Town-planning and Population in Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa 9780860547839, 9781407349091

Table of contents :
Cover
Copyright
CONTENTS
LIST OF PLATES
LIST OF FIGURES
PART I: TOWN-PLANNING IN ULPIA TRAIANA SARMIZEGETUSA
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CHAPTER 1: TOWN-PLANNING IN ANTIQUITY
CHAPTER 2 TOWN-PLANNING IN SARMIZEGETUSA
CHAPTER 3: INITIATIVES IN BUILDING
CHAPTER 4 THE BUILDINGS
CHAPTER 5: BUILDING TECHNIQUES
CHAPTER 6: BUILDING MATERIALS
CHAPTER 7: ARCHITECTONIC ORDERS
CHAPTER 8: CATALOGUES
PLATES
PART II: POPULATION IN ULPIA TRAIANA SARMIZEGETUSA
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2: THE ANALYSED MATERIAL
CHAPTER 3: TABLES
CHAPTER 4: OVERALL CONCLUSIONS
APPENDICES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Plates

Citation preview

Town-planning and Population in Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa

Dorin Alicu and Adela Paki

BAR International Series 605 1995

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 605 Town-planning and Population in Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa © The authors individually and the Publisher 1995 Translated from Romanian by Leo Hoye, Adela Paid and George Cipaianu The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860547839 paperback ISBN 9781407349091 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547839 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Tempvs Reparatvm in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1995. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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CONTENTS

List of Plates

ii

List of Figures

iii

Part I: Town-planning and Architecture in Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa by Dorin Alicu

List of Abbreviations

i

Chapter 1: Town-planning in Antiquity

1

Chapter 2: Town-planning in Sarmizegetusa

4

Chapter 3: Initiatives in Building

14

Chapter 4: The Buildings I. Buildings of a special nature II. The Dwellings III. The Workshops

19 19 20 24

Chapter 5: Buildings Techniques

27 27 28 29 30 30 30 31 31 32

Chapter 6: Building Materials

33

1. Opus quadratum 2. Opus caementicium 3. Opus incertum 4. Opus testaceum 5. Opus mixtum 6. Opus intestinum 7. Opus signinum 8. Opus musivum 9. Opus tectorium

Chapter 7: Architectonic Orders 1. The column bases 2. The columns 3. The caps 4. The architrave 5. The cornice

35 35 35 35 36 36

Chapter 8: Catalogues 1. Catalogue of column bases 2. Catalogue of columns 3. Catalogue of capitals

38 38 38 39

Plates

45

Part II: Population in Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa by Adela Palci

47

Chapter 1: Introduction 1. The material and its criticism 2. Methodology. Difficulties and contemporary means of overcoming them 2.2 Socio-political structures

49 49 50 51

Chapter 2: The Analysed Material List of Names

53

Gentilicia

53 54 59

1. Imperial gentilicia 2. Non-imperial gentilicia Cognomina

Chapter 3: Tables

72

Chapter 4: Overall Conclusions 1. Ethnical structures 2. Social and political structures

82 82 82

Chapter 5: Appendices

87

Bibliography

88

List of abbreviations

89

Figures

91 i

L IST OF P LATES

PH . PH IL P L IV . P l .V . P l .V 1 . P l .V I I . P l .V I I I . P L IX . P l .X . P l .X I . P l .X I I . P l .X I I I . P LX IV . P l .XV . P l .XV I P l .X I I P l .XV I I I . P l .X IX . P l .XX . P l .XX I . P l .XX I I . P I .XX I I I . P l .XX IV . P l .XXV . P l .XXV I . P l .XXV I I . P l .XXV I I I . P l .XX IX . P l .XXX . P l .XXX I . P l .XXX I I . P l .XX I I I . P l .XX IV . P I .XXV . P l .XXXV I . P I .XXXV I I . P l .XXXV I I I . P l .XXX IX . P l .XL . P l .XL I . P l .XL I I . P l .XL I I I . P l .XL IV . P l .XLV . P l . XLV I . P l .XLV I I . P l .XLV I I I . P l .XL IX .

T h ep l an o fe xcava t ion sw i th in t h ea r ea o ft h ea n t ique t own . 1 .T he p l an o ft h ef o r to fL eg io F lav ia F e l ix 2 .A n t ique s t ree tn e two rk s y s tem ( a f te rI .P i so a nd A l . D iacon e scu ) . 1 .T he p r ec in c t s 'w a l lo nt h es ou the rn s i de o ft h et own . 2 .T he s ou thea s te rn b u lwa rk . 1 .T he s ou thea s ter nb u lwa rk . 2 .A n t ique r e pa i ro ft h es ou th-ea s ter nb u lwa rk . 1 -2 . ' Rampa r t 'w h ich d oub le st h en o r the rn w a l lo ft h et own ,i nr e a l i ty i ti st h e s u b s t r uc t ion o f aR oman r o ad . 1 .T he w a l lo ft h et own o ni t se a s ter ns i de . 2 .T he w a l lo ft h et own o ni t sn o r ther ns i d e . 1 .D e f en s ive t r en che so nt h es ou ther ns i de . 2 .T he r ampa r to nt h ee a s t er ns i de . 1 .p . n r .1 ;2 .p . n r .5 ; 3 .p . n r . 1 8 . 1 .p . n r .8 ;2 .p . n r . 1 0 ; 3 .p .n r . 1 ;4 .p . n r . 1 2 ;5 .p .n r .9 . 1 .p . n r . 1 4 ;2 .p . n r . 1 5 ; 3 .p . n r . 1 8 . 1 .p . n r . 1 7 ;2 .p .n r . 1 ;3 .p .n r .2 . 1 .p . n r .5 ;2 .p . n r . 4 ;3 . n r .7 . 1 .p . I DR 1 1 /2 ,2 05 ;2 .p . I DR 1 1 /2 ,3 22 ; 3 .p . I DR 1/2 13 . 1 .p . n r . 1 ;2 .p . n r .4 ;3 .p . n r . 1 2 . 1 .p . I DR 1 1 /2 , 1 24 ;2 .p . I DR /2 , 13 . T he p l an o ft h eS cho la g l ad ia to rum ( EM 1 ) 1 .B u i ld ing EM 1 d u r ing t h ee xcava t ion s 2 .B u i ld ing EM 1 a f te rr e s to ra t ion 1 .O pus m u s ivum i nr oom 1 0( EM 1 ) 2 .H ypo cau s tum ( EM 1 ) P lan o ft h em o sa ic ( EM 1 ) 1 -2 .P raef urn ia ( EM 1 ) 1 .Wa te r-p ipe b e tween t h ew a te rt a nk a nd t h et a nk n o . 4( EM 1 ) 2 .B u i ld ing EM 1 2 T he p l an o fb u i ld ing s EM 1 2a nd EM 1 3 T he D omu sP ro cu ra to r i s ,n o r ther ns i d e( 0 0 1-004 ) T he p l an o ft h eh o r r eum ( 0 0 1 ) 1 -2 .D e ta i l so ft h ec on s t r uc t ion ( 001 ) 1 -2 .D e ta i l so ft h ep avemen ts y s tem . S y s tem o fc on s t ruc t ion ( 0 0 1 ) 1 .P lan 2 .F ron tv i ew S y s tem o fc on s t ruc t ion ( 0 0 1 ) 1 .F ron ts e c t ion 2 .P lan R econ s t ruc t ion o ft h eb u i ld ing s y s tem f r om 0 0 1 P lan o fb u i ld ing n o .l . P lan o fb u i ld ing n o .2 . P lan o fb u i ld ing sn o . 3a nd EM 1 0 . B u i ld ing EM 1 0d u r ing e xcava t ion s 1 .D e ta i lo fC o ryn th ian c o lumn f r om b u i ld ing n o .5 . 2 .B u i ld ing n o . 5d u r ing e xcava t ion s P lan o fb u i ld ing EM 9 B u i ld ing p ha se sa t EM 9 1 .P avemen ti nr oom ( EM 9 ) 2 .P avemen ti nr oom ( EM 9 ) H ypo cau s tum ( EM 9 ) P lan o fb u i ld ing s EM 2 0a nd EM 3 1 .B u i ld ing EM 2 0d u r ing e xcava t ion s 2 .B u i ld ing EM 2 0a f t e rr e s to ra t ion P lan o ft h eg l a ss w o rk shop ( EM 2 1 ) 1 .B u i ld ing EM 2 1 d u r ing e xcava t ion s 2 .B u i ld ing EM 2 1 a f te rr e s to ra t ion 1 .R oom B ( 5 ) EM 2 1 2 .K i ln C 2r oom B ( 5 ) EM 2 1 . 1 .K i ln f r om r oom A (1 ) EM 2 1 . 1 .P o r t ico o nt h es ou the rn s i d e( EM 2 1 ) 2 .F oun ta in s ou th o ft h ep o r t ico ( EM 2 1 ) 1 .T imb e rb u i ld ing w e s to f EM 2 4e d i f ice . 2 .T imb e rb u i ld ing u nde r EM 2 4e d i f ice . 1 .P o r t ico b e tween t h eb i ga nd s ma l lc ou r tya rd sf r om t h eP a lace o ft h eA ugu s ta le s . 2 .D eco ra ted p i l la rf r agmen t sa nd a r ch . 1 .Wa l lo fs h ap ed s t one sf r om t h e m au so leum o ft h eA u r e l i i 1 .P i l la rb a se i nA ed e sA ugu s ta l ium 2 .P i l la rb a se i nt h ef o rum

P l .L . P l .L I . P l .L I I . P l .L I I I . P l .L IV . P l .LV . P I .LV I . P I .LV I I . P l .LV I I I . P l .L IX . P l .LX . P l .LX I . P l .LX I I . P l .LX I I I . P l .L IV . P l .LXV . P l .LXV I . P l .LXV I I .

1 .O pus c aemen t ic ium o ft h e v au l to ft h e w a te r— tank o ft h eA ed e sA ugus ta l ium 2 .T rea su re r oom o ft h eA ede sA ugu s ta l ium 1 .O pus i n cer tum a tt h e EM 1 8e d if ice 2 .T imb e rs ub s t ruc t ion s i nt h e a r ena o ft h e a mph i tea t re 1 .H exanoga l mo sa ic i nA ede sA ugu s ta l ium 2 .O pus s p ica tum i nA ed e sA ugus ta l ium E lemen t so fp avemen tm o sa ic m ade o fp o t ter y P o t tery c on s tr uc t ion r aw m a te r ia l C o lumn b a se s C o lumn b a se s C o lumn s C ap i ta l s : 1 .I on ic ; 2 -4 D o r ic ; 5 -7 C o r in th ian ; 8 .C ompo s i t ; 9 .p i l la r D or ic c ap i ta l s D o r ic c ap i ta l s C o r in th ian c ap i ta l s C or in th ian c ap i ta l s 1 .C ompo s i tc ap i ta l ; 2 -3 P i l la rc ap i ta l s 1 -2 . C o rn ice s 3 .A rch i t rave s 4 .I on ic c ap i ta lo f ap i l la r C or in th ian c o lumn f r om EM 1 8e d if ice P a r t ia lr e con s t ruc t ion o ft h ef r on t isp ieace o f EM 1 8e d if ice . D or ic c o lumn f r om e d if ice 0 02 . L IST OF F IGURES

F ig . 1 D a te s a nd o r ig in so fU lp ian f am i l ie s . F ig . 2 Map s how ing p o s i t ive o rs u spec ted t own s ,p rov inces a nd o t he ra r ea so fp rovenance o ft h e U lp ian c o lon is t s .

1 1

PART I : TO WN-PLANN ING I N ULP IA TRAIANA SAR M IZEGETUSA

b yD or in A l icu

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AAASH ACMIT ActaMN AIIA I�i AISC Apulum AE Banatica BAR CIL DA Dacia H. Daicoviciu, D. Alicu 1984 ErdMuz. HT HTRTE IDR Latomus M. Macrea VDR Materiale MCA MemCD Monuments OmCD PASC Peuce Potaissa RE ReichsbD RevMuzMon RRH SaalbJahrb. Sargetia Sematism SCIV SCIVA SHA StCl Tibiscus TransAnt. D. TudorOTSDR Vestigia ZPE

Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarium Hungaricae. I 1951 - 28 1976. Anuanil Comisiunii Monumentalor Istorice. Sec\ia pentru Transilvania. Cluj I 1926-1928 - IV 1932-1938. Acta Musei Napocensis (Anuarul Muzeului de istorie a Transilvaniei) Cluj, I 1964 - XXII-XXII, 1987. Anuarul Institutului de Istorie §i Arheologie. Ia�i, I 1964 sqq. Anuarul lnstitutului de Studii Clasice. Cluj (Sibiu), I 1928-1932 - V 1944-1948. Apulum. Buletinul Muzeului Regional Alba Julia, I 1942-1946, III 1949, IV (Studii §i comunicari) 1961, V-XXV 1964-1988. Archaeologiai Ertesito. Budapest, I-XIV 1869-1880, NS I 1881 sqq. Banatica. Muzeul jude\ean de istorie Resita. I 1971 sqq. British Archaeological Reports. Corpus lnscriptionum Latinarum. Berlin vol. III 1873-1902. Ch. Daremberg et Edm. Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquites grecques et romaines, Paris, I 1877- V 1919. Dacia. Recherches et decouvertes archeologiques en Roumanie. Bucuresti, I 1924 - XII 1948. Nouvelle serie: Revue d'archfologie et d'histoire ancienne, I 1957 sqq. H. Daicoviciu, D. Alicu, Colonia Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, Bucure§ti 1984. Erdelyi Muzeum. Cluj, I 1859- L 1945 Hunyadvfillllegye tl>rtenete, Budapest 1902. A hunyadmegyei tortenelmi es regeszeti tarsulat evkonyve, Deva, l 1882 - XXII 1914. lnscriptiile Daciei Romane. Latomus. Revue d'Etudes Latines. Bruxelles, I 1937 sqq. M. Macrea, Viata in Dacia romana, Bucure§ti 1969. Materiale �i cercethi arheologice. Bucure§ti, I 1953- x 1973. Materiale �i cercetm arheologice. I 1979 sqq. In memoriam Constantini Daicoviciu, Cluj, 1974. D. Alicu, C. Pop. V. Wollmann, Figured Monuments from Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa. Oxford, BAR 55, 1979. Omagiu lui Constantin Daicoviciu cu prilejul implinirii a 60 de ani, Bucure§ti 1960. Problemi attuali di szienza e di cultura, Roma 1973. Peuce. Studii �i comunicrui de istorie, etnografie �i muzeologie, Tulcea, l 1970 sqq. Potaissa. Studii �i comunicari, Turda, I 1978, II 1980, III 1982. Realencyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll) Stuttgart, i 1893 sqq. Die Reichsbeamten von Dazien, von Arthur Stein. Budapest (Dissertationes Pannonicae, I, 12) 1944. Revista muzeelor �i monumentelor. Monumente istorice �i de art�. Bucure�ti. Revue Roumaine d'Histoire, Bucure§ti, I 1962 sqq. Saalburg Jahrbuch. Bericht des Saalburgmuseums, I 1910 sqq. Sargetia. Buletinul muzeului Hunedoara-Deva, I 1937, II 1941, III 1956, IV 1966, V (Acta Musei Devensis) 1968 sqq. D. Radu, Dioceza Lugojuli. Sematism istorie, Lugoj, 1903. Studii �i cercetari de istorie veche. Bucure§ti, I 1950 - XXIV 1973. Studii §i cercet&i de istorie veche si arheologie, 25 1974 sqq. Scriptores Historiae Augustae Studii Classice. Bucuresti, I 1959 sqq. Tibiscus. Muzeul Banatului, Timisoara I 1971 - V 1986. C. Daicoviciu, La Transylvanie dans l'Antiquite, Bucarest 1945. D. Tudir, Orase, tirguri si sate in Dacia romant Bucure�ti 1968. Vestigia. Beitrage zur alten Geschichte, Mtinchen. Zeitschrift ftir Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bonn.

CHAPTER 1

TO WN-PLANNING I N ANT IQU ITY

T he i mpor tanc e o ft h e t own i ni t se l fa s ac en te ro fr e f e rence f o r t h e c l a ss ica l a ge i ss ummed u p i n af ew s en tence s b y t h e

c on s t r uc t ion t e chn ique s a r e , g ene ra l ly s peak ing , s im i la r f o r a l l t h e c i t ies .' I ti st h is t h a t a s s igned u n i ty t od i ve r s i ty i nt h e R oman Emp i r e .

c e leb ra ted F rench r e sea r che r ,A lbe r tG r en ie r. " La f onda t ion d es v i l le s ma rque , d an s l ac i v i l isa t ion a n t ique , u n momen t c ap i ta l . L a c i te a d om ine t o u te l av i e s o c ia le e t

T he A n t ique l i t e ra r y s ou r ce s r e f e r r ing t o t own p l ann ing a r e f ew i nn umbe r' . T he e a r l ie s t n o t ion s o c cu r w i th t h e G reek p h i lo sophe r s o f t h e f o u r th c en tu ry B .C . w ho r e ga rd t h e p rob lem f r om t h e a ng le o fp ub l ic h ea l th' .

p o l i t ique , o n p eu t m eme d i re ,j u squ 'ä u n c e r ta in p o in t , l av i e i n te l lec tue l le e t mo ra le d e l ' an t iqu i te . S a c i v i l i sa t ion a e t u ne c i v i l i sa t ion u rba ine . L 'äge c l a ss ique c ommence a u

S ome o ft h e p ragma t ic a spec ts o ft own p l ann ing a r e r e sumed

m omen t o ü a ppa ra i ssen t l e s v i l le s ; l e monde a n t ique m eu r t l o r sque l e s i n va s ion b a rba res l e s r u inen t e t d onnen t l a p r eponde rance a ux c ampagnes ' .

b y A r i s to t le' w ho i sm a in ly c once rned w i th t h e g eog raph ic s e t t ing o f t own s , s o c ia l l i f e , d ef ence a nd h ea l th n ecess i t ies . H e u r ge s t h a t t h e l i n ing u p o f b u i ld ing s b e t a ken i n to c on s ide ra t ion w hen b u i ld ing a t own a nd t h a t t h e s ys tem t r ad i t iona l ly c on ce ived o f b y H yppodamo s o f M i l le tu s b e

D ur ing R oman A n t iqu i ty , t own s d i d n o t s pr ing u p o u t o f n owhe r e , b u t w e re t h e n a tu ra l o u tcome o f w ide r a ng ing p o l i t ica l , s t ra teg ic a nd m i l i ta ry , e conom ic , r e l ig iou s a nd g eog raph ic p henomena , a l l o f w h ich , a t ap a r t icu la r momen t

a pp l ied' . T h i s s y s tem w a s l a te r t a ken u p a nd p er f ec ted b y t h e R oman s w ho u sed i tw i th t h e n ece ssa ry i mp rovemen t i n t h eb u i ld ing o ft h e i ro wn c i t ie s' .

a nd w i th in ap a r t icu la r a r ea , b r ing a bou t ah uman c r owd ing u nde r t h e p reva i l ing i nf luence o f o ne o r t h e o t he r o f t h e a bove—men t ioned f a c to r s .

T he f i r s t b ook o n t own—p lann ing d a t ing b ack i n A n t iqu i ty

H oweve r , n o t a l l t h e se c on cen t ra t ion s o f p eop le w h ich g row i n to s t t lemen t s , e ven tua l ly b ecome t own s . O n ly ar e s t r ic ted

b e long s t oV i truv iu s . D eA r ch i tec tura w a s i s sued i nR ome a t t h e c l o se o f t h e f i r s t c en tu r y B .C . a nd i tc ompr ised , b es ide s d i rec t ion s i nt h e a r t o fb u i ld ing a nd d eco ra t ion , i t em s o n t h e

n umbe r w e re i n ves ted w i th t i t les a nd c i ty r i gh t s a nd w e re i mpo sed u pon a nu rban s t ruc tu re' .

t h eo ry o f a r ch i tec tu r e a nd f u r the r i n fo rma t ion' i n vo lv ing t own—p lann ing .

I f , o n t h e w ho le , a l l t h e t own s i nt h e R oman e mp i re w e r e

V i t ruv iu s m ade a c l ea r— cu t d i s t inc t ion b e tween p ub l ic a nd p r iva te b u i ld ing s f r om t h e v ery b eg inn ing . H e c l a ss if ied p ub l ic b u i ld ing s i n to b u i ld ing s f o r d ef end ing p u rpo ses ,

c r ea ted o n t h e b a s i s o f au n ique l e g i s la ted s y s tem a nd i n k eep ing w i th t r ad i t ion ,t h e i ro r ig in ,h oweve r , i sv a r ied . T hey c an c ome i n to b e ing b y s ynec i sm , o n t h e t r unk o f a n o lde r r u ra l o r u rban s e t t lemen t , p r ev iou s t o t h e R oman

3F o r t h e a n t ique t own-p lann ing , s e e : L . H omo , R ome i mpe r ia le e t l ' u rban i sm c l an s l ' an t iqu i te , P a r i s 1 951 ; P . L avedan , Q ue s t -ce c l ue l ' u rban i sm e? I n t roduc t ion äl ' h i s to i r ed e f u rban i sm e , P ar is 1 926 ; P .L avedan , H i s to i r ed e l ' u rban i sme , I ,P ar i s 1 926 ; P .L avedan , J .H ugueney , H i s to i re d e l ' u rban i sm e , A n t iqu i te , P a r i s 1 966 ; F . C a s tagno l i , I ppodamo d i M i le to e l ' u rban is t ica ap is t i ls o r togona le , R oma 1 956 , P . 81-1 ; E .F r ezou l s , E tud e s e tr e che r che s s u n l e s v i l le s e n G au le , P ASC 1 58 , 1 973 , p . 157-166 ; S . S . F r e r e , T h e U rb an i sa t ion o fR oman B r i ta in , P ASC 1 50 , 1 971 , p .3 -26 ; F .C . G o i t ia , C on s ide ra c ione s s ob r ee ll e gado d e l at uban is t ica r om ana e nE spar ta , P ASC 2 00 , 1 974 , p .6 9-88 ; G . A . Man sue l i , C on s ide ra z ion i s u l l 'u rba rn s t ica d e l la S pagn a r o rnana , P ASC 2 00 , 1 974 , p . 8 7094 ; A . G a r c ia y B e l l ido , U rban i sm° d e l a s g r ande s c i udade s d e l mundo a n t ique s , Mad r id 1 966 , p . 1 45-19 9 ; A . Wankenne , L a B e lg ique a u t emp s d e R om e , N amu r 1 979 , p . 5 2-92 ; J . Wache r , T h e T own s o f R oman B r i ta in , L ondon 1 975 ; A . G . P ou l t e r , T own a nd C oun t ry i n Moe s ia I n f e r io r , A nc ien t B u lga r ia , N o t t ing ham 1 983 , p .7 4118 ; M . C lave l , P .L eveque , V ine s e ts t ruc tur e s u rb a ine s c l an s l ' o cc id en t r oma in , P ar i s , p . 1 03 s q q . ; P . G r ima l , L e s v i l le s r o rna ine s , P a r i s 1 954 ; G . P i ca rd , L a c iv i l isa t ion d e l ' A f r ique r oma in e , P ar i s 1 959 ; G . M ih a i lov , L e p roc e s su s d ' urban is a t ion d an s l ' e spac e b a lcan ique j u squ 'a l af m d e l ' an t iqu i t e , I I-e C ong re s I n te rn a t iona l d 'E tud e sd u S udE s t E u rope en , B uca re s t 1 979 ; C . D a icov ic iu , H . D a icov ic iu , C en tena r muzea l o ra c le -an , O r ad ea 1 972 , p . 1 53-160 ; I d em , V e s t ig ia _ 17 , 1 973 , p .9 7-98 ; H . D a icov ic iu , A pu lum , X I I I , 1 975 , p .8 5-94 ; R . C ag r i a t , C a r thage , T imgad , T ebe s s ae tl e sv i l le s a n t ique sd e l ' Af r ique d u n o r c l , P a r i s 1 909 ; A . Mah joub i , L e sc i te s r o rna ine sd eT un i s ie , T un i s 1 969 ; J o rge A la rcao , P o r tuga l r oman° , L i sabona 1 974 , p .6 4-103 ; H . B ög l i , L a S u i s se a l ' epoque r om a in e , B e rn 1 978 , p .3 -26 ; D . T udo r , O ra s e , t i rgu r i s is a t e i nD ac ia r omanä , B ucu r e s t i 1 968 ; E . E g l i , G e sch ich te d e s S täd tebaue s , Z ür ich-S tu t tga r t 1 959 ; N . B ranga , U rb an i smu l D a c ie i r oman e , T im i soa ra 1 980 , p . 1 4 s qq ; K lä ra P oczy , i nT h eA r chaeo logy o fR oman P annon ia , B ud ap e s t 1 980 ,p .2 39-269 . 4M . C lave l ,P .L eveque , o p .c i t . ,p .1 03 ; L .H omo , o p .c iL .p . 2 -12 . 5L .H omo , o p . c i t . ,p .2 . 6P o l i t ica , V I I , 1 0 , 1 -7 . 7P o l i t ica , V I I , 1 0 ,4 . 8F .C a s tagno l i ,_ o p .c i t . ,p .1 02-103 . 9G r . I o ne scu , V i truv iu , B ucha r e s t 1 974 , p .2 2 .

c onque s t ,o u to ft h e c anabae o f af o r to f ad eve loped R oman r u ra l s e t t lemen t , o n t h e s i te o f af o rme r f o r t , o r s imp ly b y d e l ibe ra te ly o rgan ized c o lon iza t ion o f at e r r i to ry . I r re spe c t ive o f t h e i r o r ig in s o r t h e i r w ay o f c om ing i n to b e ing , t h e u rban o rgan iza t ion s y s tem — t h a t i st h e f ound ing r i te , u r ban—adm in i s t ra t ive p ub l ic s e r v ic e , p ub l ic a nd r e l ig iou s b u i ld ing s , r oad n e two rk , i n ne r a nd o u te r w a l ls s pace o r gan iz ing , s a lub r i ty , w a te r— supp ly , i n s ta l la t ion s a nd

1A .G r en ie r ,L ag en ie r oma in d am l ar e l ig ion , l ap en see e tl ' a r t . P a r i s 1 925 . p .1 2 . 2I b idem .

1

T own—P lann ing a nd i nU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i z ege tu sa r e l ig iou s b u i ld ing s , a nd n ece s sa ry o ne s . I nt h e l a s t c a tego ry h e i n c luded h a rbou r s , t own s qua re s , g a te s , b a th s , t h ea t r e s , p r omenade s' a nd a l l t h e se b eb u i l ta st of u lf i l s o l id i ty ,u t i l i ty a nd b eau ty r e que s t s '( I ,I V ) .

a r ea , u sua l ly as qua r e s hap ed o ne ( t emp lum ) , f o r t h e p r ie s t s t oa sk f o r t h e g od s ' d ec is ion s o n t h e m a t t e r . T hen f o l lowed t h eo r ien ta t io , c a r r ied o u tb y a na ugur o r ag roma t i cu su nde r t h e s u r ve i l lan ce o ft h e a ugur i . T h i s w a s p e r fo rmed i no rde r t od e te rm ine t h e p o s i t ion o ft h e t wo a xe s t h e c ardo a nd t h e d e cumanu sb yv i ew ing t h e m omen to ft h e s un r ise t h rough t h e g roma . Am o r e i n t r ica te o p e ra t ion , s i n c e i th a s i nv i ew t h e o u t e r a nd i n n e r d i v i s ion s o f t h e t own , i st h e l i m i ta t io . A s e cond c ha ra c t e rc ome sn ow o ns t age i no r de rt oc a r ry i to u t . I ti st h ef o unde r , w ho b y af u r row ,s uku sp r im igen iu s ,d r awn b y ap l ough p u l led b y aw h i te b u l l a nd a c ow , m a rk s t h e s hap eo ft h e f u tu r e t own . T he f u r row i si n t e r rup ted w he r et h e c i ty g a te s a r e t ob e p l aced . T he o ve r tu rn ed e a r th m a rk s t h e r ou te t ob e f o l lowed b y t h e c i ty w a l l s a nd a l so d e te rm ine s t h ep ome r ium 1' .

O ne s hou ld n o te t h a t a lmo s t a l l o ft h e b u i ld ing s a nd b u i ld ing s i t e sc on ce ived o fb y V i t ruv iu s h e ld t h ec l a im so fp ub l ic a nd p r iva te s a lub r i ty a sp r io r i t ie s '. L a rge ly ,t h e R oman t own h a s a no r thogona l s h ap e c au sed b y t wo c r o ss ing p e rpend icu la r a xe s , t h e c ardo a nd t h e d e cumanus , c o r r e spond ing t ot h e c i ty ' s m a in s t r ee t s ' .T he a xe s w h ich a r e s t r ic t ly o r ien ted : c ardo f o l lowed t h e n o r th— s ou th d i rec t ion , d e cumanu s t h e e a s t—we s t o ne , w e r e t r aced o n t h e v e ry d ay o ft h e f o und ing o f t h e c i ty b y m ean s o f a n i n s t rumen t c a l led g roma l . T he t o o l w a s g ene ra l ly u s ed f o r t r a c ing p e rp end icu la r s b y d i r ec t v i ew ing . I no rde r t oa vo id p a ra lax i se r ro r s , t h e t o o l w a sp e r f ec ted a nd t h en u s ed f o rt h e g r ound m a rk ing o ft h e t wo d i r ec t ing a xe s i nt h e s e t t ing u po f t own s 2

3

T he c en t r eo ft h e t own i sm a rked b y t h ec r o ss ing p o in to ft h e t wo a xe s ,t h ec a rdo a nd t h ed e cumanus .T h en t h e i n su lae , t h e s i te o ft h ef o rum a nd o ft h eo t he rp ub l ic o rr e l ig iou sb u i ld ing s a r e f i xed . T h e c e n tur ia t io o f t h e t e r r i to ry i s p e r fo rmed w i thou t t h e c i ty w a l ls . Mo s t f r equen t ly t h e c e n tu r iae a r e s qua r el a nd l o t sh av ing as i d eo f7 10 m ( 2 0a c tu s =2 400 f e e t —r e su l t ing i na n a r ea o f2 00 i u ge ra o r5 0h a )' . Mo r eo f ten t h an n o t as qua r e l o t o f t h i s k i nd c ove r ed t wo c e n tu r iae o r mo r e .

T h en c ame t h e t r ac ing o f s t r ee t s p a ra l le l t oc a rdo m axmus a nd d ecumanu s m ax imu s w h ich r e su l ted i n to s qua r e a nd r e c tangu la r l a nd l o t s w h ich w e r e n amed a c co rd ing t ot h e i r p o s i t ion a cco rd ing t od e cumanu s —s t r iga o rs c amna — a nd w e r ed evo ted t ob u i ld ing g oa l s . F o rt h ee r ec t ing o fl a rge s i ze a r ch i tec tu ra lm onumen t so fm a jo ri mpo r tance , m o r et h an o ne l o t c ou ld b e e mp loyed . A t e r r i to ry f r ee o f a ny b u i ld ing s , d evo ted t o r e l ig iou s g oa l s , w a s d e l im i ted i n t h e a r ea s u r round ing t h et own a nd i tw a sc a l led p ome r ium .

T h e l a s t o p e ra t ion i st h e c on se c ra t io , r e l ig iou s i ne s sen ce , a nd i tc on s i s t so fp r aye r sa nd s a c r if ice s'. T h e E t ru scan s h ave l e f t t h e i r m a rk o n t h e b u i ld ing t e chn ique t o o .T hey h ave i nf luenced a nd i n sp i red t h ea r ch i tec tu re o ft h e b u i ld ing ss u r round ed b y w a l l s ,o ft emp le s ,o fa queduc t s ,c i ty g a te s , e t c . T hey b r ough t o ve rt oI t a ly t h e a r ch a nd t h e v au l t , w h ich w e r el a te rt a ken o ve ra nd p e r f ec t ed b yt h eR oman s .

A l l t h e se e n t r ep r i se s , e s sen t ia lly t e chn ica l , w e r e s t age s i n t h et h o rough ly r e l ig iou sr i te ( E tru sco r i tu )o ft h e f o und ing o f c i t ie s . I n f a c t , s t a r t ing w i th t h e f o u r th c en tu r y B .C . t h e t y p ica l R oman t own c l a imed a ti t s o r ig in w ha t L . H omo t e rm s t h e E t ru scan a n te ceden t a nd t h e G r eek a n teceden t . T h e r e a r e t h eo r ie s w h ich c on s ide r t h e E t ru scan" i n f luence o f p r io r i mpo r tance , a nd s t i l l o t h e r s w h ich r e ga rd t h e G r eek i n f luence 'e a sf i n i te .

T h e G reek s w ho s e t t led i nt h e S ou th o fI t a ly a tt h e c l o se o f t h en i n th c en tu ry a nd t h eb eg inn ing o ft h ee i gh th c en tu ry w e r e a l r eady i nt h eu r ban s t age o fc i v i l isa t ion . As weep ing c hange o ccu r s w i th t h e t own d e s ign o fG reek c i t ie s s t a r t ing w i th t h e f i f th c en tu ry B .C . , e ve r s i n ce t h e s y s tem c onc e ived o f b y H yppodamo s o fM i l le tu s h a s b een f r equen t ly a pp l ied . I nt h e c ou r se o f t i me , t h e G reek s g ene ra l i sed t h e c he s s— tab le t e chn ique o ft h e i n ne r a r rangemen t o fc i t ie s t h u s i nf luenc ing i t s R oman c oun te rpa r t . H oweve r , i t i s i n t h e R oman o rgan iza t ion o ft h e s e rv ice t h a t t h e G reek s p layed t h e m o s t i mpo r tan t r o le . T he R oman s t o ok o ve r , a c comoda t ed , p e r f ec ted a nd i n ten s if ied e ve ry i t em t h a t t h e G reek s h ad c r ea ted f o r c en tu r ie s i n t e rm s o f t own o r gan iza t ion , m anagemen ta nd s e rv ice ' .

N eve r the le s s , R ome t o ok o ve r f r om b o th t h e E t ru scan s a nd t h eG reek st h ee l emen t sw h ich b es ts u i ted t h eR oman s p i r i t . U ndoub ted ly , t h en , t h e r i t e o ff ound ing c i t ie s i so fE t r u scan e x t rac t . I ti sb a sed o n ar e l ig iou s s y s tem " a dm i t ted a ss u ch b yH yg inus 1 . R

T h e E t ru scan r i t e c omp r ised s eve ra l s t age s e ach o f u tmo s t i mpo r tance . A f te r h av ing s e lec ted t h e s i te f o r t own— to—be , t h e f i r s t o p e ra t ion , t h e i n augura t io , s uppo sed c ho s ing a n

I f ,b e fo r et h ef i f th c en tu ry B .C . t h eG r eek sh ad n o tp ayed t o o m uch a t ten t ion t ot h e r e gu la r i ty o f r o ad n e two rk , a f te r t h e P e r s ian s d e s t royed M i le tu s , w hen r e bu i ld ing t h e c i ty , t h e ' e ng inee r s 'o fM i le tu sc on ce ived t h e i n ne ro rgan iza t ion o ft h e t own o n a no r thogona l p l an e w i th s t r ee t s t h a t r a np a ra l le l o r c r o s sed i nr i g h t a ng le s g i v ing i tt h e l o ok o f ac h es s— tab le . I t w a s H yppoda rno s o f M i le tu s t h a t e n te r ed h i s to ry a s t h e

1 0 T he t e x t s o f V i t ruv ius a r e q uo ted a f te r t h e t r an s la t ion i n to R oman ian m ade b y G . M . C an ta cuz ino , T . C o s ta a nd G r . I o n e scu , V i t ruv iu , Dup r e a r ch i tec tu r i t , B uch a r e s t 1 964 . 1L .H omo , o p .c i t . ,p .9 -12 ; P .L avedan ,J .H uguen ey , o p .c i t . ,P .3 62-363 . 1 2P .L avedan ,J .H ugueney , c i t . ,p .3 56 ; L .H omo ,o p .c i t . ,p .1 5-16 . 1 3F r i tz K re tz schme r , L a T i' q ue r oma in e , B ruxe l le s 1 966 , p .1 2 . 1 4I d em ,o p .c i t . ,p . 1-,F ig . 1 0 . 1 5 F u s te l d e C ou lange s , C e ta tea a n t icä , 1 ,B ucha r e s t 1 984 , P . 1 9 1-195 ; A . G r en ie r , o p .c i t . ,p .1 3-16 . 1 6 A . Bo e th iu s , R om an a nd G r eek T own A r ch i tec tu r e , G ö tebo rg 1 984 , p . 1 29 ; I d em ,E t ru acan a nd e a r ly R oman A rch i tec tu r e ,L ondon 1 970 ,p .1 79 . 1 7 LH omo ,o p .c i t . ,p .1 3 . 1 8D el im i t ibu sc on s t i tuend i s ,p .1 3 1132 .

1 9V a r ro , V , 1 43 ;T i tu sL iv iu s , I ,4 4 ; A u lu sG e l l iu s ,X I I I , 1 4 . 2 0P .L avedan ,F .H ugueney , o p .c i t . ,P . 3 58 . 2 1 F u s te l d eC ou lange s , l . c . ; A .G em ie r , . .op .c i t . ,p .1 4-15 ; L .H omo ,o p .c i t . , p .1 5-16 . 2 2L .H omo ,o p .c i t . ,P . 1 8 .

2

T own—P lann ing i nA n t iqu i ty t h eo re t ic ian o f t h e s ys tem e spec ia l ly a f te r h av ing d rawn u p t h ed es ign o fP y reu s a tT em is toc le 's u rge a nd t h e f ound ing o f t h ec i ty o fT hu r io i i nS ou th I t a ly ' .

S ince , a t f i r s t s i gh t , t h e re a r e g r ea t s im i la r i t ies b e tween t own s a nd f o r t s i nt e rms o fd es ign ( s ee t ype C ) , t h e q ues t ion a r i ses a st ow h ich d e r ived f r om w h ich . I ti sa l so n o t iceab le a t f i r s t s i gh t t h a t t h e t own s e em s t oh ave t a ken c l ues f r om t h e d e s ig no ff o r t s s i nce s eve ra l t own s w e re b u i l t f o r t h e s ake o f w a rv e te ran s a nd o t he r s w e r e e r ce ted o n s i te s w he r e t h e f o r t s o n ce e x is ted " .

T he s y s tem o fs qua res a nd r e c tang le s t h a t r a n p erp end icu la r o n t h e d ecumanus ( p er s t r igas ) a nd w h ich r e su l ted f r om t h e c r o ss ing o f s t ree t s i s c ha rac ter is t ic o f t h e c i ty o f H yppodam ic t ype ' . F .C a s tagno l i e s tab l ished s eve ra l t yp es o fc i t ie s f o rt h e R oman t own s w h ich h ad r e gu la rp l anes . O ne

T he r e i s e v idence , h oweve r , t h a t p l ead s f o r t h e t own 's

c an a l so i n c lude t h e c i t ies o f D ac ia i nt h e se c a tego r ie s , b u t o n ly t ot h ee x ten tt ow h ich t h e i rp l ane d e s ign i sa ckow ledged .

p r io r i ty . T he m o s t i mpo r tan t i sP o lyb iu s ' a s sessmen t w ho d esc r ibes i n t h e c ou r se o f 6c hap te r s ( V I , 2 7-32 ) t h e f o r t d u r ing t h e R epub l ic a ge a nd w ho c on s ide r s t h e t own ap a t te rn

T ype A — t h e t own d e r ived f r om t h e H yppodam ic t y pe . I ti s

t h e f o r tc op ied ( V I , 3 1) .

d i v ided i n to p e rs t r igas . I ti sa cknow ledged s t ar t ing w i th t h e f o ur th c en tu ry B .C . ( No rba ) a nd a sl a te a st h e s e cond c en tu ry A .D . o ne o f t h e l a s t a t temp t s a t ad i v i s ion i np e r s t r iga s

F ron t inus u pho ld s t h e i d ea t h a t t h e R oman s a dop ted t h e f o r t d u r ing t h e w a ra ga in s tP y r rhu s ( 280-275 ) :

s e em s t o h ave b een p er fo rmed i n o ne o f R ome ' s d i s t r ic t s b u i l ti nt h es e cond c en tu ry .' .

C a s t ra a n t iqu i tu s R oman i c e te raeque g en te s p ass im p er c orpora c oho r t ium v e lu tm apa l ia c ons t i tuere s o l i t i e ran t , c um s o lo s u rb ium m uro s n os se t a n t iqu i tas . P yr rhus E p iro tarum r e x p r imus t o tum e xer c i tum s ub e odem v a l lo c on t ine re i n s t i tu i t . R oman i d e inde , v i c to e o i n c amp i s A rus in i s c i r ca u rbem Ma lven tum , c as tr i s e i u s p o t i t i e to rd ina t ione n o ta ta

T ype B — t h e t y pe o fc i ty w ho se a xes c r o s s a ti t s c en t r e a nd i t s s t ree t s r unn ing p a ra l le l f o rm i s le s a s sum ing s qua re s hapes ' . T he e a r l ies t d e s ign o f t h is t y p e i st h a t o ft h e c i ty o f O s t ia f o unded i n t h e l a s t d ecades o f t h e f ou r th c en tu ry B .C . T he t own i sr ega rded a s t h e e a r l ie s t i n dub i tab le mode

p au la t im a d h an c u sque m e ta t ionem p er venerun t .

o f e xp res s ion o f R oman t own—p lann ing ' . T h is t y pe w a s f r equen t e spec ia l ly i n I t a ly d ur ing t h e R epub l ic , b u t i tc an

q uae n unc e f ec ta e s t ,

S hou ld o ne t a ke i n to a ccoun t F ron t inu s ' a s sesmen t a nd t h e f a c t t h a t t own s w i th a H yppodam ic d es ign h ave b een a cknow ledged e a r l ie r t o t h e w a r a ga in s t P y r rhus , t h en o ne s hou ld a dm i t t h a t i tw a s t h e d e s ign o f t h e f o r t t h a t d er ived

a l so b e a cknow ledged i nt h e p rov ince s e spec ia l ly i nt h e c a se o ft own s b u i l t d u r ing t h e f i r s t c en tu ry A .D . I ti st h e c a se o f A u tun a nd Am ien s i nG au l' , L in co ln i nB r i ta in ' , T imgad i nA lge r' .

f r om t h a to ft h et own ' . T ype C — t h e t own o fa x ia l p lane i n f luen ced b y t h e d e s ign o f af o r t . T he c ha rac ter is t ic o ft h is t y pe o ft own i st h a tt h ec ardo i sr ep laced b yt wo p a ra l le l a xes ,w h ich a r ec ha rac ter i s t ic o fa

I n t e rms o f t h e p rocess o f

f o r t : v i ap r inc ipa l i s a nd v i a q u in tana . T h e b e s t e xamp le s f o r t h i s t y pe a r et h et own so fT or ino a nd A o s ta 3 1 .

w h ich u nde rwen t t h e i nf luen ce o fR oman o c cupa t ion f o rq u i te as hor t p er iod o ft i me , i sn o t l owe r t h an t h a t o fo t he rR oman

T ype D — t h e t own o f a x ia l p lane d i v ided p e r s camna . T he

p rov inces o f t h e e mp i re . F u r termo re , t h e p rocess w a s h e re a cce le ra ted a nd t h i s w a s m a te r ia l ized b y t h e b u i ld ing a nd

R oman iza t ion , t h e p o s i t ion o f

D ac ia a s t h e l a s t p rov ince a t tached t o t h e R oman Emp i re

d eve lopmen to ft we lve c i t ie s i n1 50 y ea r s3 7 .

r e c tangu la ri s le s c r ea ted b y t h e c r o ss ing o ft h e c ardo a nd t h e d e cumanus a r e p a ra l le l t o t h e d e cumanus ( p er s c amna ) . T yp ica lo ft h i sc a tego ry i st h eR oman C a r thage 3 2 .

T he re a r e f ew r e sea rche r s t o h ave c on s ide red t h i s t o p ic . Mo r e o f ten t h en n o t t h ey h ave a pp roached o n ly o ne a spec t o u to ft h ec omp lex p henomenon w h ich i st own—p lann ing ' .

E ach o f t h e se t ypes h a s i t s o wn v a r ian t s a nd e xcep t ion s r e su l t ing f r om t h e t e rm s i n w h ich t h e s hor te r o r l o nge r d imen s ion s o f t h e c i ty s t and , t h e s i ze o f t h e i s le s a nd i t s d i rec t ion ing w h ich i si nf luenced b yt h ei mmed ia te g eog raph ic c ond i t ion s . N ever the les s , t h ey a r e a l l b u i l t o nt h ep r in c ip le o f

T he p ragma t ic a spec ts o f t own—p lann ing h ave n o t b een t oo a cce ss ib le o w ing t o o b jec t ive c i rcums tances r e la ted t o t h e s t age

o f

a r chae log ica l

r e sea r ch

o f

u rban

s e t t lemen t s .

a x ia l s ymme t ry w h ich s u i ted t h e R oman t a s te ( s ee t h e f o rum s , t h e a mph i thea t re s , t emp le s , h ou se s ) a nd w h ich w a s

A l though i n t e rms o f e p ig raphy t h e t i t les a nd t h e a pp rox ima te d a te o ft h e g ran t ing o ft h e t i t le o fc i ty h ave b een

i ni t s t u rn i n f luenced b y t h e s p i r i t o f m i l i ta ry a nd p o l i t ica l d i sc ip l ine 3 .

e s tab l ished i nt h e c a se o f a lmo s t a l l t h e D ac ia 's m un ic ip ia a nd c o lon ies , t h e i r p lane d e s ign , t h e l o ca t ion o f p ub l ic a nd r e l ig iou s monumen t , a s w e l l a so t he r m ino r a spec t s i nt e rm s

2 3F .C h a rnoux , C iv i l iza t ia g r ea cl , B ucha r e s t 1 985 ,P . 2 83 . 2 4E .E g l i , o p .c i t . ,p .2 12 ; F .C a s tagno l i , o p .c i t . ,p .8 1-85 . 2 5F .C a s tagno l i , o p .c i t . . ,p .8 5 . 2 6I d em , o p .c i t . ,p .8 5-94 . 2 7P .L aved an ,J .H ugueney , o p .c i t . ,p .3 68 . 2 8 I d em , o p .c i t . ,p .3 96 . 2 9J . Wache r , o p .c i t . , p .1 25 . 3 0 C h . S aumagne , L e p lan d e T üngäd , R evue T un i s ienne , _ I I I , N S , 1 933 , p . 3 5-36 . 3 1 C a s tagno l i , o p .c i t . ,p .9 4-95 ; P .L avedan , J .H ugueney , o p . c i t . ,p .3 84 . 3 2 F . C a s tagnoh , o p . c i t . , p . 9 7-98 ; P .L aved an , J .H ugueney , o p . c i t . . , p . 4 43-444 ; P .D av in ,E tude s u rl ac adas t ra t ion d el aC o lon ia l u l ia C a r thago , i n R evue T un i s ienn e , I ,N S , 1 930 ,p . 73 s q q . 3 F .C a s tagno l i , o p .c i t . ,p .3 62 .

o fR oman t own p l ann ing a r e u nknown t o ag r ea t e x ten t . T hey f i r s t o f a l l d epend o n d i rec t r e sea r ch a nd s y s tema t ic a r chae log ica l e xcava t ion s .

3 4P .L avedan ,J .H ugueney , o p .c i t . ,p .3 62 . 3 5 S t ra tegema ta , I V . 1 ,1 4 . 3 6P .L avedan , J .H ugueney , 1 . c . ; F .C a s tagno l i , o p .c i t . ,p . 1 02 . 3 7 H . D a icov ic iu , o p .c i t ,p .8 . 3 8 C .D a icov ic iu , H . D a icov ic iu , C en tena r muz ea lo rädea n , O radea 1 972 , p . 1 53-1 . 6 0 ; I d em , V e s t ig ia , 1 7 , 1 973 , p .9 7-98 ; H . D a icov ic iu , o p .c i t . . ,p .8 89 4 ; D .T udo r , L c . ; N .B ranga , o p .c i t . ,p .1 8 s qq .

3

CHAPTER 2 TO WN—PLANN ING I N SAR M IZEGETUSA

T he o n ly R oman t own i n D ac ia w he r e a mp le , l o ng— te rm a r chae log ica l r e sea r ch w a s c a r r ied o u t ( P l . ! ) , w ho se p ragma t ic a spec t s o f t own p l ann ing b es ide s e p ig raph ic i n fo rma t ion h ave b een e v iden t ia ted , w a s t h e f i r s t c o lony f o unded o n t h e n ew ly c onque r ed l a nd b y T ra jan t h rough h i s i n te rmed ia ry D .Te r en t iu s S cau r ianu s 1.

T he e p ig raph i c m a te r ia l' a nd t h ee ng raved b r ick sd i scove red e i the r i n t h e c ou r se o f t h e e xcava t ion s o r a c c iden ta l ly i n S a rm izeg e tu sa , c e r t if y t h e p r e sence o f t h e I V th L eg ion F lav ia F e l ix' . L eg io 11 F lav ia F e l ix ,c r ea ted i nt h ey ea r7 0 b y V e spa s ia n w ,f o ugh t i n b o th D ac ian w a r s a nd w a s s t a t ioned i nD a c ia b e tween t h e w a r s r ema ined h e r e a f te r t h e c onque s t u n t i l 18 , a nd t h en w a s moved t o S i ng idunum B e tween 1 06 a nd 18 t h el e g ion w a ss t a t ioned a tB e r zov ia i n af o r t w h i ch w a s i d en t if ied i nt h e n i ne teen th c en tu ry '' . T h e e ng raved t i l e s d i scove r ed a t S a rm izege tu sa c ou ld b e c ompa r ed t ot h a t f o und i nB e r zov ia i nt e rm s o fq uan t i ty a nd q ua l i ty . H oweve r , o ne s hou ld n o te t h a t s o f a rt h e b r ick s a nd t h e t i l e s b ea r ing t h e l e g ion ' s m a rk t h a t w e re f o und i nU lp ia T ra iana h ad a l b een i ns e conda ry p o s i t ion s , r e u sed f o r t h e t own ' sb u i ld ing f i l l ing so rl e ve l l ing .

T he r e a r e e l emen t s i n t e rm s o f l i t e ra tu re , e p ig raphy a nd a r chaeo logy w h ich s e em t op o in tt ot h ee x is tence o f aR oman f o r tp r io rt ot h ec ap i ta lo fR oman D ac ia' . T he r e a r e s ome p a rag raph s i nD io C a s s iu s r e f e r r ing t ot h e p e r iod b e tween t h e t wo D ac ian w a r s t h a t f i r s t c augh t o u r a t ten t ion . We t h u sl e a rn f r om t h e G r eek h i s to r ian t h a t T ra jan e r ec ted a tT apa e —t h ep l ace o ft h eb l oody b a t t le t h e D ac ian s f o ugh t a ga in s t t h e R oman s d u r ing t h e f i r s t w a r , a n a l ta r f o r t h e s a c r if ice s p e r fo rmed t ot h e m emo ry o f t h e s o ld ie r s w ho d i ed i nt h i s b a t t le 3.T apae i si nt h e moun ta in s , 6k m w e s to f U lp ia T ra iana .

I ft h e r e i sn o d oub t t h a t t h e l e g ion w a s s t a t ioned e a s t o f T apae o nt h e s i te o ft h e f u tu r e t own i n —be tween t h ew a r s , t h e q ue s t ion w he th e r L eg io 1 1 1 F lav ia F e l ix r e tu rned t o i t s f o rme r f o r t f o r ap e r iod o ft i me o rl e f t d i r ec t ly f o rB e r zob i s a f te rt h ee nd o ft h eh o s t i l i t ie si nt h ey ea r 1 06 ,r ema in s .

C on sequen t ly ,o ne c ou ld i n f e rt h a tt h eR oman sk ep t , a f te rt h e b a t t le w a s c on c luded ,p a r t ia l ly a tl e a s t , t h e b road p l a teau o f t h eC oun t ry o fH a teg w h ich l i e se a s to ft h eg o rge o fT apa e .

B e s ide s t h e se r a the rt h eo r e t ica l c on s ide ra t ion s r e la ted t ot h e e x is ten ce o f af o r t p r io r t o t h e t own , t h e r e a r e e l emen t s i n t e rm so fd e s ig na nd a r chaeo logy t h a ta l so p l ead i ni t sf a vou r .

O ne a nd t h e s ame h i s to r ian s peak s a bou t S a rm izeg e tu sa i na d i f f e r en tp a rag raph' .

T he d i r ec t ion f o l lowed b y t h e c i ty—wa l l s c an s t i l l b e i d en t if ied t o ag r ea t e x ten t . T he r e a r e p o r t ion s w he re t h e ( r amb lux )r ampa r t a nd t h ew a l la r e a sh i gh a s 3m e t re s . T hu s i tw a sp o s s ib le t of i gu r et h ep r ec i se l e ng th o ft h ee a s te rn w a l l —5 40 m . A s f o r t h e s ou th o n e i tw a s a pp rox ima t ed t o6 00 m1 3 . T h ew e s te r nw a l la nd t h en o r the rn o ne p a r t ia l ly a r en ow c on cea led b y m odem b u i ld ing s . T he w es ter n h a l f o f t h e a n t ique t own w a sc r o s sed b y ab rook w h ich w a s f l ow ing i na s ou th—no r th d i r ec t ion . S hou ld o ne c on s ide r t h e c i ty h av ing a r e gu la rr e c tangu la rs h ap e , t h en t h e a r ea s u r rounded b y w a l l s m ea su r ed 3 2 ,4 h a . T he q ue s t ion t h a t f o l low s i sw he the r t h e s i ze o ft h ec i ty c o r r e sponded t ot h a to ft h ef o r t .

Wh ich o f t h e t wo S a rm izeg e tu sae d oe s h e r e f e r t o ? Wa s i t S a rm izege tu sa R eg ia — t h e c ap i ta l o ft h e D ac ian s , o rw a s i t U lp ia T ra iana , t h e c ap i ta l o f t h e R oman p rov ince? C . D a icov ic iu h a rd ly b r ing ing af ew a r gumen t s t e nd st oc on s id e r i tw a st h eR oman t own i nq ues t ion' . I n a m o r e a mp le D a icov ic iu i n te rp r e t s q uo ted s e n ten ce a s m i l i ta ry t r oup t ob e

s t udy d evo ted t o t h i s p r ob lem , H . t h et e rm o fa tg o z .r ör Ed ov i nt h e a bove l e g ion . H e c on s ide r s i tt o o l a rge a s t a t ioned i nS a rm izege tusa R eg ia . H e

t h u sp rove s t h a ti tw a st h eS a rm izege tu sa o ft h ea ge i nw h ich h ee l abo ra ted h i s w o rk t h a t D io C a s s iu s w a s s p eak ing a bou t —t h a t i sU lp ia T ra iana . T he c ap i ta l o ft h e D ac ian k i ng s h ad b een b yt h en am in a nd f o rgo t ten o fy o r e' .

T he e xcava t ion s o n t h e n o r th , e a s t a nd s ou th s i de s p o in ted o u t d e f en s ive s y s t em o f t h e t own w h ich p a r t ia l ly a tl e a s t w a s c ha ra c te r i s t ic o f af o r t '. T he s y s tem c on s i s t s o f t wo d i tche s ( PLV I I / 1 ) , aw a l l ( P 1 . I I I / 1 ) a nd ar ampa r t ( P 1 .V I I 12 ) . T he d e l inea t ion s o ft h e s ou th e rn a nd e a s te rn d i t che s w a s t o o d i f f icu l t at a sk , d ue t ot h eh i gh l e ve l o fw a te rn e two rk w h ich h i nde r ed t h e p r ec ise f i gu r ing o f t h e i r b r ead th a nd d ep th . O n t h e n o r ther n s i de t h e o u te r d i t ch w a s 7m w ide a nd 2 , 5 m

O n t h e o t he rh and , o nc e D eceba l h ad a ccep ted t h e c ap i ta l t o b e o c cup ied , t h e s e cond D ac ian w a r w ou ld h ave b een m ean ing le s s . S o t h e re i s as i ng le r e a l i s t ic p o s s ib i l i ty l e f t a nd t h a t i s : t h e l e g ion h ad b een s t a t ion ed e a s t o fT apae ,o nt h e s i te w h e r e t h en ew t own ,U lp ia T ra iana ,w a st ob eb u i l tl a t e r .

8I DR , 1 1 / 2 .2 05 . 9I .G loda r iu , A c ts /4N , I , 1 966 , p .4 31 ; I d em , Ada o ft h eF if th E p ig raph ic C ong re s s , 1 967 , P .3 29 ; D . P ro ta se , A c taMN , I V , 1 967 , P . 6 4 ; I d em , _Ac ta o f t h ef i f th E p ig raph ic C ong r e s s , 1 967 , P . 38 . 1 0E .R i t te r l ing ,R E ,X I I ,c o l . 1 540 . 1 I d em , o p . c i t . , c o l . 1 540-1554 . O the r s c on s ide r t h e l e g ion t o b e t r an s f e r r ed i n t h e y ea r 14 ; D . B enea , D in i s to r ia mi l i ta rä a D ac ic i s i Moe s ie iI n f e r io r ,C lu j—Napoca 1 983 ,P . 1 58 . 1 2 G . T 8g la s , A E , x v i i , 1 867 , p .2 8-32 ; D . P ro ta se , A c taMN , I V , 1 967 , p . 5 1 ,6 7 ; D .P ro ta s e ,L .P e t cu le scu , B ana t ica , 3 , 1974 ,p .8 5-89 . 1 3G .T 8g la s , HT ,I ,p .6 1 ; C .D a icov ic iu , 1 924 ,p .2 39 . 1 4 H . D a icov ic iu a nd c o l lab . , S a rge t ia , XV I , 1 979 , p . 1 43-146 ; i d em , MCA ,O radea 1 9 79 ,p .2 31-232 ; D .A l icu ,o p .c i t . ,p .2 5-26 .

1C .D a icov ic iu , RE , s upp l . XV ,c o l .6 12 s q q . 2D .A l icu ,P o ta i s sa ,I , 1 980 ,P .2 3-27 . 3D io C a s s iu s ,L XV I I I , 8 . 4H .D a icov ic iu , Me rnCD ,p . 111 . 5D io C a s s iu s ,L XV I I I ,9 . 6C .D a icov ic iu ,T ran sAn t . , ,p .8 6-87 . 7H .D a icov ic iu ,o p .c i t . ,p . 11-116 .

4

T own—P lann ing i nS arm i zege tusa d e ep . T he i n ne r o ne w a s 6 , 5 m w ide a nd 2 , 7 md eep . T he b erma w a s 1m w ide o n t h e n o r the rn s i de a nd 1 , 5 mo n t h e e a s te rn o ne . T he w a l l b u i l to n t h eo u te r s l op e o f t h e r ampa r t w a s 1 , 60 — 1 , 80 m w ide . T he r ampar t b eh ind t h e w a l l h a s b een p r e se rved 4m w ide o n t h e n o r ther ns i de a nd 8m o n t h e

c op ied b y Mezer z iu s a t t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e s i x teen th c en tu ry' . T he c o lony w a s f ounded b y T ra jan t h rough h i s i n te rmed ia ry ,T e ren t iu s S cau r ianu s2 2 , t h e g ove rno ro fD ac ia , mo s t p robab ly i nt h e y ea r 1 08 2 3 . T he c e remony , a s t h e b ack o f ab ronze c o in i s sued i n R ome i n 1 08 i lu s t ra te s , w a s p er fo rmed i nk eep ing w i th t h e E tr u scan r i te ' . T he f ound ing o f t h e c i ty ' w a s r e co rded i na n t iqu i ty b y U lp ian ( D iges ta , 5 0 , 1 5 , 1 ) .

e a s tern o ne . V ia s agu lar i s w a s f ound 3 m w ide o n t h e n o r ther ns i de a nd 3 , 75 m w ide o nt h es ou ther ne nd . T he w e s ter n s i de o f t h e f o r t r unn ing p a ra l le l t ot h e e a s te rn b ank o ft h e r i ve r w a s d i scove red i n1 980 . H oweve r , i td o es

P ar to ft h e d ef ence s y s tem o ft h e t own w a s t a ken o ve rb y t h e

n o t c o r r espond t o t h e w es te rn b ounda ry o f t h e c i ty . I ti sa

n ew c i ty — t h e w ho le l e ng th o f t h e e a s ter n s i de , a nd t h e n o r the rn a nd s ou the rn o nes o n ly p a r t ia l ly . T he t own 's f o r t i f ied g round s e x tended t owa rd s w es t a nd i ti n c luded t h e r i ve rw h ich c r o ssed i tf r om s ou th t on o r th . T he g round s w e re o f ar e c tang u la r s hape w i th t h e n o r the rn a nd s ou the rn s i des

s t r ip o f l a nd o f aw a l l s u r rounded t e r ra in w h ich c ou ld h ave v ery w e l l b e longed e i the r t o t h e f o r t o f L eg ion I V F lav ia F e l ix o r t o ap r io r s t age i n t h e t own ' s d eve lopmen t , T he d ef en s ive s y s tem w h ich w a s d i scove red c on s is ted o f t wo w ide d i tche s b o th f i l led w i th e a r th a nd ar ampa r t 8 , 5 mw ide a tt h eb o t tom , w h ich h ad b een l e ve l led '. 5

5 00 m l o ng , a nd t h e e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn o nes 5 40 m l o ng . T rap e s ium s hap ed t owe r s w e re p rov ided a tt h e c o rne r s made b y t h e w a l ls . Two o ft h em u nderwen t t h o rough i n ve s t iga t ion b e tween t h e t wo Wo r ld Wa r s . T he e x te r io rd imen s ion s o ft h e

I ti su p t ot h e c ompa r ing s t ra t ig raphy f o cu ss ing o n t h e t wo r i ver a r ea s t oe s tab l ish w he the r t h e d i tches a nd t h e r ampa r t d i scove red e a s t o ft h e r i ve r b e long e i the r t ot h e f o r t o rt oa n

s ou th—ea s t t owe r a r e o f 4 , 20 x 5 , 30 m . T he b a s t ion w a s m ade o f w a l ls o f mou lded g r i t t s tone s e t o n ab as is i no pus

e a r ly s t age o f t h e t own 's e x is tence . T he s hap e o f t h e p r em is ses i ni t s ' e a r th ' s t age a nd i t s d imen s ion s ( 4 34 ,20 m x 5 40 m ) w h ich a r e b o th v ery s im i la r t o t h o se o f af o r t , a r e

i n ce r tum I V / 1) . T he t own u nderwen t r epa i r s p er fo rmed i n ah u r ry b y m ean s o f r i ve r b ou lde r s ( PL IV /2 ) , mo s t p robab ly a f te r t h e Ma rcoman s ' a t tack ' . I ti s a l so

o n ly t wo o f t h e a r gumen t s w h ich a r e i n f a vou r o f t h e e x is ten ce o f af o r th e re ( P 1 . I I / 1 ) .

p o ss ib le t h a t t h e n o r ther n w a l l w a s p a r t ia l ly d oub led b y a n e a r th r ampa r t2 7 o n t h e s ame o cca s ion . I th a s b een p re served a nd c an s t i l l b e s een o n ad i s tance o f 11 m ( P I .V ) . I ts t a r t s 2 , 16 m a way f r om t h e n o r th—ea s t t own c o rne r . I ti s0 , 85 m

T he L eg ion I V F lav ia F e l ix 's a bandon ing t h is f o r t a tt h e e nd o f t h e s e cond w a r w a s d ue t o s t ra teg ica l c i r cum s tance s c au sed b yt h ep a r t icu la rp o l i t ica l a nd m i l i tar y s i tua t ion o ft h e r e cen t ly f ounded p rov inc e b y T ra jan . T he i n i t ia l s i te w he re

h i gh a nd 5 , 60 m . w ide a tt h eb o t tom . T he w a l l o n t h e t h ree i n ves t iga ted s i de s s hows t h a t i th ad b een b u i l t o n t h e o u te r s l ope o f r ampa r t a nd i tw a s s e t o n a f ounda t ion i no pus c aemen t ic ium . T he f ounda t ion p ene t ra tes t h e v i rg in s o i l o n as hor t d i s tance o n ly ( 10-20 c m . ) , f o r t h e

t h e L eg ion h ad b een s t a t ioned w i th i t s b y t h en f am i l ia r s u r round ing s t ot h eR oman s , t h e l a ck o fa n i mpo r tan t D ac ian s e t t lemen t i n t h e p rox im i ty , o n t h e o ne h and , a nd a s t ab le c l ima t e ,p l en t ifu l r e sou rc es o fb u i ld ing m a ter ia l ,t h ep re sence

s o l id i ty a nd t h e s t ab i l i ty o f t h e w a l l w a s p rov ided b y t h e

o ft h e i mper ia lr oad , t h ef i e ld a l ready h av ing b een c l ea red o n t h eo th e r ,b ecame t h ei d ea lp lace f o rb u i ld ing at own .

e a r th i nw h ich i tw a s p l an ted . 5 0 c m a bove t h e g round t h e f ounda t ion a s sume s a n Ls hape w i th a8 5-90 c m . w ide l o ng—

B u i ld ing at own o n at e r r i tory a bandoned b y al e g ion w a s n o t u ncommon i nt h eR oman p er iod .

s i de . I ti st h e f ounda t ion o ft h e e a s ter n s i de t h a t i sw o r th t h e i n te r e s t . I tw a s b u i l t a tt h e b o t tom o f t h e o u te r s l ope o f t h e r ampa r t i nt h e s hape o f as t a i r . T he f i r s t l a ye r o f mou lded g r i t s tone b ou lde r s w a s moved 1 5c m o n t h e s uppo r t t owa rd s

I ti s a l so t h e c a se o f C o Ion ia C laud ia A equm i nD a lma t ia

t h e i n ne r s i de a nd w a s s e t o n t h e h o r izon ta l s i de o f t h e L w h ich w a s 8 5 c m . w ide a tt h e g round a nd o n as l igh t ly h ighe r l e ve l . O n t o po ft h e d i sp laced l i ne o fs t one s t h en ex to ne wa s b u i l t a nd t h en c ame t h e w a l l e l eva t ion ( P I .V I / 1) . T he s o l id g r i t s tone b ou lde r s a r e 1 , 20 — 1 , 40 m l o ng , 0 .40 — 0 ,60 m

w h ich w a s e r ec ted o n t h e s i te o f t h e f o r t o f L eg ion V I I C laud ia P . f .1 6 , C o Ion ia D om i t iana L ind en s ium o nt h e s i te o f t h ef o r tb u i l tb y L eg ion I X H ispana w he r e L eg ion I Ad iu tr ix a l so l o dged f o r ap e r iod o ft ime , C o Ion ia N er v ia G levens ium o n t h e s i te o f t h e f o r t o f L eg ion I A ugu s ta i nB r i ta in " . I t s eem s t h a t t h e t own o fP oe tov io i nP annon ia " a nd C o Ion ia

w ide a nd 0 , 35-0 ,45 m h i gh ( PLV I /2 ) . B y p lac ing ab ou lde r o n i t s l o ng s i de a nd t h e n ex t o ne o n i t s w ide s i de w e g e t t h e max imum w id th o ft h e w a l l i no pus q uad ra tum , t h a t i s1 . 80

U lp ia O e scus i n Moe s ia I n f er io r w h ich w a s f o unded b y T ra jan a f te r L eg ion V Macedon ica h ad l e f t f o rT roe sm is 1 9 , w e re a l so b u i l to nt h es i te o ff o r t s .

2 1 N . G o s ta r , A pu lwn , I X , 1 971 , p . 3 05-320 ; H . Wo lf f , A c taMN , X I I I , 1 976 ,p .1 08 s q q . 2 2 E . G roag , R E , V .A . 1 934 . c o l . 6 69-672 ; A D eg ra s s i , IF a s t i c on so la r i d e l l ' I rnpe ro R omano ,R oma , 1 952 ,p .3 1 . 2 3N .G o s ta r ,o p .c i t . ,P . 3 16 ( i nc lud ing t h eb ib l iog raphy o nt h ep rob lem ) . 2 4 P .L .S t rack , U n te r suchungen z u r r öm is chen R e ich sp rägung d e s z we i t en J ahnhund e r t s .T e i l I .D ie R e ich sp r gung z u rZ e i td e sT ra ian , S tu t tga r t , 1 931 , p .1 29130 ; E .J ona s , AE ,4 1 , 1 927 , p .1 33-137 . 2 5 N .G o s ta r , ABA ,J a s i , V I , 1 969 , p . 1 28-129 . 2 6C .D a icov ic iu , ACM IT , I V , 1 932-1938 , p .3 79 , f i g . 8 . 2 7 S t . Mo ldovan , F oa ie p en t ru m in t e , m inn t s il i t e ra tu rä , 1 853 , p .2 63 ; C . D a icov ic iu , D ac ia I . 1 924 , p . 2 41 . T e s t e xcava t ion s c a r r ied o u t i n t h e a u tumn o f 1 987 b eyond t h e ' e a r th b ank ' r e f u ted t h e t h eo ry o f d ub l ing t h e n o r th e r n s i d e o ft h e f o r t if ica t ion . T he b an k r e p r e s en t ed t h e b a se o f aR oman r o ad p a ra l le l t ot h e n o r ther n s i d e . I mmed ia te ly t ot h e n o r th o ft h i sr o ad at h i rd d ef en ce t r anch w a s f o und , u nknown u n t i l n ow a nd p robab ly d ug d ur ing t h e Ma r coman ic w a r s .

T he f i r s tc o lony i nR oman D ac ia m u s t h ave c ome i n to b e ing f o l low ing a n i mper ia l e d ic t' w h ich w a s l o s t . H oweve r , t h e f ound ing i n sc r ip t ion h a s b een p r e ser ved . I tw a s s een a nd 1 5 H . D a icov ic iu a nd c o l lab . , MCA , B ra sov 1 981 , P . 2 51-252 . 1 6J i .W i lke s , D a lma t ia ,L ondon 1 969 , p .9 8 . 1 7 J . Wache r , T h e T own so fR oman B r i ta in , L ondon 1 975 , p .1 20 , 1 37 . F o r t h ep a r tp l ayed b y t h e a rmy i nt h e f ound a t ion a nd d eve lopmen t o ft h e c i t ie s , s e eS .S .F r e re , B r i tann ia . AH is to ry o fR oman B r i ta in , 1 978 , p .2 73-288 . 1 8A . M6 c sy ,P annon ia a nd U ppe r Mo e s ia , B udap e s t 1 974 ,p . 18119 . 1 9A . G .P ou l te r , o p .c i t . ,p .7 4 . 2 0C IL ,I I , 1 442 ; I DR , I I1 2 , 1 .

5

T own—P lann ing i nU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i z ege tu sa m . I ts hou ld a l so b e n o ted t h a t t h e b ou lde r s w e r e l i nk ed b y p l a s te r . I fw e c on s ide r t h e c i ty w a l ls t oh ave b een 6m h i gh , t h en t h ey r e qu i red a r ound 2 0 ,000 m co fs t one . Mo s tp robab ly i th ad c r enn e l s o n t o p . T he d a te o f t h e b u i ld ing o f t h e f o r t if ica t ion i s s t i l l u nknown . A s m e r e s uppo s i t ion s o ne c ou ld a s sume t h a t i tw a s e i the r L eg ion I V F l av ia F e l ix t h a t h ad b u i l tt h ew a l l sp r io rt ot h ec onque s t ,o rs ome o fi t st r oup s a f t e rh av ing s e t t led a tB e r zob i s' . I nt h e l a t te rc a se t h e w a l l c ou ld h ave b een b u i l t b e tween 1 08118 . T he i n hab i ted a r ea o ft h e c i ty — b y t h i s w e m ean b o th t h e i n t ra m uro s a nd t h e e x t ra m uro s —m ea su re s m o r e t h an 5 0h a . H oweve r , t h e a r ea w h ich h a s b een i n ve s t iga ted b y a r chaeo log i s t s i s m uch s ma l le r d e sp i te t h e f a c t t h a t t h e f i r s t t own o fR oman D a c ia h ad b een i d en t if ied a ss uch a se a r ly a st h ee nd o ft h ef i f teen th c en tu ry b y J ohanne s Meze rz iu s , ap r ie s t f r om A lba l u l ia , o n t h es i te o ft h ev i l lage o fG rad i s te ( Va rhe ly )2 9 .

H a teg ,e spec ia l ly t h o se b e long ing t ot h eS a rm izege tu sa a r ea . H ep ub l i shed s e ve ra lr epo r t s o nt h i s t o p ic i nt h eF oae p en t ru m in te ,i n ima S il i t e ra tura m agaz ine . S eve ra l v e s t ig e s w h ich h ad b een d e sc r ibed b y s cho la r s a nd h uman i s t s a nd s ome , m o s t f o r tuna te ly , e ven d r awn , d i sappea r ed d u r ing t h e s weep ing c ou r se o f e ven t s w h ich e f f ec ted T ran s i lvan ia . T h e l o ca l p eop le u sed t h e h uge a moun to fb u i ld ing m a te r ia l ( s tone s ) o f t h e a nc ien t t own f o r b u i ld ing c hu r ch e s a s e a r ly a s t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry . T hey u s ed R oman b r ick sa nd o t he rv a luab le a r chaeo log ica lo b jec t s f o r b u i ld ing c hu r che s i n D en su s , S t r e i , S t r ipe t ru , T u s tea . Men t ion s o f t h e d e s t roy ing o fm a rb le m onumen t s a nd t h e i r c onve r t ion i n to l i me a r ev e ry f r equen t' . S eve ra l m onumen t s , m o s t ly i n sc r ip t ion s a nd s t a tue s w e r e c a r r ied s e ve ra lm i le si no rde rt os e r ve f o rd eco ra t ing p a la ce s , t h e l a nd lo rd s ' a nd p r in ce s ' c a s t le s . T h e e xodu s o f e p ig raph ica lm onumen t s a nd s t a tue sc on t inued t h roughou tt h e n i n e teen th c en tu ry . B e s ide so l d e rc o l lec t ion sb e long ing t ot h e n ob i l i ty — t h o se o f Z am , F ä r ck l in , S i nt ämä r ia O r lea , P ä c l i §a , o t h e r s c ame i n to b e ing — t h o se b e long ing t o t h e L u the ran C o l leg e o f A iud , t o t h e B i shop ry o f L ugo j a nd m any m o r e p r iva te o ne s' . T he s t a r t ing o f a l l t h e se c o l lec t ion s , t h e p ub l i ca t ion s o ft h e a ge s t imu la t ing t h em , t h e g r ea tm a ter ia lv a lue sa t tached t ot h e i t em so ft h ec o l le c t ion s , t h e f a ncy f o r a n t iqu i t ie s c ha rac te r i s t ic o f t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry , l e ad t o o u t rageou s i n ve s t iga t ion s o f t h e r u in s i n S a rm izege tu sa a l f o rt h e p u rpo se o fd i scove r ing i n sc r ip t ion s

U lp ia T ra iana i sa l so m en t ioned i nt h e w o rk s o ft h e s c ho la r s o ft h e a ge w ho r e co rded t h ed i scove r ie s t h ey h ad m ade h e r e . T hey p ayed a l a rge a moun t o f i n te r e s t t o e p ig raph ica l e v idence a nd r e co rded t h e m onumen t s a nd s t a tue s b e long ing t o d i f f e ren t c o l lec t ion s , b u t a lmo s t i g no red p ub l ic m onumen t s , t h e a r ch i tec tu r e a nd t own—p lann ing o f t h e c i ty " . T he f i r s t m ap o f t h e a n c ien t t own c omp r i s ing t h e a mph i thea t r e a nd o t he r s t i l l v i s ib le m onumen t s t o w h ich d r aw ing s o f e p ig raph ica l m onumen t s a nd s t a tue s w e re a t ta ched ,w a sd rawn u pb y a nI t a l ian o r ig ina ry f r om B o logna — L .F . Ma r s ig l i ( 16581730 ) w h i le p ay ing a v i s i t t o T ran s i lvan ia 3 1 .

a nd o b jec t so fa r t . N on— s top p r o ce s s o f d e s t roy ing t h e a n t ique t own s , s y s tema t ic d emo l i t ion o ft h er u in sw e r ee nded b ys e t t ing u pa H i s to ry a nd A r chaeo logy S o c ie ty f o r t h e D is t r ic t o f H unedoa ra a t D eva i n 1 880 . T h is w a s f o l lowed b y t h e f o und ing o ft h e Mu seum o fA r chaeo logy i nD eva a s ar e su l t o ft h es y s tema t ic b u tl e s ss c ien t if ic e xcava t ion st h a th ad b een p e r fo rmed i nS a rm izege tu sa b e tween 1 8801893 .

H uge r u in s o fR oman b u i ld ing s w e r e s t i l l b e ing i ns i gh t b y t h e e nd o f t h e e i gh teen th c en tu ry . T hey w e re r e co rded a nd s ome e ven s ke t ched b y t h e A u s t r ian m a jo r S . J .Hohenhau sen i n ab ook p ub l i shed i nW ien i n1 7 75 ' . T he e a r l ie s tu nea r th ed monumen t s t h a tc ou ld b e v i s i ted w e r e t wo m u l t ico lou r ed m o sa ic s ' P r iam 's P l ead ' a nd ' P a r i s ' t r ia r 3.

H uge a c t iv i ty c a r r ied o u t b y t h e S oc ie ty o fH i s to ry h ad a sa r e su l t t h e e xcava t ion o f s e ve ra l p ub l ic monumen t s —t h e a mph i thea t r e a nd t h e p ub l i c b a th s f o r i n s tance ; p r iva te m onumen t s —h ou se s w i th in o ro u t s ide t h ec i ty w a l ls , a ni n n , r e l ig iou sm onumen t s , s e ve ra lt emp le s ,b u tu n fo r tuna te ly t h ey

T he f i r s t e xcava t ion s w e re s t a r ted u nd e rt h e d i r ec t ion o fM . J .A ckne r( 1 782-1862 ) w ho p ub l i shed t h er e su l t s i n aq ua s i— s c ien t if i ca l m anne r . I n 1 832 h e d ug o u t t h e c hamb e r o f a b u i ld ing p aved w i th m u l t ico lou r ed mo sa ic ' .

w e r e s e ldom b e ing m en t ioned i nt h e p ub l i ca t ion s o ft h e d ay . T h e y ea rbook o f t h e S oc ie ty , w i thou t g e t t ing i n to d e ta i l s , g ave l i t t le i n fo rma t ion o n t h e r e su l t s o f t h e e xcava t ion s , s o t h a t f a c t s a s s imp le a s l o ca t ing t h e i n ve s t iga t ion s w e r e r e nd e r ed d i f f icu l t t om ake . Al a rge a moun t o f i n te re s t w a s p ayed t ot h e t emp le o f M i th ra s a nd t h a t o f t h e S yr ian g od s d ug o u t b y K i rä ly i a nd T 6g lä s" . T he r e sea rch p roc e s s c a r r ied o n b yt h e S o c ie ty d i dn o t l im i ti t se l ft ot h e d i scove ry o f t h e t wo a bove—men t ion ed t emp le s , t o t h e i r c omp le te u nea r th ing a nd t h e a c cep tab le e nough r e po r t s w h ich f o l lowed t h e d i scove r ie s , b u t t h e o p e ra t ion s w e re c on t inued a nd

J .Kemeny " , ac o l lec t ione r , s t a r ted d i gg ing i nt h e p rox im i ty o ft h e t emp le o fA e scu lap a nd H yg ia . H i s a t ten t ion f o cu s sed o ni n sc r ip t ion s a nd r e l ie f s( C IL I I , 1 4 17 ) . S t . Mo ldovan ( 1813-1900 ) l a rge ly c on t r ibu ted t o f am i l ia r i s ing t h ep ub l ic w i th t h ea n t iqu i t ie so ft h e C oun t r yo f 2 8N .G o s ta r ,A pu l ian , I X , 1 971 , p .3 14 . 2 9 A . B odo r , S a rge t ia , X I-X I I , 1 974-1975 , p .2 55-256 ; I DR , I ,p .3 7 ; D . A l icu , E .N eme e , R om an L amp s f r om S a rm izege tu sa , ( H . D a icov ic iu i nt h e p r e f ace ) , BAR 1 8 , 1 977 . 3 0 Monumen t s ,p .1 -2 . 3 1 L F . Ma r s ig l i , D anub iu s P annon ico-My s icu s , I , H ague-Am s te rd am 1 726 . 3 2 S . J . H ohenhau s en , D ie A l te i th iüne r D a c ien s i n d em h au t igen S i ebenbü rg en , V ienn a 1 775 . 3 I .B e rc iu ,S tud i is ic omun icäi i .A pu lum , I V , 1 96 1 ,p .1 57-171 . 3 4 I d em ,o p .c i t . ,p .1 66-167 ,n o te 1( w i th d e ta i l sa nd b ib l iog raphy ) . 3 5 I DR , I ,p .4 8 .

3 6 Monum en t s , p .2 ,n o t e 1 ( w i th b i b l iog raphy ) . 3 7 I d em ,o p .c i t . ,n o te s8 ,9 ,1 2 . 3 8 F o r t h e h i s to ry o ft h e e s tab l i shmen t o ft h i s s o c ie ty , s e e HTRTE , XV I I I , 1 908 ,p .9 7-102 ; C .D a icov ic iu , D ac ia I ,1 924 ,p .2 26-231 i nw h ich t h e r e i s ab r ief b u t v e ry w e l lin fo rmed s umma ry o f t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e sea rch u nd e r taken b yt h eS o c ie ty i nS a rm izege tu sa ; a sf o rs c ien t if ica la c t iv i ty o ft h e S o c ie ty , s e e M .D .L aza r ,S a rge t ia , XV I-XV I I , 1 982-1983 ,p .4 5-54 . 3 9C .D a icov ic iu ,o p .c i t . ,p .2 28 w i th t h e w ho le b i b l iog raphy .

6

T own—P lann ing i nS arm i zege tusa i mpor tan t b u i ld ing s s u ch a s t wo t emp les d evo ted t o a n

a ny a t temp t a td e term in ing t h e c i ty i s le s , t h e t yp e s i nw h ich t h ey f i t , t h e m a in a nd s e conda ry s t r ee t s , i s h i gh ly h ypo the t ica l ( P 1 . I I /2 ) .

e a s te rn g od , Ma lagbe l , o ne t oA escu lap a nd H yg ia l o ca ted s omewhe r en o r th—eas to ft h e a mph i thea t re , at emp le d evo ted t oJ up i te r D o l ichenus p l aced i nt h e s ou th—wes te rn c or n e r o f t h e t own , at emp le d evo ted t o aw ou ld—be d e i ty B e l— H ammon l o ca ted i nt h e n or th—wes ter nc or ne r o f t h e t own , a w ou ld b e t emp le d evo ted t oD iana o u t s ide t h e c i ty w a l ls o n

T he e xcava t ion s a nd t e s t s p er formed o u t s ide t h e c i ty w a l ls p rov ided a f ew e l emen t s i nt e rm s o f t h e c i ty ' s t opog raphy a nd s t ruc tu re .

t h e s ou th—ea s t s i de , at emp le d evo ted t o t h e u nde rg round g od s , D is P a te r a nd P ro se rp ina i n t h e p rox im i ty o f t h e a mph i thea t re , w e re a l l d i scove r ed ' . H oweve r , a l l t h e se

Wo rk shop s c ha rac ter is t ic o f ah and ic ra f t smen d i s t r ic t h ave b een i d en t if ied i nt h e e a s te rn a nd s ou th—ea s te rn a r ea 1 00 5 00 m a way f r om t h ec i ty w a l l s . Wha t w e h ave i nm ind a r e a

d i scove r ie s h ad b een n e i the r t opog raph ied n o r p ub l ished i n d e ta i ls b u tm e re ly m en t ioned i nv a r iou sp ub l ica t ion s .

f ew k i ln s f o r b u rn ing b r ick s a nd t i l e s' ( n r .15 ) ( PH , XV IV /2 ) i n t h e s ou th—ea s t a r ea a nd a k i ln f o r b u rn ing p o t tery " ( n r .14 ) ( PH ) i nt h e e a s t a r ea . S tone b u i ld ing s w e re f o und i nt h e p rox im i ty o ft h e k i ln s . Mo s t p robab ly t h ey w e re

T he r e w a s a ni n i t ia t ive o n t h e p a r to fC . D a icov ic iu t ol o ca te t h ese e xcava t ion s o n t h e b a s is o f c l ue s o f f e red b y t h e s pa r se ly a va i lab le i n fo rma t ion ' ' ' .

t h eh ou se s b e long ing t ot h e k i ln owne r s o rt h e w o rkmen . T he h ou se s h ave n o t y e t b een i n ves t iga ted . T he n or ther n l im i t o f

S ta r t ing w i th 1 893 , ap er iod o fr a ndom e xcava t ion s f o l lowed w h ich w a s , n ever the le s s , i n k eep ing w i th t h e p roce ss o f

t h e ' i ndu s t r ia l ' d i s t r ic t i sm a rked , s o f a r , b y ap o t tery k i ln d a t ing b ack t ot h e t h i rd c en tu ry , d i scove red i n s ide b u i ld ing

c o l lec t ing a n t ique o b jec t s . B . J ano , t e ache r o f t h e H igh s c hoo l o fO raA ie , c a r r ied o u t i mpo r tan t w o rk i nt h i s r e spec t

EM 2 3 . T he b u i ld ing i ss t i l l u nde r i n ves t iga t ion . H oweve r , n o t a l l t h e w o rk shop s h ad b een c oncen t ra ted i nt h is p a r t icu la r a r ea . Ag l a sswa re s hop ( EM 2 1) p receeded i nt h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e s econd c en tury b y ah and ic ra f t w o rk shop w a s f ound n o r th o f t h e c i ty a nd a s t one mou ld f o r s ma l l— s ize b ronze o b jec t s w a s f o und i n t h e p rox im i ty o f b u i ld ing EM 1 ( S cho la g l ad ia to ru r n ) ,n or th—ea s to ft h e a mph i thea t re .

a nd s t a r ted u p ac o l lec t ion o f R oman a n t iqu i t ie s a t h i s s c hoo l' . S ho r t ly a f te r 1 921 , S a rm izege tu sa g o t u nde r t h e f o cu s o f ' Com is ia m onumen te lo r i s to r ice p en t ru T ran s i lvan ia ' ( The C omm i t tee f o r H is to r ica l Monumen t s f o r T ran sy lvan ia ) w h ich , i nc oope ra t ion w i th t h e Mu seum o f D eva , l a unched f r esh i n i t ia t ives f o rk eep ing a nd p ro tec t ion o f monumen t s' .

T he re w e r e i mpor tan t p ub l ic e d if ice s n o r th o f t h e f o r t if ied g ro u nd s g roup ed o n a n a r ea o f 8h a : t h e a mph i thea t re ( EM 1 )5 ' ,S cho la g l ad ia to rum w i th i t s a nnexes ( B M 1-13 )5 2 , t h eb a th s ( EM 2 5 ) , a nd r e l ig ious b u i ld ing s ( EM 2 , EM 1 4-

T he y ea r 1 924 ma rked t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e s c ien t if ic i n ve s t iga t ion o ft h e D ac ian c i ty p er fo rmed b y C . D a icov ic iu i nc o l labo ra t ion w i th 0 . F lo ca " . B e tween 1 924 a nd 1 937 i mpo r tan t h i s to r ica l a nd a r ch i tec tu ra l b u i ld ing s w e re i n ve s t iga ted . We h ave i n m ind p a lace o f t h e A ugu s ta les ,

2 0 , EM 2 2 , EM 2 4 ) . T emp le s w e re a l so f ound t ot h e s ou th ( EM 2 6 )a nd w e s t ( EM 2 7 )o ft h ec i ty ' . P r iva te h ou se s w e re g rouped e a s t , n or th a nd n o r th—we s t o f t h ef o r t i f ied g round s ( s ee m ap ) .

f o rum , a mph i thea t re , m auso leum o f t h e A u re l i i a nd t wo s ubu rban v i l la s . S ound ing s i n to t h e n o r the rn s i de o f t h e c i ty a nd i n ve s t iga t ion s o f t h e n ec ropo les w e re c a r r ied o u t' . I n 1 943 ak i ln f o rb u rn ing b r ick s' w a s e xcava ted a nd i n1 948

T he e a s tern d i s t r ic t w a s d i scove red w h i le d i gg ing ad ra in ing d i tch w h ich r a n p a ra l le l t o t h e e a s t w a l l o f t h e c i ty u p t o b u i ld ing EM 2 3 w he re i ts we r red e a s twa rd s . T he d i tch

av i l la r u s t i ca a tt h er e a ro ft h e H ob i ta

c r o s sed t wo p a ra l le l r ow s o f b u i ld ing s ( b u i ld ing EM 2 7 A f te r al o ng i n te r rup t ion t h e e xcava t ion s w e re r e sumed i n 1 973 a nd h ave c on t inued t o t h e p r esen t d ay . I n t h i s p er iod

b e long s t o t h e w es te rn r ow ) s epa ra ted b y ab road s t ree t r u nn ing o n an o r th— sou th d i r ec t ion . T he n o r ther nl im i t o f t h e w e s ter n r ow i sb u i ld ing 6 , av i l la ( ? ) o f l a rge d imen s ion s

s eve ra l b u i ld ing s h ave b een e xcava ted a nd s t i l l o t he r s h ave b een i d en t if ied ' .

w ho se r u in sc an s t i l lb e s e en .

T he a r ea s u r rounded b y w a l l s h a s r e ce ived l i t t le a t ten t ion a nd t h e f ew i d en t if ied monumen t s w e re e i the r p a r t ia l ly

T he c i ty p o s se ssed t wo b i g n ec ropo le s i n t h e e a s te rn a nd

i n ves t iga ted ( Fo rum , P a lace o f t h e A ugu s ta les ) , o r a r e n ow u nde r r e sea rch ( Ho rreum , p a lace o f t h e f i nanc ia l p r cu ra to r ) . T he g a te s h ave n o t y e t b een d i scove red a nd n e i the r h a s t h e s t ree tt r ama b een e s tab l i shed , t h a t i sw hy , f o rt h e t i me b e ing ,

p a ra l le l t o t h e c i ty 's n or ther n s i de ' . T he n ec ropo le s w e re p oo r ly i n ve s t iga ted . O n ly t wo t omb s tone s ( 7 ,10 ) a nd a f ew t omb s' w e re f ound . T omb s tones a nd t omb s w e re a l so d i scove red i nt h e n o r the rn s i de u nde r t h e p r esen t b u i ld ing o f

4 0C .T eg lä s , HT ,p .6 2 . 4 1 C . D a icov ic iu , o p .c i t . ,p .2 28-231 ,233 .263 . 4 2 I d em , o p .c i t . ,p .2 32 . 4 3 I d em , o p .c i t . ,p .2 32 . 4 4 D . A l icu , i nA c taMN , X I I I ,p .1 41 . 4 5 C . D a icov ic iu , o p . c i t . , p .2 38-263 ; I d em , D ac ia , 1 927-1932 , p . 5 16-555 ; C . D a icov ic iu , 0 . F loca , S a rge t ia , I .1 937 , p . 1 -23 ; 0 . F lo ca , S a rge t ia , I . 1 937 , p . 2 5-43 ; i d em , S a rge t ia , I , 1 941 , p . 3-40 ; C . D a icov ic iu , AC M IT , I V , 1 932-1938 , p .3 55-405 . 4 60 . F loca , D ac ia , I X—X , 1 94 1-19 44 , p .4 31440 . 4 7 I d em , Ma te r ia le , I ,1 953 ,p .7 43-750 . 4 8 H . D a icov ic iu , D . A l icu , 1 984 ,p .8 7-145 .

4 90 . Ro ca , 1 . c . ; D .A l icu ,A c taMN , XX I , 1 984 ,p .4 67-475 . 5 0H .D a icov ic iu a nd c o l lab . , MCA , T u lcea 1 980 ,p .2 82 . 5 1 D .A l icu —C .O p r eanu , i nR ev MuzMon , 1 ,1989 ,p . 77-93 . 5 2 H .D a icov ic iu a nd c o l lab . , S a rge t ia ,X IV , 1 979 ,p .1 39-143 ; i d em , MCA , O r ad ea 1 979 . p .2 33 . 5 3 P . K i rä ly , U lp ia T ra iana A ugu s ta . C o Ion ia D ac ica S a rm iz ege tu sa Me t ropo l i s , B udap e s t , 1 89 1 , p .1 04-108 . 5 4 H . D a icov ic iu D . A l icu , A c taMN , XV I I I , 1 981 , p . 5 9-84 ; i d em , A c taMN , X IX , 1 982 ,p .5 9-74 . 5 5 H . D a icov ic iu a nd c o l lab . , S a rge t ia ,X IV , 1 979 ,p .1 44 . 5 6H . D a icov ic iu a nd c o l lab . , S a rge t ia ,X I—X I I , 1 974-1979 , p .2 30-231 .

w e s ter n a r ea s , o n e i the r s i de o f t h e i mper ia l r oad w h ich r a n

7

T own—P lann ing i nU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i zege tusa t h ev i l lage C ounc i l ,a nd s ou th o ft h ec i ty w a l l s' .

A s am a t te r o f f a c t , n e i the r t h e c ap i ta l n o r t h e d ependen t s e t t lemen t s h ave b een t h o rough ly i n ve s t iga t ed a nd s o m uch t h e l e s s t h e n ume rou s v i l lae r u s t i cae o r a r chaeo log ica l p o in t ss po t ted o nt h ep l a ce ' .

T he D ac ian c o lony w a se ndowed w i th al a rge t e r r i to ry u nde r i t s j u r isd ic t ion t h e v e ry m omen t i tw a s f o unded ( t e r r i to r ia a d t r ibu ta ) . P a r t o ft h i s l a nd , b y d i v id ing i ti n to a g r i v i r i t im a d s igna t i , w a s u sed i no rde r t og i ve i tt ot h e w a r v e te ran s a nd t h e f i r s t c o lon i s t s t oc ome . Ad i f f e ren t l a nd a r ea w a s l e a sed b y t h e c i ty ( a g r i v e c t iga l e s ) . B y b uy ing l a nd s ome o f t h e c i t izen s b e came b i gl a ndowne r s a nd t h e f a c t a c coun t sf o r t h ep re senc e i nt h e C oun t ry o fH a teg a nd t h e V a l ley o fS t r e i o fs oc ia l c oun t ry s ide v i l la s . T he c i ty ' s c i t izen s w e r ee xcu sed l a nd— taxe s ( i us I t a l icum )" a nd t h i s l e ad t o as ub s tan t ia l d eve lopmen to fa g r icu l tu r ei nt h er e g ion .

We c anno t v en tu r e t os e t t le f o r an umb e r f o r S a rm izege tu sa e i the rs i nce t h er e sea r ch p roce s si sf a rf r om c omp le t ion . T he re a r es e ve ra lt h ing su nk nown a nd v a r iab le st h a tc ou ld s e t a ny s ugge s t ion s i n t e rm s o f t h e n umbe r o f t h e t own ' s i n hab i tan t s u nde r q ues t ion m a rk a nd w ou ld a l low a nyone t o c on te s tt h em . T hu s ,a l though t h ea r ea c ove r ed b yr u in s w a sf i gu red t ob eo f 3 2 .4 h a i n t ra m uro s a nd 4 2 .5 h ae x t ra m u ro s —t h a t m akes a t o ta l o f ca . 7 5 h a ( t he a r ea o fn ec ropo le s ,p o t te ry a nd b r ick k i ln s , r a ndom b u i ld ing s f o und i n t h e n e ighbou rhood — t h e S y r ian t emp le o r ab u i ld ing o n t h e B a l in t h i l l f o r i n s tance , w e r e n o t t a k en i n to c on s ide ra t ion ) —i nt h e c a se o fb u i ld ing d en s i ty o nt h i sg i ven a r ea ,h av ing i nv i ew t h ei n fo rma t ion w e p o s se s s , o n ly h ypo the se s c an b e f o rwa rded . O fc ou r se , i ti s o bv iou s t h a t t h e l a nd w i th in t h e c i ty w a l l s w a s u sed t ot h e f u l la nd w a sc ha rac ter ized b yt h eb i gge s td en s i ty o fb u i ld ing s a nd p eop le p e rh a . H oweve r , w ed on o tk now h ow l a rge w a s t h e a r ea a lo t t ed t op ub l ic o rr e l ig iou s b u i ld ing s w h ich w e r e e i the r n o t a ta l l o r o n ly p e r iod ica l ly i n hab i ted , o r w he the r s t o r eyed b u i ld ing s e x is ted . I n t h e e x t ra m u ro s a r ea t h e f r equency o f b u i ld ing s p e r h a v a r ied . T he e a s te rn d i s t r ic t s e emed t ob et h e m o s tc r owded a nd i tw a ss y s tema t ized t oa g r ea t e x ten t ( s ee a bove ) . N o r th o ft h e f o r t if ica t ion s t r e tch ing u p t ot h e r o ad w h ich l i nk s a tp r e sen t H a t eg a nd C a ran seb e s , t h e r el i e sa na r ea o f9 . 3h ac ove red b yr e l ig iou sb u i ld ing sa nd t h e i ra nn exe s ,t h ea mph i thea t r e a nd i t sa nnexe sa sw e l la st h e b a th s . T h e a r ea w a s t h u s v e ry m u ch f r equen ted b u t l e s s i n hab i ted . N o r th o f t h e r oad t h e v i l la r u s t i cae w e r e r a the r s c a t te r ed . H oweve r , ag r ea te r d en s i ty w a s r e co rded n o r th— w e s to ft h e c i ty w he r e g roup s o fn o t i s o la ted b u i ld ing s h ave b een i d en t if i ed .

T he l im i t s o f t h e t e r r i to r ium o f S a rm izege tu sa c an o n ly b e p r esumed .T hu s f o rs ome t i me ,b e fo r eb e ing g r an ted t h e t i le o f m un ic ip ium , t h a t i sd u r ing S ep t im iu s S eve ru s" w hen i t w a s e ndowed w i th i t s o wn l a nd , t h e c anaba e' a nd t h e p agu s' o f T ib iscum h ad b een u nde r S ann izege tu sa ' s j u r i sd ic t ion . I nt h e n o r th t h e t e r r i to ry e x tended a s f a r a s t h e V a l ley o f Mu r e s a l so i n c lud ing p agus M i c iens i s6 2 . I ts e em s t h a t u nde r t h e r u le o f Ma r cu s A u r e l iu s w hen i tb ecame a m un ic ip ium , t h e c anabae o fL eg ion X I I I G em ina i nA pu lum w e r e p a r t o f t h e t e r r i to ry b e long ing t oU lp ia t o o' . I nt h e s ou th t h et e r r i to ry w a sb o rde r ed b y t h eP a l ing Moun ta in s ,t h e g o rge o f J i u a nd t h e R e teza t Moun ta in s . A l l t h e o t he r s e t t lemen t s o f t h i s a r ea — P on s A ugu s t i —c u s tom s p o in t's P agus A quen s i s' G e rm i sa ra " , p e rhap s Ampe lum ' w e r e d ependen to nt h ec o lony . Al e s ss t ud ied i t em b u tn eve r the le s s i mpo r tan t w a s t h e r e la t ion i nw h ich t h e t e r r i tor ium m i l i ta r e g i ven t oL eg ion X I I I G em ina a tA pu lum a nd t h e t e r r i to r y o f U lp ia T ra iana s t ood . T h e L eg ion n eeded a tl e a s t 2 000 h a o f a r ab le l a nd a nd m eadow st op rov ide f ood n ece s s i t ie sf o rm en a nd a n ima l s' . U ndoub ted ly t h i s l a nd w a s g i ven t o t h e L eg ion t om ake t h em o s to fi t . H oweve r ,t h i s k i nd o ft e r r i to ry ,r u ra l o re conom ic w ha teve r , m u s tn o tb e m is in te rp re ted a st h e t e r r i to ry u nd e rt h e m i l i ta ry s u r ve i l lan ce o ft h el e g ion w h ich w a sm uch l a rg e r6 9 .

T h e q ue s t ion w h ich a r i se s i sp r ec i se ly w hen d id t h e o u te r w a l la r ea s t a r tb e ing i n hab i t ed .T he s a c r ed a r ea d a te sb ack i n t h ee poch o fT ra jan a nd H ad r ian , s i nc e i th ad b een e mp loyed b y t h e f i r s t c o lon i s t s w ho h ad l i ved w i th in t h e c i ty w a l ls , g ua rded b y d i tch e s a nd p e rhap s w a l l s . H oweve r , t h e d a t ing o ft h e o u te r , l e s se ri n ve s t iga t ed d i s t r ic t s i ss t i l l ap rob lem t o s o lve . T he r e i sa n e xcep t ion — av i l la w ho se e nd o ft h e f i r s t p ha se c ou ld b e a pp rox ima ted b ack i n t h e 2 nd h a l f o f t h e s e cond c en tu r y7' .O n ly f u r the rr e sea r ch w i l l b ea b le t op rove w he the r t h e p ro ce s se s o fo c cupy ing t h e t e r r i to ry o u t s ide t h e w a l l s a nd t h e o n e w i th in w e r e s imu l taneou s o r , w he the r , i n f a c t , ap rog r e s s ive e x ten s ion o c cu r red a s ar e su l t o ft h e e ve r i n c r ea s ing n umb e r o fi n hab i tan t s d u r ing t h e f l ou r ish ing s t age i nt h e l i f e o f t h e c o lony w h ich w a s r e co rded i nt h e s e cond h a lf o ft h es e cond c en tu ry .

F o rt h et ime b e ing i ti si mpo s s ib le t of i gu r eo u tt h en umbe ro f t h e i n hab i tan t s o f t h e t e r r i to ry o f S a rm izege tu sa f o r l a ck o f s u f f ic ien ta r chaeo log ica ld a ta .

5 7I DR , 1 1/ 2 ,4 54 . 5 8N . Go s ta r ,A I IA ,I ai ,V I , 1 969 ,p .1 29 . 5 9 C . D a icov ic iu , T ran sAn t , p . 1 30 ; M . Mac r ea , VDR , p . 1 3 1 ; H . D a icov ic iu .A pu lum ,X I I I , 1 975 ,P . 9 1 . 6 0 Ad oub led i n sc r ip t ion d ed ica ted t oQ . Ma rc iu s T u rbo g ove rno ro fD ac ia i n U lp ia T ra iana (MR , 1 1/ 2 , 9 61) a nd i n T ib i s cum ( IDR , I / 1 , 1 3 1) i s c on s id e red b y D . B enea ( T ib i scu s , 5 , 1 978 , p . 1 43 ) t h e f i r s t e p ig r aph ica l e v id ence o ft h e af i l ia t ion o ft h e c anabae f r om T ib i scum t oU lp ia T ra iana . S e ea l so C .C .P e to le scu , SC IVA ,2 6 , 1 975 ,p .4 25-426 . 6 1 a r gumen t st ob e f ound i nM . Moga ,T ib i scu s ,I ,1 970 ,p .4 2-50 . 6 2 0 . F loca , S a rge t ia V , 1 968 , p .5 0 ; L Mä ' rgh i t an , SC IV , 2 1 , 4 , 1 970 , p . 5 79 ; i d em ,T ib i scus ,3 ,1 974 ,p .1 05 s q q . 6 3 W . K ub i t schek , I mpe r ium R oman ian t r ibu t im d e sc r ip tum , P r ague— V ienna—Le ipz ig . 1 889 , P . 2 30 ; C . D a ic iov ic iu , T ran sAn t , 1 945 . p . 1 28 ; i d em , RE , XV ,6 13 ;v ez ie iG .F om i , OmCD ,P . 2 34 . 6 4C IL , I I , 1 351-7853 . 6 5I DR , 1 1/ 3 ,p .2 0 ; s e ea l so N .G o s ta r , SC IV , 1 3 , 1 ,p .1 29 . 6 6N .G o s ta r ,S a rge t ia , I I , 1 956 ,p .6 4-65 ; I DR , 1/ 3 ,2 49 . 6 7C .D a icov ic iu ,1 . c . 6 8 F o r t h e t e r r i to r ium m i l i ta te s e e : A . Mö c sy , AASH , 2 0 , 1 972 , 1 -2 , 1 3 31 68 ; H . v on P e t r ikov i t s , A c te s d u V I I" C ong re s I n te rn a t iona l d 'Ep ig r aph ie g r ecque _e t l a t ine , B ucu r e s t i—Pa r i s , 1 979 , p .2 29-242 ; V . Moga , D in i s to r ia n ü l i tar ä aD ac ie ir omane , C lu j—Napo ca , 1 985 , p .7 5 , n o te 9 3 ; A . S uceveanu , P euc e ,6 ,1 977 ,p .1 49-154 . 6 9V . Moga ,o p .c i t . ,p .7 5-77 .

S eve ra l r e sea r che r s'' w e r e v er y m uch c oncer n ed w i th f i gu r ing o u t t h e n umbe r o ft h e i n hab i tan t s o ft h e Emp i r e , o f 7 0D .T udo r , OTSDR ,p .4 3-136 . 7 1 0 . F l oca ,S a rge t ia , I ,1 937 , p .3 8 . 7 2 J .B e lo ch , D ie B evö lke rung d e r g r iech i sch— röm isch en We l t , I ,1 886 , p a s s im ; E . K i r s ten , R aum u nd B evöo lke rung i n d e r We l tge sch ich te , I , Wü rzbu rg , 1 956 ,p a s s im .

8

T own—P lann ing i nS arm i zege tusa t h e R oman t own s o r e ven o f t h o se i n hab i t ing t h e t e r r i to ry b e long ing t ot h e c i t ie s . T hey d id t h is w i th ah i gh d eg ree o f p robab i l i ty h av ing i nv i ew v a r iou sa sp ec t so ft own—p lann ing .

s ecu r i ty ( po l i t ica l ly , f i re s ) g ra in a nd f ood s upp ly a nd d i s t r ibu t ion , w a te r s upp ly . m ed ica l a s s i s tance , e duca t ion , a r ch ives , t r an spor t , b u i ld ing n ew e d if f ic es a nd p r eser v ing t h e o lde ro ne s" e t c .

T he m o s t f r equen t ly u sed m e thod w as a pp ly ing e ach h a o f u rban a r ea " a c oe f f ic ien t o f p opu la t ion . T he w ay o f e s tab l ish ing t h e c oe f f ic ien t o f t e r r i tory o ccupa t ion o fo ne h a v a r ie s a cco rd ing t ot h en umb e ro fs o ld ie r s s t a t ioned i n af o r t . O n a n a na logou s a r ea t h e c oef f ic ien t w a s t h u s c a lcu la ted f o r 3 75 i n hab i tan t s p e rh a .' I fo ne t o ok i n to c on s ide ra t ion t h e o rgan ized m a ss c o lon isa t ion ( p e r formed b y c o lon is t s s en t f o r t h i s p a r t icu la rg oa l ) o ne a r r ived t o2 50 i n hab i tan t s p e r h a ."'

I n U lp ia T ra iana , t h e f i r e s ecur i ty s e r v ice w a s p rov ided b y t h e c o l l eg ium f abrum . T he s ys tem o f o rgan iza t ion a nd f u nc t ion ing o f t h e se c r af tsmen 's c o l lege i si lu s t ra ted i nt h e 3 4 i n scr ip t ion s e xc lu s ive ly o n t h i s t op ic w h ich h ave b een d i scove red h e r e . T he c o l lege w a s f o unded u nde r T ra jan ' s r u le ' a nd i tw a s d iv ided i n to d ecur iae ( 1 5 a t l e a s t —I DR , I I I /2 , 1 0 ) . I tw a s managed b y am ag i s te r c o l leg i i ( IDR , I I I /2 , 3 22 ) (PLX 1 1 1 /2 ) w h ich h ad d e cur ione s f o r s ubo rd ina tes ( IDR , I I I /2 , 1 63 , 2 36 ,

I fc ompa r ed w i th t h e p opu la t ion o f E u rop ean c i t ies i n t h e p re indu s tr ia l e po ch , t h e f i gu res d i f f e ra s m uch a sf r om 7 5 t o 3 42 i n hab i tan t s7 6 .

3 19 , 3 22 ) . B o th t h e c o l lege a nd t h e d e cur iae c ho se p a tronus A s f o r o t he r m e thod s f o r e s t ima t ing t h e a n t ique p opu la t ion ,

t op er fo rm t h e i r d u t ie s u nde r h i s p ro tec t ion . T he a s so c ia t ion w a s o f ap a ram i l i ta ry n a tu re r e in fo r ced b o th b y i n te rna l

t h ey a r e a s f o l low s : t h e n umbe r o fb u r ia l s o f ag i ven p er iod o ft ime r epo r ted t om ed ium l i f e t ime'' , t h e r a t io o ft h e f l ow o fa quaeduc t s a nd w a te rn ecess i ty p er i n hab i tan t'' , t h e r a t io o f t h e a mph i thea t r e ' s c apac i ty a nd t h e p o ss ib i l i t ies o f f r equen t ing t h e man i f e s ta t ion s' .

o rgan iza t ion ( t he c en tur iae , t h e d e cur iae ) a nd b y b o r row ing t i t les a nd p o s i t ion s f r om t h e a rmy d enom ina t ion ( v ex i l lar ius , 1 1 /2 , 1 8 6 ) . T he mo s t s ugges t ive a rgumen t i nt h i s s en se i st h e c o l leg ium ' s s ub jec t ion t o a p raef ec tus c o l leg i i f abrum ( IDR , I I I /2 , 1 24 , P l .XV / 1 , 1 26 ) w hen s i gna l l ing a nd p u t t ing o u t f i re s . Mo s t p robab ly t h e c ra f t smen 's c o l lege o f S a r rn izege tu sa h ad i n a dd i t ion o t he r d u t ie s b u t t h ey w e re

G . F onü f i gu red o u t t h e c a se o f S a rm izege tu sa , h av ing i n v i ew t h e c apac i ty o f t h e a mph i thea t re , af r ee p opu la t ion o f

u na t te s ted e p ig raph ica l ly " .

1 3000 i n hab i tan t s . H e a l so h ad i n m ind t h e t e r r i to ry o f U lp ia ' . H oweve r , t h e n umb e r w a s c on te s ted" . C . D a icov ic iu a nd H . D a icov ic iu , b efo r e r e sum ing i n ve s t iga t ion s i n1 973 8 2 p re sumed i tt ob e o f 1 0000 — 2 0000 i n hab i tan t s . A f te rr e sum ing i n ves t iga t ion ,h oweve r ,t h e f i gu r e

A s f o r t h e i n fo rma t ion o n t h e p o l ice s ys tem o f U lp ia T ra iana , i ti sv er y g appy . B u t o f c ou r se , s im i la r t o o t he r c ase s , t h ep a t te rn s e tu pb yR ome m u s th ave b een f o l lowed .

w en t a s h i gh a s 2 5000 — 3 0000 i n hab i tan t s" w h ich m ean t 3 30-400 i n hab i tan t sp e rh a w h ich i s al i t t le f a r— f e tched i nt h e c ase o f t h e i n hab i ted a r ea o f U lp ia T ra iana s o f a r d e term ined .

T he c ap i ta l o f t h e Emp i re d i spo sed o f s eve ra l p o l ice c o rp s , s ome o ft h em d ependen t o n t h e p raef ec tus p rae tor io , o t he r s o n t h e a nnona 's p r e f ec t . T he f o rme r p er fo rmed a r re s t s a s s is ted b y t wo s pec ia l ized c o rp s : t h e f rumen tar i o r p eregr in i a nd t h e s t a to re s . T he l a t te r s e ldom r e sor ted t o

P ub l ic s e r v ice p er fo rmed ap reva i l ing r o le i nt h e c i ty l i fe o f

a rmy a s s i s tance , i t sp o l icy b e ing o ne o fp reven t ive n a tu re .

R oman a n t iqu i ty . I nR ome i ta ppea red o u t o f a n o b jec t ive n eces s i ty ( t he s i ze o f t h e t own , l a rge p opu la t ion , p rov id ing s ub s i s tance ) e ve r s i nce A ugu s tu s' . I tw a s r eo rgan ized a nd i mp roved d u r ing T ibe r iu s , H ad r ian , S ep t im iu s S everu s a nd

T he p r e to r ian g ua rd , p r iva te g ua rd s a nd o ther v a r iou s t r oup s w e re a l so a s s ig ned p o l ice d u t ie s' ' ' .

o t he r s" . T he o rgan iz ing s ys tem w a s t a ken o ve r , a td i f f e ren t Two i n sc r ip t ion s d i scove red a t U lp ia T ra iana a t tes t p ub l ic

l e ve l s ,b ya l lt h eo t he rt own s i nI t a ly a nd t h ep rov inces .

a nd p r iva te p o l ice a c t iv i ty ( IDR , I I I /2 , 12 , 2 05 ) . T he f i r s t o ne m en t ion s C a iu s I u l iu s C arus f rum (en tar ius ) e td ec (ur io )

T he s y s tem o fp ub l ic s e rv ice w a s s ubo rd ina ted t ot h e p ref ec t o f R ome o r d i re c t ly t o t h e e mp e ro r a nd i tp rov ided c i ty

c o l (on iae )' . H e i st h e s on o f C . Iu l iu s V a ler iu s , v e te ran o f L eg ion X I I I G em ina S ever iane" . H e p er fo rmed h i s d u ty a s an on— comm iss ioned o f f ice r i nt h e p ub l ic p o l ice c o rp s i nt h e

7 3 P .L avedan ,J .H uguen ey ,o p .c i t . ,p .3 47 . 7 4G o rdon H ome ,R oman L ondon ,L ondon 1 926 , p .9 3 . 7 5 J .Wa rd P e rk in s , i nT ownp lann ing R ev iew s , 1 955 ,p .1 2-14 . 7 6 F .L o t , R ech e rche s s u rl ap opu la t ion e tl as upe rf ic ie d e sc i te sr emon tan tä l ap e r iode g ab roma ine , I ,P a r i s , 1 945 , p .X I I ; E .C ava ign ac , P opu la t ion e t c ap i ta l d an s l e mond e m ed i te r r anneen a n t ique , S t ra sbou rg - P ar i s , 1 923 , p . 1 39 e s tab l i she s 1 00-125 p e r h a ; P .M . D uva l , P a r i s a n t ique , 1 96 1 , p .2 50 ; f o r A f r ica i tw a s c a lcu la ted t o2 50 p e r h a b y C h . P i ca rd , L a c i v i l isa t ion d e l ' Af r ique r oma ine , 1 959 ,p .1 69 s qq . 7 7 R .E t ienn e , B o rdeaux a n t ique , 1 962 , p .1 45 . 7 8 V .C ana rache , SC IV , 2 ,1 951 , p .7 1 . 7 9G .F om i ,A pu lum , X I I I , 1 975 ,p .1 53 . 8 0G . F om i , 1 . c . 8 1 J .K o lendo ,A r cheo log ia , XXX , 1 979 ,p .5 2 . 8 2 C . D a icov ic iu , H . D a icov ic iu , U lp ia T ra iana , B uc . , 1 966 , p . 1 2 ( 152 0000 i n hab i tan t s ) ; C . D a icov ic iu , R E , X IV , c o l . 6 13 ( 10-15000 i n hab i tan t s ) . 8 3 H . D a icov ic iu , D .A l icu , 1 984 , p .2 3 . 8 4 LH omo , L ac iv i l is a t ion r oma ine . P a r i s , 1 930 , p .3 6 1 s q q ; i d em , A ugu s t e e tl ac r e a t ion d e g ran& t r avaux mun ic ipaux äR om e , Mé lange s G . G lo tz , I , P ar i s 1 932 ,p .4 39 451 . 8 5 I d em , R om e i mp er ia le e t l ' u rban i s rne d an s l ' an t iqu i t e . P a r i s , 1 95 1 ,p . 1 35-137 .

c ompany o fo t he rl ü ghp laced p eop le . I n i t ia l ly , t h ef r umen tar i w e re r e spon s ib le f o r s upp ly ing g ra in t ot h e t r oup s b y c o l lec t ing t h e m i l i ta ry a nnona f r om t h e l o ca l p opu la t ion a nd t r an spo r t ing i tt ob e s t o red . G radua l ly t h ey w e re a s s igned o t he r d u t ie s s uch a s p o l ice a gen t s , i n fo rme r s9 2 ; t h is c ame a s ac omp le t ion t ot h e f o rme r a nd i t 8 6I d em , o p .c i t . ,p .1 29-292 . 8 7 I .P i so ,S ta , XV I , 1 974 ,p .2 35-237 . 8 8 F o rc o l leg ium f a b rum f r om S a rm izege tu sa s e eR . A rdevan ,A c ta MN , XV , 1 978 , p . 1 67-172 w i th ad e ta i led b ib l iog raphy ; i d em i nP ag in i d in i s to r ia p omp ier i lo r . B uc . 1 978 , p .1 04-107 . 8 9L .H omo , o p .c i t . , p .1 62 . 9 0C .D a icov ic iu , D ac ia , 1 927-1932 , p .5 49-55 1 . 9 1 V . Moga ,o p .c i t . , p . 14 , 1 24 , 1 27 , 1 30 . 9 2 G . Web s te r ,T he R oman I mper ia lA rmy . L ondon , p .2 65 .

9

T own—P lann ing i nU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i zege tusa w a s i n t roduced b y H ad r ian " w ho p e rf r umen tar io s o c cu l ta o mn ia e xp lo raba t . I n R om e t h ey f o rmed a n ume ru s f r umen tar io rum l e ad b y ap r incep s p e r eg r ino rum a nd i t o wned b a r ra ck s , c a s t ra p e reg r ina , t h e m o s ti mpo r tan tp l ace f o r i mp r i sonmen t i nt h e t own ' A t t h e c l o se o f t h e t h i rd c en tu ry t h ef r umen ta r i id i sapp ea red a nd w e r er e p laced b yt h e c u r io s , '". T he s e cond i n sc r ip t ion i sd evo ted t o t h e g od s E pona a nd C amp e s t r e s9 6 b y M . C a lven t iu s V ia to r , i n s t ruc to r o f t h e m oun ted g ua rd , e xe r c ( i ta to r ) e q (u i tum ) s i ng (u la r ivm ) o f C . A v id iu s N ig r inu s , t h e p rov inc e ' s g ove rno r , l e ga te o f D a c ia b e tween 12117 9' .T he g ua rd ' s m a jo rd u ty w a s t op rov ide t h eg ove rno r ' sb ody g ua rd . I nR ome ,t h eu n i t so fe qu i te ss i ngu lar e sc ame i n to b e ing a f te r G a lba d i s so lved t h e G e rman g ua rd . T hey w e r e m en t ioned a s f u nc t ion ing u nde r V e spa s ian ' s r u le a nd w e re f o rmed o f h o r semen r e c ru i ted f r om a mong t h e a rmy b e long ing e spe c ia l ly t ot h e Emp i r e ' s n o r th e rn p rov in ce s . T he u n i t w a s d i s so lved d u r ing t h e r e ign o f G a l l ienu s a nd G o rd ian I I r e p laced i tb y p ro te c tor e s —c en tu r ion s w ho f o rmed t h e e mp e ro r 's g ua rd o fh onou r' ' ' .

f ood . T he o p e ra t ion o fd i s t r ibu t ing f ood t o ac e r ta in p o r t ion o f t h e t own s ' p opu la t ion , p l eb s a nnona r ia /f rumen tar ia w a s p e r fo rmed i nt h e p rov ince s t o o ' . O rgan iz ing t h e p ro ce s s w a s t h e t a sk o ft h e m un ic ipa l i ty , o ft h e a ed i l e s ' o ro ft h e a ppo in ted m emb e r s o f o rdo d e cur ionum — c ura to r e s a nnonae lf rumen t i 10 .T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fg r a in , o i l , w ine '" t ot h ep r ov inc ia lp l eb s w a s af a c t a nd a l though i nt h ec a se o f U lp ia T ra iana n o p o s i t ive e v iden ce i s a va i lab le , o ne c an a s sume t h a t i td i d e x i s t b o th i n o rd ina ry , c u r r en t a nd e x t rao rd ina ry f o rm s ' 1' . T hu s t h e m en so r e s f rumen tar i i f r equen t ly f o und a mong t h e m i l i ta ry m o s t p robab ly h ad c oun te rpa r t s i nc i v i l l i f e . T hey w e r e p eop le o fh umb le o r ig in s ubo rd ina ted t o h i ghe r c l e rk s —i mmed ia te ly t o ac ura to r a nnonae o rt oa n a c to r af r umen to , a nd t h ey a c tua l ly c a r r ied o u tt h ed i s t r ibu t ion o pe ra t ion s . F o r t h e s t o r ing o f p roduc t s n ece s sa ry t o t h e t own , t h e m un ic ipa l i ty h ad a t i t s d i spo sa l a t l e a s t o ne l a rge h or r eum w i n t h e p rox im i ty o f t h e p o r ta p rae to r ia . I mmed ia te ly n o r th o f t h e h o r r eum , s e ve ra l i n sc r ip t ion s d evo ted t oG r eek—Roman a nd O r ien ta lG od s b yt h ef i nanc ia l p rocu ra to re s o f D ac ia A pu len s i s w e r e f ound , w h ich i s a p rov i s iona l a r g umen t f o r c on s ide r ing t h e n e ighbou r ing b u i ld ing t h eh eadqua r te r s o ft h e se i mpo r tan t m ag i s t ra te s '1 4 . T he h o r r eum a nd t h e a ed e sp rocura to r i s f o rmed t o ge the r a n i s land w i th in t h et own . T he p rox im i ty o ft h e t wo b u i ld ing s i s n o t a ta l a c c iden ta l a nd i te mpha s ize s t h e i mpo r tance o ft h e s upp ly s y s tem o f U lp ia T ra iana n o t o n ly t ot h e t own i t se l f b u tt ot h ew ho le o ft h eA pu len s i sp rov in ce .

T he s upp ly o f g ra in a nd l a t e r o f o t h e r f o od s a nd t h e i r d i s t r ibu t ion ' i sn o ta t tes ted e p ig raph ica l ly a tS a rm izege tu sa a l though i td i de x i s t . R ome ' s s upp ly s y s tem w a so r gan ized b y A ugu s tu s' °° o nt h e b a s i s o f t wo s e rv ices : t h e s upp ly s e rv ice — p ref e c tu ra a nnonae a nd t h e g ra in d i s t r ibu t ion — f r umen ta t ione s , m anaged b y ap raef e c tu sf rumen t id and i ' m .T h i sd i v i s ion o f t h e s upp ly s y s tem i n to t wo s e r v ice s l a s ted u n t i l C a l igu la . T he t i le o f p raef e c tu s f rumen t i d and i r e app ea r ed u nde r T ra jan ' s r u le , h oweve r i t s d u t ie s w e re r e s t r ic ted t o e x t rao rd ina ry f ood—d i s t r ibu t ion a nd h ad n o c onnec t ion w ha t soeve rt ot h eo rd ina ry o ne s ' .T h ea nnona ' sp r e f ec td i d t h e e n t i r e c i ty s upp ly ing . T h ep raef e c tura a nnonae d i spo sed o f ap owe r f u l c l e rk s t a f f , e a ch o f i t s m embe r s h av ing c a r e f u l ly d e l inea ted t a sk s a nd t i t le s ' . Among t h em w e r e t h es o—ca l led m en so r e s 1' .

O ne o ft h e m o s ti mpo r tan t i s sue s o fR oman c i t ie s w a s w a te r s upp ly .T he R oman b u i ld ing g en iu ss o lved s u rp r in s ing ly w e l l t h e p rob lem w i th t h e e po ch ' s t e chn ique . T he h i gh d emand o f w a te r w a s j u s t if ied b o th b y c u r ren t , d ome s t ic n eed s o f c i ty h yg iene a nd t h o se f o r p r even t ing f i r es o r , a tt i mes , m i l i ta ry a t tack s . R ome h a s a lway s b een c on f ron ted w i th t h e w a te r p rob lem : t h e c r ea t ion o f as pec ia l w a te r s e r v ice h av ing i t s o wn h eadqua r te r s —s t a t io a qua rum h ad t o b e t h e r e spon se i n s o lv ing t h i s p rob lem . T he f u n c t ion ing a nd o rgan iz ing s y s t em o fR ome ' s w a te rs e r v ice i sn ow f am i l ia ro w ing t oF ron t inu s ' b ook ( 4 0103 A .D . ) , c u ra to r a qua rum u nde r T ra jan ' s r u le ' 1' .T he t i le o ft h eb ook i sD eA qu i sU rb i s . T he s ou r ce s

A n i n sc r ip t ion f r om S ann izeg e tusa m5 d i scove red i n t h e a mph i thea t r e a nd u sed a s b u i ld ing m a te r ia l ( h av ing t h u s a s e conda ry p o s i t ion ) m6 , m en t ione s a c e r ta in LOC [US ] MENSO [R IS ] . . . T he i n sc r ip t ion m igh t h ave b een b rough t t o t h e a mph i thea t re f r om a p l a ce w he r e o ne o f t h e m en so r f r umen tar iu s ' p e r fo rmed t h e w e igh ing a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o f

o fd ocumen ta t ion i nt h ec a se o ft h ep rov inc e s ,i r r espec t ive o f t h e i r n a tu re , a r e v e ry p oo r . H oweve r , i nt h e c a se o f w a te r c o l lec t ing a nd s upp ly s y s tem a r chaeo log ica l r e sea r ch c on t r ibu ted t ot h em o s t '

9 3 SHA , V i ta H ad r ian i , 1 . 9 4LH omo ,o p .c i t . ,p .1 62 . 9 5 I d em ,o p .c i t . ,p .1 68 . 9 6M . Mac r ea ,A ISC ,V , 1 9 44-1948 ,p .2 48-249 . 9 7R e ich sbD ,p .1 0 . 9 8 LH omo ,o p .c i t . ,p .1 61-162 . 9 9 S ep t im iu s S eve ru s i n s t i tu te s t h e r e gu la r d i s t r ibu t ion o fo i l a nd A u r e l ian t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fm ea t , s a l t a nd w ine a t al ow r a te . ( L . H omo , o p . c i t . , p . 2 21-222 ; 2 34-238 ) . 1 00 S ue ton iu s , O c t . A ug . , XXXV I I , XL ; D io C a s s iu s , UV , 1 , 1 7 a nd LXXV I I I ,2 2 ; LH omo ,o p .c i t . ,p .2 20 . 1 0 1 L H omo , o p . c i t . , p .2 20 ; D . v an B e rch em , L e d i s t r ibu t ion d e b l e e t « a rgen t äl ap l ebe r oma ine d el ' Emp i re ,G eneve 1 939 ( n on v id i ) . 1 02 L H omo ,o p .c i t . ,p .2 21 . 1 03 I d em ,o p .c i t . ,p .2 24 1 04 D .A l icu ,A .P ak i ,A c taMN , XX I I—XX I I I , 1 988 ,p .4 69477 . 1 05 C .D a icov ic iu , ACM 1T , I V , 1 932-1938 ,p .4 00 . 1 06 D .A l icu ,A .P ak i ,o p .c i t . ,p .4 76 . 1 07 I b idem .

No a qua r ia f am i ly o r a quar i i , f r equen t ly m en t ioned b y 1 08 C IL ,I ,5 3 , 1 959 ,2 782 ,4 468 ; C IL , I I ,6 998 . 1 09 C IL ,X I I ,4 363 ; W .L anghamm e r , D ie r e ch t l iche u nd s oz ia le S t elung d e r Mag i s t ra tu s mun ic ipa le se nd d e rD ecu r ione s ,W ie sb ad en 1 937 ,p .1 50 s q q . 10 C IL , V I I I ,5 351 ; C IL ,X I I I , 1 979 . 11 D .A l icu ,A .P ak i ,o p .c i i ,p .4 75 . 12 M . Mac rea , VDR , p .4 09 ; I DR , 1 /2 , 7 2( Q . A u r e l iu sT e r t iu sd ecu r io o f t h e c o lony m ade ad ona t ion o f 8 0000 s e s te r t i i f o r t h e a nnona i n t h e y ea r 1 42 ) . 13 H . D a icov ic iu a nd c o l lab . , MCA , T u lcea 1 980 , p . 2 78-279 ; i d em , MCA , B ra sov 1 981 , P . 2 46-248 ; H . D a icov ic iu , D . A l icu , 1 984 , p . 1 331 34 ; L .P e t cu le scu ,S aa lb J ah rb . ,4 3 , 1 987 ,p .7 2 . 14 H . D a icov ic iu a nd c o l lab . , MCA , B ra sov 1 981 .p .2 48-251 ,2 73-275 . 15 S ee F ron t in , S u r l e sa queduc sd el av ine d eR ome ( e d . P .G r ima l , P ar i s , 1 944 ) ; LH omo , o p . c i t . , p .1 91-217 ; C . H e r sche l , F ron t inu sa nd t h e Wa t e r S upp ly o ft h eA nc ien tR ome ,L ondon 1 9 13 . 16 -P .L avedan ,J .H ugueney , o p .c i t . ,p .4 54-459 .

1 0

T own—P lann ing i nS arm i zege tusa F ron t inu s i n R ome , w e re e p ig raph ica l ly c e r t if ied a t S a rm izege tu sa , b u t t h a t d o e sn ' t i mp ly t h a t n o s u ch f am i ly

b y t h e a quaeduc t i su nknown s i nce n o r emnan t s w ha t so ever h ave b een t r aced s o f a r . We a r e i n p o ssess ion o f v e rba l

e x is ted a t a l l . T he s t a f f o f t e chn ic ian s ' d u t ie s , l e d b y a n a r ch i tec tu s , c on s i s ted o fc o l lec t ing t h e w a te r s ou r ces , f i x ing t h e u nde rg round o r a er ia l w a te r p ip es , b u i ld ing t h e a quedu c t s , w a te r c a s t le s , w e l l s , s e conda ry w a te r p ip es a nd p rovd ing p l umb ing m a in tenance '1 7 .

i n fo rma t ion o n ly , c om ing f r om D r . d oc . 0 . F lo ca , a ss iduou s i n ve s t iga to ro fU lp ian a n t iqu i t ies , w ho s aw t h e r emnan t so fa p o t tery w a terp ipe i n as u r face—exp lo ra t ion s ou th o ft h et own , i n t h e c ou r se o f a n a g r icu l tu ra l c ampa ign . No d oub t t h e R oman s m u s t h ave i d en t if ied o ne o r m o re w a te r s ou rces a t t h e f oo t o f t h e m oun ta in s l y ing s ou th o f t h e c i ty . T he w a ter w a s c o l lec ted a nd d i rec ted b y m ean s o f p o t tery o r p e rhap s s t one w a te rp ipe s ( p er fo ra ted mou lded b lo ck s o fs t one h av ing l i nk ing e l emen t s c an b e f ound i n t h e m useum o f S a rm izege tu sa ) t o ad i s tr ibu t ion w a te r c a s t le p laced i nt h e p rox im i ty o f t h e c i ty w a l l s o r w i th in t h e c i ty i t se lf . I ti s s omewhe r e o n t h e r u in s o f t h is c a s t le t h a t t h e a bove m en t ioned i n sc r ip t ion w a s f ound i n1 6 th c en tu ry .

A t U lp ia T ra iana t h e s ou rces o fd r ink ing w a te rw e re r i ch a nd a cce ss ib le . I n A n t iqu i ty , j u s t a s a t p r esen t , t h e c i ty w a s c r o s sed b y t h ree w a te rc ou r ses o u to fw h ich A pa M ica —o ne o ft h em — f l owed i nt h e w e s ter na r ea o ft h e z one s u r rounded b y w a l l s . Two o t he rr i ve r s , V a lea D ra jcovu lu i a nd B r eazova , b o rde r ed t h e s e t t lemen t i nt h e w e s t , a nd n o r th r e spec t ive ly . T he R oman s m u s t h ave u sed a l l o ft h e t h ree w a te r—way s f o r t h e c i ty 's n eed s , b u t h av ing i n v i ew t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f p opu la t ion d en s i ty , d i f f e ren td eg ree s .

t h ey

m u s t h ave b een e xp lo i ted

T he c onnec t ion o f h ou ses t o t h e ma in w a ter—p ipe w a s t h e p r iv i lege o f ap a r t icu la r c a tego ry o f c i t izen s" ' a nd t h is e xp la in s t h e f r equency o f w a te r w e l l s . D u r ing r e cen t e xcava t ion s a t S a rm izege tu sa , f i ve w a te r w e l ls o f v a r iou s d ep th w i th w a l ls m ade o f r i ve r b ou lde r s h ave b een f ound . Two o f t h e w e l l s , e n t i r e ly p reserved , h ave b een l o ca ted

t o

V a lea D ra jcovu lu i b o rde red t h e w es t s i de o f t h e c i ty . T he b u i ld ing sa r e s ca rc eo nt h ee a s te rn b ank ,w h i le o nt h e w e s te rn b ank l a y o ne o ft h e c i ty ' s n ec ropo l i s . T he d eep v a l ley c u t b y t h e r i ve r a s w e l l a s t h e g r ea t d i f f e r ence i nl e ve l b e tween i t s w a te rbed a nd t h e p la teau o n w h ich t h e c o lony l a y d id n o t a l low i t s u se f o r t h e c u r ren t n eed s o f U lp ia T ra iana 's

i n s ide t h e t emp le o f t h e m ed ic ine g od s , f o r r i tua l i s t ic g oa ls ''' . A t umb led d own w e l l w a s p a r t ia l ly i n ve s t iga ted a nd i tw a s l o ca ted b e tween t h eh or reum a nd b u i ld ing 0 03 '2 3 . T he w e l l w a s b o rde r ed i nt h e e a s t b y aw a l l s u s ta in ing a

p opu la t ion , p rov id ing h oweve r a n i d ea l s i te f o r h yd rau l ic w o rk s .

g r i t s tone r a i l ing s . We s t o f t h e w e l l i n i t s i mmed ia te p rox im i ty , a n e n t i re D or ic c o lumn w a s f ound ( ba se , p i l la r , t o p )1 24 b e ing a c omponen t o f a n a r ch i tec tu ra l s t ru c tu r e b e long ing t o t h e w e l l . I n 1 984 , i nb u i ld ing 0 03 , r oom 1 ,i n

A pa B reazove i w h ich c on s t i tu ted t h e n o r ther n l im i t o f t h e s e t t lemen t , h av ing s l ow a nd g ene ra l ly s t ab le b u t l ow r a te f l ow f o r t h e n eed s o f t h e p opu la t ion , c o l lec ted t h e w a te r

f a c t o ne o f t h e b u i ld ing 's y a rd s , aw e l l—p re served w e l l w a s f ound , o n ly p a r t ia l ly i n ves t iga ted . T he f i f th w e l l w as f ound s ou th o f t h e g l a sswa re w o rk shop ( EM 2 1) , i nt h e a u tumn o f

r e s idua a nd a l l t h e c hanne ls c om ing f r om t h e a mph i thea t r e , t h e b a th s , t h e s cho la g l ad ia torum a nd o t he r s , w e re a l l d i r ec ted t oi t .N e i the rd o w e i g no r e t h e e x is tence o f ac en t ra l c o l lec t ing c hanne l w he re t h e a bove m en t ioned c hanne l a nd o t he ra sy e tu n iden t if ied m u s th ave f l owed .T he c hanne l m u s t h ave f o l lowed t h e s ou th—no r th g eog raph ica l s l ope o ft h e c i ty p l a t fo rm w h ich s t opp ed o n t h e r i gh t b ank o f t h e A pa

1 986 . T he w e l l w a s w e l l p rese rved a nd t h u s c ou ld b e i n ves t iga ted a s d eep a s 9 , 80 m . I th ad b een u sed a s s uch d u r ing t h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry , b u t l a te r o n f o r d epo s i t ing t h e r e fuse c om ing f r om t h e m e ta l a nd t h en g l a sswa re w o rk shop .

B reazove i . O ne o ft h e m e thod s t h e R oman s f r equen t ly u sed i np rov id ing w a te r f a c i l i t ie s w a s c o l le c t ing r a in—wa te r i n s ide w a t er—

T he r i ve r w h ich c ro ssed t h e c i ty f r om t h e s ou th t ot h e n o r th w a sm os ti mpo r tan tt ot h ec i ty 's w a te rs upp ly s y s tem . D u r ing

t a nks . A t s cho la g l ad ia to rum 1 25 t wo s uch w a te r— tank s h ave b een i d en t if ied . I n t h e b u i ld ing 's o lde r w ing , i n t h e n o r th— w es t c or n e r o f t h e c ou r tya rd ( 8 ) ' ' , as t one p la t form w a s

A n t iqu i ty , i nt h e i n t ra m uros a r ea a tl e a s t , t h e c ou r se o f t h e r i ve r h ad b een r egu la r ized b y m ean s o f a5 0 c m w ide s t one w a l l i no rde r t op ro tec t i t s b ank s ' ' S. T he s t eep s l op e m ade b y t h e w a te rbed ( 5-6% ) f a c i l i ta ted i mmed ia te o rs ucce ss ive c o l lec t ion s b y u nde rg round s ho r t— leng th w a te r p i pe s . D i r ec t w a te rbed c o l lec t ion p rov ided f o r t h e b a th s , o rnamen ta l f oun ta in s ( munera ) , w o rk shop s p robab ly , b u t n o t f o r t h e c i t izen s ' d r ink ing n ece ss i t ie s . T he q ua l i ty o f t h e d r ink ing

f ound o n w h ich , p robab ly , aw ooden o r s t one w a te r t a nk s t ood . A s qua r e— shaped w a te rp ipe c onnec ted t h e r e se rvo i r t ot h e w a ter tank i ts e rved ( n r .4 ) . T he w a te rp ipe h ad as l igh t

w a te r w a s t h e c once rn n o t o f t h e s p ec ia l ized s e r v ic e a l one

s t age .

b u t t h a t o ft h e h i gh p o s i t ioned m ag is t ra tes a s w e l l . T h is f a c t a l one c an a c coun t f o r t h e d i rec t a nd e s sen t ia l i n vo lvmen t o f D a c ia 's g ove rno r , C n . P ap i r iu s A e l ianu s A u re l ianu s

Two w a te r— tank s , c ommon i nR oman t own s '2 7 ,w e re f o und

T u sc i l lu s 19 , w ho

h im se lf

l a id

a n

i n scr ip t ion

s l an t a nd i tb o re t h rough t h e w a te r— tank s e a s te rn w a l l . A no the r r e ser vo i r h av ing s t one w a l ls a nd a b r ick b o t tom f u rn ished w a te r t o aw a te r— tank ( 1 5 ) t h e b u i ld ing 's s e cond

a t t h e

1 21 L .H omo , o p .c i t . , p .2 12 . 1 22 H . D a icov ic iu , D .A l icu , A c taMN , XV I I I , 1 981 , p .7 7 . 1 23 H . D a icov ic iu a nd c o l lab . , MCA , V a s lu i 1 982 ,p .1 21 . 1 24 D .A l icu , A pu lum , X IX , 1 981 , p .1 03 ,p .I X ,P . 7 7 . 1 25 H . D a icov ic iu a nd c o l lab . , S a rge t ia , X IV , 1 979 , p .1 41 . 1 26 D . A l icu , J ah r e sber ich te a u s A ugs t u nd K a i se raug s t , 3 , 1 983 , p . 1 241 26 , f i g . 7 . 1 27 A . A udo l len t , C a r thage r oma ine . P a r i s 1 901 , p . 2 51 ; R . E t ienne , Ma ison s e th yd rau l ique d an s l eq ua r t ie r n o rd—E s t aV o lub i l i s , R aba t , 1 0 , 1 954 , p a s s im ; P .L aved an ,J .H ugueney , o p .c i t . , p .4 54-456 .

i n augu ra t ion o f t h e c i ty 's f i r s t a quaeduc t b e tween D ecemb e r 1 0 , 1 31 a nd D ecembe r9 ,1 32 . T he r o u te f o l lowed

17 18 19 1 20

L .H omo , o p .c i t . , p .2 00 . H . D a icov ic iu a nd c o l lab . , MCA . B ra sov 1 981 , p .2 51 . R ech sbD ,p .2 1-22 ; E p ig rS t , I V , 1 967 , p .7 2 . I DR , I I/ 2 , 8 .

1

T own—P lann ing i nU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i zege tusa i nt h e P a lac eo ft h e A ugu s ta le s1 2R . T hey w e r e p l aced i nt h e s ou th w ing o ft h eP a lace ,a tt h em ezzan ine o f al a rge rr oom — p o s s ib ly a s ace l lum . T he r a in , t h e w a te r— sou r ce f o r t h e w a te r— tank ,w a sc o l le c ted b ym ean so ft wo r e ser vo i r sp l ac ed s ou thwa rd s , w h ich m o s t p robab ly a c ted a s f i l te r s a s w e l l . A s h i gh a s 1 , 45 m w he r e t h e a r ch s t a r ted , t h e w a l l s o f t h e t wo w a te rt a nk s w e re c oa ted w i th t i l e s f i xed o nt h e w a l l sb y m ean so fl a rge i r on s p ike sh av ing T s haped t o p s ''' . T he t i l e c oa t ing w a s i s o la ted b y ar o ugh w a te rp roo f l a ye r o f o pus s i gn inum l . U nde rg round ,l o ng i tud ina l ly ,i no pu ss i gn inum , t h e w a te r— tank s w e r e c r o s sed b y as t one s ewe r , w h ich w a s c ove red ,h e r e a nd t h e re , w i th g r i t s tone s l ab s . ( The c han ne lo f t h e w e s ter n w a te r— tank w a s c omp le t e ly b rough t t od ay l igh t b y t h e r e s to ra t ion o pe ra t ion w h ich w a s s t a r t ed h e r e i n1 973 a nd w a s l a te r a bandoned ) . T he t wo s ewe r s c on t inued w i th p o t te ry w a te rp ip e s j o ined i n to a s i ng le o ne , u nde r t h e b u i ld ing ' s s ma l le r y a rd , h av ing as ou th t on o r th o r ien ta t ion . T he w a te rp i pe r a n b enea th t h e s o c le o ft h e m onumen t i nt h e b i g c ou r tya rd ' b u t t h e r e i sn o e v idence a s t oi t s r u nn ing f u r the rt h an t h a t . C on sequen t ly , af o un ta in m u s t h ave e x i s ted a t t h e b a s i s o f t h e s o c le h av ing b o th p r agma t ic a nd d eco ra t ive r o le .

t a bu lar i i 1" . O th e r p o s i t ion s i nt h i s s e r v ice t ob e f o und i n S a rm izege tu sa w e r e t h e f o l low ing : s c r iba t a bu lar i i ' a nd l i b rar iu sa b i n s t rumen t i s c e n sua l ibu s w ho k ep t t h e b ook s o n t h e i n come s '' ' . S uch c a sh ie r s a s I a nua r iu s e x a r ca r io l" , Amp la tu s a nd E u tyche s d i sp en sa to r e s ' ,a l so b e longed t o t h e p rov in ce ' s F i nance a dm in i s t ra t ion . A c o in c hecke r , n ummu lar iu s , t h e E b er t I a nua r iu s i s a l so k nown . T he s i ng u la r i ty i nD a c ia o f h i s p o s i t ion h a s b een r e la ted t o t h e e x i s tence o f am in ti nS a rm izege tu sa 1 44 .

30

C omponen t s o f d eco ra t ive f o un ta in s h ave b een f ound i n U lp ia T ra iana . We h ave i nm ind t h r ee s t owe p l a te s b ea r ing l i on h ead s o u t o f w h ich w a te r s p rang ( o ne o ft h e p l a te s w a s p rov ided w i th a l e ad w a te r—p ip e ) " 2.T he r e w a s a l so a m a rb le s t a tue r e p r e sen t ing a w oman . A h o le w a s b o r ed b e low t h ea bdomen w h ich w a sc onnec ted t o av e r t ica lg roove r u nn ing o n t h e b ack o ft h e s t a tue a nd i nw h ich t h e l e ad p i pe w a s f i xed ' 3 .F oun ta in s o ft h i s t y p e w e re b u i l t i nt h ep ub l ic s qua r e s o r i nt h e g a rden s b e long ing t o t h e c i ty ' s w e l l—o f f p eop le .

A no th e r c l e rk a tt h e d i spo sa l o f t h e t own ' s a dm in i s t ra t ion w a s T . F lav iu s A pe r h av ing t h e p o s i t ion o f s c r iba c o lon iae l4 5 . T he e n t i r e a dm in i s t ra t ive a ppa ra tu s , t h e h and ic ra f tc o rpo ra t ion s , t h e c o l lege s o re ven p r iva te p e r son s c ou ld a l d i spo se o f al awye r —d ef en so r —w ho se t a sk w a s t o d e f end t h e i r i n te r e s t s o n t r ia l s . C ra s su s Ma c rob iu s w a s t h e d e f end en to ft h e D ac ia A pu len s i s m e r chan t s w ho m u s t h ave d evo ted t oh im a na l ta re r ec ted o n as i te s e lec ted b y ad e c r ee p a s sed b y t h e o rde r o f d ecu r ione s f r om S a rm izege tu sa f o r h av ing w on a ni mpo r tan tt r ia l ''' .T he r ew a s ,t h en ,C o rne l iu s C ome l ianu s w ho e r ec ted i nU lp ia T ra iana a n a l ta r e ach t o t h eg odde s sN eme s i sR eg ina '4 7 a nd t h eg od M i th ra s1 48 . H e b o r e t h e t i le o f d ef en so r l e c t ica r io rum , d e f enden t o f t h e l e c t i ca r i i w ho p robab ly f o rmed a c o l lege ''' . I n R oman D ac ia t h e e x i s ten ce o f t h e l e c t ica r i i i sa t te s ted o n ly b y t h e i n sc r ip t ion C o rne l iu s C o rne l ianu s d evo ted t ot h e g odde s s o f J u s t ic e a nd w h ich f o cu s sed a t ten t ion o n a no the r p ub l ic s e r v ic e i nS a rm iz ege tu sa . T he l e c t i car i i d i d n o t manu fa c tu r e s edan— cha i r s b u t c a r r ied t h em . T h ey w e re g rouped i n a c o l lege o r ab u r eau a nd p rov ided t r an spo r t t o t h o se w ho c ou ld p ay t h e f e e , e i the r a bou t t h e t own o r t h e s u r round ing a r ea s ,i nd ay t ime l' . H yg iene a nd p ub l ic h ea l th a s w e l l a s t h e m i l i ta ry o ne w e r e p rov ided b y am ed ica l s e r v ice h av ing i t s o wn s y s t em o f l aw s . A ugu s tu s p a s sed t h e f i r s t r e fo rm f o r m i l i ta ry d o c to r s" ' a nd H ad r ian s pa r ed t h em t h e t a xe s a nd c ompu l so ry t a sk s ''' . O the r e mp e ro r s w e r e c once rned w i th t h e f a te o f d o c to r s a s w e l l g r an t ing t h em s p ec ia l a t ten t ion . A n ton inu s P iu s ' r e gu la t ion o ft h e y ea r 1 6 0 r e la t ive t ot own s

T he s e r v ice f o r k eep ing t h e r e co rd o f i n come s a nd t a xe s c o l lec ted f r om a l l o ve r t h e p rov in ce f u nc t ioned i n ab u i ld ing — t a bu lar ium p rov inc iae — b e long ing t o t h e f i nanc ia l p rocura to r o f D ac ia S upe r io r a nd l a te r o fD a c ia A pu len s i s , w ho a l so r e s ided i nS arm izege tu sa . T he s t a f fw a sq u i te l a rge i nn umbe r a nd , e xcep t f o rt h e h ead o ft h e o f f ice w ho w a s a n i mp e r ia l l i b e r t , a l l t h e c l e rk s w e r e e i the r f r om a mong t h e l i be r t s o r t h e s l ave s . Two t a bu lar i i p rov in c iae D a c iae A pu l ens i s h ave b een a cknow ledged . T he f o rme r , P r im i t ivo s b y n ame , s e t a n i n sc r ip t ion i n t h e t emp le o f t h e g od Ma lagbe l .T he l a t te r , C a rp ion , d evo ted a n i n sc r ip t ion t o t h e g od M i th ra s " a nd a n e p i taph t o h i s d ead s on ' C a rp ion w a s k nown a s t a bu lar ius p rov in c iae D a c iae A pu l en s i s a s a n i n sc r ip t ion f o und i nA pu lum 3 7 w he r e t h e t a bu la r ium p rov inc iae s e em s t o h ave h ad a n o f f ice ' , m en t ioned . S econd i n t h e h i e ra r chy w e r e t h e a d iu to r e s

a cqu i r ing d o c to r s a c co rd ing t ot h en umbe ro ft h e i ri n hab i tan t s i sn o tab le i nt h i s r e spec t . A cco rd ing t oi t ,t h e s ma l le r t own s c ou ld o n ly e mp loy f i ve d o c to r s ,t h eb i gge ro ne ss even ,a nd a s f o r t h e c ap i ta l s o f t h e p rov ince s a s m any a s 1 0 d o c to r s ( s a lar iar i i )1 5 3 .T he i r n om ina t ion d epended o n t h e o rde r o f t h e d e cur ione s a nd o n t h e a g r eemen t o ft h e l a nd lo rd s w h ich e x i s ted a nd e ve ry t own —o rd in ie tp o s se sso r ibus .

34

. T udo r , I s to r ia 1 39 I DR , I/ 2 , 1 92 , 1 93 , 1 98 , 2 47 , 3 73 , 3 95 , 3 96 , 4 03 ; D s c lava ju lu ii nD ac ia R omanä , B uc . 1 957 ,p . 13 . 1 40 MR ,I I / 2 ,3 86 ; D .T udo r ,o p .c i t . ,p . 13 . 1 4 1 I DR ,1 1 / 2 , 1 7 ; D .T udo r ,o p .c i t . ,p . 12 . 1 42 I DR , I/ 2 , 1 89 ; D .T udo r ,o p .c i t . ,p .1 09 . 1 43 MR , 1 1/ 2 , 3 07 ,2 17 ; D .T udo r ,o p .c i t . ,p . 10 . 1 44 I DR ,1 1 1/ 2 , 1 96 ; M . Mac r ea , o p .c i t . ,p .3 28 . 1 45 MR ,I I /2 , 1 87 ,2 55 ,2 64 ,4 57. 1 46 MR , I I/ 2 , 1 09 . 1 47 1 DR , I I 1 2 , 3 14 . 1 48 I DR , 1/ 2 ,2 79 . 1 49 C .D a icov ic iu , RE , X IV ,c o l .6 23 . i th t h e w ho le 1 50 R . A rd evan , A c taMN , XV I , 1 979 , p . 8 7-92 w b i b l iog raphy . mpe r ia le , R oma 1 51 A . C aza r in i , L a m ed ic ina el ' i g iene m i l i ta r e d iR om a I 1 940 ,p .3 -7 . 69 . 1 52 R .B lo ch ,J .C ou s in ,R oma id e s t inu le i . B uc . 1 985 ,p .1 ac ond i t ion d e s 1 53 DA , s . v . m ed icu s , p . 1 692 ; s e e a l so P .J a cque i , D e l m i ed ic in s ,P a r i s ,p .9 6 .

1 28 C .D a icov ic iu , D a c ia , 1 927-1932 , .p .5 36-537 . 1 29 D .A l icu ,A c ta l v iN , XV I I , 1 980 ,p .4 52-451 1 30 C .D a icov ic iu , o p .c i t . ,p .5 36 . 1 3 1 C . D a icov ic iu , A cm r r ,I V . 1 932-1938 , p .3 88 ; D u r ing a n e xcava t ion m ade b y H . D a icov ic iu a nd A . R u su i nt h ey ea r 1 980 i nt h ea r ea b e tween t h e s o c le f r om t h e Ay a rd a nd t h e w a l l b e tween t h e t wo y a rd s , i th a s b e en u ncove red t h ep ipe w h ich w a sp er f ec t ly f u nc t iona l . 1 32 Monum en t s ,p .1 59 . 1 33 D . I s ac , I .S t ra tan , B ana t ica , I , 1 973 ,p .1 27-128 ; Monumen t s ,p .1 59 . 1 34 I DR , 1 1/ 2 ,2 62 . 1 35 I DR , I I /2 ,2 77 . 1 36 MR , 1 1 /2 ,3 87 . 1 37 C IL , I I ,9 80 . 1 38 M . Mac rea ,o p .c i t . .p .1 60 .

1 2

T own—P lann ing i nS arm i zege tusa T he d oc to r s w e re i n ve s ted b y t h e c ur ia w ho a l so e s tab l i shed t h e i r i mmun i t ie s a nd w age s ' ' . L a rge ly , t h e d oc to r s w e re e i the r s l ave s o r f r eedmen a nd c ou ld b e e a s i ly f i red f o r c a re le s sne s sb yt h o se w ho h ad e mp loyed t h em .

o ve r w i th t h e p r ie s t—do c to r , t h e s i ck w e re p r esc r ibed t h e t r ea tmen t t o f o l low . T he i n cuba t io m e thod i sa l so c er t if ied b y a n a l ta r d evo ted e x v i so l i b (en te r ) b y L uc iu s B onon ius t o A e scu lap 's s ac red p owe r ' ' . C . J u l iu s Me t rob ianu s , w ho d evo ted A e scu lap a nd S e rap i s e ach a n a l ta r '6 3 a tA pu lum , w as I v i r c o lon iae S arm i zege tusae s acerdos d e i A escu lap i i

L ongu s o r L ong inu s as a lar iarus , d evo ted a n i n sc r ip t ion t o g od M i th ra s i nU lp ia T ra iana , w h ich w a s d i scove red i nt h e m i th reum 1 5 'i n 1 8 12 . I n t h e t h i rd c en tu ry . L ong inu s w a s b e long ing t ot h e m ed ica l b ody o f S a rm izege tu sa f i nanc ed b y t h e t own ''' . T he h i r ed d oc to r s d i f f e red f r om t h e p r ie s t s s e r v ing t h e h ea l ing g od s w ho a l so s e t d i ag no ses a nd c u red

o ne o fA escu lap 's p r ie s t s . D o c to r s a pp l ied t r ea tmen t s o r s aw t h e i r p a t ien t s a t t h e i r h ome s t o o a s w e l l a s i ns pec ia l p l ace s a nd n o t j u s t i n t h e a sk lep e ion . T he a sk lep e ion w a s u sed b y t h e d oc to r s h i red b y t h e c i ty . T he m ed ica l t o o ls d i scove r ed i nt h e a mph i thea t re a nd t h e s cho la g l ad ia torum ' p rove t h e e x is tence o f a

t h e s i ck i n s ide t h e t emp les ''' . T he d i scovery o f m ed ica l t o o ls '" a l ong w i th t h e e p i taph s1 59 , p o t ter y e x—vo to s 1" i n t h et emp le o ft h e h ea l ing g ods o fU lp ia T ra iana i sr e levan t i n t h is r e sp ec t . T he l a rge n umbe r o f l amp s , a round 2 .000 d i scove red o n t h e g round s o f t h e t emp le s p rove t h e p rac t ice

d o c to r ' s o f f ice f o r t h e g l ad ia to r s a mph i thea t re o ri ni t sp rox im i ty '"

f u nc t ion ing

i n

t h e

S a rm izege tu sa 's p ub l ic l i f e , t h e a dm in is t ra t ion o f i t s t e r r i to ry , i t s i n vo lvmen t i n t h e d ay t o d ay b u s ines s o f t h e e n t i re p rov ince , a l l l e d t o t h e e s tab l ishmen t o f t h e a bove

o f ad i ag no s is a nd c u re m e thod c a l led i n cuba t io l6 1 . T he s i ck s pen t t h e n i gh t i n t h e t emp le ( t h i s i s e xp lana to ry o f t h e p r esenc e o f t h e l a rge n umbe r o f l amp s l e f t b eh ind a s o f f e r ing s ) . Wh i le t h e s i ck w e re s l eep ing , t h e g od w a s t o i n d ica te t h e t r ea tmen t t h a t b e s t s u i ted t h e p a t ien t i no rde r t o s oo the h i s s u f f er ing s . T he f o l low ing d ay , a f te r d i scu ss ing i t

m en t ioned s e r v ic e s a cknow ledged .

1 54 DA , 1 . c . 1 55 Monum en t s ,n r . 1 58 ; ! DR 1 1 /2 ,285 . 1 56 C IL ,X I , 3 007 m en t ion s Med icu ss a la r iar iu sc i v i t a t i s . 1 57 H . D a icov ic iu a nd c o l lab . , S a rge t ia , X I-X I I , 1 974-1975 , p .2 55-228 ; H . D a icov ic iu , D . A l icu , o p . c i t . , XV I I I , 1 981 , p . 7 3-80 ; J .N ico lau s , S a rge t ia , XV , 1 981 , p .4 6-50 . 1 58 D .A l icu a nd c o i l : lb . ,A pu lu rn , 1 989 , p . 1 59 D .A l icu -S .C o s i s ,A pu lum , XV I , 1 990 p .2 28 . . 1 60 S .C oc i s ,A . P ak i , B ana t ica , 7 ,1987 . 1 6 1 DA , I I , 1 ,p .4 58-460 ( H .L echa t ) ; D .A l icu ,A pu lum , XX I I ,p .7 8 .

a nd

p o s s ib ly

o f

o t he r

n o t

y e t

1 62 1 DR , 1/ 2 ,159 . 1 63 C IL , I , 9 72 ,973 . 1 6 4 D .A l icu ,S .C oc i s , o p .c i t . , p .2 27 . 1 65 I .H . C r i san , i nA c te s d u x i i i" G ang re s i n t e rna t iona l d ' h i s to i re d e l a m ed ic in e , B uca re s t-Con s tanza , p .2 88 .

1 3

CHAPTER 3 I N IT IAT IVES I N BU ILDING

T he f o und ing a nd t h en d eve lopmen to f an ew R oman c o lony , i re sp ec t ive o ft h et y pe t ow h ich i tb e longed o rt h em e thod o f c o lon iza t ion c ho sen b y t h e I mp e r ia l o f f ic ia l s , p r e suppo sed a s pec ia l e d i l i ta ry e f fo r t o n b eha l f o f t h e s t a te a nd t h e c o lon is t s , e spec ia l ly d u r ing t h e f i r s t y ea r s f o l low ing t h e f o unda t ion . T he i d ea w a s t oc opy , o n as ma l le r s c a le , t h e p a t ter no f f e red b yR ome .

w h ich i tw a s e ng raved . T he m onumen t m u s t h ave b een o f g r ea tn ece s s i ty t ot h e t own a nd s o f am i l ia rt ot h e c i t izen s a s t on eg lec ts e t t ing as i gn o ni t . T h e s e cond p l a te , f r agmen ta r i ly p r eser ved , c on s i s t s o f af ew l e t te r s o u t o f w h ich t h e n ame o f e i the r e mpe ro r Ma r cu s A u r e l iu s A n ton inu s , C a raca l la o r E lagaba lu s c ou ld b e i n f e r r ed' .

T he e d i l i ta ry e f fo r t s w e re n o t e qua l ly s ha r ed b y t h e s t a te , t own , p rov inc e a nd p r iva te p e r son s . A s e a r ly a s s e cond c en tu ry A .D . t h e i mpe r ia l c on s t i tu t ion s w e r e a wa re o f t h i s s t a te o ft h ing s a nd t h ey d i f f e r en t ia ted p ro f o rma t o ob e tween t h e b u i ld ing s e r ec ted b y t h e s t a te a nd t h e r e s t . T hey r e ad a s f o l low s : ' Bu i ld ing o n t h e s t a t e ' s e xpen se s w i thou t t h e e mp e ro r ' s l e a se i si n te rd ic ted b y t h e c on s t i tu t ion" . T he b an a l so h ad i n v i ew t h e e ng rav ing o n t h e b u i ld ing o f t h e m ag i s t ra te s o r c l e rk s ' n ame s w ho f i nanced t h e b u i ld ing o pe ra t ion i n s tead o fo r a l ong w i th t h e e mpe ro r ' s n ame . T h e b an w a sn o t a pp l ied i nt h ec a se o fs epa ra t ion s ,e n la rgemen t s o ro t he r k i nd s o f a l te ra t ion s o p e ra ted o n t h e R oman s t a te ' s b u i ld ing s' .

T h e p l a ce w h e r e t h e t wo e p ig raph s h ave b een d i scove r ed i s n o t m en t ioned s o t h a t a ny a s sump t ion m ad e a s t o t h e d e s t ina t ion , h i s to ry a nd t h e p l a ce o f t h e b u i ld ing a r e v en tu r e some . T h e i n fo rma t ion r e f e r r ing t ot h e b u i ld ing s i nU lp ia T ra iana c ome s f r om d i f f e r en t s ou r ce s . I t c an c ome d i rec t ly o r i n d i r ec t ly f r om t h e i n sc r ip t ion s , i t c an b e f u rn i shed b y a r chaeo log ica l r e sea r ch t ow h ich e p ig raph ic d a ta a r e a dd ed . I tc an a l so b e p r ov ided b y a r chaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion a l on e o rb y s c u lp tu ra l m onumen t s w h ich s uppo se t h e e x i s tence o f b u i ld ing s w h ich s h e l te red o ru s ed t h em .

I n S a rm izege tu sa , t h e f i sc s ha r ing e d i l i ta r y e f fo r t s w a s i l u s t ra ted b yt wo p l a t e i n sc r ip t ion s w h ich m en t ion t h en ame s o f t h e e mp e ro r s w ho g r an ted p e rm i s s ion t o b u i ld ing e n te rp r i ses .

1 . D i r ec t e p ig raph ica l i n fo rma t ion o n n ew b u i ld ing s o r u l te r io r a l te ra t ion s u nde r taken o n s ome o f t h e b u i ld ing s i s e mbod ied b y 2 7 i n sc r ip t ion s o u t o f w h ich 1 9 r e f e r t on ew b u i ld ing s , 5t or e pa i r so ra l te ra t ion s a nd 2a r eo fa nu n ce r ta in n a tu r e( IDR ,1 /2 .2 5 . 2 6 ,2 42 ) .

T he f i r s t i n sc r ip t ion , w e l l p r e se rved , g i ve s i n fo rma t ion o n a p ub l ic b u i ld ing b u i l t b y t h e s t a te w i th t h e a g reemen t a nd u nd e r t h e d i re c t s u rve i l lance o f t h r ee e mpe ro r s —S ep t im iu s S eve ru s , C a raca l la , G e ta , b e tween 2 00-209 , t h a t i s t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e t h i rd c en tu ry' . T he i n sc r ip t ion h o ld s n o i n fo rma t ion a s t ot h e d e s t ina t ion a s s igned t ot h e b u i ld ing o n

L a rg e ly , t h e e p ig raph s s t a te t h e d e s t ina t ion a s s igned t ot h e b u i ld ing s ( wh en e r ec ted b y t h e t own 's p e r sona l i t ie s ) o r t h e a l t e ra t ion s t h ey u nde rwen t ( i n c a se o f o l d b u i ld ing s ) a c compan ied b y t h e n ame s a nd p o s i t ion s o f t h o se w ho f i nan ced t h ee n t e r p r i se s ,a sf o l low s :

A .N ew B u i ld ing s B u i ld ing 1 ? I DR , I 1 1 /2 ,2 1 ( PLV I I I /2 ;X IV / 1 ) 2

?

I DR , I 1 1 /2 .27 3 a ed e sa ugu s ta l ium I DR , I 1 1 /2 ,2 4 b u i ld ing ( a ed em ) I DR , I I I /2 ,6

F ounder

F ounde r 's p o s i t ion

L .S ep t im iu sS eve ru s M . A u r e l iu sA n ton inu sP i u s ( Ca raca l la ) P .S ep t im iu sG e ta

I mpe ra to re s

M . A u r e l iu sA n ton inu sP iu s ( Ca ra ca l la o rE lagaba l )

I mp e ra to r

M . P ro c i l iu sN ice ta M . P ro c i l iu sR egu lu s

d uumv i re tf l am en d e c (ur io )c o l (on iae )

M . P ompon iu s S eve r u s

d e c (ur io )c o l (on iae ) q uae s t (o r ) ,p a t (ronus ) c o l l (eg i i )f ab rum p a t (ronus )c o l l (eg i i )

M . U rb iu s V a le r ianu s

1C od . T heod . , x v , ( De o pe r ibu s p ub l ic i s ) , 1 ( a pud L H omo . o p . c i t . , p . 2 40 ) 2L H omo , 1 . c . 3 1 .P i so ,S a rge t ia ,X i I—X I I , 1 974-1975 ,p .6 5-66 ; I DR 11 2 ,2 1 .

4I .P i so ,A pu lum , XV , 1 977 ,p .6 55 ; I DR 1( 2 ,2 7 .

1 4

I n i t ia t ives i nB u i ld ing 5 t emp lum C ae l e s t is V irgo I DR , I 1 1 /2 ,17 ( PLV I I I /2 ) 6 t emp lum D i i sP a tr i i s I DR , I 1 1 /2 .18 ( 121 . V I I I /3 ) 7 t emp lum D ea R eg inae I DR , 1 1 1 /2 .19 8 t emp lum ( ? ) I DR , I 1 1 /2 ,20 ( PL IX / 1) 9 t emp lum D eae N eme s i I DR , I 1 1 / 1 ,p .238-239 ( PL IX / 5 ) 1 0 t emp lum D ianae I DR , I 1 1 /2 ,198 ( PL IX /2 ) 1 t emp lum ( ? )L ibero e tL ibe ra (e ) I DR , 1 1 1 /2 ,254 ( PL IX /3 ) 1 2 p o r t ico I DR , I I I /2 ,10 ( 131 . IX /4 ; X IV /3 ) 1 3 p o r t ico I DR , I 1 1 /2 .12 1 4 ? I DR , I 1 1 /2 ,22 ( 131 . X / 1) 1 5 A quae i nduc t io I DR , I 1 1 /2 ,8 ( 131 . X /2 ) 1 6 c ampus c um a d i t ibus I DR , I 1 1 /2 .9 1 7 s t a t era p ub l ica I DR , I 1 1 /2 ,14 ( 131 . X I / 1) 1 8 p avemen to f as qua r e I DR , I 1 1 /2 ,129 ( PLX /3 ) 1 9 ? I DR , I 1 1 /2 ,23

N emes ianu s

l i b rar ius

P .A e l ius T he ime s

d uumv ira l i sc o l (on iae )

M . C om in iu s Q u in tu s A n ton ia V a len t ina

p on ( t if ex )e t q (u inquena l i s )c o l (on iae )

A b raenu s , G o ra , B a r s [em ] , F lav iu s C a s s iu s , Ma r inu s , Max imu s

( s ace lrdo t (e s )

? ?

A e l iu s D iogene s S i l ia V a le r ia F e l ix?

a d iu t (or ) t a bu l (ar i )

?F lav ( iu s )G raec inus

[ pa t ]r onus [ ?DE ]CH I I [ co l leg i if ab ]r um

T .A ncha r iu s O c tav iu s

d e c (ur io )c o l (on iae ) p a tronus d ec (ur iae ) XV

M . V epon iu s Max imus

a ug (us ta l i s )c o l (on iae )

L .A n ton iu sD om i t iu sP r i scu s

[ ?d e c (ur io )d o l (on iae )

C n . P ap ir iu sA e l ianus A em i l ianus T u sc i l lus

l e ga tus p ro p rae to r e

M . I u l ius I u s tu s

d e c (ur io )c o l (on iae )

A e l iu s Max imu s I n genuv ius S upes tes

m ag is t ra t s( ? )

T .V a ren iu sP robu s

d uumv ira l ( i )e t q (u in )q (uenna l i ) c o l (on iae )

P .V ib id iu s V a len t inu s

a ed i l ( i s )e t q (u in )q (uenna l i s )

B .A lready E x i s t ing B u i ld ing s

B u i ld ing 1 A ed es A ugu s ta l ium 2 A ede sA ugus ta l ium I DR , I 1 1 /2 .5 ( P l .X 1 /3 ) 3 b u i ld ing ( a edem ) 4 L ibe rP a te rs t emp le I DR , I I I /2 ,11

N a ture o fA l tera t ion

F ounder a nd h i sP o s i t ion

p la s te r ,p a in t ing s ,I DR , I I I /2 .4 ( PLX I /2 ) s t a i r s

? ? a ug (us ta l is )

r ebu i ld ing ar u ined b u i ld ing

. .He rcu lanu s d ec (ur io c o l (on iae ) a ed i l ( ic ius )

r e bu i l t ac r umb led I DR , 1 1 1 /2 .7 ( 131 . X I I 13 ) b u i ld ing a nd e n la rged i t w i th p o r t ico s a nd ac u l ina!

L .A pu le iu s Ma r cu s d ec (ur io )q uae s ( tor )

r e bu i l t t h ep o r t ico s a nd t h ec ub icu lae o ft h e ( PL .X I I 12 ; X IV /2 ) t emp le

1 5

T own—P lann ing i nU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i zege tu sa 5

? I DR , 1 1 1 /2 ,13 ( PLX I I / 1 )

T .C laud iu sI a nua r iu s a ug (us ta l i s )c o l (on iae ) p a t r (onus )d e c (ur iae ) C laud iu s V e ru s

o rde r ed t h ep a in t ing o f t h ep o r t ico a nd t h e r e f ec to ry ;o rd e r ed t h e p ro—po r t ico st h ek i tch en a nd t h ef a çade

T he t y p e s o fc on s t ruc t ion s e r e c ted a tt h e p ub l ic e xpen se a r e v a r iou s b u t a l l s ha r ed ac ommon t r a i t : t h ey a r e o f g ene ra l i n te r e s t a nd a r e f o r t h e c i t izen ' s b enef i t . Mo s t o ft h em w e r e t emp le s ( A .5—A .10 ) d evo ted t oG r eek , R oman a nd O r ien ta l g od s . S econd i nl i ne w e r e t h e h eadqua r te r s o f p ro f e s s iona l c o l leges ( A .4 ) o r o f r e l ig iou s n a tu r e ( A .3 ) . L a s t c ame t h e p ub l ic b u i ld ing sw ho se f u nc t iona l i t ie sh ad b een o m i t ted ( A .1 , A .2 ,A .14 ) .

Mar t ius' . T h e f i e ld h ad b een f r ee o fa ny k i nd o fb u i ld ing i n t h e R epub l ican a ge , t o b e l a te r p opu la ted w i th p ub l ic a nd r e l ig iou sb u i ld ing so fe xqu i s i te p omp' . S ome o f t h e p rov inc ia l t own s b o r rowed t h e i d ea a nd o r gan ized t h e i r o wn f i e ld s — s e e t h e c i ty o f V e so t io ( Be sancon )i nG au l s. I n t h e c ap i ta l o f R oman D a c ia t h e e xcava t ion s p e r fo rmed N o r th o f t h e c i ty w a l l s a nd E a s t o f t h e a mph i thea t r e h ave p o in ted o u t t o al a rge a r ea s u r rounded b y aw a l l a nd w h ich w a sl a be l led ,f o rt h e t i me b e ing , a st h e ' s ac r ed g round s 's i nc e t h eb u i ld ing si n ve s t iga ted s of a rw e r ea l lo fr e l ig iou sn a tu r e °.

O ne o ft h e se p ub l ic b u i ld ing s w a s e r ec ted I nh ono rem d omu s d i v inae o n as i te e s tab l i shed b y ad ec r ee o ft h ed e cur ione s . P o r t ico s a nd s i ngu la r a r ch i tec tu ra l e l emen t s h av ing a n o r namen ta lr o le o rs imp ly a dded a sf u n c t iona l o r or namen ta l c omponen t s t os ome o ft h e b u i ld ing s , a r e m en t ioned b y t wo e p ig raph s( A .12 ,A .13 ) .

T he m agn e tome t r ica l t e s t s c a r r ied o u t w i th in t h e ' s a c r ed g r ound s ' h ave r e co rded t h e e x i s tence o f o t h e r b u i ld ing s a s w e l l , w h ich a r e t o b e f u r the r i n ve s t iga ted . S ome o f t h e e p ig raph ica ld i scove r ie s i nt h e a r ea l'a l lude t ot h ee x i s tence o fi mpo r tan tm onumen t sd evo ted ( a tl e a s to ne o ft h em )t ot h e c u l to fR ome o ro ft h ei mpe r ia lh ou se . A l though t h e a r ea h ad b een a n o pen o n e , f r ee o f b u i ld ing s , i n t h e c ou r se o f t h e s e cond h a l fo ft h es e cond c en tu ry i tw a se x tended s ou thwa rd s b y p u l l ing d own i t s s ou ther n w a l l o r u s ing i tf o r o t he r p u rpo se s .

T he f o rme r( A .12 )c ou ld b er e la t ed t ot h eh eadqua r te r so ft h e c o l lege o ft h ef ab r i ( A .4 ) w h ich h ad b een b u i l t b y t wo o fi t s p a t ron s , u nde r C a ra ca l la ' s o r E lagaba lu s ' m ie s . O ne o f t h e p a t ron s o f t h e XV th d e cur ia w h ich w a s p a r t o ft h i s c o l lege a dded a4 5 f e e tl o ng p o r t ico t ot h e b u i ld ing ; t h e l e ng th o ft h e p o r t ico b e ing m en t ioned b y T . A ncha r iu s O c tav iu s , c ou ld s ugge s t s t h a t i th ad b een o n ly p a r t ia l ly a c comp l i shed . T he r e s tw a st ob ec omp le ted b y ad i f f e r en tp e r son .

F u tu r e i n ve s t iga t ion s w i l l b e a b le t o p rove i tt h e a r ea h ad b een as o r t o fC ampus Mar t iu s t oS a rm izege tu sa . H oweve r , o ne t h ing i sc e r ta in : i ti st h e o n ly e x i s t ing f i e ld o f p ub l ic i n te r e s t w h ich h a sb een d i scove red , s of a r , a tS e rm iz ege tu sa . S u r round ing i tb y aw a l l m u s th ave e nvo lved al o t o fm oney — t h i s f a c t a l one c an j u s t i fy t h a t M . I u l iu s I u s tu s a c comp l i sh ed t h e w o rk i nh onou r o f t h e p on t if ica te h e h ad b een g r an ted .

S econd i n sc r ip t ion w h ich i s e ng raved o n a p o r t ico ' s a r ch i t rave d o e s n o t m en t ion i t s l e ng th , i n f e r r ing t h a t i tw a s c omp le ted a l ong w i th t h e r oo f b y o ne o f t h e c o lony ' s a ugu s ta le s . A s f o r t h e e d i l i ta ry a r ch i te c tu ra l w o rk s h av ing s pec ia l d e s t ina t ion , t h e r e a r e f o u r i n sc r ip t ion s r e f e r r ing t o t h em ( A .15—A .18 ) . T he f i r s to ne i si nc onne c t ion w i th t h eb u i ld ing o fa n a quaeduc t , t h e w o rk s b e ing f i nanced b y t h e p rov ince ' s g ove rno r h im se l f . T he f o l low ing o ne m en t ion s as pec ia l e d i l i ta ry e n te rp r i se : Ma r cu s I u l iu s I u s tu s c ampum c um s u i s a d i t ibu s c l u s i t s u r rounded t h e f i e ld a nd a l l a c ce s s t o i to b h on (o r em )p on t if ( ica tus ) o nh onou ro ft h e g r an ted p on t if ica te o bv iou s ly p roved t h a t t h e l a nd w a s n o t p r iva te p rope r ty b u t a tt own ' s d i spo sa l . T he w o rk h ad b een d one f o rt h e c i t iz en s ' b en ef i t . T he i n sc r ip t ion w a s f o und a mong t h e t own ' s r u in s a nd n o t i nt h e n ec ropo l i s o r e l sewhe r e —c on sequen t ly , t h e t own m u s t h ave b een w i th in t h e t own ' s l i m i t s . T he h i g h d en s i ty o f p opu la t ion a nd b u i ld ing s w i th in t h e c i ty w a l l s c anc e l st h ee x i s ten ce o fa ny f i e ld t h a tc ou ld b es u r rounded b y w a l l s . T he r e fo r e , t h i s f i e ld m u s t h ave b een s i tua ted o u t s ide t h ec i ty w a l l sa nd i tw a sd evo ted t oa c t ion so rgan ized o u t s ide t h e p ome r ium : m a ss m ee t ing s , s po r t s , c omp e t i t ion s , m an i f e s ta t ion s a nd r e l ig iou s p a rade s , t h e c en su s . I n R ome t h i st y p eo fa c t ion st o ok p l ac eo nC ampu s

Two c i t izen s , p robab ly m ag i s t ra te s , A e l iu s Max imu s a nd I n genuv iu s S up e r s te s 1' ,s t a r ted ap ub l ic w e igh ing m ach ine , s t a te ra p ub l i ca ( A .17 ) — as pec ia l e n te rp r ise o f s ma l le r p ropo r t ion s . T hey b u i l t ah ou se w he r e t h e m a ch ine w a s k ep t a nd w he r e ap ond e ra to r o r p ond e rar iu s' w o rked t h e m a ch ine . T he p l ace c ho sen f o r t h e b u i ld ing t ob e b u i l t m u s t h ave b een o ne w he r e c omme rc ia l t r an sac t ion s w e r e p e r fo rmed . T he l a s t i n sc r ip t ion ( A .18 ) m en t ion s ac ommon e d i l i ta ry e n te rp r ise ,u sua l ly n o t g r an ted i mpo r tance , t h a ti st h e p a r t ia l p av ing o f ap ub l ic s qua r e b y T . V a r en iu s P robu s . D . T udo r a s sume s t h a t t h e p av ing i n q ue s t ion r e f e r s t o t h e t own ' s F o rum ' . 3

6DA , I .2 ,p .8 65-867 . 7I d em ,o p .c i t . ,p .8 66 . 8I d em ,o p .c i t . ,p .8 67 . 9D .A l icu ,A pu lum , XX I I , 1 985 ,p .7 8-85 ( EM 1 4-17 ,2 4 ) . 1 0I DR , I I1 2 ,2 17 , 2 41 . 10 .F lo ca , Ma ter ia le , I ,1 953 ,p .7 64-766 . 1 2D .T udo r ,o p .c i t . ,p .2 24 . 1 3I d em , L a tomu s , XX I I I , 1 964 ,p .2 96 .

5I .I .R u s su , S td, I X , 1 967 , p .2 11-218 ; H . D a icov ic iu , i nS tud ia a n t iqua e ta r cha eo log ica ,I a e i 1 983 ,p .1 58163 .

1 6

I n i t ia t iv es i nB u i ld ing R ea son s f o r f i nanc ing b u i ld ing e n te rp r i ses v a r ied . T own ' s a c tua l n eces s i t ie s w e r e s o lved o u t e i the r b y t h e s t a te c on t r ibu t ing a l l t h e f u nd s t ob u i ld ing g oa l s ( A .1 , A .2 ) o r b y t h e i mper ia l a nd c i ty m ag i s t ra te s ( A .15 , A .17 , A .18 ) . Ma jo r r e a son s w e re p rov ided b y t h e m ag i s t ra te s ' d u ty t oc on tr ibu te money t ot h e c o lony 's u rban d eve lopmen t a nd e mbe l ish rnen t ( A .3 , A .4 , A .12 , A .14 , A .16 , A .18? , A .19 ) . T he re w e re c a se s w hen t h e m ag is t ra te s d evo ted t h e b u i ld ing s t h ey h ad e r ec ted t o t h e Empe ro r o r t h e i mp er ia l h ouse , o u t o f t h e i r d r ive t o p rove t h e i r d evo t ion . T hu s t wo p a t ron s o f t h e c o l l eg ium f ab rum , M . P ompon iu s S everu s a nd M . U rb iu s

t h e m e ssha l l o f ab u i ld ing w ho se d es t ina t ion h a s r ema ined u nknown . H is s on , C laud iu s V erus , b u i l t ap ropor t ico , t h e k i tchen a nd t h e b u i ld ing ' s f a çade ( B .5 ) . T he b u i ld ing c ou ld v ery w e l l h ave b een t h e o ne a nd t h e s ame w i th t h e c o l lege o f f abr it ow h ich o t he re p ig raph sr e f e ra sw e l l ( A .4 , A .12 ) .

V a ler ianu s ,c oop e ra ted i nf i nanc ing ab u i ld ing ( A .4 ) ,p e rhap s t h e a s soc ia t ion 's h ead q ua r te r s i t se lf , a nd d evo ted i t t o

Ac onc i se a na ly s is o f t h e se e p ig raph s r e f e r r ing t ob u i ld ing s w h ich w e r e f o und a mong t h e r u in s o f U lp ia T ra iana r e vea ls

e mpe ro r Ma r cu s A u re l iu s A n ton inu s ( Ca raca l la o r E lagaba l ) . L . D om i t iu s P r i scu s d evo ted h i s f ounda t ion t ot h e i mp e r ia l d yna s ty . S ca rce a s t h ey w e re , t h e re w e r e c ase s w hen p e r son s o f m ino r c ond i t ion , t h e m ag is t ra te s w e re n o t t h e o n ly o ne s t o i n du lge i nd evo t ing b u i ld ing s , w ho , h av ing

t h a t t h e f i nanc ia l e f fo r t o f t h e m ag is t ra te s o r s imp le c i t izen s i no rde r t oe r ec t b u i ld ing s o fr e l ig iou s i n te re s t o ro fr e l ig iou s n a tu re w a s o fs ome s ub s tance . I no rde r t oa f fo rd t h e c o s t s , i t o f ten o ccu r red t h a t t wo o r mo re o f t h e s ame f am i ly ,

T he d amage d one b y t h e Ma r coman s o f f e red t h e o ppo r tun i ty t oL . A pu le iu s Ma r cu s —d ecu r ion a nd q uae s tor — t or ebu i ld t h e p or t ico a nd t h e r ooms o f t h e t emp le d evo ted t o L ibe r P a te r ' ( B .4 ) .

c o l leagues o r p eop le h av ing c er ta in c ommon i n te res t s c oope ra ted . A s f a r a so u r i n fo rma t ion i sc once rned , w e h ave

r eached ah i gh f i nanc ia l p o s i t ion , b u i l t monumen t s f o rh av ing b een g r an ted ap o s i t ion o r ad ig n i ty o f s ome k i nd o r o t he r .

n ok now ledge o f as i ng le p e r son h av ing f i nanced t wo o r mo r e b u i ld ing e n te rp r ises .

T h is i st h e c a se o fF e l ix ( ? ) , a d iu to r t a bu lar ium , w ho b u i l t a t emp le d evo ted t oD iana ( A .10 ) .

F u r the r e v idence , c onc e rn ing t h e b u i ld ing s i np a r t icu la r , i sp rov ided t h e r e l ief s d evo ted t ot h e g od s ( t he n o t b een a l l i d en t if ied y e t a nd

Mo r eo f ten t h an n o tt h er e a son sf o rb u i ld ing monumen t s w e re p e r sona l . M . C om in iu s Q u in tu s a nd h i s w if e , A n ton ia V a len t ina , b u i l t at emp le d evo ted t ot h e g oddes s R eg ina f o r t h e h ea l th o fh i s mo the r— in— law , C laud ia V a len t ina " ( A .7 ) .

e x i s tence o f r e l ig iou s b y t h e v o t ive a l ta r s a nd r e l ig iou s b u i ld ing s h ave s ome h ave b een o n ly

s up er f ic ia l ly i n ves t iga ted a nd w i thou t d raw ing u p t h e i r

P .A e l ius T he ime sw an ted t op rove h i sg r a t i tude t ot h en a t ive d e i t ie s a nd d evo ted a t emp le t o t h e f a the r g od s Ma lagbe l , B ebe l lahamon , B enefa l a nd Manava t ( 6 ) . A e l iu s D iogene s

p l an s ) . T he e x i s tence o f at emp le d evo ted t o t h e c ap i to l in s ac red t r iad o r t o J up i te r" w a s c ompu lsory i n a t own o f

a nd S i l ia V a ler ia k ep t t h e i r v ow s m ade t o ad e i ty a nd d evo ted a t emp le t o N emes i s ( 9 ) . N emes ianus , a n o b scu re

S a rm izege tu sa 's p o s i t ion . B es ide s t h e l o g ic o ff a c t s , t h e r e a r e s e ve ra l c a r v ing s , r e l ief s a nd l a rge— s ize s t a tues ( t he l a t te r

b u tr a the rr i ch c l e rk ,d evo ted at emp le t oC ae les t is V i rgo ( 5 ) . P e r sona l r e a son s l a y a tt h e b o t tom o f f ound ing o f at emp le ( ? ) d evo ted t oL ibe r P a te r a nd L ibe ra b y F lav iu s G raec inu s ,

r e p resen t ing t h e g od i nt h e ' Ve ro sp i '1 8 h ypo s tas is a nd f i f teen v o t ive a l ta r s d evo ted t o I O W' , a l l o f w h ich h ave b een d i scove red a mong t h er u in s o ft h e a n t ique t own a nd p l ead f o r

t o o .

t h ee x is ten ce o f at emp le d evo ted t oJ up i te r . H oweve r , t h e r ea son s f o r h av ing b u i l t at emp le ( A .8 ) b y t h e P a lmy rean p r ie s t s r e s t u nknown — a t o ken o f f a i th t o t h e

T he d i scovery o fs eve ra l r e l ief s ( b ea r ing i n sc r ip t ion s ) w h ich

e mp e ro ro ro fw o r sh ip o f ag od t h ey s e r ved ,o rl i ke ly b o th .

r e p resen t t h e e a r th g od s , P lu to a nd P ro serp ina , t h e mo s t i mpo r tan to ne b e ing a n i t em d i scove red w h i le i n ve s t iga t ing a

S uch o pe ra t ion s a s p r e ser v ing , r epa i r ing o r a do rn ing o ld

b u i ld ing ' , s e r ves G . T 6g lä s , t h e h ead s uperv i so r o f t h e e xcava t ion s , a st h e m a jo r a r gumen t i nb e l iev ing t h e b u i ld ing

b u i ld ing s w e r e s e ldom m en t ioned i ni n scr ip t ion s s i n ce t h ey w e re q u i te c ommon a nd f r equen t . I ti st h e e n te rp r ise s w h ich

t ob e at emp le . H oweve r , t h e l o ca t ion o ft h e monumen t i ss o u nce r ta in t h a t i t h a s b een i mpo ss ib le t o i d en t ify i t s

r equ i red s ub s tan t ia l f u nd s i no rde rt ob ec a r r ied o u tt h a t w e r e f a vou red b yi n scr ip t ion s .

p o s i t ion 2 1 . Two o t he r b u i ld ing s , t h e i r p o s i t ion a l so u n iden t if ied , h ave

O u t o f f i ve i n scr ip t ion s d i scove r ed i n S a rm izege tu sa a nd w h ich m en t ion s im i la r o pe ra t ion s , t wo r e f e r t o t h e

b een c on s ide r ed t o b e t emp le s d evo ted t o Ma lagbe 12 2 ,a n o r ien ta l g od . T he i d en t if ica t ion w a s r e nde r ed p os s ib le b y t h e

e mbe l l ish ing o ft h e P a lace o ft h e A ugu s ta le s w i th p a in t ing s , s t a i rca se s , s t a tue s , c u r ta in s a nd b ronze c hande l ie r s ( B .1) , a nd t ot h e r ebu i ld ing o ft h e e d if ice i nr u in s" ( B .2 ) . A no the r b u i ld ing i nr u in s w a s r ebu i l t b y ad ecu r ion a l so a ed i l ic ius o f t h e c o lony — H e r cu lanu s . H is a c t d i d n o t l im i t t o mak ing r epa i r s b u ta l so c on s i s ted o fa l te ra t ion s o ft h e o r ig ina l d es ign b y a dd ing ap or t ico a nd ac u l ina ( B .3 ) . T . C laud iu s I a nua r iu s , a ugu s ta l a nd p a t ron o f t h e f i r s t d ecur ia o ft h e c o l lege o ff abr i d i d t h e p a in t ing a nd a r ranged

v o t ive a l ta r s d evo ted t o Ma lagbe 12 3 w h ich w e re f ound i nt h e 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0

H . D a icov ic iu , I .P i so , RRH , XV I , 1 977 ,p .1 55 s qq . H . D a icov ic iu , D .A l icu ,A c taMN ,X IX , 1 982 , p .6 9 . Monumen t s ,n r .4 6-54 . D . I s ac ,A c ta MN , X I , 1 974 ,p .7 0 . G . T eg lä s , AE , XXXV I I , 1 907 , p .3 68-370 ; H . D a icov ic iu , D . A l icu , o p . p .6 8 ; Monumen t s , 1 06-109 . 2 1 C . D a icov ic iu , D a c ia , I ,p .2 63 ,n r . X I I ; H . D a icov ic iu , D . A l icu , o p . c i t . , p .6 8 . 2 2 G . T eg lä s , HTRTE , I , 1 883-1884 , p .8 7 ; i d em , HT , I ,1 902 , p . 1 62 ; i d em , HTRTE , V I , 1 890 , p . 1 30 ; i d em , E rdMuz , V I I , 1 890 , p .3 92-392 ; C . D a icov ic iu ,o p .c i t . , p .2 29-230 . 2 3 I DR , 1 11 2 ,265 ,264 .

1 4C .D a icov ic iu ,A c taMN , I I , 1 966 , p .1 56-157 . 1 5 I .P i so , S tC I , XV I I I , 1 979 ,p .1 41-144 .

1 7

T own—P lann ing i nU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i zege tusa c ou r se o f t h e e xcava t ion s . T he se t wo b u i ld ing s h ave b een p a r t ia l ly i n ve s t iga ted , b u t t h e i r p l an s h ave n o t b een m ade p ub l ic 2 4 .A no the r s ou r ce o f n o te i sp a r t o f t h e s t a tue s a nd c a rv ing sw h ich c ou ld v e ry w e l l b er e la ted t ot h ee x is tenc e o f r e l ig iou sb u i ld ing s . G .T 6g lg s , ad i l igen tm emb e ro ft h eD eva H i s to r ica l S o c ie ty , m ade g ood u se o f s ou r ce s o f t h i s k i nd a nd l o ca ted a d o l i chenum i nt h es ou th—we s ter nc o rn e ro ft h ec i ty . H eh ad i n v i ew ar e l ief r e p r e sen t ing V ic to r ia , af r equen t i mage o ft h e d o l ichen ean i c onog raphy ' . S ome d e cade s l a te r , af r agmen t o f a n i n sc r ip t ion ' ( A .8 ) w a s d i scove red i nt h e s ame a r ea . T he i n sc r ip t ion m en t ion s a t emp le e r ec ted b y P a lmy r ean p r ie s t s . T he i n sc r ip t ion l a ck s t h e d ed ica t ion a nd o ne c anno t i n f e r w hom t h e t emp le h ad b een d evo ted t o . T he c o r robo ra t ion o f t h e t wo t y pe s o f s ou r ce s —t h e i c onog raph ic a nd t h e e p ig raph ic —l e ad s t ot h e e nhan c ing o f t h e r a te o f p robab i l i ty o f l o ca t ing a t emp le d evo ted t oJ up i te r D o l ichenu s i nt h e s ou th—we s t er n p a r t o f t h ec i ty ' . C ybe le , H eca te t r i fo rm i s a nd H e r cu le s w e r e t h e g od s w o r sh ipp ed i n S ann izege tu sa a nd t h ey a r e r e p r esen ted b y m a rb le s t a tue s o fc on s id e rab le s i ze , s ome e ven o ve r s iz e' . H ypo the t ica l ly , t h e s t a tue s c ou ld h ave b e longed t o t h e i n ven to ry o f r e l ig iou s i t em s o f t emp le s w o r sh ipp ing t h e a bove m en t ioned g od s . T he mo s t e xhau s t ive i mage o n t h e e ndeavou r s i n D ac ia ' s m e t ropo l i s i s e nab led b y t h e d i r ec t a nd t h o rough i n ve s t iga t ion o fb u i ld ing s t ow h ich e p ig raph ica l i n fo rma t ion w a s a dded . T h i s f o r tuna te s i tua t ion o c cu r r ed i nf ou r c a se s o n ly : — T he P a lace o f A ugu s ta le s — i t h a s b een i n ve s t iga ted t o ag r ea te x ten tf r om a na r chaeo log ica l p o in to f v i ew . T h e f ound ing i n sc r ip t ion w a s d i scove red a cc iden ta l ly

2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8

H . D a icov ic iu , D .A l icu , L c . G .T 6g I s i s , HT , I .1 902 ,p .7 3 ; Monumen t s ,n r . 1 37 . C .D a icov ic iu , D ac ia , I .1 924 , p .2 50-251 ; I DR , I/ 2 , 2 0 . H . D a icov ic iu , D .A l icu ,o p .c i t . ,p .6 6-67 . Monumen t s ,i i . 1 33 , 3 ,4 0 .

1 8

( A .3 ) a nd o t h e rt wo i n sc r ip t ion s r e la ted t ot h e d eco ra t ing o f t h e p a lac e a nd t h e r e bu i ld ing w hen i nr u in s w e r e d i scove red d u r ing t h ee xcava t ion s . —T h e S y r ian t emp le . I th a s b een i n t eg ra l ly d ug o u t . T he i n sc r ip t ion r e f e r r ing t ot h i se n te rp r ise w a s d i scove r ed i n t h ec ou r se o ft h ee xcava t ion s( A .6 ) . —T h e T emp le o fN eme s i s —p a r t ia l ly d ug o u t . T h e i n sc r ip t ion r e la ted t ot h e i mp rovemen t o f t h e p o r t ico a nd o f t h er oom sw a sd i scove red i nt h ec ou r se o ft h ee xcava t ion s . W i th e ach o f t h e se c a se s e i the r t h e o ne o r t h e o t he r o f t h e a bove m en t ioned e l emen t s i s i n comp le te . A r chaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion i si n ad ef ic i tw i th t h eP a lace o ft h e A ugu s ta le s a nd t h e t emp le o fN eme s i s i nS ann izege tu sa i sq ue s t ionab le . T he T emp le o f L ib e r P a te r l a ck s t h e f o und ing i n sc r ip t ion . N eve r the le s s ,t h ed a te w eh ave i np o s ses s ion ( a r chaeo log ica l a nd e p ig raph ica l ) o nt h e f o u r monumen t s a r ec omp lemen ta r y a nd c an b ee n r iched b yp roceed ing w i th t h e i n ve s t iga t ion s o r b yn ew d i s cove r ie s . A no the r s ou r ce o f g r ea t i mpo r tanc e r e la ted t o t h e c i ty ' s e d i l i ta ry d eve lopmen t w a s m ade a va i lab le b y t h e s y s tema t ic a r chaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion o f t h e u r ban t e r r i to ry . T h e p roce s s s t a r ted i n 1 973 u nde r t h e q ua l i f ied s u rve i l lance o f t h e c e leb ra ted p ro f e s so rH . D a icov ic iu . I nt h ec ou r se o ff ou r e xcava t ion c ampa ign s , t h i r teen b u i ld ing s h ave b een i n teg ra l ly d ug o u t ( E M 1-22 , EM 2 4 ) , t h r ee b u i ld ing s a r e s t i l l u nd e r i n ve s t iga t ion ( t he h o r r eum , t h e d omu s p ro cura to r i s , EM23 ) .O the rb u i ld ing sh ave b een i d en t i f ied b y t e s t ing ( EM 3 -7 ) ,t h ec r a f t smen d i s t r ic th a sb een l o ca ted a nd p a r t ia l ly i n ve s t iga ted , a s w e l l a s as e cond n e c ropo l i s t ot h e w es t o f t h e T own a nd a r chaeo log ica l i n ves t iga t ion w a s c a r r ied o u t i n t h e e a s te rn n ec ropo l i s . T he u ncove red monumen t sw e r e a tt h es ame t i me c on so l ida ted a nd r e s to r ed . O ne c an a dd t o a l l t h e se t h e v e r ify ing e xcava t ion s i n t h e f o rum , A ed e s A ugu s ta l ium a nd t h e t emp le o f N eme s i s .

CHAPTER 4 THE BU ILD INGS

T he n a tu re o ft h e b u i ld ings e i the r e xcava ted o ro n ly a t te s ted i nS a rm izege tusa c an b e e s tab l i shed a cco rd ing t ot h e i r p l an ,

b o th t os ou th a nd e a s t w i th o ne m o re w ing . T he s ou th w ing i n c ludes s i x r oom s ( 9-14 ) w i th d i f f er en t u t i l i t ies . Two p raef urn ia ( P l .XX ) e n su red t h e s upp ly o f h o t a i r f o r t h e h ea t ing o f t h ree r ooms i n c onnec t ion w i th e ach o t he r ( PLXV I I I /2 ) . O ne r oom 's f l oo r w a s a mo sa ic ( 131 . XV I I I / 1 ; P l .X IX ) . A mo sa ic o f g r een g r i ts tone a nd m a rb le i sa l so t o

t h e a r chaeo log ica l m a ter ia l f ound d ur ing t h e e xcava t ion s a nd t h ea na lys i so ft h ei n scr ip t ion s . T h e b u i ld ing s k nown u p t od a te , c an b e c l a ss if ied a s : p ub l ic b u i ld ing s ( f o rum , t h ermae , a mph i thea t re , A ed e s A ugus ta l ium ) , t emp les , b u i ld ing s o f a s p ec ia l n a tu r e , d we l l ing s , w o rk shop s a nd f u nera ry monumen t s . P ub l ic b u i ld ing s , t emp le s a nd d i scu ssed s epa ra te ly .

f u ne ra ry

c on s t ruc t ion s

w i l l

b e f ound i nt h e r oom o n t h e s ou thea s ter n c or n e r . T he e a s t w ing h a s ab i g c ou r t , p aved w i th g r i t s tone s l ab s , p a le s tra ( 1 8 ) , at a nk w i th aw a te r r e ser vo i r ( 1 5 ) , t wo r ooms ( 16 ,17 ) a nd t wo l a tr inae ( 1 9 ,20 ) , w i th ac o l lec to r t a nk ( 2 1) . O u t s ide

b e

t h e b u i ld ing , o n t h e w es ter n a nd n o r ther n s i de s , ac hanne l w i th s t one w a l ls , p aved w i th b r ick s , c o l lec ted w a te rf r om t h e t a nk s , t h e r oo f a nd t h e w a s te f r om t h e l a t r inae . S cho la

I .B u i ld ing so f as pec ia ln a ture

g l ad ia to rum o ccup ied t h e a nnexe s t o t h e w es t EM 1 2 a nd EM 1 3 .

T hese a r e b u i ld ing s o f s pec ia l i n te res t , p robab ly e r ec ted b y t h e a rmy o r t h e m un ic ipa l i ty , w i thou t e xc lud ing t h e p o ss ib i l i ty t h a t t h ey w e re f i na nced b y p r iva te p e r son s , a s w e l l . S ome a r e t h e h eadqua r te r s o f c l o sed g roup s o r

EM 1 2 i s as imp le b u i ld ing ( P l .XX I /2 ) a lmo s t s qua re ( 9 .1 x 8m ) w i th t wo p ha ses o f c on s truc t ion ( P 1 .XX I I ) . I nt h e f i r s t p ha se , i th ad o n ly o ne r oom , p aved w i th c oc c iope s to . I nt h e n ex tp ha se i sw a s l e ve l led w i th y e l low s o i l a nd d eb r is , a nd a w a l l w a s e r ec ted , d i v id ing t h eb u i ld ing i n to t wo r oom s o n t h e n o r th— sou th d i rec t ion . T he b u i ld ing i sc on tempo ra ry w i th t h e

p e r sona l i t ie s w ho s t ayed b u t al im i ted t ime i n t h e t ow n , w i thou t b e ing i n teg ra ted i n to i t s l i f e , o r w a rehou se s f o r c e r ea ls .

s e cond p ha se o f t h e S cho la g l ad ia torum , i t s s ou th—ea s te rn c o rne r p ar t ia l ly o ve r lapp ing t h e w e s te rn c hanne l o f t h e

A l l t h e se b u i ld ing s h ave a s c ommon f e a tu re s t h e i r a b so lu te n ece ss i ty i nt h et own a nd t h e l im i ted a c ces s t ot h em ,r e ser ved

s cho la . I n al a te r e po ch t h e b u i ld ing i st r ave r sed o n t h e N—S d i r ec t ion b y t wo c hanne ls o fr i ve rb ed s t ones , w i thou t mor ta r . B o th c hanne ls b r eak t h e s ou the rn a nd t h e n o r the rn w a l ls o f

t of o r ac e r ta in g roup o fc i t izen s . I nS a r rn izege tu sa t h ree s u ch b u i ld ing s h ave b een u ncove r ed o r a r e s t i l l u nde r e xcava t ion s : s cho la g l ad ia to rum , d omus p ro cura to r i s ,a nd ah or reum .

t h eb u i ld ing . EM 1 3 ( P l .XX I I ) i ss i tua ted n or th o f EM 1 2 a nd h a s f ou r p ha se s , t h e f i r s t t wo b e ing o f t imbe r . F rom t h e f i r s t p ha se ,

1 .S cho la g l ad ia to rum ( P l . XV I I )

t h e t r ace o f t imb e r w a l l w a s d i scove red ( t he b a se b eam ) p r in ted i nt h e y e l low s o i l . I tr e p re sen t s t h e s ou the rn w a l l o f t h e b u i ld ing , t h e s ou th—ea s ter nc or ne r a nd p ar t o ft h e e a s ter n

EM 1 w a s e xcava ted d u r ing t h e y ea r s 1 975-1977 ' . T he c on s t ruc t ion i s t o b e f ound t o t h e n or th—ea s t o f t h e a mph i thea t r e . I t sd e s igna t ion h a sb een i d en t if ied b o th t h rough

s i de . T he b u i ld ing w a s n o t p aved i nt h i s f i r s t p ha se a nd n o

i t s p rox im i ty t o t h e a mph i thea t r e a nd t h rough i t s p lan ( P l . XV I ) , w h ich i s am ix tu r e o f ap r iva te d we l l ing a nd t h e

o rgan iza t ion .

t h enna e . T he g ene ra l d imen s ion s a r e : 3 8 .5 x 2 5 .3 m . I t i n vo lved t wo m a in p ha se s o fc on s t ruc t ion . I nt h e f i r s t p ha se , t h e r e w a s ar e c tangu la r b u i ld ing o f 2 8 .2 x 1 .5 m . , t h e

I nt h e s e cond p ha se t h e b a se b eam s a r e p laced o n al a ye r o f

f i rm s t a temen t c an b e m ade a bou t i t s d imens ion s o r i n ter io r

s ma l l r i ve r b ed g r ave l . T he b u i ld ing i s d i v ided i n to f ou r r ooms , p aved w i th o pus s i gn inum w h ich w a s c a s t a f te r t h e c on s t r uc t ion o f t h e f ounda t ion . T he r ooms 1 a nd 2 a r e s ma l le r( 3 .25 x3 . 5m , 3 . 25 x2 . 25 m r e spec t ive ly ) , r oom 3i s b i gge r ( 3 .6 x 6 . 1 m ) a nd h ad t h e n or th—wes ter n c or n e r d e s t royed . F o r r oom 4 n o f i rm d imen s ion s c ou ld b e e s tab i l i sed . T he w e s te rn l i m i t o f t h e b u i ld ing i sn o t c e r ta in ,

e n t ran ce b e ing ma rked b y t wo p i l la r s a nd af l igh t o f m a rb le s t ep s o n t h e e a s ter n s i de . T he p lan i s s ymme tr ica l t o a c en t ra l y a rd ( 8 ) w h ich h a s ar oom t ot h e w es t ( 3 ) . T he re w a s a no the r r oom ( 1 ) t o t h e s ou th , w h ich s h e l te r ed a s ma l l p raef urn ium , a nd t wo o t he r r oom s , o ne w i th ah ypo caus tum ( 2 2 ) . Two b a th ing p oo l s w i th c o ld w a te r ( P l .XX I / 1) w e re

e i the r .

p l aced t ot h e n o r th ( 4 ,7 ) o ne d eepe r t h an t h e o t he r ( 7 ) b e ing I nt h e t h i rd p ha se , t h e t imbe r b u i ld ing w a s d emo l ished a nd a

p e r hap s aw a te r t a nk , a nd t wo s ma l le r r oom s ( 5 ,6 ) . A t a c e r ta in t ime ( mayb e a f te r 1 70 ) t h e b u i ld ing w a s e n la rged

s t one b u i ld ing w h ich d i dn o tr epea t t h e f o rme ro ne ' s p lan w a s e r ec ted . T he f ou r th p ha se i s r a the r as ub—pha se ; i t c on s is t s o f s upp lemen ta ry d i v i s ion so ft h er ooms f r om t h e t h i rd p ha se .

1H . D a icov ic iu a nd c o l lab . , S a rge t ia , X IV , 1 979 , P . 1 39-143 ; D . A l icu , SC IV , 2 8 , 1 ,1 977 , p . 11-117 ; i d em , A c ta MN , XV I I I , 1 981 , p .4 26430 ; i d em ,J ah re sbe r ich te a us A ugs tu nd K a i se raugs t , L ie s ta l 1 983 , p . 1 24-130 . 2H . D a icov ic iu a nd c o l lab . , o p .c i t . , p . 1 42 .

1 9

T own—P lann ing i nU lp ia T ra iana S ann i z ege tusa T he s e cond p ha se h a s b een d a ted i nt h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry a nd t h e b eg inn ing o ft h e t h i rd c en tu ry w i th a c o in f r om F au s t ina . S o , t h e f i r s t p ha se m u s t h ave b een e r ec ted i nt h ef i r s ty ea r so ft h es e cond c en tu ry . T he n o r th—we s te rn p a r t o f t h e b u i ld ing w a s c omp le te ly d e s t royed b y ac on s t r uc t ion f r om o u rc en tu ry . EM 1 3 s e em s t o h ave b een , a tl e a s t b y t h e m idd le o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry , t h e d we l l ing o fa ni n d iv idua l w ho r e sponded o rw a s i mp l ied i nt h e a c t iv i t ie so ft h ea mph i th ea t r eo rS cho la g l ad ia to rum a nd EM 1 2 , w h ich p roduced al a rge q uan t i ty o f a n ima lb ones ,c ou ld h ave s e r ved a s ac ag e .

( P l .XXV I I I /2 . XX IX ) , t h e t wo b eam s i nt h e w a l l f o rm ing a s uppo r t f o r t h is c r o s s—p ie ce . I nt h e a r ea s w i thou t v en t i la t ion h o le s ,a pp rox ima te ly a bove t h e f l oo r ,b e tween t h eb u t t r e sse s , t wo o r i f ic e s a r e s i tua ted w i th ad i ame te ro f8 10 c m w h ich g o a l ong t h e e n t i r e w id th o f t h e w a l l ( P l .XXV /2 ) . T he p u rpo se o ft h e se h o le s i sd i f f icu l t t od e te rm ine . T h ey c ou ld s e r ve f o rv en t i la t ion o rc ou ld b e t r a ce s o fs ome i n s ta l la t ion s u sed b yt h eb u i ld ing sd u r ing t h ec on s t ruc t ion o ft h eb u i ld ing . T he t wo c r o s s s e c t ion s w h ich w e re e xcava ted t h rough t h e b u i ld ing i n 1 980 p roduced a g r ea t q uan t i ty o f b r ick s a nd t i l e s , 18 b ea r ing t h e s t amp s o f t h e l e g ion I V F lav ia F e l ix a nd s om ew i th p r iva te s t amp s' . T he g r ea t q uan t i ty o f m i l i ta ry s t amp ed t i l es , t h e p l a cemen t o ft h eb u i ld ing a nd i t st y p ica l ly m i l i ta ry a r ch i tec tu r e a r eo n ly af ew a r g umen t s a s t ot h e p a te rn i ty o f t h e l e g ion u pon t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h a t e d i f ic e' . I nt h i s c a se t h e b u i ld ing w a s b u i l t b e tween t h e w a r s a ga in s t t h e R oman s o r i mmed ia te ly a f te rt h ec onque s to fD ac ia . A f te rt h ed epa r tu re o ft h e l e g ion c i v i l ian a u tho r i t ie s t o ok o ve r t h e h o r r eum a nd m ayb e t h e p l acemen to ft h eh eadqua r te r so ft h ef i nan c ia lp ro cu ra to rw a s n o tf o r tu i tou s ly c ho sen i ni t sp rox im i ty . T he b u i ld ing i st ob e e n t i re ly e xcava ted a nd p r e se rved i nt h en ex ty ea r s .

2 .D omus p rocu ra to r i s T h i si s ab u i ld ing s i tua ted b enea th t h ew a l l so ft h et own i ni t s n o r th—ea s te rn p a r t . T he e xcava t ion h e r e s t a r t ed i n1 979 a nd t h en o r th w ing o fw ha tw a s l a t e rn amed d omu sp ro cura to r i s4 w a s c onven t iona l ly n amed 0 02 5 ( P l .XXX I I I ) . T he b u i ld ing c on s i s t s o f n ume rou s r oom s , c ou r tya rd s , p o r t ico s , a nd s e ve ra l p ha se s a nd s ub—pha se s o fc on s t ruc t ion . I to c cup ie s a g r ea ta r ea o fa ni n su la a nd i ti ss t i l lu nde re xcava t ion . I th a s b een i d en t if ied a sD omus p ro cura to r i s h av ing i nv i ew t h e n ume rou s i n sc r ip t ion s f o und i na r ea s a c ra , n o r th o f t h e m a in b u i ld ing , a l l v o t ive i n sc r ip t ion s e r ec ted b y f i nanc ia l p ro cu ra to re so fD a c ia A pu len s is 6 .

A s e cond h o r reum w a s i d en t if ied t o t h e e a s t o f D omu s p ro cu ra to r i s' . I th a s s ma l le r d imen s ion s t h an t h e o ne j u s t d e sc r ib ed a nd w a s p robab ly b u i l t l a te r b y t h e c i v i l ian a u tho r i t ie s .

3 .H o r r eum I .T he Dwe l l ing s

T h i s w a s a l so i d en t i f ied i n1 979 i nt h e n o r th—we s te rn p a r to f t h e t own , 3 0 m s ou th o f t h e n o r the rn w a l l o f t h e t own , p e rpend icu la ro n t h e v i ap rae to r ia 7.I th a s al e ng th o f5 6 .40 m , ab r ead th o f 2 0 .60 m a nd w a l l s 1 . 201 .40 m t h ick ( P l .XX I I I , XX IV ) . S t rong b u t t r es se s p rop u p t h e w a l l s b o th o n t h e l o ng a nd t h e s ho r t s i de s . I nt h e i n ne rp a r t , t h e g r ound f l oo r w a s l o ng i tud ina l ly t r ave r sed b y f i ve p a ra l le l w a l l s w h ich s uppo r t t h e f l oo r . T he e x te r io r w a l l s w e r e e qu ipped w i th v en t i la t ion h o le s , s i tua ted b e low t h el e ve lo ft h ef l oo ra t a lmo s te qua ld i s tanc e s .

T h i sm o s tn ume rou sc a tego ry o fb u i ld ing i sa tt h e s ame t ime t h el e a s te xcava ted . P r iva te h ou se s w e r e s ub jec ted t o a s e v e r e l e g i s la t ion c oncer n ing t h e c ond i t ion i nw h ich t h ey c ou ld b e l e t , r e pa i red a nd t h e r i gh t s a nd o b l iga t ion s o f t h e l a nd lo rd s a nd o f t h e t e nan t s . V e spa s ian h ad f o rb idden t h e d emo l i sh ing o f t h e h ou se s i no rde r t os t op t h e t r a f f ic i nb u i ld ing m a te r ia l s a nd e spec ia l ly t oe n su r eg r ea te rd we l l ing s pa ce .

T he a i rh o le s w e r e e ach c ove r ed b yt wo w ooden b eam s w i th am ax imum l e ng th o f 2 . 9 m , aw id th o f 4 2-48 c m a nd a t h ick n e s so f2 0-28 c m ( P l .XXV I I I / 1 ) .T he b eam s ,p a ra l le lt o t h et wo f a c e so ft h ew a l l( i n te r io r—ex te r io r ) ,d i dn o tc ove rt h e w ho le w id th o f t h e h o le , t h e re w a s as pa ce o f 3 0 .35 c m b e twe en t h em w h ich w a s f i l led w i th b r ickwo rk ( P l .XXV / 1 . XXV I , XXV I I / 1 ) . A tt h ee nd so ft h eb eam ,o nt h ei n s ide ,a ta d ep th o f8 6c mt h ep r in t so ft h ec r o s sb eam s w h ich s uppo r ted t h ef l oo ro ft h eb u i ld ing w e r ef o und ( P l .XXV I / 1) . I nt h ea r ea s w he r e t h e r e w e r e n o a i rh o les , t h e p r in t s o ft h e c r o s s b eam s w e r e f o und a lmo s t i nt h e c en t re , b e tween t h e t wo b u t t r e s se s ( P l .XXV 1 /2 ) . T he d i s tan ce b e tween t h e c r o s s b eam s i nt h e p a r t sw i th v en t i la t ion d uc t si sd oub le t h a to ft h o se i nt h es o l id p a r t s . T h i s s i tua t ion i s u n l ike ly a nd s o w e p r e sume t h e e x i s t en ce o f a c r o s s b eam r i gh t a bove t h e a i r h o le

T ra jan h ad p u t al i m i t t ot h e max imum h e igh t o ft h e h ou se s w h ich c ou ld n o te xceed 6 0 f e e t ( 1 7 .7 m ) t h e m in imum b e ing 1 0 f e e t ( 2 .95 m ) a nd H ad r ian h ad f o rb idden t h a t d eco ra t ive o rnamen t s o ro t h e r m a te r ia ls , c omponen t s o f ah ou se s hou ld b e l e f t a sl e gacy . T h ee n t i r ee f fo r to ft h es t a te i nt h ep rob lem o f d we l l ing s w a s g u ided t owa rd s k eep ing t h e h ou se s w h ich a l ready e x i s ted i nb e s tc ond i t ion s ,e n su r ing r e pa i r ing i nt ime , t h ee l im ina t ing t h e i n f lammab le m a te r ia l s a nd t h er e sp ec t ing o ff i nanc ia ll e g i s la t ion w h ich r e f e r r ed t ot h em ' 1. I nS a rm iz ege tu sa , i n t ra m uro s , n o d omu s ( p r iva te h ou se ) o r i n su la ( at e nemen t h ou se d i v ided i n to s e ve ra l a pa r tmen t s — c ana cu la —w h ich w e r e l e tt ot h et e nan t s , i n qu i l in if o r ag i ven l e ng th o f t i me , b y ac e r ta in l a nd lo rd , d om inus i n su lae ) h a s 8I d em , MCA , B ra sov 1 981 ,p .2 46-247 , 2 52 . 9L P e tcu le scu , S aa lb Jah rb ,4 3 , 1 987 ,p .7 2 . 1 0I n fo rma t ion A l D iacone scu . 1 L .H omo , R om e i mp 6 r ia le e tl ' u rban i sm e d an s l ' an t iqu i tk , P a r i s 1 951 , p . 5 52-637 .

3H .D a icov ic iu a nd c o l lab . , MCA ,O radea 1 979 ,p .2 32-233 . 4T he i d en t if ica t ion w a sm ade b y I .P i so . 5H .D a icov ic iu a nd c o l lab . , MCA .T u lcea 1 980 ,p .2 79 . 6I .P i so ,Z PE , 5 0 , 1 983 ,p .2 33-251 . 7H .D a icov ic iu a nd c o l lab . ,o p .c i t . ,p .2 78-279 .

2 0

T he B u i ld ing s b een e n t i re ly e xcava ted . O n t h e o t he r h and v i l lae w e re e xcava ted o ri d en t if ied e x t ra m uro s .

i n fo rma t ion w h ich a l ready i n 1 924 C . D a icov ic iu f ound u nu sab le a s t h e b u i ld ing c ou ld n o t b e l o ca ted o n t h e p lan m ade b yh im ' 8.

T he m o s t a nc ien t d ocumen t c on ta in ing a m en t ion o f a p o ss ib le h ouse d a te s b ack t o 1 773 w hen , s omewher e u nde r t h e r u in s , ap o l ich rome mo sa ic w a s d ug o u t ' 2.N o r e f e rence t ot h ep l acemen to rt h ed imen s ion o ft h eh ouse a r em ade . T he d i scovery o fc e r ta in mo sa ic s k nown a s ' T he J udgemen t o fP a r i s ' a nd ' Ach i le ' s I mpor ta t ion t oP r iam" e nab led u s t o h ave i n fo rma t ion o f a no the r b u i ld ing w h ich w a s p a r t ia l ly

T he a u tho r o f t h e e xcava t ion s , 0 . Ma j land , made s ome r e sea r ch i nt h e f i r s t b u i ld ing w h ich c on ta ined o n ly o ne r oom w i th ap er ime te r o f 1 0 m . b o rde red w i th wa l ls 5 c m t h ick a nd p r e ser ved a t ah e igh to f 1m . T he d e scr ip t ion o fi ts how s t h a t i th ad t h e f o rm o fa n e l l ip se w h ich c e r ta in ly i ss t range f o r aR oman r oom . T he p r esence o f a n a p se a to ne e nd o f t h e r oom c anno t b e e xc luded , t h a t w h ich w ou ld h ave s ugges ted t ot h e a u tho r t h is e l ip t ic s hape a nd w ou ld h ave c ompe l led h im t o g i ve u s t h e r oom ' s p er ime te r a nd n o t i t s l e ng th a nd w id th . T he r oom w a s p aved

e xcava ted . T he d i scovery d a tes b ack t o 1 823 a nd t h e p l acemen t o f t h e e d if ice i sn o t c l ea r ly s hown . T he b u i ld ing w a s s i tua ted n o r th o f t h e f o r t if ied p r ec inc t s , t ot h e r i gh t o f r oad w h ich l e d t ot h e r a i lway s t a t ion . I ts e em s t ob e o ne o f t h e l u xu r ious v i l la s w h ich a s f a r a s w e k now f o rmed t h e n o r ther nl im i to ft h ec o lony .

w i th o pu s s i gn inum v ery s t rong a nd w e l l p reserved . I n t h e r u in s w e re f ound h ea t ing p ip e s , l a rge b r ick s , mo sa ic o f h exagona l ly s haped ma rb le , mo sa ic o f b r ick s w i th r ounded e nd s , f r agmen t s o f mo sa ic s l ab s b ound w i th mor ta r t o b r ick s" . A l l t h e se d i scover ies p r e suppo se t h e e x is tence o fa h ypo cau s tum e qu ipped w i th p i lae m ade o fp o t tery t u b es a nd

T he t wo mo sa ic s f o und i n 1 823 a nd d es t royed i n 1 832 c on s t i tu ted t h e c en t ra l p ane ls o ft h e p avemen t o ft wo r oom s , t h e o n ly o nes w h ich w e re i n ve s t iga ted ( d imen s ion s o f t h e r oom s : 1 8 .8 x6 . 32 m . ; 6 .66 x6 . 38 m .r e spec t ive ly )' .

w i th ap avemen to fb r ick s f r om ma rb le h exagona l mo sa ic .

S po rad ic r e sea rch h a s b een m ade i n S a rm izege tu sa d u r ing

0 . Ma j land p r esumes t h a t t h e w a l l o f t h e r oom w a s l i ned

t h e y ea r s 1 773-1823 . T hu s , i n1 8 17 ab u i ld ing w a s p a r t ia l ly

w i th ma rb le . B u th e d id n o t f i nd a ny i ns i tu . We t h ink r a the r t h a t t h e ma rb le s l ab s a l so c ame f r om t h e p avemen t , t h a t i s f r om t h e b o rde r o ft h e mo sa ic . Aw a l l s hou ld n o t h ave b een f i r s t l i ned w i th b r ick s a nd a f terwa rd s w i th ma rb le , as y s tem

u ncove red , o f w h ich o ne r oom w a s p aved w i th b r ick s a nd w a s f i t ted w i th a h ypo caus tum ' ( h ea t ing p ipe s , p raef urn ium , a sh ) . C . D a icov ic iu c ons ide red t h a t t h e b u i ld ing s e r ved a s ab a th a nd d i dn ' t k now w he r e i tw a s s i tua ted ' . O f c ou r se , t h e h ea t ing i n s ta l la t ion s w e re p ermanen t i nt h ermae ,

w h ich w a s n e i the re conom ica l n o ru sefu l f o r ar oom w h ich i s l i ved i n . T h i s s y s tem c an b e u sed , i n f requen t ly , i n t h e c on s tr uc t ion o fw a te rt a nk s o rb a th s .

b u t t h ey w e re a l so v ery f r equen t i np r iva te h ou ses t oo , a nd , a tl e a s t i nS a rm izege tu sa , t h ey a r e t ob e f ound i nt h e g r ea t m a jor i ty o f t h e v i l la s e x tra m uro s . T hu s , t h e c hance o f t h e b u i ld ing t ob e as imp le h ouse a nd n o t ab a th i st h e s ame . I n 1 823 M . J .A ckne r , b rough t t o l i gh t a no ther e d if ice i n t h e

T he s e cond b u i ld ing o f w h ich Ma j land a l so e xcava ted o n ly o ne r oom a nd w h ich p roduced s ome s t amped b r ick s , b r ick s a nd p a in ted p l a s te r w a s s i tua ted i n t h e e a s te rn p a r t o f t h e v i l lage 7 0 mn o r th o ft h e m a in r oad ' .

i n ne r p a r t o f t h e t own . H is r e sea r che s r e sumed t o u ncove r o n ly o ne r oom w h ich w a s o r ien ted S E—N W , p aved w i th p o l ich rome mo sa ic . I t s d imen s ion s w h ich s hou ld b e o f t h e r oom a sw e l l w e re 8 . 15 x6 .45 m 1 7 . T he r oom w a s p la s te red

I ts e ems w e a r e d ea l ing w i th o ne o f t h e v i l la s w h ich f o rmed t h e n o r the rn e dge o ft h e T ra jan ic c o lony . I n s ide t h e p re c inc t , i n t h e s ou th—ea s te rn p a r t' , i n 1 913 B . J ano p a r t ia l ly

a nd d eco ra ted b y r ed l i nes . T he f ounda t ion o f i t s w a l l s w a s o f r i ve r b ed s t one s b ound w i th mo r ta r . T he d i scovery o f b r ick s d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion p r e suppo ses t h e e x i s tence o f

u ncove red a d we l l ing i n w h ich h e d i scove red f r agmen t s o f m o sa ic , b r ick s , ac o in f r om t h e r e ign o f S ep t im iu s S eve ru s

w a l ls m ade o f o r w i th b r ick s ( o pus m ix tum ) . T he b u i ld ing w a s c ove red w i th t i l e s . A ckne r p l aces i ti n ' t h e y a rd o f N a la t z i n ob leman ' , ap rope r ty w h ich c ou ldn ' t b e i d en t if ied i n

a nd af r agmen to fa ni n scr ip t ion .

t h e a c tua l s t ruc tu re o f t h e v i l lage . B u t t h e m o sa ic h av ing c a ref u l ly b een c ove red b y t h ef i nde r , w i l lb er e—d iscove red i n t h e f u tu r e , d u r ing as y s tema t ic p rog ramme o fr e sea rch . T hen w i l l a l so b e f i rm ly e s tab l i shed i ft h e r oom b e long s t o a

S a rm izege tu sa a r e o f f e red b y t h e a r chaeo log is t s f r om t h e

p r iva te h ou se o rt o ap ub l ic e d if ice .

I n 1 883 P . K i rä ly a nd G . T eg lä s c a r r ied o u t at h o rough r e sea r ch o nt h r ee b u i ld ing s , a l l s i tua ted e x t ra m uros 2 3 .

A v e ry f ew d e ta i ls h ave b een p r eser ved i d en t if ica t ion o ft wo b u i ld ing s i n1 906 .

a s

Mo r e d e ta i led i n fo rma t ion o n R oman p r iva te b u i ld ing s i n H is to ry S oc ie ty i nD eva , w h ich w a s f ounded a tt h ee nd o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry 2 2 .

t o t h e

O ne o f t h ese w a s o n t h e p rope r ty o f I o n Mun teanu ,

1 .T he f i r s t b u i ld ing ( P l .XXX ) w a s s i tua ted s ou th o f t h e R oman r oad a nd p a ra l le l t ot h e n o r ther n w a l l o f t h e a nc ien t t own , a nd f a c ing n o r th . T h i sb u i ld ing p robab ly c l o sed t h er ow

1 2J .B enkö , HTRTE ,X I I ,P . 8 5 ; C .D a icov ic iu , D ac ia , I ,1 924 , P . 2 27 . 1 3I .B e rc iu ,A pu lu rn , I V , 1 96 1 , p .1 57 s q qw i th t h e w ho le b i b l iog raphy . 1 4G .T eg l i i s , HTRTE , I X , 1 987 , p .1 218 . 1 5 LS zäd ec sky ,G r6 fB e th len L a jo sö n 6 le t le in i sa ,C lu j 1 908 ,p .4 5 . 1 6C .D a icov ic iu , e c i t . , p .2 30 . 1 7 MJ . A ckne r , R e i se n ach V a rhe ly . . . , i nT ran s i lvan ia , I ,2 , 1 833 , p .2 692 70 . F o r t h e d e sc r ip t ion a nd i n te rp r e t a t ion o f t h e m o sa ic , s e e I .B e rc iu , o p . c i t ,p .1 65-170 .

1 8C .D a icov ic iu , o p .c i t . , p .2 31 . 1 90 . M ay land , HTRTE , XV I I , 1 907 , P . 4 8-49 . 2 0I b id em . 2 1 C .D a icov ic iu , o p .c i t . , p .2 3 , n o . XX I I I o nt h ep l an f r om p .2 63 . 2 2 D .A l icu , R evMuzMon , 1 ,1 988 , P . 6 6 , n o te 7 6 . 2 3P .K i rä ly , D ac ia P rov inc ia A ugu s t i , I ,N agybec ske rek 1 894 , p .1 52-164 .

s.

2 1

T own—P lann ing i nU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i zege tu sa o fe d if ic e s w h ich d oub led t h e e a s te rn w a l l o ft h e t own ' . I t s e x te r io r d imen s ion s w e r e 3 x1 7 m . T he l i v ing q ua r te r s w e r e i nt h e w e s ter np a r t ; a n L — shap ed y a rd , 1 5 .5 m b r oad , w a ss i tua ted a tt h ee a s te rn p a r t .

f ew d imen s ion s g i ven e nab led u s t o c a l cu la te t h e m i s s ing d imen s ion s .

T he n o r ther na nd e a s ter nw a l l so ft h e y a rd w e r e5 0c m t h ick , w h i le t h es ou the rn o ne w a s7 5 c m . T he a c ce s s f r om t h e s t r ee t i n to t h ey a rd w a sm ade t h rough ag a te ( 1 )4 . 75 m w ide . T h e b u i ld ing i t se l f h ad a l so t wo e n t rance s f r om t h e s t r ee t ( 4 ,7 ) . T he f i r s t e n tranc e ( 4 ) w a s i n to r oom ' a ' o f b i g d imen s ion s ( 6 x1 0 m ) w h ich h ad t wo o t he r d oo r s , o n t h e e a s ter ns i de ( 2 ) a nd o n t h e s ou th er ns i de ( 3 ) w h ich l e d t ot h e y a rd . T he r oom w a s c onnec ted w i th t h e r oom ' b ' , b y a c o r r ido r 1 0 ml o ng a nd 4m w ide w h ich l e dt ot h ey a rd b yt h e e n t rance 5 . T h es e cond e n t ran ce ( 7 ) f r om t h e s t r ee tl e d t or o om ' c 'w h ich c ommun ica ted w i th b o th c o r r ido r ' b 'a nd r oom ' d ' . T h i s l a s t r oom w a s , l i ke r oom s ' aa nd ' b 'i nd i r ec tc on nec t ion w i th t h e y a rd . F rom r oom ' d ' ad oo r( 9 ) l e d t o s ma l le rr oom ' e '( 4 x5m ) . R oom ' f( 3 x3 . 1 m ) w a s i s o la ted a nd s e em s t oh ave b een o n ly a n o u t b u i ld ing . T he ' g 'r e ce s s w a s c on s ide r ed b y t h e a u tho rt ob e al a t r ina .

T h e b u i ld ing i sc ompo sed o f t wo b ack t ob a ck b u i ld ing s ( i n t h ed e sc r ip t ion o ft h e e d i f ice t h e r e i sn o m en t ion o fd i f f e r en t p ha se s , t h ough a ppa ren t ly t h e s ou ther n b u i ld ing s e em s t o h ave b een a l a te r a dd i t ion , t h a t i sa n e n la rgemen t o f t h e b u i ld ing . I ti sm en t ioned t h a tn o r th a nd s ou th o fi t ,t h e r ew e r e b u i ld ing s , j o ined t o t h is o ne o f d i f f e r en t d imen s ion s ) . T he n o r the rn o ne w a s 2 1 .7 m l o ng a nd 1 5 .3 m w ide a nd h ad a m a in e n t ran ce a nd t wo s e conda ry o ne s o n t h e w e s te rn s i de a nd t wo o t he re n t rance o nt h ee a s te rn s i de . T he ma in g a te ' c( i anu s ) o pened i n to a5m l o ng a nd 1 . 75 m w ide c o r r ido r 1 ( f auce s ) w h ich l e dt oa na t r ium 1 2 , w i th t h e d imen s ion s6 . 25 x6 . 50 m .T he a t r ium h ad ac omp luv ium 1 3 , w h ich w a s p aved , a nd o f 1 . 5 x1 . 5 md imen s ion s . O n ly t h r ee s i de s o f t h e a t r ium h ad r oom s w i thou t c onn ec t ion w i th t h e e x te r io r . T he a r ch i tec t , d ep r iv ing t h e h ou se o f ap e r i s ty le d oe s n o t r e sp ec t a ny m o r e t h e t r ad i t iona l s c heme o f t h e a r rangemen t o f r o om s i n aR oman h ou se . T h i s f a c t i sn o m o r es u rp r is ing i nt h e2 nd c en tu ry . T h i s i st h e r e a son w hy i n t h e p l an w h ich w e h ave a to u r d i spo sa l , ap r ec i se d e l inea t ion o fd es t ina t ion o f e ach r oom s hou ld b e a r b i t ra ry , e spec ia l ly a s t h e m o s t e l emen ta ry a r chaeo log ica l d a ta a r e m i s s ing A cco rd ing t ot h e t r ad i t iona l s c heme ,r oom 1 9s hou ld h ave b een at a b l inum b ecau se o fi t s p o s i t ion i n f r on t o f t h e m a in e n t ranc e . B u t i t s s ma l l d imen s ion s o f 2x3 . 20 m a nd e spec ia l ly t h e f a c t t h a t i t c ommun ica ted w i th a p o s s ib le b a ck y a rd e l im ina te t h i s p o s s ib i l i ty . H av ing i nv i ew t h es o c ia lf u nc t ion o ft h i sr oom i n aR oman f am i ly — d epo s i t o f t h e f am i ly a r ch ive s a nd i mpo r tan t d o cumen t s — a nd c omp le te ly e l im ina t ing t h e a r ch i t ec tu ra l a spec t o f i t , t h e m o s t s u i tab le r oom f o r t h i s p u rpo se w ou ld b e r oom 1 8 a .R oom 1 9 w ou ld t h en b e a c u l ina , i nd i rec t r e la t ion w i th t h e f ood s upp ly w h ich w ou ld n o t h ave e n t ry t ot h e m a in g a te b u t as e conda ry e n t rance ' d a nd t h e b a ck y a rd , 2 1 . Sma l l r oom s 2 2 a nd 2 3 c ou ld h ave b een l a t r inae , t h e se i n s ta l la t ion s b e ing g en e ra l ly s i tua ted n ea rt h ew a sh—hou se o rt h ek i t chen .

2 .T he s e cond b u i ld ing ( P l .XXX I ) w h ich w a s e xcava ted t h e s ame y ea r c omb in e s a lmo s t a l l t h e c ha rac te r i s t ic f e a tu r e s o f aR oman h ou se ' . U n fo r tuna te ly , P . K i rä ly d oe s n o t g i ve a ny c l ue s a st ot h ep o s i t ion o ft h i sb u i ld ing i nt h et opog raphy o ft h e a n c ien tt own a sh eh ad d one f o rt h eo t h e rt wo b u i ld ing s e xcava ted b yh im ,o ne s i tua ted s ou th o ft h eR oman r o ad , t h e t h i rd n ea rt h et h e rmae . I tc ou ld b et h a tt h eo m i s s ion i sd ue t ot h ef a c tt h a tt h i ss e cond b u i ld ing w a s i ni mmed ia te p rox im i ty t ot h ef i r s to ne ,s ou th o r n o r th o fi t .T he o r ien ta t ion o ft h ef i r s tb u i ld ing e a s t—we s ta nd t h e e x i s t ence o f t h e e n t ranc e t oi t s n o r the rn s i de , s o o n i t s f r on t , a r e c l ue s a s t o i t s s i tua t ion p a ra l le l t o a nd i n t h e p rox im i ty o ft h ei mpe r ia lr oad . T h e s e cond b u i ld ing w h ich i so r ien ted n o r th— sou th h ad t wo f r on t s , b e ing s i tua ted b e tween t wo s t r ee t s , w h ich a r e o r ien ta ted n o r th— sou th , t o o . T h i s s i tua t ion i st ob e f o und i n t h ee a s ta nd t h e a b sen ce o ft h ef r on tage so nt h es ho r ts i de so f i t , p u t ac e r ta in d i s tance b e tween t h e b u i ld ing a nd t h e i mpe r ia l r oad . T ak ing i n to a c coun t t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e i sn o m en t ion o f t h e b u i ld ing b e ing s i tua ted n o r th o ft h e r o ad a nd t h a t i t s l o ca t ion w a s n o t n ece s sa ry b e cau se o fi t s p rox im i ty t o t h e f o rme r b u i ld ing ( 1 ) , i tc an b e c onc luded t h a t t h i s s e cond b u i ld ing w a s s i tua ted s omewhe r e i n t h e e a s ter n q ua r te r , p robab ly i nt h e e a s te rn r ow o fb u i ld ing s , h av ing i t s m a in e n t rance f a c ing t h e t own .

T r i c l in ium c ou ld h ave b een r oom 1 4 , w h i le r oom s 1 5a nd 1 6 c ou ld h ave b een b ed room s , o e c i . C ub i cu lae w e r e a l so r oom s 1 7 a nd 1 8 . T he s ame p a r t o f t h e e d if ic e i n c luded t h re e t a be rnae , t wo o n t h e w e s t er ns i d e 7 -8 a nd 9 -10 a nd o n e o n t h e e a s ter n s i de 5 -6 . A l l o f t h em w e r e c ompo sed o f t wo r oom s . I ts hou ld b e m en t ioned t h a t t h i s i st h e f i r s t t a be rna ( r oom s 9 -10 ) i n w h ich a w a l l 2 . 25 m t h ick h a s b een u n cove r ed . I ts epa ra ted r oom s 9( 4 x3 . 25 m )a nd 7( 4 x4 . 24 m ) .

T he v e ry f ew d a ta o f f e r ed b y t h e e d i to r a r e n o t s u f f ic ien t t o g i ve a p rop e r i mage a bou t t h e c on s t ruc t ion . T h e a u tho r r e sumed h i s o b se rva t ion s t o t h e e s tab l i shmen t o f t h e u s ef u lne s s o ft h e r o om s . T he p ub l ica t ion o ft h e p l an a nd t h e

S ou the rn p a r t o ft h e b u i ld ing i s a1 2 .75 m l o ng , b e ing d r awn e a s twa rd b y 4 . 9 m . I tc on s i s t s o f t wo t a b e r nae 3 a nd 4 o f e qua l d imen s ion s 4 . 5 x4 . 5 m a nd a mode s t a pa r tmen t o f t h r ee r oom s ( 103 ) , a c ce s s ib le f r om t h e e a s t ; i tw a s p robab ly d e s t ined t ob el e t . 3 .T h e t h i rd b u i ld ing ( P l .XXX I I ) w a s e xcava ted i nt h e s ame

T he s t one s o c le m u s t h ave b een s uppo r t o f s ome f i r ep la ce e i the rf o rc ook ing o rf o rb r ead b ak ing .

2 4D .A l icu ,o p .c i t . ,p .6 7 . 2 5 U go E n r ico P ao l i , V i ta r c x tu tna ,F lo ren ta 1 945 ,p .7 1-93 .

2 2

T he B u i ld ing s c ampa ign a nd w a s s i tua ted s omewhe re n ea r t h e t h ermae b e tween t h e a mph i thea t re a nd t h eR oman r oad . I tw a s 15 m l o ng a nd 4 . 5 m w ide a nd c on s is ted o f t h r ee r oom s a nd t wo d oo r s . P robab ly t h e f r on t o ft h e e d if ice w a s o r ien ta ted t ot h e s ou th s o t h ee d if ic e w a s p a ra l le l t ot h eR oma nr oad . R oom 1 w a s i s o la ted f r om t h e o t he r t wo ( 203 ) w h ich w e r e i n c onnec t ion . T h is b u i ld ing c ou ld h ave b een a t abe rna o r a mode s td we l l ing .

p re ser ved ' . Mak ing at h o rough a na ly s is o ft h e t e x t o f0 . F lo ca , w e n ow p ropo se a no the rr e la t ive c h rono logy o ft h ee d if ice . I nt h e f i r s tp ha se ( P l .XXXV I / 1) t h e b u i ld ing c ons is ted o ft wo r ooms ( A—B ) i nt h ee xcava ted p a r t . T hey w e re s i tua ted i nt h e SW c or ne ro ft h ee d if ice , w e r ep aved w i th o pus s i gn inum a nd h ad t h e w a l ls p l a s te red a nd p a in ted .

4 .I n1 924 C . D a icov ic iu p a r t ia l ly u ncove red ab u i ld ing ( EM 1 0 ) ( P l .XXX I I ) , 1 50 m e a s t f r om t h e R oman f o r t a nd 3 8 m s ou th o f t h e p re sen t v i l lage r oad ' w h ich i sp a ra l le l t ot h e R oman o ne ,a bou t 1 2 mn o r th o fi t .T he b u i ld ing , i n ves t iga ted

N o r th o f t h em t h e r e w a s a no the r r oom , D , o f b i gge r d imen s ion s , b u t w i th a s im i la r p avemen t . I t s d imen s ion s r ema in u nk nown . N e i the r i s i tk nown w he the r o r n o t i t o ccup ied t h e e n t i r e s pace b e tween t h e e as ter n a nd w es tern

b y C . D a icov ic iu w a s p robab ly p a r t o ft h e s ame l i ne a s t h e e d if ice n o .2 ,e xcava ted 4 0y ea r se a r l ie rb yP .K i rä ly .

w a l ls o ft h e v i l la . E a s t o f r ooms A a nd B t h e re w a s a l so a no the r b i gge r r oom ,

T he b u i ld ing , o r ien ta ted n o r th— sou th i n vo lved t wo p ha se s o f c on s t ruc t ion . D u r ing i t s f i r s t p ha se , i th ad t h e s hape o f a n i r regu la r q uad r i la te ra l b e ing d i v ided i n to t h ree

w i th p avemen t i d en t ica l t o t h e o ne f r om r ooms B a nd D ( P l .XXXV I I / 1) . T h is o ne i sr oom E .

c ompa r tmen t s , b y t wo p a ra l le l w a l l s 4 5 c m t h ick w h ich p robab ly h ad t h e e l eva t ion m ade o u t o fb r ick s . T he e x ter io r w a l ls w er e 8 0c m t h ick a nd w e r em ade o f mo r ta rb ound r i ve r b ed s t ones i nt h et e chn ique o fo pus i n ce r tum .

R oom G s e ems t o h ave e x is ted i n t h e f i r s t p ha se . I n t h e s e cond o ne ( P l .XXXV I 12 ) a n i n s ta l la t ion o f h ypocaus tum i s b u i l t i nr oom A ( P l .XXXV I I I ) a nd a p avemen t o f p o t tery t ambou r s i s l a id d own i n t h e w es ter n p ar t o f r oom E . A c tua l ly t h is p ha se s hou ld b e c on s ide red as ubpha se o f t h e f i r s t p ha se , b ecau se i td o e s n o t i n vo lve c hanges i n t h e

T he f i r s t r oom w h ich f ac ed w es t w a s i ni t s t u rn d i v ided i n to t wo s ma l le rr oom s A( 3 .10 x 1 . 90 ) a nd B ( 2 .90 x 1 . 80 m ) b y ap avemen t 2m w ide , made o f t wo l a ye r s o f s t one b ound w i th p oo r mo r ta r . T h i s p avemen t c ou ld m a rk a c o r r ido r w h ich e n su red a cce ss t o t h e b u i ld ing f r om o u t s ide . A t a nk w i th t h e w a l ls a nd t h e b o t tom p aved w i th m a rb le s l ab s w a s f ound i nt h er oom o rt h en i che B ( P l .XXX I I ) .

d i s tr ibu t ion o rt h ed imen s ion s o ft h e r ooms . I nt h e t h i rd p ha se ( P l .XXXV I /3 ) t h e Zw a l l i se r ec ted a bove t h e p avemen t o f p o t ter y t ambou r s a nd t h e h ypocaus tum , a s w e l l a s t h e i n ne r w a l l s o f t h e r oom s A a nd B a r e e l im ina ted . T he t r ead ing l e ve l i sr a i sed i nt h e w ho le b u i ld ing a nd t h e n ew ly c r ea ted r oom i nt h e SW c o rne r i sp aved w i th b r ick s ( P l .XXXV I I /2 ) . Wha t w a s l e f t o f r oom E w a s p aved w i th b r ick mo sa ic i n

R oom D , o f t r apezo id s hap e , p roduced ab r ick c on s t ruc t ion j o ined t o t h e w es te rn w a l l w h ich w a s s im i la r t o aR oman

p a rque t ry f o rm .

g rave a nd w as c on s ide red a ss uch ' . P robab ly a tt h is t i me a l so r oom D i sd i v ided b y t h e w a l l Z I nt h e s econd p ha se , t h e c on s t ruc t ion i se n la rged w i th r ooms Fa nd E a nd p robab ly o t he r r oom s t owa rd s t h e s ou th . T he o n ly p ar t ia l e xcava t ion o f t h e b u i ld ing , t h e a b sence o f

i n to t wo r oom s . I n r oom G , p aved w i th b r ick s n o l a te r

a r chaeo log ica l m a ter ia l w i th in , t h e d e f ic ienc ies o f t h e s t ra t ig raphy , a r e a l l e l emen t s w h ich p r even t c h rono log ica l

T he b u i ld ing EM 9 w a s b u i l t i n t h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e 2 nd

i n terven t ion s a r et ob eo b ser ved .

c en tu r y A .D . I tw a s b u rned b y as t rong f i re d u r ing t h e Ma r coman ic w a r s , a f te rw h ich i tw a sr ebu i ld 3 ° .

a nd c on s t ruc t ive f r amewo rk f o rt h ee d i f ic e .

T he EM 9 v i l la i sq u i te f r equen t a r ch i tec tu ra l t yp e i n t h e w e s te rn p rov ince s o f t h e Emp i re . I n t h e t ypo logy o f J .C . G o rge s i ta ppea r s i nt h e g roup C3 'w h ich i sk nown a s v i l la w i th f r on t g a l le ry o r c o r r ido r , t owe r s o n t h e c or ne r s a nd a

5 . D u r ing t h e a r chaeo log ica l c ampa ign s d ed ica ted t o e xcava t ion o f t h e P a lace o f t h e A ugus ta l e s , C . D a icov ic iu m ade s ome p a r t ia l r e sea r ch i n to a b u i ld ing , ( maybe a d omu s )? t ot h ew e s to ft h e monumen ta lc omp lex .

l o ng r e c tangu la rp l an ' . T he a r chaeo log is t f r om C lu j d o es n o t m ake a ny r e f e r ence t o t h is b u i ld ing i nh i sr epo r t s , h eo n ly p ub l ished ap ho tog raph ' ( P l .XXX I I I / 1) .

F rom

a no the r

p i c tu r e

p r e ser ved

2 9 0 . F lo ca , S a rge t ia , I ,1 937 , p . 2 5-40 , s uppo s e s t h e e x i s tence o f t wo c on s t ruc t ive p ha se s . H e c on s ide r s ( p . 2 6 ) t h a tt ot h e f i r s t p has e t h e r oom A , B ,C , D , Ea nd G c an b e a tr ibu t ed ,b u t t h en ( p . 3 1) h e m en t ion st h a tt h e w a l l 2b e long st ot h e s e cond p ha se . S o ,t h e r oom s Ca nd E c ou ldn ' th ave c o ex i s ted a nd i tw a so n ly o ne b i gge rr oom , E . 3 00 .F lo ca ,o p .c i t . ,p .3 8 . 3 1 J . G . G o rge s , L e sV i l la sH i spano— r cxna in e s ,P a r i s 1 979 ,p . 16 . 3 2 F o r t h e t ypo log y o f t h e v i l la s i n t h e R oman p e r iod , s e e R . A gache , A r cheo log ia , 5 5 , 1 973 , p .3 7-52 ; I d em , A rcheo log ia , 9 3 , 1 976 , p . 1 4-21 ; M . B i rö , A c ta A r ch eo log ica , XXV I , 1 974 , p . 2 3-57 ; J . ' H a rmand , A rcheo log ia , 3 , 1 970 , p . 1 6-21 ; I d em L a ton iu s , 2 ,4 7 , 1 988 , p .2 94-317 ; G . Man sue l l i , L e v i l le d e l mondo r oman° , M i lano 1 958 ; J .P e r c iva l , T he R oman V i l la , _ 1976 ; F .R eu t t i , D ie r öm i sche V i l la , D a rm s tad t 1 978 ; A .L .F . R ive t , T h e R oman V i l la i nB r i ta in , L ondon 1 969 ; E .B . T homa s . R öm i schen V i l len i n P anno r l ien . B udape s t 1 96 4 ; M . V a s iC , R öm is chen V i l len v om T ypu s d e r V i l la r u s t ics a uf j ugo s law i sch en B oden , A l , X I , 1 970 , p .4 8-81 ; A .L eday , L ac ampagn e äNpoque r omai ne d an s l eC en t re d el aG au le , BAR . 7 3 , 1 980 , I ,p .3 7129 .

i n t h e

a r ch ives ( P l .XXX IV /2 ) i tc an b e d educed t h a t i tw a s a b u i ld ing w i th a tl e a s t f ou r r ooms w i th v ery w e l l p re ser ved e n t ranc es . 6 .I n 1 956 , 0 . F loca p a r t ia l ly e xcava ted av i l la EM 9i nt h e n or the rn q ua r te r o f t h e t own , e x tra m uros ( P l .XXXV ) . T he b u i ld ing i n vo lved t h ree c on s truc t ion p ha se s , w h ich w e re s po t ted i n t h e s ou the rn w ing o f i t , t h e o n ly o ne w e l l 2 6C . D a icov ic iu , o p .c i t . , p .2 34-238 . 2 7 I d em , o p .c i t . , p .2 38 ; 0 . F lo ca , S a rge t ia , I , 1 9 41 , p .4 8-51 . 2 8 C .D a icov ic iu , ACM IT , I V , 1 932-1938 , p .3 73 , f i g . 1 9 .

2 3

T own—P lann ing i nU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i z ege tusa S oc ia lr e a son s ( t he r e bu i ld ing o ft h es i te )a sw e l la ss c ien t if ic o ne s c oncu r r ed t o b r ing a bou t t h e r e sump t ion o f a r cha eo log ica l e xcava t ion i n U lp ia T ra iana i n 1 973 . T h e r e sea r ch b egan b y w ide ly s p read a c t ion o fi d en t if ica t ion a nd d e l inea t ion o ft h e s u r face w h ich w a s o ccup ied b y t h e t own i n a nc ien tt i me s .

p e r iod w e r e f o und ( t he e xcava t ion s w e r e m ade o n t h e o cca s ion o ft h ee r ec t ing o ft h ep r e sen tv i l lage C ounc i 13 4 ) .

E xcava t ion s u nde r tak en i nt h e n o r the rn p a r t o f t h e l o ca l i ty u nve i led a r ow o f b u i ld ing s w ho se e a s ter n e x t r eme i s b u i ld ing EM 9 .I mmed ia te ly t ot h e e a s t o fi to ne f i nd s v i l la EM 8o fb i g d imen s ion s , w i th s e ve ra l r oom s , m o s t ly p aved a nd s ome w i th h ea t ing i n s ta l la t ion s . T he v i l la w a s o fu nu sua l l u xu ry . B e tween EM 8a nd EM 7 , v i l la s w i th f amou s mo sa ic s d i scove r ed i n 1 983 w e r e s i tua t ed ; t h ey a r e m a rked o n t h e p l an w i th 3a nd 4 .Ar oom p aved w i th b r ick si sa l lt h a th a sb een e xcava ted o f EM 7 . 7 . T he m o s t w e s te rn b u i ld ing o f t h is r ow i s EM 3 ( P 1 .XXX IX )o n ly p a r t ia l ly e xcava ted , t o o . T he v i l la w a sb i g a nd c on s is ted o f n ume rou s r oom s a l so p aved w i th o pu s s i gn inum o rw i th m o sa ic s o fb r ick s w i th r ound ed e nd s . O th e r v i l la s , EM5 a nd EM6 w e re r e co rded a ta bou t 1 50 m w e s to f t h e NW c o rne ro ft h ef o r t if ica t ion s .

F rom t h e mo s t a n c ien t t i me s , s e ve r e l aw s f o rbade b u r ia l w i th in t h e t own w a l l s . T he se l aw s w e re r e in fo r ced b y H ad r ian ,A n ton iu s P iu s , S eve r u s A lexande r ,e t c .' s T hus , t h e b u i ld ing s i n t h e n o r the rn q ua r te r c an b e n amed s ubu rban v i l la s , e ven i ft h ey a r e v e ry c l o se t ot h e t own , b ecau se t h ey a r eo u t s ide t h ep ome r ium . 8 . B e s ide s t h e a bove m en t ioned b u i ld ing s , w h ich b eyond d oub ts e rved a sd we l l ing s ,i nr e cen ty ea r sa ne d if ic eh a sb een e n t i r e ly e xcava ted , EM 2 0 ; ( P I .XL / 1 ,2 ) ; i t s f u nc t ion c ou ld n o t b e p r ec i se ly d e te rm ined . I tc ou ld h ave s e rved a s a n o u tbu i ld ing o ft h e b i g t emp le , EM 1 8 w h ich w a s c l o se t oi t , o ra s ah ou se . EM 2 0( P l .XXX IX )h a sb een i d en t if ied d u r ing t h ec ampa ig no f 1 982 , w hen a r rangemen t s a nd r e s to ra t ion o f EM 1 8 t o ok p l a ce . T he e x te r io r d imen s ion s o f t h e e d if ic e w h ich i sn o r th— sou th o r ien ted a nd h a s t h e f r on t t owa rd s t h e s ou th ,a r e 1 7 .3 x1 3 x6m . I n i t ia l ly i tw a s c ompo sed o f 4r oom s , w i th a lmo s t e qua l d imen s ion s ;r oom s 1a nd 3o f7 . 75 x4 . 10 m a nd 7 . 80 x4 . 12 m . A t ac e r ta in t i me , r oom 4 w a s d i v ided i nt wo b y an a r row w a l l , 4 7 c m t h ick . T he w a l ls o f t h e b u i ld ing m ad e o fr i ve r b ed s t on e sb ound w i th m o r ta ri nt h eo pus i n ce r tum t e chn ique , a r e o f d i f f e ren t t h ickne s se s . T he e x te r io r w a l l s a r e 8 5 c m t h ick , t h e i n te r io ro ne s b e tween 7 0 a nd 5 0 c m . T he b u i ld ing w a se r ec ted a tt h e e nd o ft h e 2 nd c en tu ry a t at i me w hen EM 1 8w a sa l r eady b u i l t .

T he l a s t f ew y ea r s s aw t h e b eg inn ing o f as y s tema t ic e xcava t ion o ft h e b u i ld ing EM 2 3 s i tua ted e a s t o ft h e t own , i nt h e s ame q ua r te r a s EM 1 0 a nd t h e b u i ld ing s n o . 1a nd 2 w h ich w e re d ug i n t h e l a s t c en tu ry . T h i s b u i ld ing w a s o c cup ied a l so d u r ing t h e4 t hc en tu r y . T he e xcava t ion o f t h e e d if ice s f r om t h e i n n e r p a r t o f t h e f o r t if i ca t ion s w a s n o t t h o rough e nough . T h e f ew b u i ld ing s w h ich w e re i d en t if ied t h rough s po t e xcava t ion w e r e n o t e n t i re ly d ug o u t" .

Ar a th e r d i f f e r en t c a tego ry i sf o rmed b y w ooden b u i ld ing s u ncove r ed o n t h e o cca s ion o f t h e e xcava t ion s u nde r taken i n t h e b u i ld ing s EM 1 3 , 2 1 a nd 2 4 , t h e t e s t s i nt h e F o rum a nd t h ee xcava t ion sa tt h eD omu sp ro cura to r i s .

T h e s po rad ic r e sea r ch u nde r taken u p t ot h e p r e sen t t i me i n t h e c ap i ta l o fR oman D a c ia l e d t oc e r ta in a s cer ta inmen t s a s f a ra st h ep r iva te b u i ld ing sa r ec on c er ned .

We d on o td i spo se o f ac omp le te p l an f o re i th e ro ft h em ,b u t i th a s b een o b ser ved t h a t t h ey w e r e s imp le h ou se s w i th 1 -3 r oom s , t i mbe r w a l l s e r ec ted o n b eam s w h ich w e r e d ug i n to t h e y e l low t r odd en s o i l a nd h ad v e ry s imp le f i r ep lac e s , s l ig h t ly d eepen ed i n to t h eg round . Mo s to ft h em w e r eb u rned d own a nd o n ly s ome h ave b een r e bu i ld . A l l o f t h em d a te b ack t oT ra jan ' sr e ign a nd w e r e d emo l i shed d u r ing H ad r ian ' s r u le a tt h el a te s t .

a .I nt h ei n ne rp a r to ft h et own t h e r ee x i s ted b u i ld ing so fb o th d omua a nd i n su la t y pe . b .I n t h e e x t ra m uro s t e r r i to ry t h e r e s p read t h ree q ua r te r s . T he f i r s t o ne , w i th v i l la s a nd t emp les , w a s p a ra l le l t ot h e w es te rn s i de o ft h e t own a nd c on s i s ted o f a tl e a s t t wo r ow s o fb u i ld ing s w i th as t r ee tb e tween t h em . T he s e cond q ua r t e r , w i th m uch mo r e l u xu r iou s v i l la s , w a s s i tua ted n o r th o f t h e a mph i thea t re a nd o ft h e s a c red p r e c inc t s . T he t h i rd q ua r te r , o fs ma l le rs u r fa ce w a ss i tua t ed NW o ft h ew a l l so ft h et own .

T he w ooden h ou se s s e em t oh ave b een t h e d we l l ing s o f t h e f i r s tc o lon i s t sw ho c ame t oU lp ia T ra iana .

c .T h et e rm s ubu rban v i l la si sn o ts u i tab le f o rt h eb u i ld ing sa t t h ee a s ter na nd t h ew e s te rn q ua r te r s ,b ecau se t h e se p a r t icu la r b u i ld ing s w e r e i n teg ra ted i n t h e t own . T he t e rm m igh t b e u sed f o rt h ee d if ice so ft h en o r the rn q ua r te rw h ich w e re m o r e l u xu r iou s , h ad b i g g a rden s t o s epa ra te t h em a nd a v i ew n o r thwa rd s . T hey w e re s i tua ted o u t s ide t h e p ome r ium . T h i s w a s u nve i led b y t h e e xcava t ion s u nder taken i n t h e a r ea b e tween EM 9a nd t h e a mph i thea t r e , w he r e t omb s o fR oman

I I .T he Wo rk shop s T he h and ic ra f t s q ua r te r w a s s i tua ted S E o f t h e t own . T he r e w a s a n a r ea o fb r ick a nd t i l e k i ln s ( P l .XL IV /2 ) a nd n o r th o f i t o ne w he r e p o t tery k i ln s w e r e c on cen t ra t ed . I n t h e p rox im i ty o f t h e k i ln s f o r b r ick s ab u i ld ing o f s ma l l d imen s ion s w a s i d en t if ied , b u t n o t e xcava ted ' . N o t a l l o f 3 40 .F l oca ,S a rge t ia ,I , 1 941 ,p .3 7-39 . 3 5 L .H omo ,o p .c i t . ,p .4 85 . 3 6D .A l icu ,A c ta i ve l , XX I , 1 984 , p .4 67-474 .

3 We h ave i nv i ew t h e s e c t ion so u t l ined w e s to ft h eA ede sA ugu s ta l ium , s e e H .D a icov ic iu a nd c o l lab . . MCA .

2 4

T he B u i ld ings t h e w o rk shop s w e re p l aced t h e r e . T hu s t h e s t onema son 's s hop w a s i nt h e i n ne r p a r t o f t h e s an c tua ry o f t h e d e i t ies o f m ed ic ine ' a nd c on s is ted o f a p aved p l a t fo rm w h ich p robab ly w a sc ove red .

t h ick w h ich l e aves b o th s i de s o f t h e f o unda t ion ap l in th o f 1 7 c mt owa rd s w e s t a nd 1 0c m t owa rd s e a s t . T he s t ruc tu re o f t h is e l eva t ion i si d en t ica l w i th t h e o ne o f w a l ls 8 -12 w h ich w e re l a te re r ec ted . T h is m igh t s how t h a t i t r e p resen t s as e cond p ha se o fw a l l 6a nd at h i rd p ha se o f t h e b u i ld ing , r e spec t ive ly . Wa l l 6 r ep resen t s a s imp le r ea r rangemen t o f t h e s pace , b e ing t h u s as ubpha se o f t h e b u i ld ing . K i ln C 2 ( P l .XL I I I /2 ) f r om r oom B ( 5 ) a nd C 4 f r om r oom A ( 1 ) ( P I .XL IV / 1) c o r r espond t o t h is s e cond l e ve l .

Much m o r e a mp le w a s y e t t h e g l a ss w o rk shop ( EM 2 1) w e s t o f t h e t emp le o f S i lvanu s ( P l .XL I ) . T he b u i ld ing w a s 2 5 m l o ng a nd 1 3 .40 m w ide ( P l .XL I I / 1 ,2 ) . T he i n ve s t iga t ion o f t h e i n ter io r o f t h is b u i ld ing l e d t o t h e f o l low ing : 1 . O n t h e a r ea w h ich l a te r w a s o ccup ied b y t h e g l a s s w o rk shop f i r s t e x is ted t imbe r b u i ld ing s , w ho se t r aces w e re f ound i nr ooms C ( 1 1) , E( 3 ) , K ( 1 0 ) ) a nd i nt h e c o r r ido r

4 .I n at h i rd p ha se t h e a r ea n or th o f w a l l 5i sd i v ided i n to s e ve ra l r ooms b y w a l l s 8 11 w h ich p r esen t a n i d en t ica l

w h ich i sn o r th o f t h e b u i ld ing . I nr oom C ( 1 1) t h e t r ace o f a t imbe rb eam p a ra l le l t ot h ew a l l 1a nd d ug i nt h e a nc ien t s o i l h a s b een p r e ser ved . R oom E ( 3 ) p roduced ,u nde r t h e w a l l 1 t h e p r in t s o f t h r ee w ooden p o s t s o f 6 2 c m i nd i ame te r . I n r oom K ( 10 ) a nd i nt h e n o r th—we s te rn p a r t o f t h e c o r r ido r a

s t ruc tu re . Wa l l 8h a s i t s e x t remes l a id o n t h e s econd g round l e ve l ( a l a ye r o f s o i l c on ta in ing c ha r coa l , l ime s tone a nd m or ta r 2 1 c m t h ick ) a l ong ad i s tance o f 1 . 26 m f r om w a l l 3 a nd 1 . 20 m f r om w a l l 5 .B e tween t h e se t wo e nd s ad i tch w a s d ug , w i th t h e m ax imum d ep th o f5 8 c m i ni t s c en t re , f i l led u p w i th r i ve rb ed s t one s . T h i s f o rms t h e f ou nda t ion s o ft h e w a l l .

p l a t form w a s f ound ( h e igh t 1 5-120 c m ) . I tc on s is ted o f s t one , b r ick s a nd p oo r mo r ta r , l a id o n t h e a nc ien t s o i l a nd p robab ly s e r ved a s ap avemen tf o rt h et imbe rb u i ld ing .

T he f ounda t ion s a r e 5 3 c m w ide , w i th a p l in th 1 5-20 c m t h ick w es twa rd . T he e l eva t ion i so f r i ve r b ed s t one s , b ound w i th mo r ta r , w i th a t h ickne ss o f 3 8-40 c m p re ser ved t o a h e igh t o f 1 8-20 c m . T h e l e ve ls o f t h e n or the rn e nd o f t h e w a l l i sa s f o l low s : t h e e l eva t ion 1 8 c m , f ounda t ion 1 9 c m ,

2 .T he f i r s t p ha se c on s i s ted o f ab u i ld ing o f q uad r i la te ra l s hape w i th t wo b i g r ooms s epa ra ted b y w a l l 7 . Wa l ls 1 -4 a nd 7h ad t h e s ame f ounda t ion s , 4 5 c m h i gh a nd 7 5 c m t h ick , m ade o f r i ve r b ed s t ones b ound w i th s o i l . T he e l eva t ion o f

l a ye r o f c ha rcoa l a nd m o r ta r 2 1 c m ( t he s e cond l e ve l ) , a b rown s o i l w i th b ones a nd p o t te ry f r agmen t s 1 5c m ( t he f i r s t l e ve l ) , s and a nd g rave l 3 -5 c m , a n t ique b l ack s o i l 1 c m . i n t h ec en t re ,t h e f ounda t ion i sl a id o nt h is l a s t s o i l .

w a l ls 1 -4 i s6 0 c m t h ick . I ti s m ade o f r i ve r b ed s t ones b ound w i th mo r ta r a nd i ti sp r eser ved i ns ome s e c t ion s o n a h e igh t o f 2 6-35 c m . I th ad a l so b r ick f r agmen t s i n i t s

Wa l l s 9 11 a r e a lmo s t i d en t ica l i ns t ruc tu re . Aw ide o pen ing

s t ruc tu re . T he p l in th o n t h e w ho le l e ng th o f t h e w a l ls i s t owa rd st h e i n ter io ro ft h e b u i ld ing a nd i s1 5c m t h ick . A s f o r t h e wa l l 7 ,t h ee l eva t ion o ft h e f i r s t p ha se w a s n o tp rese rved .

( 90 c m ) h a s b een m ade i nw a l l 9 ,6 2c m n or th o fw a l l 5 .T he e l eva t ion p r e se rved o n t h e f ounda t ion o fw a l l 7 ,t ot h e n or th o f w a l l 5d oe s n o t s eem t ob e long t ot h e s ame p ha se a s t h e

I n al a te rp ha se , i tw a s4 5 c m w ide a nd b acked o nt ot h e w a l l 1 .N ea r t o w a l l 5n o e l eva t ion i sp r eser ved . B ack t o t h is p ha se d a te a l so t h e k i ln s C 1a nd C 3 f r om r oom B ( 5 ) ( PLXL I I I / 1) a nd a n e n t rance , 7 5 c m w ide , o pened i nw a l l 2

a bove m en t ioned w a l l s .

a t 2 . 34 m n o r th o f t h e SW c or n e r o f r oom C ( 1 1) ; t h is e n t rance w a sl a te rc l o sed .

T he u ppe r p a r t o f t h e w a l l , 4 0-45 c m t h ick , i s s l igh t ly s l an ted t ot h e f ounda t ion s . I ti sp a ra l le l t ow a l l 1 2 o f w h ich u n fo r tuna te ly o n ly t wo l a ye r s f r om af ounda t ion 6 0 c m t h ick

3 .I n t h e s e cond p ha se , w a l l 5w a s e r ec ted , b acked o n t o w a l ls 2a nd 4 .I t s f ounda t ion i s5 2 c m t h ick a nd 4 5 c m h i gh . B u t i ti s1 5c m h i ghe r t h an t h e f ounda t ion s o fw a l l s 2a nd 4 .

i sp re ser ved . T h i s f ounda t ion i s am o s t c ommon o ne , n o t b e ing d eepened i ni t s c en t ra l p ar t . I tp a r t ia l ly c u ts t h rough t h e s e cond g round l e ve l . T he t wo w a l l s c an b e r ega rded a s a s ubpha se o f t h e t h i rd p ha se o f t h e b u i ld ing a nd i ti sj u s t

T he e l eva t ion o fw a l l 5w a s 4 4 c m t h ick . I nr oom C ( 1 1) t h e f i r s t g round l e ve l c o r re spond s t o t h e p l in th o f w a l l s 1a nd 2 a nd t h es e cond l e ve lt ot h eh e igh to fw a l l5 ' sp l in th .

p o ss ib le t h a t d u r ing t h i s p er iod w a l l s 1 0 a nd 1 w e re d emo l ished , r oom L ( 4 ) w a s c on s t ruc ted a s w e l l a s t h e k i ln t ot h e w e s t o fi t .T h is i s av ery p l au s ib le h ypo thes is b u t n o t y e tv e r if ied , t h ee xcava t ion o fr oom L ( 4 )n o tb e ing f i n ished .

U nder t h ef i r s tg round l e ve l ( 1 5-20 c mt h ick ) a nd m ade f r om b rown s o i l , t h e re w a s af i l l ing o f y e l low t r odden s o i l , 3 0c m

5 .O n t h e o cca s ion o f t h e u ncover ing o ft h e s ou ther n s i de o f t h e b u i ld ing a p or t ico h a s b een d ug o u t w h ich n o d oub t d eco ra ted t o t h e e a s t t h e f r on t o f t h e e n t i re g roup o f

t h ick , t h en al a ye ro fg r ave l a nd s and 6c m t h ick , a nd t h en t h e a nc ien t s o i l . A t c e r ta in t ime t h e a r ea e a s t o f w a l l 7w a s d i v ided i n to t wo r oom s b y w a l l 6 .T h i s o ne h ad af ounda t ion o ft wo l a yer so fs t one w i thou t mo r ta r ,l a id o nt h e f i r s tg round

b u i ld ing s : EM 1 8 , 1 9 , 2 0 . O n ly s i x b a se s ( I —V I f r om w es t t o

l e ve l , c o r re spond ing t ok i ln s C 1a nd C 3 .T he t h icknes s o f

e a s t ,P l .XLV / 1) a r ep re ser ved . B e tween b a se s I I a nd I V a nd a t ad i s tance o f 4 .40 m f r om t h e b u i ld ing a w e l l w a s

t h e f ounda t ion w a s 6 3 c m a nd t h e h e igh t w a s 2 2 c m . Wa l l 6 i s b acked o n t o w a l l s 1a nd 5 . F rom t h e e l eva t ion t h e s ou the rn p a r t i sp r ese rved o n ah e ig h to f2 0c m . T h is i sm ade

d i scove red . T he i n ne r d i ame te r o f i ti s7 0 c m . I th a s b een e xcava ted t o ad ep th o f9 . 20 m w i thou t r each ing t h e b o t tom ( P l .XLV /2 ) .

o fr i ve r b ed s t ones b ound w i th p oo r m or ta r a nd i s3 6-40 c m T he f oun ta in i sp r io r t o t h e g l a ss w o rkshop a nd s e ems t o h ave b een u s ed o n ly a s ar u bb ish p i t d u r ing t h e p er iod w hen

3 7 D . A l icu a nd c o l lab . ,A c taMN , X I I I , 1 976 , p .1 25 s qq .

2 5

T own—P lann ing i nU lp ia T ra iana S arm i z ege tu sa t h e w o rk shop w a s i nf u n c t ion . F ragmen t s o fg l a s s a nd g l a s s s l ag a r e n ume rou s b e tween — 0 .20 a nd — 3 .50 m . B e tween — 3 . 50 a nd 4 . 20 m c ha r coa l , i r on a nd b ron ze o b jec t s c ame o u t a nd b e tween — 4 .20 a nd — 5 .80 , s eve ra l b one s o fb i g a n ima l s a nd r oden t s . F rom — 5 .80 m d ownwa rd s , i r on s l ag ,v e ry r u s ty , i r on o b jec t s a nd p o t tery f r agmen t sp r eva i l . E a s to ft h e w e l l a p i t5 . 70 m w id e i ne a s t—we s t d i rec t ion w a s d i scove r ed . T h e n o r the rn l i m i t o f i ti sa t6 5 c m f r om t h e b u i ld ing a nd i t s s ou the rn l i m i t i sn o t y e t e s tab l i shed . T he p i t i sp r io r t ot h e w e l l b e ing p a r t ia l ly c ove r ed w i th t h e s andy c l ay e xcava ted

2 6

w h en t h ew e l lw a sd ug . I t sd ep th ,c on s ide r ed f r om t h ea n c ien t s o i l i so f 7 0 c m a nd i tw a s f i l led w i th d eb r i s , b r ick s , t i l es , h ea t ing p ip e s ,c ha r coa l a nd n oo t he ra r chaeo log ica l m a te r ia l . B a se I V o ft h ep o r t ico i sm ad eo ft h is d eb r i s a nd c u t st h es o i l w h ich w a s t a ken o u t f r om t h e f o un ta in . T he p o r t ico d a te s b ack t ot h ef i r s tp ha se o ft h eb u i ld ing . T h i s g l a s s w o rk shop p l a ce s S ann izeg e tu sa n ea r t h e b i g c en t r e s o fp roduc t ion a nd p r epa ra t ion o fg l a s s i nt h e R oman w o r ld .

CHAPTER 5 BU ILD ING TECHN IQUES

B u i ld ing t e chn ique i nt h e R oman p er iod i s as ub jec t t h a t w a s n o t d ea l t w i th r e ga rd ing a ny t own i nD ac ia , t os ay n o th ing o f t h e w ho le p rov ince .

T he a d jo in ing b l o ck s b eh ind t h e b a ses o f t h e c o lumn s i nt h e p o r t ico f o rmed b eau t ifu l ly d eco ra ted p i la s te r s w i th a can thu s l e ave s i n t h e f r on t a nd a s t raga l i l a te ra l ly . N ea r t h e f o remen t ioned p ede s ta ls , b ase s o f m a rb le s em i— co lumn s h ave b een u ncove red' . T h is a l lowed t h e a u tho r o f t h e r e sea r ch t op r e sume g roup s o f 2s em i— co lumn s e ach o n t h e n o r the rn f a ce o ft h e w a l l . T he r e w a s al a rge rf r ee s pace i nt h e m idd le o f t h e w a l l , p robab ly f o r a n e n t rance . F ragmen t s o f e n tab lemen t w e r e f ound n ea rby . T he b lo ck s w e r e f a s tened

F o rme r d a ta o n t h i s s ub jec t a r e s ca r ce a nd b r ie f . T hey a r e r a the r m o r e d e scr ip t ive t h an a na ly t ica l . T hey a r e o f ten a b sen t , t h e r e sea r che s b e ing i n te re s ted e spec ia l ly i nf i nd ing o u tt h ed e s igna t ion o fr oo f less r oom s a nd b u i ld ing s a nd n o t i n d esc r ib ing t h em .

t o ge the rb y l e ad c r amp s . T he f i r s t d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion , a ccompan ied b y p lan s a nd p ropo sa ls f o r r epa ir ing , a cco rd ing t ot h e p i eces f ound , i si n t h er epor to nt h eA ed es A ugus ta l ium —amonumen to fs p ec ia l c omp lex i ty , w he re v a r iou s s ys tem s o f R oman t e chn ique s w e re h a rmon ious ly c omb ined ' .

T he m a in w ing o f t h e p a lace h a s i t s f a çade o n t h e n or th t owa rd s t h e s ma l l y a rd . T he f a çade c on s is ted o fa n i mpo s ing s e r ies o f a r cade s , ma rked b y p i la s te r s w i th I on ic c ap i ta l s . T he p edes ta ls o ft h is p i la s te r s a r e b u i l t i no pus q uad ra tum . Two s o c le s a r ed oub le a nd d e s t ined t ob ea r t wo p i la s te r s ( P l . XL IX / 1) . T he d oub le s oc le , 3 . 20 x 1 . 20 x 1 . 10 i sm ade o f 3

T he r e sum ing o f t h e e xcava t ion s i n U lp ia T ra iana S a rm iz ege tu sa i n1 973 u ncove red n ew e l emen ts a nd b rough t t ol i gh ti n fo rma t ion t h a tc omp le ted o l de rs epa ra te d a ta .

r ow s o fb lo ck s w ho se d imen s ion s a r e r a ng ing a round 0 . 50 — 0 . 80 m l o ng a nd 0 . 25 — 0 .45 m h i gh a nd t h ick . T he s econd a nd t h e t h i rd r ow s o fb l ock s a r e w i thd rawn 1 5 c m e ach t owa rd s t h e i n s ide p ar t ( P 1 . I /2 f i g . 8 ) . T hey a r e l i nked b y i r on c ramp s

1 .O pus q uad ra tum

a nd m o r ta r . T he f ou r s imp le s o c le s a r e b u i l t i n t h e s ame m anne r . T he l e ng th o f as imp le s oc le i s1 . 75 m . T he s upe r io r p a r t o ft h e p ede s ta ls , t h e w a l l p rope r , i sb u i l t f r om t h e s ame t y pe o fb lock s . T he l a te ra l b l o ck s w e re d eco ra ted w i th c l ose

T he c on s t ruc t ion i n o pu s q uad ra tu r n o f U lp ia T ra iana S a rm izege tu sa b e long t o t h e 7 t h c h rono log ica l p er iod ( 682 02 ) , a nd t h e l a s t , a s am a t te r o f f a c t , o f t h e i mpo s ing o ld

v er t ica l g roove s . T he b l o ck s f o r t h e s oc le s a nd w a l ls a r e f r om l ime s tone , u n l ike t h e p i la s te r s , w h ich a r e made f r om

e ng ineer ing' . T h is i st h e p er iod i nw h ich o pu s q uad ra tum i s e spec ia l ly u sed i n t h e b ea r ing s t ruc tu re s a nd o f ten i n c omb ina t ion w i th o pus c aemen t i c ium 3. I n U lp ia , o pus q uad ra tum w a su sed f o rs i x monumen t s .

h a rd s and s tone ' ' ' . T h is g roup o f m a son ry c on s t i tu ted t h e

a ) A ed e sA ugus ta l ium

T he s uppo sed d a te o ft h e b u i ld ing o ft h eA ed e sA ugus ta l imu i s t owa rd s t h e m idd le o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry' . T h i s w a s

T he v a s t b u i ld ing o ft h e A ugu s ta les c omp r ises s e ve ra l w a l ls

m aybe t h e l a s t c on s t ruc t ion i nt h e c i ty i nw h ich t h is e l egan t b u te xp en s ive s y s tem o fm a son ry w a su sed .

e l emen t s o f r e s i s tance o f t h e o p en a r chway s b e tween t h e I on ic p i la s te r s .

h a rmon iou s ly c omb ined . T he t ype w ea r ed ea l ing w i th i sa l so p r e sen t , i t s u se b e ing n ece ssa ry o u to ft wo r e ason s . T he f i r s t a nd d om ina t ing r ea son i st h en ece ss i ty o fs how ing a no f f ic ia l s ump tuou snes s , a nd r e nde r ing a monumen ta l a spec t t o i t ,

b ) Mau so leum o fA u re l i i

t h e refo re ar a the rd eco ra t ive r o le a nd o n ly s e cond ly a t tend ing t o i t s r o le a s ab ea re r o f ah eavy s upe r s t ruc tu r e . S uch a d e co ra t ive r o le i st ob e f ound i nt h e s haped b lo ck s u sed f o r t h ep o r t ico s epa ra t ing t h e b i g y a rd f r om t h e s ma l l y a rd o ft h e

I n t h e Mau so leum o f A u re l i i w e f i nd a r a the r d i f f e ren t s ys tem o f o pu s q uad ra tum . T he s u r round ing w a l l o f t h e

p a lace ( P l .XLV I I ) . T he t wo y a rd s a r e s eve red b y aw a l l o f a bou t 0 . 5 mw i th s i x g roup s o f t wo b a se s o rgan ica l ly l i nked

o ne d i scove red a r ow o f l imes tone b lo ck s , 0 . 30 m h ig h ,

monumen tw a s f o rmed o f ar i ve r s tone s ub s t ruc tu re j o ined b y mo r ta r , 1 . 20 m h i gh a nd 0 . 90 m w ide . O n t h i s s ub s t ruc tu re 1 . 50-1 .80 m l o ng , 3 0 c m n a r rowe r t h an t h e b a se w h ich t h us f o rm s a1 5 c m s oc le o n b o th s i des . O n t h is r ow o f b lo cks t h e re i s ah i ghe ro ne ,o f0 .60 c m , b u tn a r rowe rs ot h a t i th a s a 1 0c m s oc le o n t h e f i r s tr ow ( P l .XLV I I I / 1) . T he se l a s tb lock s h ave t h e i r o u t s ide f a ce m o re c a r efu l ly s haped t h an t h e

t o t h e w a l l t owa rd s t h e b i g y a rd . We u nde r l ine t h a t t h i s f ounda t ion o rb ed o ft h ep o r t ico i si no pu si n ce r tum . A round

t h e

f ounda t ion

b lock s

o f f a sh ioned

l ime s tone

i n ter io ro ne , e v iden t p roo f t h a t t h ey c ou ld o n ly b e s e en f r om o u t s ide a tt h e s u r face o ft h e g round s.T he t o ta l h e igh t o f t h e

d e co ra ted w i th l e ave s o f a can thus o n al o ng s i de a nd a s t raga l i w i th w ind ing l i ne s o n o ne o fi t s n a r row s i des w e re f ound .

m au so leum i sd i f f icu l tt oe s tab l ish . I t s v ery s o l id b a se w ou ld s ugge s t ac on s ide rab le h e igh to ft h e w a l l 2 -3m ,r e nder ing i ta

4

1C . D a icov ic iu , D a c ia , I ,1 924 , p .2 42-243 ; I d em , D ac ia , 1 932 , p .5 22-537 . 2G .L ug l i ,L at e cn ica e d i l iz ia r o rnana , I ,R oma , 1 957 ,P . 3 31 . 3I d em , o p .c i t . , p .1 77 , f i g . 1 7/ 7-9 ; D . A l icu , Aaa f l , XV I I , 1 980 , 4 61 . 4C .D a icov ic iu , D ac ia , 1 927-1932 ,p .5 29 .

1 927-

P .

5I b ide rn . 6C .D a icov ic iu ,o p .c i t . , p .5 31-532 . 7I d em , o p .c i t . ,p .5 22 . 8C .D a icov ic iu , 0 .F l ocs , S a rge t ia , I ,1 937 ,p .4 -5 .

4 47-

2 7

T own P lann ing i nU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i z ege tu sa s p ec ia lg o rgeou sne s s . T he b l o ck sw e r el i nked h o r izon ta l ly b y m ean s o f i r on c r amp s f i t ted b y l e ad i n t h e s t one ( P l .XLV I I I /2 ) . T he m au so leum w a s b u i l t i nt h e s e cond h a l f o ft h es e cond c en tu r y' .

0A r che s

c ) Mau so leum i nt h eD ra jcov V a l ley D u r ing t h e a r chaeo log ica l s umme r c ampa ign o f 1 973 a f u ne ra l r e c tangu la r t omb , w ho se d imen s ion s w e r e 1 x6 . 5 m ,w a sd i scove r ed i nt h ew e s te rn p a r to ft h ec i ty .T he w a l lo f t h e t omb h a s af o unda t ion t h a t i s0 . 90 m d eep a nd 0 . 75 m w id e . I ti sb u i l t f r om r i ve r s t one s a nd j o ined b y m o r ta r . A bove t h e f ounda t ion o ne f o und a r ow o f r e c tangu la r l ime s tone b l ock s o fv a r iou s d imen s ion s i n i t ia l ly b e long ing t o o t he rc on s t r uc t ion s' . We d i d n o t n o t ice aj o in ing s y s tem o f b l o ck s ,s ow et h ink t h a tt h ew a l lo ft h et omb w a sn o tt o ob i g . T h i s m ay h ave b een b u i l t i nt h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry ,o re ven a tt h eb eg inn ing o ft h en ex to ne ' .

F r equen t u se o f o pu s q uad ra tum t e chn ique i sf o und i nt h e c on s t ru c t ion o f a r che s . T he r e i s n o s u ch s t and ing a r ch p r e se r ved i nS a rm iz ege tu sa , b u t t h ey e x i s ted u ndoub ted ly . E v iden tp roo f so ft h ee x i s tence o fs uch a r che sa r et ob ef o und i nt h e A ed e sA ugus ta l ium , w h e r e o ne d i scove red b l o ck s o u t i n w edge f o rm , w h ich i s s pec if ic a nd n ece s sa ry t o t h e c on s t ruc t ion o fa r che s . T he r e w e r e a r ch e sa tt h ee x i t s l e ad ing t ot h e s ma l l y a rd o f t h e s ou the rn w ing o ft h e P a lace o n t h e I o n ic p i la s te r s d eco ra t ing t h e f a çade . S uch b l ock s f o r a r che s w e r e a l so f o und a r ound t h e w a l l s uppo r t ing p i la s te r s w i th a r chway s . T h e a r che s o f t h e P a lace w e r e d eco ra ted w i th a s t raga l i a nd w av ing s c u lp tu ra l l i nes , a nd t h e o ne s o f t h e p o r t ico b e tween t h eb i gy a rd a nd t h es ma l lo n eh ad as o r to fa c o rn ice o n t h e i mmed ia te n ex t b l ock ' s.T he r e m u s t h ave c e r ta in ly b een n ume rou s b u i ld ing s w i th b r ick a r ch e s , w h ich , b e s id e s t h e i r d eco ra t ive r o le , h ad a l so t h a t o f e a s ing t h e w e igh to ft h ew a l la bove t h ee n t rance o ro ft h e w indow o ni t s e dge s .

d )B a s i l i ca o ft h eF o rum I nt h eb a s i l i ca o ft h ef o rum ,f a sh ion ed b l ock sa r eu s ed f o rt h e ma in e n t ranc e t ot h eA ed e sA ugus ta l ium . T he r e t h ey p l ay t h e p a r to ft h es uppo r t ing p i l la r sf o rt h ea r ch o ft h eg a te .

2 .O pus c aemen t ic ium T h i si s av e ry o l ds y s tem o fm a son ry i nt h eR oman t e chn ique o fc on s t ruc t ion '' ' . T he n ame o fo pus c aemen t ic ium w a s f i r s t u s ed b y V i t ruv iu sr e f e r r ing t o am ix tu r eo fs ma l lp ebb le sa nd m u ch l i me . T h i s m ix tu r e e n su r e s as p ec ia l s t reng th t o t h e s t ruc tu r e o f t h e m a son ry c ompa rab le t ot h a t o f t h e p r e sen t c emen t . O pu s c aemen t i c ium w a s u sed b y R oman s f o r f o unda t ion s , f o r t h e e l eva t ion s b e tween t h e w a l l s , f o r v au l t s a nd f o unda t ion s o fr oad s' . I tw a s f ound i ns eve ra lp l ace si n S a rm izege tu sa .

S and s tone b l o ck s o fd i f f e r en t d imen s ion s w e r e a l so u sed o n t h e s ame s i d e f o r a n e n t rance w h ich w a s o b tu ra ted a f te r t h e p a lac eh a sb een b u i l t T he b as i l i ca , 8 5 ml o ng a nd 1 0 mw ide , h ad ar ow o fp i l la r s i nt h em idd le ,t os uppo r tt h er oo f ' ( P l .XL IX /2 ) . T oday , f r om t h e se p i l la r s o n ly s o c le s b u i l t f r om f a sh ioned b l ock so fl i me s tone sa r ep r e se rved .

a )C i ty w a l l

T he a spec t o f t h ese p i l la r s i sn o t k nown a s o n e i g no r e s w he th e r t h e so le s f o und w e r e b a ses f o r p i l la r s o r t h e f ounda t ion o fp i la s t e r s b u i l t f r om r e c tangu la rb l o ck s . It i s i n te r e s t ing t on o t ice t h a t b e fo re t h e b u i ld ing o f t h e b a s i l i ca t h e r e w a s a no the r c on s t ruc t ion w ho se t r ace s w e r e n o t iced d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion s" . T ha t c on s t ruc t ion e x is ted b e fo r e b o th b a s i l i ca a nd t h e A ed e s A ugu s ta l ium , s o i tm ay b e c on s ide r ed t ob e long t ot h ef i r s th a l fo ft h es e cond c en tu ry .

T he b a se o ft h e i n s ide w a l l o ft h e c i ty a sw e l l a st h e f a c e o f t h ei n te r io ro ft h ew a l l w a s i no pus c aeme t i c ium . I t ss t ruc tu r e c on s i s t s o f ag r ea t q uan t i ty o f b roken r o ck a nd p i e ce s o f l i me s tone d rowned i nl i me . T he f a ce r e s i s ted b e t te rt h an t h e m a son ry i no pu s q uad ra tum o w ing a l so t ot h e f a c t t h a t t h e b r oken s t one sj o ined q u i te w e l l b y l ime , c ou ld n o te a s i ly b e s e ve r ed f r om t h e s t ruc tu re o ft h e w a l l . T h i s made i tp o s s ib le f o r t h e w a l l o f t h e c i ty t o b e p r ese r ved i n c e r ta in h i ghe r p l ac e s t h a t c ou ld n o t b e e a s i ly l e ve l led b yp ea san t s b ecau se t h ep ebb le s —u n l ike t h ef a sh ione sb l ock sf a l len i nt h ed i t ch o r d emo l i shed b y s e t t le r s a nd u sed i nt h e m ed ieva l a nd m od em s t ru c tu r e s .

4

e )T emp le o fA e scu lap a nd H yg ia I n t h e f i r s t s t age o f T emp le D o f t h e s e r ie s o f t emp le s d ed ica ted t ot h eg od so fm ed ic ine , A e scu lap a nd H yg ia 1 6 , i n e ach o ft h ec o rne ro ft h e e a s ter ns i de o ft h eb u i ld ing , ab l ock o ff a sh ioned s and s tone w a sf ound .T h i s a l low su st op r esume t h e u s e o fs u ch b l o ck s f o r t h e w ho le h e igh to ft h e w a l l i nt h e c o rn e r s t ot h e w a l l i no pu s i n ce r tum , at e chn ique f r equen t ly u sed e sp ec ia l ly i nt h es e cond c en tu ry

b )A ed e sA ugu s ta l ium A ed e s A ugu s ta l ium i s t h e o n ly monumen t d i scove r ed i n S a rm izege tu sa u p t on ow , f o r w h ich o pu s c aemen t i c ium w a s u s ed i nt h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e p rope r w a l l . Ma te r ia l u s ed c on s i s t s o f s p l in te r s o f s t one , r i ve r p ebb le s , f r agmen t s o f b r ick sa nd t i l e s , a l o ft h em d rowned i nl i me .T h i sm ix tu r e i s p ou r ed b e tween t h e t wo f a ce s o ft h e w a l l f o rm ing t h e w e l l-

9I d em ,o p .c i t . ,p .1 8 . 1 0H .D a icov ic iu a nd c o l lab . ,S a rge t ia ,X I—X I I , 1 974-1975 ,p .2 29-231 . 1 I d em ,o p .c i t , p .2 31 . 1 2C .D a icov ic iu ,o p .c i t . ,p .5 39 . 1 3C .D a icov ic iu ,H . D a icov ic iu , _U lp ia Tm iana , B ucu r e s t i 1 966 .p .5 9 . 1 4I d em ,o p .c i t ,p .I V 1 5 I d em ,o p .c i t ,p .6 0 . 1 6H . D a icov ic iu a nd c o l lab . ,o p .c i t . ,p .2 27 . 1 7G .L ug l i ,o p .c i t . ,p .4 65 , f i g .9 7 .

1 8C .D a icov ic iu ,o p .c i t . ,p .3 75 . 1 9G .L ug l i , o p .c i t . ,p .3 75 . 2 0I d em ,o p .c i t . ,p .3 85-388 .

2 8

B u i ld ing T echn ique s k nown o pus i n cer tum 2 1 .T he s t one p i ece s o f t h e f a ce a r e

P .K i ra ly ' . T he v au l t s o ft h e e n t ran ces t ot h e a mph i thea t re s m u s th ave b een b u i l t i nt h es ame m anne r .

a r ranged w i th t h e i r l o ng s i de t owa rd s t h e c en t re o ft h e w a l l , m e rg ing i n to ac ommon b ody w i th i t s c emen t . T he b u i ld ing s y s tem f o rt h e ma son ry o ft h e P a lac em ade i tp o s s ib le f o rt h e

e )H or reum

w a l l s t or e s i s t o n ah e igh t o f 2 . 5 m i nc e r ta in p l ace s , u p t o n ow . A t t h e s ame p a lace , o pus c aemen t ic ium w a s a l so u sed f o r t h e v au l t s o f t h e c i s te rn s ( P l .L / 1) a nd t h e r oom o f t h e t r ea su ry ( P l .L /2 ) . T he m a son ry f o r t h e c i s ter n s s how a c er ta in c ha rac ter is t ic s . T hu s , t h e l a te ra l w a l ls b u i l t i no pus c aemen t ic ium w e re c ove r ed w i th t i l es p l aced w i th t h e i re dges a ga in s tt h e w a l l a nd f a s tened b y s t rong i r on c r amp s . T he t i l es c ove red t h e w a l l u p t o 1 . 45 m , t h en t h ey w e r e f o l lowed b y a p rom inence o f 1 5-20 c m . F rom t h e l e ve l o f t h is p rom inence t h e p rope r v au l t s t a r ted . T he p rom inen ce w as n eces sa ry t o s uppo r t t h e f r amewo rk o f t h e v au l t . I n t h e w ooden f r amewo rk ar ow o fs t ones w e re p l aced a nd t wo r ows o f 3 b r ick g roup s o f s pec ia l f o rm a dequa te f o r t h e p u rpo se , d i v id ing t h ev au l ti n to t h ree e qua l s e c to r s . O n t o po ft h em t h e

I n av a s t b u i ld ing , 0 01 ( ho r r eum ) w i th v ery t h ick w a l ls ( 1 .25m ) p a r t ia l ly s t ud ied i n1 979 , t h is t e chn ique i sc omb ined w i th o pus i n ce r tum i na l l w a l ls .

3 . Opus i n cer tum T h is i st h e m o s t f r equen t t y pe o fw a l l i nS arm izege tu sa a nd g ene ra l ly s p eak ing , i nR oman D ac ia . We c an a s ser t t h a t t h i s t ype o f w a l l a ppea red i na l l c on s t r uc t ion s s t ud ied s o f a r . I n c e r ta in c a ses t h e i n s ide o f t h e w a l l i sa c tua l ly ap odd ing o f s t one f r agmen t s a nd l ime ,o pus c aemen t ic ium . O pu s i n cer tum i sb u i l t b y s imu l taneou s ly e r ec t ing t h e i n s ide a sw e l l a st h e f a ce o ft h e w a l l' . A s ab u i ld ing m a ter ia l , w e

m ix tu re o fp ebb le s a nd l imes w a s p ou r ed . T he c en t re o f t h e v au l t m igh t h ave h ad ar ow o f b r ick s . When t h e s ame l e ve l h a sb een o b ta ined a bove b o th v au l t s ,t h ef l oo ro f ah uge r oom

f i nd t h e s t ones t a ken p robab ly f r om q ua r r ies — m ica s— sc tüs ta a nd p a ragne i ss , i no ne c a se i nt h e A ed es A ugus ta l ium , a nd t h e r i ve r s t one s . T he w id th o f w a l ls r anges b e tween 0 . 45 m

w a s a ch ieved . T he s uppo r t o f t h e v au l t w a s f i l led w i th mo r ta r a nd c ove r s w i th f r agmen t s o f t i l e s s o t h a t t h e v au l t g o ta na ppa r en t ly o va ls hape .

( t emp le A o ft h e c omp lex o fA e scu lap a nd H yg ia ) a nd 1 . 20 m ( a t emp le d evo ted t o s eve ra l g od s ) . T he mo s t f r equen t t h ickness r a nges b e tween 0 . 75 a nd 0 . 90 m .

T he r oom o ft h e t r ea su ry i n i t ia l ly h ad af l a t c e i l ing b u t l a te r w a s b u i l to nt h ev au l t . F o r i t s c on s t r uc t ion t wo p a ra l le l w a l ls a ga in s t t h e l o ng w a l l s o ft h e r oom w e re n ecessa ry . A s i nt h e

I ns eve ra l m onumen t s ( S cho la G lad ia to rum ) , t h e t emp le o f s eve ra l d i v in i t ie s , t h e f o rum , t h eA ede s A ugus ta l ium ) w ho se p r e ser ved w a l ls a r eh i ghe r , as t ra t if ica t ion o ft h e w a l l c an b e n o t iced , as e r ies o fn a r row l a ye r s o fs ma l l s t one s l ab s m ean t

c a se o ft h ec i s te rn s , t h ev au l t o ft h e t r ea su ry w a s b u i l t o n t h e t wo w a l ls ,n op rom inence b e ing n eeded ' . C )L ibe rP a te rt emp le

t ol e ve l t h e s u r face o ft h e w a l l ,n ece ssa ry t oc heck ing u p t h e v er t ica l i ty o f t h e b u i ld ing . T h i s i sn o t c ha rac ter is t ic o n ly t o

L ibe r P a te r T emp le a nd t h e t emp le p robab ly d ed ica ted t o s eve ra l o the r g od s w e re b u i l t i n t h i s s y s tem . T hu s , o pus c aemen t ic ium w a s u sed f o r t h e s t a i r s l e ad ing t ot h e a l ta r o f

S a rm izege tu sa b u t i ti sa l so m e t i nt h e w ho le e mp i re , a nd e spec ia l ly i n I t a ly ' . G ene ra l ly , t h e f ounda t ion i n o pu s i n ce r tum i s 1 5-20 c m w ide r t h an t h e p rope r w a l l . B y

L ibe rP a te r . T he i rn uc leu s i sp ro tec ted l a te ra l ly b yt wo w a l ls i no pu s i n cer tum . B e tween t h is w a l l s , f o l low ing a s pec ia l

f ounda t ion o ne m u s t m ean n o t o n ly t h e p a r t i nt h e e a r th , b u t a l so t h e w ho le w ide p a r to ft h e w a l l a l ong i t s w ho le h e igh t . I t i so f ten 3 5-40 c m a bove t h e g round a nd i ns ome c a ses i ti s

p ro f i le , t h e s t a i r s w e re b u i l t a nd p robab ly c ove red w i th s t one

p l a s te r s ( S cho la G lad ia torum ) . S ome t ime s , w hen t h e g round s l op es , t h e t o p o f t h e f ounda t ion f o l lows a h o r izon ta l l i ne , r a i s ing a lmo s t 1 . 5 m a bove t h e l e ve l o f t h e w a lk ing l e ve l v e r su s t h e o u t s ide o ft h e b u i ld ing ( t emp le o fL ibe rP a te r ) . I n t wo c a ses , t h e t emp le o f L ib e r P a te r a nd t h e n o r the rn p r ec inc t s w a l l o f t h e t emp le d ed ica ted t o s eve ra l g od s , t h e

s l ab s . I n t h e t emp le d ed ica ted t o s e ve ra l g ods , o pus c aemen t ic ium a ppea r s i nt h e p l a tfo rm s uppo r t ing t h ec o lumn s ( p robab ly t wo r ows o f 4c o lumn se ach ) o ft h e n ao s ( P l .L I / 1) . T he s t reng th o ft h e m a son ry i nb o th t emp les i sc on s ide rab le o w ing t o as pec ia l m e thod o f b u i ld ing w i th al ime d i f f e ren t f r om t h eu sua l mo r ta r .

f ounda t ion i sc a ref u l ly b u i l t , t h e s t one s b e ing p laced o n t h e i r d )S cho la G lad ia to rum

e dges , s l an ted s o t h a t t h e o u t s ide f a ce l ook s l i ke a f i r t r ee b r an ch . T he w ho le c on s t ruc t ion l a ys o n ab a se o f 2 -3 r ow s

I n t h e s ou the rn w ing o f t h e b u i ld ing , n ame ly t h e mo sa ic r oom ' , t h e re a r e t wo m as s ive r e ce sse s b u i l t i nt h e s ame

w i thou t a ny mo r ta r . B o th c on s t ruc t ion s a r e d a ted i nt h e f i r s t h a lf o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry .

manne r . T hese i n le t s r e nder ing aT s hape t ot h e r oom w e re T he o pus i n cer tum s ys tem s e ems t o h ave b een u sed i n S a rm izege tu sa d u r ing t h e w ho le R oman o ccupa t ion , e ven i f i nR ome i tw a s r ep laced b y o pus r e t icu la tum i nt h e f i r s t h a lf

p robab ly u sed a s ab ench o f ap o ss ib le d i n ing r oom . O pus c aemen t ic ium m ay h ave a l so b een u sed i nt h e v au l t o f t h e M i th ra s T emp le . T he e x is tence o f av au l t i nt h a t t emp le

o ft h e f i r s tc en tury A .D . I t s g r ea t f r equency i sj u s t i f ied b y t h e

i sp roved b y t h e s pec if ic b r ick s d i scove red a nd p ub l i shed b y

b u i ld ing m a te r ia l r e ad i ly a va i lab le .

2 1 C .D a icov ic iu , o p .c i t . , p .5 22-523 . 2 2 I d em ,o p .c i t . , p .5 30-531 . 2 3 D .A l icu , S C IVA , 2 8 ,1977 ,P . 1 2 , f i g .2 .

2 4P .K in i ly , AS a rm iz ege tusa i M i th reum , B udap e s t 1 886 , c a ta louge n o . 1 0 . 2 5 G .L ug l i , o p .c i t . ,p . 45 . 2 6 I d em , o p . c i t . , P . 4 45 .

2 9

T own P lann ing i nU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i z ege tu sa 4 .O pus t e s taceum O pu s t e s tac eum , o r t h e w a l l o f t h e i n s ide i n o pu s c aemen t i c ium a nd t h eo u t s ide f a ce m ade f r om t i l e so rb r ick s , i sr a re ly f o und i nU lp ia T ra iana . S o f a r , i tw a s f o und i no n e m onumen t , n ame ly , i n t h e s e cond p ha se o f t h e S cho la G lad ia to rum , i nt h e r oom w i th m o sa ic a nd h ypo cau s tum ' T he b r ick s a r eu sed h e r e f o rt h eb u i ld ing o ft h ec o rn e r s o ft h e w a l l ,i n ar oom o fa ni r r egu la rs h ap e( t he r oom h ad a ni n le ti n t h e w es ter n w ing a nd a no the r o ne o n t h e n o r ther n s i de o fa n a lmo s t s qua r e s hap e ) . Un fo r tuna te ly l i t t le i sp r e ser ved f r om t h es upe r io rp a r to ft h er oom , s ow e s ha l l r e f e rm o s t ly t ot h e w a l l so ft h eh ea t ing i n s ta l la t ion ,u nde rt h e f l oo r , w h ich a r ei n g ood c ond i t ion . T he s ou ther nw a l l ,a sw e l l a st h ee a s ter no ne , a r e d i s t ingu i shed b y t h e i r i n s ide f a ce , c on s i s t ing o f r odge t i l e st h ru s ti ni t si n s ide a nd b yt i l e s ,f r agmen t so fb r ick sb e ing r a r e ly f ound . T he w a l l sf o rm ing t h en o r ther ns i de o ft h er oom ( i n c lud ing t h e i n le t ) , h ave t h e i r c o rne r s m ade f r om c ommon b r ick s . T he p a s sage f o r h o t a i r i sa l so m ade o u t o f b r ick s m o r e o r l e s s i n tac t ; i tw a s b u i l t f o r t h e h o t a i r p a s s ing b e tween t h e m o sa ic r oom a nd t h e o ne u nde r i ta nd c on s i s ted o f ap i l la r a nd t wo g a l le r ie s . T he g a l le r ie s p robab ly h ad a b r ick a r ch . T hey a r e a l so c ove red w i th b r ick s o rgan ica l ly i n co rpo ra ted i n to t h es epa ra t ing w a l lo ft h er oom s . T h i s w ing o ft h e b u i ld ing w a s a ch ieved i nt h e s e cond h a l fo f t h es e cond c en tu ry ,p robab ly a f te rt h e Ma r coman ic w a r s' .

5 . Opus m ix tum

am a son ry b a sed e xc lu s ive ly o fb r ick s a tt h a ts upe r io rl e ve l . T ha ti sw hy w ec on s ide rt h a t w e h ave m o r e p robab ly t od ea l w i th ab u i ld ing e r ec ted i no pu s m ix tum . T he b u i ld ing , w ho se p u rpo se c ou ld n o t b e s e t t led f o r t h e f i r s t p ha se , w a s b u i l t i n t h ef i r s th a l fo ft h es e cond c en tu ry .

6 . Opus i n t e s t inum T he w ooden p a r t i t ion w a l l s a r e a lmo s t i mpo s s ib le t o b e f o und a s t h ey w e r e t h e f i r s t t ob e d e s t royed a c c iden t ly , o r b ecau se o ft h e e f f ec t s o f w ea the r . T he r e w a s o n ly o ne c a se w hen o ne f o und f r agmen t s o f aw ooden c on s t ruc t ion , n ame ly i nt h er oom p a r t ia l ly u nde rt h es o i l ,i nt h em idd le o ft h ea r ena o ft h e a mph i thea t r e ( P 1 .L I /2 ) . T he w ooden b eam s p r e se r ved u p t on ow v e ry p robab ly u sed f o r as u sp ended f l oo r o f t h e r oom ' . I ti st h e c a se o f aw ooden s t ru c tu r e i s o la t ing t h e s up e r io r d r y p a r t o f t h e r oom f r om t h e i n f e r io r l e ve l , w he r e t h e r a in w a te r o r p h rea t ic w a te r w a s d r a ined b y a n u nde rg round c hanne l . Wooden c on s t ruc t ion s c ou ld a l so b e n o t iced i nt h e c omp lex o ft h e t emp le sd ed ica ted t ot h e g od s o fm ed ic in e . I nt h e f i r s t c on s t ruc t ion , w ho se d e s igna t ion w a s n o t p r ec i se ly e s tab l i shed , t h e r e w e r e r oom s w h ich u ndoub ted ly h ad w ooden w a l l s . U n fo r tuna te ly , t h e re i sn o th ing l e f t b u t t h e s t on e b ed , t h e f i r s t b eam h ad b een p l a ced o n , a nd a l a rge q uan t i ty o fa s he ss i gn i fy ing t h et r ag ic e nd o ft h eb u i ld ing . I n t h e a u tumn o f 1 978 , i nt h e w e s t o f S cho la G lad ia to rum a nd n o r th— ea s to ft h ea mph i th ea t r e , ab u i ld ing w a su ncove r ed w h ich h ad 4l e ve l s o fc on s t ruc t ion , t wo o ft h em b e ing m ad e o fw ood . F rom t h e f i r s tl e ve lt h e r er ema ined o n ly t h et r ace o f t h eb eam st h r u s ti n to t h es o i l , i nt h en o r th a nd e a s t . A tc e r ta in t ime t h e b u i ld ing b u rn ed d own . T he b eam s o f t h e s ou the rn s i de w e r e u p roo ted ; s o o n t h e e a s t s i de t h ey r o t ted . T h e s e cond p ha se i ss ma l le r , s o t h a t t h e e a s t er n s i de i s9 0 c m r e t ra i ted , i fc ompa r ed t ot h e f i r s t l e ve l . T he s ou ther ns i de i s 1 5 c m r e t ra i ted , p a r t ia l ly o ccupy ing t h e d i t ch o f t h e f i r s t

O pu s m ix tum , o r w a l l s f r om r o ugh s t one a l te rna t ing w i th r ow so fb r ick s ,w e r en o tf ound i nS ann izege tu sa , a st h e re a r e n o b u i ld ing s w ho se w a l l s e xceeded m o r e t h an 6 0-80 c m a bove t h e o l d s o i l . H oweve r , a p a rag raph o f o ne o f Mün s te rbe rg a nd O eh le r ' s w o rk s d raw o u r a t ten t ion , a nd w e q uo te i t :' B eh ind t h eT omya ' sw idow h ou se w ef o und r u in so f ab u i ld ing , 1 00 m l o ng a nd i ns e ve ra l p l ac e s s ome m e t r e s h i gh . T h e w a l l s a r e f r om s and s tone l i ke t h e n ea rby a mph i thea t r ea nd a t ar egu la rd i s tance o fo ne f oo tt h e re w e r e l a ye r s o f b r ick s . T he r e a r e v e ry m any w indow s o n t h e w e s ter n s i de . T he e n t ranc e w a s i nt h e n o r th ' . I ti ss t range t h a tt h i sb u i ld ing s ow e l lp r e se r ved d i dn o td raw t h ea t ten t ion o ft h e a r chaeo log i s t s o f t h e D eva S o c ie ty o f H i s to ry , w h ich f o r 2 0 y ea r s b e fo r e t h e t r ip o f t h e t wo r e sea r che s i n i t ia ted a nd l e d a r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ion s i nS a rm izege tu sa . I ti s a l so s t ra nge , t h a t a f te r Mün s te rbe r a nd O eh le r , n obody m en t ioned t h er e spe c t ive b u i ld ing . T h i ss i lence c omp e ls u st o b ec au t iou s , s i n ce t h a t m a son r y w a s u sed o f ten e nough , b o th i nt h eM idd le A ge sa nd t h e moder np e r iod .

b eam . I nt h i s i n s tance t h e b eam s a r es haped a nd p l a ced o na s t one b ed . T h e f r ee s pace l e f t i nt h e d i t ch o ft h eb eam i nt h e s ou th , a pp rox . 1 5c m f o r t h e b a se b eam , i sf i l led w i th s ma l l p ebb le s . T h r ee r oom s w e r e f o und , s epa ra ted b y w ooden w a l l s . T h e r oom s p aved w i th c o c c iope s to k eep s t h e r e l ie fo f t h e b a se b eam s f o r t h e s epa ra t ing w a l l s s o a c cu ra te ly t h a t e ven t h e f i b r e s o f t h e w ood c an b e s e en . T h e t h i rd a nd t h e f ou r th l e ve l d e s t royed a p a r t o f t h e c ove r ing o f t h e r oom s , o b l i te ra t ing t h ec ou r se o ft h ew ooden w a l lo nt h ee a s te rn s i de a nd p a r to ft h e n o r th er no ne . T he d e s t ruc t ion w a s c omp le ted b yt h ee r ec t ion o nt h a tp l ace o f ab u i ld ing a r ound 1 950 . T hu s t h e r e w a s n o th ing l e f t f r om t h e n o r th w ing o f t h e a bove m en t ioned b u i ld ing . O n t h e b a s i s o fs ome f r agmen t so ft e r ra s i g i l la ta , d i scove red a t t h e l e ve l o f t h e s e cond p ha se , t h e b u i ld ing i sd a ted i nt h e f i r s t h a l fo ft h e s e cond c en tu ry . T he t r ac e s o f aw ooden b u i ld ing w e re f ound i nb u i ld ing EM 2 4 ( P l .XLV I / 1 ,2 ) .

O pu s m ix tum m ay b e p r e sumed i n aR oman c on s t ruc t ion d i scove red i nt h e r e c en t y ea r s —S cho la G lad ia to rum . I nt h e f i r s tp ha se o ft h i sb u i ld ing o ne d i scove r ed a t ac e r ta in l e ve la m a son ry , t h e t r ac e s i n t h e m o r ta r o f o ne o r t wo r ow s o f b r ick s i n s i tu . T he h uge q uan t i ty o f s t one a nd t h e m uch s ma l le rq uan t i ty o fb r ick st a ken o u te xc lude t h ep o s s ib i l i ty o f

2 7 D .A l icu ,o p .c i t . ,p . 11-117 . 2 8 H . D a icov ic iu a nd c o l lab . ,S a rge t ia ,X IV , 1 979 ,p .1 39-143 . 2 9R .M t ln s te rbe rg a nd J .O eh le r , HTRTE , X I I I , 1 902 ,p .2 42 .

3 0C .D a icov ic iu , ACM IT , I V , 1 932-1938 ,p .3 99-400 .

3 0

B u i ld ing T e chn ique s 7 . Opus s i gn inum I t i s p r in c ipa l ly k nown u nde r t h e I t a l ian c oc c iope s to , a m ix tu re o f s ma l l f r agmen t s o f t i l e a nd m o r tar' . I n S a rm izege t usa i ti st h e mo s t w ide ly s p read f o rm o fm ix tu re . C occ iopes to i se a s i ly m ade , a nd a f te r c a s t ing i ti sp o l ished a nd g e t s as pec ia lr e s is tance . I nv ery f ew i n s tance s , t h is m ix tu re w a s c a s t d i rec t ly o n t h e g round . T he re i so n ly o ne e xamp le w hen i tw a s c er ta in ly p l aced d i r ec t ly o n t h e g round — i nt h e c e l la o fT emp le A o f t h e m ed i c inae g od s . B ecau se o f t h i s , i t s r e s is tance w a s r educed , t h e f l oo r d e te r io ra ted v er y s e r iou s ly e sp ec ia l ly a t t h ee n t ranc e . G ene ra l ly ,t h em ix tu re o fm o r ta ra nd b r ick s w a s p u t o n al a ye r o f s t one s , u sua l ly o n t h e i r e dge , w h ich w e re

c m o f l ime a nd v ery f i ne ly b roken b r ick ( nuc leus ) . O n t h is l e s t s t ra tum t h e p rope r mo sa ic i sl a id . T he r e s is tance o f t h e s uppo r t o f t h e mo sa ic i sc ompa rab le w i th t h a t o f r e in fo r ced c onc r e te , I n S cho la G lad ia torum i n o n e o f t h e i n le t s w i th m o sa ic a nd i n as ma l le rr oom a l so p aved w i th mo sa ic , a f ter t h e d e ter io ra t ion o f t h e f l oo r i t s m end ing w a s g i ven u p , b u t 3 -4 c m o fc o cc iope s to w a s p ou red o n i t .o pus s i gn inum w a s a l so u sed a s a n i s o la t ing s t ra tum , a nd i nt h e r oom s p aved w i th s t one o r ma rb le s l ab s ( t he A ed e s A ugu s ta l ium = " ) , o r i n t h o se p aved w i th b r ick s ( o ne o f t h e r ooms i n S cho la G lad ia torum ) . O pus s i gn inum w a s u sed i n S a r rn izege tusa s i nce t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e c i ty ( b u i ld ing B i n t h e w e s t o f S cho la G lad ia to rum ) u p t o t h e t h i rd c en tu ry ( t he m end ing o f t h e r oom s w i th m o sa ic o fS cho la G lad ia torum ) .

p l ac ed o n ag round b ed w e l l b ea ten ( t he b u i ld ing w i th 4 s t ages t ot h ew es to fS cho la G lad ia torum ) . T h i s s y s tem i su sed w i th v ery g ood r e su l t s f o rt h er ooms w i th h ea t ing i n s ta l la t ion s . I n a l l c a ses w i th s u ch i n s ta l la t ion s n o u nevenne s s w a s f ound o n t h e f l oo ro ft h e u nde rg round r oom , d esp i te o ft h e v e ry g r ea t w e igh tb o rn e b y e ach s qua re m e te r o ft h e r e spec t ive f l oo r . T he c ove r ing p l aced o n h ypo cau s tum d i f f e r s f r om t h e i n s ide o ne i nt h ickne s s a nd g ranu la t ion ( t he

8 . Opus mus ivum I ti sa c tua l ly t h e mo sa ic m ade f r om b i t s o f ma rb le , s t one , g l a ss a nd o t he r m a ter ia ls . I nS a rm izege tu sa 6 mo sa ic f l oo r s w e re d i scove red . T he f i r s t w h ich w a s ap o lych rome o ne wa s f o und i n1 773 , f o l lowed b y t wo mo sa ic s o f as pec ia l a r t is t ic v a lue , h av ing a s e mb lem s t wo k nown s c enes : ' t he J udgmen t o fP a r is ' a nd ' P r iam 's i mp lo ra t ion t oA ch i l les ' d i scove red i n

b o t tom d oe s n o t e xceed 3 -4 c m i n S cho la G lad ia to rum , w i thou t a ny s t one b a se , w h i le t h e o t he ro ne i nt h e s ame c a se r e ache s 2 5 c m o f t h ickness ) . I n t h e m ix tu r e p l aced o n t h e g round , w i thou t i n s ta l la t ion s , c hanne l s , e t c . , t h e g ranu la t ion

1 823 . B o th m o sa ic s w e r e d e s t royed s e ve ra l y ea r s l a te r . I n 1 832 M . J . A ckne r d i scove red a no the r mo sa ic o f a pp rox . 5 0 m2,m o s t o fi td es t royed ' . T he l a s tt wo mo sa ics w e re f ound i nt h e r oom s o fS cho la G lad ia torum . T he f i r s t , o f as ma l le r

o f b r ick s i sb igge r . I t s r e s is tance i se n su red m o s t ly b y t h e c ompac t l a ye ro fs t one a tt h e b a se . T he s i tua t ion i sd i f f e ren t o n t h e s up er io r l e ve l , w he re i t s r e s is tance i sa s su red b y t h e s ma l le rg r anu la t ion o ft h ed ec rea s ing s ub s tanc e .

d imen s ion , i sb e t te r p reser ved a nd h a s as imp le g eome tr ic d eco ra t ion . T he s e cond i s q u i te d e te r io ra ted a nd h a s a v ege ta ld eco ra t ion c omb ined w i th g eome tr ic e l emen t s' .

O pus s i gn inum i sn o t u sed o n ly f o r f l oo r m ak ing . T he s ame c ompo s i t ion w i th am uch f i ne rg ranu la t ion , l e ad ing t o am o re h omogenou s m ix tu r e , i su sed f o rp la s te r ing t h e w a te rc i s te rn . When i ti sw e l l b ea ten , t h is p la s ter ing b ecome s w a te r p roo f

Mo re f r equen t i st h e f l oo rm ade f r om b aked c l ay o fd i f f e ren t f o rms o n ab a se o fc o cc iope s to .

a nd e x t reme ly r e s is tan t : s uch o pus s i gn inum w a sf ound i nt h e a )E lemen t s o fr hombo ida l s hape w i th t h e l o ng a xe b e tween 3 / 5 c m ( PLU M ) . b ) E lemen t s o f b aked c l ay o f t r iangu la r f o rm r e semb l ing

t h e rmae ' a nd t h eb a s in so fS cho la G lad ia to rum . As pec ia l f o rm o fc occ iopes to w a s f ound i nt h e v i l la r us t ica o f Hob i ta . T he f l oo r s o fr ooms 3 , 4a nd 5c on s is to f ab ea ten

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s i tu

i n A ede s

A ugus ta l ium' t h ermae ' , V i l la S uburband" . T he i r d imen s ion s a r e : 1 5 .5 x4 . 5 c m ( P l . L I I I / 1 ) . c ) H exagona l e l emen t s o f 4t o 1 4 .5 c m i n d iame t e r w h i le t h e i rh e igh t r a nges f r om 6t o 3c m . T he se w er e d i scove r ed i n s i tu i n A ede s A ugu s ta l ium ' ( P I .L I I /1) a nd t h ermae '

l a ye ro fg round ( 20 c m ) ,r i ve rs t one s ( 7c m ) , a nd as t ra tum o f w e l l b roken r ed b r ick ( 3 c m )" . Mayb e t h e l ime , t h e m a in b i nde ro ft h em ix tu r e ,w a si n av er y s ma l lq uan t i ty . A no ther u se o fo pus s i gn inum i sa s ab i nde r o rb a se f o r t h e d i f f e ren t t ypes o f mo sa ic . I t w a s f ound , t h us i n t h e t h e rmae ' ,t h eA ed e sA ugus ta l ium ' ,V i l la S uburbana ' . O f

( PLL I I I / 3 ) . d ) Wa f e r l ike e l emen t s 5x8c m l o ng a nd 1 . 5-3 .5 c m t h ick

as pec ia l s t ruc tu re i st h e s uppo r t o f t h e mo sa ic f r om s t one p i ece s o r o t he r m a ter ia l s . T h is c ou ld b e w e l l n o t iced i nt h e r oom w i th mo sa ic o fS cho la G lad ia to rum ' .T he s uppo r t o f t h e mo sa ic c on s i s t s o ft h ree d i s t inc t l a ye r s . T he l owes t l a ye r

w e re d i scove red i n s i tu i n t h e A ede s A ugus ta l ium " , t h e t emp le o fN eme s is'' , ab u i ld ing t ot h en o r th o ft h e H ou se o f C u l tu r e . Many s u ch p i ec e s w e re a c c iden ta l ly f ound i n t h e t emp le o f A escu lap a nd H yg ia i nt h e s ec t ion s o u t o ve r t h e

o f 1 2 c m h a s ad eg rea s ing a gen t f o rmed o f b r ick b i t s a nd p ebb le s ( s ta tumen ) . T he i n te rmed ia ry l a ye r , 1 0 c m t h ick , c on s i s t so fl ime a nd w e l lb roken b r ick ( r udus ) , f o l lowed b y4

w a l lo ft h ec i ty b yv i l lage r s d u r ing t h e i rt i l l ing ( 131 . L I I I / 5 ) . e )G ro ss l ike e l emen t s 5 -5 .7 c m i nd i ame ter w e re d i scove red

3 1 3 2 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7

3 8 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7

G . L ug l i ,o p .c i t . ,p .4 9 . P .K i rä ly , D ac ia P rov inc ia A ugu s t i ,N agyb ec ske r ek , I , 1 89 4 ,p .1 51 . 0 . F locs , Ma ter ia le , I ,1 953 ,p .7 48 . P .K i rä ly , 1 . c . C . D a icov ic iu , D a c ia , 1 927-1932 ,p .5 27 s q q . 0 . F loca ,S a rge t ia , I ,1 937 , p .7 . D . A l icu ,o p .c i t . , p . 12 .

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C .D a icov ic iu , L c . T h e b ib l iog r aphy i nI .B e rc iu , A pu lun i , I V , 1 96 1 , p .1 57-158 . D .A l icu ,o p .c i t . , p . 11-117 . C . D a icov iv iu , o p . c i t . , p .5 39 . P .K i rä ly , D a c ia P rov inc ia A ugu s t i , N agybec ske rek , I , 1 894 ,p .1 51 . 0 . F l ocs , S a rge t ia , I ,1 937 ,p .7 . C .D a icov ic iu , o p .c i t . , p .5 27-528 , 5 35 . P .K i rä ly , 1 . c . C .D a icov ic iu , o p .c i t . ,p .5 28 . S z in te G äbo r , HTRTE , ' V I I I , 1 897 ,p .3 7 .

T own P lann ing i nU lp ia T ra iana S arm i zege tusa i nt h eP a lace o ft h e A ugu s ta le s' , i nt h e b u i ld ing t ot h e w e s t o f S cho la G lad ia to rum o n i t s s up e r io r l e ve l , i ns e c t ion Z 2 o ve r t h e w e s te rn s i de o f t h e c i ty . I na l l c a se s t h e se p i ece s w e r eo ns e conda ry p o s i t ion ( P 1 . I I I ,4 ) . 0R e c tangu la rf o rm s ( 10 x5 , 6 x2 , 4c m ) w e re d i scove r ed o n as e conda ry p o s i t ion i n t h e t emp le o f L ibe r P a te r , t h e s up e r io rl e ve l( PLL I I I /7 ) . g )R ec tangu la re l emen t s ,i n as qua r e s e c t ion ,9 . 5 c ml o ng a nd 2 . 2c m w ide w e r eu ncove red r a r e ly a nd b yc hance .T h ey m ay h ave f o rmed p i eces o f t h e s o— ca l led o pu s s p i ca tum ( PLL I I I /6 ) . h )O pus s p i ca tum w a s d i scove r ed i ns i tu o n ly i nt h e A ed e s A ugu s ta l ium ' . T he c on s t i tu t ive p i ece s ' d imen s ion s a r e 1 0x 2 . 5c m( PLL I I /2 ) . i )T he r e w a s o ne c a se o n ly o f af l oo r m ade f r om e a r then t ambou r s , 1 7 c m i n d i ame te r a nd 8 mm h i gh , i n V i l la S uburbana t ot h en o r th o ft h ec i ty 5 ° . j )i n s ide t h e b u i ld ing s a nd i nc ou r tya rd s t h e f l oo ro fn o rma l b r ick s i su sed ; i ti s , n a tu ra l ly m o s t e conom ica l a nd mo r e e a s i ly m ade . I n m any c a se s t h i s f l oo r ing w a s f o und i n s i tu , e . g . i n t h e S y r ian T emp le' , s ubu rban v i l la ' , A ed e s A ugu s ta l ium " , S cho la G lad ia to rum .

9 .O pus t e c tor ium T h i s i st h e p l a s te r f o r p r o tec t ion o f t h e w a l l s , c on s i s t ing o f l i me a nd s a nd i nv a r iou s p ropo r t ion s' . I ts u r v ived t i me i n m any m onumen t s i nU lp ia . I t s a spec td i f f e r s f r om m onumen t t o monumen t b o th a s t o c o lou r a nd g r anu la t ion . T hu s , i n t emp le A o f t h e t emp le s o f m ed i c inae g od s , t h e c e l la w a s t h r ee t i me s p l a s te r ed . T he s up e rpo sed l a ye r s o f p l a s te r r e s is ted u n t i l t o day , t h e f i r s t 1 0 mm t h ick , a nd t h e n ex t t wo o ne s5 -7 mm t h ick . A l though t h e r em u s th ave p a s sed ar a the r l o ng t i me b e tween t h e se p l a s te r s ,t h ey d on o td i f f e ro n e f r om a no the rv e ry m uch . T h e s ame m ay b e s a id a bou t t h e t emp le o fL ib e rP a te r , w he r e i nt h e e a s t r oom t wo l a ye r s o fp l a s te r o n t h e e a s te rn w a l l w e r e f o und . F o r t h e monumen t s t h e p l a s te r w a s m ade f r om l i me a nd s and w i th v e r y s ma l l p ebb le s . I tw a s s moo th ed w i th ap i ece o fw ood , t h e t r ace so f s moo th ing b e ing v i s ib le i mmed ia te ly a f te r i t s e xpo su r e . A m o r e c a l lou s p l a s te rw i th p ebb le s a nd s t raw w a s d i scove red i nV i l la S ubu rbana t ot h en o r th o ft h ec i ty , i nr oom A . o n t h e l e ve l o f t h e h ypo cau s t" . Mo r e o f ten t h an n o t , t h e p l a s te r w a sc ove r ed b y at h in l a ye ro fl i me a nd g yp s ,a nd s ome t ime s m a rb le p owde r5 6 ;t h i s w a s t h e l a ye r t ob e w h i tewa shed o r p a in ted . T he r e sp ec t ive p o l i sh ing p l a s te rc oa t w a s k nown i n t h es pec ia l ized l i t e ra tu r ea so pu sa l bar ium" . N ume rou s f r agmen t s o f p a in ted p l a s te r w e r e f o und i n t h e A ed e sA ugu s ta l ium . H e r e o ne c an n o t ice t h e r oom 2 9 w he r e t h ep a in t ing i m i ta ted t h e m a rb le p l a t ing o fw a l ls , a nd b yr ed , g r een a nd y e l low v ege ta t ion m o t ive s w h ich w e r e p a in ted' s. I nt h e t emp le o f M i th ra s , o n t h e w a l ls o ft h e c e l l s t h e re a r e b l ue w ind ing l i ne s w i th g eome t r ic f i gu r e s o n a r e d b a ckg round' ' ' .

T he c on c ise p re sen ta t ion o f t h e m a son ry t y pe s f o und i n S a rm izege tu sa s o f a r s how s t h a t a l l b u i ld ing m e thod s a nd t e chn ique s o ft h e R oman t i me s h ave b een u sed e xcep t o pu s r e t i cu la tum , o pu s l a te r i c ium a nd o pu s v i ta tum . Ow ing t ot h e i n c ip ien t s i tua t ion o f t h e r e sea r che s , o ne c an a f fo rd s uppo s ing t h e e x i s tence a nd u se i nU lp ia T ra iana o f o t he r m a son ry t y pe s t h a t w e r e k nown i nt h e R oman w o r ld . T he p avemen t o f t h e b u i ld ing a nd t h e g amu t o f c o lou r s o n t h e p l a s te r o f t h e w a l l s a r e v ery d i ve r se . I t i s d i f f icu l t t o d i s t ingu i sh s o f a r t h e c h rono log ica l p ha se s o f t h e m a son ry t y p e se x tan t i nU lp ia T ra iana . T he r e la t ive ly s ho r tl i f eo ft h e t own s e em s t oh ave h i nde red t h ee me rgency o f an ew m e thod w h ich r e su l ted i n t h e c oncom i tan t u s e o f s e ve ra l t y pe s d ep end ing o n t h e n eed s a nd o n t h e m a te r ia ls a va i lab le . T he p r e sence i nt h e n ea r v i c in i ty o f am a rb le q ua r ry r e su l ted i n t h eu s eo fm a rb le a sb u i ld ing ma te r ia l t o o , l e s s f o rt h e w a l l s , w he r e i to n ly a ppea r s a sr e emp loyed m a te r ia l , a nd m o re f o r t h e d eco ra t ion o f w a l l s , f o r t h e c o rn ice s t h a t p ro tec ted t h e w a l l s , f oo t ing s , c o lonnade s , p o r che s , s t a i r s , p avemen t s , p l a t ing o f w a l l s e t c . T he v a r ia t ion o f t h e m a son ry , i t s r i ch d eco ra t ion , t h e u se o f d i ve r se b u i ld ing m a te r ia l s , o f t h e p a ragne ie s a nd m ica— sch i s t r ough s t one f r om t h e r i ve r , o f b r ick s , o f l i me s tone o fv a r iou s q ua l i ty , o fs and a nd ma rb le , c on f e r r ed S a rm izege tu sa ap a r t icu la r a spec t , f r eed f r om t h e m ono tony o f t h e t own s b u i l t i n t h e s ame m a te r ia l . I t s u r ban i s t ic a spe c t s e em ing ly e nab led i tt o k eep t h e p r io r i ty a mong D ac ia ' s t own s , e ven a f te r i t l o s t i t s m i l i ta ry i mpo r tan ce a nd a f te rt h ee conom ic r o le d ec l ined .

T he m o s t f r equen t k i nd o fp l a s te r d i scove r ed i sc o lou red i n r e d . O n t h e b ackg round , g ene ra l ly s imp le , a nd a pp rox . 1m a bove t h e f l oo r , t h e r e w e re z oomo rphou s a nd a n th ropomo rphou s f i gu r e s , o rd raw ing s r e p re sen t ing v ege ta l o rg eome t r ic o r namen t s ,e t c . P ompe ian r e d w a s f o und i nt h e A ed e s A ugu s ta l ium , t h e S y r ian t emp le ' , S cho la G lad ia to rum ,v i l la r u s t i ca o fH ob i te" ,t h et emp le d ed ica ted t o s e ve ra l d e i t ie s . I n t h e l a s t c on s t r uc t ion , i n t h e n o r the rn p a r t ,s ma l lf r agmen t so fp l a s te rd eco ra ted w i th g r een ,y e l low a nd b l ue l i ne s w e re a l so f o und . I ns ome e d i f ice s o fs pec ia l i mpo r tan ce , d eco ra t ion s o f s t uc co w e r e a pp l ied o n t h e p l a s te r a t ac e r ta in l e ve l . S o f a r s t uc co w a s f o und i n t h e S y r ian t emp le , d eco ra t ed w i th w aved a nd k n i t ted l i ne s' , a nd i n t h e A ed e s A ugu s ta l ium , d eco ra ted w i th o vae a nd a s t raga l s' .

5 4G .L ug l i ,o p .c i t . ,p .4 9 . 5 5 0 .F lo ca ,o p .c i t . ,p .2 . 5 6G .L ug l i ,o p .c i t . , P . 4 9 ; C .D a icov ic iu ,o p .c i t . ,p .5 23 . 5 7 V i t ruv iu s , V I I , 2 , 3 , 6 ; VJ . A nde r son , R .P . S p ie r s , T . A shby , T he A rch i tec tu r eo fA nc ien tR om e .L ondon 1 927 ,p .4 1 ; G .L ug l i ,o p .c i t . ,p .4 9 . 5 8C .D a icov ic iu ,o p .c i t . ,p .5 28 . 5 9P .K i ra ly , AS a rm iz ege tu sa iM i th reum , B udape s t 1 886 ,p .1 . 6 0G .T 6g la s , AE , XXV I , 1 906 ,p .3 23 . 6 1 0 .F lo ca , Ma te r ia le , I ,1 953 ,p .7 50 . 6 2G . T eg la s ,o p .c i i ,p .3 24 . 6 3 C . D a icov ic iu , 1 . c . ; c once rn ing t h e u s e o f s t ucco w o rk s e e W .L . MacDona ld , T he A rch i tec tu r e o ft h e R oman Emp i r e , L onodn 1 965 . p . 1 75 , s q q ; N . D avey , AH i s to ry o fB u i ld ing Ma te r ia l s ,L ondon 1 961 , p . 12-119 .

4 8C .D a icov ic iu , o p .c i t . ,p .5 24 , f i g . 6 . 4 9I d em ,o p .c i t . ,p .5 38 , f i g . 2 9 . 5 00 . Ro ca ,I . c . 5 1 G .' Ng la s , AE , XXV I , 1 906 ,p .3 23 . 5 2C .D a icov ic iu , D ac ia , I ,1 924 ,p .2 36 ; 0 .F l oca ,o p .c i t . ,p .4 , 9 . 5 3C .D a icov ic iu , D ac ia , 1 927-1932 ,P . 5 28 .

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CHAPTER 6 BU ILD ING MATER IALS

Mo s t f r equen t ly u sed m a ter ia l s i nU lp ian c on s t ruc t ion s a r e b r ick , m a rb le , g r i t s tone , l imes tone , m ica— sch i s t a nd p a ragne iss .

b u i l t i n ag r ea t n umb e r a round t h e p l ace o fb r ick mak ing . ( A t a bou t 4 00 m t ot h e s ou th—ea s t o ft h e c i ty t wo k i ln s f o r t i l es w e r e a l so d i scove red ) .

1 .B r ick a nd t i le a r e b u i ld ing e l emen t s i mp ly ing p r ev iou s p roc ess ing ' . A s i ti se a s i ly s haped , b r ick m ay b e u sed i n mo re d emand ing o r d i f f icu l t w o rks , s u ch a s a r che s , v au l t s ,

2 . C lay ma ter ia l w a s e xam ined i n t h e l a bo ra tory a nd a na ly sed u s ing 1 7 p i eces . B y c ompa r ing t h e d a ta a nd t h e g eo log ica l m ap o ft h er e g ion w e m ay a s sume t h ee x is tence o f s e ve ra l z one s f o r t h e e xp lo i ta t ion o f t h e r ow ma ter ia l s u sed i nt h ec on s tr uc t ion so fS a rm izege tu sa .

p i las o fh ypocaus t , f l oo r s , b u ti ti su sua l ly u sed f o rb u i ld ing s . I ft h i s i st r ue f o rR ome , t h ing s a r e d i f f e ren t i nt h e p rov inces . T he re t h e b r ick s a r e s e cond i n t h e u se f o r b u i ld ing s , a f te r c l ay m a te r ia ls . H oweve r , i nS a rm izege tu sa t h e re w a s ag r ea t p roduc t ion o fb r ick s a s i tw a s a s se s sed b y t h e s t amp s o f 2 1 c ra f t smen d i scove red s o f a r' , a nd t h e 3 1 v a r ian ts a nd f o rm s

a ) Marb le , af r equen t ly f ound m a ter ia l i n S a rm izege tusa w a se x t rac ted f r om B ucova q ua r ry , a ta pp rox . 1 2 km w e s to f t h e r i ve r B i s t ra . T he f i ve s amp les o f m a rb le w e c hecked w i thou t a ny e xcep t ion i n d ica te B ucova a s t h e p l ace o f

k nown t h e r e . I na dd i t ion t ot h em t h e re a r e t u be s f o r d ra in ing a nd h ea t ing ,f ound i n 7v a r ian t s .

e xp lo i ta t ion . N ow w e m ay b e s u r e t h a t i nt h e p a s t R u shk i tza q ua r ry w i th s uper io r ma rb le t ot h e o ne a tB ucova , a nd w h ich w a s e xp lo i ted s y s tema t ica l ly s i nce 1 884 , w a s n o t k nown t o

F o r b u i ld ing s t h e s o—ca l led s e squ ipeda le s b r ick s w e re u sed h av ing ar e c tangu la rs hape ,4 4c m l o ng ,t h a t i s , 1 . 5 R oman f t . a nd i t s s ubmu l t ip les ( P l .L IV / 1) . T o t h is u se w e m u s t a dd t h e b r ick s f o r v au l t s w i th t h e i r s p ec if ic s h ape , t i l e s o f v a r iou s

t h e R oman s . b )L and S tone o r ig ina te s f r om t h e c emen ta t ion o ft h e s and s a nd h a s ad i ve r se m ine ra l c ompo s i t ion .

s i ze s a nd t h e h o l low t i l e s ( imb r ice s )e nd ing a tt h e c o rn ice b y a n tef ixe s3 ( P l . L IV /4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ) .

I t a ppea r s a s

d epo s i t s o f l a ye r s o r s l ab s . I t w a s l a rge ly u sed f o r t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ff l oo r s , c o lumn b a se s ,c o lumn s , a nd e spec ia l ly f o r t h e w a l l s u r round ing t h e c i ty . G r i t d epo s i t s a r e n ume rou s

F o r h ea t ing i n s ta l la t ion s s pec ia l ly m ade b r ick s w e r e u sed . V i t ruv ius d e scr ib es t h e b u i ld ing o ft h e h ypo cau s t , s p ec ify ing

a r ound S a rm izege tu sa . T he n ea re s t r i ch d epo s i ts b eg in f r om

t h e t ype s o ft h e b r ick sn ece s sa ry' . T he h ypo cau s td i scove red i nS cho la G lad ia to rum w a s m ade i n as t y le s im i la r t ot h e o ne

t h e w es t o f B ou ta r i a nd f o l low t o t h e s ou th o f G o rge s o f T ran sy lvan ia a nd t h e s ou th o f S a rm izege tu sa u p t ot h e e a s t o f P e sh te ra ( ' The C ave ' ) . A round t h e v i l lage o f H ob i ta ,

d esc r ibed b y V i t ruv iu s . T hu s , t h e f i r s t b r ick , s uppor t ing t h e

w he r e t h e r e a r e R oman t r ace s , a ta bou t 2 km s ou th o f t h e

f l oo r , w a s ab ipeda l i s , as qua re b r ick , 5 8 .5 c m ; t h en ex t w a s a lmo s t o f t h e s ame s i ze w i th t h e s e squ ipeda l i s , 2 8 x2 8 c m b r ick , a nd f i na l ly 8b asa l e s .

c i ty , t h eg r i tq ua r ry m u s th ave b een e xp lo i ted . c ) C a lcareous S tone i s as ed imen ta ry s t one o f c hem ica l

I nS a rm izege tusa t h ree o t he ri n tac t h ea t ing i n s ta l la t ion s w e re

p r ec ip i ta t ion , g ene ra l ly monom ine ra l , c on s i s t ing o f s pa r a nd

d i scove red i nt h e A ed e s A ugus ta l ium , V i l la S uburbana , t h e

o t he r s ub s tance s r e nder ing i td i f f e ren t c o lou r s . I ts ome t ime s c on ta in s f o ss i l s . T h is m a ter ia l i s a f f ec ted mo re b y

t h ermae , b u t e ach w a s o f ad i f f e ren t s i ze a nd w a s b u i l t f r om d i f f e ren t t y pe s o fb r ick s . L e ss f r equen t a r e t h e i n s ta l la t ion s w i th p i l la r s o fr ound e l emen t s . T h is a ppea r s r a re ly a nd o n ly

a tmo spher ic a gen t s b u t i ti s mo re b eau t if u l a nd c an b e p roce ssed w i th l e s s d i f f icu l ty . T hu s t h e l imes tone g e t s a m a rmo rea l a spec t b y modu la t ion a nd p o l ish ing . T ha t i sw hy i t w a s u sed f o r t h e A ed es A ugus ta l ium , t h e A u r e l i i s ' m au so leum i n t h e D ra jkov Va l ley . A d epo s i t o f s uch m a ter ia l s i si n t h e w es t o f S arm izege tu sa , i n t h e a r ea o f P äuc ine § t i —Z e ican i . T he modem e xp lo i ta t ion i s i n t h e

b y c hanc e . R a r e a r e a l so t h e i n s ta l la t ion s w i th s uppo r t ing p i l la r s f r om t ub e s . T h i s s y s tem o f h ypocau s t a ppea red o n ly i no ne b u i ld ing ,i n1 979 . T he t u be s w i th c i r cu la r s e c t ion s w e re u sed m o s t ly f o r

V a l ley o f I o rdäne l , a n a r ea w he r e R oman ma ter ia l w a s

d ra inage , e xcep t ap i ece u sed f o r c onvey ing t h e h o t a i r . T he t u be s w i th s qua re o rr e c tangu la r s e c t ion s w e re u sed b o th f o r

f o und . P robab ly t h eo ld p i t w a s i nt h e s ame a r ea o rn ea rby .

d ra in ing o rh ea t ing i n s ta l la t ion s d )P aragne i s s a nd M ica—sch is t a r e m e tamo rph ic r o ck s o fa T he d i scovery o f ah uge k i ln f o rb r ick s o n ah i l l t ot h ee a s to f t h ec i ty i sn o to n ly a ni n d ica t ion o ft h eb r ick o u tpu tb u t a l so a

u n ifo rm g ranu la ted b l a s t— fu rnace s t ruc tu re w ho se c o lou r v a r ie s f r om w h i te t ob rown o r g r ey . T hey a r e u sed a s r ow

l a ndma rk f o re s tab l i sh ing t h e a r ea w he r e b r ick s w e re m ad e . O fc ou r se ,t h e re w e re o t he rk i ln sn ea rt h is o ne , a st h ey w e r e

r o ck , c anno t b e p roces sed b ecau se o f f i s su res a l ong t h e i r s t ra t if ica t ion .

T he

p a ragne isse s

a nd

m ica— sch is t s

a l so

p r esen t i n t h e r i ve r v a l leys a r e s o c ommon i n t h e o ld c on s truc t ion s t h a t t h e re i sn o d oub t t h a t t h ey w e re e x t rac ted f r om p i ts . P a ragne i ss f o rma t ion s a r et ob e f ound n o t f a rf r om t h e n o r th—wes te rn p a r t o ft h e R oman l o ca l i ty o n t h e l e f t b ank o f B reazova r i ve r . T he m ica—sch is t o r ig ina te s f r om t h e n o r the rn s l opes o f R e teza t Moun ta in s a nd w a s p robab ly

1N .D avey ,o p .c i t . ,p .5 2-159 . 2N . B r anga , S a rge t ia ,X I—X I I , 1 974-1975 ,p .9 1 . 3D .A l icu a nd c o l lab . ,o p .c i t . ,p .1 54155 . 4V i t ruv iu sV . 1 0 ,2 ; s e et o on .D avey , o p .c i t . , p .1 90-204 . 5N .D avey ,o p .c i t . ,p .2 00 , f i g . 11 , 1 ' 2 60 .F lo ca , D ac ia , I X—X ,p .4 31-440 .

3

T own P lann ing i nU lp ia T ra iana S arm i z ege tu sa e x t rac ted i nt h es ou th o fH ob i ta .

o ft h er e g ion a low u st oa s se r tt h a tt h eb u i ld ing r e qu i r emen t s i n vo lved t h e u s e o ft h e n ea r e s t a nd mo s t a va i lab le m a te r ia l s i nt h ea r ea' .

T he r e su l t s o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e a na ly s i s o f m ine ra l s a nd s t on e sa nd t h er e sp ec t ive c ompa r ing w i th t h eg eo log ica l m ap

7C once rn ing t h es t on e m a te r ia l f r om S a rm izege tusa s e e D .A l icu ,C .P op , V . aj i tna e ,A c taMN ,X I I I , 1 976 , p .1 35 w i th b ib l iog raphy , g eo log ica l m ap a nd t a b le sw i th r e su l t so fa na ly s i s .

3 4

CHAPTER 7 ARCH ITECTON IC ORDERS

T he u n i ta ry t r ea tmen t o f a n a r ch i tec ton ic o rde r i mp l ie s t h e p r esence o f a l l i t s e s sen t ia l p i ece s , t h a t i st o s ay , c o lumn b a se , c o lumn , c ap i te l , a r ch i t rave , f r i eze a nd c o rn ice ' ;i n S a rm izege tu sa n o s uch m onumen t , p erm i t t ing s u ch a n a r ch i tec ton ic s t udy , h a s b een f ound . T he re fo r e , w e s ha l l c on f ine t o t h e d i scu s s ion o f e ach o f t h e se e l emen t s d i scove red s epa ra te ly , c on s ide r ing t h em a s c a tego r ies o f p i eces ,u n i t so fa no rde r , b e long ing t o ac e r ta in b u i ld ing .

o f L ibe r P a te r o r i nt h e t emp le d ed ica ted t os eve ra l d e i t ies . Many p i ece s w e r e d i scove red b y c hance .

2 .T he c o lumns ( P l .LV I I ) . T hey a r e t h e s e cond e l emen t o f t h e o rde r a nd a r e p reserved i n as ma l l n umb e r ; m any o f t h em , e sp ec ia l ly ma rb le o nes , h ave b een c hanged i n to w e t l ime . O u t o f t h e 1 7 c o lumn s

I tg o es w i thou ts ay ing t h a tw hen w ek now t wo o rt h ree p i ece s o f t h e s ame o rde r d i scove red i nt h e s ame b u i ld ing w e s ha l l t r yt oc o r r e la te t h em .

f ound i no ro r ig ina t ing f r om S a rm izege tu sa , o n ly 8a r e i n tac t , t h e r e s t o ft h em b e ing f r agmen t s o ft h e t o po rb o t tom ,p a r to f t h e t r unk . O ne c o lumn o u t o fe i gh t w as f ound u nde r ap rec ise a r chaeo log ica l c i rcums tance . I t b e longed t o t h e r ow o f c o lumn s o f L ib e r P a te r t emp le . T he g r i t c o lumn h ad n o b ase

1 .T he c o lumn b a se s

a nd w a s p l aced o n as t y loba te u n l ike t h e ma rb le c o lumn s o f t h ec e l la w i th b a ses . T he p ropo r t ion b e tween t h e d iame ter o f t h e t r unk a tt h e b a se a nd t h e t o p o ne i s6 / 5 . T he p ropo r t ion

I n U lp ia T ra iana , t h e se m ay b e c l a ss if ied i n to 3 d i f f e ren t c a tego r ie s ( P l .LV ; LV I ) . T he f i r s t c a tego ry c omp r i ses o f p i eces w i thou t a ny a na logy i nt h e c l a s s ic w o r ld . T hese b a ses

b e tween t h e m odu lus — t h e r ad ium o f t h e c o lumn a tt h e b ase —a nd i t s h e igh t i s1 : 31 . T h i s p ropor t ion i so ne u n i t l e ss t h an i nt h e c o lumn o f t h e T o scan o rder ' . T he f r agmen t s o f c ap s d i scove red i nt h e t emp le a r e C or in th ian . O u r c o lumn i st h ree

c on s is t o f as qua re p l in th s uppo r t ing a c y l ind r ica l s egmen t f o l lowed b y at r unca ted c one o u t n ea r t h e b a se . I nc e r ta in c a se s a bove t h e t r unca ted c one t h e re i sa no the r c y l ind r ica l

u n i t s i n f er io rt ot h e C or in th ian o ne . T h is i s ac l ea ri n s tance o f p rov inc ia l d i sp ropo r t ion ; t h e c r a f t smen o f S a rm izege tusa f o l lowed t h e c l a ss ic mode ls b u t t h ey f a i led t o s t r ic t ly o b serve t h e r e sp ec t ive p ropo r t ion s . T he s ame d i sp ropor t ion

s egmen t , n a tu ra l ly o f ad i ame te r c on s ide rab ly r educed a s t o t h e l owe r o ne . T he c ompo s i t ion o f t h e b a se i se x t reme ly s im i la r t o t h a t o f t h e D o r ic c ap , s imp le o r ' G reek' . T he a b senc e o f a s t raga l s a nd l i s ta l m ade u s c on s ide r t h e

r e ga rd ing t h e c l a s s ic c anon s m ay b e n o t iced i nt h ec a se o ft h e c o lumn s w h ich a r e i n ta c t .

r e sp ec t ive p i eces a s c o lumn b a se s n o t c ap s ( P l .LV /a ) . O n ly o ne p i ece b e long ing t ot h e f i r s t c a tego ry h a s b een f ound , i n S cho la G lad ia torum , b u t i n as e conda ry p o s i t ion . P iece n o . 7

5= 1 : 1 3 6= 1:1 3

i s , a s am a t te ro ff a c t , a ne n r iched v a r ian t o ft h e i n i t ia l t yp e . T he t o pp a r to ft h eb a se i nt h i s c a se c on s is t so ft wo t r unca ted c one s w i th ac y l ind r ica l s egmen t b e tween t h em . I ti sm ade o f

9= 1 : 1 2 .2 1 0 = 1:1 4 .2

m a rb le ,u n l ike t h eo t he r s w h ich a r e f r om s and o rl imes tone . T he s e cond c a tego ry o f b a ses a r e c l a ss ic ( P l .LV /b ) . T hey b e long t ot h e s o—ca l led T o scan b a se s' c on s i s t ing o f ap l in th , t o ru s a nd l i s te l . O u t o ft h e t h ree p i ece s o f t h is c a tegor y o ne

1 1 2 1 5 1 6 1 7

= 1:1 0 .7 = 1:1 .3 = 1:1 = 1:1 2 .4 = 1:1 6 .3

c an n o t ic en o b1 ,h av ing av ery h i gh p l in th a nd av ery n a r row t o ru s . I tw a s f ound i nt h e t emp le o f S i lvanu s 4,a nd c an b e d a ted a tt h ee nd o ft h e 2 nd c en tu ry . AD o r ic c ap w a sf ound i n

T he re i so n ly o ne c o lumn a cco rd ing t ot h e C or in th ian o rde r , n ame ly n o . 1 7 a nd n o . 1 0 i s , a cco rd ing t ot h e p ropo r t ion s , o f

t h i s t emp le t oo ; t h u s t h e r e spec t ive b a se m ay b e au n i t

t h e T o scan o rde r . A l l t h e o t he r s a r e u nde r t h e r equ i red

b e long ing t ot h e D o r ic o rde r , t h e o rde ro ft h e t emp le . F o rt h e o t he rt wo ,t h ep lace o fd i scovery i su nknown .

p ropo r t ion s .

T he l a s t c a tegory c ove r t h e I on ic b a se s k nown u nde r t h e n ame o f A t t ic b a se s ( P l .LV / c ) . S uch a b a se c on s is t s o f a

f ound , s uch e l emen ts b e ing r a re ly f ound i nD ac ia 's.

I n S a rm izege tu sa n o c o lumn w i th g rooved t r unk s h a s b een

p l in th a nd as hee t b e tween t wo t o ru se s . I ti st h e mo s te l egan t b a se f ound i nS a rm izege tu sa s o f a r . G ene ra l ly , I on ic ma rb le

3 .T he c aps

b a ses w e re f ound i nt h eP a lace o ft h e A ugu s ta les ,t h e t emp le T he c ap s a r e e s sen t ia l e l emen ts r ega rd ing t h e o rde r a nd t h ey w e re f ound i n af a i r ly g r ea t n umbe r a nd o f d i f f e ren t t ypes .

1C once rn ing t h e a r ch i tec tu ra l t yp e s s e e V i t r uv iu s , V I , 1 , 1 3-24 ; V igno la , R egu l i a l e c e lo r c i nc i o rd ine d e a r ch i te c tu rä , B ucha r e s t 1 969 ; R . B o rden ach e , H . S t e rn , S t ud iu l o rd ine lo r s i e l emen t e lo r d e a r ch i t ec tu ra c l a s ica . B ucha re s t 1 958 ; R .C agna t , V . C hapo t , Manue l d ' a rcheo log ie g a l lo— r oma ine , I I , 1 ,P ar i s 1 958 , p .4 1-56 ; M . J . A nd e r son , o p . c i t . , p .4 3-51 ; D . A l icu , Apu l tun ,X IX , 1 981 , P . 9 7-107 . 2M . B ä rbu le s cu , S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 978 , p .2 38 . 3R .C agn a t , V .C hapo t , o p .c i t . , p .3 4 ; A . G ren ie r , o p .c i t . , p .4 3 . 4H . D a icov ic iu a nd c o l la . ,S a rge t ia , X IV , 1 979 ,p .1 49-150 .

T he c ap s o f S a rm izege tu sa w e re d e sc r ibed a nd p ub l ished i n v a r iou s s p ec ia l r e v iew s , f i na l ly b e ing c ompr ised i n ap ape r

5R .C agna t , V .C hapo t , o p .c i t . ,P . 4 0 . 6M . B ä rbu le scu , o p .c i t . , p .2 40 ,n o te 4 3 .

3 5

T own—P lann ing i nU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i z ege tu sa b yM . B ä rbu le sc e .

i n i t ia l ly p ub l i shed '2( P 1 .LV I I I /8 ; LX I I I / 1 ) .

I n t h i s p ape r w e a r e g o ing t o s y s tem ize t h e p i ece s o f S a rm izege t u sa u s ing M . B a rbu le scu ' s s y s tem o f c l a s s if ica t ion c on t r ibu t ing s ome n ew e l emen t s t o i t , p robab ly .

A s omehow s i ngu la r c a tego ry i s f o rmed b y t h e c ap s o f p i la s te r s . F ou r s u ch c ap s o f I o n ic s t y le w e r e d i scove red i n t h eA ed e sA ugu s ta l ium " ( P l .LX I I I /3 ; LX IV /4 ) . T hey a r e o f i mp r e s s ive l i me s tone s a nd t h e i re ch inu si sd eco ra ted w i th b i g s em iova e ,w h i le t h e a s t raga lu s i sw i th p ea r l s a nd t h e l i s te l i s s imp le . T he c ap s a r e o n g rooved p i la s te r s ( 6 b i g g roove s ) . We k now o fo n ly t wo p i ece s o fC o r in th ian c ap so fp i la s te r s . O ne o f t h em i s i n D eva 1 4 , a nd t h e o t h e r o ne i n S ann izege tu sa . T he se c ap s h ave s qua r eb a se s a nd o ne o ft h e s i de s i sn o td eco ra t ed . A s t ot h e d eco ra t ion o fo t he rs i des o f t h e c ap s o fp i la s te r s , o ne c an n o t ice ag r ea t s ob r ie ty . T he i r p l ace o fd i scove ry i su nknown ( P l .LV I I I /9 ; LX I I I /2 ) .

a ) ' Gre ek ' D o r ic S ty le i sr e p r e sen ted o n ly b y o n e p i ece c on s ide r ed i nt h e S a rm iz ege tu sa m u seum a s ac o lumn b a se . T h i s p i ec e o fu no rnamen ted e ch inu s d i f f e r s f r om t h e n ea rby c o lumn b a se s i nf o rm b y t h e p r e sence o ft h e l i s te l s epa ra t ing t h ee ch inu s f r om t h en eck . T h is p i ece w a s n o t i n c luded i nM . B ä rbu lescu ' sc a ta logue ( P l .LV I I I /2 ; LX ) . b )R oman D o r ic S ty le i sr e p re sen ted i n2 0p i ece s' e xh ib i ted i nD eva a nd S a rm izege tu sa m u seum s , a nd i na no the r e x t ra o n e d i scove r ed i n t h e t emp le o f S i lvanu s . T h i s c ap s h ave s qua r e a bacu se s a nd t h e e ch inu s i sd eco ra ted w i th o vae a nd b e tween t h e r e a r e s t y l iz ed l e ave s o r d a r t s . S ome o f t h em h ave t h e i r a s t raga lu s d eco ra ted w i th p ea r ls a nd l i s te ! ( PLLV I I I / 3 .4 ;L IX ; LX ) .

4 .T he A r ch i trave T h i s e l emen t o f t h e o r de r i s p oo r ly r ep r e sen ted i n S a rm izege tu sa . B ecau se o f i t s s hape , t h e a r ch i t rave w a s e x t r eme ly u s e f u l i n modem c on s t ruc t ion a nd w a s u sed a s b u i ld ing m a te r ia l s b y v i l lage r s . Mo r e o f ten t h an n o t a s t h i s a r ch i tec ton ic e l emen t h ad n o i n sc r ip t ion a nd w a s n o t d eco ra ted , i td i d n o t d r aw t h e a t ten t ion o f r e sea r che r s e spec ia l ly . T he r e w a s o n ly o ne p i ece w i th i n sc r ip t ion m en t ion ed b y N e igebau r a nd A ckne r . I tw a s d i scove red i n 1 8 17 a nd w a st r an spo r ted t o Na la t s ivad .

c )I on ic S ty le . We k now o n ly o ne I o n ic c ap w i th b a lu s te r s f r om S a rm izege tu sa , t h e p rop e r ty o f D eva Mu seum , p robab ly o r ig ina t ing f r om t h e e xcava t ion s o f t h e S o c ie ty o f H i s to ry w i th n o t o pog raph ica l i n d ica t ion s . T h e e ch inu s i s d eco ra ted w i th o vae a nd t h e a s t raga lu s w i th p ea r l s . T he b a lu s te r s a r e d eco ra ted w i th s c a le s a nd s t y l ized s t a lk s' ( P l .V I /4 ) .

Af r agmen t o f am a rb le a r ch i t rave w a s c l o se t ot h e t emp le d ed ica ted t os e ve ra l d e i t ie s ( P l .LX IV /3 ) . I t s p rof i le b e long s t o t h e I o n ic a nd C o r in th ian t y p e s . A no the r f r agmen t o f a r ch i t rave w a sn o t if ied t ob ei nt h eA ed e sA ugu s ta l ium " .

d )C or in th ian S ty le c ove r s 2 6 o l d p i ece s '' , a ugmen ted b y s i x c ap s d i scove r ed i n t h e t emp le o f L ibe r P a te r a nd t h e t emp le d ed ica ted t os eve ra l d e i t ie s . A cco rd ing t ot h en umb e r o f r e g i s te r s w i th a can thu s l e aves , t h e C o r in th ian c ap s a r e d i v ided i n to t h r ee c a tego r ie s : 1 .O ne r e g is te rw i th a can thu sl e ave s —6p i ece s 2 .w i th t wo r e g i s te r s , 7p i ece sa nd 3 .w i th t h r ee r e g i s te r s ,t wo p i ece s . T he o t he rc ap s a r e s os e r iou s ly d amaged t h a t t h ey c anno tb e i n c luded p r ec i se ly i n to a ny p a r t o f t h e c a t ego r ie s ( PLLV I I I / 5 ,6 ,7 ; LX I ; LX I I ) .

E l emen t s o f f r i eze h ave n o t b een d i scove red a s y e t i n S a rm izege tu sa b u ti ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h es c ene sw i th H e r cu le s d i scove r ed i nt h eA ed e sA ugus ta l ium t oh ave b een p a r to ft h e d eco ra t ion o f af r ieze ' . T he h ypo the s i s i sb a sed o nt h er ow o fs c u lp tu r ed s c ene so n as t r ip m a in ta in ing t h es ame s i ze .

5 .T he C orn ice

e ) C ompo s i te S ty le c omp r i se s t wo p i ece s . T h is s t y le , d ef ined a s ac omb ina t ion b e tween C o r in th ian a nd I o n ic s t y le , i sd i f f icu l t e nough t ob e r e cogn ized . B o th t h e v o lu t e a nd t h e d eco ra t ion o f t h e c ap m ay b e u se fu l e l emen t s o f c l a s s if ica t ion . M . B ä rbu le scu p ay s ap r imo rd ia l i mpo r tance t o t h e v o lu te s a s ar e su l t o f t h e m ou ld ing o f t h e a bacu s , i n c lud ing i n t h i s o rde r a c ap i n i t ia l ly p ub l i shed a s C o r in th ian '' . O n t h e s ame b a s i s h e e xc lud ed ac ap w ho se v o lu te s l a ck t h ec ha rac te r so ft h e mou ld ing o fa bacu sn o rh a s i tt h a t a ng le o f V s hap e a t t h e s u r fac e o f t h e f u nne l c ha rac te r i s t ic t ot h eC o r in th ian s t y le . F u r the rmo r e , t h i s c ap p r e ser ve s t h e e ch inu s o ft h e I o n ic c ap d eco ra ted w i th o vae a nd s em iovae . B ecau se o ft h i s w ew ou ld r a the r i n c lude t h i s p i ece i n to t h e c ompo s i te o rde r , a si tw a s

T he l a s t b a s ic e l emen t o f t h e o rde r —t h e c o rn ice — i s r e p re sen ted b y s ome f r agmen t s d i scove red i n t h e f o rum ( P l .LX IV /2 ) , i n t h e A ed e s A ugu s ta l ium a nd i n t h e t emp le d ed ica ted t o s e ve ra l d e i t ie s ( P l .LX IV / 1 ) . B y i t s or namen t , t h ep i ece f r om A ed e sA ugu s ta l ium i sr ema rkab le ' 7.

7I d em ,o p .c i t . ,p .2 29-261 . 8I d em ,o p .c i t . ,p .2 34 . 9A l . B a rnes , I . P .A lbu ,S a rge t ia ,X , 1 973 ,P . 1 55 . 1 0M . B ä rbu le scu ,o p .c i t . ,p .2 37 . 1A l . B amea , I . P . A lbu , o p . c i t . , p .1 59 , n o . 1 6 ; M . B a rbu le scu , o p . c i t . , p . 2 38 .

1 2C .D a icov ic iu , D ac ia , I ,1 924 ,p .2 60 . 1 3I d em , D a c ia , I— IV , 1 927-1932 ,p .5 33 . 1 4A l . B a rnea , I . P .A lbu ,o p .c i t . ,P . 1 58 , f i g .5 , 1 . 1 5C .D a icov ic iu .o p .c i t . ,P . 5 33 , f i g .2 7 . 1 6 Monumen t s ,P . 1 4 . 1 7C .D a icov ic iu ,o p .c i t . ,p .5 30 , f i g . 1 6 .

We s h a l l c on t inue t or e con s t i tu te f r om t h e p i ece s p r e ser ved t h e o r de r p r e sen t i nt h e t emp le o f s eve ra l d e i t ies . T he r e a r e s ome f r agmen t s o f c o lumn b a se s , a l l o f t h em I on ic , o ne o f t h em i nf u l lc hape , 2 5 .6 c mh i gh . A ma rb le c o lumn ( P l .LXV ) i n f r agmen ta r y c ond i t ion i n t h e t emp le , f a l len n ea r t h e a f o r e sa id b a se h a s a2 5 .6 c m modu lu s . U s ing t h e p ropo r t ion 1 . 14 w h ich i sc l o se rt ot r u th i nS a rm izege tu sa t h an i t sc l a s s ic p ropo r t ion o f t h e C o r in th ian c o lumn , w e g e t a3 . 54 c m

3 6

A r ch i tec ton ic O rd e r s c o lumn . T he re f o l low s t h e C o r in th ian c ap w i th t wo r e g i s te r s o f a can thu s l e aves , 5 4 c m h i gh , d i scove red i n an umbe r o f c a se s i n b roken c ond i t ion i n t h e t emp le ( P l .LXV I ) . T he

f o r t if ica t ion s . I fo ne h a s i n v i ew t h e ma rb le a r ch i tec ton ic m a ter ia l u sed a sf i l l ing i nt h e s o— ca l led b i g t emp le ( EM 1 8 ) i tc an b e s t a ted t h a tb o th i nt h e f i r s ta nd t h e s e cond p er iod t h e a r ch i tec tu re o ft h e t own w a s s ump tuou s a nd f a s t id iou s . T h i s f a c t u nve i ls a c e r ta in p ro fu s ion o f t h e c i t izen s f r om U lp ia T ra iana .

f r agmen t o f a r ch i t rave d i scove red i n t h e v i c in i ty o f t h e t emp le i s2 7 c m h i gh , a ga in u nde r t h e c l a ss ic p ropo r t ion o f 1 : 1 .5 . T he f r ieze t h a t w a s n o t d i scove red m u s t h ave b een t h e s ame h e igh t , t h a t i st os ay 2 7 c m . F rom t h e c or n ice s eve ra l f r agmen t s w e re f ound , a l l o f t h em 2 9 .3 c m h i gh , a l so u nde r p ropor t ion 1 : 2 o f t h e c l a ss ica l c on s t ruc t ion s . T ak ing i n to a ccoun t a l l t h e d a ta , t h e t emp le d ed ica ted t os eve ra l d e i t ie s m u s t h ave b een 5 . 21 m . A lso w e w e re i nt h e s i tua t ion t o r e con s t i tu te p a r t ia l ly t h e D o r ic o rde r o f ab u i ld ing ( 2002 ) d i scove red i n t ra m uro s i n1 980 ( P l .LXV I I ) .

N ew b u i ld ing s w e re c on t inuou s ly e r ec ted a l so i nt h e f i r s th a lf o ft h e t h i rd c en tu ry ( t emp le d ed ica ted t oC ae les t i s V i rgo , t h e o ne o fD ea R eg ina , a n u nknown e d if ice ( IDR 1 1 /2 ) 2 1 , e t c . ) t h rough t h e r hy thm o f t h e a c t iv i ty w a s l owe r t h an t h e o ne f r om t h ee nd o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry . S u rp r is ing w ou ld t h u s b e t h e c on s tan t a c t iv i ty f r om t h e s econd h a lf o f t h e t h i rd c en tu ry , w hen t h e e d if ice 0 04 w a s e r ec ted ; i ti n vo lved t h ree p ha se s o f c on s t ruc t ion a f te r t h e

* * *

y ea r s 2 52-253 . T hough t h e t own h a s b een o n ly p a r t ia l ly e xam ined , t h e d a ta a r e s u f f ic ien t a s t o make a g ene ra l a pp rec ia t ion o f i t s d eve lopmen t .

T he e vacua t ion o f D ac ia , i mp l ic i t ly o f t h e t own i nt h e y ea r 2 71 , m ean t t h e e nd o f t h e u rban d eve lopmen t o f t h e c o lony . T he a c t iv i ty o f c on s truc t ion w a s n o t y e t t o ta l ly a bandoned , b u t i ss hown b y t h e a r rangemen t s o f i n hab i ted s paces i nt h e o l d b i gb u i ld ing s , w h ich w e re m o r e s u i tab le f o r t h ee conom ic c ond i t ion so ft h er ema in ing p opu la t ion .

I t c an b e t h u s o b se rved t h a t , i n t h e f i r s t y ea r s o f t h e f ounda t ion o f t h e c i ty , ac on s tan t a c t iv i ty o f p ub l ic u t i l i ty w a s u nder taken b o th i n tra a nd e x tra m uro s . T he w ooden b u i ld ing s f r om t h e i n s ide a r e b ur n ed d own , l e ve l led a nd a s y s tema t ic e r ec t ion o f s t one b u i ld ing i s i n teg ra l w ooden , a f te r 1 20 A .D .

F rom m onumen t s o n ce r e spec ted a nd e ven w o r sh iped , t h e r ema in ing c i t izen s , mo s t ly C h r is t ian s , r e—bu i l t w a l ls a nd

T h i s f i r s t p e r iod f i n ishes i nt h e a r ea o u t s ide t h e c i ty w a l ls d u r ing t h e Ma rcoman w a r s , w hen a lmo s t a l l t h e b u i ld ing s a r e a f f ec ted . A f te r t h e y ea r 1 70 o ne c a n o b ser ve ac oncen t ra t ion

c ove red s ac red f o un ta in s f r om t h e s anc tua ry d ed ica ted t ot h e g od s o f m ed ic ine . I n t h e s ame m anne r , t h ey e r ec ted w a l l s f r om b o lde r c onnec ted w i th s o i l o r c l o se s ome g a te s o f t h e a mph i thea t re . B u t i nt ime , t h e t own f a l ls i n to r u in s a nd i s f o rgo t ten . B y a na ly s ing i t s p er iod s o f f l ou r i sh ing , i t s s t ruc tu r e , i t s e d if ice s , i n s ta l la t ion s a nd mun ic ipa l s e rv ices , i t

o f t h e p ub l ic u t i l i ty e f fo r t e spec ia l ly o n t h i s a r ea . O ld b u i ld ing s a r e e n t i r e ly r e—bu i l t ( EM 2 2 ,13 ) , r e pa i red ( EM 1 , 1 4 , 1 9 , 1 5 , 2 4 , 2 5 ) , e x tended ( EM 1 , 2 , 1 5 ) i n te rna l ly mod if i ed ( EM 9 ,2 1) a nd o t he r a r e n ow e r ec ted ( EM 1 8 , 2 0 , 2 6 ) .

r e su l t s t h a t S a rm izege tu sa w a s as e t t lemen t w i th at yp ica l ly R oman , e l eva ted u rban i sm . T he p a t ter n o f R ome w a s e n t i re ly r e spec ted . T h rough t h e c oncep t ion , u rban o rgan iza t ion , a r ch i tec tu r e , a s w e l l a st h rough i t s c i t izen s , t h e

T he n ume rous r epa ir s , i n ter io r a r rangemen t a nd e ven i mp rovemen t s a r e t o b e o b served i n t h e i n ter io r o f t h e

c ap i ta l , m e t ropo l is o f D ac ia , w a s t h e h o t te s t p o in t i n t h e p roce ss o fR oman iza t ion .

3 7

CHAPTER 8 CATALOGUES 1 . CATALOGUE OF THE COLU MN BASES F RO M S AR MIZEGETUSA

e d i f ic e o f t h e A ugu s ta le s , e xpo sed i n t h e S a rm izege tu sa Mu seum . Ma rb le , p l in th 7 7 .7 x 1 .2 c m , h e igh t o f t h e f i r s t t o ru s 9c m ,o ft h es co t ia 9c m ,t h es e cond t o ru s6 0 x6c m .

a . 1 ,5 ,6 . T he p i ece s h ave b een u s ed a s r aw m a te r ia l i nt h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h ec hu r ch f r om D en su § . 1 ) Ma rb le , p l in th 6 6 x3c m ,e l eva t ion o ft h ed runk s 7c m , s ha f t =5 0 x7 . 5c m ; 5 ) Ma rb le ,p l in th 6 3 x1 0c m ,e l eva t ion o ft h ed runk 9c m ,s ha f t =5 4 x7c m . 6 )d u r e g r i t s tone , p l in th 7 5 x1 . 5 c m , e l eva t ion o ft h ed runk 1 4 .6 c m ,s ha f t7 6 .6 c m .

c . 5 . P i ece s e xpo sed i nt h e Mu seum o f D eva ( Sarge t ia , X , 1 973 ,p .1 60 ,n r . 1 9 ) . c . 7 ,10 . B a se s u sed a sr aw m a te r ia l i nt h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e c hu r ch f r om D en su § . 7 )g r i t s tone , p l in th 8 2 .5 x 1 4c m , h e igh t o ft h e f i r s t t o ru s 8c m , o ft h e s co t ia 1 0 c m , t h e s e cond t o ru s 6 5 x6 . 5 c m ; 1 0 ) Ma rb le , p l in th 7 2 x9c m , h e igh to ft h e f i r s t t o r u s 6 . 5 c m , o ft h e s co t ia 7 . 5 c m , t h e s e cond t o ru s w i th t h e b eg inn ing o f as ha f t5 8 x7 . 5c m .

a . 2 ,3 ,4 . T he p i ece s a r e k ep t i nt h e m u seum o f D eva ( s ee S arge t ia ,X , 1 973 ,p .1 60 ,n o . 2 2 ,2 3 ,2 1 ) . a . 7 . B a se f r om t h e S cho la G lad ia to rum , e xpo sed i n t h e Mu seum f r om S a rm izege tu sa . Ma rb le , p l in th , 4 4 .5 x 7 c m , t h e f i r s t d runk h a s a n e l eva t ion o f 7c m , t h e s e cond o f4 . 5 c m ,s p ind le 3 6 x3c m .

2 . CATALOGUE OF THE COLU MNS FRO M S AR M IZEGETUSA

a . 8 .T he p i ece i sk ep ti nt h eS a rm izege tu sa Mu seum . Ma rb le . p l in th ,2 9 .5 x7c m ,s ha f t2 7 x1 3 .5 c m .

1 .F ragmen t so f am a rb le c o lumn ,d i scove r ed b yt h ee n t rance o f t h e t emp le d ed ica ted t os eve ra l d e i t ie s . d iame te r b y t h e b a se 5 1 .1 c m ,t o ta lh e igh t2 22 c m .

b .1 .B a se d i scove red i nt h e t emp le o f S i lvanu s , n ow i nt h e S a rm izeg e tu sa Mu seum . Ma rb le , p l in th 4 4 x2 0 c m , t o ru s 3 5 .5 x5 . 5c m .

2 .F ragmen t s o f ac o lumn w h ich w a s l i ned u p w i th t h e f i r s t o ne .d i ame te ro fi t sb a se 5 1 .5 c m ,t o ta lh e igh t 1 60 c m .

b . 2 ,3 . T he p i ece s a r e e xpo sed i nS a rm izege tu sa Mu seum . 2 ) m a rb le , p l in th 3 5 x7 . 7 c m , t o r u s 1 0 c m , s ha f t 2 4 .6 x 1 4 .7 c m ; 3 ) Ma rb le , p l in th 6 0 . 5x9c m , h e igh t o ft h e t o ru s 1 2 .3 c m ,s ha f t4 6 .2 x1 c m .

3 .F ragmen to f am a rb le c o lumn , f a l len d own b e fo r e t h e a l ta r o f t h e t emp le d ed ica ted t os e ve ra l d e i t ie s . O n ly t h e u ppe r p a r ts u rv ived o n ah e igh to f1 56 c m ,d iame te r4 8 .5 c m . 4 . F ragmen t o f t h e u pp e r p a r t o f a ma rb le c o lumn , d i scove r ed i nt h e w a l l o f ac hanne l f r om t h e i n ter io r o f t h e t emp le d ed ica ted t os e ve ra l d e i t ie s , a c tua l h e igh t 6 1 .5 c m , d i ame te r4 1 c m .

c .1.B a se d i scove r ed b y t h ee n t ranc eo ft h e t emp le d ed ica ted t os eve ra l d e i t ie s . Ma rb le , p l in th 7 5 x9 . 2 c m , h e igh t o ft h e f i r s t t o ru s 5c m , o ft h e s co t ia 7c m , t h e s e cond t o ru s 5 7 .7 x 3 . 3c m .

5 . 6 . Two g r i t s ton e c o lumn s , o ne b e ing f r agmen ta ry a nd n ow r e s to r ed , b o th f r om t h e t emp le o f L ib e r P a t e r . H e igh t 3 00 c m , d i ame te r o ft h e b a se 4 6 c m , d i ame te r o ft h e u ppe r p a r t 3 7 .5 c m .

c . 2 . B a se d i scove r ed i nt h e t emp le o f L ibe r P a te r , n ea r t h e s t ep s w h ich l e ad t o t h e a l ta r . Ma rb le , p l in th 6 5 x1 0 c m , h e igh to ft h ef i r s tt o ru s 7c m ,o ft h e s co t ia 7 . 5 c m , t h es e cond t o ru s5 1 .5 x4c m .

7 .F ragmen t o fm a rb le c o lumn f o und b y t h e e n t ran ce o f t h e t emp le o fL ib e rP a te r . A c tua lh e igh t 1 60 c m ,d i ame t e ro ft h e b a se 5 2c m .

c . 3 ,6 ,8 ,9 , 11 ,12 . B a se s f o r tu i tou s ly d i scove red , k ep t i n t h e S a rm iz ege tu sa Mu seum . 3 ) m a rb le p l in th 6 5 x1 0 .5 c m , h e ig h to ft h ef i r s tt o ru s 7c m ,o ft h es co t ia 7 . 5 c m ,t h es e cond t o ru s 5 4 .3 x6c m ; 6 ) Ma rb le , p l in th 6 0 x1 .5 c m , h e igh t o f t h ef i r s tt o r u s 9c m ,o ft h es co t ia 1 3c m ,t h es e cond t o ru s4 4 .5 x5c m ; 8 ) Ma rb le , p l in th 7 7 .5 x 1 .2 c m , h e igh t o ft h e f i r s t t o ru s 8c m ,o ft h e s c o t ia 1 4c m , t h e s e cond t o r u s6 4 ,7 c m ; 9 ) Ma rb le ,p l in th 4 6 .5 x9c m , h e igh to ft h e f i r s t t o ru s 6c m , o f t h e s c o t ia 7c m , t h e s e cond t o ru s 3 5 .7 x4 c m ; 1 ) Ma rb le , p l in th 7 3 x7c m ,h e igh to ft h e f i r s tt o ru s 9c m ,o ft h es co t ia 9 c m ,t h es e cond t o ru sw i th t h eb eg inn ing o f as h a f t 5 x1 6c m ; 1 2 ) Ma rb le ,p l in th 6 4 .4 x9c m ,h e igh to ft h e f i r s tt o ru s 9c m , o ft h e s c o t ia 9c m , t h e s e cond t o ru s w i th t h e b eg inn ing o fa s ha f tw i th s t ep b a s i s ,4 3 .5 x9 . 6c m .

8 .F ragmen to f ac o lumn f ound i nf r on to ft h es t ep sl e ad ing t o t h e a l ta r o ft h e t emp le o fL ib e r P a te r . A c tua l h e igh t 2 0 c m , d i ame te ro ft h eb a se 5 2c m . 9 .G r i t s tone c o lumn , f o r tu i tou s ly d i scove r ed a nd b r ough t t o t h e Mu seum o f S a rm izege tu sa . H e igh t 2 63 c m , d i ame te r o f t h eb a se 4 1 .5 c m ,d i ame te ro ft h eu ppe rp a r t3 6c m . 1 014 . C o lumn s a nd f r agmen t s o f c o lumn s u sed a s r aw m a t e r ia l a t t h e b u i ld ing o f t h e c hu r ch f r om D en su § . 1 0 ) G r i t s ton e , d i ame te r o ft h e b a se 3 9 c m , o ft h e u pp e r p a r t 3 8 c m ,h e igh t2 77 c m ; 1 )G r i t s tone ,h e igh t2 74 c m ,d i ame te ro f t h e b a se 5 1 c m , o ft h e u ppe rp a r t 4 3 c m ; 1 2 ( ma rb le , h e igh t

c . 4 . Two i d en t ica ls em ico lumn b a se s ,d i scove r ed i nt h e

3 8

C a ta logue so fc o lumn b ase s , c o lumn s a nd c ap i ta l s 2 54 c m ,d i ame te ro ft h e b a se 4 5 c m , o ft h e u pp e rp a r t 3 5 c m ;

a bacu s 5 9 c m ; h .o f a bacus 7 . 5 c m ; h .o f e ch inu s 6c m ; ho f t h e b a se 1 c m ; b a se d iame te r 3 5 c m . T he e ch inu s i s d eco ra ted b y 8o vae , s epa ra ted b y d ownwa rd s a r row h ead s a nd ar ow o f p ea r l s . T he a bacu s h a s al i s te l . ' Roman ' D o r ic o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . F or tu i tou s d i scovery . I tw a sk ep ti nt h e c ou r tya rd o f A tana se Mo i son i ( Sa rm izege tu sa ) S a rm izege tu sa , i n v . 1 059

1 3 ) ma rb le ,h e igh t2 85 c m , d i ame te ro ft h eb a se 6 4c m , o ft h e u ppe r p a r t 5 6 .5 c m ( f ragmen ta ry ) ; 1 4 ) ma rb le , h e igh t 1 34 c m , d i ame te r3 6 .5 c m( f ragmen ta ry ) . 1 517 . C o lumn s f o r tu i tou s ly d i scove r ed , n ow i nt h e Museum o fS a rm izege tu sa . 1 5 ) G r i t s tone , h e igh t 1 98 c m , d i ame te r o f t h e b a se 3 6 .2 c m , o f t h e u pp e r p a r t 2 9 .5 c m ; 1 6 ) Ma rb le , h e igh t 1 87 c m , d iame te r o f t h e b a se 2 9 .8 c m , o f t h e u ppe r

C . D a icov ic iu , D ac ia , I ,1 924 ,p .2 60 , n o .4 0 ; M . B ä rbu les cu , S a rge t ia ,X I I I ,

p a r t 2 4 .7 c m ; 1 7 ) Ma rb le , h e igh t 1 79 c m , d i ame te r o f t h e b a se 2 1 .5 c m , o f t h e u ppe r p a r t 2 2 .8 c m ( i t h a s n o l owe r s i de ) .

6 .C ap . L imes tone , s cu lp tu re . F ragmen ta ry . T o ta l H : 1 4 c m ;

1 8 . Ma rb le c o lumn ,b roken , f ound b e tween t h e b u i ld ing s 0 0 1 a nd 0 02 i n t ra m uro s( PL IX ) .

b . o f a bacu s 8 . 5cm ; t h e e ch inu s i sd eco ra ted b y o vae a nd d ownwa rd s a r row h ead s . ' Roman ' D or ic o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . S a rm izege tu sa , w i thou t i n v .

1 977 ,p .2 34 , n o .4 0 .

C . D a icov ic iu , D ac ia ,

3 . CATALOGUE OF THE CAP ITALS OF ULP IA TRAIANA S AR M IZEGETUSA

1 927-1932 , p .5 55 . F ig . 5 7 ; M . B ä rbu le scu ,

S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 , p .2 34 , n o . 4 1 .

7 .C ap . Ma rb le , s cu lp tu re . We l l p re ser ved . T o ta l H : 1 8 c m ; 1 .C ap . (P l .LV I I I /2 ) Ma rb le , s cu lp tu r e . D amaged . H : 3 1 .5

b .o f a bacus 3 0 c m ; h .o fe ch inu s 8 . 5 c m ; ho ft h e b a se 1 0 .5 c m ; b a se d i ame te r 2 2 c m . S qua r ed a bacu s . T he e ch inu s i s d eco ra ted w i th 1 o vae , s epa ra ted b y a r row s a nd e d i ted l e ave s . T he a s t raga lu s w i th t o re i sd eco ra ted w i th p ea r ls a nd

c m ; b .o fa bacu s 5 6c m ; h .o fa bacu s 1 0c m ; h .o ft h e e ch inu s 9c m ; b a se d i ame te r 4 2 .5 c m . As imp le p i ece , w i thou t t h e d eco ra t ion o ne ch inus a nd d i v ided f r om t h e l i s te lb y an a r row n eck . I n i t ia l ly i tw a s c on s ide r ed a c o lumn b a se . ' G r eek ' D or ic o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . S a rm izege t u sa , i n v . 1 0057 .

l i s te l . ' Roman ' D or ic o rde r . S a rm izege tu sa , w i thou t i n v .

D .A l icu ,A pu lum ,X IX , 1 981 , p .1 00 , n o . 3a ,P I . I 1 11 3 .

U lp ia

T ra iana .

U nknown .

0 . F lo ca , Muz eu l d e a r heo log ie U lp ia T ra iana S a rm iz ege tu sa , p . 4 1 , n r . 3 ,34 . ; M . B ä rbu le scu , S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 34 , n o .4 2 .

2 . C ap . Ma rb le , s c u lp tu re . F ragmen ta ry . 5 0 x3 8 c m . T he 8 .C ap . L imes tone , s c u lp tu re . F ragmen ta ry . T o ta l H : 2 7 c m ;

a bacu s i ss qua red , t h e e ch inu s i sd eco ra ted b y b i g , f l a t o vae , s epa ra ted b y m o t if s o f d own f a l l ing a r row s . T he e ch inu s i s

b .o fa bacu s 4 8 c m ; h .o fa bacus 9c m ; h .o fe ch inu s 8c m ; h o ft h e b a se 7c m ; b a se d iame te r 3 c m . S qua red a ba cu s . T he

s epa ra ted f r om t h eb a se b y t wo s imp le s t r ip s . ' Roman ' D o r ic o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . L ugo j ,w i thou t i n v .

e ch inu s a nd t h e a s t raga lu s a r e c ommon . D eco ra t ion : o vae , a r row s , r ow o f p ea r ls , l i s te l . ' Roman ' D o r ic o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . F o r tu i tou s . E a s t o f t h ef orum . S a rm izege tu sa , i n v . 4 1 .

S em a t i sm , p . 1 82 , n o . 2 8 ; D . I s ac , I .S t ra tan , B ana t ica , I , 1 973 , p . 1 28 , n o . 1 5 ,P I .V 1 1 / 16 ; M . B ä rbu le scu , S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 34 ,n o . 3 7 . F i g . I I /2 .

3 . C ap . ( P l .LV I I I /4 ) L imes tone , s c u lp tu re . B roken i n to p i e ce s . T o ta l H : 3 1 c m ; b .o fa bacu s 4 2 .5 c m ; h .o fa bacu s 7

0 . F lo ca , Muz eu l d e a r heo log ie U lp ia T ra iana S a rm iz ege tusa , p . 41 , n r . 3 ,34 . ; M . B ä rbu le s cu , S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 34 , n o .4 3 .

c m ; h .o fe ch inu s 7c m ; ho ft h e b a se 7c m ; b a se d iame te r 2 9 c m . T he a bacu s i sp reser ved . T he e ch inu s i sd eco ra ted w i th

9 .C ap . L imes tone , s c u lp tu re . F ragmen ta ry . T o ta l H : 4 2 c m ; b .o fa bacus 7 9 c m ; h .o fa bacu s 1 4 c m ; h .o fe ch inu s 1 0 c m ;

o vae i n ab o rde r , d ownwa rd s a r row h ead s , ap ea r l r ow a nd t h e l i s te l . ' Roman ' D or i c o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . S a rm izege tu sa ,i n v .130 .

ho f t h e b ase 1 2 .5 c m ; b a se d iame te r 5 6 c m . D eco ra t ion o f t h e e ch inu s : o vae , a l te rna t ing w i th d ownwa rd s a r row h ead s . I ts e em s t h a t t h i s p i ece c ou ld h ave b een p a r t o fa n i mpo s ing

C . D a icov ic iu , D ac ia , I ,1 924 , p . 1 38 , n o . 2 6 , F i g . 2 3 / 2 ; M . B ä rbu le scu ,

b u i ld ing , b ecau se o ft h e b i g d i ame te ro ft h e c o lumn b a se ( 5 6

S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 , p .2 34 ,n o . 3 8 .

c m ) . ' Roman ' D o r ic o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . D eva , w i thou ti n v .

4 . C ap . ( P l .LV I I I /3 ) L ime s tone , s c u lp tu r e . F ragmen ta ry . T o ta l H : 1 7c m ; b .o fa bacu s 2 4 c m ; h .o fa bacus 6c m ; h .o f

A l . B a rne a , I . P . A lbu , S a rge t ia , X , 1 973 , p . 1 56 , n o . 4 , f i g . 2 / 2 ; M .

e ch inu s 5c m ; ho f t h e b a se 6 c m ; b a se d i ame te r 1 3 c m . A f r agmen t o f c o lone t te i sp rese rved . T he d eco ra t ion c on s is t s

B ä rbu le scu ,S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 , p .2 34 ,n o .4 4 .

1 0 . C ap . Ma rb le , s cu lp tu re . F ragmen ta ry . T o ta l H : 3 5 c m ; b .

o f ar ow o f o vae , i n ter f e red b y u pwa rd s a r row h ead s . ' Roman ' D o r ic o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . S a rm izege tusa ,i n v . 3 3 .

o fa bacu s 7 7 c m ; h .o f a bacus 1 c m ; h .o fe ch inu s 1 2 c m ; h o ft h e b a se 1 2 c m . S qua red a bacu s . T he e ch inu s i sd eco ra ted b y 1 2 o vae , a l te rna t ing w i th 1 a r row s a nd a d ownwa rd s

1 977 , p .2 34 , n o . 3 9 .

t r id ens , ar ow o f p ea r ls a nd a s t r ip o f a s t raga l i . ' Roman ' D or ic o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . D eva , w i thou t i n v .

5 .C ap . Ma rb le , s c u lp tu re . D amaged . T o ta l H : 3 5 c m ; b .o f

A l . B a rn ea , I . P . A lbu , S a rge t ia , X , 1 973 , p . 1 56 , n o . 5 , f i g . 2 / 3 a , b ; M .

C .D a icov ic iu , D ac ia , I .1 924 , p .2 58 ,n o . 2 7 ; M . B ä rbu le scu , S a rge t ia ,X I I I ,

3 9

T own—P lann ing i nU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i zege tusa B a rbu le s cu ,S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 34 ,n o .4 5 ,F i g . 1/ 4 .

1 . C ap . Ma rb le ,s c u lp tu r e . B roken i n to t wo p i ece s .T o ta lH : 3 0c m ; b .o fa bacu s6 0c m ; h .o fa bacu s 1 2c m ; h .o fe ch inu s 1 2c m ; b a se d i ame te r5 2c m . S qua r ed a bacu s . T he e ch inu si s d eco ra ted w i th o vae a nd a r row s , t h e a s t raga lu s ( t o re ) i s d eco ra ted w i th p ea r l s , a r row s a nd l i s te l . ' Roman ' D o r ic o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . E xcava t ion s n ea r t h ef o rum . W i thou t i n v .

1 9 . C ap . L ime s tone , s c u lp tu r e . We l l p r e se rved . T o ta l h :2 2 c m ;b .o fa ba cu s 3 8c m ; ho fa bacu s 8c m ;h .o fe ch inu s 8c m ; h .o f t h e b a se 6c m ; b a se d i ame te r 2 5 c m . T he a bacu s a nd l i s te l a r e p r e se rved . D eco ra t ion o ft h e e ch inu s : 1 2 o vae a nd d ownwa rd s a r row h ead s a nd o f t h e a s t raga lu s , p ea r l s . ' Roman ' D o r ic o r de r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . S a rm izege tu sa ,i n v .8 15 . M . B ä rbu le scu ,S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 34 ,n o . 5 4 .

1 2 . C ap . Ma rb le , s c u lp tu r e . F ragmen ta ry . Ho f a bacu s 8 . 5 c m . D eco ra t ion o f t h e e ch inu s : o vae ; o f t h e t o r e : p ea r l s . ' Roman ' D o r ic o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . S a rm izege tu sa ,i n v . 1 32 .

2 0 . C ap . L ime s tone , s c u lp tu r e . We l l p r e served . T o ta l h :2 5 c m ;b .o fa ba cu s4 2c m ; ho fa ba cu s 9c m ;h .o fe ch inu s 8c m ; h .o ft h eb a se 8c m ; b a se d i ame te r2 9 c m . P r e se r ved a ba cu s . D eco ra t ion o ft h ee ch inu s : 1 5o vae ,d ownwa rd s a r row h ead s , p ea r l s a nd l i s te l . ' R oman ' D o r ic o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . S a rm izege tu sa ,i n v . 3 6 .

M . B ä rbu lescu ,S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 34 ,n o .4 7 .

M . B ä rbu le scu ,S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 34 ,n o . 5 5 .

1 3 . C ap . L ime s tone , s c u lp tu r e . F ragmen ta ry . T o ta l H : 2 1 c m . I tp r e ser ve s t h e a bacu s . D eco ra t ion o ft h ee ch inu s : o vae , a r row , r ow o fp ea r l s . ' Roman ' D o r ic o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . S a rm izege tu sa ,w i thou ti n v .

2 1 . C ap . w i th b a lu s ter s . ( 131 . LV I I I / 1) . G r i t s ton e , s c u lp tu r e . We l l p r e se r ved . L . ( l eng thway s o f t h e v o lu te ) 5 6 c m . b .6 0 c m ; t o ta l h :2 8 .5 c m ; m ax imum d i ame t e r o f t h e v o lu te 2 0 c m ; I .o fv o lu t e5 6c m ; b .o fa bacu s4 7c m( l eng thway so ft h e v o lu te ) ,b e tween t h ev o lu tes 5 2c m ; ho fa bacu s 7 . 5 c m ; b a se d i ame te r4 1 c m . T he d oub le a ba cu s p r e sen t s t wo m ou ld ing s a nd i sb a sed o n as c o t ia i no rde rt ob e a t tached t ot h ec u rv ing o f t h e v o lu te s . D eco ra t ion o f t h e e ch inu s : d eep ly c a r ved o vae , t h en l e ave s , s c a le s , s t y l ized s t a lk s . I o n ic o r de r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . P robab ly e xcava t ion s o ft h e H i s to ry a nd A r chaeo logy S o c ie ty f r om D eva . D eva ,w i thou ti n v .

M .B ä rbu le s cu ,S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 34 ,n o .4 6 ,F i g . I / 4 .

M . B ä rbu le scu ,S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 34 ,n o .4 8 .

1 4 . C ap . L ime s tone ,s c u lp tu r e . F ragmen ta ry .T o ta lh .1 6c m ; h .o ft h ea bacu s 1 6c m . I tp r e se rve st h ea bacu s .D eco ra t ion o f t h e e ch inu s : o vae , w i th o ne s t r ip e ach , a l te rna t ing w i th l e ave s , t h en ar ow o fp ea r l s a nd l i s te l . ' Roman ' D o r ic o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown .S a rm izege tu sa ,w i thou ti n v .

A l . B am ea , I . P . A lbu , S a rge t ia , X , 1 973 , p . 1 55 , n o . 1 , F i g . 1 / 1 ; M . M . B ä rbu le scu ,S a rge t ia , X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 34 , n o .4 9 .

B i rbu le scu , S a rg e t ia , X I I I , 1 977 , p .2 35 , n o . 7 1 ; D . A l icu , A pu lur n , X IX , 1 981 ,p .1 00 ,n o . 3c ,P l . I V , 1 .

1 5 . C ap . Ma rb le , s cu lp tu r e . F ragmen ta r y . T o ta l h1 7 .5 c m . D eco ra t ion :o vae ,a r row s ,p ea r l s . ' Roman 'D o r ic o rd e r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . S a rm izege tu sa ,w i thou ti n v .

2 2 . C ap . Ma rb le , s c u lp tu re . F ragmen ta ry . T o ta l h :5 c m ; b a se d i ame te r3 8c m .T he a bacu sh a st h r ee mou ld ing s . T he r e a r et h r ee r e g i s te r so fa can thu sl e ave s . Ma s s ive v o lu te s a r et o b e o b se r ved a sw e l l a sb u lb d eco ra t ion o n t h e m idd le o ft h e s i de s . C o r in th ian o r de r . U lp ia T ra iana . I tm igh t h ave b een f o und i n U lp ia T ra iana ( maybe f r om t h e c o l lec t ion o f Nopcea ) . N ow i nF ä r cäd in . T he v i ca r 's h ou se i nF ä r cäd in . W i thou ti n v .

M . B ä rbu le scu ,S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 34 ,n o .5 0 .

1 6 . C ap . Ma rb le , s c u lp tu r e . F ragmen ta ry . T o ta l h1 8 .5 c m ; b .o fa bacu s 5c m ; h .o fe ch inu s 5c m ; h .o fb a se 6c m ; b a se d i ame te r 1 4 c m . I tp r e se rve s t h e a bacu s . T he d eco ra t ion o f t h e e ch inus : o vae , a r row s , p ea r l s a nd l i s te l . ' Roman ' D o r ic o rde r .U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown .S a rm izege tu sa w i thou ti n v .

J . F . N e igebau r , D ac ien , p .4 2 , n o . 1 71 ; V . Wo l l rnann , A pu lum , X I I I , 1 975 , p .2 17 ,n o . 1 6 ,F i g . 1 8 ; M .B ä rbu le scu ,S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 36 ,n o . 14 .

M . B l i rbu le scu , S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 34 ,n o .5 1 .

2 3 . C ap .( P I .LV I I I /7 ) Ma rb le , s c u lp tu re . F ragmen ta ry .T o ta l h :5 c m ; h .o fa ba cu s 7c m ; d i agona l o ft h e a bacu s 1 00 c m ; b a se d i ame te r4 2 c m . T he a ba cu s h a s t wo m ou ld ing s . T he r e a r et wo c au l i co lae u nd e re ach c o rn e r . O nt h e m idd le —f l owe r mo t if . T he r e a r e t h r ee r e g i s te r s o f a can thu s l e ave s . C o r in th ian o rd e r . U lp ia T ra iana . T ran spo r ted f r om U lp ia T ra iana t o O s t rov ( d ep t . o f H unedoa ra ) . S a rm izege tu sa , w i thou ti n v .

1 7 . C ap . L ime s tone , s c u lp tu re . F ragmen ta ry . T o ta l h2 6c m ; h .o fa bacu s 8 . 5 c m ; h .o fe ch inus 7c m ; h .o ft h e b a se 6c m ; b a se d i ame te r 3 5 c m . S ame a sn o . 1 6 . ' Roman ' D o r ic o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . S a rm izege tu sa ,w i thou ti n v . M . B ä rbu les cu ,S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 34 ,n o .5 2 .

1 8 . C ap .L ime s tone ,s c u lp tu re . F ragmen ta ry . H . o fa bacu s9 c m .O n ly ap a r to ft h e a bacu s i sp r e ser ved . D eco ra t ion o ft h e e ch inu s : s ame a sn o . 1 6 . ' Roman 'D o r ic o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . S a rm iz ege tu sa ,w i thou ti n v .

V . Wo l lmann ,A pu lum , X I I I , 1 975 ,p .2 06-207 ,n o . 7 ,f i g . 8 ;M .B ä rbu le scu , S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 9 77 ,p .2 36 ,n o . 1 33 ,F i g . I X / 1 a —b .

2 4 . C ap . Ma rb le , s c u lp tu re . D amag ed . T o ta l h :5 c m ; b .o f a ba cu s 7 0 c m ; h .o f a ba cu s 8c m ; D iagona l o f a bacu s 1 00

M . B i rbu le scu , S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 , p .2 34 , n o . 5 3 .

4 0

C a ta logue so fc o lumn b ases , c o lumns a nd c ap i ta l s c m . T he a bacu s h a s t wo m ou ld ing s . U nde r t h e c or n e r s t h e re a r e c au l ico lae a nd o n t h e c en t re t h e r e i s am o t if o fa can thus l e aves . C o r in th ian o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . S e e n o . 2 3 . S a rm izege tu sa ,w i thou ti n v .

T o ta l h : 4 3 c m ; b . o f a bacu s 7 3 c m ; h . o f a bacu s 7c m ; D iagona l o f a bacu s 9 8 c m ; b a se d iame te r 4 2 c m . T he re a r e c au l ico lae a nd a b i g a can thus l e af o n t h e c or ne r . T he Medu sa-Go rgona i so n o ne s i de , t h ree l owe r mo t if s o n t h e o t he r s i de . C or in th ian o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . 3 rd c en tu ry . U nknown . S a rm izege tu sa , i n v . 1 0007 .

V . Wo l lmann , A pu lum , X I I I , 1 975 , p . 2 09 , n o . 8 ,F i g . 9 ; M . B ä rbu le scu , S a rge t ia , X I I I , 1 977 , p .2 36 , n o . 1 34 ,F ig . I X 1 2 .

F r . S tud iczka , AEM , V I I I , 1 884 , p .3 9 ; R . Mün s te rb e rg , J .O eh le r ,

2 5 . C ap . w i th p i las ter . Ma rb le , s c u lp tu re . F ragmen ta ry . T o ta l h : 4 9 c m ; L . 7 0 c m ; b . 5 7 c m ; T he a bacus i s n o t p r e ser ved . T he re a r e t wo r eg is te r s o f r ounded a can thus l e ave s . T he o vae a r e d eep ly c ar ved . C o r in th ian o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . S ee n o . 2 3 . S a rm izege tusa , w i thou ti n v .

AA ' , V ,

1 902 , B b l . c .1 33 , F i g . 2 8 l ef t ( c on s ide r s t h e h ead t ob e t h e o ne o f Ammon a nd n ame o ft h e c ap i te l t ob e H a t to r ) ; C . D a icov ic iu , D ac ia , I ,1 924 , p .2 59 , n o . 3 , F i g . 2 4 ( s ame o p in ion ) ; E .v . Me rck l in , AFK , n o . 2 30 . F i g . 4 26 ; M . B ä rbu le scu , S a rge t ia , X I I I , 1 977 , p .2 37 , n o . 1 38 ; Monumen t s , p . 1 55 , n o . 4 32 , P LLXX .

V . Wo l lmann , A pu lum , X I I I , 1 975 , p . 2 06 , n o . 6 ,F i g . 7 ; M . B ä rbu le scu ,

3 1 . C ap . L ime s tone , s cu lp tu re . D amaged . T o ta l h :2 7 .5 c m ;

S a rge t ia , X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 36 , n o . 1 35 , F ig . 1 1 / 5 .

b .o fa bacu s 3 4c m ; h .o fa bacus 4c m ; d i agona l o fa bacu s 4 7 c m ; b a se d i ame ter 2 4 c m . T he a bacus h a s t wo mou ld ing s . I t i s d eco ra ted w i th : f l owe r s ( c en t re ) , c au l ico la s a nd f our a can thus l e ave s u nd er t h e c o rner s . C or in th ian o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . S a rm izege tu sa , w i thou ti n v .

2 6 . P i l lar C ap . ( P l .LX IV /4 ) . Ma rb le , s cu lp tu re . F ragmen ta ry . T o ta l h : 5 2 c m ; b a se d i ame te r 6 0 c m ; t wo a can thu s l e ave s r eg is te r , a l ter na t ing w i th t wo l e ave s mo t if s . C o r in th ian o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . D eva , w i thou t i n v .

C . D a icov ic iu , D ac ia , I , 1 924 , p . 2 59 , n o . 3 5 , F i g . 2 2 ; M . B ä rbu le scu , S a rge t ia , X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 37 , n o . 1 40 .

A L B a r nea , I . P . A lbu , S a rge t ia , X , 1 973 , p . 1 57 , n o . 8 , F i g . 3 / 2 ; M .

3 2 . C ap . Ma rb le , s c u lp tu re . D amaged . T o ta l h :3 0 c m ; h .o f a bacu s 6 . 5 c m ; b a se d iame te r3 8 c m . T he r e i s af l owe r mo t if i nt h e c en t r e o ft h e a bacus a nd c au l ico lae b enea th t h ec o rne r s . Two a can thu s l e aves r e g i s te r s . C o r in th ian o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . F o r tu i tou s . I tw a s p r eserved i nt h e c ou r tya rd o ft h e v i ca r ' sh ou se ( Sa rm izege tu sa ) . S a rm izege tu sa , w i thou t i n v .

B ä rbu le s cu , S a rge t ia , X I I I , 1 977 , p .2 37 , n o . 1 47 . ; D . A l icu , A pu lum , X IX , 1 981 ,p .1 02 .

2 7 . P i l lar C ap . ( P l . LV I I I /9 ) Ma rb le , s cu lp tu re . D amaged . T o ta l h :2 8 c m ; b .o f a bacu s 5 0 c m ; h .o f a bacu s 4 . 5 c m ; d i agona lo fa bacu s 7 3 c m ; b a se d i ame te r3 9c m . T he a bacu s h a s t wo mou ld ing s . D eco ra t ion : c au l ico lae , v o lu te s , a nd f ou r a can thu sl e ave s . C o r in th ian o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . F o r tu i tou s . I t w a s p reser ved i n t h e c ou r tya rd o f M . L i tsek .

C . D a icov ic iu , D ac ia , I ,1 924 , p . 2 60 , n o . 4 1 , F i g . 2 5 ; M . B ä rbu le scu , S a rge t ia , X I I I , 1 977 , p .2 37 , n o . 1 41 .

S arm izege tusa ,w i thou t i n v . 3 . C ap . ( P I .LV I I I /6 ) Ma rb le , s cu lp tu re . F ragmen ta ry . T o ta l h : 4 3 c m ; b . o f a bacu s 6 0 c m ; h . o f a bacu s 6c m ; b a se d i ame te r 4 5 c m . T he a bacu s h a s t wo mou ld ing s . C au l ico lae

C .D a icov ic iu , D a c i a , I ,1 924 ,p .2 59-260 ,n o . 2 9 , F i g . 1 5/ 2 ; M . B ä rbu le scu , S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 37 , n o . 1 39 ; D . A l icu , A pu lum , X IX , 1 981 , p . 1 0 1 ,

a r e b enea th t h e c or n e r s a nd f l o ra l m o t if i nt h e m idd le o f t h e s i de s . Two r e g is te r s o f a can thu s l e ave s . T he b a se i s s u r rounded b y t wo r ows o f e i gh t l e ave s e ach . C o r in th ian

P L IV ,2 .

2 8 . C ap . Ma rb le , s cu lp tu re . D amaged . T o ta l h :5 1 c m ; b .o f

o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . I tw a sd i scove red i n ab u i ld ing c l o se t o t h e A ed e s A ugus ta l ium l y ing o n ac o lumn ( t oday b u r ied ) .

a bacu s 6 5 c m ; D iagona l o fa bacu s 9 6 c m ; b a se d i ame te r 3 5 c m . T he a bacu s i sc oncave a nd i th a s t wo m ou ld ing s . O n t h e f ou r s i des t h e re a ppea r s z oomo rph ic d eco ra t ion ( l ion a nd r am o rm ug h ead ) , a n th ropomo rph ic ( Go rgona Medusa ) a nd f l o ra l , a sw e l l . C or in th ian o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . 3 rd c en tury .

S a rm izege tu sa , w i thou ti n v . C . D a icov ic iu , ACM IT , I V , 1 932-1938 , F i g . 1 9 ; H . D a icov ic iu , D . A l icu

F o r tu i tou s . L ugo j ,i n v . 5 06 .

1 984 ,p .7 7 ; M . B ä rbu le s cu ,S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 37 ,n o . 1 43 ,F ig . I X / 3 .

S ema t i s r n ,p .1 82 ,n o . 2 5 ; D . I s ac , I .S t ra tan , B ana t ica , I , 1 973 , p .1 28129 ,

3 4 . C ap . Ma rb le , s cu lp tu r e . We l l p r eserved . T o ta l h :2 1 c m ;

n o . 1 8 , P l . V I I I / 18 , a -d ; M . B ä rbu le scu , S a rge t ia , X I I I , 1 977 , p .2 37 , n o . 1 36 , F i g .X / 1 a -d ; Monumen t s ,p .1 56 , n o .4 36 ,P l . LXX I .

b .o f a bacu s 2 9 c m ; h .o fa bacus 2 . 5 c m ; d iagona l o f a bacu s 4 0 c m ; b a se d iame te r 1 5 c m . T he a bacus h a s t h r ee

2 9 . C ap . Ma rb le , s cu lp tu re . F ragmen ta ry . T o ta l h :2 2 c m ; b .

mou ld ing s . Af l owe ri so nt h e m idd le o fe ach s i de ,c au l ico lae a nd a can thu s l e ave s a ppea r b enea th t h e c o rne r s . C o r in th ian o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . S a rm izege tu sa , w i thou ti n v .

4 4 c m . T he a bacus i sm is s ing , a s w e l l a s ap a r t o f c en t ra l r e g i s te r . T he a can thu s l e ave s a r e d eep ly c a r ved a nd t h ey a r e i n t o uch b y t h e i r l a te ra l l o be s . C o r in th ian o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . Unknown . L ugo j , i n v . 5 24 .

H . D a icov ic iu , D . A l icu 1 984 , p .5 2 , F i g . r i gh t ; M . B ä rbu le scu , S a rge t ia , X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 37 ,n o . 1 4 4 .

1 7 ,P l . V I I 1 17 ; M . B ä rbu le scu , S a rge t ia , X I I I , 1 977 , p .2 37 .n o . 1 37 .

3 5 . C ap . Ma rb le , s c u lp tu re . F ragmen ta ry . T o ta l h : 2 5 c m ; b a se d i ame te r 3 9c m . O n ly t h e l owe rp a r t i sp rese rved . I th a s

3 0 . C ap . ( P l .LV I I I / 5 ) Ma rb le , s c u lp tu r e . We l l p r eser ved .

t h e s hap e o f ac y l inde r , a nd i ti s d eco ra ted w i th e i gh t a ca n thu s l e ave s , d eep ly c a r ved a nd w ide . C or in th ian o rde r .

S ema t i sm , p .1 82 , n o . 2 7 ; D . I s ac , I .S t ra tan , B ana t ica , I , 1 973 , p . 1 28 , n o .

4 1

T own—P lann ing i nU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i z ege tu sa U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown ( i t i s p o ss ib le t h a t i t w a s d i scove r ed i n ab u i ld ing n ea rby t h e A ed e s A ugu s ta l ium ) . D eva ,w i thou ti n v .

o r de r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . S arm izege tu sa ,w i thou ti n v . M .B ä rbu le s cu ,S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 37 ,n o . 1 54 .

4 4 . C ap . L imes tone , s c u lp tu r e . F ragmen ta ry . H . 2 . 6 c m . C o rn e r w i th v o lu te s a nd a can thu s l e a f . C o r in th ian o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . S a rm izege tu sa ,w i thou ti n v .

A l . B a rnes , I . P . A lbu , S a rge t ia , X , 1 973 , p . 1 56157 , n o . 6 ,F ig . 2 / 4 ; M . B ä rbu le s cu ,S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 37 ,n o . 1 45 .

3 6 . C ap . Ma rb le , s c u lp tu r e . F ragmen ta ry . T o ta l h :5 c m ; b a se d i ame te r 4 7 c m . O n ly t h e l owe r a nd c en t ra l r e g i s te r s , w i th a can thu s l e ave s a r e p r e se r ved . C o r in th ian o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . D eva ,w i thou ti n v .

M .B ä rbu le scu ,S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 37 ,n o . 1 55 .

4 5 . C ap . Ma rb le , s c u lp tu r e . F ragmen ta ry . H . o f a bacu s 3 . 2 c m . A ba cu s w i th t wo m ou ld ing s a nd v o lu te s . C o r in th ian o rd e r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown .S a rm izege tu sa ,w i thou ti n v .

A l . B a rnea , I . P . A lbu , S a rge t ia , X , 1 973 , p . 1 57 , n o . 7 , F i g 2 / 5 ; M . B ä rbu le scu ,S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 37 ,n o . 1 46 .

M . Bübu le s cu ,S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 37 ,n o . 1 56 .

3 7 . C ap . Ma rb le , s c u lp tu re . D amaged . T o ta l h :2 8 c m ; b .o f a ba cu s 3 6 c m ; h .o fa bacu s 4c m ; b a se d i ame te r 2 1 c m . T he f o u r d oub le v o lu te s a r e s uppo r t ed b y f o u r a can thu s l e ave s , w h ich a r e i nt o uch b y t h e l a te ra l l o be s . A bove t h e a bacu s , i n t h e m idd le , t h e re i s af l owe r . C o r in th ian o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . D eva ,w i thou ti n v .

4 6 . C ap . L ime s tone ,s c u lp tu r e . F ragmen ta ry .T o ta lh :1 4c m ; b a se d i ame t e r 3 7 c m . F ragmen t o f t h e c y l ind r ica l b a se , s u r rounded b y a can thu s l e ave s . C o r in th ian o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . S a rm izege tu sa ,w i thou ti n v . M . B l i rbu le scu ,S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 37 ,n o . 1 57 .

A l . B amea , I . P . A lbu , S a rge t ia , X , 1 973 , p . 1 59 , n o . 1 5 , F i g 5 / 3 a —b ; M . B ä rbu le scu ,S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 , p .2 37 ,n o . 1 48 .

4 7 . C ap . Ma rb le , s c u lp tu r e . F ragmen ta ry . T o ta l h :2 7 c m ; h . o f a bacu s 1 c m . C o rne r o f ac ap i ta l , c on s i s t ing o f al i s te l a nd a c ave t te h av ing a r am h ead i n s tead o f t h e v o lu t e s . C o r in th ian o r de r . U lp ia T ra iana . 3 rd c en tu ry . F o r tu i tou s . S ann izeg e tu sa ,i n v .8 26 .

3 8 . C ap . ( P l .XX IV ) L ime s tone , s c u lp tu re . F ragmen ta ry . T o ta l h :4 2 c m ; b .o f a bacu s 6 5 c m ; h .o f a bacu s 5 . 5 c m ; d i agona l o f a bacu s 9 0 c m ; b a se d i ame te r 4 2 c m . O n t h e c en t ra lp a r to ft h es i de s ,t h e r ea r ef l owe r s ,t h en t h ec au l i co lae a nd t wo r eg i s te r so fa can thu sl e ave s . C o r in th ian o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana .U nknown . S a rm izege tu sa ,w i thou ti n v .

M . B ä rbu le s cu , S a rge t ia , X I I I ,

1 977 , p . 2 37 , n o .

1 58 , F i g . V I I I / 3 ;

Monumen t s ,p .1 56 ,n o .4 39 , P I .LX I I I . M .B ä rbu le scu ,S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 37 ,n o . 1 49 .

4 8 .C ap .( P l .XX IV ) Ma rb le ,s c u lp tu re . F ragmen ta ry .2 6 x3 1 x1 8 c m . F ragmen t o f t h e c en t ra l p a r t , d eco ra ted w i th t h e h ead o f Ammon , h or n ed a nd b ea rded , s u r rounded b y c au l i co lae . C o r in th ian o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . 3 rd c en tu ry . T emp le o fS y r ian d e i t ie s . D eva ,i n v . 1 89 .

3 9 . C ap . Ma rb le , s c u lp tu r e . F ragmen ta ry . H . 9c m . I ti so n ly af r agmen t f r om t h e b a se , w i th a can thu s l e ave s . C o r in th ian o rde r .U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . S a rm izege tu sa ,w i thou ti n v . M .B ä rbu le scu ,S a rge t ia , X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 37 ,n o . 1 50 .

F r .S t udn iczka , AEM , V I I I , 1 884 ,p .3 9 ; S .F e r r i , ARD ,p .2 80 ,F ig .3 62 ; E . v .

4 0 . C ap . L ime s tone , s cu lp tu r e . F ragmen ta ry . H . o f a ba cu s 2 . 5 c m . t wo c o rne r s o f ac ap i ta l , w i th a s imp le a ba cu s , d eco ra ted w i th c au l ico lae a nd a can thu s l e ave s . C o r in th ian o rde r .U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . S a rm izege tu sa ,w i thou ti n v .

Me rok l in ,A FK , n o .3 56 ,F i g .6 66 ; I .A nd r i to iu , L Ma rgh i tan , SC IVA ,2 7 , 1 , 1 976 , p .4 9 , n o . 6 ,F i g . 2 / 6 ; M . B ä rbu le scu , S a rge t ia , X I I I , 1 977 , p .2 37 ,n o . 1 59 ; Monum en t s ,p .1 56 ,n o .4 38 ,P I .LXX I I .

4 9 . C ap . Ma rb le , s c u lp tu re . F ragmen ta ry . T o ta l h :2 0 c m ; b a se d i ame te r 5 0 c m . T he l owe r r e g i s te r , w i th a can thu s l e ave s . C o r in th ia n o r de r . U lp ia T ra iana . I tm igh t h ave c ome f r om S a rm izege tu sa . T oday i nP e s teana . T h e c ou r tya rd o f t h eP e s teana C hu r ch ,w i thou ti n v .

M .B ä rbu les cu ,S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 37 ,n o . 1 51 .

4 1 . C ap . F ragmen ta ry . T o ta l h :c m ; b .o f a bacu s c m ; h .o f a bacu s c m ; b a se d i ame te r c m . C o r in th ian o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . U nknown . S a rm izege tu sa ,w i thou ti n v .

V . Wo l lmann , A pu lum , X I I I , 1 975 , p .2 22 , n o . 2 2 , F i g . 2 4 ; M . B ä rbu le scu , M .B ä rbu le scu ,S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 37 ,n o .

S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 37 ,n o . 1 60 ,F i g . I X / 4 .

4 2 . C ap . Ma rb le , s c u lp tu re . F ragmen ta ry . H . o f a ba cu s 2 . 8 c m . S ame a s n o . 4 1 . C o r in th ian o rd e r . U lp ia T ra iana . U n known . S a rm iz ege tu sa , w i thou ti n v .

5 0 . C ap .L ime s tone ,s c u lp tu r e .F ragmen ta ry . H . 2 0c m ; b .4 3 c m .T he h ead o fG o rgona—Medu sa i st ob e s e en i nt h ec en t r e , s u r round ed b y c au l i co lae . C o r in th ian o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana ( ? ) . 3 r d c e n tu ry . F o r tu i tou s ( i n S a rm izeg e t u sa ? ) . D eva , w i thou ti n v .

M .B ä rbu le scu ,S a rge t ia ,X I I I , 1 977 ,p .2 37 , n o . 1 53 .

4 3 . C ap . Ma rb le ,s c u lp tu r e . F ragmen ta ry . H .o fa ba cu s 2c m . C or n e r w i th a bacu s , t wo m ou ld ing s a nd v o lu te s . C o r in th ian

S .F e r r i , ARD , p .2 79 , F i g . 3 61 ; E . v . Me rck l in . AFK , n o . 3 55 , F i g . 6 65 ; M . B i rbu le scu , S a rg e t ia , X I I I , 1 977 , p .2 37 , n o . 1 62 ; Monum en t s , p . 1 55156 .

4 2

C a ta logue so fc o lumn b a se s , c o lumn sa nd c ap i ta l s i sc a r ved o n o ne s i de , am ixed d eco ra t ive mo t if o n t h e o t he r t h ree . C ompo s i te o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . 3 rd c en tu ry . F o r tu i tou s . I tw a s k ep t i nt h e g a rden o f t h e v i ca r ' s h ou se i n

n o .4 35 .

5 1 . C ap . ( P l .XX IV ) L imes tone , s cu lp tu r e . F ragmen ta ry . T o ta lh :3 0c m ; b .7 0c m ; A can thu s l e aves a r e t ob e o b se rved a t t h e b o t tom , t h en t wo c au l ico lae w i th v o lu tes ; b e tween t h em t h e Medu sa—Go rgona . C o r in th ian o rde r . U lp ia

C . D a icov ic iu , D ac ia , I , 1 924 , p . 2 60 , n o . 4 2 , F i g . 2 6 ; M . Bübu le scu ,

T ra iana . 3 rd c en tu ry . F ound e xcava t ion s( ? ) . D eva ,i n v . 1 78 .

n o .4 33 ,P I .LXX .

i n A ede s

S a rm izege tu sa . S a rm izege tusa , i n v . 1 0081 .

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S a rge t ia , X I I I , 1 977 ,

2 37 , n o . 1 42 , F ig . V I I I / 1 a —b ; Monumen t s , p . 1 55 ,

5 4 . C ap . ( P l .LV I I I /8 ) Ma rb le , s c u lp tu re . We l l p r eser ved . T o ta l h : 3 c m ; b . o f a bacus 5 8 c m ; h . o f a bacu s 5c m ; D iagona l o fa bacus 7 7c m ; b ase d i ame te r 3 0c m . T he a bacu s i sm uch b i gge rc on s ider ing t h e d i ame te ro ft h e c ap i ta l a nd i t s

E .v . M e r c ld in , ARC , n o . 3 54 , F i g . 6 64 ; A l . B a rn ea , I . P . A lbu , S a rge t ia , X . 1 973 , p . 1 61-162 , n o . 2 9 , F i g . 7 1 7 ; RR , p .2 58 , G

P .

( =C iv i l tä , p .2 56 ,

G, 4„ ) ; M . B i rbu le scu , S a rge t ia , X I I I , 1 977 , p .2 37 ,n o . 1 6 1 ; Monum en t s , p . 1 55 ,n o .4 34 ,P I .LXX .

t o ta l h e igh t . Sma l l v o lu te s , s uppo r ted b y f ou r a can thu s l e aves a r e i nt h e c or ne r s . T he v o lu tes a r e v ery o pened , t h ey s t a r tu nde rt h e a bacu s a nd a r ep a ra l le l t oi t .C ompo s i te o rde r .

5 2 . C ap . ( P 1 .XX IV ) Ma rb le , s cu lp tu re . F ragmen ta ry . H . 1 0 .7 c m . As h ema t ica lh uman f i gu re ( Medu sa ? )i st ob e o b se rved o n t h e s ma l l p re ser ved f r agmen t . C o r in th ian o rde r . U lp ia T ra iana . 3 rd c en tu ry . S a rm izege tu sa , w i thou ti n v .

U lp ia T ra iana . 3 rd c en tury . Unknown . D eva ,w i thou ti n v . A l . B a rnea , I . P . A lbu , S a rge t ia , X , 1 973 , p . 1 59 , n o . 1 6 , F ig . 6 / 1 ; M . B r i rbu le s cu , S a rge t ia , X I I I , 1 977 , p .2 38 , n o . 1 89 ; D . A l icu , A pu lum , X IX ,

Monumen t s ,p .1 56 ,n o .4 37 ,P I .LXX I I .

1 981 ,p .100-102 .

5 3 . C ap . G r i t s tone , s c u lp tu re . F ragmen ta ry . T o ta l h :3 7 c m ; b .o fa bacu s5 4c m ;h .o fa bacus 3c m ; D iagona l o fa bacu s 8 3 c m ; b a se d i ame te r 3 7 .5 c m . T he d eco ra t ion i s m ade b y d i v i s ion . A bove t h e a bacu s , i n t h e c en t re o f e ach s i de , a

Ie xp re s s m y g ra t i tude t o Mr M iha i B ä rbu le scu f o r t h e d o cumen ta t ion w h ich h e k i nd ly o f f e r ed i no rde r t oc once ive

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D o r ic c o lumn f r om e d if ice 0 02 . Y

PART I : POPULAT ION I N ULP IA TRAIANA SAR MIZEGETUSA

b y Ade la P ak i

CHAPTER 1

I NTRODUCT ION -

T he s t udy o f t h e p opu la t ion o f aR oman p rov in c ia l t own — c on s ide red a s oc ie tas — e n ta i l s t h e s t udy o f a l l i t s p o ss ib le s t ruc tu res : e conom ic ( p roduc t ion a nd d i s tr ibu t ion ) ; s oc io— p o l i t ica l ( s o c ia l c a tego r ie s a nd p o l i t ica l i n s t i tu t ion s ) ; e t hn ic ( o noma s t ics a nd a r ea s o f p rovenan ce ) , a s w e l l a s s p ir i tua l . T h is s t udy d ea l s w i th t wo a sp ec ts o f l i f e i n a nc ien t S arm izege tusa : e t hn ic a nd s oc io—po l i t ica l . E p ig raph ica l

b i b l iog raphy' a r e s ub jec t t oc l o se e xam ina t ion , o ne r eache s t h e c onc lu s ion t h a t t h e f o rma l t e r r i tor ia l b oundar ie s o f S arm i z ege tusa a r e n o t k nown t ou s . E p ig raph ica l e v idence i n

e v idence w a s u sed t ot h i s p u rpo se a nd o n ly m ino r r e f e rence w a s m ade t oo t he rs ou rces ,i nt h ec onc lu s ion s ' .

t h e c a se o f A quae i s i n d ispu tab le' , b u t e qu ivoca l a nd i r r e levan t i nt h e c a se o fo t he rr u ra l s e t t lemen t s . We h ave n o i n ten t ion t o s o lve t h e a bove—men t ioned i s sue . H oweve r , w e m u s t c ouch o u r r e luc tance t o i n c lude , i n t h e s t udy o f t h e p opu la t ion o f S arm i zege tusa , s e t t lemen ts c on s ide red t o b e p a r t o f C o Ion ia D ac ia . T he h ypo the s i s a cco rd ing t o w h ich

1 .T he ma ter ia la nd i t sc r i t ic ism'

p agus T ib iscen s i s h ad b een a n i n teg ra ted p a r t o f S arm i z ege tusa p r io r t ob e ing g ran ted t h e r ank o fm un ic ip ium i sb a sed o nt wo e p ig raph s :

Ma in p rob lems s e t f o r th b y t h e e p ig raph ica l m a ter ia l a r e t h e f o l low ing t wo : 1 .l im i ted p o ss ib i l i ty o f d a t ing ; 2 .t h e a r ea w h ich f u rn ishes d a ta .

1 " . I DR I I / 1 1 7 1 i n t roduc ing C .Cae c i l ius F e l ix , a ugus ta l i s c o lon iae . We a g ree w i th t h e a s cer ta inmen t' t h a t t h i s m ag is t racy w a s e xer ted i n U lp ia T ra iana , b u t w e f a i l t o c on s ide r i ta s e v idence o f T ib i scum ' s i n teg ra t ion t o t h e a fo r e—men t ioned c o lony , s i nce i nT ib i scum s t i l l o ne c an f i nd i n sc r ip t ion s h av ing b een e r ec ted b y p e r son s t h a t e xer ted m ag is t rac ies e l sewhe re : A ur S e cund inus , ? c o lon iarum S arm i zege tusae e t N apucens ium , I DR I I / 1 1 33 , a nd e spec ia l ly A e l .? V i c tor ianus , d ecur io , q uae s tor ic iu s c o lApu l ens is , I DR I I 1 1 1 40 .

1 . 1 . O n ly a l im i ted n umbe r o f i n sc r ip t ion s r e la ted t o t h e p re sen t t op ic c an b e d a ted ( 8 5 o u t o f 2 82 ) . D ef ic ienc ie s o f t h i s k i nd w i l l b e s u rpa ssed b y s ubm i t t ing e ach t e chn ica l d e ta i l o f e very i n scr ip t ion t o a t h o rough a nd d e ta i led a na ly s i s' . 1 . 2 . When r e f e r r ing t ot h e a r ea w h ich f ur n ishes i n forma t ion , w e d o n o t t a ke i n to a c coun t i n scr ip t ion s f ound o n o t he r s i te s a nd w h ich a t tes t t h e e x is tence o f p e r son s f r om U lp ia

2 . " I DR I I / 1 1 37 : A ur .Laecan ius P au l inus , v e t , e x c us tod e a rmo r tu n c oh .I V ind e l inc . , d ec . c o l . S arm iz . ( 2 11-212 A .D . ) .

T ra iana . S uch e v idence h a s b een c on s ide red , s i nce t h ese p a r t icu la r i n d iv idua ls h ad b een p a r t o f t h e p opu la t ion f o r a l im i ted p e r iod o ft ime , a l though t h ey l a te r l e f t t h e t own . We n ow h ave i nv i ew t h e p rob lem r a the rd i f f icu l t t os o lve — t h a t o ft h e c o lony 's t e r r i tor ium , s i nce ap r ime d i cho tomy d er ive s

T he m ag i s t racy g r an ted t o t h i s v e te ran w ho s e t t led i n T ib i scum w a s r a the r h ono rary t h an a ny th ing e l se' . T hu s m ag is t rac ies o f t h i s k i nd c ou ld b e o b ta ined b y p e r son s w ho r e s ided i n t e r r i to r ies a way f r om t h e t own i n w h ich t h e mag is t ra te e xe r ted h i s p owe r . A nd t h e r e j u s t m igh t b e p o ss ib i l i ty t h a t t h e d oub le o f t h e i n scr ip t ion e r ec ted b y C o Ion ia U lp ia T ra iana A ugus ta D ac ica S arm izege tusa t o

f r om i t :u rban v e r su sr u ra l p opu la t ion . I ft h e m a ter ia l a nd

Q . Mar c ius T urbo I DR I I / 1 1 31 w a s b rough t f r om t h e c ap i ta l t oT ib i scum R.

* Th e p repa r a t ion o ft h i s p ap e r w a s p r ev iou s ly r e que s ted i n af o rme r s t udy , A . P ak i 1 984 . Iw i sh t ot h ank P ro f e s so r D um i t r u P ro ta s e a nd t h e r e sea rche r s C on s tan t in C . P e to le s cu , M i t th i B a rbu le s cu a nd R adu A rd even f o r a l t h e s ugge s t ion sa nd d i rec t ion sk ind ly g i ven t om e . 1T he e xp lana t ion f o rt h i sl im i tc on s i s t so ft h e c ha rac te r i s t ic f e a tu r e so fo t h e r i n fo rma t ion : .H i s to r ica l w r i t ing c on ta in s o n ly v e ry g ene ra l s t a temen t s a bou t t h e w ay o f c o lon iz a t ion a nd t h e j u r id ica l s t a tu s o f t h e c i ty ( s ee b e low , O ve ra l l c onc lu s ion s 1 ) . .A rch aeo log ica l e xcava t ion s a r e p r es en t ly c oncen t ra ted o n t wo m a in o b jec t ive s : o n i n t r a-mu ro s , ag roup o fb u i ld ing s w h ich w e r e u n t i l n owad ay s c on s id e r ed a st h e rmae a nd a r e n ow r ein te rp r e ted a sD o rnu sP rocu ra to r i sc f . I .P i so 1 983 , p . 2 33 s q . a nd I .P i so - A l . D iacone scu 1 987 ; a nd o n e x t ramu ro s ,a na r ea w i th s a c red b u i ld ing s .T h ey d on o ty e to f e rs u f f ic ien td a ta f o r t h e l o ca t ion a nd i n ven to ry n e i the r o f t h e i n su la e n o r o f t h e t omb s i nt h e i n t e r io ro ft h et h r ee n ec ropo l is e so ft h et own . T he s ec ou ld b e e l emen t s w h ich w ou ld t h row l i gh t u pon s ome a spec t s o f l i f e i n U lp ia T r a iana s uch a s : e conom ica l p owe r o f c e r ta in c a tego r ie s o f c i t izen s , l i f e a nd s a lub r i ty c ond i t ion so rt h e i rd emog raph ic a sp ec t s . .R ecen t n um i sma t ica l r e sea rch ( f o rt h e p r ev iou so n e s e e I .W ink le r 1 975 ) i s o n ly i np ro ce s s . 2T he a na ly s i so ft h em a te r ia l w a sc on s ide rab ly f a c i l i ta ted b y t h ep ub l ica t ion o ft h e t h i rd v o lume ( t h ree f a sc ico lae ) f r om t h e p rov inc ia l c o rpu s I DR w h ich w a s c a ref u l ly p r epa r ed b y R oman ian r e s ea rche r s u nd e r t h e c ompe t en t g u id ance o f P rof e s so r L I . R us su . P r e s en t ing o f t h e i n sc r ip t ion s i sc o r rec t ly m ad e f o r t h e c on t empo ra ry l e ve l o f R oman ian a nd u n ive r sa l e p ig raph ica l r e sea rch a nd i sc omp le ted b ya ne xhau s t ive b ib l iog raphy a nd f i na l I nd ic e s . 3J u s t t o m en t ion a f ew e xamp le s : r ow m a te r ia l a nd i t s p rovenance , t e chn ique o fe xecu t ion a nd d eco ra t ion ( by t yp e s o fl e t te r s , s h ape . f r equency a nd d i spo sa l o fp unc t ua t ion m a rk s , t yp e s o fl i ga tu r e s , s h ap e a nd d ep th o ft h e c a r v ing , e t c . ) . O n ly t h en w i th g ene ra l s t a temen t s s u ch a s' t he f i ne a nd c o r rec t w r i t ing b e long s t ot h e s e cond c en tur y a nd t h e u n t idy t ot h e t h i rd c en tu ry ' o r ' t h eA u r e l i ia l d a te f r om t h e t h i rd c en tu ry 'b ea vo id ed .

I n t h e c a se o f M ic ia t h e re a r e f u r the r p uzz l ing ma t te r s °. U n l ike A quae , w he re t h e o ne a nd o n ly i n sc r ip t ion c er t ify ing t h e p r esence o f r u ra l s e t t lemen t I DR I I / 1 1 0 i n t roduce s a p raef e c tu sp ag iA quen s is w ho i sa tt h e s ame t ime d ecur io o f t h e c o lony , i n M ic ia , n one o f t h e e i gh t m ag is tr i p ag i M i c iens ium m e xer t s a ny m ag is t racy i n U lp ia T ra iana . B es ide s , o ne s hou ld n o te i tw e re p r iva te p eop le ' w ho h ave e r ec ted c i v i l b u i ld ing s a nd n o t m ag is t ra tes o f t h e c o lony . T h is p o in t s o u t t h a t p r iva te i n te r es t f o r t h e p agus p reva i l s o ve r p ub l ic i n te re s t . E ven tua l ly , i f o n t h e o ne h and t h e 4F o r T ib i scum : D . T udo r 1 968 , p .3 9 , M . Moga 1 971 , p .4 2-45 . F o r M ic ia L . Mä rgh i tan 1 970 a nd L . Mar ine scu 1 985 . 5I DR 1 1/ 2t o : Ciu l . Ma rc ianu s ,d ecur io c o lon ia e ,p raef ec tu sp ag iA quen s i s . 6M . Moga 1 971 , p .4 2 . 7A sm en t ioned i nt h ec ommen t f r om I DR I / 1 p .6 0 . 8I DR I/ 1 p .1 50 ( a f te r Mo r r un sen ) 9B u t a l so o f t h e s ame k i nd : i n M ic ia , t h e re a r e i n sc r ip t ion s e r ec t ed b y m ag i s t ra te s f r om U lp ia T ra iana I DR 1 1 / 3 7 0 , 7 1 , 1 49?? , 1 71 a nd f r om A pu lum I DR 1/ 3 1 59 . T he i rp r e sence i nM ic ia p rove s t h e c l o s e r e la t ion sh ip o ft h e s e t t lemen t sb u t n o tt h e b e long ing o ft h ep agu st oe i the ro ft h ec o lon ia e . 1 0 I DR I1 3 6 9 , 8 0 . 8 2 . 9 4 . 1 I DR I1 3 4 8 : D o rn i t ia , V a ren i i P ud en t i s ( s e rva ? ) a nd 4 9 : P . A d. E upho r u s .F o rm i l i ta ry b u i ld ing e r ec t ion s e e e . g . I DR 1/ 3 4 5 : b a lnea sc oh . I I F I .C , nmag .ve tus ta t ed i lab sa sr e s t i tu i t ,4 6 ,4 7 .

4 9

P opu la t ion o fU lp ia T ra iana S arm i zege tu sa t e r r i to ry o f t h e D ac ian m e tropo l i s e mbod ied ' t h e w ho le o f H a leg l a nd ' , ' T ib iscen s b ana t ic a r ea ' a nd ' t h e m idd le c ou r se o ft h e Mu r4 a nd , o n t h e o t her h and t h e t e r r i to ry o ft h e e ve r

i d en t if ied t h e c o lon i s t s ' a r ea o fp rovenance a cco rd ing t ot h e i r mo re o rl e ss e xpanded r e g ion s o fo r ig in ' . S i nce t h e m e thod u sed i ss t a t i s t ica l a nd t h e refo r e n o t e xac t b u t i n d ica t ive o f

f l ou r ish ing Apu lum e mbod ied ' t h e w ho le c en t ra l a r ea o f T ran sy lvan ia n 2,t h en t h e o ve r lapp ing o ft h ese t e r r i tor ia w i th

g r ea te r o r l e s se r d eg ree s o f p robab i l i ty , i ti sn o t e n t i re ly r e l iab le . H oweve r , t h e c onve rgence o f t h e g en t i l ic ium a nd

t h o se o fl e g ion X I I IG em ina a nd t h e i mp er ia l f i sc ° cufed ' ' ' .

c ognomen s p read ing a r ea s o ft h e o ne a nd t h e s ame i n d iv idua l o f f e r s g r ea te rr e l iab i l i ty .

F o r t h is r eason , p end ing f u r the r p roo f , Ih ave u sed o n ly r e l iab le e v idence a nd c on s ide r t h a t as epa ra te s t udy o f t h e

2 . 1 .3 . N ame s w i th o r ig in s i n mo re t h an o ne l i ngu is t ic g roup r e nde r s d i f f icu l t t h e i d en t if ica t ion o ft h e i n d iv idua l 's a r ea o f

u rban t e r r i tor ie s i nD ac ia A pu len s i sn eed s t ob ed one ' 4.

p rovenance ,e spec ia l ly w hen t h e a bove m en t ioned o r ig in s a r e r e la ted t ot e r r i tor ies s pec ia l ly d i s tanced , o rs eve ra l d i f f e r en t t e r r i to r ies . T h i s i st h e c a se o ft h ec ognomen A t ta w h ich h a s a

2 . Me thodo logy . D if f icu l t ie sa nd c on temporary m eans o f o vercom ing t hem '

n umbe r o f f i ve p o ss ib le o r ig in s , n o t t o m en t ion t h a t i tw a s

2 . 1 . E thn ica l s t r uc tu res .

s pec if ic f o r P annon ia i nt h e s e cond c en tu ry . T he m e thod o f s t r ic t t e r r i to r ia l r epa r t i t ion o f f e r s r e l iab le s o lu t ion s i n t h i s c a se a sw e l l .

2 . 1 .1 . T erm ' e thn ic o r ig in ' n eeds c o r rec t ing i nt h e s en se t h a t a tt h e t ime o f Dac ia ' s c o lon iza t ion e t hn ic o r ig in o fp eop le i n t h e p rov inces o ft h e Emp i re o r I t a ly i t se lf w a s s e ldom p u r e .

2 . 1 .4 . U n ique n ames a r e n o t n ecessa r i ly t h e p roof o f t h e n a t ive o r ig in o f ap e r son . I t i s n ecessa ry t o s eek o t he r

E thn ic m ix ing , a s ar e su l t o f p o l i t ica l a b so rp t ion w a s t wo h und red y ea r s o ld . C on sequen t ly , Id id n o t s o m uch s t udy t h ing s t h a t w e re n o t i nk eep ing w i th r ea l f a c t s o rc ou ld n o t b e e xac t ly r econ s t i tu ted , a s made a n a t temp t t o i d en t ify t h e c o lon i s ts ' a r ea o fp rovenance a sc o r rec t ly a sp o ss ib le . T h is i s p r ec ise ly w hy Ia m i nf a vou r o f t h e g ener ic t e rm ' e thn ica l

p o s s ib le o r ig in s f o r t h e se n ame s a nd c ompa re t h em w i th t h e o nes t h a t c ou ld n o t b e l o ca ted a nywhe re e l se i nt h e Emp i re a nd i fn o m a tches a r e f ound , o n ly t h en s hou ld t h e h ypo the s i s o f D ac ian o r ig in b e p u t f o rwa rd . I n U lp ia T ra iana t h e re i s o n ly o ne n ame a l one — S ex im iu s —o u t o f t wen ty u n ique n ame s ( Tab . 3 )f o rw h ich n o s a t isfac tory e t ymo logy c ou ld b e f ound' ' .

s t ruc tu re ' , s i nce i ti n c ludes i s sue s b o th o f o noma s t ics a nd a r ea o fp rovenance .

2 . 1 .5 . T he i n d ica t ion o f t h e b i r th p l ace , o r igo , w h ich o ccu r s s e ldom , i sn o t a lway s r e l iab le , e i the r . T h is f a c t i sd ue n o t

2 . 1 .2 . T he o r ig in o f an ame i ss e ldom ar e l iab le i n d ica t ion a s t ot h e o r ig in a nd , e spec ia l ly , a r ea o fp rovenance o f ap e r son . T he re i sa n a g reemen t o n t h is i s sue a nd s eve ra l e xamp les

o n ly t o f r equen t c on fu s ion s b e tween t h e o f f ic ia l a nd t h e i n fo rma l n ame s o f t h e s i tes'' , b u t e sp ec ia l ly t o s oc ia l n ece ss i t ie s : g o ing u p i n l i f e' . A s im i la r c a se , t h a t o f Q .lanuar ius R uf u s i sr e co rded i nU lp ia T ra iana . H is o r igo

c i ted i ns uppo r to ft h is c onc lu s ion m ake a ny f u r the rc ommen t h e r eu nnece ssa ry . I no rde rt os u rpa s s d i f f icu l t ie s o ft h is k i nd , o ne s hou ld t a ke i n to c on s ide ra t ion f u r the rd a ta , s u ch a s : b i r th p l ace , g od s w o r sh ipped , k i n sh ip , e t c . Wha t Ic on s ide r t ob e

i n d ica te s T av ium

( Ga la t ia ) ;

h oweve r ,

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o r ig ina l ly f r om R ome ' . C o r re la t ion o f t h is s i tua t ion w i th t h e o ne p r e sen ted a t 2 . 1 .2 . p o in t s o u t t h a t i d en t i ty i sn o t

t h e b e s t m e thod i st h e a pp l ica t ion t o t h e w ho le t e r r i tory o f t h e Emp i r e t h e s t r ic t r epa r t i t ion o f t h e t wo n ame c a tegor ie s , g en t i l ic ia a nd c ognom ina . Ih ave o pe ra ted ' i nt h is p a r t icu la r

a lway s t h e c a se b e tween i n d ica t ion o ft h e r e s iden t ia l t own o r p rov ince a nd p e r son 's e t hn ic s .

w ay b y u s ing t h e i n d ice s p rov ided b y t h e C IL v o lumes a nd t h e l a te s t c orpora a cc ess ib le t om e" . I n many c a ses , d i rec t

2 . 1 .6 . E xc ep t ion s f r om t h e c o r r ec t u se o ft r ia n om ina s y s tem

r e su l t o ft h is m e thod w a s n o t ic ing as pec if ic i ty o fn ame s f o r

—l a ck o fp raenomen , r e p lacemen to f ac er ta in n ame c a tego ry ( p raenomen , n omen , c ognomen ) b y a no the r' , o r u se o f a s i ng le n ame , c ognomen ' , a r e i n d ic es f o r d a t ing i nt h e t h i rd

c e r ta in a r ea s a nd a l so a p ro l if e ra t ion i n c er ta in r e s tr ic ted a r ea s , s e t t lemen t s o r g roup o f s e t t lemen t s , o f t h e a fo re— m en t ioned n ames , w h ich p roves t h e e x is tence o f ar ad ia t ing

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o r

s oc ia l

c en t re o f p e r son s b ea r ing t h e se n ame s ' ' ' . T hu s Ih ave D om i t iu s V a len s ; E( As ia M ino r f o r F I .Va len t inu s ; A F f o r C aec i l iu s F e l ix e t s . S ee t h e l i s t s . 1 9S ee t h ea bb r ev ia t ion sa nd F i g . 1 . When p r ec i s ion w a sa va i lab le , t h ee n t i r e n ame o ft h ep rov in ce o rt own i sg i ven . 2 1 S ee l i s t 1 , 2n o .6 8 . 2 2F o rt h e s e s e eJ . C . Mann 1 963 . 2 3 H av ing ap rop e ro r igo w a s ac ond i t ion f o r s o c ia l a s cen t : J .C . Mann 1 963 , p .7 81 a nd J . J . W i lke s 1 977 ,p .7 57 . 2 4 Ow ing t h eo b s t inacy o fm a in ta in ing h i st r ibe I .P i so 1 974 ,p .2 36 , n .1 7c f . a l so R . A rd evan 1 981 , p .4 38 . O n t h e o t he r h and , i td o e s n o t s e em t om e t h a t r ep lac ing R ome w i th T av ium f o r a n o r igo w a s ah appy s o lu t ion h av ing i n v i ew s o c ia l a s cen t . 2 5 I ti ss im i la rw i th t h ec a s eo f : U lp iu sA v i l l iu sF lo r en t inu s , U lp iu sD o rn i t iu s H e rm e s , A u r e l iu s L aecan iu s P au l inu s , A e l iu s Macr in iu s Fed ianu s q u i e t E p id iu s , P .Ae l iu s S ep t im iu s A ud eo a nd h i s s on A e l iu s S ep t im iu s R omanu s w ho a l h ave t wo g en t i l ic ia . A t o t he r i n s tan ce s t h e re i st h e c a s e o f i mp rop e r u se o f c e r ta in p ra eno rn ina ( e .g . G a iu s ) o r c og r bo tn ina ( C ra s su s , J us t iu s — c o r rup t f o rm — Max imu s , P rocu lu s ) i n s t ead o f g en t i l ic ia . T he r e ve r ted s i tua t ion i sa l so a te s ted : A n ton iu s , C aec i l iu s , C a s s ius , G a ius , O c tav iu s , V a le r iu su sed a sc ognom ina . 2 6 I nt h e c a se o f( e l i te ) m i l i ta ry a l so : Q ua r tu s , m i le s l e g .X I I I G . I DR I I 12 37 ; P r i sc inu sb f .c o s . I DR 1/ 3 8 6( M ic ia ) .

1 2F o rt h eq uo ta t ion s s e e B ranga 1 986 p .1 4s q . 1 3F o rt h ep rob lem o fc i v i l t e r r i tor ia i nt h eA n t iqu i ty t h e re w a s l i t t le m a te r ia l a va i lab le : J . Wache r 1 975 p a s s im , M . C lave l—L eveque 1 982 ( e sp ec ia l ly p . 2 1 w i th n .1 ,2 ) ; P .O r s ted 1 985 , p .2 8-30 ; D . S am sa r i s 1 985 ( s ee p .4 62 , n . 1 8 ) . 1 4 I n a ny c a s e i ti sa lmo s t c e r ta in t h a t t h e s h ape o f t h e U lp ian t e r r i tor ium c hanged i nt ime , s ome th ing w h ich o f ten o ccu r red . 1 5 T he a va i lab le b ib l iog raphy c on ta in s n o r e f e rence s t ot h e p opu la t ion o fa p a r t icu la r t own , b u t t o t h a t o f a n e n t i r e p rov ince : A . Mö c sy 1 959 , L B a rkö czy 1 964 , G .A lf ö ldy 1 965 , J . J . W i lke s 1 969 , A . Mö c sy 1 970 . I no rd e r t op r epa r e t h is w o rk If o l lowed H .—G . P f laum 1 977 a nd J . J . W i lke s 1 977 c omp le t ing t h e i r d i r ec t ion s w i th m e thod s r e su l t ing f r om t h e s p ec i f ic D ac ian e p ig raph ica l i n fo rm a t ion ( s ee p o in t 2 . 7 ) . 1 6 D u r ing p r epa ra t ion o f t h i s s t udy Il e a rned o f t h e s t udy b y A . Möc sy ( 1983 ) w ho a s sumed s im i la r a temp t , s ubm i t ted t ot h e o rd ina to r , i nt h e c a s e o f t h e E u ropean p a r t o f t h e Emp i r e , e xcep t I t a ly . T ha t i sw hy Id i d n o t m en t ion t h i sv ery u sef u l o p e ra t ing t oo l a ny m o r e . 1 7S ee a bb r ev ia t ion s . 1 8E . g . A qu i le ia f o r C om in i i _ (and V a ren i i ? ) s e e C a ld e r in i 1 930 p .4 85 s q . a nd C a ld e r in i 1 968 ; V e rona f o r C . Iavo lenu s ; C / IT f o r V ib id iu s ; S / IT f o r C ra s su s , p o s s ib ly f o r P e t ron iu s a nd T ogem iu s , t oo ( Neapo l i s ? ) ; H I f o r A n t .U r s inu s N( V i runum ) f o r V epon iu s ; Pf o r C laud i i V a len t in i ; DL f o r

5 0

I n troduc t ion d i f f e ren t ia t ion ' . 2 . 1 .7 . T he i d en t if ica t ion o fn a t ives w i th in t h e b ody o fc i t izen s o f t h e c o lony i s ad i f f icu l t t a sk . O u t o f t h e w ho le o f t h e m a ter ia l o fd o cumen ta t ion , o noma s t ic s i st h e mo s t v a luab le p a r t . H oweve r , l a ck o f s u f f ic ien t c r i ter ia o f s epa ra t ion b e tween n ame so fS ou th—Th rac ian a nd D ac ian o r ig in ,a nd t h e i g no rance o f t h e s eman t ic s o f D ac ian l a nguage r e nde r i mpo ss ib le t h e a s se ss ing w he the r i n d iv idua ls h av ing T h rac ian c ognom ina c ame f r om S ou th o f D anube o r a r e n a t ive s . T he a t temp t s a tt r ac ing ap o s s ib le l a t in iza t ion o f a n ame , l a te r t r an sfo rmed i n to g en t i l ic ium o r c ognomen a r e a l so i mpo s s ib le' s.We h ave t ob e s a t isf ied w i th t h e i d ea o fa r ad ica l l a t in iza t ion i n t h e c a se o f D a c ian s , w ho c ho se t o e n t i re ly r e p lac e t h e i rn a t ive n ames ' . O ne a l so h a s t ot a ke

n a tu s D acus , c an b e m ade . I fo ne m ay h ave d oub t s i nt h e f i r s t c a se , i nt h e s e cond c a se w e h ave n o r e a son t od eny t o t h e o ne w ho c a l ls h im se lf ' b o rn D ac ian ' t h is p a r t icu la r o r ig in ' , e sp ec ia l ly a s t h is o r igo d i dn ' t n ecessa r i ly e nab le s oc ia l a scen t a nd m en t ion ing i tw a s n o t o u t o f b u reauc ra t ic n ece ss i ty ' . T h is p a ra l le l w a s c a r efu l ly a nd o n ly a f te r e xam in ing o t he r p o s s ib le o r ig in s d rawn . I nc a ses i nw h ich p e r son s l i v ing i nU lp ia T ra iana b ea r n om ina o r c ognom ina w h ich a r e k nown t oh ave b een u sed b y D ac ian s l i v ing o u t s ide t h e p rov ince a nd a ccompan ied t h em w i th a ( d if f e ren t ) i mper ia lg en t i l i c ium d a t ing f r om t h e s e cond o rt h i rd c en tu r ie s a nd a s t h e re i sn o e v idence t h ey h ad c ome f r om a no the r p rov in ce , Ih ave p u t f o r th t h e h ypo the s is t h a t t h ey w e r e n a t ive s" . e . A t t h e p er iod i n q ue s t ion , s o ld ie r s f r om n a t ive m i l ieu

i n to c on s ide ra t ion t h e s t a tu s o f t h e t own — t h a t o f c o lon ia d educ ta —w h ich m ean s t h a td u r ing t h et own 's f i r s td ecade so f

w e re a l so r e c ru i ted ' .

e x is tence , t h e n a t ive p opu la t ion d id n o t e n te r i t . H oweve r , c er ta in c l ue s c ou ld p l ead a p o ss ib le o r ig in o f s ome o f t h e

B yj o in ing a l l t h e se i n d i r ec tc l ues , Ih ave c ome t os ugge s t t h e n a t ive o r ig in f o rs ome o ft h e i n hab i tan t s o fU lp ia T ra iana ' .

p e r son sl i v ing i nU lp ia T ra iana .

T he s uppor t ing e v idence f o rt h is i si n d i rec t , s o t h e s o lu t ion i s o n ly p a r t ia l ly a nd n o t e n t i r e ly r e l iab le . P robab le a s i ti s , i t c e r ta in ly i s i n k eep ing w i th h i s tor ica l l awfu l ly a nd

a . T he i n c r ea s ing , i nt h e c ou r se o f t i me , o f t h e n umbe r o f p e r son s w i th i mpe r ia l g en t i l i c ia , r a ng ing f r om U lp ius t o A ure l ius , T ab .2 , w h ich i st h e e v iden ce o f ag row ing a nd , l a te r ,u nde rC araca l la ,h uge g ran t ing o fR oman c i t iz en sh ip t o i n hab i tan t s o f D ac ia , n o t o n ly t o t h o se w ho c ame f r om b eyond t h e b o rde r s , a nd w ho m u s th ave a l r eady b een mo s t ly c i t izen s , b u t a l so t o t h o se f r om i n s ide t h e p rov in ce — t h e n a t ives .

c on t rad ic t sn ega t ives i n terp re ta t ion .

2 . 2 . S oc io—po l i t ica ls t ruc ture s 2 . 2 .1 . T he a na lys is o f e p ig raph ica l m a ter ia ls w a s c a r r ied o u t h av ing i n v i ew t h e t wo m a jo r c a tegor ies o f R oman c i t izen s : h ones t io re s a nd h um i l io re s' . Ih ave i n c luded t h e

b . T he r e i s n o e v idence o f n a t ive o r ig in i n t h e c ase o f p e r son s w ho t o ok g en t i l i c ia a f te r t h e e mp e ro r s w ho r u led p r io r t ot h e c onques t o fD ac ia — C laud i i , F lav i i . T h is f a c t r e in fo rce s t h e r e l iab i l i ty o f t h e a bove—men t ioned e v idence ( p o in ta ) .

a ugus ta le s i n t h e f i r s t g roup , a s w e l l a s t h e i mp er ia l f r eedmen , w ho se f i nanc ia l p o s i t ion i se qua l ly s uper io r a nd w ho se s t a tus i sb eyond p rov inc ia lj u r isd ic t ion ' . I no rde r t o f a c i l i ta te t h e u nde r s tand ing o ft h e o ve ra l l c onc lu s ion s , Ih ave d rawn u p t a b le s , b o th f o r t h e h one s t io re s ( Tab .615 ) , g rouped a cco rd ing t op ub l ic , r e l ig iou s o r m i l i ta ry p o s i t ion ,

c . S ome o ft h e P ub l i iA e l i i m igh t b e d escendan t s o fd ac ian l e ade r s g r an ted c i t izen sh ip b y H ad r ian , w ho se p o l icy w a s o ne o fr e conc i l ia t ion w i th t h en a t ive d ef ea ted p opu la t ion ' .

a nd t h e h um i l io re s( Tab .16 ) . 2 . 2 .2 .

d .

T he e s tab l ish ing o f t h e p r ec ise n umb e r o f t h e

h um i l io re s a nd e spec ia l ly t h a t o f p e regr in i w a s d i f f icu l t . L ingu is t ic c r i ter ia d on o t s u f f ice i nt h is r e sp ec t . F o ri n s tance , t h e re a r e p e r son s i n d ispu tab le c i t izen s w ho , n eve r the le ss , d o

A p a ra l le l c ou ld b e d rawn b e tween n ame s o f p e r son s

l i v ing i nS ann izege tu sa a nd L a t in n ames a dop ted b y D ac ian s l i v ing i n t h e Emp i re . I t i s aw e l l—known f a c t t h a t a

n o t u se t h e t r ia—nom ina s y s tem ' . T h i s s i tua t ion d e ter red m e f r om d raw ing u p at a b le o f p e reg r in s o n ly a nd t h u s t h e s i tua t ion o f s e ve ra l o f t h em h a s b een d i scu ssed i n t h e

c on s ide rab le n umbe r o f D ac ian s w e r e l i v ing i n d i f f e ren t p rov ince s , i nI t a ly , i n c lud ing R ome , t o om . D if f icu l t a s i ti s t od i sce rn b e tween t h e n a t ive s a nd t h o se w ho c ame i nD ac ia

c onc lus ion s .

u l ter io r t ot h e c onque s t , ad i s t inc t ion b e tween p e r son s w ho a s ser t t h a t t h ey a r e o r iundus e x p rov in c ia Dac ia o rn a tus i n p rov in c ia D ac ia , a nd , o n t h e o t he r h and , n a t ione D acus o r

2 . 2 .3 . D ea th— ra te , a cco rd ing t os ex a nd a ge c a tego r ies i sn o t d i scu s sed ( f u r the r a ccu racy o ft h e d a ta w i l l b e a ch ieved o n ly

2 7 M . L eg lay 1 977 p .2 76 . 2 8 Wh ich r e p r e s en t so ne o ft h ep rocedu re st ol a t in is e ' B a rba r ian ' n ame s . H .— G . P f laum 1 977 , p . 3 16 . A v e ry r e cen t d i scove ry a t te s t s b eyond d oub t a n a t ive i nt h e p rox im i ty o fU lp ia T ra iana . hi s ag o lden v o t ive p l a t e f ound i n o ne o f t h e p oo l s f r om t h e G e rm i sa r a b a th ing h ou se , b ea r ing t h e f o l low ing i n s c r ip t ion : D eceba lu s L uc i p o su it I t w i l l b e p ub l i shed b y l o an P i so , t o ge the r w i th s ome o t he r s im i la r p l a te s a nd t h ree v o t ive a l ta r s ( l oan P i so , N a t iona lS e s s ion o fA r chaeo log ica lR epo r t s , S ib iu , 1 989 ) . 2 9' . .q u ip ou r ra i t s ou Konne rq ue A u r e lu sV ic to r ianu se tA u re l iu s V i ta l i sd e d eux e p ig r aphe s d ecouver te s aR ome e u ss en t e t e d e s D ace s s ie ux—meme s n ' ava i t p a s p r ec i s e l e u r o r ig in e p a r l ' exp r e s s ion n a t ione D a cu s? ' , H . D a icov ic iu 1 984 , p . 9 1 . T h i s m igh t a l so b e t h e e xp lana t ion f o r t h e r a t io s a r r ived a tb yA . Mo c sy 1 984 . 3 0 C . D a icov ic iu 1 968 , p . 2 66 ; C . D a icov ic iu 1 974 . c o l . 6 31 ; H . D a icovoc iu 1 984 ,p .8 7 . 3 1 S p ec ia l w o rk s r e cen t ly d evo t ed t o t h i s p rob lem : I . . R u s su 1 980 , C .C . P e to les cu 1 980 .

3 2S ee a bove ,n .2 9 . 3 S ee a bove n .2 3 . 3 4S ee f u r the r .O ve ra l l C onc lu s ion s . 3 5 G . F o rn i 1 953 , p .9 3 s q . S ee , f o r e xamp le t h e l o ca l r e cr u i tmen t o n t h e n o r ther nb ounda r ie so fD ac ia i nA . P ak i 1 988 . 3 6T he p r e sence o fn a t ive s i nt h ec ap i ta l o fR oman D a c ia s hou ld n o t s u rp r i s e a nyone . I ti st ob e c on s ide r ed a l so t h a t t h e m a in p a r t o ft h e i n scr ip t ion s a nd t h u s o f t h e p e r son s a r e t o b e d a ted t o t h e t h i rd c en tury ( See T ab le s a nd O ve ra l l C onc lu s ion ) 3 7 T he p oo r e p ig raph ica l e v id ence r e f e r r ing t op e r son s l i v ing i nt h e r u ra l s e t t lemen t s a r ound S a r rn izege tu sa a nd t h e d i f f icu l ty t op r ec is e ly d e l inea te i t s t e r r i to r y ( s ee 1 . 1 .2 ) d e ter red u s f r om d i s cu s s ing a sp ec t s o f r u ra l—u rban p opu la t ion d i cho tomy . 3 8 W . L anghamme r 1 973 , p .3 5 . 3 9S ee n .2 6 .

5 1

P opu la t ion o fU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i z ege tu sa a f te r av e ry c l o se e xam ina t ion o ft h e n ec ropo le s' ) , n o r a r e

a ny o t he rd emog raph ica la spec t s .

4 0 I s o la ted e xcava t ion sh ad b een u nd e r taken i nt h e e a s te rn n ec ropo l i s o ft h e t own , a l so b y B r i t i sh a r cha eo log i s t s ( T im A l len f r om O xfo rd A rchaeo log ica l U n i t ) . B u t t h ey a r e t o o p oo r t o a low f o r c omp rehen s ive h i s to r ica l i n t e rp re ta t ion s .

5 2

CHAPTER 2 THE ANALYSED MATER IAL L ISTS OF NA MES

I DR 1 1 /2 1 60 .

G en t i l ic ia 1 .I mper ia lG en t i l ic ia

1 .I VL IVS : 3 7 . S ome b ea re r s o f t h is n ame a r e g rouped i n l a rg e f am i l ie s , s im i la r , f o r i n s tance , t o t h a t o f C . Iu l .C .f .Pap .Va ler ius 1 T ab .8 ,9 w ho p robab ly i mm ig ra ted f r om GU ' , l i ke a no the rf am i ly o fC a i i I u l i i3 I DR 1 1 /2 3 80 o r Miu liu s tu s 4. O the r s s e em t oh ave c ome f r om I T o r AF , e . g . C . Iu l .Va len s5 T ab .9 ( s ee h i s s on T ab .15 ) , ma r r ied t oa m embe r o f t h e C om in ia g en s , o r M . Iu l .V ic to r . A n e a s ter n p rovena nce m igh t b e p r e sumed o n ly i nt h e c a se o f I u l .C . . . T ab .15 . D esp i te t h e i rG r eek n ame s , I u l .Af rod is ia I DR 1 1 /2 4 26 a nd C iu l .One s imu s I DR 1 1 /2 4 22 s e em t oh ave c ome f r om W o re ven I T . T he f am i ly o fC . I u l .C .f .Ru fus I DR 1 1 /2

3 .F LAV IVUS : 1 3 . T he n ame b e long s ma in ly t of r eedmen o r p e r son s c om ing f r om E : T .F 1 .Ape r1 6 I DR 1 1 /2 1 87 e t c ; F l .G raec inu s I DR 1 1 /2 2 54 ; F l . M . . . I DR 1 1 /2 2 0 ; F l . T ro f imu s ?;L .F 1 .Va len s" I DR 1 1 /2 4 10 a nd F l .Zo ra I DR 1 1 /2 2 36 , t h e t h i rd a nd t h e l a s t b e ing P a lmy rean s . O n ly F l .Be l l icu s h a s ac ognomen w h ich p o in t s t o aw es ter no r ig in . F l .So ter icu s T ab .13 i sf r om DL 1 8 . T .F 1 . L ong inu s i st h e o n ly b ea re ro ft h i s n ame w ho h a s ah i ghe rs oc ia lp o s i t ion . 4 . VLP IVS : 3 2 . T ho se w ho b ea r t h is n ame m u s t b e ma in ly d escendan t s o f t h e v e te ran s w ho w e re g ran ted c i t izen sh ip i n t h e t i me o fT ra jan , a l though t h e re i sn o d i rec t e v idence f o r i t ( s ee O ve ra l l C onc lu s ion s ) . Many o ft h em a r e a r is toc ra t s a nd w ec an a l so f i nd t h em i nt h e 3 rd c en tu ry . S ome o ft h em s eem t oh ave c ome f r om I T : U lp . Ianua r iu s I DR 1 1 /2 1 66 a nd M . U lp . Ma iu s T ab .8 . O the r s , f r om W : U lp .Pa tr ic ia ' I DR 1 1 /2 4 59 a nd t h e l a rge f am i ly o f U lp .Dub i ta tu s I DR 1 1 /2 4 51 a nd s t i l l o t he r s f r om DAN : U lp .Op iava 2 1 a nd h e r s on ,

4 18 o r ig ina te s f r om V im inac ium . T he T h rac ian o r ig in o ft h e c ognom en o f J u l . B e ssa I DR 1 1 /2 3 14 d o es n o t i n d ica te w he the rs h e c ame f r om t h e s ou th o ft h e D anube ( mo re l i ke ly ) o rw he the r s he i s an a t ive . O ne c an n o te v e ry f ew f r eedmen a mong t h eI u l i i :T ab . 1 3 ,16 .

M .U lp .Ter t iu s , m aybe U lp .P ro c i l la , t oo c ome f r om DL , U lp .Cand ida ' I DR 1 1 /2 4 50 a nd M . U lp . I u s t inu s' T ab .8 f r om P . M .U lp . Ma r te ia l is T ab .8 a nd M .U lp . S a tu rn inu s

2 . CLAVD IVS : 1 3 . I ti su sed b y r e nown c i t izen s s uch a s T ib .C 1 .Augu s t ianu s' T ab .12 a nd b y f r eedmen a s w e l l : T .C 1 .An ice tu s , w ho p robab ly b e longed t o af am i ly c om ing

I DR 1 1 /2 2 15 c ou ld b e A f r ican s , w h i le U lp .Che l ido a nd U lp .Eucha r is tu s s e em t oh ave c ome f r om E . I nt h e c a se o f M .U lp .Geme l l inu s , m any i n d i rec t i n d ica t ion s p o in t t o a n a t ive o r ig in ' . O ne c an p re suppo se t h e s ame o r ig in f o r M .U lp .Fu sc in ianu s' , T ab .13 ; M .U lp .Ga iu s' I DR 1 1 /2 2 78 ; U lp . Max im ianu s T ab .15 ; U lp .Secund inu s I DR 1 1 /2 5 6

f r om R ome o r O s t ia' : T ib .C 1 . I a nua r iu s g;C l . T imoc ra te s , C l .Sa tum inu s I DR 1 1 /2 1 5 m igh t b e f r om A F' , w h i le C l .Saecu la r is C l .Se rena a nd C l . V en u s m igh t h ave c ome f r om R ome , C l .Tu rp i l la f r om W a nd C l . V a len t ina " f r om P , w he re C laud i i V a len t in i a r e f r equen t' . O n ly o ne

( Bä i le H e r cu lane ) a nd M .U lp .V ic to r inu s T ab .8 u ncer ta in . T he f am i ly o f U lp .Res tu tu s I DR 1 1 /2 4 48 h a s e i the r i mm ig ra ted f r om P .o ro fn a t ive o r ig in . T he re a r e o n ly f ou r

p e r son i s s uppo sed t ob e

f r eedmen a mong t h e U lp i i : T ab . 1 3 ,16 .

f r om E a nd t h a ti sC I .Ga ianu s"

5 . AEL IVS : 3 9 . P a lmy ra : A At

1O nt h i sc ha rac te r s e e I .P i so 1 981 p . 448 s qa nd R . A rdevan 1 984 , p . 97 a nd 1 00 , w i th n .1 . 2H omonym s i n C IL X I I a nd X I I I . A l so n o t ice t h e f r equency o f t h e c og nom ina o ft h e f am i ly m emb e r sw i th in t h e s ame t e r r i to ry , e sp ec ia l ly i nt h e c a s eo fC a ru s . 3T h ee p i taph w a se ng raved b y C . lu l .Rus t icu sf o r h i sm o the rA n ton ia S i s ia ta ( Ce l t ic c ognomen )a nd o t he rm emb e r so ft h e f am i ly . 4S eve r a l h omonym si nC IL X I I a nd , f r om a mong DAN , i nNa nd Pa l though s ome a r et ob e f ound i nA F ,t oo . 5T h r ee C a i i l u l i i V a len t in i i nC IL V I I I 2 568 , 3 2 ; 4 310 ; 2 0380 ; o ne C . Iu l . C .f . Q u i r .Va len s , d e c . c o l . A e l .Aug .T ip a sen s i s , A nn E p 1 958 , 1 28 a nd o t h e r t h r ee mo re I u l i i V a len t i . O ne C . lu l .Sab inu sC IL V I I I 1 8 1 4 17 a nd t wo m o re J ul iS ab in i ,t oo . 6H e m igh th ave b e longed t ot h e f am i ly o fT ib .C 1 .Augus tanu s , p rocu ra to ro f BR ,P IR 2 1 1 8 05 , w ho s e s on h ad b een p ro cu ra to ro f DL d u r ing t h e f i r s t y ea r s o fT ra jan ' sr u le . S ee J . J .W i lk e s 1 969 , p . 105 . 7C IL V p .7 44 : t wo L a t in h omonym s a r e t ob e f ound h e re a nd a no th e r f ou r a r e a t te s ted i nG r eek i n scr ip t ion s . S ee a l so , C IL V I , V I I , 5p . 6214 . T he o ccu ren ce o fc o lon i s t s c om ing f r om R ome i sn o t a n i s o la ted c a s e i nD , e . g . : Q . Ian .Ruf u s , a bove d i scu s sed , p . 2a nd n . 24 , C . Iu l . Iu l ianu s , p r ae f .coh . I I I I H isp . e q . , d o rno R oma , C IL I I 9 46 ( I n läcen i ) , C IL I I 7 655 = I DR 1 1 / 4 2 74 ( I n lacen i ) a nd I DR I I 1 32 75 ( I n lacen i ) . 8P robab ly f r om N / IT o r DL w h e r e h omonym s c an b e f ound a l though Clanu ar i ia r e f r equen ti nA f ,t o o . 9H omonym s : C IL V I I I 2 1877 ; A nn E p 1 922 , 6 3 ; 1 957 , 6 3 ; 1 958 , 1 32 . 1 0 CI V I 1 5580 ( C I .Saec lar i s ) ; V I2 6500 T i .C I .Saec lar i s . 1A h omonym , n a t ive o f C apua , C IL X 4 078 c f . H .—G . P f laum 1 961 , 2 83 ; T ib .C l .S e r enu sa nd h i sh omonyou ss on . 1 2C IL I V 181 a nd 5 229 . 1 3 AC laud ia V a len t in ai nS ava r ia C IL I 4 164 . 1 4C IL 1 14150 , 3 ,1 4 ;4 275 ; 4 558 . 1 5 T he o t he r b ea r e r s o ft h i s c ognomen i nU lp ia T ra iana a r e o r ig ina l ly f r om E . H oweve r , o ne s hou ld n o te aC LGa ianu s , m ag i s te r o ft h e y ea r 1 49 , f r om a n i n s cr ip t ion e r ec ted b y v e te r an i e tc i ve s R oman i e tB e s s i c on s i s t en t e sv i c i Q u in t ion i s ,A nn E p 1 924 , 1 42 .

Mo s t o f t h em c ome f r om E , s ome f r om Ko.c Jc o . 2 7 I DR 1 1 /2 2 23 , A e l . P ham . . .

I DR 1 1 /2 3 69 , A e l .A lexande r I DR 1 1 /2 3 67 a nd t h e f am i l ie s o f t h e t wo P ub l i i A e l i i T he ime te s' T ab .9 , 1 5 . F o r o the r 1 6A l though Im en t ion t wo h omonym s —o n e i nA f , C IL V I I I4 378 , t h e o t he r i n DL , C IL I 1 4507 , ( S i rm iu rn ) —a s w e l l a st h e f am i ly o fF l av i i Ap r i o f w h ich am embe r , L -F I .Ap e r , v . e .h ad b een p raepo s i tu s l e g .V . Ma c . e t XM G . i nt h et ime o fG a l l ienu s , c f .P IR2 I 2 07 . 1 7 Im en t ion F l av i i V a len t in i i n A s ia , C appadoc ia , T h r ac ia a nd b o th Moe s ia e C IL I I p .2 352 a s w e l l a s o n e F I .Va len s , s on o f T RA lexand e r , v e te r anu s l e g .V Mac . , d omu F ab ia A ncy ra i nT roe sm i sA n n E p . 1 956 , 2 66 = I SM V . 1 55 . T he r e i ss t i l l a no the r T .F I .Va len s t ob e f o und i nT roe sm i s ; h i s o r igo i sA rna s t r i s( B i thyn ia ) , C IL I I 7 50 1 =I SM V 1 84 . 1 8T he p l ace w he re m any s p ec ia l i s t s i nm in ig e xp lo i t a t ion h ad b een b rough t f r om , s e eC .D a icov ic iu 1 96 1 . 1 9 H omonym s : C IL V 8 493 ; V I , 1 0754 , 2 9282 ( bo th h av ing h u sband s w ho u sed G r eek c ognom ina ) , 2 9366 ; X IV 1 796 ( O s t ia ) . 2 0 H e r h u sband , C .Ven e t iu s P r iva tu s , w a s o r ig ina l ly f r om W . , t oo . S ee b e low , L i s t 1 , 2 N r . 8 1 . 2 1 S ee t h i s I lyr ian c ognomen , L i s t2 ,N r . 1 8 1 . 2 2 O ne U lp ia C and ida i nC amun tum C IL I 4 440 c f . L . B a rköczy 1 964 , p . 308 . 2 3 O ne U lp . lu s t inu si nC a rnun tu rn C IL I 1 11 a nd o n e M .U lpius t inu si n A qu incum C IL I 3 573 c f . L .B a rkö czy 1 964 , p .3 15 . 2 4S e et h ed i s cu s s ion i nt h e O ve ra l l C onc lu s ion s . 2 5 O ne m igh t n o t ice t h a t t h e D ac ian s s e em t oh ave u s ed t oa dop t n ame s — u n ique s o r v ery r a r e —d e r ived f r om t h e o l d L a t in o ne s , e . g . D e c im iu s , F i rm id iu s ,S i lv in iu s ,e t c . 2 6T he c ognomen i sf r equen t i nD . F o r t h e f o l low ing t h ree p e r son s a l so s e e L i s t 1 . 2 . 2 7 S .S an ie 1 973 ,p . 158 a nd n r . 1.S .S an ie 1 981 , p .2 25 a nd n . 202 . 2 8 S .S an ie 1 968 p . 582 ; S .S an ie 1 970 , p . 238 s q ; S .S ame 1 981 , p . 214 s q .

5 3

T he P opu la t ion o fU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i zege tusa p e r son s c om ing f r om t h e e a s ter np a r t o ft h e Emp i r e Ic ou ld n o t d e t e rm in e t h e a r ea : P .Ae l .Ga ianu s a nd P .Ae l .Ga iu s' I DR 1 1 /2 6 3 , A e l .D iogene s T ab .16 , L .Ae l .Hy la s T ab .16 , A e l . Me t rodo ru sI DR 1 1 /2 3 09 a nd m aybe A e l .Sep t imu sI DR 1 1 /2 2 0 1 a nd A e l .Theodor u s T ab .16 . A e l .Mac r in iu s E p id ianu s q u i e tE p id iu s a nd h i s d augh te r A e l .Andena a r e f r om DL ' . A e l .F lo ra 3 1 I DR 1 1 /2 1 53 , A e lluc i l la ' I DR 1 1 /2 1 03 , A e l . F inn inu s" T ab .16 , A e l . N epo s' I DR 1 1 /2 2 73 a nd P .Ae l .Senec io a l so s e em t oh ave c ome f r om DAN . T he m embe r s o f t h e m un ic ipa l a r i s to c racy s u ch a s A e l .Ad iu ta , m o the r o f t h e C om in i i I DR 1 1 /2 3 71 , P .Ae l . A n t ipa te r T ab .12 , P . A e l .Fab ianu s T ab .8 ,9 a nd P . A e l .S t r enuu sT ab .9 a r ef r om I T , a sw e l l a sA e l .Venu s ta I DR 1 1 /2 1 54 . S ome o ft h e A e l i i m igh tb en a t ive s : A e l .An ton ia , A e l .P r im i t iva T ab .16 , P .Ae lJu l ianu s' I DR 1 1 /2 6 3 , 5 72? , P .Ae l . Max im ianu s T ab .8 , P .Ae l . P rov inc ia l i s' T ab .8 ; t h ey c ou ld h ave b e longed t ot h o se f am i l ie so fD ac ian n ob i l i ty w ho h ad b een g r an ted c i t izen sh ip b yH ad r ian .

A u r .Dex te r' I DR 1 1 /2 3 4 1 , T .Au r . Eme r i tu s' T ab .16 , A u r .Fo r tuna ta I DR 1 1 /2 2 28 , M .Au r .Fo r tuna tu s I DR 1 1 /2 1 06 , t h e t wo A u r .Ga i i' I DR 1 1 /2 2 35 , 1 1 / 3 2 97 ( Ampe lum ) , r e spec t ive ly , A u r . Ingenuu s4 7 T ab .15 w i th h i s d augh te r A u r .Sa tu rn ina , M .Au r . Iu l ianu s T ab .8 , A u r . Muc ianu s I DR 1 1 /2 3 1 , C .Au r .P r imu s' I DR 1 1 /2 3 57 , A u r .V ic to r ia ' I DR 1 1 /2 3 96 . T .Au r .V i ta l i s5 ° ,w ho se s on r e ached t h e r a nk o fd ecu r ion b y m idd le o ft h e t h i rd c en tu ry , s e eT ab .8 n r .16 .

L i s t2 .N on— imper ia lg en t i l ic ia 1 . ANCHAR IVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 1 0 . S ch 1 22 , 2 03 ; H I1 38 . Mo r e f r equen t i nN / IT , W a nd DL . S ee a f am i ly o f T i t i i A ncha r i i i n P i sau rum C IL X I 6 357 a nd f ou r o t he r s i n S a lona' 1,w he re t h ep e r son p robab ly c ame f r om .

6 . S EPT IM IVS : 4 . T he re i sk nown as i ng le f am i ly w i th a d oub le g en t i l i c ium a nd t h a t i s t h e o ne o f t h e P a lmy rean v e te ran P .Ae l .Sep t im iu s A udeo T ab .15 w ho se n omen s e em s t ob e t h es e cond o ne , s i nc eh i sd aug h te r ' sn omen i sS ep t im iu s a nd t h a to fh i ss l ave i sS ep t im iu s ,t o o . 7 . AVREL IVS : 5 4 . S ome o f t h em c ame f r om DAN : A u r .Re spec ta ' I DR 1 1 /2 3 95 , A u r . L uc i l la 3 g I DR 1 1 /2 3 93 , A u r .Con s tan t iu s , e q .R . , I DR 1 1 /2 3 79 a nd A u r .He l ico I DR 1 1 /2 4 18 a r e f r om V im inac ium , M . A u r .D ec ,o ra tu s a nd h i s r e la t ive , M .Au r . . . a r e f r om A equum . A u r .C im io I DR 1 1 /2 3 86 a nd A u r .Pu s innu s I DR 1 1 /2 4 24 —w i th t h e i rC e l t ic c ognom ina —o r ig ina te e i the r f r om W o rf r om N" . N in e o f t h eb ea r e r su se G reek o rO r ien ta lc ognom ina ,b u to n ly t wo o f t h em h ave c ome u ndoub t ly f r om E : A u r . Ma r inu s , Ma r in i I DR 1 1 /2 1 96 a nd C .Au r .One s imu s . O the r s a r e p robab ly f r om DAN : A u r . l r en i4 1 I DR 1 1 /2 3 90 , A u r .P rocu la4 2 I DR 1 1 /2 3 94 , A u r . A nn ianu s' I DR 1 1 /2 2 50 . F o r s ome o f t h em I c ou ld i n f e r an a t ive o r ig in :

2 . ANCLAREN IVS : 1 .I DR 1/2 4 38 . S ch 3 95 ,n . 1 w he re i t i ss t a ted t h a t i td e r ive s f r om A n cha r iu s b y t h e i n t e rpo s i t ion o f t h e s u ff ix — l a . T he n ame i su n ique a nd i ti s h i gh ly p robab le t h a tt h ep e r son i sf r om DL . 3 . ANN IVS : 3 .I DR 1 1 /2 3 74 . S ch 1 22 , W t 2 2 . T he n ame m igh t b e I t a l ic , b u t a l so S em i t ic , a s i n t h e c a se o f t h e g over no r o f D , L .Ann iu s F ab ianu s I DR 1 1 /2 8 0 w ho i sa n a t ive o fC ae sa rea ' . Q u i te f r equen t i n AF a nd i nW , t o o . S ex .Ann iu s P a ter n iu s ?a nd h i s s on A nn iu s Mac r inu s a r e f r om W " a nd o fC e l t ic o r ig in . 4 . ANT IST IVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 / 3 2 42 ( Ge rm i sa ra ) . S ch 1 24 . T he p e r son i st h e f r eedman o f af am i ly o f L uc i i A n t i s t i i w ho c ou ld h ave c ome e i th e rf r om I To rf r om AF .

a nd 2 41 s q q . 2 9S ee , f o ri n s tance , af am i ly o fO r ien ta le m ig ran t s ,w ho s e t t led i n A lum I DR I I/ 2 37 : PAe l .Ga ianu s , s on o fA e l .Ca iu sa nd o fA e l ia I n genua . T he r e i sa l so t ob e m en t ioned a f u ne ra ry c i ppu s o f A e l .Ga ianu s f r om A n t iod t ia ( f ou r th c en tu ry ) .A nn g p . 1 96 1 , 1 31 . 3 0 P robab ly f r om t h e S ou th—Ea s t o f t h e p rov ince , s e e L i s t 2n r .85 . ( t h e c ognom en o fh e rf a the r ) . 3 1 O ne A e l ia F l o ra i n MS : I MS I3 0 . 3 2O ne A e l ia P . f .L uc i l la i nP . C IL I I4 554 . 3 H omonym si n MS C IL I I 8 110 , I ,3 1 ; PC IL I 387 ,3 933 a nd DL C IL I I2 196 , 8 310 , 8 431 . 3 4O ne P .Ae l .Nepo si nP . C IL I I3 933 . 3 5 T he r e a r e 1 A e l i i I u l ian i k nown i n D , f o u r w i th t h e p ra eno rnen o f P ub l iu s , C IL I I p . 2332 . O n e C .Ae lJu l ianu s , b f .co s . leg . 1 1 1 A ug . , CH . V I I I 2 986 , 2 0 ( L amb ae s i s ) i so fD ac ian o r ig in c f . 1 . . R u s su 1 980 , p 39 . O n t h e o t he rh and , P .Ae l .An t ipa te r , w ho s e k i n sh ip t oI T w a s a t t e s ted , h ad ab ro the r a l so c a l led PAe lJu l ianu sc f . H . D a icov ic iu —I .P i so 1 977 ,p . 78 . 3 6C .D a icov ic iu 1 974 ,c o 1 .630 . 3 7 Two h omonym si n PC IL I I 314 a nd 1 0924 =R IU I5 0 . 3 8 Two h omonym s i n DAN : o n e i nP ,C IL I I 4 393 , t h e o t he ri n DL , C IL I 9 427 ,a l though t wo mo re a r et ob ef ound i n AF ,C IL V I I I , 1 8947 , 1 8948 . 3 9 O ne A u r .Pus s in io i nN : C IL I I 5 944 , 2 , 1 9 a nd s t i l l a no th e r i n GL C l . X I I I2 051 ( Lugdunum ) . 4 0 H i s c ognom en , f r equen t w i th t h e o noma s t ic s i nE ,c ou ld b e S em i t ic , c f . L i s t2 ,n r .159 . I nD , ah omonymou sP a lmy r ean p r ie s tw ho e r ec ted a na l ta rt o I OM D o l ichenu s a nd D eu s C om rnagenu s i sa l so a te s t ed I DR 1 1 / 3 2 99 ( Ampe lum ) . 4 1 O ne A u ri r en ei nP ,R IU I8 5 . 4 2 H omonym s i n : DL , CU .I I 1 2765 , 1 2770 ; P .C IL I 6 393 ; MS , I MS I 19 : A u r .P roc la , w if e o fA u r .V ic to r , m i le s c oh . I I A u r .nova e S a co r tun , w ho w a so fD ac ian o r ig in , s e e 1 . 1 .R u s su 1 980 ,p . 34 . 4 3Homonym s i n : DL , C IL I I 2 205 , 1 3 187 ; P . C IL I 3 284 . O n e M .Au r .M .f .Pa l .A nn ianu sP u t eo i st ob e f o und i nR ome ,C IL V I3 2526 .

5 4

5 . ANTON IVS : 2 3 . Many o ft h eb ea r e r sb e long t ot h e t own a r i s to c racy , e . g . t h e L u c i i A n ton i i ; am emb e r o f t h i s g en s , L .An t . P r i scu s , T ab .6 ,8 r e a ched t h e e que s ta r ian r a nk . T he f am i ly d e sc ended f r om t h e f i r s t c o lon i s t s b rough t h e r e b y T ra jan f r om AF , H I o rI T' . A n t .U r s inu s m igh to r ig ina te i n H I5 . C om ing f r om W a r e A n t .Bon i ta a nd h e r h u sband , Q .An t .V ia to r T ab .8 , A n t . S i s ia ta a nd h e r d augh te r— in— law , A n t . P ro tog en ia I DR 1 1 /2 3 80 . A no the r l a rge f am i ly o f

4 4 TAu r .Dex te r , e q . s ing .na t ione D acu sC IL V I 3 200 c f . A . D ob6 1 940 , 2 2 ; 1 . I .Ru s su 1 980 ,p . 41 . 4 5 F o r mo r e o f h i s D ac ian o r ig in s e e A . K e r6ny1941 p . 199 m r .2303 ; C . D a icov ic iu 1 974 c o 1 .624 ; I .P i so 1 974 ,p . 241 ; 1 . .R u s su 1 980 p . 42 . 4 6 T he c ognomen i sv e ry f r equen t i nD . Ih ave k now ledge o f aA tf .Ga iu s , S ace rdo s H e rcu l i e tL ibe r i P a t r i s , w ho e r ec ted a n a l t a r i nP o ta i s sa , CU . I I 7 681 , i n c oope ra t ion w i th h i s c o l league . A u ringenuu s , w ho m igh t b e a n a t ive t o o , s e e f u r the r , n . 87 , a s w e l l a s o ne A u r .Ga iu s , s o ld ie r f r om t h e l e g ion X I I IG .c f . 1 . .R us su 1 965 ,p . 222 . 4 7C .D a icov ic iu 1 974 , c o 1 .620 . 4 8 O ne A u r .P r imu s i s a know ledged , f r eedman o f o ne e que s s i ngu lar i s , n a t ion eD acu sf r om R ome C IL V I 3 227 , A . D ob e s 1 940 , 2 3 ; A . K e r6ny 1 941 p . 199 ; 1 . .R u s su 1 980 ,p . 50 . 4 9S ee o ne A u r .V ic to r ina , w if eo fU lp iu sD ac io , i nS a lon sC IL I I 1 3058 c f . R u s su 1 980 ,p . 49 , a l though h omonym s c an b e f ound e l sewhe r e , t oo : C IL Vp . 1105 (3 ) ; V I I Ip . 12 (5 ) ; X Ip . 1462 (2 ) . 5 0 A u r .V i ta l i s , n a tu s D acu s , b e long ing t o t h e e qu i te s s i ngu la re s , i s m en t ioned i nC IL V I 2 238 s e e L I . R u s su 1 980 , p . 37 , 4 1 . S ee a sw e l l C IL I I p . 2341 w he r ef o u ro t he rA u r .V i ta l ii n Do ccu r . 5 1 C IL I I2 169 ( ad ecu r io ) ,2 092 ( t wo l i be r t i )a nd 1 4255 . 5 2C .C .P e to le scu 1 986 p . 885 ,n r .9 . 5 3 A p o s s ib le h omonym : C IL X I I 4 0 11 ( i f n o t Mann iu s ) . S t i l l a no the r b ea re r o f t h e c ognom en Mac r inu s , s e e L i s t 2n r .143 , c ome s f r om A ugus ta T reve ronun . O ne c ou ld a l so f i nd s ome S ex t i iA nn i i i n CH .X I I 5 060 , 5 686 , 5 2 , c on t ra ry t ot h eo p in ion o fM rP i so ,c f . I .P i so 1 978 ,p . 192 ,n . 11 . 5 4C IL V I I Ip . 7 s q( 3 4 ) ; Ip . 717 ( 16 ) , i nI T : 1 8 . 5 5A n t .U r s ianu s , 1 .ER 4 744 .

T he A na ly sed Ma ter ia l A n ton i i h ad c ome f r om V im inac ium ' b y t h e t ime o f G o rd ian I DR 1 1 /2 3 79 . T he re a r eo n ly af ew p e r son s o fl ow s o c ia l p o s i t ion : L .An t .Epaga thu s T ab .16 , f r eedman o f t h e

1 4 . CAEC IL IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 13 , 3 97 . S ch 7 5 . I ti s mo re f r equen t i n AF , w he re C .C aec i l iu s F e l ix " , r e cen t ly g ran ted c i t izen sh ip , m igh t b e f r om . C aec . V a len t ina a nd C aec . A n ton iu s a r ep robab ly I t a l ic .

f am i ly o f L .An t .Rufu s a nd t wo p e regr in i f r om P e rgamon I DR 1 1 /2 3 82 .

1 5 . CALPVRN IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /3 1( S in tämä r ia O r lea ) . S ch 1 38 . W ide ly s p r ead e verywhe re , mo s t ly i n AF a nd H I .

6 . APVLE IVS : 1 .I DR I I 12 1 . S ch 4 27 . T he n ame i sb o rne b y ar e cen t c i t izen , L .Apu le iu s Ma r cu s T ab .10 w ho r e ached t h e h i gh a dm in i s t ra t ive l a ye r o f t h e t own , a f te r t h e Ma rcoman ic w a r s . A s h e i st h e s on o f as l ave o r f r eedman a nd t a k ing i n to a ccoun t t h eu nu sua l w r i t ing o ft h en om en ' a s w e l l a s t h e u se o f t h e c ognomen b y t h e D ac ian s , o ne c an s uppo se an a t ive o r ig in f o rt h is p e r son .

1 6 . CALVENT IVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 2 05 . S ch 1 39 , H I7 06 . T he C e l t ic p rovenanc e o ft h e p er son i sp roved b y t h e n ames h e b o re a nd b y h i s w o r sh ipp ing E pon ibu s e tC ampes tr ibus , a l though t h e n ame r a re ly o ccu r s i n W ; i ti s t o b e f ound mo s t ly i nI T , e spec ia l ly N / IT a nd i n AF " .

7 . AQV IL IVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 3 84 . S ch 3 71 . A l though t h e n ame i s b o rne b y D ac ian s , t o o : P .Aqu i l iu s P . 1 . D acu s , m ag i s te r i nT ibu r C IL X IV 3 564 , a n I t a l ic p rovenance o f C .Aqu i l iu sD om i t ianu si sm uch m o r ep robab le .

1 7 . CARANT IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 27 . S ch 2 0 ,22 , H I7 67 s qq . T he b ea re ro ft h is C e l t ic n ame , C a ran t ius G e rmanu s , i s ap e regr inus f r om A ugu s ta T reve ro rum ' . 1 8 . CASS IVS : 7 .I DR 1 1 /2 2 0 , 2 78 , 3 98 , 4 46 , 4 53 . S ch 4 23 ; t h e n ame c an a l so b e S em i t ic-Phoen ic ian " , a sC a ss iu s Ma r inus i s i n deed a P a lmy rean p r ie s t . T he f am i ly o f L .Ca ss iu s Ma r c io c ome s f r om E , t o o ; t h e s ame h o lds g ood f o r L .Ca ss iu s . . . , t o , w ho se w if e U lp ia C he l ido , h a s aG reek

8 . ATT IVS : 3 .I DR 1 1 /2 1 05 , 1 85 , 2 21 , 3 85 , ? 584 . S ch 6 8 , 4 23 . T he b ea re r s o ft h is n ame a r e e i the rf r eedmen : Q .A t t iu s A n th imu s T ab .13 a nd S ex . A t t iu s S ecundu s T ab .13 , o r p eregr in i : A t t iu s V a len s , m e rchan t f r om A ugu s ta T reve ro rum . T he n ame c an a l so b e aL a t in ised C e l t ic n ame " , s o i ti sp o ss ib le t h a t t h e f i r s t t wo p e r son s a r e f r om W , t oo .

c ognomen ; C a ss ia R oga ta c ou ld b e f r om AF ' . 1 9 . CASTENVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 99 . S ch 2 89 ,n .1 .s t a te s t h a t i tm os t p robab ly d er ive s f r om C a s t in iu s . B u t t h e n ame , w i th i t s v a ro iu s f o rm s c an b e C e l t ic H I8 35 s q . o r G reek P ape I 6 24 : Ko c-or t .v a c . I td oe s n o t a ppea r i nt h e Emp i r e w i th t h i s f o rm . C a s tena N ice c ou ld b e f r om E ,t a k ing i n to a c coun th e r c ognomen , o r f r om W , c on s ider ing t h e s p read ing o f t h e

9 . AV ILL IVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 1 56 . S ch 7 2 . T he p e r son h a s t wo n om ina ? :U lp iu s a nd A v i l l l iu s . B u t U lp ius m igh t a l so r ep lace a p raenomen , af a c t w h ich s ome t ime s o ccu r red i n U lp ia T ra iana . I fU lp iu s i sn o t an omen a nd t h e i n scr ip t ion d oe s n o t t h e refo r e d a te b ack t o t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e 2 nd c en tu ry ,o ne c an a dm i tt h a tt h ep e r son i s an a t ive .

n omen , o re ven an a t ive , h av ing i nv i ew t h e u n iqueness o ft h e n ame .

1 0 . BAEBAT IVS : 2 . I DR I I / 1 8 9 ( Mehad ia ) S ch 1 33 . A nc ien t g en t i l ic ium , e x t reme ly r a re " . D .Baeba t iu s

2 0 . CELSEN IVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /3 3 50 ( Ampe lum ) . S ch 1 48 . P .Ce lsen s iu s C on s tan s , T ab .8 c omes f r om A equum ( DL )

C h rysan thu s a nd h i s w if e , B aeba t ia G am ice , a r e t h e f r eedmen o fa nI t a l ic f am i ly , b u t n o th ing d ef in i te c an b e s a id

e r ec ted b y a no the r D a lma t ian , M .Ope l l ius A d iu to r , s e e

a bou t t h e i re t hn ic o r ig in .

b e low , n r .54 .

w he re h e h a s b een d ecu r io , t oo .

H i s e p i taph h ad b een

1 . BASS IVS : 2 .I DR 1 1 /2 2 02 , 3 43 . T he t h r ee p e r son s a l l

2 1 .

c ome f r om S y r ia , wh ich p o in t s t ot h e S em i t ica l o r ig in o f t h e n ame ' .

C lod ius E t r i scu s a nd L .C lod iu s S ecund inus s eem t o h ave

CLOD IVS : 3 .I DR I I /2 3 38 , 3 93 , 4 11 .

S ch 1 50 .

L .

c ome e i the rf r om W o rf r om DAN ' .

1 2 . BONON IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 59 . H I4 87 . AC e l t ic n ame

2 2 . COEL IVS : 1 .

q u i te r a re' ,w ho se b ea r e r , L .B onon iu s S a tu rn inu s s e ems t o h ave c ome f r om P .

A e l ianu s s e em s t op roceed f r om DAN , w he re t h e f r equency o fh i sc ognomen i sh i ghe r .

I DR 1 1 /2 3 34 .

S ch 1 55 .

L .Coe l iu s

1 3 . BOV IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 / 3 1 61 ( M ic ia ) . S ch 2 34 . N o t v ery f r equen t . I to ccu r s mo re o f ten i nS / IT ,H I , AF .

2 3 . COM IN IVS : 6 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 ,1 9 , 1 07 , 1 08 , 3 71 . S ch 1 08 e t c . N ame o f a nc ien t I t a l ic s t ruc tu re , b or ne b y ap ower fu l a r i s toc ra t ic g en s , w ho se mo s t p rom inen t m embe r , M .Com in iu s M .f .Pap . Q u in tus , r eached t h e e que s ta r ian r ank .

5 6T he f am i ly c ou ld b eo fA f r ican d es cen t . Two o fi t sm embe r s , A n t .Bonos a a nd A n t .V ic to r h ave s p ec if ic A f r ican c og nom ina w h ich s e ldom o ccu r i nM , s e eL i s t 2n r .44 a nd 2 79 . 5 7 Wh ich m o s t o f ten o ccu r s i nC IL X p . 1029 , w h e re t h e l a rge s t n umbe r o f L uc i iA ppu le i ic an b e f o und . 5 8 H2 72 s q q . c f . I .P i so 1 976 p . 444 a nd n . 4 . Ia l so n o t e s e ve ra l S ex t i iA t t i ii n C IL X I I , a sw e l la s ah omon , S ex .A t t iu sS ecundu s , Cl X I I 2 776 . 5 9 L .Baeba t iu s L . f . S e rg ia F o r tuna tu s , a ed i l i s i nA ugu s ta P ra e to r ia , C IL V 6 839 a nd Q .Baeba t iu sS ex .f . ,m ag i s t ra t e i nF u r f o , C IL I X 3 513 . 6 0C f .S .S an ie 1 973 , p . 156 n . 72 .S .S an ie 1 981 p . 225 s q , n . 177 . 6 1 B onon ia C IL I 2 983 = I LER G / 416 ; B onon iu sN ige rC IL I 4 150 = R IU I2 2 ( Sava r ia ) ; B onon iu s V i ta l i s , C IL I 1024 = R Il i I5 39 ( Br ige t io ) ; B onon ia ra A p ice s i s C IL V 2 9 13 ; B O IK K I la Me t rodo ra C IL X I 1 463 ; B onon iu sG o rdu sC IL X I I 1 833 .

6 2 S ee , f o re xamp le , C .Ca ecI e l ix , B i s ica o r iundu s , C IL V I I I 2 586 c f . P IR2 I 4 5 ; P .Cae c .F e l ix , m en t ioned i n a n i n sc r ip t ion f r om T ak röuna , n ea r C a r thage ,A nn E p 1 938 , 4 6a nd o ne L .C APc .F e l ix i nL ambae s i sA nn E p 1 073 , 6 38 . 6 3C IL V p . 1107 ; V I I I p . 17 . 6 4 T .Fab iu s I b l iom a ru s i sf r om A ugus ta T r eve ro rum , t oo : CM I I 1 214 ( Apu lum ) . 6 5 S .S an ie 1 973 p .1 57 s q . ; S .S an ie 1 981 , p . 227 s q . 6 6S ee C IL V I I I p . 18 ( f ou rh omonym s ) . 6 7 O ne P .C lod iu s P .f .S e cund inu s , d ec .mun ic .Ve rg i l ien s i s , I LER 1 442 a nd o ne C .C lod iu sS ecund inu si n DL C IL I I2 290 .

5

T he P opu la t ion o fU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i zege tu sa T he f am i ly o r ig ina te sf r om N / IT ,p robab ly f r om A qu i le ia ' .

c o r rup tf o rm i su n ique . T he o b se rva t ion a bove i sv a l id h e re , t o o .

2 4 . CORBVL IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 35 . T he n om en i sd e r ived f r om t h e c o r r up t f o rm o ft h e L a t in c ognomen C o rvu s c g . K 8 5 , 31 a nd i su n ique . T .Co rbu l iu s P r i sc ianu s T ab .8 c an b e t h e r efo r e an a t ive ( ? ) .

3 2 . GA IVS : 2? I DR 1 1 /2 2 02 , 2 03 , 2 82 . P raenomen u sed i n s tead o f g en t i l i c ium 7 9 ,o n ce i n t h e c a se o f aS y r ian m e r chan tG a iu sG a ianu sa nd o n ce i nt h a to f aT .Ga iu s . . ..

2 5 . CORNEL IVS : 7 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 79 , 3 14 , 3 66 , 4 03 , 4 04 ; 1 1 / 3 1( SI tenä r ia O r lea ) , 7 0 , 7 1 ( M ic ia ) . S ch 4 45 . C or n .Fau s t ina ' — w ho se h u sband , C .Sp ed iu s C lemen s i s a l so f r om I T , s e e b e low , n r . 7 2 , C om .V ic to r ina a nd h e r f a th e r , M .Com .P r imu s' T ab .13 , s e em t ob e f r om I T . T he o t he ra ugus ta l i s , M .Com .S t ra ton icu s , m igh th ave c ome f r om E .Com .An ton ia ,w if e o fP .Ae l .Sep t . A udeo m ay b ee i the ro f t h es ame o r ig in a sh e rh u sband ,o r an a t ive .

3 . GRATT IVS : 1? I DR 1 1 /2 3 29 ,I DR 1 1 / 3 1 8 , 1 9( Va lea S i ngeo rg iu lu i ) S ch 4 24 . N o t v ery f r equen t' . L . G ra t t iu s P a temu s w ho b u i l t i n ar u ra l s e t t lemen t t wo a l ta r s d ed ica ted t oI OM a nd Ma r s a nd w ho c an m aybe b ei d en t if ied w i th T ? G ra t t iu s —w ho se d ed ica t ion N um in i A e scu lap io e tH yg iae h a s b een f o und i nS ann izege tu sa , p robab ly o r ig ina te s f r om w

I 8

3 4 . HELV IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 56 ( Ampe lum ) . S ch 1 62 e t c . N omen o f v e ry o l d s t ruc tu r e , d e sc end ing t o t h e E t ru scan s , r a the r w e l l r e p r e sen ted e ve rywhe re , m o s t o ft h e b ea re r s a r e t ob e f ound i n AF a nd I T , m any c onc en t ra ted i nB r ix ia a nd i t s t e r r i to ry . T h e e l i te s o ld ie r , P .He lv iu s ?P r imanu s s e em s t o h ave t a ken h i s n omen a f te r t h e n ame o f o ne o f t h e g ove rno r so fD ,P .He lv iu sP e r t inax .

2 6 . CRASSVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 09 . C ognomen u sed i n s tead o f n omen , w h ich i sr a r e , b u t n o t w i thou t a na log ie s' . T h e d ef en so ro p t imus o ft h e n ego t ia to re sp rov in c iae a s so c ia t ion , C ra s su s Mac rob iu s m igh t h ave aG reek o r ig in , b u t s e em s t o h ave c ome f r om I T . 2 7 . DASV M IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 05 . I ly r ian n ame ' b o rne b y av e te ran o f t h e X I I I th l e g ion G em ina , L .Da sum iu s P r i scu s ,w ho c ame f r om DL .

3 5 . HERENN IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 99 . H e r enn ia Max ima , h e r e so fC a s tena N ice ,s e em st ob eo fI t a l ic d e scen t' .

2 8 . DOM IT IVS :9 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 2 1 , 1 22 ,2 19 ,2 43 , 2 71 , 2 80 , 4 06 , 52 . F r equen t m o s t ly i nI T , AF , DAN . Many o f t h e b ea r e r s h ave G r eek c ognom ina a nd a r e f r eedmen , s e e T ab .16 . U lp .Dom i t iu s , U lp i i f .R u f inu s a nd h i s l i be r tu s , U lp .Dom i t iu s H e rme s , a ugus ta l i s , T ab .13 , c ame p robab ly f r om P" . C .Dom i t iu s V a len s T ab .15 s e ems t o b e f r om DC' , b u t h i s o r ig in m ay b e O r ien ta l b ecau se o f h i s w o r sh ipp iung I OM H e l iopo l i tanu s' .

3 6 . I ANVAR IVS : 5 . I DR 1 1 /2 12 , 4 13 , 4 14 , S ch 10 . Mo r e f r equen t i n AF a nd DAN . F o r Q . Ian . Q .f . C o l l ina R u f u s T av io s e e a bove , I n t roduc t ion 2 . 1 .5 . a nd n . 2 4 . Q . Ian .Aga thange lu s a nd h i s t wo c h i ld r en m ay b e long t ot h e s ame f am i ly a nd t h e refo re c ou ld h ave c ome f r om A s ia M ino r , ar e g ion w h ich s upp l ied w i th c o lon i s t s c f . C .C . P e to lescu 1 9 78 ; s e e a l so a p e r son n amed T av iu s a t P o ro l i s sum C IL I I6 248 .

2 9 . FANN IVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 4 45 . S ch 2 66 . F ann ia Max ima , w ho se n ame a ppea r s o n av e ry d amaged i n sc r ip t ion , i sf r om DAN ,e i the r DL o r P7 6 .

3 7 . I AVOLENVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 68 . S ch 7 7 . N o t v e ry f r equen t , b u t u n i fo rme ly s p read . T he c en tur io C . Iavo lemu s Mode s tu sT ab .15 i sf r om N / IT " .

3 0 . F LACC IN IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 62 , 1 63 . S ch .272 . I t a l ic n ame ,d e r ived f r om F lacc iu s . Q u i te r a r e 7 .N o th ing d ef in i te c an b e s a id a bou t h i s o r ig in , b u t Iw ou ld r e— i te ra te t h a t t h e D ac ian s f r equen t ly u se r a re o r u n ique n ame s d e r ived f r om m o r eu sua lo ne s" .

3 8 . I NGENVV IVS : 3 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 4 ; I DR 1 1 / 3 2 51 ( Ge rm i sa ra ) . T he n ame s eem s t o b e C e l t i c , c f . H I4 5 , a l though i tc an b e ad e r iva t ion o f t h e L a t in c ognomen I n genuu s , t o o . Mo s t f r equen t i n W 8' . Two b ea r e r s , Q . Ing .A t t iu s a nd I n g . Ma r ce l la a r e p o s i t ive ly f r om W , s o t h e s ame c ou ld b ea s sumed i nt h ec a se o fI n g .Sup e r s tes .

3 1 . F R ISEN IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 11 . S ch a d 1 69 . N omen d e r ived f r om F r i s ius w h ich d e r ive s f r om F renn iu s . T h i s

3 9 . I VST IVS :2 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 51 . C o r rup ted g en t i l ic ium f r om t h e c ognom en I u s tu s . T he b ea r e r s a r e t wo w omen , m o the r a nd d augh te rf r om t h e f am i ly o fU lp .Dub i ta tu s ( t he i rk i n sh ip r e la t ion t oh im c anno tb ee xa c t ly d e l inea ted ) . T he s p r ead ing o ft h e n ame " , a s w e l l a s t h e c ognomen S ex t i l ia p o in t s t oa w e s ter np rovenanc e .

6 8 O n t h e h i s to ry o ft h i s f am i ly s e e j .T rynkow sk i 1 965 . o n M .Com in iu s Q u in tu ss e e R . A rd evan 1 981 p . 439 s q( w i th b ib l iog raphy ) . A s f o rh i s a r ea o fp rovenance , c fC IL V p . 110 a nd A . C a lder in i 1 930 , p .4 85 s q . w he r e i t i s s t a ted t h a t t h e C om in i i r e p r e sen t an um e rou s a nd p owe r f u l g en s i n A qu i le ia . 6 9O ne C o rne l ia F au s t ina i nC IL I X 3 627 . 7 0 O ne C o rne l ia V ic to r ia i nC IL I X 4 98 a nd o ne M .Co rn .P r imu s C IL X I 3 058 a . 7 1 M .C ra s su s , P . f .C IL V 3 552 a nd t wo f r e edmen , Ma rc i iC ra s s i iF o r tuna tu s a nd S a tu rn inu sC IL I X 1 806 ( Ben even tum ) . 7 2I . I .R u s su 1 969 p .1 94 s q . 7 3C .D a icov ic iu 1 974 c o l .6 22 a nd 6 27 ( w i thou ts a t i s f ac to ry e v idence ) . 7 4O ne C .Dom i t iu sV a len sC IL I 1 933 a nd o ne D om i t .Va len sC IL I I9 041 . 7 5 Mo th e rp e r son w i th t h e c ognom en V a len s —LF lav iu si sf r om E ,t o o , s e e a bove L i s t 1 . 1 .3 . 7 6O ne F i um ia Max ima ( Chr i s t ian )C IL I 2 023 a nd o ne P . F ann iu s Max imu s C IL I I 1 3444 . 7 7 C IL I 2 561 = I LER 4 557 , 5 632 = E LER 3 654 ; V I 361 ; V I I 6 17 ; X IV 1 2024 . 7 8S e ea bove ,n . 65 .

4 0 . LABER IVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 2 48 . S ch 1 62 . Mo r ef r equen t

7 9 Wh ich i sr a th e r c ommon : C I I I I ( 6 ) ; V (1) , V I (13 ) ; V I I I ( 6 ) ; I X (6 ) ; X IV (1) .T he m a jo r i ty c am e f r om E ,l i ke i no u rc a s e . 8 0I tmo s t ly o ccu r si nH IC I L Ip . 723 a nd NB .C IL X I Ip . 873 . 8 1 S ee t h ef r equency o ft h ec ognomen ,L i s t 2n r .184 . 8 2 H omonym s : C IL V 391 ; X I6 243 . 8 3O ne C . lavo lenu sc an b ef o und i nV e ron aC IL V 3 487 . 8 4 C IL V I I 2 21 , 1 070 ; X I I I 2 182 , 2 924 , 3 635 , 4 190 , 5 277 , 7 981 , 8 207 , 8 424 . 8 5 C LL X I I ( 3 ) ; X I I I ( 12 ) , ag r ea te rn umbe rt h an i na ny o t he rr e g ion .

5 6

T he A na ly sed Ma ter ia l i nC / IT - R ome a nd t h e s u r round ing a r ea - a nd i nH I . T he c e n tur io C .Laber iu s Max imu s i so fI t a l ic d escen t' .

P a lmy r ean p r ies t s . n a t ive .

4 1 . LAECAN IVS : 1 . I DR I I / 1 1 37 , 1 38 ( T ib iscum ) . S ch 1 86 . F r equen ti nN / IT a nd v ery r a r e i nt h ep rov ince s" . T h e v e te ran Au re l iu s L aecan iu s P au l inu s T ab . 1 5 , w o r sh ippe r o f D eu s S o l I e rhabo l , s e em s t ob e , i ns p i te o fh i s d ed ica t ion , o f I t a l ic d e scen t" .

5 1 .

T he s l ave Max ima B u te s m igh t b e a

METT IVS : 4 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 53 .

S ch 1 88 .

T he b ea r e r s

f o rm a u n ique f am i ly a mong w hom s ome u se G reek o r O r ien ta l c ognom ina : C a ss ianu s , P ro tenus . T he n ame i s f r equen t i nI T a nd r a r e i nt h e p rov ince s , s o t h e f am i ly m igh t b ee i the ro fI t a l ic o rO r ien ta ld escen t .

4 2 . L IC IN IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 24 . S ch 1 08 e t c . L ic in ia V a len t ina , w if e o f A u r . Max im ianu s s e em s t o b e o f C e l t ic o r ig in a nd t oh ave p roc eeded f r om N o r P8 9 ( s ee h i s s oninl aw , Au r .Pu s innu s ) .

5 2 . NAEV IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 36 . S ch 2 63 , H I7 41 . T he l a ck o f c ognomen a nd t h e i re levance o f t h e s p read o f t h e n ame d oe s n o t p erm i t s uppo s i t ion s a bou t t h e p rovenance o f t h ep e r son w ho w o r sh ip s D eu s S i lvanu s .

4 3 . L ISIN IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 25 . S ch 1 80 . T he n ame i s r a re ' . T he t wo f r eedmen m u s t h ave b e longed t o af am i ly

5 3 . OCTAV IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 35 . S ch 2 01 . F requen t e verywhe re , m o s t ly i nI T a nd AF . C . Iu l . N epo s i sp robab ly

f r om t h e m en t ioned t e r r i tory .

o fI t a l ic d e scen t' .

4 4 .

LONG IN IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 26 .

S ch 1 81 .

5 4 .

No t v er y

4 5 . LVC IL IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /3 2 42 ( Ge rm isa ra ) . S ch 1 66 . Mo r e f r equen t i n I T , l e s s , b u t u n ifo rm ly s p read , i n t h e

5 . PAPTR IVS : 3 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 00 , 4 26 . S ch 8 6 e t c . E xcep t

p rov inces . M .Luc i l iu s L uc i l ianu s m u s t h ave b een l i be ra ted b y ac o lon is tf r om I To r W' 2. 4 6 . MACR IN IVS : 1 . I DR I I /2 3 72 .

S ch 1 84 .

OPELL IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 16 , 17 , I DR 1 1 /3 3 50

( Amp e lum ) . S ch 2 76 . M .Ope l l iu s A d iu to r T ab . 9 , 10 , v ery w e l l k nown i n w a s o ne o ft h e f i r s t c o lon is t s b rough t b y T ra jan ' f r om DL ( Aequum? ) , w he re many i mm ig ran t s c ame f r om ,i nt h ec ap i ta l l' a nd a l lo ve rt h ep rov ince .

f r equen t , b u t u n ifo rm ly s p read . I to c cu r s mo re o f ten i nI T , w he re G .Long in iu s Max imus m igh th ave c ome f r om ' ' ' .

I T , i to ccu r s m o r e o f ten i n AF a nd DAN . B u t t h e s p read ing o ft h e c ognomen Q u in t i l la i nH I , a s w e l l a s t h e o r ig in o f t h e

No t v er y

g over no r o f D , C n .Pap ir iu s A e l ianu s l e d m e t o t h e c onc lu s ion t h a t P ap ir iu s Q u in t inu s a nd h i s d augh te r c ame a l ong w i th t h e g ove rno r f r om H I . P ap ir ia Z o e c ou ld b e a l so

f r equen t" . Macr in ia Ma r c ia h ad c ome f r om DL , l i ke h e r h u sband a nd d augh te r .

i nt h e s ame s i tua t ion . 4 7 . MAN IL IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 28 . S ch 1 66 . Q . Man i l iu s P ap . V eru s , v e te ran o f t h e D ac ian w a r s i se i the r f r om N / IT

5 6 . P ET IL IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 44 . S ch 2 8 . Mo re f r equen t i n I T a nd DAN . T he s on o f P e t i l ia V ic tor ina , C .Togem iu s

o r AF ' . 4 8 .

MARC IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 30 .

S ch 1 88 .

I n genuu s h a s aC e l t ic n omen , b u t t h e e x t reme r a r i ty o f P e t i l iu s i nW ( C IL X I I I :1 )d oe s n o t a l low t h e s uppo s i t ion t h a t t h e mo the r c ou ld b e f r om t h o se r eg ion s . S he i s mo re

U n iforme ly

s p read . Ma rc ia C a ra p o ss ib ly f r om W .

l i ke ly t oh ave a nI t a l ic d escen t . 4 9 . MAR IVS : 2 . I DR I I / 1 5 6 ( Bi le H e rcu lane ) , I DR 1 1 /2 4 32 . S ch 3 60 . Ma r iu s V a len s , l e ga tus R o t r zam a d c on su la tum S ever ian i i sp robab ly I t a l ic . Ma r ia S ecund ina i s

5 7 . P ETRON IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 67 . S ch 2 09 . T he o f f ice r C .Pe t riu s tu s T ab .15 i sf r om I T ' ' , a l though h e w o r sh ip s Men C i lva s t ianu s 1" ; w o r sh ipp ing O r ien ta l d e i t ie s w a s

t h e mo the ro ft h en a t ive A u r . Ingenuu s .

c ommon a mong t h e m i l i ta ry m en . 5 0 .

MAX I MVS : 4 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 0 , 4 34 , I DR 1 1 / 3 6( S t re i 5 8 . P ILON IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 37 . S ch 4 56 . V ery r a re ' T he c en tur io S ex .P i lon iu s Mode s tu s i so ne o f t h e v ery f ew

S äc e l ) , c ognomen a s n omen w h ich o ccu r s e x t reme ly r a re i n t h ec a se o f Max imu s' . Max im i iB a r [ sem ia? ] a nd G o ra a r e

p e r son sw ho i n d ica te sh i so r igo ' : B eneven tum . 8 6I . R us su 1 967 ,p .1 69 . 8 7 C IL I 2 877 , V I I I 3 075 . 8 8 S .S an ie 1 981 ,p .2 08 . 8 9 Ah omonym c an b e f ound h e r e , C IL I 3 563 ( Aqu incu rn ) . T he n am e i s v e ry f r equen t i nA F , t oo , w he r e a no the rh omonym i st ob e f ound . C IL V I I I 2 838 . 9 0N : C IL I I5 167 , 5 175 ( Q .L i s in iu sS ab inu s , p rocu ra to r ) ; P .C IL I I 1 0321 ( L i s in i s G ala ) , 1 3429 ( L i s in ia I ucunda ) ; I T : C IL V 1 820 ( Gemona ) , X I 2 663 ( co l .Sa t u rn ina ) ; A F : A nn t p . 1 922 , 1 2 ( Q .L i s in iu s L i s in ianu s , f nun . m ag is te ri nL amb i r id i ) ,A nn P . p . 1 933 ,4 3 ( L i s in iu s Muc ianu s ,m ag i s te ri nE l K an ta ra ) . 9 1 O ne L .Long in iu s Max imu si nC IL V 5 096 . 9 2 O n e M .Luc i l iu s L uc il ianu s i nC IL X I I I 7 308 ( Ca s te l lum Ma t iacomm , G S ) . 9 3C EL I I ( 4 ) ; V (1) ; V I (3 ) : r X (1) : X (2 ) ; X I I (1) ; X I I I (4 ) ; X IV (4 ) . 9 4T he n ame o ccu r s mo re f r equen t ly i nt h e s e r e g ion s , w he re s om e f am i l ie so f Q u in t i i Man i l i ia r em en t ioned , t o o . Ah omonym i nR ome , C IL V I 3 0983 . 9 5 S ee t h e s p r ead ing a r ed o fh e r c ognomen . T he p e r son d evo te s a n a l ta r t o J uno i n ac o r r up t f o rm o ft h ev u lga rL a t in ,J unon iR eg in i . 9 6I n Pc f . L .B a r kö czy 1 964 ,o r . 1 / 1 a nd2 / 1 ; N / IT : C IL V p . 119 a nd R ome w he re o ne Max imu s Ma r in ianu s , f a the r o fA u r .Donü t ianu s , m i le s c oh .V I I I p rae t . ,n a t ion eD acu s i sm en t ioned C IL V I2 696 .

9 7 Af am i ly o fC a i iO c tav i iN epo t ii nC IL X 2 795 . 9 8 I DR 1 11 3 3 17 , 3 50 , 3 77 ( Amp e lum ) , w he re t h e n ame s o f s e ve ra l D a lma t ian s o ccu r i n c onnec t ion w i th t h e g o ld m in ing i n t h e We s te rn C a rpa th ian s c f . C . D a icov ic iu 1 958 , p .2 59 s q q . ; A . B odo r 1 964 p . 153 , C . D a icov ic iu 1 974 c o l .6 20 . 9 9I .P i so 1 974 ,p . 237 . 1 00 I ti st h e Ma rc i i A u re l i i o ccu r r ing i n I DR 1 11 2 2 49 a nd P .Ce l sen iu s C on s tan s , s e e a bove , L i s t 1 . 2 . 2 0 . A u r .Bas s inu s C IL I I 108 ( Apu lum ) , S e r to r ia F e l ic ia ( ? ) C IL I 1 223 ( Apu lu rn ) a nd A v i l ia P i e ta s C IL I I 1 262 ( A lbu rnu s Ma jo r )a l so a r e f r om A equum . 1 0 1 C .C .P e to le scu 1 986 p . 885 . 1 02 O n e T .Pe t ron iu s I u s tu s C IL X 6 390 ; o ne P e t riu s tu s C IL C I 6 022 ; o ne L .P e t rius t u sC IL X I 6 71 2 . 1 03 O n t h e c u l t s s p ec if ic o fA s ia M ino r i nD , s e e b ib l iog raphy q uo ted a tM . Bkbu le scu 1 984 ,p . 134 ,n . 18 . 1 04 C IL V I (4 ) : V I I I (1) ; X (3 ) . 1 05 A l though r e ser va t ion s w e r e e xp re s s ed i nc onnec t ion w i th t h e v a l id i ty o f t h i s i n d ica t ion ( s ee I n t ro duc t ion 2 . 1 .5 ) . H oweve r , i n t h i s p a r t icu la r c a se , d oub t sc an b ee xp e l led .

5 7

T he P opu la t ion o fU lp ia T ra iana S arm i z ege tu sa 5 9 . PO MPON IVS : 3 . I DR I I / 1 5 6 ( Bä i le H e r cu lane ) , I DR 1 1 /2 4 38 . S ch 2 12 . P ompon iu s H aemu s h a s ac ognomen w h ich i n d ica te s h i s T h ra c ian o r ig in a nd m ayb e h i s p rovenance ,t o o . P omp .Seve ru si so fI t a l ic d e sc en t

6 8 . S ERV IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 6 5 . No t v e ry r e quen t , e xcep t I T , i to ccu r s e x t r eme ly r a r e ly ' 1 ,af a c t w h ich a dded t ot h e a n c ien t p raenomen Man iu s o f t h e w e l l-known p o t-make r , M .Ser v iu sD ona tu s ,p o in t so u th i sp rovenance f r om I T .

6 0 . PONT IVS : 3 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 39 . S ch 2 12 . I ti sf r equen t i n I T , AF , DAN . B u t t h e f am i ly o f P . P on t iu s P on t ianu s w7 s e em t oh ave c ome f r om W ( GL ? ) w he r e t h e c ognom ina o f h i ss on sa r ev e ry f r equen t .

6 9 . S EX IM IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 90 . T he n ame d o e s n o t a pp ea ri nt h e Emp i r e . I tc ou ld b e a l so aw rong t r an sc r ip t ion o f an ame l i ke S EPT IM IVS , f o ri n s tan ce ,o re ven o f aC e l t ic n ame l i ke S axena , S axamu s e t c . s e e C IL X I I I p . 47 c f . HI 1 39 1 s q . B e s ide s , a l t h e f a c t s p o in t t o a n O r ien ta l p rovenance o f t h e p e r son : t h e c ognom en H e rm ione , h e r h u sband ' s n ame , M .P ro c i l iu s A ph rod i s iu s , a nd t h e S y r ian d e i t iy t ow hom t h e a l ta ri sd ed ica ted : D eu s A e temu s 6,i n a no r ig ina la s so c ia t ion w i th J uno a nd A nge l i .

6 1 . P ROC IL IVS : 1 0 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 ,3 , 18 , 19 , 1 90 , 3 17 , 3 45 , S ch 4 43 . T he b ea r e r s f o rm an ume rou s a nd p owe r fu l g en s , f r om a mong w h ich m any h e ld m un ic ipa l d i gn i t ie s , s e e T ab .8 , 9 , 1 3 , 1 4 , t wo r e ach ing t h e e que s ta r ian r a nk , s e e T ab .6 . T hey a r e a l so p a r t o f t h e f i r s t w ave o f c o lon i s t s b roug h t b y T ra jan 1"8 f r om I T o r H I ' Two f r eedmen o f t h e i r s a r e k nown , o ne w ho r e a ched t h ed ign i ty o fa ugu s ta l i s , s e eT ab .13 . 6 2 . P ROCVLVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 03 . n omen , w h i ch i sv e ry r a r e f o r P ro cu lu s S y r ian m e r chan t .

7 0 . S EXT IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 69 . N ame d e r ived f r om t h e c ognomen S ex tu s a nd f r equen t ly u sed i nI T a nd AF . T h e w o r sh ipp e r o f Me r cu r iu s A ugu s tu s , C .Sex t iu s A t ta i sf r om DAN , DL o r P17 .

I n co r rec t ly u sed a s .T he p e r son i sa

1 0

7 1 . S IL IVS : 1 . I DR I I / 1 2 72 ( Ma rga ) . S ch 2 32 . I to ccu r s mo r e o f ten i n AF a nd I T , w he r e i ti sf r equen t ly f o l lowed b y G r eek c ognom ina . I ti sq u i te c ommon i nD , t o o ' . H e r c ognomen i sa ni n co r r ec t ly u sed g en t i l i c ium ( Va le r ia )a nd s h e i st h e w i f e o fa nO r ien ta l ( ? ) A e l iu s D iog ene s , s o s h e m igh t h ave c ome f r om E ,t o o . 18

6 3 . PVBL IC IVS : 3 . I DR 1 1 /2 6 3 , 2 18 . S ch 2 16 . N ame w h ich r em ind s o ne o f ah umb le j u r id ic ia l c ond i t ion , w h ich h a s b een p rov ided i nt h i s c a se : P ub l ic ia E u tych ia 1 ,w ho se n ame a ppea r s o n a n a l bum b e t ray s h e r o r ig in a l so b y h e r c ognomen , w h i le P .P . P ub l ic i i A n thu s a nd C le tu s e r ec t a n i n sc r ip t ion G en io l i be r to rum e ts er vo rum . T he l a s t t wo a r e p robab ly f r om DL '

7 2 . S PED IVS : 5 . I DR 1 1 /2 6 5 , 1 64 , 2 56 , 2 9 1 , 3 19 , 4 03 , 5 66 . T he b ea r e r s f o rm ap owe r fu l g en s o f w h ich s ome g o t m un ic ipa l d i gn i t ie s , s e e T ab . 9 , 13 ,14 . T hey s e em t oh ave c ome f r om DL ' ' 9,a l though s ome o f t h e f r eedmen m igh t h ave a n O r ien ta l p rovenance e . g . C .Sp ed iu s H e rm ia s w ho d ed ica ted a na l ta rt oA e scu lap i sP e rgam ianus .

12

6 4 . QV INT IN IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 40 . S ch 3 68 . T h i s r a r e n ame '' 3 i sb o rne b y ap e r son w ho s e em s t oo r ig ina te f r om I T .

7 3 . S VRON IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 43 . HI1 678 . M .Su ron iu s Ad ra s tu s w a s l i be ra ted b y ac o lon i s t w ho c ame f r om W a nd w a so fC e l t ic o r ig in .

6 5 . ROMANVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /3 2 09 ( U ro iu ) S ch 3 68 . F r equen t e ve rywhe r e , e spec ia l ly i n W 1 1 4. T h e c en tur io C .Roman iu sS ummu si sp robab ly f r om N .

7 4 . 6 6 . S ENT IVS : 2 . C IL I I 1 051 , 196 ( Apu lum ) S ch 2 28 . S en t iu sF lac cu si n d ica ted h i so r igo :A n t iqua r ia ,i nH I .

TAD IVS : 1 .

I DR 1 1 /2 2 95 .

S ch 4 25 .

L ack o f

c ognomen . 7 5 . T ERENT IVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 37 , 37 . S ch 1 07 . T e ren t iu s H e rm ione i s p robab ly o f I t a l ic d escen t ' 2' . N o th ing p o s i t ive c an b e s t a ted i n t h e c a se o f T e r en t iu s P r imu s , av e ry c ommon n ame '' ' .

6 7 . S ERV IL IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 43 . S ch 2 31 . N omen w h ich i n d ica te s , a s n r .62 a bove , ah umb le s o c ia l p o s i t ion . T he s ame i sp o in ted o u tb yt h ec ognomen o ft h ep e r son ,P r im i t iva , w ho c ou ld b e an a t ive .

7 6 . T IT IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 65 . S ch 2 43 ; t h en ame c ou ld b e I ly r ian , t o o ' . I n D , T he b ea r e r s o f t h i s n ame a r e g ene ra l ly o f t h is p rovenan ce ' a nd t h e f a c t t h a t C .T i t iu s A ga thopu s i sa ugu s ta l i s i n U lp ia T ra iana , a s w e l l a s i n S i sc ia , p o in t s o u t t h e f a c t t h a t h e c ome s f r om a n I ly r ian t e r r i to ry . S ee a l so t h ef r equen cy o fh i sc ognomen i n DL .

1 06 S eve ra l P ompon i i S even i nI T : C IL I V 2 038 ; V3 016 ; V I 3 250 ; I X 2 606 , 2 614 ; X 1 935 , 4 308 ( C apua : o ne Q .Pomp .Seve ru s a nd h i s d augh te r P omp .Seve ra ) . Mo re h omonym s : P .C IL I I4 234 = R IU I1 6 4 a nd A F , C IL V I I I 1 7511 ( ? ) . 1 07 P on t iu s P on t ianu a , g ove rno r o fP I ( 2 18-220 ) c f . P IR1 I 6 08 c an b e m en t ioned h e r e i nt h e f i r s tp l ace ; o t he rh omonym s : C IL I I7 449 (M I ) a nd V I 2 4726 . 1 08 S ee I DR 1 1 1 2 2 ,w h ich i st h e f o und ing i n sc r ip t ion o ft h e r e s idence o f O rdo A ugu s ta l ium c f . C . D a icov ic iu 1 924 p . 246 s qq . a nd C . D a icov ic iu 1 974 c o l .6 19 . 1 09 C IL I ( 5 ) ; V I I ( 2 ) ; D C (2 ) ; X (4 ) ; X IV )2 ) . T he o ne f r om C IL V I I 7 19 s e em st oh ave t h eT h rac ian c ognom en Muc ianu s . 10 C IL V 3 19 1 ; V I I I 5 913 . 11 O ne P ub l ic ia E u tych ia , w if e o fT i t iu sV i ta l i s , i nR ome , C IL V I 2 7510 , t wo P ub l ic i iE u tych e i i nO s t ia C IL X IV 2 51 , V I I , 8a nd 4 05 a nd s t i l l a no th e r i n DL ,C IL I I2 494 . 12 P .Pub l ( ic iu s? )A n thu si n DL ,C IL I 8 463 . 13 C IL I I( 5 ) ; V I (I) ;X I ( 1) ; X I I I ( 6 ) . 14 P l ac e w h e r e s e ve ra l f am i l ie s o f C a i i R oman i i o ccu r : t wo i nC IL X I I 2 744 , X I I I 7 029 ,r e spec t ive ly . Af am i ly o fC a i iR oman i i sm en t ioned i nt h e I n dex o f C IL X I , t o o ; h oweve r , i n t h e i n sc r ip t ion n r .140 , i n c lud ing i t s c ommen t ,t h e r ea r eL uc i ia nd n o tC a i iR oman it h a to ccu r .

15 C IL V I I (1) ; V I I I ( 1 ) ; X I I (2 ) . 16 c f . I . .R u s su 1 969b p . 183 s q 17 S ee L B a rköczy 1 964 p . 3 ( t he c ognomen A t ta ) . 18 C IL I 9 70 ( Re sca ) ; 1 008 ( Apu lum th r ee a r e m en t ion ed h e r e ) ; 7 732 ( Apo ldu d eS u s ) . 19 C .D a icov ic iu 1 974 c o l6 28 c f .C EL I Ip . 2376 . 1 20 O n eT e ren t ia H e rm ione i nS / IT : C IL L X 1 982 c f . B a rkö czy 1 964 p . 314 . 1 21 H omonym s o ccu r i nI T : C IL V 5 504 , X 1 051 , GL : C IL X I I 5 701 , 4 6 , H I : I LER 3 811 ( Ba rce lona ) , D L : I 2 084 ,E :C IL I 4 02 ( Lyd ia ) . 1 22 1 . .R u s su 1 969 p . 256 . 1 23 I DR 1/ 34 05 a( A lbu rnu s Ma io r ) c f . I DR Ip . 210 s q . , 2 35 s q q a nd I DR 1 1 / 34 24 .

5 8

T he A na lysed Ma ter ia l 7 7 . TOGERN IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 44 . S ch 2 45 , HI 1 866 . T he C e l t ic o r ig in o ft h e p er son i so bv iou s , a l though Ic anno t

8 4 . VERP ID IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 60 . HI I 2 4 1 . Av er y r a re C e l t ic n ame ' M . V erp id iu s S i lvanu s o r ig ina tes f r om t h e C e l t ic a r ea .

e s tab l ish t h ep rov inc ew he re h ec ame f r om ''' . 7 8 . TVRRAN IVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 45 . S ch 4 46 . F requen t i n N / IT , AF , DAN ' .

8 5 . V IB ID IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 3 . S ch 4 28 . D er ives f r om V ib iv s . I to c cu r s o n ly i nI T ' ' ° . T he m ag is t ra te V ib id iu s V a len t inu s T ab .11 b e long s t o t h e f i r s t w ave o f c o lon is t s c om ing f r om I T .

25

7 9 . VALER IVS : 3 0 . S ch 1 07 e t c . T he b ea re r s a r e g roup ed i n to b i g f am i l ie s f r om a mong w h ich s ome b ecame i mpo r tan t p eop le w ho r e ached t h e e que s ta r ian r ank , s e e T ab .6 . T ho se c om ing f r om W a nd a nd e ven o fC e l t ic o r ig in a r e : t h e f am i ly o f S ex .Va l . F ron to T ab .8 , 1 0 , 1 4 , V a l .B land ina , w if e o f P .Pon t iu s P on t ianus ( s ee a bove n r . 6 0 ) , t h e t wo V a l .Ca rae I DR 1 1 /2 4 57 , I DR 1 1 /3 1 6 ( S t re i S äce l ) , r e spec t ive ly a nd Q .Va l . Mac r inu s I DR 1 1 /3 2 78 ( C ioa ra ) . O the r s s eem t o

8 6 . V IB IVS : 2 . I DR I I / 1 6 4 ( Bi le H e r cu lane ) . S ch 1 02 e t c . T he p e r son s a r e t h e f r eedmen o fs ome c o lon is t sb rough t i nt h e t i me o fT ra jan f r om I T . T he n ame i su sed b y D a c ian s , t oo ' " .

h ave c ome f r om DAN : V a l .C rescen t i l la 1' , V a l .Fe le te 1 27 . T he f am i ly o fL .Va l . R ufu s i sp robab ly f r om AF ' ' . C .Va l . S um s m igh t h ave h ad a n I t a l ic d escen t . F rom t h o se w ho h ave G r eek c ognom ina o n ly o ne , C .Va l .Zeno , b e long s t ot h e a r is toc racy , t h e o t he r s a r e s l ave s o r f r eedmen : L .Va l . E p jgonu s 1' , L .Va l . E u t rap e lu s L .Va l . E u tyche s ,

8 7 . V IT IVS : 1 . I DR I I /2 1 80 . S ch 2 57 . V i t ia T h rep te , w if e o f t h e i mpe r ia l f r eedman I a nua r iu s m igh t b e f r om R ome ' . 8 8 . VMBR IVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 52 a ,I DR 1 1 /3 5 ( Aquae ) . S ch 2 57 . T he p e r son s o r ig ina te e i the r f r om I T o r f r om AF 1 42 .

V a l .N icepho ru s1 3 1 , V a l .P ro tu s1 32 , V a l .Ph i l inu s , V a l .Th r ep tu s 1" . I ns p i te o ft h e i rG reek n ames , many s eem

8 9 . VRB IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 6 . S ch 5 6 1 , n . 4 . E x t reme ly r a re n ame ' b o rne b y M .U rb iu s V a ler ianu s , d a ted a t t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e 3 rd c en tu r y , w ho i st h e d escendan t o f a n I t a l ic c o lon is t . C ognom ina

t oh ave c ome f r om W o rI T a l though t h e i re t hn ic o r ig in m igh t b e a n O r ien ta lo ne . T he s ame o r ig in i st ob e s uppo sed i nt h e c a se o fV a ler iu s V . . . w ho w o r sh ip s S o l I n v ic tu s M i th ra s I DR 1 1 /2 2 96 . C .Va l . Max imu s m igh tb e an a t ive ' 3 4 . 8 0 . VAREN IVS : 4 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 08 , 1 28 , 1 29 , 3 22 , C IL I I

1 . ABRAENVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 0 .

198 ( Apu lum ) . S ch 2 48 . T he w e l l-known f am i ly f r om I T '" , r e la ted t ot h e C om in i i , h as m embe r s w h ich h ave r i ch

S an ie 1 979 p . 152 , S . S an ie 1 981 , p . 220 . P a lmy rean p r ie s t .

mun ic ipa lc a re r r s T ab . 8 , 9 ,14 , t h e i rf o r tune e nab l ing s ome o f t h em t or e ach t h ee ques ta r ian r ank s ee T ab .6 .

0 :Sem . W t 1 c f . S . T he p e r son i sa

2 . ADALP ? :1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 8 . 0 :Sem .? f o l low ing L I . R u ssu 1 969 bp . 177 , a l though i ti sn o t m en t ioned n e i the r b y W t o r b y S . S an ie o p .c i t .

8 1 . VAR IVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 23 , 4 58 . S ch 2 49 . F requen t i n I T a nd DL . I ti st h i s s e cond a r ea w he r e V a r iu s Ma r t ia l i s

I s o la ted l e t te r s o n as ea t i nt h e

a mph i thea t re .

p robab ly o r ig ina tes f r om . 8 2 .

VENET IVS : 1 .

I DR 1 1 /2 4 59 .

3 . AD IVTOR : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 71 - A e l ia ; 16 , 17 , I DR 1 1 /3 3 50 ( Ampe lum ) -M .Opp e l iu s . 0 : l a t . K .360 . T he f em in ine f o rm i ss ca r ce a nd i to c cu r so n ly i nI T : C IL V I , V I I ,

D e r ived f r om t h e

I ly r ian n ame o ft h e t r ibe o fV ene t i i 1' . I tf r equen t ly a ppea r s i nW c f . HI I 1 60 s qq .

5p . 6 176 , X I p . 1460 . T he f i r s t p e r son , m o the r o f t h e C om in i i , i sf r om I T ; t h e s e cond o ne i s aD a lma t ian f r om A equum .

8 3 . VEPON IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 2 . HI I 1 78 . V epon iu s Max im ia nu s T ab .13 , o fC e l t ic o r ig in , c ame e i the rf r om N o r f r om P1 37 .

4 . ADRASTVS : 2 . I DR /2 4 43 - M . S u ron iu s , 1 . ; 4 43 1 , 0 : G r .Pape I1 9 . R a re , b e ing b o rne mo s t ly b y so r1 ,a si nt h e p resen tc a se .

1 24 S ee o ne T o ce rn iu s Max im ianu s , m i le s L eg . I . I t . a nd C .Tocem iu s H e rme ro s , f a the rt ot h ef o rme r : C IL V 3 75 ( Neapo l i s ) . 1 25 E sp ec ia l ly i n DL , C IL I Ip . 2372 , w he r e ah omonym o ccu rC IL I I2 871 . 1 26 Two h omonym si n DL : C IL I I 1 735 , p . 581 . 1 27 O n e V a l .Ph i . le te i n DL : C IL I 9 302 . H oweve r , t h e c ognom en s ugge s t s t h a t t h e p e r son c ou ld h ave c ome f r om a ny p a r t o f t h e Emp i r e , e . g . o ne V a l .P 'h i lo te s , C IL X I7 393 . 1 28 C f . C L. V I I I p . 68 ; t h ree f am i l ie s o fL uc i i V a le r i i R uf io ccu rh e re . A l so s e et h ef r equency o ft h e i rc ognom ina . 1 29 V a l .Ep jgon ei nR ome ,C IL V I9 262 , 2 8179 . 1 30 V a l .E u t rap e lu sa l so i nR ome , C IL V I 1 3914 . 1 31 V a l .N i r ianu s , i nN / IT : C IL V 4 750 . 1 32 P .Va l .Sex . 1 .P ro tu s : C IL X I2 640 . 1 33 H omonym s : i nR ome , C IL V I 2 8131 , 2 8132 , 2 8133 ; O s t ia , X IV 4 30 a nd NB ,X I I 1 26 . 1 34 T he r e a r e t e n V a le r i i Max im i i n D , s eve ra l m o r e t h an i n a ny o t he r p rov in ce . 1 35 O n t h e h i s to ry o f t h i s f am i ly a nd t h e c a ree r s o f i t s m emb e r s , s e e J . T rynkow sk i 1 965 , C .D a icov ic iu 1 974 c o 1 .628 , I .P i so 1 974 p . 238 . 1 36 C f . L I . R u s su 1 969 p . 262 . 1 37 F i ve V epon i i i nN : C IL I 4 857 ( b i s ) , 5 148 , 5 225 , 1665 ; t wo i nP .I 1275 a nd o ne V ipon iu sV i ta l i si nG a l so A nn E pp 1 935 , 1 01 .

5 . AEL IANVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 34 -L .Coe l iu s . 0 ; L a t .K . 3 5 , 1 39 . V ery f r equen t i n NB C IL X I I p . 886 c f . I LTG 1 98 a nd a l so i n DAN C IL I I p . 2378 , w he re h ep robab ly c omes f r om .

1 38 V e rpa t i V a s ione o ccu r s o n aw odden s l a te o f W ind i sch ( Sw i tze r land ) . A nn E p 1 926 , 6 . W i th t h e s t a tu s o fc ognomen , i to ccu r s i nP omp e i C IL I V 7 93 1 375 , 1 884 . 1 39 E xcep t f o r R ome , C I I V I ( 17 ) i ta l so o ccu r s i nO s t ia , XV I ( 1 ) a nd C / IT ( 5 ) . O ne ' F .V ib id iu sT i .C te s ia c an b e f ound i nH I I LER 2 747 . 1 40 L I .R u s su 1 980 p . 48 ,4 9 , 5 5 . 1 41 I ti st h e o n ly p l ace w he r e t h i s n am e c an b e f ound , c f . C IL V I , V I I , 6p . 5 924 , e sp ec ia l ly n r .28523 , w h e r e V IT IA T RE .NE m igh t b e V i t ia i l t rep te . C f . a l so P IR1 I 5 17 . 1 42 T he n am e o ccu r s m o re f r equen t ly : a bou t 5 0 t ime s i nI T , m o r e t h an 1 20 i nA F . 1 43 O n e S .U rb iu sC o r in thu s , C IL V I 3 1234 a nd o ne C .U rb iu s F o r tuna t u s i n A F , C IL V I I I 2 3173 .

5 9

T he P opu la t ion o fU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i z ege tu sa 6 . AFR ICANVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 52 a ;1 1 /3 5 ( Aquae ) Umb r ia . 0 :La t .K 2 05 . T he f em in ine f o rm i ss c a r ce ; b e s ide s AF , i to c cu r s o n ly i n NAT . C IL V p . 1134 , R ome C IL V I , V I I , 5p .6 180 a nd W C IL X I I I p . 24 . T he p e r son s e em s t o o r ig ina te f r om AF .

o f ten o c cu ri n DL . 1 9 . ANT IGENES : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 6 4 ,1 . 0 : G r . P ap e I9 4 . O n ly i nR ome C IL V I , V I I , 5p .6 220 (1) c f . S ohn I2 1 a nd C AT C IL X Ip .1 46 1(2 ) . H ec ome sf r om E .

7 . AGATHANGELVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 13 - Q . I a nua r iu s . 0 :G r .Pap e I5 . R a r e , b u t u n i fo rme ly s p r ead . T he p e r son c ome sf r om A s ia M ino r .

2 0 . ANT IPATER : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 17 - P .A e l iu s ; I DR 1 1 /2 6 5 0 : G r . P ap e I9 9 . V e ry r a r e o u t s ide t h e DAN . T he f i r s t p e r son o r ig ina te sf r om I T .

8 . AGATHOPVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 65 - C .T i t iu s , 1 . 0 : G r .Pape I6 . T h e p e r son c ome s p robab ly f r om DL . A n h omonym c an b em en t ioned i nR ome C IL V I2 6917 c f . S o hn I1 0( C .T i t iu sA ga thopu sC y ru s ) .

2 1 . ANTON INVS : 3 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 13 - C ae c i l iu s ; 4 45 T u r ran iu s ; 3 47 , 1 .0 : L a t .K 1 6 1 . V e ry f r equen t i n DAN , e spe c ia l ly i nDa nd i n PC IL I I p .2 380 , a sw e l l a s i n AF . T he f i r s t p e r son i sp robab ly f r om I T , t h e s e cond f r om DL o r P .

9 . ALEXANDER : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 67 - A e l iu s ; 3 15 , s .0 : G r .Pape I5 . T h e o ne h av ing i mp e r ia l g en t i l ic ium m igh t o r ig ina te f r om E .

2 2 . ANTON IVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 32 -A e l ia ; 3 66 -C ome l ia . I n co r r ec t ly u sed a sc ognomen a nd t h u sr a re . O u t s ide DAN ,i t o ccu r s m o r e f r equen t ly i nC IL X I I I , p . 25 . T he t wo w omen c ou ld b en a t ive s , t h e s ame n ame b e ing u sed b y D ac ian s , t o o : A u re l iu s A n ton iu s , c u ra to re q . s i ng . . . , n a t ione D a cus C IL V I 3 191 c f .I . .R u s su 1 980 p . 4 1 .

1 0 . ALL IANVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 73 , s .0 :La t .K . 1 40 . O n ly i nI TC IL X 6 638 ,c . 3 , 3 0( 5 )X Ip .1 46 1 ( 3 ) , i n c lud ing R ome C IL V I2 6 195 ,s ot h ep e r son m igh tb ef r om I T .

2 3 . APER : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 87 , 2 53 , 2 64 , 4 57 -T .F lav iu s , 1 . 0 : L a t .K 3 25 a nd O r . P ape I 1 06 . F r equen t i n DAN , e sp ec ia l ly DL w h e r et h ep e r son s e em st oh ave c ome f r om .

1 . AMAB IL IS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 25 - T .L i s in iu s , 1 ; 1 /2 4 78 . 0 :La t .K . 2 82 . F requen t i nN / IT C IL V p . 1134 a nd e spe c ia l ly i nW C IL X I I p . 886 , X I I I p . 24 . I ti sb o rn e b y D ac ian s , t o o : Amab i l i s , s e cu to r , n a t ione D acus , C IL I 1 4644 c f .J . J .W i lke s 1 969 p . 386 a nd L I .R u s su 1 980 p . 44 .

2 4 . APHROD IS IVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 26 - I u l ia ( Af rod i s ia ) ; 1 90 - M .P roc i l iu s , 1 .0 : O r . P ap e I1 81 s q . F r equen t i nI T , e sp ec ia l ly i n NAT , a s w e l l a s DAN . T h e t wo p e r son s p robab ly o r ig ina te f r om I T .

1 2 . AM ILLVS : 1 . I DR I I / 1 6 4 ( Bi le H e rcu lan e ) Q .V ib iu s , 1 .0 :G r .Pape I7 3 , h oweve r s e e A . Möc sy 1 984 , p . 199 a l so , w he r e Am i l iu s i si n c luded a mong t h e t y p ica l w e s t-Ce l t ic n ame s . S ca r ce : C IL I I p . 2394 ( t h r ee H am i l lu s ) ; V I , V I I , 5p . 6206 ( t h ree Am i l la ) c f . S o l in I I 180 ;V I I Ip . 75 ( 1 ) ;I Xp . 750 (2 ) ;X I I Ip . 24 (1 ) .

2 5 . APOLLOPHANES : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 03 - P rocu lu s . 0 ; O r . P ap e I1 08 . R a r e : C IL I I 4 09 ( Sa rde s -A s ia ) ; V6 11 ( Te rge s te ) ; V I , V I I , 5 ,p . 6235 ( 7 ) c f . S o hn I2 4 ; V I I I 2 819 ( Lambae s i s ) ; X 6 707 ( An t ium ) . T h e p e r son i s aS y r ian m e r chan t .

1 3 . AMPL IATVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 07 , 1 .0 :La t . K 3 49 . O f ten u sed b y sa nd 1 .F requen t i nC AT a nd S AT C IL X p . 1 068 ,X Ip .1 46 1 .

2 6 . APP IANVSA : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 83 . T hough i th a s b een s t a ted a s t h e w rong r e ad ing o f a n ame o f t h e T ype VLP . IANVAR IA , i tc ou ld b e aG r eek n ame d e r ived f r om

1 4 . ANDENA : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 3 72 -A e l ia . 0 : I ly r .L I .R u s su 1 969 p . 104 . O n ly i n DL a nd N / IT C IL V 2 114 ( t wo A nden iu si nT a ru i s ium ) .

AI t/ ad ,V 65 •

P ap e I11 ,w i th t h et yp ica lf em in ine e nd ing a si nt h ec a se o fH yg ienu sa ,P h i le tu sa ,e t c . 2 7 . AQV ILA : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 02 , 3 43 - M .Ba s s iu s ; 5 85 . 0 : L a t .K . 30 . V e ry f r equen t i n DAN ( DL ,D ) . T h e f i r s t p e r son i sf r om S y r ia .

1 5 . AN ICETVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 51 , 30 - T .C laud iu s , 1 . ; C IL I I 1 051 ( Apu lum ) -C .Sen t iu s . 0 : G r . P ap e I9 2 . Q u i te f r equen t i na l l p rov ince s . T he f i r s t p e r son m igh th ave c ome f r om R ome o r O s t ia s e e L i s t 1 . 1 .2 b u t h e i sp o s i t ive ly o f O r ien ta l o r ig in , h av ing i nv i ew t h e l a nguage m i s take s i nt h e i n sc r ip t ion c f .I .P i so 1 976 p .8 9 .

2 8 . AQV IL INVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 43 - B a s s iu s . 0 : L a t .K . 30 . F r equen t a s w e l l i n DAN ( N ,DL ) a nd i n NAT C IL V p . 1135 . T he p e r son i sS y r ian ,l i ke t h ep r ev iou so ne .

1 6 . ANN IANVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 50 - A u r e l iu s . 0 : L a t .K 1 40 a nd S em .W t 2 c f . Z gu s ta 1 964 p .6 9 §6 212 . T he p e r son o r ig ina te sf r om E .

2 9 . A SCLEP IADES : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 66 - S ep t im iu s , 1 .0 : O r . P ape I1 58 . F r equen ti n DAN C IL I Ip .2 381 a nd i n AF C IL V I I Ip . 77 . H ei sf r om P a lmy ra .

1 7 . ANTH IMVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 85 - Q . A t t iu s , 1 .0 : G r . P ap e I9 1 . Mo s t ly s c a r ce . I to ccu r s mo r e f r equen t ly i nI T , w he r em o s to ft h em a r e so r1 .

3 0 . ATTA : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 69 - C .Sex t iu s . O ne o f t h e c ognom ina w i th m u l t ip le o r ig in s : L a t .K . 2 41 , S ch 4 20 , L I . R u s su 1 969 p . 171 ; I ly r . L I . R u s su 1 969 p . 1 70 ; C e l t . H . I 2 72 ; T h r . ?I . . R u s su 1 958 p .3 18 ( A tadon ) a nd P h ryg ian L . Z gu s ta , 1 955 p .2 97 s qq , L . R ob e r t 1 963 , p . 528 , L . Z gu s ta

1 8 . ANTHVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 18 - P .Pub l ic iu s , 1 .0 : G r . P ap e I9 1 . U n i fo rme ly s p r ead . V a r iou s f o rm s o f t h e n ame

6 0

T he A na ly sed Ma te r ia l 1 964 p . 1 0 5 § 191 . I nt h e t h i rd c en tu r y , i tc ou ld a l so b e r e ga rded a s aP annon ian n ame s i nce i tl a rg e ly o ccu r sh e r e L . B a rk6 czy 1 964 p . 306 . 3 1 . ATT IO : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 51 ( Ge rm i sa ra ) -Q . I n genuv iu s . 0 : C e l t . H I2 76 ; i ta l so a pp ea r s i nK 1 6 3 . I to c cu r s o n ly i n N ( V i runum a nd i t s t e r r i to ry ) a nd i n W C IL X I I 5 912 ( Nemau su s ,f em ina ? ) ,X I I I7 047 ( Mogun t ia cum ) . 3 2 . AVDEO : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 66 - P .Ae l iu s S ep t im iu s . 0 : S em . W t 2 9 c f . S .S ame 1 973 , p . 155 , S .S an ie 1 981 p .2 23 s q . H ei sf r om P a lmy ra . 3 . AVGVSTAL IS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 12 , 1 .0 : L a t .K 2 20 . Q u i te f r equen ti na l lp rov ince s ,m o s t ly i n AF ,C IL V I I Ip . 77 . 3 4 . AVGVST IANVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 7 9 -T ib .C laud iu s ,e q .R . 0 :La t . K3 16 . F requen t i nI T ; f r om a mong t h e p r ov ince s i t o ccu r sm o s t ly i n BR ,C IL V I Ip .3 01 . H eo r ig ina te sf r om I T . 3 5 . AVGVSTVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /3 1 6 ( S t r e i Ske l ) -A (e l ia ? e t c )0 : L a t . K .316 . T he f em in in e f o rm d oe sn o t o ccu ri nI T . T he n ame i sm o r e f r equen ti nW C IL X I I Ip .2 6 a nd AF C IL V I I Ip . 77 .

4 3 . BON ITVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 3 78 -A n ton ia ,0 :Ce l t . H I4 78 s qq . c f . K .129 . T he f em in ine f o rm o c cu r s o n ly i n DAN , m o s t ly i nNC IL I Ip . 2383 c f . R IS t ; aB on i t ta i st ob e f o und i n AF , t o o C IL V I I I 2 906 ( Lambae s i s ) . H oweve r , t h e w ay t h ei n sc r ip t ion h a sb een c omp le ted i sn o td ef in i te . 4 4 . BONOSVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 79 - A n ton ia . 0 :La t .K 2 75 , t y p ica l ly A f r ican n ame C IL V I I I p . 79 c f . S . S an ie 1 981 p . 30 1 . T he p e r son c om ing f r om V im ina c ium c ou ld b e o f A f r ican o r ig in . 4 5 . BVBALVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 94 , 1 .0 :G r . P ape I2 2 1 a nd p o s s ib ly P h ryg ian L .R ob er t 1 963 p . 22 s qq . S ca rce : H I C IL I6 328 = I LER 9 93 ; DL C IL I I 3 095 = 1 0 102 ( B ra t t ia ) ; X I I I 8 378 ( c o l . A g r ipp inen s ium ) ; R ome C I 1 V I , V I I 5p . 6 286 ( 7 ) c f . S ohn I 1 045 . I to ccu r s t w ice i nD , t o o : C IL I I 1 043 ( Apu lum ) a nd I DR I I / 1 3 1 ( Go rnea ) : B uba lu s , p raepo s i tus l e g .V I IC l . 4 6 . BVTES : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 6 ( S t r e i S ä ce l ) - Max ima , 1? 0 :G r . P ap e I2 25 . T h i s f o rm d o e s n o t o ccu r i n L a t in i n sc r ip t ion s . S ee a l so t h e n ame o f t h e D ac ian l o ca l i ty , B ou tae c f . D e t schew 1 976 p .7 8 . 4 7 . CAEC IL IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 71 - C om in ia . N omen m i su sed a s c ognomen w h ich h oweve r w a s n o t v e ry f r equen t i ns u ch c a se s . E xcep t f o r AF a nd H I , i to ccu r s a tr a ndom . T h ep e r son i so fI t a l ic d escen t .

3 6 . AV IA . . . ?: 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 2 . R andom l e t te r so n as ea ti n t h e a mph i thea t r e , p robab ly t h e r ema inde r o f an ame l i ke A v ianu s , A v ia s iu s , A v ia t iu s o re ven A v ia c f . C IL V I 3 2533 ( L .Sep t .Av ia ) ; X3 10 ( Av ia ? ) ; X I I4 249 ( Av ia ? ) ; X I I I 7 659 c f . a l so H I3 13 . B u t i tc ou ld b e t h e m idd le o f an ame l i k e F l av ianu s ,t o o .

4 8 . CALL ITYCHE : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 4 25 - L is in ia , 1 .0 : O r . P ape I1 06 . Mo r e f r equen ti nI Ta nd W . AL u s ia C a l l i tyche i sq uo ted b yS o hn I9 5 .

3 7 . BARS [em ia ? ,e mon ? ] : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 2 0 . Max imu s . 0 :Sem .W t 3 4c f . S .S an ie 1 98 1 ,p . 107 , 1 70 , s e e a l so P ape I 1 99 ( 1 3« ,yu l ‚ia t c3 ) . T he p e r son i s ap r ie s tf r om P a lmy ra . 3 8 . B ELL ICVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 89 -F lav iu s , 1 .0 :La t .K 2 58 a nd C e l t .H I8 38 . N a tu ra l ly , m o r e f r equen t i nW C IL X I I p . 888 ( e spec ia l ly i nt h e t e r r i to r ium a r ound L ugdunum I LTG 3 03 ) X I I I p .2 6 ; f r om a mong DAN , i nN , C IL I I p . 2383 . T he p e r son o r ig ina te si no ne o ft h e se p rov in ce s .

4 9 . CAND IDVS : 3 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 89 - T .Au re l iu s ; 4 13 I a nua r ia ; 4 50 - U lp ia , 1 .0 :La t . K2 27 . V e ry f r equen t i n DAN ,e spe c ia l ly i n Pc f . L .B a rk6czy 1 964 p .3 08 . T he f i r s t p e r son i s t h e s on o f an a t ive ( ? ) g r an ted c i t izen sh ip , t h e s e cond o ne c ome s f r om A s ia M ino r a nd t h e t h i rd m igh t o r ig ina te f r om P . 5 0 . CAR ISS IMVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 13 -I u l ia . 0 :La t . K2 84 . V e ry r a re C IL X 8 0 59 , 2 2 ( Teanum ) ; X I I 5 690 , 2 6 (To lo sa ) , X I I I4 571 ( S ca rponna ) . T h ep e r son c ome sf r om W .

3 9 . B ER IC IO : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 69 -P .A e l iu s . 0 .Sem .W t 3 6 c f . S . S ame 1 973 p .2 15 . T he r e a r e af ew v a r ian t s o f t h e n ame i n AF ,t h e mo s tf r equen tb e ing B a r ic io . C IL V I I Ip . 79 . T h ep e r son i sf r om P a lmy ra .

5 1 . . CARP ION : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 2 77 ,3 87 ,1 .0 :G r . P ape I6 28 ; s e e a l so L I . R u s su 1 969 p . 1 86 w ho s t a te s t h a t i tc ou ld b e I ly r . , t o o . I to ccu r si nR ome C IL V I ,V I I , 5p .6 304 c f . S o hn I 113 ; i nt h ep rov ince s ,t h ef o rm C a rp io i sp r e f e r r ed .

4 0 . B ESSA : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 14 - I u l ia . 0 : T h r . I . I . R u s su 1 944 p . 210 ; L I . R u s su 1 9 58 p . 319 ; L I . R u s su 1 967 p . 89 , D . D e t sch ew 1 976 p . 5 7 s qq . P e r son o f T h ra c ian o r ig in , p robab ly c om ing f r om BK .

5 2 . CARVS :7 . I DR 1 1 / 3 1 6( S t re i S ä c e l ) -C .A (e l iu se t c ) ; I DR 1 1 /2 13 - I u l iu s ; I I / 1 5 6 ( Bä i le H e r cu lane ) -I u l iu s ; 1 /2 2 30 -Ma r c ia ; 1 1 /2 4 57 -V a le r ia ; 1 1 / 3 1 6( S t r e iS a ce l ) -V a ler ia ; 1 /2 4 02 , 1 .0 : L a t .K 2 84 . F requen t i n DAN ,b u t m o s t ly i nW w he r e mo s t o ft h e p e r son s f r om S a rm izege tu sa s e em t oh ave c ome f r om ,t o o .

4 1 . B LAND INVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 39 - V a le r ia . 0 :La t .K . 2 82 . N o tt o of r equen t :C IL I 2 021 = ILER 5 416 ,I LER 3 96 ; X7 604 ( Ca ra le s ) ; X I I 3 9 19 ( Nemau su s ) ; X I I I 2 687 ?568 . P e r son o f ap robab le C e l t ic o r ig in ,c om ing f r om W .

5 3 . CASS IANVS : 3 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 98 - C a ss ia ; 1 5 3 C . Me t t iu s ( p a te r e tf i l iu s ) . 0 :La t . K . 1 44 a nd S em . c f . S . S an ie 1 973 p . 157 s q . , S .S an ie 1 981 p . 227 s q . T h e f em in ine f o rm o ccu r so n ly i nH I : I LER 4 035 ( d uae ) ;C / IT :C IL X I 1 32 ( Ravenna ) ; W : C IL X I I I 1 974 ( Lugudunum ) . T he m a scu l ine

4 2 . B LANDVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 30 -P .Pon t iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 82 a nd C e l t . H I4 46 . R a the r u n ifo rm ly s p r ead , m o s t ly i nW . S ame a sn r .4 1 .

6 1

T he P opu la t ion o fU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i z ege tu sa f o rm i sm o r e f r equen t i n DAN ( D ,P ) , N / IT , W . T he f i r s t p e r son i sf r om E a nd o fO r ien ta lo r ig in .

C on s tan t io la e t c )w e r em o s t ly b or n eb yC h r is t ian s . 6 7 . CONSTANT IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 79 -A u re l iu s . 0 : L a t . K .258 . Mo r e f r equen t t h an t h e p r ev iou s o ne , o c cu r ing f r equen t ly i n NAT , w he r e t h e i rm a jo r i ty a r eC h r i s t ian so ft h e 4 t hc en tu ry . T he p e r son c ame f r om V im ina c ium .

5 4 . CASS IVS =K o C ,O-G t« _ , :1 .I DR 1 1 /2 2 23 . M i su sed a s c ognomen . T he p e r son i sf r om P a lmy ra , m aybe o f I u da ic o r ig in c f . S .S ame 1 981 p . 227 . 5 . CELER INVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 7 1 -C om in iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 48 . Q u i te r a r e . I to ccu r s m o r e o f ten i n DAN ( P ) , AF a nd W . T he p e r son i sI t a l ic . T h en ame i sb or n eb y aD a c ian ,t o o : M .U lp .Ce le r inu s , s a la r ia r iu s l e g . ! A d iu t r i c i s , i n te rp r ex D aco rum c f . B a rk6 czy 1 94 5 p . 178 s qq . a nd L I . R u s su 1 980

6 8 . CORNEL IANVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 79 , 3 14 , 50 Q .Co rne l iu s . 0 :La t .K 1 44 . I n DAN , i to f ten o ccu r s i nt h e e a s te rn p rov in ce s , l i ke C laud ianu s , o t he rw i se i ti s m o re f r equen ti nN / IT .

p .4 4 .

6 9 . CRESCENS : 1 . I DR 1 1 / 3 2 48 ( Ge rm i sa ra ) M .Au r e l iu s , 1 . 0 :La t . K 2 0 e t c . V e r y f r equen t i n a l l p rov ince s ,m o s t ly i nA f .

5 6 . CHEL IDO : 1 . I DR I I 12 4 46 - U lp ia . 0 : G r . P ape I 1 679 . I to c cu r s m o s t ly i nH I , C / IT a nd S / IT . T he p e r son s e em st oh ave c ome f r om E ,m ayb ef r om P a lmy ra . 5 7 . CHRYSANTHVS : 1 . I DR I I / 1 8 9 ( Mehad ia ) D .Baeba t iu s . 0 :G r . P ap e I1 679 . O u t s ide DAN , i to ccu r s v e ry r a re ly a nd o n ly i nI T , w he re t h ep e r son c ou ld h ave c ome f r om .

7 0 . CRESCENT ILLVS : 1 .I DR I I / 1 1 7 1 ( T ib i scum ) V a le r ia . 0 :La t . K .234 . E x t r eme ly r a r ee xc ep ti n DAN w he r e i ta pp ea r s i no verwhe lm ing n umbe ri n DL . I ti st h is p rov ince w he r et h ep e r son o r ig ina te sf r om .

5 8 . CHRYS [e ro se t c ] : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 2 52 ,1 . 0 :G r .

7 1 . CRESCENT IO : 1 . I DR 1 /2 6 5 ,1 . 0 : L a t .K 2 34 . Mo r e f r equen ti nN / IT b u t many A f r ican n ame s a r e f ounded o n t h e r oo tc r e s co ,t o o :C IL V I I Ip . 83 c f . L .L e sch i 1 9 57 ,p . 386 .

5 9 . CHRYSOCOMAS = uGO KÜza -o 4 /.5 :1 .I DR 1 1 /2 4 00 . 0 :G r . P ape I1 694 . O n ly i nR ome : C IL V I 3 1234 = 1 0 57 , 1 058 c f . S o hn I 6 56 . H ep robab ly o r ig ina te si nE .

7 2 . CR ISP INVS : 1 . I DR 1 /3 1 6 ( S t r e i S äce l ) -F lav ia ( C r i sp ina V e t i l la ? ) 1 .? 0 : L a t .K 2 23 . Mo r ef r equen ti n DAN a nd AF ,m any b ea r e r sb e ing C h r i s t ian s .

6 0 . C IM IO : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 16 -A u r e l iu s . 0 :Ce l t . H I1 0 17 , 2 022 c f . I . I . R u s su 1 977 p .3 59 . S ca r ce a nd w i th d i f f e ren t o t he rf o rm s : C imon i nH IC IL I 4 972 , 3 2a nd C imo i nN / IT : C IL V 2 581 ( A te s t e ,1 . )a nd 6 640 ( Lacu s V e rban i ,1 . ) .

7 3 . DECORATVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 49 - M .Au r e l iu s . 0 : L a t .K 2 31 . I n t h e 2 nd c en tu r y , i tc an b e r e ga rded a s P annon ian n ame , L . B a rk6 czy 1 964 p . 310 . T he p e r son i s f r om A equum .

6 1 . CLAVD IANVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /3 1( S in tämä r ia O r lea ) C a lpum iu s ; 1 1 /2 3 50 . 0 :La t . K 1 44 . I to ccu r s m o s t ly i n DAN , w he r e t h e b ea re r s h ad c ome f r om E : L . B a rk6czy 1 964 p . 3 04 . I n deed , t h e s e cond p e r son h a s a n O r ien ta l o r i go :C a r rhae ( Me sopo tam ia ) .

7 4 . DEDALVS : 1 . I DR 1 / 3 1 6 ( S t re i S ä te l ) -C .A (e l iu s? e t c ) . 0 :G r . P ape I 2 64 . I t d oe s n o t a ppea r i n L a t in i n sc r ip t ion ss op e r son o r ig ina te sf r om E . 7 5 . DEXTER : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 4 1 -A u re l iu s . 0 :La t . K2 50 . V e ry f r equen t i n DAN ( P ,DL ) a nd AF . I ti sb o rne b y a D a c ian , t o o : T .Au r . D ex te r , e q . s i n g . . . n a t ione D acu s , c f . L I . R u s su 1 980 p . 4 1 ,s oo u rp e r son c ou ld h ave b e an a t ive ,t o o .

6 2 . CLEMENS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 03 - C .Sped iu s . 0 :La t . K .263 . V e ry f r equen t i nI T . T he p e r son , p robab ly o fI t a l ic d e scen t ,s e em st oh ave c ome f r om DL . 6 3 . CLETVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 2 18 . P .Pub l ic iu s , 1 .0 :G r . P ap e I 6 79 . S ca r ce : C IL I 2 268 ( Co rduba ) , 2 903 ( Ta r rac . ) , V I , V I I , 5( 3 ) . c f . S o hn I8 69 ; X I I 5 69 1 ,4 . T he p e r son p robab ly o r ig ina te sf r om E .

7 6 . D IOGENES : 3 . I DR I I / 1 2 72 ( Ma rga ) -A e l iu s , 1 . ; 1 1 /2 2 16 , 1 . ;1 1 /3 6 ( Aqua e ) . 0 : G r . P ap e I3 0 1 s q . Mo r e f r equen t i nN / IT a nd DAN ( D ) . T he f i r s tp e r son i s , l i ke t h e m a jo r i ty o ft h eA e l i ii nU lp ia T ra iana ,f r om E . 7 . DOM IT IANVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 84 -C .Aqu i l iu s . 0 :La t .

6 4 . CONSERVATOR : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 4 , 1 .0 : L a t . K .350 , 3 6 1 . I ti st h e f em in ine f o rm t h a t o c cu r s , i nH I , I LER 2 826 a nd AF C IL V I I I 3 92 1 ( Lamba e s i s ) . H e i s ap ub l ic f r eedman .

K 1 4 5 . Mo s t f r equen t i nW ; f r om a mong DAN , i tm o s t ly o c cu r s i nP .c f . L . B a rk6 czy 1 964 p . 310 . I ti sb o rn e b y a D a c ian , t o o : A u r .Dom i t ianu s , m i l .coh .V I I I Ip rae t . , . . . , n a t ione D a cu s C IL V I 2 686 c f . L I . R u ssu 1 980 p . 39 . O u r p e r son c ou ld b e an a t ive ,t o o .

6 5 . CONSTANS : 1 . I DR 1 1 / 3 3 50 ( Amp e lum ) P .C e l sen iu s . 0 :La t . K .258 . I to ccu r s m o r e o f ten i n DAN a nd W . T he p e r son i sf r om A equum ( DL ) .

7 8 . DONATVS : 2 . I DR 1 /2 3 91 -A u r e l ia ; 5 65 -Man iu s S e rv iu s . 0 :La t . K2 98 ; t y p ica l ly A f r ican c f . S .S an ie 1 982 p . 3 02 . T he s e cond p e r son i so fI t a l ic d e scen t ,t h ef i r s tc ou ld b e an a t ive , s e e P .Ae l .Dona tu s , s o ld ie r o f t h e I I rd l e g ion i n L ambae s i sC IL V I I I 1 8085 c f . I . . R u s su 1 980 p . 38 .

6 6 . CONSTANT IANVS : 1 . I DR I I /2 3 73 , 1 .0 :La t K2 58 . S ca r ce : i to c cu r so n ly o n ce , i n PC IL I I 1 0238 ( S i rm ium )c f . L . B a rk6 czy 1 964 p . 3 08 . T he o t h e r f o rm s ( Con s tan t inu s ,

6 2

T he A na ly sed Ma ter ia l 7 9 .

DUB ITATVS : 3 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 51 - U lp ia ; I I /2 4 51 -

U lp iu s ; 4 08 ?0 : L a t .K 3 51 . F r equen t i nW ; F rom a mong DAN , i nN a nd P . w he re t h e f i r s t t wo p e r son s a r e p robab ly f r om .

9 2 . EVHEMER : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 47 , I .0 :G r . P ape I4 31 . U n ifo rm ly s p read . T he p e r son p robab ly c omes f r om E . 9 3 . EV MORPHOS ?:1 .I DR 1 1 /2 2 52 , 1 .0 :G r . P ape I4 14 . S ca r ce : C IL V I 3 2526 c f . S o l in I6 68 ; X I 4 133 ( Nam ia , 1 . ) ;

8 0 . DV MNO . . . : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 26 - M .Va ler iu s . 0 :Ce l t . H . I .1369 . N ames f o rmed o n t h is r oo t a r e r a re : C IL I I 2 858

X I I 6 42 ( Age r A re la ten s i s O r ien ta l i s , E umo rph ianu s X3 043 ( P u teo l i ) .

?( Ned inum ) , 1 0514 ( Aqu i ncum ) ; V I I 8 5 ( Camu lodunum ) , X I I I 1 069 a nd 1045 ( Aqu i tan ia , t e r r i tory o f Med io lanum S an tonum ) . T he p e r son m igh t h ave c ome f r om o ne o f t h e se p rov inc es ,b u th ep o s i t ive ly i so fC e l t ic o r ig in .

1 . )

a nd

o ne

9 4 . EVPREPES : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 61 , s .0 : G r . P ape I4 18 . Mo r e f r equen t i n NB : C IL X I I p . 891 . I ti su sed b y D ac ian s t o o : D iurpaneus q u i e tE upr epe s , S t er is sae f i l ius Dacus C IL V I 1 6903 c f . I . I . R u ssu 1 980 p . 52 .

8 1 . EMER ITVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 24 , 1 27 - T .Au r e l iu s . 0 :La t .K 3 51 . V e ry f r equen t i n AF a nd DAN . T he p e r son i s p robab ly an a t ive .

9 5 . EVTRAPELVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 2 94 -L .Va ler iu s , 1 .0 :G r . P ap e1 427 . N o tv ery f r equen t . H ep robab ly c omes f r om E . 9 6 . EVTYCHES : 3 . I DR 1 1 /2 6 5 , 1 .1 76 1 . ; 2 16 , 1 .0 :G r . P ap e I4 27 . F r equen tt h roughou tt h e Emp i r e ,e xcep t AF .

8 2 . E PAGATHVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 1 03 -L .An ton iu s , I .0 : G r . P ape I3 62 . Mo re f r equen t i nN / IT w he re t h e p e r son h ad c ome f r om a l ong w i th t h e f am i ly w hose f r eedma nh ew a s .

9 7 . EVTYCHVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 6 3 -P ub l ic ia , 1 . ; 1 6 1 L .Va ler iu s , 1 ?0 : O r . P ap e I4 28 . S ame a sn r . 9 6 .

8 3 . E P ICTES IS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /3 3 2 ( Pe § t ip M ic ) -A u r e l ia ? , 1 .0 : G r . P ape I3 67 . No t v e ry f r equen t , b u t u r üfo rme ly s p read .

9 8 . FAB IANVS : 1 . C IL I I 141 ( Napoca ) -P .Ae l iu s . 0 :La t .K 1 46 . Mo re f r equen t i n AF . T he p e r son i so fI t a l ic

8 4 . E P ID IANVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 68 . 3 72 - A e l iu s Macr in iu s . 0 :La t .K 1 46 . O u t s ide I T , i to ccu r s o n ly i n DL ( 4 ) , w he r et h is p e r son h ad c ome f r om .

d e scen t . 9 9 .

FAVST INVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 03 - C o rne l ia , 15 . 0 :

L a t .K 2 72 .

V ery f r equen t i n AF a nd l e ss i nW .

T he f i r s t

8 5 . E P ID IVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 3 68 , 3 72 -A e l iu s Macr in iu s . I t i su sed a s s i gnum b y t h e p rev iou s p e r son . T he n ame i s

p e r son s e em s t ob e o fI t a l ic d e scen t .

c on s ide red o ne o ft h e t y p ica l ly I ly r . a n th ropon im s f r om t h e s ou th-ea s to f DL c f .J . J . W i lkes 1 969 p . 163 ,n r .3 .

1 00 . F EL IX : 3 . I DR I I / 1 1 7 1 ( T ib iscum ) -C .Caec i l iu s , 1 . ; 1 1 /2 1 62 , 1 63 - P .F lac c in iu s ; 6 4 , 1 . ? 0 : L a t . K 2 72 . V ery f r equen t i n AF C IL V I I I p . 88 s q . c f . S .S ame 1 982 p . 3 01 , b u t a l so i n DAN ( DL ) . T he f i r s tp e r son i sp robab ly A f r ican .

8 6 . E P JGONVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 54 - L .Va ler iu s , 1 .0 :G r . P ape I3 65 . Mo re f r equen t i nI Ta nd W . 8 7 . E P IPOD IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 63 , 1 .0 :G r . P ape I3 69 . S ca rce : C IL I I 2 227 , 1 2972 ( DL ) ; 8 70 , 4( D ) ; V 3 417

1 0 1 .

F IR M INVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 03 - A e l ius , I .0 :La t . K

2 58 .

Mo re f r equen t i n DAN , w he re t h is p e r son s eem s

t o

h ave c ome f r om .

( Ve rona ) ; V I , V I I , 5p . 6 408 ( 3 ) c f . S o hn I5 1 ; X I 5 771 ( Sen t inum ) , X I I 7 31 ( A re la te ) . T he re i s s t i l l a no the r

1 02 . F ER MVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 11 . 0 : L a t .K 2 58 . S ame a s n r .101 . T he l a ck o f t h e n omen d oe s n o t a l low a ny

E p ipod iu s i nD , I DR I 3 5 ( D rob e ta ) , f r eedman o fC .T i t iu s I a nua r ius w ho se o r igo i sC amu lodunum . O ne E p ipod ia f r om

s uppo s i t ion s , a l though t h e p e r son i s o ne o f t h e c o lon i s t s b rough tb y T ra jan , av e te ran o fl e g ion I I I F lav ia F e l ix , l a te r

N apo ca a ppea r s o n a n a l bum w he r e p e r son s o f A s ia M ino r a r eq uo ted c f .C .C . P e to lescu 1 978 p . 213 .

d ecur io o ft h ec o lony .

a ss i gnum b yo ne .V i ta l ianu s . A . Möc sy 1 984 p .1 99 s how s t h a tt h er oo tE su -i sw es t-Ce l t ic .

1 03 . F LACCVS : 1 . C IL I I 196 ( Apu lum ) -C .Sen t iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 40 . F requen t i nH I : C IL I p .7 37 a nd S AT : I X p . 7 36 . I n deed , t h ep e r son i sf r om A n t iqua r ia ( H I ) .

8 9 . E TR ISCVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 11 - L .C lod iu s . U nusua l f o rm o f t h e c ognomen E t ruscu s , K 1 88 , w h ich o u t s ide I T ,

1 04 . F LAV IANVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 43 - B a ss iu s . 0 :La t .K 1 46 . F requen t i n AF : C IL V I I I p . 89 a nd DAN ( P ,N ) C IL I I

mo re o f ten o ccu r s i n DAN a nd AF . H e i sp robab ly o fI t a l ic d escen t .

p .2 392 . T he p e r son i so fS yr ian o r ig in .

8 8 . E SVR IO ? :1 . I DR 1 1 /2 6 5 , 1 .I tm igh th ave b een u sed

1 05 . F LORENT INVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 56 - U lp iu s A v i l l iu s ; 4 19 - C om in ia . 0 :La t .K 1 88 = 2 33 . Mo re f r equen t i nP .

9 0 . EVCHAR IS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 15 -C . Iu l ius , 1 .0 :G r . P ape I4 31 . R a re , e xcep t DAN . H e i sf r om t h ef am i l ia c on su lar i s o f o ne o f t h e g over no r s o f D : C . Iu l . Max im ianu s o r

e sp ec ia l ly i nt h e t e r r i to ry o f S ava r ia c f . L . B a rk6 czy 1 964 p . 312 a nd i nW : C IL X I I I p .3 4 . T he f i r s t p e r son c ou ld b e a

C . Iu l .Sep t .Ca s t inus .

n a t ive , t h e s e cond i so fI t a l ic d escen t .

9 1 . EVCHAR ISTVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 50 - U lp iu s , 1 .0 : O r . P ape I4 31 . Mo r e f r equen ti n NAT .

( Germ i sa ra ) - A u re l ia ; 1 1 /2 1 53 - Me t t ia ; 3 17 . 3 45 -

1 06 .

6 3

F LORVS : 4 .

I DR 1 1 /2 1 53 - A e l ia ; I 1 1 /3 2 48

T he P opu la t ion o fU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i z ege tu sa P ro c i l ia . 0 : L a t . K2 33 . F r equen t t h roughou t t h e Emp i r e . T he l a s tp e r son i so fI t a l ic d e sc en t .

18 . GORA : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 0 -Max imu s . 0 :Sem .W t4 1 c f . S . San ie 1 973 p . 1 58 s q . , S . San ie 1 981 p . 228 s q . I td oe sn ' t a pp ea ri nL a t in i n sc r ip t ion s . T he p e r son i sf r om P a lmy ra .

1 07 . FORTVNATVS : 4 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 28 -A u r e l ia , 1 . ;1 06 M .Au re l iu s , 1 . ; 4 09 - F lav iu s , 1 . ; 3 96 , 1 .0 :La t .K 2 73 . F r equen t t h roughou t t h e Emp i r e , mo s t ly i n AF , b e ing b o rne b y sa nd 1w ho se o r ig in i sd i f f icu l t t oe s tab l i sh . T he n ame i s u sed b y aD ac ian , t o o : F o r tuna tus q u i e tD a cu s C IL V I I I 8 562 c f . I . I .R u s su 1 980 p . 50 ; s o , t h e f i r s tt wo p e r son s m igh t h ave b een n a t ive s . 1 08 . F RONT INVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 27 - V a le r ia . 0 :La t .K 2 36 . Mo r ef r equen ti nW ,b u ti to ccu r so f ten i nD ,t o o .

19 . GRAEC INVS : 1 . I DR 1/2 2 54 - F l av iu s . 0 :La t .K . 2 04 c f . S ch 8 1 . F requen t i nW a nd , f r om a mong DAN , i nN a nd D . T he p e r son c ome sf r om E . 1 20 . GRAT IA [nu s ? ] : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 28 . 0 :La t . K 1 47 = 2 82 . I to c cu r sr a r e ly a nd o n ly i nW . 1 2 1 . GRATVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 / 3 2 9 ( Pe § t i 5u M i c ) -T .F lav iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 82 . Q u i te f r equen t , m o s t ly i n NB C IL X I I p . 893 . E spe c ia l ly i nI T ,m any b ea r e r sa r e sa nd 1 .

1 09 . F RONTO : 4 . I DR 1 1 /2 13 - C . Iu l iu s ; 4 45 T u r ran iu s ; 2 26 ?4 55 - S ex .Va le r iu s ; 4 64 . 0 : L a t .K . 2 36 . F requen t e ve rywhe r e . T he f i r s t a nd t h e t h i rd o ft h e p e r son s a r e o f C e l t ic o r ig in a nd p robab ly c ame f r om o ne o f t h e D anub ian p rov ince s ;t h es e cond s e em st oo r ig ina t ef r om DL .

1 22 . HAEMVS : 1 . I DR I I / 1 5 6 ( Ba i le H e r cu lane ) P ompon iu s . 0 :Th r . T oma schek 1 894 , p . 90 , D e t schew 1 976 p . 9s q . I td o e sn ' ta pp ea ri nL a t in i n sc r ip t ion s . 1 23 . HEL ICO : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 18 ; 1 1 / 3 9( Aqua e ) -A u r e l iu s ?0 :G r . P ap e I4 56 a nd C e l t .H I1 4 14 . T h ep e r son o r ig ina te s f r om V im inac ium .

10 . FVSC IANVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 20 - U lp iu s , 1 .0 :La t .K 2 28 . D e r ived f r om F u sc inu s w h ich a ppea r s o n ly i nR ome : C IL V I3 2917 . H es e em st ob e an a t ive .

1 24 . HERCVLANVS : 3 . I DR 1 1 /2 7 ; 3 95 , 1 . ; 4 02 , 1 . 0 :La t .K 2 14 . V e ry w ide ly s p r ead i n DAN ,C IL I Ip . 2394 .

11 . GA IANVS : 4 . I DR 1 1 /2 6 3 -P .Ae l iu s ; 1 60 C laud iu s ; 2 02 , 2 03 - G a iu s , C IL I I 1 060 ( Napo ca ) T . Iu l iu s . 0 :La t .K 1 72 . V e ry f r equen ti n DAN , e spec ia l ly i n D ,w he r et h ey c ome f r om E( t h ef i r s tt h r ee h e re ) .

1 25 . HERMAD IO : 1 .I DR 1 /2 2 83 , 1 .0 :G r .P ape I3 80 c f . L .Z gu s ta 1 9 55 p .3 78 §9 83 . E xcep t I T , m o r e f r equen t ly i n W ;f r om a mong DAN ,m o r eo f ten o c cu r si nD .

12 . GA IVS : 4 . I DR 1 1 /2 6 3 -P .Ae l iu s ; 2 35 - A u r e l iu s ; 1 1 /3 2 97 ( Ampe lum ) -A u r e l iu s ; 1 1 /2 2 78 - M .U lp iu s . 0 :La t .K 1 72 . S im i la rt on r .111 . T he f i r s to ne i sf r om E ;t h e A u r e l i im igh th ave b een n a t ive s .

1 26 . HERMES : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 2 1 , 2 19 , 2 71 - U lp iu s D om i t iu s , I .0 :G r . P ap e I3 82 s q . V e ry f r equen t i nN / IT ,W a nd DAN . T h ep e r son s e em st oh ave c ome f r om P .

13 . GALL ICANVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 22 -T .Va r en iu s ; 1 42 ? 1 .0 :La t .K 1 9 5 ; e t hn i con o f H . I 1 952-62 . T he f i r s t p e r son o r ig ina te sf r om I T .

1 27 . HER M IAS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 64 -C .Sped iu s0 :O r . P ap e I3 84 . T he p e r son o r ig ina te s f r om A s ia M ino r , m ayb e f r om P e rgamon .

14 . GAM ICE : 1 . I DR I I / 1 8 9 ( Mehad ia ) -B aeba t ia , 1 . 0 :G r . P ape I2 40 . I to ccu r s i s o la ted i nH I ( 2 ) , I T (3 ) , R ome ( 1 1 c f . S o hn I 9 60 ) , NB ( 1 ) . T he p e r son p robab ly c ome s f r om I T .

1 28 . HERM IONE : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 90 - S ex im ia ; 3 77 T e r en t ia . 0 :G r . P ape I3 84 s q . I to c cu r s m o r e o f ten i nH I C IL I p . 739 c f . I LER , w he r e t h e s e cond p e r son c ou ld h ave c ome f r om .

15 . GEMELL INVS : 4 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 18 - I u l iu s ; 1 23 M .U lp iu s , e q .R . ; 4 51 - U lp iu s ; 0 : L a t .K 2 95 . I to c cu r s m o r eo f ten i n DAN ( D ,DL ) , a sw e l l a si n AF . T he n ame i s u sed b y aD ac ian t o o : C . Ma r iu s G eme l l inu s , v e te ranu s A ug .n . , n a t ione D acu s C IL V I 3 277 c f R u s su 1 980 p . 42 . T he f i r s t p e r son i sf r om V im inac ium ; t h e o t he r s c ou ld b e n a t ive s .

1 29 . H ILARVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 3 15 ,s .0 :La t .K 2 60 . I to c cu r s m o r eo f ten i nI T . B e s ide s , i tc an a l so b e f o und i nW . F rom a mong DAN ,m o r ef r equen ti n DL a nd P .

16 . GEMELLVS : 2 ?I DR 1 1 /2 1 55- M .Au r e l iu s ? ;3 48 . 0 :L a t .K 2 95 . F r equen te ve rywhe re . T he s e cond p e r son i sa P a lmy r ean .

1 3 1 . HYG IA : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 92 - A u r e l ia ; 4 12 , 1 .0 :G r . P ap e I1 574 . Mo r e f r equen t i nH I a nd NB . I ti su sed b y a T h ra c ian ( ? ) , t o o :H yg ia ,A e l iG e tae f C IL X IV 3 717 c f . L I . R u s su 1 980 p .5 0 .

1 30 . H IPPON ICVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 19 , 2 71 - U lp iu s D om i t iu s , 1 .0 :G r . P ape I5 66 . I to ccu r s o n ly i nR ome c f . S o l in I8 5a nd i nW C IL X I I5 686 ,4 42 ; X I I I6 808 ( s ) .

17 . GERMANVS : 2?I DR 1 1 /2 4 27 - C a ran t iu s ; 1 1 / 3 1 ( S in tä rnä r ia O r lea ) . 0 :La t .K 2 0 1 . V e ry f r equen t i n DAN . e sp ec ia l ly D . J . J . W i lke s 1 969 p . 1 73 n . 1 i n c lude s i ta mong t h e t y p ica l ly I ly r . n ame s o ft h e s ou th-ea s to f DL . T he f i r s t p e r son i sf r om A ugu s ta T r eve ro rum .

6 4

1 32 . HYLAS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 3 06 a-L .Ae l iu s ,1 .0 :G r . P ap e I 5 44 . F r equen t i nW : C IL I p . 739 c f . I LER , X I I p .8 93 , X I I I p . 36 c fa l so I LTG 1 52 w h ich a s se r t st h a tt h en ame f r equen t ly o c cu r s i nt h e t e r r i to ry o fL yon . O u rp e r son p r obab ly c ome s f r om E ,l i ke t h em a jo r i ty o fA e l i i .

T he A na l y sed Ma te r ia l 1 33 . I ACH IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 4 1 . 0 :G r . P ape I5 26 . N o t v ery f r equen t : C IL V 5 932 ( Med io lanum ) ; V I 3 1234 , L 3 ( a

7 047 ( 1 ) ; X I6 72 , 1 248 , 7 470 ; X I I5 687 , 2 3 .

T .F lav iu s , v ery p robab ly a n O r ien ta l ) ; I X 6 203 ( Venu s ia , i udaeus ) ; X I I 4 487 ( Na rbo ) ; X I I I 2 977 ( G I L ugd . ) I ti su sed b yO r ien ta l f r eedmen ,J ew s i n c luded . T he p e r son i sp robab ly

1 44 . LONG INVS : 2 . C IL I I 100 ( Apu lum ) -T .F lav ius ; 1 1 /2 1 32 e q .R . 0 :La t .K 2 31 . F requen t i n DAN ( M ,D ,P ,N ) c f . C IL I Ip .2 397 .

ap eregr inus f r om E . H e c ou ld h ave b een o fJ ew ish o r ig in ; s e e , f o r e xamp le , a no the rJ ew i nD . a tP o ro l issum : P .Ae l iu s I a cubu s ( s ic ! )c f .P ak i 1 988 p . 2 19 s q . a nd 2 33 .

1 45 . LONGVS : 2 ?I DR 1 1 /2 2 85 ; 1 1 /3 3 5 ( Hunedoa ra ) 0 :La t .K . 2 30 . F r equen t i n DAN . N o d ef i n i te s t a temen t c an b e m ade b ecau se o ft h ed amaged e p ig raph s .

1 34 . I ANVAR IVS : 4 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 3 -T ib .C laud iu s , 1 . ; 1 66 -U lp ia ; 1 89 , 1 . ; 1 96 , 1 .0 :La t K . 2 18 . V ery f r equen t i n AF a nd DAN . T he f i r s tt wo p e r son s s e em t ob eo fI t a l ic d e scen t .

1 46 . LVC IL IANVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /3 2 42 ( Germ isa ra ) M .Luc i l iu s , 1 .0 :La t .K 1 49= 173 . F requen t i n DAN , w her e o u rp e r son p robab ly o r ig ina te s f r om .

1 35 . I ATE I MOS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 24 . 0 :Sem . S .S an ie 1 973 p . 1 60 s q . , S . S an ie 1 981 p .2 31 s q . p e regr inus .

P robab ly a n O r ien ta l

1 47 . LVC ILLVS : 4?I DR 1 1 /2 1 03 - A e l ia ; 3 93 - Au re l ia ; 2 0? ; 1 63 . 0 :La t .K 1 73 . F requen t i na l l t h e p rov inces . T he s e cond p e r son c ou ld b e an a t ive ( maybe t h ef i r s to ne , t oo? ) .

1 36 . L NGENVVS : 6 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 14 - A u r e l iu s ; 4 31 A u re l iu s ; 4 51 - I u s t ia ; 3 17 , 3 45 - P ro c i l iu s ; 4 44 C .Toger inu s , 1 . , 1 1 /3 1 5 ( S inc ra i ) -C .Va ler iu s . 0 : L a t . K 3 14 . F requen t i n DAN a nd i n AF . T he n ame i su sed b y a D ac ian ,t oo : A u r . Ingenuu s ,m i l e sc oh .I p rae t . C IL V I2 425 c f .

1 48 . MACER : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 28 - I u l iu s . 0 :La t K 2 44 . F requen t i nI T , e spec ia l ly N / IT , w here t h e p e r son p robab ly c omes f r om .

R u s su 1 980 p p .36 ,39 . T he s e cond p e r son i s an a t ive ( maybe t h e f i r s to ne , t oo ) , t h e t h i rd a nd t h e f i f th a r eo fC e l t ic

1 49 . MACR IM I WS : 4 .I DR 1 1 /2 3 68 , 3 72 - A e l iu s ; 3 74 A nn iu s ; 1 1 /3 2 78 ( C ioa ra ) -Q .Va ler iu s I I /2 4 27 . 0 :La t .K

o r ig in , t h ef ou r th i so fI t a l ic d e scen t .

2 44 a nd C e l t .H . I I 3 66 s q . c f . I .P i so 1 975 p . 71 , n . 51 .

1 37 . 1 REN I : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 90 -A u re l ia . 0 :G r . P ape I .3 36 . I to c cu r s mo re o f ten i nI Ta nd DAN .

f r om DL , t h e s e cond a nd t h e l a s t f r om W . 1 50 . MACROB IVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 1 09 - C ras su s . 0 :Gr . P ap e 1 . 846 . S ca r ce : C IL I 2 34 ( O l is ipo ) , 1 675 ( Aqu i le ia ) ; V I 1 3 138 ; X 1 5 13 ( Neapo l i s , s . ) ; X I 122a ( Pa rma ) ; X I I 5 723 . T he p e r son i sO r ien ta l ,b u tm igh th ave c ome f r om I T .

1 38 . I VL IANVS : 6 . I DR 1 1 /2 6 3 , 5 72? - P .Ae l iu s ; I 1 1 /3 2 48 ( Germ isa ra ) -A e l iu s ; 1 1 /3 2 49 ( Ge rm isa ra ) - M? A u r e l iu s ; 1 1 /2 18 -M .P ro c i l iu s , e q .R . , I I / 1 6 4 (M i le H e r cu lane ) -Q .V ib iu s ; 1 1 /2 14 . 0 :La t .K 1 48 . F requen t i n a l l p rov inces , mo s t ly i n DAN , e sp ec ia l ly i n P . c f . L . B a rk6czy 1 964 p . 315 . T he n ame i su sed b y aD ac ian , t o o : A u r . Iu l ianu s , t r ib .coh .I A e l ia D acorum R IB 1 909 c f . L I .

1 5 1 . MAGN ILLVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 40 -Q u in t in ia . 0 :La t .K 2 75 . S ca rc e : C IL I I 6 671 ( Be ry thus ) ; V6 698 ( Ve r ce l lae ) ; V I ( 3 , f em inae ) ; V I I I 2 3964 ( Magn i l ianu s ) ; X 6 584

R u ssu 1 980 p . 31 . S o , t h e t h i rd p e r son c ou ld b e an a t ive ( maybe t h e f i r s t t wo , t oo ? ) P roc i l iu s a nd V ib iu s o r ig ina te f r om I T . 1 39 .

I VST INVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2

( Ve l i t rae , 1 . )3 105 ( Magn i l l ianu s ) . T he p e r son s eems t oh ave h ad a nI t a l ic d e scen t . 1 52 . MA IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 93 , 4 47 - M .U lp ius . 0 :La t .K

3 83 - M .U lp iu s ; 1 1 /3 3 8

6 1 .

( D eva ) -M .U lp iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 52 . Q u i te f r equen t i n a l l p rov ince s . T hey m igh to r ig ina te f r om P .

E xcep t I T , i ti sv ery s ca rc e , s o o u r p er son p robab ly

o r ig ina ted f r om I T . 1 53 . MARCELL INVS : 3 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 38 - A nc la ren ia ; 4 48

1 40 . I VSTVS : 3 . I DR 1 1 /2 9-M . Iu l iu s ; 2 48 -C .Laber iu s ; 2 67 - C .Pe t ron iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 52 . I to ccu r s mo re o f ten i n DAN .

T he

f o rm Macr in iu s f r om I DR 1 1 /2 3 68 o c cu r s o n ly o nce , i n AF C IL V I I I 3 184 ( Lambaes i s ) . T he f i r s t p e r son i sp robab ly

-U lp ia 4 30 . 0 :La t .K 1 73 . U n i fo rm ly s p read . T he f i r s t p er son i sf r om DL . T he s e cond o ne c ou ld b e an a t ive , t h e

T he f i r s t p e r son i sp robab ly f r om W , t h e o t he r t wo

a r e m i l i ta ry m en o fI t a l ic d escen t .

n ame b e ing b o rne b y aD ac ian , t o o : Mar iu s Ma r ce l l inu s , m i le s l e g .! ! P ar th . ,f ra te r C . Mar i G eme l l in i n a t ione D acus ,

1 4 1 . LAVRENT IANVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 23 . 0 :La t .K 1 82 .

C IL V I 3 277 c f . L I . R u ssu 1 980 p p .38 ,42 .

D er ived f r om L au ren t inu s .

I td oes n o t a pp ea r e l sewhe re , 1 54 . MARCELLVS : 2 ? I DR 1 1 /3 2 51 ( Germ isa ra ) I n genuv ia ; 1 1 /2 4 29 . 0 :La t . K 1 73 . t h e f i r s t p e r son , o f

w h ich c ou ld b e ap roo fo ft h e b ea re r 's n a t ive o r ig in , a l though , s i nce i tl a ck st h en omen ,o ne c an ' tm ake d e f in i te a s ser t ion s .

C e l t ic o r ig in , c ome s f r om W . 1 42 . L IBERAL IS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 92 , 1 .0 : L a t .K 2 20 , 2 56 . 1 55 .

F r equen t t h roughou t t h e Emp i r e , m o s t ly i n AF a nd DAN ( DL ) . 1 43 .

MARC IANVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /3 1 0 ( Aquae ) -C . Iu l ius .

0 :La t .K 1 50 . V ery f r equen t i n DAN C IL I I p . 2399 a nd AF C IL V I I Ip . 99 .

LOG IS MVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 88 , 1 .0 :G r . P ap e I8 10 . 1 56 .

S ca r ce : C IL V 2 242 ( A l t inum , 1 . ) ; V I 2 1373 , 2 6638 , 2 9558 , 3 0983 , I X 3 617 ( Ave ia , 1 . ) ; X1 403 a .2 , 8( He rcu laneum , 1 . ) ,

MARC IO : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 98 _ L .Ca ss iu s , 1 . ;4 31 , 1 . ?

0 :G r . P ap e I8 63 s q . b u t s e e K 1 73 w h ich a s ser t s t h a t i t

6 5

T he P opu la t ion o fU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i zege tu sa c ou ld a l so b e L a t in . S ca rc e : C IL I 7 73 ( Cav ium ) ; I X? c f . I n dex ; X 3 890 ( Capua , 1 . ) 5 433 ( Aqu inum , 1 . ) ; X I I 4 59 ( Ma s s i l ia , 1 . ) , 3 782 ( Nemau su s ) . T he f i r s tp e r son o r ig ina te s f r om E ,b e ing p robab ly S em i t ic .

1 68 .

METRODORUS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 09 - A e l iu s . 0 :G r .

P ap e I9 18 . N o t v e ry f r equen t ; e xcep t DAN , i tr a r e ly o ccu r s i n I T . A l though o f G r eek o r O r ien ta l o r ig in , t h e p e r son m igh th ave c ome f r om I T ,s e e aL .Ae l iu s Me t rodo ru s i nR ome C IL V I2 0596 c f .S o hn I . 111 .

1 57 . MARC IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 72 - Ma c r in ia . N omen m i su sed a s c ognomen , w h ich i sv e ry f r equen t i nt h i s c a se , e spe c ia l ly i n DAN a nd AF . T he p e r son o r ig ina te sf r om DL . 1 58 . MARCVS : 4 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 - L .Apu le iu s ; 4 17 C . Iu l iu s ; 6 5 , 1 . ;4 43 , s ? 0 :La t .K 1 73 . F requen t i n DAN a nd W . I ti sb o rne b a aD ac ian t o o : Mar cu s ,D a cus C IL XV 3 994 c f . I . . R u s su 1 980 p . 50 ( s ee a c e r ta in A u r . Ma r cu s , d omo A po l =A pu lum C IL V I3 2625 a1 0c f . L I .R u s su 1 980 p .3 9 ) . 1 59 . MAR INVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 86 - A u r e l iu s ; 2 0 C a s s iu s . 0 :La t .K 3 08 a nd S em .W t 7 3 c f . S .S an ie 1 973 p . 1 63 s q . , S . S a l l ie 1 981 , p . 235 s q . T he s e cond p e r son i sa P a lmy r ean p r ie s t ; t h e f i r s t o n e m igh t b e aS y r ian , t o o , b ecau se o fh i s w o r sh ipp ing D eu sA e te r r iu s . 1 60 . MARO : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 87 . 0 :G r . P ap e I8 65 a nd S em .W t 7 3 . I to ccu r s mo r e o f ten i nH I a nd N / IT . T h e p e r son i sp robab ly a nO r ien ta lp e r egr i t zu s .

1 69 . MODESTVS : 3 . I DR 1 1 /2 6 3? , 4 43 - A e l ia ; 2 68 C . Iavo lenu s ; 4 37 - S ex .P i lon iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 63 . Q u i te f r equen t , e xcep t DAN a nd AF . T he t wo p e r son s o r ig ina te f r om I T . 1 70 . MVC IANVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 1 -A u re l iu s ; 3 16 . 0 :Th r . R u s su 1 944 p . 2 13 ; R u s su 1 967 p . 9 1 . I to c cu r s m o r e f r equen t ly i n DAN ,e spec ia l ly i nD ,b e ing s po rad ic i nt h er e s t o ft h e Emp i r e . P robab ly n a t ive s . 1 7 1 . NEA . . .: 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 95 . T he r oo t N ea- c ou ld b e G reek c f .S o hn I12 s q . 1 72 . NEMES IANVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 7 , s . 0 :G r . P ap e I 9 87 . A' ianu s t d e r iva t ion o ft h en ame N eme s iu s . I to ccu r s o n ly o nc e a ga in i nR ome : C IL V I 2 2899 ( Neme s ian . . . ) c f . S o l in I4 33 . 1 73 . NEPOS : 3 . I DR 1/2 2 73 - A e l iu s ; 1 1 /2 4 35 C .O c tav iu s ; 1/3 3 ( Va lea N and ru lu i ) -U lp iu s . 0 :La t .K 3 04 . I to c cu r s mo r eo f ten i n DAN a nd AF .

1 6 1 . MARTE IAL IS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 91 - M .U lp iu s . U nu sua l f o rm f o r Ma r t ia l i s , w h ich o ccu r s o n ly o nce i n AF C IL V I I I6 239 ( whe r et h en a tu ra l f o rm i sq u i te f r equen t ) a nd , p e rhap s , o nce i nH I C IL I 3 673 ( Ma r te . . . ) . s o t h e p e r son c ou ld h ave c ome f r om AF .

1 74 . N ICE : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 3 99 -C a s tena .0 :G r . P ap e I1 002 . F requen ti nW C IL X I Ip . 896 , X I I Ip . 4 1 c f . I LTG 2 14 . F rom a mong DAN ,i to c cu r sm o s t ly i n DL .

1 62 . MART IAL IS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 58 - V a r iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 12 . E xc ep t AF ( s ee a bove , n r .16 1 ) ,u n i fo rm ly s p r ead . T h e p e r son o r ig ina ted e i th e rf r om I To r DL .

1 75 . N ICEFORVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 25 - V a le r iu s , 1 .0 :G r . P ape I 1 003 . F r equen t i nI T a nd i n NB . I nC I ! I I i to cu r s mo s t ly i nt h eG reek s peak ing p rov in ce s .

1 63 . MAX IM IANVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /3 2 36 ( Ge rm isa ra ) P .Ae l iu s ; I DR 1 1 /2 2 39 - U lp iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 76 . Mo re f r equen t i n DAN a nd N / IT . I ti su sed b y aD ac ian , t o o : F lav iu s Max im ia nu s , t r ib .coh . IA e l ia D a co rum R IB 1 896 c f . L I . R u s su 1 980 p . 30 .

1 76 . N ICETA : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 , 3 -M .P ro c i l iu s . 0 :G r . P ape I1 002 . I no ccu r s s po rad ica l ly i nI T a nd W ; f r om a mong DAN ,o n ly o n ce i n DL . O u rp e r son o r ig ina tes f r om I T . 1 77 . NOVMEN IOS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 6 7 ,1 . ?0 :G r .P ape I 1 0 17 . S ca r ce :C IL V I I I3 935 ( Lambaes i s ) ;I X3 268 ( Co rfm ium ,1 . ) ; X I 6 802 ( Fo rum P op i l i ) , 7 919 ( Spo le tum , C h r i s t ian ) . T he mo s to ft h em ( 6 )a r et ob ef o und i nR ome c f .S o hn I 1 035 .

1 64 . MAX IM INVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 24 - A u r e l ia ; 1 2 M .Vepon iu s , 1 .0 :La t .K 2 76 . I to ccu r s v e ry o f ten i n DAN ( P , DL ) . B o th p e r son s a r e o f C e l t ic o r ig in , b u t t h ey c ou ld h ave c ome f r om Po rN .

1 78 . OCTAV IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 0 - T .Ancha r iu s . I n co r rec t ly u sed a s ac ognomen s e eN / IT a nd W . T h ep e r son i sf r om DL .

1 65 . MAX I MVS : 1 0 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 4 Ae l iu s ; 4 18 A u r e l iu s ; 4 24 -A u r e l iu s ; 1 1 / 3 2 15 ( Ge rm isa ra ) -A u r e l iu s ; 1 1 /2 2 78 C a s s iu s , 1 . ; 4 45 F ann ia ; 3 99 - H e r enn ia ; 4 2 1 I u l ia ; 4 26 - G .Long in iu s ; 3 2 1 -C .Va le r iu s ; 4 45 . 0 :La t .K 2 75 . V e ry f r equen t a nd u n i fo rm ly s p r ead . H e r enn ia a nd L ong in iu sa r eI t a l ic s ,C a s s iu s i sO r ien ta l ,F ann ia f r om DAN ; t h eA u r e l i ic ou ld h ave b een n a t ive s .

1 79 . OLY MP IA : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 15 . 0 :G r . P ape I 1 0 51 s q . I to ccu r ss po rad ica l ly i n DAN a nd N / IT . 1 80 . ONES IMVS : 4 . I DR 1 1 /3 2 42 ( Ge rm i sa ra ) L .An t i s t iu s ,1 . ;1 1 /2 3 87 -M .Au r e l iu s ; 2 19 ,2 71 -D om i t iu s , 1 . ;4 22 -C . Iu l iu s . 0 :G r . P ape I 1 062 . V e ry f r equen t i nW , N / IT a nd DAN ( DL ) . E xcep t L .An t i s t iu s , m aybe ,t h eo t he r s a r ef r om E .

1 66 . MEROPS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 6 7 , 1 ? 0 :G r . P ap e I9 03 . Mo r ef r equen ti n NB C IL X I Ip . 896 a nd S / IT C IL I Xp . 739 . 1 67 . METROB IANVS : 1 . C IL I I 9 72 , 9 73 ( Apu lum ) C . Iu l iu s . 0 :G r . P ap e I9 18 . D e r ived f r om t h e m o re f r equen t f o rm , Me t rob iu s . U n ique .

1 8 1 . OP IAVVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 49 -U lp ia . 0 : I l ly r . S ch 3 4 , R u s su 1 969 p .2 30 . I to ccu r s o n ly i n DL , w he r e t h i s p e r son c ome sf r om .

6 6

T he A na ly sed Ma t er ia l 1 97 .

1 82 . OPTATVS : 1 .I DR I I / 1 1 27 ( Ca ran seb e , 1 .0 :La t .K 2 96 . I to ccu r sm o re o f ten i n AF . 1 83 . PANNON IVS ? :1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 74 - S ex .Ann iu s , 1 . 0 :La t .K 2 04 . R a r e : C IL I ( 1 ) , I I ( 3 i n DL ,P ) , V I I I ( 3 ) , X I ( 1 ) . T he i n sc r ip t ion w a s d amaged , s o i tc ou ld a l so b e i n te rp re ted a s PATERN IVS , s e e f u r the r ,n r .184 . 1 84 . PATERN IVS ?:2 ?I DR 1 1 /2 3 74 - S ex .Ann iu s , 1 . ; 1 1 /3 1 8 , 1 9 ( Va lea S i ngeo rg iu lu i ) -L .G ra t t iu s . 0 :La t .K

PR IM IT IVVS : 3 .

I DR 1 1 /2 3 09 - A e l ia ; 4 43 -

S erv i l l ia , 1 . ? 2 62 ( P r im i t ivo s ) ,1 . 0 :La t .K 2 90 . V ery f r equen t i nN / IT a nd DAN ( DL ,N ) . T he f i r s t t wo p e r son s c ou ld b e n a t ive s . 1 98 . P R I MVS : 6 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 57 - C .Au r e l iu s ? ;4 04 M .Come l iu s , I .4 06 - M .Dom i t ius ; 3 17 , 3 45 - M .P roc i l iu s , 1 . ; 2 37 - T e r en t ius ; 2 89 . 0 :La t .K . 2 91 . P roc i l iu s a nd T e ren t iu s o r ig ina te f r om I T . A u re l iu s c ou ld b e an a t ive , t h e n ame b e ing u sed b y aD ac ian , t o o : A ur .Pr imus , l i b . , n a t ione D acus C IL V I 3 227 c f . L I . R u s su 1 980 p . 50 .

3 04 . V ery f r equen ti nW , w he re t h ep e r son sh ave c ome f r om . 1 85 . PATR IC IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 59 - U lp ia . 0 :La t .K 3 13 .

1 99 . P R ISC IANVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 75 - A n ton ia . 0 :La t .K 2 88 . S ame a s n r . 1 99 ; f r om a mong DAN i to c cu r s mo re

N o t v e ry f r equen t , e spec ia l ly t h e f em in ine f o rm . I n s ome c a se s , i ti su sed b y C h r is t ian s . I to ccu r s m o s t ly i nW , w h ich

o f ten i nRa nd N . No p o s i t ive d a ta b ecau se o ft h e l a ck o ft h e ' omen .

c ou ld a ccoun tf o rt h ep e r son 's p rovenance .

2 02 .

1 86 . PAVL 1NVS : 1 . I DR I I / 1 1 37 , 1 38 ( T ib iscum ) A u re l i s L aecan iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 44 . Q u i te f r equen t , e spec ia l ly i nI T a nd W , m any b ea r e r s b e ing C h r i s t ian s . O u r p e r son s eem s t oo r ig ina te f r om I T .

PR ISCVS : 7 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 2 -L .An ton iu s D om i t iu s ;

2 34 , 2 34 a- A n ton iu s ; 3 75 - L .An ton iu s e q .R . ; 3 76 , 4 40 L .An ton ius ; 4 05 - L .Da sum iu s ; 4 01 - I u l iu s ; 2 12 . 0 :La t .K 2 88 .

V ery f r equen t i n DAN a nd N / IT .

T he L uc i i A n ton i i

9 1 ( Mehad ia ) . 0 :La t .K 2 43 .

s e em t o o r ig ina te f r om AT o r H I . D a sum iu s i sf r om DL , I u l iu sp robab ly f r om I T .

V ery f r equen t i n AF a nd i n DAN ( DL ) . T he l a ck o f t h e n omen r e nde r s t h e o r ig in o r p rovenance o f t h e p e r son i mpo ss ib le t oa s ser ta in .

2 03 . P R IVATVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 59 - C .Vene t iu s . 0 :La t .K 3 15 . F requen t i n AF a nd W ; f r om a mong DAN , i to ccu r s

1 87 . PAVLVS : 1 . I DR I I / 1

m o s t ly i nN . T he p e r son i so fC e l t ic o r ig in a nd c ou ld h ave c ome f r om N .

1 88 . PHA M . . . :1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 69 - A e l ia . 0 :G r . P ape I 1 598 a nd S em .W t 17 . T he p e r son i sf r om P a lmy ra . 1 89 . PH ILETE : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 33 - V a le r ia ( Fe le te ) . 0 :G r .

2 04 . P ROBVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 08 , 1 29 - T .Va ren iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 53 . F requen t i n DAN ( D ) a nd i nI T , w he re t h e

P ape I 1 6 19 .

p e r son o r ig ina te s f r om .

F requen t i nI T a nd W b u t i ta l so o c cu r s i n

DAN ( D ,DL ) . T he p e r son p robab ly o r ig ina tes f r om DL . 1 90 . PH IL INVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 56 -V a ler iu s , I .0 :G r .P ap e

2 05 . P ROC ILLVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 52 -U lp ia . 0 :La t .K 1 77 . E xcep t I T , i to ccu r s mo r e o f ten i n DL , t o o , w he re t h i s p e r son

I1 619 s q . Mo s t f r equen ti n DAN ( M , DL ,P ) .

c omes f r om .

1 91 . PH ILO MVSVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 47 , 1 .0 :G r . P ape I 1 627 . F r equen ti nI T , w he r e i ti s mo s t ly u s ed b y sa nd 1 .

2 06 . P ROCVLE IANVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 52 - V a ler iu s . 0 :La t .K 1 53 . F r equen t i nI T a nd AF . T he p e r son c ou ld b e o fA f r ican o r ig in .

1 92 .

PH ILOT I MVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 88 , I . 0 :G r . P ape I

1 629 . S ame a sn r .191 .

2 07 . P ROCVLVS : 3 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 94 - A u re l ia ; 4 60 V a ler iu s ; 4 84 . 0 :La t .K 1 74 a nd G r . P ape I 1 258 . F requen t

1 93 . PONT IANVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 39 -P .Pon t iu s . 0 :La t .K 1 53 . I to ccu r s mo re o f ten i n AF a nd DAN . T he p e r son

m o s t ly i n DAN ( D ) . A l lo ft h em s eem t oh ave c ome f r om E .

s e em st oo r ig ina te f r om W .

2 08 . 1 263 .

1 94 . POT IN IANVS :

1 .

PROSHODVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 88 , 1 . 0 :Gr . P ape I S ca r ce : C IL I 3 099 ( Ta r raconen s is ) ; V I , V I I , 6

p . 6846 ( 12 ) c f . S o hn I I 1 250 ; X6 36 ( Sa lemum , 1 .? ) . T he p e r son i sf r om E .

I DR 1 1 /2 4 53 , I . c f . n r .272 ,

V a len t inus q u i e t.E x t remem ly r a re : C IL X 2 998 ( Pu teo l i ) a nd X I 1 373 ( Luna ) s ot h e p e r son i so fI t a l ic d escen t . B u t i t i sa l so p o s s ib le t h a t i tw a s aw rong t r an scr ip t ion o f amo re

2 09 . PROTAS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 3 07 , 1 .0 :G r . P ape I 1 267 . Q u i te r a re : C IL I I 2 576 ( Sa lonae ) ; V I 2 5099 , 2 5100 ( L .? ) c f . S o l in I 1 042 ; X I 3 6 . T he p e r son i sf r om E .

h ab i tua lf o rm ,P o t i t ianus . 1 95 . PR I MANVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 80 , 52 - L .Dom i t iu s ; I DR 1 1 /3 3 54 ( Ampe lum ) - P .He lv iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 90 . F r equen t i n W C IL X I I I p .44 a nd i n DAN ( D ) C IL I I

2 10 . P ROTENVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 53 - C . Me t t iu s . 0 :G r . P ap e I1 267 . I td oe s n o t a pp ea r i nL a t in i n sc r ip t ion s . T he

p . 2406 .

p e r son s eem s t oh ave c ome f r om E .

1 96 . P R IM INVS?: 1 . I DR 1 1 /3 3 5 ( Hunedoa ra ) . 0 :La t .K 2 91 . T he i n sc r ip t ion b e ing f r agmen ta ry , n o p o s i t ive d a ta i s a va i lab le .

2 11 .

P ROTOGEN IA : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 80 - A n ton ia . 0 :G r .

P ape I 1 268 . Q u i te r a r e . T he p e r son c ou ld h ave c ome f r om W .

6 7

T he P opu la t ion o fU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i z ege tusa 2 12 . P ROTVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 1 25 -V a ler iu s , 1 .0 :G r .P ape I 1 269 . Mo r ef r equen ti nW ,C / IT a nd S / IT . 2 13 . P ROV INC IAL IS : 1 . I DR 1 1 / 3 3 40 ( Ampe lum ) P .Ae l iu s .0 :La t .K 1 98 . Mo r ef r equen ti n DAN . 2 14 . P VDENS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 28 , 1 29 - T .Va r en iu s , e q .R . 0 :La t .K 2 64 . F r equen t i n AF , N / IT a nd DAN ( DL ,D ) . T he p e r son i so fI t a l ic d e scen t .

1 1 /3 1 49 ? ( M ic ia ) 0 :La t .K 2 29 . F requen t i n AF , DAN , H I . T he f i r s tp e r son i se i the rf r om AF o rH I , t h e s e cond f r om E , t h et h i rd f r om P .t h ef i f th f r om AF . 2 27 . RVFVS : 6 . I DR 1/2 1 04 , 3 75 , 3 76 , 4 40 , 5 42 L .An ton iu s ; 3 76 , 4 40 _ L .An ton iu s ; 12 -Q . Ia nua r iu s ; 4 18 -C . Iu l iu s ; 4 52 - L .Va le r iu s ; 1 47 . 0 :La t .K 2 29 . F requen t e ve rywhe r e . T he L u c i i A n ton i i a r e f r om AF o r H I , Q . Ianua r iu s c ome s f r om T av ium ( Ga la t ia ) , C . Iu l iu s f r om V im inac ium a nd L .Va ler iu sp robab ly f r om AF .

2 15 . PVS INNVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 -A u r e l iu s .0 :Ce l t .H . I I 1 0 54 c f . R ISch 18 ; K 2 99 q uo te s i ta s as ub s t i tu t e f o rp ar vu s . Wr i t ten i nt h i s f o rm i to c cu r s i nC IL V I I I a nd X I I I . T he f em in ine f o rm i s mo r ef r equen t .

2 28 . RVST IC INVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 80 -C . Iu l iu s . 0 :La t .K 3 11 . S ca r c e : C IL I 4 989 ( Ba l sa ) ; V I 3 1234 , L 4 =1 0 57 L 4 ; V I I I6 994 , 1 8939 . T he p e r son p robab ly o r ig ina te sf r om W .

2 16 . QVARTVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 37 . 0 :La t .K 2 93 . Mo r e f r equen t i n NB a nd DAN . I ti st h e o n ly n ame o f am i l e s l e gX I I IG .

2 29 . RVST ICVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 3 10 -C . Iu l iu s .0 :La t .K 3 10 . f r equen t i n AF , H I a nd DAN . I ts e ldom o ccu r s i nI T . H e p robab ly o r ig ina te sf r om W .

2 17 . QV INT ILLVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 36 - P ap i r ia . 0 :La t .K 1 69 = 1 74 . I to ccu r sm o r eo f ten i n AF a nd H I . S h e s e em s t o h ave c ome f r om H I .

2 30 . S AB IN IANVS : 1 . C IL I I 198 ( Apu lum ) T .Va r en iu s .0 :La t .K 1 86 . F r equen ti nC / IT a nd S / IT a sw e l l a si nW a nd i n DAN , e sp ec ia l ly i n Pc f . L . B a rk6 czy 1 964 p . 323 . H eo r ig ina te sf r om I T .

2 18 . QV INT INVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 36 - P ap i r iu s . 0 :La t .K 1 74 . Mo r e f r equen t i nW a nd DAN . F a the ro ft h e p r ev iou s p e r son .

2 31 . S AB INVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 19 -C . Iu l iu s . 0 :La t .K 1 86 . F requen t i n DAN a nd W . T he p e r son s e em s t oh ave c ome f r om I T .

2 19 . QV INTVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 9 , 1 07 , 1 08 , 5 49 M .Com in iu s . 0 :La t .K 1 74 . F requen t i n a l l p rov in ce s , m o s t ly DAN . T he p e r son i so fI t a l ic d e scen t .

2 32 . S AECVLAR IS : 1 . I DR 1 1 / 3 8 6 ( M ic ia ) -C laud iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 20 . Q u i te r a r e . T he p e r son o r ig ina te s f r om I T , m aybe d i r ec t ly f r om R ome i t se l f .

2 20 . REGVLVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 19 , 2 71 -D om i t iu s , 1 . ; 19 -M .P roc i l iu s , e q .R . 0 :La t .K 3 16 s q . F requen t i nW , C IL X I I p . 899 , a nd , e sp ec ia l ly , X I I I p . 45 . T he s e cond p e r son i s I t a l ic .

2 33 . S ALLVST IANVS : 1 . I DR 1/2 1 43 . 0 :La t .K 1 54 . T h i s d e r iva t ion f r om S a l lu s t iu s i ss c a r ce : C IL V I 5 863 ( 1 . ) , 1 0273 ,2 7686 ; I X4 699 ( 1 . ? ) ;X I I I5 311 .

2 2 1 . RESPECTVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 95 - A u r e l ia . 0 :La t .K 3 55 . V e ry f r equen t i n DAN , C IL I I p . 240 1 a nd W , X I I I p . 45 . T h ef em in in e f o rm o ccu r s o n ly i n DAN ( P ) a nd i n AF . T h ep e r son s e em st oo r ig ina te f r om P .

2 34 . S ATVRN INVS : 7 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 32 - A u r e l ia ; 3 88 Q .Au re l iu s , 1 . ; 1 59 - L .Bonon iu s ; 1 5 -C laud iu s ; 2 15 M .U lp iu s ; 4 4 1 , 4 87 . 0 :La t .K 2 13 . S pec i f ic t o AF c f . S . S an ie 1 982 p . 302 . T he f i r s t p e r son i s an a t ive , B onon iu s c ome s f r om W , C laud iu s a nd U lp iu s c ou ld h ave c ome f r om AF .

2 22 . R ESTVTVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 48 - U lp ia ; 4 48 M .U lp iu s . 0 :La t .K 3 56 ; i tr e p r e sen t s af o rm o f v u lga r L a t in , c f . F . D ieh l 1 9 10 p . 157 . F r equen t i n DAN , t h e m a scu l in ef o rm i n DL ,t h ef em in ine i nD .

2 35 . S ECVND INVS : 7 . I DR I I / 1 1 77 ( T ib i scum ) A u re l iu s ; 1 /2 3 93 - C .C lod iu s ; 4 34 - D om i t ia ; 4 20 Q . Iu l iu s ; 4 32 - Ma r ia ; 4 39 - P .Pon t iu s , I I / 1 5 6 (M i le H e r cu lane ) - U lp iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 92 . V e r y f r equen t , e spec ia l ly i n DAN . C lod iu s o r ig ina te s f r om I T o r W , P on t iu s f r om W ; A u r e l iu s a nd Ma r ia c ou ld h ave b een n a t ive s , t h e n ame b e ing u s ed b y aD ac ian , t o o : J u l ius S e cund inu s , n a t ione D acu s , C IL V I 2 495 c f . L I . R u s su 1 980 p . 40 .

2 23 . REVOCATVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 66 - S ep t im ia ( c f . S ep t im ia q uae e t " ) . 0 :La t .K 3 56 . S ca r ce : C IL I I 3 107 ( Po s t i rae , DL ) ; V 1 704 ( Aqu i le ia , C h r i s t ian ) ; V I I I ( 8 , 4 b e ing C h r i s t ian s ) ,X I I I ,3 880 ( Aug .T r ey . ,C h r i s t ian ) . 2 24 . ROGATVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 53 -C a s s ia . 0 :La t .K 2 97 . S p ec i f ic t o AF s e e S . S ank 1 982 , p . 302 . T h e p e r son i s p r obab ly o ft h i sp rovenan ce . 2 25 . ROMANVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 66 - A e l iu s S ep t im iu s . 0 :La t .K 1 82 . U n i fo rm ly s p r ead , mo s t ly o ccu r ing i n AF . T h e p e r son o r ig ina tes f r om P a lmy ra .

2 36 . S ECVNDVS : 3 . I DR I I / 1 1 3 3 ( T ib i scum ) M .Au r e l iu s , e q .R . ; 1 05 , 2 2 1 ? ,3 85 , 5 48 ?- S ex .A t t iu s , 1 . ; 4 20 - Q . Iu l iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 92 . U n i fo rm ly s p r ead , m o s t ly i n DAN a nd AF . T he f i r s t p e r son c ou ld h ave b een o f D ac ian o r ig in ,t h es e cond o ne o r ig ina te sf r om W .

2 26 . RVF 1NVS : 6 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 76 ,4 40 -L .An ton iu s : 3 98 C a s s ia ; 1 2 1 -U lp iu s D om i t iu s ; 3 56 -I u l iu s ;4 52 -V a ler iu s ;

2 37 . S ENEC IO : 1 . I DR 1/2 3 70 -P .Ae l iu s . 0 :La t .K 3 0 1 b u t w ide ly u s ed b y t h e C e l t s c f . HI1 473 , A . M6 c sy 1 984

6 8

T he A na l y sed Ma te r ia l p . 205 a nd t h e I ly r ian s , 1 . 1 . R u s su 1 949 P . 2 86 . F r equen t i n W a nd f r om a mong DAN , i nN a nd P . T he p e r son o r ig ina t e s f r om o n eo ft h e se r e g ion s . 2 38 . S EPT IM INVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 66 - S ep t im ia ( c f . R evo ca ta ) . 0 :La t .K 2 93 . No tv e r y f r equen t :e xcep tf o rI T , i t o c cu r so n ly i n DL a nd AF . T he p e r son i sf r om P a lmy ra . 2 39 . S EPT IMVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 0 1 -A e l iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 39 . I to c cu r s m o r e o f ten i nN C IL I I p . 24 11 , C / IT , C IL X p . 1 086 ,X Ip . 1477 a nd i n AF ,C IL V I I Ip . 114 .

2 52 . S VMMVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /3 2 09 ( U ro iu ) -C .Roman iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 77 . E x t r eme ly r a r e : C IL I I 7 881 ( Teu rn ia , N )c f . 1490 ; V I 3 225 ; X I I I 5 95? ; 8 64 ? , 7 256 ( Summu la ) . T he p e r son i so fC e l t ic o r ig in a nd s e em st oh ave c ome f r om N . 2 53 . S VPER : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 34 , 3 79 , 5 43 - P .An ton iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 77 . F r equen ti n DAN ( D ,N ,P )C IL I Ip .2 4 13 a nd i nW C IL X I I Ip . 49 . T he p e r son c ome sf r om V im inac ium . 2 54 . SVPERSTES : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 4 -I n genuv iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 74 . Mo r e f r equen t i nDc f . I DR 1 1 / 3 I ndex a nd i nH I c f . I LER I ndex . T h ep e r son i so fC e l t ic o r ig in a nd c ome s f r om

w .

2 40 . S ERENVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 0 1 -C laud ia . 0 :La t .K 2 6 1 . F requen ti nN / IT C I I Vp . 1150 . T he p e r son i sp robab ly f r om t h is a r ea .

2 55 . SVRVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 24 -C .Va le r iu s . 0 :G r . P ape I 1 463 c f . a l so I . . R u s su 1 969 b ,p . 170 , a sw e l l a s L I . R u s su 1 969 p . 250 w he r e t h e o r ig in o f t h e n ame i s d i scu ssed , w i thou t r e ach ing a ny p e r t inen t c on c lu s ion . F r equen t t h roughou t t h e p rov in ce s . T he p e r son s e em s t ob e o f I t a l ic d e scen t .

2 4 1 . S EVER IANVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 4 42 . 0 :La t .K 2 57 = 1 5 5 . F requen ti nI Ta nd W . 2 42 . S EVER INVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 60 . 0 :La t .K 2 57 . F r equen t i n NB C IL X I I p . 90 1 , N / IT . C IL V p . 1150 a nd f r om a mong DAN ,i nN a nd DL . 2 43 . S EVERVS : 5 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 38 - P ompon ia ; 4 38 M .Pompon iu s ; 6 4 , 1 . ? 4 91 . 0 :La t .K 2 56 . E xcep t I T , i t o ccu r sm o re o f ten i n DAN . T he f i r s t t wo p robab ly o r ig ina te f r om I T .

2 56 . S Y MPHORVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 / 3 1 7 1 ( M ic ia ) -C .Bov iu s , 1 .0 :G r . P ap e I1 458 . Mo s t f r equen t i n DAN ( DL c f . C IL I Ip . 2413 ) .

2 44 . S EXT IL IVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 51 -I u s t ia . 0 :La t .K 1 74 . F r equen t i nW , C IL X I I p . 90 1 , X I I I p . 48 , w he r e t h e p e r son p robab ly o r ig ina te sf r om .

2 57 . S YNDA : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 3 86 ,1 . 0 :As ia t i cL .Z gu s ta 1 955 p . 36 s q . ; L . R ob e r t 1 963 ; L . Z gu s ta 1 964 p . 4 79 . T he n ame i s , a mong o t he r t h ing s , a n e t hn icon o ft h e t r ibe w h ich i n hab i ted t h e T aman P en in su la , n o r th o f t h e B lack S ea . I n t h e a r ea s e ve ra l f o rm s o f t h e n ame a r e t ob e f o und . T he p e r son o r ig ina t se i the rf r om t h i sr e g ion o rf r om A s ia M ino r .

2 45 . S ILVANVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 4 60 -M .Ve rp id iu s .0 :La t .K 2 16 . U n ifo rm ly s p read . T he p e r son i so fC e l t ic o r ig in .

2 58 . S YNETHVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 1 93 , 1 .0 :G r . P ape I 1 459 . I to c cu r si nH I ,I Ta nd NB . T he p e r son o r ig ina te sf r om E .

2 46 . S IS IATA : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 80 - A n ton ia . 0 :Ce l t . H . I I 1 587 . I to c cu r s o n ly o n ce mo r e , i nP .C IL I I 4 181 =R IU I 4 9( Sava r ia ) .

2 59 . T ERENT IA [nu s ] =T EPENT IA [NO2 ] : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 92 ,1 .0 :La t .K 1 5 7 a nd G r . P ap e I1 509 . F r equen ti n DAN ( D ) . T h ep e r son o r ig ina te sf r om E .

2 47 . S OTER ICVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /3 3 7 ( Te l iucu I n f e r io r ) F lav iu s , 1 .0 :G r . P ap e I 1 477 . E xcep t I T , i t o ccu r s s po rad ica l ly . T he p e r son c ome sf r om DL .

2 60 . T ERT IVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 7 2 , 3 88 - Q .Au r e l iu s ; 4 49 M .U lp iu s . 0 :La t .K 29 8 . F requen t t h roughou t t h e Emp i r e . T he s e cond p e r son o r ig ina te sf r om DL .

2 48 . S PERATVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 7 1 -C om in ia . 0 :La t .K 2 96 . U n i fo rm ly s p read . S he i sI t a l ic .

2 6 1 . T ETVLVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 / 3 1 6 ( S t r e i S äce l ) -A (e l ia ? e t c ) . 0 :La t .K 1 7 1 :T i tu la . I ti st h i sf o rm t h a ta ppea r si nC IL I Ib u tt h ep ho tog raphy c l ea r ly s how st h a ti ti s TETVLA . R u s su 1 944 p . 214 s q . a f f i rm st h eT h ra c ian o r ig in o ft h en ame c f . D . D e t schew 1 976 p . 497 ( ad T e te s ) .

2 49 . S TATO [R IUS? ] : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 6 3 -P .Ae l iu s . 0 :La t .K 3 19 . T h i s f o rm i ss ca r ce : C IL I I 4 543 ( Aequ ino c t ium ) ; V 2 369 ( A t r ia ) .

2 62 . THE IMES : 2 . I DR 1/2 1 8 , 1 52 , 3 69 -P .Ae l iu s ; 3 70 -P .Ae l iu s 0 :Sem . W t 5 4 c f . S . S an ie 1 963 p . 167 s q . , S . S an ie 1 981 p .2 4 1 s q .B o th p e r son so r ig ina t ef r om P a lmy ra .

2 50 . S TRATON ICVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 / 3 7 0 , 7 1 ( M ic ia ) M .Com e l iu s , 1 . ;0 :G r . P ape I 1 446 . T he m a scu l ine f o rm o c cu r s o n ly i nP .L . B a rk6czy 1 964 p .3 25 a nd N / IT , C IL V 1 085 ( Aqu i le ia ) a s w e l l a s i nR ome c f . S o hn I1 45 . T he f em in in ef o rm i sm o r ef r equen ti nH I ,C IL I p . 744 .

2 63 . THEODORVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 03 - A e l iu s , 1 . ;3 18 M .P roc i l iu s . 0 :G r .P ape I4 90 . I to c cu r sm o r eo f ten i nN / IT , m any b ea r e r s b e ing C h r i s t ian s . T he f i r s t p e r son s e em s t o o r ig ina te f r om E ,t h eo t he ri so fI t a l ic d e scen t .

2 51 . S TRENVVS : 1 . C I 1 I I 1 209 ( Apu lum ) -P .Ae l iu s , e q .R . , 0 :La t .K 2 47 . S ca rce : C IL V 4 9 12 ( T rump l in i ) ; V I , V I I , 6p . 6 959 ( 5 ) ; I X 3 858 ( S up inum , 1 . ) , 3 997 ( A lba F ucen s ,1 . ) ; X I I5 205 ( Na rbo ,1 . ) . T h ep e r son i sI t a l ic .

2 64 . THEOF ILVS : 1 . I DR 1/2 2 74 - A u r e l iu s . 0 :G r . P ap e I4 95 . Mo r ef r equen ti nI T( N / IT ) .

6 9

T he P opu la t ion o fU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i zege tu sa 2 65 . THREPTVS : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 19 , 2 71 -V a le r iu s , 1 . ;1 89 -V i t ia . 0 :G r . P ap e I5 18 . F requen t i nI T ( N / IT ) a nd i n DAN ( DL ,D ) . B o th a r e o f O r ien ta l o r ig in , b u t t h e s e cond o ne c ou ld h ave c ome f r om I T( Rome? ) . 2 66 . T I MOCRATES : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 90 -C laud iu s , 1 .0 :G r . P ap e I1 529 s q . I to ccu r s o n ly i nR ome ( 5 ) c f . S o hn I1 5 5 a nd O s t ia C IL X IV 1 58 , 4 50 5 . T he p e r son c ou ld h ave b een o f O r ien ta l o r ig in a nd o f I t a l ic p rovenance ( Rome o r i t s e nv i ronmen t s ) .

2 83 . Mo s t f r equen t ly o c cu r s i n I T , w he r e t h e p e r son p robab ly c ome s f r om . 2 76 . VERVS : 3 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 3 - C laud iu s ; 4 11 A .F r i sen iu s ; 4 28 - Q . Man l iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 53 . F r equen t t h roughou t t h e Emp i r e . A l l t h r ee p e r son s s e em t oo r ig ina te f r om I T . 2 77 . VET ILLVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /3 1 6 ( S t re i S äce l ) -F lav ia C r i sp ina .0 :La t .K 1 70 . S ca r ce : C IL I 4 68 ( Eme r i ta ) ; I I 1 68 ( Be ry thu s ) ; V 5 677 ( Ag e r Med io lan ien s i s ) ; I X 2 456 ( Saep inum ) .

2 67 . T I MOTHEVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 4 4 1 , s .0 :G r . P ap e I1 528 s q . N o t v e ry f r equen t , b u t u n ifo rme ly s p r ead . T he p e r son p robab ly o r ig ina te sf r om E .

2 78 . V IATOR : 2 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 78 - Q .An ton iu s ; 2 05 M .Ca lven t iu s .0 :La t .K 3 62 . T h er oo tc ou ld b eC e l t ic a l so H I 2 74 . U n ifo rm ly s p r ead . B o th p e r son s a r eo fC e l t ic o r ig in a nd c ome f r om W o rN .

2 68 . T IT IANVS : 1?I DR 1 1 /2 4 43 , 1 .0 :La t .K 1 57 . E xcep t R ome a nd i t s e nv i ronmen ts , w he re i ti sv ery f r equen t , t h e n ame i st ob ef ound i n DAN ( N ,P )a nd i nW , t o o .

2 79 . V ICTOR : 3 . I DR 1/2 3 79 - P .An ton iu s ; 4 21 M . Iu l iu s , 1 . ;6 5 -C .Sp ed iu s ,1 .0 :La t .K 2 78 . V e ry f r equen t i n AF , C IL V I I I p . 199 . T he f i r s t p e r son c ome s f r om V im inac ium ,t h eo t he rt wo a r eo fI t a l ic d e scen t .

2 69 . T ROF I MVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 8 1 -F lav iu s , 1 .0 :G r . P ap e I1 5 58 ( w i th t h eL a t in iz ing o ft h ep hone t ica lg r oup ' p h ' , l i ke n r . 2 4 , 1 89 , 2 64 ) . Mo r e f r equen t i nN / IT . T he p e r son c ome sf r om E ,l i ke m o s to ft h eF lav i if r om U lp ia T ra iana .

2 80 . V ICTOR IANVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 32 - I u l iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 78 . As c a r ce f o rm d e r ived f r om V ic to r inu s . I to c cu r sm o r e o f ten i n AF a nd i n DAN .

2 70 . TVRP ILLVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 02 - C laud ia . 0 :La t .K 2 86 . T h e m o s t n ume rou s f o rm s o ft h e n ame a r e t ob e f o und i nH I C IL I 7 45 c f . I LER I ndex , w h e r e i t s c l o se s t f o rm , T u rp i l ia , o ccu r s . T h e p e r son p robab ly o r ig ina t e s f r om t h i s a r ea . 2 71 . VALENS : 9 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 27 - A t t iu s ; 2 36 - A u re l iu s ; 2 70 - M .Au re l iu s ; 33- M ?A u re l iu s ; 2 43 - C .Dom i t iu s ; 4 40 -L .F lav iu s ; 4 19 -C . Iu l iu s ; I I / 1 5 6( Bä i le H e r cu lane )Ma r iu s ; I I / 1 5 6( Bi le H e r cu lane ) -V a le r iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 47 . A t t iu s o r ig ina tes f r om A ugu s ta T r eve ro rum , C . Iu l iu s a nd Ma r iu sp r obab ly f r om I T ,L .F lav iu sf r om E ( ? ) .

2 81 . V ICTOR INVS : 3 . I DR 1 1 /2 4 04 - C ome l ia ; 4 44P e t i l ia ; 2 93 - M .U lp iu s . 0 :La t .K 2 78 . S ame a s n r . 2 80 . T h e f i r s t t wo p e r son s s e em t oh ave a n I t a l ic d e scen t . T he n ame i s u s ed b y D a c ian s , t o o : A u r .V i c to r inus , n a t ione D acus , f r om S a r rn iz ege tu sa C IL V I 3 236 c f . L I . R u s su 1 980 , p . 4 1 a nd , p robab ly , A u r .V ic to r ina , w if e o f U lp iu s D a c io C IL I I 1 3058 = 9 424 ( Sa lona ) . S ee a l so A ur .V i c to r e que s s i ngu la r i s , n a t ione D a cu s , C IL V I 3 234 c f . L I . R u s su 1 980 p . 4 1 . 2 82 . V ICTOR IVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 3 96 - A u r e l ia . 0 :La t .K 2 78 . T h i s f o rm p r eva i l s i n AF , s o t h e p e r son c ou ld h ave c ome f r om t h a tr e g ion .

2 72 . VALENT INVS : 1 3 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 9 -A n ton ia ; 2 66 , 3 26 ?- M .An ton iu s , e q .R . ; 1 1 /3 1 7 ( Va lea S i ngeo rg iu lu i ) M .Au re l iu s ; 1 1 /2 2 75 - A u r e l iu s ; 3 97 - C aec i l ia ; 1 9 C laud ia ; 3 44 - C laud iu s ; 4 35 - I u l ia ; 4 24 - L i c in ia ; 1 26 V a le r iu s ; 2 3 -V ib id iu s ; 6 5 , 1 . ; 4 53 , 1 .0 :La t .K 2 47=209 . U n i fo rm ly s p read , o ccu r ing m o s t ly i n DAN . C aec i l ia a nd V ib id iu s a r e o f I t a l ic d e scen t , t h e C laud i i , l u l i i a nd L ic in ia p robab ly o r ig ina te f r om DAN . T he A u r e l i ic ou ld b en a t ive s .

2 83 . V ILLANVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 4 52 a ;1 1 / 3 5( Ge rm i sa ra )Umb r iu s . 0 :La t .K 3 12 . S ca r ce : I LER 2 587 ( J e r ica ) , 6 489 a nd C IL I X3 48 ( Canu s ium ) . 2 84 . V ITAL IANVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 6 5 , 1 .0 :La t .K 2 74 . N o t v e ry f r equen t , b u tq u i te u n i fo rm ly s p r ead . T h en ame a ppea r s o n af r agmen ta ry i n sc r ip t ion , f o l lowed b y a n u ncommon s i gnum -E su r io s e en r . 8 8 .

2 73 . VALER IANVS : 5 . I DR 1 1 / 3 1 6 ( S t r e i S äce l ) C .A (e l iu s ?e t c ) ; 1 1 /2 13 ,5 60 -C . Iu l iu s ; 6 5 , 2 91 , 3 19 , 5 66 -C .Sp ed iu s , 1 . ;1 25 -C .Va le r iu s ; 6- U rb iu s . 0 :La t .K 1 57 . F r equen tt h roughou tt h ep rov in ce s , m o s t ly i n DAN a nd N/ IT . I u l iu s c ome s f r om W . S p ed iu s a nd U rb iu s a r e o f I t a l ic d escen t .

2 85 . V ITAL IS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 89 - T .Au r e l iu s , 1 .0 :La t .K 2 74 . U n if rom ly s p r ead . T he p e r son c ou ld h ave b een a n a t ive , s e eA ur .V i ta l i s f r om a l a IH i spano rum C ampagonum , e n ro l led i nt h e e qu i te s s i ngu lare sC IL V I 3 238 c f . L I . R u ssu 1 980 p p .37 ,4 1 .

2 74 . VALER IVS : 3 . I DR 1 1 /2 13 - I u l ia ; 13 , 5 60 C . Iu l iu s ; I I / 1 2 72 ( Ma rga ) -S i l ia . N omen m i su sed a s c ognomen w h ich i sf r equen t f o r t h i s n ame i n DAN a nd , l e s s f r equen t i n NB a nd N/ IT . T he f i r s t t wo s e em t ob e o fC e l t ic o r ig in a nd t o h ave c ome f r om NB ( ? ) , S i l ia i s o f I t a l ic d e sc en t .

2 86 . VOLVS IANVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 3 90 -A u r e l iu s . 0 :La t .K 1 5 9 . R a r e : C IL I 6 40 ( Ph i l ipp i ) , 7 437 , 1 ,3 0 ( N icopo l is ) ; V I I I 174 , 4 575 , 1 139 , 1 6782 , X I 3 964 ( Cap ena ) ; X I I 4 89 ( Ma ss i l ia ) .

2 75 . VENVSTVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 54 , 3 92 - A e l ia . 0 :La t .K

7 0

T he A na ly sed Ma te r ia l p e r son s e em st ob eo fI t a l ic d e scen t .

2 87 . VRS INVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 77 — C .An ton iu s . 0 :La t .K 30 . V e ry f r equen t i n DAN . T he p e r son s e em s t oo r ig ina te f r om H I . 2 88 . VRSVS : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 24 . 0 :La t .K 3 29 . m o r eo f ten i nC IL I Ip . 24 19 a nd X I I Ip . 52 .

2 91 . ZOE : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 2 00 P ap i r ia . 0 :G r .P ape I4 47 . N o t v e ry f r equen tb u tu n ifo rm ly s p r ead . S he p robab ly o r ig ina te s f r om H I .

I to c cu r s

2 92 . ZORA : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 2 36 —F lav iu s . 0 :Sem . W t5 1 c f . S .S ame 1 973 p . 1 68 s q . , S .S an ie 1 981 p . 243 . O nce m o r e : C IL X 6 638 ,C ,3 ,7 ( s ) . H eo r ig ina te sf r om E .

2 89 . ZABD IBOL : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 3 69 —P .Ae l iu s . 0 :Sem . W t 4 8 c f . S . S ame 1 981 , P . 1 73 a nd n . 4 ( W i th b i b l iog raphy ) . T he p e r son i sf r om P a lmy ra . 2 90 . ZENO : 1 . I DR 1 1 /2 1 99 — C .Va le r iu s . 0 :G r . P ap e I 4 45 . No t v e ry f r equen t : C IL I p . 740 a nd X p . 1090 . T he

7 1

2 93 . ZOS IMVS : 1 .I DR 1 1 /2 4 13 — Q . Ianua r iu s . 0 :G r . P ape I4 47 . U n i fo rm ly s p r ead . T he p e r son o r ig ina te s f r om A s ia M ino r .

CHAPTER 3 TABLES

Ratio of

Tab.] . free and non-free persons having cognomina of various origins

Lat. F ree Non-Free

2 73 6 8

TOTAL

3 41

Greek 3 4 7 4

Sem. 1 7

Celt. 1 3

Thr.

I llyr.

5

3

Asiatic

1 1 47

Tab.2 Frequency of main name types Type of name

Names

Frequency

Origin of the majority of bearers

I mperial gentilicia

Aurelius Aelius I ulius Ulpius C laudius F lavius Septimius

5 4 3 9 3 7 3 2 1 3 1 3 4

DAN E W W W E E ( Palmyra)

Common gentilicia

Valerius Antonius Procilius Domitius Cassius Cornelius Cominius I anuarius Spedius

3 0 2 3 1 0 9 7 7 6 5 5

W W I T DL E I T N /IT E DL

Cognomina

Valentinus Maximus Valens Carus Priscus Saturninus S ecundinus I ngenuus I ulianus Primus Rufinus Rufus S everus Valerianus

1 3 1 0 9 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 5 5

DAN/IT I T,E, DAN I T, W,E W W ,DAN W W W ,IT I T I T W ,E,DAN W ,E,DAN I T I T, W

Tab.3 Unique names Anclarenius Castenus Corbulius Frisenius Seximius Audeo Appianusa B utes Cimio Dedalus

Esurio Gora Haemus I ateimos Laurentianus Metrobianus P rotenus Synda Tetula Turpilla

7 2

T ab l e s Tab.4 Very rare names Fuscinianus Potinianus Pusinnus Rusticus S isiata S ummus Villanus

I ustius Lisinius Maximus P ilonius P roculus Verpidius Urbius

Tab.5 Main families and the number of their members Lucii Aelii Publii Aelii Titii Ancharii Sextii Annii Lucii Antistii Caii Antonii Lucii Antonii Marcii Antonii Publii Antonii Quintii Antonii Lucii Apuleii Caii Aquilii Quintii Attii Sextii Attii U lpii ? Avilii Caii Aurelii Marcii Aurelii Quintii Aurelii Titii Aurelii Decimii Baebatii Marcii Bassii Lucii Bononii Caii Bovii Caii Caecilii Marcii Calventii Lucii Cassii P ublii Celsenii Tiberii Claudii Titii Claudii Caii Clodii

1 1 6 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ? 1 2 1 1

Lucii C lodii 2 Lucii Coelii 1 Marcii Cominii 1 Titii Corbulii 1 Marcii Cornelii 2 Quintii Cornelii 1 Lucii Dasumii 1 Caii Domitii 1 Lucii Domitii 2 Marcii Domitii 1 Ulpii ? Domitii 3 Publii F laccinii 1 Lucii F lavii 1 Titii F lavii 3 Aulii Frisenii 1 Lucii Grattii 1 Quintii Ianuarii 1 Caii I avolenii 1 Quintii Ingenuvii 1 Caii I ulii 1 5 Marcii I ulii 3 Quintii I ulii 2 Titii I ulii 1 Caii Laberii 1 Aurelii ? Laecanii 1 Titii Lisinii 1 Caii Longinii 1 Marcii Lucillii 1 Aelii Macrinii 1 Quintii Manilii 1

Tab.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 2 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 6 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Caii Metii Caii Octavii Marcii Opellii Caii Petronii Sextii P ilonii Marcii Pomponii Publii Pontii Marcii P rocilii Caii Romanii Caii Sentii Aelii Septimii Marcii Servii Caii Sextii Caii Spedii Marcii S uronii Caii Titii Caii Togernii Marcii Turranii Caii Valerii Lucii Valerii Marcii Valerii Quintii Valerii Sextii Valerii Titii Varenii Caii Venetii Marcii Veponii Marcii Verpidii Quintii Vibii Marcii Ulpii Marcii Urbii

6

Eguites Romani

Name

1 .

P . Ael. Antipater

2 .

P . Ael.Strenuus

3 . 4 .

L . Ant.Priscus M . Ant. Valentinus

5 . 6 . 7 .

Aur.Constantius Aur.Secundus Tib.C1. Augustianus Cominius Celerinus

8 . 9 .

M .Cominius Quintus

Area of provenance

Position

Dating

f l.col. Apul., s ac. a rae Aug. s ac. arae. Aug., augur U lp. Traianae et Apul., dec.Drobet. etc. dec.(Sarm.) dec. munic. Apul., s ac.arae Aug. dec.col. Vimin. dec. col.Sarm. s ac.Concilii provinc., I II Dac. pontif.col.,trib. l eg. pontif.,bisquinq uennalis,praef. qq.pro imp., s ac. a rae Aug.

a fter

2 22

I T

after

2 22

I T

beg.of 2nd cent. 2 38-244 a fter

AF or H I

2 37

2 22-235

IT

?

middle of 2nd cent. 1 80-222

N/IT N/IT

P opu la t ion o fU lp ia T ra iana S ann izege tusa 1 0. 1 1. 1 2. 1 3.

1 4. 1 5.

1 6. 1 7.

M .Procilius I ulianus M . Procilius Regulus C . Valerius Valerianus T . Varenius P udens T . Varenius Sabinianus M . Ulp. Gemellinus . ..il(lus) Longinus I gnotus

dec.col.(Sarm.) dec.col.(Sarm.)

I T

After

2 22

I T

1 80?-220?

I T

I I vir.col.Sarm. dec.col. Apul. dec.et f l.col.Sarm. praef. qq. dec.mun. Apul., patr. mun. Porolis. etc. f l.col.Sarm.,dec. col.Sarm.et Apul. quaest.,II v ir., praef. qq. dec.col. Sarm. s ac. arae Aug.

a fter

Sacerdotalis provinciae

a fter S eptimius S everus

Tab.

1 . 2 . 3 .

Ignotus = C . Ael.Domitianus Gaurus M .Cominius Quintus Q .Ianuarius Rufus

?

I T native?

2 22

?

7

Praefecti Quinguennales pro

Name

I T

beg.of 2nd cent. ? beg.of2nd cent.

Imperatore

Area of provenance

Dating

0 . C.

1 61-169

Lat.

S /IT

1 80-222 1 38-161

Lat. Lat.

N /IT C /IT

?

Tab.8 Decuriones

Dating

Name

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0. 1 1. 1 2. 1 3. 1 4. 1 5. 1 6. 1 7. 1 8. 1 9. 2 0. 2 1. 2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5. 2 6. 2 7. 2 8.

P . Ael.Fabianus Ael. Macrinius Epidiamus qui e t Epidius P . Ael. Maximianus P . Ael.Provincialis Ael.Septimius T . Ancharius Octavius L . Ant.Pap.Domitius Priscus L . Antonius Priscus L . Antonius Rufinus L . Antonius L .f.Pap. Rufus L . Antonius Rufus P . Antonius Super Q . Antonius Viator C . Antonius Ursinus L . Apuleius Marcus T . Aurelius Candidus Aurelius Ingenuus M . Aurelius I ulianus ? Aurelius Maximus Aurelius Secundus Q . Aurelius Q .f.Pap. Tertius M .? Aurelius Valens M . Aurelius Valentinus P .Celsenius Constans L .Clodius Pap.Etriscus L .Coelius Aelianus T .Corbulius Priscianus U lpius Domitius Ulpii Pap. Rufinus

f .

a fter

0 . C.

2 11

1 59-161

a fter 2 22 beg.of 2nd c . beg.of 2nd c . beg.of 2nd C . beg.of 2nd C . beg.of 2nd C . after 2 37

1 70-180 a fter 2 22 a fter 2 22 mid 2 nd c . 1 42 3 rd c . beg.of

2nd c .

a fter 2 22 f irst half of 2nd c . beg.of 2 nd c .

7 4

Area of provenance

Lat. Lat.

I T DL

Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat.

native native

Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat.

? ?

DL AF or H I AF AF AF Af

or or or or

H I native native native native

H I H I H I H I

? ? ? ?

Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat.

DL W or DAN DAN ? native ?

Lat.

D ?

T ab l e s 2 9. 3 0. 3 1. 3 2. 3 3. 3 4. 3 5. 3 6. 3 7. 3 8. 3 9. 40. 4 1. 4 2. 4 3. 4 4. 4 5. 4 6. 4 7. 4 8. 4 9. 5 0. 5 1. 5 2. 5 3. 5 4. 5 5. 5 6. 5 7. 5 8. 5 9. 6 0. 6 1. 6 2. 6 3. 6 4. 6 5. 6 6. 6 7. 6 8. 6 9. 7 0. 7 1. 7 2.

T .Flavius Longinus beg. of 2nd c . A .Frisenius Pap. Verus L .Grattius Paternus I gnotus ? C . Aelius Domitianus 1 61-169 Gaurus = C .Iulius Carus 2 22-235 T .Iulius Gaianus C .Iulius Fronto 2 22-235 M .Iulius Pap.Iustus C .Iulius Marcianus C .Iulius C .f. Pap. 2 22-235 Valerius I ulius Victorianus Aurelius Laecanius Paulinus 2 11-212 Q . Manilius Pap. Verus beg. of 2nd C . M .Pomponius Severus 2 11-222 M . Procilius I ulianus beg. of 2nd c .? M .Procilius Regulus beg.of 2nd c . f irst half o f M .Procilius Theodorus 2nd c . C . Romanius Summus C .Sentius Anicetus 205 C .Sentius C . F.Sulp.Flaccus Turranius Antonius M .Turranius Fronto Sex. Valerius... Sex. Valerius Fronto beg. of 2nd c . Q . Valerius Macrinus ? L . Valerius Rufus 2 22-235 C . Valerius C .f. Pap.Surus 2 22-235 .. Valerius C .f.Pap. Valentinus C . Valerius Zeno 1 80?-200? T . Varenius T .f. Pap. Pudens f irst half o f T . Varenius T .f.Pap. 3 rd c . Sabinianus Varius Martialis M .Ulpius Gemellinus M .Ulpius I ustinus a fter 2 22 M . Ulpius Maius a fter 2 22 M .Ulpius Marteialis M .Ulpius Tertius a fter 2 22 M .Ulpius Victorinus . .. Firmus 1 07-118 . .. Herculanus a fter 2 22 . .. i l(ius) Longinus . .. Maximus . .. Paulus . .. Saturninus

Tab.

Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Greek Lat. Greek Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat.

native

?

I T

E ?

IT IT I T I T I T I T

?

HI HI DL DL

? ?

I T I T

? ?

Greek Lat. Lat.

I T I T I T

?

Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat.

DL native P ? I T AF DL native

?

?

9

Dvvmviri Dating

Name

P .Aelius P .Aelius

3 .

P .Aelius Theimes-II

viral.

4 .

P .Aelius Theimes-II

viral.

5 .

L . Antonius L .f.Pap. Rufus II viral. C .Clodius Secundinus-II viral. M .Cominius M .f. Pap. Quintus 1 80-222 - bis qq. C .Iulius Metrobianus-II vir. et qq. C .Iulius Valens - I I v ir. i .d. C .Iulius C .f. Pap. Valerius 2 22-235 - I I viral.

6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0.

Fabianus - q . q. S trenuus-II viral.

a fter 2 11 f irst half 3rd c . f irst half 3 rd c . f irst half 3rd c . beg.of 2nd

1 . 2 .

0.

C.

Area of provenance I T I T

o f

Lat. Lat.

of

Semit.

o f

Semit.

c .

Lat.

AF or H I

Lat. Lat.

W or DAN N/IT

Greek Lat. Lat.

I T or AF

P opu la t ion o fU lp ia T ra iana S arm izege tusa 1 1. 1 2. 1 3. 1 4. 1 5. 1 6. 1 7. 1 8. 1 9. 2 0. 2 1. 2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5. 2 6. 2 7.

C . Mettius Cassianus - I I vir. M . Opellius M .f.Pap. Adiutor 1 07-118 I I vir. i . d. M .Procilius Niceta - I I vir. beg.of 2nd C . M .Procilius Theodorus f irst half of II vir ? et qq. 2nd c . ? Spedius C lemens - I I vir. S ex. Valerius Fronton - I I v ir L . Valerius Rufus - I I vir C . Valerius C .f.Pap.Surus 2 22-235 - I I viral. .. Valerius C .f. Pap. 2 22-235 Valentinus-II vir. e t q q . C . Valerius C .f.Pap. after 2 22 Valerianus - I I vir C . Valerius Zeno - I I vir T . Varenius Probus - I I viral. et qq. T . Varenius T .f. Pap. Pudens 1 80?-200? - praef. qq. Vibidius Valentinus - g q • M .Ulpius Gemellinus I I vir et praef. qq. M .Ulpius Restutus - I I vir. .. Rufinus ? - I I viral.

Tab.

Lat/Semit. Lat.

I T DL

?

Greek Greek

I T I T

Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat.

DL AF I T

? ?

Lat.

I T

?

Lat.

I T

?

Greek Lat.

I T I T

?

Lat.

I T

Lat. Lat.

I T native

Lat. Lat.

P ?

?

10

Aediles et guaestores Dating

Name

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0. 1 1. 1 2.

L . Antonius L .f.Pap. Rufus - a edilicius L . Apuleius Marcus - quaestor L .Coelius Aelianus a edilicius M . Opellius M .f. Pap. Adiutor quaestor, aedilis M .Pomponius Severus - quaestor Sex. Valerius Fronto - aedilis L . Valerius Rufus - quaestor C . Valerius C .f.Pap. Surus - aedilicius .. Valerius C .f.Pap. Valentinus - aedilicius Vibidius Valentinus - aedilis M .Ulpius Gemellinus - quaestor . .. Herculanus - aedilicius

0 . C.

Lat.

AF or

1 70-180 a fter 2 22

Lat. Lat.

DAN

1 07-118

Lat.

DL

2 11-222

Lat.

I T

2 22-235

Lat. Lat. Lat.

AF I T

? ?

2 22-235

Lat.

I T

?

Lat. Lat. Lat.

I T native native

beg.of

2nd c .

Tab. Imperial

1 .

3 . 4 . 5 .

M . Aurelius Crescens Auggg.lib. Claudius ? Timocrates Aug.lib. Allianus Aug. n. verna, Ampliatus Aug. n. Augustalis impp. nn.

6 . 7 . 8 . 1 0. 1 1. 1 2. 1 3.

B ubalus Aug.lib. Carpion Aug.lib. Carus Caes. n. verna Epipodius Aug.n. verna Eutyches Auggg. nnn. Fortunatus Aug.lib. Gallicanus verna? Aug.n.?

2 .

HI

? ?

1 1 freedman

Position

Name

Area of provenance

servus dispensator

o

. c.

Lat.

2 09-211

Greek

3 rd c .

Lat. Lat. Lat.

Greek Greek Lat. Lat. villicus Greek dispensator a diutor tabularii Lat. Lat. tabularius

7 6

Dating

2nd half of 2nd/beg.of 3rd c . 3 rd c . 3 rd c .

2 09-211 3 rd C .

T ab le s 1 4. 1 5. 1 6.

Herculanus Augg. nn. Herculanus Aug. n. Hygia impp. nn.

verna

1 7. 1 8. 1 9. 2 0. 2 1. 2 2. 2 3. 2 4.

I anuarius Aug. I anuarius Augg.lib. I gnotus Aug.lib. Liberalis Aug.n. verna Nemesianus Caes. n.servus Optatus Aug. n. verna Philomusus Aug.n. Primitivos Aug.lib.

2 5. 2 6. 2 7.

Severus Aug.lib. Valentina Aug.n. verna Valentinus qui et Potinianus Aug.n. verna

adiutor tabularii adiutor tabularii

ex arcario n ummularius adiutor tabularii adiutor tabularii l ibrarius adiutor tabularii adiutor tabularii tabularius prov. Dac. Apul.

Sacerdotes

P . Aelius Antipater P .Aelius S trenuus M . Antonius Valentinus Tib.Claudius Augustianus M .Cominius M .f.Pap. Quintus . ..il(ius) [ Lo]ngi[nus] Ignotus

2nd/ 3rd c .

Lat. Greek Lat. Greek Lat.

3rd c . 1 96-198

2 22-235

Lat. Lat. Lat.

1 2

arae Augusti

Dating

Name

1 98-209 2 11-212 2nd half of i st half of

Lat. Lat.

l ibrarius ab i nstrumantis censualibus

Tab.

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 .

Lat. Lat. Greek

a fter

o .

2 22

?

2 38-244 2 22-235 1 80-222 a fter 2 22 ? a fter Septimius Severus

Tab.

C .

Greek Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat.

Area of provenance I T I T I T N/IT

1 3

Augustales Name

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0. 1 1. 1 2. 1 3. 1 4. 1 5. 1 6. 1 7. 1 8. 1 9. 2 0. 2 1. 2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5. 2 6. 2 7. 2 8. 2 9. 3 0.

Aelius Macrinius Epidianus et Epidius Sex.? Annius Paternius L .Antistiuus Onesimus Q . Attius Anthimus Sex. Attius Secundus Aurelius ? Priscianus Q . Aurelius Saturninus T . Aurelius Vitalis D .Baebatius Chrysanthus C .Bovius Symphorus C .Caecilius Felix L .Cassius Marcio Cassius Maximus T .Claudius Anicetus Tib.Claudius I anuarius M .Cornelius Primus M .Cornelius Stratonicus Ulpius Domitius Hermes Domitius Hipponicus Domitius Onesimus Domitius Regulus Flavius Fortunatus Flavius Sotericus M .Iulius Victor Lucilius Lucillianus M .Procilius Aphrodisius Septimius Asclepiades C .Spedius Valerianus C .Spedius Victor M .Suronius Adrastus

Dating

o

q ui

before 1 42 a fter

2 22

a fter

2 35

beg. of beg.of beg. of beg. of

a fter

1 70

2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd

c . c . c . c .

2 22

a fter 2 22 beg.of 3 rd c .

7 7

. C .

Area of provenance

Greek

DL

Lat. Greek Greek Lat. Lat. Lat. Lat. Greek Greek Lat. Greek Lat. Greek Lat. Lat. Greek Greek Greek Greek Lat. Lat. Greek Lat. Lat. Greek Greek Lat. Lat. Greek

W I T or AF W ? W ? native ? native ? native ? I T ? AF E E C /IT

?

I T ? E ? P ?

E ? DL I T or AF I T or W I T E DL DL W

P opu la t ion o fU lp ia T ra iana S arm i zege tusa 3 1. 3 2. 3 3. 3 4. 3 5. 3 6. 3 7. 3 8. 3 9. 4 0. 4 1. 4 2. 4 3. 4 4. 4 5. 46.

C .Titius Agathopus C .Togernius I ngenuus Valerius Threptus Venetius Privatus M . Veponius Maximinus Q . Vibius Amillus Ulpius A ... M .? Ulpius Fuscinianus . .. Antipater . .. Chrys...? . .. Crescentio . .. Eutyches . .. Marcio . .. Marcus . .. Valentinus . .. Vitalianus Esurio ?

a fter 2 22 beg.of 2nd c . a fter 2 22 1 07-138

Tab.

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0.

DL W E DL or W W I T

Lat. Greek Greek Lat. Greek Greek Lat. Lat. Lat. ? Celt. ?

native

f lamines

Dating

o .

c .

Area of provenance

? Ignotus = C . Aelius Domitianus 1 61-169 Lat. Gaurus, f l. Q . Aurelius Q .f.Pap. Tertius,f1. 1 42 Lat. Cominius Celerinus, potif. mid 2nd c . Lat. M .Cominius M .f.Pap. Quintus, 1 80-222 Lat. pontif. Q .Ianuarius Q .f. Collina Rufus, 1 38-161 Lat. f l. M .Procilius M .f. Pap. Niceta, f l. beg.of 2nd c . Greek C .Spedius Hermias,f1. Greek Sex. Valerius Sex.f. Pap. Fronto,f1. Lat. T . Varenius T .f.Pap. Pudens, f l. 1 80?-200? Lat. T . Varenius Sabinianus,f1. i st half of 3 rd c .Lat.

Tab.

?

1 4

Pontifices et

Name

Greek Lat. Greek Lat. Lat. Greek

I T

N /IT N/IT C /IT I T DL W I T I T

?

?

1 5

Milites et veterani Name

1 .

P . Aelius

Theimes

2 .

P . Aelius

Theimes?

3 .

P . Antonius

4 . 5 . 6 .

Aur. Caius Aur.Ingenuus M . Aur. Valens

7 .

M . Calventius Viator

8 .

Claudius Saecularis Cominius Celerinus L .Dasumius Priscus C .Domitius Valens T . Flavius... P . Helvius Primanus C .Iavolenus Modestus I ulius C ... C .Iulius Carus C .Iulius Macer

9 . 1 0. 1 1. 1 2. 1 3. 1 4. 1 5. 1 6. 1 7.

Super?

Task

Other prerogatives

Dating

ex>coh.I. Vindelic., vet. vet.

I I viral col. Dac.Sarm. I I viral. col.Sarm.

i st half of 3 rd c . i st half of 3 rd c . a fter 2 37

M

2 38-244 3 rd c . beg.of 3 rd c .

native

1 12-117

W

a fter

C /IT

ex. bf.trib. coh.III0 0 Delm?, vet. bf.cos. a ctarius miles l eg. XIII G . Antoninianae exercitator equitum s ingularium, > l eg.IIII F .F. bf.cos. trib.leg. XIII G . ? ; vet.leg. X III > ? l eg. XIII G . bf.cos. l ibrarius cos. > l eg. XIII G . ? N .P. O., vet. f rumentarius >

pontif.col. G .

mid

Area of provenance

1 70

2nd c .

a fter a fter

E E

N /IT DL DL ?

1 70 1 70 N /IT

dec.col.Sarm.

7 8

2 22-235 beg.of 2nd c .

E ? W

T ab l e s 1 8. 1 9.

I ulius Priscus C .Iulius Sabinus

3 6. 3 7. 3 8.

? ; v eteranus miles l eg.XIII G . l ibrarius a rationibus Q .Iulius Secundinus vet.leg. XIII G . C .Iulius Valerianus bf.cos. C .Iulius Valerius ex b f.cos.,vet. l eg.XIII G ., Severianae C .Laberius I ustus ? l eg.XIII G . Aurelius Laecanius ex.custode Paulinus armorum coh.I Vindelic.,vet. Q . Manilius Verus s ignifer,vet. l eg.XV Apol. C .Petronius I ustus cornicularius procuratoris Sex.Pilonius > l eg.IIII F .F. Modestus coh.III, h astatus posterior e tc. P . Aelius Septimius ex > N . P. O., vet. Audeo Aelius Septimius miles l eg.XIII G . Romanus adiutor o ficii corniculariorum s ignifer l eg. XIII C . Valerius I ngenue Q . Valerius vet.leg. V Mac., missicius Macrinus ? praefecti L . Valerius Rufus ex.bf.cos.,vet. l eg.XIII G . T . Varenius Pudens praefectus cohortis M . Verpidius eques a lae I I S ilvanus Pannon. M . Ulpius Gemellinus praef.coh.II Fl.Commag. M . Ulpius Marteialis ? ; vet. U lpius Maximianus bf.cos. vet.leg.IIII FF .. Firmus

3 9.

..

4 0. 4 1. 4 2.

Quartus Priscinus h ue Sallustianus

2 0. 2 1. 2 2.

2 3. 2 4.

2 5. 2 6. 2 7.

2 8. 2 9.

3 0. 3 1.

3 2. 3 3. 3 4. 3 5.

Gemellus

I T or AF

DAN dec.II vir. col.Sarm.

?

2 22-235 beg.of 3rd c .

I T IT

2 11-212

beg.of

2nd c .

1 02-118?

?

N/IT or AF I T S /IT

3 rd c . 3 rd c .

G .

1 09-211

dec.col. Dac.Sarm.

beg.of

2nd c .

AF

dec.col. f l.coloniarum, dec. qq.col.Sarm.

1 80?-200?

?

I T W (N, R7)

qq.,II vir., dec.col.Sarm. dec.col.Sarm. dec.col.Dac. Ulp.Trai. Aug.Sarm.

praef.coh.I Aug.Thr. miles l eg.XIII G . bf.cos. ? a lae Electorum

native? a fter 2 22 3 rd c . ? 1 07-118

a fter

Tab.

AF

?

1 70

1 6

Humiliores Position

Inscription

Name and quality

1 . 2 .

Ael. Primitiva 1 . Ael.Diogenes ?

I DR 1 11/2, I DR I II/1,

3 01 2 72

3 . 4 .

Ael.Firminus a l. L . Ael. Hylas 1 .

I DR 1 11/2, I DR 1 11/2,

1 03 3 06a

5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 .

Ael.Theodorus al. L . Ant.Epagathus 1 . Aur.Epictesis 1 ? Aur.Fortunata 1 . M . Aur.Fortunatus ? 1 .

I DR I DR I DR I DR I DR

1 03 1 04 3 2 2 28 1 06

1 0.

Aur. Marinus Marini

I DR

1 11/2,

1 86

1 1.

Aur. Valens

I DR

1 11/2,

2 36

1 2.

Baebatia Gamice co-1.

I DR

I II/1,

8 9

1 .?

?

7 9

Dating

Lat. Greek

( ex)coll. utriclariorum

Lat. Greek

xx(heredit. l iberatus)

( ex) dec.III coll.fabrum vexillarius coll.fabrum decurio coll. f abrum

0 . C.

beg.of 2nd 3rd c . a fter 2 22 3rd c .

Greek Greek Greek Lat. Lat.

3rd c .

Lat.

3 rd C .

Lat. Greek

P opu la t ion o fU lp ia T ra iana S arm izege tusa 1 3.

M . Bassius Aquila

1 4.

Cornelius Cornelianus

1 5.

Crassus Macrobius

1 6. 1 7.

M .Domitius Primus ? P . Flaccinius Felix 1 .

1 8. 1 9.

Flavia Crispina Vetila 1 .7 T . F1. Aper 1 .?

2 0. 2 1.

Fl.Bellicus 1 . ? Fl. Graecinus ?

I DR 1 11/2, 1 87, 2 53,264,457 I DR 1 11/2, 1 89 I DR 1 11/2, 2 54

2 2. 2 3.

Fl. Trofimus Fl.Zora ?

I DR I DR

1 11/2, 1 11/2,

2 81 2 36

2 4.

Gaius Gaianus

I DR

1 11/2,

2 02

2 5.

Q .Ianuarius

I DR

1 11/2,

4 12

2 6. 2 7.

I ulia Maxima 1 . ? C .Iul. Eucharis fam.cos.

I DR I DR

1 11/2, 1 11/2,

4 21 4 15

2 8.

C .Iul. Marcus

I DR

1 11/2,

4 17

2 9. 3 0. 3 1. 3 2. 3 3. 3 4. 3 5. 3 6. 3 7. 3 8. 3 9. 4 0. 4 1.

Lisinia Callityche 1 . ? Maxima Butes 1 . ? M . Procilius Primus 1 . Publicia Eutychia 1 . ? P . Publicius Anthus 1 . Publicius Cletus 1 . Servillia Primitiva 1 . L . Val. Epjgonus 1 . ? L . Val.Eutr(apelus?) L . Val. Eutychus 1 . C . Val. Maximus ? Val. Niceforus 1 . Val. Philinus ?

I DR I DR I DR I DR I DR I DR I DR I DR I DR I DR I DR I DR I DR

1 11/2, 1 11/3, 1 11/2, 1 11/2, 1 11/3, 1 11/2, 1 11/2, 1 11/2, 1 11/2, 1 11/2, 1 11/2, 1 11/2, 1 11/2,

4 25 1 6 3 17 6 3 2 18 2 18 4 43 1 54 2 94 1 61 3 21 1 25 4 56

4 2. 4 3.

Val. Protus 1 . T . Varenius Gallicanus

I DR I DR

1 11/2, 1 11/2,

1 25 3 22

4 4. 4 5. 4 6.

Ulpia Candida 1 . ? Ulp.Eucharistus 1 . ? M . Ulp. Sa... ?

I DR I DR I DR

4 50 4 50 2 15

4 7. 4 8. 4 9. 5 0. 5 1. 5 2. 5 3.

Adrastus l /s. Alexander s .? Antigenes 1 . Antoninus 1 .? Chryseros 1 . ? Conservator publicus Diogenes 1 .

I DR I DR I DR I DR I DR I DR I DR

4 43 3 15 6 4 3 47 2 52 1 4 2 16

5 4. 5 5. 5 6. 5 7.

Euhemer 1 ./s. Eumorfos ? 1 .? Euprepes s . Eutyches 1 .

I DR I DR I DR I DR

3 47 2 52 1 61 6 5

5 8. 5 9. 6 0. 6 1. 6 2.

Eutyches 1 . Felix 1 . Hermadio 1 . Hilarus 1 ./s. . .. Laurentianus

I DR I DR I DR I DR I DR

1 76 6 4 2 83 3 15 4 23

6 3. 6 4. 6 5. 6 6. 6 7. 6 8. 6 9.

Logismus 1 ./s. . ..Long... ? Marcus 1 ./s. Merops 1 ./e. Noumenios 1 . ? . .. Philotimus 1 . Proshodus 1 ./s.

I DR I DR I DR I DR I DR I DR I DR

3 88 2 85 4 43 6 7 6 7 2 88 3 88

1 .

? ?

?

?

?

?

Zosimus

?

?

?

?

?

1 .

I DR

1 11/2,

2 02

I DR

1 11/2,

3 14

I DR

1 11/2,

1 09

I DR I DR

1 11/2, 1 11/2,

4 06 1 63

I DR

1 11/3,

1 6

8 0

( ex)dec.IIII coil. f abrum defensor l ecticariorum defensor negotiatorum ( ex)coll. f abrum decurio coll. f abrum

Lat. a fter

1 70

Greek Lat.

end of 2nd or 3rd c .

Lat. Lat. Lat. Greek

s criba coloniae

Lat. Lat.

patronus dec. I III ? coll. f abrum decurio coll. f abrum ( ex)dec. I III coil. f abrum ( ex?) coll. f abrum

Greek Sem.

3rd c .

Lat. Greek a fter 2 22 a fter 208 or 2 17

( ex)

Lat.

coll. f abrum

pegmarius

? a fter

2 22

a fter a fter decurio coll. f abrum, ter magister

2 22 2 22

( ex) coll. f abrum

a ctor P . Aelii Antipatri

Greek Lat.

2 09-211

Greek Greek Greek Lat. Greek Lat. Greek

beg. of

Greek Greek Greek Greek

?

Vikarius dispensatoris

Greek Greek Lat. Greek Greek Greek Lat. Greek Greek Greek Lat. Greek Greek

Lat. Greek Lat.?

( ex) dec. XIII coll. f abrum g ladiator

Lat. Greek

3rd

Greek Lat. Greek Lat. Lat.

( ex) coll. f abrum 1 42 s alariarius

1 42

Greek Lat. Lat. Greek Greek Greek Greek

T ab l e s 7 0.

Protas

1 .

7 1. 7 2. 7 3. 7 4. 7 5. 7 6.

Severus 1 . 7 Synethus 1 . Synda 1 . Terentianos 1 . Timotheus 1 ./s. Titianus

I DR

1 11/2,

207

I DR 1 11/2, I DR 1 11/2, I DR 1 11/2, I DR 1 11/2, I DR 1 11/2, I DR 1 11/2,

6 4 1 93 3 86 2 92 4 41 4 43

8 1

Greek

Vikarius dispensatoris adiutor tabularii s criba tabularii

3 rd c .

Lat. Greek Asian Greek Greek Lat.

CHAPTER 4 OVERALL CONCLUS IONS

1 .E thn ica ls t ruc ture s

p e r cu to r y e v iden ce o f t h e q ua s i— to ta l a b sence o f n a t ive s f r om t h ec ap i ta lo fD a c ia .

A si ti sw e l l—known , t h ei n fo rma t ion p rov ided b yt h el i t e ra ry s ou r ce s , r e f e r r ing t o t h e s t a tu s a nd s t ruc tu r e o f t h e U lp ian p opu la t ion l e ad st ot h ree m a jo rc on c lu s ion s :

1 . 2 . O u t o f t h e t o ta l s um o f p e r son s w ho se a r ea s o f p rovenanc e h ave b een e i the r p r ec i se ly o r a pp rox ima te ly i d en t if ied , c .2 5% o r ig ina te f r om I T . c .2 2% f r om DAN , c . 1 8% f r om E a nd a s m any f r om W , c .1 0% a r e p re sumab ly n a t ive s a nd o n ly c . 3% o r ig ina te f r om AF . T he se r a t io s c on t rad ic t t o ac e r ta in e x t en t t h e p reced ing s t a temen t s a cco rd ing t ow h ich t h e n umbe ro fc o lon i s t s o fI t a l ic o r ig in i s p r eva i l ing' a nd c onf i rm E u t rop iu s ' a f f i rma t ion , e x t o to O rb e R omano . T h i s f a c t d o e s n o t s e t i t se lf a ga in s t t h e a bove d emon s t ra ted i d ea o f t h e o f t h e L a t in q ua l i ty o f t h e p opu la t io n .

1 .U lp ia T ra iana , i n i t ia l ly n amed o n ly C o Ion ia D ac i ca l,w a s f o unded 2 b y d educ t io , b e ing t h u s p l aced f r om t h e v e ry b eg inn ing i nt h eb e s ta nd m o s th ono ra ry s i tua t ion o ft h ec i t ie s o ft h e Emp i r e' . 2 . S im i la r ly t of ou ro t he rc i t ie s i nD a c ia , i tw a s g r an ted i u s i t a l icum 4,w h ich v a l ida te s t h e q ua l i ty o f t h e c o lony ' s b ody c i t izen s a nd p rove s t h e i n ten t ion o ft h e c onque ro r s t os u bm i t t h e p rov inc e ' s n a tu ra l a s se t s t o i n t en se e xp lo i ta t ion . A s t h ing ss t ood ,s upp lemen ta ry h and l a bou rw a s an ece s s i ty ' .

D epend ing o n t h e a r ea s o f p rovenanc e , t h e s i tua t ion i sa s f o l low s :

3 . T he c o lon iza t ion w a s p r ima r i ly a n o f f ic ia l a nd m a s s p roce s s ,a nd i tw a sc a r r ied o u tb ym ean so fc o lon i s t s a l lo ve r t h e Emp i r e' .

a ) F rom I T , t h e a r ea o f p rovenance o f c o lon i s t s w ho r e p re sen t t h e i n i t ia l b u lk o f t own a r i s to c ra cy ' i n U lp ia T ra iana , i ti sN / IT ( Aqu i l e ia , V e rona ) , t h a t p rov ided t h e l a rge s t n umb e r o f i mm ig ran t s . T he a r ea w a s k nown a s a r e c ru i t ing t e r r i to r y f o r t h e l e g ion s t a k ing p a r t i nt h e D a c ian w a r c ampa ign s . U lp ia T ra iana k ep t i nt o uch w i th t h i s a r ea a sl a te a s3 r dc en tu ry '.

B ys t udy ing t h es o c ie ty o fU lp ia T ra iana v e r t ica l ly an umbe r o fc onc lu s ion sr e f e r r ing t ot h eo r ig in a nd a r ea so fp rovenanc e o ft h ei n hab i tan t so fS arm i zege tusa c an b er e ached ,a nd a l lo n t h eb a s i so fe p ig raph ica li n fo rma t ion . 1 . 1 . O noma s t ic s ,v a r ied a si ti s ,b ecau se o ft h er a t io b e tween p e r son s w i th L a t in a nd t h o se w i th n on—La t in c ognom ina , T ab .1 , i si ni t se l f av a luab le l i ngu i s t ic a r gumen ti nf a vou ro f t h e t h e s i s m a in ta in ing t h e L a t in q ua l i ty o ft h e c o lon i s t s w ho i n hab i ted t h e c i ty' . T he r e i s as ma l l n umbe r o f u n ique n ame s ,T ab .2 ,o rv e ry r a r en ame s ,T ab .3 ,r e p r e sen t ing o n ly c . 7 % o u to ft h e t o ta l s um o fc ognom ina a nd o n ly c .1 3% o u to f t h e t o ta l s um o f g en t i l ic ia . T he i r a na log ie s , e a sy a s t h ey s e em t ot r ac e a r e n o t l i ke ly t ol e ad t o ac on c lu s ion a st ot h e n a t ive o r ig in o f t h e b ea r e r s o f t h o se n ame s ' ' ' . O n t h e o t he r h and , t h et o ta l a b sence o fn ame si n d i spu tab ly D ac ian a nd t h e r e duced n umbe r ,f i ve ,o fp e r son sh av ing T h ra c ian c ognom ina , d on o tc on s t i tu t e ,a si tw i l lb es hown f u r the ro n( 1 .4 ) ,

b )F rom DAN —r e c ru i t ing t e r r i to ry f o r s o ld ie r s p a r tak ing i n t h eD ac ian w a r s ' 2,t o o , t h e l a rge s tn umbe ro fc o lon i s t sc ame f r om N ( V im inac ium )" a nd DL ( Aequum , S a lona ? ) , a nd a f ew f r om P( Aqu in cum? ,S i s c ia ) , N( V i runum )a nd BK ( ? ) . c ) W f u rn i she s am uch m o r e h e te rogen eou s m a ss o f c o lon i s t s , f r om t h e p o in t o fv i ew o ft h e i r s oc ia l s t a tu s . I ti s a l so t h e m o s td i ff i cu l t a r ea t os t udy . T he C e l t ic o rl a t in ized C e l t ic o noma s t ic s i sn o t s u f f ic ien t ly d i f f e r en t ia ted a cco rd ing t o t h e p rov inc e s . S o t h a t , w i th t h e e xc ep t ion s o f af ew i n d iv idua l s f r om H I ( An t iquar ia , I lyber i s ? )a nd t r ave l l ing m e r chan t sf r om A ugus ta T r eve ro rum ,i ti sa lmo s ti mpo s s ib le t oe xa c t ly i d en t i f yt h ec o lon i s t s 'a r ea so fp rovenanc e . d ) E i sa na r ea w he r em o s t ly p eop le o fm ino rs o c ia ls t a tu s c ame f r om , S y r ia b e ing t h e m o s t s i gn if ican t i nt h i s r e sp ec t ( e spec ia l ly P a lmy ra ) ; i tc an a l so b e c i t ed A s ia M ino r" ( Pe rgamon ,Tav ium ) .

1L a te r o n , p robab ly d u r ing H ad r ian ' s r u le , i tr e ce ived t h e c omp le te a cknow ledged n ame c f .C .Da icov ic iu 1 974 c o l .6 14 , H .D a icov ic iu 1 974 . 2T he d a te o ft h e s e t t ing c ou ld b e e i the r t h e a u tumn o ft h e y ea r 1 06 o rt h e s p r ing o f1 07 c f . I . P i so 1 982 . 3A u lu sG en iu s ,N oc tA t t i ,L ib r i XX , 1 6 , 1 3 ,9 ,c f .H .—G .P f laum 1 972 p .6 2 . 4G ene ra l i s sue s o n i u s I t a l icum : E . K ome rn ann 1 900 c o l . 5 76 s q . , A . P r eme r s te in 1 9 17 c o l . 1 243 s q . , W . L anghamme r 1 973 p . 2 1 . O n i u s I t a l icum i nDc f .N .G o s ta r 1 969 . 5F o rf u r the rr e a son sr e la ted t ot h ea wa rd ing o fi u sI t a l icum t oS a rm iz ege tu sa s e e N . G o s ta r 1 969 p . 1 28 a nd n . 59 ; J .T rynkow sk i 1 976 p . 8 6 a nd H . D a icov ic iu 1 984 p .8 4 . 6E u trop iu s ,V I I I , 6c f . H .D a icov ic iu 1 984 ,p . 83 . 7T h i s r a t io c an b ec ompa r ed t ot h e o ne r e f lec t ing t h e s i tua t ion o ft h e w ho le o ft h e p rov ince , t ow h ich p ro f . 1 . . R u s su a r r ived , c f . L I . R u s su 1 977 p . 356 s q . T he e p ig raph ica l e v idence o f f e r s f u r the r i n d ice s s u ch a s : t h e p r eva i l ing n umbe r o f i n scr ip t ion s i nL a t in , o rt h e L a t in l a nguage o ft h e i n scr ip t ion s — w h ich s t i l l n eed st ou nde rgo s e pa ra te s t udy —a st ot h e L a t in c ha rac te r o ft h e U lp ian p opu la t ion . A s f o rt h e e r ec t ing o f aG reek e p ig raph i nS a rm izege tus a i ti sn o t s o m uch a p roo f o f E a s te rn p rovenance , a s as i g n o f t h e G reek c u l tu re o ft h ep e r son w ho m ad et h ed ed ica t ion ,c f .I . P i so 1 983 p . 242 . 8E xcep t f o r A (e l ia ? ) T e lu la , C a s tena N ice , T .Co rbu l iu s P r i sc ianu s a n M .U lp iu sF u sc in ianu s ,p e rhap s .

9M . Mac r ea 1 969 p . 254 . 1 0D .Benea 1 983 p . 78 s q . , 1 62 ; V . Moga 1 985 p . 130 . Ih oweve rm en t ion t h a t N / IT i sn o t ar e levan tr e g ion f o re t hn ic so fs o ld ie r sr e c ru i t ed t h e r e , s i nce i ti s a n a r ea o f e t hn ic m ix ing . S ee E .B i r ley 1 961 p . 104-125 , 1 54-172 r e spec t ive ly . 1 F o r e xamp le , t h e k i n sh ip r e la t ion s o f t h e c om in i i a nd V a ren i i c f . J . T rykow sky 1 965 o rt h o s eo fp ub l i iA e l i ic f . H . D a icov ic iu —I .P i so 1 977 . 1 2D .Benea 1 983 p .8 0s q q . , 1 82 , 1 84 . 1 3 D .Benea 1 985 p . 184 s q . T he s ame h o ld s g ood f o r V i runum , t o o . c f . V . Moga 1 985 p . 127 , 1 30 . 1 4 F o r i n fo rma t ion o n O r ien ta l s i nD , s e e 1 . . R u s su 1 969 ba nd t h e g ene ra l c onc lu s ion s o ft h e s ame a u tho r , L I . R us su 1 977 p . 36 1 , a sw e l l a sS .S an ie 1 981 p . 206-244 . 1 5 F o r as p ec ia l s t udy o n i mm ig ran t s f r om t h o se r e g ion s s e e C .C . P e to le scu 1 978 .

8 2

O ve ra l lC onc lus ion s e ) A f r ican s '6 a r e s ma l l i n n umbe r a nd t h e i r p r esence i s s i g na l led o u ts t a r t ing w i th t h e 3 rd c en tu ry . 1 . 3 . R epa r t i t ion o f t h e a r ea s o f p rovenance o n at ime a x i s r e ad s a sf o l low s( s ee T ab .6 ) :

i n d iv idua l s t ob en a t ives . Wha t h a s b een s a id i sn o t v a l id f o r e ach a nd e very c a se ( mean ing t h a t n o t a l l t h e p e r son s o u t f r om 1 0% m en t ioned t ob e n a t ive s w e r e r ea l ly n a t ive s , b u t o n ly c ou ld h ave b een ) , s i nce t h e p ro—a rgumen t s a r e i n d i rec t a nd t h e m e thod s t a t is t ica l . H oweve r , i ns ome c ases , f u r the r a rgumen t s c an b e b rough t . F o r i n s tance ,A ur . Ingenuus , m i le s l e gX I I I G . A n ton in ianae , w a s p robab ly r e cru i ted f r om t h e l o ca l m i l ieu , w h ich w a s ag ene ra l ized p rac t ice a tt h e t ime' . H i s mo the r 's n ame w a s Mar ia S ecund ina a nd b o th h e r n omen ' a nd c ognomen ' a r e u sed b y D ac ian s l i v ing o u ts ide

a ) O u rk now ledge o f t h e f i r s t w ave o fc o lon is t s b rough t b y T ra jan t oS arm izege tusa i sf a r t o o s c a r ce . O u t o f t h e t o ta l n umbe r o f i n scr ip t ion s t h a t c ou ld b e d a ted , o n ly 1 6 c an b e p l aced a tt h eb eg inn ing o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry .

t h e p rov ince . B u t t h e l a rges t n umbe r o f i n d iv idua l s I s uppo sed t o b e o f D ac ian o r ig in w e r e e i the r w omen o r p e r son s f r ee o fp ub l ic d u t ies ' . T he p r esence o fn a t ive s n o t

b ) O ne c an n o t ice t h a t , w i th in t h e f i r s t s t age o f t h e c o lon iza t ion p ro ces s , u p t o A n ton inu s P ius , t h e s i tua t ion d i f f e r s f r om t h e g ene ra l o ne , p r e sen ted a t 1 . 2 . T he r a te o f

o n ly i nt h e r u ra l t e r r i to r ie s n ea r t h e c i t ie s , b u t e ven w i th in t h e b ody o f c i t izen s o f U lp ia T ra iana i sn o t e x t rao rd ina ry ' .

t h o se c om ing f r om I T i sm uch b i gge r a nd t h e s ame i st r ue o f i mm ig ran t s f r om DAN ( c . 4 0% f r om e ach a r ea ) . T h i s i s n a tu ra l s i nce U lp ia T ra iana w a s i n i t ia l ly c o lon ized w i th w a r v e te ran s w ho se b i r thp laces a r e t h o se j u s t m en t ioned : I T , DAN . S ome o f t h e f am i l ies a t te s ted a tt h e b eg inn ing o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry c an s t i l l b e f ound i nt h e t h i rd c en tury : L uc i i A n ton i i , T i t i i F lav i i , C a i i Ma r c i i P ro c i l i i , V a l e r i i . T hey w e r ep a r to ft h e l e ad ing a r is to c racy a sl o ng a st h e t own l i ved . T he r ea r eo t he rn ame s , s t i l l , w h ich d i sappea red w i th in

S hou ld o ne d raw ap a ra l le l b e tween , o nt h e o ne h and , t h e r a te o f p e r son s w i th w e s te rn ( Ce l t ic ) c ognom ina a nd p e r son s o r ig ina l ly f r om W , i r respec t ive o f t h e i r n ame s a nd , o n t h e o t he r h and , p e r son s h av ing T h rac ian c ognom ina a nd p e r son s s uppo sed t o b e n a t ive s , t h e p rox im i ty b e tween t h e t wo i s a ppa ren t ( 0 .23 i nt h e f i r s t c a se ; 0 . 13 i nt h e s econd ) . A s f o r t h e r a t io b e tween p e r son s w i th E a s te rn n ame s ( G reek , S em i t ica l , A s ian ) a nd p e r son s o r ig ina l ly f r om E , o ne m ay n o t ice t h a t i ti sm uch h i ghe r ( 2 .25 ) . T h is c an b e e xp la ined

t h e t h i rd c en tu ry : S ex .A t t ius , U lp ius A v i l l ius , P .Ce l sen ius , T .Corbu l ius , Q . Man l ius , Q .V ib ius e t c .

a l so b y t h e f a c t t h a t a s h a s b een s hown i nt h e l i s t s —G reek n ames a r e u sed a l so b y i n d iv idua ls c om ing f r om I T o r W . C on sequen t ly , Ic an c onc lude t h a t a cco rd ing t ot h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e v i c to r s a nd t h e d ef ea ted g r adua l ly t ook t o n o rma l iz ing , e l emen t s o f D ac ian

c ) T he n umbe ro fp eop le c om ing f r om t h e v a r iou s r eg ion s o f t h e Emp i r e m ean ing fu l ly c hanged s t a r t ing w i th t h e e nd o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry , i nt h e d e tr imen t o f t h e I t a l ic s . S hou ld o ne t a ke i n to c on s ide ra t ion t h e f a c t t h a t s ome o f t h e p rom inen t f am i l ie sk nown f r om t h is p e r iod w e re d escendan t so ft h e f i r s t

p opu la t ion p er truded t h e c ap i ta l o f t h e p rov ince a s w e l l a s o t he r t own s , e i the r a s d escendan t s o f l e ad ing D ac ian s g ran ted c i t izen sh ip b y H ad r ian , o ra sp e r son s o fm ino rs o c ia l

c o lon i s t s c ome t o U lp ia T ra iana , P ub / i i A e l i i , A n ton i i , C om in i i , V aren i i , U lp i i —t h en t h e r e a r e af ew o f t h o se l e f t w ho s eem t oh ave c ome f r om I T a se a r ly a s t h e l a s t q ua r te r o f t h e s econd c en tu ry : C laud i i , C ra s i i , P e t i l i i , P ompon i i , U rb i i ; f u r h termo re , t h ey d id n o tp lay a ni mpo r tan tr o le i nt h e

p o s i t ion o r ig ina l ly f r om t h e r u ra l m i l ieu w he re t h e i r e x is tence i s f a r b eyond d oub t . T he p ro ces s o f n a t ive p ene t ra t ion , w h ich p robab ly h ad s t a r ted u nde r t h e r u le o f H ad r ian , i n ten s if ied a tt h e c l o se o f t h e s econd c en tu ry , a nd t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e t h i rd c en tu ry , mo r e p rec ise ly w i th

t own 's l i f e . I nr e tu rn ,t h en umbe ro fc o lon i s t sc om ing f r om E , m o s t ly P a lmy rean s , i n c rea sed . I ti sa l so n ow t h a t t h e f i r s t

c ons t i tu t io A n ton in iana ( s ee T ab .6 ) .

A t at ime w hen t h e

r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e v i c to r s a nd t h e d ef ea ted g radua l ly a cqu i red n o mo re a n e t hn ica l b u t as oc ia l t r a i t , s eve ra l p e r son s o f D ac ian o r ig in , b l acked o u t b y L a t in o noma s t ic s

c o lon is t s c ome f r om AF , e i the r s t ra igh t f r om t h e p rov inces S ou th o f t h e Med i te r ranean s ea , o r f r om p rov inces t h a t f am i l ies o f A f r ican o r ig in h ad i n hab i ted f o r s ome t ime a l ready " . T he i r p r esence , s ma l l i nn umbe r a s i ti s , p o in t s

a nd t h e R oman w ay o fl i f e' m ade t h e i rw ay i nt h ec o rpu so f

o u t t h a t t h e l a te r w ave o fc o lon is t s d i rec ted t ot h e c ap i ta l o f D ac ia w a sr e la ted t oS ep t im ius S eve ru s ,w ho , mo s tp robab ly , n o to n ly d i dr e f ra in f r om g ran t ing f a vou r s t ot h e t own s o ft h e p rov ince w h ich h ad s uppo r ted h im d u r ing t h ec i v i l w a r s' 9,

t h e c o lony 's c i t izen s , t h en i n t h e c i ty h i e ra rchy a s f a r a s g a in ing o f f ic ia lp o s i t ion s .

b u t a l so c once rned h imse lf w i th t h e r e newa l o f t h e i r p opu la t ion . T h is h ypo the s is i sl i ke ly t ob e s uppor ted a nd , i n r e tur n , t oe xp la in t h e e conom ic f l ou r i sh ing o fD ac ia d u r ing

2 . 1 . T he m un ic ipa l o rgan iza t ion i s s im i la r t o a ny o t he r R oman p rov inc ia l c i ty , i n c lud ing t wo u ncommon i n s t i tu t ion s ,

t h ef i r s td e cade so ft h et h i rd c en tu ry 2 ° .

t r ium

1 . 4 .

When a pp ly ing t h e d e l inea t ion

Me thodo logy

2 . 1 .7 . ,

Is uppo sed

r e la ted t o t h e c ap i ta l s t a tu s o f U lp ia T ra iana : C on c i l ium

c r i te r ia p re sen ted a t

a c er ta in

2 .S o c ia la nd p o l i t ica ls t ruc ture s

D ac iarum

a nd

t h e

p raef e c t i

q u inquenna le s

p ro

2 1 O n n a t ive s o ld ie r s r e c r u i ted f o r t h e l e g ion X I I I G em ina s e e V . Moga 1 985 ,p . 131 . S ee a l so a bove , n . 35 . 2 2 C . Mar iu s G eme l l inu s , f l a tu s D acus , e q . s ing . , C IL V I 3 277 , c f . L I . R u s su 1 980 p . 42 a nd I u l iu s S ecund inu s , n a t ione D acu s , C I I V I 2 495 , c f . L I . R u s su 1 980 p . 40 . 2 3 S ee a bove , C . Mar iu s , G emel inu s . 2 4A e l ia A n ton ia ,A e l ia P r im i t iva ,P .Ae l iu sl u l ianu s , CAqu i l iu s Dom i t ianu s , U lp iu s A v i l l iu s F lo ren t inu s , A u r .Dex te r , M .Au r .Fo r tuna tu s , A u r . Muc ianu s , C a s tena N ice , P .F lacc in iu s F e l ix , Max ima B u te s , S e rv i l l ia P r im i t iva , S ex im ia H e rm ione . F o r t h i s p rob lem , f u r th e r i n fo rma t ion J .T rynkow sky 1 976 . 2 5 I n t h e r u r a l t e r r i to ry o f S amnzege tusa , t h e D aco—Roman n ec ropo l i s o f C inc i% h ad b een e xcava ted c f . D . P ro ta s e 1 980 p a s s im ; o nt h e t e r r i to ry o ft h e t own ' s n ec ropo l is , a r chaeo log ica l m a ter ia l o fD ac ian o r ig in w a s d i scove r ed , e . g . f i bu la e ,c f . D . A l icu —S .C o c i s 1 989 , p . 228 . 2 6 M . Mac rea 1 969 p . 269 ; H . D a icov ic iu 1 984 p . 87 .

n umbe r o f

1 6F o r i n f o rma t ion o n A f r ican s i n DS ee S .S an ie 1 982 . T he p ene t ra t ion o f A f r ican s w a s a ccompan ied b y t h e o ccu r ence o fs p ec if ic c u l t s s u ch a st h a t o f C a e le s t i s V i rgo , I DR I I / 2 1 7 , C a e le s t i s A ugu s ta e tG en iu s C a r thag in i s C IL I I9 93 ( Apu lum )e t c . 1 7 I ti st h e c a s e o ft h e f am i ly m en t ioned i nt h e e p i taph I DR 1 1 / 2 3 79 . S ee L i s t 1 . 1 .5 a nd L i s t 2n r .44 , 2 79 , w i th t yp ica l o rw ide ly s p read A f r ican n ame s . 1 8 T h e a wa rd ing t h e r ank o f mun ic ip ium t o s ome s e t t lemen t s —D ie rna A pu lum ,P o ta is sa , P o ro l i s sum —a nd t h a t o fc o lon ia t os t i l l o t he r s —R omu la 7 D robe ta ,P o ta i s sa — i s aw e l lk nown f a c t . 1 9G .A lf ö ldy 1 985 p .1 35 ; A .R . B i r ley 1 969 p . 267 ; A .R . B i r ley 1 971 p . 135 , 38 . 2 0M . Mac r ea 1 969 p . 298 , 3 00 , 3 18 s q . e t c .

8 3

P opu la t ion o fU lp ia T ra iana S arm i zege tusa i mpera tore .

p owe r' .

2 . 2 . P ub l ic m ag is t rac ies ' w h ich p r ecede t h e s u cces s i no rdo

2 . 3 . T he re a r e a l so t h e c i v ic p o s i t ion s i nt h e a dm in is t ra t ive a ppa ra tu s o f t h e f i nanc ia l p ro secu to r w h ich a r e n o t d i r ec t ly r e la ted t ot h e m un ic ipa l a c t iv i ty o f t h e t own i t se lf , b u t t oi t s

d e cur ionum . T ab .9-10 , a r ee xer ted b y m emb e r s o fi mpor tan t f am i l ies : t h e P ub l i i A e l i i , L uc i i A n ton i i , C om in i i , C a i i Mar di P ro c i l i i , C a i i V a l e r i i , T i t i i V aren i i , m o s t o f t h em o f I t a l ic o r ig in . H oweve r , p e r son s c om ing f r om E — t h e t wo ? P ub / i i A e l i i T he ime te s , C . Me t t ius C as s ianu s ? ,f r om W S ex .Va l .F ron to ; f r om DAN — M .Ope l le ius A d iu tor , L .Coe l ius A e l ianus , ? ,S ped ius C lemen s , a r e a l so p r e sen t . S ome o ft h em w e r e p robab ly v e te ran so ft h e D ac ian w a r s , o r d escendan ts o f t h em a l though t h e r e l iab le e p ig raph ica l e v idence i sv er y s ca rce i nt h is r e spec t . T he re

s t a tu s o f c ap i ta l o f t h e p rov ince : t abu lar i i e t a d iu to re s t a bu lar i i , a r car i i , d i spensa tore s e t v i kar i i d i spen sa torum , l i b rar i i , n ummu lar i i , v i l l ic i i . T hese o f f ice s w e re l e d b y i mper ia l f r eedmen w ho se f i nanc ia l p ro sper i ty i s o f ten a t tes ted'' ,T ab .11 . 2 . 4 .

R e l ig iou s p o s i t ion s i nS arm izege tusa w ere h e ld e i the r

b y p on t if ice s o r f l am ine s , c ho sen f r om a mong h ono ra ry

a r e k nown o n ly f ou r ( s ee T ab .15 ) . F rom t h e t o ta l s um o f m ag is t ra tes , o n ly s i x h ave a c omp le te ' c ur sus h ono rum ( Tab .8 , n r .11 ,52 ,54 ,55 ,56 ,61 ) . T he i r g r ea te s t p a r t a r e

p e r son s d e ta in ing m a jo rc i v ic d i gn i t ies ' , T ab .8 , o rw e re l e d b y t wo i n s t i tu t ion s , w h ich d i f f e r ed i n s t ruc tur e a nd s oc ia l s t a tu s b u t w e r e s im i la r i nt h e p u rpose f o r w h ich t h ey h ad b een c r ea ted : t h e r ep resen ta t ion a nd s er v ing o f t h e i mper ia l

m en t ioned d i rec t ly i n t h e o rde r o f t h e d ecu r ion s —t h e c i ty ' s ena te ' , c r ea ted a tt h e t ime o f t h e f ounda t ion o f t h e c o lony

c u l t , m ean t p r e serva t ion o f f a i th i nR ome a nd t h e Empe ro r . T he f i r s t i n s t i tu t ion , C onc i l ium t r ium D a c iarum ' w a s m anaged b y as acerdo s A rae A ugus t i o r c orona tus t r ium D ac iarum a nd e mbod ied t h e r ep r esen ta t ive o f e very

a nd w ho se p owe r w a s i n c rea s ing d u r ing t h e t h i rd c en tu ry . T he U lp ian e p ig raph ica l s ou rces a t te s t ar i ch a c t iv i ty o f t h e o rde ro fd ecu r ion s : p a ss ing o fd ec rees — d e c re ta d e cur ionum — b y w h ich m ean s p laces f o r e r ec t ing m onumen t s a nd

s e t t lemen t o f t h e t h ree p rov ince s . T he i r p r e roga t ive s w e r e r e s t r ic ted b y t h o se o f t h e g over no r 's a nd w er e l im i ted t o d i scu ss ion s a r ound c er ta in i s sues a nd r e co rd ing o f t h e r e so lu t ion s' . T he p r ec ise d a te o f t h e f ound ing o f t h e c ounc i l' i su nknown a nd t h e s ame s t and s f o rt h e l o ca t ion o f

i n scr ip t ion s —I DR I I 12 p as s im — o r f o r p l ac ing o b jec t s o f c i ty i n te res t —s uch a s as t a te ra p ub l ica ' — w e r e g ran ted . H onou r s' w e re a l so g ran ted ,e d i l i ta r y w o rk w e re o rde red' a nd l e ga t i R omam w e re s en t o n t h e o c ca s ion o f c er ta in f e s t iv i t ie s' . P roo f s o fp o l i t ica l l o ya l ty —s uch a s a wa rd ing t h e Empe ro rm ag is t rac ies , w er e a l so i n i t ia ted b y t h eo rde ro f

i t s h eadqua r te r s' . E p ig raph ica l d a ta p rove t h a t i t s m embe r s , T ab .12 , w e re l e ade r s i nt h e p ub l ic l i f e t h roughou t t h e p rov ince a nd w e re i n p o sse ss ion o f f o r tune s' t h a t e nab led t h em t oe n te rt h eo rdo e que s ter c f . T ab .6 .

d ecu r ion s . T he p e r son s w ho r ep resen ts t h e Empe ro r i nt h is p ub l ic p o s i t ion — t h e P raef ec t i q u inquenna le s p ro i mpera tore " w e re w e l l o f f a nd o fg r ea t i nf luence w i th in t h e c i ty h i e ra rchy .

T he o t he r i n s t i tu t ion i s t h e w e l l—known c o l lege o f t h e a ugu s ta ls . F rom aj u r id ic p o in to fv i ew , t h ey r anged b e tween

T he s t a temen t t h a t ' a nyone w ho h e ld a r ank , n ame o r p o l i t ica l w e igh t o f s ome k i nd , w a s e i the r t o b e u l t ima te ly f ound i nt h is i n s t i tu t ion , o r s t r ived t ob e a ccep ted a s o ne o f i t s m embe r s '' , p er f ec t ly a pp l ie s t oU lp ia T ra iana . T hu s , a d oub le t e ndency w a s man if es t . O n t h e o ne h and , t h e a t temp t o n t h e p a r t o f t h e f am i l ie s w ho h ad a cqu i red p o l i t ica l p owe r' f r om t h e v ery b eg inn ing t o p r eserve t h e i r r i gh t s , a nd , o n t h e o the r h and , a n e qua l a t temp t t ob r eak t h e ' c a s te ' b a r r ie r s b y t h e n ew ly e n r iched o w ing t ot h e i r n ew f i nanc ia l

2 7 O nt h ed uumv ir i , s e e R .A rd evan 1 984 . 2 8 O n t h e s ma l l n umbe r o f a t te s ted m ag is t ra te s , s e e a l so R . A rdevan 1 984 , p . 99 . When s ay ing ' c omp le te ' Id i d n o t t a ke i n to a ccoun t t h e q ua l i ty o f q u inque rma l i s ,e xe r ted b yn in ep e r son so u to fw h ich f i ve w e r e a l so d uumv i r i a nd o ne a ed i l i s ,c f .R .A rdevan 1 984 ,p . 99 . 2 9I DR I I 12 1 4 . 3 0I DR I I 12 7 2 , 1 05 , 1 29 , 2 19 . 3 1 I DR I I/ 2 1 . 3 2 I DR I I / 1 5 6 ( Ba i le H e rcu lane = ? A d Med iam ) : l e ga t i a d c on su lawm S eve r ian i ( A .D . 1 53 ) . 3 O nt h i sp raef ec tu ra s e e R .A rdevan 1 981 . 3 4W . L anghamme r 1 973 p . 189 . 3 5 I lu s t ra ted b y r e ach ing o ft h e d i gn i ty o f d ecu r io , w h ich w a s h e ld i nt h e c ou r se o fs eve ra l g ene ra t ion s , s u ch a si nt h e f am i l ie so f LAn t auf u s ,C . lu l iu s V a le r iu sa nd S ex .Va le r iu s . . .

8 4

t h e d e cur ione s a nd t h ep l ebe i i" a nd w e r e r ep resen ta t ives o f t h e n ew ly r i ch ' . A s i tw a s i mpo ss ib le t o e xceed t h e i r j u r id ica l c ond i t ion , t h ey u sed t h is p a r t icu la r m ean s —f o r tune —t o f u lf i l t h e i r s oc ia l a mb i t ion a nd w an t o f h onou r s . T he 3 6 I lu s t ra ted b y p ene t ra t ion o fp e r son s w ho s e em t oh ave b een o f ar a the r h umb le c ond i t ion : A e l iu s Mac r in iu s E p id ianu s , q u i e t E p id iu s o r T .Au r .Cand idu s , s o n o f af r eedman w ho r e ached t h e d ign i ty o f a ugus ta l i s . T h i sp ene t ra t ion s e em s t oh ave b egun d u r ing t h e r u le o fM .Au re l iu s , s e e t h e c a s e o f LApu le iu s Ma rcu s , h omo n ovu s , w ho p o r t icu s c um c ub icu l i s . . . r e s t i tu i t a f t e r t h e Ma rcoman w a r s . I n s ome c a s es , t h e i mpo s s ib i l i ty o fr e ach ing t h e s up er io r l e ve l w a s c omp en sa ted b y t h e g r an t ing o fh ono r if ic t i le s , o rname ta d ecur iona l ia . S ex .A t t iu s S ecundu s a nd U lp iu s D om inu sH e rm e sb enef i ted o fi t . H oweve r , t h e c omp le t ion o fp l ac e si no rdo d ecur ionum w a s ap rob lem : e . g . t h ec a s e o fM .U lp .Te r t iu s ,d ecu r io a tt h ea ge o f2 1 ,p rev iou st ot h e l e ga l ly a dm i t ted a g e . 3 7 E . g . N eme s ianu s w ho b u i l t at emp le o n h i s own e xp en se s . I fs t udy ing T ab .11 , o ne s hou ld n o t ice t h a ta l t h e i mp e r ia l f r eedm en l i ab le t od a t ing w e r e r e co rd ed i nt h et h i rd c en tu ry . T h i sc ou ld b e p roo fo ft h e f a c tt h a tt h e i rr o le i n t h e a dm in i s t ra t ion o ft h e p rov ince o f Dw a s e nhanced s t a r t ing w i th t h i s v e ry p e r iod . 3 8 O u t o ft h e n i n ep eop le , i tw a s C .Sped iu sH e rn ia so n ly w ho i s n ' tk nown t o h ave b e longed t ot h e e l i te o ft h e U lp ian s o c ie ty . O n t h e o t he r h and , s eve ra l o ft h e se p e r sona s w e r e i nt h e p o s se s s ion o fl a rge f o r tun es . T h i s f a c te nab led t h em t oo b l ige t h e c ommun i ty w i th t h e i r f i nanc ia l d u t ie s ; e . g . Q .Au r .Te r t iu s o bh ono rem f l am in ie tH S LXXX N a da nnonam d ed it 3 9C .D a icov ic iu 1 966 p . 153-163 . 4 0 I DR I I/ 2 7 9 , f r om t h e t ime o fS eve ru sA lexande r a nd 8 0 , f r om t h e t ime o fG o rd ian . 4 1 Mo re r e cen t d i scu s s ion s o n t h i s t op ic : I .P i so 1 972 , p . 467 s q . a nd R . A rdevan 1 981 ,p . 4 41 . 4 2 C . D a icov ic iu 1 966 p . 162 , m a in ta in s t h a t A ra A ugu s t i c ou ld b e f ound i n t h ec ou r tya rd o ft h e ' P a lace o ft h eA ugu s ta l s ' ( f o r i t sr e cen tr e in te rp re ta t ion a s af o rum s e e I . P i so - A l .D iacone scu 1 987 ) . O ne s hou ld a l so n o te t h a t f ou r o u to fs i x s a c e rdo t e sw e r e i nc l o s e c onnec t ion t oA pu lw it 4 3 A e l .An t ipa t e r w a s al a ndowne r s omewhe re i n t h e p rox ima l a r ea o f T ib i scum , P .Ae l .S t r enuu s w a s c onduc to r p a s cu i , s a l ina rum e t c om rn e r c ionun ; M .Com in iu s Q u in tu s w a s p a t ronu s c o l leg i i f ab ru rn a nd o wned ab r ickya rd , s e eR .A rd evan 1 978 p . 169 . 4 4 L anghamme r , 1 973 , p . 35 . 4 5 E . g . F l av iu sS o ter icu s ,c onduc to r( f e r ra r ia rum ) .

O ve ra l lC on c lus ion s p o s i t ion w a s l i ke ly m onopo l ized b y c e r ta in f am i l ies s u ch a s A t i i ,C a s s i i ,F lav i i ,S ped i i , s ee T ab .12 . L a rge ly , t h e a r ea s o f p rovenance o f t h e a ug us ta les a r e mo re v a r ied t h an t h o se o f t h e d ecu r ion s , w h ich p roves t h e a c ce ss o fl a rge rc a tego r ies o f p e r son s , e spec ia l ly o fh om ine s n ov i . T he c o l lege p o sse ssed a nd a l bum " a nd ab u i ld ing — a ede s A ugus ta l ium — l o ca ted

I nS arm i zege tusa , o u t o ft h e 1 5 a t te s ted v e te ran s , o n ly 7h e ld m un ic ipa l d ign i t ies . T h is r a t io , l e ss t h an 5 0 % a nd a l so t h e l aw r a te o fv e te ran s p a r tak ing i nt h e h onou r ing o f mun ic ipa l d i gn i t ie s —o n ly 7% o u to ft h e t o ta ln umb e ro fd ecu r ion s w e r e v e te ran s —s e ems t op o in to u t t h e s ca rce p r esence o fm i l i ta ry e l emen t w i th in t h e l e ad ing s o c ia l s t ra tum — t h e a r is toc racy . T he p oo r i n fo rma t ion r e f e r r ing t o t h e f i r s t w a r —v e te ran s , w ho w e r e g r an ted c i t izen sh ip b y T ra jan " l e ad s t ot h e s ame c onc lu s ion .

i n s ide t h e f o rum a nd t h is a t tes t s t h ei mpor tan tp o s i t ion i th e ld a tp rov inc ia l l e ve l . T h i s p o s i t ion i sa l so p rov ided b y t h e f a c t t h a t t h e m emb e r s o f i tp er fo rmed p ub l ic o f f ice s i n t own s o u t s ide t h ep rov inc e' . 2 . 5 .

2 . 7 . T he s oc ia l c a tego ry o f h um i l io re s i sr ep re sen ted b y m e r chan t s , l awye r s , c l e rk s , h and ic ra f t smen , g l ad ia to r s , s c u lp to r s , d o c to r s ?e t c . , m o s t o f t h em o fn on— f ree j u r id ica l

I f h av ing R oman c i t izen sh ip , t h e a c t ive m i l i ta ry ,

T ab .15 ,w e re ac omponen tp ar to ft h ec i ty 's p opu la t ion ' a nd p l ayed a n i mpo r tan tr o le i np rov id ing i t s s ecu r i ty , a s w e l l a s i nt h e p r iva te o r l o ca l p o l ice . U nde r H ad r ian 's r u le u n t i l

c ond i t ion . T he y ear n ing f o r e n r ich ing a nd t h u s e n te r ing t h e a r is to c racy w a s i lus t ra ted b y e i the r o ccupy ing t h e p o s i t ion s a nd o b ta in ing t h e h onou r s t h a t w e re a c cess ib le , o r b y m ixed

M .Aure l ius , t h e g ove rno ro f Dac ia S upe r ior a tt h e s ame t ime e xer ted h i s c ommand o ve r t h e l e g ion X I I IG em ina . T h i s f a c t p r esuppo se s t h ep re sence o f ap ower fu l m i l i ta ry a tmo sphe re , w h ich w a s ac omponen t o f t h e g over no r a nd f i nanc ia l p ro secu to r ' s o f f ice s , f r om t h e v ery b eg inn ing ' . O ne n on— c omm is s ioned o n ly i s k nown a s m embe r o f t h e l a te r , a c o rn icu lar ius p ro cura tor i s , t h a t i s . A s f o r t h e f o rme r , t h e re i s mo re i n fo rma t ion . T hu s , t h e e x i s tence o f a n e xer c i ta to r e qu i tum s i ngu lar ium , M .Ca lven t ius V ia to r , f o rme r s o ld ie r , c en tur io , i nl e g io F lav ia F e l ix , r e ta ined i nS arm izege tusa

m a r r iage s' . T h is i si n d i spu tab le e v idence o f t h e f a c t t h a t m a ter ia l w e lfa re w a s n o t d i rec t ly r e la ted t o t h e s oc io— j u r id ica l s t a tu s . U lp ian p ub l ic s l ave s a nd f r eedmen d i spo sed o f ac o l lege , w ho se G en ius t wo c ha rac te r s w i th m ean ing fu l n om ina w o r sh iped : P ub l i i P ub l ic i i A n thus a nd C le tus , I DR 1 1 /2 2 18 . D esp i te t h e f a c t t h a t t h e f r equency o fp e r son s w i th G reek c ognom ina w a s h i ghe r t h an a ny o t he r a nd t h e r a te o f a r ea s o f p rovenance f a vou r s E , t h e re w e re s eve ra l o f t h em w ho h ad e m ig ra ted f r om W o r e ven I T" , t o ge the r w i th t h e f am i l ie s t ow hom t h ey b e longed .

a nd s e t a tt h e o rde r s o fg over no rC .Av id ius N igr inus ( a . 12 —?17 ) , i sa t tes ted . S eve ra l b enef i c iar i i c onsu lare s , s en t t o o t he rl o ca l i t ie so nv a r ied m iss ion s' , af rumen tar ius , l i b rar i i c on su la re s , a n a d iu to r of ic i i c orn i cu lar iorum a nd a n a c tar iu s a r e a l so a t tes ted . T he l a rges t n umbe r , h oweve r , i s

2 . 8 . Among t h ep er egr in i , t h e b e s tk nown a r e t h e m e r chan t s , c om ing e i the r f r om W —e . g .A ugus ta T reve rorum " —o r E— e . g . S yr ia ' , w ho d i spo sed o f aj u r id ica l o f f ice , w h ich d ef ended t h e i r i n te r es t s . A t ap a r t icu la r momen t , t h i s o f f ice

o f c en tu r ion s w ho se p r ec ise d u t ie s r ema in u nknown . T hey p robab ly w e r e c om rades o f v ex i l la t iones d i s lo ca ted a s

w a s l e ad b y C ra ssu s Mac rob iu s , d ef en so ro p t imus . B u t , t h e l a rge s t p a r t o ft h em w e r e p e r son s w ho se s t a tus a nd i n te res t s

g ua rd s f o r t h e s u r ve i l lance" o r f o r c a r ry ing o u t e d i l i ta ry w o rk s' .

i nU lp ia T ra iana r ema ined u nknown : A n ton ia o fP e rgamon —h e r h u sband s e t h e r a n e p i taph i np oe t ic t e rm s I DR 1 1 /2 3 82 . T he s ame i st r ue o fA e l ius a nd h i s w if e Mar ce l l ina I DR 1 1 /2 4 30 . I a cch ius , h i s w i f e S a turn ina a nd t h e i r s e rvan t ?,

2 . 6 . T he v e te ran s o f U lp ia T ra iana , T ab .15 , c ame f r om d i f f e ren t m i l i ta ry u n i t s : l e g ione s ( X I I IG . , XV A po l . , V Mac . ) , c ohor te s ( IV inde l ic . , IA ug .Thr . , IF I .Commag . , I I D e Im )

T imo theu s I DR 1 1 /2 4 41 a r e p a r t o ft h e s ame c a tego ry . I ti s n o t e xc luded t h a t t h e P a lmy r ean p r ie s t s w ho h ad b u i l t a t emp le a t t h e i r o wn e xpen se s I DR 1 1 /2 2 0 s hou ld b e p e reg r in s a s w e l l . I ti sa l so p o s s ib le t h a t n a t ive s b e f ound a mong t h o se h av ing a ber ran t n ame s a nd p e reg r in j u r id ica l

a nd n ume r i ( Nume rus P a lmyreno rum? O p ta t ien s ium ) . T he i r o r ig in s w e re d i ve r se b u t g ene ra l ly s peak ing , mo re e a sy t o e s tab l i sh t h an t h o se o fo t he rs oc ia lc a tego r ies . A f te rh ones ta m iss io t h ey s e t t led i n t h e c ap i ta l o f D ac ia , b r ing ing a l ong t h e i r f am i l ie s a nd w e re wan ted R oman c i t izen sh ip ( t ho se w ho d id n o ta l ready e n joy i t ) . T hey h ad as im i la rs t a tu s w i th t h e d e cur ione s a nd c ou ld p a r take i n t h e c i ty 's p ub l ic l i f e .

c ond i t ion , a l though t h e re i s n o p o s i t ive e v idence i n t h i s r e sp ec t .

4 6 I DR 1 1 / 26 5 . 4 7 C .T i t iu sA ga thopu s ,a ugu s ta l i sc o lon ia rum S i sc iac e tS a rm iz , ege tu sae . 4 8 W .L anghamme r 1 973 ,p . 39 . 4 9F o rf u r th e ri n fo rma t ion s e eA . D oma szew sk i 1 967 . 5 0 E .g . A u r .Ga iu s , s e n t t o Amp e lum t of u lf i l s e cu r i ty a nd g a rd ing m i s s ion s u nd e rt h er u le o fG o rd ian . 5 1 T h e p e rmanency o f s ome t r oup s i n S a rm iz ege tu sa i sp roved b y t h e s t a t i s t ic s d r awn o n t h e d en s i ty o ft h e i n sc r ip t ion s o fL eg ion X I I I G e rn ina ; i n t h e s t a t i s t ic s , U lp ia T ra iana c ome s s e cond , f o l low ing Apu lum , t h e r e s id ence o f t h e l e g ion . T h e p ro ce s s o f r e f re sh ing i t s t r oup s i si l u s t ra ted b y t h e i n scr ip t ion I DR 1 1 / 2 2 45 , d evo ted b y s ome t r an s la t i i n l e g ionem X I I G em in am _ S e e V . Moga 1 985 p .6 1 . 5 2 F o r i n s tance , t h e s e t t ing u p o f aw a te r—p ipe d u r ing t h e r u le o f t h e g overno rC n .P ap i r iu sA e l ianu s( A .D .131-132 ) , I DR 1 1/ 2 8 .

5 3 Q . Man l iu sV e ru s ,Q .Va l . Mac r inu sa nd o ne . F i rmu s . 5 4E . g . I DR I/ 1 2 72 ( Ma rga ) ; 1 89 , 3 90 ,4 02 ,4 57 . 5 5 T he f a c t t h a t s l ave s a nd f r eedmen g ene ra l ly t o ok G r eek n ame s i sw e l l— k nown a nd i tw a s u s ed t h roughou t t h e Emp i r e , s e e A lfö ldy 1 977 , p . 264 o r A lfö ldy 1 977 bp . 295 . L ib e r t i c om ing t oU lp ia T ra iana f r om t h e m en t ioned a r ea sa r e : L .An t .Ep aga ihu s ,f r eedman o f af am i ly f r om A Fo rH I , o rt h e t h ree L uc i i V a ie r i i , E . p jgonu s , E u t rap e lu s a nd E u tychu s , b e long ing t o f am i l ie s c om ing f r om t h e s ame p rov ince sc d . 1 . . R u s su 1 977 ,p . 358 . 5 6I DR I I / 24 27 c d . I .P i so 1 976 , p . 444 . 5 7 I DR I I / 2 2 03 . 2 98 .

8 5

P opu la t ion o fU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i z ege tu sa * * *

E p ig raph ica l i n fo rma t ion o f f e r s ad i nam ic i mage o f t h e i n hab i tan t s o f U lp ia T ra iana . I t s d epa r t ing p o in t i s t h e p roce s s o fh omogen iz ing t h e c o lon i s t s c om ing f r om a l l o ve r t h e Emp i r e , w ho w e r e r e p re sen ta t ive o f t h e L a t in l a nguage a nd R oman w ay o f l i f e . S oc ia l d i f f e rence s p r eva i led o ve r t h ee t hn ic o ne s . Mun ic ipa la r i s toc ra cy i n i t ia l ly w a s al i m i ted g r oup a nd c on s i s ted o ft h ee l i te o ft h e f i r s t w ave o fc o lon i s t s a nd t h e i rd e scendan t s d i r ec t i nl i n e . I nt h e c ou r se o ft i me i t u nde rwen tt r an s fo rma t ion a c co rd ing a st h e s o c ia l d i f f e r ence s w e r e d ep enden t e ven m o r e n o t s o m u ch o n c r i te r ia o f' c a s te ' p u r i ty a nd a n t iqu i ty , a s o n e conom ic p owe r . S t a r t ing w i th t h e t h i rd c en tu r y , b o th t h e m embe r s o f o l d a nd i mpo r tan t f am i l ie s a nd t h e h om ine s n ov i , g r ounded t h e i r f o r tune a nd , r e la ted ly , t h e i r s oc ia l i nf luence o n m oneymak ing o ccupa t ion s , w h ich p rop e l led t h em t ot h e g r oup o fh ono ra t i , i r r e spec t ive o ft h e s o c ia l s t a tu s f r om w h ich t h ey h ad s t a r ted

8 6

i nt h e i r a s cen t . T he e t hn ica l m ix ing i sf o l lowed b y as oc ia l o ne w h ich e xp la in s a nd , a tt h e s ame t i me , i sp roved b y t h e p ene t ra t ion o fn a t ive s a nd p e r son s o fm ino r s oc ia l s t a tu s a s f a r a s t h e t o p o f t h e s o c ia l p y ram id . T h e se t e nden c ie s o f p rov in c ia l iza t ion o f t h e s o c io—po l i t ica l s t ruc tu re s a r e o ppo sed b y t h e p r e ser va t ion o fo l de r e conom ica l a nd s oc ia l r e la t ion sh ip a nd t h o se o fk i n sh ip ma in ta ined w i th t h e i n i t ia l a r ea s o fp rovenanc e . T h i s w a s m an if e s t a sl a te a s t h e t h i rd c en tu ry a nd i tp rove s t h e h a rmon iou s i n t eg ra t ion o f U lp ian c o lon i s t s i n g ene ra l—p rov in c ia l R oman l i f e . T h i s k i nd o f i n teg ra t ion i so bv iou s ly e p ig raph ica l s i n ce t h e p opu la t ion o f U lp ia T ra iana S a rm i zege tu sa w a s L a t in s peak ing a nd u nderwen tt h ep ro ce s so fR oman iza t ion a nd h ad t h u s a dop ted aw ay o f l i f e a nd o r gan iza t ion t y p ica l ly a nd t h o rough ly R oman .

CHAPTER 5 APPEND ICES

I .LEGAT I AVGVST I PRO PRAETORE , AGENT !V ICE P RAESID IS ET P ROCVRATORES QV II N I NSCR IPT IONES V LP IAE T RAIANAE REPERT I SUNT

I . HO M INES S AR M IZEGETHVSENSIS QV II N I NSCRIPT IONES EXTRA F INES V LP IAE T RAIANAE REPERT I SVNT

1 .L EGAT I AVGVST IP RO P RAETORE

1 .

.u Aw k . to,s Ai eid . ,vos j Ak( 306vdsos , 1 3o v i k .E .v z' , L s 4G i c , kr , 65 k 0i t _o vz 6 0 ( .5

L . ANN IVS FAB IANVS ( 84 ) C . ARR IVS ANTON INVS ( 8 5 ,86 ,87 ) AV ID IVS N IGR INVS ( 2 0 5 ) M . CLAVD IVS F RONTO ( 90 )

ZasI A -c3E - re J ouc ie r LS

( IGR , IV ,47 )

2 .C .A e l iu sI u l ianu s ,b f .co s . ( C IL V I I I2 586 L ambae s i s ) 3 .A n ton iu s Ma r c i f i l iu s U lp ia B a s s inu s , l a te r cu l i p rae to r . ( C IL V I3 2640 ) 4 .A u r e l iu s Ma r c i f i l iu s U lp ia I u l ianu s , m i l e sp rae to r ( C IL V I3 2640 ) 5 .A u r e l iu sL ong inu s ,p aganu s( C IL V I3 236 ) 6 .A u re l iu s V ic to r inu s ,e que ss i ngu la r i s ,n a t ione D a cu s( C IL V I3 236 ) 7 .M . A u r e l iu s M .f . U lp ia . . . . s p r io , m i le s p rae to r ( C IL V I 3 2624 ,d . 26 ) 8 . C .Ca l . C . f . U lp ia S ecund inu s , m i l e s p rae to r ( C IL V I 3 2624 , c1 ) 9 ..I u l iu sC ap i to , d ona tu so rnamen ta d ecu r iona l ia c o lon iae U lp iae T ra ianae ( C IL I I7 429 ) 1 0 .C . Iu l iu sH e r cu lanu s ,l a te r cu l ip rae to r( C IL V I3 2536 ,c ) 1 . P . Iu s . . . V e r ec tu idu s , m i l e s l e gX I I I G . ( C IL I 199 A pu lum ) 1 2 . L .Lae .L .f i l iu s U lp ia P lac idu s , m i l e s p rae to r , ( C IL V I 3 2546 ,c . 27 ) 1 4 .T .Ta t .T .f . S p ec ta tu s ,m i l e sp rae to r( C IL V I3 2624 ,d . 29 ) 1 5 .V a le r ia D ionys ia ( C IL I I4 50 1 C amun tum ) 1 6 . C .Va le r iu s C a i i V a le r i i f .I u l ianu s , p r imu s p i lu s l e gX I C laud iae I p iae f i d e l i s ( c f . M .Ba rbu le scu - Mun teanu A .Radu le scu ,i nP on t i ca , 1 5 , 1 982 ,p . 153 s qq . ) 1 7 . C .Va le r iu s C . f . U lp ia V index , m i l e s p rae to r ( C IL V I 3 2624 ,d . 14 ) 1 8 . M .U lp iu s G eme l l inu s ,s i gn if e rl e g .V I IC laud iae ( C IL I I 1 4 507 V im inac ium ) . 1 9 .U lp iu sl u l ianu s ,m i l e sp rae to r( C IL V I3 2624 ,a . 12 ) 2 0 . .De ]obu s ,m i l e sp rae to r( C IL V I3 2536 ,d . I I , 1 8 ) 2 1 . .F lo ru s , m i l e sf a c tu s i nl e gX I I I G . p . f . . . . t r an s la tu s i n c oh .p rae to r . . . . f ac tum p r inc ipa l i s i n c oh .s .s . e t c , ( C IL I X

C . CVRT IVS I VSTVS ( 9 1 ) FVR IVS S ATVRN INVS ( 9 2 ,93 ,84 ) T I .I VL IVS F LACC INVS ( 9 5 ,245 ) Q . MARC !V S TURBO ( 9 6 ) P . ORF ID IVS S ENEC IO ( 1 0 1 ) CN . PAP IR IVS AEL IANVS ( 8 ) M .S EDAT IVS S EVER IANVS ( 9 7 ,98 ) M . S TAT IVS P R ISCVS ( 2 29 ) D .T ERENT IVS S CAVR IANVS ( p .24 a nd 1 ) 2 . AGENT IV ICE P RAES ID IS M .? AVREL IVS TVES IANVS ( 8 8 ) Q . AX !V S AEL IANVS ( 8 9 ) H e r r enn iu sG eme l l inu s( 3 42 ) U lp iu s . . . ( 1 00 ) 3 .P ROCVRATORES P .Ae l iu sH ammon iu s( 8 3 ,246 ) M .Au r e l iu s Ma r cu s( I .P i so ,Z PE ,5 0 , 1 983 ,p . 247 s qq . ) Q . AX IVS AEL IANVS ( 8 9 ,157 ,19 1 ,206 ,244 ) C ae s id iu sR e spec tu s( 3 31 ) H e r enn iu sG eme l l inu s( 1 88 ,220 ,342 ) M .L ucc e iu sF e l ix ( 2 86 ) L .O c tav iu sF e l ix ( 2 25 ) C .S emp ron iu sU rbanu s( 2 08 ,231 ,272 ,566 ? ) T emon iu sS ecundu s( 3 38 ) C .V a le r iu sC a tu l l inu s( 5 67 ) U lp iu s . . .( 100 )

1 608 ) 2 2 . MA . . . . NU ( C IL V I3 236 ) 2 3 . .S a tum inu s( C IL I I 1 4507 V im ina c ium ) 2 4 .C .. u sC laud ianu s ,c oh .V I .Prae tAn ton ianae p . v . ( C IL V I 3 2538 ) . 2 5 . . u s( C IL I 1 4 507 V im inac ium ) 2 6 . . n temu s( S IL I I 1 4507 V im ina c ium ) T he p ub l ic f i gu r e s w ho a ppea r i nU lp ian i n sc r ip t ion s , h ave n o tb een i n c luded i nt h e c ommen ta ry , b ecau se t h ey w e r e o n ly i n t r an s i ta nd n o t af i xed p a r to ft h et own ' sp opu la t ion .

8 7

B IBL IOGRAPHY

K e reny i ,A . 1 94 1 , AD ä c ia iS z emg lynevek ,B udape s t . K o rnemann ,E . 1 900 ,C o lon iae ,i n RE I V / 1 . c o 1 .511 . L anghamme r , W . 1 973 , D ie r e ch t l i che u nd s o z ia l e S t e l lung d e r Mag i s t ra tu s m un i c ipa le s u nd d e r D e cur ione s , W ie sbaden . L eg lay , M . 1 977 , R ema rque s s u r l ' onoma s t ique g a l lor oma ine ,C o I lq . ,2 69-276 . L e sch i , L . 1 9 57 , E tud e s d ' ip igraph ie d ' ar chdo log ie e t d ' h i s to ir ea f r i ca ine s ,P a r i s . Mac r ea ,M . 1 969 , V i ei nD a c ia r omanä ' ,B u cu re i . Mann , J . C . 1 963 , C i ty N ame s i n t h e We s ter n Emp i re , L a tomus 2 2 /4 ,777-782 . Ma r ine scu , L . 1 985 , C u p r iv i r e l a u r ban iza rea M ic ie i , S arge t ia XV I I I-X IX , 1 984-1985 ,125129 . Mä rgh i tan , L . 1 970 , Af o s t M ic ia u n ' p agu s ' i nt o t t i mpu l s t äp i n i r i ir omane ? ,S C / I ( XX I /4 .579-594 . Möc sy ,A . 1 9 59 ,D ie B evö lk e rung v on P annon ien b i sz ud em Ma rkomannen K r iegen ,B udape s t . M6 c sy , A . 1 970 , B evö lk e rung u nd R oman i za t ion i n d e r r öm i s chen P rov in z Moe s ia S upe r io r ,B udape s t . M6 c sy , A . 1 983 , N umen c la to r p rov inc ia rum E u ropa e L a t inar um e tG a l l iae C i sa lp inae ,D i s s .Pann . I I / 1 . M6 c sy , A . 1 984 , L a t e in ische C ognom ina a l s G e sch ich t sque l le , Zwe i T ypen d e r P rov in z ia l röm i schen K u l tu r , AAASH XXXV I , 1 -4 , 1 97-222 . Moga , M . 1 971 , P agu sT ib i scen s is . I nl e gä tu rä c u t e r i to r iu l r u ra la lU lp ie iT ra iana ,T ib i s cu s ,I ,1 970 ,4 1-50 . Moga ,V . 1 985 ,D in i s to r ia m i l i tarä ' aD a c ie ir omane ,C lu jN apo ca . O r s ted , P . 1 985 , R oman I mpe r ia l E conomy a nd R oman i za t ion ,C op enhagen . P ak i , A . 1 984 , D oua f r agmen te c e ram ic e s t amp i la te d e l a U lp ia T ra iana S a rm izege tu sa , AMN XX I , 4 774 79 . P ak i , A . 1 988 , P opu la t ia D ac ie i P o ro l i ssen s i s . I . P o ro l i s sum , AMP X I I ,2 15-227 . P e to le scu , C .C . 1 978 , L e s c o lon s d 'A s ie M ineu r e d an s l a D a c ie r oma ine ,D a c ia N .S . XX I I ,2 13-218 . P e to le scu , C .C . 1 980 , D ac i i i n a nna ta r omans , R I 3/6 , 1 043106 1 . P e to le scu , C .C . 1 986 , A dm in i s t ra t ia D ac ie i r omane , R I 8 9 /9 , 80-905 . P f laum , H .-G . 1 96 1 , L e s c a r r ii r e s p ro cura to r r ienne s e que s t r e ss ous l eH au t-Emp i r er oma in , I IV , P a r i s 1 960196 1 . P f laum , H .-G . , 1 972 , L a r oman i sa t ion d e l ' A f r ique ,

A l fö ldy , G . 1 965 , B evö lk e rung u nd G e se l l schaf t d e r r öm i schen P rov in zD a lma t ien , B udape s t . A l fö ldy , G . 1 968 , S ep t im iu s S eve ru s u nd d e r S ena t , B Jb 1 68 ,1968 ,112160 . A l fö ldy , G . 1 977 , D ie P e r sonennamen d e r r öm i schen P rov in zN o r icum ,C o l lq . ,2 49-26 5 . A l fö ldy , G . 1 977b , L 'Onoma s t ique d e T a ragone , C o I lq . , 2 83-295 . A l icu , D . a nd C o c i § , S . 1 988 , P odoab e r omane d e l aU lp ia T ra iana ,A pu lum XXV ,2 25-246 . A rdevan , R . 1 978 , L e C o l lege d e s f a b r e s aU lp ia T ra iana S a rm iz eg e tu sa , AMN XV , 1 67172 . A rdevan , R . 1 98 1 , P rae f ec tu s q u inquenna l i s p ro i mpe ra to r e , i n AMN XV I I I ,p .4 37-442 . A rdevan ,R . 1 984 , D uumv i ra te tq ua t tuo r v i ra td an s l aD ac ie r oma in e , AMN XX I ,9 5110 . B a l la , L . 1 975 , L ' Impo r tance d e l ac o lon i sa t ion e n D a c ie , ACUSD X -X I 1 9741975 ,139143 . B a rk6 czy , L . 1 9 54 , D äk t o lmäc s B r ige t iobam , i n At V -V I 1 9441945 ,P . 1 78192 . B a rk6 czy , L . 1 964 , T he P opu la t ion o f P annon ia f r om Ma r cu s A u re l iu s t o D io c le t ian , A AASH 1 6 , 2 573 56 . B ä rbu le scu , M . 1 984 , I n te r f e r en t e s p i r i tua l e i n D a c ia r omana ,B ucu r e s t i B enea ,D . 1 983 ,D in i s to r ia m i l i ta rd aMo e s ie iS up er io r #a D ac ie i ,C lu j-Napo ca . B i r ley , A .R . 1 969 , T he ' c oup d ' e ta t ' o f t h e y ea r 1 93 , B Jb 1 69 ,247-280 . B i r ley ,A .R . 1 971 ,S ep t im ius S eve ru s ,L ondon . B i r e ly ,E . 1 96 1 ,R oman B r i ta in a nd R oman A rmy ,K enda l . B odo r , A . 1 964 , C on t r ibu t i i l a c uce r i r ea D a c ie i , AMN 1 , 137162 . B ranga ,V . 1 986 ,l t a l ic i i§ iv e t e ran i id i nD a c ia ,T im i §oa ra . C a ld e r in i , A . 1 968 , P a t ron i d i A qu i le ia , A qu i l e ia n o s t ra XXX IX , 1-15 . C lave l-Leveque , M . 1 982 , U n c ada s t r e g r eq e n I t a l ie : l a c ho ra d 'Agde ( He rau 10 ,K l io 6 4 / 1 ,21-28 . D a icov ic iu , C . 1 924 , F ou i l le s e t r e che r che s d e S a rm izege tu sa ,D ac ia I .2 24-263 . D a i cov ic iu , C . 1 96 1 , ' C a s te l la ' D a lma ta r um i n D a c ia , A pu lum I V ,5 1-60 . D a icov ic iu , C . 1 968 , R oman iza r ea D ac ie i , A pu lum V I I / 1 . 2 6 1-27 1 . D a icov ic iu , C . 1 974 , S a rm izege tu sa , i nR E X IV S upp l . c o 1 .6 10-655 . D a icov ic iu , H . 1 974 , N ume le U lp ie i T ra iana , T ib i scum I I , 1 0 1-104 . D e t schew ,D . 1 976 ,D ie T hrak i schen S p ra chr e s te 2 ,W ien D ieh l ,E . 1 9 10 ,V u lgär la te in i s che I n schr if ten ,B onn . D ob6 , A . 1 940 , I n sc r ip t ione s e x t ra f i ne s P annon ia e D ac iaque r epe r tae a d r e s e o rundem p rov in c ia rum p e r t inen te s ,D i s sP ann I / 1 e d i t io Ie mend ia to r . D oma szew sk i , A . 1 967 , D ie R ango rdnung d e r r öm i s che H ee r e s2 ,K ö ln-G raz . F o r rü , G . 1 953 , Ir e c lu tamen to d e l l e l e g ion i d a A ugu s to a D io c l e z iano ,M i lano-Roma . G o s ta r ,N . 1 969 ,I u s i t a l icum i nD ac ia ,A IM 'V I , 1 27139 .

V e s t ig ia 1 7 ,55-72 . P f laum , H .-G . , 1 977 , S pe c i f ic i te d e l ' onoma s t ique r oma ine d el ' A f r ique ,C o I lq . ,3 15-322 . P i so ,I .1 972 ,P .Fu r iu sS a tu rn inu s , AMN I X , 4 63-471 . P i so , I .1 974 , S u rl av i e m un ic ipa le d e S a rm izege tu sa ,S tCL XV I ,2 35-244 . P i so , I . 1 975 , E p ig raph ica ( I ) , S a rge t ia X I-X I I 1 9741975 , 5 7-79 . P i so ,I .1 976 ,E p ig raph ica ( IV ) ,A pu lum X IV ,4 4 1-453 . P i so ,I .1 978 , E p ig raph ica ( V I I I ) ,A pu lum XV I , 1 88197 . P i so ,I .1 981 , E p ig raph ica ( X I I I ) , AMN , XV I I I ,4 43-453 .

8

B ib l iog raphy P i so , I . 1 982 , C a r r ie r e s s e na to r ia le s ( I I ) , AMN X IX , 3 95 7 . P i so , I . 1 983 , I n sch r i f ten v on P roku ra to ren a u s S a rm izege tu sa ( I ) ,Z PE 5 0 ,2 33-251 . P i so , I .a nd D ia cone scu , A l . 1 987 , F o ru r i le d i n U lp ia T ra iana S ann izege tu sa , AMN XX I I —XX I I I , 1 9851 986 ( 1 987 ) , 1 6 1183 . P r eme r s te in ,A . 1 9 17 I u si t a l icum ,R EX 1 1 ,c o 1 .12381253 . P ro ta se ,D . 1 980 ,A u toh ton i ii nD a c ia ,v o l . ! ,B ucu re e t i . R obe r t , L . 1 963 , N om s i n d igin e s d an s l ' As ie m ineu r e g r e co—roma ine ,P a r i s . R u s su , L I . 1 944 , O noma s t icon D ac iae , A ISC I V , 1 94 11 943 (1944 ) , 1 86-233 . R u ssu , L I . 1 949 , R e c t i f icä r i § i a dao se l a ' Onoma s t icom D ac iae ' ,A ISC V . 1 9441948 (1948 ) ,2 82-296 . R u ssu ,I . I . 1 958 , E l emen te t r aco—ge t ice § is c i t ice i nS c i l ia § i B o spo r u lc imme r ian ,S C /V I X /2 . 3 03-336 . R u s su , 1 . 1 . 1 965 , h i sc r ip t ione s t e gu la rum l e g ion i s X I I I G em inae ,A pu lum V .2 17-232 . R u s su ,I . I . 1 967 ,T rac i ii nD a c ia r omanä , AMN I V ,8 5106 . R u s su , L I . 1 969 , I l i r i i . I s to r ia . L imba s i o noma s t ica . R oman i zar ea ,B ucu r e § t i R u s su ,1 . 1 . 1 969b ,E lemen te s i r iene i nD ac ia c a rpa t icä , AMN V I , 1 67189 . R u s su , I . 1 977 , L 'onoma s t ique d e l a D ac ie r oma ine , C o l loq . ,3 53-362 . R u s su ,L I . 1 980 ,D aco—ge i i ii nI mp er iu lr oman ,B ucu r e § t i . S am sa r is , D . 1 985 , U ne i n sc r ip t ion i n ed i te t r ouvee p r e s d e s f r on t ie r e s d u t e r i to i re d e l ac o lon ie d e P h i l ipp e s , K l io 6 7 /2 .4 58-465 .

S an ie , S . 1 968 , C i teva o b se r va j i i a sup ra i n sc r ip l ie i C IL I I 7 954 d e l a U lp ia T ra iana S a rm izege tu sa , S C /V I X /4 .5 75-586 . S an ie , S . 1 970 , L ' onoma s t ique o r ien ta le d e l a D ac ie r oma in e ,D ac ia N S X IV ,2 33-242 . S an ie ,S . 1 973 ,O noma s t ica o r ien ta l d i nD ac ia r omänä ( I ) , AMN X , 1 5 1170 . S an ie , S . 1 981 ,C u l t e l eo r ien ta l e i nD a c ia r omand I .C u l te l e s i r iene c ip a lm i r iene ,B ucu r e e t i . S an ie , S . 1 982 , A f r ican i i i n D a c ia r oma nä , C I X I I—X I I I 1 9811982 ,2 99-305 . T oma schek ,W . 1 894 ,D ie a l ten T h rak e r 2 .P e r sonennamen u nd O r t snamen . T rynkow sk i , J . 1 965 , L e s V a r en i i d e S ann izege tu sa e tl a c o lon i sa t ion i t a l ique d e l aD a c ie r oma in e ,P r zeg lad H i s to r i c zny , LV I3 ,3 69-387 . T rynkow sk i , J . 1 976 , U rmä r i le d emog ra f ice a l e c u ce r i r i i D ac ie id ec ä t r er oman i , AMN X I I I ,8 1-88 . T udo r , D . 1 962 , L e o rgan izzaz ione d eg l i A ugu s ta le s i n D ac ia ,D a c ia N .S . V I , 1 96-214 . T udo r , D . 1 968 , O ra §e , t i rgu r i § i s a te i nD ac ia r oman, B ucu r e § t i . Wa ch e r ,J . 1 975 ,T own so fR oman B r i ta in ,L ondon W i lk e s ,J . J . 1 969 ,D a lma t ia ,L ondon W i lke s , J . J . 1 9 77 , T h e P opu la t ion o f R oman D a lma t ia , ANRW 1 /6 . W ink le r , J . 1 975 , D e scop e r i r i m one ta r e i n U lp ia T ra iana S ann iz ege tu sa ,S a rge t ia X I—X I I 1 975 , 17136 . Z gu s ta ,L . 1 9 55 ,D ie P e r sonennamen g r iech i sche rS t äd te d e r n ö rd l i chen S chwar zme e rkü s te ,P raha . Z gu s ta ,L . 1 964 ,K l e ina s ia t i schen P e r sonennamen ,P rag .

L IST OF ABBREV IAT IONS 1 .P ub l ica t ion s ,R ev iew s AAASH ACUSD AE A I IA I A ISC AMN AMP A nnüp . ANR W A pu lum B ib C I C o l lq . D a c ia D i s s .Pann . K l io L a tomu s RE R I

A c ta a r cheo log ica A cadem iae S c ien t ia rum H unga r i ca e ,B udap e s t . A c ta c l a s s ica S c ien t ia rum D eb recen ien se s ,D eb recen . A rheo log ia iE r te s i tö ,B udape s t . A nua ru lI n s t i tu tu lu id eI s to r ie § 1A rheo log ie ,I a e i . A nua ru lI n s t i tu tu lu id eS t ud i iC la s ice ,C lu j . A c ta Mu se iN apo cen s i s ,C lu j . A c ta Mu se iP o ro l i s sen s i s ,Z a lau . L 'Annee E p ig raph ique . R evue d e sp ub l ica t ion se p ig raph ique sr e la t ive s al ' an t iqu i te r oma ine ,P a r i s . A u f s t ieg u nd N iede rgang d e rr öm i sch en We l t ,B e r l in —N ew Y o rk . A pu lum . A c ta Mu se ir e g iona l is A pu len s i s ,A lba— Iu l ia . B onne rJ ah rbüch e rd e sR he in i schen L ande smu seum i nB onn u nd d e rG e se l l scha f td e rF reunde u nd F ö rde rd e r R he in i schen L and e smu seum si nB onn ,B onn . C e r ce tä r ii s to r ice ,I a § i . C o l loque si n tema t ionaux d uC en t re N a t iona ld el ar e che r che s c ien t if ique . L 'onoma s t ique l a t ine ,P a r i s 1 977 . D ac ia . R evue d ' a r cheo log ie e td ' h i s to i re a n c ienne ,B ucu re e t i . D i s se r ta t ione sP annon icae .B udape s t . K l io ,B e i t räge z u ra l ten G e sch ich te ,B e r l in . L a tomu s .R evue d ' e tude sl a t ine s . B r uxe l le s . P au ly sR ea lencyc lopäd ie d e rC la s s i schen A l te r tum sw i s sen scha f t . R ev i s ta d ei s to r ie ,B ucu r e e t i .

8 9

P opu la t ion o fU lp ia T ra iana S a rm i zege tu sa S a rge t ia S C IV (A ) S td

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T ib i scu s V es t ig ia Z PE

T ib iscu s , Muzeu l B ana tu lu i ,T im ieoa ra . V es t ig ia . B e t räge z u ra l ten G esch ich te . München . Z e i t sch r if tf ü rP apy ro log ie u nd E p ig raph ik .

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C o rpu sI n scr ip t ionum L a t ina rum . I n sc r ip t i i le D ac ie ir omane , B ucu re e t i .

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I n sc r ip t ion sg r ecques e tl a t ine sd el aS y r ie ,e dd . L .J a labe r t ,R . Mon te rde ,J . —P .R ey C oqua i s ,P a r is .

I GR I LAf I LA 1 . I LER

I n sc r ip t iones G r ecae a dr e sR omana p er t inen te s ,e dd . R . C ogna t ,G . L a f aye ,P a r i s . I n sc r ip t ion sl a t ine sd 'Af r ique ( T r ipo l i ta ine ,T un is , Ma ro c ) ,e dd . R .C agna t , A . Me r l in , P a r i s 1 923 . I n sc r ip t ion s l a t ine sd el ' A lge r ie T ome I p ub l iees p a rH .—G . P f laum . J o se V ives , I n sc r ip t ione sl a t ina sd e l ' E spag na r omana ,B a r ce lona 1 9711972 .

I LS I LT I LTG

H ermann D e ssau ,I n sc r ip t ione sL a t inae s e lec tae ,B e r l in 1 8921916 . A lf red Me r l in ,I n sc r ip t ion sl a t ines d e l aT un i s ie ,P .U .F . ,P a r is 1 944 . P ie r re Wu i l lem ie r , I n sc r ip t ion sl a t ine sd e st r o is G au le s , XV I I— e S upp lemen t aG a l l ia , P a r i s 1 963 .

I MS I RC I RL

M i ro s lava M ikov iC ,S lobodan D u§an i& I n sc r ip t ion sd e l a Mes ie S up e r ieu re . B eog rad . I n sc r ip t ion sr oma ine sd eC a ta loge . I .B a r ce lone ( s auf B a r c ino ) ,P a r is 1 984 . F e l ipe A r ia s , V i la s , P a t r ick l eR oux , A la in T ranoy , I n sc r ip t ion s r oma ines d e l ap rov ince d e L ugo , P a r i s 1 979 . T he I n sc r ip t ion so fR oman T r ipo l i tan ia ,e d .J .M . R eyno ld s ,J . B . Wa rd—Pe rk in s ,L ondon —R ome 1 952 . I n scr ipi i 1e S cy th ie iM ino r , B ucu re e t i . R .C o l l ingwood ,R .P . Wr igh t ,T he R oman I n sc r ip t ion so fB r i ta in ,O xfo rd 1 965 . G e ro ld Wa lse r ,D ie r öme r ze i t l iche I n sch r i f ten a u s S t e ierma rk ,G raz 1 969 . E kkeha rd Webe r , D ie r öme r ze i t l iche I n sch r if ten a u sS t e ie rma rk ,G raz 1 969 . L .B a rk6czy —A . Möc sy , D ie r öm ische I n sch r i f ten U nga rn s( v o l . I— I I I ) , B udapes t .

I RT I SM R IB R ISch R IS t R IU

4 .C a ta logue so fn ame s A lf red Ho lde r ,A l t—ce l t ische rS p rach scha tz , L e ipz ig ,v o l . I— I I I , 1 896-1914 .

P ape

I i ro K a jan to ,T he L a t in C ognom ina ,H e ls ink i 1 965 . S oc ie ta sS c ien ta rum F enn ica . C ommen ta t iones H umana rum L i t te ra rum XXXV I ,2 . W . P ape . Wö r te rbuch d e rg r iech ischen E igennamen' ,v o l .1-2 ,B raun schwe ig , 1 863-1870 .

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W i lhe lm S chu lze ,Z u rG e sch ich te l a te in ische rE igennamen i nA bhand lungen d e rk ön ig l ichen G ese l lscha f tu nd

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W is sen schaf ten z u Gö t t ingen . P h i lo log i sch—h is to r ische K la s se ,N eue—Fo lge , B and V 5 ,B e r l in 1 933 . H e ikk iS o hn , D ie g r iech i sche P e r sonnenamen i nR om . E in N amenbuch , B e r l in —N ew Y o rk ,v o l . I— I I I , 1 982 . H e inz Wu thnow , D ie s em i t i schen Men schennamen i ng r iech i schen I n sch r if ten u nd P apy r id e sv o rde ren O r ien t s , L e ipz ig 1 930 .

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