Roman Lamps from Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa 9780904531626, 9781407334103

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
In Memoriam
Table of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF PLATES
ABBREVIATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I STAMPS DISCOVERED AT SARMIZEGETUSA
CHAPTER II TYPES OF LAMPS KNOWN IN SARNIZEGETUSA
CATALOGUE
FIGURES
PLATES

Citation preview

Roman Lamps from Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa

Dorin Alicu and Emil Nemeş

BAR Supplementary Series 18 1 977

British Archaeological Reports 122, Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 78P, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. C. C. Brodribb, M.A. .:\1rs. Y. lVI. Hands

A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R. Supplementary Series 18, 1977: Sarmizegetusa11 © Dorin A licu and Emil Neme§, 1977

"Roman Lamps from Ulpia Traiana

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780904531626 paperback ISBN 9781407334103 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531626 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

RO MAN LA MPS FRO M ULP IA TRA IANA S AR M IZEGETUSA

I n me mor iam CONSTANT INI DA ICOV ICIU Carr is im i mag istr i

CONTENTS

Page L ist o f F igures L ist o f P la tes Abbrev iat ions B ibl iography Preface

H . Da icov ic iu

1

I n troduct ion

D . A l icu

6

D . A l icu

9

Chap ter I S ta mps d iscovered a t S arm izegetusa Chap ter I Types o f l a mps k nown a t S arm izegetusa Cata logue F igures a nd P lates

D . A l icu

2 1

D . A l icu , E . Ne me

3 8

D . A l icu

1 21

L IST OF F IGURES

F ig.

i =n o.

1i nv. 1 435

2

3

5 07

3 =

6

4 =

7

F ig .

3 2 = n o.

2 05inv.

3 3 =

2 10

1 522 9 07

1 581

3 4 =

2 25

1 437

1 575

3 5 =

2 28

1 462

5=

1 0

1 577

3 6 =

2 32

1 432

6=

1 2

1 579

3 7 =

2 37

9 31

7 =

1 6

1 466

3 8 =

2 42

1 600

8=

1 7

1 591

3 9 =

2 52

3 566

9 =

1 8

S 1 018

4 0 =

2 55

1 589

1 0 =

2 0

2 061

4 1 =

2 58

1 556

1 1 =

2 3

1 555

4 2 =

2 59

1 583

1 2 =

2 4

1 429

4 3 =

2 60

1 515

1 3 =

2 6

1 428

4 4 =

2 61

8 99

1 4 =

2 7

1 430

4 5 =

3 12

2 065

1 5 =

2 8

1 431

4 6 =

3 14

2 072

1 6 =

2 9

1 612

4 7 =

3 16

1 592

1 7 =

3 4

2 063

4 8 =

3 20

9 38

1 8 =

3 6

1 434

4 9 =

3 21

9 42

1 9 =

3 7

8 09

5 0 =

3 22

1 448

2 0 -

1 44

S

1 597

5 1 =

3 26

9 25

2 1 =

1 45

1 442

5 2 =

3 28

9 33

2 2 =

1 47

1 096

5 3 =

3 31

4 94

2 3 =

1 48

1 461

5 4 =

3 35

1 419

2 4 =

1 50

9 32

5 5 =

3 36

1 122

2 5 =

1 55

9 26

5 6 =

3 37

4 18

2 6 =

1 56

2 067

5 7 =

3 38

2 043

2 7 =

1 65

4 99

5 8 =

3 39

1 470

2 8 =

1 66

5 12

5 9 =

3 40

1 460

2 9 =

1 85

4 95

6 0 =

3 42

8 80

3 0 =

1 90

9 30

6 1 =

3 44

2 064

3 1 =

1 96

1 587

L IST OF PLATES XV I 1

1

1 435

2

2

1 514

3

3

5 07

4

5

1 573

5

6

1 581

I 1

7

1 575

2

8

1 580

3

9

1 574

4

1 0

1 577

5

1 1

1 576

6

1 2

1 579

I I 1

1 6

1 466

2

1 7

1 591

I V 1

1 8

S1018

1

1 9

1 594

2

2 0

2 061

3

2 1

2 069

4

2 2

1 444

V I 1

2 4

1 429

N I T 1

2 5

1

2 8

1 431

X I 1

3 1

1 433

2

3 3

1 513

3

3 7

S

> 2 1

2 6

1 428

I X 1

2 7

1 430

1 588

1 56

2 067

3

1 57

1 572

4

1 53

5

1 59

S

6 78 1 700

> O M 1

1 61

1 563

1

4 1

1 528

2

4 2

1 693

3

4 0

1 757

1

1 62

1 557

2

1 65

4 99

4

1 31

1 907

5

1 28

1 846

6

1 24

1 742

X [I I 1

9 1

1 752

2

9 2

1 762

3

9 5

1 721

4

9 3

1 916

5

9 4

1 887

6

1 11

1 813

7

1 23

1 527

8

1 12

1 830

9

2 6

1 428

X IV 1

1 44

1 597

2

1 45

1 442

XVI I I

> 22 ( 1

1 66

5 12

2

1 67

1 593

3

1 68

1 453

2 0 ( 1

1 75

1 455

2

1 73

1 553

3

1 74

1 599

XX I 1

1 78

1 521

2

1 81

9 00

XX I I G

3

1 46

2 073

1

1 79

1 464

4

1 47

1 096

2

1 80

1 452

5

1 48

1 461

3

1 83

1 520

4

1 84

1 450

5

1 94

1 441

XV

1

1 54

2

8 09

1 512

Wi l

1

1

1 49

9 21

2

1 50

9 32

XX II I

3

1 52

9 40

1

1 85

4 95

4

1 51

5 03

2

1 86

5 04

5

1 55

9 26

3

1 89

9 01

4

1 91

1 436

XX IV

=

U T

XII I

1

1 90

9 30

1

2 58

1 556

1

3 40

1 460

2

1 93

9 36

2

2 59

1 583

2

3 44

2 064

3

1 98

5 13

3

3 42

8 80

XXXIU MCV

1

2 55

1 589

XL II I

1

1 95

1 469

2

2 56

1 016

1

3 45

1 532

2

1 97

1 459

3

2 53

8 83

2

3 46

1 533

4

2 60

1 515

3

1 99

1 457

4

2 01

1 551

5

2 02

1 605

XXV I 1

2 06

1 868

2

2 03

1 570

3

2 10

9 07

XXV I I

XXX IV 1

3 12

2 065

2

3 14

2 072

3

3 16

1 592

1

3 20

9 38

2

3 21

9 42

1 607

3

3 22

1 448

4

3 23

1 595

2 12

S 1 019

2 16

5 01

4

2 14

9 03

5

2 17

5 09

M WE E I 1

MO W ' 1

3 24

9 19

2

3 25

9 20

3

3 26

9 25

2 19 I N 2 217

4

3 27

4 98

2

2 21

1 451

4

3 28

9 33

3

2 20

9 02

6

3 29

9 13

4

2 25

1 437

7

3 30

9 23

5

2 37

9 31 M CKV I I

XXEK

1

1

2 28

1 462

2

2 30

1 440

3

2 31

1 443

4

2 32

1 432

Men 1

2 38

2

2 42

1 600

3

2 44

2 057

1 531

5

3 49

1 523

6

3 50

1 636

7

3 51

1 534

8

3 52

1 526

3 31

4 94

1

3 53

1 584

2

3 55

1 564

3

3 57

1 524

4

3 58

1 530 1 842

5

3 60

6

3 61

1 892

7

3 59

1 619 , 1 621

XLV 1

3 63

1 898

2

3 64

1 903

3

3 65

1 904

4

3 66

1 905

5

3 68

1 936

6

3 70

1 947

7

3 71

1 598

8

3 54

1 542

XXXV II I

XLV I

1

3 32

1 516

1

3 72

2 066

2

3 35

1 419

2

3 73

1 517

3

3 37

4 18

3

3 74

1 518

2 068

M CKEK 1

3 36

1 122

4

3 76

1 525

5

3 75

2 058

6

3 76

1 525

XLV II

XL

XXXI 1

1 529

3 48

XL IV

2 11

2

3 47

MO W

1 3

3 4

2 09

1 601

2

2 52

3 566

3

2 46

1 603

4

2 48

1 590

1

3 38

2 045

XII 1

3 39

1 470

1

3 78

1 540

2

3 83

1 883

3

3 81

1 897

4

3 82

1 906

5

3 99

1 824

6

3 98

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: Kum ' 1 2 3

3 91 3 90 4 41

4

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1 596 2 3.203 9 39-933

1 2

1 81

9 00

6

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1 892

1 3 1 4

1 82 1 83

1 446 1 520

7 8 9

3 70 3 68 3 63

1 947 1 936 1 898

3 64

1 903

5 4 3 9 1 8 1 3 5 1 1 5 3 4 1

3 65

1 904

1 2 1 3

3 60 3 69

1 842 1 939

3 67

1 934

3 62 2 10

1 896 9 07

1 7

2 8

1 431

1 8

3 6

1 434

1 9

3 74

1 518

1 0 1 9 0 9 3 0 2 0 2 1

3 73

1 517

3 76

1 525

L I I I

1 0

8 96

: KLEK 1 2

4 01 4 04

1 894 1 914

3

4 15

1 541

4

4 12

1 533

5

3 96

1 550

6

4 17

S

6 66

2

3 52

1 526

3 4

3 53 1 84

1 584 1 450

5

1 85

4 95

6

1 86

5 04

7

1 87

8 22

8

1 88

9 04

9

1 89

9 01

1

1 91

1 436

1 2

1 92

1 465

1

4 48

1 666

1 3

1 93

9 36

2

4 49

1 635

1 4

1 94

1 441

1 5

1 95

1 469

3

4 52

1 827

4

4 53

1 549

5

4 55

1 569

6

4 89

1 691

7

4 58

1 832

8

4 73

1 546

L I

L IV 1

1 96

1 587

2

1 97

1 459

3

1 98

5 13

4

1 99

1 457

5

2 00

1 454

1

4 74

1 937

6

2 01

1 551

2

4 78

1 548

7

2 02

1 605

3

4 79

1 547

8

2 06

1 8683

4

4 87

1 672

9

2 03

1 570

5

4 88

1 920

1 0

2 04

1 552

6

4 82

1 670

1 1

3 71

1 598

7

4 91

1 923

1 2

2 07

1 608

8

4 83

1 644

1 3

2 08

1 559

1 4

1 73

1 553

1 5

1 74

1 599

1 6

1 63

1 610

L IT 1

1 44

1 597

2

1 78

1 521

3

3 45

1 532

4

3 46

1 533

5

1 61

1 563

6

3 47

1 529

7 8

1 79 1 80

1 464 1 452

1 2

3 55 3 56

1 564 1 571

9

3 48

1 531

3

3 57

1 524

1 0

3 49

1 523

4

3 58

1 530

1 1

3 50

1 636

5

3 59

1 619, 1 621

1 4 15 1 6

LV I 1

3 75

2 051

2

1 23

1 527

3

2 11

1 607

4

3 54

1 542

5

1 6

1 466

6

1 66

5 12

7

2 12

S 1 019

8

2 13

5 00

9 1 0

2 14

9 03

2 15

1 463

1 1

2 16

5 01

1 2

2 17

5 09

1 3

3 77

1 519

1 4

2 18

1 445

1 5

2 19 I N 2 217

1 6

3 31

4 94

1 7

2 20

9 02

1 8

2 21

1 451

LV I I

1 7

1 62

1 557

1

1 8

3 72

2 066

2

3 83

1 833

1 9

1 65

4 99

1 540

LV

1

1 435

3

3 78

4

1 7

1 591

5

3 81

1 897

6 7

3 82 2 4

1 906 1 429

8

2 47

1 561

LV I II 1

9 1

1 752

2

9 2

1 762

3

1 11

1 813

4

1 12

1 830

5

9 5

1 721

6

9 3

1 916

7

9 4

1 887

8

3 7

9

3 3

1 513

2 6

1 428

1 0

L IX

S

8 09

Map o f Ro man Dac ia a ccord ing t o T abu la Imper i i Ro man i

LX

L3 4-35

Map o f U lp ia Tra iana S ar m izegetusa ( surv iv ing monu men ts ) 1 .

Pa lace o f t he Augusta les

2 .

Amph ithea tre

3 .

Co mp lex o f t e mp les d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia

4 .

T e mp le d ed ica ted t o L iber P a ter

5 .

T he Mauso leu m s i tua ted o n t he l ef t o f t he v a l ley o f Dra jcovu lu i

LX I

P lan o f t he p a lace o f t he Augusta les ( af ter C . Da icov ic iu )

LX [ I

P lan o f t he amph ithea tre ( a f ter C . Da icov ic iu )

LX I II

P lan o f t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia

LX [V

P lan o f t he t e mp le d ed ica ted t o L iber P ater

LXV

P lan o f t he mauso leu m s i tua ted o n t he l ef t o f t he v a l ley o f Dra jcovu lu i

ABBREV IAT IONS

A cta MN

AEA

Acta Muse i N apocens is.

C lu j, I ( 1964 ) a nd f o l low ing .

Archaeo log ia i

Budapes t , 1 869 a nd f o l low ing .

Arch ivoEspar io l d e Arqueo log ia. a rqueo log ia.

AE M

r tes itö.

I nst itu to e spa i lo l d e

Madr id.

Archaeo log isch-ep igraph ische M it te i lungen .

Wien , I

( 1877 )-XX ( 1896 ). A ISC

Anuaru l I nst itutu lu i d e S tud i i C las ice.

C lu j, I ( 1928 )-V

( 1949 ). AM

Arheo log ia Mo ldove i.

Bucure§ t i, 1 (1961 ) a nd f o l low ing .

AO

Arh ive le O l ten ie i.

Apu lu m

Apu lu m , Bu le t inu l Muzeu lu i Reg iona l A lba J u l ia.

Cra iova , I( 1920 )-XV I I I ( 1939 ). A lba

I u l ia , 1 (1939-1943 ), 1 ( 1943-1945 ), I I ( 1947-1949 ), I V ( =Stud i i

ic o m mun icär i , Acta Muse i Reg iona l is Apu lens is ,

1 961), V ( 1965 ), V I ( 1967 ), V II/ 1-2 ( 1968-1969 ) , V I I I ( 1970 ), I X ( 1971) , X ( 1972 ), X I ( 1973 ), X I I ( 1974 ), X I I I ( 1975 ). AR

A lba Reg ia.

Arrabona

Arrabona .

C IL

C orpus I nscr ip t ionu m L a t inaru m.

Cu m idava

Cu m idava .

Anna les Muse i S tephan i Reg is. S zekesfehervä .r . L es a nna les d u Mus e d e Györ ( Hongr ie ). B er l in.

Cu legere d e s tud i i § i c ercetär i a Muzeu lu i

j ude ean Bra pv.

Bra rv , I , ( 1967 ), a nd f o l low ing .

DA

Ch . Dare meberg e t Ed m. S ag l io , D ic t iona ire d es An t iqu ites g recques e t r o ma ines. Par is I -V , ( 1877-1919 ).

Dac ia

Dac ia.

Recherches e t d ecouver tes a rcheo log iques e n

Rou man ie.

Bucur W i , I( 1924 )-X I I ( 1948 );

d 'archeo log ie e t d 'h isto ire a nc ienne.

N .S .

Revue

Bucure t i , I , ( 1957 )

a nd f o l low ing . D iadora

D iadora.

Organe d u Musee Archeolog ique d e Z adar ,Zadar .

D issPann

D isser ta t iones Pannon icae.

G a l l ia

G a l l ia.

F ou i l les e t monu men ts a rcheo log iques e n France

Met r opo l ita ine. G er man ia

Budapes t .

G er man ia .

Par is.

Anze iger d es r öm isch-gennan ischen

K omm iss ion d es Deutschen Archä .o log ischen I ns t ituts. Frank fur t am Ma in , I , ( 1917 ) , a nd f o l low ing .

Ha

H is tr ia Archaeo log ica.

Arheo losk i Muze j I stre u P u l l.

P u la. JÖA I

J ahreshef te d es Ös terre ich ischen Archäo log ischen I ns t itu ts. Wien , I , ( 1898 ) a nd f o l low ing .

K l io Ma ter ia le

K l io.

Be iträge z ur a lten G esch ich te.

Mater ia le 9 ic ercetär i a rheo log ice.

L e ipz ig .

Bucur e i.

I( 1953 )-

I X ( 1974 ). MNA

Muzeu l Napona l d e An t ich it 4 i.

OA

Opuscu la Archaeo log ica .

Radov i o ds jeka z a a rheo log i ju.

F ilozofsk i F acu l te t S venc i l is ta u Z agrebu . RE

Z agreb.

Rea lencyc lopäd ie d er c lass ischen A l ter tu msw issencha f t ( Pau ly- W issowa-Kro l l ), S tu t tgar t , 1 893 a nd f o l low ing .

S arget ia

S arge t ia , Bu let inu l Muzeu lu i Reg iona l Hunedoara.

Deva ,

I( 1937 ), I ( 1941 ), I I(=Con tr ib e i l a c unoa§ terea r eg iun i i Hunedoara ,1956 ), I V ( 1966 ), V ( 1968 ) , V I ( 1969 ), V I I ( 1970 ), V II I ( 1971) , I X ( 1972 ), X ( 1973 ). S CIV

S tud i i

ic ercetär i d e i s tor ie v eche.

Bucure§ t i , 1 (1950 ),

a nd f o l low ing . S CS l e

S tud i i

ic erce tär i § t i in g ice.

I a§ i.

V jesn ik

V jesn ik a rheo loskog Muze ja u Z agrebu.

Z agreb.

B IBL IOGRAPHY

Ba l i l :

A . Ba l i l , Estud ios s obre l ucernas r o manas I .

S em inar io d e

Arqueo log ia-Facu l tad d e F i loso f ia y L etras-Un ivers idad S an t iago d e Co mpos tela , 1 969. Bä

l u g ,I :

C losca L . Blu , Opa ite le r o mane d e l a Apu lu m ( I ) , i n Apu lu m ,

I I I, 1 961. Bä lu ld , I :

Cl i wa , L . Blu â , Opa iIe le r o mane d e l a Apu lu m ( I I ), i n Apu lu m ,

V , 1 965. Bernhard : Bran ts :

M. L . Bernhard , L a mpk i s tarozy tne , Warszawa , 1 955.

J . Bran ts , An t ieke t erra-co t ta l a mpen u it h et R i jks museu m v an o udhden te l e iden .

' i . ä.i kova :

L e iden , 1 913.

Mar ia Ü iC ikova , " F irma la mpen" d u L i mes d anub ien e n B u lgar ie ,

i n Actes d u I X-e Congres I n terna t iona l d 'etudes s ur l es f ron t ier s r o ma ines (Ma ma ia , 6 -13 s ep te mbre 1 972 ), Bucur e i , Kö ln , W ien , 1 974. Dau tova-Rusev l jan :

V . Dau tova-Rusev l jan , L a c o l lez ione d i l ucerne r o mane

n e l Museo mar it i mo e s tor ico d i Ru jeka , i n D iadora , 5 , Z adar , 1 970. Deneauve :

J ean Deneauve , L a mpes d e Car thage , Par is.

Der inger :

H . Der inger , Rö m ische L a mpen a us L aur iacu m , L inz , 1 965.

Dresse l :

C IL , XV.

F loca , BMAT M :

0 . F loca , Co lect ia a rheo log icä a Muzeu lu i d e Arheo log ie

e tnograf ie a P a la tu lu i Cu l tura l d in T irgu Mure5 , i n Bu let inu l Muzeu lu i a rheo log ic a l S oc iet k i i d e i s tor ie a rheo log ie § i e tnograf ie d in T irgu Mure5 , n o. 1 , e x tras d in G azeta I lus tra tä , n o. 6 -7 , 1 937. G os tar :

N . G ostar , I nscr ip t i ile d e p e l ucerne le d in Dac ia r o manä i n AM , I , I as i 1 061.

Hanoune :

Roger Hanoune , L a mpes d e G rav iscae , i n Me langes d 'Archeo log ie e t d 'H is to ire , 8 2 , P ar is , 1 970 , p p. 2 37-262.

I cono mu : I väny i :

C . I cono mu , Opa ire g reco-ro mane , Consta qa , 1 967.

I väny i Dora , D ie P annon ischen L a mpen .

E ine t ypo log isch-chrono lo-

g ische Ubers ich t , i n D issPann , s er . 2 , n o. 2 , Budapest , 1 935. Knez :

T one Knez , N eue r öm ischen Gräber i n Do lenksko ( Un terkra in ), i n Razprave , V I, L jub l jana , 1 969.

L era t :

L . L era t , Ca ta logue d es c o l lect ions a rcheo log ique d e Besançon I . L a mpes a n t iques , i n Anna les l i t tera ires d e l 'Un ivers ite d e B esançon , s er. I , 1 , I , Archeo log ie , I , B esançon-Par is , 1 954.

Loeschcke :

S . L oeschcke , L a mpen a us V indon issa .

E in Be itrage z ur

G esch ich te v on V indon issä u nd d es a n t iken Be leuch tungswesens , Z t ir ich , 1 919. Menze l :

H . Menze l , An t ike L a mpen i m Rö m isch-Ger man ischen Z en tral museu m z u Ma inz , Ma inz , 1 954.

M i ltner , I : M il tner , I :

Fr. M iltner , D ie a n t iken L a mpen i n E isenstad t , i n JÖA I. Fr. M il tner , D ie a n t iken L a mpen im K lagen fur ter L andes museu m ,

i n JÖA I , 2 0 (V I, Wien , 1 930 , Bb l. Petru :

S on ja Petru , Emonske n ekropo le , L jub l jana , 1 972.

Pons ich :

M. Pons ich , L es l a mpes r o ma ines e n t erre c u ite d e l a Maureta .n ie T ing itane , Raba t , 1 961.

Russu :

I . I . Russu , Recenz ie l a G ostar i n S C IV , X II I, 2 , 1 962.

S zen t le leky : T udor , I :

T . S zen t le leky , Anc ien ts l a mps , Budapes t , 1 969. D . T udor , O lten ia r o man, Bucure§t i, e t. I , 1 958.

T udor , I I :

D . T udor , O lten ia r o manä , Bucure t i , e d . I I , 1 968.

V ik ic-Be lanc iC I :

Branka V ik iC-Be lanC iC , An t ike L a mpensa m m lung i m

a rchäo log ischen Museu m z u Zagreb , i n V 'esn ik , 3 . Zagreb , 1 971. V ik iC-Be lang iC I :

S er i ja S V. V .

Branka V ik iC-Be lanC iC , B e itrag z ur Er forschung d es a n t iken

Anse id lungsko mp lexes i n V arazd inske T op l ice , i n

y i esn ik ,

3 , s er i ja

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D ie a n t iken T on la mpen ,

Petersburg , 1 914. Wa lters :

H . B . Wa l ters , Ca ta logue o f t he l a mps i n t he Br it ish Museu m , Ox ford , 1 914.

PREFACE

T h is work o n t he Ro man l a mps f ound a t S arm izegetusa o f fers t o t he s pec ia ll is t

a n impor tan t a nd s ign if ican t c a tegory o f f inds wh ich h ave b een d iscovered

i n t he c ourse o f many d ecades i n t he f ormer c ap ita l o f Ro man Dac ia.

S ys te ma-

t i ca l ly wr it ten a nd r ich ly i l lustrated , w ith r eferences t o t he s tandard w orks , i tc ommends i t se lf t o o ur a t ten t ion a nd Iam s ure t ha t i tw i l l r ece ive a war m welcome b y a l l t hose d ea l ing w ith Ro man l i fe i n t he Danub ian p rov inces. T he s pec ia l f ea tures o f t he w ork make n ecessary , i n my o p in ion , as ucc inct p resen ta t ion o f t he c on tex t i n wh ich t he l a mps p ub l ished h ere h ave b een d isc overed ;

i n o ther w ords , ab r ief p resen ta t ion o f Ro man S arm izegetusa.

S arm izegetusa , s i tuated i n t he S ou th- West o f T ransy lvan ia i n t he Haleg c oun try , a bou t 8 km f ro m t he I ron G ates ( t he a nc ien t Tapae ) w h ich c onnected Transy lvan ia w ith Bana t , w as t he f irst Ro man c i ty f ounded i n t he n ew p rov ince o f D ac ia c onquered i n A .D . 1 06. Accord ing t o t he i nscr ip t ion C IL I I 14 43, Dec imus T eren t ius S caur inus , t he f irs t g overnor o f Dac ia , f ounded S arm izeg eüusa p robab ly b etween 1 08 a nd 1 10.

T he n ew c i ty was g iven t he n ame o f

Co Ion ia Dac ica a nd i tr e ma ined t he s o le u rban s et t lemen t w ith t h is r ank i n Dac ia f or o ver h a lf a c en tury , u n t i l Marcus Aure l ius.

Hadr ian c o mp leted

t he n ame o f t he c i ty i n A .D. 18 : C o Ion ia U lp ia T ra iana Augus ta Dac ica S arm izegetusa ; t he a dd it ion o f t he l ast Dac ian e p ithe t a t tes ts t he n ew p o l icy o f H adr ian wh ich c ons is ted o f t he a ss im i la t ion a nd t he i n tegra t ion o f t he n a t ives. S arm izegetusa , w ith a nu rban o rgan isa t ion wh ich was t yp ica l o f a Ro man c o lon ia ( t here a re e p igraph ica l ly a t tes ted

d ecur iones , d uumv ir i a nd d uu mv ir i

q u inquenna les , a ed i les , a nd q uaes tores ) w as f ro m t he b eg inn ing , a nd a lways was , t he c ap ita l o f t he p rov ince o f Dac ia , e ven i ft he g overnors r es ided , f or r easons wh ich were p r i mar i ly m i l itary , a t Apu lum i n s o me p er iods.

T he

impor tance o f S arm izegetusa i s a t tested b y t he f ac t t hat t he meet ings o f t he c onc i l iu m Dac iarum I I ( f ounded b y S everus A lexander ) t ook p lace h ere a nd b y t he e p ithet o f me tropo l is a dded t o i t s n a me b y t he s ame emperor. We k now w ith c er ta in ty o n ly a s ing le d ra ma t ic mo men t o f t he h is tory o f S arm izegetusa ; a nd i ti s i n r e la t ion t o t he Marco mann ic wars. T he e ne my p ene tra ted i n to Dac ia i n A .D . 1 70 a nd d evasta ted t he a ur iferous r eg ion ; t he f ac t t ha t e ven S ar m izege tusa w as g rave ly t hrea tened h as l ong b een k nown f rom t he t ex t o f t he i nscr ip t ion ( C IL I I 7 969 ) i n wh ich t he c ap ita l e xpresses g ra t it ude t o Marcus Aure l ius f or t he s a lvat ion o f t he c i ty . N ow , ow ing t o t he i nscr ip t ion d iscovered r ecen t ly among t he r e ma ins o f t he t e mp le o f L iber Pa ter w e k now t ha t t he d anger was e ven more g rave t han was s upposed , f or t he e nem ies r eached t he wa l ls a nd s et f ire t o t he e x tra- mura l b u i ld ings. T he r ar ity o f i nscr ip t ions r ef lec ts t he c r is is o f t he m idd le o f t he 3 rd c en tury A .D.

A s ing le d ocumen t i s k nown a t S arm izegetusa f ro m t he p er iod 1

o f G a l l ienus , a n i nscr ip t ion d ed ica ted t o t he s on o f t he emperor ( C IL I I 7 971 ). S oon a f ter t he emperor Aure l ian o rdered t he o f f ic ia l a bandonmen t o f Dac ia ( A.D. 2 71). Archaeo log ica l e v idence , h owever , d e mons tra tes t hat t he c i ty w as n ot c o mp lete ly e vacua ted . An ew wa l l made o f r iver s tones a nd e ar th w as e rec ted i n t he impos ing A edes Au usta l iu m ( p l. LX I ) : t h is wa l l d el im itated a sma l ler r oo m , f or l i v ing , i ns ide t he s pac ious h a l l o f b as i l ica .

Because t he d efence

o f t he l ong wa l ls o f t he c i ty was n o l onger p oss ib le t he amph ithea tre was t ransf ormed i n to a v er itab le f or tress , w ith t he e n trances wa l led u p . I so la ted c o ins o f Aure l ian 's s uccessors h ave o f ten b een f ound i n t he t err itory o f t he c i ty ;

ah oard o fb ronze c o ins , h idden i n t he l ast q uar ter o f t he 4 th c en tury

A .D. h as b een d iscovered i n o ne o f t he b oxes o f t he f ormer amph ithea tre. A l l t hese f i nds s how t ha t t he c i ty c on t inued t o e x is t w ith a r aref ied a nd p oor p opu la t ion , l i v ing i n t he a bandoned p a laces , a nd who s ought r efuge f ro m d anger i n t he s o l id b u i ld ing o f t he amph ithea tre ( p l. W M ), a s i n ac i tadel wh ich c ou ld b e more e as i ly d efended. I ti s imposs ib le t o k now h ow l ong t h is s i tua t ion l asted.

Probab ly u rban

l i fe c eased c o mp letely i n Dac ia i n c onsequence o f t he i nvas ion o f t he Huns a nd o f t he p eop les d ragged b y t he m , a nd e spec ia l ly a s ar esu l t o f t he a narchy wh ich a rose a f ter t he f a l l o f t he " e mp ire" o f A t t i la . However i ti s p oss ib le t ha t a n impover ished a nd r ust ic p opu la t ion c on t inued t o l ive i n t he a nc ien t b u ild ings , f or a f i bu la f ro m t he 7 th c entury h as b een d iscovered o n t he t err it ory o f t he c i ty .

I n a ny c ase , t he c i ty h ad s low ly f a l len i n to r u in a nd f ina l ly

l os t e ven t he r e me mbrance o f i t s n a me. C o Ion ia U lp ia Tra iana S arm izegetusa w as a n i mpor tan t i ndustr ia l a nd c o m merc ia l c en tre , a l though Apu lu m e xce l led i ti n t h is r espect , b u t i t was p r i mar i ly a p o l it ica l a nd c u l tura l-re l ig ious c en tre.

T h is impor tance o f t he

c i ty i s d e mons trated b y t he e x is tence h ere o f t he p a lace o f t he Augus ta les a nd o f t he a l tar o f t he emperor , t he p ermanen t p resence o f t he f inanc ia l p rocura tor o f t he p rov ince i n t he c i ty , t he e x istence o f many s acerdo tes a rae Augus t i ( corona t i Dac iaru m I I ) a nd o f t he n umerous t e mp les wh ich a re a rchaeo log ica l ly a nd e p igraph ica l ly a t tes ted . T he p opu la t ion o f t he c i ty c ons is ted o f al arge n u mber o f Ro man c i t izens o f d iverse o r ig in , c o lon ized h ere a s e ar ly a s T ra jan o r b y h is i mmed ia te s uccessors.

T he n u mber o fI ta l ian c o lon is ts i s r e la t ive ly more i mpor tan t

i n c o mpar ison w ith t hose e x is t ing i n o ther c i t ies , a nd t here w ere i n a dd it ion t he p eregr in i , l i ber t i, s laves e tc. Un l ike t he s i tuat ion f ound i n o ther u rban o r r ura l s et t le men ts ( Napoca , M ic ia ) o r i n f or ts ( M ic ia , Bo loga , B uc iu m i , Orhe iu l B is tr ite i , Bre tcu , Ad Med iam , C um idava ), t he Dac ian e lemen t i s s t il l n ot a rchaeo log ica l ly a t tes ted i n t he c ap i ta l o f t he p rov ince. T he Transy lvan ian h u man is t J ohannes Mezerz ius i den t if ied i n 1 516 t he f ormer c ap ita l o f t he p rov ince o f Dac ia w ith i t s w ide e xpanse o f r u ins u nder t he p resen t v i l lage a nd i t s t err itory , b ut t he f i rs t r ea l a rchaeo log ica l e xcavat ions w ere n o t c arr ied o u t u n t il t he 1 9th c en tury b y t he Archaeo log ica l S oc ie ty o f Deva . Impor tan t d iscover ies w ere made o n t he o ccas ion o f t hese e xcavat i ons , s uch a s p o lychro ma t ic mosa ics d ecora ted w ith s cenes i nsp ired f ro m t he Ho mer ic p oe ms , t he t e mp le o f M ithras , t he t e mp le o f t he S yr ian d e it ies , t he t e mp le o f N e mes is a nd t he b a ths , b u t u n for tuna te ly mos t o f t hem h ave s ince d isappeared. 2

C onstan t in Da icov ic iu , a ss isted b y Octav ian F loca , b egan t he f irs t s yst e ma t ic e xcava t ions a t S arm i2egetusa i n 1 924.

We owe t o t he m t he more

e xac t k now ledge o f t he t opography o f t he c i ty a nd t he d iscovery o f s o me i mp or tan t a rchaeo log ica l monumen ts. T he wa l ls o f t he c i ty , b u il t o f b locks o f s tone , e nc lose a r egu lar q uadr il a tera l w ith t he l ong s ides ( t o t he Nor th a nd t he S outh ) 6 00 m i n l eng th e ach a nd w ith t he s hor t s ides ( t o t he Eas t a nd t he Wes t ) 5 40 m i n l eng th , g iv ing a s ur face a rea o f 3 2.50 h ec tares.

T he l i ne o f t he wa l ls p erhaps c o inc ides w ith

t ha t o f t he wa l ls o f t he f or t o f L eg io I V F lav ia F e l ix wh ich was l ef t h ere a s g arr ison b y Tra jan b etween t he t wo Dac ian wars. T he f o l low ing monu men ts h ave b een r ecovered i n t he c i ty : t he b a ths ( a t p resen t c overed a nd p robab ly d estroyed f or t he mos t p art ), a p ar t o f t he f oru m a nd t he p a lace o f t he Augus ta les , wh ich f or a l ong t ime w as t he s o le monumen t o f t h is t ype k nown w ith in t he who le Ro man emp ire. I t was b u il t a bou t t he midd le o f t he 2 nd c en tury A .D . a nd u nderwen t s o me l a ter a l terat ions , t he r oof o f t i les b e ing r econs tructed i n t he f irst h a lf o f t he 3 rd c entury . T he t err itory o f t he c i ty ( i n t he s tr ic t s ense o f t he word ) w as n o t l im ited o n ly t o t he s pace e nc losed b y t he wa l ls a nd many o f t he mos t impor tan t b u i ld ings h ave b een f ound o u ts ide t he r a mpar ts. I ti s a lso d ue t o Constan t in Da icov ic iu t hat t he amph i thea tre a nd t he mauso leu m o f t he Aurel ia f am i ly , wh ich i s ar e markab le monu men t i n t he e as tern c e metery o f t he a nc ien t c i ty , w ere b o th s ys te ma t ica l ly e xcava ted. A f ter s topp ing f or t hree d ecades t he e xcava t ions w ere r esu med a t S arm izegetusa i n 1 973, d irected b y myse lf . T hree more i mpor tan t a rchaeo log ica l monu men ts h ave b een i den t if ied a nd r ecovered d ur ing t he f irst t hree y ears o f r esearch : t he s anctuary d ed ica ted t o t he h ea l ing d e it ies Aescu lap ius a nd H yge ia , t he t e mp le o f L iber P a ter a nd a g rea t p r iva te b u i ld ing s i tua ted n ear t he amph ithea tre ( p l. LX ) ;

i th as a lso b een e stab l ished t hat t he w estern

c emetery o f t he c i ty e x tended t o t he Wes t o f t he v a l ley o f Dra covu lu i a nd a mauso leu m r obbed i n a n t iqu ity h as b een d iscovered i n t h is a rea.

On t he o c-

c as ion o f t he s a me r ecen t e xcava t ions s o me v est iges o f Ro man o ccupa t ion ( dwe l l ings , h orrea ) h ave b een i den t if ied i n o ther p ar ts o f t he t err itory o f t he p resen t v i l lage , b u t t hey r e ma in t o b e c o mp lete ly r ecovered. F ro m many p o in ts o f v iew t he t e mp le d evo ted t o L iber P ater ( p l . LX IV ) i s o f e xcep t iona l i mpor tance : s u f f ice i tt o s ay t ha t i tp rov ides t he e p igraph ica l e v idence o f t he p enetra t ion o f t he Marco mann i o r o f t he ir a l l ies a s f ar a s t he wa l ls o f S arm izgetusa.

Bu t f ro m t he p o in t o f v iew o f t he p resen t w ork t he

s anc tuary o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyge ia ( p l . LX F I I ) i s t he mos t i mpor tan t d isc overy among t hose a t S arm izeget-u sa , a nd f or t h is r eason

Iw il l d ea l w ith

i ti n more d eta il. T h is s anctuary , s i tua ted i m med ia te ly t o t he S ou th o f t he H4eg-Carnasebes h ighway , c ons is ts o f a who le c o mp lex o fb u i ld ings h av ing d iverse f unc t ions. I t i s e nc losed b y ap rec inc t wh ich r an i n a n i rregu lar q uadr i la tera l o u t l ine w i th a p er i meter o f 2 29.50 m , a nd w ith t he e n trance , 7 .60 m w ide , s i tua ted o n t he w es tern s ide. I ts ee ms t ha t t he s anc tuary h ad t wo b u i ld ing p hases , b u t t h is d oes n ot e xc lude t he p oss ib i l ity t ha t i tu nderwen t s o me t ransforma t ion a nd w as a dded 3

t o w ith in e very p hase. T here i s n o p rec ise a rchaeo log ica l e v idence t o e nab le u s t o e s tab l ish w ith c er ta in ty t he c hrono log ica l r ela t ionsh ip b etween t he e nc los ure a nd t he i n ter ior b u ild ings ; h owever , o n t he b as is o f t he b u i ld ing s ystem o f t he p rec inc t a nd s o me a rchaeo log ica l f inds , Ic ons ider t ha t t h is e nc losure was e rected i n t he f irs t p hase a nd , o f c ourse , c on t inued i n u se l a ter . T he s acred b u ild ings ( t e mp la o r f ana ) c onven t iona l ly n a med A , Ba nd C b e long t o t he f irs t p hase ;

t he l as t w as i nc luded i n t he s a me p hase i n al arger

b u ild ing , whose f unct ion h as n ot b een e xact ly d eterm ined , a l though i t was v ery p robab ly a h osp ita l. T he t e mp le A , n ow e n larged , t e mp les D a nd p robab ly E , a nd a b u i ld ing w ith a n u nknown f unc t ion a nd wh ich s uppressed t he e x is tence o f t enp le B , b elong t o t he s econd p hase.

T e mp le C a lso c eases i n t h is p er iod .

T he most p rec ise a rchaeo log ica l o bserva t ions h ave b een made i nt e mp le A . I th as b een e stab l ished t ha t t he f irs t p hase e nded ow ing t o av io len t f ire wh ich i s a t tes ted b y ag rea t q uan t ity o f b urned e ar th. T e mp le A w as r econst ructed a f ter t h is d estruc t ion ; t he a rea w as a l i t t le e x tended , a nd t he f loorl eve l r a ised b y 1 5-20 cm. T he v es t iges o f t he f ire a nd t he a r t if ic ia l r a is ing o f t he o ccupa t ion l eve l h ave a lso b een o bserved i n t he c ourtyard o f t he s anctu ary . L as t ly , Imen t ion t he e x is tence o f t wo f oun ta ins i n t he s anctuary :

o ne o f

r ound f or m ( d ia m. 1 m ) s i tuated n ear t e mp le C , b elong ing p robab ly t o t he f irst p hase o f t he s anctuary a nd t he o ther o f s quare f orm ( 75 x 7 5 cm ) made i n t he s econd p hase a nd wh ich d es troyed t he n or th-wes tern c orner o f t he c e l la o f t e mp le B . Accord ing t o t he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence t he f i rs t p hase d a tes i mmed ia te ly a f ter t he c onques t o f D ac ia a nd t he f ounda t ion o f t he c ap ita l o f t he p rov ince. L a mps d ecora ted w ith v o lutes , o f I t a l ian p rovenance , wh ich w ere t yp ica l o f t he e nd o f t he l s t c en tury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he 2 nd c entury h ave b een d isc overed o n t he f i rs t l eve l o f t e mp le A . T he c o ins f ound i n t he b u i ld ings o f t he f irs t p hase e nd w ith Marcus Aure l ius b u t t here a re a n u mber o f p re-Tra jan i ssues among t he m . T he c o ins d iscovered i n t he f i rs t l eve l , t he d es truct ion a t tes ted a t t he e nd o f t he f irst p hase a nd t he e v idence g iven b y t he i nscr ip t ion d iscovered i n t he t e mp le o f L iber P a ter wh ich h as b een men t ioned a bove , l ead me t o t he c onc lus ion t ha t t he f irst p hase e nded d ur ing t he Marco mann ic wars a nd more e xact ly i n A .D . 1 70. T he s econd p hase v ery p robab ly a lso b egan i n t he t ime o f Marcus Aure l ius , b u t s o me b u ild ings mus t b e d a ted i n t he n ex t c entur ies. A d i f f icu l t p rob lem i s t he f ate o f t he s anctuary o f A escu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia a f ter Aure l ian 's w ithd rawa l.

S o f ar t here i s n o e v idence o f i t s t ransforma t ion i n to dwe l l ings a nd

i n a ny c ase t here i s l i t t le p robab i l ity t ha t s uch a t ransforma t ion t ook p lace , c ons ider ing t he n ature o f t he b u i ld ing.

However , w e s hou ld men t ion t he f ac t

t ha t al o t o f b roken r e l iefs a nd f ragmen tary s tatues o f t he t u te lar d e it ies h ave b een d iscovered i n t he s quare f oun ta in o f t he f ormer t e mp le B ; t h is f act m igh t b e i n terpreted a s ap rofana t ion o f t he s acred f oun ta in a nd o f t he s acred monu men ts c onnected w ith t he c u l t o f t he h ea l ing d e it ies a nd i n t h is c ase

i t

c an b e a t tr ibu ted t o t he f irs t Chr ist ians f rom S arm izegetusa i n t he f our th c en tury A .D .

T he s trange l a mp i n t he s hape o f af i sh

a nd o f l a te f ash ion

a nd t echn ique f ound i n t he s anctuary s uppor ts t h is h ypo thes is.

4

Ih ope t ha t t hese p ages h ave f am i l iar ized t he r eader w ith t he h is tory a nd t he p r inc ipa l monu men ts o f U lp ia Tra iana S arm izegetusa i n o rder t o u nders tand more e as i ly t he c ircumstances o f t he o ccurrence o f t he l a mps s tud ied i n t h is w ork . Hadr ian Da icov ic iu

5

I NTRODUCT ION

T he e xcava t ions c arr ied o u t a t U lp ia T ra iana S arm izegetusa , t he c ap ita l o f Ro man Dac ia , i n r ecen t y ears ( 1973-1975 ) h ave y ie lded a r ich h arves t o f a rchaeo log ica l a nd e p igraph ica l ma ter ia l.

T he q uan t ity o f l a mps , b o th u n-

s ta mped s pec i mens o f v ar ious t ypes a nd t hose o f t he " F irma lampen" t ype d iscovered i n t h is e xcava t ion h as b een r emarkable.

G enera l ly s peak ing a l l

o f t he m , r egard less o f t ype , h ave t he s ame c onst itu t ive e lemen ts .1 A t f i rs t s igh t t wo h o mogeneous p ieces c an b e d is t ingu ished : a nd t he l ower p ar t o r t he c on ta iner .

t he u pper p ar t , o r c over

T hese w ere made s eparate ly b y p ress-

i ng t he c lay i n to mou lds a nd t he t op a nd t he b ot to m h a lves w ere t hen j o ined t o f or m t he l a mp . T he c over c ons ists o f t he s hou lder a nd t he d iscus. T he s hou lder ( margo ) i s s omet i mes d ecorated w ith g eome tr ica l d es igns s uch a s s ta lks o f v ine , s em i-ovo los , a nd r oset tes. On l a mps o f " F irma lampen" t ype t wo o r t hree k nobs e i ther s ing le o r d oub le w ere a pp l ied t o t he s hou lder ; i n it ia l ly t hey w ere p ierced a nd w ere a means whereby t he l a mp c ou ld b e h ung u p b u t l a ter t hey w ere o f n o f unc t iona l u se a nd c on t inued t o b e a pp l ied a s a n o rnamen ta l mo t if . Ah and le ( ansa ) i s a lso a t tached t o t he s hou lder ; i ti s o f r ing o r l a me l la te f orm o r i n t he s hape o f as ty l ized l ea f o r o f v ar ious o ther f orms. S o met i mes i ti s p ierced o r j o ined t o t he c on ta iner b y al ug o f v ar ied t ypes , p ierced o ru np ierced .

T he s hou lder i s a t d i f feren t a ng les a nd i s s epara ted f ro m

t he d iscus b y ar e l iefed c ordon o r t w is ted c ord o r s omet i mes b y a n i nc ised l ine. On t he " F ir ma la mpen" t ype t h is c ordon r an o n to t he n ozz le ( rostrum ), e nc irc led t he w ick-ho le a nd f ormed a c losed c hanne l t o t he d iscus o n t he e ar l ier l a mps a nd a n o pen c hanne l i n s pec i mens o f t he 2 nd-the 3 rd c entur ies. One o r t wo sma l l a ir-ho les o ccur o n t hese c hanne ls r egard less o f w hether t hey a re o pen o r c losed . S o met i mes t he c ordon i s a bsen t . Usua l ly , t he d iscus i s o f t he s a me f orm a s t he c on ta iner a nd o f ten d ecor ated w ith d iverse v egetab le mot ifs , b acchan o r n egro id masks , d e it ies , r epresen ta t ions o f a spec ts o f d a i ly l i fe , e ro t ic s cnes , a n i ma ls e tc. The d iscus c an b e f l at o r c oncave w ith o ne o r more f i l l ing-ho les. T he n ozzle w h ich , a ccord ing t o t he ma jor ity o f s cho lars , d eterm ines t he t ype o f l a mp h as many v ar ian ts a s r egards t he l eng th a nd t he s hape .

S ome

l a mps a re p rov ided w ith t wo , t hree , f i ve , s even o r v ery r are ly w i th n ine n ozz les. T he c on ta iner ( i n fund ib ilu m ) i s i n t he s hape o f a more o r l ess e ver ted t runcated c one o r o f r ectangu lar f orm a nd i s j o ined t o t he l ower p ar t o f t he n ozz le. T he f l a t b ase o f t he c on ta iner i s p la in o r i nc ised w ith r ose t tes , c onc en tr ic c irc les , f ir t rees o r p rov ided w ith f ee t. The l a mps o f " F irma lampen" t ype h ave a s l igh t ly h o l lowed b ase wh ich i s e nc irc led b y a more o r l ess b road c ordon o r b y o ne o r more i nc ised c oncen tr ic r ings.

S ta mps i n r e l ief o ccur

o n t he b ase i n t he s pace e nc losed b y t he c ordon o r r ings.

6

T he i nscr ipt ion i s

i n c ap ita l l et ters a nd u sua l ly i tr epresen ts t he owner 's n a me o f t he w orkshop. T he s ta mps a re o f g rea t i n terest t o t he s tudy o f t he c ircu la t ion o f l a mps a nd o n t he b as is o f t he s ta mps w e c an d ist ingu ish t he o r ig ina l p roducts f rom t he im ita t ive s pec i mens. T he l a mps w ere p a in ted o r c o lour-coa ted p r ior t o f ir ing. 2

T hese f rag i le

a nd s k i lfu l ly d ecora ted o b jec ts c an b e u sed t o s hed l i gh t o n a n t iqu ity d esp ite g enera l ly s urv iv ing i n af ragmen tary s ta te , a nd t hey a re o f a rchaeo log ica l a nd s c ien t if ic i n terest i n a dd it ion t o t he ir v a lue a s museu m-p ieces .3 T he ir c hrono log ica l t ypo logy b es ides o ther e le men ts a l lows u s t o d a te a rchaeo log ica l a ssemb lages a nd a t t he s a me t ime g ives s o me i n for ma t ion c oncern ing t rade a nd t he o r ien tat ion o f t rad ing t o ac er ta in c en tre o r p rov ince.

More t han

o ther c ategor ies o f p o t tery t he l a mps g ive i n forma t ion a bou t l oca l p roduc t ion , a nd t he e x is tence o f n a t ive a r t isans , n ot a t tested b y o ther s ources , a nd f or t h is r eason t hey c an a lso b e c ons idered a s e p igraph ica l s ources.

T he f re-

q uency o f o r ig ina l o r im i ta t ive p ieces c an b e au sefu l i nd ica t ion o f t he e cono m ic a ct iv ity o f ac i ty , a nd ow ing t o t he ir a rchaeo log ica l a nd e p igraph ica l i mpor tance , many a rchaeo log ists c ons ider t he m t o b e av a luab le t oo l f or r esearch. 4

Un-

f or tuna te ly , t here i s n o monograph p ub l ished i n Ro man ia d ea l ing w ith t he Ro man l a mps o f Dac ia ;5 p erhaps t he l ack o f s uch a monograph h as p reven ted s cho lars f ro m p ub l ish ing i n t he ir a rchaeo log ica l r epor ts more d e ta i led a nd e xac t i nforma t ion c oncern ing f inds o f l a mps. Because t he ma ter ia l i s u np ub l ished o r i s o n ly r ecorded i n s u m mary i n al i st o f f i nds t he p ub l ica t ion o f a monograph c oncern ing t he w ho le t err itory o f Dac ia i s d if f icu l t . T he l a mps d iscovered a t U lp ia T ra iana S arm izegetusa a re i n t he l oca l museu m 's c o l lect ion , o r i n t hose o f Deva a nd C lu j-Napoca. S o me p ieces h ave d isappeared a nd a re k nown o n ly f ro m p ub l ica t ions ;

o thers , s tored i n t he

Museu m o f S ar m izegetusa , h ave n o t b een p roper ly c onserved a nd a re i n a n a dvanced s tate o f d ecay . A l l t he l a mps d iscovered o n t he o ccas ion o f t he n ew e xcava t ions h ave b een p reserved a nd s o me o f t he m h ave b een r estored when t he r econstruc t ion o f t he o r ig ina l f orm w as p oss ib le .6 T he f ind-spo t a nd t he a sse mb lage i n wh ich t he s pec i men was d iscovered a re men t ioned f or af ew p ubl ished l a mps f ro m t he o ld e xcavat ions , b u t , f or t he ma jor ity o f t he l a mps , wh ich a re c asua l f i nds , w e d o n o t k now t he e xact p rovenance a nd t he a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t ;

t he i nven tar ies g ive a pprox i mate i n forma t ion i nd ica-

t ing a l arge a rea ( f or e xa mp le , Dea lu l D e l ine e i lor , De l i pr e tc.) wh ich i n f ac t h ave a reas o f d ozens o f h ec tares ). I n t he c ourse o f t he n ew e xcava t ion , a n a t te mp t h as b een made , f or t he mos t p ar t s uccessfu l ly , t o d eterm ine e xac t ly t he a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t i n wh ich t he l a mp was f ound . The mos t n umerous l a mps h ave b een d iscovered w ith in t he e nc losure a nd i n t he t e mp les d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia where t he l a mps p robab ly p layed a s pec ia l r o le.

S o me o f t he m w ere d iscovered t o h ave b een d epos ited i n g roups o f

3 -15 p ieces i n t he d i f feren t b u i ld ingleve ls o f t he t e mp le.

Al arge n u mber

o f f rag men ts , worn o r o f b ad ly made l a mps d a t ing f ro m t he f irs t h a l f o f t he 2 nd c entury A . D., w ere d iscovered i n a n a nc ien t p it i n t he s ame b u i ld ing . T he l arge n u mber o f t he r e jec t l a mps a l lows u s t o s uppose t ha t aw orkshop e x isted n ear t o o r b efore t he b u ild ing o f t he s anctuary , b u t t here i s n o a rchaeo log ica l e v idence o f t he e x is tence o f t h is w orkshop a nd n o mou lds h ave b een f ound .

F ewer p ieces h ave b een d iscovered o u ts ide t he t e mp le d ed ica ted

t o L iber Pa ter i n t he e xcava t ion c arr ied o u t a t t he modern c u l tura l c lub a nd 7

a t t he b akery i n t he s a me l oca l ity , a nd i n t he mauso leu m r ecovered i n t he w estern c e metery o f t he c i ty . Ih ave b ased t he c lass if icat ion o f l a mps o n t he t ypo logy o f S . L oeschcke a nd e spec ia l ly o n t ha t o f D . I väny i wh ich i s t he most s u itab le f or t he l a mps f ound a t U lp ia Tra iana S ar m izegetusa. o ther c lass if icat ions.

F or s o me p ieces Ih ave a lso u sed

The p resen t work c ons is ts o f t hree c hap ters. T he f irs t l ists t he makers n a mes k nown a t S ar m izegetusa. The s econd c o mpr ises t he t ypes k nown a t S arm izegetusa a nd t he t h ird c ons ists o f ac a ta logue o f a l l t he p ieces , b oth o f p ot tery a nd b ronze, i n tac t o r wh ich c an b e r estored , a s we l l a s f ragmen ts f ound i n t he c ourse o f t he e xcava t ions o r p ub l ished i n t he a rchaeo log ica l l i tera ture. Iwou ld l ike t o t hank t he f o l low ing p ersons f or h e lp ing me i n t he wr it ing o f t h is b ook :

H . Da icov ic iu , t he D irector o f t he e xcavat ions a t U lp ia T ra iana

S ar m izegetusa , C . I . 1 35 . -o f t he D istr ict Museu m , A lba J u l ia , I . Andr e iu a nd A . Rusu o f t he D is tr ict Museum , D eva , C . P op o f t he H is tor ica l Museu m o f Transy lvan ia , C lu j-Napoca , M. M irel o f t he H istor ica l Museu m o f Transy lvan ia C lu j-Napoca , I . Korod i , o f t he L abora tory f or r es tora t ion a t t he H istor ica l Museu m o f Transy lvan ia , C lu j-Napoca , Ma the K iss L orand , Ma in Res torer o f t he I nst itu te o f H is tory a nd Archaeo logy , C lu j-Napoca , t efan F erencz i, Res torer a t t he s ame I nst itu te , I os if Horvä th a nd Imecs Mär ton , p hotographers a t t he H istor ica l Museu m o f T ransy lvan ia , C lu j-Napoca , S usana Ba lasko , Ar t is t a t t he s a me Museu m , a nd C . Smarandache , Ar t ist a t t he I nst itute o f H istory a nd Archaeo logy , C lu j-Napoca.

8

CHAPTER I

STA MPS D ISCOVERED AT S AR M IZEGETUSA

B e fore 1 973 2 0 s ta mped l a mps w ith 9 d if feren t s ta mps w ere k nown t o h ave b een f ound a t U lp ia Tra iana S ar m ize etusa , a ccord ing t o t he r eferences i n t he c ata logue o f N . G os tar :7

AC ( 1 ), CRESCS/S ( 1 ), FORT IS ( 7 ), V I AN/VAR I

( 1 ), I ANVAR I ( VA i n l igature w ith R I ) ( 1 ) , LVCIVS/F ( 1 ), LVPAT I ( 2 ), PROB I ( 1 ), S TROB IL I ( 3 ), OCTAV I ( 1 ).

A t p resen t o n ly 7 o f t hese l a mps men t ioned

i n t he a rchaeo log ica l l i tera ture o r s een b y s cho lars i n p r iva te c o l lec t ions s urv ive :

AC ( 1 ), FORT IS ( 3 ) , OCTAV I ( 1 ), S TROB IL I ( 2 ).

Ano ther 9 s pec i mens w ith 5 d if feren t s ta mps h ave b een i den t if ied among t he p ieces s tored i n t he Museu m :

FLAV I ( 1 ), FORT IS ( 3 ), I EG ID I ( 1 ),

L ITOGENE ( 1 ), LVPAT I ( 1 ), N I MF I ( 1 ), Un t i l t he b eg inn ing o f t he n ew e xcava t ions , t herefore , 2 9 l a mps s ta mped w ith 1 4 n a mes e x isted o r w ere r ecorded f ro m U lp ia Tra iana S ar m izegetusa. The n ew e xcavat ions h ave p roduced 7 1 more s ta mped l a mps w ith 1 4 i n it ia ls o r n ames :

A ( 1 ), APR IO/F ( 3 ) , AT I MET I ( 2 ), CA MP IL I ( 1 ), CASS I ( 2 +2 ? ),

CRESCE/S ( 1 ) , CR ISP IN/F ( 2 ), DEC ( im ita t ion ) ( 1 ), D IOCL (es )/F ( 1 ) , FEST I ( 1 ), FORT IS ( 40 ), I ANVAR IVS/F a nd v ar ian ts ( 8 ), LVPAT I ( 1 ) , OCTAV I ( 2 ), STROB IL I ( 1 ), ERD I/OF ( 1 ), F 1 1 1 ?( 1 ). I n s u m mary , 1 00 l a mps o r f ragmen ts w ith 2 4 i n it ia ls o r n a mes a re k nown f ro m S ar m izegetusa.

I t i s d i f f icu l t t o d eterm ine t he l oca t ion where t hese

l a mps w ere manu factured , a nd i n t heory , f our ma in c a tegor ies c an b e d ist ingu ished : 1 )

Or ig ina l p roducts made i n I ta l ian o r Greek o f f ic inae.

2 )

Im itat ions o f I ta l ian p roduc ts a nd o f p roducts f ro m o ther p rov inces.

3 )

Im ita t ions a nd o r ig ina l p roduc ts manu factured i n d if feren t c i t ies o f Dac ia.

4 )

Im ita t ions a nd o r ig ina l p roduc ts made i n U lp ia Tra iana S ar m izegetusa.

T he a t tr ibu t ion o f t he l a mps t o o ne o f t hese c a tegor ies i s d if f icu l t f or many r easons , f or w e l ack a t echn ica l method wh ich w ou ld e nab le u s t o i nd iv idua li ze t he i t e ms a nd d e ter m ine t he f abr ic ( t he c he m ica l c o mpos it ion , t he s pec tra l a na lys is ), a nd t here i s n o d eta i led a nd e xac t d escr ip t ion i n t he a rchaeo log ica l l i tera ture ;

i ndeed , i n many c ases imag ina t ion h as p layed a n impor tan t p ar t

i n t he s ta te men ts made a bou t t he m.

The e x is tence o f many u npub l ished l a mps

s tored i n Museu ms p reven ts u s f ro m a pprec ia t ing t he r ea l s ta t ist ica l s i tua t ion e x is t ing i n Dac ia a s w e l l a s i n o ther p rov inces ;

wh ile t he i naccess ib i l ity o f

s o me p ub l ica t ions must b e a dded t o t hese d if f icu l t ies. 9

A lthough w e mus t b ear i n m ind t he p oss ib i l ity o f e rror , w e w i l l h owever make a n a t te mp t t o d is tr ibu te t he p ieces i n to t he a bove c a tegor ies , o n t he b as is o f t he f abr ic , m ix ture , f in ish , f ir ing , c o lour-coa t ing a nd d ecora t ion . T he l a mps o f t he f irst c a tegory a re i n af i ne f abr ic wh ich i s v ery we l l t e mpered a nd f ired , b r ick-red i n c o lour a nd w ith a c o lour-coa t a pprox i ma t ing t o t he c o lour o f t he p aste.

The c on ta iner i s r ound a nd d eep a nd w i th a we l l-

d ef ined a nd l ong n ozz le. The d iscus i s p la in o r d ecora ted a nd u sua l ly i s p rov ided w ith a n a ir-ho le. T he s l igh t ly s loped s hou lder i s d ecora ted w ith t hree k nobs s o met i mes b if id .

T he b ase i s s trong ly d ished a nd t he s tamp , i n r e l ief ,

c ons is ts o f f i ne a nd r egu lar c ap i ta l l e t ters.

G enera l ly t here a re n o f au l ts i n

t he p roduc t ion . Th is g roup c o mpr ises , w i th s o me e xcept ions , t he l a mps o f t he t ype I väny i XV , XV I, XV I I. T he ma jor ity o f t he l a mps c an b e d a ted t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he 2 nd c en tury A .D. ,w h ich i s u nders tandab le s ince l oca l p roduct ion a nd a c t ive t rade w ith n e ighbour ing p rov inces , wh ich b egan a f ter t he f ounda t ion a nd t he c o lon isa t ion o f t he p rov ince , c ons iderab ly l im ited t he impor t o f s uch d o mes t ic a r t ic les f ro m I t a ly a f ter t ha t d ate. F or t h is r eason t he ir n u mber i s sma l l , many o f t he m a re f ragmen tary a nd t hey a re g radua l ly r ep laced b y t he c heaper p rov inc ia l p roducts. T he s pec i mens o f c a tegor ies 2 , 3a nd 4 d i f fer s omewha t i n p ar t icu lar f eatures b u t t hey a re s im i lar t o o ne a nother i n e xecu t ion . There a re d if fere nces b etween t he m i n t he q ua l ity o f t he f abr ic , f i r ing a nd c o lour-coa t , a nd i n t he q ua l ity o f t he mou ld a nd o f t he f in ish . L a mps o f L itogenes , Apr io a nd Pre i mos f ro m A thens b e long t o t he f irs t c a tegory . T ak ing i n to a ccoun t t he p er fec t ion o f e xecu t ion , af ew l a mps w ith t he s ta mp FORT IS 1 62 , 1 65 , 1 87 , 1 89, 1 90 , 1 97, c an b e c ons idered a s p roba b le I ta l ian p roducts. T he l a mps n o. 1 65 s igned FORT IS/N , r are ly e ncoun tered i n t he Emp ire ,8 c ause a p rob le m , f or a l though t he f abr ic i s c oarse , w ith s pecks a nd o rgan ic p ar t ic les , t he f i n ish a nd mou ld ing a re o f g ood q ua l ity . Even t he d ecora t ion o n t he d iscus o f an egro id mask i s v ery s im i lar t o o ne o f t he o rna men ta l masks o n t he l a mp w ith t he s ta mp L ITOGENE . A t h ird l a mp , u n fortunate ly w ithou t i t s b ase , a nd d iscovered a t Varäzd inske T op l ice

9

p resen ts t he s a me v ery c lose s im i lar ity , a nd w e c ons ider i ta lso a s a n I ta l ian p roduc t w ith o ne r eserva t ion c oncern ing t he q ua l ity o f t he f abr ic.

T he

t wo a l most i den t ica l p ieces s igned S TROB IL I c an a lso b e o f I ta l ian o r ig in . T he p ieces s igned FLA W a nd DEC( im i ), a s o r ig ina l p roduc ts c an b e i nc luded i n t he s econd g roup.

F or t he p iece w ith t he mark FLA W, s ee p . 1 5.

T ak ing i n to a ccoun t t he q ua l ity o f t he f abr ic wh ich i s i nadequa te ly f i red , t he f ragmen t s igned DEC( im i ) f ro m S arm izegetusa c anno t b e c ons idered a s a n I ta l ian p roduct . I n s p ite o f t he f ac t t ha t D ec i mus i s a lso k nown i n o ther p rov inces ,1 0 w e a re n ot c er ta in t ha t h is w orkshop was i n I t a ly . T he ir r ar i ty a nd s ty le s ugges t t ha t t hey a re o f p rov inc ia l o r ig in a nd i ti s p oss ib le t hat t hey w ere manu factured i n P annon ia. 1 T he s im ilar s ize o f s o me mou lds w ith t he mark FORT IS

1 2

f rom P annon ia

w ith s o me o f o ur s pec i mens a l lows u s t o p u t f orward t he h ypo thes is t ha t t hese l a mps w ere manu factured i n t ha t p rov ince ; w e r efer p ar t icu lar ly t o t he p ieces n os. 1 91, 1 92 , 1 93, 2 03, 2 05.

Broad ly s peak ing t hey a re w e l l- made ,

a pprox i ma t ing t o t he f orm o f t he I t a l ian p roducts ;

1 0

t hey a re o f y e l low-br ick

p aste , f ired h ard , w ith f ew i mper fec t ions a t t he c on tac tl ine b etween t he t op a nd t he c on ta iner .

Mou lds f or APR IO , LVC IVS/F , OCTAV I, CRESCE/S a nd

LEG ID I a lso o ccur i n P annon ia 1 3 a nd t hey d e mons tra te t hat c op ies w ith t hese marks w ere manu factured i n P annon ia. T here a re f ew s pec i mens w ith t hese marks i n Dac ia a nd w e c an h ard ly p resu me t ha t aw orkshop f or manu factur ing l a mps w ith s uch marks e x is ted t here.

T hey o ccur e spec ia l ly i n i n tra-

Carpath ian Dac ia a nd o n ly a sma l l n u mber o f s uch s pec i mens h as b een d isc overed i n S outhern Dac ia ( I EG ID I : o ne p iece a t D IERNA ) .1 4 T he c arefu l e xecut ion o f t hese l a mps s ugges ts t ha t t hey w ere made n ot o n ly f or l oca l c onsu mp t ion b u t a lso t o c o mpete w ith o ther i nd igenous o r e ven impor ted p roduc ts.

There i s s o me e v idence t o s uggest t he e x istence o f a n

a c t ive c o m merce b e tween t he c ap ita l o f Ro man Dac ia a nd P annon ia , a nd t he c ircu la t ion o f l a mps i n Dac ia I n fer ior a nd Moes ia r epresen ts a s im i lar s i tua t ion. 1 5 T he p ieces w ith t he marks

LVPAT I ( no. 2 13 ), OCTAV I ( no. 2 17 ) a nd

FORT IS ( no. 1 86 ) d iscovered a t t he s a me s pot a nd i den t ica l ly f i n ished , p roba b ly w ith a k n ife, a re a lso p rov inc ia l p roduc ts wh ich c an h ard ly h ave b een made i n Dac ia.

I ti s much more d i f f icu lt t o d eterm ine t he p rov ince o f o r ig in

o f t hese p ieces. I ti s t o b e n oted t ha t a l l t he s even p ieces f ro m t h is d epos it 16 a re f in ished w ith t he k n ife a nd , e xcept ing p iece n o. 1 86, t he ir b ase i s s l igh t ly c oncave a nd e nc losed w ith a f oo t-r ing . T h is t ype o f b ase i s t yp ica l a lso o f l a mps LVC IVS/F ( no. 2 12 ) a nd LVPAT I ( no. 2 15 ).

T hese f i ve s tamped l a mps

a nd t he t hree u ns ta mped s pec i mens ( nos. 2 22, 2 24 , 2 17 ) c on trast s harp ly w ith t he o ther p ieces wh ich w e h ave s een i n Dac ia , a nd w e c ons ider t he m f or t he mo men t a s p rov inc ia l i mpor ts. T he l a mps s igned PROB I, AT I MET I , CA MP IL I, wh ich o ccur r are ly i n Dac ia a re p robab ly a lso p rov inc ia l i mpor ts. The t h ird c ategory c o mpr ises f ewer s pec i mens a nd a t t he p resen t s tage o f r esearch , u s ing o n ly t he ir d escr ip t ion , i ti s d if f icu lt t o d ist ingu ish t he l a mps p roduced i n o ther l oca l it ies o f Dac ia f ro m t hose manu fac tured i n U lp ia T ra iana. I ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he l a mps s ta mped w ith FORT IS w ere p roduced i n o ne o f t he Dac ian c i t ies , b u t t hey c ou ld e qua l ly w el l b e made i n S arm izegetusa. Ih ave i nc luded i n t he f our th c a tegory t he p ieces whose s tamps a re n o t e nc oun tered i n o ther p rov inces , w ith t he e xcep t ion o fI ANVAR IVS wh ich o ccurs a lso i n o ther r eg ions , a lthough i th as b een d iscovered i n s even v ar ian ts o n ly a t S arm izegetusa.

T he f i rs t v ar ian t i s r epresented b y VI AN/VAR I , p robab ly

U lp ius I anuar ius , w h ich h as n ot b een a t tes ted b efore n ow ; t he s econd v ar ian t i s t he l a mp w ith t he mark I ANVAR I ( R I i n l igature ), p iece n o. 2 8 , r ectangu lar i n f orm. T he f ind ing o f n umerous p ieces o f t he s a me f orm a nd s im i lar d ecorat i on t o t h is s pec i men a nd i n t he s a me a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t makes i tc lear t ha t i t was manufactured i n S arm izege tusa.

T he ir l arge n u mber , wh ich

r eaches a t ota l o f h undreds o f p ieces , d e mons tra tes p roduct ion o n l arge s ca le a nd o f l ong d ura t ion .

T he i nc ised mark I A

wh ich i s p robab ly

t he s ame I anuar ius o ccurs o n af ragmen t o f s uch a l a mp . I ANVAR IV/S/F ( w ith VA a nd R I i n l iga ture , a nd S i nscr ibed a bove t he mark ) a ppears o n t he t h ird p iece a nd I ANVAR IVS/F ( w ith ANVA a nd R I i n l igature ) i s e ncoun tered o n o ther s pec i mens.

T he a t tes ted e x istence o f ap roducer o f t i les h av ing t he

s a me n a me a t U lp ia T ra iana 1 8 p roduct ion o f t hese l a mps.

s treng thens t he h ypo thes is o f t he l oca l

C lear ly , t he e x istence o f s uch a w orkshop i n

1 1

S arm izegetusa c anno t e xc lude t he p oss ib i l i ty t ha t a no ther w orkshop p oss ib ly f unct ioned i n Moes ia ,1 9 b u t u n for tuna te ly w e d o n o t p ossess a ny s ta mps f ro m Moes ia f or c o mpar ison . D IOCL..../F , N I MF I , ..ERD I/OF a re s ta mps w ithou t a na log ies i n t he Emp ire ; t hey c annot b e c op ies o f I ta l ian p roduc ts , b u t p rov inc ia l i t e ms , b u t t he f ac t t ha t t hey a re n ot r ecorded e lsewhere may b e d ue t o o ur p a tchy i nf orma t ion.

Are t hey a r t isans f ro m U lp ia T ra iana?

Un t i l t he o ccurrence o f

n ew f inds w e s ha l l c ons ider t he m a s n a t ives , w ith s o me r eserva t ions c oncerni ng D IOCL ..../F a nd ...ERD I/OF. CR ISP IN/F a lso a s an a t ive.

We c ons ider Cr isp inus who s igned

T h is v ar ian t o f s ta mp o ccurs o n ly a t U lp ia

Tra iana , a nd t he l a mp i s d a ted a l mos t ac entury l ater t han t he t ype Dresse l 2 8 f ro m Prag-u e , 2°o n t he b as is o f t he t ypo logy a nd o f t he a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t i n w h ich i t was f ound .

I n a ny c ase i ti s t oo r ough t o b e a n I t a l ian

p roduct . G enera l ly s peak ing , t he c ircu la t ion o f t he l oca l p roducts w as n o t w idespread e ven w ith in t he p rov ince ; t hey o ccur a s i so la ted f inds i n t he c en tres i n wh ich t hey w ere manu factured . We c anno t e xc lude t he p oss ib i l ity t ha t t hey i nd ica te t he owner 's n a me o f as ing le w orkshop i n t he c i ty , manu fac tur ing c op ies o f l amps w ith w e l l-known s ta mps a nd s o me t i mes a nd o n ly r are ly p ieces s igned w ith t he owner 's n a me wh ich w ere n o t d est ined f or l arge-sca le t rade. F ur ther d iscover ies o f l a mp w orkshops i n U lp ia T ra iana S arm izege tusa w il l l e t u s d e ter m ine w ith c erta in ty s o me o f t he l oca l p roducers. A Before n ow , l a mps w ith t h is s ta mp w ere n o t k nown i n Dac ia.

T he l e t ter

A .a lso o ccurs o n t he b ase o f af rag men t o f l a mp d iscovered a t P oetov io ;2 1 t he t ype i s n o t c er ta in .

T he s a me l e t ter i s e ncoun tered o n al a mp f ound a t

V indon issa 2 2 ( t ype L oeschcke I )a nd o n as pec i men f ro m Car thage 2 3 Deneauve I V A ).

( t ype

T ypo log ica l ly , t he l a mp f ro m U lp ia Tra iana S arm izegetusa i s d a ted t o t he e nd o f t he 1 s t c entury 2 4 a nd t hose f ro m V indon issa a nd Car thage b e long t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he s a me c entury .

I tw as d iscovered i n t he c o mp lex o f

t he t e mp les d ed ica ted t o A escu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , i n ap i t d at ing f ro m t he 2 nd c en tury . AC Accord ing t o G . Tgg lgs , who h as s een t he s pec i men i n t he Museu m o f Deva ,25 t he l a mp w ith t h is s ta mp c o mes f rom U lp ia T ra iana. t he p iece i s l ost .

A t p resen t

N . G os tar p resu mes t he e x is tence o f a n o f f ic ina a t

S arm izegetusa ,assu m ing t ha t ' Fe läs r ead t he i nscr ip t ion c orrec t ly , w hose owner s igned w ith t hese i n it ia ls. 2 6

We d o n o t k now t he t ype o f t h is l a mp .

APR IO/F I fw e t ake i n to c ons idera t ion t he s ta t is t ics b ased u pon t he l a mp-f inds u n t il 1 961, 27 t hen w e migh t d raw t he c onc lus ion t ha t l a mps s igned w ith

1 2

APR IO/F c ircu la ted i n sma l l n u mbers i n Dac ia , c o mpared w ith t he o ther p rov inces o f t he Emp ire ,

2 8

t he l arges t n u mber b e ing d iscovered i n I ta ly ,

where a n e ar l ier t ype - L oeschke I X= Ivä .ny i XV - i s e ncoun tered. 2 9 T hree f rag men tary p ieces w ith t h is s tamp h ave b een d iscovered a t U lp ia T ra iana. T hey w ere f ound i n t he s econd b u i ld ingleve l o f t he s acred c o mp lex d ed icated t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia wh ich i s d ated i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he 2 nd c en tury , c orrespond ing w ith t he p er iod o f c ircu la t ion o f t h is t ype o f l a mp i n t he p rov inces. 30 AT I MET I L a mps s igned w ith t he n a me A t i metus a re k nown i n Dac ia a t Apu lu m ,3 1 Romu la , 32 M ic ia ,3 3 P o ta issa , 34 Napoca , 35 S ebe§ , Ro män 4, 36 a nd 3 7 Arc idava. T hey o ccur f requen t ly i n t he European p rov inces o f t he Emp ire 3 8 a nd t he mos t i n tens ive c ircu la t ion o f t hese l a mps i s a t tested i n Nor thern I ta ly , where t he w orkshop o f A t i metus w as p robab ly s i tua ted .3 9 L a mps w ith t he s ta mp AT I MET I c ircu la ted i n t he I s t c entury a nd t he f i rst y ears o f t he n ex t c en tury . 40 T he t wo p ieces d iscovered i n t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , i n t he f i rst b u ild ing l eve l , a re d a ted t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he 2 nd c en tury . One o f t he m , wh ich i s r estored , i s o f I väny i t ype XV c orrespond ing t o t ype V I I I f ro m S arm izegetusa. CA MP IL I L a mps s igned w ith CA MP IL I, wh ich a re w e l l k nown i n t he Em .p ire , b een d iscovered i n Dac ia o n ly a t Apu lu m , S arm izegetusa.

4 2

Ro mula ,43 G her la

4 4

h ave

4 1

a nd

T hese l a mps w ere o f Nor thIta l ian 45 p rovenance a nd c ircu la-

t ed e spec ia l ly i n t he 2 nd c en tury . 46

T he s pec i men f rom S arm izegetusa , o f

t ype I väny i XV I I , was f ound i n t he t r ia l c ut t ing M2 made i n 1 973.

T here i s

n o s upp le men tary e v idence f or d a t ing t hese l a mps. CASS I T he o f f ic ina o f C ass ius , l oca ted p robab ly i n N or thern I ta ly , 47

i s v ery

w e l l k nown i n t he Emp ire. 4 8 I ts p roducts o ccur f requen t ly e nough i n Dac ia 49 b u t t hey h ad n ot b een f ound a t U lp ia Tra iana u n t i l 1 973. T h is t ype o f l a mp c ircu la ted i n Dac ia i n t he f i rs t h a l f o f t he 2 nd c en tury .5 0 T he f our p ieces w ith t he s tamp more o r l ess c o mp lete f ro m S arm izegetusa h ave b een d iscovered i n t he e nc losure o f t he s acred c o mp lex d ed icated t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia d ur ing t he e xcavat ion o f t he e nc losure wa l l ;

i t was

n ot p oss ib le t o d eterm ine t he ir d a t ing a nd ow ing t o t he ir f rag mentary s ta te o f p reserva t ion , t he t ype. CRESCE/S L a mps w ith t h is s ta mp o ccur p ar t icu lar ly i n i n tra-Carpa th ian Dac ia. Crescens w as a n or thIta l ian p roducer

5 2

1 3

5 1

a nd h is l a mps s pread o ver a l l t he

w estern p rov inces o f t he Emp ire .5 3 H is o f f ic ina b egan p roduct ion i n t he f irs t c entury , b u t p roduc ts s igned w ith CRESCE/S c ircu lated i n tens ive ly i n t he 2 nd a nd 3 rd c en tur ies a nd e ven i n t he 4 th c en tury .5 4 Two p ieces s igned w ith t he n a me o f Crescens a re k nown a t S arm izegetusa , o ne o f t he m f ragmen tary . T here i s n o i n forma t ion a s t o t he c ircums tances o f f ind ing t he f irs t s pec i men , a nd f or t h is r eason i ti s v ery d i f f icu lt t o d a te. The s econd l a mp o f t ype I väny i XV I I was f ound i n t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , i n t he l as t l eve l d a ted t o t he m idd le o f t he 3 rd c en tury . CR ISP IN/F T h is t ype o f s ta mp was n ot k nown b efore i n t he Emp ire o r i n Dac ia.

A

p roducer o f t erra s ig i l la ta w ho s igned w ith t he n a me CR ISP IN 1 i s a t tested i n Gau 1. 5 5

T he s ta mp CR ISP IN ' o ccur a lso o n 1 l a mps o fI ta l ian p rovenance

wh ich a re men t ioned b y Dresse l ( CIL

XV

63 93 ).

T he ma jor ity o f t hese

l amps a re o f t ype Dresse l 2 8, c orrespond ing t o t ype L oeschcke V I I IIväny i V I I a nd a re d a ted i n t he m idd le o f t he I s t c en tury . Na t iona l Museu m a t Prague

5 6

T he s tamp o n as pec i men i n t he

b e longs t o t he s ame v ar ian t ;

i ti s o f a n u nusua l

t ype, b e ing i n t he s hape o f ap ine-cone a nd a s im i lar p iece b ut w i thou t b ase h as a lso b een f ound a t U lp ia Tra iana. T h is t ype o f s ta mp o ccurs o n t wo s pec imens f ro m S arm izegetusa , o ne o f t he m f rag men tary .

T he r es tored s ta mp i s o f t ype I vä .ny i XV I I a nd w as f ound

i n t he c o mp lex o f t e mp les d ed icated t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia i n t he s ame l eve l a s t he f ragmen tary s pec i men , a nd i s d a ted t o t he m idd le o f t he 2 nd c entury . DECI M I Two p ieces s igned w ith t h is n a me h ave b een d iscovered i n Dac ia a t Apu lu m 5 7 a nd P ota issa .58 T h is t ype i s p ar t icu lar ly k nown i n Pannon ia , a nd f or t h is r eason D . I väny i c ons idered t ha t t he n ame b e longed t o al oca l p rodu cer , p robab ly f ro m P oetov io. 5 9

Ow ing t o t he f ac t t ha t s pec i mens w ith t h is

n a me h ave a lso b een d iscovered i n I t a ly , " G au l , 61 a nd Br ita in ,

6 2

I . I . Russu

c ons idered D ec i mus t o b e a n I ta l ian p roducer .6 3 T he p iece f ro m S arm izegetusa i s i n af ragmen tary s ta te o f p reserva t ion a nd was d iscovered i n at r ia l t rench a nd f or t h is r eason i tc annot b e d a ted w ith c er ta in ty .

T hey a re n o t o fI ta l ian f ash ion i n f abr ic a nd e xecut ion b ut a

p rov inc ia l p roduct . D IOC L . /F T here a re n o a na log ies w ith t h is mark i n Dac ia a nd i n t he Emp ire. T he q ua l ity o f t he f abr ic a nd t he manner o f f i r ing i nd icate a n i mpor ted p roduct , b u t t he l et ters a re i rregu lar i n s hape, w ith d i f ferences i n h e ight o f u p t o 2m m . Un for tunate ly o n ly f rag men ts o f b ase s urv ive a nd we c annot d e term ine t he t ype o f l a mp . I t was f ound o n t he o ccas ion o f t he e xcava t ion o f a n e x ter ior wa l l o f t he t e mp le d ed ica ted t o L iber P ater i n 1 974 ,

i n t he l eve l w ith a sh a nd d ebr is

b e long ing p robab ly t o t he p er iod i n wh ich t he t e mp le was d es troyed , t ha t i s t he s econd h a l f o f t he 2 nd c en tury . 6 4 1 4

FEST I T he Nor thIta l ian p roducer n a med F estus

6 5

i s b lown a s al a mp-producer 6 6

i n t he European p rov inces o f t he Emp ire , a nd h e i s ad if feren t p erson f ro m t hose w ith t he s a me n a me w ho p roduced t erra s ig i l lata wh ich was a lso w ide ly d i f fused .6 7 P oro l issu m ,

Th is t ype o f l a mp h as b een d iscovered i n Dac ia a t Apu lu m , 6 9

Ampe lu m ,

7 0

Cr iste t i,

a nd I l i pa

7 1

a re a t tested p ar t icu lar ly i n D ac ia S uper ior .

7 3

FEST I o ccur a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he 2 nd c en tury

7 2

6 8

a nd a s ar esu lt t hey

T he f irs t l a mps s igned w ith 7 4

a nd t hey c ircu la te i n t he

who le p er iod o f t he 2 nd c entury .7 5 T he l a mp f ro m S arm izegetusa , wh ich i s i n ag ood s ta te o f p reservat ion a nd b e longs t o t ype I väny i XV II , was f ound i n t he 2 nd b u i ld ingleve l o f t he s acred c omp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia. FLA W T he l a mps o f F lav ius a re k nown o n ly i n Dac ia , P annon ia a nd Moes ia , o n t he D anub ian l imes. Romu la

7 7

Un t il n ow , t hey h ave b een f ound i n Dac ia a t Drobeta ,

( two p ieces ), C ioro iu N ou ,

7 8

R ismn icu V i lcea

7 9

7 6

a nd Corab ia. 8 0

Ano ther f i ve l a mps s igned w ith t he s a me n a me , b u t w ithou t p rovenance , a re s tored i n t he f ormer Na t iona l Museu m o f An t iqu it ies , Bucharest. 8 1 men t o f l a mp w ith t he s a me mark h as b een r ecen t ly f ound a t Bo ila. 8 2

Af ragI n

c onc lus ion , e xcep t ing t he p iece f ro m S arm izegetusa , s uch l a mps h ave b een f ound o n ly i n Dac ia I n fer ior . I n terc isa a nd Aqu incu m 8 3

T h is t ype o f l a mp i s k nown i n Pannon ia a t

a nd i n Moes ia , a t Bonon ia , Ra t iar ia , Ba ika l ,

O escus , N ovae , a nd Duros toru m.

7 8

T he p rob le m o f t he l oca l isa t ion o f

F lav ius ' o f f ic ina h as l ong b een d iscussed i n t he a rchaeo log ica l l i terature. V . C hr is tescu , b ased u pon t he s ta t ist ics , c ons idered t ha t i t was s i tua ted i n Dac ia I n fer ior. 85 D . T udor h as t he s a me o p in ion a s D . I väny i a nd d oes n ot i nc lude F lav ius i n t he l i st o f t he Pannon ian p roducers , i n c on tras t w ith N . G os tar w ho c ons iders t he l a mps s igned w ith FLA W a s b e ing o f P annon ian p rovenance • 87 M. i . &kova t r ies t o c onv ince u s i n h er mos t r ecen t s tudy t ha t F lav ius ' workshop was s i tua ted i n Moes ia. C er ta in ly a l l t he l a mps s tamped w ith t h is mark w ere made i n t he s a me w orkshop d ur ing a s hor t p er iod o f t ime , t ak ing i n to a ccoun t t he s im i lar ity o f d ecorat ion wh ich i s u n iform o n a l l t he s pec i mens. F lav ius ' w orkshop w as s i tua ted s o mewhere n ear t he Danube, b ut i ti s d i f f icu lt t o d e term ine e xact ly o n w h ich s ide o f t he r iver , f or t he p resen t s ta t ist ica l e v idence i s i nconc lus ive. T he l a mp f ound a tI n terc isa i s d a ted b y c o ins o f Caraca l la .8 8 T he s pec imen f ro m Drobeta w as f ound i n ag rave d a t ing t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he 3 rd c en tury . "

I th as n ot b een d iscovered i n t he t o mb o f L aod icea S yra ( f ro m

t he 2 nd c en tury ), a s h as b een a ssu med • 91

I n f ac t , t he t o mb o f t h is Or ien ta l

woman h as n ot b een r ecovered , b u t o n ly t he t o mbs tone e rec ted t o h er .9 2 Consequen t ly t he l a mp f ro m Drobeta f ound i n ag rave wh ich h as n o c onnec t ion w ith t he t o mbstone d a tes t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he 3 rd c en tury a s w e l l a s t he s pec imen f ro m I n terc isa. Ow ing t o t he f ac t t hat t he l a mp f ro m S arm izegetusa was d iscovered i n t he c ourse o f t he o ld e xcava t ions , w e h ave n o i n for mat ion c oncern ing t he

1 5

f indspot a nd t he a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t .

I n t he l igh t o f p resen t e v idence , t he

c ircu la t ion o f F lav ius ' l a mps c an b e v ery b road ly d a ted t o t he e nd o f t he 2 nd c en tury a nd e spec ia l ly t o t he f i rs t h a l f o f t he 3 rd c entury P3 FORT IS FORT IS i s t he mos t f requen t mark e ncoun tered i n U lp ia Tra iana , a s we l l a s i n Dac ia a nd i n t he who le Ro man Emp ire.

T he p roduct ion o f t hese l a mps

b egan i n V espas ian 's t ime a nd t he ir c ircu la t ion l asted u n t il t he e nd o ft he 3 rd c en tury .9 4 The f o l low ing t ypes ( accord ing t o t he t ypo logy o f D . I väny i ) a re k nown a t S arm izegetusa : XV a nd XV I, w h ich a re t yp ica l t o t he 1 s t c en tury 9 5 a nd XV I I, c ircu la t ing u n t i l t he 3 rd c en tury .9 6

T h is s tamp o ccurs

w ith t hree d if feren t o rna men ts a nd i n t wo v ar ian ts a t U lp ia T ra iana .

T he

most f requen t v ar ian t i s t he s tamp i n r e l ief w ith r egu lar l e t ters s tamped o n t he s l igh t ly c oncave b ase e nc losed b y t wo o r t hree i nc ised c oncen tr ic c irc les a nd w ithout a ny d ecora t ion . T he d ecora t ion o f t he s ta mp i s g enera l ly v ery s i mp le ; f or e xamp le, a sma l l p rotuberance o ccurs o n t he b ase o f t hree l a mps .

Two

o f t he m ( nos. 2 00 a nd 2 01 ) h ave b een f ound i n t he l as t l eve l o f t he c u l t-co mp lex d evo ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , a nd t he t h ird ( no. 2 02 ) i s ac asua l f ind. Another l a mp ( no. 1 86 ), d iscovered t oge ther w ith c o ins o f An ton inus P ius , h as a l ea f b elow t he s ta mp ,

9 7

a nd t he s pec i mens n os. 2 09 a nd 3 59 h ave t wo

sma l l c oncen tr ic c irc les i nc ised a bove a nd b e low t he i nscr ip t ion .

T h is d e-

c ora t ion i s a lso e ncoun tered i n P annon ia .9 8 T he s econd v ar ian t , FORT IS/N o ccurs o n t he b ase o f al a mp o f t ype I väny i XV , wh ich c an b e d a ted a s l a te a s h e b eg inn ing o f t he 2 nd c en tury. An i den t ica l s pec i men a s r egards f orm , ) rnamen t a nd s ta mp i s i n t he Br it ish Museu m a nd i s c ons idered a s a n I ta l ian mpor t. 99 I ANVAR IUS T here a re e igh t v ar ian ts ( es tab l ished b y N . G ostar )

1 00

o f t he l a mps

s igned w ith I ANVAR IVS i n Dac ia a nd t hey a re w idespread t hroughou t a l most t he who le t err itory o f t he p rov ince .1°1 T he o r ig ina l v ar ian t o f t he N or thI ta l ian p roducer

1 02

-I ANVAR I

1 03

-i s k nown i n o ther r eg ions o f t he

Emp ire. T here a re t he f o l low ing v ar ian ts a t U lp ia T ra iana :

n os. 4 a nd 6 ( Gostar ),

r espec t ive ly , I ANVAR I w ith VA a nd R I i n l i gature a nd V I AN/VAR I w i th VA a nd R I i n l iga ture.

8s ta mped l a mps o f v ar ian ts d if fer ing f ro m t hose e s tab-

l i shed b y N. G ostar h ave b een f ound o n t he o ccas ion o f t he n ew e xcava t ions c arr ied o u t a t U lp ia T ra iana. We c ons ider t he s ta mp s igned w ith I ANVAR I ( w ith R I i n l iga ture ) a s b e ing t he e ar l ies t v ar ian t p roduced a t U lp ia T ra iana ; i th as b een d iscovered i n t he f irs t b u ild ing l eve l o f t he t e mp les d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia a nd i s d a ted b y c o ins o f Tra jan a nd Hadr ian. I to ccurs o n t he b ase o f al oca l t ype ( t ype I väny i I X ) w ith f i ve w ick-ho les , o f r ec tangu lar f or m . T h is t ype i s c o mmon a t S ar m izegetusa.

Nu merous s pec i mens , i n tact , f ragmen tary o r

wh ich c an b e r estored , w ithou t s ta mps , b u t i n t he s a me f abr ic a nd w i th t he s a me o rna men t h ave b een d iscovered i n t he a bove l evel.

1 6

I ANVAR IVS/F w ith ANVA a nd R I i n l iga ture o ccurs o n af rag men t o f l a mp f ound i n t he s a me l evel a s t ha t o f t he a bove- men t ioned s pec i men .

I t s ee ms

t ha t t he f ragmen tary l a mp w ith t he f ragmen tary i nscr ip t ion R IVS ( R I i n l igat ure ) a nd p robab ly a nother s pec i men w ith t he f ragmen tary s ta mp I ANV a nd ANV i n l iga ture b e longed t o t he s a me v ar ian t. A b ase o f al a mp s igned w ith I ANVAR IV/S/F ( VA a nd R I i nl igature ) a nd t he l et ter S p laced a bove t he i nscr ipt ion , b etween t he l e t ters R a nd V was d iscovered i n t he d ebr is o f t he f irs t p hase o f o ne o f t he t e mp les d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , i n 1 975. Another v ar ian t o ccurs o n al a mp o f ap ar t icu lar f onn. T he s ta mp i s h ard ly v is ib le a nd o n ly I ANVA.I w ith AN a nd VA i n l igature c an b e d ist ingu ished . I t i s al oca l f orm , l ess s k i lfu l ly made. T he l as t v ar ian t o ccurs o n af rag men t o f l a mp o f r ec tangu lar f orm ;

o n ly

I A ( A w ithout t he c ross-bar ) s urv ive a nd t he l e t ters a re i nc ised . T he p iece was f ound i n t he s econd l eve l o f t he c o mp lex d ed icated t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia. I n c onsequence , a nother f i ve v ar ian ts d a t ing f ro m t he 2 nd c en tury c an b e a dded t o t he e igh t k nown v ar ian ts.

T here i s n o e v idence o f t he c ircu la t ion

o f t h is t ype o f l a mp i n S arm izegetusa d ur ing t he n ex t c en tury .

I ts p resence

i n S arm izegetusa c o inc ided w ith t he g enera l p er iod o f c ircu la t ion o f t hese l amps i n t he Emp ire. 1 04 I th as a lso b een d iscovered i n Dac ia , i n ag rave f rom Drobeta 1 05 d a t ing f ro m t he f irs t h a l f o f t he 3 rd c en tury . T he l arge n u mber o f p ieces d iscovered a t U lp ia T ra iana c on f irms t he t heory o f t he e x istence o f a n o f f ic ina i n t he c ap ita l o f Dac ia p u t f orward b y N . G ostar .1 06 I EG ID I T here a re f ew l a mps o fI eg id ius i n Dac ia

1 07

b ut t hey w ere w idespread

o ver t he w estern p rov inces o f t he Ro man Emp ire .1 08 T hey a re d a ted i n t he midd le o f t he 2 nd c en tury , w hen t he ir manufacture p robab ly b egan .1 09 T he f indspot o f t he p iece f ro m S ar m izgetusa i s u nknown a nd i ti s i n a n a dvanced s ta te o f d ecay b ecause o f improper s torage. L I TOGENE T he f inds o f L itogenes t l a mps a re v ery f ew i n Dac ia 1 10 a nd t he v ar ian t f ro m S arm izegetusa ( L ITOGENE w ith NE i n l igature ) i s n ot k nown i n t he r est o f t he p rov ince ; Emp ire

1 11

t h is v ar ian t i s k nown i n s o me o ther p rov inces o f t he

.T he e ar l iest s pec i mens d a ted f ro m t he b eg inn ing o f t he 1 s t

c en tury a nd c ircu la ted u n t i l t he f irst h a l f o f t he 2 nd c en tury .

12

T he p iece f ro m S ar m izegetusa was p robab ly d iscovered i n t he c ourse o f t he o ld e xcava t ions c arr ied o u t i n t he p a lace o f t he Augus ta les.

1 7

LVC IVS/F T he c ircu la t ion o f t hese l a mps i s l im ited i n Dac ia ; o n ly a t Apu lu m

13

a nd S arm izegetusa ,

14

t hey h ave b een f ound

b u t o ther v ar ian ts o ccur more

f requen t ly .1 1 5 T h is t ype o f l a mp i s d a ted i n t he Emp ire , where i ti s w el lk nown , t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he 2 nd c en tury . 16 T he s pec i men f ro m S armizegetusa was d iscovered t ogether w ith a c o in f ro m A .D. 1 64 i n t he r u ins o f t he f i rst p hase o f av i l la s uburbana. LVPAT I T here a re f ew l a mps w ith t h is s ta mp i n Dac ia a nd u n t il n ow t hey a re k nown o n ly a t S arm izegetusa a nd Cr iste§ t i .1 18 T hey a re d a ted i n t he Emp ire t o t he midd le o f t he 2 nd c en tury ,

1 19

a nd t h is d a t ing i s a lso s u itab le f or t he s pec i mens

f ound a t S arm izegetusa , o ne o f t he m ( no. 2 13 ) o ccurr ing w ith c o ins i ssued f ro m 1 04 t o 1 56 i n t he d epos it d iscovered n ear t he p a lace o f t he Augusta les .1 2 ° S o f ar

t he s ta mp h as n o t b een d ec iphered , b u t i t s c lean ing a l lows u s t o p ro-

p ose LVPAT I. N I MF I I t s ee ms t ha t t h is s ta mp i s e ncoun tered o n ly a t S arm izegetusa , f or we c ann o t f i nd a na log ies f or i ti n t he Emp ire i n t he a rchaeo log ica l l i terature. We d o n ot k now t he f ind-spo t o f t h is l a mp . I ti s o f t he t ype L oeschcke X = Iväny i XV I I , c ircu la t ing b oth i n t he 2 nd c en tury a nd i n t he n ex t c en tury . OCTAV I T he l a mps s igned w ith OCTAV I a re w e l l-known b o th i n t he Emp ire

1 21

a nd Dac ia. 1 22 T he e ar l ies t s pec i mens d ated f ro m t he s econd h a lf o f t he I s t c en tury ,1 23 b u t i ts ee ms t ha t i tc ircu la ted e spec ia l ly i n t he f i rst h a lf o f t he n ex t c en tury .

1 24

A s pec i men ( no. 2 17 ) f rom S arm izegetusa h as b een

f ound w ith c o ins d a t ing f ro m 1 04 t o 1 56 ,1 25 a nd t wo o thers , ( nos. 2 18 a nd 3 77 ), r ough ly made , h ave b een d iscovered i n t he f irs t l eve l ( debr is l evel ) o f t he c u l t-co mp lex d ed ica ted t o t he d e it ies o f med ic ine. PROB I T he l a mps o f Probus a re s carce i n t he p rov inces o f t he Emp ire. 1 26 h ave b een f ound i n Dac ia , a t Apu lu m o ccurs a t S to ln icen i. 1 29

1 27

a nd Ro mu la. 1 28

They

T he v ar ian t PROB I

We d o n ot k now o f l a mps w ith t h is s ta mp wh ich a re

d ated w ith c er ta in ty , b u t N . G ostar d ates t h is t ype t o t he 2 nd c en tury .1 3 ° S o f ar t he l a mp w ith t he i nscr ip t ion IP:1 1 ,JOY

f ound a t S ar m izegetusa

a nd c om ing f ro m A thens ( t he w orkshop o f P re i mos ) i su n ique i n Dac ia.

The

l a mps o f P re i mos a re r are e nough i n t he p rov inces o f t he Emp ire .1 31 T he workshop o f Pre i mos w as moved f ro m C or in th t o A thens i n t he c ourse o f t he 3 rd c en tury a nd f unct ioned u n t i l t he b eg inn ing o f t he 4 th c entury .

T he mos t

f requen t o rna men ta l p a t tern i s r epresen ted b y t he v ine , wh ich o ccurs b oth o n t he s hou lder a nd d iscus a nd e ven o n t he h and le.

1 8

T he o f f ic ina p roduced

b eau t ifu l a nd e labora te l amps w h ich h ad a d ecora t ive r ole. 1 32 a nd t ha t o f Pr i mus f ro m I t a l 3 /1 33

a re n o t t he s a me ;

T h is workshop

t he s tamp o f Pr i mus

o ccurs e spec ia l ly o n t he d iscus , t he s hou lder a nd e ven o n t he h and le. 1 34 T he f ind-spot o f t he l a mp f ro m S arm izegetusa i s n o t k nown .

Accord ing t o

t he manner o f e xecu t ion t he l a mp c an b e d a ted t o t he f i rst h a lf o f t he 3 rd c en tury . S TROBIL I T he l a mp s igned w ith S TROB IL I o ccurs more f requen t ly i n Apu lu m , Cr is te t i a nd S arm izegetusa .1 36

S ing le p ieces o f t h is t ype h ave b een f ound

a t Apu lu m , P ota issa a nd Romu la ,1 36 a nd i n c onsequence t he ma jor ity o f t h is t ype o ccurs i n i n tra-Carpa th ian Dac ia. T he a rchaeo log ica l l i terature ment i ons t hree l a mps a t S arm izegetusa :1 37

o ne was i n ap r iva te c o l lec t ion , t he

s econd i s l ost a nd t he t h ird i s i n t he D is tr ic t Museu m o f Deva. A s pec i men w ith t h is s tamp was d iscovered i n t he c u l t-co mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia i n 1 973; i ti s a n e labora te s pec i men a nd was p roba b ly a n impor ted p roduct . I tw as f ound i n t he f irs t b u ild ing l evel o f t he s anctuar ies. The r ecen t ly d iscovered p iece ( no. 2 21), t he s pec i men e x is ti ng a t Deva ( no. 2 20 ) t he f i ndspot o f wh ich i s n o t k nown a nd t he l a mp f ound i n t he Mausoleu m o f t he Aure l ia f am i ly ,1 38 a t p resen t l ost , a re o f t he t ype I väny i XV I I wh ich i s e spec ial ly f requen t i n t he 2 nd c entury . T he l a mp f ound i n t he mauso leu m o f t he Aure l ia f am ily h as b een d a ted b y ac o in o f T ra jan ,

1 39

i n s p i te o f t he f ac t t ha t t he c o in was p laced i n t he g rave

a nd t he l a mp was s i tua ted a t ad is tance o f a bout 0 .80 m f ro m i t .

Cer ta in ly

t he t o mb a nd t he l a mp a re c on te mporaneous , s ince t he l a mp b e longed t o t he c on tex t o f o b jects p laced r ound t he s arcophagus.

1 40

However , t here i s e v i-

d ence t ha t t he g rave was a n ter ior t o t he mauso leu m a nd i n c onsequence t he l a mp c anno t b e d ated t o Tra jan 's t ime ow ing t o t he f ac t t hat t he mauso leu m w as b u il t i n t he m idd le o f t he 2 nd c entury .1 41 I ts ee ms t ha t t he l a mp s igned w ith S TROB IL I, o f t he t ype I väny i XV II c ircu lated i n Dac ia a lso i n t he f irst h a lf o f t he 2 nd c entury . T he l a mps o f S trob i l ius a re k nown i n a l mos t t he who le emp ire

1 42

a nd

t hose o f t he t ype I väny i XV c ircu la ted i n tens ive ly i n t he l as t p ar t o f t he i s t c en tury a nd i n t he f i rs t y ears o f t he n ex t c en tury .1 43

UNCERTA IN STA MPS

On ly a f rag men t o f b ase o f aw e l l-baked f abr ic s urv ives. Un fortunate ly , t he s ta mp h as n ot b een c orrec t ly p r in ted a nd f or t h is r eason t he r ead ing o f t he i nscr ipt ion i s d i f f icu l t .

T he s econd l ine r ead ing OF ( probab ly f or

o f f ic ina ) c an b e c lear ly o bserved .

S ta mps w i th i nd ica t ion o f o f f ic ina a re n o t

k nown i n Dac ia , b ut t hey o ccur f requen t ly i n A fr ica ; 1 44 t he q ua l ity o f t he p as te a nd t he r ough p r in t ing o f t he s ta mp d o n o t s uggest t ha t t he l a mp was a n i mpor ted p roduc t .

The f rag men tary i nscr ip t ion ..ERD I c an b e r ead

1 9

w ith much d i f f icu l ty a nd imag ina t ion o n t he f i rst l i ne o f t he s tamp . We d o n ot k now a ny s ta mp whose i nscr ip t ion 'e nds w i th t hese l et ters t o h ave b een f ound i n A fr ica o r i n o ther p rov inces o f t he Emp ire.

T he p iece w ith t he s tamp

..IER i s n ear ly s im i lar t o t he a bove- men t ioned s pec i men , b ut i ti s a lso i n af rag men tary s ta te ; Rusovce .1 45

t h is l a mp was r ecovered f ro m g rave 1 32 a t G eru la ta

T he p iece f ro m S ar m isegetusa was d iscovered i n at r ia l p it a nd f or t h is r eason i s c annot b e d a ted . F II I I T h is s ta mp w ith i t s s trange i nscr ip t ion i s e nc losed i n ar ough q uadr i la tera l. I s i ta n a t te mp t t o im ita te t he s ta mp w ith t he n a me FEST I ( ? ) ? ; t h is h ypot hes is s ee ms t o b e u n l ike ly . A s im i lar s tamp i s men t ioned b y I väny i ,1 46 b ut i ta ppears o n ac o mp lete ly d if feren t t ype o f l amp.

Typo log ica l ly , t he

s pec i men f ro m S arm izegetusa s ee ms t o b e at rans it iona l t ype b etween t he l a mps w ith d egenera te v o lutes a nd t he p ieces w ith e nc losed c hanne l a nd i n c onsequence i tc an b e d a ted t o t he e nd o f t he i s t c en tury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he n ex t c en tury . T h is l a mp was f ound n ear t he Nor thern wa l l e nc los ing t he t e mp les d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia.

2 0

CHAPTER I

TYPES OF LA MPS KNO WN I N S ARNIZEGETUSA

TYPE I ( P l. I I I ) T h is t ype o f l a mp h as a n e laborate f orm w ith a d is t inc t ive n ozzle e nd ing i n a n a ng le a nd d ecora ted w i th v o lutes. Ow ing t o t he d ecora t ion o f t he n ozzle, t h is t ype o f l a mp i s k nown b y t he n a me o f v o luted l a mp i n t he s pec ia l is t l i terat ure.

T he l a mp h as a r ound c on ta iner a nd t he c oncave d iscus i s d ecora ted

w ith my tho log ica l f i gures , r epresen tat ions o f a spects o f d a i ly l i fe , v egetab le mo t ifs , z oo morph ic r epresen ta t ions e tc. A ccord ing t o t he r ela t ion b etween t he n ozzle a nd t he c on ta iner L oeschcke e stab l ished t hree v ar ian ts , I A , I B, a nd I C wh ich a lso d ifer f ro m e ach o ther i n c hrono logy . Each v ar ian t c orresponds t o ac er ta in t ype o f s hou lder a nd b ase. 1 47 A s r egards t he t echn ique a nd t he e vo lu t ion o f t he d es ign , L oeschcke n otes ad ec l ine b etween t he t ypes I A, I B a nd I C : t he t ypes T B a nd I C h ave a r ough c o lour-coa t a nd t he c en tra l d ecora t ion b eco mes more l im ited , more f l a t o r i s c omp letely miss ing a s i n t he c ase o f s o me o f t ype I C .1 48 Accord ing t o L oeschcke , t he d if ferences a re d ue t o t he p ar t icu lar w orkshops. T he c lass if ica t ion e s tab l ished b y L oeschcke i s g enera l ly a ccep ted b u t t he d if ferences i n f orm a nd c hrono logy a re c ons idered t o h ave b een n eg l ig ib le. T he t ype I C, w h ich was t he mos t w idespread t ype o f l a mp i n I ta ly a nd i n t he p rov inces i s p resu med t o b e o f I ta l ian o r ig in , a nd d a tes f ro m t he e nd o f t he I s t c en tury .1 49 A s r egards t he d escr ip t ion , t he l a mps f ro m U lp ia T ra iana S arm izegetusa c orrespond t o t ype I C;

t he s pec i mens f ro m U lp ia d o n ot h ave t he f oot-r ing

wh ich i s t yp ica l o f t ypes I A a nd I B a nd t he s hou lder i s o f t he t ype L oeschcke I Va a nd b , wh ich i s t yp ica l o f t he t ype I C. We h ave men t ioned t hese d eta i ls b ecause t he a ng les e stab l ished b y L oeschcke t o d e term ine t he r ela t ion b etween t he c on ta iner a nd t he n ozzle c an g ive r ise t o e rrors i n t he c ase o f t he l a mps f rom S arm izegetusa ow ing t o t he ir r ough e xecu t ion .

Accord ing t o L oeschcke ,

t h is t ype i s d a ted a t S cardona b y c o ins o f 7 7/78, a nd c ircu la ted o n t he Raet ian l imes u n t il Do m it ian a nd i n Günzburg d ur ing F lav ian t imes. 1 40 I väny i d ates t h is t ype i n P annon ia l a ter , s ta t ing t ha t i t was i n u se d ur ing t he 2 nd c en tury . 1 51 T h is t ype h as b een f ound t oge ther w ith c o ins o f Agr ippa a nd Marcus Aurel ius a t P et tau a nd t he t wo t ypes I B a nd I C o ccur i n t he s a me c on tex t wh ich i s d a ted b y c o ins V espas ian-Hadr ian .1 52 I n c onsequence t he t wo t ypes c ircu lated a t t he s a me t ime a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he 2 nd c en tury . The t ype I C was s t il l i n u se i n t he midd le o f t he 2 nd c entury , b u t i tc ircu lated 2 1

most i n tens ive ly d ur ing t he l as t d ecades o f t he I st c entury a nd t he f i rst d ec ades o f t he n ex t c en tury .1 53 Bo th t he t ypes I B a nd I C, wh ich w ere v ery w idespread i n t he p rov inces o f t he Emp ire 1 54 o ccur r are ly i n Dac ia . 15 T h is s i tua t ion i s e xp l icab le b ear ing i n m ind t ha t o ther t ypes o f l a mp wh ich were l ess p reten t ious a nd more a ccess ib le a ppear when Dac ia b eca me a p rov ince o f t he Ro man Emp ire. However 1 5 i n tac t a nd f ragmen tary l a mps h ave b een d isc overed a t U lp ia Tra iana i n t he c ourse o f t he r ecen t e xcava t ions. T he e labora te f orm a nd t he f i n ish o f t wo s pec i mens among t hose r ecen t ly d iscovered p o in t t o a n I ta l ian w orkshop ( nos. 1 a nd 2 ). T he f i rs t h as t he s hou lder o f t ype I Vb a nd t he s econd ( f ragmen tary ) h as t he s hou lder o f t ype I Va ; t he d iscus d ecora ted w ith a n a corn .

b o th p ieces h ave

T he sma l l c oncen tr ic c irc les i nc ised

1 56

o n t he b ase o f t he f i rs t l a mp , a re f ound i n t he s hape o f ac ross o n al a mp o f t he s a me t ype f ound i n t he c e metery o f Emona. 1 57

L a mp n o. 3 , d ecorated

w ith a Bacchan mask w ith t hyrsus a nd f l u te , w ith a n u ncer ta in f ind-spo t i s d a ted a t P etrugn ja b y ac o in o f Augus t us

1 58

T h is d ecora t ion o ccurs f re-

q uen t ly , w ith t he f igure b oth t owards t he r igh t a nd t he l ef t. 1 59 T he l a mps n os. 1 1 a nd 1 2 a re c oarse ly made a nd t he d iscus b ear a d ecora t ion w h ich r ep resen ts a w e l l-known mo t if , ah ead o f Herak les o n a n a ltar t o t he l e f t a nd a c lub • 160 N os. 9 a nd 1 0 a re a lso c oarse ly made b u t t he d ecora t ion i s more v is ib le.

V egetab le d ecora t ion c ons ist ing o f f our p eta ls a rranged s ym metr ic-

a l ly a round t he c en tra l f i l l ing h o le a ppears o n t he l a mps o f as uper ior q ua l ity d iscovered a t Emona a nd i n P annon ia.

1 62

I ti s d if f icu l t a nd h azardous t o

d raw a na log ies f or t he l a mps n os. 4 , 5 , 6 , 7a nd 8 . We c annot d e ter m ine e xac t ly t he a n i ma l r epresen ted o n t hese l a mps , f or t he z oo morph ic d ecora t ion i s h ard ly v is ib le o n t he f irs t f our s pec i mens a nd n ear ly i nv is ib le o n t he l as t p iece , b u t w e c an o bserve t ha t a s r egards t he r epresen ta t ion t hey may b e g rouped i n p a irs a nd a l l t he s pec i mens h ave t he s hou lder o f t ype I Va. La mps n os. 4 -13 w ere f ound i n t he s a me c on tex t w ith in t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia o n t he o ccas ion o f t he e xcava t ion o f t he n ar thex o f t e mp le B . On t he b as is o f t he s tra t igraphy , t h is t e mp le i s d a ted f ro m t he b eg inn ing o f t he 2 nd c en tury t o t he Marco mann ic wars w hen i t was f i red a nd n o t r econs truc ted .

T he l amps w ere g rouped i n p a irs , w ith t he s a me d es igns ,

a nd l a id u nder t he f l oor , p robab ly w ith a r i tua l s ign if icance.

We c annot f ind

a nother e xp lana t ion f or t he g roup ing o f t wo p ieces w ith t he s ame d es ign .

Two

c o ins , o ne i l leg ib le , t he o ther o f T ra jan , w ere f ound o n t he s ame l eve l. Acc ord ing t o t he a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t t he l a mps c an b e d a ted t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he 2 nd c en tury a nd w ere p laced t here o n t he o ccas ion o f t he b u i ld ing o f t he t e mp le . 163 T he f act t ha t t hey d o n o t b ear t races o f u se a rgues i n f avour o f t he h ypothes is t ha t t hey w ere i n ten t iona l ly p laced t here.

T he c oarse e xecu t ion

o f t hese l a mps s ugges ts t ha t t hey w ere p erhaps r e jec ts f ro m a l oca l w orkshop wh ich h ad r ecen t ly b egun p roduc t ion. T he p iece n o. 1 5 , r ough ly made , w ith t he s hou lder o f t ype I Vb , a nd p roba b ly p roduced i n t he s ame w orkshop was f ound i n s ec t ion Z 1 t raced a cross t he N or thern w a l l o f t he c i tade l i n 1 975.

A s i lver c o in o f G a lba w as d iscovered

i n t he s a me l eve l i n t he i m med ia te v ic in ity o f t he l a mp . T h is i s t he e ar l ies t t ype s o f ar f ound a t S arm izegetusa a nd c ircu lated i n t he f irs t d ecades o f t he 2 nd c entury . I t c orresponds t o t he t ypes 10,Dresse l ; V I I I, Bran ts ; p p. 7 8-79 , Wa l ters ; I VB, Wa ldhauer ; I , L oeschcke ; I , I väny i ; I I, 2 a L era t ; p . 3 0 , Menze l ; IA, P ons ich ; I VA, D eneauve ; 1 33, V ik iC B e lanC iC ; I , p . 1 50 Dautova-Rusev l jan . 2 2

I A B ä lu g ; p .

TYPE I ( P l. 1 1.1) As r egards t he f orm , t h is l a mp a pprox i ma tes v ery much t o t he t ype I väny i XV , a nd a t f i rst s igh t i tc an b e c ons idered a s av ar ian t o f t h is.

Bu t

o ur l a mp h as t he w ick-ho le e nc losed b y a mou ld ing o n t he n ozzle wh ich r uns t o t he c on ta iner a nd f orms a v ery n arrow c hanne l e nd ing w ith t wo v o lu tes. Th is l a mp d if fers i n t h is d eta il f ro m t ype I väny i XV wh ich h as t he c hanne l d eep i n t he p aste o f t he n ozz le a nd t he z one o f t he w ick-ho le f l a t. I td i f fers a lso f ro m t he t ype I väny i XV I I , whose c ordon r uns o n to t he n ozz le , e nc irc les t he w ick-ho le b u t g ives way t o aw ide o pen c hanne l b e tween t he d iscus a nd t he w ick .

For a l l t hese r easons , i n s p ite o f t he f ac t t ha t a s r egards t he f orm

o f c onta iner a nd n ozz le i ti s s im ilar t o t he t ypes I väny i XV-XVI I, w e c ons ider i ta s ad ist inc t t ype , a n ter ior t o t he a bove t ypes b ecause o f t he e x is tence o f t he r ud i men tary v o lu tes. I ts ee ms t ha t t h is l a mp i s au n ique p iece i n Dac ia a nd w e h ave f ound n o a na log ies i n t he c a ta logues c onsu l ted b y u s. T he r ud i men tary s tamp F II I I e nc losed i n af ra me i n r e l ie f , t he c oarse p aste a nd t he r ough e xecu t ion s ugg est t ha t t h is l a mp w as a l oca l p roduct . T he s trat igraphy d oes n o t h e lp u s t o d a te t h is l a mp , f or i t was d iscovered o n t he o ccas ion o f t he e xcava t ion o f t he wa l l e nc los ing t he t e mp les d ed icated t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia.

Accord ing t o t he f orm t h is l a mp c an b e d ated

i n t he s econd h a l f o f t he 2 nd c en tury . TYPE I I ( P l. 1 1.2 ) T h is l a mp i s al oca l t ype w ith t hree w icks a nd c an b e c lass if ied b e tween t ypes I I a nd I V I väny i. I td oes n o t h ave t he r ud i mentary v o lu tes w h ich o ccur o n t ypes I väny i U I a nd L oeschcke I I a nd t he n ozz le i s s hor ter t han t ha t o f t ype I vä .ny i I V. T he p iece i s ar e jec t a f ter b ak ing . I tw as f ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia a nd c an b e d ated t o t he 2 nd c en tury . TYPE I V ( P l. I V ) A s ing le s pec i men o f t h is t ype o ccurs a t S arm izegetusa. I tw as f ound i n a Roman b u i ld ing ( probab ly a v i l la s uburbana ) i ns ide a r oo m e x ist ing i n b o th o ccupat ion p hases o f t he b u i ld ing .1 64 T ypo log ica l ly i tb e longs t o t he t ype I väny i I V , a nd o rd inary f orm a nd a l a te v ar ian t o f t ype 1 1 ,

1 65

1 66

c ons idered t o b e al oca l o ccurr ing f requen t ly u n t il

t he 3 rd c entury . T he s tra t igraphy o f t he f i nd-spot i s n ot e xact ly d eterm ined , b u t b y a na logy w ith t he s pec i mens f ro m P anonn ia , t h is t ype f rom S arm izegetusa c an b e d a ted t o t he e nd o f t he 2 nd c en tury . TYPE V ( P l. V ) T h is t ype c o mpr ises l a mps w ith r ound s l igh t ly c on ica l b ody , ac oncave d iscus d ef ined b y ag roove o r c ircu lar i nc is ion w ith a c en tra l f i l l ing h o le o f

2 3

l arge d ia meter a nd e nc losed b y af l a t tened r ibb ing . f ined b y af l a t tened r ibb ing .

T he b ase i s f l a t o r d e-

T he n ozzle i s s l ight ly p ro ject ing f ro m t he b ody .

A l l t he l a mps h ave t he s a me t ype o f sma l l l a me l la ted h and le.

Type V h as a

v ar ian t w ith t hree w icks , wh ich i s s im i lar i n e xecu t ion. The p ieces n os. 2 0 a nd 2 1 w ere f ound u nder t he Eastern wa l l o f t he s econd b u i ld ing p hase o f t e mp le A ( belong ing t o t he c omp lex d ed ica ted t o A escu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia ) o n t he o ccas ion o f r estora t ion w ork .

T hey were e i ther p laced

t here f or a r i tua l p urpose o n t he o ccas ion o f t he b u i ld ing o f t he t e mp le o r t he n ew wa l l was i nc iden ta l ly e rected o ver t hem , t he ir e x istence t here b e ing n o t k nown . We a re i nc l ined t o b e l ieve t ha t t he f i rs t p oss ib i l ity i s more p robab le , t ak ing i n to a ccoun t t ha t t he l ay ing o f l a mps a t t he b ase o f t he b u ild ing was n ot a n i so la ted i ns tance w ith in t he c o mp lex o f A escu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia f ro m S arm izegetusa. I ft he s econd p hase o f t e mp le A i s d a ted t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he 2 nd c entury , a f ter t he Marco mann ic w ars ,

1 67

t hen t he l amps s hou ld b e d a ted t o t he midd le

o f t he 2 nd c en tury . Ana log ies a pprox i ma t ing t o t h is t ype e x ist o n ly i n Dac ia , a t A nov , where as pec i men w ith f i ve w icks h as a lso b een d iscovered .1 68 S o f ar w e d o n o t k now o f s pec i mens o f s im i lar d a te f ro m w ith in t he Emp ire, a nd f or t h is r eason w e c ons ider t he m f or t he mo men t a s b e ing p roduc ts made b y n a t ive a r t isans. TYPE V I ( P l. V I-X [ I I ) T h is t ype i s v ery w idespread i n Dac ia a s w el l a s i n o ther p rov inces o f t he Emp ire. T he l a mps o f t ype V I h ave a q uadr i la tera l b ase, s tra igh t o r s l igh t ly s lop ing s ides , many w icks ( f ro m 2 t o 9a t S arm izegetusa ) wh ich a re s l igh t ly d if feren t ia ted f ro m t he b ody o f t he l a mp . 7w icks o ccur most f requent ly o n t he l a mps f ro m o ther r eg ions , b u t t h is v ar ian t i s m iss ing a t S arm izegetusa . The d iscus i s u sua l ly d iv ided i n to t wo p ar ts a nd i ti s d ecora ted o r p la in . A l l t he s pec i mens h ave h and les o f v ar ious f orms w ith o r w ithou t l ugs a pp l ied o n t he s hou lder .

A l l t he l a mps ( excep t ing n o. 3 7 ) f ro m S arm izegetusa , were

d iscovered i n t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia ; l a mp n o. 3 7 b e longs t o t he o ld c o l lect ion o f t he museum a nd i t s f ind-spo t i s u nknown . L a mps n os. 2 4 , 2 6 a nd 2 7 ( each s pec i men w ith n ine w icks ) were d iscovered t ogether a t t he b ase o f a n e x terna l wa l l o f t e mp le B d at ing f ro m t he f i rst h a l f o f t he 2 nd c entury . Al a mp ( f ragmen tary b ut r econstruc ted ) n ear ly i den t ica l w ith p iece n o. 2 4 h as b een f ound i n ar ubb ish p it s i tua ted i n t he e nc losure o f t he t e mp les a nd o n t he b as is o f t he ma ter ia l f ound w ith i t , i ti s d a ted t o t he 2 nd c en tury i n d ecora t ion . s im i lar .

The p ieces n os. 2 6 a nd 2 7 a re v ery

I n f ac t , t he d ecora t ion o n t he d iscus o f t hese p ieces a ppears o n

n u merous o ther f rag men ts o f l a mps o f t he s ame t ype , b u t w ith a sma l ler n u mber o f w icks .

I t mus t b e n o ted t ha t t hese p a t terns ( t orques a nd s hea f ( ? ) )

a re t yp ica l o f t h is t ype o f l a mp a nd d o n ot o ccur o n o ther t ypes , e i ther a t S arm izege t usa

o r i n o ther p rov inces

1 69

We c anno t y et k now i ft hey a re

s ymbo ls o r s i mp le d ecorat ion p referred b y t he a r t isans. T he t hree l arge l a mps f ound i n t he d epos it b ear t races o f t he ir i n tens ive u se ;

i n o ther w ords t hey w ere n ot made i n ten t iona l ly f or a r i tua l u se b ut

w ere b ur ied a t t he b ase o f t he wa l l o f t e mp le B , o n s o me o ccas ion a f ter t he t e mp le h ad b een b u il t. 2 4

L a mp n o. 2 9 w ith f ive w ick-ho les a nd w ith t he s a me d ecora t ion ( t orques a nd s heaf ) o n b oth z ones o f t he d iscus w as d iscovered w ith t en l a mps o f t ype I a nd a c o in o f Tra jan i n t he n ar thex o f t e mp le B . T h is l a mp a lso b ears t races o f u se. Another l a mp w i th f ive w icks b u t b ear ing t he maker 's n ame , I anuar ius ( t he i nscr ip t ion i s i n r e l ief : I ANVAR I w ith R I i n l i gature ) w as d iscovered t ogether w ith c o ins o f Tra jan a nd Hadr ian i n t he s a me l ayer i n t he v ic in ity o f t e mp le A .

T he d iscus i s n o t d iv ided i n to z ones , b u t t he d ecora t ion c ons ists

ma in ly o f t orques. A l l t he l a mps o f t h is t ype w ere f ound i n t he a rea o f t e mp les A a nd B a nd n u merous f rag men ts were r ecovered f ro m t he p i t s i tua ted n ear t hese t e mp les. We h ave s e lected 1 07 p ieces f ro m among t he n umerous f ragmen ts o f t ype V I, a nd w e a re c er ta in t ha t t he s e lec ted f ragmen ts b e long t o d if feren t p ieces. T he 1 6 i n tac t a nd r econs tructed p ieces wh ich e nab le u s t o d eterm ine t he t ype , i n a dd it ion t o t he l arge n u mber o f f ragmen ts , l ead u s t o t he c onc lus ion t hat t h is t ype o f l a mp was o ne o f t he mos t c o m mon t ypes a t S arm izegetusa o r more e xact ly i n t he e nc losure o f t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , d ur ing t he 2 nd c en tury .

T he f ac t t ha t t ype V I o ccurs more f requen t ly i n

S arm izegetusa t han i n o ther c en tres l eads u s t o s uppose t ha t i t was a l oca l p roduct made b yI anuar ius. A v ar ian t o f t ype V I f ound i n t he a rea o f s anctuary A , w ith a n a pprox i mate a na logy i n Ma inz, 1 70 i s s igned w ith t he s a me n a me I anuar ius ;

t he i nscr ip t ion i s n ear ly i l leg ib le a nd t he f o l low ing l e t ters s urv ive :

I ANVA... Iw ith AN a nd VA i n l iga ture.

T he i nc ised l et ters I A, t he r est o f t he

i nscr ipt ion b e ing m iss ing f rom t he b roken f ragmen t , o ccurs o n ab ase b e longi ng a lso t o al a mp o f r ectangu lar f orm ( no. 1 23 ).

By a na log ies w ith o ther

s pec i mens w e c an s uppose t ha t t he s igned n a me w as t he s a me I anuar ius. A l a mp o f t he s a me t ype s ta mped w ith t he n a me o f I anuar ius h as a lso b een d isc overed i n Dac ia , a t Cr is te9 t i .1 71 T he d ecora t ion o f t he d iscus i s g enera l ly l im ited t o r epresen ta t ions o f a s or t o f s hea f , t orques a nd s omet i mes s te ms a nd l eaves , wh i le t he b ase i s d ecora ted w ith a more e x tended r ange o f p a t terns , s uch a s f ir-trees , c oronae, r oset tes , o rna men ts made b y an a i l , i nc ised l i nes , c lub-shaped mot ifs e tc. Type V I i s l ess w idely d i f fused i n t he Emp ire a nd t he s pec i mens r ef lect t he s trong l oca l impac t o f t he r eg ions where t hey o ccur . Menzel c lass if ied t h is t ype i n t he c a tegory o f l a mps w ith p ecu l iar f orms ;1 72 I X I väny i a nd i s d ated a t I n terc isa b y c o ins o f V a lent in ian .

i tb e longs t o t ype 1 73

M. B ernhard t

d a tes t h is t ype t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he i s t c entury a nd c ons idered i ta s b e ing o f Egyp t ian p rovenance. 1 74

Av ar ian t o f t he t ype w ith w icks o n t he l atera l

s ides o f t he b ody i s ment ioned b y Wa lters ;

i ti s a lso o f Egyp t ian p rovenance. 1 75

We k now t hat a l a mp o f t he s ame t ype e x is ts i n t he Museu m o f T irnovo a nd a nother h as b een f ound a t L aur iacu m d ated b y a na logy w ith I väny i t o t he 3 rd c en tury .1 76 On t he b as is o f t he c o ins a nd s tra t igraphy , t he l a mps f ro m U lp ia T ra iana c an b e d a ted w ith c er ta in ty t o t he 2 nd c entury . T hey a re l oca l p roduc ts , manu factured i n g reat q uan t ity i n t he w orkshop o f I anuar ius .

2 5

TYPE V I I ( P l. X IV 2 (V ) L a mps o f t h is t ype d iscovered a t S arm izegetusa h ave a r ound s l igh t ly c on ica l b ody , a nd t he b ase i s f l a t o r d ef ined b y a n i nc ised c irc le o r af la t tened c ircu lar r ibb ing . T he d iscus i s r ound , s l igh t ly d ished , p la in o r d ecora ted w ith a n i ma ls , b irds , r oset tes e tc.

T he s hou lder i s p la in o r d ecora ted w i th

s em i-ovo los , i nc ised l ines , r oset tes , s tem w ith a corn e tc. A l l u sua l ly h ave l a me l la te h and le , w h ich i s s o me t i mes p ierced. The n ozzle , wh ich d eterm ines t he g roup ing o f t hese l a mps i s s em i-c ircu lar a t t he e nd a nd c hanges i t s f orm o n r each ing t he b ody .

I t s s hape i n r ela t ion t o t he b ody i s t he ma in e le men t

f or t he c lass if ica t ion .1 77 4o f t he 1 1 l a mps f ound a t S ar m izegetusa w ere r ecovered f ro m a we l ld ef ined a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t a nd t hey c an b e d a ted t o t he midd le o f t he 2 nd c en tury ( nos. 1 44 , 1 45 , 1 46 , 1 48 ). T he r es t o f t he l a mps a re c asua l f inds o r b e long t o t he o ld c o l lec t ion o f t he Museum o f Deva. One o f t hese l a mps h as t he l e t ter A ( i nver ted ) i nc ised o n t he b ase. T he s a me mark o ccurs o n al a mp o f t ype I V men t ioned b y L oeschcke .1 78 T he l a mp w as d iscovered i n ap it i n t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , d a t ing t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he 2 nd c en tury . L a mps n os. 1 45 a nd 1 46, f ound i n t he s ame a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t , d i f fer t o s o me e x ten t f ro m t he o ther l a mps o f t he s a me t ype , i n t he f orm o f t he s hou lder , w h ich i s b roader a nd d ecorated w ith i nc ised l i nes a rranged i n a l a t t ice.

I n t he c ase o f l a mp n o. 1 45 t h is d ecorat ion c on t inues o n t he b ody .

An ear ly i den t ica l p iece d iscovered a t P ar to

e x ists i n t he H is tor ica l Museu m

o f T ransy lvan ia , C lu j-Napoca. F ive o f t he l a mps h ave t he d iscus b roken , a nd i n c onsequence i ti s n ot p oss ib le t o d eterm ine e xact ly t he ir d ecorat ion . We c an o n ly p resu me t ha t n o. 1 55 h ad t he d iscus d ecorated w ith a r oset te a nd p robab ly t he s pec i men n o. 1 54 w as p la in. Two l a mps , n os. 1 50 a nd 1 52, d ecorated o ne w ith a c ock a nd t he o ther w i th a n e ag le h ave v ery c lose a na log ies i n Dac ia , a t Apu lu m. 1 79 T h is c lose a na logy a l lows u s t o a ssu me t ha t t hese l a mps w ere manufactured i n Dac ia , e i ther a t S ar m izege tusa o r a t Apu lu m. T he l ess a ccurate s hape , t he l a mel la ted h and le ( t he r ing-hand le wh ich i s t yp ica l o f t he I t a l ian p roducts o ccurs more r are ly ) l ead u s t o t he s a me c onc lus ion. Probab ly t he p ieces n os. 1 44 , 1 48 a nd 1 54 , i n af i ner f abr ic o f s uper ior e xecut ion , w ere i mpor ted p roducts. T ype V I I o ccurs i n I t a ly i n t he f i rs t h a l f o f t he i st c entury .1 8° I to ccurs v ery f requen t ly i n t he p er iod C laud ius-Nero ( Hohe im , Br igan t ium , T r ier ); 1 81 t h is t ype i s d ated i n P annon ia a t P oetov io b y c o ins o f Vespas ian .

1 82

T he s pec i mens f rom t he C laud ian p er iod a re g enera l ly p la iner i n c ontras t w ith t hose f ro m a l a ter p er iod , when t he s hou lder i s more o f ten d ecora ted a nd t he d ecorat ion o f t he d iscus b eco mes more v ar ied. 1 83 T h is t ype r e ma ined i n c ircu la t ion a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he 2 nd c en tury 1 84 a nd t he f act t ha t i to ccurs q u ite f requen t ly i n D ac ia ,1 85 d e monstrates i t s c ircu la t ion d ur ing t he 2 nd c en tury . Av ar ian t o f t h is t ype o ccurs a t S arm izegetusa. T he l a mps a re g enera l ly o f l arge s ize , w ith a c o m mod ious c on ta iner p rov ided w ith a n i ncreas ing

2 6

n umber o f w icks.

T he n ozz le i s s hor ter

a nd s em i-c ircu lar a nd a c lear-cut

l i ne d e l im its t he n ozzle f romthe c on ta iner ;

i ti s o f t he t ype L oeschcke L .

N o i n tact l a mps b ut o n ly f rag men ts h ave b een d iscovered .

T he v ar ian t i s

d a ted t o t he f irs t h a lf o f t he 2 nd c entury a nd t he s pec i mens h ave b een d isc overed i n t he a rea o f t e mp le A a nd i n t he f i l l ing l ayer o f t he f irs t p hase o f t e mp le B . T ype V I I f ro m S arm izegetusa c orresponds t o t ypes XV I I Bran ts , V I I I L oeschcke , V I I I vany i , T UB P ons ich , V I TA D eneauve , V I I Hanoune, I Ba . il ug . TYPE V I I I ( Pl. XV I I-X [X ) G enera l ly t he l a mps o f t h is t ype h ave a l arge a nd c o mmod ious c on ta iner a nd t he b ase i s i nc ised w ith c oncentr ic c irc les a nd i s s tamped w ith t he maker 's mark .

T he f l at d iscus c an b e p la in a nd p rov ided w ith a f i l l ing h o le a nd a n

a ir h o le, o r d ecora ted w ith n egro id o r Bacchan masks. T he d iscus may a lso b e c oncave when i ti s d ecora ted w ith r ose t tes. T he f l a t s hou lder h as t wo o r t hree s imp le o r p ierced p rotuberances. T he s hou lder i s s eparated f ro m t he d iscus b y ac ircu lar c ordon .

Ad eep c hanne l r uns o n to t he l ong n ozz le f ro m

t he b ody o f t he l a mp. S o me t i mes t he c hannel i s p rov ided w ith a n a ir h o le . T he l atera l s ides o f t he c hannel a re s harp ly s lop ing h av ing t he s a me w id th a s t he s hou lder.

T he s ur face a round t he w ick-ho le i s f l a t .

T he h and le i s

l a me l lated o r c ircu lar . T he p iece n o. 1 61 r epresen ts a n e xcep t ion , t he w ick-ho le i s e nc losed b y ac ordon wh ich a lso f orms t he s ides o f t he c hanne l. A l though t he l a mp i s f ragmen tary a nd r econs truc ted w e c an a f f irm t ha t i th ad n o o pen c hanne l , f or t he c ordon d e l im it ing t he s hou lder f rom t he d iscus w as h igher t han t ha t e x isti ng o n t he n ozz le a nd t he d iscus i s l ower t han t he b o t to m o f t he c hannel. 7o f t he 1 2 l a mps f ound i n S arm izege tusa a re s tamped : FORT IS ( 3 ), FORT IS/N ( 1 ), L ITOGENES ( 1 ), i l leg ib le ( 1 ) ;

AT I MET I ( 1 ), t wo p ieces a re

u nsta mped a nd t hree a re f rag men tary . T hree o f t hese l a mps c ome f ro m t he o ld e xcavat ions a nd t he a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t i n wh ich t hey w ere d iscovered i s n o t k nown. O ther l a mps a re n ew f i nds made o n t he o ccas ion o f t he l a tes t e xcavat ions a nd w ere f ound i n t he e ar l iest l evel o f t he t e mp les d ed ica ted t o A escu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , w ith t he e xcept ion o f p iece n o. 1 69 w h ich w as f ound i n t he a rea o f t he t e mp le o f L iber P a ter.

T hey a re among t he l a test s pec i mens o f t he t ype a nd a re d a ted u p t o

t he m idd le o f t he 2 nd c en tury . T h is t ype i s d ated b y L oeschcke b e tween 7 5 a nd 1 00 A .D. ,1 86 i n Pannon ia a t A qu incu m b y c o ins o f V espas ian a nd Nerva a nd a t P oetov io b y c o ins i ssued i n t he p er iod G erman icus-Tra jan. 1 87

I n C ar thage

1 88

t hey a re d a ted t o t he

e nd o f t he I st c entury a nd a t Emona t hey o ccur t ogether w ith c o ins o f C laud ius , Drusus , a nd Do m it ian o r w ith l a mps o f t ype 1 .1 89

T hey a re d a ted a t G eru lata

R usovce b y c o ins o f Hadr ian .1 90 As r egards t h is t ype f ound a t S arm izegetusa , i ti s d i f f icu l t t o d ist ingu ish t he i mpor ted p roducts f ro m t hose manufactured i n D ac ia.

Fro m t he p o in t o f

v iew o f t he q ua l ity t he p ieces 1 61, 1 65 a nd 1 66 a re d ist inct ive a nd a re p roba b ly I ta l ian impor ts p roduced i n t he o f f ic inae o f A t i metus , F or t is a nd L itogenes.

2 7

T he r est o f t he p ieces a re made i n al ess f i ne f abr ic w ith s o me e rrors o f e xecu t ion a nd t hey a re p rov inc ia l p roduc ts. Type V I I I c orresponds t o t ype I X L oeschcke , XV I vany i a nd L XA D eneauve. TYPE I X ( P l. XX ) T h is c orresponds t o t ype XV I I vany i.

L oeschcke c ons idered i ta s b e ing

at rans itory f or m b etween t ypes I X a nd X a nd i ti s n ot c lass if ied i n to a d ist inc t t ype.

We a lso c ons ider t ha t i ti s o n ly a t rans itory f orm b e tween t he t wo

t ypes , b ut s ince i to ccurs f a ir ly f requen t ly i t may b e t rea ted a s ad is t inct t ype. I te x isted b oth i n t he p er iod o f max i mu m c ircu la t ion o f t ype I X Loeschcke a nd i n t he e ar ly p er iod o f t he n ex t t ype.

I to ccurs a t Emona b es ide t he s pec i mens

w ith c losed c hanne l , t he v o lu ted p ieces a nd c o ins o f G er man icus a nd T iber ius , o r w ith l a mps w ith o pen c hanne l o f t ype X L oeschcke.

1 92

1 91

T hey h ave b een

f ound a t S arm izegetusa b o th i n t he f irs t a nd s econd l eve l o f t he c o mp lex d ed ic ated t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia. As r egards f or m t hey a pprox i mate t o t he p reced ing t ype b ut t hey h ave a c hannel o f a rrow-head f orm , w ith t he p o in t t owards t he w ick-ho le. T hree o f t he f ive p ieces f ound a t U lp ia T ra iana h ave s ta mps : FORT IS ( 2 ), i l leg ib le ( 1 ). T he b ase o f p iece n o. 1 76 i s b roken , a nd n o. 1 77 i s f ragmentary . Type I X a ppears i n Nor thern I ta ly p robab ly d ur ing t he i st c en tury 193 s pread t hrough o ther p rov inces o f t he Emp ire. 1 94

a nd

TYPE X ( P l. XX [-)00C I I I ) Th is i s t he most f requen t ly e ncoun tered t ype a t S ar m izegetusa. o f t h is t ype h ave a r ound more o r l ess c on ica l l arge c on ta iner . i ons v ary b etween 5 .3 cm a nd 1 3.2 cm i n l eng th. d ef ined f ro m t he r est o f t he l a mp.

L a mps

T he d i mens-

T he l ong n ozzle i s c lear ly

The s hou lder i s u sua l ly f la t w ith t wo o r

t hree p rotuberances a nd w ith s o me r e ma ins o f l ugs. d iscus b y a more o r l ess p ronounced c ordon . n ozz le u n t i l t he v ic in ity o f t he w ick-ho le.

I t i s s eparated f ro m t he

T h is c ordon r uns o n to t he

T he d iscus i s f la t a nd i n t he ma jor i-

t y o f c ases i s p la in w ith a c en tra l f i l l ing h o le a nd a sma l ler a ir h o le. t imes t he d iscus i s d ecora ted w ith h u man f igures , b irds , a nd a n i ma ls.

S o meLa mps

p rov ided w ith r ing , l a me l la te h and le o r w ith h and le i n t he s hape o f s ty l ized l eaves o ccur more r are ly . c oncentr ic c irc les.

T he b ase i s a lways marked b y o ne o r more i nc ised

T he mark u sua l ly o ccurs i ns ide t he c irc les.

4 9 s pec i mens o f t he 6 6 p ieces w ith a s ing le w ick f ound a t S ar m izegetusa a re s ta mped :

APR IO ( 1 ), CA MP IL I ( 1 ), CASS I ( 1 ) , CRESCE/S ( 2 ) , FEST I ( i ),

FLAV I ( 1 ), FORT IS ( 23 ), V I AN/VAR I ( 1 ), I EG ID I ( 1 ), LVC IVS/F ( 1 ) , LVPAT I ( 3 ), N I MF I ( 1 ), OCTAV I ( 2 ), PROB I ( 1 ), STROB IL I ( 2 ), i l leg ib le ( 7 ). A s ing le s pec i men o f t hese h as t he s hou lder d ecorated w ith v ine-s te ms a nd i ti s o ne o f t he f ew d ecora ted l a mps o f t ype X . b o th i n Dac ia a nd i n Pannon ia a nd Moes ia.

1 85

I th as e xac t a na log ies

I t h as a l im ited c ircu la t ion

p robab ly l im ited t o t he e nd o f t he 2 nd c en tury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he n ex t c en tury a nd w e c annot p in-po in t t he manu factur ing c en tre i n Dac ia o r Moes ia. 1 96

2 8

1 2 p ieces a re d ecorated o n t he d iscus.

Two o f t he m , wh ich s tand o ut

b ecause o f t he s uper ior q ua l ity o f e xecu t ion , a re d ecora ted w ith a g ro tesque mask b etween t he t wo f i l l ing h o les o n t he d i kus ( nos. 1 93 a nd 2 05 ).

T he

masks o ccurr ing o n t he d iscus a re v ery s im ilar t o t hose e ncoun tered o n t he d iscus o f t he l a mps o f t ype V I I I ( Nos. 1 65 a nd 1 66 ) a lso f ound a t S arm izegetusa , wh ich a re d ated b y a na logy t o t he I s t c entury . We h ave n o c er ta in d a t ing e v id ence f or o ur s pec i mens , b u t t hey p robab ly b e long t o t he e ar ly p er iod o f t hese l amps. 1 97

They a re c ons idered a s i mpor ted I t a l ian p roducts

1 98

a nd w e

b e l ieve t ha t t he t wo p ieces f ro m S arm izegetusa w ere a lso i mpor ted p roducts f rom Nor thern I t a ly .

A mask o f t he s a me t ype ( bu t s o much o b l itera ted t ha t

we c anno t s ee t he d e ta ils ) o ccurs o n t wo l a mps , o ne o f t he m f ragmen tary . Accord ing t o t he e xecut ion b o th l a mps a re p rov inc ia l p roduc ts ( nos. 2 38 a nd 3 01).

Ag roup o f t wo masks , p robab ly o f t he s a me t ype a nd a lso o b l itera ted

o ccurs o n f our s pec i mens ( nos. 1 96 , 2 32, 2 44 a nd 2 45 ). T he g roup ing o f t wo masks o ccurs more r are ly b o th i n Dac ia a nd i n t he Emp ire 1 99 Two o f t he p ieces f ound a t S arm izege tusa c an b e d a ted , o n t he b as is o f t he a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t i n wh ich t hey were d iscovered , t o t he f i rs t h a l f o f t he 2 nd c en tury . I n c onsequence i ts ee ms t ha t t h is t ype d ecora ted w ith h u man , o r s pec if ica l ly g rotesque masks , c ircu la ted p ar t icu lar ly i n t he f irs t h a l f o f t he 2 nd c en tury . They c o me f ro m a N or thI ta l ian workshop , b u t t hey w ere a lso made i n t he p rov inces. A no ther t ype o f g rotesque Bacchan mask o ccurs o n t wo l a mps ( nos. 2 25 a nd 2 37 ).

One o f t he m , o n t he b as is o f t he a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t , i s d a ted

t o t he m idd le o f t he 2 nd c entury . I th as a pprox i ma te a na log ies i n Dac ia a t Apu lum 2 00 a nd i n o ther c en tres • 201 T h is t ype o f mask o ccurs o n t he l a mps f ound a t V indon issa

2 02

German icus a t Emona

a nd d at ing f ro m t he I st c en tury , w ith a c o in o f 2° 3

a nd i s e ncoun tered a lso i n P annon ia . 2"

Av ery i n terest ing f orm o f d ecora t ion , w ithou t a na log ies i n t he b ib l iography c onsu lted b y u s , o ccurs o n t he d iscus o f t he l a mp n o. 1 90. T he o rnamen ta l s cene , w h ich i s b ad ly worn , r epresen ts a h uman f igure a cco mpan ied b y a q uadruped . I t s eems t ha t t he f igure l eans a ga inst a t ree. We c an s uppose t ha t t he f igure p robab ly r epresen ted L iber P ater . t ion a nd i s a n impor ted p roduc t.

T he l a mp i s o f f i ne e xecu-

Af a ir ly r are d ecora t ion , w ith a c lose a na logy i n Dac ia a t Apu lum ,

2 05

o ccurs o n l a mp n o. 2 42, d iscovered i n t he a rea o f t he t e mp le d ed ica ted t o L iber P a ter . I t r epresen ts a n e ag le , i n p ass ive p os it ion a nd f ac ing r igh t , w ith h ead t urned . I t was d iscovered o u ts ide t he wa l ls o f t he t e mp le among t he d ebr is a nd c anno t b e d a ted. P ieces n os. 2 28 a nd 2 35 a re r e markab le ow ing t o t he e labora te f orm a nd t he s trong ly r e l iefed c ordon marked o n t he o u ts ide b y ad eep ly i nc ised l i ne. Approx i ma te a na log ies a re f ound i n P annon ia a bly b oth p ieces a re i mpor ted p roduc ts.

2 °6

a nd a t G rav iscae. 2 07

Prob-

T he q uan t itat ive d is tr ibu t ion o f t he 6 6 p ieces w ith a s ing le w ick f ound a t S arm izegetusa a ccord ing t o f i nd-spot p roduces t he f o l low ing r esu l t.

2 9

2 9 p ieces i n t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o A escu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia. 1p iece i n t he t r ia l t rench c u t 'outs ide t he e nc losure o f t he c i ty . 6i n t he d epos it i n t he p a lace o f t he Augus ta les? " 3i n t he mauso leu m s i tua ted o n t he l ef t s ide o f t he v a l ley o f Drapcovu lu i. 2i n t he p r iva te dwe l l ing s i tua ted o u ts ide t he e nc losure o f t he c i ty? 0 9 2 4 c asua l a nd o ld f inds. Accord ing t o t he a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t , t he l a mps c an b e d a ted a s f o l lows : 6i n t he c o mp lex d ed icated t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , l eve l I , t he f i rs t h a lf o f t he 2 nd c entury . 1 3 i n t he c o mp lex d ed icated t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , l eve l I , t he s econd h a lf o f t he 2 nd c en tury . 4i n t he c o mp lex d ed icated t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , l eve l I I, t he 3 rd c en tury . 6i n t he p a lace o f t he Augus ta les w ith c o ins d a t ing u n t i l An ton inus P ius . 1i n t he v i l la s uburbana , p hase I , w ith a c o in f rom A .D. 1 64. 3i n t he mauso leu m Drapcov , t he 2 nd c en tury . 1i n t he p hase a n ter ior t o t he c ons truc t ion o f ap r ivate b u ild ing a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he 2 nd c entury . T he p er iod o f c ircu la t ion o f t h is t ype a t S arm izegetusa c o inc ides w ith t he p er iod o f max i mu m c ircu la t ion t hroughou t t he w ho le Emp ire. T ype X a ppears e ven i n t he I s t c en tury , a nd i s d a ted i n P annon ia b y c o ins o f T iber ius , G erman icus , Nero , V espas ian a nd Nerva

2 10

a nd a t E znona , i n

g raves b y c o ins o f C laud ius , V espas ian , T itus , Do m i t ian a nd N erva .2 11

T he

p er iod o f t he max i mu m c ircu la t ion c o mpr ises t he 2 nd c entury a nd t he t ype i s d a ted i n t h is c en tury a t V indon issa ,

2 12

Br ige t io ,

2 13

Emona ,

2 14

R ibn ica ,

2 15

a nd Do ln jsk .2 16 T he t ype r e ma ined i n c ircu la t ion a lso i n t he 3 rd c en tury , a nd i to ccurs v ery r are ly e ven i n t he 4 th c en tury .2 18

2 17

T ype X f ro m S arm izegetusa h as t hree v ar ian ts : Var ian t Ic o mpr ises t he p ieces w ith t wo o r t hree w icks ( b i lychn is , t r il ychn is ). A l l t he s pec i mens w ithou t e xcep t ion h ave t he h and le i n t he s hape o f as ty l ized l eaf . T he h and le i s s o met i mes d ecora ted w ith r ose t tes , b u t o f ten w ith a f o lded l ea f o r r idges. T he e dge i s p la in o r d ecorated w ith s em io vo los.

T he d iscus , wh ich i s u sua l ly f l a t , i s n ot d ecorated.

A s ing le p iece

i s d ecora ted i n r e l ief w ith a n a n i ma l , p robab ly a l i on ( no. 2 52 ).

Two p ieces

h ave a c oncave d iscus d ecora ted w ith a r ose t te h av ing t he f i l l ing h o le i n t he c en tre ( nos. 2 52 a nd 2 54 ).

Two p ieces ( bo th b i lychn is ) a re s ta mped w ith t he

n a me CR ISP IN/F a nd FORT IS ( nos. 1 83 a nd 2 09 ).

Two l a mps a re s ta mped

w ith f ive r ose t tes f orm ing a c ross o n t he b ase ( 258, t r ilychn is , 2 47 b ilychn is ), t he t wo marks d if fer ing f ro m e ach o ther i n s hape. ( 19 p ieces ) h ave a f l a t b ase.

T he r est o f t he l a mps

We k now t he p rovenance a nd t he a rchaeo log ica l

c on tex t o f 9p ieces - t he c o mp lex o f A escu lap ius-Hyg ie ia , 8i n l evel I , 1i n

3 0

l eve l I .

We d o n o t k now t he c ircu mstances o f f ind ing o f 1 4 s pec i mens ( 9

b ilychn is a nd 5 t r i lychn is ) w h ich b e long t o t he o ld c o l lect ions o f t he museu ms o r a re c asua l f inds. o f t he 2 nd c entury .

Var ian t If ro m S arm izegetusa i s d ated t o t he f irs t h a l f I vgny i , w i thou t c onc lus ive e v idence , s upposes t hat t h is

v ar ian t i n P annon ia b e longs t o t he I s t c en tury .2 19 i n Dac ia 2 2 °a nd i n o ther p rov inces o f t he Emp ire

T he v ar ian t Io ccurs b oth Accord ing t o t he

• 221

d at ing o f t hese l a mps i n P anonn ia a nd a t S arm izegetusa , t he c ircu la t ion o f t h is t ype c an b e d a ted t o t he l as t p ar t o f t he i s t c en tury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he n ex t c en tury . T he l a mps f ro m S arm izegetusa a re p rov inc ia l p roducts o f g ood q ua l ity a nd w ith a c er ta in c arefu lness i n e xecu t ion. V ar ian t I c o mpr ises a s ing le s pec i men i n t he s hape o f ap ine-cone ( no. 2 60 ). T he p iece i s f rag men tary , t he c on ta iner b e ing m iss ing. I th as a l a mell ate h and le a nd i s p rov ided w i th a f i l l ing h o le p ierced o n i t s b ack. Accord ing t o M i l tner t h is v ar ian t i s d a ted a t t he e nd o f t he I s t c en tury .2 22 On ly o ne o ther s pec i men i s k nown i n D ac ia ;

i tw as f ound a t Ro mu la a nd b e longs t o t he

c o l lec t ion o f t he Museu m o f C araca l. p rov inces o f t he Emp ire .2 23

T h is v ar ian t i s a lso k nown i n o ther

T he p iece f ro m S arm izegetusa was r ecovered

f ro m t he c o mp lex d ed icated t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , b u t t he s tra t igraph ic l eve l i s n o t k nown w ith c er ta in ty. V ar ian t I I i s r epresen ted b y as ing le f ragmen t ( no. 2 61 ), b u t i ts hows t he ma in f eatures o f i t s t ype. T he d ecora t ion c ons is ts o f ar oset te i n t he s hape o f ac one w ith t he t op c ut o f f o n t he m idd le o f t he d iscus. I tw as p rov ided w ith a l a mel la te a nd p ierced h and le p laced b etween t wo f i l l ing h o les o n t he u pper s ur face.

M i l tner d a tes t h is v ar ian t a t t he e nd o f t he i s t c en tury .2 24

I t o ccurs a s av ar ian t o f t he s a me t ype i n P anonn ia ,2 25 i n af a ir ly d i f feren t f orm f ro m t hose f ound i n Br ita in 2 26 a nd G au l• 227 We d o n ot k now o f a nother s pec imen i n Dac ia. T he f ragmen t f ro m S arm izegetusa c a me f ro m t he o ld e xcava t ions a nd f or t h is r eason w e h ave n o d a t ing e v idence f or i t . We w il l n ot d iscuss t he 4 0 f rag men ts b e long ing t o t ype X a nd i t s v ar ian ts a nd s e lected f ro m a much l arger n u mber o f f ragmen ts d iscovered i n t he l ates t e xcava t ions o r s tored i n t he museu m. We c an a ssu me t ha t t he d ecora ted l a mps o f t ype X , a nd t he s pec i mens w ith many w icks a nd t he ir v ar ian ts , c ircu la ted a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he 2 nd c en tury .

T hey b eco me p la iner a nd t he d ecora t ion d isappears i n t he f o l low ing

c entur ies a nd t he u t i l itar ian f unc t ion p redo m ina tes o ver t he a esthe t ic s hape. A l arge n u mber o f l a mps a re l oca l o r p rov inc ia l p roducts , b ut t he ir i mpor t c on t inues , e spec ia l ly i n t he f i rst h a lf o f t he 2 nd c en tury . T he s pec ia l ist l i terature men t ions 9 s ta mped l a mps a s h av ing b een f ound a t S arm izegetusa ; t hey a re i n a l l p robab i l ity o f t ypes V I I I, I X a nd X a nd b ear t he f o l low ing marks :

AC ( 1 ), FORT IS ( 3 ), I ANVAR I ( 1 ), LVPAT I ( 1 ),

OCTAV I ( 1 ), S TROB IL I ( 1 ).

Two o f t he m a re d a ted b y c o ins o f Hadr ian , t he

f irs t i s s igned w ith t he n a me FORT IS ( no. 2 64 ) a nd b ears a h uman f igure o n t he d iscus 2 28 a nd t he s econd s ta mped w ith t he n a me I ANVAR I ( no. 2 66 ) a nd was r ecovered f ro m a n i nhu ma t ion g rave • 229

3 1

As r egards p iece n o. 2 62 w ith t he s tamp AC i t s c lass if icat ion i s d oub t fu l , t ak ing i n to a ccoun t t he c o mp lete ly •unusua l mark . u nusua l f or m d iscovered i n Br ita in.

I to ccurs a lso o n al a mp o f

Add ing t hese p ieces t he n u mber o f l a mps o f t he t ype " F irma lampen" d isc overed a t S arm izegetusa r eaches a t o ta l o f 1 50 p ieces. TYPE X I ( P l. 2 • 00( EV ) T h is t ype c o mpr ises a f ew f ragmen ts o f l a mps w hose s hape c an b e e as i ly d eterm ined.

T hey a re o f at ubu lar- c ircu lar f or m a nd p rov ided w ith n umerous

w icks. S o me s pec i mens w ere p rov ided o n t he i ns ide w ith p ierced h and les f or h ang ing. Cons ider ing t he l arge n umber o f w icks t hey h ad a sma l l c apac ity . There a re t hree c a tegor ies wh ich c an b e d is t ingu ished a t S arm izegetusa. T he f irs t i s r epresen ted b y as ing le f ragment w ith t wo w icks ( no. 3 12 ) , b eau t ifu l ly d ecora ted w ith l aure l l eaves. T he n ozzle o f t ype I L oeschcke i s n arrower i n t he m idd le a nd w ider t o t he f ron t a nd t o t he c on ta iner .2 30 T he l a mp f ro m Ro me i n t he Wo l l man c o l lect ion w h ich i s s im ilar t o o ur s pec i men i s d a ted t o t he e ar ly imper ia l p er iod .2 31 T he s pec i men f ro m S arm izegetusa w as d iscovered i n t he f i l l ing e ar th o f t he f i rs t p hase o f t e mp le B , o f t he c omp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia. T he s econd c a tegory c o mpr ises t wo f ragmen ts more r ough ly e xecuted a nd w ith t he n ozz le a t tached t o t he b ody ( nos. 3 14 a nd 3 15 ).

T hese d e ta i ls s how

al ater f ash ion a nd a re d a ted t o t he e nd o f t he I st c entury .2 32 a na logy b u t d a t ing l a ter e x ists i n P anonn ia , a t Aqu incu m. 2 33

An a pprox ima te

T he t h ird c a tegory c o mpr ises t he mos t n u merous p ieces ( 5 ).

T he w ick-

h o les w ere c u t t hrough e ven t he b ody o f t he l a mp a nd t he n ozzles a re s l igh t ly p ro ject ing f ro m t he b ow l. T h is c a tegory a pprox i ma tes i n s hape t o al a mp f ro m Mauretan ia T ing itana 2 34 wh ich i s w ithout a f oo t-r ing .

b u t d i f fers f ro m t h is i n t he f or m o f t he b ase

T he f ragmen ts i nc luded i n t he l ast t wo c a tegor ies w ere r ecovered f rom t he p i t s i tua ted i n t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia a nd d at ing t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he 2 nd c entury . Type X I f ro m S arm izege t usa c orresponds t o t ype X IX I vgny i. TYPE X I I ( P l. X >CKV ) T h is t ype c o mpr ises f our l a mps d if fer ing t o s o me e x ten t f ro m e ach o ther . A c o m mon f eature o f t he m i s t he n ozzle a l mos t merg ing w ith t he b ody . We d o n ot k now e xac t ly t he c ircu mstances i n wh ich l a mps n os. 3 20 a nd 3 21 w ere d iscovered . N os. 3 22 a nd 3 23 w ere d iscovered i n t he c omp lex d ed icated t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , b u t i n t he d e mo l it ion r ubb ish l ayer a nd f or t h is r eason t hey c anno t b e d a ted w ith c er ta in ty . On t he b as is o f t he g reyb lack p aste l a mp n o. 3 20 c an b e d a ted t o t he e nd o f t he 3 rd c en tury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he 4 th c entury .

An a pprox i ma te a na logy , w ith t he s ame r ose t te

o n t he d iscus a nd w ith t he s a me r idges o n t he n ozzle e x ists i n t he c o l lect ion f ro m Be9anson d a ted t o t he e nd o f t he 3 rd c en tury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he

3 2

n ex t c en tury .2 35

R idges o n t he n ozzle o ccur a lso o n t he P anonn ian l a mps

d a t ing f ro m t he s ame p er iod .? 36

T he f or m o f t he l a mp a nd t he d ecora t ion

a re k nown i n Dac ia a t Apu lum , b u t w ithou t c hrono log ica l d e ta i ls 2 37 F or t he mo men t , w e c an f ind n o a na log ies w ith l a mp n o. 3 21. T he e dge w ith r ad ia l r idges o ccurs a lso o n t he l a mp d a ted b y B ernhard t o t he 3 rd c en tury .2 38 T he p iece n o. 3 22 i s i n teres t ing ow ing t o i t s f orm .

T he e dge i s v ery b road

a nd t he d iscus i s sma l l a nd c oncave. A w ide c hanne l w i th t he s ides s l igh t ly c urved i s h ard ly d is t ingu ishab le o n t he n ozzle. A f orm a pprox i ma t ing t o o ur s pec i men h as b een d iscovered i n Maure tan ia w here i ti s d a ted t o t he 4 th c en tury .2 39 A ccord ing t o t hese a na log ies t ype 2 a I c an b e d a ted t o t he e nd o f t he 3 rd c en tury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he 4 th c entury . TYPE X II I ( P l. XXXV I ) A s r egards t he f orm t h is t ype i s p receded b y t ype X I I. T he l a mp i s p ears haped , t he n ozz le merg ing w ith t he b ody . T he s hou lder i s b road a nd b u lged a nd t he d iscus i s s l igh t ly d ished . T hey a re u sua l ly i n g rey-b lack o r b rowng rey r ough f abr ic , c on ta in ing g r its a nd m ica s pecks a nd t he f ash ion ing i s r a ther c are less. T ak ing a l l t hese d e ta i ls i n to a ccoun t t he t ype i s d a ted l a ter , p robab ly i n t he 4 th c en tury . T he 7 l a mps o f t h is t ype b e long t o t he o ld c o l lect i on o f t he museum o f Deva , a nd c onsequen t ly t he d a t ing o f t he t ype c annot b e b ased o n d e ta i ls o f t he f ind-spo t . T here a re n o e xac t

a na log ies w ith t h is t ype , b u t f orms a pprox i ma t ing t o

o ur s pec i mens e x is t a t Z agreb , d a t ing f ro m t he 4 th c ent ur y ,

20

a nd a l a mp

w ith s im i lar p ro f i le c omes f ro m G au 1 , 241 wh i le a l a mp c ons idered a s b e ing e ar ly Chr is t ian c omes f rom R io t ino. 242 B ernhard d a tes a f orm a pprox i mat i ng c lose ly t o o ur s pec i men t o t he 3 rd c en tury a nd c ons iders i ta s b e ing o f I ta l ian p rovenance ,2 43 a nd R ob inson d a tes a s im i lar p iece i n t he 6 th c en tury . 244 I n c onsequence t he f orm r e ma ined i n u se f ro m t he b eg inn ing o f t he 4 th c en tury t o t he 6 th c en tury . F orm , f abr ic a nd s ty le i nc l ine u s t o d a te t h is t ype t o t he e nd o f t he 3 rd c en tury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he n ex t . TYPE X IV ( P l. XXXV I I ) S o f ar , t h is t ype i s r epresen ted b y as ing le p iece d iscovered a t S arm izeget usa. T he l a mp n o . 3 31 h as f i ve n ozz les. T he c en tra l n ozz le i s s em i-rounded o n t he o u ts ide , i s o f t rapezo ida l f orm t o t he d iscus a nd i n terrup ts t he s hou lder d ecorated w ith v ine-s te ms . T he d iscus i s o f sma l l d iameter a nd i s d ecora ted w ith r ad ia l i nc is ions a nd h as a c ircu lar r ibb ing a round t he f i l l ing h o le .

T ak ing

i n to a ccoun t a l l t hese d e ta i ls o f t he c en tra l n ozz le a nd d iscus , i tc an b e c ons idered a s av ar ian t w ith many w icks o f t ype XX I I I f ro m C ons tan la ,

2 45

w h ich

i s d a ted t o t he 3 rd c en tury . T he mark nPEI VOY

a t tes ts t ha t i tw as made i n A thens , i n t he w orkshop

o f P re i mos. 2 46

3 3

TYPE XV ( P l. XXXV I I I , 1 , 2 ) Im ita t ions i n c lay o f b ronze l a mps Among t he n u merous f ragmen ts d iscovered i n S arm izegetusa , t here a re f our p ieces b elong ing t o im ita t ions i n c lay o f b ronze l a mps.

T hree o f t he m

a re im ita t ions o f t ype 2 0 ( L oeschcke o r XXK EV I väny i , wh ich c ircu la ted i n t he i s t c en tury . 247

T he i m ita t ions i n c lay o ccur more f requen t ly , e spec ia l-

l y i n t he 2 nd c en tury . 248

The f our th f ragmen t i s t he e nd o f ah and le i n t he

s hape o f a wo man 's h ead o f Phoen ic ian t ype.

Bronze l a mps w ith s uch a

h and le a re k nown i n t he Emp ire a lso d ur ing t he i s t c entury . 249 T he f irs t t hree f rag men ts w ere f ound i n t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , a nd t he f our th was r ecovered f ro m a t r ia l t rench.

We h ave n o

e v idence t ha t t hey were manu factured i n S arm izegetusa a nd we b e l ieve r a ther t ha t t hey w ere c arr ied h ere b y t he c onquerors i n t he f irst y ears o f t he Ro man d om inat ion . TYPE XV I ( P l. ) 00 (V I I I,3 ;

XXX EX )

Bronze l a mps S o f ar t wo b ronze l a mps a re k nown t o h ave b een f ound i n S ar m izegetusa ; a t p resen t , o ne i s i n t he c o l lect ion o f t he museu m o f D eva , t he o ther i n t he c o l lec t ion o f t he museu m o f S ar m izegetusa . f orma t ion c oncern ing t he f ind-spo t.

Bo th a re o ld f inds , w ithout i n-

T hey d i f fer i n t ype a nd f or t h is r eason

we w i l l n ote n o. 3 36 a s b e ing t ype XV Ia a nd n o. 3 37 a s b e ing t ype XV Ib. Type XV Ia i s o f l arge s ize a nd h as t wo r ounded n ozzles p laced o ppos ite e ach o ther a nd e nd ing o n t he s ides w ith a cu te a ng les.

A c ha in t hreads t hrough

t wo l ugs p laced o n t he d iscus a nd e ach l a tera l s ide o f t he l a mp i s d ecora ted w ith a mask o f Medusa.

Type XV Ia w ith o ne o r t wo n ozzles o ccurs f requen t ly

i n t he p rov inces o f t he Emp ire a nd i s d a ted i n t he I s t c en tury . 25 ° I tc orr esponds t o t ype 2 Wa l ters a nd XX I I väny i. T he l a mp t ype XV Ib i s i n af rag men tary s tate o f p reserva t ion. t he n ozzle a nd t he h and les a re miss ing . f i l l ing h o le a nd a mu lt ip le f oot-r ing .

Ap ar t o f

I ti s o f sma l l s ize a nd h as a l arge

T he f or m a pprox i ma tes t o t ype X M

L oeschcke , w ith a r ounded n ozzle a nd a r ing h and le e nd ing i n t he s hape o f a Medusa h ead

5 1

Our l a mp b ears t he t races o f ah and le.

Accord ing t o

L oeschcke t h is t ype i s d a ted t o t he l as t d ecades o f t he I st c entury. 2 52

RARE FOR MS

TYPE XV II ( P l. XL ) T h is c and lest ick l a mp i s au n ique f ind i n D ac ia.

I t was d iscovered i n t he

c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , u nder t he h u mus l ayer a nd i th as n ot b een p oss ib le t o d eterm ine i t s s trat igraph ica l c hrono logy .

We c an o n ly s up-

p ose t ha t t h is l a mp was c on te mporaneous w ith t he l as t p er iod o f t he e x is tence o f t he t e mp les o r e ven l a ter .

T he l a mp h as a h o l low c y l indr ica l b ody a nd i s

o verhung b y ad ish w ith f our l obes o n t he b order , o ne o f t he m n ow b roken. 3 4

Th is d ish p oss ib ly p layed t he r o le e ither o f s uppor t ing t he l a mp o r e ven t he c on ta iner a nd l a mp .

The l a r r ip i s whee l- made a nd t he l obes a re a t tached t o

i t . We k now d a ted s pec i mens o f t h is t ype i n t he Emp ire o n ly a t L aur iacu m , n ame ly a s uppor t f or a l a mp o f c y l indr ica l f orm b e long ing t o t he p er iod Cons tan t ine I -Constan t ius 1 .2 53

I väny i p resen ts d if feren t v ar ian ts o f t h is

t ype b u t w ithou t d a t ing t he m. 2 54 p rov inces o f t he Emp ire . 2 55

V ar ian ts o f t h is t ype o ccur a lso i n o ther

TYPE XV I I I ( P l. XL I ) T h is t ype i s r epresen ted b y al a mp o fu nusua l f orm , t ha t o f af i sh. We c anno t d eterm ine e xac t ly t he o r ig ina l p os it ion o f t he l a mp when i t was i n u se, s ince t he s ur face wh ich h e ld t he w ick i s b roken.

T he f ac t t ha t t he u pper s ide

( when t he p iece i s s tand ing v er t ica l ly ) b ears t races o f al a mel la te h and le s ugges ts t hat t he l a mp c ou ld b e h ung b y ac ha in i n av er t ica l p os it ion .

Why

o n ly o ne l a tera l s ide was d ecora ted a nd t wo h o les w ere p ierced o n t he s a me a x is i n t he s o f t p as te , b efore b ak ing , i s n o t c lear .

Probab ly t hese h o les were

u sed t o f ix t he p iece i n av er t ica l p os it ion o n as uppor t o f w ood o r meta l. Even t h is v er t ica l p os it ion o f al a mp i n t he s hape o f af i sh wh ich i s k nown i n t he e ar ly Chr ist ian p er iod ,2 56 i s u nusua l. The l ack o f a ny Chr ist ian s ymbo l i s a lso u nusua l. F or t h is r eason , w e c anno t e xc lude t he p oss ib il ity t ha t t he s ymbo l e x isted o n t he miss ing p ar t o f t he l a mp. T he l a mp was d iscovered i n t he s ame c on tex t a s t he p reced ing t ype. The g rey-b lack p aste , t he f orm a nd a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t o f t he f ind s uggest t o u s al a te d a te p robab ly i n t he 4 th c en tury . TYPE X [X ( P l. XL I I , 1 ) T h is t ype c o mpr ises t wo l a mps , o ne o f t he m b e ing f ragmen tary , o n ly t he t op s urv iv ing , a nd p ear-shaped . s hou lder merges w ith t he d iscus. d a te t hese p ieces.

I t mus t b e n oted t ha t t he b u lg ing a nd s lop ing Ow ing t o t he u ncer ta in f i nd-spo t w e c annot

TYPE 2 0 ( ( P l. XL I I, 3 ) T h is t ype i s r epresen ted b y t wo i den t ica l l a mps.

The b ody i s o f r ect-

a ngu lar f orm a nd s l igh t ly c urved a t t he b ack . One o f t he t hree n ozz les i s s l igh t ly p ro ject ing . T he c ond i t ions o f f i nd ing a re n ot k nown . Both s pec i mens a re made l oca l ly , r ough ly f ash ioned a nd p robab ly d a te f ro m a l a te p er iod . TYPE XX I ( P l. XL I I, 2 ). T he l a mp o f t h is t ype h as a r ound b itruncated b ody , as trong ly d ished d iscus a nd t hree w icks.

I tw as f ound u nder t he wa l l o f t he s econd b u i ld ing

p hase o f t e mp le A i n t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia a nd c an b e d a ted t o t he s econd h a l f o f t he 2 nd c en tury .

3 5

UNDETER M INED FRAG MENTS ( P l. XL I I If f ) T he 1 68 f ragmen ts p resen ted i n t he c a ta logue h ave b een s e lec ted f ro m 1 000 f ragmen ts o f l a mps e x is t ing a t S arm izegetusa. F ive p ieces h ave t he b ody a nd t he t op s urv iv ing i n t he ir e n t irety b u t t he a bsence o f t he n ozz le i mpedes t he d e term ina t ion o f t he ir t ypo logy . 3 5 o f 4 6 b ases i nc luded i n t he c a ta logue a re s tamped a s f o l lows : APR IO/F ( 1 ), AT I MET I ( 1 ), CASS I ( 3 ), CR ISP IN/F ( 1 ) , DECI M I ( 1 ), D IOCLES/F ( 1 )... ERD I/OF ( 1 ), FORT IS ( 18 ), I ANVAR IVS/F a nd v ar ian ts ( 4 ), OCTAV I ( 1 ). Many o f t hese marks o ccur i n af ragmen tary s ta te o f p reserva t ion , b u t w e h ave men t ioned a bove t he r econstruc ted f orm o f t he i nscr ip t ion.

Another 7 b ases

a re s ta mped w ith p ot ters ' marks , c ons ist ing o f l eaves , r oset tes , f i ngern a i l d ecora t ion , e tc. T he f o l low ing f ragmen ts o f d iscus a nd s hou lders must b en o ted : ad iscus d ecora ted w ith a n e ag le ( no. 4 16 ), t wo f ragmen ts o f s hou lders d ecora ted w i th v ine-ste ms ( no. 3 96 ) o r g rapes ( no. 4 15 ). T he mos t i n teres t ing c a tegory w ith a l arge v ar ie ty o f d ecora t ion i s r ep resen ted b y h and les ( ansae ). 2 57 l a mps o f l arge s ize.

T he h and les n o ted b e long p ar t icu lar ly t o

Accord ing t o t he d ecora t ion , 1 7 t ypes c an b e d ist ingu ished :

1 .

Hand le i n t he s hape o f a n a l mond n u t ( 8 ).

2 . 3 .

Hand le i n t he s hape o f t orques ( 1 ). Hand le i n t he s hape o f as ty l ized l eaf e nc losed b y v o lu tes ( 2 ).

4 .

Hand le i n t he s hape o f al ea f w ith a c en tra l v e in o f i nc ised d o ts ( 13 ).

5 . 6 .

Hand le w ith c en tra l a nd r ad ia l r ibb ings. Hand le w ith a c en tra l r ibb ing d ecora ted b y af i nger-na il a nd w ith b lades c onverg ing t o i t .

7 .

Hand le w ith a c en tra l c orded r ibb ing e nd ing w i th p rotuberances w ith b lades c onverg ing t o t he m.

8 .

Hand le i n t he s hape o f a n o akleaf ( 1 ).

9 .

Hand le i n t he s hape o f a n a can thuslea f ( 1 ).

1 0. 1.

Hand le w ith t wo c en tra l g rooves a nd l a tera l b lades ( 2 ). Hand le d ecora ted w ith a f i r-tree ( 1 ).

1 2.

Hand le d ecora ted w ith r ad ia l i nc is ions a nd d o ts ( 1 ).

1 3.

Hand le w ith f l a t tened p rotuberance o n t he b ase a nd f ro m whence b lades d ecora ted w ith c ircu mscr ibed c irc les s pread ( 5 ).

1 4.

Hand le d ecora ted w ith c ircu mscr ibed c irc les a nd r ose t tes ( 3 ).

1 5.

R ing-hand le w ith a t r iangu lar s h ie ld d ecora ted w ith a c en tra l r ibb ing

1 6.

a nd r ad ia l i nc is ions ( 1 ). R ing-hand le ( 3 ).

1 7.

P ierced l a mel la te h and le ( 1 ). T h is impress ive q uan t ity o f f ragmen ts , most o f t he m f ro m t he c o mp lex

o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , p roves t ha t al arge n u mber o f t h is t ype o f l a mp was i n u se i n t he c u l t-bu i ld ings a nd t ha t av ar ied a nd p ermanen t p roduc t ion o f l a mps t ook p lace a t S arm izegetusa.

3 6

T he l a mps w ere p roduced i n S arm izegetusa d ur ing t he who le p er iod o f Ro man r u le a nd e ven a f ter t he a bandonmen t o f Dac ia. T he s ta t is t ics o f t he l a mps b elong ing t o t he t wo t ypes d iscovered i n S arm izegetusa s how t he i n tens ity o f p roduc t ion d ur ing t he d if feren t p er iods : o n ly 1 5 s pec i mens o f t ype I , c ircu la t ing i n t he i st c en tury a nd t he f i rs t d ecades o f t he n ex t c entury h ave b een d iscovered i n t he c i ty ;

t wo o f t he m

were c er ta in ly i mpor ted p roducts , t he r est b e ing w ithou t d oubt l oca l ly made i n aw orkshop a t t he b eg inn ing o f i t s a ct iv ity b y a r t isans who d id n o t h ave e nough e xper ience i n work o ft h is s or t a nd who w ere s t il l l earn ing t he c ra f t . T he n u mber o f l oca l p roducts i ncreased p rogress ive ly a s t he m idd le o f t he 2 nd c entury g rows n earer , s o t ha t t he l a mps o f t ype V I r each a t o ta l o f 1 07 p ieces men t ioned i n t he c a ta logue a nd o ther n u merous f rag men ts wh ich a re n ot i nc luded i n t he p resen t w ork . The mos t u nusua l t ype o f l a mp , t ype X , o ccurs more f requen t ly a nd p ar t icu lar ly i n t he s econd h a l f o f t he 2 nd c entury b ut i t s c ircu lat ion l asted a lso i n to t he n ex t c en tury .

I t i s n ot iceab le t hat a

r educed n umber o f l a mps c ircu la ted u n t i l t he midd le o f t he 3 rd c en tury a nd t he a es thet ic q ua l ity o f t hese s pec i mens i s i nfer ior. T he i mpor t o f l a mps i n to S arm izegetusa c a me e spec ia lly f ro m t he w es tern p rov inces o f t he Ro man Emp ire, t he p roducts o f e as tern o f f ic inae o ccurr ing more r are ly . T he q uan t ity o f impor ted p roducts r e ma ins p ropor t iona l ly t he s ame i n t he whole p er iod o f t he 2 nd c entury ( 14.4% f or t ype Ia nd 1 5% f or t ype X ) b ut i s much r educed i n t he 3 rd c en tury . On ly p roducts made l oca l ly o ccur a t t he e nd o f t he 3 rd c en tury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he n ex t c en tury .

We a re i nc l ined

t o b e l ieve t ha t t ype XV II I ( t he l a mp i n t he s hape o f af i sh ) w as a lso a l oca l r ough ly made p roduc t. I n t he p resen t s ta te o f k now ledge , w e c anno t p u t f orward a h ypo thes is c onc ern ing t he c o m merc ia l r e la t ionsh ips b e tween S arm izegetusa a nd o ther c i t ies o f Dac ia.

T he e x is tence o f s o me s pec i mens a nd d ecora t ions a t Apu lu m

s im i lar t o p ieces f ro m S arm izegetusa s uggests t ha t a n a c t ive t rade e x is ted b etween t hose t wo c i t ies. Accord ing t o t he l arge n u mber o f l a mps d iscovered a t S arm izegetusa d ur ing t he r ecent e xcavat ions t he c i ty i s o ne o f t he i mpor tan t c en tres p roduci ng t h is s or t o f d o mest ic a r t ic le. I th ad c lose r e la t ions w ith o ther a nc ien t c en tres o f t he Emp ire , a nd a dop ted t ypes k nown i n t he Emp ire , b u t t he l oca l a r t isans c rea ted n ew t ypes w h ich w ere t yp ica l o n ly o f t he c ap ita l o f Ro man Dac ia.

3 7

CATALOGUE

T he c ata logue c o mpr ises 5 12 l a mps a nd f ragmen ts o f l a mps s tored i n t he museu ms o f S arm izegetusa , Deva a nd C lu j-Napoca ; t he p resen t l oca t ion i s i nd ica ted i m med ia te ly a f ter t he n u mber o f t he i nven tory . T he p ieces a re d escr ibed a ccord ing t o t he t ypes , b ut t he n umera t ion i s c on t inuous f ro m 1 t o 5 12. Abbrev ia t ions : C lu j-Napoca D eva

=H istor ica l Museu m o f T ransy lvan ia , C lu j-Napoca = Museu m o f Hunedoara , D eva

S arm izegetusa

= Archaeo log ica l Museu m o f S arm izegetusa

TYPE I 1 .

I nv. 1 435 , S ar m izegetusa G ood s ta te o f p reserva t ion a nd r econs tructed . b ranch a nd a corn .

D iscus d ecora ted w ith a

The s hou lder i s s epara ted f ro m t he d iscus b y a n i n-

c ised c irc le. Protrud ing v o lutes. F la t b ase e nclosed b y a n i nc ised c irc le. Two c oncen tr ic c irc les o n t he l ong itud ina l a x is o f t he b ase. F ine y e l low f abr ic , r ed-ochre c o lour-coa t . F ound i n t he c omp lex d ed icat ed t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , i n t he e astern p ar t o f s anc tuary A . L eng th : 8.7 cm ; w id th : 6 .3 cm ; h e igh t : 2 .9 cm. F ig . 1 ; 2 .

P l. I / 1;

LV I I/ 1.

I nv . 1 514 , S arm izegetusa Fragmen t .

D iscus d ecora ted w ith a b ranch w ith a corn , b etween t wo i n-

c ised c irc les. c o lour-coa t . B , l eve l I. L eng th :

F ine b rown-ye l low ish f abr ic ;

t races o f b rown-redd ish

F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , t e mp le

7 .1 cm ;

w id th :

6 .2 cm.

P l. 1 /2. 3 .

I nv. 5 07, S arm izege tusa T he c on ta iner a nd a f rag men t o f t he t op a re p reserved ; r econs truc ted . T he d iscus d ecora ted w ith a Bacchan mask i s s epara ted f ro m t he s hou lder b y a n i nc ised c irc le. c o lour-coa t ;

F ine y e l low ish-br ick c o loured f abr ic , b rown

t races s how ing i n tens ive u se.

L eng th :

8. 4 cm ;

F ig . 2 ;

P l. 1 /3.

w id th :

6 .1 cm ;

3 8

h e igh t :

Uncer ta in f i nd-spo t . 2 .6 cm.

4 . I nv . 1 578, S arm izegetusa G ood s tate o f p reserva t ion.

Concave d iscus b etween t wo c oncen tr ic

c irc les a nd w ith u ndeterm ined d ecora t ion . g r i ts a nd mica s pecks. L eng th : 7 .5 cm ; w id th :

5 .2 cm ;

Br ick c o loured f abr ic , w ith

h e igh t :

2 .6 cm.

5 . I nv . 1 573, S arm izegetusa G ood s ta te o f p reserva t ion .

Concave d iscus b etween t wo i nc ised c oncen-

t r ic c ircles a nd d ecora ted w ith a r unn ing a n i ma l.

Br ick-co loured f abr ic

w ith g r its a nd m ica s pecks. L eng th : P l. 1 /4

7 .4 cm ;

w id th :

5 .7 cm ;

h e ight :

3 cm.

6 . I nv . 1 581, S arm izegetusa T op w ith s im i lar d ecora t ion t o t he p rev ious p iece.

Ye l low ish-br ick

c o loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks. L eng th :

7 .4 cm ;

F ig . 3 ;

P l. 1 /5

w id th :

5 .7 cm ;

h e igh t :

3 cm.

7 . I nv . 1 575 , S arm izegetusa S l ight ly d eter iora ted , r econstruc ted . D ished d iscus , b etween t wo i nc ised c irc les a nd p robab ly d ecora ted w ith P egasus. Br ick c o loured f abr ic w ith g r its a nd m ica s pecks ;

f l ourl ike p as te.

L eng th :

7 .5 cm ;

h e igh t :

F ig . 4 ;

P l. I/ 1

w id th :

5 .5 cm ;

3 cm.

8 . I nv . 1 580 , S arm izegetusa D e ter iora ted t op , s im i lar t o p rev ious p iece. L eng th : 7 .7 cm ; w id th : 5 .5 cm. P l. I/2 9 . I nv . 1 574 , S arm izegetusa G ood s ta te o f p reserva t ion .

Concave d iscus b ordered b y a n i nc ised

c irc le a nd d ecora ted w ith a r oset te w ith f our n arrow p e ta ls. f l ourl ike f abr ic w ith g r i ts a nd m ica s pecks. L eng th :

7 .3 cm ;

w id th :

5 cm ;

h e igh t :

Y el low ish ,

2 .8 cm.

P l. I/3 1 0. I nv . 1 577 , S arm izegetusa G ood s ta te o f p reserva t ion .

S im ilar t o t he p rev ious s pec i men b u t d if-

f er ing i n t he r ough e xecu t ion . L eng th :

7 .4 cm ;

F ig . 5 ;

P l. 1/4

w id th :

5 .2 cm ;

3 9

h e igh t :

3 .3 cm.

I I. I nv. 1 576 , S ar m izegetusa Deter iora ted d iscus , r econs truc ted a nd b ordered b y a n i nc ised c ircle ; d ecora ted w ith Herak les ' mask s tand ing o n a ltar w ith c lub i n f ron t . Br ick-co loured f l ourl ike f abr ic w ith g r its a nd m ica s pecks. L eng th : 7 .8 cm ; w id th : 5 .7 cm ; h e igh t : 2 .8 cm. P l. 1/5 1 2. I nv. 1 579 , S ar m izegetusa G ood s ta te o f p reserva t ion . S im i lar t o p rev ious p iece. L eng th : 7 .7 cm ; w id th : 5 .5 cm ; h e igh t : 2 .4 cm. F ig . 6 ;

P l. 1/6

1 3. I nv. 1 582 , S arm izegetusa Frag men t . L eng th :

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith g r its a nd m ica s pecks .

7 cm ;

w id th :

5 .5 cm ;

h e igh t :

2 .5 cm.

1 4. I nv. 1 881, S arm izegetusa Frag men t . L eng th :

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd o rgan ic r e ma ins.

4 .1 cm ;

h e igh t :

2 .5 cm.

1 5. I nv. v 1 8 4 32 , C lu j-Napoca D eter iora ted d iscus. T races o f i n tense u se.

Y el low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks. F ound t ogether w ith a c o in o f G a lba n ear t he

n or thern wa l l o f t he c i ty , o n t he l eve l o f t he v ia s agu lar is. L eng th :

8 .2 cm ;

w id th :

6 cm ;

h e igh t :

2 .3 cm.

L a mps 4 -13 w ere f ound i n t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , i n t he n ar thex o f t e mp le B ;

t hey w ere g rouped t ogether w ith a c o in

o f T ra jan .

TYPE I 1 6. I nv. 1 466 , S arm izegetusa S l igh t ly d e ter iora ted , r econs truc ted .

T he w ick-ho le i s e nc losed b y a

r ibb ing e nd ing w ith t wo sma l l v o lu tes t owards t he c on ta iner . s hou lder w i th t hree k nobs. c irc le. l a tera l.

F la t d iscus ;

S l igh t ly c oncave b ase , e nc losed b y a n i nc ised

T he mark F I I I I i n r e l ief i s i nscr ibed i n ar ough ly made q uadr iProbab ly , FEST I.

o range-ochre c o lour-coa t.

G rey-ye l low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks ; F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd

Hyg ie ia , t he n or thern wa l l o f t he e nc losure. L eng th :

9 .1 cm ;

F ig . 7 ;

P l. I I/ 1;

w id th :

6 .2 cm ;

LV I/5

4 0

h e igh t :

3 .1 cm.

TYPE H I 1 7. I nv . 1 591, S arm izegetusa D e ter iorated a nd r econs truc ted.

T r i lychn is.

T he s hou lder i s d ecora ted

w ith s em i-ovo los ; p ronounced d ished d iscus , b ordered b y a n i nc ised c irc le. The h and le h igher t han t he l a mp i s d ecora ted w ith a wrea th o f l aure ls a nd sma l l r ose t tes a nd a med ian l i ne r uns o n i t s i ns ide p ar t ; i nc ised c urved l ines a nd r oset tes a rranged s y mmetr ica l ly t o t h is l i ne. T he b ase i s r e l iefed a nd d ecora ted w ith k inds o f r oset tes. Grey f abr ic. T oo h igh a b ak ing t e mperature c aused t he d eforma t ion o f t he p iece.

F ound

i n t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , t o t he Eas t o f t e mp le A . L eng th : 1 4 cm ; F ig . 8 ;

w id th :

P l. 1 1/2 ;

8 .5 cm ;

h e igh t :

6 .2 cm.

LV II/4

TYPE I V 1 8. I nv . S1 018 2 58, S ar m izegetusa G ood s tate o f p reserva t ion . B ilychn is. L ong n ozzles s epara ted f ro m t he c on ta iner b y ar ow o ff l a t tened k nobs c lose ly s paced . The d iscus h as t wo c ircu lar r ibb ings a round t he w ick-ho le ; n arrow .

t he s hou lder i s f l a t a nd v ery

The s l igh t ly c oncave b ase , o f r educed s ize , i s e nc losed b y a

p ronounced r e l iefed c ircu lar r ibb ing. w ith g r its a nd m ica s pecks. v i l la s uburbana. L eng th :

1 3 cm ;

F ig . 9 ;

P l. I V

w id th :

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic

T races a t tes t ing l ong u se.

7 .3 cm ;

h e igh t :

F ound i n a

4 .4 cm.

TYPE V 1 9. I nv. 1 594 , S arm izegetusa I n tac t p iece.

T he n ozz le i s s l ight ly p ro ject ing f ro m t he b ody , s o t ha t

t he w ick-ho le i n terrup ts t he v ery n arrow s hou lder . T he d ished d iscus , p rov ided w ith a f i l l ing h o le i n t he c en tre , e nc losed b y ac ircu lar r ibb ing , i s s epara ted f ro m t he s hou lder b y a n i nc ised c irc le. T he h and le i s l a me l la te a nd t he b ase i s f l a t. m ica s pecks i s s trong ly b aked ;

T he b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith g r its a nd t races o f b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t .

F ound i n t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , i n ap i t f ro m t he 2 nd c entury . L eng th : 7 .3 cm ; w id th : 5 .5 cm ; h e igh t : 2 cm. P l. V/ 1 2 0. I nv. 2 061, S arm izegetusa S im i lar .

Fabr ic w ith g r i ts a nd m ica s pecks , u neven ly b aked.

F ound i n

t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , t e mp le A , u nder t he e as tern w a l l o f p hase I . L eng th : 8 .4 cm ; F ig . 1 0 ;

w id th :

5 .8 cm ;

P l. V/2 4 1

h e igh t :

2 .6 cm.

2 1. I nv. 2 069 , S ar m izegetusa

,

S im i lar . Base marked b y af l at tened r ibb ing. Br ick-co loured f abr ic , s trong ly b aked ; b rown s nuf f-co loured c o lour-coa t . F ound b es ide t he p rev ious p iece. L eng th :

7 .8 cm ;

w id th :

5 .6 cm ;

h e igh t 2 .9 cm.

P l. V/3 2 2. I nv. 1 444 , S arm izegetusa S l igh t ly d eter iora ted , r econs truc ted .

T he l a mp h as t hree w icks , a

r ounded b ody w ith a p ronounced c on ica l s hape ;

t he b ase i s marked b y a

f lat tened c ircu lar r ibb ing . Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith g r its a nd m ica s pecks. Found i n t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o Aescu lp ius a nd Hyg ie ia , t e mp le A , l evel I . L eng th :

8 .2 cm ;

w id th :

5 .8 cm ;

h e igh t :

3 cm.

P l. V/4 2 3. I nv. 1 555 , S arm izegetusa F or m a nd f abr ic s im i lar t o p rev ious p iece. F ound i n t he c omp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , i n ap it o f t he 2 nd c en tury . L eng th : 8 .6 cm ; w id th : 7 .3 cm ; h e igh t : 3 .2 cm. F ig . 1 1

TYPE V I 2 4. I nv. 1 429 , S ar m izegetusa P er fect s tate o f p reserva t ion .

L a mp w i th 9w icks.

s is ts o f ab road f rame w ith a r ibb ing i n t he m idd le.

T he s hou lder c onT he r ec tangu lar

d iscus i s d iv ided i n to t wo s ym metr ica l p ar ts , e ach d ecorated w i th a r osette p ierced b y t he f i l l ing h o le i n t he c en tre. w ith i nc ised r ad ia l l ines.

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w i th g r its

a nd m ica s pecks , v ery we l l b aked ; a t test ing i n tense u se.

T he h and le i s d ecora ted

r ed-ochre c o lour-coa t a nd t races

Found i n t he c omp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia ,

t e mp le B , a t t he b ase o f a wa l l. L eng th :

1 8.2 cm ;

F ig . 1 2 ;

P l. V I;

w id th :

1 0.3 cm ;

h e igh t :

6 .6

cm.

LV I I/7

2 5. I nv. 1 512 , S arm izegetusa Deter iora ted , r econs truc ted .

S im i lar .

T he f i l l ing h o les i n t he c en tre

o f t he r oset tes a re r estored .

Found i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd

Hyg ie ia , p it o f t he 2 nd c en tury. P l. V I I 2 6. I nv. 1 428, S arm izegetusa S l igh t ly d eter iora ted , r econs truc ted . s hou lder w ith t wo f l u t ings ; d ecora ted .

L amp w i th n ine w icks.

B road

t he d iscus i s d iv ided i nto t wo p ar ts d i f feren t ly

At orque o ccurs o n t he f irs t b and a nd a s hea f b ound w ith a

4 2

t aen ia d ecora tes t he s econd b and . T he h and le , w ith a p ierced d orsa l l ug , i s d ecora ted s ym me tr ica l ly w ith l ugs s trong ly d ished . The b ase i s d ecora ted w ith a f irtree a nd a n i nc ised wrea th .

Yel low ish b r ick-

c o loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , r ed-orange c o lour-coa t , t races o f i n tense u se.

F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , t e mp le

Ba t t he b ase o f a wa l l. L eng th : 1 8.2 cm ; w id th : F ig . 1 3;

6 .8 cm ;

h e igh t :

1 cm.

P l. V I I I, X II I/9 , LV I I I/ 10

2 7. I nv . 1 430 , S arm izegetusa S l igh t ly d eter iora ted , r econs tructed . Form a nd d ecora t ion a pprox i mat i ng c lose ly t o t he p rev ious l a mp. A v egetab le mo t if o ccurs i n t he d ecorat i on o f t h is l a mp a nd t he b ase i s f l a t a nd u ndecorated.

F ound i n t he

c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , t e mp le B , a t t he b ase o f aw a l l. L eng th : 1 9 cm ; w id th : F ig . 1 4 ; P l. I X

7 .7 cm ;

h e igh t :

7 cm.

2 8. I nv. 1 431, S arm izegetusa G ood s ta te o f p reserva t ion . L a mp w ith f i ve w icks. T he s hou lder c ons is ts o f ac ord f o lded s ymmetr ica l ly t o t he f l u t ing o n t he h and le w ith d orsa l l ug .

T he d iscus i s d ecora ted w ith f our k nobs a rranged i n t he

c orners a nd c onnected t o o ne a no ther w ith a n i nc ised l i ne. F ine , y e l lowi sh b r ick-co loured f abr ic ; o range-ochre c o lour-coa t. F ound t ogether w ith c o ins o f Tra jan a nd Hadr ian i n t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia. L eng th :

8 .7 cm ;

F ig . 1 5 ;

w id th :

6 .7 cm ;

h e igh t :

5 .5 cm.

P l. X , L V/ 17

2 9. I nv . 1 612, S arm izegetusa D eter iora ted , r econs truc ted . L a mp w ith f i ve w icks. T he d iscus i s d iv ided i n t wo b ands d ecora ted w ith a t orque a nd w ith a s heaf b ound w ith at aen ia.

T he h and le i s d ecora ted w ith a v ege tab le p a t tern wh ich i s a r-

r anged s y m me tr ica l ly t o a n i nc ised c en tra l l i ne.

F ine b r ick-co loured

f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks ;

F ound t oge ther w ith

t races o f i n tense u se.

ac o in o f Tra jan i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , t he n arthex o f t e mp le B . L eng th : F ig . 1 6

1 0.4 cm ;

w id th :

5 .6 cm ;

h e igh t :

4 .2 cm .

3 0. I nv. 1 560 , S arm izegetusa P er fect s tate o f p reserva t ion . L a mp w ith f i ve w icks. S hou lder i n t he f orm o f c ord f o ld ing o n t he h and le w ith d orsa l l ug . F la t d iscus d iv ided i n t wo u ndecora ted b ands .

Y el low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica

s pecks a nd v ege tab le r ema ins ; t ense u se. t he

r ed-orange c o lour-coa t ;

t races o f i n-

F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , i n p i t o f

2 nd c en tury.

L eng th : 9 .6 cm ;

w id th :

9 cm ;

h e igh t :

4 3

4 cm.

3 1. I nv. 1 433, S ar m izegetusa im i lar . I nc ised l i nes c ross ing o ne Deter iora ted , r econs truc ted . S n t he c omp lex o f Aesculap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , a nother o n t he b ase. F ound i t e mp le A . L eng th : 8 .8 cm ; P l. X E/ 1

; 4 . 8 cm

w id th :

h e igh t :

4 .5 cm.

3 2. I nv. 1 769 , S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f t op. L eng th : 7 .7 cm ;

S im i lar . w id th : 6 cm.

3 3. I nv. 1 513 , S arm izegetusa Deter iora ted , r econs truc ted .

L a mp w ith t hree w icks.

d iv ided i n to s ymmetr ica l b ands.

F la t d iscus ,

A g eometr ica l d ecora t ion made b y a

f inger-na il o n t he b ase. Y e llow ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic , r ed-ochre c o lour-coa t . F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , i n t he e nc losure. L eng th :

8 .3 cm ;

w id th 5 .2 cm ;

h e igh t 4 .4 cm.

P l. X I/2 , L 'V I I I/9 3 4. I nv. 2 063 , S arm izegetusa D eter iora ted , r econs tructed . S im i lar . Red-orange c o lour-coa t. i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , t e mp le A , p hase I . L eng th : F ig . 1 7

8 cm ;

w id th :

5 cm ;

h e igh t :

F ound

3 .2 cm.

3 5. I nv. 2 070 , S arm izegetusa We l l-preserved. L eng th : 7 .5 cm ;

S im ilar . F ound i n t he s a me a rchaeolog ica l c on tex t . w id th : 4 .7 cm ; h e igh t : 3 cm.

3 6. I nv. 1 434 , S ar m izegetusa Deter iora ted.

L a mp w ith t hree w icks a nd t he c on ta iner r ounded o ppos ite

t he w icks. T he s hou lders a nd t he d iscus a re f l a t a nd a re s epara ted f rom e ach o ther b y af l u t ing . T he h and le i s d eter iora ted a nd o n ly t he d orsa l l ug i s p reserved .

T he mark I ANVA.I ( i n r el ief ) w ith AN a nd VA i n l i ga-

t ure i s j us t v is ib le o n t he b ase. F ine , y el low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t. F ound i n t he c o mp lex o fA escu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , i n t he s ou th-wes tern p ar t o f t e mp le A . L eng th : F ig . 1 8 ;

8 cm ;

w id th :

7 .3 cm ;

h e igh t :

3 .5 cm.

P l. LV/ 18

3 7. I nv. S 8 09, S arm izege tusa Deter iora ted , r econs truc ted . L a mp w ith t wo w icks. F la t d iscus d iv ided i n to t wo s ym metr ica l b ands b y af lu ted b order . Hand le d ecora ted w ith i nc ised r ad ia l l ines. F ir-tree a nd c irc les o f i nc ised d o ts o n t he b ase. Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b rown s nuf f-co loured c o lourc oa t.

F ound i n o ld e xcavat ions. 4 4

L eng th : F ig . 1 9 ;

5 .5 cm ;

w id t h :

4 .4 cm ;

h e igh t :

3 .2 cm.

P l. , i 0-/ 3, LV I I //8

3 8. I nv. 1 751, S arm izegetusa S im i lar .

The d ecora t ion i s m iss ing o n t he b ase.

F ound i n t he c o mp lex

o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , p it o f t he 2 nd c en tury . 3 9. I nv . 1 558 , S ar m izegetusa D eter iora ted , p ar t ia l ly r econs truc ted.

S im i lar .

F ound i n t he s a me

a rchaeolog ica l c on tex t . Fragmen ts Ros tra 4 0. I nv . 1 757 , S arm izege tusa D iscus d ecora ted w ith s hea f b ound w ith t aen ia. Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b rown s nuf f-co loured c o lour-coa t , t races o fu se. L eng th :

7 cm.

P l. X I I/3 4 1. I nv . 1 528, S arm izegetusa Wick-ho les w ith sma l l v o lu tes. C lover w ith f our l eaves a nd a no ther v egetab le p a t tern o n t he d iscus. Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks ; b rown s nuf f-co loured c o lour-coa t ; L eng th :

t races o f i n tense u se.

9 .5 cm.

P l. MI/ 1 4 2. I nv. 1 693, S arm izege tusa V egetab le d ecora t ion i n r e l ief o n t he d iscus. Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks ; b rown s nuf f-co loured c o lour-coa t ; t races o f i n tense u se. L ength :

7 cm ;

w id th :

7 .2 cm.

P l. X I I/2 4 3. I nv. 1 805 , S arm izegetusa Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic ; L eng th :

r ed-ochre c o lour-coa t ;

t races o f u se.

6 .2 cm.

4 4. I nv . 1 788, S arm izegetusa Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd v ege tab le r ed-ochre c o lour-coa t . L eng th :

4 cm.

4 5. I nv. 1 766 , S arm izegetusa Y e l low ish f abr ic w i th o rgan ic r e ma ins , t races o f u se. L eng th :

4 cm.

4 5

r e ma ins ;

4 6. I nv. 1 772 , S arm izegetusa Grey b r ick-co loured f abr ic , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t . L eng th :

4 .1 cm.

4 7. I nv. 1 692 , S ar m izegetusa Cordoned e dge. L eng th :

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic.

4 .2 cm.

4 8. I nv. 1 791, S ar m izegetusa Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks. L eng th :

6 cm ;

w id th :

1.9 cm.

4 9. I nv. 1 776 , S arm izegetusa Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd o rgan ic r e ma ins. L eng th : 3 .9 cm ; h e igh t : 3 .1 cm. 5 0. I nv. 1 635 , S ar m izegetusa Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , t races o f u se. L eng th :

4 cm ;

h e igh t :

4 cm.

5 1. I nv. 1 807 , S ar m izegetusa Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured p orous f abr ic , w ith m ica s pecks. L eng th :

4 .2 cm ;

h e igh t :

2 .8 cm.

5 2. I nv. 1 775 , S ar m izegetusa Br ick -co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , r ed-ochre c olour-coa t , t races o fu se. L eng th :

4 cm ;

h e igh t :

3 cm.

5 3. I nv. 1 787 , S ar m izegetusa C orded s hou lder . L eng th :

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks.

5 .5 cm.

5 4. I nv. 1 740 , S arm izegetusa Y el low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b iscu it-grey . L eng th : 3 .8 cm ; h e igh t : 3 .4 cm. 5 5. I nv . 1 758 , S arm izegetusa Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic , r ed-orange c o lour-coa t. L eng th : 3 .9 cm ; h e igh t : 2 .3 cm. 5 6. I nv. 1 785 , S ar m izegetusa Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , t races o f u se. L eng th : 4 .8 cm ; h e igh t : 2 .9 cm.

4 6

5 7. I nv . 1 921, S ar m izegetusa Br ick-co loured f abr ic w i th m ica s pecks , b rown s nuf f-co loured c o lourc oa t. L eng th :

3 .7 cm ;

h e igh t :

2 .2 cm.

5 8. I nv . 1 759 , S arm izegetusa Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith g r its , m ica s pecks a nd v egetab le r e ma ins. L eng th :

6 cm ; h e ight :

3 .7 cm.

5 9. I nv . 1 711, S ar m izegetusa C orded s hou lder .

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b rown-redd ish

c o lour-coat . L eng th :

4 cm.

6 0. I nv . 1 748, S arm izegetusa Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith g r its a nd mica s pecks ; L eng th :

2 .4 cm ;

h e igh t :

t races o f u se.

2 .8 cm.

6 1. I nv. 1 763 , S arm izegetusa Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith o rgan ic r e ma ins ; c o lour-coat ; L eng th :

r ed-ochre

t races o f u se.

3 .9 cm ;

h e igh t :

2 .8 cm.

6 2. I nv. 1 730 , S ar m izegetusa C orded s hou lder ,

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith mica s pecks a nd

o rgan ic r e ma ins i t races o f u se. L eng th :

2 .8 cm.

6 3. I nv. 1 723, S arm izegetusa B r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , r ed-ochre c o lour-coat . L eng th :

3 .2 cm.

Marg i 6 4. I nv. 1 724 , S arm izegetusa C orded d ecorat ion .

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , r ed-ochre

c o lour-coat . L eng th :

3 .7 cm ;

h e igh t :

3 cm.

6 5. I nv . 1 690 , S arm izegetusa T he s a me d ecora t ion . L eng th :

5 .3 cm ;

F ine y e l low ish f abr ic w ith g rey c ore.

h e igh t :

2 .6 cm.

4 7

6 6. I nv. 1 733, S arm izegetusa T he s a me d ecorat ion . c o lour-coat . L eng th :

Y el low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , r ed-orange

4 .5 cm.

6 7. I nv. 1 685 , S ar m izegetusa T he s a me d ecorat ion .

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks ,

r ed-ochre c o lour-coat . L eng th :

3 .2 cm.

6 8. I nv. 1 773 , S arm izegetusa F ir-tree d ecorat ion . L eng th :

Ye l low ish f abr ic w ith t races o f s econdary f ir ing .

4 .8 cm.

6 9. I nv. 1 727 , S ar m izegetusa With a f rag men t o f f lat d iscus. L eng th :

6 .8 cm ;

w id th :

Br ick-co loured f abr ic , t races o f u se.

3 .7 cm.

7 0. I nv . 1 814 , S ar m izegetusa S im i lar . L eng th :

F ine y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic , r ed-orange c o lour-coat . 3 .5 cm ;

w id th :

4 cm ;

h e igh t :

2 .5 cm.

7 1. I nv. 1 783, S ar m izegetusa D ecorated w ith t hree f lu t ings.

F ine , b r ick-co loured f abr ic , b rown

c o lour-coat . L eng th :

5 .3 cm ;

h e igh t :

2 .5 cm.

7 2. I nv. 1 753 , S ar m izegetusa Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b rown s nuf f-co loured c o lour-coat . L eng th :

4 cm ;

w id th :

2 .5 cm ;

h e igh t :

3 .6 cm.

7 3. I nv. 1 808 , S ar m izegetusa Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd o rgan ic r e ma ins , b rown s nu f f-co loured c o lour-coat , t races o f l ong u se. L eng th :

5 .2 cm ;

w id th :

3 .8 cm ;

h e igh t :

1 .7 cm.

7 4. I nv. 1 751, S ar m izegetusa With a f rag men t o f f l a t d iscus. L eng th :

4 .4 cm ;

w id th :

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks.

3 .4 cm ;

h e igh t :

2 cm.

7 5. I nv. 1 782 , S ar m izegetusa F ine y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd g r i ts , r edo range c o lour-coa t . L eng th :

3 .2 cm ;

w id th :

3 cm ;

h e igh t : 4 8

2 .5 cm.

7 6. I nv. 1 812 , S arm izegetusa Br ick-co loured f abr ic w i th m ica s pecks a nd o rgan ic r e ma ins. L ength :

4 .5 cm.

7 7. I nv. 1 942, S ar m izegetusa F ine y e l low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks. L eng th :

4 .5 cm.

7 8. I nv. 1 926, S arm izegetusa F ine , y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic , o range c o lour-coa t. L eng th : 4 .6 cm. 7 9. I nv. 1 928, S arm izegetusa F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith t races o f s econdary f ir ing . L eng th :

5 .6 cm.

8 0. I nv. 1 818, S ar m izegetusa C orded d ecora t ion . L eng th :

F ine , b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks.

2 .8 cm.

8 1. I nv. 1 749 , S arm izegetusa F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith v egetab le r e ma ins. L eng th :

5 .2 cm.

8 2. I nv. 1 795 , S arm izegetusa C orded d ecora t ion . L eng th :

Ye l low ish f abr ic w ith v egetab le r e ma ins.

4 cm.

Ansae 8 3. I nv. 1 670 , S ar m izegetusa D ecora ted w ith i nc ised r ad ia l l ines a nd d o ts. H e igh t :

Br ick-co loured f abr ic.

2 .9 cm.

8 4. I nv. 1 702, S arm izegetusa D ecorat ion c ons is t ing o f i nc ised c urved l ines wh ich a re s ym metr ica l t o ac en tra l f lut ing . L eng th :

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic.

3 .2 cm.

8 5. I nv. 1 661, S arm izegetusa Br ick-co loured f abr ic , b rown s nuf f-co loured c o lour-coat . H eigh t :

2 .8 cm.

8 6. I nv. 1 676 , S arm izegetusa F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , r ed-orange c o lour-coa t . H eigh t :

3 .1 cm. 4 9

8 7. I nv . 1 545 , S ar m izegetusa F ine b r ick-coloured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , r ed-orange c o lour-coat . L eng th : 2 .9 cm. 8 8. I nv. 1 543 , S arm izegetusa Prov ided w ith a d orsa l l ug. r ed-orange c o lour-coat . L eng th :

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks ,

3 .7 cm.

8 9. I nv. 2 060 , S ar m izegetusa D ecora ted w ith a c en tra l c ord e nd ing w ith t wo f l a t tened k nobs ; b lades a rranged s ym metr ica l ly . r ed-orange c o lour-coat . H e igh t :

d ished

F ine y e l low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks ,

6 .6 cm.

9 0. I nv. 2 071, S arm izegetusa D ecorat ion o f d ished b lades a rranged s y m metr ica l ly t o ac entra l r ibb ing d ecora ted w ith d ots.

Br ick-co loured f abr ic , g rey-ye l low ish c ore , b rown-

g reen ish c o lour-coat . H e igh t :

8 .5 cm.

M isce l lanea 9 1. I nv . 1 752 , S ar m izegetusa F ragmen t o f c on ta iner w ith t he b ase d ecora ted w ith f ir t ree made b y f i ngern a i l. Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith mica s pecks a nd g rey c ore , b rown c o lour-coa t . L eng th :

7 .5 cm.

P l. X I I I/ 1, LV II I/ 1 9 2. I nv ..1 762 , S arm izegetusa F rag men t o f c on ta iner w ith t he b ase e nc losed b y a n i nc ised r ec tang le ; at refo i l i s p r in ted i n o ne o f t he c orners.

Y el low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic

w ith m ica s pecks a nd v egetab le r ema ins , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coat. L eng th : 5 .4 cm. P l. X I I I/2 , LV II I/2 9 3. I nv . 1 916 , S arm izegetusa F rag men t o f c on ta iner w ith t he b ase e nc losed b y a n i nc ised r ec tang le i n w h ich r oset tes a nd t refo ils a re p r in ted . w ith m ica s pecks a nd v ege tab le r ema ins. L eng th : 7 cm. P l. X I I I/4 , LV II I/6

5 0

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic

9 4. I nv . 1 887 , S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f b ase d ecora ted w ith f ir-tree.

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured

f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd v ege tab le r e ma ins. L eng th :

5 cm.

P l. X I I I/5 , LV II I/7 9 5. I nv . 1 721, S arm izegetusa F rag men t o f c on ta iner w i th b ase. b order o f t he b ase. L eng th :

F ive r ose t tes a re p r in ted o n t he

F ine f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks.

5 .2 cm.

P l. X [ I I/3, LV I I I/5 9 6. I nv . 1 777 , S ar m izegetusa F rag men t o f b ase e nc losed b y a n i nc ised r ec tang le d ecora ted w i th t refo i ls a nd r oset tes. L eng th :

4 .8 cm.

9 7. I nv. 1 755 , S arm izegetusa Frag men t o f c onta iner w i th f l a t b ase d e l im ited b y a n i nc ised r ec tang le d ecora ted w ith t refo i l p a t terns. L eng th :

8 cm.

9 8. I nv. 1 768, S ann izegetusa Frag men t o f c on ta iner w i th b ase.

Roset te p r in t o n t he b ase.

Y e l low ish

b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd v egetab le r e ma ins. L eng th :

5 .1 cm.

9 9. I nv. 1 885 , S ar m izegetusa F rag men t o f c on ta iner a nd b ase.

Roset te p r in t o n t he b ase.

Br ick-

c o loured f abr ic w ith m ica a nd v egetab le r e ma ins , b rown-redd ish c o lourc oa t . L eng th :

6 .8 cm.

1 00. I nv. 1 760 , S arm izegetusa S im i lar . L eng th :

F ine y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic, r ed-ochre c o lour-coat . 6 cm.

1 01. I nv. 1 693 , S arm izegetusa Frag men t o f c on ta iner w i th e dge a nd b ase.

Roset te p r in t o n t he b ase.

F ine y e l low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd v ege tab le r e ma ins. L eng th :

4 .4 cm.

5 1

1 02. I nv. 1 687 , S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f c on ta iner a nd b as.e . b ase.

Two l a tera l r oset tes a re p r in ted o n t he

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks ;

b rown c o lour-

c oa t . L eng th :

4 .6 cm.

1 03. I nv. 1 804 , S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f c on ta iner a nd b ase.

I nc ised d ecora t ion c ons is t ing o f l i nes

c ross ing o ne a nother o n t he b ase.

F ine y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic

w ith m ica s pecks. L eng th :

5 .5 cm.

1 04. I nv. 1 771, S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f c on ta iner w ith s hou lder a nd b ase. w ith a s im ilar p a t tern t o t he p rev ious p iece.

T he b ase i s d ecora ted

Ye l low ish b r ick-coloured

f abr ic w ith g r its a nd mica s pecks , r ed-ochre c o lour-coa t . L eng th :

4 .5 cm ;

h e igh t :

4 .5 cm.

1 05. I nv. 1 794 , S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f c on ta iner w ith s hou lder a nd b ase.

The b ase i s d ecora ted

w ith a p a t tern wh ich i s s im ilar t o t he p rev ious p iece , b ut i ti s o f sma l ler s ize. L eng th :

4 .2 cm ;

h e igh t :

2 .6 cm.

1 06. I nv. 1 781, S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f c on ta iner w ith b ase.

S im ilar d ecora t ion o n t he b ase.

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b rown s nu f f-co loured c o lour-coa t . L eng th :

4 .9 cm ; h e ight :

2 .7 cm.

1 07. I nv. 1 806 , S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f b ase. L eng th :

S im ilar d ecora t ion .

Yel low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic.

6 cm.

1 08. I nv. 1 817 , S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f c on ta iner w ith b ase.

S im ilar d ecora t ion o n t he b ase.

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith g r its a nd m ica s pecks. L eng th :

3 cm ;

h e igh t :

2 .5 cm.

1 09. I nv. 1 764 , S ar m izegetusa F rag men t o f b ase a nd d orsa l l ug .

S im ilar d ecora t ion o n t he b ase.

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b rown s nuf f-co loured c o lour-coat . L eng th :

3 cm ;

h e igh t :

3 .5 cm .

5 2

1 10. I nv . 1 567 , S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f b ase, c on ta iner a nd s hou lder .

F ine , g rey b r ick-co loured

f abr ic , b rown-green , l ead g lazed. L eng th :

5 cm.

11. F rag men t o f c on ta iner w i th b ase.

Roset te p r in t o n t he b ase.

Y e l low-

i sh b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith g r its a nd m ica s pecks o n t he b ase. L eng th :

5 cm.

P l. X 1 I I/6, LV I I I/3 1 .2. I nv. 1 830 , S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f b ase a nd c on ta iner .

Roset te p r in t o n t he b ase.

F ine b r ick-

c o loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , r ed-ochre c o lour-coa t . L eng th :

5 cm.

P l. X I I I/8, LV I I I/4 1 13.Inv . 1 888, S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f c on ta iner w i th s hou lder a nd b ase. b ase.

Roset te i nc ised o n t he

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t.

L eng th :

4 .2 cm .

14. I nv . 1 838 , S arm izegetusa Frag men t o f c on ta iner a nd b ase.

Roset te p r in t o n t he b ase.

F ine

y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b rown-redd ish c o lourc oa t . L eng th :

6 .4 cm

15. I nv . 1 829 , S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f c on ta iner w ith s hou lder a nd b ase. b ase.

Roset te p r in ted o n t he

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , r ed-ochre c o lour-

c oa t . L eng th :

3 .6 cm.

16. I nv . 1 765 , S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f c on ta iner w ith b ase.

T hree r oset tes p r in ted o n t he b ase.

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , r ed-ochre c o lour-coa t . L eng th :

4 .1 cm.

17. I nv . 1 737 , S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f c on ta iner w ith s hou lder a nd b ase. b ase. L eng th :

Roset te p r in ted o n t he

F ine y e l low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd v egetab le r e ma ins. 3 .5 cm.

18. I nv . 1 743 , S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f b ase d ecora ted w ith f ir-tree a nd r oset te. c o loured f abr ic w ith mica s pecks. L eng th :

4 .5 cm

5 3

F ine b r ick-

1 19. I nv . 1 778, S arm izegetusa Frag men t o f l a mp w ithou t t op. a nd h and le. L eng th :

I t was p robab ly p rov ided w ith f i ve w icks

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith mica s pecks.

7 .6 cm ;

w id th :

4 .6 cm ;

h e igh t :

3 .2 cm.

1 20. I nv . 1 792 , S ar m izegetusa F ragmen t o f c on ta iner a nd b ase. T he b ase i s d ecora ted w ith i nc ised l ines c ross ing o ne a no ther . F ine y e l low b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith mica s pecks , b rown c o lour-coa t . L eng th :

4 .3 cm.

1 21. I nv. 1 797 , S ar m izegetusa S im i lar . L eng th :

3 .4 cm.

1 22. I nv. 1 725 , S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f b ase , c on ta iner a nd s hou lder .

F ine y e l low ish b r ick-

c o loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd v egetab le r e ma ins. L eng th :

5 .5 cm ;

h e igh t :

2 .8 cm.

1 23. I nv. 1 527 , S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f b ase i nc ised w i th t he l et ters I A ( A w ithout t ransverse s troke ), p robab ly I ANVAR IVS . w el l b aked ; L eng th :

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , v ery

t races o f b rown-orange g laze.

5 .6 cm.

P l. X I I I/7 , LV I/2 1 24. I nv . 1 742 , S arm izegetusa Frag men t o f d iscus d ecora ted w ith t orques.

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith

mica s pecks , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t. L eng th :

4 .7 cm.

P l. X I I/6 1 25. I nv. 1 895 , S ar m izegetusa S im i lar . L eng th :

6 cm.

1 26. I nv . 1 734 , S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f d iscus d ecora ted w ith t orques a nd s hea f b ound w ith t aen ia . F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , s l igh t ly b aked . L eng th :

4 .3 cm.

1 27. I nv . 1 637 , S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f d iscus d ecora ted w ith a p ierced r ose t te , f abr ic w ith mica s pecks , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t. L eng th :

4 .5 cm. 5 4

Br ick-co loured

1 28. I nv . 1 846 , S ar m izegetusa F rag men t o f d iscus d ecora ted w ith a v egetab le p a t tern. f abr ic , b rown s nuf f-coloured c o lour-coa t . L eng th :

Grey-ye l low ish

5 cm.

P l. X1/5 1 29. I nv . 1 716 , S arm izegetusa S im i lar . L eng th :

5 .9 cm.

1 30. I nv . 1 688, S arm izegetusa S im i lar , f ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic w i th m ica s pecks. L eng th :

3 .8 cm.

1 31. I nv . 1 907 , S ar m izegetusa F rag men t o f c en tra l d ecorat ion c ons is t ing o f a wrea th b ound w ith a t aen ia.

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b rown-

r edd ish c o lour-coa t. L eng th :

4 .4 cm.

P l. 2 C I I/4 1 32. I nv . 1 746-1747 , S ar m izegetusa Two f ragmen ts o f d iscus w ith a n u nde ter m ined d ecora t ion .

Y el low ish

f l ourl ike f abr ic , r ed-orange c o lour-coa t. L eng th :

1 0.2 cm.

1 33. I nv . 1 767 , S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f d iscus w i th s hea f .

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith

m ica s pecks a nd v egetab le r e ma ins. L eng th :

7 .5 cm.

1 34. I nv . 1 784 , S arm izege tusa Frag men t o f d iscus w ith c en tra l d ecora t ion .

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured ,

f l ourl ike f abr ic , r ed-orange c o lour-coa t. L eng th :

4 .3 cm.

1 35. I nv . 1 736 , S ar m izege tusa Frag men t w ith a s im i lar d ecora t ion .

Y e l low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks ,

r ed-orange c o lour-coa t . L eng th :

4 cm.

1 36. I nv . 1 779 , S arm izegetusa S im i lar .

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , r ed-ochre c o lour-

c oa t . L eng th :

3 .5 cm.

5 5

1 37. I nv . 1 750 , S arm izegetusa S im ilar . L eng th :

F ine , y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith mica s pecks. 6 .2 cm.

1 38. I nv . 1 731, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t w ith t he s a me d ecora t ion a nd s hou lder d ecora ted w i th s em io vo los. Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks . L eng th :

5 .3 cm.

1 39. I nv. 1 732 , S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f d iscus w ith u nde ter m ined d ecora t ion .

Ye llow ish b r ick-

c o loured f abr ic , r ed-ochre c o lour-coa t , t races o f u se. L eng th :

4 .3 cm.

1 40. I nv. 1 900 , S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f d iscus w ith v ege tab le d ecora t ion .

Y e l low ish f abr ic w ith

m ica s pecks , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t . L eng th :

5 .1 cm.

1 41. I nv. 1 793 , S arm izegetusa Frag men t o f c on ta iner w ith b ase.

Ye l low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks

a nd v egetab le r e ma ins. L eng th :

5 .9 cm ;

h e igh t :

1 .8 cm.

1 42. I nv . 1 655 , S arm izegetusa Frag men t o f c on ta iner w ith h and le a nd d orsa l l ug .

Ye l low ish f abr ic w ith

m ica s pecks. L eng th :

5 .5 cm.

1 43. I nv . 1 884 , S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f c on ta iner w ith r ing-hand le.

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith

y e l low ish c ore , r ed-orange c o lour-coa t . L eng th :

8 .3 cm.

TYPE V I I

1 44. I nv . 1 597 , S arm izegetusa We l l p reserved. T he w ick-ho le c ut p ar t ia l ly t hrough t he e dge d ecora ted w ith sma l l r oset tes. T he l a me l la te h and le i s p ierced. T he c oncave d iscus i s e nc losed b y a n i nc ised c irc le a nd i s d ecora ted w ith a n a n i ma l ( l ioness , p an ther? ) t owards t he l e f t a nd w ith t urned h ead .

L et ter A i s

i nc ised o n t he s l igh t ly d ished b ase wh ich i s e nc losed b y af l a t tened c ordon . Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd s ands ,

5 6

b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t .

D iscovered i n t he c o mp lex d ed icated t o

Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , i n p i t o f t he 2 nd c en tury . L eng th : 6 .1 cm ; w id th : 5 cm ; F ig . 2 0 ; P l. X IV/ 1, L I I/ 1

h e igh t :

2 .5 cm.

1 45. I nv . 1 442, S arm izegetusa I n tact .

The b u lged s hou lder i s d ecora ted w ith i nc ised l i nes c ross ing o ne

a no ther ;

t h is d ecora t ion o ccurs a lso o n t he c on ta iner .

T he r ing-hand le

i s b if id. The d iscus h as a r educed d ia meter a nd t he h igh b ase i s e nc losed b y ac ircu lar r ibb ing . Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b rown s nu f f-co loured c o lour-coa t.

F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius

a nd Hyg ie ia , t e mp le A . L eng th :

5 cm ;

F ig . 2 1;

w id th :

3 .5 cm ;

h e igh t :

2 .5 cm.

P l. X IV/2

1 46. I nv. 2 073, S arm izegetusa I n af ragmen tary s ta te o f p reserva t ion , p ar t ia l ly r econs tructed. T he b ack o f t he c onta iner a nd t he h and le a re m iss ing . Or ig ina l ly a s uppor t h e ld t he l a mp . T he s hou lder h as t he s a me d ecora t ion a s t he p rev ious p iece. F ine, b r ick-co loured f abr ic , r ed-ochre c o lour-coa t .

F ound i n t he s a me

a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t a s t he p rev ious s pec i men . L eng th : 5 cm ; P l. X IV/3

w id th :

5 .1 cm ;

h e ight :

4 .8 cm.

1 47. I nv . 1 096 , S arm izegetusa Deter iora ted.

T he s hou lder i s d ecora ted w ith v ine-s te ms.

e nc losed b y t wo i nc ised c irc les. a nd c ha lk .

T he b ase i s

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks

T races o f i n tense u se.

D iscovered i n t he amph ithea tre i n

t he c ourse o f t he o ld e xcava t ions. L eng th :

8 .7 cm ;

F ig . 2 2 ;

w id th :

6 cm ; h e igh t :

2 .6 cm

P l. X IV/4

1 48. I nv. 1 461, S arm izegetusa We l l-preserved .

T he s hor t n ozzle i s s epara ted f rom t he c on ta iner b y

a n i nc ised l i ne ; f l a t s hou lder a nd l a me l la te h and le. T he f l a t a nd s l igh t ly h igh b ase i s e nc losed b y a n i nc ised c irc le ; b r ick-co loured f abr ic , v ery w el l-baked b rown b r ick-co loured c o lour-coa t. Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , l eve l I . L eng th :

7 .8 cm ;

F ig . 2 3 ;

w id th :

4 .9 cm ;

h e igh t :

F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f

3 .2 cm.

P l. X IV/5

1 49. I nv. 9 21, Deva Deter iora ted .

T he s hor t n ozz le i s v ery d ist inct f ro m t he s hou lder

d ecora ted w ith s te ms a nd a corn (? ). S l igh t ly c oncave b ase e nc losed b y a n i nc ised c irc le. F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , t races o f i n tense u se. F ound i n t he o ld e xcava t ions. L eng th : 1 cm ; w id th : 5 cm ;

h e igh t :

P l. XV/L 5 7

2 .7 cm.

1 50. I nv. 9 32 , D eva We l l p reserved.

The s hou lder i s d ecora ted w ith a corn ;

l a mel la te

h and le. A c ock i n r e l ief o n t he c oncave d iscus. The f l at b ase i s b ordere d b y ab road r ibb ing. Y e llow ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , u nequa l ly b aked. F ound i n t he o ld e xcava t ions. L eng th : 9 .3 cm ; F ig . 2 4 ;

w id th :

6 cm ;

h e igh t :

2 .3 cm.

P l. XV/2

1 51. I nv. 5 03, S ar m izegetusa Deter iora ted.

S l igh t ly c oncave d iscus w ith t wo f i l l ing h o les.

h and le , f l at b ase. c oa t .

L ame l la te

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , b rown-redd ish c o lour-

Found i n t he o ld e xcavat ions.

L eng th :

1 0 cm ;

w id th :

6 cm ;

h e igh t :

2 .7 cm .

P l. XV/4 1 52 . Inv. 9 40 , D eva T op. S hor t n ozz le s l igh t ly d e l im ited f rom t he f l a t s hou lder w ith l a me l la te h and le. T he c oncave d iscus h as a c en tra l r ibb ing , b elong ing t o a n u ndet erm ined d ecora t ion , p oss ib ly a n e ag le. F ine g rey b r ick-co loured f abr ic. F ound i n t he o ld e xcavat ions. L eng th : 9 cm ; P l. XV/3

w id th :

5 .8 cm.

1 53. I nv . S6 78, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t . The s hor t n ozz le i s d el im i ted f ro m t he s hou lder b y ab road i nc is ion. T he s hou lder i s d ecora ted b y af inger-na il. Decorat ion o n t he f ragmen t o f s urv iv ing d iscus. F ine y e l low ish-grey f abr ic , u nequa l ly b aked ; t races o f i n tense u se. F ound i n t he o ld e xcava t ions. L eng th :

6 .5 cm ;

h e igh t :

2 .6 cm.

P l. XV I/4 1 54. I nv . 1 588, S arm izegetusa Frag men t o f n ozz le d e l im ited f ro m t he c on ta iner b y a n i nc is ion. T he f l a t s hou lder i s marked b y t hree i nc ised c irc les. T he c oncave d iscus i s f ree f ro m d ecora t ion .

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic, b rown-redd ish

c o lour-coa t ; t races o f u se. L eng th : 4 .4 cm.

T he f i nd-spo t i s u nknown .

P l. XV I/L 1 55. I nv. 9 26 , Deva Frag men t , T he s hou lder i s d ecora ted w ith sma l l c irc les , a rranged s uccess ive ly a nd i s s epara ted f ro m t he c oncave d iscus ( decora ted w ith r oset te ) b y ad oub le c ordon .

T he b ase i s marked b y ac ircu lar r ibb ing

e nc los ing p r in ted c irc les o f d i f feren t s i ze. F ine y e l low ish b r ickc o loured f abr ic. F ound i n t he o ld e xcava t ions. L eng th : F ig . 2 5 ;

7 cm ;

w id th :

3 cm ;

h e igh t :

P l. XV/5 5 8

3 cm.

1 56. I nv . 2 067 , S arm izege tusa Fragmen t.

Ap ar t o fb as in a nd t wo n ozzles a re p reserved.

Or ig ina l ly

t he l a mp h ad h and le , f i ve n ozzles , h igh e dge marked b y t hree f l u t ings a nd a c oncave d iscus. T he f l a t b ase was e nc losed b y ad eep ly i nc ised c irc le.

S tra igh t n ozz les d e l im ited f ro m t he s hou lder b y a n i nc ised l ine ,

a re n ear ly p erpend icu lar ly p ro jec t ing f ro m t he c on ta iner t o a much h igher l evel , a bove t he b ase. F ine y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic , o range o chre c o lour-coa t . F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , t e mp le B , f i l l ing l ayer o f p hase I . L eng th :

9 cm ;

F ig . 2 6 ;

w id th :

5 .5 cm ;

h e igh t :

5 .2 cm.

P l. XV I/2

1 57. I nv . 1 572, S arm izegetusa F rag men t.

P ar t o f c on ta iner , h and le a nd a n ozzle s urv iv ing .

T he

h and le i s i n s hape o f a n a l mond k erne l a nd h as a l ong itud ina l r ibb ing w ith ak nob o n t he u pper p ar t . F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks v ery w el l b aked ; b rown-green ish c o lour-coa t . F ound i n t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , t o t he Eas t o f t e mp le A . L eng th :

8.5 cm ;

h e igh t :

5 .1 cm.

P l. XV I/3 1 58. I nv . 1 825 , S arm izegetusa F ragmen t o f c on ta iner w i th a n ozz le. s pecks a nd v egetab le r e ma ins ;

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica

t races o f b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t.

F ound i n t he s a me c on tex t a s n o. 1 56. L eng th : 8 cm ; h e igh t : 5 .2 cm. 1 59. I nv. 1 700 , S arm izegetusa Frag men t o f t op. L eng th : 3 .8 cm.

I tp robab ly b e longed t o t he p rev ious l a mp.

P l. XV I/5 1 60. I nv . 1 790 , S arm izegetusa F rag men t o f c on ta iner a nd n ozz le. f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks. H e igh t :

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f l ourl ike

T he f i nd-spot i s u nknown .

4 .5 cm.

TYPE V I I I 1 61. I nv. 1 563, S arm izege tusa D eter iora ted , r econs truc ted . T he d iscus was p robab ly f l a t ; t he s hou lder i s d ecora ted w ith t wo b if id k nobs , b ordered b y t wo i nc ised l ines ; b road r ing-hand le w ith t wo f l u t ings ; i nc ised c irc les.

s l igh t ly d ished b ase , e nc losed b y t wo

All, t he f irs t v er t ica l l i ne o f M a nd t he l as t Ia re

s urv iv ing f ro m t he mark i n r e l ief o n t he b ase ; p robab ly AT I MET I. F ine

5 9

y el low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic , b iscu it-grey , w ith v egetab le r e ma ins , d ir ty g reen-brown l ead g laze:

F ound i n t he c omp lex o f A escu lap ius a nd

Hyg ie ia , p it f ro m t he 2 nd c en tury . L eng th : 1 4.5 cm ; w id th : 9 cm ; h e igh t :

7 cm.

P l. XV I I , L I I/5 1 62. I nv. 1 557 , S arm izegetusa Fragmen tary . F ine , y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b rown-redd ish g laze. F ound t ogether w ith t he p rev ious p iece. The mark :

FORT IS.

L eng th :

9 cm ;

w id th :

7 cm ;

h e igh t :

3 cm.

P l. XV I I I/ 1 ,L IV/ 17 1 63. I nv. 1 610 , S arm izegetusa Recons tructed. F ine y el low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic , w e l l b aked , r edo range c o lour-coa t . The mark FORT IS . F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , l eve l I . L eng th :

7 .4 cm ;

w id th :

5 .4 cm ;

h e igh t :

2 .2 cm.

P l. L IV/ 16 1 64. I nv. 1 439 , S arm izegetusa Recons tructed.

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , w ith m ica s pecks , w el l

b aked , r ed-orange c o lour-coa t .

T he mark :

FORT IS .

F ound i n t he

c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , t he n or thern s ide o f t he e nc losure wa l l. L eng th :

8.2 cm ;

w id th :

5 .5 cm ;

h e igh t :

2 .5 cm.

1 65. I nv. 4 99 , S arm izegetusa Fragmen tary .

D iscus d ecora ted w ith a g ro tesque mask ( negro id? )

b etween t wo f i l l ing h o les. An u nf in ished h o le o n t he c hanne l. T he s hou lder i s d ecora ted w ith t hree k nobs w ith a s imu lated h o le f or h ang ing . Deep b ase e nc losed b y a s ing le i nc ised c ircle. S ta mped w ith FORT IS/N i n r e l ief r egu lar c ap ita l l e tters. Rough b r ick-co loured f abr ic w i th g r its a nd v egetab le r e ma ins , v ery w e l l b aked , r ed-ochre c o lour-coa t . f ind-spot i s u nknown . L eng th : 6 .9 cm ; w id th : F ig . 2 7 ; 1 66. I nv . 5 12,

6 .3 cm ;

h e igh t :

The

2 .6 cm.

P l. XV I I I/2 , L IV/ 19 2 59

S arm izegetusa

Fragmen tary .

D iscus d ecora ted w ith t wo g ro tesque masks ( negro ids? )

a nd p rov ided w ith a f i l l ing h o le a nd a n a ir-ho le d irected o b l ique ly t o t he c hannel. T he c hanne l i s a lso p rov ided w ith a n a ir-ho le. Three b if id p ierced k nobs o n t he e dge. T he mark L ITOGENE w ith NE i n l i ga ture. V ery f ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , w e l l b aked , b rown b r ick -co loured g laze. Chance f i nd. L eng th : 8 .5 cm ; F ig . 2 8 ;

w id th :

7 .8 cm ;

P l. X IX/1, LV I/6

6 0

h e igh t :

3 .7 cm.

1 67. I nv. 1 593 , S arm izegetusa D eter iora ted , p ar t ia l ly r econs tructed. Two b if id k nobs b etween t wo i nc ised l i nes o ccur o n t he s hou lder . T races o f r ing-hand le. The mark i s i l leg ib le. Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith g r its a nd m ica s pecks. F ound i n t he c omp lex o f A escu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , i n p i t o f t he 2 nd c en tury . L eng th :

1 2.4 cm ;

w id th :

8 cm ;

h e igh t :

4 .2 cm.

P l. X IX/2 1 68. I nv. 1 453 , S arm izegetusa We l l p reserved .

F lat s l igh t ly c oncave d iscus , n arrow e dge w ith t wo

k nobs , h igh c ordon. m ica s pecks ;

C oarse b rown b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith g r its a nd

t races o f s econdary f i r ing ;

s po t a s a bove. L eng th : 8 .2 cm ;

w id th :

5 cm ;

h e igh t .

t races o f l ong u se.

F ind-

3 .4 cm.

P l. X IX/3 1 69. I nv. 1 602 , S arm izegetusa F ragmen tary , p ar t ia l ly r econs tructed.

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic ,

w el l b aked . D iscovered i n t he t e mp le d ed ica ted t o L iber P a ter , o uts ide t he s ou thern w a l l. L eng th : 1 70. I nv.

5 .9 cm ;

w id th :

5 .5 cm ;

h e igh t :

2 .7 cm.

1 447 , S arm izegetusa

F ragmen tary , r econstruc ted . T he c hanne l i s p rov ided w ith a n a ir-ho le a nd t wo k nobs o ccur o n t he s hou lder ; t he h and le i s l a me l la te a nd p ierced. T he d iscus i s d ecora ted w ith a r ose t te. b ase.

I l leg ib le mark o n t he f l a t tened

F ine y e l low ish-grey , f l ourl ike f abr ic , b rown c o lour-coa t.

D is-

c overed i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , i n e nc losure. L eng th :

9 .2 cm ;

w id th :

5 .3 cm ;

h e igh t :

4 .4 cm.

1 71. I nv. 1 713, S arm izegetusa F ragmen t o f n ozz le. L eng th : 4 .5 cm.

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks.

1 72. I nv. 5 10 , S arm izegetusa F ragmen t o f n ozzle a nd d iscus.

T he c oncave d iscus i s d ecorated w ith

d ished b lades , d e l im ited f ro m t he e dge b y t wo f l u t ings. F ine , b r ickc o loured f abr ic , v ery w e l l b aked , b rown-orange c o lour-coa t . L eng th :

9 cm. TYPE I X

1 73. I nv. 1 553, S arm izegetusa We l l p reserved .

S ta mped w ith t he n a me FORT IS.

F ine , y e l low ish b r ick-

c o loured f abr ic , w e l l b aked , b rown s nuf f-co loured g laze. t he c omp lex d ed ica ted t o A escu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , l eve l I . L eng th : 7 .2 cm ; w id th : P l. XX/2 , L IV/ 14

5 .3 cm ; 6 1

h e igh t :

2 .6 cm.

D iscovered i n

1 74. I nv. 1 599 , S arm izegetusa Recons tructed.

T he mark FORT IS.

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic

w ith m ica s pecks a nd g r its , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t . F ound i n t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , p i t o f t he 2 nd c en tury . L eng th :

7 .7 cm ;

w id th :

5 .5 cm ;

h e igh t :

2 .5 cm.

P l. XX/3, L IV/ 15 1 75. I nv. 1 455 , S arm izegetusa We l l p reserved .

Rough ly made , f au lts i nj o in ing o f d if feren t p ar ts.

S l ight ly c oncave b ase , i l leg ib le mark .

Y e l low ish-grey f abr ic w i th

b lack-grey b iscu it , s l igh t ly b aked .

S tray f i nd.

L eng th :

h e igh t :

7 .3 cm ;

w id th :

5 .1 cm ;

2 .2 cm.

P l. XX/1 1 76. I nv. 1 554 , S ar m izegetusa T he b ase i s d eter iorated , c aused b y t he d estruc t ion o f ap robab le s uppor t o f t he p iece. Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks . Found i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , p i t o f t he 2 nd c en tury . L eng th :

7 cm ;

w id th :

5 .2 cm ;

h e igh t :

2 .4 cm.

1 77. I nv . 1 696 , S arm izegetusa F ragmen t . Y el lo w ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd v ege tab le r ema ins. T he f ind s po t i s u nknown. L eng th : P l.

3 .5 cm.

YX/6 TYPE X

1 78. I nv. 1 521, S ar m izegetusa Fragmen tary , r econs truc ted. T he mark APR IO/F. F ine , y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f l our-l ike f abr ic. F ound i n t he c omp lex o f A escu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , l evel I . L eng th :

1.3 cm ;

w id th :

7 .8 cm ;

h e igh t :

4 cm.

P l. XX I/ 1, L I I/2 1 79. I nv. 1 464 , S arm izegetusa We l l p reserved .

T he mark CA MP IL I i sh ard ly l eg ib le. F ine y e l low ish

b r ick-co loured f abr ic , r ed-orange c o lour-coa t. L eng th :

7 .1 cm ;

w id th :

4 .9 cm ;

h e igh t :

F ound i n at r ia l t rench.

2 .5 cm.

P l. XX I I/ 1, L E E/7 1 80. I nv . 1 452 , S arm izegetusa Fragmen tary .

T he mark CASS I i s al i t t le c urved t o t he n ozz le.

F ine

f abr ic , y el low o chre c o loured , r ed-orange c o lour-coa t h ere a nd t here. F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , n ear t he e nc losure w a l l. L eng th :

6 cm ;

w id th :

5 .8 cm ;

h e igh t :

P l. XX I I/2 , L I I/8 6 2

2 .7 cm.

1 81. I nv . 9 00 , Deva We l l p reserved .

The mark CRESCE/S i s i n f ine r egu lar c ap ita l l et ters.

F ine b rown b r ick-co loured f abr ic.

T here i s n o i n format ion c oncern ing

t he c ircu mstance o f d iscovery . L eng th :

1 0.4 cm ;

w id th :

7 .3 cm ;

h e igh t :

3 .4 cm.

P l. XX I/2, L I 1/ 12 1 82. I nv . 1 446 , S ar m izegetusa F ragmen tary , r econs tructed .

F ine y e l low ish-grey f abr ic , w e l l b aked ,

t races o f b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t . mark ;

p robab ly CRESCENS.

CR..S , a re s urv iv ing f ro m t he

F ound i n t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o

A escu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , l eve l I I. L eng th : 1 0.1 cm ; w id th : 7 cm ; h e igh t :

3 .5 cm.

P l. L I I/ 13 1 83. I nv. 1 520 , S arm izegetusa D eter iora ted , p ar t ia l ly r econs tructed .

B i lychn is.

T he mark CR ISP IN/F.

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith mica s pecks , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t. F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f A escu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , l eve l I . L eng th : 8 .5 cm ; w id th : P l. XX I I I/3, L I I/ 14

6 .3 cm ;

h e igh t :

3 .3 cm.

1 84. I nv. 1 450 , S arm izegetusa We l l p reserved .

The mark FEST I i n e labora te c ap ita l l e t ters.

b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , r ed o chre g laze. c omp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , l eve l I . L eng th :

8 .3 cm ;

w id th :

5 .8 cm ;

h e igh t :

Y e l low ish

F ound i n t he

2 .7 cm.

P l. XX E I/4 , L I I I/4 1 85. I nv. 4 95, S arm izegetusa F a ir ly w e l l p reserved. v ine-s te ms.

T he s hou lder w ith t wo k nobs i s d ecora ted w ith

S l igh t ly d ished b ase.

( A w ithou t t he t ransverse l i ne ).

T he mark FLAV I i n c ap ita l l e t ters

F ine y e l low ish f abr ic , b r ick-co loured

c o lour-coa t. F ound i n t he o ld e xcava t ions. L eng th : 8 .7 cm ; w id th : 5 cm ; h e igh t : 2 .4 cm. F ig . 2 9 ;

P l. XX I I I/ 1, L I 1 1/5

1 86. I nv . 5 04 , S arm izegetusa We l l p reserved. The mark FORT IS w ith a l eaf b e low t he i nscr ip t ion. F ine y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic , r ed o range c o lour-coa t. T races o f f i n ish ing made p robab ly b y ak n ife.

F ound t ogether w ith s ix o ther p ieces

a nd s even c o ins i ssued u n t i l An ton inus P ius. 26 ° L ength :

1 0.8 cm ;

w id th :

7 .5 cm ;

P l. XX I I I/2 , L I 1 1/6

6 3

h e igh t :

2 .7 cm.

1 87.Inv. 8 22, S ar m izegetusa Recons tructed.

The mark FORT IS.

b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t . L eng th :

9 .8 cm ;

w id th :

F ine y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic,

F ound i n t he o ld e xcava t ions.

6 .5 cm ;

h e igh t :

3 .5 cm.

P l. L I I I/7 1 88. I nv. 9 04 , Deva Deter iora ted.

The n o te i n Hungar ian " the p lace Raducza" i s i nscr ibed

o n t he s hou lder a nd " excava t ions o f 1 883" o n t he c on ta iner . FORT IS. L eng th :

T he mark

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t . 8 .8 cm ;

w id th :

6 .2 cm ;

h e igh t :

3 .2 cm.

P l. L I I I/8 1 89. I nv . 9 01, Deva We l l p reserved .

The mark FORT IS.

t here a re n o t races o f c o lour-coa t . L eng th :

9 cm ;

w id th :

6 .4 cm ;

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic , F ound i n t he o ld e xcava t ions.

h e igh t :

3 .2 cm.

P l. XX E I I/3, L I I I/9 1 90. I nv. 9 30 , Deva Recons tructed.

An o b l itera ted h u man f igure w ith a q uadruped ( probab ly

L iber Pa ter ) o ccur o n t he d iscus. T he mark FORT IS i n e labora te l et ters. F ine g rey b r ick-co loured f abr ic , b rown-green ish c o lour-coa t . F inds po t i s u nknown. L eng th : 8 .3 cm ; F ig . 3 0 ;

w id th :

5 .4 cm ;

h e igh t :

2 .9 cm.

P l. XX IV/ 1, L I I I/ 10

1 91. I nv. 1 436 , S arm izegetusa Recons tructed.

T he mark FORT IS.

r ed-orange c o lour-coa t .

F ine , y el low b r ick-co loured f abr ic ,

F ound i n t he q uadrup le mauso leum s i tua ted i n

t he wes tern c e metery o f t he c i ty . L eng th :

8 .8 cm ;

w id th :

6 .1 cm ;

h e igh t :

3 .1 cm.

P l. XX II I/4 , L I I I/ 11 1 92. I nv . 1 465 , S ar m izegetusa Reconstructed.

T he mark FORT IS i s h ard ly l eg ib le.

c o loured f abr ic , b rown-redd ish g laze.

Y e l low ish b r ick-

F ound i n t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted

t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , l eve l I I. L eng th :

8 .5 cm ;

w id th :

6 cm ;

h e igh t :

3 .2 cm.

P l. LI I/ 12 1 93. I nv. 9 36 , Deva Recons tructed.

D iscus d ecora ted w ith a g ro tesque mask ( negro id? )

b etween t wo f i l l ing h o les.

T he mark FORT IS.

f abr ic , b rown-green ish c o lour-coa t . L eng th :

8 .3 cm ;

w id th :

5 .4 cm ;

P l. XX IV/2, L I I I/ 13 6 4

Grey b r ick-co loured

F ound i n o ld e xcavat ions. h e igh t :

2 .9 cm.

1 94. I nv . 1 441, S arm izegetusa P ar t ia l ly r econs tructed . T he mark FORT IS. F ine , b rown b r ick-co loured f abr ic , t races o f r ed o chre c o lour-coa t . Found i n t he c o mp lex o f A escu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , l eve l I . L eng th :

7 cm ;

w id th :

6 .7 cm ; h e igh t :

3 .5 cm.

1 95. I nv. 1 469 , S arm izegetusa We l l p reserved .

The mark FORT IS i s h ard ly l eg ib le.

f abr ic , s l igh t ly b aked .

Brown-ye l low ish

F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia ,

n ear t he e nc losure wa l l . L eng th :

1 3.2 cm ;

w id th :

8.1 cm ;

h e igh t :

5 cm.

P l. 2 0 W/ 1, L I I I/15 1 96. I nv . 1 587 , S arm izegetusa We l l p reserved . D iscus d ecora ted w ith t wo masks. T he mark FORT IS i s h ard ly l eg ib le. Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd v egetab le r e ma ins , b rown s nu f f-co loured c o lour-coa t.

F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f

A escu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , l eve l I . L eng th :

7 .7 cm ;

F ig . 3 1;

w id th :

5 cm ;

h e igh t :

3 .7 cm.

P l. L IV/1

1 97. I nv . 1 459 , S arm izegetusa F ragmen tary .

T he mark FORT IS .

F ine f abr ic , y el low o chre , w e l l

b aked , b rown s nuf f-co loured c o lour-coa t. L eng th :

6 .6 cm ;

P l. XXV/2 ;

w id th :

6 .5 cm ;

F ound i n t rench I V , l eve l I .

h e igh t :

3 .7 cm.

P l. L IV/2

1 98. I nv. 5 13, S arm izegetusa We l l p reserved .

The mark FORT IS i s h ard ly l eg ib le.

c o loured f abr ic , w el l b aked r ough e xecut ion . L eng th :

5 .3 cm ;

w id th :

3 .4 cm ;

h e igh t :

F ine b rown b r ick-

Casua l f ind . 1 .3 cm.

P l. 2M IV/3, L IV/3 1 99. I nv. 1 457 , S arm izegetusa We l l p reserved .

The mark FORT IS.

w ithou t c o lour-coa t.

Brown-grey f abr ic , r ough e xecu t ion ,

F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia ,

l eve l I . L eng th :

8 .7 cm ;

w id th : 6 cm ;

h e igh t : 3 cm.

P l. 3 0 (V/3, L IV/4 2 00. I nv. 1 454 , S arm izegetusa R econstructed . The mark FORT IS w ith a s po t b e low i t . F ine b rown b r ick-co loured f abr ic. F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , l eve l I I. L eng th : 8 .3 cm ;

w id th : 5 .8 cm ;

P l. L IV/5

6 5

h e igh t : 3 cm.

2 01. I nv. 1 551, S ar m izegetusa Re la t ively w el l p reserved.

T he mark FORT IS w ith a d ot b e low i t .

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic , we l l b aked , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t . Found i n t he s a me l evel a s t he p rev ious s pec i men. L eng th :

8 .7 cm ;

w id th : 6 cm ;

h e igh t : 3 cm.

P l. XXV/4 , L IV/6 2 02. I nv . 1 605 , S ar m izegetusa Deter iorated.

The mark FORT IS w ith a d o t b e low i t .

F ine y e l low ish

b r ick-co loured f abr ic , b rown s nuf f-co loured c o lour-coa t.

T he f ind-spo t

i s u nknown . L eng th : 7 .7 cm ;

w id th : 5 .5 cm ;

h e igh t : 2 .2 cm.

P l. XXV/5 , L IV/7 2 03. I nv. 1 570 , S ar m izegetusa Reconstructed.

The mark FORT IS.

s l ight ly b aked.

F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , l eve l

L eng th : 8 .8 cm ;

w id th : 5 .8 cm ;

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic ,

h e igh t : 3 .1 cm.

P l. XXV I/2 , L IV/9. 2 04. I nv . 1 552 , S ar m izegetusa We l l p reserved .

The mark FORT IS.

F ine y e l low ish b r ick-co loured

f abr ic , we l l b aked , p a le b rown c o lour-coa t .

F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f

Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , p it o f t he 2 nd c en tury . L eng th : 7 .5 cm ;

w id th : 5 .3 cm ;

h e igh t : 3 .1 cm.

P l. L IV/ 10 2 05. I nv. 1 522 , S ar m isegetusa Deter iora ted , r econs tructed.

D iscus d ecora ted w ith a g ro tesque mask

( negro id? ) b etween t wo f i l l ing h o les.

T he mark FORT IS.

F ine g rey

b r ick-co loured f abr ic , t races o f s econdary f ir ing , b rown c o lour-coa t . F ound i n t he o ld e xcava t ions. L eng th :

8 .3 cm ;

w id th : 5 .4 cm ;

h e igh t : 2 .9 cm.

F ig . 3 2 2 06. I nv. 1 8 6 83, S arm izegetusa We l l p reserved .

T he mark FORT IS i s h ard ly l eg ib le.

f abr ic , b rown s nu f f-co loured c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 7 .2 cm ;

w id th : 5 cm ;

F ine y e l low ish

F ound i n t he o ld e xcavat ions.

h e igh t : 2 .2 cm.

P l. XXV I/ 1, L IV/8 2 07. I nv. 1 608 , S ar m izegetusa Recons tructed.

The mark FORT IS.

g r its a nd s and.

Found i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , l eve l

L eng th : 8 cm ;

w id th : 5 .5 cm ;

Br ick c o loured h ard f abr ic w ith

h e igh t : 2 .4 cm.

P l. L IV/ 12 6 6

2 08. I nv . 1 599 , S arm izegetusa D eter iora ted .

The mark FORT IS.

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith

g r i ts , u nequa l ly b aked . F ound w ith t he p rev ious p iece. L eng th : 6 .4 cm ;

w id th : 5 .4 cm ;

h e igh t : 1 .7 cm.

P l. L IV/ 13 2 09. I nv . 1 601, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t . B i lychn is. T he s hou lder d ecora ted w ith s em i-ovo los. T he mark FORT IS b etween t wo c irc les. F ine y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks. F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f A escu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia, L eng th : 6 .5 cm ;

w id th : 6 cm ;

h e igh t : 2 .5 cm.

P l. XXX I/1 2 10. I nv . 9 07 , Deva Recons tructed. P ierced a nd l a me l la te v er t ica l h and le e nd ing w ith t hree d i mp les. T he h and le i s d ecorated w ith a c ord a nd t wo e l ip t ica l d i mp les a re a rranged o n e ach s ide o f t he c ord.

T he mark V I AN/VAR I w ith VA

a nd R I i n l igature. F ine b rown b r ick-co loured f abr ic , w e l l b aked , r ed b rown c o lour-coa t. F ound i n t he o ld e xcava t ions. L eng th : 1 0 cm ; F ig . 3 3 ;

w id th : 6 .7 cm ;

h e igh t : 7 .5 cm.

P l. 2 CXV I/3, LV/ 16

2 11. I nv . 1 607 , S ar rn izegetusa Reconstructed.

The mark I EG ID I.

F ine , b r ick-co loured f abr ic.

F ound

i n t he o ld e xcavat ions. L eng th : 9 .5 cm ;

w idth : 6 .6 cm ;

h e igh t : 3 cm.

P l. XXV I I/ 1, LV I/3 2 12. I nv . S1 019,

2 61

Recons tructed.

S arm izegetusa S l igh t ly c oncave d iscus.

c o loured f abr ic v ery w e l l b aked .

T he mark LVC IVS/F.

Br ick

F ound t oge ther w ith a c o in o f A .D. 1 64

i n av i l la s uburbana . L eng th : 8 .8 cm ;

w id th : 6 .2 cm ;

h e igh t : 3 cm.

P l. 2 0 (V II/2 , LV I/7 2 13. I nv. 5 00 ,

2 62

S arm izegetusa

V ery w el l p reserved. T he mark LVPAT I i s h ard ly l eg ib le. F ine y e l lowi sh f abr ic , w e l l b aked , r ed-orange c o lour-coa t . T races o f f in ish ing b y ak n ife.

Found t ogether w ith s ix o ther l a mps a nd s even c o ins d a t ing

u n t i l An ton inus P ius. L eng th : 8 .8 cm ;

w id th : 6 .2 cm ;

h e igh t : 3 .2 cm.

P l. LV I/8 2 14. I nv . 9 03,

2 63

Deva

Recons tructed . The mark LVPAT I. Br ick-co loured f abr ic , w e l l b a led , r ed b r ick-co loured c o lour-coa t . T he f ind s pot i s u nknown . L eng th : 8 .8 cm ;

w id th : 6 .2 cm ;

P l. XXV I I/4 , LV I/9 6 7

h e igh t : 3 cm.

2 15.

I nv. 1 463, S ar m izegetusa Reconstructed .

The mark LVPAT I i s h ard ly l eg ib le.

F ine b r ick-

c o loured f abr ic s l igh t ly b aked , t races o f r ed c o lour-coa t .

F ound i n

t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , l eve l I . L eng th : 8 .5 cm ;

w id th : 5 .7 cm ;

h e igh t : 3 cm .

P l. LV I/ 1 .0 2 16.

I nv. 5 01, S arm izegetusa We ll p reserved .

F lat d iscus

f lat tened c on ta iner . t ransverse i nc is ions. c ap ita l l et ters.

t he s hou lder h as t hree b if id k nobs ,

T he d eepened b ase i s e nc losed b y ab order w ith T he mark N I MF I i s i n r e l ief a nd i n i rregu lar

F ine y e l low ish f abr ic , b rown c o lour-coa t .

T he f ind-spo t

i s u nknown L eng th : 8 .4 cm ;

w id th : 5 .7 cm ;

h e igh t : 2 .5 cm.

P l. XXV II/3 , LV I/ 11 2 17.

I nv. 5 09 , S ar m izegetusa Wel l p reserved.

The mark OCTAV I.

f abr ic , r ed-orange c o lour-coat ;

F ine , y e l low ish b r ick-co loured

t races o f f in ish w ith a k n ife.

F ound

b es ide n o. 2 13. L eng th : 8 .6 cm ;

w id th : 6 cm ;

h e igh t : 3 .3 cm.

P l. ›a rV I I/5 , LV I/12 2 18.

I nv. 1 445 , S ar m izegetusa We ll p reserved .

T he mark OCTAV I i s h ard ly l eg ib le.

b r ick-co loured f abr ic , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t ; f ir ing .

F ine y e l low ish

t races o f s econdary

F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , i n t he d ebr is

o f t he f irs t l eve l. L eng th : 6 .5 cm ;

w id th : 4 .2 cm ;

h e igh t : 2 .5 cm.

P l. LV I/14 2 19.

I nv. I N 2 217, C lu j-Napoca We l l p reserved.

I th ad t he n ote " Värhe ly" o n t he c on ta iner , b e fore

c lean ing . The mark PROB I. F ine , y e l low ish-grey f abr ic , b rown c o lour-coa t . T he f ind s po t i s u nknown . L eng th : 1 0.2 cm ;

w id th : 6 .8 cm ;

h e igh t : 3 .4 cm.

P l. 2 0 (V I I I/ 1 , LV I/ 15 2 20.

I nv. 9 02, Deva Deter iorated , r econstructed .

T he mark STROB IL I.

c o loured h ard f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd s and ; c oa t o n t he t op. L eng th : 8 .5 cm ;

T he f ind-spo t i s u nknown . w id th : 5 .7 cm ;

P l. XXV I I I/3 , LV I/ 17

6 8

Ye l low ish b r ick-

t races o f r ed c o lour-

h e igh t : 3 .5 cm.

2 21.

I nv. 1 451, S arm izegetusa R econs tructed .

T he mark STROB IL I.

r ed-orange c o lour-coa t .

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic ,

F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd

H yg ie ia , l eve l I . L eng th : 8 .6 cm ;

w id th : 5 .7 cm ;

h e ight : 3 .5 cm.

P l. 2 0 CV II I/2 , LV I/18 2 22.

I nv. 5 02, S arm izegetusa R e la t ively w e l l p reserved . T he mark i s i l leg ib le. Ye l low ish b r ickc o loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , s l igh t ly b aked , r ed-orange c o lour c oa t ;

t races o f u se.

L eng th : 8 ,1 cm ; 2 23.

F ound b es ide n o. 2 13.

w id th : 5 .6 cm ;

I nv. 5 10, S arm izegetusa We l l p reserved.

T he mark i s i l leg ib le.

f abr ic , r ed-orange c o lour-coat . L eng th : 9 .5 cm ; 2 24.

h e igh t : 3 .1 cm.

F ound b es ide n o. 2 13.

w id th : 6 .5 cm ;

h e igh t : 3 .2 cm.

I nv . 5 08, S arm izegetusa We l l p reserved .

Base d e l im ited b y ab order .

c o loured f abr ic , r ed-orange c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 7 7. cm ; 2 25.

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured

w id th : 5 .3 cm ;

F ine y el low ish b r ick -

F ound b es ide n o. 2 13.

h e igh t : 2 .8 cm.

I nv. 1 437, S arm izegetusa F ragmen tary , r econs truc ted .

D iscus d ecora ted w ith a Bacchan mask

b ordered b y t hree f i l l ing h o les.

T he mark i s i l leg ib le.

f l ourl ike f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks. a nd Hyg ie ia. L eng th : 8 cm ;

w id th : 5 .5 cm ;

Br ick-co loured

F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius

h e igh t : 2 .5 cm.

F ig . 3 4 , P l. XXV II I/4 2 26.

I nv. 1 458, S arm izegetusa We l l p reserved .

Base marked b y b order ;

t he mark i s i l leg ib le.

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , r ed-orange c o lour c oa t. F ound i n t he q uadrup le mauso leu m s i tua ted i n t he w es tern c e met ery o f t he c i ty , i n c eno taph. L eng th : 8 .2 cm ; 2 27.

w id th : 6 cm ;

h e igh t : 2 .6 cm.

I nv. 1 449, S ar m izege tusa R e la t ively w e l l p reserved . i l leg ib le.

S l igh t ly d eepened b ase ;

t he mark i s

Ye l low ish-grey f abr ic w ith mica s pecks , b rown s nuf f-co loured

c o lour-coat .

F ound o u ts ide t he s tone s arcophagus i n t he q uadrup le

mauso leu m s i tua ted i n t he wes tern c e metery o f t he c i ty . L eng th : 8 cm ;

w id th : 5 .5 cm ;

h e igh t : 3 cm.

6 9

2 28.

I nv. 1 462, S arm izegetusa Deter iorated , r econs truc ted . T he e dge i s d ecora ted w ith t hree b i f id k nobs. Re l ief c ordon , f l at b ase w ith t hree i nc ised c oncen tr ic c irc les. E labora te f orm. c o lour-coa t .

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , b rown b r ick-co loured

F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , l eve l

L eng th : 8 .7 cm ; F ig . 3 5 ; 2 29.

w id th : 5 .9 cm ;

h e ight : 3 .2 cm.

2 0UX/1

I nv. 1 456 , S arm izegetusa We l l p reserved .

Y e l low ish-grey f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , w e l l b aked ,

r ough e xecu t ion.

F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd H yg ie ia , i n

e nc losure. L eng th : 6 .8 cm ; 2 30.

w id th : 4 .9 cm ;

h e igh t : 2 .8 cm.

I nv. 1 440, S ar m izegetusa We l l p reserved . F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , v ery w el l b aked , c oa ted w ith meta l ic i rr idescence. F ound i n t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , l eve l I . L eng th : 7 cm ; P l. =

2 31.

w id th : 5 .2 cm ; h e igh t : 2 .5 cm.

X/2

I nv. 1 443, S arm izegetusa Re la t ive ly w e l l p reserved . t he s hou lder .

T races o f h and le ( probab ly r ing-hand le ) o n

Hard b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks ;

s econdary f ir ing a nd o f l ong u se.

t races o f

F ound i n t he c o mp lex d ed icated t o

Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , i n e nc losure. L eng th : 7 .6 cm ;

w id th : 5 cm ;

h e igh t : 1 .9 cm.

P l. XX IX/3 2 32.

I nv. 1 432, S arm izegetusa Rela t ively w e l l p reserved.

Or ig ina l ly , t he d iscus was d ecora ted w i th t wo

h u man masks , wh ich w ere b ad ly made. The h and le , n ow m iss ing , w as a pp l ied o n t he s hou lder a nd o n o ne o f t he masks. The l a mp s tood o n a s uppor t .

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd g r its ,

b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t .

F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd

Hyg ie ia , l eve l I . L eng th : 1 0.1 cm ; F ig . 3 6 ; 2 33.

w id th : 7 cm ;

h e ight : 4 .1 cm .

P l. XX [X/4

I nv. 1 586 , S arm izegetusa Deter iorated , r econstruc ted .

Base d e l im ited b y ab order ;

t he mark

i s i l leg ib le. Ye l low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd o rgan ic r e ma ins. F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f A escu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , t o t he S ou th o f t e mp le A . L eng th : 8 .5 cm ;

w id th : 5 .7 cm ;

7 0

h e igh t : 3 .2 cm.

2 34.

I nv. 9 08, S arm izegetusa R e la t ively w e l l p reserved. w ith t wo c ocks.

T he d iscus i s s l igh t ly d ished a nd d ecora ted

T he h and le i s d ecora ted w ith r ad ia l r ibb ings.

b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , w e l l b aked .

F ine

F ound i n t he o ld

e xcavat ions. L eng th : 1 1 cm ; 2 35.

w id th : 6 cm ;

h e igh t : 5 cm.

I nv. 9 10 , Deva R e la t ive ly w e l l p reserved.

T hree b if id k nobs o n t he e dge.

c o loured f abr ic w ith g r its a nd m ica s pecks , w e l l b aked .

Br ick-

F ound i n t he

o ld e xcava t ions. L eng th : 7 .8 cm ; 2 36.

w id th : 4 .9 cm ;

h e igh t : 2 .4 cm.

I nv. 9 09 , Deva T he d iscus a nd p ar t o f t he b ase a re d estroyed. f abr ic , we l l b aked ; L eng th : 9 .5 cm ;

2 37.

t races o f i n tense u se.

w id th : 6 .2 cm ;

F ine b r ick-co loured

F ound i n t he o ld e xcava t ions.

h e igh t : 3 .1 cm.

I nv. 9 31, Deva We l l p reserved . D iscus d ecora ted w ith a Bacchan mask ; t races o f h and le o n t he s hou lder . Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks, r ed-orange c o lour-coa t .

F ound i n t he o ld e xcava t ions.

L eng th : 8 .2 cm ;

h e igh t : 2 .8 cm.

F ig . 3 7 ; 2 38.

w id th : 5 .3 cm ;

P l. XXV I I I/5

I nv. 2 068, S arm izegetusa We l l p reserved. D iscus d ecora ted w ith a h u man mask ; l a me l la te h and le. Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith g r its a nd m ica s pecks ; r ough e xe cu t ion ; t races o f i ntense u se. F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , l eve l I . L eng th : 8 .2 cm ; w id th : 5 .2 cm ;

h e igh t : 4 cm.

P l. ) 00 C/1 2 39.

I nv. 2 062, S arm izegetusa We ll p reserved . Ash-grey f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd g r its. i n t he s a me c on tex t a s t he p rev ious p iece. L eng th : 8 cm ;

2 40.

w id th : 5 .5 cm ;

F ound

h e igh t : 2 .2 cm.

I nv. 1 562, S arm izegetusa D eter iorated. F ine y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , w e l l b aked ; b rown s nu f f-co loured c o lour-coa t . F ound i n t he c o mp lex d ed icated t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , p it o f t he 2 nd c en tury . L eng th : 8 .5 cm ;

w id th : 6 cm ;

h e igh t : 3 cm.

7 1

2 41.

I nv. 4 96 , S arm izegetusa Deter iora ted. F ine b r ick- C o loured f abr ic , w e l l b aked , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t ; r ough e xecu t ion . i n t he o ld e xcava t ions. L eng th : 7 .7 cm ;

2 42.

F ound i n t he P a lace o f t he A ugus ta les ,

w id th : 4 .8 cm ;

h e igh t : 2 .6 cm.

I nv. 1 600, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f t op. D iscus d ecora ted w ith a n e ag le w ith t he h ead t urned l ef t. Two b if id k nobs a nd t he r e ma ins o f ar ing-hand le o n t he s hou lder . F ine y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , w e l l b aked . F ound i n t he t e mp le o f L iber P a ter , o u ts ide t he s ou thern w a l l. L eng th : 1 0 cm ; w id th : 8 .2 cm. F ig . 3 8 ;

2 43.

P l. XXX/2

I nv. 1 538, S arm izegetusa T op. Br ick-co loured f abr ic , b r ick-co loured c o lour-coa t . o ld e xcava t ions. L eng th : 9 .9 cm ;

2 44.

F ound i n t he

w id th : 6 .9 cm.

I nv. 2 057, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f t op. T he d iscus was d ecora ted w ith t wo h uman masks ( on ly o ne i s s urv iv ing ). F ine y e l low b r ick-co loured f abr ic , t races o f s econdary f ir ing . F ound i n t he o ld e xcava t ions. L eng th : 7 .6 cm ;

w id th : 6 .4 cm .

P l. ) 0 a/3 2 45.

I nv. 1 902, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f t op. f i l l ing h o les.

D iscus d ecora ted w ith t wo h u man masks b e tween t wo

F ine y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks ,

b rown s nuf f-co loured c o lour -coa t.

F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f A escu lap ius

a nd Hyg ie ia , i n e nc losure. L eng th : 9 cm ; 2 46.

w id th : 6 .2 cm.

I nv. 1 603, S arm izegetusa Deter iora ted , r econstruc ted . B ilychn is. T he s hou lder i s d ecora ted w ith s em i-ovo los a nd i nc ised l i nes , t he h and le i s p rov ided w ith a d orsa l l ug a nd d ecora ted w ith r ad ia l l ines a nd a g roup o f c oncen tr ic c irc les. T he c ordon i s i n t he s hape o f ac ord . Base d e l im ited b y ab road b order . F ine y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic , r ed-ochre c o lour-coa t . F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , i n e nc losure. L eng th : 9 .9 cm ;

w id th : 5 .2 cm ;

h e igh t : 4 .5 cm.

P l. XXX I/3 2 47.

I nv. 1 561, S ar m izegetusa Fragmen tary , p ar t ia l ly r econstructed. d ecora ted w ith s em i-ovo los.

B ilychn is.

S hou lder i s

Ag roup c ons ist ing o f c oncen tr ic c irc les

7 2

i n t he f orm o f ac ross i s p r in ted o n t he b ase.

Traces o f h and le.

F ine

b r ick-co loured y e l low ish f abr ic. F ound i n t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o A escu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , i n p it o f t he 2 nd c entury . L eng th : 7 .2 cm ;

w id th : 5 .5 cm ;

h e igh t : 2 .3 cm.

P l. LV II/8 2 48.

I nv. 1 590, S ar m izegetusa Re la t ively w e l l p reserved .

B i lychn is.

T race o f h and le w i th d orsa l

l ug . Base marked b y ab order . Y el low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , s l igh t ly b aked . F ound i n t he s a me c on tex t a s t he p rev ious p iece. L eng th : 8 cm ;

w id th : 6 .5 cm ;

h e ight : 3 .6 cm .

P l. X 0 X I/4 2 49.

I nv. 1 627, S ar m izegetusa F ragmen t o f t op. B i lychn is. T he s hou lder i s d ecora ted w ith s em io vo los a nd i nc ised l i nes. F ine y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd v egetab le r e ma ins.

F ound i n t he s ame c on tex t a s t he

p rev ious s pec i men . L eng th : 4 .5 cm ; w id th : 6 .7 cm. 2 50.

I nv. 1 703, S arm izegetusa S im i lar , t he s a me f i nd s po t . L eng th : 6 .2 cm ;

2 51.

w id th : 5 .5 cm .

I nv. 1 622, S ar m izegetusa S im i lar , r ed o chre c o lour-coa t , t he s ame f ind-spot . L eng th : 7 .4 cm ;

2 52.

w id th : 7 cm.

I nv. 3 566, S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f t op.

B i lychn is. D iscus d ecora ted w ith a l i on (? ) .

b r ick-co loured f abr ic , s l igh t ly b aked. L eng th : 8 .7 cm ; w id th : 7 cm. F ig . 3 9 ; 2 53.

F ine

F ound i n t he o ld e xcava t ions.

P l. ) 00 ( I/2

I nv. 8 83, Deva D eter iora ted. Tr i lychn is. Concave d iscus w ith r ad ia l r ibb ings. Br ick-co loured f l ourl ike f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks ; f a ir ly r ough e xecut i on.

F ound i n t he o ld e xcava t ions.

L eng th : 8 .9 cm ;

w id th : 6 .8 cm ;

h e igh t : 2 .8 cm.

P l. XXX I I I/3 2 54.

I nv . 4 94 , S arm izegetusa Deter iora ted , p ar t ia l ly r econs truc ted . r oset te.

C oncave d iscus d ecora ted w ith

The h and le w ith d orsa l l ug i s d eter iora ted .

marked b y ab road b order .

T he b ase i s

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic, r ed-orange

7 3

c o lour-coa t.

F ound i n t he p a lace o f t he Augus ta les i n t he o ld

e xcava t ions. L eng th : 1 0.5 cm ; 2 55.

w id th : 6 .5 cm ;

h e igh t : 4 cm.

I nv. 1 589 , S arm izegetusa De ter iora ted , p ar t ia l ly r econs truc ted . Tr ilychn is. T he s hou lder i s d ecora ted w ith s em i-ovolos , c ordon i n t he s hape o f ac ord , h and le w i th d orsa l l ug , b ase e nc losed b y a n i nc ised c irc le.

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured

f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd v ege tab le r e ma ins , b rown c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 1 0 cm ; w id th : 8 .5 cm ; F ig . 4 0 ; P l. X ), C K E I I/1 2 56.

h e igh t : 4 .2 cm.

I nv. 1 016 , S arm izegetusa Deter iora ted , p ar t ia l ly r econs truc ted . Trachyn is. Br ick-co loured f abr ic , w e l l b aked , r ed-ochre c o lour-coa t. F ound i n t he o ld e xcavat i ons. L eng th : 9 .7 cm ; P l. 3 0021 1/2

2 57.

w id th : 7 cm ;

h e igh t : 3 .6 cm.

I nv. 1 438, S arm izegetusa Deter iora ted , p ar t ia l ly r econs truc ted . Tr i lychn is. T he s hou lder i s d ecorated w ith s em i-ovo los , t he c ordon i n t he s hape o f ac ord , t he h and le w ith d orsa l l ug , t he b ase marked b y a n i nc ised c irc le.

F ine

b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks b rown s nuf f-co loured c o lourc oa t .

F ound i n t he o ld e xcava t ions.

L eng th : 1 0 cm ; 2 58.

w id th : 9 cm ;

h e igh t : 3 cm.

I nv. 1 556 , S arm izegetusa Re la t ive ly w e l l p reserved , t he h and le i s d eter iora ted .

T r i lychn is.

T he s hou lder i s d ecora ted w ith s em i-ovo los a nd w ith r oset te b e tween t he n ozz les.

The h and le w ith a h igh s uppor t i s d ecora ted w i th c oncen tr ic

c irc les a nd r oset tes a nd i s p rov ided w ith d orsa l l ug. t he f orm o f ac ross a re p r in ted o n t he b ase.

F ive r oset tes i n

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured

f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , r ed-orange c o lour-coa t.

F ound i n t he c o mp lex

o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , p i t o f t he 2 nd c entury . L eng th : 1.3 cm ; w id th : 8 cm ; h e ight : 4 cm. F ig . 4 1; 2 59.

P l. X 2OC E I/ 1

I nv. 1 583, S ar m izegetusa S l igh t ly d e ter iora ted , r econs tructed .

T r ilychn is.

T he s hou lder i s

d ecora ted w ith s em i-ovo los a nd t he h and le w ith r ad ia l r ibb ings.

Br ick

c o loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd v ege tab le r e ma ins , b rown s nu f fc o loured c o lour-coa t .

F ound i n the s ame a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t a s t he

p rev ious p iece. L eng th : 1 0.8 cm ; F ig . 4 2 ;

w id th : 5 cm ;

P l. XXX I I/2

7 4

h e igh t : 5 .7 cm .

2 60.

I nv . 1 515, S arm izegetusa D e ter iorated , t he b ase i s m iss ing . T he t op i n t he s hape o f ap ine-cone, w ith p ierced l ug a nd t he f i l l ing h o le a t t he o ppos ite s ide t o t he w ick . Y e l low ish f l ourl ike f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd o rgan ic r e ma ins.

F ound

i n t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , i n e nc losure. L eng th : 1 0.4 cm ; F ig . 4 3 ; 2 61.

w id th : 6 .2 cm ;

h e igh t : 4 .7 cm.

P l. XXX I I I/4

I nv . 8 99, Deva F ragmen t o f d iscus d ecora ted w ith a k nob i n t he s hape o f ar ose t te. I n t he m idd le a d isco ida l p ierced l ug a nd t wo f i l l ing h o les a rranged s ym metr ica lly . Br ick-co loured g rey f abr ic , t races o f u se. T he f i nds pot i s u nknown . L eng th : 7 .2 cm ; F ig . 4 4

w id th : 4 .3 cm.

S ta mped l a mps f ro m S ar m izegetusa , wh ich a re n ow l os t 2 62.

L a mp w ith t he mark AC c om ing f ro m U lp ia Tra iana a nd s een b y G . T eg läs i n t he Museu m o f D eva. 2 64

2 63.

L a mp w ith t he mark FORT IS s een b y S tud iszka i n t he e p iscopa l c o l lect ion f ro m L ugo j . 265

2 64.

I n tac t l a mp , w e l l b aked w ith a h u man f igure i n t he m idd le o f t he t op a nd t he mark FORT IS i nscr ibed i ns ide t hree c irc les o n t he b ase". T he l a mp was f ound o n a sma l l h i l l , i n t he f ron t o f t he c hurch , p robab ly i n t he s ou th-wes tern c orner o f t he c i ty ; b es ide t h is l a mp. 266

ac o in o f Hadr ian was f ound

2 65.

L a mp w ith t he mark FORT IS d iscovered i n t he v ic in ity o f t he p a lace o f t he Augusta les. 2 67

2 66.

L a mp , p robab ly f rag men tary , w ith t he mark I ANVAR I w ith VA a nd R I i n l iga ture f ound t ogether w ith a c o in o f Hadr ian i n a n i nhu ma t ion b ur ia l. 268

2 67.

L a mp w ith t he mark LVPAT I s een b y C . Da icov ic iu i n t he p r iva te c o l lect ion o f M. J . L itsek .2 69

2 68.

L a mp w ith t he mark OCTAV I

2 70

s een b y T eg lä ,s i n t he Museu m o f D eva

( t he mark i s wrong ly d ec iphered b y h im a s I AV IDO )2 71 2 69.

L a mp w ith t he mark S TROB IL I , s een b y C . Da icov ic iu i n t he c o l lect ion o f M. J . L itsek . 272 L eng th : 9 .5 cm ;

2 70.

w id th : 6 .5 cm.

L a mp w ith t he mark STROB IL IS f ound i n t he mauso leu m o f t he Aurel ia f am i ly .273 T he r ead ing S TROB IL IS i s p robab ly wrong .274 7 5

Fragmen ts Ros tra 2 71.

I nv. 1 536 , S arm izegetusa Ash-grey f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks. L eng th : 7 cm ; h e igh t : 3 cm.

2 72.

I nv. 1 537, S arm izegetusa F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , r ed-ochre c o lour-coa t , t races o fu se. L eng th : 8 cm ; h e ight : 2 cm.

2 73.

I nv. 1 682 , S arm izegetusa Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks, b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t. L eng th : 8 cm ;

2 74.

h e igh t : 4 .5 cm.

I nv. 1 931, S arm izegetusa Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd o rgan ic r e ma ins , s l igh t ly b aked . L eng th : 5 .5 cm ;

2 75.

h e igh t : 4 .5 cm.

I nv. 1 624 , S ar m izegetusa V ery f ine b r ick-co loured f l ourl ike f abr ic. L eng th : 6 .5 cm ; h e igh t : 3 .4 cm.

2 76.

I nv. 1 866, S ar m izegetusa F ine y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coat. L eng th : 5 .3 cm ;

2 77.

h e igh t : 4 cm.

I nv. S 6 65 , S arm izegetusa V ery f i ne b lack-grey f abr ic , w el l b aked , b rown c o lour-coat . L eng th : 5 cm ; h e igh t : 3 cm.

2 78.

I nv. 1 544 , S arm izegetusa F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , v ery w e l l b aked , t races o f s econdary f ir ing. L eng th : 6 cm ;

2 79.

h e igh t : 3 cm.

I nv. 1 933, S ar m izegetusa F ine , y el low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith mica s pecks a nd o rgan ic r e ma ins , t races o fu se. L eng th : 8 cm ; h e igh t : 3 .2 cm.

7 6

2 80.

I nv. 1 872, S arm izege tusa Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith g r its a nd m ica s pecks , g rey c ore. L eng th : 4 .2 cm ;

2 81.

h e igh t : 2 .8 cm.

I nv. 1 871, S arm izege tusa Ye l low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd v ege tab le r e ma ins. L eng th : 4 .8 cm ; h e igh t : 3 cm.

2 82.

I nv . 1 868, S arm izegetusa Br ick-co loured f lourl ike f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks. L eng th : 5 .2 cm ; h e igh t : 2 .2 cm.

2 83.

I nv. 1 852, S arm izege tusa S im i lar . L eng th : 2 .4 cm ;

2 84.

h e igh t : 2 .7 cm.

I nv. 1 873, S ar m izegetusa Ye l low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd v egetab le r e ma ins , b rown-red c o lour-coa t. L eng th : 5 cm ;

2 85.

h e igh t : 3 cm.

I nv . 1 869, S ar m izegetusa Rad ia l i nc is ions o n t he e dge. b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 5 .2 cm ;

2 86.

F ine y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic ,

h e igh t : 3 cm.

I nv. 1 879 , S ar m izegetusa F ine , y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic , t races o fu se. L eng th : 2 .5 cm.

2 87.

I nv . 1 876 , S arm izegetusa F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , r ed-ochre c o lour-coa t , t races o f u se. L eng th : 3 .7 cm ;

2 88.

h e igh t : 3 .5 cm.

I nv. 1 877 , S ar m izegetusa Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , v ery w el l b aked , t races o f u se. L eng th : 2 .5 cm ; h e igh t : 2 .2 cm.

2 89.

I nv. 1 870 , S arm izegetusa Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd v ege tab le r e ma ins. L eng th : 5 cm ;

h e igh t : 2 .4 cm.

7 7

2 : 9 0.

I nv..1 8E2, S ar m iz ge li .sa Ye l low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pec 1 4 1 3 a rd v sgetatle r e mains. L eng th : 3 .8 cm ;

2 91.

h e igh t : 2 cm.

I nv. 1 880 , S ar m izegetusa F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith mica s pecks. L eng th : 3 .1 cm.

2 92.

I nv. 1 901, S ar m izegetusa B i lychn is.

S hou lder w ith s em i-ovo los , f ine y e l low ish f abr ic , t races

o f s econdary f ir ing. L eng th : 5 .4 cm. 2 93.

I nv. 1 847 , S ar m izegetusa B i lychn is.

S hou lder w ith s em i-ovo los , f ine b r ick -co loured f abr ic w ith

m ica s pecks. L eng th : 8 .7 cm ; 2 94.

h e igh t : 3 .2 cm.

I nv. 1 614 , S arm izegetusa B i lychn is.

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b rown-redd ish

c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 5 cm. 2 95.

I nv. 1 841, S ar m izegetusa B i lychn is.

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w i th m ica s pecks , u nequa lly b aked .

L eng th : 5 .2 cm ; 2 96.

h e igh t : 1 .8 cm.

I nv. 1 867, S ar m izegetusa B ilychn is.

S hou lder w i th s em i-ovo los , t he c ordon i n t he s hape o f c ord.

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 5 .2 cm ; 2 97,

h e igh t : 2 cm .

I nv. 1 883, S ar m izegetusa B i lychn is.

Ye l low ish f abr ic w ith v ege tab le r e ma ins , b rown-redd ish

f abr ic. L eng th : 4 .5 cm. 2 98.

I nv. 1 628, S ar m izegetusa B i lychn is.

S hou lder w ith s em i-ovo los a nd r ose t tes.

Y el low ish b r ick-

c o loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b rown-redd ish c o lour c oa t. L eng th : 5 .7 cm.

7 8

2 99.

I nv. 1 796 , S ar m izegetusa B i lychn is.

S hou lder d ecorated w ith r oset tes.

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured

f abr ic , b rown s nu f f-co loured c o lour-coa t. L eng th : 4 cm Marg i 3 00.

I nv. 1 710 , S arm izegetusa W ith t wo k nobs a nd f l a t d iscus.

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic.

L eng th : 7 cm . 3 01.

I nv. 1 642, S arm izegetusa With t wo k nobs a nd d iscus d ecora ted w ith a h u man mask .

B lack-grey

f abr ic w ith t races o f s econdary f i r ing. L eng th : 6 .8 cm. 3 02.

I nv. 1 609, S ar m izegetusa With t wo k nobs a nd f l a t d iscus.

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , w e l l

b aked , b rown c o lour-coa t. L eng th : 6 .1 cm. 3 03.

I nv. 1 909, S arm izege tusa W ith t wo k nobs a nd f l a t d iscus.

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica

s pecks. L eng th : 5 cm. 3 04.

I nv. 1 856, S ar m izegetusa With o ne k nob.

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , r ed-

o range c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 6 cm . 3 05.

I nv. 185 3 ,S ar m izege tusa W ith k nob.

P orous b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b iscu it-

g rey . L eng th : 1 0.5 cm. 3 06.

I nv. 1 859, S arm izegetusa W ith o ne k nob a nd h igh c ordon . Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f l ourl ike f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd v ege tab le r e ma ins. L eng th : 1 2 cm .

3 07.

I nv. 1 860 , S arm izegetusa Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , r ed-ochre c o lourc oa t . L eng th : 6 cm.

7 9

3 08.

I nv. 1 862, S arm izegetusa Decora ted w ith s em i-ovo los. L eng th : 4 .2 cm.

3 09.

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks.

I nv. 1 828, S ar m izegetusa Decora ted w ith o ne k nob , v er t ica l l i nes a nd i nc ised d ots.

F ine b r ick-

c o loured f abr ic w ith mica s pecks. L eng th : 9 cm. 3 10.

I nv. 1 940 , S ar m izegetusa T he s a me d ecora t ion . Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith g rey c ore , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 7 .5 cm.

3 11.

I nv. 1 944 , S ar m izegetusa Decora ted w ith r ad ia l r idges. Y e l low ish f abr ic w ith b r ick-co loured c ore, o range o chre c o lour-coa t. L eng th : 5 .5 cm. T he f ragmen ts b e long t o t ypes V II I , I X a nd X a nd i n c onsequence t o l a mps o f " F irma la mpen" t ype , a nd h ave b een s e lected a s t he most r epres en ta t ive f ro m a much l arger n u mber o f f ragmen ts.

TYPE X I

3 12.

I nv. 2 065 , S ar m izegetusa Fragmen tary .

L a mp o f t ubu lar s hape w ith t he n ozzles n arrow ing t o

t he m idd le a nd e xpand ing t o t he c on ta iner a nd w ick-ho le.

T he t wo

s urv iv ing n ozzles a re d ecora ted w ith i nc is ions a nd p rov ided w i th a irh o les. T he l a mp h as a s l ight ly h u lged b ody d ecorated w ith l aure l l eaves. Ap ar t o f t he f i l l ing h o le wh ich i n terrup ted t he d ecora t ion i s s urv iv ing . F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , w e l l b aked , o range-ochre c o lour-coa t . F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , t e mp le B , f i l l ing o f t he f i rs t p hase. L eng th : 1 0.5 cm ; w id th : 4 .5 cm ; F ig . 4 5 ; P l. XXX EV/ 1 3 13.

h e igh t : 2 .2 cm.

I nv. 2 076, S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f b ase b e long ing t o t he p rev ious l a mp o r t o as im i lar o ne. L eng th : 8 cm ; w id th : 4 .5 cm.

3 14.

I nv. 2 072, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t. The p ro ject ing n ozz le w as a dded . Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd v egetab le r e ma ins , o range-ochre c o lourc oa t .

F ound i n t he c o mp lex d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , p i t

8 0

o f t he 2 nd c entury . L eng th : 7 cm ; F ig . 4 6 ; 3 15.

w id th : 4 .5 cm ;

h e ight : 2 .5 cm.

P l. 2 00C [V/2

I nv. 2 074 , S ar m izegetusa F ragmen t o f n ozzle s im i lar t o t he p rev ious s pec i men . f abr ic , w ith m ica s pecks , w e l l b aked .

Br ick c o loured

F ound i n t he s a me a rchaeo log ica l

c on tex t . L eng th : 3 .2 cm ; 3 16.

h e igh t : 2 .9 cm.

I nv. 1 592, S ar m izege tusa F ragmentary .

La mp o f t ubu lar s hape w ith many w icks ( seven a re

s urv iv ing ). S em i-r ing h and le f or h ang ing . F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , v ery w e l l b aked , r ed o chre c o lour-coa t , t races o f i n tense u se. Found i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , p i t o f t he 2 nd c entury . L eng th : 1 8 cm ; F ig . 4 7 ; 3 17.

w id th : 4 .7 cm ;

P l. =

h e igh t : 3 cm.

V/3

I n .v. 1 626, S ar m izegetusa F ragmen tary . s urv iv ing .

On ly t wo w icks a nd a p ar t o f t he r ing-con ta iner a re

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , w e l l b aked ,

b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t , t races o f u se. c on tex t . L eng th : 5 .2 cm ; 3 18.

I nv. 1 592

w id th : 2 .2 cm ;

F ound i n t he s a me a rchaeo log ica l

h e igh t : 3 cm.

a , S ar m izegetusa

F ragmen t.

Ap ierced l a me l la te l ug i s s urv iv ing i n t he i n ter ior .

Y e l low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd v ege tab le r e ma ins , r ed-orange c o lour -coa t , t races o f i n tense u se. L eng th : 9 .7 cm ; 3 19.

w id th : 4 cm ;

F ound i n t he s a me c on tex t.

h e igh t : 3 cm.

I nv . 1 592 b , S arm izege tusa F ragmen t.

T hree w icks a re s urv iv ing .

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured

f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t , t races o f i n tense u se. F ound i n t he s a me c on tex t. L eng th : 8 cm ;

w id th : 3 cm ;

h e igh t : 2 .8 cm.

TYPE MI

3 20.

I nv. 9 38, Deva D eter iorated .

L ong n ozzle s l igh t ly n arrow ing t o t he c on ta iner , o f

a ngu lar s hape a nd d ecora ted w ith r ad ia l i nc is ions.

T he e dge i s d ecora-

t ed w ith a n a corn a nd t he h and le , n ow d e ter iora ted , i s p rov ided w ith d orsa l l ug .

T he d iscus e nc losed b y t wo i nc ised c irc les was p robab ly

d ecora ted w ith a r oset te i n t he midd le. s pecks. Found i n t he o ld e xcava t ions. L eng th : 8 .5 cm ; F ig . 4 8 ;

w id th : 5 .2 cm ;

P l. ) 00 (V/ 1 8 1

Grey-b lack f abr ic w ith m ica

h e igh t : 2 .3 cm.

3 21.

I nv. 9 42, Deva We l l p reserved .

Angu lar n bzzle, s l igh t ly n arrow ing t o t he m idd le.

Concave d iscus b ordered b y af l u t ing , t he s hou lder d econ t ted w ith r ad ia l i nc is ions. I tp robab ly h ad a h and le. F our 2 irc 1es a re c ircums cr ibed o n t he f l a t b ase. F ine y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic. F ound i n t he o ld e xcava t ions. L eng th : 8 .6 cm ; w id th : 6 cm ; F ig . 4 9 ; 3 22.

h e igh t : 2 .6 cm.

P l. XXXV/2

I nv. 1 448, S arm izegetusa We l l p reserved . T he l ong n ozzle w as p rov ided w ith a b road c hanne l w ith c urved s ides. T he s hou lder i s b road a nd f l a t a nd h as a t race o f a h and le o r k nob o n t he o ppos ite s ide o f t he w ick . The d iscus o f ar educed d ia meter i s d ished . C oarse b rown-ye l low ish f abr ic w ith g r i ts a nd m ica s pecks , u nequa l ly b aked . F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , t o t he e ast o f t e mp le A . L eng th : 8 cm ; w id th : 5 .2 cm ; F ig . 5 0 ; P l. XXV/3

3 23.

h e igh t : 2 cm.

I nv. 1 595 , S arm izegetusa We l l p reserved . b orders.

T he d iscus i s s l igh t ly c oncave a nd h as r e l iefed

T he b ase i s s l igh t ly d eepened.

f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd g r its. a nd Hyg ie ia , i n e nc losure. L eng th : 7 .7 cm ;

w id th : 5 .8 cm ;

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured

F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f A escu lap ius h e igh t : 2 .4 cm.

P l. X )0 (V/4

TYPE 2 a 1 1 3 24.

I nv. 9 19 , D eva We l l p reserved .

T he d iscus i s s l igh t ly c oncave ;

l a mel la te h and le ,

y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f l ourl ike f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks. s pot i s u nknown . L eng th : 8 .5 cm ;

w id th : 5 .3 cm ;

T he f i nd-

h e igh t : 2 .9 cm.

P l. XXXV I/ 1 3 25.

I nv. 9 20 , Deva We l l p reserved.

T he l a me l la te h and le i s p ierced.

f abr ic , r ough ly e xecu ted . L eng th : 8 .1 cm ;

Grey-b lack ish

The f ind-spo t i s u nknown .

w id th : 5 .3 cm ;

h e igh t : 2 .3 cm

P l. XXXV I/2 3 26.

I nv. 9 25 , D eva Deter iora ted.

T he s hou lder w as p robab ly d ecora ted.

m ica s pecks a nd g r its. The f ind-spo t i s u nknown . L eng th : 8 .2 cm ; w id th : 5 .6 cm ; h e igh t : 2 .8 cm. F ig . 5 1;

P l. KKXV I/3 8 2

Hard f abr ic w ith

3 27.

I nv. 4 98, S ar m izegetusa Re la t ively w el l p reserv & l . n arrow b ase.

T he d iscus i s d eter iora ted , w ide c on ta iner ,

Brown-grey f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , r ough e xecu t ion ,

t races o f l ong u se. L eng th : 1 1 cm ;

F ound i n t he o ld e xcava t ions.

w id th : 7 .2 cm ;

h e igh t : 2 .9 cm.

P l. ) 00 (V I/4 3 28.

I nv. 9 53, Deva Re la t ively w e l l p reserved . p robab ly a s d ecora t ion .

The d iscus h as a t ransverse r ibb ing ,

S l igh t ly c oncave b ase.

" Värhe ly 1 88 .."

i s wr it ten o n t he c on ta iner . T he f ind-spot i s u nknown . L eng th : 9 .3 cm ; w id th : 6 cm ; h e igh t : 3 cm. F ig . 5 2 ; 3 29.

P l. XXXV I/5

I nv . 9 13, Deva Fragmen tary .

Grey-b lack ish f abr ic , u nequa l ly b aked .

T he f i nd-spot

i s u nknown . L eng th : 8 cm ;

w id th : 5 .8 cm ;

h e igh t : 2 .3 cm.

P l. X :XXV I/6 3 30.

I nv. 9 23, Deva S l igh t ly d eter iora ted.

P robab ly t he e dge a nd t he d iscus w ere d ecora ted .

T races o f modern u se w h ich h as a l tered t he o r ig ina l s hape. s po t i s u nknown . L eng th : 9 .7 cm ;

w id th : 6 .2 cm ;

T he f ind-

h e igh t : 2 .8 cm.

P l. XXXV I/7

TYPE X IV

3 31.

I nv. 4 94 , S arm izegetusa We l l p reserved .

T he l a mp h as a r ound b ody p rov ided w ith f i ve w icks.

The s hou lder i s d ecora ted w ith v ine-s te ms a nd t he d iscus e nc losed b y t wo c ircu lar f l ut ings i s d ecora ted w ith r ad ia l r idges. L a me l la te h and le. T he d eepened b ase marked b y ab road r ibb ing i s s ta mped w ith PEI M/OY . F ine f abr ic , y e l low o chre. Ow ing t o i n tense u se, t he c o lour-coa t i s h ard ly d is t ingu ishab le ; i t was p robab ly b rown . T he f i nd-spo t i s u nk nown. L eng th : 8 .2 cm ; F ig . 5 5 ; 3 32.

w id th : 1 1.2 cm ; h e igh t : 4 cm.

P l. XXXV I I , LV I/ 16

I nv . 1 516, S arm izegetusa Frag men t. On ly t he a n ter ior p ar t a nd a n arrow p ar t o f t he c on ta iner a re s urv iv ing . Trace o f w ick-ho le a nd a r e l iefed d ecora t ion c ons is t ing o f i nc ised d ots o n t he r igh t s ide.

F ine y e l low ish f abr ic , w e l l b aked ,

b rown s nuf f-co loured c o lour-coa t .

F ound i n t he o ld e xcava t ions.

L eng th : 1 1.5 cm ;

h e igh t : 3 .5 cm.

w id th : 7 .2 cm ;

P l. XXXV I I I/ 1 8 3

3 33.

I nv. 1 565 , S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f s hou lder . Grey-ye l low ish f abr ic w ith mica s p2cks a nd v ege tab le r e ma ins e na me l led w ith g reen l ead g laze. F ound i nt he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , p i t o f t he 2 nd c en tury . L eng th : 1 4.5 cm.

3 34.

I nv. 1 850 , 1 924 , S arm izege tusa Two f ragmen ts o f t he s hou lder o f t he s a me l a mp. c o loured f abr ic ;

g rey-ye l low ish c ore.

F ine y e l low ish b r ick-

F ound i n t he s a me c on tex t a s

t he p rev ious s pec i men . L eng th : 9 cm. 3 35.

I nv. 1 419 , S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f h and le e nd ing w ith a w oman 's h ead o f p hoen ic ian t ype. F ine g rey-b lack f abr ic v ery w el l b aked , b rown-green ish c o lour-coa t. Found i n t rench I V , l evel I . L eng th : 9 cm. F ig . 5 4 ;

P l. XXXV I I I/2

TYPE XV I

3 36.

I nv. 122, D eva We l l p reserved. T he l a mp i s p rov ided w ith t wo w icks a rranged a t o ppos ite s ides t o e ach o ther ; t he n ozzles a re r ounded e nd ing w ith s harp a ng les o n t he s hou lders.

T he f i l l ing h o le i s e nc losed b y ar ing a s we l l

a s t he b ase. Masks o f Medusa a re c arefu l ly mode l led o n t he l a tera l s ides o f t he c on ta iner . T he l a mp c ou ld b e h ung u p t o as uppor t b y a c ha in f as tened b y t wo r ings t o h igh p ierced sma l l h and les ; p a t ina s urv iv ing .

T he f ind-spot i s u nknown .

L eng th : 1 5.5 cm ; F ig . 5 5 ; 3 37.

w id th : 7 .5 cm ;

h e igh t : 4 .4 cm.

P l. XXX IX

I nv. 4 18, S arm izegetusa Deter iora ted . Hand le a nd n ozzle a re m iss ing a nd t he d iscus h as f i ssures. T he w ide f i l l ing h o le i s d e l im ited b y af lu t ing . T he s hou lders o f t he t op a re h igh.

T he b ase c ons is ts o f an u mber o f c oncen tr ic r ings .

T he f ind-spot i s n o t c er ta in . L eng th : 8 cm ; w id th : 6 .2 cm ; F ig . 5 6 ;

h e igh t : 3 cm.

P l. XXXVI I I/3

8 4

TYPE XVI I

3 38.

I nv. 2 043, S arm izegetusa S l igh t ly d eter iora ted .

T he l a mp i s p rov ided w ith a v er t ica l c y l indr ica l

b ody s tand ing o n as tepped b ase.

A c on ta iner w ith f our l obes , o ne

d estroyed , i s o n t he u pper p ar t o f t he l a mp . A wavy d ecora t ion i s i nc ised o n t he b ody o f t he l a mp , immed ia te ly a bove t he b ase a nd u nder t he l obed c on ta iner w hose s uppor t a lso c ons is ts o f s teps.

C oarse b r ick-

c o loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , g r its a nd s and , v ery w e l l b aked. F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , i n e nc losure. H e igh t : 1 4.8 cm ; d ia meter : 1 3.6 cm. F ig . 5 7 ;

P l. XL

TYPE XV I I I 3 39.

I nv. 1 470, S arm izegetusa D eter iorated , p ar t ia l ly r econstruc ted . L amp i n t he s hape o f af i sh w ith i nc ised a nd s tabbed d ecora t ion o n o ne f ace. Two h o les c ut t ransverse t hrough t he b ody .

Re ma ins o f ap ierced h and le.

m ica s pecks , y e l low ish b r ick-co loured c ore.

Grey-b lack f abr ic w ith

F ound i n t he c omp lex o f

A escu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , i n e nc losure. L eng th : 1 0.5 cm ; w id th : 6 cm ; h e igh t : 4 .1 cm. F ig . 5 8 ;

P l. X U

TYPE X IX

3 40.

I nv . 1 460 , S arm izegetusa V ery w e l l p reserved .

P ear s haped b ody ;

t he d iscus c annot b e d is-

t i ngu ished b ecause o f t he b u lg ing s hou lder .

P ierced l a me l la te h and le.

Y el low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic , p a le o range c o lour-coa t. t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia ; d eta ils. L eng th : 7 .1 cm ; F ig . 5 9 ; 3 41.

w id th : 5 .2 cm ;

F ound i n

t here a re n o s tra t igraph ica l

h e igh t : 2 cm.

P l. XL I I/ 1

I nv. 1 539 , S ar m izegetusa T op. I t was n o t p rov ided w ith a h and le. L eng th : 7 .2 cm ; w id th : 5 .7 cm.

S tray f ind.

TYPE XX 3 42.

I nv. 8 80 , Deva R e la t ively we l l p reserved . T hree w icks , s l igh t ly c oncave d iscus w ith a med ian r ibb ing b etween t wo f i l l ing h o les , f l a t s hou lder w ith t he r e ma ins o f ab road r ing h and le, f l a t b ase. 8 5

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks

a nd g r its , r ough e xecu t ion , t races o f i n tense u se. u nknown . L eng th : 9 .5 cm ; F ig . 6 0 ; 3 43.

w id th : 8 cm ;

The f ind-spot i s

h e ight : 2 .8 cm .

P l. XL I I/3

I nv. 8 81, Deva S im i lar

TYPE 2 0ü

3 44.

I nv. 2 064 , S arm izegetusa Deter iora ted , r econs truc ted .

L a mp w ith b itrunca ted c one-shaped b ody

p rov ided w ith t hree w icks. T he d iscus i s s harp ly d ished a nd p rov ided w ith a f i l l ing h o le i n t he m idd le. Br ick c o loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd g r its , we l l b aked .

F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia ,

t e mp le A , u nder t he wa l l o f p hase I . L eng th : 8 .2 cm ; F ig . 6 1;

w id th : 8 cm ;

h e igh t : 3 cm .

P l. XL I I/2

UNDETERMINED FRAG MENTS

3 45.

I nv. 1 532 , S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f b ase. T he mark APR I :O/F . F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , v ery w e l l b aked , o range-ochre c o lour-coa t. L eng th : 3 .2 cm. P l. XL M/ 1, L I I/3

3 46.

I nv. 1 533, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f b ase.

T he mark AP ( A w ithou t t ransversa l l i ne ), p robab ly

APR IO. F ine g rey-ye l low ish f abr ic , b rown s nuf f-co loured c o lour-coa t. L eng th : 3 .2 cm. P l. XLI I I/2, L I I/4 3 47.

I nv. 1 529 , S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f b ase w ith a p ar t o f t he c onta iner-s ide ...ET I a nd t he l as t l ine o f M a re s urv iv ing f ro m t he mark ; p robab ly A ME T I. Y el low isho range f abr ic , t races o f r ed-ochre c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 6 cm. P l. XL I II/3, L I I/6

3 48.

I nv. 1 531, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f b ase w ith c on ta iner-s ide a nd s hou lder. ASS T i s s urv iv ing f ro m t he mark ; p robab ly CASS I. Y e l low ish-grey f abr ic w ith t races o f m ica s pecks , t races o f b rown-ye l low ish c o lour-coa t. L eng th : 4 .5 cm. P l. XL I I I/4 , L II/9 8 6

3 49.

I nv. 1 523, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f t he b ase o f c on ta iner . T he l e t ters S S 1 , s im i lar t o t hose o ccurr ing o n t he p rev ious s pec i men s urv iv ing f ro m t he mark . P robab ly CASS I o r DESS I. Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f l ourl ike f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks. Found i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , n ear t he e nc losure wa l l. L eng th : 4 .5 cm. P l. XL I I I/5 , L 11/10

3 50.

I nv . 1 636, S arm izegetusa . Fragmen t o f b ase. T he l e t ter C a nd t he f irs t l i ne o f Aa re s urv iv ing f ro m t he mark ; p robab ly CASS I. F ine y el low ish b r ick-co loured f l ourl ike f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks.

F ound i n t he s ame c on tex t a s t he p rev ious

p iece. L eng th : 5 cm . P l. XL I I I/5 , L I I/11 3 51.

I nv. 1 534 , S arm izege tusa Fragmen t o f b ase.

CR ../F a re d is t ingu ishab le f rom t he mark ;

p robab ly CR ISP IN/F. F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , b iscu it-ye l low , w ith m ica s pecks. F ound i n t he c o mp lex o f Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia , l eve l L eng th : 3 .2 cm. P l. XL II I/7, 1 1 I I/ 1 3 52.

I nv. 1 526 , S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f b ase. DEC a nd p ar t o f Ia re s urv iv ing f ro m t he mark ; p robab ly DECIM1. Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , t races o f b rown c o lour-coa t . F ound i n at r ia l p it . L eng th : 5 .8 cm. P l. XL I I I/8,

3 53.

I nv. 1 584, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f b ase.

T he b ase i s s l igh t ly d ished , a l most f la t , e nc losed

b y t wo d eep ly i nc ised c irc les.

D IOCL... / F ( F i s r eversed ) a re s urv iv ing

f ro m t he mark ; p roduc t AD IOCLES/F. A f ragmen tary r oset te a bove t he mark . V ery f ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , v ery w e l l b aked , b rown c o lour-coa t.

I t was f ound i n al ayer f ro m t he s econd h a lf o f t he 2 nd

c en tury o n t he o ccas ion o f t he e xcava t ion o f a n o u ts ide w a l l o f t he t e mp le d ed icated t o L iber P a ter . L eng th : 6 .7 cm. P l. XL IV/1, L I 1 1/3 3 54.

I nv . 1 542, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f b ase.

OF i s d ist ingu ishab le i n t he s econd l i ne o f t he mark .

ERD I c an b e c on jectured i n t he u pper l ine. f abr ic , we l l b aked . F ound i n at r ia l p it . L eng th : 3 .4 cm. P l. XLV/8, LV I/4

8 7

F ine b rown b r ick-co loured

3 55.

I nv. 1 564 , S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f b ase.

The mai .k FORT I.

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic

w ith o rgan ic r e ma ins , b iscu it g rey , d ir ty g reen l ead g laze. L eng th : 5 .3 cm. P l. XL IV/2, LV/ 1 3 56.

I nv. 1 571, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f b ase.

T IS i s s urv iv ing f ro m t he mark .

Probab ly FORT IS.

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , s l igh t ly b aked. L eng th : 5 .2 cm ;

w id th : 4 .9 cm ;

h e ight : 2 .2 cm.

P l. LV/2 3 57,

I nv. 1 524 , S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f b ase.

FORT I i s s urv iv ing f ro m t he mark .

Y e l low ish-

g rey f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd s and . L eng th : 5 .8 cm . P l. XL IV/3, LV/3 3 58.

I nv. 1 530 , S arm izegetusa Frag men t o f b ase.

FORT I f ro m t he mark .

Hard f abr ic w ith m ica

s pecks , g r its a nd v egetab le impur it ies , v ery w e l l b aked , y e l low ish c o loured , o range c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 5 .9 cm. P l. XL IV/4 , LV/4 3 59.

I nv. 1 619 a nd 1 621, S ar m izegetusa Two f ragmen ts b e long ing t o t he s a me p iece.

P robab ly b i lychn is.

T he

mark FORT IS w ith t wo i nc ised c oncen tr ic c irc les a bove a nd b e low. Grey-yel low ish f abr ic w i th m ica s pecks , u nequa l ly b aked. L eng th : 7 cm ;

w id th : 5 cm ;

h e igh t : 2 .6 cm.

P l. XL IV/7, LV/4 3 60.

I nv. 1 842, S arm izegetusa Frag men t o f b ase.

T IS i s s urv iv ing f ro m t he mark ;

p robab ly FORT IS.

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , t races o f b rownr edd ish c o lour-coat . L eng th : 3 .7 cm. P l. XL IV/5 , LV/12 3 61.

I nv. 1 892, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f b ase.

FORT I i s s urv iv ing f ro m t he mark .

Y e l low ish

f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd o rgan ic r e ma ins ,brown-redd ish c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 6 cm ;

w id th : 3 .2 cm ;

h e igh t : 2 .6 cm.

P l. XL IV/6 , LV/6 3 62.

I nv. 1 896, S arm izegetusa Frag men t o f b ase.

I S i s s urv iv ing f ro m t he mark ; p robab ly FORT IS .

8 8

Ye l low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd o rgan ic r e ma ins. L eng th : 4 cm. P l. LV/15 3 63.

I nv. 1 898, S arm izegetusa Frag men t o f b ase.

FOR i s s urv iv ing f ro m t he mark ; p robab ly FORT IS.

F ine y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic. L eng th : 5 .7 cm. P l. XLV/1, LV/9 3 64.

I nv. 1 903, S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f b ase.

FOR i s s urv iv ing f ro m t he mark ;

p robab ly FORT IS .

F ine , y e l low ish-brown f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks. L eng th : 4 .5 cm. P l. X IV/2, LV/ 10 3 65.

I nv. 1 904 , S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f b ase.

T he mark FORT IS .

Brown-ye l low ish f abr ic w ith

m ica s pecks , L eng th : 7 .7 cm ; P l. XLV/3 3 66.

w id th : 4 .5 cm ;

h e ight : 2 cm.

LV/ 11

I nv. 1 905 , S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f b ase. T IS i s s urv iv ing f ro m t he mark ; F ine b r ick c o loured f abr ic , w el l b aked .

p robab ly FORT IS .

L eng th : 3 .8 cm. P l. XLV/4 , 1 1 1/25 3 67.

I nv. 1 934, S arm izegetusa Frag men t o f b ase.

I S i s s urv iv ing f ro m t he mark ;

p robab ly FORT IS .

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f l our-l ike f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks. L eng th : 5 .5 cm. P l. LV/14 3 68.

I nv . 1 936, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f b ase.

T IS i s s urv iv ing f ro m t he mark ;

p robab ly FORT IS .

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd g r its , t races o f b rown s nuf f-co loured c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 6 .5 cm. P l. XLV/5 , LV/8 3 69.

I nv. 1 939, S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f b ase.

FOR , h ard ly l eg ib le , i s s urv lv i i f ro m t he mark .

Y el low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks. L eng th : 7 .2 cm. P l. LV/13

8 9

3 70.

I nv. 1 947, S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f b ase.

FO i s s urv iv ing f ro m t he mark ; p robab ly FORT IS .

F ine y e l low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks. L eng th : 4 .5 cm. P l. XLV/6, LV/7 3 71.

I nv. 1 598, S ar m izegetusa T op p ar t ia l ly d es troyed .

T he mark FORT IS i s h ard ly l eg ib le.

Ye l low-

i sh b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , r ough e xecu t ion . L eng th : 7 cm ; P 1 3 72.

XLV/7

w id th : 4 .5 cm ; h e igh t : 2 cm.

L IV/11

I nv. 2 066, S ar m izegetusa The a n ter ior p ar t o f t he l a mp i s d e ter iora ted. t he t op.

T he mark FORT IS .

Two h u man masks o n

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith g r its a nd

mica s pecks. L eng th : 6 .7 cm ; h e igh t : 3 .1 cm. P l. XLV I/ 1, L IV/18 T he f rag men ts s igned w ith t he n a me FORT IS w ere f ound i n a l l t he b u i ldi ng l eve ls o f t he t e mp les d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia . 3 73.

I nv. 1 517, S arm izegetusa Frag men t o f b i lychn is. mark ;

R IVS ( w ith R I i n l igature ) i s s urv iv ing f ro m t he

p robab ly I ANVAR IVS/F.

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith

m ica s pecks , w e l l b aked. L eng th : 9 .5 cm. P l. XLV I/2, LV/20 3 74.

I nv. 1 518, S ar m izegetusa T he mark I ANVAR IVS/F w ith ANVA a nd R I i n l iga ture.

Yel low ish

b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , t he c o lour-coat i s p ar t ial ly b rown s nu f f-co loured. L eng th : 5 .5 cm. P l. XLV I/3, LV/19 3 75.

I nv. 2 058, S ar m izegetusa T he mark I ANVAR IVS/F w ith VA a nd R I i n l iga ture, a nd t he l e t ter S p laced a bove, b e tween R a nd V . Roset te a bove t he mark .

F ine b r ick-

c o loured f abr ic , r ed o chre c o lour-coat . L eng th : 9 .5 cm. P l. XLV I/5 , 3 76.

I nv. 1 525 , S ar m izegetusa I ANV w ith ANV i n l igra ture i s s urv iv ing f ro m t he mark .

Hard ,

y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , t races o f b rownr edd ish c o lour-coa t. L eng th : 4 cm. P l. XLV I/4 , L I I I/5

9 0

T he p ieces i nscr ibed w i th t he n a me I ANVAR IVS h ave b een f ound i n l eve ls Ia nd I o f t he t e rhp les d ed ica ted t o Aescu lap ius a nd Hyg ie ia. 3 77.

I nv. 1 519, S arm izege tusa T he l et ters OCTA, h ard ly l eg ib le , a re s urv iv ing f ro m t he mark ; p robab ly OCTAV I. s pecks.

Brown b r ick-co loured f l our-l ike f abr ic w ith m ica

L eng th : 3 .4 cm. P l . L I I I/17 3 78.

I nv. 1 540, S arm izegetusa Al ea f i nc ised w ith in t wo c oncen tr ic c irc les o n t he b ase.

Y e l low ish

b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd v egetab le r e ma ins. L eng th : 6 .5 cm. P l . XLV I I/1, LV I I I/3 3 79.

I nv. 1 774 , S ar m izegetusa Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks. o n t he b ase.

Roset te i mpressed

L eng th : 4 .8 cm. 3 80.

I nv . 1 809, S arm izegetusa Rose t te impressed o n t he b ase.

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic c on-

t a in ing impur it ies. L eng th : 5 cm. 3 81.

I nv. 1 897, S arm izegetusa F rag men t o f l a mp , p robab ly b i lychn is.

F lat s l igh t ly r e l iefed b ase w ith

an u mber o f r oset tes o f d iverse f orms.

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured

f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks . L eng th : 5 cm. P l. XLV II/3, LV I I/5 3 82.

I nv. 1 906, S arm izegetusa Frag men t o f b ase w ith d orsa l p ierced l ug . f orms i mpressed o n t he b ase.

F our r oset tes o f d iverse

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith g r its a nd

m ica s pecks. L eng th : 5 .5 cm. P l. XLV I I/4 , LV I I/6 ;•

3 83.

I nv. 1 833, S arm izegetusa F rag men t o f b ase o f c on ta iner .

T he b ase i s marked b y a n i nc ised

c irc le w ith t wo s o lar o rna men ts made b y af inger n a il ; y e l low ish b r ickc o loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 6 .9 cm. P l. XLV I I/2, LV I I/2

9 1

3 84.

I nv. 1 582, S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f b ase a nd c on ta iner b e long ing t o al a mp i n b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith g r its a nd m ica s pecks. L eng th : 6 .7 cm ;

3 85.

w id th : 5 .2 cm ;

h e igh t : 2 cm .

I nv. 1 667, S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f b ase w ith d orsa l l ug .

D ecora ted w ith a r ose t te o n t he b ase.

Very f ine f l ourl ike f abr ic. L eng th : 4 .5 cm. 3 86.

I nv. 1 468, S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f b ase , c on ta iner a nd l a me l la te p ierced h and le. c losed b y t wo d eep ly i nc ised c irc les .

Base e n-

Very f ine a sh-grey f abr ic ;

b rown-green l ead g laze. L eng th : 4 cm ; 3 87.

h e igh t : 4 .8 cm

I nv. 1 840, S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f b ase a nd c on ta iner b e long ing t o al a mp , p robab ly a b i lychn is ; y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b iscu it g rey . L eng th : 6 .5 cm.

3 88.

I nv. 1 874 , S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f b ase a nd c on ta iner b e long ing t o al a mp w ith many w icks. A r ough ly i nc ised c irc le o n t he b ase.

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith g r i ts

a nd m ica s pecks v ery w e l l b aked . L eng th : 7 cm. 3 89.

I nv. 1 663, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f b ase a nd c on ta iner .

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith

m ica s pecks , t races o f r ed-ochre c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 6 cm.

D ISCUS 3 90.

I nv. 2 3 2 03, S arm izegetusa Frag men tary whee l- made l a mp ;

t he n ozzle i s m iss ing .

F la t d iscus ,

t he s hou lder d ecorated w ith t hree k nobs , o n ly o ne s urv iv ing , t he r es t b e ing p robab ly b roken i n a n t iqu ity .

V ery f ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic ,

v ery w e l l b aked , b rown c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 7 .3 cm ;

w idth : 6 cm ;

F ound i n t he o ld e xcava t ions.

h e igh t : 3 cm.

P l. XLV II I/2 3 91.

I nv. 1 596, S ar m izegetusa Fragmen tary l a mp ;

t he n ozz le i s m iss ing.

b y t wo i nc ised c oncen tr ic c irc les.

9 2

Concave d iscus e nclosed

P ierced l a me l la te h and le.

Pro-

n ounced c on ica l c on ta iner , t he b ase e nc losed b y an u mber o f c oncen tr ic c irc les.

Very f i ne y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic , r ed o chre c o lour-

c oa t . L eng th : 6 .4 cm ;

w id th : 5 .3 cm ;

h e igh t : 2 cm.

P l. XLV I I I/ 1 3 92.

I nv. 1 571, S arm izegetusa F ragmen t o f l a mp ; t he n ozz le a nd a p ar t o f t he d iscus a re m iss ing . S hou lder w ith a s ing le k nob ; f l a t d iscus ; y el low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b iscu it g rey . L eng th : 5 .3 cm ;

3 93 . .

w id th : 5 cm ;

h e igh t : 1 .8 cm.

I nv . 1 851, S arm izegetusa Ap ar t o f d iscus , c on ta iner , s hou lder a nd h and le a re s urv iv ing . T he v ery sma l l d iscus i s c oncave a nd p ierced i n t he m idd le. T he b road s hou lder i s d ecorated w ith i nc ised r idges. T he c on ta iner i s s harp ly c on ica l a nd t he l a me l late h and le i s p ierced .

Br ick-co loured f abr ic

w i th m ica s pecks , r ed-orange c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 4 cm . 3 94.

I nv. 1 625 , S arm izegetusa S im i lar t o t he p rev ious s pec i men . L eng th : 6 cm.

3 95.

I nv. 1 701, S arm izegetusa F rag men t o f d iscus d ecora ted w ith r oset te ; s em i-ovo los ;

s hou lder d ecora ted w ith

t he h and le was p robab ly p a lm b ranch s haped ;

o f t he h and le e x ist ing a bove t he s hou lder s urv ives.

o n ly p ar t

V ery f i ne , b r ick-

c o loured f abr ic , r ed o chre c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 5 cm. 3 96.

I nv. 1 550, S arm izegetusa F ragmen tary c oncave d iscus s eparated f rom t he s hou lder b y t hree i nc ised c oncen tr ic c irc les.

T he s hou lder i s d ecora ted w ith v ine-s te ms

a nd g rapes. F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , r ed o chre c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 1 2.1 cm. P l. XL IX/5 3 97.

I nv. 1 913, S arm izegetusa F rag men t o f c oncave d iscus e nc losed b y a n i nc ised c irc le ; s em i-ovo los. F ine g rey-ye l low ish f abr ic.

e dge w ith

L eng th : 5 .4 cm. 3 98.

I nv. 1 718, S arm izegetusa S l igh t ly c oncave d iscus p ierced i n t he m idd le e nc losed b y a n i nc ised c irc le , s hou lder w ith s em i-ovo los. F ine y el low ish b r ick-co loured

9 3

f abr ic , r ed o chre c o lour-coat . L eng th : 5 cm. P l. XLV I I/6 3 99.

I nv. 1 824 , S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f sma l l c oncave d iscus p ierced i n t he midd le ; d ecorated w ith i nc ised c irc les.

t he s hou lder

F ine b r ick-co loured y e l low ish f abr ic ,

b iscu it g rey . L eng th : 4 .3 cm. P l. XLV II/5 1 01 ,

I nv. 1 912, S ar m izegetusa F rag men t o f d iscus w ith v ery sma l l d ia meter c irc le p ierced i n t he m idd le ;

b road s hou lder d ecora ted w ith i nc ised s quares.

V ery f ine

b r ick-co loured f abr ic , r ed o chre c o lour-coa t. L eng th : 4 .6 cm. 4 01

I nv. 1 894 , S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f c oncave d iscus p ierced i n t he m idd le, d e l im ited f ro m t he s hou lder b y t wo i nc ised c irc les a nd t wo c ircu lar r ibb ings.

F ine b r ick-

c o loured f abr ic r ed o chre c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 7 .8 cm. P l. XL IX/ 1 4 02.

I nv. 6 35 , S arm izegetusa Frag men t o f d iscus w ith t races o f mask .

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic

w ith m ica s pecks , s l igh t ly b aked. L eng th : 4 .5 cm. 4 03.

I nv. 5 14 , S arm izegetusa Frag men t o f whee l- made l a mp.

Concave d iscus o f sma l l d ia meter ,

b road s hou lder marked b y i nc ised c oncen tr ic c irc les ;

p ronounced

c on ica l c on ta iner , b ase d e l im ited b y ac ircu lar b order.

F ound i n t he

o ld e xcava t ions. L eng th : 5 cm ; 4 04.

h e igh t : 2 cm.

I nv. 1 914 , S ar m izegetusa Frag men ts o f d iscus b e long ing t o t he s a me l a mp .

The c oncave d iscus

i s d ecora ted w ith a r oset te whose p eta ls a re i n p ronounced r el ief . I t i s s eparated f ro m t he s hou lder b y ac ord a nd a d eep ly i nc ised c irc le. F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , b rown-redd ish g laze , t races o f i n tense u se. P l. XL IX/2 4 05.

I nv. 1 706, S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f c oncave d iscus d ecora ted w ith r oset te ;

9 4

s hou lder w ith

e l (l iga ted s em i-ovo los.

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , r ed o chre c o lour-

L eag th : 4 .5 cm . 4 06.

I nv . 1 717, S arm izegetusa Frag men t o f c oncave d iscus b ordered b y ab road r ibb ing . F ine y e l lowi sh b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd o rgan ic r e ma ins. L eng th : 5 .3 cm.

4 07.

I nv. 1 908, S arm izegetusa Pronounced c oncave d iscus , e nc losed b y a n i nc ised c irc le a nd a b road r ibb ing.

Yel low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks.

L eng th : 6 .6 cm . 4 08.

I nv..1 738, S arm izegetusa Frag men t o f c oncave d iscus w ith a s hou lder d ecora ted w ith s em i-ovo los. Very f i ne b r ick-co loured f l ourl ike f abr ic. L eng th : 4 .3 cm.

4 09.

I nv. 1 922, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f c oncave d iscus w ith s hou lder d ecorated w ith s em i-ovo los. F ine f abr ic w ith g r its a nd m ica s pecks , y e l low ish b r ick-co loured , b iscu it g rey . L eng th : 3 .7 cm.

4 10.

I nv. 6 76 , S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f f l a t d iscus w ith s i mp le s hou lder . f abr ic , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t .

F ine b r ick-co loured

L eng th : 5 .1 cm. 4 11.

I nv. 1 917, S arm izegetusa Frag men t o f f l a t d iscus a nd s hou lder w ith k nob.

F ine b r ick-co loured

y e l low ish f abr ic , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 5 .1 cm. 4 12.

I nv . 1 919, S arm izegetusa F la t d iscus , p la in s hou lder ,

Ye l low ish b r ick-vo loured f abr ic w ith

m ica s pecks a nd o rgan ic r e ma ins. L eng th : 4 .5 cm. 4 13.

I nv . 1 848, S arm izegetusa S hou lder w ith t races o f h and le. s pecks a nd o rgan ic r ema ins. L eng th : 7 .9 cm.

9 5

Y e l low ish f l ourl ike f abr ic w i th m ica

4 14.

I nv. 1 694 , S arm izegetusa S hou lder w ith k nobs. L eng th : 7 .6 cm.

4 15.

Br ick-co loured f abr ic , r ed o chre c o lour-coa t .

I nv. 1 541, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f l a mp.

Traces o f g rape o n t he s hou ldE r .

c on ta iner a re v ery t h in. b aked.

T he wa l ls o f t he

V er y h ard b rown b r ick-cu loured f abr ic , w el l

L eng th : 3 .5 cm. P l. XL IX/3 4 16.

I nv. 1 535 , S ar m izegetusa D iscus d ecorated w ith a n e ag le w i th t he h ead t urned l ef t a nd w ith a wrea th i n t he b eak . T he d iscus i s d e l im ited f ro m t he s hou lder b y a c ord .

Very f ine b rown b r ick-co loured f abr ic , v ery we l l b aked.

L eng th : 4 cm. P l. XL IX/4 4 17.

I nv. S 6 66 , S arm izege tusa F lat d iscus , s hou lder d ecora ted w ith w ide s em i-ovo los.

Y e l low ish

b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , t races o f r ed o chre c o lourc oat . L eng th : 5 .5 cm. P l. XL IX/6 4 18.

I nv. 1 836, S ar m izegetusa S hou lder w ith k nob. Y el low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd o rgan ic r e ma ins. L eng th : 6 cm.

4 19.

I nv. 1 858, S ar m izegetusa S hou lder w ith t races o f h and le. m ica s pecks.

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith

L eng th : 6 .2 cm. 4 20.

I nv. 1 863, S ar m izegetusa S hou lder w ith t races o f h and le.

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w i th

m ica s pecks , r ed o chre c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 7 .3 cm. 4 21.

I nv. 1 861, S arm izegetusa S hou lder w ith t races o f h and le. Y el low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w i th m ica s pecks a nd o rgan ic r e ma ins. L eng th : 5 .8 cm.

9 6

4 22.

I nv . 1 835 , S arm izegetusa S hou lder w ith b if id k nob: Yel low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , r ed-orange c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 5 .4 cm.

4 23.

I nv . 1 854 , S arm izegetusa S hou lder d ecora ted w ith s em i-ovo los.

V ery f ine y e l low ish f abr ic w ith

m ica s pecks. L eng th : 7 cm. 4 24.

I nv . 1 699, S arm izegetusa S hou lder d ecora ted w i th v er t ica l l i nes a nd i nc ised d ots. c o loured f abr ic.

F ine b r ick-

L eng th : 6 cm. 4 25.

I nv . 1 707, S arm izegetusa P la in s hou lder , f la t d iscus.

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks ,

r ed-orange c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 6 .4 cm. 4 26.

I nv . 1 726, S arm izegetusa S hou lder w ith k nobs ; o range c o lour-coat .

f l a t d iscus ,

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , b rown-

L eng th : 5 .4 cm. 4 27.

I nv . 186, S arm izegetusa S hou lder w ith t wo k nobs a nd f l a t d iscus. c o lour-coa t .

Br ick-co loured f abr ic , r ed

L eng th : 5 .7 cm. 4 28.

I nv . 1 864, S arm izege tusa S hou lder w ith k nob. r e ma ins.

Y e l low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd o rgan ic

L eng th : 7 cm. 4 29.

I nv . 1 831, S arm izegetusa S hou lder w ith k nobs. r e ma ins.

Y e l low ish f abr ic w ith mica s pecks a nd o rgan ic

L eng th : 4 .9 cm. 4 30.

I nv. 1 855, S arm izegetusa S hou lder w ith k nobs.

F la t d iscus .

a nd m ica s pecks. L eng th : 4 .9 cm.

9 7

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith g r its

4 31.

I nv. 1 918, S ar m izegetusa P la in s hou lder , f l a t d iscus.

Br ick-co loured f abr ic , r ed-orange c o lour-

c oa t . L eng th : 4 .1 cm. 4 32.

I nv. 1 865 , S ar m izegetusa S hou lder w ith v er t ica l ly i nc ised r idges , y e l low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b iscu it g rey . L eng th : 3 .5 cm.

4 33.

I nv. 1 621, S ar m izegetusa The l ower p ar t o f an ozzle.

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith

o rgan ic r e ma ins. L eng th : 7 cm. 4 34.

I nv . 1 708, S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f n ozz le.

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith mica s pecks , t races

o f i n tense u se. L eng th : 5 .1 cm. 4 35.

I nv. 1 729, S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f n ozzle.

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic.

L eng th : 4 .5 cm. 4 36.

I nv. 1 801, S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f n ozz le w ith t he s hou lder d ecora ted w ith r oset tes.

F ine

y el low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks. L eng th : 4 .6 cm. 4 37.

I nv. 1 630, S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f n ozz le , y el low ish b r ick-co loured w ith mica s pecks a nd v ege tab le r e ma ins. L eng th : 5 cm.

4 38.

I nv. 1 689, S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f s tra igh t n ozz le.

Yel low ish b r ick-co loured f l ourl ike

f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd o rgan ic r e ma ins. L eng th : 5 .8 cm ; 4 39.

h e igh t : 2 .5 cm.

I nv. 1 837, S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f n ozz le , t he s a me t ype. f abr ic. L eng th : 2 .6 cm.

9 8

F ine y e l low ish b r ick-co loured

4 40.

I nv. 1 932, S arm izegetusa F rag men t o f n ozzle w ith t he e dge d ecora ted b y af i nger-na i l.

Ye l low ish

f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b rown c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 4 .4 cm. 4 41.

I nv . 9 39-934 , S ar m izegetusa F ragmen t o f c on ta iner a nd h and le.

V ery w ide a nd f l a t tened c on ta iner ;

c oncave d iscus w ith med ian r ibb ing , p robab ly p ar t o f t he d ecora t ion. An u ncer ta in d ecorat ion o n t he s hou lder.

S l igh t ly c oncave b ase.

F ine

b r ick-coloured f abr ic. L eng th : 9 cm ;

w id th : 7 cm ; h e igh t : 2 .5 cm.

P l. XLV II I/3 4 42.

I nv. 8 96 , S arm izegetusa F ragmen t o f t op. i nc ised c irc les.

Concave d iscus w ith r oset te a nd e nc losed b y t wo B if id l a me l la te h and le.

F ine y e l low ish b r ick-co loured

f abr ic . L eng th : 6 cm ;

w id th : 5 .5 cm.

P l. XLV II I/4 4 43.

I nv. 9 18, Deva T he n ozzle i s m iss ing . T he l a mp i s wheel- made. T he w ide f i l l ing h o le i s d el im ited f ro m t he s hou lder b y ar e l iefed c ordon . T hree k nobs a re a pp l ied o n t he s hou lder . f abr ic. L eng th : 6 .2 cm ;

V ery f ine , b r ick-co loured f l ourl ike

w id th : 6 cm ;

h e igh t : 2 .9 cm.

P l. XLV I I I/5 4 44.

I nv . 2 059 , S arm izegetusa H and le i n t he s hape o f a n a l mond k erne l , w ith a k nob o n t he t op a nd u np ierced d orsa l l ug.

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , r ed-orange c o lour-

c oa t .2 75 L eng th : 8 .3 cm. 4 45.

I nv. 1 815 , S arm izege tusa F ragmen t o f h and le o f t he s a me t ype.

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic ,

b iscu it g rey , s l igh t ly b aked . L eng th : 4 .7 cm. 4 46.

I nv..1 686, S arm izege tusa F rag men t o f h and le o f t he s a me t ype.

Y el low ish b r ick-co loured

f l ourl ike f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b iscu it g rey . L eng th : 6 cm . 4 47.

I nv . 1 649 , S arm izegetusa H and le o f t he s a me t ype .

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica 9 9

s pecks , w e l l b aked , r ed o chre c o lour-coa t. L eng th : 5 .6 cm. 4 48.

I nv. 1 666 , S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f h and le o f t he s a me t ype.

P orous b r ick-co loured f abr ic

w ith m ica s pecks. L eng th : 6 .5 cm. P l. L /1 4 49.

I nv. 1 635 , S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f h and le o f t he s a me t ype a nd s hou lder w ith s em i-ovo los. Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith g r its a nd m ica s pecks , b rown s nuf f-co loured c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 6 .4 cm.

4 50.

I nv. 1 654 , S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f h and le o f t he s a me t ype.

P orous y e l low ish b r ick-co loured

f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks. L eng th : 4 .6 cm. 4 51.

I nv. 2 075 , S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f h and le w ith d orsa l l ug o f t he s l me t ype. f abr ic , r ed o chre c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 7 .5 cm.

4 52.

F ine maroon

I nv. 1 827, S ar m izegetusa Hand le i n t he s hape o f t orques w ith d orsa l l ug , y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b rown c o lour-coa t. L eng th : 7 cm. P l. L/3

4 53.

I nv. 1 549, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f p a lm b ranch s haped h and le w ith l arge v o lu tes a round t he s ty l ised l ea f ;2 76

y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic , r ed o chre g laze.

L eng th : 7 .2 cm. P l. L /4 4 54.

I nv. 1 714 , S arm izegetusa Frag men t . The s a me t ype. Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f l ourl ike f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , t races o f b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 4 .8 cm.

4 55.

I nv. 1 569, S arm izegetusa Hand le i n t he s hape o f al ea f , d ecora ted w ith i nc ised d ots o n t he m idd le v e in .

Ye l low ish-grey f abr ic , g reen-brown l ead g laze.

L eng th : 6 .5 cm. P l. L/5 1 00

4 56.

I nv . 1 728, S ar m izegetusa F rag men t o f h and le o f t he s a me t ype.

Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic

w ith m ica s pecks , r ed o chre c o lour-coa t. L eng th : 5 .5 cm. 4 57.

I nv . 1 938, S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f h and le o f t he s a me t ype.

Ye l low ish-grey f abr ic w ith

m ica s pecks a nd o rgan ic r e ma ins. L eng th : 7 .7 cm. 4 58.

I nv. 1 832, S arm izegetusa H and le o f t he s a me t ype , w ith d orsa l p ierced l ug.

Y el low ish b r ick-

c o loured f abr ic , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 8 cm. P l. L/7 4 59.

I nv . 1 739 , S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f h and le o f t he s a me t ype.

Grey b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith

m ica s pecks , r ed-ochre c o lour-coa t. L eng th : 3 .5 cm. 4 60.

I nv. 1 650 , S arm izegetusa F ragmen t o f h and le o f t he s a me t ype.

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith

g r its a nd m ica s pecks. L eng th : 4 .6 cm. 4 61.

I nv . 1 823, S arm izegetusa F rag men t o f h and le w i th t race o f ad orsa l l ug.

T he s a me t ype. Y el low-

i sh b r ick-co loured f l ourl ike f abr ic , w ith m ica s pecks. L eng th : 6 .2 cm. 4 62.

I nv . 1 632, S arm izegetusa F rag men t o f h and le o f t he s a me t ype.

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured

f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd o rgan ic r e ma ins , b rown-redd ish c o lourc oat . L eng th : 4 .3 cm. 4 63.

I nv . 1 677, S arm izegetusa F ragmen t o f h and le o f t he s a me t ype.

P orous y e l low ish b r ick-co loured

f abr ic w ith o rgan ic r e ma ins. L eng th : 4 cm 4 64.

I nv . 1 635 , S arm izegetusa F rag men t o f h and le o f t he s a me t ype ; w ith g r its a nd m ica s pecks. L eng th : 6 .6 cm. 1 01

y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic

4 65.

I nv. 1 678, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f h and le o f t he s a ne t ype.

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , r ed-

o range c o lour-coat . L eng th : 5 .3 cm. 4 66.

I nv. 1 927, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f h and le w ith d orsa l l ug .

T he s ame t ype.

Ye l low ish b r ick-

c o loured f abr ic w ith o rgan ic r e ma ins a nd m ica s pecks. L eng th : 6 .2 cm. 4 67.

I nv. 1 634 , S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f h and le, p robab ly t he s a me t ype.

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured

f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , r ed-ochre c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 4 .8 cm. 4 68.

I nv. 1 941, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f h and le w i th a c en tra l r ibb ing a nd o b l ique r ibb ings c onverg ing o n i t .

P orous b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks.

L eng th : 5 cm. 4 69.

I nv. 1 943, S arm izegetusa Hand le o f t he s a me t ype w ith d orsa l l ug .

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured

f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd g r its. L eng th : 6 cm. 4 70.

I nv. 1 704, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f h and le o f t he s a me t ype.

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith

mica s pecks , r ed-ochre c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 3 .7 cm. 4 71.

I nv. 1 839, S arm izegetusa Frag men t o f h and le o f t he s a me t ype. Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd o rgan ic r e ma ins , r ed o chre c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 4 .5 cm.

4 72.

I nv..1 660 , S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f h and le o f t he s a me t ype. P orous y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t. L eng th : 5 cm.

4 73.

I nv. 1 546, S arm izegetusa Fragmen t o f h and le w ith t he c en tral r i bb ing d ecora ted b y f i nger-na i l a nd w ith b lades o n t he s ides. Br ick-co loured f abr ic, r ed o chre c o lourc oa t . L eng th : 8 .5 cm

1 02

4 74.

I nv. 1 937, S arm izege tusa H and le w ith d orsa l l ug d ecora ted w ith a c en tra l c ord e nd ing w ith k nobs a nd h av ing d ished b lades o n t he s ides.

Y e l low ish f abr ic w ith m ica

s pecks , b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 7 .1 cm. P l. L I/ 1 4 75.

I nv . 1 647, S arm izegetusa F rag men t o f h and le o f t he s a me t ype.

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic

w ith m ica s pecks , r ed o chre c o lour-coat . L eng th : 7 .8 cm. 4 76.

I nv. 1 715 , S arm izegetusa F ragmen t o f h and le o f t he s a me t ype.

P orous y e l low ish b r ick-co loured

f abr ic w ith mica s pecks. L eng th : 3 .7 cm. 4 77.

I nv. 1 741, S arm izegetusa H and le i n t he s hape o f a n o aklea f . A r inglug o n t he b ack . b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd g r its. L eng th : 4 .6 cm.

4 78.

Y e l low ish

I nv. 1 548, S arm izegetusa H and le i n t he s hape o f a n a can thuslea f. m ica s pecks a nd g r its , w e l l b aked . L eng th : 6 .5 cm.

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith

P l . L I/2 4 79.

I nv . 1 547, S arm izegetusa F rag men t o f h and le w ith t wo c en tra l f l u t ings a nd s ymmetr ica l b lades. V ery f ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , r ed s nuf f-co loured c o lour-coa t. L eng th : 5 .5 cm.

4 80.

I nv . 1 673, S arm izegetusa F ragmen t o f h and le o f t he s a me t ype.

Kao l in f abr ic.

L eng th : 4 .4 cm. 4 81.

I nv . 1 675 , S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f h and le d ecora ted w ith f i r-tree.

F ine b r ick-co loured

p orous f abr ic. L eng th : 4 cm. 4 82.

I nv . 1 670 , S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f h and le d ecora ted w ith r ad ia l i nc is ions a nd d ots. b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith g r its a nd m ica s pecks. L eng th : 3 .2 cm. P l. 1 1/6 1 03

Ye l low ish

4 83.

I nv. 1 644 ,

S arm izegetusa

Frag men t o f h and le h av ing a f l a t tened k nob a t t he b ase f rom w h ich r un r ad ia l b lades d ecorated w ith c ircu mscr ibed c irc les ; y e l low ish b r ickc o loured f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd g r its. L eng th : 4 .2 cm. P l. L I/8 4 84.

I nv. 1 691, S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f h and le o f t he s ame t ype.

F ine b r ick-co loured f l ourl ike

f abr ic. L ength : 3 .4 cm. P l. L /6 4 85.

I nv. 1 680 , S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f h and le o f t he s ame t ype.

Y el low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks

a nd g r its , t races o f b rown-redd ish c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 3 .7 cm. 4 86.

I nv..1 640, S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f h and le w ith d orsa l l ug , o f t he s ame t ype. Ye l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic , w el l b aked , t races o f b rown-orange c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 5 .4 cm.

4 87.

I nv. 1 672, S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f h and le w ith d orsa l l ug d ecora ted w ith a c en tra l r ibb ing a nd b lades d ecorated w ith t wo-three c oncen tr ic c irc les a pp l ied s ym metr ica l ly t o t h is r ibb ing. P orous y e l low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks. L eng th : 6 .2 cm. P l. L I/4

4 88.

I nv. 1 920 , S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f h and le d ecora ted w ith c ircumscr ibed c irc les a nd r oset tes o n i t s b ack .

Porous y e l low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks.

L eng th : 4 .6 cm. P l. I X , L I/5 4 89.

I nv. 1 960 , S ar m izegetusa Frag men t o f h and le d ecora ted w ith r ose t tes a nd i nc ised d ots. y e l low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd o rgan ic r e ma ins.

P orous

L eng th : 4 .3 cm. 4 90.

I nv. 1 893 a nd 1 899, S arm izegetusa Hand le w ith t he d orsa l l ug d ecorated w ith r ose t tes a nd i t sel f d ecora ted w ith c urved l i nes a nd r oset tes o n t he b ack .

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured

f abr ic w ith g r its a nd m ica s pecks , t races o f r ed-orange c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 9 .5 cm.

1 04

4 91.

I nv. 1 923, S arm izegetusa R ing h and le w ith t he c en tra l r ibb ing w ith s ym metr ica l f lu t ings a rranged o n t he s ides , mak ing a p a lm b ranch.

Grey-b lack f abr ic v ery w e l l

b aked . L eng th : 7 cm. P l . I X , L I/7 4 92.

I nv. 1 657, S arm izegetusa B road r ing h and le w ith t hree f l ut ings.

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith

g r its a nd m ica s pecks , b iscu it g rey . L eng th : 4 .6 cm. 4 93.

I nv. 1 658, S arm izege tusa R ing h and le w ith a w ide f l ut ing .

F ine b r ick-co loured p orous f abr ic.

L eng th : 3 .2 cm. 4 94.

I nv . 1 647 , S arm izegetusa R ing h and le w ith t wo f l u t ings.

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica

s pecks. L eng th : 4 .2 cm. 4 95.

I nv . 1 641, S arm izegetusa P ierced l a me l la te h and le.

V ery f i ne y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic.

L eng th : 2 .5 cm. 4 96.

I nv . 1 623, S arm izegetusa D orsa l l ug.

H ard b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith g r its a nd m ica s pecks ,

b iscu it g rey . L eng th : 6 .2 cm. 4 97.

I nv . 1 652, S arm izegetusa F ragmen t o f h and le w ith d orsa l l ug. Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith mica s pecks a nd o rgan ic r e ma ins. L eng th : 4 .8 cm.

4 98.

I nv . 1 657, S arm izegetusa F ragmen t o f h and le w ith d orsa l l ug.

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica

s pecks a nd g r its. L eng th : 5 .2 cm. 4 99.

I nv ..1 643, S arm izegetusa D orsa l l ug w ith c en tra l f l u t ing .

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica

s pecks a nd o rgan ic r e ma ins. L eng th : 5 .5 cm.

1 05

5 00.

I nv. 1 697, S arm izegetusa F rag men t o f h and le w ith d orsa l kg.

F ine b r ick-co loured f l our-l ike

f abr ic. L eng th : 6 .5 cm. 5 01.

I nv. 1 665 , S ar m izegetusa Fragmen t o f h and le w ith d orsa l l ug.

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured f abr ic

w ith o rgan ic r e ma ins. L eng th : 4 .5 cm. 5 02.

I nv. 1 633, S arm izegetusa Dorsa l l ug w ith h o le f or h ang ing u n f in ished. F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , g rey-ye l low ish b iscu it , r ed o chre c o lour-coat . L eng th : 5 cm.

5 03.

I nv. 1 659 , S ar m izegetusa P ierced d orsa l l ug d ecora ted w ith c urved l i nes a nd r ose t tes a rranged s y m metr ica l ly t o ac en tra l f l u t ing . s pecks , r ed o chre

Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith mica

c o lour-coa t.

L eng th : 7 .3 cm. 5 04.

I nv. 1 639, S arm izegetusa P ierced d orsa l l ug d ecorated w ith f ir-tree. Br ick-co loured f abr ic w ith mica s pecks a nd o rgan ic r e ma ins , r ed-orange c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 7 .6 cm.

5 05.

I nv. 1 645 , S ar m izegetusa Dorsa l l ug w ith c en tra l f l ut ing .

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic w ith m ica

s pecks. L eng th : 5 .3 cm. 5 06.

I nv. 1 676 , S arm izegetusa Dorsa l l ug o f t he s a me t ype. L eng th : 5 .5 cm.

5 07.

F ine f abr ic w ith g r its a nd m ica s pecks.

I nv. 1 622, S arm izegetusa Dorsa l l ug o f t he s a me t ype.

F ine y e l low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks .

L eng th : 5 cm. 5 08.

I nv. 1 679 , S arm izegetusa Dorsa l l ug o f t he s a me t ype.

Hard b r ick-co loured f abr ic , r ed o chre

c o lour-coa t. L eng th : 4 .3 cm.

1 06

5 09.

I nv. 1 616, S arm izegetusa D orsa l l ug o f t he s ame t ype.

Hard b r ick-co loured f abr ic w i th m ica

s pecks a nd g r its. L eng th : 5 .5 cm. 5 10.

I nv . 1 669 , S arm izegetusa F rag men t o f p ierced d orsa l l ug.

Ye l low ish f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks ,

r ed o chre c o lour-coa t . L eng th : 5 cm. 5 11.

I nv . 1 930, S arm izege tusa P ierced d orsa l l ug e nd ing w ith a k nob. f abr ic w ith m ica s pecks a nd g r its.

Y e l low ish b r ick-co loured

L eng th : 5 .2 cm. 5 12.

I nv . 1 648, S arm izegetusa P ierced d orsa l l ug. c o lour-coa t.

F ine b r ick-co loured f abr ic , b rown-redd ish

L eng th : 4 .5 cm.

1 07

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L oeschcke , p p . 2 12-213, f ig . 1 , 2 .

1 48.

I de m , 2 2. c it., p p . 2 14-215.

1 49.

I de m , 2 E .c it.,

1 50.

I de m , o p.c it., p . 2 18.

1 51.

I v ny i ,p . 1.

1 52.

I b id.

1 53.

P .

2 15 ;

Bran ts , p p . 1 4 , 1 5 ;

Bran ts ,

P .

1 5 ;

Menze l , p . 3 0 ;

Menze l , p . 3 0.

Knes , p . 1 24 ;

Dautova Rusev l jan , p . 1 49 , f ig . 1 / 1;

p l. 9 /2 ;

§ tefan M lakar , Aschengräb

r fund

a u f d e m Bou leward Bor is K idr i6 , i n HA, I , 2 , P u la , 1 970 , P . 2 0 : P etru , p l. L , 1 2 ;

L I I I, 4 1, LXXX , 3 .

1 54.

C . B äu lr ä , I , p . 2 80 , n o te 7 .

1 55.

I de m ,

1 56.

I väny i , p l. X I I I, 7 ; 1 ;

P .

2 78. P etru , p l. XL IV , 1 3 ;

V ik i6 B e lan ' 6 iC , I ,

P .

L IV , 2 3 ;

CX IV , 1 2;

2XV I I,

1 44 , p l. V I I I, 7 ( l a mp a pprox i mat ing t e t he

d i mens ions o f n o. 1 . The a uthor s upposes a s t he c en tre o f manu'ac ture o f t hese l a mps S isc ia , Mursa a nd P oe tov io , p . 1 27 ). 1 57.

P etru , p l. LXX IV , 1 4.

1 58.

Pe ter P etru , Rö m ische g räber a us D obova , R ibn ica , a us P e trusn ja v as , i n Razprave , V I, L jub l jana , 1 969 , p l . 2 7 , 2 .

1 59.

L oeschcke , p l. V I, 5 0 ;

I väny i , V , 2 ;

S z. Bänk i-J. F itz , G ors tu m.

F ün f ter Ber ich t ü ber d ie Ausgrabungen i n d er r ö r r ii schen S e id lm T ic , 1 965-1966, i n AR , V I I IIX , 1 967-1968, p l . L IV , 3 ; I , p l. V I, 2 ;

b e i

V ik iC 3 e 1anC i6 ,

Eszter S zony i , A g yör i Ki lvär ia u tca i r ö ma i t e rn , 6 1

h a mvasztisos s ir ja i, i n Arrabona , 1 5 , 1 973, p l. : OC I, 5 a. 1 60.

L oeschcke , p l. V I, 4 9 ;

I väny i , p l. V , 1 0 ;

V ik iC B e 1an6 i6 , I , p l . V , 8 ;

P e tru , p l. LX ,XX [ I

3 1;

S zen t le leky , p l . XX . 8 4a , b .

1 61.

Pe tru , p l. XXV I I , 2 6.

1 62.

I väny i , p l. X IV , 6 .

1 63.

L a mps w ere f ound o n t he o ccas ion o f t he r econs truct ion o f t er n d ur ing t he d e mo l it ion o f a wa l l.

1 14

eA ,

1 64.

0 . F loca , 0 n ou ' ä v i l la s uburbana I n h o taru l S ar m izegetuse i , i n S arget ia , I , 1 937 , p p. 3 6, 3 8, f ig . 1 0b.

1 65.

I väny i , p . 8 0 , n o. 6 32 , p l. XX I I, 4 .

1 66.

I väny i , p . 1 2.

1 67.

H . Da icov ic iu , T . P iso , D . A l icu , C . P op , H . Rusu , E . N e mee , 9 _ 2 .c it .

1 68.

N . G udeaI. P op , Cas tru l r o man d e l a R ipnov.

Cu m idava.

Con tr ib e i

l a c ercetarea l imesu lu i d e s ud e s t a l Dac ie i r o mane , Brapov , 1 971, p . 1 11, p l. XL IV ;

A lex . Oancea , Co lecr ia d e l ucerne g reco-ro mane d in

Muzeu l j udelean Brapov , i n Cu m idava , I I , Braeov , 1 969 , p p. 6 00-601, f ig . 4 /1, 2 , 3 . 1 69.

Torques a s ad ecora t ive p a t tern o ccur o n t he d iscus o f l a mp XV I I I vany i , t r ilychn is , a t Apu lu m ; o n t wo l a mps ;

Bä lu l : ä , I , p l. 2 15 , p l. I X , 4 ;

a nd a lso

o ne o f t ype XV I I I väny i a nd t he o ther o f t he s a me t ype

a s t hose u nder d iscuss ion f ro m t he c o l lec t ion o f t he H istor ica l Museu m o f Transy lvan ia , C lu j-Napoca. 1 70.

Menze l , p . 7 2 , f ig. 5 6/5.

1 71.

I n for ma t ion N . V lassa , H ead o f t he S ect ion o f t he H is tor ica l Museu m o f Transy lvan ia.

1 72.

Menze l ,

1 73.

I vä .ny i , p . 1 3.

1 74.

M. B ernhard , p . 3 16 , n o . 2 77 , p . LXXV I.

1 75.

Wa lters , p . 6 5 , n os. 4 46 , 4 47 , p l. XV.

1 76.

Der inger , p . 6 5 , p l. V I I I, n o. 3 81.

1 77.

L oeschcke, p . 2 37 , f ig . 7 .

1 78.

L oeschcke , p . 2 45.

1 79.

Balu ta , I , p . 2 81, p l. I , 9 , 1 2.

1 80.

Bran ts , p . 3 4 ;

P .

7 3 , f ig. 5 7.

L oeschcke , p . 2 40 ;

Menze l , p p. 4 9-50 ;

B ernhard ,

p p. 3 17-318. 1 81.

L oeschcke , p . 2 39.

1 82.

I vä .ny i ,

1 83.

L oeschcke , p . 2 38, 2 40.

1 84.

Wal ters , p 1 . XX [X ;

P .

1 3.

0 ; Menze l , p.5

Deneauve , p . 1 65 ;

H anoune ,

p . 2 44. 1 85.

Bä luf ä , I , p p . 2 81-283 ;

A lex . Oancea , o p .c it ., i n Cu m idava , I I ,

Braeov , 1 969 , p l. 3 . 1 86.

L oeschcke, p p . 2 69-270.

1 87.

I vä .ny i , p . 1 6.

1 88.

Deneauve , p . 2 08, p l. XV I.

1 15

1 89. 1 90.

P etru , p l. I I , 2 6 ;

X II , 1 3 ;

XV , 1 05 ;

) 0 (V I I, 3 03.

L ud m ila Kraskovskä , G eru lata Rusovce Pohreb isko I , Brat is lava , 1 974 , P . 4 8.

1 91.

Pe tru , p l. XXX I, 4 80 ;

1 92.

P etru , p l. CX I I I , 1 3.

1 93.

Bernhard ,

1 94.

Bran ts , p p . 3 1-33 ;

XXX IX , 6 05 ;

3 57 , p l. CXXV I I I ;

P .

XL IX , 7 64 ;

i ikova ,

P .

Wa ldhauer , p l. L I I I, 5 56 ;

Menze l , p . 6 1, f ig. 4 9/ 1;

1 57. I väny i , p p. 1 35-139 ;

Ba 1 1 0 , I , p l. V , 5 .

1 95.

I vany i , p l. L IV , 3 ;

1 96.

S ee c hap ter I , FLAV I.

1 97.

T he s a me t ype o f mask o ccurs o n t ype V I I I , s ee : XL II I , 4 54 ;

C ic ikova , p l. 3 6/ 1.

Wa lters , p . 1 35 , f ig . 1 78 ;

X IX/ 158 b u t a lso o n t ype X Wa l ters , 9 , 1 1;

LXX .X , 1 3.

Menze l , p . 6 8, p l. 5 4 , 5 ;

P .

Wa ldhauer , p l .

L era t , p . 2 6 n o. 1 58 , p l . 1 38 , f ig . 1 81;

I vany i , p l . L I ,

B a 145 . , I , p l. I I, 5 ;

o r e ven o n

t ype I X Ü iä lkova p l. 3 2/4. 1 98.

Wa l ters ,

1 35 ;

1 99.

L oeschcke , p l. XV II I, n o. 8 93 ;

P .

' 6 i8 ikova , p p . 1 56-158. S . P e tru , Rö m ischer g räber i n G lobodo l ,

i n Razprave , V I , L jub l jana , 1 969 , p l . 6 /7. 2 00. 2 01.

Ba lu g , I , p l. V I, 5 . T udor , C i teva d escoper ir i d in Dac ia I n fer ioarä , i n A ISC, I , 1 933-1935 , p . 1 84 , n o. 5 , f ig . 3( of t ype V I I I ) ;

C ons tan t in Pop , Reprezen tar i

b acch ice r o mane I n Trans i lvan ia , i n A cta MN , V I I, 1 970 , p . 1 60 , f ig. 3 /3, 5 . 2 02.

L oeschcke , p l. XV I I I, 9 87.

2 03.

Petru , p l. =

2 04.

I vä .ny i, p l. L I I ,1 .

2 05.

Ba 1 4 , I ,

2 06.

I väny i , p l. XLV I II, 6 .

2 07.

Hanoune , p l . 4 / 18, 2 0.

2 08.

0 . F loca , 0 mica d escoper ire a rheo loz ica . l a S ar m izege tusa , D eva ,

P .

1, 4 80.

2 87 , p l. I V , 8 .

1 935 , p p . 1 7 , 1 9. 2 09.

0 . F loca , 0n ouä v i l la s uburbana I n h o taru l c o mune i S ar m izeg tusa , i n S arge t ia , I , 1 937, p p. 3 5-36.

2 10.

I väny i , p p. 1 7, 1 8.

2 11.

P etru , p l. XXX , 4 67 ;

2 12.

L oeschcke , p . 2 70.

2 13.

I väny i , p . 1 7.

XL IX , 7 65 ;

16

DU I , 8 73 ;

I X , 7 8 ;

XXX IX , 6 02.

2 14.

P e tru , p l. LXV II I , 9 17 ;

LV I I , 8 25 ;

XL I I I , 6 53.

2 15.

P eter Petru , Rö m ische g räber a us Dobova , R ibn ica , u nd P e trusn javas , i n Razprave , V I , 1 969 , p l. 2 1/4.

2 16.

T one Knez , Neue r öm ische Gräber i n Do len jsko , , i n Razprave , V I, 1 969 , p l. 1 2 , 1 3, 1 4.

2 17.

L oeschcke ,

2 18.

I väny i d a tes i tw i th c o ins o f Constan t ine I ,

P .

2 70 ;

I vä .ny i, p p. 1 7-18 ;

P etru , p l. LI, 7 94. P .

1 7 a nd a t Emona , P etru

w ith c o ins o f D ioc let ian , Cons tan t ine Ia nd Constan t ius I , p l . XL IV , 6 63 ;

XLV I, 6 78 ;

XLV , 6 71.

2 19.

I väny i , p . 1 9.

2 20.

B 5 .

2 21.

Wa l ters , p . 1 42, f ig . 1 87 ;

2 22.

Mi l tner I , Be ib l. 1 01, f ig . 4 0b.

2 23.

I väny i , p l. L IV , 1 , 5 , 1 0 ;

2 24.

Mi l tner I , b e ib l. 9 6 , f i g . 3 8.

2 25.

I väny i ,

2 26.

Wa l ters , p . 1 38, f ig. 1 82.

2 27.

L era t , p l. XV I I I, 1 47.

2 28.

l u g ,I , p l. I , V I, L X ;

Bä . lu g , I , p l. I V , V . I väny i , p l. L IV .

Menze l , p . 7 6 , p . 6 1/ 13.

1 9 , p l. L I I I , 5 .

P .

B . J än6 , R6 ma i em lekek Hunyadvärmegyeben , i n AE, 3 2, 1 912 , p p. 4 9-50.

2 29.

B . J än6 , o p.c it., p p . 2 72-273, 4 09 ;

2 30.

Loeschcke , p . 3 39 , f ig. 2 1/ 1.

2 31.

L oeschcke ,

2 32.

Loeschcke , p . 3 38.

2 33.

I väny i , p . 1 9 , p l. I V , 6 .

2 34.

Pons ich ,

2 35.

L era t ,

2 36.

I väny i ,

2 37.

B5 . 1 1 4 , I , p l. 4 .

2 38.

Bernhard , p l . XCI I I , 3 33.

2 39.

Pons ich ,

2 40.

V ik ic-Be lanc ic , I , p . 1 28 , p l. XV I , 4 .

2 41.

M. L abrouse , I n for ma t ions a rcheo log iques , i n G a l l ia , 3 0 , 2 , 1 972,

P .

P .

P .

C ostar , p . 1 93.

3 39.

3 8 , f ig . 5 .

1 8, p l . I X , 1 08. 1 4 , p l. 2 . CXXV I I I , 6 .

P .

P .

3 6 , p l. XXV I , 3 47.

p . 4 91. 2 42.

J . M . L uzon , L ucernas m ineras d e R io t ino , i n AEA, 4 0 , 1 967 , Madr id , p . 1 50 , f ig . 1 2/62.

1 17

2 43. 2 44.

Bernhard , p l. XCI I , 3 30. N . S . Ros inson , Teh A ten ia r i Agora , V , 1 959, Pr inceton , New J ersey , p . 1 19, p l. 4 6, M. 3 75.

2 45.

I cono mu , p . 2 1.

2 46.

Per lzwe ig , p p. 4 8-49.

2 47.

L oeschcke, p p. 3 23, 3 25 ;

2 48.

Loeschcke , p . 3 40 ;

2 49.

M. gma lce l j, An t ike Meta l la mpen a us V inkovc i , i n OA , V I, 1 969 ,

I väny i, p . 2 3.

Zagreb , p . 4 7, p l. I I , V I; 2 50.

2 52.

C . I cono mu ,

Wa lters , p p. 9 -11, p l. V II, 5 5 ; p l. XLCI, 5 59 ;

2 51.

I väny i, p . 2 3.

p . 5 , f ig . 1 .

I väny i, p . 2 3, p l. LX , 5 ;

Bernhard t ,

L erat , p l. XXIV , 2 09.

Loeschcke , p . 3 23. L oeschcke , p . 3 25, f ootnote 3 33 w ith t he b ib l iography o f s im ilar d a ted p ieces.

2 53.

Der inger , p p. 6 7, 1 24, n o. 3 92, p l. X I.

2 54.

I väny i, p p. 2 5-26.

2 55.

Wa ldhauer , p l. XIIX , 5 24 ;

2 56.

Pons ich , p . 3 7, f ig. 5 /422.

For Dac ia s ee M. Moga , Ves t ig i i p a leocre§t ine i n Banat , i n I n me mor ia m Cons tan t in i Da icov ic iu , C lu j, 1 974 , p p. 2 60-261.

2 57.

For t he e volu t ion o f t he h and le s ee P ons ich , p p. 4 2-43.

2 58.

0 . F loca , 0 n oua , v il la s uburbanaln h otaru l c o mune i S ar m izege tusa , i n S arget ia , I , 1 937 , p . 3 6.

2 59.

0 . F loca , Museu l d e a rheo log ie d in S ar m izegetusa ,

Deva , 1 967.

2 60.

0 . F loca , Cons ider eun i a supra u nor monede b arbare d ace.

0

d escoper ire a rheolog icä l a S ar m izegetusa , Deva , 1 935, p p. 1 7, 1 9. 2 61.

0 . F loca , 22 .c it., i n S arget ia , I , 1 937 , p p. 3 5-36.

2 62.

0 . F loca , 0 m ica d escoper ire a rheo log icä l a S arm izege tusa , Deva , 1 935 , p p. 1 7, 1 9.

2 63.

C IL , I I, 8 076, 2 3.

2 64.

G . T eg las, Mit te i lungen und Nachr ich ten , i n K i lo , X , 1 910 , p . 4 98.

2 65.

C IL , I I, 8 076, 1 6 ;

K . T or ma , I nschr iten a us Dac ia , Moes ia S uper ior

u nd Pannon ia I n fer ior , i n AE M , p . 1 45. 2 66.

B . J än6 , Rö ma i em lekek h unyadvärmegyeben , i n AE, 3 2, 1 912, p p. 4 9-50.

2 67.

0 . F loca , 0 m ica d escoper ire a rheo log icä l a S ar m izege tusa , Deva , 1 935 , p p. 1 7, 1 9.

2 68.

B . J än6 , o p.c it., p p. 2 72-273, 4 09 ;

1 18

Gostar ,

P .

1 93.

2 69.

C . Da icov ic iu , Fou il les e t r echerches a S ar m izegetusa , i n Dac ia , I , 1 924 , p . 2 56.

2 70.

I . I . Russu , Note e p ig _ra f ice.

S er ia V , i n S CIV , X [, 2 , 1 960 , p . 4 07 ;

Gostar , p . 1 55. 2 71.

G . T eg läs , I nschr if ten a us Daz ien , i n AE M , 1 885, p . 2 54.

2 72.

C . Da icov ic iu ,

2 73.

C . Da icov ic iu-O. F loca , Mauso leu l Aure l i ilor d e l a S ar m izegetusa , i n

p . 2 56.

S arget ia , I , 1 937, p . 1 3. 2 74.

Gostar , p . 1 70.

2 75.

Pausech , p l. 2 00C [ I, 4 97.

2 76.

S im i lar i n L era t , p l. V , 3 5.

1 19

F ig.1 1 I nv.1435.

F ig.2

3 I nv.507

F ig.3

6 I nv. 1 580

Fig.4 7 Inv.1575

F ig.5 1 0

Inv. 1 577

F ig. 6 1 2

Inv.1579

F ig.7 1 6 I nv.1466

F ig.8 1 7 I nv. 1 598

F ig.9 1 8

Inv.s

1 018

Fig. 1 0 20

Inv.2060

: \ ). ‘

I \\ ‘ \

F ig.13

2 6 I nv. 1 428

•

I

I „

m e ef i ee

F ig. 1 1 2 3

I nv.1555

F ig.14 2 7 I nv.1430

F ig.15 2 8 I nv.1430

F ig. 1 6 2 9

I nv.1612

\ ' ‘ Nk Ne a ‘ ivk

P r I l I Z Z3

F ig. 1 7 3 4

I nv.2063

F ig. 1 8 36

I nv.1434

F ig. 1 9

3 7 Inv.S809

F ig.20 1 44 I nv. 1 597

F ig.21 1 45

F ig.22 1 47

I nv.1096

I nv.1442

F ig.23 1 48

I nv.1461

F ig.24 1 50 I nv.932

F ig.25 1 55 I nv.926

F ig.26 1 56 I nv.2067

F ig.27

F ig.28

1 65 I nv.499

1 66 I nv.512

F ig. 2 9 1 85 I nv.495

F ig.30

F ig.31

1 90

1 96

I nv.930

F ig.32 2 05

I nv.1522

I nv.1587

F ig.34 2 25

I nv.1437

F ig.33 2 10 I nv.907

F ig.35 2 28 I nv. 1 462

F ig 3 6 2 32 Inv. 1 432

F ig.37 2 37 I nv.931

F ig.38 2 42 Inv. 1 600

F ig.39 2 52 I nv.3566

F ig . 40 2 55 I nv .1589

F ig.41 2 58 I nv . 1 556

0 F ig.42 2 59

i nv.1583

F ig.43 2 60 I nv.1515

F ig.44 2 61

I nv.899

F ig.46 3 14 Inv.2072 F ig.48 3 20 I nv .938

F ig.49 3 21 I nv.942

F ig. 4 7 3 16 I nv.1592

F ig. 5 0 3 22 I nv.1448

F ig.51 3 26 I nv.925

F ig.52 3 28 I nv.933

F ig.53 3 31 i nv .494

F ig.54 3 35 I nv.1419

F ig.55 3 36 I nv.1122

F ig.56

3 37 I nv.418

„ e y ( r n We ' , ÄH e e

F ig. 5 7 5 58 I nv.2043

F ig. 5 8 3 39 I nv.1470

F ig. 5 9 3 40 I nv.1460

F ig.60 3 42 I nv.880

F ig.61 3 44 I nv.2064

1

PLATE I

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PLATE I II

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Map o f U lp ia Tra iana S arm izegetusa ( surv iv ing monumen ts ) 1 .

Pa lace o f t he Augus ta les

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