats ( 0 ,60-0 ,40m h igh ) , O ne s u rvives t o t h e n o rth , a nd t w o t o t h e s outh , T hese s tones , i n c o n jun ction w ith a na logy t o t w o n earby s i tes ( S tanton M oor I a nd I V ), s uggest a r i ng o f l o w o rthostats m ay o n ce h ave s tood a t t h e i n ner e dge o f t h e b ank , I f e ver p resent , t h is h ad b een r emoved b y t h e l a te 1 8 th c entury w hen t h e s ite w as f i rst d o cumented , As egmented f a ien ce b ead h as b een b rought t o t h e s u rfa ce b y r a bb its a t t h e c entre o f t h e s ite , T here i s a n e xtensive c a irn field , s evera l e mban ked s tone c i rcles a nd l a rge c a irns i n t h e v i cin ity , 1 : P egge 1 7 87 , 2 : B a rnatt , i n p ress , 1 2 :28 T OP O F R ILEY S K 2 3 ,77 , D e rbysh ire T h is s ite w a s n o ted i n 1 8 42 a s h av ing a l ready b een d estroyed , T here w as ' r e co lle ct ion o f a v e ry l a rge c i rcle o f s tones o f h igh u nhewn p i lla rs , s u rrounded b y a c i rcu lar r i dge o f e a rth , i t h ad a n e ntrance i f n o t t w o ', I t h as b een s uggested t o h ave b een a c i rcle-henge b ut a l lowing f o r e xaggeration i n t h e t e lling i t w as m o re l i ke ly a n e mbanked s tone c i rcle , 1 : W ood 1 8 42 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 69 , 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D erbysh ire 2 0 ), 4 : B arnatt , i n p ress , Z ONE 1 3 :

W ALES

1 3 :5 1 M ITCHELL 'S F OLD - S ITE I I S O 3 0 ,98 , S h ropshire I n 1 8 4 1 t w o c i rcles w e re s a id t o s tand n ear M itchell 's F o ld s tone c i rcle , O ne o f t h ese i s p r obably t h e D ru ids C astle s ite , t h e o ther h as v an ished w ithout t r a ce , u n less t h e a uthor w as r e ferring t o t h e W hetstones c i rcle ( h owever , h e m ent ions t h is s eparately) , 1 : H a rtshorne 1 8 4 1,

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1 3 :52 P ENNYBR IDGE S M 9 5300 1 D y fed ( P embrokesh ire) T h is s ite w as f i rst r e co rded i n 1 9 22 w hen 1 2 s tones l a y a ga inst a h edge ; i t h ad b een d e molished i n 1 9 18 , O ne s t one w as 2 , 1m l o ng , t h e o thers w e re s ma ller , T hey w ere r e membered t o h ave r e cent ly s tood i n a c i rcle o f c 9m d iameter , T h is m ay w e ll h ave b een a s tone c i rcle , b ut o ther i n terpretations s hou ld a lso b e c o nsidered , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 25 ( 3 39), 2 : G r imes 1 9 63 ( 3 3) , 1 3 :53 T HE T EMPLE S O 0 596 10 P owys ( R adnorsh ire) I n 1 8 75 t h is s i te c omprised 4 u p rights , w ith 3 b u ried s tones , a nd 2 d isp laced a nd s t ones , T he b u ried s tones w e re r e stored i n t h is y ear , T he p osition o f t he e xtant s u ggested t h ey w e re s e t i n a r i ng o f 4 0x30 p a ces d iameter ( c 30x22 ,5m ), T oday i n co rporated i n t h e w a lls o f as ma ll g a rden i n t h e c entre o f L landrindod W e lls , h a s n ever b een d o cumented i n g ood c ond ition a nd h en ce i t 's s tatus i s u ncertain , 1 : F r an cis 1 8 75 , 2 : R CAHM 1 9 13 ( 1 11), 3 : G r imes 1 9 63 ( c ),

r eworked u p rights t h ey a re T he s ite

1 3 :54 W HETSTONES S O 3 05976 P owys ( M ontgomeryshire) T h is s ite w as r e corded i n t h e 1 8 th c entu ry a s c o mprising 3 l e an ing s tones i n a n a r c, t h e h i ghest o f w h ich s tood c 1 ,2m h igh , T h e s tones w e re d emo lished i n t he l a te 1 8 60 's , w hen a shes a nd b one w e re f o und , 7d a rk p a tches w ere v isib le i n t h e f ie ld i n t he e arly 2 0th c e ntu ry w h ich w e re i n terp reted a s t h e s ite o f t h e c i rcle , T wo s tones i n an earby s t ile a re s a id t o c ome f r om t he s i te , 1 : H a rtshorne 1 8 4 1, 2 : R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 1 16), 3 : C h itty 1 9 26 , 4 : G r imes 1 9 63 ( 1 6), 5 : B url 1 9 76 ( M ontgomerysh ire 4 ) , Z ONE 1 4 :

S OUTH - U ST E NGLAND

1 4 :78 M ATTOCKS D OWN S 6 02439 S omerset-Exmoor T o day a l l t h at s u rv ives i s a2 ,7m h igh m enh ir , w ith 2 b a rrows t o t he n o rth-east , B etween t h em i s aw a ll i n corpo rating 2 l a rge s tones , I n t h e 1 7 th c entury t h ere w ere 2 m enh irs a b out 4 5m a part ( t he w este rnmost o f t h ese h ad f a llen b y t h e e a rly 1 9 th c entu ry ), N ear t he l a rgest o f t h ese 2 s tones t h ere w as a pparent ly a c i rcle o f 6s tones , a lthough n ot a l l a n t iquarian a c counts m ention t h em a nd h ence s ome d oubt e x ists o ver t h e ir s tatus , A nother e a rly a c count s uggests a s tone r o w ( b ut n ot t h e c i rcle) , r unning p arallel t o t he 2 m e nh irs , a bout 2 0 m f r om t h em ; t h is h ad 2 3 s tones s tand ing a bout 1 , 01,5m h igh , H owever , t h ey m ay n ot h ave b een i n -situ a s t h e a c count c o uld b e i n terpreted a s i n dicating t h ey w ere s e t i n a n o ld f i e ld b ounda ry , T he m a jority o f t h e s tones o n t h is s ite i n g enera l a re k nown t o h ave b een s o ld f o r g ateposts i n t h e 1 9 th c entury , 1 : G r inse ll 1 9 70 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( S omerset 5 ) , 1 4 :79 S EVEN S TONES S Y 1 0 748790 D evon T h is s i te i s s h own o n am ap o f 1 7 89 a s ' S even S tones ' a nd w as k nown a s a ' d ru id ica l c i rcle ', T hey w e re r emoved i n 1 8 30 a nd n o d etails a re k nown , I t h as b een s uggested t hey c o u ld h ave b een t h e k e rb o f ab a rrow , H owever , a s t h e s tones w e re p urpose fu lly r e moved t o B i cton G a rdens i t i s l i ke ly t h ey w e re o f a n i m pressive s ize a nd t hus a s tone c i rcle i s m o re l i kely , T oday t here a r e 8r e d b re ccia s tones w h ich m ay b e t h ose f r om t h e s ite , 1 : S m ith 1 9 74 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D evon 2 9 ) , 3 : G r insell 1 9 83 , Z ONE 1 5 :

W ESSEX

1 5 :17 B ROADSTONES S U 1 6 5688 W i ltshire T h is s ite w as d e scribed b y A ubrey a s ' e ight h uge s tones i n ac i rcle ' a l l o f w h ich ' d oe l i e f a ll 'n d own ', T w o 1 8 th c e ntury a c counts c on firm t h is , T hat b y S tu keley a dds t h at t h ere

— 473—

w e re a f u rther 4 s tones n earby w h ich m ay h ave b een t he b eg inn ings o f a n a venue , T h e l a st v estiges o f t h e s ite w e re a pparently d estroyed i n t h e 1 8 80 's , 1 : A ubrey , M onumenta B r itann ica , 2 : S tukeley 1 7 76 M S , 3 : A nnable 1 9 55 , 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( W iltsh ire 2 ) , 5 : B u rl 1 9 79 , 1 5 :18 L ITTLE M AYNE

S Y 7 2 ,87 ,

D orset

I n 1 7 28 i t w as n oted t h at a c i rcle o f s tones h ad r e cent ly b een ' b ro ke t o p ie ces ', T here w e re t wo a venues o f ' p itcht s tones ' l e ad ing f rom i t t o t h e s outh a nd e ast , I n 1 8 47 a 9 m d iameter c i rcle o f 1 0 11 s ma ll s tones , t o gether w ith o u ter c i rcles a nd a venues , w ere r e ported , b ut t h is i m aginative a c count m ay h ave m isinterpreted e phemeral f eatu res a nd o ld f i eld b oundaries , W a rne r e ported t h at t h e o n ly t r a ces o f t h e s ite i n 1 8 68 w e re a f e w l i chen-covered s tones , 1 : G a le 1 7 28 - m anuscript 2 : S ydenham 1 8 47 , 3 : W a rne 1 8 72 , 4 : P iggott a nd P iggott 1 9 39 , 5 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D orset 3 ) ,

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8 : S ITES SUGGESTED IN THE LITERATURE TO BE STONE CIRCLES BUT WHICH ARE REJECTED HERE; AS MORE VIABLY INTERPRETED I N OTHER WAYS; AS ANOMALOUS. OR AS UNINTERPRETABLE D I JE TO THE LACK OF DATA OR POOR PRESERVATION Z ONE 1 :

O RKNEY A ND S HETLAND

1 : a D OOM R INGS H U 1 6 6596 S hetland B url n otes t h e s tatus o f t h is s ite i s u n certa in a nd i t i s n ot l i sted b y t he R CAHM , T here a re n o d eta ils g iven i n t h e o riginal s ource , t h us t he s ite i s p rovisiona lly r e jected a s u n interpretab le , 1 : B url 1 9 76 ( S hetland 1 ) 2 : 0 ,5 , E d in , H U 1 5 N E 1 8 1 : b-d F IDDLER 'S C RUS cH U 6 25930 S hetland T h ree a d ja cent r i ngs o f s tone e x ist h ere , e a ch w ith m any s ma ll , c ontiguous s tones ( d iameters 1 6 ,2 ,15 ,0 ,12 ,8m ) , T he l a rgest h as a n i n terna l l o w b an k o f um d iameter a nd a f l at c entral a rea , I t i s d i fficu lt t o k now h ow t o c ategorize t hese r ings ( a lso s ee s ite 1 :9, t hey m ay h ave a f fin ities t o s tone c i rcles o r k erb-cairns , b ut t heir d ate a nd f unction r e mains c on jectura l, 1 : R CAHM 1 9 46 ( 1 225) 1 : e T HE G IANTS S TONES H U 2 43805 S hetland T h is s ite c omp rises 2 t a ll m enh irs a nd t h ere w as o n ce a t h ird , T hom s uggests t hey a re p art o f a c i rcle o f 4 3 ,5x32 ,5m d iameter , t he o ther s tones b e ing o n ly v e ry l o w i n h e ight , H owever , t h ere a re s eve ral s im ilar s tones b oth i n side a nd o utside t h e r ing n ot s hown o n T hom 's p lan a nd t h ey m a y w e ll f o rm p a rt o f a n cient f ie ld b oundaries , T he s ite i s b est i n terpreted a s am enh ir-setting r a ther t h an a s tone c i rcle , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 46 ( 1 358) 2 : T hom , T hom a nd B url ( Z 3/2) 3 : G ,Moir , p ers c omm , 1 : f H ALTADANS cH U 6 30925 S hetland T h is r ing h as a d iamete r o f 1 ,2m a nd c omprises 2 l o w o rthostats , s ome o f w h ich a re c o ntiguous , S evera l o ther s tones a re f a llen o r m issing , W ithin t h e r ing i s as ha llow s coop a nd i n ternal l o w b an k o f 8 , 1m d iameter , I n t he f lat c entral a rea a re 2 l o w e arth fast s t ones , T he s ite i s d i fficult t o c lassify a nd i s s imilar t o 1 : b-d w h ich l i e n earby , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 46 ( 1 226) 1 : g H ESTINGSGOT cH U 3 2 ,64 , S hetland T h is r ing h as a n e xterna l d iameter o f 1 7 ,0m , w ith o ne e n tran ce t o t h e e ast , I t h as 2 c o ncentric r i ngs o f l o w , a lmost c ontiguous , o rthostats , T he 2 r i ngs a re s et c lose t o gether a nd t here a re l i nes o f s im ilar c onstru ction n earby , T h is c omp lex m ay w e ll b e t he f o ot ings o f a n e nclosu re o r l a rge h ouse , w ith a ssociated f i e ld b oundaries , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 46 ( 1 18 1) 1 : h L OCH O F S TROM H U 4 0550 1 S hetland T h is s ma ll r i ng h as a d iameter o f 5 ,0x4 ,0m a nd c omprises 8 12 s tones , o n ly o ne o f w h ich h a s a ny h e ight ; s ome a re c o ntiguous , T here a re a sso ciated f i eld b oundaries a nd i t m ay w e ll b e ah ouse s ite , 1 : T hom ,Thom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( Z 3/3) 2 : G ,Moir , p e rs c omm , 1 : i S TANYDALE H U 2 85503 S hetland T h is s ite l i es c lose t o t h e w e ll k nown e xcavated h ouse/ceremon ia l s ite o f S tanyda le T e mp le , I t c omprises 6 w idely s paced o rthostats i n a c rude , s ha llow a r c, T hey v a ry i n h e ight f rom 1 , 4 t o 0 ,3m ; t w o a t l e ast c ou ld b e s tumps , B url s uggested t h ey c ou ld b e p a rt

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o f ac i rcle o f 7 3 ,2m d iameter , I t h as a lso b een p ostu lated t h ey f o rmed 2 c on centric a r cs r o und t h e ' t emp le ', H owever , t he s tones h ave o r ientations w h ich a rgue a ga inst a ny c i rcu la r d esign a nd i n terpretation m ust r e ma in c on jectu ral , C rude l i near s ettings a re a n e qua lly v iable e xplanation , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 46 ( 1 40 1) 2 : C alder 1 9 49-50 3 ; B u rl 1 9 76 ( S hetland 2 ) Z ONE 2 :

N ORTH-EAST S COTLAND

2 ;a A CHEROLE N D 2 ,5 1, H ighland ( C aithness) Ab oulder , w h ich m ay h ave b een e rected b ut e qually c ou ld b e f o rtu itous ly p la ced , s t ands 1 , 45m h igh , N ea rby , 0 ,7m t o t he w est , i s a1 , 8m l o ng b lock w h ich h as b een d isp la ced , l t h as b een s pe cu lated t h ese a re t h e v e stiges o f as tone c i rcle b ut t h ey c ould e qua lly b e i n terpreted a s f o rtu itous o r a s am enh ir-setting , 1 , R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 4 84) 2 ; B u rl 1 9 76 ( C aithness 2 ) 2 :b L ATHERON F ORSE N D 2 08363 H igh land ( C aithness) T hom s uggests t h is i s ar u ined c i rcle , H owever , t h e 3 -4 u p rights a re a t t h e b ase o f a r o cky s ca rp i n am arsh , T h is l o cation a nd t h e l a ck o f w eathe ring o n t h e s tones , s u ggests t h ey a re n o t o f a ny a ntiqu ity , 1 ; R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 2 94) 2 : R CAHM I n dex , 1 9 67 e ntry 3 ; T h om , T hom a nd B url ( N 1/5 ) 2 : c L EARABLE H ILL - N ORTH N C 8 9524 1 H igh land ( S utherland ) T h is s ite c o mprises 3 r e cumbent s labs , b etween 1 , 7 a nd 2 , 4m l o ng , a rranged a s i f t o f a ll o n a s emicircle , O ne o f t he s tones i s d e corated w ith c u p a nd r i ng d esigns , A n other d e corated s lab e x ists c l ose-by t o t h e s outh-east , T he a r rangement o f s labs c ou ld e a s ily b e f o rtu itous , t h e o n ly m an-made f e atu re b e ing t h e c a rv ing , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 3 75) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( S utherland 7 ) 2 :d L INS IDEMORE N H 5 45992 H igh land ( S utherland ) T h is b ad ly d amaged s ite i s d i fficult t o i n terpret , i t m ay w e ll b e o f b arrow-type r a ther t h an a s tone c i rcle , I t 's p ublished d escription s uggests i t i s an atural k no ll ( o r c a irn ) s u rrounded b y ac ontiguous k erb o f 1 2 ,013 ,0 m d iameter , O n t h e s outh-eastern s ide t h ere i s a n o uter l i ne o f c ontiguous b ou lders w h ich i s , a t m o st , 2 ,0m f rom t he k e rb , I t c o nverges w ith t h e l a tter t o t h e n o rth-west , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 9 2) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( S utherland 9 ) 2 : e W ARTH H ILL N D 3 7 1698 H igh land ( C aithness ) T h is s ite c omprises a l a rge r u ined c a irn w ith a k e rb o f n e a r-contiguous b locks , T w o m e tres o utside t h is i s as e cond r u ined r i ng o f s ma ll v e rtically-set s tones , T he o uter r i ng m ay b e av a riant s tone c i rcle b ut c ou ld e qua lly b e as e cond k e rb c onsidering t h e d i lap idated s tate o f t h e s i te , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 11 ( 4 1) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C a ithness 8 ) Z ONE 3 O UTER H EBRIDES 3 ;a A IRD S LEITENISH N B 0 3 1198 W estern I s les-Lew is T h is s i te i s p rov isiona lly r e jected a s t h e p resently a v a ilable d ata i s o pen t o s e vera l i n terpretations , N ine v e ry l o w s tones f o rm a r ing o f 5 , 6m d iameter , W ithin t h is , i n t h e n o rth-west q uadrant , i s a c a irn w h ich i s e ither d istu rbed o r o f r e cent d ate , 3l a rge r o rthostats s tand ing 1 , 21,5m h igh l i e o utside t he r i ng t o t h e s outh-west , 1 : M a cpherson 1 9 73 2 ; B u rl 1 9 76 ( L ewis 1 ) 3 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( L H 3 2)

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3 :b A IR IDH N AM B IDEARAN N B 2 3422989 W estern I s les-Lewis T h is s ite h a s b een s uggested t o b e as u rv iving a r c o f a l a rge c i rcle , H owever , t he 5 s tones a re v i rtually i n a s t raight l i ne a nd a re b est i n terpreted a s a s tone r ow , o r p ossibly a s g rounders f o r a n a n cient b oundary , S everal r e cumbent s tones n earby t o t h e s outh-east a ppear t o b e n a tura l, 1 : R CAHM 1 9 28 ( 9 4) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( L ewis 2 ) 3 : T a it 1 9 78 4 : P anting a nd P anting 1 9 8 1 5 ; R ugg les 1 9 84 ( L H 2 4 ) 3 : c A IRGH N A B E INNE B IGE N B 2233568 W estern I s les-Lewis T h is s ite h a s b een s uggested a s a p ossible r u ined c i rcle , H owever , t he o n ly c e rta in f e atures a re a n u p right m enh ir , a nd a nother w h ich h as f a llen a nd t hus i t m ay b e at w os tone s etting , O ther p ostu lated s tones a re l i kely t o b e n atu ral b oulders , o f w h ich t here a re m any i n t h e s u rround ing a rea , 1 : T a it 1 9 78 2 : P anting a nd P anting 1 9 8 1 ( H I/ 11, C a llan ish 1 ) , 3 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( L H 10 ) 3 :d B E INN A C HAOLAIS N F 9 0447795 W estern I s les-N U ist T h is h as b een s uggested t o b e a r u ined c i rcle o f s mall s tones , H owever , t h e s ite b ou lder s trewn a nd t he w hole i s l i kely t o b e an atural o utcrop , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 28 ( 2 4 1) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( N ,Uist 1 ) 3 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( U I 1 0 ) 3 : e B HRUIST T h is s ite h as f e ature i s a t o b e n othing 1 : R CAHM 1 9 28

i s

N F 9 2428288 W estern I s les-Berneray b een s uggested t o b e ar u ined c i rcle , H owever , t h e o n ly p otentia lly g enu ine l o w m enhir , T here a re s everal o ther s tones i n t h e v i cin ity w hich a re l i ke ly m o re t h an f o rtu itous b ou lders , ( 1 32) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( B erneray 1 ) 3 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( U I 3 )

3 : f B ORVEMORE N G 0 2029392 W este rn I s les-Harris T h is s ite h as b een s uggested t o b e ar u ined s tone c i rcle , H owever , o n ly o ne f i ne m enhir s t ands , t wo p rostrate s labs n earby m ay h ave o n ce b een u pright h e re , T wo o thers f u rther t o t h e s outh-east m ay w e ll b e f o rtuitous , O r ig ina lly t h is m ay h ave b een s ome f a rm o f m enhirs e tting , b ut t h e s tones s e em u n likely t o h ave e ver d e fined a c i rcle , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 28 ( 1 36) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( H arris 1 ) 3 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( L H37 , S carista) 3 :g C LEITER N B 1 6 423424 W estern I s les-Great B e rnera T h is s ite i s d i fficult t o i n terpret , I t i s s ited o n a c l iff t o p a nd c omprising 4 o r thostats i n a n u nusua l s e tting , S uperficially t h ey a ppear t o f a ll i n as emi-circle b ut t h e ir o r ientat ions s uggest t h ey a re m ore l i kely t o o r ig inally h ave c omprised a s t ra ight l i ne o f t h ree , w i th t h e f o u rth a t r i ght a ngles t o t h is , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 28 ( 8 6) 2 : T hom 1 9 67 ( H I/8) 3 : T a it 1 9 78 4 : P anting a nd P anting 1 9 8 1 ( C allan ish 8 ) 5 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( L H8 , B ernera B ridge) 3 : h C NOC O UBH N B 2 32302 W estern I s les-Lewis T h is r u bble r i ng i s ar u ined s h ield ing n ot a s tone c i rcle , 1 ; T hom 1 9 67 ( H I/7) 2 : T a it 1 9 78 3 : P anting a nd P anting ( C allanish 7 ) 4 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( L H 2 3) 3 : i C UL A C HLE IT N B 2 4653034 W estern I s les-Lewis T h is s ite c omp rises 2 o rthostats o n ak no ll , w ith 2 r e cumbent s labs n ea rby , I t h as b een s u ggested t o b e ar u ined s t one c i rcle , H owever , t h e r o cky k noll i s t o o s ma ll t o h ave o n ce

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c onta ined a c i rcle o f o rthostats a nd t h e s ite i s b etter i n te rpreted a s ap air o f m e nh irs s u rrounded b y n a tu rally p la ced s labs , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 28 ( 9 5) 2 ; T hom 1 9 67 ( H I/6 ,Callanish 6 ) 3 : R CAHM I n dex 1 9 67 e ntry 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( L ew is 5 ) 5 : T ait 1 9 78 6 : P anting a nd P anting 1 9 8 1 7 ; R ugg les 1 9 84 ( L H22) , 3 : j D RUIM N AM E ON N B 2973362 W estern I s les-Lew is T h is s ite h as b een s uggested t o b e ar u ined c on centric c i rcle , I t i s m u ch m ore l i ke ly t o b e ar o ck o utcrop d isturbed b y q uarrying , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 28 ( 9 2) 2 : T hom 1 9 67 ( H I/ 10 , C a llan ish 1 0 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( L ewis 6 ) 4 : T a it 1 9 78 5 : P anting a nd P anting 1 9 8 1 ( N a D rommanan ) 6 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( L H/ 14) 3 : k G LEANN N OR N A 0 8869943 W estern I s les-St K ilda T h is w as d escribed i n 1 9 67 a s a1 5 m c i rcle o f c 12 s tones w h ich w as s l ightly e mban ked o n t h e n o rthern , d ownhill s ide , I t w as t h ought u nlikely t o b e af o ld a s i t w as i s olated f r om t h e s ettlement a nd h ad l i ttle t race o f ab an k, M ore d ata i s n eeded b e fore i n cluding t h is s ite i n ac o rpus o f s tone c i rcles , 1 : R CAHM I n dex 1 9 67 2 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( 0 1 12) 3 : 1 G RAMISDALE N F 8 25056 14 W este rn I s les-Benbecu la T h is r u ined s i te c ould b e a s tone c i rcle b ut i s m o re l i kely t o b e a b ad ly d e nuded c h ambered c a irn w ith a n o rthostatic p e ristalith , T here a re 6 -9 s tones i n t he r i ng , o n ly o ne o f w h ich i s s t ill u p right , A t t h e c entre i s af a llen s lab w ith p acking a t o n e e nd w h ich m ay w e ll b e t he l a st v estige o f a c hamber , T he d i ameter o f t h e r ing , 2 6 ,5m , i s t y pical o f t h e p e ristaliths o f t he O uter H ebrides , r a ther t h an t h e k nown s tone c i rcles w h ich t end t o b e l a rger ( w ith t h e e x ception o f t hose o n L ew is) , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 28 ( 3 53 ) 2 : H enshall 1 9 72 ( s ee U ST 3 1 ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( B enbecula 1 ) 4 : T ham ,Thom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( H 4/ 1, N o rth F o rd ) 5 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( U I 4 2 , G ramisda le n o rth) 3 :m S U IDHEACHADH S EALG N F 8 2475522 W este rn I s les-Benbe cu la T h is r u ined s ite m ay w e ll b e ad enuded c hambered c a irn r a ther t han a s tone c i rcle , I t h as ad iameter o f 2 7 ,0m , w ith 1 0 s tones o n i t s w estern h a lf, m o st o f w h ich h ave f a llen o r l ean b adly , W ith in t h e c i rcle i s a1 2 m m ound c ontain ing w hat a p pears t o b e ar u ined c h ambe r o r c i st , T he d iameter o f t h e r ing i s t y p ical f o r t he p e rista liths o f t h e O uter H ebrides , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 28 ( 3 52) 2 : H enshall 1 9 72 ( U ST 3 1) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( B enbecu la 2 ) 4 : T hom ,Thom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( H 4/2) 5 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( U I 4 3 , G ram isda le s outh) 3 :n U DAL N F 8 2427843 W estern I s les-N U ist A c cording t o O rdnan ce S u rvey a r ch ives a n o rthostatic c i rcle w as f o und i n 1 9 64 , d u ring e x cavation o f am ed ieval s ettlement , b ut e x cavation o f t h is f eature w as a bandoned w h en i t w as r ea lised i t w as p reh isto ric , N oth ing w as v isib le i n 1 9 8 1, I t i s h ard t o k now w h at t o m a ke o f t h is a c count a nd v a rious i n terpretations c ou ld b e p o stulated , 1 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( U I 8 ) Z ONE 4 :

W ESTERN S COTLAND

4 :a B ALLISCATE N M 4 9954 1 S t rath clyde ( A rgy ll)-Mu ll T h is s ite h as b een m istaken ly s uggested t o b e as tone c i rcle , I t i s as tone r ow , 1 : B url 1 9 76 ( M u ll 1 ) 2 : R CAHM 1 9 80 ( 9 0) 4 ;b B ARNLUASGAN N R 7 8289070 S t rath clyde ( A rgyll) T h is s ite w as s uggested t o b e as tone c i rcle b ut i s m o re l i kely t o b e a n e n closure , 1 : C ambell a nd S andeman 1 9 62 ( 1 6 1) 2 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( A 3/3 , B e llano ch ) 3 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( A R 3 4 )

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4 : c B LACKSHAW M OOR N S 2 5 ,47 , S t rath clyde ( A yrsh ire) T h e o n ly o r ig ina l a c count o f t h is c i rcle g ives n o d etails , b ut a c rude i l lustration s u ggests i t i s a r ing ca irn o r b a rrow k e rb , w ith 2 r ings o f s ma ll , a lmost-contiguous s t ones , T h is a u thor r e fers t o o the r k e rbs a nd s im ilar f eatures a s s tone c i rcles a nd h en ce t h is s ite s hou ld b e t r eated w ith s usp icion , 1 : S m ith 1 8 95 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A yrsh ire 2 ) 4 : d C LACHAN E R ISCO N G 4 5 1480 W estern I s les-Skye T h is s ite c omprises 4 o r thostats i n a ' v ery f lat c u rve ', T here a re 3 o ther r e cumbent s t ones n ea rby , o ne a t l e ast o f w h ich h as b een m oved , T he s ite w as s uggested a s ap ossib le s t one c i rcle b ut i s a lmost c e rta in ly a s tone r ow , 1 : R C AHM 1 9 28 ( 6 36) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( S kye 1 ) 4 : e C LACHTOLL N C 0 3742787 H ighland ( S utherland) T h is s ite w as d escribed b y W e lsh a s ap ossib le i n complete s tone c i rcle w ith 4 u p right b o u lders s tand ing 1 , 0m h igh t ogether w i th 4 o thers , a l l i n ac l2m r ing , w ith a l a rge 2 m h i gh b oulder a t t h e c entre , I t i s af o rtu itous n atu ral a rrangement , 1 : W e lsh 1 9 7 1 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( S utherland 4 ) 3 : R CAHM I n dex 1 9 74 4 : f D ERVAIG N M 4 39520 S t rath clyde ( A rgyll)-Mu ll T h is s ite h as b e en m ista ken ly s uggested t o b e as tone c i rcle , I t i s as tone r o w , 1 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( M u ll 2 ) 2 : R CAHM 1 9 80 ( 1 0 1,2) 4 : g D RUM IOOON N R 8 9 1288 S t rath clyde-A rran T h is s ite w as e xam ined i n 1 9 0 1 b y B ry ce w ho r e corded a d isturbed c i st w ith l o w u p rights t o t h e w est a nd n o rth , T he c i st w as o pened b ut n o f i nds w ere m ade , I t w as d escribed i n 1 8 45 a s ac i st i n w h ich a n u rn a nd a shes w e re f ound , w ith ' s evera l v e rtica l s tones ' s tand ing r o und t he c i st , w h ich h as l e d t o t h e s uggestion o f as tone c i rcle ; t he s ite i s ad enuded c a irn d e limited b y ak e rb , 1 : B r yce 1 9 10 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A rran 3 ) 3 : M c L ennan 1 9 77 4 : h I N VERARNON N 3 16 185 T ayside ( P erthsh ire ) T h is s ite w as d e scribed b y L a caille a s ac o ncentric s tone c i rcle o f b ou lders s u rrounding a c e ntra l m ound , H owever , i t w as n oted t h at t he g round i s i r regu lar a nd m a rshy , e x cept o n t h e c entral m ound w here t h ere w e re b u ild ing f oundations , T h is , c ombined w ith t h e p ub lished p l an a nd n ote o f s ome o f t h e s tones b e ing d isp la ced a nd s un k, s uggests t h e s i te i s d u b ious , p e rhaps b est i n te rpreted a s af o rtuitous a r rangement o f b ou lde rs r ound a b u ild ing p l at form , 1 : L a caille 1 9 28-9 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 2 8 ) 4 : i L O CH A B HLEOGHAN N M 0 227455 1 S t rath clyde ( A rgy ll)-Tiree T h is s ite w as d es cribed a s a s tone c i rcle , b ut h as b een r e interpreted a s a c i rcu lar e n closure a sso ciated w ith n earby d i lap idated f i eld w a lls o f s im ilar c onstruction , 1 : B e veridge 1 9 03 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( T iree 1 ) 3 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( C T6 , G ott) 4 : j L O CH A ' C HAPU IL N M 0 2404565 S t rathclyde ( A rgyll)-Tiree T h is s ite w as d e scribed a s a s tone c i rcle , b ut h as b een r e interpreted a s a c i rcular e n closure , a ssociated w i th n earby d i lapidated f i eld w a lls o f s im ila r c onstru ction , 1 : B e veridge 1 9 03 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( T iree 2 ) 3 : R ugg les 1 9 84 ( C T6 , G ott)

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4 : k L OCHALSH N G 8 3 1274 H igh land ( R oss) T he o n ly a c count n otes a p rev ious ly d estroyed ' s tone c i rcle ', M ore d ata w ou ld b e r e qu ired b e fore i n clud ing i t i n t he c o rpus , a s t h e O rdnan ce S u rvey r e corded a v a riety o f s ites a s ' s tone c i rcles ', 1 : O S E d in N G 8 2 N W5 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( R oss 2 ) L OSSIT B URN N R 2 02560 S t rath clyde ( A rgy ll)-Islay T h is r u ined s ite h as b een s uggested t o b e a n e mban ked s tone c i rcle , b ut i t i s l i kely t o b e d omestic s t ructure a ssociated w ith a c r o ft , 1 : D iscovery a nd E x cavation 1 9 6 1, 1 9 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( I slay 3 ) 3 : R uggles 1 9 84 ( I S 3 0 ) 4 :m M AOL M OR N M 4 3553 1 S t rath clyde ( A rgy ll)-Mull T h is s ite h a s b een m istakenly s uggested t o b e as tone c i rcle , I t i s as tone r ow , 1 : B url 1 9 76 ( M ull 4 ) 2 : R CAHM 1 9 80 ( 1 0 1,1) 4 :n S T C OLMAC 'S N S 0 4 ,66 , S t rath clyde-Bute T he o n ly b r ie f n ote o f t h is s ite i s t o o o bscure t o i n clude i t i n t h e c o rpu s w ithout f u rther d ata , T he r e feren ce m ay a pp ly t o t h e n ea rby E ttrick B ay s tone c i rcle r a ther t han a f u rther s i te , 1 : M a rshall ( n o d ate) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( B ute 3 ) 4 :0 S CALASA IG N R 3 88943 S t rath clyde ( A rgy ll)-Colonsay T h is s ite w as s uggested t o b e as tone c i rcle , b ut h as b een r e interpreted a s a n u nusua l c a irn , 1 : M a cleod 1 9 70 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C o lonsay 1 ) 3 : R CAHM I n dex 4 :p S CALASA IG - S OUTH N R 3 86937 S t rath clyde ( A rgy ll)-Co lonsay T h is s ite w a s s uggested t o b e t h e r e ma ins o f as tone c i rcle , A l l t hat e x ists i s o ne p ossible s t and ing s tone a nd a p rostrate b lo ck, a nd t h us t h e i n terpretation i s e x treme ly t e nuous a s o ther e xplanations a re e qually o r m o re v iab le , 1 : M a cleod 1 9 70 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( C olonsay 2 ) 3 : R CAHM , I n dex Z ONE 5 ;

M ORAY F IRTH

5 :a A CHDREGN IE - S ITE A N J 2 4 ,24 , G ramp ian ( B an ff) T h is s ite i s l o cated w ith in S tanding S tones F ie ld , A l l t h at r emains a re 2 l o w o r thostats , s tand ing 0 ,40 a nd 0 ,85m h igh , s et 1 , 8m a part , I t h as b een s uggested t h ese a re t h e r emnants o f a n i n ternal s e tting o f aC lava C a irn , A lternatively t h ey c ou ld b e ar u ined F o u r P oster o r at wo-stone s etting , 1 : C o les 1 9 06-7 ( 2 ) 5 :b A CHDREGN IE - S ITE B N J 2 4 ,24 , G rampian ( B an ff) T h is s ite h as b een d estroyed ; t h e O rdnan ce S u rvey r e corded 5 s tones , 4a t t h e c o rners o f a n o b long a nd t he f i fth a t t h e c e ntre , I t i s n ot c l ear w hat t h e o r ig ina l n atu re o f t h is s i te w as , i t i s r e jected a s r e corded i n t o o r u ined a s tate t o i n terpret , 1 : C o les 1 9 06-7 ( 2 ) 5 : c A CHORACHAN N J 2 09278 G ramp ian ( B an ff) T h is w as n oted i n t h e 1 9 th c entury a s as ing le u p right t h at w as t he ' s upposed r e mains o f a s tone c i rcle ', I t i s o n as teep s lope a nd s eems a n u n likely s ite , 1 : C o les 1 9 06-7 ( 4 )

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5 :d A LDOUR IE N H 5 99358 H igh land ( I nverness) T h is c i rcle w as n oted a s h av ing b een r e -ere cted t o t h e w est o f i t 's o r igina l s ite i n t h e 1 9 th c entury , T he p resent s tructure c o ntains 1 8 s tones a nd i s a n o bv ious f a ke , I t i s n ot k nown w hat f o rm t h e s i te o r igina lly t o o k , i t h as b een s uggested t o b e ad ismembered C lava C a irn b ut o the r i n terp retations a re e qually v iab le , 1 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 2 6) 2 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I nv ,2 ) 5 : e-g A LTNACARD ICH N H 5 9 ,43 , H igh land ( I nverness) T h ree d espoiled m ounds w e re r e corded h e re i n t h e l a te 1 9 th c entury , T hey a ppear t o h ave c o ntained c o n centric k e rbs a nd h en ce c ould h ave b een C lava R ing cairns , H owever , t h e p oor d o cumentation a nd t h eir r u ined s tate m a kes p ositive i n terpretation u nwise , 1 : P SAS 2 0 , 1 8 85-6 , 3 501, 2 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( I nv ,4) 5 :h A UCH INTEA N J 4 1 ,64 , G rampian ( Ban ff) N o th ing r ema ins t o day , t h e O rdnan ce S u rvey m a rked i t a s ' s ite o f s tone c i rcle ', N o d eta ils a re r e corded a nd t hus i t i s o pen t o a l ternative i n terpretation , 1 : C o les 1 9 05-6 ( 1 9) 5 : i B OBLAINY - S I TE 2 N H 4 9 ,40 , H igh land ( I nverness) T h is s ite w as r e corded a s ' a c i rcle o f s tones ', e ight o f w h ich r emained i n ac l2m d iameter r i ng , T he a utho r d escribes k e rbs a nd t h e l i ke i n s im ilar t e rms w h ich m a kes i n terpretation a s as tone c i rcle t enuous , 1 : P SAS 2 0 , 1 8 85-6 , 3 501, 5 : j C ANTRAYBRU ICH - S ITE B N H 78459 H igh land ( Inverness) I n t h e 1 9 th c e ntury , a ' s tone c i rcle ', s pe cu lated a s b e ing s im ilar t o C antraybru ich A , w a s s a id t o h ave s tood i n t h e a d join ing f i eld b ut t o h ave b een d estroyed m any y ears b e fo re , A s t h is a c count a p pears t o b e l i tt le m o re t h an h earsay i t i s r e je cted a s e qua lly o p en t o a lternative i n terp retation , 1 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 1 8) 2 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( s ee I n v 1 5 ) 5 : k C APPIES H ILL N J 2 8 ,62 , G ramp ian ( M oray) T h is s ite c omp rises 4 l o w u p rights , 3o f w h ich a re i n l i ne , I t w as s uggested t o b e as tone c i rcle b y C o les b u t m ay w e ll b e af o rtu itous a r rangement o f s tones , 1 : C o les 1 9 06-7 ( 1 6) 5 : 1 C HAPEL H ILL N J 0 3 ,46 , G rampian ( M oray) T h is s ite c omp rises 4 v e ry l o w s tones s urround ing a p it , t h ey m ay w e ll b e f o rtu itous a s t h e re a re m any s im ila r s tones n earby , T o t h e w est a re 2 l o w o rthostats i n al i ne , a nd a d e nuded c a irn , w h ich m ay w e ll b e g enu ine , 1 : C o les 1 9 06-7 ( 2 0 ) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( M oray 3 ) 5 : m C OWIE M UIR N J 3 7263 1 G rampian ( M oray) T h is s ite c omprises 2 l a rge r e cumbent b locks , l y ing a t t h e t e rm ina ls o f ah orseshoe s haped b a n k , w h ich h as a h e ight o f c 0 ,75m a nd m easu res c 1 7 ,0x 12 ,0m a t i t 's c rest , T he c e ntre i s d i stu rbed a nd t h e s ite m ay b e ab a rrow w h ich h as h ad i t 's i n terior r emoved , 1 : C o les 1 9 05-6 ( 2 0) 5 : n C LAVA N H 7 57444 H ighland ( I nverness) T h is s ite h as b een l i sted a s ap ossib le s tone c i rcle , I t h as b een e x cavated a nd i s ak e rbc a irn w ith a c o ntiguous k e rb , 1 : P i ggott 1 9 56 2 ; B u rl 1 9 76 ( I nverness 6 )

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5 :0 C ULLEARNIE E AST E ND N H 7 3 ,74 , H ighland ( I nverness) T h is s ite w as d e scribed i n t h e e a rly 1 9 th c entu ry a s a n i n ta ct c a irn b ounded b y ak e rb o f 1 5 p a ces d iameter ( c 11,5m ) , I t w as s u rrounded b y ad itch , t h ere w as n o o uter c i rcle , l t w as r e corded a s ' f ragmentary ' i n t h e l a te 1 9 th c entury a n d i t h as n ow b een d estroyed , I t h as b een s uggested t o h ave b een a C lava C a irn , b ut t h e e a rly d escription o f t h e s ite s uggests i t w as n o t o f t h e s ame d es ign a s o the r e xamp les o f t h is s ite t y pe a nd t h at i t m ay w e ll b e ab ronze a ge b arrow , 1 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 3 3 ) 2 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I nv 2 4 ) 5 :p C ULLODEN N H 7 16476 H igh land ( Inverness) A l l t h at r ema ins o f t h is s ite i s as ing le 1 , 70m h igh u p right , I t w as d escribed i n t h e l a te 1 9 th c entury a s a ' f ragmentary ' C lava C a irn , A t as l ight ly e a rlier d ate i t w as s a id t o h ave 2 5 s tones , a l l b ut 7 o f w h ich h ad b een d isplaced , T h is m ay b e t h e s ame s ite a s t hat d escribed i n t h e v i cin ity i n t h e e a rly 1 9 th c e ntury a s a n a venue o f 3 0 u prights s e t 0 ,30 ,6m a part , I f s o , i t s hou ld b e d iscounted a s aC lava C a irn , 1 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 3 4) 2 : H ensha ll 1 9 63 ( I nv ,25) S :q D ESKIE N J 2 0 ,30 , G ramp ian ( Ban ff) I n t h e 1 9 th c e ntury t h e O rdnance S u rvey r e corded 2 s tones , m a rking t h em a s ' s tone c i rcle , r e ma ins o f ', T hey h ave n ow b een r e moved a nd n o d eta ils a re r e corded a s t o t h e o r ig inal n a ture o f t h is s i te , w h ich i s o pen t o a lternative i n terpretation a s t h e ' c ircle ' m a y b e a n a ssumption b ased o n t he 2 s tones o n ly , 1 : C o les 1 9 06-7 ( 5 ) 5 : r E aster C lune - S ITE B N H 9 525 16 H igh land ( Na irn ) T h is r u ined c a irn h as b een s uggested t o b e s im ilar t o E a ster C lune A a nd t o b e ap o ssible C lava C a irn , I t s r u ined s tate a nd l a ck o f o rthostats m a kes p ositive i n terpretation u nwise , 1 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( N airn 3 ) 5 :s G OLFORD N H 9 6 1548 H igh land ( Na irn) T h is s i te h as b een d estroyed b ut w as r e corded b y t h e O r dnan ce S u rvey a s t h e s i te o f a ' s tone c i rcle ' w here ' s tone c o ffins ' w e re f o und , I t h as b e en s uggested t o b e aC l ava C airn b u t o ther i n te rpretations a re e qua lly v iable , 1 : F raser 1 8 83-4 ( 2 5) 2 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( N airn 4 ) 5 : t K ILTEARN N H 6 1 ,65 H igh land ( Ross a nd C r omarty) T h is s ite w as d escribed i n t h e l a te 1 8 th c e ntu ry ( i n a v ery g a rbled a c count) a s 3 c o n centric c i rcles o f s tone o n a n ' e m inence ', s u rround ing 2 o ve rlapping o va ls o f s tones e a ch o f c 4 ,0m d iameter , T he o uter c i rcle a t t h e b ase o f t h e m ound h ad a c i rcum fe ren ce o f 8 0 p a ces ( t here fore d iameter c 20m ) , O ne s tone a t t h e w e stern e nd o f t he i n ner o va ls s tood 2 , 45m h igh a nd s evera l o thers w e re b etween 1 , 2 a nd 1 , 8m l o ng , I t i s h ard t o k now h ow t o i n terpret t h is c o n fusing a c count , 1 : O SA 1 7 9 1 5 :u M E IKLEHILL W OOD N J 4 3 ,60 , G rampian ( B an ff) A l l t hat e x ists t o day i s as mall o rthostat w h ich s tands 0 ,5m h igh , T he O rdnance S urvey r e corded i t a s t h e r e mains o f a' s tone c i rcle ', H owever , i t i s u n clear i f t h ey h a d d ata t o s upport t h is , o r a ssumed i t t o b e t h e c a se , 1 : C o les 1 9 05-6 ( 1 8 )

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5 : v M ILLTOWN O F C LAVA - S O UTH N H 7 52439 H igh land ( I nverness) T h is s ite c o mp rises a s u b-rectangular e n closu re s u rrounding t h e f oundations o f ac hape l, I n co rporated i n t hese w a lls a re s eve ra l l a rge s tones w h ich h as l e d t o s peculation t hat a s t one c i rcle o n ce s tood h e re , T here i s n o d o cumentation o f t h is , 1 : J o lly 1 8 8 1-2 2 : F rase r 1 8 83-4 ( 8 ) 3 : H enshall 1 9 63 ( I nv 4 ) Z ONE 5 G RAMPIAN 6 :a A UCHLEE N O 8 93970 G rampian ( K inca rd inesh ire) T h is s ite h as r e cent ly b e en r e ported , I t c ould n o t b e f o und u pon i n dependent i n spection ; t h e a rea h as m u ch n atura l s tone , 1 : C ,Rugg les-pe rs c omm , 6 :b B ALHALGARDY N J 7 6 ,24 , G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) T h e O rdnan ce S u rvey m a rk t h is a s t h e s ite o f a' s tone c i rcle ', A l l t h at e x ists t oday i s a s i ng le o rthostat s tand ing 2 ,0m h igh , i t a ppea rs t o b e c u pma rked , I t i s n ot k nown i f t h e O rdnan ce S u rvey h ad f u rther d ata t o i n terpret t h is s ite a s a c i rcle , o r w hether t hey a s sumed a s tone c i rcle f r om t h e p resent r e mains , 1 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 2 6) 6 : c B LUE C A IRN N J 4 1 1063 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) T h is s i te c o mprises a 1 , 5m h igh c a irn w i th a d iameter o f 2 3m , I t s e dge i s d e fined b y a c o ntiguous k e rb w h ich s tands u p t o 0 ,75m h igh , T o t h e s outh-west a m u ch l a rger e p id iorite b lo ck i s i n corporated i n t h e k e rb ; t h is i s 3 ,5m l o ng , 1 , 5m w ide a nd c 1 ,0m h igh , A lthough t h is s tone m ay h ave d esign a f fin ities w ith t he r e cumbent o f aR e cumbent S tone C i rcle , t h e s i te s hould n o t b e c lassified a s as tone c i rcle , 1 : C ra ig 1 9 50 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 1 3 ) 6 :d B ROOMEND N J 6 2 ,25 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) T h e O rdnan ce S u rvey n o te t h e s ite o f a' s tone c i rcle ' w here c i sts a nd u rns w e re f o und , I n 1 9 34 i t w as n o ted t h at s eve ra l l a rge g ran ite b locks e x isted i n n earby w a lls , T here a ppea rs t o b e n o g ood p o sitive d a ta t o i n terpret t h is s ite a s as tone c i rcle , 1 : C o les 1 9 001 ( 2 0 , H u sband H i llo ck) 2 : K e iller 1 9 34 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A be rdeensh ire 1 7 ) 6 : e B URRELDALES N J 7 39396 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) T h is s i te w as d e scribed a s a ' c ircu la r s pa ce ' o f c 4 0m d iameter w h ich w as t r aversed b y 5 p a ra llel s trips o f b ro ken s tones , T he re s eems n o r e ason t o i n terpret t h is a s as tone c i rcle , 1 : C o les 1 9 02-3 ( 1 6) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 1 9 ) 6 : f C ASTLE F RAZER - E AST N J 7 15 125 G rampian ( A berdeenshire) A s ho rt d istan ce t o t h e e ast o f t h e C astle F razer s tone c i rcle a re t w o o rthostats , s t and ing 2 , 10m h igh , p la ced 1 3 ,3m a part i n a c r ude l i ne , I n t h e 1 8 50 's a l e tter b y D a lrymp le , n o tes t h at a g r oup o f s tones f o rmerly s tood h e re , T h is s uggests a m o re c omplex s e tting , s u ch a s as tone c i rcle o r s tone r o w , H owever , i t i s n ot c lear h ow m u ch t o t rust D a lrymple 's o b servation a s t h is m ay b e a ssumption r a ther t h an t r ad ition , O n ly t w o s tones h a ve e x isted h e re s ince a t l e ast 1 8 22 , 1 : L o gan 1 8 29 2 : C o les 1 9 001 ( 3 ) 3 : S lade 1 9 77-8 6 : g C HAPELDEN N J 8 4 ,63 , G ramp ian ( B an ff) I n 1 6 92 i t w as s uggested t h is p lace w as n amed f r om a n earby s tone c i rcle , H owever , n o t c l ear i f s u ch a s tone c i rcle w as v i sited , o r a l ternative ly a s sumed t o e x ist , 1 : G a rden 1 7 66 2 : C o les 1 9 05-6 ( 3 )

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i t i s

6 :h C HAPEL 0 ' S INK N J 7 06 189 G rampian ( Aberdeenshire) T his s ite c omprises a d amaged o va l k erb o f c ontiguous s tones w ith a d iameter o f c 15 ,0m , I t h as b een s uggested t o b e t he v estige o f a r ing ca irn t hat o nce w as s urrounded b y a R ecumbent S tone C ircle , H owever , t here i s n o p ositive s upport f o r t h is s uggestion a nd f u rther d ata a re n eeded b efore t he s ite i s c ategorized a s s u ch , 1 : R itchie 1 9 1617 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 2 6) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( 8 1/16) 6 :i C ORRIE C AIRN N J 52205 G rampian ( Aberdeenshire) T he 1 9 th c entu ry a ccount o f t h is s ite i s d ifficult t o a ssess i n d etail i n t he a bsen ce o f a c ontemporary p lan , T he m a in f eature w as a c a irn o f 1 6 ,0m d iameter , r etained b y a n e xternal k erb , T h is m ound r eached a c rest a s ar a ised r idge a t c l lm d iameter a nd t he c entra l a rea w as d ished , I t i s n ot c lear i f t he c entre , w hich c ontained b urnt m aterial, m any w hite q uartz f ragments , a nd s mall ' u rn ' s herds , h ad p revious ly b een d isturbed o r w as t he i n terior o f ar ing ca irn , T he l a ck o f am ention o f a n i n ternal k erb m ay a rgue a gainst t he l a tter i n terpretation , U nder t he o uter p art o f t he c airn 8 c ists w ere f ound , a nd f inds i n cluded c remations , u nburnt b ones , a nd s herds o f a t l e ast 5 'urns ', T he a c count a lso m entions 2 d isplaced o rthostats , O ne t o t he w est w as a pparently 3 ,35m h igh b ut h ad b een o verthrown a nd m oved t o ad yke p rior t o S tuart 's t ime , T he o ther s maller p illar s tood t o t he e ast ' s lightly o utside t he c a irn ' a nd h ad b een u t ilised a s a g atepost , T hese t wo s tones c ou ld s uggest t he s ite i s a R ecumbent S tone C i rcle , H owever , i t i s u n clear i f r e liable a c counts o f t he o riginal p lacings o f t hese s tones w ere a vailable t o S tua rt , a nd h ence w hether a ssumptions a s t o t heir r e lationship t o t he c a irn h ave b een m ade , 1 : S tuart 1 8 66-8 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 3 1) 6 : j C ORSHALLOCH N J 4 184 19 G rampian ( Aberdeensh ire) T he O rdnance S urvey m ark t h is a s t he ' s ite o f as tone c i rcle ', t here i s n ow n o t r ace a nd h ence t he c haracter o f t h is s ite c annot b e a ssessed , 1 : C oles 1 9 05-6 ( n o ,13) 6 :k C ORTES N K 0,58 , G ramp ian ( Aberdeensh ire) T his s ite w as d escribed i n t he e arly 1 9 th c entury a s a ' d ruid t emple ' a t C ortes F a rm ,

I t

i s p robably t he s ame s ite a s t hat d escribed b y C oles a t C o rtie B rae ( s ee 6 : 120), 1 : N SA 1 2 , 2 93 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Aberdeenshire 3 4) 6 :1 C OTBANK O F B ARRAS N O 8 2779 1 G rampian ( K incardineshire) T his s ite i s d i fficult t o i n terpret b ecause o f i t s r u ined s tate , A t t he c entre i s al ow c a irn , s urrounding t h is a re s everal s mall s tones , w hich e ither f o rm a r u ined k erb a nd v estiges o f o ther s ettings b eyond , o r a lternatively a re f o rtuitous b oulders , 1 : C oles 1 9 02-38 ( p age 1 98) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( K incardineshire 5 ) 6 :m D RUMMY N J 4 6 ,03 , G rampian ( Aberdeensh ire) T his s ite w as n oted i n t he m id 1 9 th c entury , w hen i t w as d escribed a s ' a v ery s mall c i rcle o f u pright s tones , a nd i t a ppears t hese w ere a lso f r equent i n t he d istrict ', I t i s d ifficult t o k now f rom t h is i f w hat i s b eing d escribed w as a s mall s tone c i rcle o r a lternatively t he k erb o f ac a irn , 1 : P SAS 1 , 1 8 5 1-4 , 2 601, 6 :n D UNNOTAR N O 8 36833 G rampian ( K incardineshire) T he O rdnance S urvey r e cord a d estroyed ' s tone c ircle ' h e re , b ut n o d etails a re k nown a nd h ence t he c haracter o f t h is s ite c annot b e a ssessed , 1 : B url 1 9 76 ( K incardineshire 7 )

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6 : o E ASTER P ITFORTHIE N O 6 196 14 G rampian ( A ngus) T h e O rdnan ce S u rvey r e co rd a d estroyed ' s tone c i rcle ' h e re , b ut n o d etails a re k nown a nd h e nce t h e c h ara cter o f t h is s i te c annot b e a ssessed , 1 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A ngus 7 ) 6 : p E A ST M ULLOCH N O 7 34924 G ramp ian ( K incard inesh ire) T h is s ite w as d e scribed i n t h e l a te 1 9 th c entury a s h av ing 2 s ma ll i n -situ s tones w ithin a l m r i ng o f b r o ken f r agments o f ar e cently d estroyed f eature , B y t h e e a rly 2 0 th c e ntu ry a l l t r a ces h ad g one , A lthough t h e s ite m ay h ave b een a s tone c i rcle , t h e k erb o f ac a irn i s a n e qua lly p lausible i n terpretation , 1 : S m ith 1 8 79-80 2 : R i tchie 1 8 1819 6 : q E O INTORE H OUSE N J 4 30465 G rampian T h e O rdnan ce S u rvey m a rked t h is a s t h e s ite o f a ' s tone c i rcle ', A l l s u b-circula r b an k w h ich i s l o w a nd i l l-de fined , T h is m ay h ave b een a n t o aR e cumbent S tone C i rcle , H owever , o ther i n terpretations a re e qually 1 : C o les 1 9 05-6 ( 1 4)

( B an ff) t h at s u rv ives i s a i n terna l r i ngca irn v iable ,

6 : r F ORV IE N K 0 1 1260 G ramp ian ( A berdeensh ire) I t h a s b een s uggested t h at t h e re i s as tone c i rcle h e re , T here a re a t l e ast 7 s ites i n t h is c o mplex , s everal o f w h ich h ave b een e x cavated , T hat s u rveyed b y T hom ( s ite B ) i s a r i ng ca irn r a ther t h an a t r ue s tone c i rcle , As e cond s ite h as b een s uggested t o b e ar u ined R e cumbent S tone C i rcle ( B u rl 1 9 80-site A ) , b ut a ppears t o b e as imple r i ng ca irn ( K irk-site 0 ) , B e tween t h e t w o i s as ma ller r i ng cairn w ith a n i n terna l d iameter o f c 3 ,5m ( K irk-site A ; B u rl 1 9 80-s ite C ) , I t h a s 4v e ry s ma ll o rthostats , s et i n a0 ,9m s quare , b u ried b e low a c e ntral c a irn , T h is d iminutive s e tting m ay h ave h ad i t s d esign i n fluenced b y F ou r P o sters , 1 : K i rk 1 9 53 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeensh ire 4 9) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 8 1/27) 6 : s G AVENIE B RAES N J 6 8 ,62 , G rampian ( B an ff) T h is s ite w a s s u ggested t o b e as tone c i rcle , T wo o r thostats s tand c l ose t ogethe r , s et a t r i ght a ng les t o e a ch o ther , a nd a re 2 ,00 a nd 1 , 45m t a ll, T h is a r rangement i s n ot p a ra lleled a t s tone c i rcles i n t h e r e g ion a nd i s o f u n known i n terpretation , T h ree f u rther s t ones l i e c l ose-by i n al i ne , b ut a ppear t o h ave b een m oved t o f a cilitate p lough ing , 1 : C o les 1 9 05-6 ( 3 ) 6 : t G LASSEL H OUSE N O 6 55993 G ramp ian ( K in cardinesh ire) T h is s i te w a s s u ggested t o b e a s tone c i rcle b y C o les , H owever , i t c omprises 2 s ma ll o r thostats s e t i n as t ra ight l i ne a nd a ppears t o b e at w o-stone s etting r a ther t h an a s t one c i rcle , 1 : C o les 1 9 04-5a 6 :u H ILLHEAD , F O RGUE N J 6 4 ,37 , G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) T h e O rdnan ce S u rvey r e cord t h is a s t h e s i te o f a' s tone c i rcle ', H owever , n o d e ta ils a re k n own h en ce t h e c h aracter o f t h is s i te c a nnot b e a ssessed , 1 : C o les 1 9 02-3 ( 1 9) 6 : v K INELLAR K IRKYARO N J 8 27 125 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) T h is s i te i s n o ted b y t h e O rdnan ce S u rvey a s t h e r e mains o f a ' s tone c i rcle ', A l l t h at s u rv ived i n t h e e a rly 2 0 th c e ntu ry w e re t w o r e cumbent w h instone s labs b u ilt i n to t h e b ase o f t h e c h u rchya rd w a ll, E a ch i s o ver 2 ,75m , l o ng a nd t h ey a re 4 ,0m a part , I t i s n o t c l ear i f t h e O rdnan ce S u rvey b a sed t h e ir i n terpretation o n t h ese t wo s tones a lone , o r w hether f u rthe r s tones o n ce e x isted , 1 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 1 6)

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6 :w K NOCKOLLOCHIE N J 7 1 ,25 , G rampian ( Aberdeenshire) T he O rdnan ce S u rvey n ote t he s ite o f a ' s tone c ircle ' h e re , N o d etails a re a vailab le a nd h ence t he c haracter o f t h is s ite c annot b e a ssessed , 1 : C oles 1 9 001 ( 1 7A) 6 :x L ANG S TANE 0 ' C RAIGEARN N J 7 23 149 G rampian ( Aberdeenshire) T his s tone w as s aid t o b e t he l a st s urv ivor o f as tone c i rcle , b ut t h is m ay w e ll h ave b een s upposition , I t i s ag ranite o rthostat w hich s tands 3 ,50m h igh , 1 : C oles 1 9 001 ( 2 ) 6 :y L OGIE N EWTON - C ENTRAL N J 6 57392 G rampian ( Aberdeenshire) T h is s mall s ite h as a d iameter o f 7 ,0m a nd c omprises a d amaged , n ear c ontiguous r ing o f q uartz b ou lders ,

T he i n terior

i s r a ised a nd t he s ite i s b est i n terpreted a s ak erb-cairn

r a ther t han a s tone c ircle , 1 : C oles 1 9 02-3 ( 13) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 7 2b) 6 :z L OGIE N EWTON - E AST N J 6 57392 G rampian ( Aberdeenshire) T h is r ing l i es a s hort d istance t o t he e ast o f t he l a st a nd i s s imilar, I t h as a d iameter o f 5 ,5m , t h e k erb i s m ore i n tact ( except t o t he n orth) a nd t he s tones a re c ontiguous , T he m a jority a re o f q uartz a nd s tand u p t o 1 ,2m h igh , T h is a ga in i s b est i n terpreted a s a k erb-cairn , 1 : C oles 1 9 02-3 ( 1 3)

2 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 7 2 c)

6 :aa L OGIE N EWTON - N W N J 6 57392 G rampian ( Aberdeenshire) T h is s mall r ing l ies a s hort d istance t o t he n orth-west o f t he c entra l s ite , T he s tones f o rm a d amaged k erb o f 6 ,5m d iameter w hich d e fine t he e dge o f ac a irn , i n terpreted a s ak erb-cairn , 1 : C oles 1 9 02-3 ( 13) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 7 2a)

I t a gain s hou ld b e

6 :bb M AINS O F A UCHENBADIE N J 6 90587 G rampian ( Ban ff) T he O rdnan ce S urvey m ark t h is a s t he s ite o f a ' s tone c i rcle ' w here ' b ronze a rmour' f ound ; t h is w as a pparently a b ronze a rmlet , t h is s ite c annot b e a ssessed , 1 : C oles 1 9 05-6 ( 2 ) 6 : cc M ARNOCH C HURCH

w as

N o d etails a re k nown h ence t he c ha racter o f

N J 5 96502

G rampian ( Banff)

T he O rdnance S urvey m ark t h is a s t he r emains o f a ' s tone c i rcle ', A ll t hat e xisted b y t he e arly 2 0th c entury w as a 2 ,55m h igh w hinstone o rthostat , s tanding w ithin t he s ub-circular c hurchyard w a ll , 4 1m t o t he e ast , o n t he o ther s ide o f t he c hurch i n a n a d jacent f ield , w as a 1 , 40m h igh p illar w hich h as b een s uggested t o h ave b een m oved a nd e rected a s a r ubbing p ost ;

i t i s k nown a s S t M arnan 's C hair,

I t i s u n clear i f t he O rdnan ce S u rvey e ver

s aw m ore t han i s p resent t oday a nd h ence i f t here w as e ver a s tone c i rcle h ere , 1 : C oles 1 9 05-6 ( 8 ) 6 :dd M ELGUM - N W N J 4 72052 G rampian ( Aberdeenshire) T he O rdnan ce S urvey m ark t h is a s a ' s tone c ircle ' al i ttle t o t he w est o f M elgum C entral, I t i s a ppa rently a n e mbanked s ite o f 2 8 ,0m d iameter, b ut t h ere a ppears t o b e n o o rthostats , I t m ay b e as imple r ingcairn r ather t han a s tone c ircle , 1 : S impson 1 9 26-7 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 7 5a) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( B2/8)

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6 :ee M ELGUM - S E

N J 4 72052

G rampian ( Aberdeenshire)

As hort d istan ce t o t he s outh-east o f M e lgum C entral a re 1 -2 s ma ll o rthostats o n m uch d isturbed g round , T he O rdnance S urvey m ark i t a s a s tone c ircle a nd i t h as a lso b een s uggested t o b e a n e mbanked s ite , l t m ay b e ar u ined r ingcairn r ather t han a s tone c ircle , 1 : S impson 1 926-7 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Aberdeenshire 7 5c) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( B2/8) 6 : ff N EWTON O F M ONTBLAIRY G rampian ( Banff) I n 1 886 A nderson n oted t here w as a l a rge c ircle o f s tones a t N ewton o f M ontblairy , o f w h ich a ll b ut o ne h ad b een r emoved , H e e rroneously r e corded t hat M r M orrison o f B ognie d ug h e re a nd f ound a ' l arge u rn ' ( food v essel) f i lled w ith b urnt b ones , A m ore d etailed e a rlier a ccount o f M orrison 's e xcavations i ndicates t hese w ere a t Y onder B ogie n ot N ewton , T here i s n o s ign o f as tone c ircle a t N ewton a nd t he w hole a ccount a s i t a pplies t o t h is s hould b e t reated w ith c aution , 1 : S tuart 1 8 67 2 : A nderson 1 8 86 4 : B url 1 9 76 ( B an ff 8 )

3 : C oles 1 905-6 ( page 1 67)

6 :gg O VER T OCHERFORD N J 6 9 ,32 , G rampian ( Aberdeensh ire) T he O rdnance S urvey r e cord t h is a s t he s ite o f a ' s tone c i rcle ', A ll t hat s urvives i s a s l ightly s tony m ound , A s n o d etails a re k nown t he c haracter o f t h is s ite c annot b e a ssessed , 1 : C oles 1 90 1-2 ( 70) 6 :hh R APPLABURN N J 7 26405 G rampian ( Aberdeensh ire) T h is s ite w as n oted b y t he O rdnance S urvey a s a ' s tone c ircle ', A ll t hat r emained w hen v isited b y C oles w as a p i le o f 5w hinstones , o ne w as 2 ,45m l ong , b ut t he o thers w ere m u ch s maller, I t i s n ot k nown w hat t he o riginal c haracter o f t he s ite w as , 1 : C oles 1 902-3 ( 18) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Aberdeenshire 9 1) 6 : ii S ANDEND B AY - S ITE A N J 5 80658 G rampian ( Banff) T h is s ite w as d escribed i n t he 1 8 th c entury a s a' c ircle o f s tones ' w hich s tood c 4 ,3m h igh i n ac l8m r ing , A' s tone c o ffin ' a nd a n a ntler t ine w ere f ound , Aw indmill h ad b een b uilt o n t he s ite , T his e arly a ccount m ay w ell b e d escribing a l a rge , h igh c airn r ather t han a s tone c ircle , 1 : C oles 1 905-6 ( 3 )

2 : B url 1 976 ( B an ff 1 2a)

6 : jj S ANDEND B AY - S ITE B N J 5 60658 G rampian ( Ban ff) T h is s ite w as n oted a s a nother c i rcle a h undred p aces f rom S andend B ay A , I t m ay a lso h ave b een a b arrow r a ther t han a s tone c ircle , 1 : C oles 1 905-6 ( 3 ) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Banff 1 2b) 6 : kk S HIELBURN N J 6 75463 G rampian ( Aberdeenshire) A l l t hat r emains o f t h is s ite i s ab ulky , w hinstone o rthostat w hich l eans t o t he s ide a nd i s 1 ,25m h igh , T he O rdnance S urvey m ap o f 1 867 s hows 2 s tones l e ss t han 1 5m a part w h ich s uggests t h is c ould o nce h ave b een a s tone c i rcle , H owever , o ther i n terpretations a re e qually v iable , 1 : C oles 1 902-3 ( 2 8)

2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Aberdeenshire 9 6)

6 : 11 S KELMUIR H ILL N J 9 824 17 G rampian ( Aberdeenshire) T h is s ite c omprises 2 s ettings o f s tones , T o t he s outh-east t here a re 2 g ran ite o rthostats , t he t a llest s tands 1 ,35m h igh w hile t he o ther , w hich i s 1 ,05m h igh , l eans a gainst i t , c l‚ 7 m h igh , w e re

A bout 1 80m t o t he n orth-west i s a l eaning o rthostat w hich o riginally s tood C o les n otes a t radition t hat o riginally t he s tones s tood i n a t r iangle a nd

p robably

t he

r emains

o f

a c i rcle ,

b ut

t hese

-4 87 -

w ere

r emoved a nd

t hat

t he

2 f a rmers

i n volved h en ce h ad i l lfortune ( a nd t h us p resumably r ebu ilt t h e s etting ) , A s s ome i f n o t a l l o f t h ese s tones m ay n o t b e s ited i n t heir o r iginal l o cations i t i s i m possible t o c l assify t h is s ite , 1 : C o les 1 9 03-4 ( 4 ) 6 :mm S TANDING S TONES O F D URRIS N O 7 4 ,93 G rampian ( K incardinesh ire ) T h is s etting s tood o n S tand ing S tones F a rm a nd w as d estroyed i n t h e m id 1 9 th c e ntu ry , I n t h e e arly 2 0th c e ntury a h eap o f s evera l s tones c overed b y f i e ld c learance w as i d en tified , A s n o r e cord o f t h is s ite i n i n ta ctform e xists i t c annot b e p osit ive ly i d entified a s a s tone c i rcle , a l though t h is i s c e rtain ly o ne p ossibility , 1 : S mith 1 8 79-80 2 : R itch ie 1 9 1819 6 :nn S TONEHILL N J 6 3 ,39 , G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) T he O rdnan ce S u rvey r e cord t h is a s t h e s ite o f a' s tone c i rcle ', H owever , n o d e ta ils a r e k nown h ence t h e c h aracter o f t h is s i te c annot b e a ssessed , 1 : C o les 1 9 02-3 ( 2 0) 6 :oo T OMBEG N J 6 77 143 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) T here i s a l o cal t r adition t h at t h is 1 , 35m h igh o rthostat i s t h e r emnant o f as tone c i rcle , n o o ther i n formation i s r e corded a nd h en ce t h e c h a ra cter o f t h is s ite c a nnot b e a ssessed , 1 : R itchie 1 9 1617 6 :pp W HEEDLEMONT N J 4 82262 G rampian ( A berdeensh ire) T wo s tones a re s et 2 6 ,5m a part a nd a l igned t o e a ch o ther , w h ich s uggests t hey f o rm p a rt o f as tone r ow r a ther t han a c i rcle , T he l a tter i s a rgued a ga inst a s r a d ially-set s t ones a r e n ot f ound i n s tone c i rcles o f t h e r e g ion , T hat t o t h e n o rth-east s tands 2 ,60m h i gh w h ile t h e o ther h as v i rtually f a llen , 1 : C o les 1 9 0 1-2 ( 5 5) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A berdeenshire 1 4) Z ONE 7 :

T AYSIDE

7 : a B LACKFAULDS - S ITE B N O 1 4 53 17 T ayside ( P erthshire ) T h is s ite a pparently s tood t o t h e s outh o f t he B lackfau lds A r i ng , I t w as d escribed i n t h e l a te 1 9 th c e ntury a s c omp rising 2 r e cumbent s tones w i th a t h ird s ome d istance t o t h e w est , t o t he s outh w a s as ma ll c u pmarked s tone , T hese s tones h ave n ow b een r emoved , l t w a s n eve r r e corded i n b etter c ondition a nd h en ce a ny p ositive i n terpretation i s i m possible , 1 : P SAS 2 4 , 1 8 901, 23 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 6 b ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( P 2/9) 7 :b H ILL O F K IRRIEMUIR N D 3 92546 T ayside ( P erthshire ) T he re i s a2 , 7m h igh o rthostat , w ith a s mall u p right b ou lder a t t h e j u n ction o f 2w a lls a s hort d istan ce t o t h e e ast , T here w as o n ce a f u rther r e cumbent s tone n earby , N o t e nough r e mains t o m a ke a ny p ositive i n terpretation o f t h is s ite , 1 ; C outts 1 9 70 2 ; S herriff 1 9 8 1 7 : c M ONEYDIE N O 0 59288 T ayside ( P erthshire ) T h is s ite h as b een s uggested t o b e as tone c i rcle , W hen v i sited i n 1 9 11 t h ere w as o n ly o ne l o w o rthostat , t ogether w ith s evera l v i rtua lly b uried s tones n earby , N ot e nough s u rvives o f t h is s ite f o r a p ositive i n terpretation ; t h e r e cumbent s tones m ay w e ll b e n a tura l b ou lders d istu rbed b y t r ee p lanting , 1 : C o les 1 9 101 ( 3 8) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthshire 3)

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7 : d M ONZIE N 82243 T ayside ( P erthsh ire) T h is s ite h as b een e x cavated a nd i s ak e rb-cairn r a ther t h an a t rue s tone c i rcle , 1 : C o les 1 9 101 ( 2 9) 2 : M i tchell a nd Y oung 1 9 39 3 : S tewart 1 9 66 4 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthshire 3 4 ) 7 ; e M UTHILL N 8 24 159 T ayside ( P erthshire) T h is s ite w as n o ted b y t h e O rdnan ce S u rvey a s a' s tone c i rcle ', b ut a ppears t o b e al i near s e tting o f 2o rthostats , w i th t w o b ou lders b etween t h em c l eared f rom t he f ield , 1 : C o les 1 9 101 ( 1 9) 2 : R uggles a nd W h ittle 1 9 8 1 7 : f P ITSUNORY N O 0 56345 T ayside ( P erthsh ire) T h is s ite h ad o n ly o ne s u rviving o rthostat w hen v i sited b y C o les , T he f a rmer r e membered a c i rcle o f s tones s u rrounding i t , s ome o f w h ich h e b u ried a nd o thers w ere r emoved , C o les c o n jectured a d iameter o f c l 2m b e cause o f p atches o f u neven g round w here s tones m ay h ave b e en b u ried , I t i s u n clea r i f t h is w a s at r ue s tone c i rcle o r ak erb s et r ound a c entra l s t one , 1 ; C o les 1 9 07-8 ( 3 6) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthshire 3 8 ) 7 ; g S ANDY R OAD - E AST N O 1 5 6273 T ayside ( P erthshire) T h is s ite , as hort d istan ce t o t h e e ast o f t he S andy R oad c i rcle , h as b een s uggested t o b e ab ad ly d istu rbed s tone c i rcle , I n 1 9 66 i t c omprised 3 r e cumbent s tones i n aw estern a r c, I t m ay b e s ign ificant t h at i t w as n ot n oted b y C o les , I n t h e 1 9 1418 w ar t h e w ho le a rea w a s r e p lanted w i th t r ees a f ter t h e s u rface h ad b een l e ve lled , S tones w ent m issing f rom t h e w e stern c i rcle a t t h is t i me a nd t h e 3 r e cumbent s tones t o t he e ast n oted i n 1 9 66 a re c a ndidates , A l ternative ly t h ey m ay h ave b een b rought t o t h e s urface d uring r e planting , N ot e n ough e v iden ce e x ists t o c o n firm t h e e astern s ite w as a s tone c i rcle , 1 : C o les 1 9 08-9 ( 2 4) 2 : S tewart 1 9 66 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthshire 4 0b) 7 : h S H IAN N 8 44408 T ayside ( P erthsh ire) T h is s ite c o mp rises a 2 0 ,5m r i ng o f 2 6 l o w q ua rtz b ou lde rs , s ome o f w h ich a re v i rtua lly c o ntiguous , I t i s o n m a rshy g round a nd s everal o ther s tones a re e ither b uried o r r emoved , T h is r i ng i s m o re l i kely t o b e s ome f o rm o f k erb r a ther t h an a t r ue s tone c i rcle , 1 ; C ash 1 9 1011 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 4 1 ) 7 : i T OM N A C HESSAIG N 70220 T ayside ( P erthsh ire) W h en v isited i n 1 9 11 t h is s ite c omprised a ' r ather c i rcular h i llo ck', a l o ca l r e membered s everal l a rge s tones f o rm ing ' a r udely c i rcular g roup ' w h ich h ad b een r emoved , T here i s n o t e nough d ata t o p ositively i n terpret t h is s ite , 1 : C o les 1 9 101 ( 7 ) 7 : j T ULLYBEAGLES - E AST N O 0 13362 T h is s ite i s ak e rb-cairn r a ther t h an a t r ue s tone c i rcle , 1 : C o les 1 9 101 ( 3 6A) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 4 6A)

T ayside ( P erthshire)

7 : k T ULLYBEAGLES - W EST N O 0 13362 T ayside ( P erthshire) T h is s ite i s p robab ly a r u ined k e rb-cairn r a ther t h an a t r ue s tone c i rcle , 1 ; C o les 1 9 101 ( 3 6A) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthsh ire 4 6B) 7 : 1 T ULLYMURDOCH N O 1 9 45 14 T ayside ( P erthsh ire) O n ly o ne o r thostat s u rvives i n ta ct , s tanding 0 ,70m h igh a m idst a w ood , F ive o ther d i sturbed s labs l i e n e arby w h ich v a ry f r om 2 , 15 t o 1 , 45m l o ng , T h is s ite c ou ld b e ar u ined s tone c i rcle b ut n o t e nough s u rvives i n ta ct f o r p ositive i n terpretation , 1 : C o les 1 9 08-9 ( 4 ) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P erthshire 4 7 )

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Z ONE 8 :

S OUTHERN S COTLAND

8 :a B ALMAE H OUSE N X 6 82450 D um fries a n d G a lloway ( K irkcudb rightsh ire) T h is s ite w as s uggested t o b e ad amaged s tone c i rcle c o mprising 4 s mall s tones a nd 6 h o llows w here s tones h ad b een r e moved , H owever , t h e s loping n ature o f t h e s ite , a n d t h e s ize o f t h e s tones , s uggests t hey a re g rounders o f a n o ld d y ke , 1 : C o les 1 8 94-5 2 : R CAHM 1 9 14 ( 2 38) 8 :b B EOCH N S ,53 ,09 , S t rath clyde ( A yrsh ire ) T h is s ite i s d i fficult t o i n terpret b e cause o f t h e p oor q ua lity o f t h e d o cumented e x cavation , l t a ppears t o b e ac a irn w ith a c ontiguous k e rb , A l l b ut o ne o f t h e p r oposed o rthostats a re l o w a nd m ay b e n oth ing m o re t han l a rge k e rbstones , T here i s n o s u ppo rt i n t h e e x cavation r e port f o r t h e s uggestion t h at i t i s a n e mban ked s tone c i rcle , 1 : M c L eod 1 9 38 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( A yrshire I ) 8 ; c B LAIRBUY N X 3 624 16 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( W igtownsh ire ) T h is s ite h as b een s uggested a s t h e p ossible r e ma ins o f a s tone c i rcle , T he re a re 2 s tanding s tones i n al i ne a nd a lthough t h ey c ou ld b e t h e r e mnants o f aF our F oster i t i s m o re l i kely t h is i s at w o-stone s etting , 1 : M u rray 1 9 8 1 8 :d B ORELANO N X 3 5258 1 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( W igtownsh ire ) T wo s tones , 1 , 45 a nd 1 , 05m i n h e ight , s tand 3 ,8m a part a t as l ightly c onvergant a n g le , s uggesting t h ey a re m embers o f as tone c i rcle , T here a re a lso a t l e ast 2 l a rge s tones i n w a lls n earby , H owever , i t c o u ld b e s uggested w ith e qual p lausibility t h is i s at w o-stone s etting o r as tone r o w , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 12 ( 1 10) 2 : M urray 1 9 8 1 8 :e C LACHANMORE N X 0 83467 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( W igtownsh ire ) T he O ld S tatistica l A c count r e fers t o ' d ruid t emples a nd p i ctish c a stles w h ich s tood h e re , I n 1 8 77 i t w as n o ted t h e v i llage t o o k t h e n ame f r om a l a rge d ru id ica l c i rcle t hat f o rme rly e x isted , i t i s u n clear i f t h is w as b ased o n t r ad ition o r s upposition , T hese r e feren ces a re s o v ague t h at t h ey s hou ld b e t r eated w i th e xtreme c aution , 1 : M u rray 1 9 8 1 8 : f T HE C L IES O F C ULNOAG N X 4 19467 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( W igtownshire ) T h is w a s c l aimed a s ac i rcle s ite o n t h e b asis o f s purious p lace-name e v iden ce , 1 : M u rray 1 9 8 1 8 :g G LENJORRIE N X 2 0658 1 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( W igtownshire ) I n t h e 1 9 th c e ntu ry a n u pright s tone , w ith 2 p rostrate b lo cks n earby , w as n oted t o l o ok l i ke t h e r e mains o f ac i rcle , H owever , o n ly t h e u p right a ppears t o b e g enuine a s t h e o n ly s tones n earby t o day a re o utcrops , h en ce i t m ay w e ll b e as o litary m enhir , 1 : M u rray 1 9 8 1 8 :h G LENQUICKAN - N W I N X 5 09582 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( K irkcudbrightsh ire) T h is w a s m a rked a s a ' s tone c i rcle ' o n O rdnan ce S u rvey m aps 2 00m N W o f t he G lenqu ickan c i rcle , I t w as s u rveyed b y T hom i n 1 9 39 b ut h ad g one b y 1 9 50 , T hom 's p lan s hows 7 s t ones , o n ly 4 s ma ll o nes l a y o n t h e a r c o f ac i rcle , t h ree o thers w e re p la ced c lose t o gether w ith in t h is , I n t h e l a te 1 9 th c entu ry C o les w as a ware o f t h e O rdnance S u rvey m aps b u t d id n ot i d entify t h e s ite a s ac i rcle , I t i s d ebatab le i f i t w a s i n a ny b etter c ond ition w hen m apped a nd s hou ld b e r egarded a s ad ubious s ite , 1 : C o les 1 8 94-5 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( K irkcudbright 8 , G lenqu ickan S outh) 3 : T hom ,Thom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( 6 4/ 12 ),

—4 90 —

8 : i G LENQUICKAN - N W2 N X 5 08583 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( K irkcudbrightsh ire) T h is i s m arked a s a ' s tone c i rcle ' o n e a rly O rdnance S u rvey m aps 2 85m N W o f t h e G l enqu ickan c i rcle , I t w a s s urveyed b y T hom i n 1 9 39 b ut h ad g one b y 1 9 50 , T he p lans s how 4 s m a ll s tones l y ing i m mediately t o e ither s ide o f ad itch i n ac rude c i rcle , I t w as n ot r e cognised a s ac i rcle b y C o les i n t h e l a te 1 9 th c entu ry a nd m ay w e ll h ave b een i n t h e s a me s tate w hen i n itially r e corded , I t s hou ld b e r e garded a s d ubious , 1 : C o les 1 8 94-5 2 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( G 4/ 12) 8 : j G LENTURK N X 4 2385758 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( W igtownsh ire) A1 , 65m h igh s t one w ith a r e cumbent s lab n earby w as s uggested t o b e ar u ined s tone c i rcle , T h ere i s n o t r ad ition o f f u rther s tones a nd h en ce t h ere i s n o s t rong c ase t hat t h is s ite w a s e ver a s tone c i rcle , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 12 ( 5 35) 2 : M u rray 1 9 8 1 8 : k H AGGSTONE M OOR N X 0 6 ,72 , S t rathclyde ( A yrsh ire) T h is s ite w as d escribed i n t h e l a te 1 9 th c entury a s as tone c i rcle c ompris ing a r ing o f b o ulders , af e w o f w h ich p rotruded t h rough t h e t u rf, I t i s l i ke ly t o b e ak erb r ather t han at r ue s tone c i rcle , 1 : S m ith 1 8 95 2 ; B u rl 1 9 76 ( A yrshire 5 ) 8 : 1 H IGH C URGH IE N X 1 2 4387 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( W igtownsh ire ) I n 1 8 54 a s choo lteacher r e corded t h at s tanding s tones d estroyed i n t h e e a rly 1 9 th c entu ry w e re c onside red t o b e as tone c i rcle , T h is r e feren ce i s t o o v ague t o a c cept t he s ite a s a s t one c i rcle , 1 : M u rray 1 9 8 1 8 : m K INGSIOE H ILL N T 6 27650 L oth ian T h is s ite h as b een i n terpreted a s a s tone c i rcle , b o ulders , t h e h ighest b e ing o n ly 0 ,4m h igh , s everal o f t h e c entre i s ab ou lde r s u rrounded b y al o w m ound o f 3 m t o b e ad enuded c a irn r a ther t han a t r ue s tone c i rcle , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 24 ( 2 40) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( E ast L oth ian 1 )

( E ast L oth ian) I t c o mprises a r ing o f 3 0 s ma ll w hich a re v i rtua lly c ontiguous , A t d iameter , T h is s ite i s m ore l i ke ly

8 : n K IRKMADR INE N X 0 80484 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( W igtownshire) C a rved s tones i n t h e c h urch a re s a id t o h ave b een t a ken f r om a ' d ru id t e mp le ' w h ich s tood u n der t he c hurch , T h is s i te c an a lmost c e rtainly b e d iscounted , 1 : M u rray 1 9 8 1 8 : 0 K IRKTON H ILL N T ,47 ,54 , B orders ( B erwicksh ire) T h e o n ly r e feren ce t o t h is s ite i s e a rly O rdnance S urvey r e cords w h ich n ote a d estroyed ' s tone c i rcle ', T he O rdnan ce S urvey f r equent ly m ade m ista ken i n terpretations i n t he 1 9 th c e ntury a nd h en ce t h is s i te s hould b e t r eated w ith c aution , 1 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( B erw ick 2 ) 8 : p L AGGANGARN N X 237 16 D um fries a nd G a lloway ( W igtownshire) S o me e arly a c counts o f t h e s ite a re m islead ing a nd h ave l e d t o t h e s ite b e ing i n terpreted a s a s tone c i rcle , W hen a l l e v iden ce i s c onsidered i t i s v e ry p robab le t hat t h e o n ly p r eh istoric f e ature w as a s hort s tone r o w o f 3s tones , 1 : W i lson 1 8 72-3 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( W igtown 3 ) 3 ; M urray 1 9 8 1

—4 91 —

8 : 1 1 L ITTLE C LANYARD N X 1 0 ,37 , D um fries a nd G a lloway ( W igtownsh ire ) I n 1 8 54 a s choo lteacher r e corded t h at s tand ing s tones d estroyed i n t h e e arly 1 9 th c entury w e re c onsidered t o b e as tone c i rcle , T h is r e feren ce i s t o o v ague t o a ccept t h e s i te a s a s tone c i rcle , 1 : M u rray 1 9 8 1 8 : r L OUPIN S TANES - S E N Y 2 58965 D um fries a n d G a lloway ( Dumfries) As tone c i rcle h as b een s uggested t o t h e s outh-east o f t h e L oupin S tanes , T he s t ones h ere a re a ll s ma ll a nd h ave n o c lea rly d iscern ib le p attern , T hey a re p robably f o rtu itously a r ranged n atural s tones , 1 : C h ristison 1 8 97 2 : H yslop a nd H yslop 1 9 12 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( 6 7/4) 8 :s L OUPIN S TANES - N W N Y 2 57966 D um fries a n d G a lloway ( Dum fries) Ar u ined s tone c i rcle h as b een s uggested l y ing i m med iate ly t o t h e n o rth-west o f t h e L oup in S tanes , 4 -5 p rostrate s tones l i e i n a r i ng w ith a d iameter o f 1 3 ,5m ; 3 o f t h ese a re v i rtua lly b u ried , H owever , m any n atural s tones a re f o und a l l r o und t he s ite a n d i t i s l i kely t h ey a re n othing m o re t han f o rtu itously a rranged s t ones , 1 : H yslop a nd H y slop 1 9 12 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( D um fries 8 , L oupin S tanes S outh E a st ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( G 7/4) 8 :t M AYSH IEL N T 6 17646 L oth ian ( E ast L othian ) T h is s ite c o mprises a s tone s etting w ith a d iameter o f 2 ,7m , S u rrounding t h ese s mall s tones i s a n e a rthen b ank a nd t h e i n terior o f t h e r ing i s 0 , 15-0 ,30m b elow t h e n a tura l l e ve l, T h is s uggests t h e s ite h as b een r o bbed a nd t h at i t i s ac a irn w ith a k e rb , r a ther t h an a t rue e mbanked s tone c i rcle , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 24 ( 2 38) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( E ast L othian 2 ) 8 :u M ILTON ISH N X 1 9 374 1 D um fries a n d G a lloway ( W igtownsh ire) T h is s ite c o mprises a d enuded 9 ,0m c a irn w ith a c i st a t t h e c entre , I n 1 8 99 a t h ird-hand a c count r e corded 4 s ma ll s tones w h ich o n ce s tood w ith in o r a d ja cent t o t he c a irn , A l though t h is c ou ld b e aF ou r P oster, t h e a c count i s s o v ague t h at i t i s b est d iscounted , 1 : M u rray 1 9 8 1, 8 :v M ULL G LEN N X 1 3 43 13 D um fries a n d G a lloway ( W igtownsh ire) T oday t he s i te c o mprises a l a rge r e cumbent b lo ck , w ith 2 0 l a rge s tones i n an e a rby w a ll, A lthough i t c o u ld b e t h e s ite o f ad emolished m onument i t s f o rm i s u n known , 1 : M u rray 1 9 8 1 8 :w N EWBRIDGE N T 1 2 3726 L o thian ( M id L othian ) T h is u nusua l s i te i s d i fficult t o i n terpret , T he m a in f e ature i s a l a rge c a irn w i th a d iameter o f 3 0m a nd h e ight o f 3 m , S u rrounding t h is a r e 3 t a ll m enh irs a t d i fferent d istan ces f r om t h e c a irn , A lthough t h ey c ou ld b e t h e v e stiges o f ac i rcle o f a b out 5m d iameter , t h e re i s n o d o cumentation o f f u rther s tones a nd i t s eems m o re s ensib le t o t r eat t h em a s i n d iv idua l o utly ing s tones i n t h e a bsence o f e x cavation t o e lu cidate t h e s i te , 1 : C o les 1 9 02-3 2 : R CAHM 1 9 29 ( 1 3 1) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( M id-Lothian 2 ) 8 :x N ITH L ODGE N S T h is e x cavated s i te i s p oorly w recked r ema ins o f ac a irn w ith 1 : M cLeod 1 9 38 2 : B u rl

5 4 ,10 , S t rathclyde ( A yrsh ire) d o cumented , b ut t h e g iven d e scription s uggests ak e rb , b u ilt o n an a tural o u tcrop , 1 9 76 ( A yrsh ire 6 )

i t i s t h e

8 :y P ENSHIEL N T 6 4 163 1 L o thian ( E ast L othian) T h is h as b een s uggested t o b e ap ossible s tone c i rcle , T h e re a re 4 l a rge p rostrate s tones , 3o f w h ich a re i n as t ra ight l i ne ; t h e o ther l i es 3 m t o t h e e ast , T here i s a lso a r o w o f

—4 92 —

l a rger b oulders i n t he i m med iate v i cinity , T he s ite i s t oo r u ined t o i n terpret , a ll m ay b e g rounders , o r a lternatively t he 3 s tones m ay b e ar u ined s tone r ow , 1 : R CAHM 1 924 ( 2 43) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( East L othian 4 ) 8 :z P ENSHIEL H ILL N T 6 32642 L othian ( E ast L othian) N ot e nough d ata i s a va ilab le t o i n terpret t h is s ite , A ll t hat s urvives a re 4 s tones , p la ced i n t he n o rthern a r c o f ar ing , t hese a re o nly 0 ,08-0 ,12m , h igh , Af i fth s tone c an b e p robed t o t h e s outh-east , B uried a t t he c entre i s a l a rge f lat s lab , T he s ize o f t he s tones s uggest t hey a re t he l a st v estiges o f ak erb r ather t han a t rue s tone c ircle , 1 : R CAHM 1 924 ( 2 4 1)

2 : B u rl 1 976 ( E ast L othian 6 )

8 :aa S PARTLETON E DGE N T 6 4 ,67 , L othian ( East L othian) S even s tones a re b arely v isible , p eeping t hrough t he p eat , i n ac l3m r ing , 2o thers c an b e p robed , T here a re t races o f a ' b ank' o n t he l ine o f t he c ircle ; t he i n terior h as b een d isturbed , A lthough t he s ite m ay b e a n e mban ked s tone c ircle , i t c ould e qually b e ar obbed c a irn , o r ar ingcairn r e tained o n t he i n ner e dge b y ak erb , 1 : R CAHM 1 924 ( 1 85)

2 : B url 1 976 ( East L othian 7 )

8 :bb T ORHOUSEK IE - N W N X 3 82566 D um fries a nd G alloway ( W igtownshire) As hort d istance t o t he n oth-west o f t he T orhousekie s tone c i rcle , t h ree p rostrate s tones o n ce e x isted t hat w ere s pe culated t o b e t he r emains o f as tone c ircle , A lthough t hey l ay o n a s hallow a r c, t hey a re l i kely t o h ave b een a r u ined s tone r ow , a s 1 9 th c entury a c counts r e fer t o t hem a s ' e rected i n al ine ', T hey h ad b een r emoved b y 1 932 , 1 : C oles 1 896-7 2 ; R CAHM 1 9 12 ( 532) 3 : B url ( W igtownshire 6 ) 4 : M urray 1 98 1 8 : cc T ORHOUSEK IE - E AST

N X 3 83565

D um fries a nd G alloway ( W igtownshire)

I m mediately t o t he e ast o f t he T orhousekie c i rcle i s s puriously b een s uggested t o b e as tone c ircle , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 12 ( 5 33 ,544) 2 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 8 :dd W RENS E GG

N X 3 6 1420

a s hort

s tone

r ow

w hich

h as

3 : M urray 1 98 1

D um fries a nd G alloway ( W igtownshire)

T h is l a rge g la cial e rratic h as 2 o rthostats n earby t o t he e ast ,

I n t he 1 9th c entury i t w as

s peculated t hey o nce f o rmed p art o f t wo l a rge c oncentric c ircles w hich s urrounded t he e r ratic, T his h as b een d isproved b y e xcavation ; t he s ite i s a n i n tact t wo-stone s etting . 1 : M asters 1 9 77 2 : M urray 1 98 1 Z ONE 9 :

C UMBRIA

9 : a B ANNISIDE T h is s ite h as

b een

i n cluded

S D 2 86968 i n a r e cent c orpus

o f

s tone

C umbria ( Lancashire) c ircles , I t i s a n e x cavated

r i ngcairn w ith a n i n terna l k erb o f c ontiguous s labs , 1 : C ollingwood 1 9 10 2 : W aterhouse 1 985 9 :b T HE B EACON S D 2 80842 C umbria ( Lancashire) T h is s ite i s n ot a s tone c i rcle b ut a r ingcairn w ith a n i n terna l k erb o f v ertically-set c o ntiguous s labs , t he t a llest b eing 0 ,6m h igh , l t h as a n i n ternal d iameter o f 2 6x27m , a nd a n e ntrance t o t he s outh-west , 1 : C owper 1 893

2 : B u rl 1 976 ( Lancashire 1 )

3 : W aterhouse 1 985

9 : c B ROOMRIGG - S ITE C N Y 5 48465 C umbria ( Cumberland) T h is s ite h as b een s uggested t o b e as tone c ircle , I t h as b een e x cavated a nd i s ar u ined c o ntiguous k erb o f s mall s tones a t t he e dge o f ad amaged c a irn , T he s ite m ay b e

-4 9 : 3 -

m u ltiphased , w i th q uadrant , 1 : H odgson 1 9 52

a s ma ller

c a irn

a lso

d e fined

b y

a k e rb

w ith in

t h e

s outh-western

2 : W aterhouse 1 9 85

9 :d B ROOMRIGG - S ITE 0 N Y 50466 C umbria ( C umberland ) T h is s ite i s d i fficu lt t o i n terpret , i t a ppears t o b e a r u ined k erb-cairn o f n ea rc ontiguous s tones , I t w as e x cavated i n 1 9 60 b ut p roved t o b e d isturbed , t h e o n ly f inds b e ing w orked f l ints a nd a f e w u ndecorated s herds , 1 : H odgson 1 9 35 2 : R i chardson a nd F ell 1 9 75 3 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 :e B ROUGHAM H ALL T h is s ite w as n o ted i n t o t h e M ayburgh h enge , a bout 1 8 m , s u rround ing r i ng w as a t r ue s tone b a rrow , 1 : P ennant 1 7 74

N Y 5 2 ,29 C umbria ( Cumberland ) t h e 1 8 th c entury a s l o cated o n t h e o ther s ide o f t h e R iver E amont I t w a s d escribed a s ac i rcle o f l a rge g r itstones w ith a d i ameter o f av a st c a irn o f r ound s tones , W h ile t h ere i s ap ossib ility t h is c i rcle , t h e p resence o f t h e l a rge c a irn s uggests i t w as a k erbed 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C umberland 7 )

3 : W aterhouse 1 9 85

9 : f C ASTLEHOWE S CAR N Y 5 87 155 C umbria ( W estmorland ) T h is s ma ll r i ng i s l i kely t o b e t h e r e mains o f ad enuded k e rb-ca irn r a ther t h an a t rue s tone c i rcle , 1 0 g ranite b ou lders s u rvive , o n ly 1 2 o f w h ich a re u p right , T hey f o rm a r ing w ith a d iamete r o f c 6 ,5m a nd a re v i rtually c ontiguous , 2g aps s uggest 3 -4 a re n ow m issing , T hese s tones w ou ld h ave s tood b etween 0 ,5m a nd 1 , 2m h igh , T h ere i s n o t race o f a n i n ternal m ound b ut t h is m ay n ever h a ve b een h igh , a nd i f m ade o f e a rth c ou ld b e t o tally d enuded , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 36 ( 9 0 ) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( W estmorland 2 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( L 2/ 11) 4 : v isited 1 9 83 5 : W a terhouse 1 9 85 9 :g T HE C OCKPIT N Y 4 83222 C umbria ( W estmorland ) T h is s ite h a s b e en i n cluded i n ar e cent c o rpus o f s tone c i rcles , I t i s ar ingca irn w ith k e rbs d e fin ing b oth e dges , T he i n ner k e rb i s c ontiguous , w i th a d iameter o f 2 6 ,0m , a nd h as s tones u p t o 1 , 0m h igh , 1 : T ay lor 1 8 85 2 : R CAHM 1 9 36 ( B arton 2 8 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B u rl 1 9 80 ( L 212 T a rnmoor) 4 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 :h D ACRE P ARISH N Y 4 93277 C umbria ( C umberland ) T h is s ite a t S ta inton B an ks w as d es cribed a s as mall ' s epu lchral c i rcle ' w ith s ome o f t h e s tones p a rtia lly b u ried , I t i s l i kely t o h ave b een a k e rb r a ther t h an a s tone c i rcle , 1 : T CWAAS 6 , 1 8 83 , 13 , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( C umberland 1 0 ) 9 : i G LASSONBY N Y 5 73393 C umbria ( C umberland ) T h is e x cavated s i te h as r e cently b een i n cluded i n ac o rpus a s as tone c i rcle , i t i s t he c ontiguous k e rb o f ab a rrow , 1 : C o llingwood 1 9 0 1 2 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 : j G RETIGATE - S I TE A N Y 0 57036 C umbria ( C umberland ) T h is s ite h as b e en p ostu lated o n t h e b asis o f ad istin ctive c u rved a r c i n a n o t herwise s t raight w a ll , I t d e fines a lmost h a lf a c i rcle a nd a ny c i rcular f e ature h ere w o u ld h ave h ad a m ax imum d iameter o f a bout 3 2m , W hen f i rst i d entified i n 1 9 6 1 i t w as n oted t h e w a ll a r c w as s tone w h ile t h e r e st o f t h e w a ll w as o f s od a nd c o bble , I n spe ction i n 1 9 83 ( J B) d id n ot c o n firm t h is , b oth w a lls a ppear t o b e o f s tone c o nstruction , t h e o n ly d i ffe rence b e ing t h e a r c h a s l e ss v egetation a n d h en ce a ppears t o b e o f m o re r e cent c onstru ction , C ontrary t o t h e 1 9 6 1 a c count t h ere a re n o v isible s igns o f l a rge b oulders i n co rpo rated w ith in t h e w a ll , B ou lde rs c l eared f r om t h e f i eld a nd p la ced w i th in t h e c hord h ave n o w b een r e moved , W h ile a c know ledg ing t h at t h e c u rved w a ll r e mains u nexplained a nd m ay w e ll h ave

—4 94 —

s u rrounded

a c i rcular

c i rcle , 1 ; S tout 1 9 6 1

f eature ,

t here

a re

n o

c lear

2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Cumberland 1 3 a)

i ndications

t h is

3 : v isited 1 983

w as

e ver

a s tone

4 : W aterhouse 1 9 85

9 : k G RASMERE N Y 3 4 ,08 , ? C umbria ( W estmorland) T h is s ite w as d escribed i n t he e arly 1 9 th c entury a s h aving s everal l a rge s tanding s tones , m any h aving b e ing d isplaced t o m a ke r oom f o r a r oad j un ction , T heir d isposition i s n ot d escribed a nd h ence i n terpretation a s as tone c i rcle i s c on jectural, 1 : H odgson 1 820 2 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 : 1 I R ON H ILL - N ORTH T h is s ite i s n ot a s tone b oulders ,

c i rcle b ut

m any o f w h ich h ave

s ite , 1 : R CAHM 1 936 ( 9 0)

b een

N Y 5 96 148 a 1 4 ,5x 11,5m

r obbed

t o b uild

C umbria ( Westmorland) c a irn w ith a c ontiguous k erb o f t he d rystone w a ll

2 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 980 ( L2/ 12 H aberwain)

w hich c rosses

l o w t he

3 : W aterhouse 1 985

9 :m I RON H ILL - S OUTH N Y 5 96 147 C umbria ( Cumberland) T h is s mall r ing i s ak erb-cairn w ith a s paced o rthostatic k erb o f 7 ,0x6 ,0m d iameter , T here a re 8 l a rge b ou lders i n t h e r ing a nd a n inth c 2 ,5m o utside t h is t o t he n orth-east , 5o f t h ese a ppear t o b e v e rtically-set b etween 0 ,6 a nd 1 ,0m h igh , w hile t he o thers a re p rostrate , T he i n terior o f t he r ing i s f i lled b y al ow m ound , A t t he c entre a re 3 b oulders f l anking a h ollow , w hich a ppear t o b e ar u ined c ist , E xcavations h ere i n t he e arly 1 9 th c entury r e covered a m ale s keleton , a ntler t ines a nd a nimal b ones , 1 : S impson 1 8 6 1 2 : R CAHM 1 9 36 ( C rosby R avensworth 5 8) 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Westmorland 6 ) 4 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( L 2/12) 5 : W aterhouse 1 985 9 :n K NIPE S CAR - S ITE A

N Y 52 188

C umbria ( Westmorland)

T h is d estroyed s ite w as n oted i n t he m id 1 9 th c entury , b ut t he g iven d escription i s s o v ague t hat i t i s u nclear i f i t w as a s ingle r ing o f s tones , o r am ore c omplex s tructure s im ilar t o t he S hapbeck c i rcle w hich w as o nly c 29m a way ( centre t o c entre), A t t he c entre w as a ' r ude p avement o f c obbles ' w ith a d eposit o f c harcoal u nder i t , I t i s h ard t o k now w hat t o m a ke o f t h is a ccount , i t m ay h ave b een a t rue s tone c i rcle , b ut e qua lly c ou ld h ave b een a k erb , 1 : S impson 1 8 63 2 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 :0 K NIPE S CAR - S ITE B

N Y 5 29 194

C umbria ( W estmorland)

T h is s ite i s m a rked o n O rdnance S urvey m aps a s a ' s tone c i rcle ', o f b locks o f l i mestone w ith a d iameter o f 1 5m , 1 : W aterhouse 1 9 85

I t i s a n e nclosure b uilt

9 :p T HE K IRK S D 2 5 1827 C umbria ( Lancashire) T oday t h is s ite h as a ll a ppearances o f ar ingcairn r etained o n i t 's i nner e dge b y ak erb o f v ertically-set s labs , t he t a llest o f w h ich d oes n ot e xceed 0 ,5m , T o t he s outh-east t h ese a re v irtually c ontiguous , T he i n ternal d iameter i s 1 9 ,5m a nd t he b ank v aries i n w idth b etween 5 a nd 8 m etres , I n t he m id 1 9 th c entury i t w as n oted t hat l a rge s tones o nce s tood ' i n ar ow u pon t he b ank' b ut t hese h ad b een r emoved ' n ot m any y ears a go ', T his c ould s uggest t hat t r ue o rthostats s tood h ere , b ut a llowing f o r e xaggeration i n t he t e lling , i t s eems m ore l i ke ly t hat i t w as k erbstones t hat w ere r emoved , T o t he n orth-east o f t he r ing s everal s mall s labs h ave b een s uggested t o b e t he r u ins o f a n a venue b ut a re m ore l i kely t o b e f o rtuitously a rranged , 1 : J opling 1 8 46 2 : C owper 1 8 93 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Lancashire 8 ) 4 : W aterhouse 1 985 ,

- 49 5-

9 :g L ACRA - S ITE C

S D 1 5 08 10

C umbria ( Cumberland)

T his s ite h as b een s uggested t o b e as tone c ircle b ut i t i s t oo r u ined t o i n terpret w ith c e rtainty , 3 p rostrate s tones l i e i n a n a lmost s t ra ight l ine , T rial e x cavations e stablished a t l east 2 o f t hese h ad s tood i n s toneholes , t he l a rgest b eing a bout 1 , 5m h igh , T here i s a f ourth r e cumbent s tone t o t he s outh-west w hich h as l e d t o a n i n terpretation o f ac ircle o f c 24m d iameter , H owever, t h is s tone w as n ot i nvestigated a nd i t s s tatus i s u ncertain a s i t l i es c lose t o a n atural o utcrop , T he s ite c ou ld b e i n terpreted w ith e qual o r g reater p lausibility a s as tone r ow , 1 : D ixon a nd F ell 1 9 48 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Cumberland 2 0) 3 : W aterhouse 1 985 9 :r L ACRA - S ITE 0 S D 1 5 18 13 C umbria ( Cumberland) T his s ite i s d i fficu lt t o i n terpret b ecause o f i t 's r u ined s tate , 1 9 th c entury p loughing , a nd t he l a rge n umber o f n atural s tones i n t he v icinity , T here a ppears t o b e ac i rcle o f 6 7s mall s tones i n a1 8x 15m r ing , w ith s paces f or s everal m ore , W ithin t he r ing i s al a rge f lat s tone , a bout 2 m l o ng , T rial e xcavations b y t he m ost n o rtherly s tone f ound a c o llared u rn i nverted i n as ha llow h ollow , N o p acking w as f ound r ound t he s tone a nd n o m ention i s m ade o f as tonehole , T here i s a n o uter a r c o f s tone t o t he s outh-east o f t he c i rcle , a nd a p ossible c i rcle o f s tones s urrounding a b oulder , w ith a d iameter o f c 5m , l y ing i m med iate ly t o t he n orthwest o f t he m ain r ing , R unning f o r s ome d istan ce t o t he n ortheast i s an a rrow ' a venue ' o f s tones a nd t o t he s outh-west a re o ther p ossible l ines o f s tones , I n t h e a bsence o f e xtensive e xcavation i t i s b est t o t reat a ll t hese f eatures w ith c aution a s m any o f t hem m ay w ell b e f o rtuitous a rrangements , 1 : D ixon a nd F ell 1 9 48 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Cumberland 2 1) 3 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 :s L ITTLE M EG N Y 5 77375 C umbria ( Cumberland ) T his s ma ll r ing o f 1 c ontiguous s tones i s ak erb-cairn w ith a d iameter o f c 4 ,5x5 ,5m , M ost o f t he s tones a re f a llen , b ut o ne s tands 1 ,3m h igh a nd 2 o thers w ould o riginally h ave b een o f s im ilar h eight , O ne s tone i s c arved w ith a s piral a nd 5 c oncentric c ircles , T here i s l i ttle t race o f a n i n ternal m ound b ut t h is a pparently e x isted i n t he l ate 1 9 th c entury , I t c overed a c upmarked c ist i n w hich a n i n terment w as f ound , I n r e cent y ears t he s ite h as b een p artially b uried u nder f ield c learance , 1 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( L 1/8) 2 : W aterhouse 1 985 9 :t M OOR D IVOCK - S ITE 3 N Y 4 972 17 C umbria ( Westmorland) T his s ite w as s uggested t o b e as mall s tone c ircle o f c 3 ,5m d iameter w hich h ad b een b ad ly d amaged , l t m ay w ell b e af o rtuitous a rrangement o f s tones , 1 : T aylor 1 8 85 2 : R CAHM 1 936 ( A skham 4 5) 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Westmorland 1 0 ) 9 :u M OOR D IVOCK - S ITE 5 N Y 4 93222 T his s ite c omprises a r u ined c airn w ith a d iameter

o f a bout

C umbria ( Westmorland) 1 4m , T hree l ow p ro je ctions

s aid t o e xtend f rom t h is , c annot n ow b e t raced , W ithin t h e m ound a re 3 o rthostats o n t h e w estern a rc o f ac i rcle o f c 6m d iameter, T hese s tand b etween 0 ,60 a nd 1 ,00m h igh a nd i t i s u n clear i f t hey a re t he r u ined r ema ins o f as tone c ircle b uried b y al a ter c a irn , o r s ome f o rm o f i n terna l k erb , T he a lready d isturbed s ite w as e x cavated i n t he m id 1 9th c entury b y S impson w ho f ound a c o llared u rn a nd c remation a t t he c entre , 1 : S impson 1 8 63 2 : T aylor 1 8 85 3 : R CAHM 1 936 ( Askham 4 5) 4 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 :v M OOR D IVOCK - S ITE 6 N Y 4 9 1227 C umbria ( Westmorland) T he o nly a c count o f t h is s ite i s T aylor 's , w ho d escribed i t a s ac 7 ,5m r ing o f b ou lders , 3 o r 4o f w hich w ere u pright , I t i s n ot a pparent t oday a nd a s m uch o f T ay lor's d escription o f M oor D ivock i s s uspect , t h is s ite s hould b e t reated w ith s uspicion , 1 : T aylor 1 8 85 2 : B url 1 976 ( Westmorland 1 2 )

-4 96 -

9 :w M OOR D IVOCK - S ITE 7 N Y 4 90226 C umbria ( Westmorland) T he o nly a ccount o f t h is s ite i s T aylor's , w ho d escribed i t a s 2c oncentric c ircles o f s ma ll s tones , T he i nner, w ith a d iameter o f c 2m , h ad 6 s tones , T he o uter, w ith a d iameter o f c 4m , h ad 5 s tones , ' s ome c onsiderably s un k' i n a n i n complete c ircle , I t i s n ot a pparent t o day a nd m ay w ell h ave b een a f o rtuitous a rrangement o f s tones , 1 : T aylor 1 885 2 : B u rl 1 976 ( W estmorland 1 3 ) 9 :x M OOR D IVOCK - S ITE 8

N Y 4 90227

C umbria ( Westmorland)

T he o nly a ccount o f t h is s ite i s T aylor 's , w ho d escribed i t a s ac 2 ,5m r ing o f 7p rominent s tones a nd 3 o thers t hat w ere b uried , T hey w ere v irtually c ontiguous a nd t h is m ay h ave b een a k erb-ca irn , A lternatively , T aylor m ay h ave m isinterpreted a f o rtuitous a rrangement o f s tones , 1 : T aylor 1 885

2 : B u rl 1 976 ( W estmorland 1 4 )

9 :y P OTTER F ELL S D 5 03988 C umbria ( Westmorland) T h is s ite c omprises 1 9 -20 l ow s tones s et i n a 2 0m r ing , I t h as b een s uggested t o b e a c o ckpit , b ut m ay a lternatively b e t he k erb o f as everely d enuded b arrow , 1 : F lint 1 960 2 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 :z S WARTH F ELL N Y 4 57 192 C umbria ( Westmorland) T h is u nusua l b ut r u ined s ite i s d ifficu lt t o i n terpret w ith c e rtainty , A ll t he s tones ( 6 5 i n t otal) a re f a llen b ut a ppear t o h ave o rig inally h ave f o rmed a r ing o f c ontiguous s lender s labs , s everal s tones d eep , b uilt a s a f o rm o f r ingcairn o r e nclosure w ith a n i n ternal d iameter o f c l6m , T here i s n o t race o f a ny b ank m aterial, I t 's l o cation i s a lso u n ique , p laced o n ah igh r idgetop a t 50m O D , 1 : R CAHM 1 936 ( B arton 3 0) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Westmorland 1 7 ) 3 : W aterhouse 1 985 9 :aa W HITE H AG T h is s mall r ing

c omprises

N Y 6 07 115 1 f a llen g ranite b oulders

C umbria ( Westmorland) i n a n ear-contiguous r ing o f c 6m

d iameter, A lthough t here i s l i ttle t race o f a n i n ternal c a irn t oday , c e rtainly t he r emains o f ak erb-cairn , 1 : R CAHM 1 936 ( C rosby R avensworth 4) 2 : B url 1 976 ( Westmorland 1 8 ) 3 : W aterhouse 1 9 85 9 :bb W ILSON S CAR

N Y 5 49 182

i t

i s

a lmost

C umbria ( Westmorland)

T h is s ite h as n ow b een c overed b y q uarry s poil, l t w as e xcavated i n 1 952 a nd c omprised a c ontiguous k erb o f s mall r e cumbent s tones r etained o n t he o utside b y as light r ubb le b an k, W ithin t he c i rcle a t h in d iscontinuous s pread o f s tone w as i n terpreted a s a p avement , U nder t h is w ere s everal i n terments , c omprising a c entral i nhumation , as econd i nhumation a nd 2 c remations , T he n ature o f t he k erb s uggests t h is i s ar obbed b arrow , t he ' p avement ' b e ing t he l a st v estige o f ac a irn t hat h as b een r emoved , 1 : S pence 1 9 35 2 : R CAHM 1 9 36 ( S hap ,Rural 7 8) 3 : B url 1 976 ( Westmorland 1 9 ) 4 : S ieveking 1 9 84 5 : W aterhouse 1 985 Z ONE 1 0 :

C HEVIOTS/PENNINES

1 0 :a B IDDLESTONES N T 9 54074 N orthumberland T h is s ite l ies 8 00m s outh o f t he B iddlestones ( 2 l ow o rthostats), I t c omprises c 10 v ery l o w s tones o r s tumps i n a3 ,5x2 1,5m r ing , T he w hole a rea i s c overed w ith r ig a nd f u rrow a nd o ne e nd o f t he o val i s i n a n o ld f ield b oundary , T here i s as trong p ossibility t hat t h is m ay b e af o rtuitous a rrangement o f s tones , 1 : B url 1 9 76 ( N orthumberland 1 ) 2 : G ,Moir p ers ,comm ,

—4 97 —

1 0 :b B RACKENHALL G REEN S E 1 2 939 1 W est Y o rksh ire T h is s ite h as b een l i sted a s as tone c i rcle , I t i s al a rge e n closure d e fined b y ab an k w ith m any l a rge o rthostatic b ou lders u sed t o d e fine b oth e dges , 1 : W ood 1 9 02 2 : C owling 1 9 46 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( Y orksh ire 3 ) 4 : v isited 1 9 8 1 5 : B a rnes 1 9 82 1 0 :c B RAOUP S E 0 89439 W est Y o rksh ire T h is r u ined s ite i s d i fficu lt t o i n terpret w ith c e rta inty , T he s tones a re a l l r e cumbent a nd l i e o n ac r ude r ing o f c 9m d iamete r i n n o r e gu lar o r der , T hey s u rround a s l ight r i se w h ich m ay b e t h e v estiges o f ac a irn , I n 1 8 85 t h ere w e re 1 8 l a rge s tones , b ut b y 1 9 29 t hey h ad b een r e duced t o 112 , A lthough s a id t o b e u p right i n 1 9 46 , t h is s eems d ebatab le , t he s i te w a s p robably i n t h e s ame s tate a s t o day ( t he p lan p ublished i n 1 9 29 d oes n o t t a lly w i th t h e p resent r e mains - b ut s e e G rubstones) , T heir p r esent d isposition s ugge sts t h e s tones m ay o r ig ina lly h ave b een c o ntiguous , I f t h is s i te i s ag enuine a ntiqu ity , i t i s p e rhaps a r u ined c a irn w ith a m assive k e rb , 1 : R a istrick 1 9 29 ( K irkstones , B rass C a stle) 2 : C ow ling 1 9 46 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( Y orksh ire 4 ) 4 : v i sited 1 9 83 1 0 :d C ARTINGTON N U 0 56046 N o rthumberland T h is s i te h as b een c a ta logued a s as tone c i rcle , H owever , t h e l o w s tones a re v i rtua lly c o ntiguous a nd a re t h e k e rb o f ab a rrow ( w h ich w as e x cavated b y G reenwell), 1 : G reenwell 1 8 77 ( n o 2 07) 2 : N o rthumberland C ounty H i story 1 5 , 5 9 , 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( N orthumberland 2 ) 4 : G ,Moir p e rs ,comm , 1 0 :e F A IRN INGTON N T 67285 B o rders ( R oxburghsh ire ) T h is w as r e corded a s b e ing i n af i eld c a lled H a rlow , n amed f r om a c i rcle o f l a rge s t ones w h ich s tood w i th in i t t h at h ad b een r e moved b y t h e f a rmer , T he n ame s uggests t h is c o u ld h ave b een a b a rrow w ith a k e rb , r a ther t h an a s tone c i rcle , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 56 ( 9 11) 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( R oxburgh 2 ) 1 0 :f-g G RASS INGTON - S ITES A /B S E 0 25666/025667 N orth Y orksh ire T hese t w o s i tes h ave b een c lass ified a s s tone c i rcles , T hat t o t h e n o rth-east i s a p enannula r b an k w ith a n a dd ition t o t h e n o rth-east , T h at t o t h e s outh-west i s as ubr e ctangu la r b an k w ith l o wer b an ks a butting i t , N e ither a r e s tone c i rcles , t h ey a p pea r t o b e f o otings o f b u ildings , p e rhaps a sso ciated w ith l e ad m in ing n earby , 1 : R a istrick 1 9 63-6 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( Y orksh ire 1 /12 ) 3 : v isited 1 9 84 1 0 :h H ARDEN M OOR S E 0 73388 W est Y o rkshire T h is s i te h as b een l i sted a s ap ossible s tone c i rcle , I t i s ar ing ca irn w ith t r a ces o f a k e rb a t i t 's i n ner e dge , I t w as e x cavated i n 1 9 59 , 1 : R adley 1 9 66 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( Y orkshire 1 3 ) 3 : B a rnes 1 9 82 ( 2 42) S D 9 03343 L an cashire 1 0 :i H ELLCLOUGH - S ITE I T h is s ite h as a ppa rently b een d estroyed , I n 1 8 93 i t w a s n o ted a s a' r im :mound ( c ircle o f 7 s tones) ' w h ich w as e x cavated i n 1 8 87 w hen a d isintegrated u rn , l a rge q uantities o f b o nes a nd f l int b attle a xe w e re f o und , I t i s u n known w hat t y pe o f s ite t h is w as ( s ee s i te j b e low) , 1 : W i lkinson 1 8 93 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( L ancash ire 6 , E xtw istle M oor) 3 : B arnes 1 9 82 ( 4 5) 1 0 :j H ELLCLOUGH - S ITE I I S D 9 0234 1 L an cash ire T h is s i te h as a pparently b een d estroyed , I n 1 8 93 i t w as n o ted a s a' r ingmound ( c ircle o f 7 s tones) ', T he d escription o f a c 2 m w ide r i ngbank o f c l 7x 17 ,5m d iameter , w h ich h a d a n i n ternal d i tch a nd a 2 m w ide e ntrance s uggests t h e s ite w a s ac o mplex b a rrow , o r r i ng ca irn w ith c entra l m ound ( i f ' d itch ' m isinterpreted ), T he m ention o f o rthostats i n p a renthesis

—4 98 —

i s A n o f 1 :

a pp lied t o s e veral e x cavation w i thin a n a du lt a nd c h ild W i lkinson 1 8 93

s i tes b y t h e a u thor a nd i t s eems t h is s hou ld n ot b e t a ken l i terally , t h e s i te i n 1 8 87 r e vea led a b u rnt a rea , a nd a n u rn c onta ining b ones a c companied b y a n imal b ones a nd a b ronze p in o r a w l , 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( L an cash ire 7 ) 3 : B a rnes 1 9 82 ( 4 6)

1 0 ;k H ORNCLIFFE S E 1 3 3435 W est Y orksh ire T h is u nusua l s i te h as b e en i n terpreted a s as tone c i rcle , I t c o mprises 4 6 s ma ll r e cumbent s t ones s e t i n ac o ntiguous r ing , s u rround ing a f l at i n terior , w ith a c entra l d istu rban ce c r eated b y 1 9 th c e ntury d igging , T he r i ng a ppears t o b e a n u nusua l k erb r a ther t h an a t rue s t one c i rcle , p e rhaps i t i s ad enuded p latform c a irn , 1 : R a istrick 1 9 29 2 : v i sited 1 9 78 1 0 ;1 H OW T ALLON N Z 0 52072 N o rth Y orksh ire T h is p ossible s tone c i rcle h as a d iameter o f 1 4 ,5x 11 ‚ 5 m , a nd c omprises 7 e qua lly s pa ced s t ones w ith a w i der g ap f o r o ne m o re , A l l t h e s tones a re r e latively s ma ll, b ou lder-like b l o cks w h ich a r e l o ose a nd d o n o t a ppear t o b e s e t i n t h e g round , T h is s uggests t h e s ite i s n o t p rehisto ric , 1 : T h om , T hom a n d B u rl 1 9 80 ( L 6/4) 2 : T , L au rie , p e rs ,comm , 1 0 :m K ILNSEY S D 9 5 1680 N o rth Y o rksh ire T h is s ite h as b e en c a ta logued a s a n e mban ked s tone c i rcle , I t h as a d iameter o f 5 ,5m a nd c o mprises 7 s ma ll s tones b u ilt a s t h e k e rb o f ab a rrow , 1 : R a istrick 1 9 63-6 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( Y orksh ire 1 5 ) 3 : A ,Hague , p e rs ,comm , 1 0 :n M OSELEY H E IGHT S D 8 1302 L an cashire T h is s ite h as b een l i sted a s as tone c i rcle , I t w as e x cavated i n 1 9 50 a nd a ppears t o b e b e st i n terpreted a s a l o w p lat form c a irn s u rrounded b y av i rtually c o ntiguous k e rb o f s m a ll b oulders , S everal f i nds w e re m ade , 1 : B ennett 1 9 5 1 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( L an cashire 9 ) 3 ; B a rnes 1 9 82 ( 4 8 ) 1 0 :o M UKER S O 9 1 1973 N o rth Y o rksh ire T h is s i te h as b e en l i sted a s as tone c i rcle , I t i s f o rtu itous d ebris a ssociated w ith a s m all q ua rry , 1 ; B u rl 1 9 76 ( Y orkshire 1 7 ) 2 : v isited 1 9 84 1 0 :p R EY C ROSS

N Y 9 00 124

D u rham

T h is s i te c o mprises 3 0+ s andstone b locks w h ich h ave b een p la ced r ough ly i n p osition t o f o rm a c i rcle o f 2 0m d i ameter , I t i s w ithin a R oman c a mp a nd h en ce a p reh istoric i n terpretation i s q uestionab le , 1 : L aurie 1 9 85 1 0 ;q R INGSTONE H ILL S D 8 92367 L ancash ire I n 1 8 56 i t w a s r e corded t h at a ' l arge c i rcle o f s tones e rected e ither f o r o r d e fen ce ' w a s d ug u p af e w y ears a go a nd u sed t o r e pa ir r o ads , As e cond c 3 km t o t h e s o uth , h ad b o th a f o rtified e n closure a nd a l o w r i ngcairn , I t t y pe o f s t ructu re o n ce s t ood o n t h e n o rthern h i ll, 1 : T LCAS 9 , 1 8 56 , 3 2 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( L ancash ire 1 0 ) 3 : B a rnes 1 9 82

b u ria l , w o rsh ip R ingstone H i ll, i s u n known w hat ( 1 39)

1 0 :r T ODMORDEN S D 9 43252 W est Y o rksh ire T h is s ite h a s b een l i sted a s as tone c i rcle ; i t i s ar i ng cairn w h ich w as e x cavated i n 1 9 06 , T he o r ig ina l r e port m isleading ly r e fers t o s evera l ' l arge s tones s e t a t m ore o r l e ss r e gular i n terva ls ', t h ese s eem u n likely t o b e t r ue o rthostats , t h e p lan s hows t h em a s

—4 99 —

s mall

b oulders ,

T oday

m utilated , 1 : R oth 1 906

t here

i s n o s ign o f

t rue o rthostats ,

2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Y orkshire 2 0)

a lthough

t he s ite

i s b adly

3 : B a rnes 1 982 ( 3 27)

1 0 :s Y OCKENTHWAITE S D 8 99794 N orth Y orkshire T his u nusua l s ite c omprises a c ontiguous r ino o f o rthostats o f c 7 ,5m d iameter , w h ich a re g raded d ownslope t o t he SW t o a l low f o r t he g rad ient; t heir t ops a re a l l r ough ly h orizontal, T hey r ange f rom 0 ,30 t o 1 ,05m i n h eight , 2-3 s tones s urvive t oday a nd 3 -4 a ppear t o b e m issing , T o t he NW , t here i s a s hort o uter a rc o f 4 -5 s tones p laced i m mediately o utside t he m ain r ing , 4 l o ose s tones a ppear t o h ave b een a dded t o t he r ing r e cently , R aistrick's p lan d oes n ot t a lly w ith t he p resent r emains d espite t h e s ites u ndisturbed n ature , T he i n terior o f t he s ite i s f i lled b y al ow h orizontal p lat form , w ith v irtually n o h eight u pslope t o t he n orth-east a nd a h eight o f c 0 ,5m t o t he s outh-west , T he r ing o f s tones s tand w ell p roud o f t h is r ound t he f u ll c i rcumference , T his s ite a ppears t o b e av ariant f o rm o f k erb-cairn r ather t han a t rue s tone c i rcle , 1 : R aistrick 1 9 29 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Yorkshire 2 4) 3 ; v isited 1 9 84 Z ONE 1 1:

N ORTH Y ORK M OORS

1 :a B RANSDALE M OOR S E 6 04998 N orth Y orkshire T his s ite w as k nown b y l o cals a s a ' d ruid c ircle ', b ut i s a n o ld s heep f o ld , 1 : B url 1 9 76 ( Y orkshire 5 ) 2 : S pratt 1 982 1 :b C LOUGHTON S E 9 82970 T his c 10m r ing o f 2 0 s tones i s t he k erb o f ar obbed b arrow , 1 : E lgee 1 930 2 : S pratt 1 982

N orth Y orkshire

1 :c H OUSE C RAG S E 8 1698 1 N orth Y orkshire T h is s ite h as n o p ublished d ata e xcept t hat i t h as a d iameter o f c 30m , I t i s n ot l i sted i n ad etailed r eview o f s ites o f t he r egion b y S pratt a nd h ence i s l i kely t o b e s purious , 1 : B url 1 9 76 ( Yorkshire 1 4 ) 2 : S pratt 1 982 1 :d K IRKMOOR B ECK F ARM N Z 9 24030 N orth Y orkshire T h is e xcavated s ite h as b een l i sted a s ap ossible s tone c i rcle , I t i s t he c ontiguous k erb o f ac a irn , 1 : R adley 1 9 69 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Yorkshire 1 6 ) 1 :e N AB R IDGE S E 5 75979 N orth Y orkshire T his s ite h as b een l i sted a s ap ossible s tone c ircle , l t i s ac ontiguous r ing o f 4 s mall s tones , i n ac 8 ,5x 10 ,0m r ing , a nd i s t he k erb o f ar obbed b a rrow , 1 ; B url 1 9 76 ( Y orkshire 1 8 ) 2 : S pratt 1 9 82 Z ONE 1 2 ;

T HE P EAK D ISTRICT

F or d etails o f t he 1 r e jected s ites s ee B arnatt i n p ress , Z ONE 1 3 :

W ALES

1 3 :a B ANC D U S D 0 42792 P owys ( Radnor) O nly o ne d e finite o rthostat e xists , s tand ing c l‚ O m h igh , 5 -7 s mall s tones l ie n earby a nd h ave b een s uggested t o b e r u ined s tone c i rcle , H owever, t h ey d o n ot f i t c onvincing ly o n a c i rcle a nd m ay w ell b e f o rtuitous , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 13 ( 2 40) 2 : G rimes 1 9 63

-5 00 -

3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( R adnor 1 )

1 3 :b B RUNT I n 1 9 11 t h is s ite c l earance , 1 : B ushell 1 9 11 1 3 :c C LYNE C OMMON

S M 8 08040 w as

s uggested

D y fed ( Pembrokeshire)

t o b e 2 c oncentric

c i rcles ,

b ut

t he

s tones

a re

f ield

2 ; G rimes 1 9 63 ( 1 ) S 5 95893

G lamorgan

I n 1 899 t h is s ite w as s uggested t o b e as tone c i rcle , a r rangement o f s tones , 1 : M organ 1 899 2 : G rimes 1 9 63 ( f )

b ut

1 3 :d C OED G WARALLT S N 5 9 1503 T h is s ite h as b een s uggested t o b e ar u ined s tone c i rcle , t h em a nd l ie o n af a irly s teep s lope , 1 : G rimes 1 963 ( f )

i s l i kely t o b e a f o rtuitous

D y fed ( Cardiganshire) T he b oulders h ave n o o rder

t o

1 3 :e D RUIDS C IRCLE S N 9 8766 1 P owys ( Radnor) T h is s ite , k nown l o cally a s t he D ru ids C ircle , i s ar ing o f s mall c ontiguous s tones w hich i s e ither t he b ase o f ac a irn , o r t he f ooting o f ac i rcular h ouse , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 13 ( 4 78) 2 : G rimes 1 9 63 ( 6 ) 1 3 :f E ITHBED S N 0 83288 D y fed ( Pembrokeshire) T h ree s tone c i rcles w ere c laimed h ere , t hey a re l i kely t o b e e nclosures , 1 : R CAHM 1 925 ( 6 34) 2 : G rimes 1 9 63 ( h ) 1 3 :g G REY H ILL S T 4 37935 G went ( Monmouthshire) T h is s ite h as b een l i sted a s as tone c i rcle ; i t i s t he l ow c ontiguous k erb o f ac a irn , T here i s a r u ined c hamber o r c ist i n t he i n terior, a nd a 2 ,30m h igh m enhir j ust o utside t h e k erb t o t h e n orth-east , 1 : B agnall O a keley 1 889 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( M onmouth 1 ) 3 : T hom , T hom a nd B url 1 9 80 ( W 13/1) 1 3 :h H IRNANT S N 7 53839 D y fed ( Cardiganshire) T h is r ing h as b een l i sted a s p ossible s tone c i rcle , I t i s an ear-contiguous k erb o f l o w s tones , v ary ing i n h eight f rom 0 ,08 t o 0 ,60m i n a 5 ,5x6 ,0m r ing , T his s ite i s b est i n terpreted a s ad enuded k erb-cairn , 1 : B url 1 976 ( C ardiganshire 1 ) 2 : H oyle 1 9 84 1 3 :i K ERRY H ILL - S ITE 8 S D 1 5 8860 P owys ( Montgomeryshire) As econd s tone c i rcle a t K erry H ill w as r eported i n 1 889 , s tanding c 300-340m t o t he n orthe ast , T his w as s a id t o c omprise 5 s tones , t wo a t l east o f w hich w ere d isplaced , s u rrounding a c entre s tone , I t i s n ot r e cognisable t oday a nd i s l i kely t o h ave b een a f o rtuitous a r rangement o f s tones , 1 : G rimes 1 9 63 ( 1 5) 1 3 :j LAIN Y S IBEDAU S M 8 26308 D yfed ( Pembrokeshire) T h is s ite w as n oted i n 1 8 11 a s ' a S tonehenge i n m iniature ', A ll t hat e xists t oday i s a c a irn w ith a d iameter o f c 18m a nd a h eight o f 1 , 2m , P erhaps i t o nce h ad a p eristalith o f s ome f o rm , 1 : F enton 1 8 11

2 : R CAHM 1 925 ( 522)

3 : G rimes 1 9 63 ( j )

1 3 :k LYN E IDDEW B ACH - S ITE I I S H 6 42346 G wynedd ( Merionethshire) T his s ite h as b een l i sted a s as tone c i rcle , I t c omprises a r u ined r ing o f l ow o rthostats t hat m ay w ell b e t he d enuded r emnants o f ak erb-cairn o r p latform c a irn , 1 : B owen a nd G resham 1 9 67 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( M erionethshire 4 )

-5 01 -

1 3 :1 P ABELL I L YWARCH H EN S H 9 4023662 G wynedd ( Merionethsh ire) T his s ite h as b een l i sted a s as tone c i rcle , I t w as d escribed i n 1 7 45 a s ' a r egu lar r ound e nclosure o f l a rge s tones w ith a n e ntrance t o t he e ast ', T his r e ference i s t oo v ague t o i n terpret , 1 : B owen a nd G resham 1 9 67 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( M erioneth 6 ) 1 3 :m P EN Y W ERN H ILL S D 3 13788 S hropshire T h is s ite h as b een l i sted a s ap ossible s tone c i rcle , I t i s p robably t he b ase o f ad enuded c a irn , 1 : C hitty 1 9 63 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Shropshire 4 ) 1 3 :n R HOS Y C LEGRYN S M 9 13354 D y fed ( Pembrokeshire) T oday t h is s ite c omprises a r ubble r ing o f c 2 1m d iameter, w hich i s a bout l m h igh , I t h as a n i r regular i n ner e dge a nd m ay w ell b e ar obbed c a irn , C lose b y t o t he n orth-east i s a c omplex s etting w hich h as r e cently b een e xcavated , T h is o riginally c omprised 2 t a ll o rthostats , o ne o f w h ich r emains , b uilt a t t he e dge o f a s ub-circular c obbled a rea o f 1 5 x20m d iameter , S everal s maller s tone o r w ooden u prights o nce s tood , t hat w ere p robably b uilt i n m ore t han o ne p hase , I n 1 8 14 F enton d escribed t he s ite ' a s a l a rge d ruidical c i rcle w ith o ne o f t he e ncircling s tones o n t he s outhern s ide s uperem inent a bove i t s f e llows ', T h is c i rcle h as b een s uggested t o h ave o nce s tood w ithin t he r ubble r i ng , b ut t h e a ccount c ou ld e qually a pply t o am isinterpretation o f t he s tone s etting , 1 : F enton 1 8 11 2 : G rimes 1 9 63 ( i ) 3 : L ewis 1 9 74 1 3 :o S HELVE T he O rdnance

S urvey

n ote

S D 35992 a d estroyed ' s tone

c ircle '

h e re

S hropshire b ut g ive n o

d etails ,

T his

i n terpretation i s u nsupported b y f u rther d ata , 1 : B url 1 9 76 ( Shropshire 5 ) 1 3 :p T RER ' D RYW B ACH S H 4 68673 G wynedd-Ynys M on ( A ng lesey) T his s ite h as b een s uggested t o h ave b een a s tone c i rcle , I t h as b een d estroyed , b ut i n t he 1 9 th c entury i t w as b rie fly r e corded a s d amaged , s ub-oval i n p lan , m easuring c 1 20x65m a nd b uilt o f a t l east 5 0 s tones s ome o f w hich w ere n ear c ontiguous , T his s ite s eems u nlikely t o h ave b een a s tone c i rcle a nd m ay h ave b een s ome f o rm o f e nclosure , 1 : W ynn W illiams 1 8 7 1 2 : L ynch 1 9 70 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Anglesey 3 ) 1 3 :q W AUN M AWN S N 0 8434 1 D yfed ( P embrokeshire) T his s ite h as b een i n terpreted a s ar u ined s tone c i rcle , I t c omprises a s hallow a r c o f 5 s tones ( which h as l ed t o t he s uggestion t hat i t o rig ina lly h ad a d iameter o f c 45m), H owever, o n ly 2 o f t he s tones a re v ertically-set , T hus , t h e s ite c ou ld b e i nterpreted w ith e qual p lausibility a s ar u ined s tone r ow , 1 : R CAHM 1 9 25 ( 7 68) 2 : G rimes 1 9 63 ( g ) 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( P embrokeshire 5 ) 1 3 :r Y R H EN E GLWYS S 8 76808 G lamorgan T h is s ite h as b een r e ferred t o a s as tone c i rcle i n 1 9 th c entury l i terature , H owever , i t i s ar e ctangular c hurchyard e nclosure , w ith 2 g ateposts , a nd a d ressed s tone i n ah edge n earby , 1 : G rimes 1 9 63 ( e ) 1 3 :s Y SBYTY C YNFYN S N 7 5279 1 D yfed ( Cardiganshire) T he s ite w as o nce t hought t o b e ap ossible c i rcle-henge r e used a s ac hurchyard , H owever, r e cent r esearch s hows t h is i s h ighly u n likely . O nly 1 s tone h as a ny c laim t o b e a n cient ; t he b ank i s ac o llapsed c hurchyard w all, 1 : G rimes 1 9 63 ( 1 9) 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( C ardiganshire 2 ) 3 ; B riggs 1 979

—5 02 —

Z ONE 1 4 :

S OUTH W EST E NGLAND

F o r d etails o f t he 1 3 r e jected i n C ornwall - s ee B arnatt 1 980 ,1982 , 1 4 :a A LMSWORTHY S 8 444 17 S omerset-Exmoor T h is c urious s ite i s d i fficu lt t o i n terpret , I t c omprises 1 4 s mall s labs s cattered i r regularly w ith d ifferent o rientations , I t w as s uggested t o b e t he r emains o f 3 c o ncentric r ings , b ut t h is i s u nlikely a s s everal o f t he s labs a re o rientated i n correctly , I t h as a lso b een i n terpreted a s t he r u ined r emains o f s everal p ara lle l s tone r ows , O nly e x cavation w ou ld c larify t h e n ature o f t h is s ite , 1 : G ray 1 93 1 2 : G r insell 1 970 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Somerset 1 ) 1 4 :b S ROCKHILL F ORD S X 6 78 16569 D evon-Dartmoor T h is i s n ot a s tone c ircle b ut t he r etain ing c ircle o f ak erb-cairn , T o t he n orth t h is i s i n tact a nd t he s tones c ontiguous , T he c entral c ist i s s omewhat r u ined a nd t he s outhern k e rb h as b een r obbed , L ittle r emains o f t he c airn f i ll, 1 : D avidson a nd S eabrook 1 9 73 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Devon 4 ) 3 ; G rinsell 1 9 79 ( D ean P rior 2 ) 4 : v isited 1 98 1 1 4 :c B UCKLAND F ORD

S X 6 5736603

D evon-Dartmoor

T h is s ite i s d i fficult t o i n terpret , I t c omprises a c 9 ,5x8 ,0e r ing o f 1 213 o rthostats w h ich s tand b etween 0 , 10 a nd 0 ,60m h igh , T he s tones a re i r regularly s paced a nd o nly t wo t o t h e NW a re s et c lose t o gether, I t i s u nlikely t o h ave o rigina lly b een c ontiguous a nd i n a l l p robability v ery f ew s tones a re m issing ( ?2-6) , O n b alance t h is s ite i s r e jected a s a t r ue s tone c i rcle b ecause i t h as c loser a ffinities t o t he p latform c a irns w ith s pacedk e rbs f ound o n D artmoor, H owever, i n t h is c ase , t here i s n o s ign o f a n i n ternal m ound , 1 : W orth 1 946 2 : D avidson a nd S eabrook 1 973 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Devon 6 ) 4 : G r insell 1 9 79 ( Lydford 1 0 7) 5 : v isited 1 98 1 1 4 :d B URFORD D OWN - S ITE B S K 6 37860 16 D evon-Dartmoor T h is i s n ot a s tone c i rcle b ut a s paced-kerb o f a s ma ll k erb-ca irn v ariant c ommon o n D a rtmoor, T he c a irn c ompletely f i lls t he i n terior a nd t here i s a r u ined c ist a t t he c e ntre , 1 : F alcon 1 9 05 2 : W orth 1 9 2 1 3 : D avidson a nd S eabrook 1 973 4 : B url 1 976 ( D evon 7 ) 5 : G rinsell 1 979 ( Harford 6 ) 6 : v isited 1 98 1 1 4 :e B UTTERN - W EST S X 6 47885 D evon-Dartmoor T h is w as d escribed i n 1 8 94 a s ac ircle w ith 4 -5 s tones a nd a d iameter o f c l8m , T hese c an s t ill b e i d entified a nd a re a f o rtuitous n atural a rrangement o f s tones , 1 : W orth 1 894 2 : B url 1 976 ( Devon 1 0 ) 3 : v isited 1 9 8 1 1 4 :f D OWN R IDGE S X 6 5507206 D evon-Dartmoor T h is s ite i s d i fficult t o i n terpret w ith c e rtainty , I t c omprises a s hort a rc o f s labs , s et b etween 1 ,50 a nd 0 ,65m h igh , T hese l i e o n t he s outh-western a rc o f ac on jectured c i rcle o f c 2 5m d iameter , T wo o f t h ese s tones a re c ontiguous a nd a t h ird o verlaps t hem b oth t o t he o utside , N earby a re 3 -5 r e cumbent s labs w hich h ave f a llen b ut o riginally w ou ld h ave c ontinued t h e c ontiguous a r c o f s tones , S everal o ther r e cumbent s labs l ie a round t he c i rcumference a nd i n terior o f t he s ite , b ut i t i s i m possible t o d etermine w h ich , i f a ny , w e re e ver s tanding , T his s ite h as c learly b een e xtensively r obbed , p robably f or n earby w a lls t o t he n o rth , I t i s u n like a ny o f t he D artmoor s tone c ircles a nd i s r e jected h ere , P e rhaps i t i s t he l a st v estige o f ap ound a lthough t hese , n ormally , d o n ot h ave s uch

-5 03 -

m assive o rthostats , H owever, t here i s ap rehistoric h ouse , a gain w ith l arge s labs , b elow t he s ite t o t h e s outh , 1 : W orth 1 9 36 2 : W orth 1 953 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( D evon 1 6 ) 4 : v isited 1 98 1 1 4 :g L AKEHEAD N EWTAKE S X 6 4367747 D evon-Dartmoor T his i s p robably n ot a s tone c ircle b ut a s paced-kerb o f ak erb-cairn v ariant c o mmon o n D artmoor, T here i s ac ist a t t he c entre , b ut l i ttle s ign t oday o f t he c airn f i ll, 1 : W orth 1 935 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Devon 2 3) 3 : G rinsell 1 9 79 ( Lydford 5 6) 4 : v isited 1 9 8 1 1 4 :h L OWER P ILES S X 6 4546026 D evon-Dartmoor T h is i s n ot a s tone c ircle b ut a s paced-kerb o f as mall k erb-cairn v ariant c o mmon o n D artmoor, T he c a irn c ompletely f i lls t he i n terior a nd t here i s ac ist a t t he c entre , 1 ; W orth 1 9 17 2 : W orth 1 9 43 3 : D avidson a nd S eabroo k 1 9 73 4 : B url 1 9 76 ( D evon 2 5) 5 : G rinsell 1 9 79 ( Harford 8 ) 6 : v isited 1 98 1 1 4 :i S HARPITOR S X 5837068 D evon-Dartmoor T h is i s n ot a s tone c ircle b ut a l o w , n ear-contiguous k erb s urrounding a c ist , 1 : W orth 1 9 53 2 : D avidson a nd S eabrook 1 9 73 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Devon 3 0) 4 : G rinsell 1 9 79 ( Walkhampton 2 1) 5 ; v isited 1 9 8 1 1 4 :j S HELL T OP S X 5 98638 D evon-Dartmoor T his s ite w as n oted i n 1 9 72 b ut n o d etails g iven , I t a ppears t o b e s purious a s at h orough s earch o f t he a rea f a iled t o f ind i t a nd t he a rea i s n ot o bv iously d isturbed , 1 : B url 1 9 76 ( D evon 3 2) 2 : v isited 1 9 8 1 1 4 ;k S PURRELLS C ROSS S X 6 5855985 D evon-Dartmoor T his s ite c omprises a l a rge c airn o f 1 0 ,0x8 ,5m d iameter a t t he u pper e nd o f as tone r ow , A t t he e dge o f t he c a irn a re 2 r e cumbent s labs w h ich h ave b een s uggested t o b e t he v estiges o f as tone c ircle , T hese m ay w ell b e f o rtuitously p laced , 1 : W orth 1 9 53 2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Devon 3 5) 3 : G rinse ll 1 9 79 ( Ugborough 1 2 ) 4 : v isited 1 98 1 1 4 :1 S TALL D OWN S X 6 3276322 D evon-Dartmoor T his i s n ot a t rue s tone c ircle b ut a s paced-kerb o f a k erb-cairn v ariant c o mmon o n D artmoor, T he c a irn c ompletely f i lls t he i n terior a nd t here i s ac ist a t t he c entre , 1 : W orth 1 9 18 2 : W orth 1 9 43 3 : D avidson a nd S eab roo k 1 9 73 4 : B url 1 9 76 ( D evon 3 7 , S tall M oor S outh) 5 : G rinse ll 1 9 79 ( Cornwood 1 3 ) 6 : v isited 1 9 8 1 1 4 :m W ILLING W ALLS W ARREN S X 5 8 1765 17 D evon-Dartmoor T h is c u rious s ite c omprises 4 c ist-like s ettings o f o rthostats s pa ced r ound a c i rcle o f c 43m d iameter, T hese a re l inked b y al ow b ank, w hich a ppears t o b e c ontinuous b ut i s o nly w ell p reserved t o t he n orth-east a nd s outh ,

T o t he e ast t h e s ite h as b een d isturbed b y a

B ronze A ge r eave , t here m ay o nce h ave b een a f i fth s tone s etting h ere , a nd i f s o , t he s ettings w ere a pproximately e qually s paced r ound t he r ing , E a ch s etting i s s ub-re ctangular a nd c omprises 2 -3 s tones o f u nequal h eight ( which s uggests t hey a re n ot r uined c ists ), I n e ach c ase

t he 2 t a llest s tones a re s et r adially t o t he c i rcle ,

T his s ite a ppears t o b e

u nique a nd i t i s s o u nlike t rue s tone c ircles i t i s r e jected h ere , h ad s ome f o rm o f c e remonial f unction , 1 : W orth 1 953 2 : B url 1 976 ( D evon 4 0) 3 : v isited 1 98 1,

-5 04 -

H owever ,

i t p r obably

Z ONE

1 5 ;

W ESSEX

1 5 :a A VEBURY - S OUTH S U 0 99672 W iltshire T h is s ite w as s uggested t o b e a s tone c ircle b ut i s b etter i n terpreted a s a n e n closure ,comprising o f m any s mall, c ontiguous s tones i n a s ub-ova l r ing o f c 80x66m d iameter, 1 : S mith 1 88 1 1 5 :b-c B ATHAMPTON - S ITES A /B S T 72652 A von ( Somerset) T hese s ites w ere d escribed i n 1 857 a s 2s tone c ircles w ithin s quare e nclosures , w hich w ere d i fficult t o m a ke o ut a s o nly s mall s tones r emained , H owever , w ithin l iving m emory a bout 3 0 l a rge s tones s imilar t o t hose a t S tanton D rew h ad b een r emoved , T his r e ference i s i m possible t o i n terpret w ith a ny c erta inty a s i t i s s o v ague , t he a rrangement o f t he o r thostats b eing h earsay o r s upposition , 1 : S carth 1 857 2 : T ratman 1 958 3 : B url 1 976 ( S omerset 2 a/b) 1 5 :d C HEW S TOKE S T 5 606 16 A von ( Somerset) T h e o nly i nd ication o f t h is s ite i s t hat 1 2 d isplaced s tones o nce e x isted i n ah edge , T hey h ad c learly b een m oved a nd d ifferential w eathering s uggested t hey h ad b een s et a t d i fferent a ng les t o t he p redominant w ind ; e ach s tanding a bout l m h igh , A lthough t h is c ould h ave b een a s tone c ircle o ther i n terpretations a re e qually v iable , 1 : T ratman 1 9 58 2 : B url 1 976 ( Somerset 3 ) 1 5 :e L ANGDEAN B OTTOM S U 1806570 W iltshire T h is s ite h as b een s uggested t o b e as tone c ircle , l t c omprises a 1 0m r ing o f s mall s tones w h ich i s l i kely t o b e t he r im o f ab arrow o r ah ouse s ite , N earby i s t he r u ined r emains o f ap ossible a venue o r a n cient b oundary , r unn ing e ast-west , H owever , t h is m ay w ell b e a f o rtuitous a rrangement o f s arsens, o f w h ich t here a re m any n earby , 1 : G rinsell 1 9 57 2 : B u rl 1 976 ( W iltshire 5 ) 3 : B url 1 9 79 4 : v isited 1 978 1 5 :f L EIGH D OWN

S T 5 42639

A von ( Somerset)

T h is s ite w as r e corded i n t he l a te 1 9 th c entury a s c omprising 1 -2 p rone s tones b y G reat S tone L ane , T he s tones w ere a ssumed t o o nce h ave b elonged t o as mall c ircle b ut t here i s n o d ocumented e v idence t o s upport t h is , 1 : T ratman 1 9 58

2 : B url 1 9 76 ( Somerset 4 )

1 5 :g L ULWORTH

S Y 8 7 ,8 1

D orset

W a rne r eported t hat a p ossible ' s tone c ircle ' e xisted h ere u ntil t he 1 9 th c entury , N o d etails a re k nown a nd t h e r e ference i s s o v ague t hat p ositive i n terpretation i s n ot p o ssible , 1 : W arne 1 872 2 : P iggott a nd P iggott 1 939 3 : B url 1 9 76 ( Dorset 4 ) 1 5 :h T ISBURY T he o nly f i rst

h and

a c count

o f

S T 9 5 1299 t h is s ite i s

i n

W iltshire a m anuscript b y C unnington ,

I t w as

d escribed a s ' a c i rcu lar w o rk w ith a v allum s et r ound w ith s tones a nd a l a rge s tone p laced e rect i n t he c entre ', T he l a tter w as c 3 ,07m h igh a nd 1 ,2m w ide , A t t he t ime o f w riting t he s tone h ad a lready b een r e moved a nd t a ken t o O ld C astle , W ardour , A s keleton w as f ound c 0 ,45m u nder t h e s urface , c lose t o t he s tone , W hile t h is s ite m ay h ave b een a c ircle-henge w ith a c entre s tone , a s h as b een s uggested b y B url, t he d escription i s s o v ague , p a rticu larly i n r e lation t o as tone c i rcle , t hat p ositive i n terpretation i s i mpossible , 1 : H oare 1 8 12 2 : B url 1 976 ( W iltshire 8 )

-5 05 -

1 5 :i T W INHOE S T 7 3 ,59 , A von ( S omerset) S everal d isp la ced s tones l i e i n h edges a nd i t h as b een s p eculated t h ey h ad b een r e moved f r om a s tone c i rcle , O ther i n terpretations a re e qua lly v i ab le , 1 : C amerton ia 1 0 , 1 9 63 , p ,4-5 2 : W edlake 1 9 66 3 : B u rl 1 9 76 ( S omerset 8 )

—5 06 —

A PPENDIX

1 :

A CORPUS OF S ITES CONSIDERED HERE TO BE I zENGES OR POSSIBLE HENGES ( excluding h engiforms , u nder 2 5 m etres i nternal d iameter).

K EI 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 :

5 : 6 : 7 :

8 :

S ite n umbe r S ite n ame M ap r e feren ce P osition o f b ank i n r e lation t o t h e d itch ; E ; e xterna l I ; i n ternal C ; c e ntral b e tween t w o d it ches D iameter o f c e ntral a rea ( t o t h e n earest m etre) N umber o f e n trances O ther f e atu res S C ; S tone C i rcle I C ; T imber C i rcle S ; S tone S etting T S ; T imber S e tting T B ; T imber B u ilding P O ; P o rtal S tones D S ; D estroyed S tone S etting C O ; C ove B A ; B a rrow 0 ; O ther F eatures H a rding w i th L ee - C ata logue N umber ( s ee t h is f o r a l l b ib liograph ical d ata) ,

A : C IRCLE-HENGES 1 2 3 Z o ne 1 : O r kney a nd S hetland 1R ing o f B rodgar N Y 2 94 134 2S tenness N Y 3 96 125 Z o ne 5 : M oray F i rth 3Q uarry W ood N J 1 8 663 1 Z o ne 7 : T ayside 4B a lfarg N O 2 8 1032 5N orth M ains N 9 28 162 Z o ne 8 : S outhe rn S cotland 6C a irnpapp le N S 9 877 17 Z o ne 9 : C umb ria 7M ayburgh N Y 5 23284 Z o ne 1 0 : C hev iots/Pennines 8W est A keld S teads N T 9 58307 Z o ne 1 2 : T he P e a k D istrict 9A rbor L ow S K 1 6 0636 1 0 B u ll R ing S K 0 78783 Z o ne 1 4 : S outh W est E ngland 1 B ow S 7 070 16 1 2 S t ripp le S t ones S X 1 4 4752 Z o ne 1 5 : W essex 1 3 A vebury 1 4 C oneybury

S U 1 0 3700 S U 1 3 44 16

4

5

6

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1 0 9x 112 4 3x47

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4 0x52 4 6x53

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3 9x46 c 50x60

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0 46 0 3 1

E E

3 50x380 3 8x40

4 1

4 SC ,SS ,CO ,TS ,0 T C ?,0

1 8 6 1 9 0

—5 07 —

7

8

1 5 D evils Q uoits 1 6 M ount P leasanti n ner

S P 4 1 1048 S Y 7 10899

E E

9 5x 112 4 1x42

1 7 S tonehenge 1 8 W oodhenge Z one 2 0 : E ast A nglia 1 9 A rmingha ll

S U 1 2 3422 S U 1 5 0434

I E

9 1x92 4 7x53

T G 2 40060

C

2 4x27

1

4

5

6

7

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( l a rge?)

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S C ? ,SS

4

5

6

7

E E E

4 0x48 3x39 3 4x60

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4x52

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5 6x60 6 2x69

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c 4 0x50 7 2x75 c 50

1 ? 2 1

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23 2 3 3 2 3 1

E E

3 0x48 4 5x49

1 1

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0 2 7 0 2 8

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1 0 7x 110

2

0

1 4 0

C E E E E E E E E I I I I E

c 9 0x 110 3 80x4 10 4 0x45 c 1 65x 190 5 8x73 2 3x37 3 05x470 4x47 2 50x280 c 1 70 c 1 50x 155 c 1 50x 1S5 c 1 50x 155 1 2x 115

1 2 2 2 1 2? 1 ? 1 ? 2 1 2 1 ? 1 1 1 2

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3 5x42

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0 8 9

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9 5x 103 9 0x 102

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B : P OSSIBLE C IRCLE-HENGES 1 2 3 Z one 1 5 : W essex 2 0 T isbu ry S T 9 53299 C : H ENGES 1 2 3 Z one 8 : S outhern S cotland 2 1 B roadlee N Y 2 19747 2 N ormang ill N S 9 7222 1 2 3 W eston N T 0 29457 Z one 9 : C umbria 2 4 K ing A rthu rs R ound N Y 5 23284 T able Z one 1 0 : C heviots/Penn ines 2 5 C astledy kes S D 9 82873 2 6 C oup land N T 9 40330 Z one 1 3 : W a les 2 7 F fynnon N ewydd S N 4 942 11 2 8 L landega i S W S H 5 937 12 2 9 L landega i N E S H 5 947 12 Z one 1 4 : S outh W est E ng land 3 0 C astilly S X 0 3 1627 3 1 C astlewich S X 3 7 1685 Z one 1 5 : W essex 3 2 B ig R ings , S U 5 72953 D o rchester 3 C ondicote S P 1 5 4288 3 4 D u rrington W a lls S U 1 5 0437 3 5 E gga rdon S Y 5 46946 3 6 K now lton S outh S U 0 24 103 3 7 K now lton C entral S U 0 24 103 3 8 K now lton N o rth S U 0 24 103 3 9 M arden I S U 0 9 1584 4 0 M aumbu ry R ings S Y 6 90899 4 1 M ount P leasant S Y 7 10899 4 2 P r iddy N o rth I S T 5 39524 4 3 P r iddy N o rth I S T 5 39524 4 P r iddy C entral S T 5 39524 4 5 P r iddy S outh S T 5 39524 4 6 W estwell S P 27 100 Z one 1 6 : Y o rksh ire W o lds 4 7 R udston T A 0 97706 Z one 1 7 : P lain o f Y o rk 4 8 C ana S E 3 6 17 18 4 9 F errybridge S E 4 74242

2 1

S C T B ,CO ,SS

I ( -2) S C 's ,SS? ,TC ,?TB ,P0 ,0 1 T B ,SS ,0

—5 08 —

I S

1 4 8 0 5 6 1 9 9 2 0 3 1 2

8 2 0 1

8 2 4 6 2 9 7 2 9 9

2 + 18 ,0 2 BA

T B ,BA P 0 ,0 0 ,BA

8 5 ,0

0 7 8 1 9 2 0 4 9 0 5 2 0 5 1 0 5 0 1 9 6 0 5 5 0 5 6 1 7 0 1 6 9 1 6 8 1 6 7 1 6 3

5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4

H utton M oor N ewton k yme N unwick T hornborough N W T hornborough C entral 5 T hornborough S E

S E S E S E S E S E

3 40733 4 59450 3 23748 2 8 180 1 2 85795

C C E C C

9 0x95 c 80x85 9 7x 100 9 0x 100 8 5x95

2 2 2 2 2

0

2 09 2 1 1 2 12 2 14 2 16

S E 2 90789

C

9 5x 100

2

-

2 16

D : P OSSIBLE H ENGES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Z one 2 : N ortheast S cot land 5 6 N ipster N D 2 1 6590 E ? 3 8x4 1 1 0 Z one 7 : T ayside 5 7 B a lfarg I N O 2 8503 1 ? c 38 ? I S 5 8 H untingtowe r N O 0 8 1249 ? 3 1 1 5 9 N ewton o f B oysack N O 6 09467 ? (l a rge) 1 + Z one 8 : S outhern S cotland 6 0 N ewlands N T 5 69659 ? c 62 2 6 1 O ver H owden N T 4 8 7523 E 7 0x76 1 0 6 2 R a chansla ck N T 1 4336 ? 7 6x88 1 ? Z one 9 : C umbria 6 3 B roomrigg N Y 5 48466 E 4 9x53 1 P O 6 4 L ittle R ound T ab le N Y 5 2 4282 E ? ( c 70?) 1 + ? Z one 1 0 : C hev iots/Penn ines 6 5 F lodden N T 9 2 435 1 E 7 5x90 2 0 Z one 1 3 : W a les 6 C astell B ryn G wyn S H 4 6 467 1 I c 53 1 0 6 7 D y ffryn L ane S J 2 0 40 14 E 4 8x50 1 B A Z one 1 5 : W essex 6 8 C utsdean S P 0 93304 ? c 90x 110 1 ? 6 9 F igsbury S U 1 8 8338 E ? 1 7 0x220 2 0 7 0 L angford S P 2 600 15 ? 3x35 1 7 1 M arden I S U 0 93573 ? 4 0x47 1 7 2 S utton C ommon S T 854 19 E 2 9x34 1 Z one 1 6 : Y o rksh ire W o lds 7 3 T hwing T A 0 3 1707 E c 5 1x53 2 0 7 4 W a lkington S E 9 72370 E 2 4x33 1 Z one 1 8 : T rent V a lley 7 5 B e rry fields S K 0 4 1099 ? c 6 5x75 0 ? 7 6 R ound H ill S K 34283 ? 6 5x77 2 B A 7 B a rton i n F abis S K 5 22329 ? c 70-75 ? 0 Z one 1 9 : F enland F r inges/No rthern C otswolds 7 8 E lton T L 0 82962 E c 9 3 1 3 0 7 9 M axey T F 1 2 6075 E 1 5x 125 1 ? B A ,0 8 0 W eston T L 2 5 63 19 E ? 5 2x57 2 B A Z one 2 0 : E ast A ng lia 8 1 B oxted T M 09327 ? 2 8x30 2 8 2 F obbing T Q 7 2084 1 ? 2 3x25 2 ? 8 3 G reat B entley T M 1 0 4224 ? c 2 4 1 8 4 G reat W igbo rough T L 9 5 7 144 ? 2 8x3 1 2 8 5 L ittle B entley T M 1 3 024 1 ? c 2 2x23 2 8 6 L ittle B rom ley T M 0 89274 ? 2x25 2 8 7 N o rthwold T L 7 4 7988 E ? 2 4x30 1 2 0

—5 09 —

8 2 79 2 6 1 3 15 3 19 2 86 2 44 2 45 0 32 0 34 1 2 4 2 30 2 40 0 79 1 9 5 1 5 8 2 02 2 00 0 9 1 0 95

0 42 1 3 3 0 15 0 20 0 84 0 6 1 0 67 0 68 0 69 0 72 0 73 1 4

F : H ENG IFORMS W ITH I N TERNAL D IAMETERS U NDER 2 SM C ONTA IN ING S TONE O R T IMBER C IRCLES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Z one 6 ; G ramp ian 8 B roomend o f C r ich ie N J 79 196 E 1 4 x 15 2 S C ,0 2 5 4 Z one 7 : T ayside 8 9 M oncrie ffe N O 1 3 3 193 E 9 x 10 1 I C ( + later p hases) 3 1 8 Z one 1 3 : W a les 9 0 B ryn C e lli O du S H 5 08702 E ? 2 1 ? S C ( + later p hases) 29 G : H ENGIFORMS W ITH P OSSIBLE S TONE O R T IMBER C IRCLES 1 2 3 4 5 6 Z one 6 : G ramp ian 9 1 T uack N J 7 95 154 E 8 1 Z one 8 : S outhe rn S cotland 9 2 E aster C adder N S 6 42734 ? 8 x 10 1 Z one 1 0 : C hev iots/Penn ines 9 3 M ilfield N o rth N T 9 34348 E 1 4 x 16 1 2? 9 4 W h itton H i ll 1 N I 9 33347 1 4 9 5 W h itton H i ll 2 N T 9 33347 E 8 x9 1 Z one 1 5 : W essex 9 6 D o rchester 1 S U 5 69956 I ? c 1 4 0 9 7 D o rchester 2 S U 5 70957 I ? c 9 0 9 8 D o rchester 1 S U 5 7 1955 I c 16 0 Z one 1 9 : S outheast E ngland 9 W est A shby T F 2 547 17 ? 1 7 x 18 1 2

7

8

S C ? ,0

2 5 7

I C ?

2 95

1 2TC ,0 T B ,0 S Co rTC ,0

1 2 7 1 3 0 1 3 1

2 T C? ,0 2 T C? ,0 T C ? ,0

1 4 9 1 5 0 1 5 4

I C ?

1 0 9

N otes 3G ua rryw9od : W h ile t h is a ppears t o b e ap robable h enge , t h e i n terna l s tone c i rcle i s l e ss c e rtain - s ee C hapter 6 , IM aybu rgh : T he i n ternal s ettings a re v i rtua lly d e stroyed a nd t h e i d entificat ion o f a s tone c i rcle i s t e nuous - s ee C hapter 7 , 9B ull R ing : T he i n ternal s ettings a re d estroyed a nd o f u n known f o rm - s ee c hapte r 7 , 1 B ow : T he i n te rnal s ettings a re i d entified o n a n a e ria l p hotograph , T hey h ave n o t b een e x cavated a nd h en ce a lternative p ossib ilities o f s toneholes a nd p its c ou ld a lso b e c o nsidered , 2 0 T isbu ry : T h is s ite h as b een d estroyed a nd t h e p oor d o cumentation l e aves i n te rp retation o pen a s t o w hether t h is w as a h enge o r n ot , 5 6 N ipster : T h is s ite , k nown o n ly f r om a n a e ria l p hotograph , c ou ld h ave a n a rrow i n ternal r i ngd itch a nd t h us c ould b e ad omestic s ite , 5 7 B a lfa rg I : s ee C hapter 6 - s ite 7 :3 , 6 5 F lodden : T h is s ite m ay b e ah enge i n i t s f i rst p hase , t h at h as l a ter b een r e mode lled a s ad e fended s ite , 6 C astell B ryn G wyn , : T h is i s a typ ical , h av ing a n i n terna l b an k , b ut i t h as p rodu ced n eo lith ic m aterial a nd t hus m ay b e r e lated t o h enges p roper , 6 7 D y ffryn L ane : S ome e lements o f d oubt e x ist o n t h is s ite a s i t h as a n a typica lly n a rrow e ntrance a nd h as a b a rrow i n i t s i n terior , 6 9 F ig sbu ry : I t h as r e cently b een p o inted o ut t h at t h is l a rge d itch w ith in a l a ter h i llfort h as m any N eolithic a rte facts i n i t s f i ll, 7 3 T hwing : T h is r e cently e x cavated s ite d ates f rom t h e L a ter B ronze A ge , H oweve r , i t m ay b e ar emode lled h enge a s i t h as e arlier f i nds i n t h e i n ne r d itch s i lts , 7 5 B e rry fields : t h is c ropmark c omprises a l a rge w ide d itch w h ich s uggests a h enge , b ut i t a ppears t o b e u n interrupted w h ich a rgues a gainst t h is , 7 6 R ound _ H ill : T h is s ite h as a l a rge b a rrow a t t h e c e ntre , b u t t h e w ide , i n terrupted d itch i s s t rongly s uggestive o f ah enge ,

—5 10 —

7 6 B a rton i n F a bis : T h is w ide-d itched c ropmark i s o n ly p a rtia lly v isib le , h ence i t i s u n certain i f e n tran ces e x ist , T here i s ar ingd itch a t t h e c e ntre w h ich c ou ld s uggest i t i s ad o mestic s ite , S i tes 7 8-79 : T h ese t w o s ites h ave n a rrow d itches w h ich a re a typ ica l f o r h enges , b ut t h ey a p pear t o b e ar e lated r e g ional s ub-type , S i tes 8 1-87 : W h ile a l l t h ese s ites , i d entified f r om a e rial p hotog raphs , h ave s t rong s u perficial r e semb lance t o s mall h enges , i d entica l s ites h ave p roven t o b e p ost-m ills , T h is i s p e rhaps a m o re l i ke ly a lternative , a lthough A rmingha ll s hou ld b e b orne i n m ind , 9 1 T uack : s ee C hapter 6 ,

—5 11 —

APPENDIX 2 :

A CORPUS OF

T IMBER CL _RCLES

L EL 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : 6 :

S ite n umber S ite n ame M ap r e feren ce D iameter o f r i ng ( t o t h e n ea rest 0 ,5 m etres) N umber o f p o sts O ther f e atu res ; T S t i mber s etting P O p o rta ls H h enge/heng iform P p i ts 0 o thers L P l a ter p hases

A : E XCAVATED F R EESTANDING R INGS 1 2 3 Z one 4 : W estern S cotland 1 M a chrie M oo r 1 N R 9 13324 2 M a ch rie M oo r 1 N R 9 12324 3 T emple W ood 2 N R 8 26978 Z one 7 : T ayside 4 B a lfarg N O 2 8 1032 5 C ro ft M o ra ig N 7 97472 6 M on crie ffe N O 1 3 3 192 7 N o rth M a ins N 9 28 162 Z one 1 0 : C hev iots/Penn ines 8 M i lfie ld N o rth N T Z one 1 5 : W essex 9 D o rchester C u rsus S U 1 0 M a rden S U Z one 2 0 : E ast A nglia 1 A rminghall T G 1 2 S p ring field C u rsus T L

9 34348

4

5

1 2 ,5x 14 ,5 1 3 ,0x 14 ,5 c 1 0 ,0

? 1 0

2 9 ,0x29 ,5 8 ,0x9 ,0 6 ,5 2 4 ,5x26 ,5 1 8 ,5x22 ,0

1 6 1 5 18? 9 2 4 1 8

H , PO ,TS ,LP P O ,O ,LP H , P ,LP

1 9 -22

H , P ,TC?

3 7 ,0

6 L P L P L P

H ?

5 77952 0 9 1584

1 8 ,5x2 1,0 1 2 1 0 ,0x 10 ,5 2 1 (-29)

0 H , 0

2 40060 7 30068

1 3 ,0x 15 ,0 2 7 ,0

0

8 c 24

B : E XCAVATED T IMBER ' B UILDINGS '/CONCENTRIC R INGS 1 2 3 4 5 Z one 1 5 : W essex 1 3 a D u rrington S outh S U 1 5 0437 2 3 ,0 c 35 P hase 1 1 4 ,5 1 5 -20 7 ,5x8 ,5 4 2 ,5 6 -8 1 3 b D u rrington S outh 3 9 ,0 c 50 P hase 2 3 5 ,5 c 3 6 2 9 ,5 c 3 4 2 3 ,0 c 2 4 1 5 ,0 c 1 2 1 0 ,5 c 1 0 1 4 D u rrington N o rth S U 1 5 0437 1 7 ,0 c 20 7 ,5x8 ,5 4

- 5 12 -

6 H , 0

1 , 0

1 5

M ount P leasant

S Y 7 1 0899

1 6

T h e S anctuary

S U 1 8676

1 7 W o odhenge

S U 1 5 0434

C : P O SSIBLE E XAMPLES 1 2 3 Z o ne 6 ; G ramp ian 1 8 S t richen N J 9 36544 Z o ne 7 : T ayside 1 9 F o rtiv iot A N O 0 53 169 2 0 F o rtiviot 6 N O 0 53 169 Z o ne 8 : S outhe rn S cotland 2 1 C a irnpapple N S 9 8 77 17 2 : E aster C adder N S 6 42734 Z o ne 1 0 ; C heviots/Pennines 8 M i lfield N o rth N T 9 3 4348 2 3 W est A keld S t eads N T 9 58307 2 4 W h itton H i ll 1 N T 9 33347 2 5 W h itton H i ll 2 N T 9 33347 Z o ne 1 3 ; W a les/Lancash ire P la in 2 6 L lanrhaead r A S J 1 3 4252 2 7 L lanrhaead r B S J 1 3 4252 2 8 W e lshpoo l S J 2 19049 2 9 B leasdale S D 5 77460 Z o ne 1 4 ; S outhwest E ngland 3 0 B ow S 7 070 16 Z o ne 1 5 ; W essex 3 1 C oneybury S U 1 3 44 16 3 2 D o rchester S Y 7 009 10 3 D o rchester 1 S U 5 69956 3 4 D o rchester 2 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0

D o rchester 4 D o rchester 5 D o rchester 6 D o rchester 1 H ampton L u cy S tonehenge

S U 5 70957 S U S U S U S U cS P S U

5 70957 5 70957 5 69958 5 7 1955 2 55565 1 2 3422

3 7 ,0x39 ,0 3 0 ,5x32 ,5 2 4 ,0x24 ,5 1 8 ,5 1 2 ,5 1 9 ,5x20 ,0 1 4 ,0x 14 ,5 1 0 ,0x 11,0 5 ,5x6 ,5 4 ,0x4 ,5 4 ,0 3 9 ,5x44 ,0 3 4 ,0x38 ,0 2 5 ,0x29 ,5 1 9 ,0x22 ,5 1 4 ,0x 17 ,5 8 ,5x 12 ,0

4

5 2 (42-4) 4 8 (H ) 3 6 (40-2) 2 4 1 6 (4 1-2) 3 4 1 6 1 2 8 8 6 6 0 3 2 1 6 1 8 1 8 1 2

H ,LP

0 ,LP

H ,LP ?

5

c 6

6 L P ?(SC)

c 4 4 c l l

2 3+ 8 +

0 0

2 6 ,5x32 ,5 2 4-25 c 5 c 12

o r S C ,H 2O ,LP

1 0 ,5x 11,0 3 0 c 20 c 1 5 6 ,0x6 ,5 2 5 ,0 c 2 5

H ,TC ,0 0 H ,0

1 0 c 10 c 6 6 1 7 x 18 1 9 -20 1 0 ,5x 11,0 1

1 5 ,0

1 8 x28

1 9

2 50-380 1 2 x 13 2 0 ,0x20 ,5 1 ,0x 12 ,5 1 7 ,5x 19 ,0 7 ,5x8 ,0 8 ,5 9 ,0x9 ,5 9 ,0x 10 ,0 s ma ll 8 6 ,5x87 ,5

c 1 50 1 3 15 1 17 1 3 14 2 4 8 1 3 1 1 4 8 + 5 6

— 5 13 —

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H 2O ,LP

Z one 1 8 : T rent V a lley 4 1 C atho lme

S K 1 9 6 166

2x24 2 8x3 1 3 4x37 3 9x43 4 5x49 4 2 E ast S toke S K 7 66487 7 2x73 c 90 Z one 1 9 : F enland M a rgins/Northern C otswolds 4 3 M axey T F 1 2 3067 ( c 60) 4 R earsby S K 6 43 143 ( c 60) 4 5 W est A shby T F 2 547 17 2 5x26

c 35 c 3 5 c 35-40 c 4 0 c 40-45 c 50-60 c 6 0? 1 + 2 3-5

H ?

B ibliog rg o ,V ( s ite n u mbers i n b old ) , S ites 1 6 ,16 ,18 ,2 1,40 s ee C hapter 6 , H edges a nd B u ckley 1 9 8 1; 1 2 , A t kinson e t a l 1 9 5 1; 3-38 , M i k e t 1 9 8 5 ; 2 4 , 2 5 , B a rclay 1 9 83 ; 7 , R i chards 1 9 82 ; 3 1 , C hambers 1 9 83 ; 9 R C A H M 1 9 7 8 ; 2 , C lark 1 9 36 ; 1 , R CAHM 1 9 79 ; 1 3 ,14 ,17 , B a rclay 1 9 83 ; 7 , S t J oseph 1 9 78 ; 1 9 ,20 , C unn ington 1 9 29 ; 1 7 , S t J oseph 1 9 80a ; 2 6 -28 , D av ies a nd W oodward 1 9 85 ; 3 2 , V a r l e y 1 9 3 8 ; 2 9 , F ield 1 9 82 ; 4 5 , W a inwright 1 9 7 1; 1 0 , G r iffith 1 9 85 ; 3 0 , W a inw right 1 9 80 ; 1 0 ,1317 , H a rd ing 1 9 8 1; 8 ,23 , W a inwright a nd L o ngworth 1 9 7 1; 1 0 ,13 , H a rding w ith L ee 1 9 87 ; 1 9 ,20 ,22 ,23 ,26 , 1 4 ,16 ,17 , 2 7 ,39 ,4 1-43 ,45 U npublished d ata A , H arding a nd G , L ee p e rs , c o rm , -2 8 ,44 , 0 , M i les p e rs , c o rm , -9 , R , M eeson p e rs , c omm , -4 1 , eigä S i tes 1 6 ; s ee C hapter 6 , 7N o rth M a ins ; T hese t w o r ings a ppear t o h ave b een b u ilt w ithin t h e h enge i n terior i n d i fferent p hases a s t h ey a re n ot c on centric , T he s ma lle r r i ng h as r e lative ly s m a ll p osts w h ile t h e o ther h ad m assive d eep ly-set p osts b u ilt c 2 ,5m f r om t h e h enge d itch , N o c lea r e v idence w as f o und t o i n dicate t h e r e lative c h rono logy o f t h e s maller r ing , i t c o u ld h ave b een b uilt p r io r t o t h e h enge , M i lfie ld N o rth ; T h is s ma ll h enge h ad a r ing o f e qua lly-spa ced l a rge p osts o u ts ide t h e b ank , o n ly s ome o f w h ich w e re e x cavated , T hese w ere e rected b e fore t h e h enge b u t t h e b an k o f t he l a tter w as b u ilt w h ile t h ey w e re s t ill i n -situ , W i thin t h e h enge w as a r i ng o f s ma ller p i ts/postholes w ith a g ap t o t h e n o rtheast , T he m i s-match b etween t h is a nd t he h enge e ntrance s uggests t h ey w e re b u ilt a t d i fferent t i mes , A lthough n o p ost p i pes w ere f o und i n t h ese p its t h e p ossibility o f t h em c ontain ing p osts s hou ld n ot b e d iscoun ted , 9D orcheste r C u rsus ; T h is r i ng c onsisted o f 0 ,31,0m d iameter p osts s et i n h o les u p t o 1 , 5m d eep , T he p osts h ad b een b u rnt , I t l a y w ith in t he D o rcheste r c u rsus o n i t s c entral a x is , 1 0 M a rden ; T h is s t ru ctu re l i es i m mediately w ith in t h e n o rthe rn e ntran ce t o t h e h e nge , I t c onsists o f a s ing le r i ng o f u neven ly s paced p osts w i th a n umber o f o ther p o stho les s cattered r a ndomly i n t h e v i cinity , I t i s n ot c lear i f i t w a s r o o fed o r f r eestand ing , 1 A rm ingha ll ; T he r i ng a t t h is s ite f o rms a h orseshoe w i th a n o pen e nd f a cing t h e h enge e ntrance ,

— 5 14 —

1 2 S p ring field ; T h is r i ng l i es s ymmetrically w ith in t h e e astern e nd o f ac u rsus , 1 3 / 14 D u rrington ; B oth t h ese r i ngs l i e w ithin t h e h enge a nd g eophys ica l s urvey s uggests f u rther s t ru ctu res o f s im ilar t y pe m ay a lso e x ist , T he m ost c o mplex o f t h e t wo e x cavated e x amp les ( s ite 1 4 ) l i es i m med iately i n s ide t h e s outhe rn e ntran ce , I t w as b u ilt i n a t l e ast 2 p hases , E v iden ce f o r t h e f i rst s t ructures h ad b een p a rtially d estroyed b y l a ter p o stholes ; i t m ay w e ll h ave b een f r eestanding , T he l a ter p hase w as a m ore i m pressive c o n centric s t ru cture w i th l a rger p osts a nd i s c omparab le w i th W oodhenge n ea rby , T he n o rthern r ing w as s ma ller a nd c onsisted o f ar i ng o f r e lative ly s mall p osts c omparab le w i th t h at a t M a rden , e x cept t h ere w e re 4 m assive p osts i n t h e i n terior , s et i n as qua re , T h ese m ay h ave s upported a r o o f a lthough t h is i s f a r f r om c l ear , As etting o f 4p osts w as a l so f ound a t t h e c e ntre o f p hase 1 o f t h e s outhern s ite , w h ich c an b e a rgued t o b e f r eestand ing , 1 5 M ount P leasant ; T h is t i mber s t ru ctu re w as c learly b u ilt i n o ne p hase w ith 4 a isles , l t f i lled t he f u ll i n terior o f t h e i n ner h enge , I t w as l a ter r e mode lled i n s tone w ith a c e ntral c ove a nd o utlying s tones o n t h e s ame a l ignment a s t h e a isles , 1 6 T he S an ctua ry ; T hese t i mber r i ngs h ave b een b u ilt i n a t l e ast 1 2 p hases a nd w e re l a ter r e p la ced b y s tone c i rcles - s ee C hapter 6 , 1 7 W oodhenge ; T h is s t ructure f i lls t h e i n terior o f t h e h enge , a s a t M ount P leasant , H o wever, t h e p ost d iameters v a ry , s uggesting c onstru ction i n m o re t h an 1 p hase , T he o u termost r ing i s c lose-spa ced a s a t T he S anctuary a nd D u rrington , s uggesting i t s upported aw a ll o r f en ce r a ther t h an b e ing f r eestand ing , 1 8 S t richen ; s ee C hapter 6 , 1 9 /20 F ortiviot ; T hese t w o a d ja cent s ites c onsist o f r ings o f p its/postho les s u rround ing n a rrow r i ngditches , e a ch w i th a s ing le e n tran ce , A t s ite 2 0 t h e d itch m ay b e d oub le a nd h a s a n e xterna l d iameter o f 3 2m , T he o ther h as a d iameter o f 8 m , A d ja cent t o t h e l a tter i s at h ird p ossib le r i ng o f 4 -6 p its o f 1 0 m d iameter , A l l t h ese s ites l i e w ith in t h e m assive r i ng a t F o rtiv iot w h ich a ppea rs t o b e s im ilar t o t h e e x cavated p a llisaded s ite o f M e ldon B r idge , T he i n ner r ings o f p its h ave a s im ilar s pacing t o t h e o uter ' p a llisade ' a nd h en ce m a y b e o f s im ilar c onstru ction , 2 1 C a irnpapple ; s ee C hapte r 6 , 2 E aster C adde r ; T h is c r opmark s hows a r i ng o f p its/postho les s u rrounded b y aw ide d itch , 2 3 V est A keld S tead s ; T h is c ropmark s hows a r ing o f p its/postho les i n t he c entra l a rea n e a r t h e h enge d itch , 2 4 W hitton H i ll _ 1 ; T h is u nusual s ite c o nsists o f ad itch w i th 4 n a rrow e ntrances w h ich a p pears t o h ave b een d ug a s af oundation t r en ch f o r t h e o u ter e dge o f at imber b u ild ing , s u pported i n terna lly w ith a r i ng o f p osts , T here w as a g ap t o t h e s outheast f o rm ing a n e n tran ce t o t h e c e ntral a r ea w here s evera l b u rials w ere p la ced i n p its , I t i s n ot k nown i f t h is c entral a r ea w as r o o fed o r n ot , 2 6 W h itton H ill 2 ; T h is s i te h as a r i ng o f s hallow p its i n t h e i n terior o f a n i n terrupted r i ngditch , w ith a n e ntran ce t o t he s outh a nd a s p layed a venue o f p osts b eyond t h is , T he p i ts i n t h e i n ner r i ng w e re s uggested t o b e s toneho les b ut t h is i s t enuous a nd s ma ll p osts s e em a m o re v iab le h ypothesis g iven t h e c l ose s pacing o f s eve ra l o f t h ese , 2 6 /27 L lanrhaead r ; T hese a d jacent c ropmarks a ppea r t o b e s imp le r i ngs o f p its/postholes , 2 8 W e lshpool ; T h is c ropmark h a s ar i ng o f p its/postholes s u rrounding a l a rge c entral p it , 2 9 B leasdale ; T h is r i ng o f l a rge p osts h ad s p layed p orta ls t o t h e e ast ( t wo l i nes o f t h ree) a nd w as c o vered b y ab a rrow d e fined b y ad itch o f c l 8m d iameter w h ich w as l i ned b y b i rch p oles , A t t h e c entre w as a g rave a c compan ied b y 2c o llared u rns a nd a p ygmy c u p , T he d i t ch w as i n terrupted a t t h e c i rcle e ntran ce i n d icating t h e l a tter s t ill s tood w hen t h e b a rrow w as b u ilt , O ne o f t h e p osts g ave a d ate o f 1 8 10bct90 (NPL69) , T he b a rrow a nd c i rcle w e re s et e c centrically w i thin a t imbe r p a llisade o f c 46m d iameter w ith a n e ntran ce t o t h e s o uth 3 0 B ow ; T h is c r opmark s hows a s ub-ova l r i ng o f e qually s paced p its/postholes w ith in t h e 2 e n tran ce h enge .

— 5 15 —

3 1 C oneybu ry ; T he e xcavations h ere h ave n ot b een p ublished b ut a p ossible r ing o f l a rge t imber p osts ( o r p its) a ppears t o h ave b een f ound i n t he i n terior o f t he h enge , t o gether w ith m any s maller s takeholes , 3 2 D orchester ; T his m assive r ing h as b een p artially e xcavated , I t i s o verlain b y m odern D orchester, I t a ppears t o b e r oughly c i rcu lar a nd b uilt o f m assive c lose-set p osts , T here i s n o e vidence t hat t hey w ere e ver j o ined b y ap allisade b ut p ossible p arallels w i th M ount P leasant o r M e ldon B ridge , W a lton a nd F ortiviot s hould b e b orne i n m ind , As ma ll d itch l i es c lOm o utside t he r ing b ut m ay n ot b e c ontemporary , T he h enges o f M ount P leasant a nd M aumbury l i e n earby , 3 D orchester 1 ; T his s ite i n itia lly c onsisted o f ar ing o f p its s urrounded b y a n u nbroken r ingditch w ith i n ner b ank ,

L ater a s eries o f p its w ere d ug w ithin t he o uter e dge o f t he

d itch , T hese m ay b e a ssociated w ith a s quare o uter d itch m easuring 2 6x27m i nterna lly , T he p ossibility t hat b oth r ings o f p its c ontained p osts s hould b e c onsidered , 3 4 D orchester 2 ; T h is s ite l ies i m med iately o utside t he D orchester c u rsus , l t w as b u ilt i n 3p hases , T he f i rst c onsisted o f as egmented d itch w hich c omprised a s eries o f i n dividual o val p its s ome o f w hich o verlapped , T hey h ad b een b ackfilled i mmed iately a fter c o mp letion , T he s econd p hase c onsisted o f t he d igg ing o f as egmented d itch i m mediately o utside t he f i rst r ing , w ith a n i n ternal b ank w h ich w as p robably c ontinuous , T his r ing v aried f r om t he f i rst i n t hat t he m a jority o f d itch s egments w ere m uch l o nger , T he t h ird p hase w as s imilar t o t he f i rst w ith i n dividual p its o verlapping i n p airs , T hese o verlapped w ith t h e o uter e dge o f t he p hase 2 d itch , T he p ossibility t hat t he p hase 1 a nd 3 p its c ontained p ost s hould b e c onsidered , T he s econd p hase b ank c ould h ave b een b u ilt w hile t he f i rst p hase ' p osts ' w ere s till i n -situ , 3 5 D orchester 4 ; T his s ite c onsists o f as egmented d itch c omprising o f 8 i ndiv idua l p its w ith a g ap t o t he s outheast , T he r ing i s w ithin t he D o rset c u rsus , w ith t he e n trance a l igned o n i t s c entral a xis , T he p ossibility t hat t he p its c ontained p osts s hou ld b e c onsidered , E a ch h ad a c i rcular d epression a t i t s b ase , p erhaps w here h eavy p ost b a ses h ad s unk i n to t he n atural g ravel, 3 6137 D orchester 5 /6 ; T hese s ites l i e i m mediately o utside t he D orchester c u rsus n e a r s ite 2 , T hey a re v ery s imilar i n d esign t o s ite 4 a nd t he s ame c omments a pply h ere , B o th h ave e ntrances t o t he n orth , 3 8 D orchester 1 ; T his s ite p re-dates t he c ursus a nd w as i n u se w hen t he l atter w a s b uilt a s i t s d itch i s i nterrupted h ere , S ite 1 w as b u ilt i n 3p hases , t he f irst t wo o f w hich c onsisted o f c ontinuous r ingditches , T he t h ird p hase c omprised o f al a rger r ingd it ch w hich h ad a n i n ner b ank w ith a c ircle o f p its i n t he c entra l a rea , A w ider g ap s uggests a n e ntrance t o t he n ortheast , T he p ossibility t hat t he p its c ontained p osts s h ou ld b e c onsidered , 3 9 H ampton L ucy ; T his c ropmark h as a d iscontinuous r ing o f p its/postholes s e t w ith a n arrow u nbroken r ingditch , 4 0 S tonehenge ; s ee C hapter 6 , 4 1 C atholme ; T his c ropmark h as f ive c on centric c ircles o f p its/postholes w hich m ay b e s imilar t o t he w ell k nown c oncentric s ites i n W essex , N earby i s as econd c ropma rk w hich c onsists o f ar ingditch s urrounded b y 7 + r adiating l ines o f 4 -5 p osts a nd c ould p e rhaps b e c onsidered a s af u rther e xample o f t h is t ype o f s ite , 4 2 E ast S toke ; T his c ropmark h as 2 l a rge c oncentric r ings o f p osts/pits , s et c 9 m a part , T he p osts a re c lose-set a nd i t i s u n known i f t hey w ere f reestanding o r w ere s ome f o rm o f p a llisade , 4 3 1 M axey ;

T h is c ropmark

s hows a l a rge s emi-circle o f p its/postholes s urrounding o ne o f

s imilar s ize a t t he c entre , 4 R earsby ; T h is c ropmark c onsists o f al a rge n umber o f p its/postholes i n ac 60m d iameter r ing . T here i s av ague s ub-oval f eature a t t he c entre , 4 5 : W est A shby ; T his u nusual c ropmark h as a r ing o f p its/postholes s urround ing a d itch b roken b y 1 -2 e ntrances , T his d itch i s r e latively n arrow a nd i t i s n ot c lear i f ab ank s tood b etween t he d itch a nd o uter r ing , o r i f t here w as a c entral b arrow ,

- 5 16 -

A PPENDIX 3 :

A CORPUS OF

R INGCAIRNS

IN THE PEAK DISTRICT

E LL 1 : S ite n ame 2 : M ap r e feren ce ( a ll p re fixed b y S K ) 3 : I n ternal d iameter t o t h e n earest 0 ,5m ( 0 : D estroyed) , 4 : D egree o f c i rcularity - s ee t ext ( I D : i n su fficient d ata) 5 : O r ientation o f e ntran ces 6 : A ssociated l a rge c a irn ( C ) 7 : A ssociated c a irn field /fie ld-system ( C ) 8 : A lternative i n terpretation o f t h e s ite ; H -p ossible h ouse C-p ossib le r o bbed c a irn F-p ossib ly f o rtu itous E-e mban ked s tone c i rcle 1 B a r D i ke B a m ford M oor N H a thersage M oo r C i celey L ow N C i celey L ow S B i g M oor R a msley M oor B i rch in E dge N G a rdoms E dge B i rch in E dge S B e eley W a rren N W B e eley W arren N E B e eley M oor N B e eley M oor S W o odbrook Q ua rry W i rksworth M oor O f fe rton M oor S t anton M oor I I T h e M o rridge

2 3 4 2 4 499459 2 ,5x2 1,0 6 ,6% 2 0 898526 2 4 ,5x22 ,5 8 ,2% 2 5 688094 7 ,5x5 ,5 2 6 ,7% 2 7 528080 2 5 ,5x24 ,0 5 ,9% 2 7 5 18078 c 1 5 ,0 I D 2 69575 15 c 1 5 ,0 I D 2 8 957562 1 9 ,0x 16 ,0 1 5 ,8% 2 8 5 17346 1 7 ,5x 15 ,5 1 ,4% 2 7 447239 1 ,5 I D 2 8 177239 1 0 ,5x8 ,0 2 3 ,8% 2 7 776872 7 ,0 I D 2 7946888 6 ,0 I D 2 8 536769 5 ,0x4 ,0 I D 2 8 536767 6 ,0x5 ,0 1 6 ,7% 2 8 5657 0 : c 1 1,0 I D 3 0 ,53 , D : c 2 5 ,0x23 ,0 I D 2 1288054 2 3 ,0x 18 ,5 1 9 ,6% 2 4806327 1 9 ,5 I D 0 4 ,53 , D : c 1 2 ,0 I D

B ibliography s e e B a rnatt 1 9 86 , a nd B a rnatt i n p ress , F o r O f ferton M oor a nd S tanton M oor I I s ee C hapter 7 ,

5 S

6

SW ?

S E ? ? S W ? ?

N /S -

C -

-

C C

7 ? C C ? ? C C C C C C C C C C ? C C ?

8 C H

C H H /F H /C C /H H C C E E

K EY 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : 6 :

S ite n umber ( a fter W orth 1 9 53 a nd E mmett 1 9 79 - w ith a dd itions) , S ite n ame , M ap r e ference'upper ' e nd ( a ll p re fixed b y S X ) , S tatus o f s ite s ingle , d ouble , e t c, L ength o f r o w t o t he n earest 5 m , T hose i n p a renthesis a re i n complete , O r ientation o f t he r o w f rom t h e ' u pper ' e nd , i n d egrees f r om n o rth , T hose t h at d e v iate s ign ificantly f r om a s t raight l i ne a re s u ffixed b y ' D ', 7 : F eatures a t t h e ' u pper ' e nd o f t h e r o w , T hese a re n o rma lly u pslope b ut e x ceptiona lly w here r o ws f o llow o n f r om e a ch o ther , t h e ' u pper ' f e atu res a re d ownslope , t h ey a r e l i sted h e re p re fixed b y 0 , C : C a irn C RK : C a irn w i th r u ined k erb C SK : C a irn w ith s pa ced k erb I n terna l c ist M : M enh ir o r ientated t o t h e r o w S CC : S tone c i rcle w ith i n ternal c a irn T M : T e rm ina l m enh ir o r o rthostat s et a t r ight-ang les t o t h e r o w I S : R ise i n t h e h e ight o f r o w s tones n ear t h e t e rminal , 8 : G eneral S tate o f p reservation o f t h e ' u pper ' e nd o f t h e r o w : A : A dequate P : P oor 0 : D estroyed 9 : F eatures a t t h e ' l ower ' e nd o f t h e r ow : r ientated t o t h e r o w C : C a irn M : M enh ir o et a t r ight a ng les t o t h e r o w , T M : T e rm inal m enh ir o r o rthostat s l ower ' e nd o f t h e r o w : 1 0 : G enera l s tate o f p reservation o f t h e ' D : D estroyed A : A dequate P : P oor

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6

2 S tall M oor B utterdon B u rford D own B rown H eath S purre lls C ross G lasscombe B a ll A S taldon P enn B ea con A P enn B eacon B C holwich T own W aste C o llard T o r A C o llared T o r B S haugh M oor T row lesworthy A T rowlesworthy B R ingmoor D own D r izzlecombe A D r izzlecombe B D r izzlecombe C D own T or B la ck T or H a rter A H a rter B S harpitor A S harpitor B S harpitor C

3 6 3526443 6 563588 1 6 37060 17 6 4 106532 6 5855985 6 5776045 6 3246242 5 9856268 5 95 16248 5 8466225 5846205 5856205 5426340 5 7646398 5 7556399 5 6326580 5 9 176696 5 9246707 5 9276704 5 8686926 5 7237 154 5 7727 170 5 7737 169 5667062 5757060 5 6 147079

1 1 1 2 1 ( -2) 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 / 1 2 / 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2

5 3 400 1 9 10 5 00 2 40 ( 1 15) ( 8 5) ( 5 00) ( 2 0 ) 5 2 30 ( 6 5) ( 8 5) 1 8 0 1 3 0 7 5 5 30 1 5 0 1 5 0 8 5 3 50 ( 2 90 ) ( 1 35) 6 5 15 ( 4 5) ( 3 5)

6 1 0 3 5 10 3 59 1 9 0 3 40 22 1 7 5D 9 7 2 10 2 02 1 8 2 1 7 7 2 0 1 9 10 2 62 1 2 27 2 30 24 7 1D 5 0 2 56 2 38 6 4 4 8 8

— 5 18 —

7 S C C S C C ,TS S C C ,M S C C ,M C C ? M C , I S C ,?C ,?M C S C C S C C S C ,?C ,M S C ,?C ,TM S C C C , TS S C C ,TS S C C ,TS S C C ,TM ,TS T M S C C ,TS? C , TS C C

8 A A A

0 ? A ? A

9 C M 2 TM ?

7

D ?

-

A ? A

M

A A ? A P A A A A D ?

A

A A A A

1 0 P P P P

M M ? M M T M M

A A T M

A

2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3

M e rrivale M e rrivale M e rrivale L angstone C osdon

A B C M oor

3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 5 4 6 4 8 4 9 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 5 6 6 7 7 0 7 1 7 5 7 6 7 7 9 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 5 8 6 8 7 8 8 9

S hovel D own A S hove l D own E S hovel D own C S hovel D own G S hovel D own J S hovel D own H F e rnworthy A F e rnworthy B F e rnworthy C A ssycombe W atern H i ll S tannon C ha llacombe T rendlebere D own Y a r T or A L aughter L a kehead H i ll A L a kehead H i ll B C on ies D own B la ck T o r C o rringdon B a ll A C orringdon B a ll B B rent F o re H i ll G lasscombe B a ll B C antrell P enn B ea con C S oussons D own Y e llowmead S harpitor N W P i les H i ll A G reat W h itten T o r Y a r T or B M errivale D M errivale E R amsley H olne M oor P i les H i ll B N atsworthy L eedon T o r H a rford M oor A H arford M oo r B S hovel D own I J oan F ord N ewta ke R inghill

555748 1 5597479 5397476 5037885 6 4329 159

2 2 1 1 3

1 8 0 2 65 4 0 ( 1 00) ( 1 35)

6 595860 1 6 5948605 6 5998590 6038567 6048549 6068573 6 54884 10 6 5548428 6 55 18407 6 108264 6 7278243 6 5428 167 6 9038072 7 6647923 6 8 177386 6 5237539 6 4507760 6 4307765 5 8587907 6 7736347 6656 122 6676 119 6846 13 1 6096080 6 57 157 18 5 98 16227 6 7677998 5 7486785 5067075 6 5286 100 6 1957845 c 682738 5367459 5377459 c 6 5 193 1 6 7357 100 c 64906 100 7 1298005 5 65 17 15 1 c 65 105985 c 65 155995 c 66008600 6 3207205 6 4757950

2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 7 2 1 / 2 2 2 3 8 ? 1 1 2 3 ? 1 ? 1 ? ? 3 2 ? 1 2 ? 1 2 1 1 3 ? 1 +

( 1 80) ( 1 45) ( 1 20) ( 1 50) ( 2 70) ( c 300) ( 6 5) ( 7 0) ( 2 0) 1 3 0 1 4 5 5 80 ( 1 60) ( 1 25) ( 4 50) ( 2 20 ) ( 1 5) ( 2 0) ( 1 80) ( c 15) ( 1 55) ( 8 5) 8 0 ( 1 95) ( 4 5) c 5 ? ( 6 0) ( 1 0) 1 2 5 ( 5 50 ) ( 1 00) ( 1 5) ( 5 ) ( 1 5) ? ( 3 0) ( c 20) ( c 300) ( 2 40) 2 0 ( c 100) ( c 250) c 200? ( 5 )

2 64 2 6 1 2 04 1 8 2 9 5 2 39 3 1 3 57 3 57 3 470 1 8 4 1 9 0 2 04 2 37 2 1 1 8 8D 1 5 6 4 300 13 8 7D 1 0 6 1 8 3 1 4 0 29 2 34 2 35 2 160 24 c 225 c 180 2 45 27 2 70 1 9 4 c 145/325 1 8 5 2 57 ? 15 c 280 9 0 1 50 c 35 c 55 5 c 130? 6 8

- 5 19 -

T M T M C , I? ,TM ,TS C ? S CC ,?C ,I,3TM

A /D? A /D? 2 TM A M ? P /D M A -

S CC ,2TM C , ?I D :M D :TM 0 :S CC D :C , I S CC ,TM ,TS C RK ,M C ? T M

A D P P P D D D P A 1 2TM A T M D 2 TM P D 0 P A P P P P P A P P 0 0 P P M P /0 P D P P D A D ? 2 TM? P P P 2 M ? P /D D P ? 3 TM? P -

S CC ,I C ,M S CC ,I T M M ? C D :SCC D :SCC T M D :TS? C , ?I C SK C S CC C T M T ,M? S CC ,M? 5 -6TM 2 TM? C D ? :C D ? :S C?C ?

A /D? A A A P 0 D P /D P /D 0 0 D D D A A P D D D 0 0 ? D D D D D P /D 0 D D 0 0 A P /D 0 D 0 0 D D P 0 0 A 0 D P 0

B ibliography S ites 1 7 1,75 s ee W orth 1 9 53 a nd E mmett 1 9 79 , S ite 7 9 ; B a ring G ou ld 1 8 96 S ites 8 1 ,83-7 ; u npublished ( d ata f r om f i eldwork, a nd A , F leming , R . R obinson , T . G reaves p e rs , c omm ,), S ites 8 2 ,88 ,89 ; u npublished ( f ieldwork d ata ), N otes B ow 1 : T h is r o w i s e xceptiona lly l o ng a nd c rosses t h e r i ver E rme , I t r i ses f r om t h e r iver i n b oth d i re ctions a nd a lthough t he n o rthern e nd i s h igher , t h e o ther o n S ta ll M o or h as t y pica l ' u pper ' e nd f eatures a nd i s t r eated a s s u ch , I t c o u ld h ave b een p lanned a s 2r ows w h ich m eet a t t h e r iver , a lthough t he re i s n o d i re ct e v iden ce f o r t h is . B ow 2 : T h is r o w i s a lso l o ng a nd r i ses a t b oth e nds , T hat o n B utterdon H i ll h a s ' u pper ' e nd f e atures a nd i s t reated a s s u ch , R ow 7 : T h is r o w h as e x ceptiona lly t a ll s tones a nd d escends b oth s ides o f S ta ll D o wn , I t m ay b e 2 r o ws w h ich m eet a t t he c rest a t as ma ll c i rcu la r k e rb , U n fortunate ly p oorly d o cumented r e storation m a kes t h is d i fficu lt t o a ssess , B ow 8 : T h is m ay b e r obbed a t b oth e nds b y r e ave b u ilders , b ut a s omewhat t a ller s t one a t t h e w est e nd o n t h e r idge c rest s uggests t h is i s at e rminal , R ow 1 6 : T h is r o w i s d i fficu lt t o i n terpret a s i t h as b een r e stored , I t i s s ing le o ther t h an a s hort s e ction a t t h e c entre w h ich i s d ouble , t h e s tones a re t a ller h e re , T he p ossib ility e x ists t hat t h is s ite c omprises 2 r ows o n t h e s ame o r ientation , t h e s o uthern h a lf d oub le a nd t h e n orthe rn s ing le , R ow 1 7 : H a lf-way d own t h e r o w i t c h anges f r om d oub le t o s ing le a nd s hou ld p erhaps b e s een a s 2a butting r o ws , B ow 1 8 : A t t h e l o wer e nd , t h e l a st 2 s mall s tones a re d oub le , w h ile t he r e st o f t h e r o w i s s ingle , B ow 2 8 : T h is r o w h as a s mall s tone c i rcle s u rround ing a c a irn a t t he c entre , T h is i s u n ique a nd m ay s uggest t h at t he s i te s hou ld b e s een a s 2 a butting r ows o n t h e s ame o r ientation , B ow 3 : T he t o p f e atures o f t h is t r ip le r o w m ay s uggest i t w as b u ilt i n 2p hases , T h ere i s as ing le r o w r u nn ing t o as tone c i rcle w ith i n terna l c a irn a nd b ipa rtite c i st , I m m ed iately s outh , ad oub le r o w s tops s l ightly s ho rt o f t h e o ther a nd t h ere m ay h ave b een a s e cond c a irn h e re , R ow 3 9 : T h is r u ined r ow i s m u ch l o nge r t h an o n ce t h ought a nd p asses o ver t h e r i dge c rest a t i t s c e ntre , h en ce b oth e nds r un d ownslope , R ow 4 1 ' T he c a irn b eyond t h e n o rthern e nd o f t h e r o w i s w e ll o f fset f rom a l ignmen t a n d m ay w e ll h ave n o d i re ct r e lationship , B ow 4 2 : T he c a irn a t t h e l o wer e nd o f t h e r o w i s w e ll o f fset f r om a l ignment a nd m a y w e ll h ave n o d i rect r e lationship , B ow L I S : T h is r o w i s m uch l o nger t h an o n ce t h ought , B ow 4 6 : T h is r o w h as b een p oo rly r e stored , t he u pper b lo cking s tone h as b een m oved a nd i t a ppears i t o r ig ina lly b locked a s ing le l i ne o n ly , B ow 4 8 ' T he c a irn a t t h e u pper e nd i s o f fset f rom t h e r o w o r ientation , t he l a tte r w ould h ave p assed n ear i t s w estern m a rg in , N o c a irn e x ists a t t h e l o wer e nd , t he o n ly f e atu re i s an earby n atura l k no ll, R ow 4 9 : T he c a irn b eyond t h e l o wer e nd i s o ut o f o r ientation a nd i s u nlikely t o b e t he o r iginal t e rm ina l p o int f o r t h e r o w , B ow S O : T he ' t erminal s tones ' s uggested b y p rev ious a utho rs a s a t t h e l o wer e nd , a r e o n ly p a rt w ay d own t h e r o w , B ow 5 6 : T he c a irn n oted i n t h e p ast a t t h e l o we r e nd d oes n o t s eem t o e x ist , T he w h o le r ow m ay c on ce ivably b e af o rtu itous a r rangement , R ow 6 1 : T he l o wer 8 1m o f t h e r ow i s s ingle , w h ile t h e u pper p o rtion i s d ouble a n d o n a s l ightly d i ffe rent a l ignment , Af u rther c omp lex ity i s as ing le s lab a nd 2 b ou lde rs , c l ose

— 5 20 —

b y t h e p o int o f c hange , w h ich l i e w ithin t h e d ouble r ow a long t he c entral a x is , T h is d e sign s uggests t h is i s 2a butting r o ws , o ne s ing le , o ne d oub le , P erhaps t he s ing le r o w i s e a rlier a nd f r agments r e ma in f u rther a long , a mongst a p art ia l r emodelling a s ad oub le r o w , T h e c a irn s uggested b y o t her a uthors a t t he u pper e nd i s b etter i n terpreted a s al i nea r b a n k, T he c a irn a t t h e l o wer e nd i s a lso d ubious , i t l i es t o t h e s ide o f t he e nd s tones o f t h e r o w a nd m ay w e ll b e u p cast f r om a n earby p it , R o w 6 3 : T h is h ad b een d e stroyed b y 1 9 03 b ut w as d escribed i n 1 8 72 a s s imilar t o P enn B e a con B , R ow _ 6 5 : T h is w a s d estroyed i n c 1897 a nd w as n ever s een i n g ood c ond ition , T he a rea i s n ow a f forested , R o w 6 : T here a re a t l e ast 2 r o ws o f s tone h ere , s ing le r e stored s labs s uggest a f u rther 5 a n d t h is i s s upported b y t h e r ows a s aw ho le t h en o r ientating t o t he c i rcle c entre r a ther t h an b e ing o f fset , R o w 7 0 ' T h is p robable r o w c onsists e ntirely o f l a rge r e cumbent s labs a nd m ay n eve r h ave b e en c ompleted , I t i s n o t o r ientated t o t h e n earby c a irn o n t h e r idge c rest , R o y 7 1 : I m med iately a bove t h e u ppe r e nd o f t he r ow i s a n o utcrop , T he l o wer e nd i s r u ined a n d m ay n ot b e a s l o ng a s t h e l e ngth q uoted h ere , R o w 7 5 : T h is p o ssible r o w w as r e ported i n 1 8 94 b ut r obbed s oon a fterwards , I t s hou ld b e t r eated w ith s o me c aution a s m any p a ra llel r eaves e x ist i n t h e a rea a nd t he s ite m ay h ave b e en m isinterp reted , R o ws 7 6 /77 : T hese b adly r o bbed r ema ins a re d i fficu lt t o i n terpret i n d etail, R ow 7 6 i s c e rtain b ut i t s u pper e nd i s d i fficu lt t o i n terpret , T he m enh ir i s o f fset f r om a l ignment , u n less t h is w as o r ig ina lly a d oub le r o w , A lternative ly t he m enh ir c ou ld b e a ssociated w ith r o w 7 ( a lthough i t i s a l so o f fset f r om t h is) , T h is l a tter r ow i s l e ss c e rta in a nd h y pothesised o n t h e b asis o f o n ly 2 -4 s tones , R o w 7 9 : I n 1 8 96 B a ring G ou ld r e corded t hat s tone r ows a nd a ' c ircle ' h ad e x isted h ere c 2 5 y e ars b e fore , N o d eta ils a re k nown , R o w 8 2 : A t t h e l o wer , w estern e nd , o f t he P i les H i ll A r ow ( 7 0) , a s e cond l i ne o f r e cumbent s labs d eviates f r om t h e r o w , A t t he e nd o f t h ese a re 2 t a ll, l e an ing o rthostats s e t a t r ight a ng les t o t he l i ne , T hese s uggest a p ossible r ow w h ich i s r u ined o r u n finished , R o w 8 3 : T h is b ad ly r o bbed r o w i s s ing le e x cept f o r 1s tone , S ome d istan ce u ph ill a re s labs s e t a t r ight-ang les t o t h e r ow o n t h e c o rrect o r ientation , T hese m ay w e ll b e t h e u pper t e rm inals , R o w 8 7 : T h is r o bbed r o w m ay b e ac o ntinuation o f r o w 3 9 , H owever , i t i s o n as omewhat d i fferent o rientation a nd h ence i s p rovisionally t r eated s eparately , R o w 8 : T h is s i te i s d i fficu lt t o i n terpret , N ear t h e t o p o f as teep s lope a re 3 t a ll o r thostats s et i n aN E /SW l i ne , T hese m ay b e as hort a typ ica l s tone r o w , H owever , i t i s c o n jectured h e re t h at t h ey a re t e rm ina l s tones f rom a t o tally r o bbed t r iple r ow w h ich r an u p h ill t o t h e J oan F o rd N ewta ke s tone c i rcle w h ich i s i n corporated i n an ewtake w a ll, R o w 8 9 : T h is b adly r o bbed s ite i s d i fficu lt t o i n terpret , T wo s labs , w ith a f a llen o ne b e tween , f o rm a s hort l i ne , As hort d istan ce t o t h e N W i s at a ll m enh ir a nd s econd l o w o r thostat i n d icating f u rther c omplex ity , N ot e nough r ema ins t o d etermine i f t hese w ere r o w t e rminals a nd /or a c i rcle ( a s t h e p lace-name s uggests) , R e jected S ites 3 1 C o cks T o r _ ( c S X 5 30760) : T h is s ite w as d escribed a s o ne o r m o re r ows o f l o w s tones r u nn ing f rom a c a irn ( W o rth 1 8 93 ,1894 , E mmett 1 9 79 ) , A t h orough s earch r evea led o n ly f o rtuitous s tones , 3 2 ! O ke T or ( E SX 6 13900 ) : T h is w as d escribed i n W o rth 1 8 94 a s h av ing 2 u p right s labs a nd v a rious p ossib le f a llen s tones , A t t h e t op e nd w as a p oss ib le r u ined c a irn a nd c i st , I t h a s n ot b een f o und s in ce , 4 7 S herril D own ( c SX 6 92737): T h is s ite w as r eported i n 1 8 94 a nd d estroyed 8 y ears l a te r , I t w as d escribed a s a6 8 ,5m l o ng , r u ined d ouble r o w , H owever , i t w as u nusual i n t h at t h e

— 5 21 —

s tones w ere v ery c lose t ogether a nd t he t wo r ows u nusually f a r a part ( c2 ,5m), T he l o cation i nside a p arallel r eave s ystem c ould s uggest d enuded b oundaries r ather t han a t r ue s tone r ow , ul ia pä lkiii LLL i saLi tanil : T he s tatus o f t h is s ite i s u nknown , i t m ay w ell h ave b een a b oundary ; i t h as n ow b een d estroyed b y a fforestation , l t w as d escribed b y W o rth a s a s ingle r ow , c 120m l ong , w ith n o e nd f eatures , 5 4 T or R oyal N ewtake ( SX 6 23736): T his w as d escribed a s a s ingle r ow , I t i s a r u ined e nclosure w a ll, 5 9 C orringdon B all: W orth d ivided r ow 5 8 i n to 2 s ets o f p arallel r ows , T h is s eems u n justified , 6 4 R ound HUI ( SX 6 10744): T his h as b een n oted a s as ingle r ow , I t i s ar u ined e n closure w all, 6 8 S harpitor ( SX 5 6427085): I n 1 947 W orth s uggested a s hort r ow d escending f rom t h e c airn h ere , T he 3 s mall s tones h ere a re f ortuitous , 6 9 T op T or ( SX 7 3577647): I n 1 934 W orth n oted a s tone r ow d escending f rom a c a irn , T h is i s n ot a pparent t oday a nd W orth p resumably c hanged h is i n terpretation a s t he s ite w as n ot i n cluded i n t he 1 9 53 c orpus, 7 2 T hornworthy D own ( SX 64849): T his i s m arked o n O S m aps a s as tone r ow b ut i s ar u ined r eeve , 7 3 L a kehead H ill ( SX 6 4367747): T his w as d escribed i n t he l a te 1 9 th c entury a s al i ne o f s mall s tones , m any r emoved o r s unk, r unning t o t he S E o f t he L akehead C c airn , T hey c ould n ot b e f ound b y W orth i n 1 896 a nd t h is r ow i s l i kely t o h ave c omprised f ortuitous s tones , o nl y 7 4 L akehead H ill ( SK 6 4347749): T his w as d escribed b y W o rth i n 1 896 a s ar ow o f 3s tones t o t he e ast o f t he L akehead D c a irn , T hese m ay h ave b een t he s ame s tones a s r ow 7 3 a nd m ay w ell a lso b e f o rtuitous , 7 8 S ha rp T or ( S X 6 5006 188): T his w as n oted b y f i r insell i n 1 9 79 a s ap ossible s tone r ow , I t i s m ore l i kely t o b e af o rtuitous a rrangement o f s mall e a rth fast s labs , 8 0 H ookney D own ( S X 7 04 18 116): T he c a irn h ere h as a s ing le r adially s et o rthostat a s hort d istance b eyond i t s p erimeter, W orth ( 1894) s peculated t h is w as a r emnant o f as tone r ow b ut f u rther e vidence i s n eeded f o r p ositive i n terpretation , 8 1 L angstone M oo r ( SX 5 49878 .89): W orths d escriptions o f 1 893 a nd 1 894 i ndicate s tones a re t hose v isible t oday w hich a re t he o ccasional o rthostats i n ar eave ,

— 5 22 —

t hese

APPENDIX 5 :

MONUMENT

COMPLEXES ON DARTMOOR

K EY 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : 6 : 7 : 8 :

N ame , S tone r o ws - n umbered a fter A ppend ix 4 , S tatus o f r o w -s ing le ,double e t c , O r ientation o f r o w , N umber o f p a ra llel r o ws , N umber o f c o nsecutive r o ws , S tone c i rcle a t u ppe r r o w t e rm inal n umbered a fter C hapter 6 - Z one 1 4 , S tone c i rcle f e atures ; C i n ternal c a irn C K i n terna l c a irn w ith c ontiguous k erb C O c o n centric s tone c i rcle C SK i n terna l c a irn w ith s paced-kerb I i n te rnal c ist L l a rge d iameter c i rcle 9 : C a irn a t u pper r o w t e rm inal - n umbered a fter G r insell 1 9 79 , o r i f n ot l i sted h ere p refixed b y N , 1 0 : C a irn f e atures ; F f e atureless I i n ternal c i st L l a rge d iameter R K r u ined k e rb S K s paced-kerb 1 : N earby m onuments ; C c a irn C K c a irn w ith c ontiguous k erb C RK c a irn w ith r u ined k erb C SC c on centric s tone c i rcle C SK c a irn w ith s paced-kerb C T c hambered t omb I i n ternal c i st I i s olated c i st L l a rge c a irn L C l o ng c a irn M m u ltiple s tone r ings w ith c a irn 0 o rthostat S C f r eestanding s tone c i rcle S CC s tone c i rcle w ith i n ternal c a irn 1 2 : C atalogue n umbers f o r c o lumn 1 - a fter C hapter 6 - Z one 1 4 a nd G rinsell 1 9 79 , A : T H RE E O R M O R E S T O N E R O W S 1 2 3 A : S h ove l D o w n 3 4 2 3 5 2 3 6 2 3 7 2 3 8 2 3 9 1 8 4 1 B : F e rnwo rth y 4 0 2 4 1 2 4 2 2 C : C o rr ingd o n B a l l 6 2 1 5 7 5 8 7 6 0 2 6 1 1 / 2

-M A JOR C O M PLE XE S 4 5 6 7 N 2 / 3 2 / 4 6 1 N W N W N N N W t i S 2 2 3 1 S W S W S W S W S W S W

2

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9

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0 : O r iz z le com be

E : M e r r iv a le

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2 5 S h ee p sto r 2 5 S h ee psto r 2 5 A S h e e p sto r 2 6 S h e e p sto r 2 5 S h ee p sto r 2 7 S h ee psto r 3 a c S h ee p sto r 3 4 N N 5 2 W a l kham p to n 1 W a l khaa p to n 3 W a l khaa p to n 4 N N

A l s o s e e n o te s o n R i ng h ill a n d Y e l lowm e a d 6 : T H R EE O R M O R E S T O NE R O W S -M I NO R E X A M PLE S 2 2 4 5 _ 6 F : P e n n B e a con 8 1 E 9 2 S W 6 3 2 S W 6 : S h a rp ito r

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1 1 4 2 8 5 8 6 1 1 2

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8

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C : T W O S T ON E R O W S -M I NO R C O MP L E XE S 1 2 a 4 5 I : Y a r T o r 4 9 3 N W 7 5 3 ? S E /N W J : L a keh ead H i l l 5 1 1 E 5 2 1 E S E

K : P i le s H i ll

7

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9

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C o rnw o o d 3 L , I C o rn w o o d 4 L , S K ( 1) W a l khaa p t on 2 0 F C K - ? C RK W a l kh a a o t on 2 1 A F ? C - C 2 C W a l kha a p to n 1 3 F

9

1 0 -

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L , C ? L y d fo rd 1 0 1 C , I?

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S h a ug h P r io r 4 5

1 6

— 5 24 —

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1 1 2 C W i d e co m be 1 9

L y d fo rd 5 7 L y d fo rd 5 L y d fo rd 5 6 L y d fo rd 5 3 L y d fo rd 5 2 H a r fo rd 1 0 M a rt o rd 1 H a r fo rd 1 2 , 15 , 17 L H a r fo rd 1 8 , 19 ? 3 L U g b o roug h 1 3 15 U g b o rough 1 3 a I ? L C o rn woo d 9 C R K H a r fo rd 1 F ? S C C

2

W a l kh am p to n W a l kham p to n W a l khaa p ton W a l kh am p to n N

L ( R K ) C S K C S K C K I ? L ? L ? S L

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P : T r ow lesw o rth y

D :O N E S T ON E R O W 1 C o s d on R a m sl e y A s sy co m be S t a n no n W a t e rn H i ll S o u sson s D o wn C h a lla co mbe N a t swo rthy T r e n d le be re R i n g h il l G r e a t W h itte n T o r C o n n ie s D o wn L a u gh te r H o lne M o o r J o a n F o rd N e w ta ke B l a c k T o r C a n t re ll B u r fo rd D o wn S t a ld on

1 4 I S

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2 3 7 9 4 3 4 5

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2 3 4 1 2 2 1 + 2 2 2 3 8 3 ? 2 5 6 1 6 2 2 3 1 7 1

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S o u th B r en t 5 F U g b o roug h 2 4 I ?

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C S K C S C C R K C R K

H a r fo rd 6 6 2 C o rn w ood 2 0 C o rn w ood 2 1

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E N E S W L y d fo rd 6 8 A

E S E E S E S E ? S E S W

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C h o lw i ch T o wn S h a ugh M o o r

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R i n g M o o r D o wn Y e l low me ad D o w n T o r

1 6 6 2 0

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6 7 3 0

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C C O ,CK C

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S h aug h P r io r 4 0 S h au gh P r io r 4 1 B N

C S K L , I

S h ee p s T o r 5 W a l kham p ton 3 2 W a l kham p to n 3 0

W a l kham p to n 1 8 F ? M P e te r T a vy 4 1 F

N o t es L :T h is g r oup m a y c o n t inue f u r the r w e s twa rd s t o i n clud e g r ou p s K , L ,M , E :T w o o f t h e se a r e n o t t y p ica l r o w s a n d t h is g r ou p m a y b e o f l e ss i m p o rtan ce t h an o t h e rs l i s te d h e re , T h is g r oup m a y b e i l lu so ry a n d c o u ld a l te rna t ive ly b e s u bd iv id ed i n to 2 1 ,8 4 a n d 2 ,2 3 w i th as t ream b e tw een t h e t w o , If i G : T h ese g r o u p s a r e b a d ly d i stu rbe d a n d m a y w e ll h a v e b e en m o re e x t ens ive o r ig ina l ly , R o w 1c a n b e i n te rp re ted a s 2a b u t t ing r o w s , a : T h is g r ou p c o u ld o r ig ina lly h a v e e x ten d ed f u rth e r t o t h e s o u thw e s t , T h e re i s ar o bbe d s t on e c i r c le h e re a n d s t o n e r o w s c o u ld p o ss ib ly o n ce h a v e a l so e x isted , C o sd on : T h is r o w c o u ld b e i n te rp re ted a s 2r o w s -o n e s i ng le , o n e d o u b le , t h a t r u n p a ra lle l t o e a ch o t h e r , R a m s le y . I t i sn o t k n own h o w m a n y r o w s o n ce s t o od h e re , S o u s s on s D o wn ' T h is r o w i sd e s t roy ed - f u rth e r r o w s m a y o n ce h a v e e x iste d , N a ts wo rth y : T h is i s i na n a r e a o f h i gh d i s tu rba n ce - f u rthe r r o w s m a y o n ce h a v e e x isted , R i n g h il l : T h e re a r e i n d i ca t io n s t h a t f u rthe r r e ma in s o n ce e x isted i n t h is h i g h ly d i stu rbed a r ea a n d t h is m a y o r ig ina l ly h a ve b e e n a n i m p o rtan t c o m p lex ,

— 5 25 —

J o an F o rd k e w ta ke ; T h is r o bb ed s i te i s d i fficu lt t o i n te rp re t -f u rth e r r e m a in s m a y h a v e o n ce e x isted , B u r fo rd D o wn ; T h is i s i n a n a r e a o f h i g h d i stu rban ce - f u rth e r r o w s m a y o n ce h a ve e x ist ed , B t a ld on ; T h is s i te c o u ld b e i n te rp re ted a s 2a b u tt ing r o w s , C h o lw i ch T o wn ; T h is i s i n a n a r ea o f h i g h d i stu rban ce -f u rth e r r o w s m a y o n ce h a ve e x isted , B h a u gh M o o r ; T h is i s i na n a r ea o f h i gh d i s tu rba n ce - f u rth e r r o w s m a y o n ce h a v e e x isted , g i n g % D r D o wn ; T h is s i te c o u ld b e i n t e rp re ted a s 2a b u tt ing r o w s , Y e l lowt ead ; T h is i sa n a r ea o f h i gh d i stu rban ce - f u rth e r r o w s m a y o n ce h a v e e x isted a n d i tm a y h a v e b e en am a jo r c o m p lex , B h a rp ito r N Y ; T h is m a y b e p a rt o f c o m p lex F ,

— 5 26 —

A PPENDIX 6 :

A CORPUS OF STONE _ ROWS ON BODKIN MOOR

L E L 1 :S i te n umber , 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : 6 : 7 :

S i te n ame , M ap r e feren ce - ' u pper ' e nd ( a ll p re fixed b y S X ) , S tatus o f s ite - s ing le o r d oub le , L ength o f r o w t o n earest 5 m , T hose i n p a renthesis a re p robab ly i n complete , O r ientation o f r o w f r om t h e ' u pper ' e nd ( i n d eg rees f r om n o rth) , F eatu res a t u pper e nd o f r o w : C : c a irn L C : l a rge c a irn M : t a ller s tone a t e nd T M : t e rm ina l m enh ir o r o r thostat s et a t r ight a ngles t o t h e r o w 8 : F eatu res a t l o wer e nd o f t h e r o w : M ITM - a s i n 7 9 : S i tes n earby : S C : s tone c i rcle L C : l a rge c a irn C : s mall c a irn A V : e a rthen a venue 1 2 3 1C o lvann ick T o r 1 2 867 179 2T rehudreth D own A c 1 2707290 3T rehud reth D own B c 1 29573 10 4T rehud reth D own C c 1 2607275 5L eske rn ick 1 8 7 17985 6C a rneglos c 1 98775 7S tannon 1 2 5 180 16 8G reat C a re H i ll c 1 4 17 12 9F ox T o r c 2 27784 1 0 C raddo ck M oo r c 2 45725

4 S S S D ? S S S ? ? ?

5 ( 3 50 ) ( 3 0) ( 5 5) ( 5 ) ( 2 90) ( 6 0) ( 5 ) ? ? ?

6 1 5 5 c 2 50 c 250 c 1 90 8 6 ? c 1 0 ? c 200 c 225

7 M L C ? T M ? C ? ? ? ?

8 M ? T M

9 3 LC ,4C ,SC

2 SC

? ? ?

S C ? ? S C ,AV

B ibliography 7 ; B a rnatt 1 9 82 1 5 ; u npublished - P . H e rring p e rs , c omm , a nd B a rnatt f ieldwork ( 1 -4) 6 , 810 u npublished - P . H e rring a nd P . R ose p ers , c o mm , N o tes R o w 1 : T h is h as e x ceptiona lly t a ll s tones , b etween 1 , 0 a nd 1 . 7m t a ll , T hat a t t h e S E e nd i s 2 ,3m t a ll a nd m a y b e at e rm inal m enh ir , T he r o w i s b ad ly r o bbed t h roughout , R o ws 2 /3 : T hese m ay b e as ing le l o nger r o w w h ich h as b een r o bbed a t t h e c entre , H owever , t h is s eems u n likely a s t h ey a re s l ightly o ut o f a l ignment , R o w 4 : T h is c o mprises o n ly a t e rminal s tone a nd o ne o ther n e xt t o i t , a nd t hus c ou ld b e i n terpreted i n o the r w ays , T hese a re o r ientated t o wards t h e l a rge c a irn o n t h e r i dge t o p , c 6 0m a way , b ut n o t r a ce o f al i nking r o w s u rvives , R o w 5 : T h ree c u t s tones i n ap it a t t h e u pper e nd m ay b e t h e r e mains o f am enh ir w h ich h as b een b ro ken u p , T he o ther e nd i s p robably r o bbed b y at i nners g u lly , R o w 7 : O n ly 4 s tones r e ma in i n t h is s hort s t retch o f ap robab le s tone r o w ,

— 5 27 —

BIEL IOGRAPHY A bb reviations . A n t ,J , A nt iquaries J ourna l A r ch ,Ael , A r chaeo log ia A e liana A r ch ,Camb , A r chaeo log ia C ambrens is A r ch 1 , A r chaeo log ica l J ourna l Da nd E , D iscovery a nd E x cavat ion , S cotland B AR , B r itish A r chaeo log ica l R eports D AJ , D e rbysh ire A r chaeo log ica l J ourna l J BAA , J ourna l o f t he B r itish A r chaeolog ica l A sso ciation J RA I , J ourna l o f t he R oya l A nthropo log ica l I n stitute J R IC , J ou rnal o f t he R oya l I n stitute o f C ornwa ll J RSAI, J ourna l o f t h e R oya l S o ciety o f A ntiquaries o f I r e land P DAES . P roceed ings o f t he D evon A r chaeo log ica l E x plo ration S o ciety P DAS , P ro ceedings o f t h e D evon A r chaeo logical S o ciety P DNHAS , P ro ceed ings o f t h e D o rset N atura l H istory a nd A r chaeology S o ciety PS , P ro ceedings o f t h e P reh istoric S o ciety P R IA , P ro ceed ings o f t h e R oya l I r ish A cademy P SAL . P roceedings o f t h e S o ciety o f A ntiquaries o f L ondon P SAN , P ro ceed ings o f t h e S o ciety o f A ntiquaries o f N ewcastle u pon T yne P SANHS , P ro ceedings o f t h e S omerset A r chaeolog ica l a nd N atu ra l H istory S o ciety P SAS , P ro cedings o f t h e S o ciety o f A ntiquaries o f S cotland P UBSS , P ro ceed ings o f t h e U n ivers ity o f B r isto l S pe laeo log ical S o ciety T BGAS , T ransa ctions o f t h e B r istol a nd G lou cester A r chaeo log ica l S o ciety T CWAAS , T ransa ctions o f t h e C umberland a nd W estmorland A r chaeo logica l S o ciety T DA , T ransa ctions o f t h e D evon A sso ciation T OGNHAS , T ransactions o f t h e D um fries a nd G a lloway N atura l H istory a nd A ntiqua rian S o ciety T GAS , T ransactions o f t h e G lasgow A r chaeolog ica l S o ciety T HSLC , T ransa ctions o f t h e H isto rical S o ciety o f L an cash ire a nd C hesh ire T LCAS , T ransa ctions o f t h e L ancash ire a nd C hesh ire A n tiquarian S o ciety T PNHAS , T ransa ctions o f t h e P enzan ce N atura l H isto ry a nd A ntiquarian S o ciety T PPSNS , T ransa ctions a nd P roceed ings o f t h e P e rthsh ire S o ciety o f N atura l S c ience T SANHS , T ransactions o f t he S h ropsh ire A r chaeo log ica l a nd N atural H istory S o ciety W AM , W i ltsh ire A r chaeo log ica l M agaz ine Y AJ , Y o rksh ire A r chaeolog ica l J ourna l

A b ramson P . 1 9 80 S t richen P a rish , 9a nd E , 1 9 80 , 9 , A b ramson P , a nd H ampsh ire-Monk I , 1 9 8 1 S t richen , 9a nd h " , 1 9 8 1, 2 13 , A b ramson P , a nd H ampsh ire-Mon k I1 9 82 S t richen , C u rren t A rchaeology 8 4 , 1 6 19 , A l cock L , 1 9 50 T he h enge m onument o f t h e B u ll R ing , D ove H o les , D e rbyshire , P PS 1 6 , 8 1-6 , A l len R , 1 8 801 T h ree c upmarked s tones a nd d iscovery o f a n u rn a t G lenballo ck, P S AS15 , 8-90 , A l len R , 1 8 8 1-2 N otes o n s ome u ndescribed s tones w ith c up m a rkings i n S cotland , P 5 . 45 1 6 , 7 9143 , A nderson J , 1 8 86 S cotland i n P ag an T i ReS , T h e B ronze a nd S tone A ges , E d inburgh , A nderson M r , 1 7 77 A c count o f a n cient m onuments a nd f o rtifications i n t he h igh lands o f S cotland , A rchaeolog ia 5 , 2 46-7 , A nderson WO , 1 9 15 S ome r e cent o bservations a t t he K esw ick s tone c i rcle , T C WAS15 , 912 ,

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A nderson WO , 1 9 23 P lough m a rkings o n s tones , T CPAAS 2 3 , 1 0 912 , A nd rew C ,K ,C , 1 9 37 A nother C o rnish s tone c i rcle , D evon a nd C ornw all N otes a nd Q ueries 1 9 , 3 54-6 , A nd rew C ,K ,C , 1 9 38 T wo u n re corded s tone c i rcles , J RIC 2 5 , 6 1-2 , A nd rew W .J . 1 9 07 T he p rehistoric s tone c i rcles , i n : C ox ( e d , )e n /aria/5 o f O ld D erbyshire , 7 0 -88 A ngell I , 1 9 76 S tone C ircles : M ega lithic m athematics o r n eolith ic n onsense , M athematical G aze tte 6 0 , 1 8 9-93 , A ngell I , 1 9 78 M egalithic m a thematics , a n cient a lmanacs o r n eolithic n onsense , B u lle tin o f t h e I ns titu te o f M athe matical A pplications 1 4 , 2 53-58 , A nnable F ,K , 1 9 55 N ote o n T h e B roadstones , WO 5 6 , 1 9 2-3 A shbee P , 1 9 78 T h e A ncien t B ritish , A b stra cts L td , N o rwich , A shmore P ,J , 1 9 8 1 C allan ish , . 0a nd E 198 1, 4 9-50 , A t kinson J ,C , 1 8 6 1 T races o f o ur r e mote a n cestors , G en tleman's M ag azine 1 8 6 1, 4 98-507 , A t kinson J ,C , 1 8 63 F u rther d igging i n c e ltic g rave p la ces , G en tleman's M ag az ine 1 8 63 , 40-4 , A t kinson R ,J ,C , 1 9 79 S tonehenge ( R ev ised e d ition) , H am ish H am ilton , H armondsworth , A t kinson R ,J ,C , 1 9 8 1 C omments o n t h e a r chaeolog ical s tatus o f s ome o f t h e s ites , I n R ugg les a nd W h ittle ( e ds ,) , 2 06-9 , A t kinson R ,J ,C , 1 9 82 A spects o f t h e a r chaeoastronomy o f S tonehenge , i n : H eggie DC , ( e d ,) A rchaeo as tronomy i n t h e O ld W ärld , C ambridge U n iversity P ress , C ambridge , A t kinson R ,J ,C , P iggott CM , a nd S anders N ,K , 1 9 5 1, E xcav ations a t D orchester , O xon , A shmolean M useum , O x ford , A t kinson W .G , 1 9 22 R eport o n t h e f u rther e x cavations c a rried o ut a t t h e ' D ru ids C i rcles ' o n B i rkrigg , T CWAAS 2 , 3 46-52 A t kinson W .G , 1 9 23 E lva s tone c i rcle , T C PAAS 2 3 , 2 9-32 , A u brey J , 1 6 65-97 M onumen ta B ritannica , B odleian M S ,Top ,Gen ,c,24-5 , A v ery B .W . 1 9 73 S o il c lassification i n t h e S o il S u rvey o f E ng land a nd W a les , J ournal o f S oil S cience 2 6 , 3 24-338 , B agna ll O a keley ME , a nd W , 1 8 89 , A ccoun t o f R ude S tone M onumen ts i n M onmou thshire , B a laam ND , S m ith K , a nd W a inwright G ,J , 1 9 82 T he S haugh M oor p ro je ct : f ou rth r e port , E nvironment , c ontext a nd c on clus ion , P PS 4 7 , 2 03-278 , B a rclay G ,J , 1 9 83 S ites o f t h e t h ird m i llenn ium b c t o t he f i rst m illenn ium a d a t N o rth M a ins , S t rathallon , P e rthsh ire , P SAS 13 , 1 2 2-28 1, B a rclay G ,J , 1 9 85 , B alfa rg , C urren t A rchaeology 9 7 , 5 0-52 , B a rclay G ,J , a nd T avener P ,N , 1 9 85 , B a lfarg , 0a nd E 1985 , 1 3 , B a ring-Gou ld S , 1 8 97 F ou rth r e port o f t h e D artmoor E xploration C ommittee , T DA 2 9 , 1 4 7-8 , B a ring G ould S . 1 8 98 F i fth r e port o f t h e D artmoor E xplo ration C ommittee , I D A 3 0 , 9 7115 , B a ring-Gould S . 1 8 99 S ixth r e port o f t h e D a rtmoor E xp loration C ommittee , 1 0 4 3 1 , 1 4 6-55 , B a ring-Gould S , e t ,al, 1 8 95 S e cond r e port o f t h e D artmoor E xploration C omm ittee , T O A 2 7 , 8 1 -92 , B a ring-Gou ld S , e t ,al, 1 8 96 T h ird r e port o f t he D a rtmoor E xploration C omm ittee , T P A 2 8 , 1 7 4-9 , B a rnatt J , 1 9 78 T h e S tone C ircles o f t h e P eak , T u rnstone P ress , L ondon , B a rnatt J , 1 9 80 L esser k nown s tone c i rcles i n C o rnwall, C ornish A rchaeology 1 9 , 1 7 -29 , B a rnatt J . 1 9 82 P rehistoric C ornw all; T h e C eremonial M onumen ts , T urnstone P ress , W e llingborough , B a rnatt J , 1 9 86 B ronze a ge r e ma ins o n t h e E ast M oors o f t h e P ea k D istrict , NJ 1 0 6 , 1 8 1 0 1, B a rnatt J , 1 9 87a B ronze A ge s ettlement o n t h e g r itstone E ast M oors o f t h e P eak D istrict o f D e rbysh ire a nd S outh Y o rksh ire , P PS 5 3 , 3 93-4 18 , B a rnatt J . 1 9 87b T h e D esign a nd D istribu tion o f S tone C ircles i n B ritain ; ar eflection o f v a riation i n s ocial o rg aniz ation i n t h e s econd a nd t h ird m illenia 8 C , S he ffie ld U n ivers ity , u npub lished d o ctora l t h esis ,

- 5 29 -

B a rnatt J , 1 9 88 E x cavations a t t h e B u ll R ing h enge , D ove H o les , D e rbysh ire ; 1 9 84-5 . 1 0 8 , 5 -20 ,

D AJ

B a rnatt J . i n p ress , T he N enges , S tone C ircles a nd R ing cairns o f t h e P eak D is trict , S he ffield U n iversity , B a rnatt J . f o rthcom ing , M egalith ic A stronomy i n B r ita in ; a n a r chaeo logical c ommenta ry , B a rnatt J . a nd H erring P 1 9 86 , S tone c i rcles a nd m ega lith ic g eometry : a n e xperiment t o t e st a lternative d esign p ract ices , J ou rn al o f A rchaeolog ical S cience 1 3 , 4 3 1-449 , B a rnatt J , a nd M o ir G , 1 9 84 S tone c i rcles a nd m egalith ic m a thmatics , P PS 5 0 , 1 9 7-2 16 B a rnatt J , a nd P ierpoint S , 1 9 83 S tone C i rcles : o bservat ions o r c e remonia l c e ntres , S co ttish A rchaeolog ical R ev iew 2 ,2 , 1 0 1116 , B a rnes B . 1 9 82 N an a nd t h e c hanging L and scape , M e rseyside C ounty C oun cil e t a l , L iverpoo l, B ate CS , 1 8 7 1 P reh istoric a ntiqu ities o f D a rtmoor , TN 4 , 4 9 1-5 16 , B a te CS , 1 8 72 A n cient t umu li o n D a rtmoor , T D , 5 , 5 49-57 , B a teman T , 1 8 48 V estiges o f t h e A n tiqu ities o f D erbyshire , B a teman T . 1 8 6 1 T e n Y e ars D iggings i n C eltic a nd S axon G r ave H ills i n t he C oun ties o f D erby , S tafford a nd Y o rk , B eaton A ,J , 1 8 8 1-2 N otes o n t h e a ntiqu ities o f t h e B lack I s le , R oss-shire , w ith p lans a nd s e ctions , P SS 1 6 , 4 77-80 , B ennett W , 1 9 501 R eport o n e x cavations n ear B u rn ley . T LCA 962 , 2 0 4-8 , B enson D a nd M i les D , 1 9 74 T h e W er T h ames V a lley , a n A rchaeolog ical S urvey o f t h e R iver G ravels , O x fordsh ire a r chaeolog ica l U n it , O x ford , B esley H , 1 8 63 R ou tebook o f C ornw all , B everidge E , 1 9 03 C oll a nd T i ree ; t h eir P rehis toric F orts a nd E cclesias tical A n tiqu ities , E d inburgh , B everidge E , 1 9 11 N orth U ist; I ts A rchaeology a nd T o pog raphy , E dinbu rgh , B everidge W , 1 9 1314 A s tone c i rcle a nd g rave a t N ew D ee r , A be rdeensh ire , P SAS 4 8 , 1 9 1-2 , B l ight . J ,T , 1 8 54 A ncient C rosses a nd O ther A n tiqu ities i n W es t C ornw all , B l ight J ,T , 1 8 58 A ncien t C rosses a nd O ther A ntiqu ities i n E ast C ornw all , B l ight J ,T , 1 8 65 T h e C hu rches a nd A n tiqu ities o f W est C o rnwall , B l ight J ,T , 1 8 68 N otes o n S tone C i rcles , G en tleman's M ag az ine 1 8 68 , 3 0819 , B o rlase W , 1 7 54 A ntiqu ities o f C ornw all , B o rlase W , P arochial M emorand a ( M S ; B r itish M useum , E gerton 2 657) , B o rlase W ,C , 1 8 72 N änae C ornibiae , L ondon , B owen E .G . a nd G resham CA , 1 9 67 h istory o f N erioneth I , D o lge lly , B rad ley R , 1 9 75 M aumbury R ings , D o rchester : t he e x cavations o f 1 9 0819 13 , A rchaeologia 1 0 5 , 1 97 , B rad ley R , 1 9 78 T h e P rehistoric S ettlement o f B ritain , R out ledge a nd K egan P aul , L ondon a nd B oston , B radley R , 1 9 84a T h e S ocial F ound ations o f P rehis toric B ritain , L ongman , L ondon a nd N ew Y o rk, B rad ley R , 1 9 84b R egional s ystems i n N eolithic B r itain , i n : B rad ley a nd G ard iner ( e ds ,) , B radley R , 1 9 84c S tudying M onuments , i n B rad ley a nd G ard iner ( e ds ,) , B rad ley R , a nd H a rt C , 1 9 83 P reh istoric s ettlement i n t h e P ea k D istrict d uring t h e t h ird a nd s e cond m i llennia b c : ap re lim ina ry a na lysis i n t h e l i ght o f r e cent f i e ldwork , P PS 4 9 1 7 7194 , B rad ley R , a nd H odder 1 . 1 9 79 B r itish p reh istory : a n i n tegrated v iew , N an 1 4 , 9 3104 , B rad ley R . a nd G a rdiner J , ( e ds ,) 1 9 84 N eolithic S tud ies , B AR B r it ish S eries 1 3 3 , O x fo rd , B radley R . e t a l , 1 9 84a T he N eo lithic s equence i n C ranbou rne C hase , i n : B rad ley a nd G a rd iner ( e ds ,) , B rad ley R , e t a l , 1 9 84b T he N eolith ic s equen ce i n t h e U pper T hames V a lley , i n : B rad ley a nd G a rd iner ( e ds .) , B ra ilsford J ,W , 1 9 38 B ronze A ge s tone m onuments o f D artmoor , A ntiqu ity 1 2 , 44-63 , B reton H ,H , 1 9 12 T h e B reezy C ornish M oors a nd t heir B ord er L and s , P lymouth , B reton H ,H , 1 9 14 B eau tifu l D artmoor I ; S heeps tor a nd i ts B order L and s ( 3 rd E d ,) , P lymouth ,

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B r iggs S , 1 9 75 A p reh isto ric c o mplex o n C e fn G wern ffrwd , C a rma rthensh ire , A rch C a se , 1 2 4 , 1 113 , B r iggs C ,S ,I979 Y sbyty C y n fyn C hurchyard W a ll , A rch a sk& 1 2 8 , 1 3 8146 B r itton a nd B r ayley 1 8 0 1 B eau ties o f E ng land a nd W a les , B r owne G ,F , 1 9 2 1 A n tiqu ities i n t h e N eighbourhood o f O unecht H ouse , A berd eenshire , B r y ce J , 1 8 62 A n a c count o f e x cavations w i th in t h e s t one c i rcles o f A r ran , P SAS 4 , 4 99-524 , B r y ce T ,H , 1 9 10 T h e S epulchra l R ema ins , i n B a lfour JA , ( e d .) T h e B ook o f A rran A rchaeology , 13-24 , G lasgow , B u ller R ev , 1 8 42 S t J ust i n F enwith , B u 'lo ck JO , 1 9 6 1 T he B r onze A ge i n t h e n o rth-west , WAS 7 1 , 1 42 , B u rgess C , 1 9 76 M e ldon B r idge : an e olith ic d e fended p romontory c omp lex n ear P eebles . i n ; B u rgess C , a nd M i ket R . ( e ds ,) , B u rgess C . 1 9 80 T h e A ge o f S tonehenge , D ent , L ondon , T o ronto a nd M e lbourne , B u rgess C .B , a n d M i ket R , ( e ds ,) 1 9 76 S e ttleien t a nd E cono s ty i n t h e T h ird a nd S econd M illenn ia B C , B A R , B r itish S e ries 3 , O x ford B u rl H ,A ,W , 1 9 69 H enges : I n te rnal f e atures a nd r e g iona l g roups , A rch ,J , 1 2 6 , 1 28 , B u rl H ,A ,W . 1 9 69-70 T he r e cumbent s t one c i rcles o f n o rth-east S cotland , P SAS 1 0 2 , 5 6 -8 1, B u rl H ,A .W , 1 9 7 1 T wo ' S cottish ' s tone c i rcles i n N o rthumberland , A rch ,Ael , 4 9 , 3 7-5 1, B u rl H ,A ,W , 1 9 72 S tone c i rcles a nd r i ngcairns , S cottish A rchaeolog ical F orun 4 , 3 1 -47 , B u rl H ,A ,W , 1 9 74 T o rhousekie s tone c i rcle , W igtownsh ire : al i nk b etween A berdeen a nd C o rk , W W W49 , 2 4 -34 , B u rl H ,A ,W , 1 9 76a T h e S tone C i rcles o f t h e B ritish I s les , Y a le U n iversity P ress , N e w H aven a nd L o ndon , B u rl H ,A ,W , 1 9 76b I n timations o f n u mera cy i n t h e N eo lith ic a nd B ronze A ge s o cieties o f t h e B r itish I s les , A rch ,J , 1 3 3 , 9 -32 , B u rl H ,A .W , 1 9 75-8 B e rryb rae , 0a nd ( 1975-8 B u rl A . I 9 79a P rehistoric A vebury , Y a le U n iversity P ress , L ondon a nd N ew Y o rk, B u rl H ,A ,W , 1 9 79b S t richen , Da nd E1979 , 7 , B u rl H ,A .W , 1 9 80a S c ien ce o r s y mbolism ; p r oblems o f a r chaeo-astronomy , A n tiqu ity 5 4 , 1 9 1-200 , B u rl H ,A ,W , 1 9 80b M a ch rie M oo r, A r ran , A r gy ll, S t rathclyde R eg ion , P PS 4 6 ,365 , B u rl H ,A ,W , 1 9 8 1 ' B y t h e l i ght o f t h e c i nerary m oon '. C hambered t o mbs a nd t h e a stronomy o f d eath . i n ; R ugg les a nd W h ittle ( e ds) , B u rl H ,A ,W , 1 9 85 M eg alithic B rittany , T h ames a nd H udson , L ondon , B u rl H ,A ,W , a n d J ones N . 1 9 72 T he e x cavation o f t h e T h ree K ings s tone c i rcle , N o rthumbe rland , A rch ,Ael , S O , 1 40 , B u rna rd R . 1 8 94 D art o toor P ictorial R ecord s I V , P lymouth , B u shell W ,D , 1 9 11 A mongst t h e P rescelly C i rcles , A rch ,C aRb , 1 , 2 87-333 , B u tle r Fa nd J 1 9 78 Y C a pel; a s t one c i rcle n ear C e fn C o ch , L lan llugan , A rch ,C aRb , 1 2 7 , 1 2 2-3 , C a lder C ,S ,T , 1 9 49-50 , R e port o n t h e e x cavation o f an eo lithic t e mple a t S tanyda le , S hetland , P SAS 8 4 , 1 8 5-205 , C a llender H , 1 8 54-7 N otice o f t h e s tone c i rcle a t C a llern ish , i n t h e I s land o f L ewis , P SAS 2 , 3 8 0 , C a mden W , 1 5 821607 B ritannia , C a mpbell M , a n d S andeman M , 1 9 6 1-2 M id-Argy ll: a f i eld s u rvey o f t h e h i storic a nd p reh istoric m onuments , P SAS S ' S , 1 125 , C a seld ine C , J , 1 9 79 E a rly l a nd c l earan ce i n s outh-east P e rthsh ire , S cottish A rchaeolog ical F orum 9 , 1 15 , C a sh C ,G , 1 9 05-6 S tone c i rcles a t G r en ish , A v iemore a nd D e lfour , S t rathspey , P SAS 4 0 , 2 4 9-52 , C a sh C ,G , 1 9 0910 A r cheao logical n o tes f r om A v iemore , P SAS 4 , 1 8 9-203 , C a sh C , G , 1 9 1011 A r chaeo log ical g lean ings f r om A berfe ldy , P SAS 4 5 , 3 86-397 ,

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C a theral PD , 1 9 72 H enges i n p e rspective . A rch ,J , 1 2 8 , 1 4 7-53 , C a theral PD , 1 9 76 H enge M onuments : m onuments o r m yth , i n : B u rgess a nd M iket ( e ds) , C a tt J . 1 9 78 T he c ontribution o f L oess t o s o ils i n l o wland B r itain , i n , L imbrey S . a n d E vans J ,G . ( e ds) , T h e E ffect o f M an o n t h e L and scape - T h e L ow land Z one , C oun cil f o r B r itish A r chaeology ( R esearch R eport 2 1 ) , L ondon , C hambers R , 1 9 83 D o rchester b y-pass , O x fordsh ire , P PS 4 9 , 3 93-4 , C hampion T . e t a l , 1 9 84 P rehis toric E urope , A cadem ic P ress , L ondon , C h ilde E . 1 9 32-3 T r ial e x cavations a t t h e O ld K e ig s tone c i rcle , A berdeensh ire , P SAS 6 7 , 3 7-53 , C h ilde G , 1 9 33-4 F ina l R eport o n t h e e x cavations o f t he s tone c i rcles a t O ld K e ig , A berdeenshire , P SAS 6 8 , 3 72-393 , C h ilde V ,G , 1 9 43-4 A n u nre cogn ized g roup o f c hambered c a irns , P SAS 7 8 , 2 6-38 , C h itty L ,F , 1 9 26 T he H oa r S tone o r M a rsh P oo l C i rcle , T S ANHS10 , 2 47-53 , C h itty L ,F , 1 9 63 T he C lun-Clee R idgeway , I n F oster IL , a nd A l co ck L , ( e ds ,) C u ltu re a nd EnViPONef li, E ssays i n H onou r o f S ir C yril FO X , 1 7 1-92 , L ondon , C h ristison D 1 8 96-7 T he G i rd le S tanes a nd a n e ighbouring s tone c i rcle , i n t h e p a rish o f E s kda lemu ir , D um friessh ire , P SAS 3 1 ,2 8 1-289 , C lare T , 1 9 73 A spects o f t h e S tone c ircles a nd K ind red M onumen ts o f N orth V es t E ng land , U npub lished MA , t h esis , U n iversity o f L iverpool , 2v o ls , C lare T , 1 9 75 S ome C umbrian s tone c i rcles i n p erspective , T C WAAS 7 5 , 1 16 , C lare T , 1 9 78 R e cent w ork o n t h e S hap ' a venue ', A WS78 , 5 15 , C lare T . 1 9 86 T owa rds a r eappraisal o f h enge m onuments , P PS 5 2 , 2 8 1-3 16 , C lark G , 1 9 36 T he t imber m onument a t A rminghall a nd i t s a f fin ities , P PS 2 , 1 5 1, C lement L , 1 8 74 R oman r emains i n M a rsden , B r iercliffe a nd E xtwistle , T r ans , B urnley L iterary a nd S cience C lub 1 , 7 8-8 1, C o les F ,R , 1 8 93-94 T he s tone c i rcle a t H o lywood , D um fries , P SAS 2 8 , 8 4-90 , C o les F ,R , 1 8 94-95 T he s tone c i rcles o f t h e S tewarty o f K i rkcudbright , P SAS 2 9 , 3 0 116 , C o les F ,R , 1 8 96-7 N otes o n as tone c i rcle i n W igtownsh ire , P SAS 3 1 ,9 0 -4 , C o les F ,R , 1 8 991900 S tone c i rcles i n K in card ineshire ( n orth) a nd p a rt o f A berdeensh ire , P SAS 3 4 , 1 3 9-99 , C o les F ,R , 1 9 00-0 1 T he s tone c i rcles o f t h e n o rth e ast o f S cotland ; I n verurie d istrict , P SAS 3 5 , 1 8 7-248 , C o les F ,R , 1 9 0 1-02 S tone c i rcles i n A berdeenshire , P SAS 3 6 , 4 88-58 1 C o les F ,R , 1 9 02-03a T he s tone c i rcles o f n o rth-eastern S cotland , c h ie fly i n A u chterless a nd F o rgue , P SAS 3 7 , 8 2142 , C o les F ,R , 1 9 02-03b N otices o f t h e c a mp a t M ontgoldrum a nd o ther a ntiqu ities i n K in card ineshire , as tone c i rcle c a lled t h e H a restanes , P eeb lesh ire , a nd a c a irn a nd s tand ing s tones a t O ld L iston a nd o ther s tand ing s tones i n M id lothian a nd F i fe , P SAS 3 7 , 1 9 3-206 , C o les F ,R , 1 9 031904 T he s tone c i rcles o f n o rth-east o f S cot land ; t h e B u chan d istrict , P SAS 3 8 , 2 56-305 , C o les F ,R , 1 9 04-05a R eport o f t he E x cavations o f t wo s tone c i rcles i n K incard ine 1 : i n G arrol W ood , D u rris , 2 : i n G lassel W ood , B an chory-Ternan , P SAS 3 9 , 1 90-205 , C o les FR , 1 9 04-05b S tone c i rcles i n A berdeensh ire , P SAS 3 9 , 2 0618 C o les F ,R , 1 9 05-06 S tone c i rcles s u rveyed i n t he n o rth-east o f S cotland , c h ie fly i n B an ffshire , P SAS 4 0 , 1 6 4-206 , C o les F ,R , 1 9 06-07 S tone c i rcles s u rveyed i n t h e n o rth-east o f S cotland ( B an ffshire a n d M o ray ), P SAS 4 1 ,1 3 0-72 , C o les F ,R , 1 9 07-8 S tone c i rcles s u rveyed i n P e rthsh ire ( n orth e aste rn s e ction) , P SAS 4 2 , 9 5162 , C o les F ,R , 1 9 08-09 S tone c i rcles s u rveyed i n P e rthshire ( s outheast d istrict) , P SAS 4 3 , 9 31 3 0 , C o les FR , 1 9 0910 S tone c i rcles s u rveyed i n P e rthsh ire ( A berfe ldy d istrict), P SAS 4 , 1 7-68 ,

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C o les FR , 1 9 1011 S tone c i rcles i n P e rthsh ire ; p rincipally S t rathearn . P SAS 4 5 , 4 6116 , C o llingwood R ,G , 1 9 33 A n i n trodu ction t o t h e p reh istory o f C umberland , W estmorland a nd L an cash ire n o rth o f t h e s ands , T CA W33 , 1 6 3-200 , C o llingwood R ,G , 1 9 38 K ing A rthu rs R ound T able , i n terim r e port o n t he e x cavations o f 1 9 37 , T aken , 1 3 1, C o llingwood W ,G , 1 9 0 1 T umu lus a t G rayson-Lands , G lassonby , C umberland , TU RAS1, 2 95-303 C o llingwood W ,G , 1 9 10 A n e xploration o f t h e c i rcle o n B ann iside M oor , C on iston , T CWAS10 , 3 42-53 , C o llingwood W ,G , 1 9 23 A n i n ventory o f t h e a n cient m onuments o f C umberland , T aken , 2 067 6 , C o ils J ,M ,N , 1 8 46 L etter u p on s ome e a rly r e mains d iscovered i n Y o rksh ire , A rchaeologia 3 1 , 2 99-307 , C o tton W . 1 8 27 I l lustrations o f S tone C ircles , R edruth , C o utts H , 1 9 70 A ncien t M onumen ts o f T aysid e , C o wan TM , 1 9 70 M egalith ic r i ngs ; t h eir d esign a nd c onstru ct ion , S cience 1 6 8 , 3 2 1-25 , C o wling EI , 1 9 46 R ombald s W äy ; ap rehis tory o f M id -Wharfed äle , O t ley , C o wper H ,S , 1 8 88 A r chaeo log ical r e ma ins i n N orth L ansdale , A 54 959 , 4 97-500 C o wper H ,S , 1 8 93 T he a n cient s ettlements , c emetaries a nd e a rthworks o f F urness , A rchaeolog ia 5 3 , 4 1 5-9 , C o wper H ,S , 1 9 34 U nreco rded a nd u nusua l t y pes o f s tone i m plements , lak e$34 , 9 1-92 , C r abtree J . 1 8 36 A C oncise H istory o f t h e P arish a nd V i carage o f H alifax . H a lifax , C r a ig J , 1 9 50 T he s tone c i rcles o f t h e L adieswell o f B a lrona ld a nd o f K no cksou l, A berdeen U nivers ity R ev iew 3 , 4 28-30 , C r aw J .H , 1 9 30 E x cavations a t D unadd a nd a t o ther s ites o n t h e P o lta lloch E states , A rgyll , N o 2 , c i st a nd s tone c i rcle , T emple W ood , R i C ru in , P SAS 6 4 , 1 3 01, C r aw J ,H , 1 9 32 D uddo s tone c i rcle , T r ans , B erw ick F ield C lub 2 8 , 8 4-6 C r aw ford 0 ,6 ,5 , 1 9 20 A c count o f t h e e x cavations a t H engwn , M e rioneth , A ugust a nd S eptember 1 9 19 , A rch ,C amb , 2 0 , 9133 , C r aw ford 0 ,6 ,5 , 1 9 25 L ong B arrows o f t h e C otswold s , C r one A 1 9 83 T h e C lochmabanestane , G retna , A 96 W558 , 1 6 19 , C r oss M , a nd C o llingwood W ,G , 1 9 29 E xp lorations o n T hwaites F e ll, S outh C umberland , r am s 2 9 , 2 57-8 , C u mmins WA , 1 9 80 S tone a xes a s ag u ide t o n eolith ic c ommun ications a nd b oundaries i n E ng land a nd W a les , P PS 4 6 , 4 5-60 , C u nnington M .E . 1 9 13 T he r e -erection o f t w o f a llen s tones a nd d iscovery o f a n i n te rment w ith d r in king c u p , a t A vebu ry , W AN 3 8 , 1 8 , C u nn ington ME , 1 9 29 W oodhenge , D evizes ,Cunn ington ME , 1 9 3 1 T he S an ctuary o n O verton H i ll , n e ar A vebury , m e4 5 , 3 00-35 , C u rtis L ,F ,, C ou rtney FM , a nd T rudg ill S , 1 9 76 S oils i n t h e B ritish I s les , L ondon , D a rvill T , 1 9 87 P rehis toric B ritain , B atsford , L ondon , D a vidson C ,J , a nd S eab roo k R ,A ,G , 1 9 73 S tone r ings o n S outh-East D a rtmoor , P OPS 3 1 ,2-44 , D a vies E . 1 9 29 T h e P rehis toric a nd R oman R emains o f D enbighshire , D a vies J ,L , a nd T a lbot E , J , 1 9 66 M ynydd y G e lli, A rchaeology i n W ales 6 , 3 0 , D a v ies S . a nd W oodwa rd P , 1 9 85 D o rchester , C u rren t A rchaeology97 , 3 8-4 1, D a wes N . 1 8 5 1-2 , B r itish b u rial p laces n ear B o lton , C ounty L an caster , T HS LC 4 , 1 3 0-2 , D i xon J ,A , a nd F e ll CI , 1 9 48 S ome B ronze A ge b urial c i rcles a t L a cra , n ear K i rksanton mo v 94 8 , 1 22 , D o rling P , 1 9 82 L lyn y T a rw s tone c i rcle , A berha ferp , M ontgomeryshire , A rch ,C amb , 1 3 1, 1 3 6-8 , D o ver W .K , 1 8 83 E x cu rsion r e port , A 50 786 , 5 05 , ' D ruid ' 1 8 44 D ru id ica l t e mp le a t S hap , G en tleman's M agaz ine 2 0 , 3 8 1, D u n kin E ,H ,W , 1 8 73 D u loe s tone c i rcle , A rch ,C amb , 1 3 , 4 6 , D u nn ing G .C , 1 9 43 A s tone c i rcle a nd c a irn o n M ynydd E pynt , B re ckno cksh ire , A rch ,C amb , 9 7 , 1 6 9-94 ,

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D ymond C ,W , 1 8 77 T he m egalithic a ntiqu ities a t S tanton D r ew , J 8AA 3 , 2 97-307 , D ymond C ,W , 1 8 78 A g roup o f C umb rian m egaliths , J BAA 3 4 , 3 1 -36 , D ymond C ,W , 1 8 79a T he H urlers : t h ree s tone c i rcles n ear S t C leer , C o rnwall, J BAA 3 5 , 2 9 7-307 , D ymond C ,W , 1 8 79b G unnerkeld s tone c i rcle , 7 1 "0 9 , 4 , 94 , 5 37-40 , D ymond C ,W , 1 8 82 D u loe s tone c i rcle , J BAA 3 8 , 1 4 9-55 , D ymond C ,W , 1 9 02 A n e xplo ration o f ' S un ken K irk ', S w inside , C umberland , w ith i n cidental r e sea rches i n i t s n e ighbourhood , I ngt 4 , 52 , 5 3-63 , D ymond D ,P , 1 9 66 R itual m onuments a t R udston , E ast Y o rksh ire , E ng land , P PS 3 2 , 8 6 -95 , E c cleston J , 1 8 74 A n cient r e ma ins a t L a cra a nd K irksanton , T C PAAS1, 2 78 , E dmonds E ,R , 1 8 62 T h e L and 's E nd D is trict , L ondon , E lgee F , 1 9 30 E arly M an i n N orth-E as t Y o rkshire , G lou cester , E l legard A , 1 9 8 1 S tone a ge s c ience i n B r itain? C urren t A n thropology 2 ,2 , 9125 , E l lice E . 1 8 57-60 S ome p ieces o f c harcoal d ug u p i n as tone c i rcle n ear C allern ish i n t he L ew is . P SAS 3 , 2 02-3 , E l liot A , 1 9 11 L ochee a s i t w as a nd i s , E mmett S , 1 9 79 S tone r ows : t h e t r ad itional v iew r e conside red , MS 3 7 , 9 4114 , E ogan G , 1 9 64 T he e x cavation o f as tone a l ignment a nd c i rcle a t C ho lw ichtown , L ee M o or, D evonsh ire , E ng land , P PS 3 0 , 2 5-38 , E vans J ,G , 1 9 75 T h e e nv iroment o f E arly M an i n t h e B ritish I s les , E le k, L ondon , E vans J ,G , e t a l ( e ds ,) 1 9 75 T h e e ffect o f m an o n t he l and scape : t h e h ighland z on e , C BA r e search r e port 1 , E vans J ,G , P itts MW , a nd W i lliams 0 , 1 9 85 A n e x cavation a t A vebury , W i ltshire , 1 9 82 , P PS 5 1 , 3 05-309 , F a ir MC , 1 9 28 M eeting R eport , T C b / AAS 2 8 , 4 10 , F a irhurst D r , 1 9 73 I s le o f A r ran , Da nd E 1973 , 9 10 , F a lcon TA , 1 9 05 D a rtmoor : an ote o n g raves , T A 937 , 4 57-6 1, F ea cham R , 1 9 63 G u id e t o P rehistoric S cotland , B ats ford , L o ndon , F e ll CI, 1 9 64 G ame lands S tone C ircle , W V IS64 , 4 08 , F enton R , 1 8 11 A H istorical T our t h rough P embrokeshire , F e rguson R ,S , 1 8 8 1-2 O n G amelands s tone c i rcle , n v i em6 , 1 8 3-5 F e rguson R ,S , 1 9 06 S tone C i rcles , i n : V i ctoria C oun ty H is tory , C umberland , V o l 1 ,2 4 5-49 , F ield F ,N , 1 9 82 W est A shby , h enge m onument , L incolnshire H is tory a nd A rchaeology 1 7 , 7 6-7 , F leming A , 1 9 7 Ia B ronze a ge a griculture o n t h e m a rg ina l l a nds o f n o rth-east Y orksh ire , A grarian H is tory R ev iew 1 9 , 1 24 , F lem ing A , 1 9 7 1b T e rritoria l p atterns i n b ronze a ge W essex , P PS 3 7 , 1 3 8-66 , F lem ing A , 1 9 72 V ision a nd d esign : a pproaches t o c e remon ia l m onument t ypology , N an 7 , 5 7-73 , F lem ing A , 1 9 78 T he p reh istoric l a ndscape o f D artmoor , p a rt 1S outh D a rtmoor , P PS 4 , 9 7123 , F lem ing A 1 9 79 , T he D artmoor r e aves : b oundary p atterns a nd b ehavior p atterns i n t h e s e cond m i llenn ium b c , PM ' 3 7 , 15-3 1, F lem ing A 1 9 82 S o cial b oundaries a nd l a nd b oundaries , i n : R e n frew C , a nd S hennan S . ( e ds ,) R anking ; R esou rce a nd E x change , C ambridge U n iversity P ress , C ambridge , F lem ing A , 1 9 83 T he p reh istoric l a ndscape o f D artmoor , P a rt 2 : N orth a nd E ast D a rtmoor, P PS 4 9 , 1 9 5-242 , F lem ing A , 1 9 85 U p land S ettlement i n B r ita in : t h e s e cond m i llennium B C a nd a fter , I n S p ratt a nd B u rgess ( e ds ,), F letcher M ,J , e t a l , 1 9 74 A s tone c i rcle o n M ardon D own , M o retonhampstead , P DAS 3 2 , 1 6 4-6 , F letcher W , 1 9 57 G rey C roft s tone c i rcle , S easca le , C umberland , T C 6 I AAS 5 7 , 1 8 , F ow ler P ,J , 1 9 83 T h e F arming o f P rehis toric B ritain , C ambridge U n ivers ity P ress , C ambridge , F ox A , 1 9 48 T he B road D own ( F arway) n e cropo lis a nd t h e W essex c u ltu re i n D evon , P AC S4 ,1, 1 19 ,

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F o x A , 1 9 64 S ou thiest E ng land , L ondon , F r ancis G .G , 1 8 75 M ega lith ic r e mains a t L land rindod , R adnorsh ire , P SA L 6 , 7-8 , F r aser D , 1 9 83 L and a nd S ociety i n N eolithic O rkney , B AR B r itish S e ries 1 7 , O x ford , F r aser 0 , 1 9 84 I n s uppo rt o f f e stive a stronomy , S cottish A rchaeolog ical R ev iew 3 , 1, 1 6 18 , F r aser J , 1 8 83-4 , D escript ive n otes o n t he s tone c i rcles o f S trathna irn a nd n e ighbourhood o f I nve rness , P SAS16 , 3 28-362 , F r eeman P .R , 1 9 76 A b ayes ian a nalysis o f t h e m egalith ic y a rd , „ T our , R oy al S tatis tical S ociety A 139 , 2 0-35 , F r eeman PR , a nd E lmore W , 1 9 79 A t e st f o r t he s ignificance o f a stronom ica l a lignments , ' Ou r , o f t h e H is tory o f A s trono my 1 0 , 5 86-96 , F r ench G ,J , 1 8 94 T he s tone c i rcles o n C hetham 's C lose , T L CAS 1 2 , 4 2-5 1, F r iedman J , a nd R ow lands M ,J , ( e ds ,) 1 9 77 T h e E volu tion o f S ocial S ystems , D u ckworth , L ondon , G a rden J , 1 7 66 A c opy o f al e tter f r om t h e R ev , J ames G arden o n t h e c i rcu lar s tone m onuments i n S cotland t o J ohn A ubrey E sq , J une 1 5 , 1 6 92 , A rchaeolog ia 1 , 3 14-32 1, G a tes T , 1 9 75 T h e ‚ f idd le T h ames V a lley ; a n A rchaeolog ical S urvey o f t he R iver 6 ravels , G e lderd C , 1 9 12 R eport o n t h e e xcavations c a rried o ut a t t he ' D ruids C ircle ' o n B irkrigg i n t he p a rish o f U r sw ick , S eptember 1 9 11, T CWAAS12 , 2 62-74 , G l enworth R , a nd M u ir J ,W , 1 9 63 T h e S oils o f t he C oun ty a rround A berd een , l nverurie a nd F raserbu rgh , E d inburgh , G l over S , 1 8 33 T h e H is tory , 6 azetteer a nd D irectory o f t h e C oun ty o f D erby , G o ugh W 1 806 C amd en's B ritannia , G o w land W . 1 9 02 R e cent e x cavations a t S tonehenge , A rchaeolog ia 5 8 , 3 8119 , G r ay H , s t , G , 1 9 03 O n t h e e x cavations a t A rbor L ow , 1 9 02-3 , A rchaeologia 5 6 , 4 6 1-98 , G r ay H , s t , G , 1 9 07 T he s tone c i rcle o n W ithypoo l H i ll, E xmoor , P SANHS 5 2 , 4 2-50 , G r ay H . s t . G , 1 9 08 O n t h e s tone c i rcles o f E ast C o rnwa ll, A rchaeologia 6 1 , 1 60 , G r ay H , s t , G , 1 9 02-23 B r itish A ssociation r e ports o n t he A vebu ry E xcavations , G r ay H , s t , G . 1 9 29 T he P o rlock s tone c i rcle , E xmoor , P SAN HS 7 4 , 7 1-7 , G r ay H , s t , G , 1 9 3 1 R ude s tone m onuments o f E xmoor , p a rt 3 , P SANA 577 , 7 8-82 , G r ay H , s t , G , 1 9 35 T he A vebury e x cavations 1 9 081922 , A rchaeolog ia 8 4 , 9162 , G r ay H , s t , G , 1 9 50 P o rlo ck s tone c i rcle , A rch ,J , 1 0 7 , 8 7 , G r ay M , 1 9 75 T he D ev ils Q uoits , S tanton H a rcourt , O xon , O xonesia 3 9 , 9 6-7 , G r eenhalgh T , 1 8 7 1 D ruidical c i rcle i n t h e t ownship o f T u rton , p arish o f B olton l e M oors , S outh L an cs , ZAP 2 7 , 5 24-6 , G r eenhalgh T , 1 8 80 N ote o n d ru id ica l o r s tone c i rcle o n C heetham C lose T u rton , J BAA 3 6 , 44 , G r eenwell W , 1 8 77 B ritish B arrows , O x ford , G r iffith F .M . 1 9 85 S ome n ewly d iscovered r i tual m onuments i n m id-Devon , P PS 5 1 ,3 10-3 14 , G r iffiths J , 1 9 06 H en D re 'r G e lli, a b u ried p reh istoric t o wn i n t h e R hondda V a lley , A rch ,C amb , 6 , 2 8 1-307 , G r iffiths W ,E , 1 9 60 T he e x cavation o f s tone c i rcles n ear P enmaenmawr, N orth W ales , P PS 3 6 , 3 0518 , G r imes W ,F , 1 9 38 E x cavations a t M e in i G wyr , C a rmarthen , P PS 4 , 3 24-5 , G r imes W ,F , 1 9 44 E x cavations a t S tanton H a rcourt , 1 9 40 , O xonesia 8 -9 , 1 9 -63 , G r imes W ,F , 1 9 63 T he s tone c i rcles a nd r e lated m onuments o f W a les , i n F oster I , a nd A lcock L , ( eds ,) C u ltu re a nd E nv iromen t , E ssays i n H onou r o f S ir C yril FO X , 9 3152 , L ondon , G r insell LV , 1 9 56 S tan ton D rew s tone c ircles , S omerset , H MSO L ondon , G r insell LV , 1 9 57 A r chaeolog ia G azetteer , i n , V i ctoria C oun ty H istory o f M iltshire I , 2 1-279 , G r insell L , V , 1 9 70 T h e A rchaeology o f E xmoor , N ewton A bbot , G r insell L , V , 1 9 78 D a rtmoor B a rrows , P O I 9S 3 6 , 8 5180 , G r insell L . V , 1 9 83 T he b a rrows o f s outh a nd e ast D evon , MS 4 1 , 5 -46 ,

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G u ido M . a nd S m ith IF , 1 9 82 F igsbury R ings : ar e consideration o f t h e i n ner e n closu re , g o 7 6 , 2 1-25 , H add ingham E , 1 9 8 1 T he l u nar o bservatory h ypothesis a t C a rna c : ar e consideration , A n tiqu ity 5 , 3 5-42 , H aggarty A , 1 9 85 A r ran , M a chrie M oor , 9a nd E 1985 , 4 1-2 , H aggett P . 1 9 65 L ocation A nalysis i n H uman G eography , E dward A rno ld , L ondon , H a ll G , 1 8 24 K emp H owe , S hap , G en tleman's M agaz ine 1 8 24 , 3 , H a lliwell J ,0 , 1 8 6 1 R ambles i n W estern C ornw all , H amond F ,W , 1 9 79 S ettlement , e conomy a nd e nv iroment o n p reh istoric D a rtmoor , P A IS 3 7 , 1 4 6174 , H a rd ing A ,F , 1 9 8 1 E x cavations i n t he p reh istoric r i tua l c o mp lex n ear M i llfield , N o rthumberland , P PS 4 7 , 8 7136 H a rd ing A .F , w ith L ee GE , 1 9 87 M enge M onumen ts a nd R elated S ites o f G reat B ritain , B AR B r itish S e ries 1 7 5 , O x ford , H a rtshorne J . 1 8 4 1 S alopia A n tigu a , H awke-Smith C ,F , 1 9 79 N anLand R elationships i n P rehis toric B ritain , t h e O ove-Oerw en t I n terf luve D erbyshire , B AR B r itish S e ries 6 4 , O x ford , H awley W , 1 9 2 1-8 E x cavations a t S tonehenge , A n t ,J , 1 8 , H eathcote J ,P , 1 9 39a E x cavations a t D o ll T o r s tone c i rcle , S tanton M o or , O A! 6 0 , 1 6125 , H eath cote J ,P , 1 9 39b T he N ine S tones , H a rth ill M oor , 9 4 . 160 ,126128 , H eath cote J ,P , 1 9 80 T he N ine L adies s tone c i rcle , D A! 1 0 0 , 1 5 16 , H edges JO , 1 9 80 T he N eolithic i n E ssex , i n : B u ckley D ,G , ( e d ,) T h e A rchaeology o f E ssex t o A D 1 500 , C BA r e search r e port 3 4 , H edges JO , a nd B u ckley D ,G , 1 9 8 1 S pringfield C ursus a nd t h e C u rsus P roblem , E ssex C o unty C oun cil , O c cassiona l P aper N o .1, H eggie DC , 1 9 8 1 M eg alithic S cience , T hames a nd H udson , L ondon , H egg ie DC , ( e d ,) 1 9 82 A rchaeoastronomy i n t h e O ld W orld , C ambridge U n iversity P r e ss , C amb ridge , H emp W ,J , 1 9 30 T he C hambered C a irn o f B ryn C e lli D du , A rchaeolog ia 8 0 , 1 9 7-2 14 H en cken H 2O 'N , 1 9 32 T h e A rchaeology o f C ornw all a nd S cilly , L ondon , H enshall A .S . 1 9 63 T h e C hambered T o mbs o f S cotland I , E d inbu rgh U n iversity P ress , E d inburgh , H ensha ll AS , 1 9 72 T h e C hambered T o mbs o f S cotland I , E d inburgh U n iversity P ress , E d inburgh , H ensha ll AS , a nd S tewart M ,E ,C , 1 9 54-6 E x cavations a t C lach n a T iompan , W est G len A l mond , P e rthsh ire , P SAS 8 , 12-24 , H e rring P , 1 9 79 P rehis toric s ettlemen t o n s od min M oor , u npub lished B A d issertationS he ffield U n iversity , H ewison J ,K , 1 8 93 B u te i n O lden T i m es H igham N , 1 9 86 T h e N orthern C oun ties t o A O 1 000 , L ongman , L ondon a nd N ew Y o rk, H oare S i r R ,C , 1 8 12 T h e A ncien t H istory o f S ou th W iltshire , L ondon , H oare S i r R ,C , 1 8 2 1 T h e A ncient H is tory o f N orth W iltshire , L ondon , H odgson J , 1 8 20 A T o pographical a nd H is torical D escription o f t h e C oun ty o f W estmorland , H odgson KS , 1 9 35 N otes o n s tone c i rcles a t B roomrigg , G rey Y auds , e t c, T CY AAS 3 6 , 7-79 , H odgson K ,S , 1 9 52 F u rther e x cavations a t B roomrigg n ea r A instable , W M552 , 1 8 , H o lgate R . a nd S m ith P . 1 9 8 1 L andscape s tud ies i n P reh isto ry : t w o e xamples f r om W e stern B r ita in , B u lle tin o f t h e L ond on I ns titu te o f A rchaeology 1 7 1189 , H oneyman H ,L , 1 9 32 G oatstones , P SAN 5 , 3 04-6 , H oneyman H ,L , 1 9 35 T he s tand ing s tones o f H ethpool, P , SAN 6 , 1 6-7 , H oulder C , 1 9 68 T he h enge m onuments a t L landega i, A ntiqu ity 4 2 , 2 16-22 1, H oulde r C ,H , 1 9 73 P en y B ea con , A rchaeology i n W ales 1 3 , 6 2 . H oyle J , 1984 A s u rvey o f s ome o f t he s tone r i ngs o f M id W a les , A rch ,C amb , 1 3 3 , 5 1 -63 , H unter J , 1 8 19 H is tory o f H ällamshire , H u tch inson P ,O , 1 8 80 R eport o n t h e b a rrows n ea r S idmouth , T O A 1 2 , 1 2 2-5 1,

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H u tchinson W , 1 7 94 T h e H istory o f t h e C ounty o f C umberland , H u tch inson W . 1 7 96 T h e H is tory a nd A n tiqu ities o f t h e c ounty o f D urham , H y slop J , a nd H yslop R , 1 9 12 L angholm a s i t w as , L angholm , I n nes C , 1 8 57-60 N otice o f t h e s tone c i rcle o f C a llernish i n t h e L ew is a nd o f ac hambe r t o mb u nder t h e c i rcle , r e cently e x cavated , P SAS 3 , 1012 , J a mes H . 1 8 67 S tonehenge a nd T u rusachan i n t he I sland o f L ew is , S outhampton , J e fferson S . 1 8 42 H is tory o f C umberland , C a rlisle , J e rvise W . 1 8 53 T h e L and o f t h e L indseys , J o lly W , 1 8 8 1-2 S tones w ith c u p-markings n ear I n verness , P SAS16 , 3 00-40 1, J o pling CM , 1 8 46 R emains a s cribed t o t h e e ra o f t he d ruids i n F urness , n o rth o f L ancashire , A rchaeolog ia 3 1 , 48-453 , K e iller A , 1 9 34 M eg alithic m onuments o f N E S cotland , M orven I n stitute , L ondon , K e iller 1 , 1 9 70 A lves , Da nd E 1970 , 3 , K e iller I , 1 9 72 E d in killie , Da nd E 1972 , 3 0 , K e mpe A ,J , 1 8 29 , A c count o f s ome m onuments „„upon D artmoor , A rchaeologia 2 , 4 29-35 , K e ndall D ,G , 1 9 74 H unting q uanta , P hilosophical T r ansactions o f t h e R oy al S ociety o f L ond on , A 276 , 2 3 1-66 , K e nworthy J ,B , 1 9 72 R ingcairns i n n o rth-east S cotland , S cottish A rchaeological F orum 4 , 1 8 -30 , K i lbride-Jones HE , 1 9 34-5 A n a c count o f t h e e x cavation o f t h e s tone c i rcle a t L oanhead o f D aviot a nd o f t h e s tand ing s tones o f C u llerlie , E cht , b oth i n A berdeenshire , o n b ehalf o f H ,M , O f fice o f W o rks , P SAS 6 9 , 1 6 8-222 , K i lbride-Jones HE , 1 9 35-6 L ate B ronze A ge c emetery : b eing a n a c count o f t h e e x cavations o f 1 9 35 a t L oanhead o f D aviot , A berdeensh ire , o n b eha lf o f H ,M , O f fice o f W o rks , P SAS 7 0 , 2 78-303 , K i ng A , 1 9 85 P reh istoric s e ttlement a nd l a nd u se i n C raven , N o rth Y o rkshire , i n , S p ratt 0 , a nd B u rgess C . ( e ds ,) , K i nnes I , 1 9 79 R ound B arrows a nd R ing-d itches i n t h e B ritish N eolithic , B ritish M useum o c casiona l p aper N o ,7 , L ondon , K i rk W , 1 9 53 P reh istoric s i tes a t t h e S ands o f F o rv ie , A berdeenshire , A berdeen U niversity R ev iew 3 5 , 1 5 0-7 1, K i rwan R , 1 8 70 N otes o n t h e p reh istoric a r chaeology o f E ast D evon , p art I I, T D A 4 , 2 95-304 , L a caille AD , 1 9 28-9 A rd lu i M egaliths a nd t heir A ssociations , P SAS 6 3 , 39-4 1, L a mbrick G . 1 9 83 T h e R ollright S tones , O x ford A r chaeolog ical U n it O x fo rd , L a urie T ,C , 1 9 85 E a rly l a nd d iv ision a nd s ettlement i n S waleda le a nd o n t h e e astern a pproa ches t o t h e S tainmore P ass o ver t he N o rth P enn ines , i n : S p ratt a nd B urgess ( e ds ,) , L e ighton OK , 1 9 80 A s tone c i rcle a nd a ssociated s t ructures o n B ryn y G orlan , C a rdigansh ire , A rch ,C amb , 1 2 9 , 1 5 4-7 , L e ighton D ,K , 1 9 84 s t ru ctu red r o und c a irns i n w est-centra l W a les , P PS 5 0 , 3 19-350 , L e wis A ,L , 1 8 82 N otes o n t w o s tone c i rcles i n S h ropshire , J RAI 1 , 3 -7 , L e w is AL , 1 8 83 O n t h e r e lationship o f s tone c i rcles t o o utlying s tones o r t umu li o r n e ighbouring h i lls , w i th s ome i n feren ces t h erefrom , I PA! 1 2 , 1 7 6-9 1, L e w is AL , 1 8 88 S tone c i rcles n ear A berdeen , J RAI 1 7 , 4-57 , L e w is AL , 1 8 92 S tone c i rcles i n B r itain , A rch ,J , 4 9 , 1 3 6154 , L e w is AL , 1 8 96 P rehistoric r e mains i n C o rnwall, P a rt 1 : E ast C o rnwall, J RAI 2 5 , 2 16 , L e w is AL , 1 8 99 T he s tone c i rcles o f C o rnwall a nd S cotland , J RIC 1 4 , 3 78-83 , L e w is AL , 1 9 03 S tone c i rcles i n D e rbysh ire , M an 3 , 1 3 3-6 , L e w is A ,L , 1 9 05 P rehistoric r e mains i n C o rnwall, p a rt 2 : W est C ornwall, J RAI , 3 5 , 4 27-34 , L e w is 6 ,0 , 1 9 66 S ome r ad io carbon d ates f o r t h e P ea k D istrict , D A] , 8 6 , 15-6 , L e w is G ,D , 1 9 70 T h e B ronze A ge i n t h e S ou thern P ennines , L iverpoo l U n iversity , u npub lished t h esis ,

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L ewis J ,M , 1 9 74 E xcavations a t R hos-y-Clegyrn p reh isto ric s i te , S t N i cholas , P embs , A rch ,Camb , 1 2 3 , 1 3 -42 , L isowski F .P , 1 9 55-6 T he c remations f r om t h e C u ldo ich , L eys a nd K in chyle s ites , P S AS , 8 9 , 8 3-90 , L o ckyer J .N , 1 9 06 S tonehenge a nd O ther B ritish S tone M onu men ts A s tronomically C ons id ered , L ondon , L ogan J , 1 8 29 T wo D ruid ical c i rcles i n A berdeenshire , A rchaeologia 2 , 4 09-4 11, L on ie W . 1 9 63 T he C ovenanters S tone , M oyne M oor, 0 a nd E 1963 , 4 5-6 , L ongbotham AT , 1 9 32 P reh istoric r e ma ins i n B a rk i s land , T r ans , H alif ax A ntiquarian S ociety 1 5 3-82 , L u kis W ,C , 1 8 82 R eport o n t h e p reh istoric m onuments o f S tonehenge a nd A vebury , P SA L 9 , 1 4 1-57 , L u kis W ,C , 1 8 83 R eport o n t h e p reh istoric m onuments o f W i ltshire a nd S omerset , P S A L 9 , 3 44-55 , L u kis W ,C , 1 8 791884 U npublished p lans - S o ciety o f A ntiquaries , L ondon , L u kis W ,C , a nd B o rlase W ,C , 1 8 85 , P rehis toric s tone M onumen ts o f t h e B ritish I sles , V o l , 1 , ' C ornw all , L ondon , L u kis W ,C , a nd A ndrews C ol , 1 8 79 U npublished p lans - S o ciety o f A ntiquaries , L ondon , L u kis W ,C , a nd P ode JO , 1 8 79 U npublished p lans - S o ciety o f A ntiqua rians , L ondon , L u kis W ,C , a nd B a ring G ou ld S , 1 8 80 U npublished p lans - S o ciety o f A ntiquaries , L o ndon , L yn ch F , 1 9 70 P rehistoric A ng lesey , H an fegn i, L ynch F , 1 9 72 R ing c a irns a nd r e lated m onuments i n W a les , S cottish A rchaeolog ical F orum 4 , 6 1-80 , L ynch F , 1 9 77 B renig , C urrent A rchaeology S , 2 30-40 , L ynch F , 1 9 84 N oel G oedog c i rcle 1 , ac omplex r ing-cairn n ea r H a rle ch . A rch ,C amb , 1 3 3 , 8 -50 , L ynn F . 1 9 04 Y eavering B ell, H a rehope F o rt a nd H umb leton H i ll, B erw ick N aturalis ts C lub 1 9 , 1 5 5168 , M c A rthur J . 1 8 73 T h e A n tiqu ities o f A rran , E dinbu rgh , M a cau lay W 1 7 64 h istory o f S t K ild a , M ' C ombie S m ith 1 8 94-5 R e cent a ntiqua rian r e search i n G lenshee , P SAS 2 9 , 9 6-9 , M a ckenz ie J .B , 1 9 08-9 N otes o n as tone c i rcle a t G reen land , p a rish o f K enmore , a n d ag rave s lab i n t h e b u rying g round o f t h e M a cNabs a t K i llin , P SAS 4 3 , 2 7 1-7 , M a cKenz ie W ,M , 1 9 03-4 N otes o n s ome c e rtain s t ru ctures o f a r chaic t ype i n t h e I s land o f L ew is , P SAS 3 8 , 1 7 3-204 , M a ckie E ,W , 1 9 8 1 W ise m en i n a ntiqu ity? i n : R uggles a nd W h ittle ( e ds ,), M a clagan C . 1 8 75 h illforts , s tone c ircles a nd o ther s tru ctural r emains o f A ncien t S co tland , E d inbu rgh , M c L e llan R . 1 9 77 A ncien t M onumen ts o f A rran , H MSO , E d inburgh , M c L ead A .G , 1 9 38 E xcavation o f t w o B ronze A ge b u rial s ites i n A yrsh ire , P SAS 7 2 , 2 4 1-7 , M a cleod I . F . 1 9 70 S calasa ig , 0a nd E 1970 , 5 , M a cphe rson G , 1 9 73 A ird S leiten ish , 02 , 7 4 1 E1973 , 4 8 , M a cRae M . P anting M . a nd P anting R . 1 9 83 , S outh S hawbost , 0a nd E 1984 , 3 9 , M a ck J ,L , 1 9 24 T h e B ord ar L ine , M a it land W . 1 7 57 h is tory a nd A ntiqu aries o f S cotland , V o l 1 , M anby T ,G , 1 9 83 P addo ck H ill, T hw ing , E ast Y o rksh ire , P PS 4 9 , 3 99-400 , M a rshall D , ( u ndated) A H istory o f B u te ( m useum g u ide), M ason JR . a nd V a lentine H , 1 9 25 S tud fold G ate c i rcle . T a4 4 1 , 925 , 2 68-9 , M aste rs L , 1 9 77 E x cavations a t t h e W rens E gg , P o rt W i lliam , W igtown D istrict , T 0 60 4552 , 2 8 -43 , M e rcer R ,J , 1 9 8 1, T he e x cavation o f al a te n eo lith ic h enge-type e n closure a t B a lfarg , M a rkin ch , F i fe , S cotland , F SAS111, 6 317 1, M i ket R , 1 9 85 R itual e n closures a t W h itton H i ll, N o rthumberland , P PS 5 1 , 1 3 7148 ,

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M i ller 0 , a nd T i lley C , ( e ds .) 1 9 84 I d eology , P ower a nd P rehis tory , C ambridge U n iversity P ress , C ambridge , M i tchell A , 1 8 72-4 V a cation n otes i n C romar a nd S t rathspey , P SAS 1 0 , 6 43-85 M i tchell M ,E ,C , a nd Y oung A , 1 9 39 R eport o n e x cavations a t M onzie P e rthsh ire , P SAS 7 3 , 6 2-7 1, M o ir G , 1 9 8 1 S ome a r chaeo logical a nd a stronom ical o b jections t o s c ientific a stronomy i n B r itish p reh istory , i n ; R ugg les a nd W h ittle ( e ds ,) , M o rgan C ,L , 1 8 87 T he s tones o f S tanton D rew ; t h eir s ource a nd o r ig in , P SANHS 3 , 3 7-50 , M o rgan L , 1 8 99 A n tiqu arian S urvey o f E ast B ower , M o rrison J . 1 8 70-2 O n I n nesmill s tone c i rcles , P SAS 9 , 2 56 , M ountford G , 1 9 32 S tand ing S tones o n S tapley H i ll, W 0 4546 , 2 00-203 , M u rray J , 1 9 8 1 T he s tone c i rcles o f W igtownsh ire , w im ems 6 , 1 8 -30 , M yatt L ,J , 1 9 73 S u rvey o f a n u n recorded s tone s etting n ear B roubster, B u lletin o f t he C aithness F ield C lub 1 , 9 10 , N i colson „ I , a nd B u rn R , 1 7 77 T h e H istory a nd A n tiqu ities o f t he C oun ties o f W es tmorland a nd C umberland , L ondon , O ' Kelly C , 1 9 69 B ryn C e lli O du , A nglesey : ar e interpretation , A rch ,C amb , 18 , 1 7 -48 , O 'Kelly M .J , 1 9 82 N ewgrange ; A rchaeology , A rt a nd L egend , T hames a nd H udson , L ondon , O 'Nuallain S , 1 9 75 T he s tone c i rcle c omplex o f C o rk a nd K erry , ASA! 1 0 5 , 8 313 1, O 'Nua llain S , 1 9 84a A s u rvey o f s tone c i rcles i n C ork a nd K erry . P RIA 8 4C , 1 77 , O ' Nua lla in S . 1 9 84b G rouped s tanding s tones , r ad ia l-stone c a irns a nd e nclosures i n t he s outh o f I r eland , J eS4/ 1 4 , 6 3-79 , O r d 0 ,W , 1 8 46 T h e H is tory a nd A n tiqu ities o f C leveland , L ondon , P a ssmore AD , 1 8 94 N otes o n a n u ndescribed s tone c i rcle a t C oate , n ear S windon , P AA '27 , 1 7 1-4 , P a ssmore AD , 1 9 35 T he M eux e x cavation a t A vebury , m e4 7 , 2 88-9 , P a trick JO , 1 9 79 A r e assessment o f t h e l u nar o bservato ry h ypothes is f o r t he K i lmartin S tones , A rchaeoas tronomy 1 , 7 8-85 , P a trick JO , a nd W a lla ce CS , 1 9 82 S tone c i rcle g eometries ; a n i n formation t heory a pproa ch , i n H egg ie DC , ( e d ,) A rchaeoas tronomy i n t he O ld W orld , C ambridge U n iversity P ress , C ambridge , P e arson W , 1 9 69 C ommonda le , b 9J42 , 2 40 , P e gge R ev , 1 7 85 I l lustrations o f s ome d ruidical r e mains i n t he P eak o f D erbyshire , d rawn b y H ayman R oo ke E sq , A rchaeolog ia 7 , 1 9 -24 , P e gge R ev , 1 7 85 A d isqu is ition o n t h e l o ws o r b a rrows i n t h e P eak D istrict , p articu larly t hat c a pita l B r itish m onument c a lled A rbe lows . A rchaeolog ia 7 , 1 3 1148 , P e gge R ev , 1 7 87 O bservations b y t h e R ev , M r P egge o n t h e S tanton M oor u rns , a nd d ruid ical t e mp le , A rchaeolog ia 8 , 5 8-6 1, P e nnant 1 , 1 7 74 A T our o f S cotland ( 3 rd c d ,) , W a rrington , P e nnington R , 1 8 77 N otes o n t h e B arrows a nd B one C aves o f D erbyshire , P e ter J . 1 8 84-5 S tone c i rcles i n t h e p a rish o f O ld D eer , P 545 1 9 , 3 70-377 , P i erpoint S .J , 1 9 80 S ocial P atterns i n Y o rkshire P rehistory , B AR B r itish S eries 7 4 , O x ford , P i erpoint S ,J , 1 9 8 1 L and , s e ttlement a nd s o ciety i n t h e Y o rkshire b ronze a ge , i n , B arker G , ( e d ,) P rehis toric C ommunities i n N orthern B ritain , S heffield U n iversity , S he ffie ld , P i ggott S , 1 9 40 , T imber c i rcles : ar e -exam ination , A rch ,J , 9 6 , 1 9 3-222 , P i ggott S , 1 9 48 T he e x cavations a t C a irnpapp le H i ll, W est L oth ian , P S 'AS 8 2 , 6 8123 , P i ggott S , 1 9 54-5 E x cavations i n P assage G raves a nd R ing C a irns o f t he C lava G roup 1 9 52-3 , P S I IS 8 , 1 7 3-207 , P i ggott S , 1 9 64 E x cavations a t A vebury 1 9 60 , a y , 5 9 , 2 8-9 , P i ggott S , a nd CM , 1 9 39 , S t one a nd e a rth c i rcles i n D o rset , A n tiquity 1 3 , 1 3 8-58 , P i ggott S a nd S impson D ,D ,A , 1 9 7 1 E x cavation o f as tone c i rcle a t C ro ft M o raig , P e rthsh ire , S cotland , P PS 3 7 , 1 15 ,

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P i lcher J ,R , 1 9 69 A rchaeology , p a laeoecology a nd C 14 d ating o f t h e B eaghmore s tone c i rcle s ite , C o , T y rone , U ls ter J ou rnal o f A rchaeology 3 2 , 7 3 -9 1, P ilkington J , 1 7 89 A V i ew o f t h e P resen t S tate o f D erbyshire , P itts M .W . 1 9 82 O n t he r oad t o S tonehenge : r eport o n t h e i n vestigation b eside t h e A 3 44 i n 1 9 68 , 1 9 79 a nd 1 9 80 , P PS 4 8 , 7 5132 , P l int R ,G , 1 9 60 S tone c i rcle o n P otter F e ll, N r K endal , r c m em6 o , 2 0 1, P lot R , 1 6 77 T h e N atural H istory o f O xford shire , P onting MR . a nd G ,H , 1 9 8 1a D e coding t h e C a llanish c omplex - s ome i n itial r esults , i n , R ugg les C ,L ,N , a nd W h ittle A ,W ,R , ( e ds .) , P anting M ,R , a nd G ,H , 1 9 8 1b T h e A chmore s tone c ircle ( p rivately p ublished) , P anting M , M a cRae M . a nd C u rtis G ,R , 1 9 84 S outh S hawbost . Da nd E 1 9 84 , 4 3-44 , P rowse AB , 1 8 90 N otes o n t h e n e ighbourhood o f T aw M a rsh , N o rth D a rtmoor , I DA 2 , 1 8 5-99 , P ryor F , 1 9 84 P e rsonalities o f B r itain : T wo e xamples o f l o ng t e rm r eg ional c ontrast , S co ttish A rchaeolog ical R ev iew 3 : 1, 8 15 , P ryo r F , 1 9 85 M axey , C urren t A rchaeology 9 6 , 1 13 , R ad ley J , 1 9 66 A b ronze a ge r i ngwork o n T otley M oor a nd o ther b ronze a ge r ingworks i n t h e P enn ines , A rch ,„ 1 , 1 2 3 , 1 26 , R ad ley J , 1 9 68 T he o r igins o f t h e A rbor L ow m onument , DV 8 , 1 0 0-3 , R adley J , 1 9 69 A s tone c i rcle o n K i rkmoo r B e ck F a rm , F y lingdales , W 42 , 2 501, R a istrick A , 1 9 29 T he b ronze a ge i n W est Y orkshire , M/29 , 3 54-65 , R a istrick A , 1 9 63-6 T he Y o rkshire A r chaeolog ical r e g iste r: A ppletreew ick, E mbsay , G rassington , H ebden , K i lnsey , W 4 1, 3 22 , R a leigh R ad fo rd R , 1 9 35 E x cavation o f t h e H u rlers n ea r L is kea rd , C o rnwall, P PS 1 , 1 3 4 , R a le igh R ad ford R , 1 9 38 E x cavation o f t h e H u rlers n ear L is kea rd , C o rnwa ll, P PS 4 , 3 1 9 , R avenh ill T ,H , 1 9 32 T h e R ollright s tones a nd t h e m en w ho e rected t h em ( 2nd e d ,) , R edding C , 1 8 42 A n I llustrated I t inerary o f t h e C oun ty o f C ornw all , R e id R ,C , 1 9 38-40 N ote o n as tone c i rcle n ear L o ch S t roan , A 96 W 622 , 1 6 4-5 , R en frew C , ( e d ,) 1 9 73 T h e E xplanation o f C u ltu re C h ange ; M od els i n P rehistory , D u ckwo rth , L ondon , R en frew C . 1 9 73 M onuments , m obilization a nd s o cial o rgan ization i n n eolithic W essex , i n R en frew ( e d ,) 1 9 73 , R en frew C , ( e d ,) 1 9 74 B ritish P rehistory ; AN ew O u tline , D u ckworth , L ondon , R en frew C . 1 9 76 M ega liths , t e rritories a nd p opu lations , i n , D e L aet S ,J , ( e d ,) A ccu lturation a nd C on tinu ity i n A tlan tic E u rope m ainly d u ring t h e N eolithic P eriod a nd t h e B ronze A ge , d e T empe l , B ruges , R en frew C , 1 9 79 I nves tig ations i n O rkney , S o ciety o f A ntiqua ries R esearch R eport 3 8 , L ondon , R en frew C , 1 9 84 , A pproaches t o S ocial A rchaeology , E d ingburgh U n iversity P ress , E d ingburgh , R i cha rds C a nd T homas J . 1 9 84 R itual a ctivity a nd s t ructu red d eposition i n l a ter n e o lithic W essex , i n , B radley a nd G ard iner ( e ds ,) , R i chards J . 1 9 82 C oneybu ry H i ll, A mesbu ry , P PS 4 8 , 5 19-20 , R i chards J . 1 9 84 T he d evelopment o f t h e n eolith ic l a ndscape i n t h e e nvirons o f S t onehenge , i n , B rad ley a nd G a rd iner ( e ds ,) , R i chardson G ,G ,S , a nd F e ll CI, 1 9 75 M iss H odgson 's u npub lished e x cavations , T CW RAS 7 5 , 1 7 -28 , R itchie G . a nd H a rman M . 1 9 85 E xploring S cotland 's H eritage ; A rgy ll a nd t h e W es tern I sles , H MSO E d inburgh , R i tchie J . 1 9 1617 S tone c i rcles i n c entral A berdeensh ire , P SAS 5 1 3 0-47 , R itch ie J . 1 9 1718 C upmarks o n t h e s tone c i rcles a nd s tand ing s tones o f A berdeenshire a nd p a rt o f B an ffsh ire , P SAS 5 2 , 8 612 1, R itchie „ I , 1 9 1819 S tone c i rcles i n t h e s outh o f A berdeensh ire a nd n o rth o f K in cardinesh ire , MS 5 3 , 6 4-75 ,

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R i tchie J , 1 9 19-20 T he s t one c i rcle a t B roomend o f C r ich ie , A berdeenshire , P SAS 5 4 , 1 5 4-72 , R i tchie J , 1 9 22-3 S tone c i rcles a t R aedykes , n ear S tonehaven , K in cardinesh ire , P SAS 5 7 , 2 0-28 , R i tchie J ,N ,G , 1 9 74 , E x cavation o f t he s tone c i rcle a nd c a irn a t B a lbirnie , F i fe , A rch ,J , 1 3 1, 1 32 , R i tchie J ,N ,G , 1 9 75-6 , T he s tones o f S tenness , O r kney , P SAS 1 0 7 , 1 60 , R i tchie J ,N ,G , 1 9 85 R itua l M onuments , i n R en frew C , ( e d ) T h e P rehistory o f O rkney , E d inburgh U n iversity P ress , E d inburgh , p1 8130 , R i tchie J ,N ,G , a nd M a cLa ran A , 1 9 72 , R ing cairns a nd r e lated m onuments i n S cotland , S cottish A rchaeolog ical F orum 4 , 1 17 , R o bertson J , 1 7 7 1, T ou r o f 1 7 7 1 ( M anuscript i n t h e S cottish N ational L ibrary), R o bertson R , 1 8 94-5 T he d iscovery o f as tone c i st a nd u rns a t t h e C un inghar, T i llicou ltry , P SAS 2 9 , 1 9 0197 , R o binson J . a nd F e rguson R ,S , 1 8 8 1 O n e x cavations a t L eacet H i ll, T CWAAS 5 , 7 6 , R o binson R , a nd G reeves TA P , 1 9 8 1 T wo u n re corded p rehistoric m u ltiple s tone r ings , G lasscombe , U gborough , S outh D a rtmoor , P DAS 3 9 , 3-6 R o dd FR , 1 8 86-89 A n ote o n t h e r estoration o f t h e N ine S tones , A ltarnun , J RIC 9 , 4 96 , R o o ke H , 1 7 82 A n a c count o f s ome d ruid ical r e mains o n S tanton M oor a nd H artle M oor i n t h e P eak , D e rbyshire , A rchaeolog ia 6 , 10115 , R o oke H , 1 7 85 A f u rther a c count o f s ome d ruid ica l r emains i n D erbysh ire , A rchaeologia 7 , 1 7 5-7 , R o o ke H , 1 7 89 D escription o f s ome d ru id ical r e ma ins o n H a rborough R o cks , e tc , i n D e rbysh ire , A rchaeolog ia 9 , 2 06-2 10 , R o oke H , 1 7 92 D ru id ical a nd o ther B r itish r e mains i n C umberland , A rchaeolog ia 1 0 , 1 0 5-9 , R o th H ,L , 1 9 06 , T h e Y o rkshire C oiners 1 767 -1783 a nd N otes o n P rehis toric H alifax H alifax , R o y A ,E , e t a l , 1 9 63 , An ew s urvey o f t h e T o rmore C i rcles , AMS5 1,2 , 5 9-67 , R o ya l C ommission f o r A n cient a nd H istorical M onuments-Eng land 1 9 36 , W es tuorland I nventory , 1 9 79 , S tonehenge a nd i ts E nvirons , E d inburgh , R o yal C omm ission f o r A n cient a nd H istorical M onuments , S cotland , 1 9 11a C aithness I nven tory , 1 9 11b S u therland I nven tory , 1 9 12 6 allow ay I , W ig townshire I nven tory , 1 9 14 6 allow ay I , K irkcudbrigh t I nven tory , 1 9 15 8 erw ickshire I nven tory , 1 9 20 D ue riesshire I nven tory , 1 9 24 E as t L othian I nven tory , 1 9 28 O u ter H ebrid es I nven tory , 1 9 29 M id lothian a nd W es t L othian I nven tory , 1 9 33 F ife , K inross a nd C lackf t annon I nven tory , 1 9 46 O rkney a nd S he tland I nven tory , 1 9 56 Ambu rghshire I nven tory , 1 9 67 P eeblesshire I nven tory , 1 9 78 L an arkshire I nven tory , 1 9 7 1 A rgy ll I , K in ty re I nven tory , 1 9 75 A rgy ll I , C orn I nven tory , 1 9 80 A rgy ll II , M u ll , T i ree , C oll a nd N orthern A rgy ll I nven tory 1 9 84 A rgy ll V , I s lay , J u ra a nd C olonsay I nven tory , R o ya l C ommission o n A ncient a nd H isto rica l M onuments , W a les , 1 9 11 M on tgoNerysh ire I nven tory , 1 9 12 F 7in tshire I nv en tory , 1 9 13 R ad norshire I nven tory , 1 9 14 D enbig hshire I nven tory ,

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1 9 17 C armarthenshire I nven tory , 1 9 2 1 M erionethshire I nven tory , 1 9 25 P embrokeshire I nven tory , 1 9 37 A ng lesey I nven tory , 1 9 56 C aern arvonshire I nven tory ; E as t , 1 9 64 C aernarvonshire I nven tory ; W es t , 1 9 76 6 1amorg anshire I nven tory , R ugg les C ,L ,N , 1 9 82 A r e assessment o f t h e h igh p recision m ega lithic l u nar s ightlines , 1 : b a cksights , i n d icators a nd t h e a r chaeo log ical s tatus o f t h e s ightlines , A rchaeoas tronomy 4 , 5 2 1-4 1, R uggles C ,L ,N , 1 9 83 A r eassessment o f t h e h igh p recision m ega lith ic l u nar s ightline s , p art 2 : f o resights a nd t h e p roblems o f s e lection , A rchaeo as tronomy 5 , 1 36 , R ugg les C ,L ,N , 1 9 84a M eg alithic A stronomy ; aN ew A rchaeological a nd S tatis tical S tud y o f 3 00 W es tern S co ttish S ites , B AR B r itish S e ries 1 2 3 , O x ford , R uggles C ,L ,N , 1 9 84b M ega lith ic a stronomy : t he l a st f ive y ea rs , V i stas i n A stronomy 2 7 , 2 3 1-289 , R uggles C ,L ,N , 1 9 84c A n ew s tudy o f t h e A berdeenshire r e cumbent s tone c i rcles , 1 : s i te d ata , A rchaeoas tronomy 6 , 5-79 , R ugg les C ,L ,N , 1 9 85 T he l i near s ettings o f A rgyll a nd M u ll , A rchaeoas tronomy 9 , 1 0 5132 , R uggles C ,L ,N , a nd B url H ,A ,W , 1 9 85 , An ew s tudy o f t he A berdeensh ire r e cumbent s t one c i rcles , 2 : i n terp retation , A rchaeoas tronomy 8 , 2 5-60 , R uggles C ,L ,N , a nd W h ittle A ,W ,R , ( e ds) 1 9 8 1, A stronomy a nd S ociety i n B ritain d u ring t he p eriod 4 000-1500 S C , B AR B r it ish S e ries 8 , O x ford , S t J oseph J ,K , 1 9 78 A ir r e connaissan ce : r e cent r e sults 4 , A n tiqu ity 5 2 , 4 7-50 , S t J oseph J ,K , 1 9 80 A i r r e connaissan ce : r e cent r e su lts 4 9 , A n tiqu ity 5 4 , 4 7-5 1, S ands J . 1 8 75 L ife o n S t K ild a , S avory H ,N , 1 9 64 E x cavations a t at h ird r ound b a rrow a t P en-Ore , L e tte rston ( P emb ,) 1 9 6 1, B u lletin o f t he B oard o f C eltic S tud ies 2 0 ,3 , 3 09-25 , S ca rth H ,M , 1 8 57 O n a n cient e a rthworks i n t h e n e ighbourhood o f B ath , J BAA 1 3 , 9 8113 , S cott J ,G , 1 9 74-80 T emple W ood s tone c i rcle , 0a nd E 1 9 74-80 , S e lkirk A a nd W 1 9 74 B alfarg , C urrent A rchaeology 9 3 , 3 13 , S hepherd I , A ,G , 1 9 82-3 A G rampian s tone c i rcle c on firmed , P SAS 1 4 6 30-634 , S herriff J .R , 1 9 8 1, H i ll o f K irriemu ir , 0a nd E 198 1, 4 5 , S hotton F .W , ( e d ,) 1 9 77 B ritish Q u arternary S tud ies ; R ecen t A d v ances , L ondon , S ieve king G , 1 9 84 E x cavation o f as tone c i rcle a t W i lson S car , S hap N o rth 1 9 52 , T C PAAS 8 4 , 3 1-40 , S immons I , a nd T ooley M , ( e ds ,) 1 9 8 1 T h e E nv iromen t i n B ritish P rehistory , D u ckwo rth , L ondon , S impson J , 1 8 6 1 T he a ntiqu ities o f S h ap i n t h e c ounty o f W estmorland , A rch ,J , 1 8 , 2 5 -38 , S impson J ,Y , 1 8 64-6 O n a n cient s culpturings o f c up a nd c o ncentric r i ngs e t c , P SAS 6 , a ppend ix 1 147 , S impson WO , 1 9 26-7 A s tone c i rcle a t M e lgum L odge , n ea r T a rland , A berdeensh ire , P S AS 6 1, 2 65-6 , S lade HG , 1 9 77-8 C astle F raser o r B a lgorkar s tone c i rcle , P SAS 1 0 9 , 2 69-277 , S m ith A , 1 8 79-80 S tone c i rcles i n D u rris , K in card inesh ire a nd i t s n e ighbourhood , P S AS 1 4 , 2 9 4-309 , S m ith AC , 1 8 67 E x cavations a t A vebury . M010 , 2 0916 , S m ith AC , 1 8 8 1 O n B r itish s tone a nd e a rthworks o n t h e M a rlborough D owns , M 4/19 , 4 5 -67 , S m ith AC , 1 8 85 A S u ide t o t h e B ritish a nd R oman A n tiqu ities o f t h e N orth W iltsh ire D owns , D evizes , S m ith E ,E , 1 9 74 F l int i m p lements f r om S idmouth , P DAES 3 4 , 1 6 7 , S m ith I F , 1 9 65 H ill a nd A vebury , E x cav ation b y A lex ander K eiller 1 925193 9 , O x ford , S m ith J . 1 8 95 P rehis toric M an i n A y rshire , L ondon ,

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S m ith K . e t a l , 1 9 8 1, T he S haugh M oo r p ro ject : t h ird r e port - s ettlement a nd e nviromental i n vest igations , P PS 4 7 , 2 05-273 , S m ith R ,A 1 8 70-2 D escript ive l i st o f a nt iqu ities n ear L o ch E t ive , A rgy llsh ire , p art 1 . P SAS 9 , 8 1106 , S p a in G .R ,B , 1 9 1112 ' T he t h ree k ings o f D enmark' R edesda le , P SAN 5 , 2 34-7 , S p ence JE , 1 9 35 A s tone c i rcle i n S hap R ura l p arish , 1 10 1535 , 6 8-69 , S p encer F ,C , 1 8 42 , B r itish r e ma ins a t E xtwistle , G entleman's M ag az ine 4 2 , 4 13 , S p ratt DA , ( e d ,) 1 9 82 P rehistoric a nd R oman A rchaeology o f N orth-E ast Y o rkshire , B AR B r itish S e ries 1 0 4 , O x ford , S p ratt D , a nd B u rgess C , ( e ds ,) 1 9 85 U pland S ettlemen t i n B ritain , B AR , B r itish S e ries 1 4 3 , O x ford , S t evenson J , 1 9 73 K i lsp ind ie , s tone s etting , Da nd E 1973 , 4 S t evenson J ,B , 1 9 75 S urviva l a nd d iscovery , i n , E vans e t a l , ( e ds ,), S t ewa rt NE C , 1 9 64 C arse F a rm 1 , 2 , Da nd E 1964 , 3 9-40 , S t ewart M .E ,C , 1 9 66a E x cavation o f ac i rcle o f s tand ing s tones a t S andy R oad , S cone , P e rthsh ire , T PPSNS I , 7 -23 , S t ewart M ,E ,C , 1 9 66b E x cavations o f as etting o f s tand ing s tones a t L und in F a rm , n ear A berfe ldy , P e rthshire , P SAS 9 8 , 1 2 6-49 , S t ewart M ,E ,C , 1 9 74 M on crieffe , Da nd E 1974 , 8 6-7 , S t ewart M ,E ,C , 1 9 85 T he e x cavation o f ah enge , s tone c i rcles a nd m etal w o rking a rea a t M on crie ffe , P e rthsh ire , P SAS115 , 1 2 5150 S t out H ,B , 1 9 6 1 T h ree s tone c i rcles a t G retigate S ides , C umberland , r i n me6 1 , 1 6 , S t ua rt I , W , 1 9 73 H utton a nd C o rrie , Oa nd E 1973 , 2 3 , S t ua rt J 1 8 5 1-4 N otices o f v a rious s tone c i rcles i n t he p a rishes o f C a irney , M onymus k a nd T ough , A berdeensh ire a nd o f I n verkeithny , B an ffsh ire , P SASI, 1 4 1-2 , S t uart J , 1 8 56 T h e S cu lptu red S tones o f S cotland L ond on , V o l , l , S t uart J . 1 8 67 T h e S cu lptu red S tones o f S cotland L ond on , V o 1 ,2 , S t ua rt J , 1 8 66-8 C ists a nd o ther r e ma ins d iscovered i n ' C airn C urr ' o n t h e f a rm o f W a rra ckstone , i n A b e rdeensh ire , P SAS 7 , 2 4-25 , S t u ke ley W . 1 7 40 S toneheng e , AT e mple R es tor'd t o t h e B ritish D ru id s , L ondon , S t u ke ley W , 1 7 43 A vbury , aT e mple o f t h e B ritish D ruid s , w i th s ome o thers D escribed , L ondon , S t ukeley W . 1 7 76 I terarium C uriosum , L ondon , S y denham J , 1 8 47 B aal O urotrigensis , S y mson A , 1 6 84 A L arge D escription o f G allow ay , T a inter J , 1 9 78 M o rtuary p ractices a nd t h e s tudy o f p reh istoric s o cia l s ystems , i n , S ch iffer M , ( e d .) A d v ances i n A rchaeolog ical M ethod a nd T h e o r y , v o l 1 , A cadem ic P ress , L ondon a nd N ew Y o rk , T a it 0 , 1 9 78 C a llanish ; a map o f t h e s tand ing s tones a nd c ircles a t C allanish , i sle o f L ewis , U n iversity o f G lasgow , D epartment o f G eography , G lasgow , T a it L , 1 8 66-8 O n e x cavations a t A bers cross , S utherland , P SAS 7 , 4 73 , T a te M . 1 8 56-62 S tone c i rcle a t T h ree S tone B u rn , N o rthumberland , T r ans , B erw ickshire N atu ralis ts C lub 4 , 4 5 0-3 , T a y lo r M .W , 1 8 85 T he p reh istoric r ema ins o n M oor D ivock n ear U l lswater , r i nm s8 , 3 23-47 , T h om A , 1 9 54 T he s o la r o bse rvatories o f m egalithic m an . J ou rnal o f t he B ritish A s tronomical A ssociation 6 4 , 3 96-404 , T h om A , 1 9 55 A s tatistica l e xam ination o f t he m egalithic s ites i n B r itain , j ou r , R oy al S tatis tical S ociety A 1 18 , 2 75-98 , T h om A , 1 9 66 M ega lith ic a s tronomy : i n d ications i n s tand ing s tones , V is tas i n A stronomy 7 , 15 7 , T h om A , 1 9 67 M eg alithic S ites i n B ritain , O x ford U n iversity P ress , O x ford , T h om A , 1 9 7 1 M eg alithic L un ar O bserv atories , O x ford U n iversity P ress , O x ford , T h om A a nd A S , 1 9 78 M eg alithic r emains i n B ritain a nd B rittany , O x ford U n iversity P ress , O x ford ,

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T hom A , a nd T h om AS , 1 9 82 S tatistica l a nd p h ilosoph ica l a rguments f o r t he a stronom ica l s ign ifican ce o f s tand ing s tones w ith a s e ction o n t h e s o lar c a lendar , i n ; H e gg ie D .C . ( e d ,) , T hom A , T hom AS , a nd B u rl A , 1 9 80 M eg alithic R ings , B AR , B r itish S e ries 8 1 , O x fo rd T homas J , 1 9 84 A t a le o f t w o p olities ; k insh ip , a uthority a nd e xchange i n t he n eo lith ic o f S outh D o rset a nd N o rth W i ltsh ire , i n , B rad ley a nd G a rd iner ( e ds ,) , T hompson 0 , 1 9 63 G u ide t o A rbor L ow , H MSO L ondon . T hompson A , 1 8 62-4 N otice o f ag roup o f f ou r c i rcles o f s tand ing s tones i n t h e s outh c o rner o f t h e p a rish o f B an chory-Deven ick , c o unty o f K in card ine , P SAS 5 , 1 3 0-5 , T ho rnycro ft W , 1 9 35-6 A n u nrecorded s tone c i rcle , L o ch S ea forth , L ewis , P SAS 7 0 , 1 2 2-4 , T horpe I , J , 1 9 83 P reh istoric B r itish a stronomy - t o wards a s o cia l c ontext , S cottish a rchaeolog ical R ev iew 2 , 1, 2 16 , T horpe I , J , a nd R i chards C , 1 9 84 T he d e cline o f r i tual a u thority a nd t he i n trodu ction o f b ea kers i n to B r ita in , i n , B rad ley a nd G ard iner ( e ds ,) , T h rosby J , 1 7 85 D ru id ical r e ma ins a t S tanton D rew , 6 en tlenan's M ag az ine 1 7 85 , 7 6 1-3 , T oplis G , 1 8 96 J efferies L and ; H is tory o f S w ind on , T opping P , 1 9 8 1 H ethpool S tone C i rcle , N orthern A rchaeology 2 , 3 10 , T rahair J ,E .R , 1 9 78 A s u rvey o f c a irns o n B odm in M oor , C ornish A rchaeology 1 7 , 3 24 , T ratman E ,K , 1 9 58 T he l o st s tone c i rcles o f N orth S omerset , P UB S 'S 8 , 1018 , T ratman E ,K , 1 9 66 I n vestigations a t S tanton D rew s tone c i rcles , S omerset , P UYSS11,1, 4 0-2 , T ratman E ,K , 1 9 67 T he P r iddy c i rcles , M endip , S ome rset , h enge m onuments, M SS 1 ,2 , 9 7125 , T regelles G , F , 1 8 94 T he s tone c i rcles o f C o rnwa ll, TA / / A$1894 , 1 4 7-70 , T regelles G .E . 1 9 06 T he s tone c i rcles , i n , V i ctoria C oun ty H is tory o f C ornw all V o 1 ,1 , 3 79-406 , T u rner J ,R , 1 9 84 A p ossib le h enge a t T e ignhead , P DAS 4 2 , 1 0 3106 , T u rner V ,E , 1 9 86 S hapbeck s tone c i rcle , W A 586 , 2 48-50 , V atcher F , a nd L , 1 9 73 E x cavations o f t h ree p ostholes i n S tonehenge c a r p ark, m e y6 8 , 5 7-63 , V a rley W ,J , 1 9 38 T he B leasdale c i rcle , A n t ,J , 1 8 , 1 5 4-7 1, W a inwright G ,J , 1 9 62 T he e x cavation o f a n e a rthwork a t C aste ll B ryn-Gwyn , L lanidan p a rish , A ng lesey , A rch ,C anb , 1 1, 2 5-58 , W a inwright G ,J , 1 9 67 T he e x cavation o f H ampton s tone c i rcle , P o rtesham , D orset , P O WS 8 , 1 2 2-7 , W a inwright G ,J , 1 9 69 R eview o f h enge m onuments i n t he l i ght o f r e cent r esearch, P PS 3 5 , 1 2-33 W a inw right G ,J , 1 9 7 1 T he e x cavation o f aL ate N eo lith ic e n closure a t M arden , W i ltsh ire , A n t ,J , 5 1 , 1 7 7-239 , W a inwright G ,J , 1 9 79 M oun t P leasan t , D orset; E x cavations 1 970-7 1 , S o ciety o f A ntiqu iries , L ondon , W a inwright G ,J , e t a l , 1 9 79 T he S haugh M oor p ro ject ; f i rst r epo rt , 8 °545 , 1 33 , W a inwright G ,J , a nd L ongworth I , H , 1 9 7 1 D u rring ton M alls ; E xcav ations , 1 966-8 , S o ciety o f A ntiquaries , L ondon , W a rd J , 1 9 05 T he s tone c i rcles , i n , V i ctoria C oun ty H is tory o f D erbyshire , v o l , 1 , W a rd J , 1 9 08 N otes o n s ome D erbyshire a ntiquaries f r om S amuel M itchell 's m emoranda , D A] , 3 0 , 1 5 5172 , W a rdell J , 1 8 8 1 H istorical N otices o f I lkley , R ombald s M oor , hild on C onnon ( 2 nd E d ition) , L eeds W a rden A ,J , 1 8 84 A ngus o r f orfarshire , D undee W a rne C . 1 8 72 A ncient D orset , W aterhouse J , 1 9 85 T h e s tone c ircles o f C unbria , P h illimore , C h ichester , W atson J , 1 7 75 H is tory a nd A n tiquities o f t h e P arish o f H alifax , L ondon ,

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W a tson J , 1 7 76 A n a c count o f s ome h ithe rto u ndescribed r ema ins o f a ntiqu ity , A rchaeolog ia 5 , 9 3-94 , W a tt A , 1 8 64 E arly H istory o f K intore , W e bster G , a nd H ob ley 8 , 1 9 64 , A e rial r e connaissan ce o ver t h e W a rwicksh ire A von , A rch ,J , 1 2 1, 1 22 , W e d la ke W ,J , 1 9 66 A r e sume o f w o rk i n t h e B ath a rea , AN orth S omerset M iscellany , B ath , W e lsh IC , 1 9 7 1 C lachtoll , 9a nd E 197 1, 4 5 , W h e llen W , 1 8 60 T h e H is tory a nd T o pography o f t h e C ounties o f C umberland a nd W es tmorland , P onte fra ct , W h ittle A ,W ,R , 1 9 8 1 L ate n e olithic s o ciety i n B r itain , ar e -alignment , i n , R ugg les a nd W h ittle ( e ds ,) , W i lkinson S i r G , 1 8 60 T he r o ck b asins o f D artmoor a nd s ome B r itish r ema ins i n E ng land , ! BAR 1 6 , 1 0 1132 , W i lkinson T . 1 8 93 E xtw istle M oor, B u rn ley , T LCAS 1 , 1 5 6-6 1, W i lliams B 1 8 56 A l e tter t o t h e p resident o n s ome a n cient m onuments i n t h e c ounty o f C umberland a nd i t s b o rde rs , P SA L 3 , 24-227 , W i lson 0 , 1 8 5 1 P rehistoric A nnals o f S cotland E d inbu rgh , W i lson D , 1 8 63 T h e a rchaeology a nd P rehistoric A nnals o f S cotland ' o 1 ,1 , L ondon , W i lson G . 1 8 72-3 N otice o f S cu lptured s tones a t L aggangarn , P SAS 1 0 , 5 6-58 , W i lson G , 1 8 98-9 L ist o f A n tiqu ities o f G len lu ce , W igtownsh ire , P SAS 3 , 1 8 3-4 , W o od B , 1 9 02 P r eh istoric a n tiquities o f t h e B rad ford d istrict , B rad ford A n tiquary 7 ,2 , 13123 , W o od W , 1 8 42 H is tory a nd A ntiquities o f E yam , W o odham A ,A , 1 9 55-6 S urvey o f p reh istoric m onuments i n t h e B la ck I s le , P SAS 8 , 6 5-93 , W o rth R ,H , 1 9 03a T wenty-se cond r eport o f t he b a rrow c omm ittee , T D A 3 5 , W o rth R ,H , 1 9 03b S tone R ows o n D artmoor , p a rt 6 , T D A 3 5 , 4 26-429 , W o rth R ,H , 1 9 11 T h irtieth r e port o f t h e b a rrow c omm ittee , T D A 4 3 , 9 5-6 , W o rth R ,H , 1 9 16 B r isworth s tone c i rcle , I D A 4 8 , 9100 W o rth R ,H , 1 9 17 T h irty-sixth r e port o f t h e b a rrow c ommittee , I D A 4 9 , 7 9-80 , W o rth R ,H , 1 9 18 T h irty-seventh r e po rt o f t h e b a rrow c ommittee , I D A 5 0 , 1 8 6-7 , W o rth R ,H , 1 9 19 T h irty-eighth r e port o f t h e b a rrow c omm ittee , I D A 5 1 , 7 9 , W o rth R ,H , 1 9 2 1 F o rtieth r e port o f t h e b a rrow c omm ittee , I D A 5 3 , 8 4 , W o rth R ,H , 1 9 22 F o rty-first r e port o f t h e b a rrow c omm ittee , T D A 5 4 , 6 9-72 , W o rth R ,H , 1 9 32 T he p reh istoric m onuments o f S corh ill , B uttern H i ll a nd S hugg ledown , T D A 6 4 , 2 79-87 , W o rth R ,H , 1 9 35 F i fty-fourth r e port o n b a rrows , I D A 6 7 , 7-80 , W o rth R ,H , 1 9 37 F i fty-sixth r e port o n b a rrows , I D A 6 9 , 7 5109 , W o rth R ,H , 1 9 39 T wo s tone c i rcles o n D a rtmoo r, S w in combe V a lley a nd W est D art V a lley , w i th a n o te o n t h e G r ey W e thers , I D A 7 1 , 3 2 1-328 , W o rth RH , 1 9 4 1 R etainingcircles a ssociated w ith s tone r o ws , D a rtmoor , I D A 7 3 , 27-38 , W o rth R ,H , 1 9 43 S ixty-se cond r e port o n b a rrows , I D A 7 5 , 5 3-5 , W o rth R ,H , 1 9 46a S ixtyfifth r e port o n b a rrows , I D A 7 8 , 4 9 , W o rth R H 1 9 46b T he s tone r o ws o f D a rtmoor , pa rt 1 , I DA , 7 8 2 85-3 15 , W o rth R ,H , 1 9 47 T he s tone r o ws o f D a rtmoor , p a rt 2 , I D A 7 9 , 1 7 5-86 , W o rth R ,H , 1 9 53 D artmoor , ( P rivately P ub lished) N ewton A bbot , W o rth R ,N , 1 8 92 S tone r o ws o n D a rtmoor , p a rt 1 , I D A , 2 4 , 3 87-4 17 W o rth RN , 1 8 93 S tone R ows o n D artmoor , p a rt 2 , I D A 2 5 , 5 4 1-6 , W o rth RN , 1 8 94 S tone r o ws o n D a rtmoor , p art 3 , T O P 2 6 , 2 96-307 , W o rth RN , 1 8 96 S tone r o ws o n D a rtmoor , p a rt 4 , I D A 2 8 , 7 13 , W y nn W i lliams W . 1 8 7 1 M ona A ntigua , A rch ,C amb , 2 ,3 4-40 , Y o ung A , 1 9 42-3 R epo rt o n s tand ing s tones a nd o ther r e ma ins , n ear F ow lis W ester , P e rthsh ire , P SAS 7 , 1 7 4-84 , Y o ung A , a nd C h richton M i t che ll M . 1 9 38-9 R eport o n e x cavation a t M onzie , P SAS 7 3 , 6 2-70 ,

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I NDEX OF STONE CIRCLES AND HENGES A b e ra rde r ( 5 :42 ) 4 5 4 A b e rs cro s s ( 2 : 1) 1 0 9 , 2 3 4 A c h an a rras H i l l ( 2 :2 ) 1 0 9 , 2 3 4 A c h a ny ( 2 :3 ) 1 0 6 , a l , 1 0 , 2 3 4 A c h av an ich ( 2 :4 ) 5 0 , 2 3 4 A c hd reg n ie ( 5 :a /b ) 4 8 0 A c h e ro le ( 2 :a ) 4 7 6 A c h m o re ( 3 : 1) Z , 7 8 , 2 3 8 A c h o ra ch an ( 5 :c ) 4 8 0 A i key B r ae ( 6 : 1) 7 9 , 8 2 , 8 5 , 8 , 9 0 , 2 6 8 A i rd S l e ite n is h ( 3 :a ) 4 7 6 A i rgh n a B e inn e B i g e ( 3 :c) 4 7 7 A i r id h n a m B i d e a ran ( 3 :b ) 4 7 7 A i r li ch ( 7 : 1) 1 0 0 , 1 1 , 3 0 9 A l d ou r ie ( 5 :d ) 4 8 1 A l m swo rthy ( 1 4 :a ) 5 0 3 A l ta rnu n ( 1 4 : 1) 3 6 , 7 2 , 3 9 4 A l t la r ie ( 5 :43 ) 4 5 45 A l tn a ca rd i ch ( 5 :e -g ) 4 8 1 A l v e s ( 5 : 1) 3 8 , 1 0 9 , 2 5 3 A n n a s ide ( 9 :1) 1 2 5 , 3 4 1 A p p le t reew i ck ( 1 0 : 1) 1 1 , 1 2 5 , 3 5 5 A r b o r L o w ( 1 2 : 1) 3 5 , 3 7 , E i , 6 , 6 7 , 1 5 1 , 1 6 5 , 1 8 6 , 1 9 2 , 3 6 45 , 5 0 7 A r d b la ir ( 7 :2 ) 1 0 9 , 3 0 9 A r d il ist ry ( 4 : 1) 1 3 8 , 2 4 3 A r d la ir ( 6 :2 ) 8 0 , 8 5 , 8 , 9 0 , 2 6 8 A r m ing h a l l ( 2 0 :H ) 9 , 6 8 , 1 5 6 , 1 5 8 , 2 1 9 , 5 0 8 , 5 1 2 , 5 1 4 A r n h i l l ( 6 :3 ) 8 5 , 8 , 9 0 , 2 6 8 A s h C a b in F l a t ( 1 2 ;2 ) 1 2 6 , 3 6 5 A s h H o u se W o od ( 9 :2 ) 5 8 , 3 4 1 A s sy co mbe H i l l ( 1 4 :2 ) 1 3 2 , 3 9 4 , 5 1 9 , 5 2 5 A u chag a llon ( 4 :2 ) 1 0 6 , l a , 1 0 9 , 1 1 , 2 4 3 A u ch co rth ie ( 6 : 10 7 ) 4 5 8 A u ch e le ffan ( 4 ;3 ) 1 3 9 , 2 4 3 A u ch indu ich ( 2 :5 ) L U , 1 0 9 , 2 3 5 A u ch in tea ( 5 :h ) 4 8 1 A u ch lee ( 6 :a ) 4 8 3 A u ch ma cha r ( 6 :5 ) 8 5 , 8 9 , 2 6 9 A u ch aa llidd ie ( 6 :6 ) 8 5 , 8 , 2 6 9 A u ch qu h o rth ie s ( 6 :7 ) 3 8 , 7 9 , 8 4 , 8 5 , 8 , 9 0 , 2 7 0 A u ld ea rn ( 5 :44 ) 4 5 5 A u ld K i rk o ' T o u gh ( 6 :4 ) 8 5 , 8 9 , 9 0 , 2 6 9 A u ltan B r oo b st e r ( 2 :6 ) 4 6 , 1 5 4 , 2 3 5 A v eb u ry ( 1 5 : 1/ a)6 , 3 5 , 3 6 , 6 , 6 8 , 7 2 , 7 3 , 1 5 1, 1 5 6 , 1 6 1 , 1 6 5 , 2 0 6 , 2 0 8 , 2 1 0 , 2 2 , 2 4 , 2 5 , 4 2 732 , 5 0 5 , 5 0 7 A v ie lo chan ( 5 :4 5 ) 9 6 , 4 5 5 A v iemo re ( 5 :2 ) 9 4 , 9 5 , 2 5 3

B a ch i lto n ( 7 :5 4 ) 4 6 5 B a c kh i ll o f D r a ch la w ( 6 :8 /9 ) 1 0 9 , 1 5 5 , 1 7 8 , 2 7 01 B a ck la ss ( 2 :7 ) 1 0 9 , 2 3 5 B a la n ra it ( 5 :46 ) 4 5 5 B a lb i rn ie ( 7 :3 ) 1 , 1 3 , 3 4 , 1 0 0 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 5 1, 1 5 4 , 1 5 7 , 1 5 8 , 1 6 0 , 1 6 2 , 3 0 9 10 B a lb la ir ( 6 : 10 8 ) 4 5 8 B a l fa rg ( 7 :4 /H ) 6 , 8 , 3 7 , 6 , 6 7 , 1 5 1 , 1 5 4 , 1 5 7 , 1 5 8 , 1 7 9 , 3 1 012 , 5 0 7 , 5 0 9 , 5 1 0 , 5 1 2 B a lga rth no ( 7 :5 ) 1 0 0 , 1 1 , 3 1 2 B a lh a lg a rd y ( 6 :b ) 4 8 3 B a lh om a is ( 7 :6 ) 1 1 , 1 8 2 , 3 1 2 B a l is ca te ( 4 :a ) 4 7 8 B a l kem ba ck ( 7 :7 ) 1 0 , 3 1 2 B a lmae H o u se ( 8 :a ) 4 9 0 B a laen no c k ( 8 :3 6 ) 4 6 5 B a lmu i c k ( 7 :8 ) 1 3 9 , 3 1 2 13 B a lnab ua l ( 5 :4 7 ) 4 5 5 B a lna c ra ig ( 6 :10 ) 8 5 , 8 9 , 9 0 , 2 7 1 B a lnua ra n o f C l a va ( 5 :3 /4 /5 ) 9 2 , 9 4 , 9 5 , 9 6 , 1 5 3 , 1 7 6 , 2 0 , 2 5 3 5 5 B a lquh a in ( 6 : 1 1) 3 8 , 8 4 , 8 5 , 8 7 , 9 0 , 2 7 1 B a m fo rd M o o r ( 1 2 :3 ) 1 5 , L u ,1 2 7 , 3 6 5 B a n c D u ( 1 3 :a ) 5 0 0 B a n d ir ra n ( 7 :9 ) 1 0 , 3 1 3 B a n n is id e ( 9 :a ) 1 5 , 4 9 3 B a rb re ck H o u se ( 4 :4 ) 1 3 4 , 1 4 0 , 2 4 4 B a rb roo k ( 1 2 :4 /5 /6 ) 1 , LU . , I Z2 , 1 2 7 , 1 5 5 , 1 5 8 , 3 6 5 6 7 B a rn lu a sg an ( 4 :b ) 4 7 8 B a rra c k ( 6 :109 ) 4 5 8 B a rton i nF a b is ( 1 8 :H ) 1 8 8 , 5 0 9 , 5 1 1 B a th ha m p ton ( 1 5 :b c ) 5 0 5 B e a con , t h e ( 9 :b ) 4 9 3 B e d d S u r fa l ( 1 3 : 1) 1 2 6 , 3 7 4 B e in n aC h ao la is ( 3 :d ) 4 7 7 B e l lad ru m ( 5 :48 ) 4 5 5 B e l lm an s W o o d ( 6 : 12 ) 1 3 9 , 2 7 2 B e n de r lo ch ( 4 :3 1) 4 5 4 B e o ch ( 8 :b ) 4 9 0 B e r ryb rae ( 6 : 13 ) 7 9 , 8 4 , 8 5 , 8 7 , 9 0 , 9 1 , 1 5 7 , 1 5 8 , 1 6 0 , 2 7 2 B e rry fie ld s ( 1 8 :H ) 1 8 8 , 5 0 9 , 5 1 0 B h ru is t ( 3 :e ) 4 7 7 B i d d le st one s ( 1 0 :a ) 4 9 7 B i g R i ng s -s e e D o r che s te r B i ng h i ll ( 6 : 14 ) 8 5 , 8 , 9 0 , 2 7 2 B i r ch C l o se ( 1 0 :23 ) 4 6 9 B l a ck fau ld s ( 7 :10 /a ) 1 0 , 3 1 3 , 4 8 8

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B l a ckshaw M o o r ( 4 :c ) 4 7 9 B l a irbuy ( 8 :c ) 4 9 0 B l a ke ley R a ise ( 9 :3 ) 1 2 4 , 3 4 1 B l a key T o pp ing ( 1 1: 1) 1 2 5 , 3 6 2 B l ea be r ry H a w s ( 9 :4 ) 1 2 6 , 3 4 2 B l u e C a irn ( 6 :c) 4 8 3 B o b la iny ( 5 :6 / i ) 9 4 , 9 6 , 2 5 5 , 4 8 1 B o g h ead ( 6 :110 ) 4 5 8 B o g ton M i ll ( 5 :7 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 2 5 5 B o le igh ( 1 4 :3 ) 7 3 , 3 9 5 B o re land ( 8 :d ) 4 9 0 B o re ray ( 3 :12 ) 4 5 3 B o r row ston R i g g ( 8 : 1) 5 6 , 5 8 , 6 0 , 3 2 9 B o rvem o re ( 3 :f) 4 7 7 B o s caw en U n ( 1 4 :4 ) 3 6 , 6 9 , 2 . 1 , 7 2 , 3 9 5 B o s kedn an ( 1 4 :5 ) 3 7 , 6 2 , E a , 6 7 , 3 9 5 -96 B o w ( 1 4 :H ) 5 0 7 , 5 1 0 , 5 1 3 , 5 1 5 B o w m an H i llo c k ( 6 : 11 1) 4 5 8 B o x ted ( 2 0 :H ) 5 0 9 , 5 1 1 B o y nd ie ( 6 : 112 ) 4 5 8 B o y n d ie C h u r ch ( 6 : 113 ) 4 5 8 B r a c kenh a l l G r e en ( 1 0 :b ) 4 9 8 B r a du p ( 1 0 :c) 4 9 8 B r ae h ea d ( 6 : 15 ) 8 5 , 8 9 , 2 7 3 B r an d sb u tt ( 6 : 16 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 2 7 3 B r an s da le M o o r ( 1 1 :a ) 5 0 0 B r a ts H i l l ( 9 :5 ) 3 6 , 5 6 , 5 8 , 1 5 4 , 1 6 1 , 3 4 2 B r en t F o re H i l l ( 1 4 :6 ) 3 5 , 1 3 3 , 3 9 6 B r iswo rth y ( 1 4 :7 ) 5 1 , 6 0 , 1 9 3 , 3 9 6-9 7 B r o a d D o w n ( 1 4 :8 /9 / 10 ) 1 3 2 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 4 , 3 9 7 B r oa d F i e ld ( 9 :3 4 ) 4 6 7 B r oa d le e ( 8 :H ) 5 0 8 B r o ad M o ss ( 7 :11) 1 0 , 3 1 3 B r oa d s ton e s ( 1 5 : 17 ) 4 7 3 B r o ckh i ll F o rd ( 1 4 :b ) 5 0 3 B r od g a r , R i n g o f ( 1 : 1) 2 8 , 4 6 , 6 , 6 7 , 1 5 1 , 1 5 4 , 2 1 8 , 3 2 1, 5 0 7 B r oo me nd ( 6 :d ) 4 8 3 B r o om end o f C r i ch ie ( 6 :17/ 114 ) 3 6 , 1 0 0 , 1 0 6 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 5 4 , 1 7 8 , 2 7 3 74 , 4 5 9 , 5 1 0 B r o o m r ig g ( 9 :6 /7 /H / c/d ) 3 6 , 5 6 , 5 8 , 1 Z a , 1 2 6 , 1 5 4 , 1 8 3 , 3 4 3 , 4 9 3 -9 4 , 5 0 8 B r ou b ste r ( 2 :8 ) 1 2 , 5 0 , 1 5 4 , 2 3 5 -3 6 B r o ug h am H a ll ( 9 :e ) 4 9 4 B r o w lan d , t h e ( 5 :8 ) 1 3 9 , 2 5 5 B r o w n E d g e ( 1 2 :7 ) 1 2 6 , 1 2 7 , 1 5 8 , 3 6 7 B r o w n H e a th ( 1 4 : 11) 1 3 0 , 1 3 2 , 3 9 8 , 5 1 8 B r u a i ch ( 5 :9 ) 9 4 , 9 6 , 2 5 5 -5 6 B r u n t ( 1 3 :b ) 5 0 1 B r y n C e ll i O d u ( 1 3 :2 ) 1 3 , 3 6 , 6 , 6 8 , 6 9 , 3 7 4-7 5 , 5 1 0 B r y n g w yn S t one s ( 1 3 :3 ) 1 2 5 , 3 7 5 B r y n YG o r lan ( 1 3 :4 ) 5 9 , 3 7 6 B u c k la nd F o rd ( 1 4 :c ) 5 0 3

B u l l R i ng ( 1 2 :2 5 ) 1 5 1 , 1 8 6 , 1 9 2 , 4 7 1 , 5 0 7 , 5 1 0 B u r fo rd D o w n ( 1 4 : 12 /d ) 1 3 2 , 3 9 8 , 5 0 3 , 5 1 8 , 5 2 5 6 B u rg h H i l l ( 8 :2 ) 5 8 , 3 2 9 B u rre ld a le s ( 6 :e ) 4 8 3 B u t te rd on H i l l ( 1 4 :13 ) 1 3 2 , 1 9 7 , 3 9 8 -99 , 5 1 8 , 5 2 0 , 5 2 4 B u t te rn ( 1 4 : 14 /e ) 6 2 , 6 7 , 1 9 3 , 3 9 9 , 5 0 3

C a irn fa u ld ( 6 : 18 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 2 7 4 C a irn ha l l ( 6 :115 ) 1 5 4 , 4 5 9 C a irn pa p p le ( 8 :3 ) 3 5 , 3 7 , E l , 6 , 6 8 , 1 6 2 , 1 6 5 , 1 7 9 , 3 2 9 -3 1 , 5 0 7 , 5 1 3 C a irn R i v ( 6 : 19 ) 8 4 , 8 5 , 8 6 , 8 , 9 0 , 2 7 4 -7 5 C a irn ton ( 6 :20 ) 8 5 , 8 , 2 7 5 C a irnw e ll ( 6 :2 1) 9 6 , 9 8 , 2 7 5 C a l la n ish ( 3 :2 ) 1 3 , 3 5 , 3 6 , 7 8 , a l , 1 0 6 , 1 0 , 1 2 , 1 5 5 , 1 5 7 , 1 8 2 , 2 3 8 -39 C a m p , t h e ( 6 :2 2 ) 8 5 , 8 , 9 0 , 2 7 5-76 C a n a ( 1 7 :H ) 5 0 8 C a n d le H i ll ( 6 :23 ) 8 0 , L . , 8 5 , 8 , 9 0 , 2 7 6 C a n d y ( 6 : 116 ) 4 5 9 C a n t ray b ru i ch ( 5 :49 / i) 4 5 5 , 4 8 1 C a pe l H i rae thog I I ( 1 3 :5 ) 5 6 , 5 9 , 3 7 6 C a pp ie s H i ll ( 5 :k) 4 8 1 C a r in ish ( 3 :3 ) 7 8 , 2 3 9 C a m nD a ley ( 5 : 10 ) 9 2 , 9 4 , 9 6 , 2 5 6 C a m nU r na n ( 5 :11) 9 4 , 9 5 , 2 5 6 C a rp e rb y ( 1 0 :2 ) 1 2 7 , 3 5 5 C a rse F a rm ( 7 : 12 / 13 ) 1 0 9 , L a i , 1 3 8 , 1 4 0 , 1 8 2 , 3 1 3 C a rse G r ay ( 7 :55 ) 4 6 5 C a rt in g t on ( 1 0 :d ) 4 9 8 C a ste ll B r yn G w y n ( 1 3 :H ) 5 0 9 , 5 1 0 C a s te rto n ( 1 0 :3 ) 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 2 6 , 3 5 5 C a s t i l ly ( 1 4 :H ) 8 , 5 0 8 C a s t le dy ke s ( 1 0 :H ) 1 8 6 , 5 0 8 C a s t le F r a z e r ( 6 :2 4 / f) 7 9 , a l ,8 4 , 8 5 , 8 7 , 9 0 , 2 7 6 77 , 4 8 3 C a st le h ow e S c a r ( 9 :0 4 9 4 C a s t le r igg ( 9 :8 /3 5 ) 3 5 , 3 7 , 5 1 , i a , 5 6 , 5 8 , 6 0 , 1 8 3 , 3 4 3 44 , 4 6 8 C a s t lew i ch ( 1 4 :H ) 5 0 8 C a u lds id e B u rn ( 8 :4 ) 5 8 , 3 1-32 C e an H u lav ig ( 3 :4 ) 3 6 , 1 0 6 , 1 0 , 2 3 9 40 C e fn C o ch ( 1 3 :6 ) 3 8 , 5 8 , 3 7 6 C e fn G w e rn f frw d ( 1 3 :7 ) 3 6 , 5 9 , 3 7 6 77 C e r r ig A r thu r ( 1 3 :8 ) 3 7 , 6 0 , 3 7 7 C e r r ig D u on ( 1 3 :9 ) 3 6 , 3 8 , 5 9 , 3 7 7 C e r rig G a e rau ( 1 3 : 10 ) 5 9 , 3 7 8 C e r r ig P r y fa id ( 1 3 :11) 3 8 , 5 9 , 3 7 8 C h a pe ld en ( 6 :g ) 4 8 3 C h a pe l F l a t ( 9 :3 6 ) 4 6 8 C h a pe l H i l l ( 5 :1) 4 8 1 C h ap e l o ' S i n k ( 6 :h ) 4 8 4

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C h e e th a m C l o se ( 1 0 :4 ) 1 2 5 , 3 5 6 C h e w S t o ke ( 1 5 :d ) 5 0 5 C h o lw ich tow n W a ste ( 1 4 :15 ) 1 2 9 , 1 3 2 , 3 9 9 , 5 1 8 , 5 2 5 , 5 2 6 C i r c le 2 7 5 ( 1 3 :12 ) 1 5 , 1 2 4 , 3 7 8 C i r c le 2 7 8 ( 1 3 : 13 ) 1 2 7 , 1 2 8 , 1 5 8 , 3 7 8 79 C l a ch an E r is co ( 4 :d ) 4 7 9 C l a cha n m o re ( 8 :e ) 4 9 0 C l a ch n a T i omp a n ( 7 : 14 ) 1 3 8 , 3 1 4 C l a ch to ll ( 4 :e ) 4 7 9 C l a t t B a n khe ad ( 6 : 117 ) 4 5 9 C l a t t H i l lh e ad ( 6 : 118 ) 4 5 9 C l a u g h re id ( 8 :5 ) 3 6 , 1 2 4 , 3 2 C l a va ( 5 :n ) 4 8 1 C l e a to p ( 1 1:5 ) 4 7 0 C l e ite r ( 3 :g ) 4 7 7 C l ie s o f C u lno a g , t h e ( 8 :9 4 9 0 C l o ch fo rb ie ( 6 :25 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 2 7 7 C l o ug h to n ( 1 1:b ) 5 0 0 C l yn e C o mmo n ( 1 3 :c ) 5 0 1 C n o c a n L i a th -Bh a id ( 2 :9 ) 1 0 9 , 2 3 6 C n o c C e a nn a ' 6 h a ra idh ( 3 :5 ) 1 0 6 , 1 0 , 2 4 0 C n o c D u bh ( 3 :h ) 4 7 7 C n o c F i ll ibh ir B h ea g ( 3 :6 ) 3 5 , 1 Q 2 , 1 0 , 2 4 0 C o a t e ( 1 5 :2 ) 7 3 , 4 3 3 C o c kp it , t h e ( 9 :g ) 4 9 4 C o ed 6 w a ra llt ( 1 3 :d ) 5 0 1 C o i lle a chu r ( 7 : 15 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 9 1 , 3 1 4 15 C o len ( 7 : 16 ) 1 0 , 3 1 5 C o lla rd T o r ( 1 4 : 16 ) 1 3 2 , 4 0 0 , 5 1 8 , 5 2 4 C o lm e a l lie ( 6 :2 6 ) 8 5 , 8 7 , 9 0 , 2 7 7 C o lpy ( 6 : 119 ) 4 5 9 C o m m on ban k ( 7 : 17 ) 1 0 , 3 1 5 C u r ie ( 7 :18 ) 1 3 9 , 3 1 5 C o t e r ie B r idg e ( 7 : 19 ) 1 3 8 , 1 3 9 , 3 1 6 C o n d i co te ( 1 5 :H ) 6 8 , 1 5 6 , 1 5 7 , 2 0 6 , 2 0 9 , 2 1 0 , 5 0 8 C o n e ybu ry ( 1 5 :H ) 5 0 7 , 5 1 3 , 5 1 6 C o re S t an e s ( 5 :5 0 ) 4 5 6 C o rn r idge ( 1 4 : 17 ) 7 2 , 4 0 0 C o rog le B u rn ( 7 :20 ) 1 0 , 3 1 6 C o r r ie C a i rn ( 6 :i) 4 8 4 C o r r imon y ( 5 : 12 ) 9 2 , 9 4 , 9 5 , 2 5 6 -5 7 C o r r in gd on B a l l ( 1 4 : 18 / 19 ) 6 , 6 7 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 2 , 1 9 5 , 1 9 7 , 1 9 9 , 4 0 0 -0 1 , 5 1 9 , 5 2 3 , 5 2 5 C o r rst on e W o od ( 6 :2 7 ) 8 5 , 8 7 , 2 7 7 C o r ryd own ( 6 :2 8 ) 8 5 , 8 , 9 1 , 2 7 8 C o rsha l lo ch ( 6 :9 4 8 4 C o rs yC a rne dda u ( 1 3 :14 ) 5 9 , 3 7 9 C o rt ie B r a e ( 6 : 120 ) 4 6 0 C o rte s ( 6 :k) 4 8 4 C o sd on B e a con ( 1 4 :20 ) 1 2 9 , 1 3 2 , 4 0 1, 5 1 9 , 5 2 0 , 5 2 5 C o tb an k o f B a r ra s ( 6 :e ) 4 8 4 C o th iemu ir W o od ( 6 :29 ) 7 9 , 8 5 , 8 7 , 9 1 , 2 7 8 C o u p lan d ( 1 0 :H ) 1 5 3 , 5 0 8

C o u rt G r ee n ( 1 1 :5 ) 4 7 1 C o v e nan t e r 's S t o ne , t h e ( 4 :5 ) 1 0 , 2 4 4 C o w ie M u ir ( 5 :m ) 4 8 1 C r ad d o c k M o o r ( 1 4 :2 1) 7 2 , 2 0 1 , 2 0 3 , 4 0 2 , 5 2 7 C r a ig he a d ( 6 :3 0 ) 1 1 , 2 7 8 79 C r am ra r ( 7 :2 1) 1 3 9 , 3 1 6 C r in g ra v e l ( 3 :7 ) 5 8 , 2 4 0 4 1 C r o ft c ro y ( 5 : 13 ) 9 4 , 9 5 , 2 5 7-58 C r o ft M o ra ig ( 7 :22 ) 3 , 3 4 , 3 5 , 3 7 , 1 0 0 , 1 2 1 , 1 0 6 , 1 1, 1 2 , 1 5 7 , 1 8 2 , 3 1 6 18 , 5 1 2 C r oo km o re ( 6 : 12 1) 4 6 0 C r ow an B e a co n ( 1 4 :22 ) 7 2 , 4 0 2 C r o w ston es ( 8 :6 ) 1 3 9 , 3 2 C u l aC h le it ( 3 :0 4 7 7 -78 C u lbu rn ie ( 5 : 14 ) U . , 9 4 , 9 6 , 2 5 8 C u l chun a ig ( 5 : 15 ) 9 4 , 9 6 , 2 5 8 C u ld o i ch ( 5 : 16 ) 9 4 , 9 6 , 2 5 8 -59 C u ldu th e l ( 5 :5 1) 4 5 6 C u lle a rn ie ( 5 : 17 ) 9 4 , 9 5 , 2 5 9 C u l le r l ie ( 6 :3 1) 1 0 . , 1 0 6 , 1 0 9 , 2 7 9 -80 C u l le r l ie E a s t E n d ( 5 :o ) 4 8 2 C u llode n ( 5 :p ) 4 8 2 C u lsam o nd K i r ky a rd ( 6 : 12 2 ) 4 6 0 C u lsh ( 6 : 12 3 ) 4 6 0 C u lto on ( 4 :6 ) 3 7 , 5 1 , 5 8 , 2 4 4 C u n n ing h a r ( 7 :2 3 ) 1 0 9 , 3 1 8 19 C u tsd ea n ( 1 5 :H ) 2 0 6 , 5 0 9 C w m M a w r ( 1 3 : 15 ) 3 8 , 5 8 , 3 7 9

D a cre P a r ish ( 9 :h ) 4 9 4 D a ilh a r ra idd ( 2 : 10 ) 1 0 9 , 2 3 6 D a lb og ( 6 : 12 4 ) 4 6 0 D a lcro s s M a in s ( 5 :18 ) 9 4 , 9 5 , 2 5 9 D a lg ra m b ich ( 5 :52 ) 4 5 6 D a n by R i gg ( 1 1:2 ) 1 2 7 , 1 2 8 , 3 6 2 D a v io t ( 5 :19 ) 9 4 , 9 5 , 2 6 0 D a v iot C h u r ch ( 6 : 125 ) 4 6 0 D e e r P a r k ( 6 :3 2 ) 1 3 9 , 2 8 0 D e l f H i ll ( 1 0 :5 ) 1 2 4 , 3 5 6 D e l fou r ( 5 :2 0 ) 9 2 , 9 4 , 9 6 , 2 6 0 D e rva ig ( 4 :0 4 7 9 D e s kie ( 5 :q ) 4 8 2 D e v ils Q u o it s , t h e ( 1 5 :3 ) 7 3 , 1 5 6 , 1 5 7 , 1 6 1 , 2 0 6 , 2 0 9 , 2 1 0 , 4 3 3 3 4 , 5 0 8 D o d d in g to n M o o r ( 1 0 :6 ) 1 2 5 , 3 5 6 D o ll T o r ( 1 2 :8 ) 1 5 , 1 2 2 , 1 2 4 , 1 2 6 , 1 2 8 , 3 6 7 -68 D o om R i ng s ( 1 :a ) 4 7 5 D o r che s te r ( 1 5 :H ) 1 5 1 , 1 5 3 , 1 5 8 , 2 0 6 , 2 0 9 , 2 1 0 , 2 1 9 , 5 0 8 , 5 1 0 , 5 1 2 , 5 1 3 , 5 1 4 , 5 1 6 D o u ne H i ll ( 6 : 12 6 ) 4 6 0 D o u ne o f D a lmo re ( 5 :2 1) 9 4 , 9 5 , 9 6 , 2 6 0 -6 1

-5 48 -

D o w n R i dg e ( 1 4 :f) 5 0 3 04 D o wn T o r ( 1 4 :2 3 ) L a 2 , 1 3 3 , 4 0 2 -03 , 5 1 8 , 5 2 5 D r a n nand ow ( 8 :7 ) la , 1 2 5 , 1 5 4 , 3 2 D r izz le com b e ( 1 4 :2 4 /2 5 /2 6 ) 3 5 , L a i , 1 3 3 , 1 9 5 , 1 9 7 , 4 0 3 0 4 , 5 1 8 , 5 2 0 , 5 2 4 D r u id s A l ta r , t h e ( 1 0 :7 ) 1 3 8 , 3 5 6 57 D r u id s C a st le ( 1 3 : 16 ) 1 3 9 , 3 7 9 D r u id s C i r cle , t h e ( 1 3 : 17 ) 3 7 , 3 8 , 1 , 5 9 , 6 0 , 1 5 4 , 3 8 0 -8 1 D r u id s C i r cle ( 1 3 :e ) 5 0 1 D r u id s fie ld ( 6 :3 3 ) 8 5 , 8 , 2 8 0 D r u id s S e a t ( 7 :2 4 ) 1 0 , 3 1 9 D r u id stemp le ( 5 :2 2 ) 9 4 , 9 6 , 2 6 1 D r u ids T e m p le ( 9 :9 ) 3 5 , 1 5 , 1 2 6 , 1 2 8 , 3 4 4 45 D r u id stone ( 6 :3 4 ) 3 8 , 8 4 , 8 5 , 8 7 , 9 1 , 2 8 08 1 D r u im n a m E u n ( 3 :j) 4 7 8 D r u m D i van ( 5 :53 ) 4 5 6 D r um fo u rs ( 6 : 12 7 ) 4 6 1 D r um id oon ( 4 :g ) 4 7 9 D r u m mo re ( 8 :8 ) 1 2 5 , 3 2 -33 D r u m my ( 63 ) 4 8 4 D u d d o F o u r S t on e s ( 1 0 :8 ) 1 2 5 , 3 5 7 D u lo e ( 1 4 :2 7 ) h a , 1 2 5 , 1 2 8 , 4 0 4 D u m p it H i l l ( 1 0 :9 / 10 ) 1 2 4 , 1 5 5 , 3 5 7 D u n in o ( 7 ;56 ) 4 6 5 D u nm o id ( 7 :25 ) 1 3 9 , 3 1 9 D u n m o re H i ll ( 1 0 :2 5 ) 4 7 0 D u n n id ee r ( 6 :3 5 ) 8 5 , 8 9 , 2 8 1 D u nn o ta r ( 6 :n ) 4 8 4 D u r r ing ton W a l ls ( 1 5 :H ) 3 5 , 1 5 1, 1 5 7 , 1 5 8 , 2 0 6 , 2 0 8 , 2 0 9 , 2 1 0 , 2 1 3 , 2 3 , 5 0 8 , 5 1 2 , 5 1 5 D y ce ( 6 :36 ) 7 9 , L . ,8 5 , 8 , 9 0 , 2 8 1 D y ffryn ( 1 3 : 18 ) 5 6 , 5 9 , 3 8 1 D y f fryn L a n e ( 1 3 :H ) 5 0 9 , 5 1 0

E r n e sp ie ( 8 :37 ) 4 6 6 E s s l ie t h e G r ea t e r ( 6 :3 9 ) 8 5 , 8 , 9 0 , 2 8 2 E s s lie t h e L e sse r ( 6 :40 ) 8 5 , 8 , 9 0 , 2 8 3 E t t r i c k B a y ( 4 :7 ) 3 8 , 1 0 6 , 1 0 , 2 4 5 E w d en B e c k ( 1 2 :9 ) 3 7 , 1 2 7 , 3 6 8 E y a m M o o r ( 1 2 ; 10 / 1 1) 1 2 4 , 1 2 6 , 3 6 8 69

E a r ly K n av e ( 1 0 :2 6 ) 4 7 0 E a s te r A q u o rth ie s ( 6 :3 7 ) 7 9 , 8 5 , 8 7 , 9 0 , 2 8 1-82 E a s te r C a dd e r ( 8 :H ) 5 1 0 , 5 1 3 , 5 1 5 E a s te r C l un e ( 5 :54 / r ) 4 5 6 , 4 8 2 E a s te r P i t fo rth ie ( 6 :o ) 4 8 5 E a s t H i ll ( 8 :9 ) 1 2 5 , 3 3 E a s t M u llo ch ( 6 :p ) 4 8 5 E d in ki l lie ( 5 :2 3 ) 4 5 -6 , 5 0 , 1 7 6 , 2 6 1 E d in to re H o u se ( 6 :q ) 4 8 5 E g g a rd o n ( 1 5 :H ) 2 0 8 , 2 0 9 , 5 0 8 E g g les ton ( 1 0 : 11) 1 2 6 , 3 5 8 E g re mon t -s e e R i n g len S t on e s E i t h bed ( 1 3 :f) 5 0 1 E l d r ig L o ch ( 8 : 10 ) 3 6 , 1 2 4 , 3 3 E l lon ( 6 :3 8 / 12 8 ) 1 0 9 , 1 7 8 , 2 8 2 , 4 6 1 E l s d on ( 1 0 :2 7 ) 4 7 0 E l t on ( 1 9 :H ) 5 0 9 , 5 1 1 E l v a P l a in ( 9 : 10 ) 5 8 , 3 4 5

G a m e la nd s ( 9 : 11) 5 9 , 1 8 3 , 3 4 5 4 6 G a r ro l W o od ( 6 :43 ) 7 9 , 8 1 , 8 5 , 8 , 9 0 , 2 8 4 -85 B a s k ( 5 :2 4 ) 9 2 , 9 4 , 9 5 , 2 6 1-62 6 a s k ( 6 : 129 ) 4 6 1 G a u l C r o ss ( 6 :4 4 / 13 0 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 1 5 5 , 2 8 4 , 4 6 1 G a v e l ( 6 :45 ) 8 5 , 8 9 , 2 8 5 G a v in ie B r a e s ( 6 :s ) 4 8 5 G e l li H i l l ( 1 3 :2 2 ) 5 9 , 3 8 2 -83 G i a n t s S t o n e s , t h e ( 1 :e ) 4 7 5 G i bbe t M o o r ( 1 2 :12 / 13 ) 1 2 6 , 1 3 8 , 1 8 9 , 3 6 9 G i ng o my re s ( 6 :4 6 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 9 0 , 2 8 5 G i rd le S t a n e s ( 8 : 11) 3 7 , 5 9 , 1 5 4 , 3 3 -3 4 G l a s se l ( 6 :47 ) 3 8 , 1 3 8 , 1 3 9 , 2 8 5 G l a s se l H o u se ( 6 :t ) 4 8 5 G l a s so n by ( 9 :0 4 9 4 G l ean n M a r ( 3 :k) 4 7 8 G l e n ba l lo c k ( 7 :3 4 ) 1 3 8 , 1 3 9 , 1 4 0 , 3 2 2 G l en jo r r ie ( 8 :g ) 4 9 0

F a irn ing ton ( 1 0 :e ) 4 9 8 F a l kn e r 's C i r c le ( 1 5 :4 ) 7 3 , 1 5 1, 4 3 4 F a s ka l ly C o tta g e s ( 7 :26 ) 1 0 9 , 3 1 9 F e rn a c re ( 1 4 :2 8 ) 5 0 , 5 8 , 2 0 3 , 2 0 5 , 4 0 40 5 F e rn to w e r ( 7 :2 7 ) 1 3 8 , 1 3 9 , 3 1 9 -2 0 F e rnw o rth y ( 1 4 :2 9 /3 0 /3 1) 3 6 , E a , 6 7 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 3 , 1 9 5 , 4 0 5-0 6 , 5 1 9 , 5 2 0 , 5 2 3 F e rry b r idg e ( 1 7 :H ) 1 8 6 , 5 0 8 F f yn n on N e w ydd ( 1 3 :H ) 5 0 8 F f rid d N e wyd d ( 1 3 : 19 /2 0 ) 3 7 , 5 8 , 6 0 , 1 5 4 , 3 8 1-8 2 F i d d le rs C r u s ( 1 :b -d ) 4 7 5 F i g s bu ry ( 1 5 :H ) 2 0 6 , 2 0 8 , 2 0 9 , 2 1 0 , 2 5 , 5 0 9 , 5 1 0 F i v e S t a ne s ( 1 0 :12 ) 1 2 4 , 3 5 8 F l od d en ( 1 0 :H ) 5 0 9 , 5 1 0 F o bb in g ( 2 0 :H ) 5 0 9 , 5 1 1 F o n a b M o o r ( 7 :2 8 ) l u , 1 3 8 , 3 2 0 F o rt ing a l l ( 7 :2 9 /3 0 /3 1) 1 3 8 , 1 3 9 , 1 5 5 , 3 2 0 -2 1 F o rv ie ( 6 :r ) 4 8 5 F o u r S t on e s ( 4 :8 ) 1 3 9 , 2 4 5 F o u r S t on es ( 1 3 :2 1) l a i , 1 3 9 , 3 8 2 F o w lis W e ste r ( 7 :32 /33 ) 3 8 , 1 0 6 , 1 0 9 , 1 0 , 1 5 5 3 2 1-2 2 F r end ra u gh t ( 6 :4 1) 8 5 , 8 9 , 2 8 3 F r og d en ( 1 0 :28 ) 4 7 0 F u l le rton ( 6 :42 ) 1 0 0 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 5 4 , 2 8 3

- 5 49 -

G l e nq u i c ka n ( 8 : 12 /h / i ) 3 6 , 6 2 , 6 7 , 3 4 , 4 9 0 -9 1 G l en S h irag ( 4 :3 2 ) 4 5 4 G l en t i rrow ( 8 : 13 ) 1 3 8 , 3 4 G l en tu r k ( 8 :j) 4 9 1 G o a ts to n es ( 1 0 : 13 ) 1 3 9 , 3 5 8 G o l fo rd ( 5 :s ) 4 8 2 G o o da y e r ( 1 4 ;32 ) 7 2 , 4 0 6 G o rs F a w r ( 1 3 ;2 3 ) 3 6 , E i , 6 , 6 7 , 3 8 3 G r am isd a le ( 3 ;1 ) 4 7 8 G r a s s in g to n ( 1 0 :f-g ) 4 9 8 G r ay S t a ne s o ' G a r le f fa n ( 8 : 14 ) 4 5 -6 , 3 4 G r a s sm e re ( 9 :k) 4 9 5 G r ea t B e n t ley ( 2 0 :H ) 5 0 9 , 5 1 1 G r ea t W i g bo rou g h ( 2 0 :H ) 5 0 9 , 5 1 1 G r e en h i ll ( 6 ; 13 1) 4 6 1 G r e en lan d ( 7 :3 5 ) 1 0 9 , 3 2 2 G r en ish ( 5 :2 5 ) 9 2 , 9 4 , 9 5 , 2 6 2 G r e t ig a te ( 9 :3 7 /38 / j) 4 6 8 , 4 9 4-95 G r ey C r o ft ( 9 : 12 ) 3 8 , 1 6 , L a , 1 2 5 , 1 2 9 , 3 4 6 G r ey H i ll ( 1 3 :g ) 5 0 1 G r ey M u ir C a irn ( 6 : 13 2 ) 4 6 1 G r e y ston e ( 6 ;4 8 ) 8 4 , 8 6 , 8 , 9 0 , 2 8 6 G r e y S t one o f C o rt ie c ram , t h e ( 6 : 133 ) 4 6 1 G r e y s ton e P a r k ( 8 :3 8 ) 4 6 6 G r e y W e the rs , t h e ( 1 4 :3 3 /3 4 ) 5 1 , 7 2 , 1 5 3 , 1 9 3 , 2 0 3 , 4 0 6-0 7 G r e y Y a ud s ( 9 : 13 ) 3 8 , 5 9 , 1 8 3 , 3 4 6 G r u b st on es ( 1 0 :14 ) 1 0 , 1 5 , la , 1 2 4 , 1 2 6 , 3 5 8 59 G u id e b es t ( 2 : 1 1) 4 5 6 , I L , 2 3 6 -3 7 G u n n e r ke ld ( 9 :14 ) 5 6 , 5 8 , 1 8 3 , 3 4 7

H a fo ty ( 1 3 :2 4 ) 1 2 4 , 3 8 3 H a g g s to n e M o o r ( 8 :k) 4 9 1 H a l l F o ss ( 9 : 15 ) 1 2 5 , 3 4 7 H a ltada n s ( 1 :f ) 4 7 5 H a m p ton D o w n ( 1 5 :5 ) 1 2 5 , 4 3 4-35 H a n d som e C r o s s ( 1 2 ;14 ) 1 2 4 , 3 6 9 H a rd en M o o r ( 1 0 :h ) 4 9 8 H a re s tane ( 6 :49 ) 8 4 , 8 6 , 8 , 9 1 , 2 8 6 H a re s tan es ( 5 :5 5 ) 4 5 6 H a re s tan e s ( 8 : 15 ) 1 2 5 , 3 5 H a re s ta n es ( 1 0 ;2 9 ) 4 7 0 H a r fo rd M o o r ( 1 4 ;3 5 ) 1 2 9 , 1 3 3 , 4 0 8 , 5 2 4 , 5 2 5 H a r lan d M o o r ( 1 1 ;3 ) 1 2 6 , 3 6 2 H a rte r ( 1 4 :3 6 ) 1 3 3 , 4 0 8 , 5 1 8 , 5 2 4 , 5 2 6 H a t to n ( 5 :5 6 ) 4 5 6 H a t ton ( 6 : 13 4 ) 4 6 1 H a t ton o f A r d oy n e ( 6 :50 ) 8 5 , 8 , 9 0 , 9 1 , 2 8 6 H a w k H i ll ( 7 :5 7 ) 4 6 5 H e l lc lough ( 1 0 :i / j) 4 9 8-99 H e s t in g sgo t ( 1 :g ) 4 7 5

H e th poo l ( 1 0 : 15 ) 4 5 6 , 5 0 , 3 5 9 H i g h A u ch en la r ie ( 8 : 16 ) 1 2 5 , 3 5 H i g h C u rg h ie ( 8 :1) 4 9 1 H i llhe ad ( 6 :u ) 4 8 5 H i l l o f B u cha rn ( 6 :5 1) 1 3 9 , 2 8 7 H i l l o f F i d d es ( 6 :52 ) 8 5 , 8 9 , 9 0 , 2 8 7 H i l l o f K i r r ie m u ir ( 7 :b ) 4 8 8 H i rd W o od ( 9 :3 9 ) 4 6 8 -69 H i rnan t ( 1 3 :h ) 5 0 1 H o a rston e s ( 1 3 :2 5 ) 3 6 , 5 2 , 5 . , 5 6 , 5 9 , 3 8 3 8 4 H o lm o f D a lta l lo ch an ( 8 : 17 ) 1 2 5 , 3 5 H o lywe l l ( 6 :53 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 9 0 , 2 8 7 H o rn cl i ffe ( 1 0 :k) 4 9 9 H o u gh ( 4 :9 / 10 ) 7 8 , 2 4 5 -4 6 H o u se C r ag ( 1 1 :c ) 5 0 0 H o w em i ll ( 6 :5 4 ) 1 3 9 , 2 8 8 H o w T a llo n ( 1 0 :1 ) 4 9 9 H u n t in gt o w e r ( 7 :H ) 1 7 9 , 5 0 9 H u n t le y ( 6 :5 5 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 2 8 8 H u r le rs , t h e ( 1 4 :3 7 /38 /39 ) 6 9 , 7 2 -3 , 1 5 3 , 1 6 1 , 2 0 3 , 4 0 8 10 H u t ton M o o r ( 1 7 :H ) 5 0 9

I l d e rton ( 1 0 : 16 ) 1 2 5 , 3 5 9 I m ag e W o od ( 6 :5 6 ) 1 0 9 , 2 8 8 I n ch ba ire ( 6 : 13 5 ) 4 6 2 I n chma r lo ( 6 : 13 6 ) 4 6 2 I n n e sm i l l ( 5 :26 /5 7 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 2 6 2 , 4 5 6 I n s ch fie ld ( 6 :5 7 ) 8 5 , 8 9 , 2 8 8 I n y e ra rn on ( 4 :h ) 4 7 9 I n ye re i ch y ( 5 :5 8 ) 4 5 7 I r on H i ll ( 9 :1/m ) 4 9 5

J o an F o rd N e w ta ke ( 1 4 :40 ) 1 2 9 , 1 3 3 , 4 1 0 , 5 1 9 , 5 2 1, 5 2 5 , 5 2 6

K e m p H o w e ( 9 : 16 ) 3 6 , 1 2 5 , 1 8 3 , 3 4 7 -48 K e rry H i ll ( 1 3 :2 6 / i) 3 6 , 5 6 , 5 9 , 3 8 4 , 5 0 1 K i lb r id e ( 4 :33 ) 4 5 4 K i ldon an ( 4 :34 ) 4 5 4 K i llin ( 7 :3 6 ) a l , 1 0 9 , 3 2 2 K i ln se y ( 1 0 :2 ) 4 9 9 K i lta r l ity C h u r ch ( 5 :59 ) 4 5 7 K i lte a rn ( 5 :t ) 4 8 2 K i m m on ity ( 6 : 13 7 ) 4 6 2 K i n ch y le o f D o re s ( 5 :2 7 ) 2 , 9 4 , 9 6 , 2 6 2 -6 3 K i n e l la r K i rky a rd ( 6 :v ) 4 8 5 K i nga rt h ( 4 : 11) 1 0 , 2 4 6 K i ng A r th u r 's D o wn ( 1 4 :4 1/42 ) 6 7 , 1 5 3 , 2 0 1 , 2 0 3 , 2 0 5 , 4 1 0 1 1

- 5 50 -

K i n g A r th u r 's R o u n d T a b le ( 9 :H ) 8 , 3 7 , 1 5 4 , 1 8 3 , 5 0 8 K i ng s C r own ( 6 :13 8 ) 4 6 2 K i n g s id e H i ll ( 8 :2 ) 4 9 1 K i ng s id e S c h oo l ( 8 ;18 ) 1 3 9 , 3 6 K i n g ston R u s se l l ( 1 5 ;6 ) 5 8 , 4 3 5 K i n lo ch ( 7 :58 ) 4 6 5 K i r k , t h e ( 9 ;p ) 4 9 5 K i r kbog ( 8 :3 9 ) 4 6 6 K i r kgun zeon ( 8 :4 0 ) 4 6 6 K i r kh il l ( 8 :19 ) 1 2 4 , 3 6 K i r km ad rine ( 8 :n ) 4 9 1 K i r kmo o r B e ck F a rm ( 1 1:d ) 5 0 0 K i r ks l ig h t R i gg ( 8 :4 1) 4 6 6 K i r ks ton e s ( 9 :4 0 ) 4 6 9 K i r kton H i ll ( 8 :o ) 4 9 1 K i r kton o f B o u r t ie ( 6 ;58 ) 8 5 , 8 7 , 9 0 , 2 8 9 K n ip e S c a r ( 9 ;n /o ) 4 9 5 K n o cko l lo ch ie ( 6 ;w ) 4 8 6 K n ow he ad ( 6 ;13 9 ) 4 6 2 K n o w lton ( 1 5 :H ) 1 5 1, 2 0 6 , 2 0 8 , 2 0 9 , 2 1 0 , 2 1 8 , 2 1 9 , 2 5 , 5 0 8 K o p s ton e ( 9 :17 ) 1 2 7 , 3 4 8

L a cra ( 9 ; 19 /20 /q / r ) 3 6 , 1 2 4 , 3 4 8 -49 , 4 9 6 L a g g ang a rn ( 8 ;p ) 4 9 1 L a ird man no c k ( 8 :20 ) 3 6 , I l l , 1 2 4 , 3 6 L a ke head H i ll ( 1 4 ;43 ) 1 3 3 , 4 1 1 , 5 1 9 , 5 2 4 , 5 2 5 L a kehea d N e w ta ke ( 1 4 ;g ) 5 0 4 L a m lash ( 4 ;12 ) 3 8 , 1 0 6 , 1 0 , 2 4 6 L a m p lu th ( 9 :18 ) 5 8 , 3 4 8 L a n g de an B o t to m ( 1 5 ;e ) 5 0 5 L a n g fo rd ( 1 5 :H ) 2 0 6 , 2 0 9 , 5 0 9 L a ng S t ane o ' C r a ig e a rn ( 6 :x ) 4 8 6 L a nd ston e M o o r ( 1 4 ;4 4 ) 7 2 , 7 3 , 4 1 112 L a rgy beg P o in t ( 4 ; 13 ) 1 3 9 , 2 4 6 L a th e ro n F o rse ( 2 :b ) 4 7 6 L e a ce t H i l l ( 9 :2 1) 1 5 , 1 2 6 , 1 2 9 , 3 4 9 L e a n a ch ( 5 ;2 8 ) 9 5 , 2 6 3 L e a ra b le H i ll ( 2 : 12 / c ) 1 0 6 , 1 0 , 2 3 7 , 4 7 6 L e a rny ( 6 ;140 ) 4 6 2 L e a z e ( 1 4 :45 ) a , 7 3 , 2 0 0 , 2 0 3 , 2 0 5 , 4 1 2 L e ig h D o wn ( 1 5 :9 5 0 5 L e s ke rn ick ( 1 4 ;4 6 /4 7 ) 3 6 , 6 2 , 6 7 , 7 3 , 2 0 1 , 2 0 5 , 4 1 2 13 , 5 2 7 L e s lie ( 6 : 14 1) 4 6 2 L e t t e rst on I I ( 1 3 :2 7 ) 3 7 , 5 9 , 1 6 2 , 3 8 4 -85 L i n s id e m o re ( 2 :d ) 4 7 6 L i t t le B a lm ae ( 8 :42 ) 4 6 6 L i t t le B e n t ley ( 2 0 :H ) 5 0 9 , 5 1 1 L i t t le B r om ley ( 2 0 :H ) 5 0 9 , 5 1 1 L i t t le C l an ya rd ( 8 :0 4 9 2 L i t t le M a yn e ( 1 5 : 18 ) 4 7 4

L i t t le M e g ( 9 :s ) 1 2 4 , 4 9 6 L i t t le R o un d T a b le ( 9 :H ) 1 8 3 , 5 0 9 L i tt le U r ch a ny ( 5 :2 9 /60 ) 9 4 , 9 5 , 2 6 3 , 4 5 7 L l a in yS i bed a u ( 1 3 ;k ) 5 0 1 L l and ega i ( 1 3 :H ) 8 , 6 8 , 1 5 1, 1 5 4 , 1 5 6 , 1 5 7 , 1 5 8 , 2 1 9 , 5 0 8 L l e che id d io r ( 1 3 :2 8 ) 6 0 , 3 8 5 L i ed G r o en y r Y c h ( 1 3 :2 9 ) 3 8 , 5 9 , 3 8 5 L l yn E i dd e w B a ch I I ( 1 3 :k) 5 0 1 L l yn yT a rw ( 1 3 :30 ) 5 6 , 5 8 , 3 8 5 -86 L o a n end ( 6 :60 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 2 9 1 L o a nend o f D a v io t ( 6 :59 ) 7 9 , a t ,8 4 , 8 5 , 8 7 , 9 0 , 9 1 , 2 8 9 -9 1 L o ch a ' B h leog h a n ( 4 ;i ) 4 7 9 L o ch a ' C h ap u i l ( 4 :0 4 7 9 L o ch a lsh ( 4 ;k) 4 8 0 L o ch aP h o bu il l ( 3 :8 ) 5 9 , 2 4 1 L o ch B u ie ( 4 ;14 ) 3 8 , 1 1 , 1 0 6 , 1 0 , 2 4 6 47 L o chma be n S t on e ( 8 :2 1) 5 6 , 5 8 , 6 0 , 1 5 7 , 1 5 8 , 1 6 0 , 3 6 L o ch M a ree ( 4 ;35 ) 4 5 4 L o ch o f S t rom ( 1 ;h ) 4 7 5 L o ch R o a n ( 8 :2 2 ) 3 6 , 6 7 , 3 7 L o ch S e a fo rth ( 3 :9 ) 1 0 , 2 4 1 L o g ic G o ld s ton e ( 6 ;142 ) 4 6 2 L o g ic N e w to n ( 6 :y /z /aa ) 4 8 6 L o n g ca s t le ( 8 :43 ) 4 6 6 L o n g M e g a n d h e r D a ugh te rs ( 9 :22 /23 ) 3 7 , 3 8 , 5 1 , 5 2 , 5 8 , 5 9 , 1 8 3 , 3 4 9 -5 1 L o ss it B u rn ( 4 :1) 4 8 0 L o u den H i l l ( 1 4 :48 ) 7 2 , 7 3 , 2 0 3 , 4 1 3 L o ude n W o o d ( 6 :6 1) 8 6 , 8 9 , 9 0 , 2 9 2 L o u p in S t a n e s ( 8 :2 3 /r /s ) 3 7 , 1 5 , L a a , 1 2 6 , 3 7 , 4 9 2 L o w e r L a gm o re ( 5 :30 ) 9 4 , 9 5 , 9 6 , 2 6 3 L o we r P i le s ( 1 4 ;h ) 5 0 4 L o w L o ng r igg ( 9 :2 4 /2 5 ) 1 2 4 , 1 2 5 , 1 5 5 , 3 5 1 L u lwo rth ( 1 5 ;g ) 5 0 5 L u nd in F a rm ( 7 :3 7 /3 8 ) 1 3 8 , 1 3 9 , 1 4 0 , 3 2 2 -23 L u nd in L i n ks ( 7 :39 ) 1 0 9 , 3 2 3

M a ch r ie B u rn ( 4 : 15 ) 1 3 8 , 2 4 7 M a ch r ie M o o r ( 4 ; 16 / 17 / 18 / 19 /20 /2 1/2 2 ) 8 , 3 5 , 1 0 0 , I n , I l l , 1 0 6 , 1 0 9 , 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 4 , 1 5 , 1 5 5 , 1 5 7 , 1 8 2 , 2 4 7-5 0 , 5 1 2 M a chu in n ( 7 ;40 ) 1 1, 3 2 4 M a in s o f A u che n bad ie ( 6 :66 ) 4 8 6 M a in s o f C l av a ( 5 :6 1/62 ) 4 5 7 M a in s o f H a t to n ( 6 :62 ) 8 6 , 8 7 , 2 9 2 M a o l M o r ( 4 : 1 1 ) 4 8 0 M a r chwe ll ( 8 ;44 ) 4 6 6 M a rd e n ( 1 5 :H ) 1 5 1 , 1 5 8 , 2 0 6 , 2 0 8 , 2 0 9 , 2 1 0 , 2 1 3 , 2 1 8 , 2 5 , 5 0 8 , 5 0 9 , 5 1 2 , 5 1 4

- 5 51 -

M a rd on D o wn ( 1 4 :49 ) 5 8 , 4 1 3 M a r ion bu rg h ( 5 :3 1) 9 5 , 2 6 4 M a rno ch C h u r ch ( 6 :cc ) 4 8 6 M a tto c ks D o wn ( 1 4 ;78 ) 4 7 3 M a u m bu ry R i n g s ( 1 5 :H ) 8 , 3 7 , 1 5 8 , 5 0 8

N e th e r N e th e r N e the r N e the r N e th e r

M a x ey ( 1 9 :H ) 5 0 9 , 5 1 1, 5 1 4 , 5 1 6 M a y b u rgh ( 9 :4 1) 3 5 , 3 7 , 1 5 4 , 1 8 3 , 4 6 9 , 5 0 7 , 5 1 0 M a y sh ie l ( 8 :t ) 4 9 2 M e i kleh ill W o od ( 5 :u ) 4 8 2 M e in i G w y r ( 1 3 :3 1) 3 7 , 5 9 , 3 8 6 M e lg um ( 6 :6 3 /dWee ) 8 4 , 8 6 , 8 , 9 1 , 2 9 2 , 4 8 6 -8 7 M e r riva le ( 1 4 :5 0 /5 1/52 ) 3 6 , 6 7 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 3 , 1 9 5 , 1 9 7 , 4 1 4 15 , 5 1 9 , 5 2 0 , 5 2 1 , 5 2 4 M e r ry M a ide n s ( 1 4 :5 3 ) 5 1 , 7 3 , 4 1 5 M i d la i rg s ( 5 :32 ) 9 4 , 9 5 , 2 6 4 M i d m a r K i r k ( 6 :6 4 ) 7 9 , 8 6 , 8 7 , 9 0 , 2 9 3 M i l fie ld ( 1 0 :H ) 6 8 , 1 5 7 , 1 5 8 , 5 1 0 , 5 1 2 , 5 1 3 , 5 1 4 M i l l o f C a rd en ( 6 :143 ) 4 6 3 M i l lp lo u gh ( 6 :6 5 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 2 9 3 M i l lto w n o f C l a va ( 5 :33 /v ) 9 4 , 9 5 , 2 6 4 , 4 8 3 M i l ltow n o f N o th ( 6 ; 144 ) 4 6 3 M i lto n ish ( 8 ;u ) 4 9 2 M i t ch e l l 's F o ld ( 1 3 ;32 /5 1) 3 7 , 5 9 , 3 8 6 8 7 , 4 7 2 M o e l F a b en ( 1 3 :3 3 ) 1 2 6 , 3 8 7 M o e l G o edog ( 1 3 :34 ) 1 5 , 1 2 7 , 1 5 8 , 3 8 7 -8 8 M o f fa t ( 8 :45 ) 4 6 7 M o lm on t ( 4 :3 6 ) 4 5 4 M o n c rie ffe ( 7 :4 1) 3 4 , 1 0 0 , 1 . 2 5 . , 1 1, 1 2 , 3 2 4-2 5 , 5 1 0 , 5 1 2 M o n e y d ie ( 7 :c) 4 8 8 M o n z ie ( 7 :d ) 4 8 9 M o o r D i v o c k ( 9 :2 6 /t /u /v /w /x ) 3 6 , 1 2 6 , 1 2 9 , 3 5 1-52 , 4 9 6 -9 7 M o s e ley H e ig h t ( 1 0 :n ) 4 9 9 M o t h e rby ( 9 :42 ) 1 8 3 , 4 6 9 M o u n t P l ea s an t ( 1 5 :H ) 9 , 3 5 , 6 8 , 1 5 1 , 1 5 7 , 1 5 8 , 1 6 4-6 5 , 2 0 6 , 2 0 8 , 2 0 9 , 2 1 0 , 2 1 3 , 2 5 , 5 0 8 , 5 1 3 , 5 1 5 M o y n es s ( 5 :3 4 ) 9 4 , 9 5 , 2 6 46 5 M u c ke r ( 1 0 :n ) 4 9 9 M u d b e c ks id e ( 1 0 : 17 ) 1 2 4 , 3 5 9 -60 ) M u ll G l en ( 8 :v ) 4 9 2 M u n d u rn o ( 6 : 145 ) 4 6 3 M u rth ly ( 7 :42 ) 1 0 9 , 3 2 5 M u th i ll ( 7 ;e ) 4 8 9 M y ln e fie ld ( 7 :5 9 ) 4 6 5 M y n y dd yG e ll i ( 1 3 ;3 5 ) 1 2 6 , 3 8 8

N e the rto n ( 6 :68 ) 8 6 , 8 , 2 9 4 N e tt leh o le R i d g e ( 1 0 :3 0 ) 4 7 0 N e w b ig g ing ( 6 : 14 8 ) 4 6 3 N e w b rid g e ( 8 :w ) 4 9 2 N e w C r a ig ( 6 :69 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 9 0 , 2 9 4 N e w land s ( 8 ;H ) 1 7 9 , 5 0 9 N e wma r ke t ( 3 : 13 ) 4 5 3 N e w ton K y m e ( 1 7 :H ) 1 8 6 , 5 0 9 N e w ton o f B o ysa c k ( 7 :H ) 1 7 9 , 5 0 9 N e w ton o f M o n tb la i ry ( 6 :ff) 4 8 7 N e w ton o f P e tty ( 5 :3 5 ) 9 4 , 9 5 , 2 6 5 N i ne L a d ie s , t h e ( 1 2 : 15 ) 3 8 , 1 6 , 1 2 6 , 3 7 0 N i n e S t on e C l o s e ( 1 2 :16 ) 1 2 5 , 1 8 9 , 3 7 0 N i n e s ton e R i gg ( 8 :2 6 ) 1 2 5 , 3 8 N i n e S t o ne s ( 8 :2 5 ) 1 2 5 , 3 7 -38 N i n e S t one s ( 1 5 ;7 ) 3 7 , l i a , 1 2 5 , 4 3 5 N i n ewe lls ( 7 :6 0 ) 4 6 5 N i p s te r ( 2 :H ) 5 0 9 , 5 1 0 N i th L o dg e ( 8 :x ) 4 9 2 N o rmang i ll ( 8 :H ) 1 7 9 , 5 0 8 N o rth B u r re ld a les ( 6 :70 ) 1 3 9 , 2 9 5 N o rth M a in s ( 7 :H ) 6 , 8 , 3 4 , 3 7 , 6 8 , 1 5 6 , 1 5 8 , 1 7 9 , 5 0 7 , 5 1 2 , 5 1 4 N o rth S t ron e ( 6 : 7 1 ) a l ,8 4 , 8 6 , 8 , 9 1 , 9 8 , 2 9 5 N o rthw o ld ( 2 0 :H ) 5 0 9 , 5 1 1 N u n w ic k ( 1 7 :H ) 5 0 9 N u n w i c k P a r k ( 1 0 : 18 ) 1 2 5 , 3 6 0

N a b R i d g e ( 1 1 :e ) 5 0 0 N a C a rra ig e a n E d in t ia n ( 7 :4 3 ) 1 3 9 , 3 2 5 N a C l a chan B h re ige ( 4 :23 ) 1 1 , 2 5 0 W a n t T a rw ( 1 3 :3 6 /3 7 ) 3 8 , 5 9 , 3 8 8 -89 N e th e r B a l fou r ( 6 : 14 6 ) 4 6 3

C l u n y ( 5 :63 ) 4 5 7 C o rs kie ( 6 ;14 7 ) 4 6 3 C o u l lie ( 6 :6 6 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 2 9 3 O o d ( 8 :2 4 ) 1 2 6 , 3 7 D u n t e ath ( 6 ;6 7 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 2 9 4

O d d en d a le ( 9 :2 7 ) 1 2 , 5 6 , 5 8 , 1 8 3 , 3 5 2 O f fe rto n M o o r ( 1 2 :2 6 ) 4 7 2 O l d B o u rt re e b u s h ( 6 :72 ) 8 4 , 8 6 , 8 , 9 0 , 2 9 59 6 O l d D e e r ( 6 : 14 9 ) 4 6 3 64 O l d H a l l o f D u n n ( 2 : 14 ) 4 5 2 O l d K e ig ( 6 :7 3 ) 8 4 , 8 6 , 8 7 , 9 0 , 9 1 , 2 9 6 O l d R a y n e ( 6 :7 4 ) 8 6 , 8 , 9 0 , 9 1 , 2 9 7 O v e r H o yd e n ( 8 :H ) 5 0 9 O v e r T o ch e r fo rd ( 6 ;gg ) 4 8 7

P a be ll I l y wa r ch H e n ( 1 3 :1 ) 5 0 2 P a c kaan s G r a v e , t h e ( 8 :2 7 ) 1 3 9 , 3 8 P a r k G a te ( 1 2 : 17 ) 1 2 7 , 3 7 0 7 1 P a r kneu k ( 7 :4 4 ) 1 3 8 , 3 2 6 P a r k o f T o n g la n d ( 8 :2 8 ) 1 3 9 , 3 8 P a rton ( 8 :46 ) 4 6 7 P e a th i l l ( 6 : 150 ) 4 6 4 P e n b ed w P a r k ( 1 3 :38 ) 1 2 4 , 1 2 5 , 3 8 9 P e nn yb r id g e ( 1 3 :52 ) 4 7 3

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P e n s h ie l ( 8 :y ) 4 9 2 -93 P e n sh ie l G r a n g e ( 8 :29 ) 1 3 9 , 3 8 -89 P e n sh ie l H i l l ( 8 :z ) 4 9 3 P e n yB e a co n ( 1 3 ;39 ) 3 7 , 5 9 , 3 8 9 P e n yS t ryd ( 1 3 ;40 ) 5 9 , 3 8 9 P e n yW e m nH i l l ( 1 3 :m ) 5 0 2 P i ta go wan ( 7 ;6 1) 4 6 5 P i t ch ro y ( 5 :6 4 ) 4 5 7 P i tg la ss ie ( 6 :75 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 2 9 7 P i t s ca n d l ie ( 7 :4 5 ) 1 1, 1 4 , 3 2 6 P i t su nd ry ( 7 :f) 4 8 9 P o bu ll F h inn ( 3 : 11) 3 7 , 5 9 , 2 4 2 P o r lo c k ( 1 4 :5 4 ) 5 8 , 4 1 516 P o rthm e o r ( 1 4 :5 5 ) 3 7 , 6 0 , 4 1 6 P o tt e r F e l l ( 9 :y ) 4 9 7 P o t te rton ( 6 :76 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 2 9 7 P r idd y ( 1 5 :H ) 1 5 3 , 2 0 8 , 2 0 9 , 5 0 8 P r ie sts G l e n ( 3 : 10 ) 7 8 , 2 4 1

Q u a rry W o od ( 5 :3 6 ) 5 0 , 6 7 , 6 8 , 1 7 6 , 2 6 5 , 5 0 7 , 5 1 0

R a ch an s la c k ( 8 :H ) 1 7 9 , 5 0 9 R a e d y ke s ( 6 :77 /7 8 ) 9 6 , 2 1 , 9 8 , 2 9 8 R a e s o f C l u n e ( 6 :79 ) 8 6 , 8 , 9 0 , 2 9 8 -99 R a i ch ( 6 :80 ) 1 3 8 , 1 3 9 , 2 9 9 R a p p lab u rn ( 6 :h h ) 4 8 7 R a p p la W o od ( 6 ;8 1) 8 6 , 8 9 , 9 1 , 2 9 9 R a w the y B r id ge ( 1 0 ;3 1) 4 7 0 R e d F a rm ( 1 3 :4 1) 5 9 , 3 9 0 R e m p st on e ( 1 5 :8 ) 7 3 , 4 3 6 R e y C r o ss ( 1 0 :p ) 4 9 9 R h o s M a e n ( 1 3 ;42 ) 5 8 , 3 9 0 R h o s yB e dd au ( 1 3 :43 ) 3 6 , 5 9 , 3 9 0 R h o s yC l eg ryn ( 1 3 :n ) 5 0 2 R i d ley C o mmo n ( 1 0 :32 ) 4 7 0 R i n g len S t on es , t h e ( 9 :2 8 ) 1 2 5 , 3 5 2 R i n g mo o r D o w n ( 1 4 :5 6 ) 1 3 3 , 4 1 6 , 5 1 8 , 5 2 0 , 5 2 5 , 5 2 6 R i n g st on e E d ge -s e e t h e W o l f F o ld R i n g sto ne H i ll ( 1 0 :9 ) 4 9 9 R i v e r S h in ( 2 :13 ) 1 0 9 , 2 3 7 R o b in H o od 's P e n ny S t on e ( 1 0 ;3 3 ) 4 7 1 R o l lr ig h t ( 1 5 :9 ) 3 7 , 5 1 , 6 0 , 2 0 6 , 4 3 6-3 7 R o th iem ay ( 6 :82 ) 8 6 , 8 7 , 9 0 , 3 0 0 R o u n d H i ll ( 1 8 :H ) 1 8 8 , 5 0 9 , 5 1 0 R u d s ton ( 1 6 :H ) 1 5 3 , 1 5 4 , 1 8 8 , 2 1 9 , 5 0 8

S tB r an d an 's S t a n e s ( 6 :83 ) 8 6 , 8 , 9 0 , 3 0 0 S tC o lm a c 's ( 4 :n ) 4 8 0 S tM a rt in 's ( 7 ;4 6 ) 1 0 , 3 2 6

S a n ctu a ry , t h e ( 1 5 : 10 ) 3 5 , 3 6 , 3 8 , 7 2 , 7 3 , 7 4 , 1 5 1 , 1 6 1 , 1 6 4 , 4 3 7-4 1, 5 1 3 , 5 1 5 S a n d end B a y ( 6 :ii/ jj) 4 8 7 S a n dy R o ad ( 7 :47 /g ) 1 0 , 1 2 , 1 5 8 , 3 2 6 -2 7 , 4 8 9 S c a la sa ig ( 4 :o /p ) 4 8 0 S c h iva s ( 6 : 15 1) 4 6 4 S c o rh i ll ( 1 4 ;57 ) ä , 5 8 , 1 9 3 , 4 1 7 S e v en B r id e ron , t h e ( 1 2 :18 ) 1 2 5 , 3 7 1 S e v en S t on e s ( 1 4 ;79 ) 4 7 3 S e v e n S t on e s o f H o rd ron , t h e ( 1 2 :19 ) 1 2 4 , 3 7 1 S h a p be c k ( 9 :29 ) 5 6 , 5 8 , 1 8 3 , 3 5 2 -53 S h a rp ito r ( 1 4 :i) 5 0 4 , 5 2 4 S h a u gh M o o r ( 1 4 :58 ) 1 2 9 , 1 3 3 , 4 1 7 , 5 1 8 , 5 2 5 , 5 2 6 S h e ld on ( 6 ;8 4 ) 3 8 , 8 4 , 8 6 , 8 9 , 3 0 0 S h e l l T o p ( 1 4 :j) 5 0 5 S h e lv e ( 1 3 :c) 5 0 2 S h e rbe rton ( 1 4 :59 ) 5 8 , 1 9 3 , 4 1 718 S h e th in ( 6 :85 ) 1 3 8 , 1 3 9 , 3 0 1 S h ian ( 7 :h ) 4 8 9 S h ia n B a n k ( 7 :48 /49 ) 1 0 , 1 5 5 , 3 2 7 S h ie lbu rn ( 6 :k k) 4 8 7 S h is k in e ( 4 ;24 ) 1 3 9 , 2 5 0 S h o v e l D o w n ( 1 4 ;60 /6 1) 3 5 , 3 6 , 6 7 , 1 2 9 , l a l , 1 3 2 , 1 3 3 , 1 9 5 , 1 9 7 , 1 9 8 , 4 1 8 19 , 5 1 9 , 5 2 0 , 5 2 1, 5 2 3 S h u r rey ( 2 :15 ) 4 5 3 S i mo n bu rn ( 1 0 :19 ) 3 7 , 1 2 5 , 3 6 0 S i x S t o n e s ( 1 3 :44 ) 5 9 , 3 9 1 S k e lmu ir H i ll ( 6 :1 1) 4 8 7 -8 8 S l edd a le ( 1 1 :4 ) 3 7 , 3 8 , 1 24 1 2 5 , 3 6 263 S l ipp e r H i ll ( 1 0 ;3 4 ) 4 7 1 S m e lt ing H i l l ( 1 2 :20 ) 1 2 6 , 3 7 1 S o u th F o rn e t ( 6 :86 ) 8 6 , 8 , 9 0 , 3 0 1 S o u th L e y L o d ge ( 6 :8 7 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 3 0 1 S o u th S a nn ox ( 4 :37 ) 4 5 4 S o u th S h aw b o st ( 3 :14 ) 4 5 3 S o u th Y t h s ie ( 6 :88 ) 1 2 5 . , 1 1, 3 0 1-02 S p a rt le ton E d g e ( 8 :aa ) 4 9 3 S p itta l o f G l en shee ( 7 :50 ) 1 3 8 , 1 3 9 , 3 2 7 S p u rre l ls C r os s ( 1 4 ;k) 5 0 4 S t a ll D o wn ( 1 4 :62 / 1) 3 5 , 1 3 3 , 1 9 7 , 2 0 1 , 4 1 9 , 5 0 4 S t a ll M o o r ( 1 4 :63 ) 5 2 , 5 8 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 2 , 1 9 3 , 1 9 7 , 4 1 9 -2 0 , 5 1 8 , 5 2 0 , 5 2 4 , 5 2 5 S t an d in g S t o n es o f D u r r is ( 6 ;m m ) 4 8 8 S t ann on ( 1 4 :64 ) 5 0 , S i , 5 8 , 2 0 1, 2 0 3 , 2 0 5 , 4 2 0 , 5 2 7 S t a n to n D r ew ( 1 5 :11/ 12 / 13 ) 3 5 , 3 6 , 7 2 , 7 3 , 7 4 , 7 6 , 1 5 1 , 2 0 8 , 2 0 9 , 4 142 S t an to n M o o r ( 1 2 :2 1/22 /2 7 ) 3 7 , 1 5 , 1 2 7 , 1 2 8 , 1 8 9 , 3 7 2 , 4 7 2 S t an y da le ( 1 :0 4 7 5 -76 S t ee ps P a r k ( 8 :47 ) 4 6 7 S t en ne ss , S t o ne s o f ( 1 ;2 ) 3 5 , 4 6 , 6 7 , 6 8 , 1 5 1 , 1 5 4 , 1 5 6 , 1 5 7 , 1 5 8 , 2 1 8 , 2 1 9 , 2 3 2 33 , 5 0 7

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S t o ke F l a t ( 1 2 :2 3 ) 3 7 , 1 5 , 1 9 . , 1 2 7 , 3 7 2 -73 S t o n eh ead ( 6 :8 9 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 3 0 2 S t on eh en ge ( 1 5 :14 ) 2 4 , 3 0 , 3 1 , 3 4 , 3 5 , 3 6 , 3 7 , 5 2 , 5 8 , 6 , 6 7 , 6 8 , 7 2 , 7 3 , 1 5 1 , 1 5 3 , 1 5 6 , 1 5 7 , 1 5 8 , 1 6 1 , 1 6 4 , 1 6 5 , 2 0 6 , 2 0 9 , 2 1 0 , 2 1 3 , 2 1 9 , 2 5 , 4 2 5 1 , 5 0 8 , 5 1 3 S t o n eh ill ( 6 :nn ) 4 8 8 S t on y fie ld ( 5 :65 /6 6 ) 9 6 , 4 5 7-58 S t on y fie ld ( 6 :9 0 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 3 0 2 S t r i ch en H o u se ( 6 :9 1) 8 6 , 8 , 9 0 , 9 1 , 3 0 2 -0 3 , 5 1 3 S t r ipp le S t on e s , t h e ( 1 4 :65 ) 3 5 , 3 6 , 6 2 , 6 , 6 7 , 6 9 , 2 0 1 , 2 0 5 , 4 2 0 -2 1 , 5 0 7 S t ro ang a sse l ( 8 :48 ) 4 6 7 S t ro n to ille r ( 4 :2 5 ) 5 8 , 2 5 0 -5 1 S t u d fo ld ( 9 :30 ) 5 6 , 5 8 , 3 5 3 S u id he a cha d h S e a lg ( 33 ) 4 7 8 S u n h on ey ( 6 :9 2 ) 7 9 , a l , 8 6 , 8 7 , 9 0 , 3 0 3 S u t ton C o mm on ( 1 5 :H ) 2 0 8 , 5 0 9 S w a rth F e l l ( 9 :z ) 4 9 7 S w in s id e ( 9 :3 1) 3 7 , 5 1 , 5 1 , 5 9 , 1 6 1, 3 5 3 -5 4

T e m p le , t h e ( 1 3 :53 ) 4 7 3 T e m p le s ton e ( 5 :3 7 ) 1 3 8 , 2 6 5 -66 T e m p le W o od ( 4 :2 6 /2 7 /2 8 /29 ) 8 , 1 , 1 3 , 3 4 , 3 6 , 1 0 0 , 1 0 6 , L ä , 1 1, 1 2 , 1 3 4 , L I E , 1 4 0 , 1 5 5 , 1 5 7 , 1 6 2 , 1 8 2 , 2 5 1-52 , 5 1 2 T e n g a ( 4 :30 ) 7 8 , 2 5 2 T h e iv es , t h e ( 8 :30 ) 1 2 7 , 3 9 T h o rax ( 6 :9 3 ) 1 0 9 , 3 0 3 -0 4 T h o rnbo roug h ( 1 7 :H ) 1 5 1, 1 5 3 , 1 8 6 , 1 8 8 , 2 1 9 , 5 0 9 T h re e K i n g s ( 1 0 :20 ) 1 3 8 , 3 6 0 T h w in g ( 1 6 :H ) 8 , 1 8 8 , 5 0 9 , 5 1 0 T i g h n a R u a ich ( 7 :5 1) 1 0 2 , 1 0 9 , 1 4 , 3 2 7 -2 8 T i lq u h il lie ( 6 :9 4 ) 8 4 , 8 6 , 8 , 3 0 4 T i sb u ry ( 1 5 :h ) 2 0 8 , 2 0 9 , 5 0 5 , 5 0 8 , 5 1 0 T o ch e r fo rd ( 6 : 152 ) 4 6 4 T o d m o rd en ( 1 0 ;r ) 4 9 9 -50 0 T o m b eg ( 6 :o o ) 4 8 8 T o m n a C h e ssa ig ( 7 ;i) 4 8 9 T o m n ago rn ( 6 :9 5 ) 7 9 , a z ,8 6 , 8 , 9 0 , 3 0 4 T o mn av e r ie ( 6 :9 6 ) 8 6 , 9 0 , 3 0 4 T o p o f R i le y ( 1 2 :28 ) 4 7 2 T o rb re c k ( 5 :3 8 ) 1 0 1 , 1 0 9 , 1 7 6 , 2 6 6 T o rd a rro ch ( 5 ;3 9 ) 9 4 , 9 5 , 2 6 6 T o rh ou se kie ( 8 :3 1/b b / cc ) 3 5 , 6 2 , E l , 6 7 , 1 5 4 , 3 9 , 4 9 3 T r e cas t le M o un ta in ( 1 3 :45 /4 6 ) 3 6 , 5 9 , 1 6 , 1 2 4 , 3 9 1 T r eg e se a l ( 1 4 :6 6 /67 ) 7 3 , 4 2 1-2 2 T r e hud re th D o w n ( 1 4 :68 ) 3 6 , 1 6 , 1 2 7 , 2 0 1 , 4 2 2 , 5 2 7

T r e r O r yw B a ch ( 1 3 :p ) 5 0 2 T r ippe t S t on e s ( 1 4 :6 9 ) 7 3 , 4 2 2 T r o w le sw o rthy ( 1 4 :7 0 /7 1) 1 2 9 , 1 . 2 , 1 3 3 , 4 2 2 2 3 , 5 1 8 , 5 2 5 T u a c k ( 6 :9 7 ) 1 0 0 , 1 1, 1 2 , 1 7 8 , 3 0 5 , 5 1 0 , 5 1 1 T u l lo ch go rm ( 5 :4 0 ) 9 4 , 9 6 , 2 6 6 67 T u lly be ag le s ( 7 :j/ k ) 4 8 9 T u l lym u rd o c k ( 7 :1) 4 8 9 T w e lv e A p o st le s ( 8 :32 ) 4 5 46 , 4 1 , 5 0 , 1 5 3 , 1 5 4 , 3 9 4 0 T w e lve A p o st le s ( 1 0 :2 1) 1 2 6 , 3 6 0-6 1 T w in h oe ( 1 5 :0 5 0 6

U d a l ( 3 :n ) 4 7 8 U p pe r A u ch nag o rt h ( 6 :98 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 9 0 , 3 0 5 U p pe r B e n wa l ls ( 6 : 153 ) 4 6 4 U p p e r C r i ch ie ( 6 :15 4 ) 4 6 4 U p pe r L a g mo re ( 5 :4 1) 9 5 , 2 6 7 U p pe r O r d ( 6 :9 9 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 3 0 6 U p pe r T h ird ( 6 : 15 5 ) 4 6 4

W a lking to n ( 1 6 :H ) 1 8 8 , 5 0 9 W a lsha w D e an R e se rvo ir ( 1 0 :2 2 ) 1 2 5 , 3 6 1 W a n tonw e lls ( 6 : 10 0 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 3 0 6 W a rth H i ll ( 2 :e ) 4 7 6 W a u lkm ill ( 6 : 15 6 ) 4 6 4 W a u n M a w n ( 1 3 :q ) 5 0 2 W e e ch e r R e se rv o ir ( 1 0 :3 5 ) 4 7 1 W e nd ro n ( 1 4 :72 /73 ) 7 2 , 7 3 , 4 2 3 W e s t A k e ld S t e ad s ( 1 0 :H ) 5 0 7 , 5 1 3 , 5 1 5 W e s t A s h by ( 1 9 :H ) 5 1 0 , 5 1 4 , 5 1 6 W e s t C r ich ie ( 6 : 15 7 ) 4 6 5 W e s te r E c h t ( 6 :10 1) 8 6 , 8 9 , 3 0 6 W e s te r k ir k ( 8 :49 ) 4 6 7 W e s te r T o rr ie ( 7 :52 ) 1 0 , 3 2 8 W e s t H a ug h s ( 6 : 102 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 3 0 6 -0 7 W e s ton ( 8 :H ) 1 7 9 , 5 0 8 W e s ton ( 1 9 :H ) 5 0 , 5 0 9 W e s t T o w n ( 5 :6 7 ) 4 5 8 W e s twe ll ( 1 5 ;H ) 2 0 6 , 5 0 8 W e t W i th en s ( 1 2 :24 ) 1 2 7 , 3 7 3 W h eed le mo n t ( 6 :p p ) 4 8 8 W h e le s , L e ( 9 ;4 3 ) 4 6 9 W h e tston es ( 1 3 :5 4 ) 4 7 3 W h it ca st le s ( 8 ;3 3 ) 4 6 , 5 0 , 3 4 0 W h ite H a g ( 9 :aa ) 4 9 7 W h it eh i ll ( 6 : 10 3 ) 8 6 , 8 , 9 0 , 3 0 7 W h iteh i ll W o od ( 6 : 10 4 / 10 5 ) 8 6 , 8 9 , 1 0 9 , 1 7 8 , 3 0 7-08 W h iteho lm R i gg ( 8 :34 ) W h ite M o o r D o w n ( 1 4 ;74 ) Z I , 7 2 , 7 3 , 4 2 4 W h ite M o ss ( 9 :3 2 /3 3 ) 1 5 , L 1 1 , 1 2 4 , 3 5 4

- 5 54 -

W h itton H i ll ( 1 0 :H ) 6 8 , 1 5 7 , 1 5 8 , 5 1 0 , 5 1 3 , 5 1 5 W i lling W a lls W a rren ( 1 4 :m ) 5 0 4 W i lson S c a r ( 9 :b b ) 4 9 7 W i n te rbou rne A b bas ( 1 5 :15 ) 1 2 5 , 4 5 2 W i n te rbou rne B a ssett ( 1 5 :16 ) 3 5 , 3 8 , 7 3 , 4 5 2 W i th ypoo l H i ll ( 1 4 :75 ) 5 8 , 4 2 4 W o l f F o ld , t h e ( 1 0 :36 ) 4 7 1 W o od head ( 8 :50 ) 4 6 7 W o odhenge ( 1 5 :H ) 3 5 , 1 5 7 , 1 5 8 , 5 0 8 , 5 1 3 , 5 1 5 W o od s id e ( 7 :53 ) 1 3 8 , 1 3 9 , 3 2 8 W r en s E g g ( 8 :dd ) 4 9 3

Y a r T o r ( 1 4 :76 ) 1 2 9 , 1 3 3 , 4 2 5 , 5 1 9 , 5 2 0 , 5 2 4 , 5 2 5 YC a pe l ( 1 3 :47 ) 5 8 , 3 9 2 Y e av e ring B e ll ( 1 0 :37 ) 4 7 1 Y e llowmead ( 1 4 :77) 3 5 , E a , 6 , 6 7 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 2 , 1 9 5 , 1 9 7 , 4 2 5-2 6 , 5 1 9 , 5 2 1, 5 2 5 , 5 2 6 YF o c i F r e ch ( 1 3 :48 ) 1 2 4 , 3 9 2 YN a w C a rreg ( 1 3 :49 ) 6 , 6 7 , 3 9 2 Y n ys H i r ( 1 3 :50 ) 5 1 -52 , 5 . 5 . , 5 9 , 3 9 3 Y o c ken thwa ite ( 1 0 :s ) 5 0 0 Y o nde r B o gn ie ( 6 :106 ) 7 9 , 8 6 , 8 9 , 9 0 , 3 0 8 Y r H e n E g lwy s ( 1 3 :r ) 5 0 2 Y s b y ty C y n fyn ( 1 3 :s ) 5 0 2

Z a d lee ( 8 :35 ) 1 2 4 , 3 4 0

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