A Catalogue of the Lamps in the British Museum 1: Greek, Hellenistic, and Early Roman Pottery Lamps [1] 9780714112435, 0714112437

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British museum-lamps text
Plates

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A CATALOGUE OF THE

LAMPS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM I GREEK, HELLENISTIC, AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY LAMPS

D. M. BAILEY S ENI OR R ES EA RCH A SS IS TA NT D E P A R T M E N T OF G R E E K A N D ROMAN ANT IQUITIES

P U B L IS H E D FO R T H E T R U S T E E S O F T H E B R IT IS H M U S E U M BY B R IT IS H M U S E U M P U B L IC A T IO N S L IM IT E D

ISBN o 7141 1243 7

Published by British Museum Publications Ltd. 6 Bedford Square, London WCiB 3RA

Set in Bembo and printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Oxford by Vivian Ridlcr Printer to the University

TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFA CE,

p . viii

INTRODUCTION Scope and Plan The Collection Techniques o f Manufacture The Uses o f Lamps The Export o f Lamps

p. I 2

Survey o f Lamp Development Notes on the Text

p . 12 16

2

Notes on the Plates

37

9 IO

Acknowledgements

17 18

Abbreviations and Select Bibliography

CATALOGUE Crete

p. 21

Calymna

p ■ 183 198

Athens

29

East Greek Unattributed Lamps

Boeotia

65

Cyprus

205 231

Corinth

66

Al Mina

Laconia

7t

The Levant

235

South Russia (The Crimea)

73

Egypt

Tsamourli

7P

Eastern Libya (Cyrenaica)

239 285

Aeolis

84

W estern N orth Africa

289

Pergamon

85

Malta

292

Sardis

87 88

Sicily

294

Sardinia

318

JO 124

Italy

323

Cnidus

U nattributed Lamps

354

Rhodes

160

Ephesus and Southern Ionia Halicarnassus

IN D E X E S Concordances

}>■ 358

Index o f Find-spots and Alleged Proveniences

Index o f Donors General Index

38T PLA TES

p - 383 385

LIST OF PLATES I to

3 7 20 21 23

4 to 6 to 20 to 20 to 22 to 23 24 to 25 26 to 27 27 28 to 39 40 to 43 44 to 71 72 to 81 82 to 87 86 to 89 90 to 99 100 to ΙΟ Ι ro2 to 103 102 to 116 117 118 to 119 118 to 119 118 to 125 126 to 127

Inscriptions and Marks Cretan Lamps Athenian Lamps Boeotian Lamps Corinthian Lamps Laconian Lamps Crimean Lamps Lamps from Tsamourli ? Lamps from Aeolis, Pergamon, and Sardis Ephesian and southern Ionian Lamps Lamps from Halicarnassus Cnidian Lamps Rhodian Lamps Calymniote Lamps East Greek Unattributed Lamps Cypriote Lamps Lamps from Al Mina Levantine Lamps Egyptian Lamps East Libyan Lamps Lamps from western North Africa Maltese Lamps Sicilian Lamps Sardinian Lamps

128 to 137 Italian Lamps Unattributed Lamps 138 139 to 141 Camirus Tomb Groups

142 to 143 Cypriote Tomb Groups ‘Tomb Groups’ from Algeria 144 145a Lamps from Al Mina, in Aleppo 145b Stone Lamp from Ephesus 146a R. Murdoch Smith’s plan of the field of Chiaoux (after Newton, Papers) 146b Cpl. McCartney’s photograph of the Tcmenos of Demeter at Cni­ dus in 1858. Plan and Section of the Temcnos 147 of Demeter at Cnidus (after New­ ton, Discoveries, pi. LIII). 148 Baby-feeders from central Italian lamp workshops 149 to 150 Towneley drawings of lamps (Note: the Second Towneley Col­ lection, purchased from Charles Towneley’s brother in 1814, in­ cluded a very large number of drawings, many of which were of objects in the collection. The drawings of the lamps appear to be by a number of different hands, but only two (not pub­ lished here) have the artists’ names written on them, by Towneley: a drawing of Walters 1142 has ‘drawn by Tendi’, and a drawing of the lamp-lid BMC Bronzes 1162 has ‘Skelton’, most probably Wil­ liam Skelton (1763-1848), who is known to have worked for Towneley).

PREFACE T h e present w o rk is the first volum e o f a new C a ta lo g u e 0/ G reek an d R o m a n L a m p s designed to replace that by Η. B. W alters published in 1914. The need for a new catalogue has arisen partly because o f the substantial grow th o f the M useum ’s lamp collection over the past sixty years, but mainly because o f the great advances this period has seen in our know ledge o f ancient lamps as a result o f the extensive publi­ cation o f scientifically excavated finds. T he present volum e, w inch will be followed by three others, comprises Greek clay lamps o f all periods from the Bronze Age to the end o f the Hellenistic K ingdoms and also R om an clay lamps in the Hellenistic tradition. It has been w ritten by M r. D . M . Bailey and the typescript has been read by D r. R. A. Higgins and myself. D . E. L. H A Y N E S K e e p e r o f C re e k anil R o m m A n tiqu ities

INTRODUCTION SCOPE AND PLAN Η. B. W a lteh s ’ s Catalogue of the Greek and Roman Lamps in the British Museum was published in 1914 and was one o f the earliest works o f any substance in the study o f the subject.1 It made available to the archaeologist and scholar a very large body o f varied material, much o f it illus­ trated in half-tone and in line drawings. In the ease o f Greek lamps, W alters had very little other than the archaeological record to go on, and for the Imperial Period Fink’s simple but limited classification o f Rom an lamps2 was all that was available to him. The subsequent publication o f oeschckc’s pioneering Lampen aus Vindonissa in 1919 was the first o f a large series o f im por­ tant publications o f lamps from archaeological sites, which together w ith catalogues (the catalogue o f the H erm itage Museums camc out jn t]lc samc year as W alters’s catalogue) have been appear­ ing w ith increasing frequency, especially since the Second W orld W ar. These publications, utilizing and describing the results o f research not available w hen W alters w rote his catalogue m ore than half a century ago, point to the need for a new catalogue o f lamps. Such a catalogue would in addition include the many lamps not published by ^Makers although they were available for inclusion, and also the considerable body o f material acquired since 1914. T he present volume is devoted to Greek and Hellenistic lamps and lamps o f Hellenistic type, including late Republican lamps from Italy. O nly lamps o f fired clay arc included. The range [ii tune is from the Bionzc Age dow n to the caily fiist century a.d., from Adinoan lamps to the Augustan lamps w hich still bear traces o f the Hellenistic tradition. O ther lamps o f Augustan limes, including the characteristic volute lamps, and the later lamps o f the Rom an Imperial period, will be published in further volumes. Lamps in metal and stone will also be published icparately. A certain num ber o f lamps from other departments in the M useum have been inju d cd , principally from the D epartm ent o f Egyptian Antiquities, but also a few from the departm ent o f Prehistoric and Rom ano-British Antiquities. T he following groups o f pottery amps in the collections o f the D epartm ent o f W estern Asiatic Antiquities have been excluded as , cing beyond the scope o f this volum e: Punic lamps ,4 open lamps from the Levant, ‘Parthian’ amps, and m oulded lamps o f Hellenistic type made in Mesopotamia. As in R. A. Higgins’s BMC Terracottas the arrangement o f the catalogue is geographical, the amps being discussed chronologically within each area. In many cases, especially in the eastern ,alf o f the M editerranean, it is possible to place lamps w ithin quite a small geographical area, city or its immediate neighbourhood. In some regions, however, Sicily and Italy for example, |iis has proved impossible in the present state o f knowledge, and the lamps arc placed ilia wider

1 Petrie’s Rom an E hnasya volume o f 1905 is little more lan a picture book o f massed lamps, and Brants’s Leiden jtaloguc o f 1913 is rather skeletal. 2 Sitzungsberichte der p h ilo s.-p h ih l. und der histor. Classe of kgl. baycr. A kadem ie der Wissenschaften, Heft v (1900),

3

O. Waldhnuer, Kaiserliche E rm itage:

die antiken

Tonlampen (1914). 4 However, some of the lamps from Sardinia, 110s. Q 680 to Q 689, although o f Greek form, may be of Punic manufacture.

p. 68$ff.

I

B

IN T R O D U C T IO N geographical context, with closer attributions where feasible. A typological approach has been rejected for several reasons. In the case o f lamps, a typology is only applicable to a limited geographical area, and to devise one for a heterogeneous collection o f lamps, acquired without plan or purpose from many sources, would be wasted labour, involving the discrimination o f an incredible number o f types if worked out logically, many o f which would contain only one or two lamps. Further, a typology based upon the Museum’s collections would be all the less signi­ ficant since many lamp shapes and forms which are transitional from one type to another arc not represented. N or is it possible to fit all the lamps in the collections into other published typo­ logies.1 These have, in the main, been devised for lamps excavated at particular sites and are strictly only applicable to those sites. And even when dealing with material from a single site, it may be necessary to abandon typology, as, for example, Judith Perlzweig felt bound to do when publishing the Roman lamps from the Athenian Agora.2 W here necessary, however, especially where this has a bearing on chronology, references to appropriate types within other typologies are given in the catalogue entries. The dates given to individual pieces are, in most cases, those deduced from published com­ parative material; only a very few lamps come from dated contexts. W here no comparative lamp is cited the date given is a balance o f probabilities and, in such cases, wide chronological limits are given rather than close ones: in this respect the catalogue must be used with caution. It would be as well to emphasize that the chronological aspects o f this catalogue are secondary, that primary archaeological material is not to be found here. An attempt has been made to limit references to comparative material only to those objects which throw some light upon chronology or upon possible proveniences.

THE COLLECTION The collection has been put together haphazardly over the last tw o hundred years, both large groups o f lamps and individual specimens having been acquired by gift, bequest, purchase, and excavation. Rather than list comprehensively the various sources in the Introduction, it has been decided that it would be more useful to give details o f acquisition in the discussion of each geographical group o f lamps. Further notes on provenience and acquisition are given in Con­ cordance B.

TECHNIQUES OF MANUFACTURE A. F A S H IO N IN G Although there was large-scale exportation o f lamps from certain centres at different times, the manufacture o f these cheap, domestic objects normally satisfied a local market. Throughout the Mediterranean world small workshops flourished, some for short periods, others for many years, 1 Those of Broneer and Howland, for example, for description of various lamp typologies see Ponsich, pp. 3 Corinth and the Athenian Agora. For a discussion and to 2Ö. 2 Perlzweig, p. 2. 2

IN T R O D U C T IO N affected or passed over by the economic or political currents o f their times, supplying their own communities and making use o f clay found in the immediate neighbourhood. These clays, having their own differing characteristics when fired, often make it possible to determine with some degree o f certainty the place o f manufacture. In such cases the fired-clay characteristics are described in the chapter discussions and brief details o f the clay bodies and superficial colouring matters are given in the individual Catalogue entries. In principle, three methods were used in antiquity for the fashioning o f pottery lamps : model­ ling by hand, throwing the body on a potter’s wheel, and pressing into two-piece moulds. The technique o f hand-modelling is self-evident: the prepared clay is modelled manually to the desired shape and finished with a few simple tools. Only a very few lamps in the collections were made by hand, for example, the Corinthian lamps Q 108 and Q 109, the Laconian lamp Q Il6 , the impasto vessels Q 690 and Q 691, and the bull’s-head toy, Q 704, from Italy; some o f the Cypriote examples of lighting equipment which incorporate plastic features are also largely hand-modelled (Q 478, Q 478 b is, and Q 483). Wheelmade lamps were relatively simple to produce and would be no problem to a potter experienced in the production o f domestic pottery. It seems very probable that many wheelmade lamps were produced by pot-makers rather than by establishments specializing solely in lamps. This certainly appears to be the case at some periods in Athens,1 but the large-scale production of wheelmade lamps at Cnidus, for example, bears no obvious relationship to contemporary Cnidian pot manufacture, which suggests the existence o f a separate workshop or workshops concentrating on lamps. The same was probably true elsewhere. Wheelmade lamps can vary enormously in appearance and complexity. Some are very simple, like the open lamps from Cyprus and Al Mina, which arc merely plates or shallow bowls with the edges pinched in or folded over at two adjacent places to form a wick-rest between the folded parts. This operation took place immediately after the plate was thrown, while the clay was still in a very plastic condition. The lamp was then cut from the wheel with a string or wire; occasionally it was left with the string marks forming a characteristic group o f arched loops, but more often the underside was hand-fettled when the clay was leather-hard,2 an operation which removed the string marks and smoothed the surface. W here a neatly turned raised base or base-ring was required it was necessary to wait until the clay was leather-hard and could be handled without sagging and distortion. At this stage the body o f the lamp, to which the nozzle or handle had not yet been applied, was placed upsidedown on a turning-wheel and the desired base was produced by shaving off the surplus clay with a wooden or a metal tool as the wheel was rotated. Turned bases or base-rings arc not nor­ mally found on open lamps, presumably because its shape would make difficult the centring and levelling o f such a lamp on the turning-wheel. The term ‘unturned base’ is used in the Catalogue when the lamp was not subjected to this finishing process, but left as it was when cut from the throwing-wheel. ard, Ceramics fo r the Archaeologist, pp. 365 if., although I have not been completely guided by these. See also Council for British Archaeology, Research Report 6: Romano-British Coarse Pottery.

1 Howland, pp. 3-4, and see his General Index, where many references are given under the heading ‘Potters, relation to lainpmakers’. For the Roman period see Perlzweig, pp. 59 ff. 2 For terms used in ceramic technology cf. A. O. Shep­ 3

IN T R O D U C T IO N W ith the advent o f the bridged nozzle, which in most areas superseded the wick-rest o f the open lamps, it became necessary to fashion the nozzle separately and then apply it to the thrown lamp body; in the majority o f cases it would appear that the nozzle was shaped as a solid clay lump and pierced by a hollow tube after it had been luted to the side of the body. However, with some lamps the nozzle was modelled from sheet clay or even thrown on the wheel, after which it was cut to fit the lamp body. If a handle was to be fitted it was pulled or rolled in the normal way and applied to the lamp in the appropriate place. Other applied decorative or useful features as, for example, the moulded applique reliefs of Cnidian lamps or the pierced side-lugs intended for the suspension of lamps when not in use, were added at this stage. After any necessary finishing touches were carried out and while the clay was still leather-hard, the lamp was covered with a slip if needed for decorative or functional reasons. If a glossy black slip or glaze was required the surface o f the lamp was burnished before the slip was applied. It is somewhat surprising that lamps were apparently not produced by the technique o f mould­ ing in two-piece moulds before the early years o f the third century B.c. Terracotta figures had been manufactured by this method for 200 years or so before this1 and it is difficult to see why the decorative possibilities and mass-production benefits o f mouldmadc lamps were not recog­ nized by lampmakers until a comparatively late date. The series o f operations leading to the production of a mouldmadc lamp ready for firing were lengthy but the individual steps were straightforward. The lamp-maker’s first task was to produce an archetype or model from which a mould could be taken.2*This involved shaping and carving a solid lump of clay into the basic form of the lamp body ; much o f this work would have to be done when the clay was in a leather-hard state. Decoration was added to the plain archetype by carving and incision, by stamping with punches, by applying hand-worked detail or moulded applique, or by a combination o f these. Stamped or incised inscriptions could have been added at this stage. W hen the archetype was complete with all the details which the Iampmaker wished to reproduce by moulding, and after he had ensured that there were no undercut features which would interfere with the withdrawal of the mould, it was allowed to dry out and was then fired. The vast majority o f lamp moulds in Greek and Roman times were made o f plaster. This can be inferred by the negative evidence of the paucity o f lamp moulds surviving from antiquity : plasters, both gypsum and especially lime, are fairly unstable substances, which break down easily in damp soil conditions. Some, however, have survived in dry climates, as in Egypt and N orth Africa. Petrie found examples o f plaster lamp moulds at Herakleopolis M agnai and there are many in the Cairo Museum;4 several have been found at Carthage.5 The use o f plaster moulds can often be deduced from indications found on the lamps produced by these moulds. have been found at Ptuj in Yugoslavia (Germania, 19 (1935). pp· -27 if). See also B M Q xxvii (1963-4), p. 91, note 7. 3 W . M. F. Petrie, Roman Ehnasya, pi. l v i , a, b, and c. 4 Cf. C. C. Edgar, Catalogue general des antiquites egyptiennes: Greek Moulds, pi. xxvm. 32299, for a modern cast from a Hellenistic plaster lamp mould. 5 J. Deneauve, Lampes de Carthage, pis. civ-cv, 1148 to

1 Compare, for example, R. A. Higgins, B M C Terra­ cottas, i. 49 and 57-9, of mid- to late-sixth-century date. 2 There is one archetype in the collection, Q 105; for another Hellenistic archetype see Howland 814. Some fine examples o f the Roman period have been found at Butovo in Bulgaria, perhaps the ancient Emporium Peritensium (Actes du Premier Congrès international des Études balkaniques et sud-est européennes, ii, p. 485, fig. 8, and Apxeom euft, iv, 4 (1962), p. 32, fig· 7). and others

1153·

4

IN T R O D U C T IO N When taking a mould from an archetype air bubbles will often form in the liquid or semi­ liquid plaster.1 This can only be avoided if a very liquid plaster mixture is brushed thoroughly into the archetype’s surface before the bulk of the plaster for the mould is applied. More often than not, however, lampmakers did not trouble about such refinements. Where the air bubbles are on or near the surface of the plaster the thin skin of plaster covering them will break through, causing pitting of the mould’s surface, when clay is pressed into the mould; this will result in raised globules of clay on the lamp. These globules are a sure sign that a plaster mould was used as air bubbles do not form in the surface o f clay moulds. Another indication of the use of plaster moulds is the progressive blurring o f decorative features of lamps from the same mould. This can only occasionally be shown to have occurred because o f the limited number o f lamps surviving which certainly came from the same mould and not from a parallel mould or one o f a later generation.2 Clay moulds are normally of a hardness which precludes noticeable wear through use. To take a mould, plaster was poured over, or a layer of clay pressed over, the lower half of the archetype. The upper edge o f this lower mould was finished in a line which followed the widest part o f the archetype. Plaster was allowed to dry out with the archetype imbedded in it, but clay could not be permitted to progress beyond the leather-hard state as excessive shrinkage due to loss of water would cause the mould to distort and crack on the unyielding archetype. The top edge of the lower mould was now finished smoothly and, normally, registration de­ pressions were cut into it. The upper mould was made in a similar fashion, the fabricant ensuring that a generous layer o f clay or plaster covered the upper side o f the archetype and that the lower edge of the upper mould met the upper edge o f the lower mould with comparable thick­ ness of fabric. The plastic material o f the upper mould would also fill the registration depres­ sions in the lower mould, forming complementary bosses. At the correct stage the two halves of the mould were removed from the archetype, and if produced in clay they were fired. It is important to remember that a lamp-maker was able to take parallel moulds in any number and at any time during his ownership o f the archetype and that such moulds may be separated in time by a generation or more. Lamp production from a two-piece mould was a simple technical operation. Clay was rolled out thinly into sheets and pressed into the top and bottom halves of the mould, with the edges o f the clay left somewhat proud. The moulds were brought together, accuracy of joining being ensured by the registration bosses and hollows. Any excess clay was forced inwards, into the interior of the lamp. W hen the lamp body had dried sufficiently the two halves o f the mould were separated and the lamp removed. The drying process within the mould was considerably faster when the mould was of plaster : plaster has the property of carrying off the water con­ tained in the clay of the lamp at a much higher rate than fired clay. There is little doubt that in the majority of cases the two halves of mouldmade lamps were joined within the mould. The alternative method, o f separately moulding the two halves of the lamp and joining them after removal from the moulds is laborious, difficult, and unnecessary. It would also fail to explain the 1 Cf. Gallia, xxvii (1969), pp. 117#., and F. Fremersdorf, Römische B M a m p en , pp. 49 ff., pi. π A. 2 Oziol and Pouilloux, pi. xn, shows lamps with pro-

gressive blurring of details, but I would hesitate to suggest that all come from the same mould.

5

IN T R O D U C T IO N almost universal practice o f furnishing lamp moulds with registration devices or marks, and the surplus clay normally found inside the join ofmouldmade lamps. This surplus has all the signs o f having been formed when wet by the pressure o f the upper part of the lamp upon the lower when the moulds were forced together. The moistened edges o f leather-hard clay are unlikely to produce the same effect.1 The products o f three-piece moulds (for example Lamp Q 606) were probably also joined within the mould, but their limited number, and the lack o f surviving moulds, makes this uncertain. W hen the lamp was removed from the mould the web along the join was smoothed away and any other detail which required attention was touched up. The filling-hole and the wick-hole were pierced with tubular tools. Any features which were not formed in the mould were now added: collars round the filling-hole area (as in the Ephesian lamps o f Howland Type 49A), collars round the body (as on the Athenian lamp by Ariston, Lamp Q 104), and handles; very few mouldmade lamps o f Hellenistic type had their handles formed in the mould. W here this occurred, for example with the Egyptian lamps Q 571 to Q 580, the handle was pierced at the same time as the wick-hole and the filling-hole; some moulds incorporated a device whereby the handle-piercing was formed in the mould (see Lamp Q 584). The study o f mouldmade lamps is complicated by the production o f parallel moulds, by the making o f sub-archetypes2 from moulds and moulds from sub-archetypes, and also by moulding from existing lamps, a practice to which rival firms occasionally resorted. The products of moulds made in these various circumstances can be classified best by the genealogical system of generations within a scries as proposed for terracottas by R. V. Nicholls;3 its relevance to lamps is obvious.4

B. D E C O R A T IN G A N D

G L A Z IN G

The term decoration is used here in the sense o f any superficial colouring matter and does not refer to the moulded or applied decoration produced in the manufacture o f the lamp itself. On Lamps Q 552, Q 563, Q 566 bis, and Q 733 (and perhaps Q 672) some post-firing colour­ ing matter survives; it may have existed on other lamps, but being fugitive has disappeared. It is unlikely, however, that m any lamps were decorated with more than a fired coloured slip or a glaze. As used in the Catalogue, the terms glaze ;ine! slip arc not quite synonymous, although the constituents o f these media arc very close—the colouring m atter in both is an oxide o f iron— 1 The writer has experimented with both methods and quitles, no. 38295, from Elephantine, shows similar is persuaded by these trials, together with the evidence of features to these Islamic moulds, and may be slightly the ancient moulds, that the first method described above earlier in date. 2 Fora discussion of sub-archetypes, that is an archetype was normal practice in antiquity. However, a modern potter with whom he has corresponded and who makes for producing lamp moulds which has itself been made reproductions of ancient lamps commercially, prefers the in a lamp mould, see Perlzweig, Lamp 780. 3 B&4 xlvii (1952), pp. 217if.: ‘Type, Group and second method, and surviving Islamic moulds (cf. R evue biblique, 1967, pi. χ ν ώ , from Ramleh, and two in the Series’. Where these terms are used in this Catalogue in Benaki Museum, Athens, nos. 12344 and 12346) show NichoIIs’s sense their initial letters are in upper case. that in eighth-century Egypt this latter method was Type: lamps of similar shape; Group: lamps from a com­ certainly used—but here only upper moulds were em­ mon workshop; Series: lamps with a common ancestor. 4 Cf. Opuscula Atheniensia, vi (1965), pp. 14-17. ployed, the lower half o f the lamp being hand-modelled. A Coptic mould in the Department of Egyptian And­

6

IN T R O D U C T IO N and the difference between them in their final appearance is often dependent on the preliminary treatment of the lamp body before the slip or glaze was applied. The term glaze is employed where the maker’s intention appears to be to produce a black glaze by the three-stage firing technique;' the term slip is used for all other decorative and functional superficial colorations. Only one lamp, Q 751, has traces of a true, vitreous glaze, but here the fabric of the lamp is basically a faience in the archaeological meaning o f the term, that is a frit-ware. The main use o f a slip or glaze was to render the clay body less permeable by the oil used as fuel.12*Thus, where such a slip or glaze was applied to a lamp, the interior is normally coated, but not neces­ sarily the exterior. The slip or glaze medium was applied by various means. The simplest way to coat the inside o f a lamp was to pour the slip into it, swill it round, and pour the surplus out. The outside could be decorated by dipping the lamp into the liquid slip, either completely, as in the case of the fourth- and third-century Rhodian lamps, or partially, as with the similar Calymniote lamps or the Cnidian reduction-fired lamps. Quite often only the nozzle was dipped, after the interior slip had been poured; this method was used extensively in Athens during the sixth century and in Sicily in the sixth to fourth centuries. These latter lamps are often decorated with concentric bands of slip on the rim. This was done by placing the lamp on a turning-wheel and decorating it with a brush. Often the interiors o f these Sicilian lamps were painted on the wheel instead of being coated by the more normal pouring method.

C. F IR IN G Lamps were fired in the normal type of ancient kiln, 3 sometimes together with pots, sometimes as the only constituent of the kiln-load. The kilns, which were much the same in Roman as in Greek times, consisted of a fuel-chamber sunk into the ground, with a stoke-hole or holes at the same level ; above the fuel-chamber was the firing-chamber, separated from the former by radiating fire-bars4 or a pierced firing-floor.® It is probable that all Greek and Roman lamps were fired in such a built kiln, although simple bonfire kilns were used in antiquity for the firing of certain forms of coarse pottery. The kilns might be square or rectangular, circular 01oval. It is probable that most firing-chambers had a permanent roof or dome, with a vent-hole, coverable when reduction firing was taking place. Small examples, which could not easily be entered for stacking the green (unfired) wares, probably had a more or less vertical wall, with an became sticky and glistened with oil. The oil in the Athen­ ian lamp remained witliin the chamber and the outside of the lamp stayed completely dry, except where unburned oil ran out through the wick-hole during com­ bustion. It is not surprising that Athenian lamps were considered such desirable objects abroad. 3 Cf. J. V. Noble, op. cit., figs. 231-8. 4 Cf. Arch. J . cxiv (1957), p. 19, fig. 9. 3 Cf. ibid., p. 15, fig. 4; B C H lxxxix (1965), p. 689, fig. I , p. 690, fig. 2.

1 See J. V. Noble, The Technique o f Pointed A ttic Pottery, for recent work on black-glaze techniques and the production of other colours for decorative purposes. 2 During an experiment, initiated by the necessity for light during the power workers’ strike of 1970, the writer filled four ancient lamps with olive oil. One was an Athenian fourth-century lamp with internal black glaze and three were completely unslipped: two Hellenistic Egyptian examples and a Cypriote lamp of the third century A.d . Within days the unused fuel in the unslipped lamps was completely absorbed by the clay bodies, which 7

IN T R O D U C T IO N open top, which could be covered w ith prefabricated plates, made gastight with turves, clay, or sand. These open kilns with vertical walls could easily be stacked from above.1 It is also possible that some small kilns had a temporary dome, built as the kiln was stacked, erected for each firing, and broken down to a certain extent to retrieve the contents after firing had taken place.2 But this would seem an unnecessarily complicated and lengthy process, with possible danger to the kiln-load. The glaze o f the lamps, being non-vitreous, allowed lamps to be stacked in the kiln resting one upon the other, with no necessity for the use o f stilts or other kiln furniture to keep them apart. The fuel used in ancient pottery kilns was, in most cases, wood, and in an experimental firing of a full-scale reconstruction o f a kiln o f Romano-British type3 two tons o f wood were used in a firing which lasted over 40 hours. The temperature within the firing-chamber varied from one part to another: it reached a peak o f about 1000 °C in one place, but probably never rose above 845 °C at the back o f the kiln. It seems likely that similar temperature variations were inherent in ancient kilns, with consequent possible differences in the appearance and hardness o f the fabric o f objects from the same kiln-load. Subsequent experiments4 have shown that considerably less fuel (not much more than a quarter o f a ton) could be used to obtain similar results, in a firing cycle o f about 20 hours. These experiments were all designed to produce reduction-fired pots; and oxydizing firing would probably take less time, although the fuel consumption is not likely to be less. Lamps normally underwent a straightforward, single-stage, oxydizing firing, except where a black glaze was required. This coloration was brought about by the three-stage firing tech­ nique alluded to above. In this the kiln, containing lamps which had been appropriately pre­ pared and decorated with the correct glaze medium, was brought up to about 800 °C with an oxydizing atmosphere within the firing-chamber.3 After this a reducing atmosphere was brought about within the kiln and maintained for at least half an hour. The temperature was raised to about 945 °C and then allowed to fall slightly, at which stage an oxydizing atmosphere was reintroduced and the kiln was allowed to cool in the normal way. The pattern o f events within the kiln was thus : First Stage (Oxydation) : The clay was fired and the glaze medium sintered. The clay colour varied between buff and orange and the glaze was red. Second Stage (Reduction) : The clay body turned grey and the glaze turned black. Third Stage (Reoxydation) : The clay body reverted to a buff-orange variant; the glaze remained black. W hen the kiln had cooled sufficiently the lamps were removed, the wasters were thrown away on a near-by dump, and the satisfactory products were collected together for distribution and sale. a Archaeometry, iv (1961), pp. 4-30. * Cf. Archaeometry, v (1962), pp. 80 ff. and G. F. Bry­ ant, op. cit. 5 For details of this firing cycle seej. V. Noble, op. cit., pp. 77 If.

1 For an experimental firing with this type o f kiln see G. F. Bryant, Experim ental Romano-British K iln Firings (Workers’ Educational Association, Barton-on-Humber Branch, Occasional Paper No. 1, 1971). 2 Cf. H. Hodges, Artifacts, p. 36.

8

IN T R O D U C T IO N

USES OF LAMPS The prime use o f lamps in antiquity was, o f course, for the illumination o f both domestic and commercial establishments. Public buildings, council chambers, theatres, and temples would also require lamps, although torches and fire-baskets would have been used when a more powerful light source was required. From temple sites, however, comes the evidence for a different use of lamps and for their employment on a very large scale. Lamps were, at dif­ ferent times, dedicated in vast numbers as offerings at certain shrines.1 Lamps which were probably o f a votive nature, in the Museum’s collections, include those from Halicarnassus (Lamps Q 207 to Q 253), from Achna and Dali in Cyprus (Lamps Q 491 to Q 493, Q 498, and Q 503; Q 478, Q 480, and Q 481), the lamps which possibly come from Tsamourli in Pontus (Lamps Q 130 to Q 141), and lamps from the vast deposits found by Newton at Cnidus (q.v. infra). The lamps from Cnidus and Halicarnassus are examples of the practice o f storing votive objects in chambers constructed for that purpose. It is probable that the normal reason for the storage of votive lamps and terracottas in these favissae was the problem arising through over-crowding o f the shrine: unlike candles dedicated in Christian churches, lamps are not self-destructive. W hen a shrine was completely cluttered with votive objects it would become necessary to clear them out to make room for future dedications. At the Sanctuary of the Deities of the Underworld at Cnidus, which was an open-air shrine, this may not have been the main reason for the deposits. Here, Roman lamps of the first three centuries o f the Christian era were found in the same, roughly constructed chambers as the Hellenistic lamps, although not cer­ tainly intermixed with them. It is possible that these were all buried together at a time when religious pressures made it expedient to hide objects of a pagan nature. The presence in one of the favissae containing lamps o f the fine marble statuette o f Demeter BMC Sculpture 1302 supports this view. The third main use for lamps in antiquity was their employment, at certain times and in many places, as part of the furniture of burials. This practice was very widespread and it is probable that a large proportion of intact lamps in museum collections comes from tombs. This is cer­ tainly true o f the British Museum’s collections, and many lamps in this volume of the Catalogue were found in tombs.2 No Cretan lamp is certainly from a burial, but in Cyprus lamps come from tombs which range in date from the Late Bronze Age until Roman times. Many o f the Rhodian lamps in the collection were found in tombs at Camirus and Ialysos; others were found in Hellenistic graves o f the Damos cemetery on Calymna, together with local lamps and im­ ports from Athens. The Athenian lamps which were found in large numbers in Sardinia probably come from tombs at Tharros; Athenian lamps come too from tombs at Camirus on Rhodes and Gela in Sicily, where local lamps were also found. The three Laconian lamps are from tombs, as also are many of the large Hellenistic lamps from Kertch. It is probable that some 1 For illustration o f this practice it is only necessary to Samothrace, 2, pt. ii. notice a few published examples: N S 1926, p. 143, fig. 2 For details of funerary lamps mentioned in the fol33, from Agrigentum; M A xxxii (1927), p. 371, fig. 163, lowing passage see the geographical sections and indifrom the Demeter Malophoros sanctuary at Selinus; vidual Catalogue entries, and examples from the Sanctuary of the Great Gods, in

9

IN T R O D U C T IO N of the Ephesian lamps are funerary, but there is no direct evidence for this. Little is known about the ultimate sources o f many o f the other lamps in the collections : definite information is largely limited to those from excavations organized or subsidized by the Museum.

THE EXPORT OF LAMPS Although local lamp workshops supplied the principal needs o f cities and towns in antiquity, there was always a demand for high-quality material and for novelties produced elsewhere. This is demonstrated in the excavation reports o f practically all the sites in the Mediterranean area from which a large body o f lamp material has come. It is necessary to quote a few instances only: at Corinth were found lamps imported from Athens,1 from Cnidus,2 and from Ephesus,3 to select but a few obvious examples. Athenian lamps were found at Argos4 and at Delos,5 and the latter site also yielded lamps from Cnidus,6 Ephesus,7 and Italy.8 Athens itself, although normally an exporter, did at various times import lamps from various places : from Corinth,9 from Asia M inor,10 from Cnidus,11 from Ephesus,12 and elsewhere. Cyprus imported lamps from Rhodes,13 from Athens,14 and from Ephesus.15 How the export trade in lamps was actually organized is difficult to determine. Presumably, in many cases, middlemen would purchase batches and send or take them abroad to sell to shops, or would themselves sell them at markets. Athenian lamps o f the sixth and fifth centuries were made in the workshops which produced the painted vases so much in demand throughout central and eastern Mediterranean lands, and no doubt the lamps went with these as part o f the Athenian export trade. Some lamps were probably taken to other countries as the personal property o f immigrants and travellers. The following lamps in this volume o f the Catalogue have been found in areas other than their place o f manufacture: A T H E N I A N L A MP S

Found at Al Mina Babylon Calymna Cyprus Egypt ? Ephesus Libya 1 Broneer, pi. nr, 116 and 120. 2 Ibid., pi. V, 190. 3 Ibid., pi. Vi, 329 and 363. 4 A. Bovon, Lampes d’Argos, pi. 2, 100. 5 Bruneau Lamps 13 and 2056. 6 Ibid., Lamp 1716. 7 Ibid., Lamp 2991. 8 Ibid., Lamps 3367 and 4379.

Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

58,Q66, Q 67, Q 78, Q 69,Q72 63,Q64, Q 68, Q 73, Q 71,Q75?, Q 7 7 , Q 86 20,Q22, Q 52, Q 81, Q 82,Q97 36,Q , Q 70, Q 89, Q

84 74, Q 7 W . 6·7. Reg. ΐ963·7-ΐ5·9· N o provenience. Bequeathed by F. W . Robins (Collection no. 780). Very like Q 95 in shape and profile, but differing slightly in details : the top has only one groove at its edge, there is no lug on the side, and there is no central disc within the base, but instead a slight depression with spiral tooling marks within. 59

ATHENS Orange clay, with mica present in some quantity. Dull red glaze inside only, but with an acci­ dental run from the wick-hole. There is a heavy application o f thinned glaze wash on the out­ side. Third quarter of the fourth century, and into the first quarter o f the third century B.c. Howland Type 25c p r i m e : compare Howland 347 and 348.

Q 97

PLATES 18

AND

19

L. 8·6. Reg. 1908.5-17.4. The Register entry states: ‘Brought by the late J. T. W ood from Ephesus, etc.’ Body fragment of a wheelmade lamp with two opposed nozzles. Flattened globular body with a central tube rising not quite as high as the top of the lamp. Sloping, concave rim, defined by a deep groove. The lamp stands on a raised base, concave under, and with a wide groove near its edge. Only the wall on one side, the floor, and the central tube survive. The presence o f two nozzles is deduced from its similarity to Howland Type 20a : compare Howland 366 and 365. Orange micaceous clay. W orn and pitted black glaze inside and out, under the base and within the tube. The rim groove is scraped free o f glaze; the resting-surface o f the base is unglazcd (perhaps worn away). Late in the second quarter o f the fourth century into the early third century B.c. Bibi. Walters 225.

Q98

PLATES I 8 AND I 9

L. 5·ι, W . 4-0. Reg. 1890.7-6.3. From Tell Basta, the ancient Bubastis, in Egypt; presumably from the excavations of 1887-9. Given by the Egypt Exploration Fund. Small, wheelmade lamp with a deep, vertically-sided bowl body, which has a narrow, flat, inturned rim decorated with a groove. The nozzle is short and stubby. A large central tube, much broken away, rises level with the rim. The lamp stands on a raised base, defined by a groove, and concave underneath. Orange-pink clay, with some mica. A somewhat worn black glaze is applied inside and out, except under the base, which has a thinned glaze wash. The rim groove is scraped, and the exposed clay body is reddened with miltos. Although none in Howland is directly comparable either in plan or profile, this can be placed in his Type 27A, examples o f which date from the latter years of the third quarter o f the fourth century b . c . and the first half o f the third century. Bibl. Walters 227; B M Parliamentary Returns, 1890, p. 56, x, 3. PLATES 18 AND 19

Q99

L. io-o, W . 7-4. Reg. [1842] TB. 899. Found in Athens in 1809. Burgon Collection no. 270, purchased in 1842. 60

ATHENS Whcelmade, sharply carinated, lagynos-profiled body with a wide shoulder and a very narrow rim set off by a groove around the filling-hole. Raised base, concave underneath, with a central disc; there is a kick in the floor of the lamp. Round-topped, tapering nozzle. A pierced lug is applied to the left side. Orange-pink clay, with small particles o f mica. Brown-black glaze all over, inside and out. The rim groove is scraped free o f glaze. Last quarter of the fourth century b . c . Howland Type 29A: compare Howland 40ό and 409-10. Bibl. Waltci s 287, BMC Vases (MS. Cat.), no. 3082; Acquisitions of Antiquities 1842: Mr. Burgons Collection, voi. 2 (MS.), no. 899; Catalogue of Mr Burgons Collection of Antiquities with a Valua­ tion Annexed (MS.), no. 899. Q 100 EA

PL A T E S 1 8 A N D

19

L. 8-6, W . 6-8. EA 13933. Reg. 1843.5-7.213. No provenience; purchased. Whcelmade lamp with a rounded body and a tapering, flat-topped nozzle. The filling-hole is defined by a groove. On the left side is an unpierced lug. Raised base, concave below; there is a small rise in the centre of the oil-chamber. A large piece is broken from the top. Buff-brown clay, covered inside and out with a streaky brown slip. The underside o f the base is coated with a thinned wash o f slip. About the second and third quarters o f the third century b . c . Compare Howland Type 31. Q 101

PL AT E S 1 8 A N D I 9

L. 8*5, W. 6-5. Reg. 1958.2-15.2. No provenience. Double-convex, wheelmade body with a fairly sharp carnation about half-way down. The base is slightly raised, and concave beneath; there is a swirl of clay inside, on the lamp floor. The filling-hole is set in a shallow depression. The round-topped nozzle is fairly long; it is broken but has indications o f a splayed tip. On the shoulder, at the junction o f the nozzle and the body, is an unpierced lug. At the rear was a vertical band handle, now missing and the break smoothed, perhaps by a dealer. Deep-orange clay, with mica present. Pitted dark brown-black glaze over all, inside and out, heavily scraped on the ridge between the shoulder and the filling-hole depression. The fabric is close to that o f Howland 409. Second and third quarters of the second century b . c . Howland Type 34A: compare the profile o f Howland 446.

Q 102

plate

18

L. 6-1, W . 4-5. Reg. 1856.9-2.32. Procured for the Museum by C. T. Newton; from Mytilene. Mouldmade lamp broken from a pedestal base, and in the form o f a grotesque, grinning face. 61

ATHENS The eyebrows are heavy, the smile wide, bunching up the cheeks into ridges. The eyes are staring and the nostrils marked. The hair is brought forward, overhanging the brow. The filling-hole is at the top of the head; the nozzle, which extended from the chin, is broken away and lost. Pinkish-brown clay, perhaps burnt, with small particles of mica present in some quantity. There is an all-over glaze, inside and out, which varies in colour from red to black to brown, and is very worn. Late third century b. c., perhaps into the second century. Howland Type 47c: compare Howland 615, with a negro’s head, which is close in fabric to ours; it comes from a context dated before 150 B.c. Bibl. Pottery Lamps, pi. gb.

Q 103 P R B

PLATES 1 8 A N D I 9

L. 1.2*3, W . 6*5. Reg. 1932.3-8.14. Said to have been found in the brick earth of the shore cliffs on the east side of Selscy Bill, Sussex, England.1 Given by Edward Heron Allen. Wheelmade lamp; the body has a low-placed carination, sharply defined, but the angle is obtuse. The area round the filling-hole is flat, with a raised edge formed by the side walls. The underside o f the base is slightly concave; a circular groove defines the inner edge of the resting surface. The floor o f the oil-chamber is slightly humped. The nozzle is long and tubular, with a rounded tip and flukes on each side at the wick-holc. At the rear is a double-ribbed, vertical band handle. A small hole is broken through the nozzle. Orange-pink clay. The exterior is covered entirely with a very worn slip, varying in colour from red-brown to black. It is not completely certain that it is an Athenian fabric. Last quarter of the second century B.C. or the first quarter o f the first century. This lamp falls within Howland Type 35A, but lacks the side-lug common in these. The handle, with its double rib, also differs from the bulk o f the Agora examples, but it is not unlike that of Howland Lamp 478, of Howland Type 35B, the similar but multi-nozzled lamps. Compare also the nozzle o f a lamp o f this latter Type in H. S. Robinson, The Athenian Agora, v, pi. 46, M 15, from a context of the middle o f the first century a . d . Bruneau Lamp 315, from Delos, is very close to ours, but has been fired in a reducing atmosphere. This lamp is compared with lamps of Howland Type 35c and dated accordingly, but the earlier lamps o f Howland Types 35A and 35E would seem to be more appropriate. Bibl. E. Heron Allen, Selscy Bill, pi. xvm, fig. 2. Allen as the source of these pots may well be the mud of a creek which has been sealed off in historic times by the advance of a bank of shingle. He suggests, further, that the creek would have made a safe anchorage and that the Greek pots found were lost overboard from different ships. This, he thinks, would explain the various dates and manufacturing areas of the pots in the group. It is a suggestion worth considering but is, perhaps, incapable of proof.

1 For the Greek pots said to have been found in associa­ tion at Seisey Bill (and now in the Department of Pre­ historic and Romano-British Antiquities) see E. Heron Allen, Seisey Bill, pp. 85-6; A tti del Congresso Intem a­ zionale di Preistoria (1950), ρ. 322; Germania, xviii (1934), p. 16. It has been suggested verbally to the writer, by Major Hume Wallace, who knows the geology of the area and who has made underwater geological surveys of the vicinity, that the ‘brick earth’ mentioned hy Heron

62

ATHENS Q IO4

PLATES I A N D 2 0

L. I I - 8 , W. 7-1. R e g . 1963.7-15.53- No provenience. Bequeathed by F. W. Robins (Collection no. 79)· Mouldmade lamp with a carinated body and wide shoulders; the small filling-hole surrounded by a bead rim. Long nozzle, with a splayed, pointed end, round-topped, and angular below. The lamp stands on a ring-base, flat within. The front stub of the vertical band handle remains. The shoulder is decorated with rays radiating from a groove round the bead rim of the fillinghole. On the top of the nozzle is an elongated flame palmette in relief. A decorative lug on the left side is modelled in the form of a cornucopia. The lamp is surrounded by an applied collar to catch spilled oil; two holes, at the junction of the nozzle with the body, pierced before the collar was added, allow the oil to run back inside. Much of the collar is missing. In relief under the base, in circular form round two concentric grooves, is the name ΑΡΙΣΤΩΝΟΣ. Orange clay, with small particles of mica present in some quantity. Worn black glaze all over, inside and out, fired red in places. Later years of the second century down to 86 B.c. Howland Type 5 I B : compare Howland 6 8 6 . Compare also B C H xxxii (1 9 0 8 ) , fig. 2 4 , opp. p. 1 5 2 ; B C H lxxxiv ( i 9 6 0 ) , p. 8 5 5 ; Bernhard Lamp 9 2 ; Bruneau pis. 1 0 - 1 1 . A lamp mould signed by this maker is in Berlin (Hercs Lamp 2 2 6 ) . Ariston was also a pot-maker—see Howland, p. 176, note 158, but the Ariston who signed a pot found in the Grand Congloué wreck (circa 1 5 0 - 1 3 0 B.C.) was probably an Italian Greek (R iv is ta di S tu d i L ig u r i, xxviii (1 9 6 2 ) , pp. 2 6 6 ffi). B ib i. B M Q x x v i i

(1963-4),

p ls . x l v c a n d x l v i c

Q I°5 L. 9-8, W . 6-7. no. 475)·

PLATES I A N D 2 0 R eg.

1963.7-15.54. No provenience. Bequeathed by F. W . Robins (Collection

Archetype for the production o f lamp moulds, carved or built up into a solid form. Doubleconvex shape, with a rounded but definite carination. The nozzle is splayed and pointed, and the top is decorated with a double ridge which widens to enclose the ‘wick-hole’, and also the ‘filling-hole’, but here an extra ridge is added. A small bead rim surrounds the ‘filling-hole’. The lamp archetype stands on a raised base, concave underneath; almost a ring-base. A11 applied ivy tendril, knotted at the rear, with berries near the nozzle, decorates the shoulder. Incised underneath, within the base, is a monogram, which can be read as HPAAOC. The clay varies in colour between brown and deep buff. No glaze or dressing is applied. There js very little mica in the clay, but some white grits are apparent. Second half o f the first century b . c . into the first century a .d . Howland Type 54 variant. For a lamp signed by Heras see Howland 766. B ib l. B M Q x x v i i ( 1 9 6 3 - 4 ) , p is. XLVn a n d x l v i I j .

63

ATHENS Q 106 L.

i i

*4,

PLATES I A N D 2 0

W . yo. Reg. 1878.10-19.325. No provenience. Presented by General Mcyrick.

Mouldmade, sharply carinated body with wide, sloping shoulders and a flat base in the shape of a pointed oval. The long nozzle is somewhat splayed and pointed at the tip. There is a small, flat discus, surrounded by a flat-topped rim. At the rear was a vertical band handle, now lost. The shoulder is decorated with a myrtle-wreath. On the nozzle is a raised line widening towards the wick-hole, flanked by raised lines which bend back at the point where the nozzle widens, to give the appearance o f swans’ heads. There is a small raised ring at the junction of these relief lines and the discus rim. On each side o f this ring is a raised point; two relief lines, marking off the shoulder decoration from the nozzle, converge on these points. Incised lightly underneath is the letter phi. Compare perhaps the letter marked on Howland 885, which lie suggests might be the initial o f the lampmaker Philomousos (Howland 882-4 are lamps by this maker). Orange clay, with some mica; the lamp is entirely covered with a bright-red slip. Second half of the first century b .C. into the early years o f the first century a . d . Howland Type 54A. Bibl. Walters 484; Broneer, p. 62, note 1.

64

BOEOTIA n ly one lamp manufactured in Boeotia is held in the Museum’s collections. Reported to have been found in the neighbourhood of Lake Copais, it clearly shows by its shape the reliance of its maker on similar lamps produced at Athens. It is not, perhaps, a direct copy, but the maker was obviously familiar with the Athenian products, made a comparatively short distance away to the south-east. The fabric is described in the Catalogue entry. Another lamp which might possibly be Boeotian is catalogued with the Corinthian lamps (Lamp Q 109).

O

Q 107

PLATES

20

21

AND

L. 9-6, W . 5'9· Reg. 1931.2-1640. Said to be from the neighbourhood of Lake Copais. Given by Mr. C. F. Grundtvig. Wheelmadc lamp with a deep bowl body, rounded walls, and a narrow, inward-sloping rim. Raised base, very slightly concave underneath. The nozzle is fairly long with a rounded tip; its top is flat. At the rear is an angular band handle, sloping slightly upwards from the points of attachment behind and on each side of the filling-hole rim. Brown clay with some mica in very small particles. Dull black glaze all over, except under the base, which has traces of a wash of the glaze medium. The glaze is carelessly applied and unglazed patches occur on the handle, on the underside, and within the oil-chamber. Second half of the fourth century b . c . or the first quarter o f the third. It is close to Athenian lamps of Howland Type 30B, and reflects the influence of the con­ temporary Athenian lamps of Howland Type 25.

65

F

CORINTH the eight lamps catalogued within this section, only five, Lamps Q I I I to Q I I 5 , are certainly Corinthian, as is shown by their fabrics, and two o f these, Lamps Q I I 3 and Q I 1 4 , are said to be from Corinth itself. The two lamps Q 108 and Q 109, whose shape makes it possible to place them within Howland Type 15, arc only doubtfully Corinthian. Howland is very tentative in his attribution of his Type 15 to Corinth, comparing the fabric o f the lamps with that of some domestic pottery from that site, and equating the shape of the lamp handles with some which are certainly Corinthian.1 Lamp Q 108 is close in fabric and finish to lamps o f Howland Type 15 found in the Athenian Agora and at Corinth, but Q 109 has only its close similarity in shape to that of Q 108 as a reason for bringing the two lamps together. The fabric o f Q 109 is very different, but it is by no means an impossible fabric for Corinth; however, it could be Boeotian. The occurrence o f lamps of Howland Type 15 at Eutresis2 strengthens this suggestion. There is no doubt that the fabrics o f Q I I I to Q i I 5 are Corinthian, but Lamp Q n o is less satisfactorily attributed to that manufacturing area. Thus, the pre-Roman Corinthian lamps in the Museum’s collections are few in number and are from a comparatively short period o f time, from the first half o f the fifth century down to the end of the fourth century b.C. This is a very limited representation o f an industry which produced a vast amount of material from the seventh century to the destruction by Mummius in 146 B.C., and even later.3 Lamps Q 108 and Q 109 are hand-modelled, with applied vertical strap handles. Lamps Q n o to Q 115 arc wheelmade, with applied horizontal band handles and nozzles ; all but Lamp Q 113 have raised bases, and the development from the shallow Lamp Q i n to the deep­ bodied Lamp Q 115 is shown adequately by the examples in the collections. The earlier lamps are more neatly made than the lamps of the latter half of the fourth century, in which the clumsy nozzles are matched by a general falling off in the makers’ skill. It is probable that these Corinthian lamps of Broneer Type IV were copied originally from imported Athenian lamps o f Howland Type 21 c, but the evidence is insufficient to be certain. No mouldmade Corinthian lamps of Hellenistic date are to be found in the collections. The various fabrics of the lamps are described in the Catalogue entries; those o f Lamps Q i l l to Q 115 are o f typical Corinthian clay, often having a greenish tinge, and containing little or no mica. The black ‘glaze’ (for such was the intention o f the lampmaker) is applied over all, inside, outside, and underneath, but it has, in most cases, disappeared over large areas o f the lamps.

O

F

Q 108

PLATES 2 0 A N D 2 1

L. ιο·4, W . 9·4. Reg. 1878.10-19.332. No provenience. Given by General Mcyrick. Handmade lamp with an open bowl body; the slightly curved, vertical sides have a bevelled 1 Howland, pp. 29-30 2 H. Goldman, Excavations at Eutresis in Boeotia, p. 246,

fig. 304 and p. 263, fig. 320, 3. 3 Cf. Broneer, Corinth, iv. 2, Terracotta Lamps.

66

C O R IN T H n ni. Tlie bottom is flat. Tlnec tubular nozzles with wide, rounded ends and constricted necks project from the body. A broad vertical strap handle is applied to the rear. The exterior of the lamp is finished by paring the leather-hard clay. Grey-buff clay, apparently free from mica. First quarter o f the fifth century B.c. Howland’s description of the shape and technique o f production for his Type 15 (in which lamps with a single nozzle only appear) is so close to our example that it must be placed with them. This is borne out by the similarities of fabric. His reasons for concluding that they arc Corinthian products are given in his description of the type but he is not, perhaps, entirely convinced ? Broneer Lamp 12, from Corinth, is close in texture, but is rather more yellow in hue. Bibl. Walters 160.

Q I09

PLAT.ES 2 0 A N D 21

L. 7'5, W . 8·2. Reg. 1852.9-1.9. No provenience; purchased. Small handmade lamp of the same form as Q 108. The base is slightly concave, with a matching convexity in the lamp floor. The handle lias ridged edges. There is no sign of the paring tech­ nique with which Q 108 is finished. Yellow-buff day, apparently free of mica. First quarter of the fifth century b . c . The clay may well be Corinthian, hut Boeotia is another possibility. Compare some miniature single-nozzled examples from a votive deposit at Eutresis (IT. Goldman, Excavations at Eutresis in Boeotia, p. 263, fig. 320, and p. 246, fig. 304), and another, of unknown provenience, in Jahr­ buch des Bernischen historischen Museums in Bern, xliii-xliv (1963-4), p. 446, 1. It would be sur­ prising, however, if Q 108 and Q 109 were made at widely separated localities as their methods o f manufacture and their appearance are so close. Howland, on p. 29, remarks on the different colours the fabrics of these lamps can assume. The clay of Q 108 is unlikely to be Boeotian, and these two lamps arc thus placed in Corinth, but with reservations. Bibl. Η. P. Borrell o f Smyrna, Sale Catalogue, Sotheby, 26 August 1852, Lot 1520.

Q 110

PLATES 2 0 AN D 2 1

L. 9'7, W. 7-2. Reg. 1966.2-16.29. No provenience. Rather deep, wheehnade body, with vertical, bulging sides and a flat rim sloping inwards. There is a double groove round the outer edge of the rim, and concentric grooves round the filling-hole. The nozzle is flat-topped and tapering; it is broken at the tip. The horizontal band handle is lost. The lamp stands on a wide, very slightly concave, raised base; there is a very slight hump in the floor of the lamp. It is by no means certain that this is a Corinthian product, but the fabric points that way. Pale-buff clay, with a great deal of mica. There is a flaked black glaze within the oil-chamber

and the nozzle. 67

C O R IN T H Probably second half of the fifth century b . c . This lamp fits more easily into the wider scope o f Broneer Type IV than into any o f the How­ land Types, and it would appear to be earlier than the nearest Athenian counterparts, the lamps o f Howland Type 23 c. Compare also a late fifth-century two-nozzlcr from a manhole under Lerna Square (Corinth, xiv, pi. 21, 3, CL 3829).

PL AT E S 2 2 A N D 23

Q III

L. ιι·5, W . 6-9. Reg. 1969.12-15.5. No provenience; purchased. Wheclmade body with an incurved rim sloping in towards the filling-orifice. The nozzle tapers and has a rounded end. Horizontal band handle at the rear. The lamp stands on a raised base, concave below. Pale greenish-buff clay, apparently free of mica. There are minute traces, both inside the oilchamber and on the outside of the lamp, of a black glaze. Last quarter of the fifth century or first quarter o f the fourth century B.c. This lamp is not very far from Corinth, xiii, pi. 62, 385-3, from a burial dated to the third or fourth quarter o f the fifth century B.c. It is similar in profile to ibid., pi. 21, 460-5, which was found in a burial o f the third quarter of the fifth century B.c. Compare also Athenian lamps of Howland Type 21c. Broneer Type IV. Bibi King and Chasemore, Sale Catalogue, Pulborough, 13 November 1969, Lot 848; BMQ xxxvi (1972), pi. xxxnid; JH S/BSA Archaeological Reports for 1971-72 (no. 18), p. 62, 12.

PL A T E S 2 2 A N D 23

Q II2

L. ιο·8, W . 6-3. Reg. 1959.7-12.1. N o provenience. Given by Mrs. J. Pott. Wheelmadc body with an incurved rim sloping in towards the filling-orifice. The tapering nozzle is fairly long, with a rounded end and a flat top. Horizontal band handle at the rear. Raised base, concave underneath. Pale-buff clay, with some mica. The surface is entirely covered, inside and out, and underneath, with a blackish-brown matt glaze. First quarter o f the fourth century B.c. The dating is based upon its similarity to the earlier but more open Athenian lamps of Howland Type 2 1 C . A lamp, said to be of Athenian fabric, from Votive Deposit V at the Asklepieion at Corinth, is close to this (Corinth, xiv, pi. 47, 5, CL 2469). This deposit was closed in the third quarter of the fourth century or a little later, but earlier material, going back well into the fifth century, was also found in the deposit. Compare also a lamp from a burial dated to the second half o f the fourth century b . c . (Corinth, xiii, pi. 100, 456-2). Broneer Type IV. Bibl. Pottery Lamps, pi. 3f

68

C O R IN T H

Q II3 L.

ΙΟ Ό ,

PL AT E S

22

AN D

23

W . 6·0. Reg. 1969.12-15.8. Paper label attached: ‘from Corinth Feby 1867’. Purchased.

Wheelmade body with an incurved rim. There is no raised base : the underside is very slightly concave, matching a convexity within the oil-chamber. The edges of the resting-surface have been smoothed; string marks remain in the centre of the underside. The very substantial nozzle tapers sharply to its rounded tip. The broad horizontal band handle is clumsily applied. Yellow-buff clay, containing a little mica. The lamp is entirely covered, inside and out, with a brownish glaze of uneven consistency, which has worn away in places. Probably first half of the fourth century b . c . It is not unlike Corinth, xiii, pi. 70, 422-12, but is perhaps a little later. The Corinth lamp comes from a burial in the North Cemetery dated to the end of the fifth century b . c . However, another similar lamp, ibid., pi. 100, 437-3, is from a context placed in the early fourth century b . c . Compare also Corinth, xiv, pi. 47, Lamp 3, from a votive deposit at the Asklepieion at Corinth which dates from the last quarter of the fifth century to the last quarter o f the fourth century b . c . Broncer Type IV. Bihl. King and Chasemore, Sale Catalogue, Pulborough, 13 November 1969, Lot 848; BMQ xxxvi (1972), pi. xxxmc; JHS/BSA Archaeological Reports for 1971-72 (no. 18), p. 62, 12. Q II4

PLATES 2 2 AN D 2 3

L. n*5, W . 6-6. Reg. 1969.12-15.6. Paper label attached: ‘from Corinth Feby 1867’. Purchased. Wheelmade body with an incurved rim. Raised base, slightly concave below. The nozzle is very substantial and broad; it tapers to a wide, rounded termination. A wide horizontal band handle is applied to the rear. Buff clay, varying in colour from green to pink. Particles o f mica arc present, but these appear to have been in tbe glaze medium rather than in the clay body. A glaze was applied over all, both inside and out, but much of it has peeled away; it was dark brown, almost black, on the body, but on the handle and the rear of the body it has fired a reddish colour. Probably o f the middle years of the fourth century b. c. Compare Corinth, xiii, pi. 71, 437-3 (also on pi. 100), from a burial dated to the early years o f the fourth century b . c . ; ibid., p i . 1 0 0 , 445~5> is of the middle of the fourth century and ibid., pi. 77, 4 8 4 - 5 , comes from a burial of the late fourth or early third century b . c . Bronccr Type IV. Bibl. King and Chasemore, Sale Catalogue, Pulborough, 13 November 1969, Lot 848; BMQ xxxvi (1972), pi. x x x i i i /j ; JHS/BSA Archaeological Reports for 1971-72 (no. 18), p. 62, 12. Q II5

PL AT E S 2 2 A N D 2 3

L. 9·i, W . 5*8. Reg. 1969.12-15.7. No provenience; purchased. Wheelmade body, rather deep, with an incurved rim. The lamp stands on a turned base, very slightly concave below; there is a complementary hump in the floor o f the oil-chamber. The end o f the tapering nozzle is broken away. At the rear is a horizontal band handle.

C O R IN T H Drab clay with a greenish tinge. There is an over-all glaze, dull olive-green in colour; it has peeled to a large extent on the body, but is more prevalent on the underside, and the interior is well coated. Second half of the fourth century b.c. Similar lamps come from burials in the North Cemetery at Corinth, and arc dated to the third quarter of the fourth century B.c. (Corinth, xiii, pi. 74, 453-8, 454-4, and 455-2). Burials of the second half of the fourth century also contained similar lamps: ibid., pi. 75, 471-3, and pi. 76, 458-5, and lamps o f this shape are also found in burials o f the late fourth and early third cen­ tury b.c. (ibid., pi. 75, 478-3, and pi. 76, 488-3). Bronccr Type IV. Bibl. King and Chasemorc, Sale Catalogue, Pulborough, 13 November 1969, Lot 848; BMQ xxxvi (1972), pi. xxxmfig· 7 . 5 and 4, of the first half of the first century a . d .

78

TSA M OU R LI (TSIRISLI-TEPESSI) site, in the district of Samsun in the Pontus, was apparently first excavated by Alfred Biliotti in 1883. He found here a bilingual inscription, a dedication to Apollo by one L. Casperius Ailianus (BM 1885.10-15.1). In the manuscript Keeper’s Report of Dona­ tions o£ October 1885 this inscription is described as being‘Excavated by Mr Biliotti at Tsamourli Keni near Cavak in the district o f Samsoon, Asia Minor, together with a large quantity of terracotta objects, chiefly bulls’. Rather later, Cecil Smith, writing of another votive deposit of bulls1 states that ‘The occurrence of this large number of terracotta oxen reminds me that we have in the British Museum a large collection of terra-cotta oxen, which were found in 1883 by M r Biliotti in the district o f Samsoun under circumstances o f great interest. This site, however, was probably that of a temple of Apollo . . . I propose to give a short description of this find in the next issue’ (of the Classical Review). Unfortunately he does not seem to have done this and the bulls have remained in store in the Museum, unregistered and, until recently, their place of origin forgotten.2 The inscription of L. Casperius Ailianus was published in CIL iii : 6976—‘marbré blanc trouve sur le somniet d’unc colline conique au dessus de Tchamourli, à deux heures environ loin de Kavak au sud-est. Triple enceinte, au centre de laquelle un autcl (rocher non taillé de main d’hommc), autour duquel M. Biliotti consul d’Angleterre à Trébizondc a recueilli beaucoup de fragments de poterle et des statuettes de terre cuite d’un art local’; and subsequently in BMC Inscriptions 1014, under the heading of Amisos (Samsun). This entry dates the inscription to ‘probably first century a . d . ’ and translates the CIL entry thus: ‘Found on the summit of a conical hill above Tchamourli, about two hours south-west [sic] of Kavak (district of Samsun), by Mr Alfred Biliotti, and presented by him in 1885. On the hill was a triple enclosure with an altar of natural rock in the centre. Around this were found numerous fragments o f pottery and terra­ cottas o f a local style.’ A site which sounds very similar to this was excavated later by a Mr. Yenidoumian and a pas­ sage in Studia Pontica, i, p. 50, certainly equates the two: O n e hour from the village [Kavak] (according to report) in the direction o f 1700 there is what the peasants call a Kale on the top of a double pointed, conical hill, on which M. Yenidoumian of Samsun has made some excava­ tions and discovered a number o f votive terracottas, chiefly figures of bulls and female torsos (one of which wears a stephanos). W e did not think it worthwhile paying a visit to this hill, which is visible from Kavak; but it is evidently identical with the “colline conique à deux heurcs environ loin de Kavak au sud-est” [see the CIL entry quoted above], on the summit of which there has been discovered, together with many fragments of pottery and terracotta statuettes, an inscription recording a dedication to Apollo Did(ymcus).’ The only other reference to this site which the writer can trace states ‘Au sud de TatarMoussal, sur unc cime, appelée Tchirisli-Tcpessi, sc trouve l’enceinte sacrée où fut découvertc h is

T

1 Classical R e v ie w , ii (i8S8), p. 91. 2 These terracottas, which include male and female

statuettes as well as bulls, are now registered in the sequence 1973.4-21.1 to 638.

T S A M O U R L I (T S IR IS L I-T E P E S S I) autrefois une dédicace gréco-latine à Apollon. On y recueille encore des fragments dc ccramique grossière: débris de statuettes, femmes drapces et taureaux.’1 There is no mention o f lamps from this provenience in any o f the passages quoted above and it is with some hesitation that Lamps Q 1 3 0 to Q 1 41 are assigned to the site. The lamps were found in store in the Museum, together with much unregistered material from various sources, including the terracotta bulls mentioned above. Their shapes point to a source in Asia Minor, but some would not be out o f place in south Russia:2 Pontus is therefore a possibility. The bulk o f the terracotta bulls are made in a ware which does not appear to be particularly near that of the lamps, but some are certainly fairly similar. However, one or two pottery sherds and unguen­ taria (1970.6-18. i to 4), found in the same boxes as the bulls, are very close indeed to the fabrics o f some of the lamps and, in the writer’s opinion, were made from the same clay. The British Museum Research Laboratory reported that a scientific examination o f the clays of these objects and those o f the lamps in order to establish similarities or differences o f mineral constituents3 would probably achieve no result of value.4 The fabrics of the lamps are particularly disagreeable, sandy jn texture, often containing grits and some mica. The colour varies from dark brown to black, but in some cases the surface has fired an orange-brown colour over large areas. It is possible that this is a slip, but an oxydizing firing stage following a reduction firing seems a more likely cause for this coloration. All the lamps are mouldmade and most have applied, vertical handles. Their date range is the last two centuries b . c ., probably rather later than earlier. The bulls and terracotta figures, clay double axes, etc., seem earlier than this, but some of the pottery is Roman of the first century a .d . :5 the site would appear to have been in use for some considerable length o f time.

PLATES 26 AND 27

Q 130

L. iO'7, W . 6-4. Reg. 1966.2-16.89. ? From Tsamourli; given by Alfred Biliotti. Mouldmade lamp with a deep, carinated body and a long, splayed nozzle, oval in section, and with a rounded tip. On the left side is a pierced lug, now broket:. A slightly raised rim surrounds the flat filling-hole area. Flat, circular base, raised at its front edge. Coarse, dark, grey-brown coloured clay, containing grits and mica in large random particles. Probably second century B.c.

PLATES 26 AND 27

Q 131

L. 8'7, W . 7-0. Reg. 1966.2-16.87. From the same source as

Q 130.

Mouldmade lamp ; double-convex body, with a thickened edge round the rear of the lamp and an indication o f a lug on each side; the left lug is apparently pierced, but is now broken. An 1 Studia Pontica, ii, p. 122. 2 Cf., for example, Waldhaucr Lamp öl. 3 For example, the presence of Aeginetan imports among the coarse cooking-wares found in Athens has

been demonstrated by the study of thin sections: A J A lxviii (1964), pp. 221 ff. + Research. Laboratory letter of 4 September 1969. 5 R e g . 1970.6-18.1-2 and 9.

80

T S A M O U R L I (T S IR IS L I-T E P E S S I) applied raised rim encircles the small, funnel-shaped filling-hole area. The round-topped nozzle is broken at its end. Small, round base, slightly sunken within. Coarse, dark-brown clay, fired rather lighter in places and bearing traces o f burnishing or perhaps a black slip. The fabric contains grits and mica particles; it is almost identical in appear­ ance to that o f handle fragment 1970.6-18.3, which was found in one o f the boxes containing the Tsamourli bulls. Probably second century b . c .

Q 132

L.

10-9, W .

26

plate

7'5.

Reg. 1966.2-16.88. From the same source as Q

130.

Mouldmade lamp close in shape to that of Q 1 3 1 . At the rear o f the lamp the edge o f the carination is notched. The right-hand lug is formless and the left-hand lug is pierced, but broken. There is no rim round the small filling-hole. Small round base, sunken within. The nozzle is long, round-topped, and blunt. A large piece has flaked away from the shoulder. Coarse clay, orange-brown on the surface and dark grey at the break. It contains many grits and much mica Probably second century b . c .

Q 133 L. ιο·3, W . 5-9- Reg. 1966.2-16.83. From the same source as Q 130.

PL AT E S

26

AND

27

Mouldmade lamp; double-convex body with a sharp carination. Long, splayed nozzle with a rounded tip. A raised rim surrounds the filling-hole, extending into a grooved, raised edge on each side of the top of the nozzle, producing a channel between the filling-hole and the wickhole. On the left side is a vestigial lug, unpierced. Raised, oval base, concave below. The vertical band handle is lost; a hole is broken through the base and another through the lower wall of the oil-chamber. The fabric is close to that of Q 131. Probably f i r s t c e n t u r y b . c .

Q 134

plate

26

L. 9·ι, W . 5-7. Reg. 1966.2-16.78. From the same source as Q 130. Mouldmade lamp very like Q 133 in form and fabric, but lacking the vestigial lug on the left side. A double raised rim surrounds the depressed filling-hole area and extends along each side of the top edge of the nozzle, leaving a shallow channel between the filling-hole and the wickhole. There are traces o f rays in relief on the shoulder. The base is flat and o f a pointed oval shape. The vertical band handle is lost. Dark grey-brown clay with grits and mica; traces o f an orange-brown slip or surface coloration. Probably first century b . c .

81

G

T S A M O U R L 1 (T S IR IS L I-T E P E S S I) PLATE 2 6

QI35

L. ιο·ο, W . 6·ο. Reg. 1966.2-16.79. From the same source as Q 130. Mouldmade lamp, very close in form, fabric, and date to Q 134. The raised edges o f the fillinghole area and the top of the nozzle are plain, and there is no shoulder decoration. Raised, pointed oval base, slightly concave below. The vertical band handle is missing and a large hole is broken through the base.

Q 136 L. 9*3, W .

PLATE 2 6 S'O.

Reg. 1966.2-16.80. From the same source as Q 130.

Mouldmade lamp, very close to Q 135 in shape and details, fabric, and date. The handle is lost; a small hole is broken through the side o f the nozzle. Q 137

PLATES 26 AND 27

L. IO-6, W . j-T. Reg. 1966.2-16.81. From the same source as Q 130. Mouldmade lamp similar in shape, fabric, and date to Q 134. The channel on top o f the nozzle is defined by two grooves, and the raised edge o f the channel is also grooved. The shoulder is decorated by parallel bands divided by grooves; down the centre o f each is a row o f impressed dots. A vertical groove separates the decorated shoulder from the plain sides o f the nozzle. At the rear is a vertical band handle with a central ridge. The lamp stands on a pointed oval base, concave below. The end of the nozzle is broken; there is a hole in the centre o f the base. Only a few traces remain o f the orange slip. Q 138

plate

26

L. 8’5, W . 5*i. Reg. 1966.2-16.86. From the same source as Q 130. Mouldmade lamp; double-convex body with a sharp but rounded carination. The filling-hole is situated in a small, sunken area surrounded by a grooved rim. The shoulder is decorated with radiating grooves. The nozzle is long and splayed, with a rounded tip; four parallel grooves extend along its flat top. Raised circular base, concave below. At the rear is a vertical band handle, now lost. The end o f the nozzle is slightly damaged.

The fabric is very similar to that of Q 133. Probably f i r s t c e n t u r y b . c . Q 139

PLATE 26

L. 8-6, W . 5-4. Reg. 1966.2-16.84. From the same source as Q 130. Mouldmade lamp; double-convex body with a rounded carination. The concave sides o f the nozzle are separated at their junction with the shoulder by a scalloped ridge. Faint, radiating ridges decorate the shoulder. A raised rim encircles the small, sunken filling-hole area and extends along the top edges o f the nozzle, forming a shallow channel between the filling-hole 82

T S A M O U R L I (T S IR IS L I-T E P E S S l) and the wick-hole. The nozzle edges are grooved; a relief line runs down the centre of the channel. The end and much o f the underside o f the nozzle are lost. The lamp stands on a raised base, concave below, with a hole broken through. At the rear is a vertical band handle with a central ridge. The fabric is very like that of Q 1 3 5 and Q 1 3 6 ; the orange-brown slip or sur­ face is worn away in a few patches. Probably f i r s t c e n t u r y b . c . Q 140

L.

9 -5 ,

PLATES 2 6 A N D 2 7

W.

5-1.

Reg.

1966.2-16.85.

From the same source as

Q 130.

Mouldmade lamp of the same shape, fabric, details, and date as Q 1 3 9 . The shoulder is decorated with curved ridges. The raised base is oval; the concave area within it is adorned with an im­ pressed rosette. The end o f the nozzle is broken away. The orange-brown slip or surface coloration is very patchy. Q I4I

PL A T E

L. ιο·8, W . 6·7. Reg. 1966.2-16.82. From the same source as

26

Q 130.

Fragmentary mouldmade lamp o f double-convex form, with a sharp carination. The nozzle is splayed, with a rounded tip. A raised edge on each side o f the narrow top of the nozzle extends from the ridge surrounding the sunken filling-hole area and forms a shallow channel between the filling-hole and the wick-hole. The shoulder is decorated with heavy radiating rays. There is no sign o f a handle. Much o f the underside is lost; the end o f the nozzle is broken. Brown clay, containing much mica, with a black surface coloration or slip. Probably f i r s t c e n t u r y b . c . Compare a lamp not unlike this in appearance, and probably from Asia Minor, in Acta Classica, ix (1966), no. 32 (opp. p. 10).

83

AEOLIS Q 142 was obtained in 1901 as part o f the Morel Collection, which largely consisted of material found in France, but also had a certain number o f miscellaneous antiquities in it. _4The fabric o f the lamp points to an Aeolian origin ; however, the alleged Trojan provenience is possibly a prestige place-name supplied by a dealer.1 Its squat, wheelnrade shape is based ulti* mately upon Athenian lamps of Howland Type 25B, much degenerated. am p

I

Q 142

p la te

27

L. 7-8, W . 6·ι. Reg. 1904.2-4.483. Purchased in 1901. Said to be from Troy (paper label attached: ‘Troie issarlik’). Wheelmade lamp with a double-convex body; the curve between the upper and lower body is placed very low. The filling-hole is edged with a bead rim, set off from the body by a groove. The nozzle is short and flat-topped, with a curved tip. The lamp stands on a base-ring defined from the underbody by a substantial groove. Within the base-ring is a conical depression, matched by a large kick inside the oil-chamber. Grey clay, with much o f the surface fired an orange-brown colour, containing some mica and grits. The upper side is covered with a matt brown slip. Probably first half o f the third century b . c . 1 Two Roman glass bottles, ML. 3017 and ML. 3018, from the Morel Collection also bear similar labels in the same handwriting.

84

PERGAMON

T

h e two complete lamps assigned to Pergamon are close in appearance and fabric to

lamps o f local Pergamene manufacture. Neither lamp has a satisfactory provenience: Q 1 4 3 came with the Robins Bequest and is said to be from Cyprus, and Lamp Q 1 4 4 was found unincorporated in the Museum; it was registered in 1908, when Walters was working on his lamp catalogue, and a possible Ephesian find-spot was suggested at that time. The fabric of the decorative handle attachment Q 1 4 4 b i s , which certainly comes from Ephesus, also points to a Pergamene workshop. The attachment and the lamps were fired in a reducing atmosphere and the light grey clay is full of mica particles. The black slip is thick and glossy. The lamps each have a mask decorating the nozzle, a common feature found on a great many late Hellenistic lamps from eastern Greece, and popular at Pergamon.1

27 L. 9-1, W. 6-2. Reg. 1963.7-15.13. Bequeathed by F. W. Robins; Collection no. 576. Said to be from Cyprus. Q 143

p la te

Mouldmade lamp; double-convex body with a fairly sharp carination and a raised rim around the filling-hole. On each side is a rectangular lug. Raised circular base, slightly concave below, with a wide central disc. The tapering, round-topped nozzle has a flat rim encircling the wickhole. On top of the nozzle, adjacent to the rim of the filling-hole, is a mask flanked by tendrils. The mask is beardless and apparently male, with high-swept hair; it is perhaps a Young Man o f the New Comedy. A series of radiating grooves divides the shoulder into panels. Grey clay with a large mica content, covered with a thick black slip, worn in places. Second half of the second century B.c. Pergamon Lamp S2 (Altertümer von Pergamon, ix, pi. 54b, 3) is close to ours and may be from a mould in the same Scries. It is described as probably local and o f the second century b.c. in J. Schäfer, Hellenistische Keramik aus Pergamon, pls. 68-9 and pp. 144-5. Bruncau Lamp 3178, of the second half o f the second century or the first half o f the first century b.c., is not unlike Q 1 4 3 . Compare also a very similar lamp found at Tomi in Romania (I. Stoian, Tomitana, p. 19, fig· 3, and Dacia (n.s.), v (1961), p. 237). Bibi. F. W. Robins, The Story of the Lamp, pi. xi, 12. Q 144

PLATE

27

L. 9'0, W . ό·4· Reg. 1908.11-5.4. Said to be from J. T. W ood’s excavations at Ephesus. Mouldmade lamp with a double-convex body. The filling-hole is surrounded by a thick bead rim. The nozzle is deep and round-topped; the end is broken away. The raised base is oval 1 Cf. J. Schäfer, H ellenistische K era m ik aus Pergamon, pls. 59, Q21 to Q23; 61, Q32; 65, Q50 and Q51; 69, Si and S2; A ltertü m er von Pergamon, xi, 1, pl. 55, 363.

85

PERGA M O N and slightly concave underneath. At the rear was an applied vertical band handle, now lost. On each side the shoulder is decorated with a small and a large leaf and a bearded mask. On the nozzle, near the filling-hole, is a mask with long hair. The decorations are very indistinct. Grey clay with a high mica content. Traces remain o f an over-all black slip. Probably o f the same date as Q 143, which it resembles to a certain degree. B ib l.

Walters 264.

Q 144bis H. 8-6, W . 6-4.

plate

R eg.

27

1867.11-22.362. Excavated by J. T. W ood at Ephesus.

Mould-pressed decorative handle attachment from a large lamp. Part o f an applied loop handle survives at the rear, attached to which is a brace to support the attachment. The attachment itself is palmette-shaped, and is decorated with a figure of Eros to front, moving to right, hold­ ing an indeterminate object, perhaps a vase, to his left shoulder. The tip o f the palmette is broken away. Grey clay with much mica; the front face is covered with a thick glossy black slip. Probably last quarter o f the second century, or first quarter of the first century b . c . Compare perhaps Bruneau Lamp 4235 from Delos. G. Heres, D ie röm ischen B ild la m p e n der B e rlin e r A n t i k e n S a m m lu n g , No. 510 is also similar. B ib l. B M C V ases,

G 108.

86

SARDIS h e provenience o f the one lamp placed in Sardis is not completely certain, but m a n y

T

of the objects obtained from Greville Chester have quite reliable attributions, and there is little reason to doubt his statements. He may, o f course, have been misled on occasion by the vendors from whom he obtained his material. This one lamp is not, in fact, a full-scale working object, but is a child’s toy. There is a similar lamp, deeper and more open but with the same characteristics as Q 145, and doubtless from the same workshop, in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge;1 it has no provenience.

Q 145

plate

27

L. 4-0, W . 3-3. Reg. i 8 8 8 . i o - 8 ' 3 . Said to be from Sardis (which is written in pencil on the under­ side). Given by the Revd. Greville J. Chester. Hand-modelled toy lamp made from a small disc of clay. The centre has been drilled out of the leather-hard fabric. The small, rounded nozzle projection was added and extends underneath as a tapering spine, crossing the circumference o f the lamp. A groove encircles the lower part of the body and two others parallel the sides of the tapering spine underneath. Light-grey clay with some mica; traces of a purple-grey slip. Possibly fifth-fourth century b .c . Its plan view has superficial resemblances to domestic lamps o f this period, for instance Howland Types 21 and 22. 1 Inv. no. GR. 50.52.

87

EPHESUS A N D S O U T H E R N I O N I A greater part of the lamps placed within this geographical context were actually found at Ephesus and were almost certainly made there. Most o f these come from John Turtle W ood’s earlier, exploratory excavations, during his search for the Artemision. Unfortunately, he made very few notes on these: he wrote copiously on the topographical, architectural, sculptural, and cpigraphical aspects of his discoveries, but pots and pans were to him obviously only a minor by-product ofhis search, and little is known about the circumstances of the finding o f the lamps. On 6 January i860 W ood wrote to Newton at the Museum: ‘Do you care for lamps, and pottery—the large mound, “Temple Mound” I must call it, is full of them?’ This mound is apparently the one described as being ‘at the eastern extremity o f the ravine between Mounts Prion and Coressus’ and within the city walls.1 The only other references to lamps which the writer can find in W ood’s writings all come from his Discoveries at Ephesus: p. 79—wasters found in a tower o f the city wall;2 p. 124—hundreds of lamps found in the Street o f the Tombs; p. 172—fragments found on the pavements of the Temple o f Artemis (none of these appears to be registered in the collections); p. 272: ‘in clearing out the cella’ o f the Artemision, ‘a few plain but well-made terracotta lamps were found. Some o f these are pierced through the centre, and might have been held aloft on a rod or stick in processions.’ This is presumably the cella o f the later Artemision, in which case the Athenian lamp fragment Q 97 might possibly be from here; but W ood also penetrated to earlier levels, in which case Lamp Q 149 may have come from this site. All other registered lamps with central tubes from Ephesus were found by W ood before the Artemision was located, or by Hogarth in the later excava­ tions. Only one lamp found by Wood, Q 155, is known to be from the Artemision site; it probably predates the fire of 356 b.c. Unlike the Roman and late Roman lamps found by W ood,3 the majority of the Hellenistic-Roman lamps included in this volume are broken, which might imply a domestic or dump context, rather than a tomb context. The remaining lamps attributed to Ephesus and southern Ionia which come from known proveniences were found by D. G. Hogarth during the British Museum Excavations at the Early Artemision in 1904-5 (Q 14Ö and Q 148) ; by W . M. Flinders Petrie and E. A. Gardner during the Egypt Exploration Fund’s Excavations at Naukratis in 1884-6 (Q i4 7 > Q i5 0 , Q i5 2 , Q 153, and Q 154); by Sir Leonard Woolley at Al Mina (Q 151). The lamp fragment Q 202 is said to be from Rhodes. It is not now known from which part o f the Artemision site Lamps Q 146 and Q 148 came. Hogarth mentions three ‘candle-lamps’4 found in the fill between tbc Basts and a structure half he

T

1 J. T. Wood, E xcavations at Ephesus, p. 60. The reverse identification of Mounts Pion [sic] and Coressus by G. Weber (Μ ουσείου κα'ι βιβλιοθήκη τή ς ευ α γγελικ ή ς σχολής, 1880-84, ρρ. 3-44) does not affect the position of this mound. 2 These very probably are Walters 1497-8, ofEphesian red-on-whitc fabric.

3 To be published in a later volume: many are included in Walters’s Catalogue. 4 D. G. Hogarth, E xcavations at Ephesus, the Archaic A rtem isia, pp. 39 and 236; but there are two entries in Hogarth’s notes for 17 May 1905, one in his N otebook stating ‘three candle-lamps—all at a depth of -45 below top of N. Base wall’, and another, loose on squared paper

E P H E S U S A N D S O U T H E R N IO N IA a metre to the north o f it. This fill is dated to the end of Hogarth’s A period,1 which probably dates to about the first decade of the sixth century b . c .2 However, he found other ‘candle-lamps’ ‘on top o f the Croesus foundations, just at the point where the distinction between it and the overlying Hellenistic blocks was clearly marked’,3 which would imply a date after the middle o f the sixth century for the deposit o f these particular lamps. Other ‘candle-lamps’ were found west of the Basis4 and in the south-west angle o f the cella.5 The earliest lamps from Ephesus and southern Ionia in the collections are examples of some o f the earliest lamps made anywhere in the Greek world after the Bronze Age. These are the whcelmade lamps o f the last half of the seventh century and the first half o f the sixth century which have low, open bodies, central tubes, in ward-leaning side-walls with thickened rims, and substantial applied nozzles; none is glazed (Lamps Q 146 to Q 149). This Type o f lamp was com­ mon both in east Greek contexts and in Sicily: comparisons are given in the Catalogue entries. O f the examples in the Museum’s collections, three were found at Ephesus and one at Naukratis.6 Lamp Q15O from Naukratis and probably Q 151 from Al Mina are a little later in date; the former has a wide rim and is decorated with bands of slip. Fragments o f three very large ‘sanctuary lamps’ found at Naukratis (Q 152 to Q 154) arc attributed to this geographical area solely on the appearance of their various fabrics, although their basic sectional shape reflects that of Lamps Q 146 to Q 149. Other sanctuary lamps from the same find-spot appear to have been made in Rhodes (Lamps Q 365 to Q 370); Lamp Q 513 below and another fragment of a sanctuary lamp in the Fitzwilliam Museum (no. GR. 63.1887), of Egyptian fabric, are also from Naukratis. These many-wicked lamps were a common feature in a number of shrines over a long period o f time.7 The collection has few lamps of local manufacture from Ephesus and its neighbourhood which can be dated between the end of the sixth century and the beginning o f the second cen­ tury b . c . Only Lamp Q 155, a fourth-century lamp based upon Athenian examples, Lamp Q 156, rather later, and Lamp Q 157, of the second century, are earlier than the large quantity of grey-ware ‘Ephesus-Type’ lamps of Howland Type 49a (Lamps Q 159 to Q 202), which at Athens and Delos can be dated between the last quarter of the second century b . c ., through the first century, and into the first century a . d ., although it is possible that they arc slightly earlier tucked into the Notebook (in the Departmental Library of the Greek and Roman Department) saying that two come from just outside the north wall of the Basis, and a third from ‘outside the SW corner’.

Museum and the National Museum at Athens; in addi­ tion to those from Athens, sanctuary lamps, or corona lamps as they are sometimes called, are known from many sites, including Selinus (NS 1894, p. 206, fig. 4, and M A xxxii (1927), pp. 371-2, fig. 163); Gela (Arch. Class, ix (1957), pi. XXVI, 2 ) ; Agrigentum (P. Marconi, Agrigento Arcaica, pi. xvr, and N S 1926, p. 143, fig. 33); Kafizin, Cyprus (JH S lxx (1950), p. 15, fig. 11, and JH S lxxiii (1953), p. 136); Salamis, Cyprus (Lamp Q 494 below); Delos (Brtmcau, p. 39); Nymphcia (M. M. Chydyak, Aspects of the History of Nymphcia (in Russian), pi. 46); Olynthus (D. M. Robinson, Excavations at Olynthus, ii, fig. 298, 20); Mamurt-Kaleh (A. Conze and P. Schazmann, Mamurt-Kaleh, pi. xm. 3). Bibl. Walters 204. Q 151

plate

30

L. 6-5. Reg. 1960.3-1.22. From Sir Leonard Woolley’s excavations at Al Mina. Excavation mark M N 6-7Small fragment of a whcelmade lamp, probably close in shape to Q 150. The fragment comes from the floor o f the lamp, and the positions o f the side-wall, the central tube, and the nozzle are indicated by vestigial traces. 95

E P H E S U S A N D S O U T H E R N IO N IA Orange-buff clay, containing much mica. Probably of the later part o f the seventh century. The excavation mark shows it to have come from Levels 6 - 7 . Level 7, dated by Woolley to 6 7 5 - 6 5 0 B . C . (JHS lviii ( 1 9 3 8 ) , p. 18) , and even earlier by Miss J. du Plat Taylor in Iraq, xxi ( 1 9 5 9 ) , p. 9 1 , is too early for lamps o f this Type, so it must date from the period o f resettlement at Al Mina, after the small gap in occupation following Period 7. This resettlement, indicated by Levels 6 - 5 (see J. Boardman, The Greeks Overseas, pp. 6 2 and 6 8 ) extends down to about 6 0 0 b.c., when Level 5 finishes. Q 152 A to E

PLATES 28 AND 29

Found by E. A. Gardner during the Second Season’s work at Naukratis in 1885-6, perhaps in the Temenos o f Aphrodite: Naukratis, ii, p. 48, paragraph M, mentions several lamps of this type from the Temenos of Aphrodite. Given by the Egypt Exploration Fund. Nine fragments, joined as five, o f a bowl or ring-shaped sanctuary lamp o f the so-called corona type (cf. Howland Type 41). The complete lamp was about 41 cm. across, and had approxi­ mately 36 nozzles if, as seems likely, these were set close together all round, radiating from the circumference. The bowl sloped gently up from the centre, and has a sharply inturned shoulder and a thickened, flat-topped rim. The short, rounded nozzles are applied individually and smoothed together; the wick-holes are pierced from the outside. A L. J9'7- Reg. 1888.6-1.151a to c. Three fragments joined; traces o f seven wick-holes. B L. I3'8. Reg. 1888.6-1.15id and e. Two fragments joined; traces o f six wick-holes. C L. 7-7. Reg. 1888.6-1.15 if. Traces of three wick-holes. D L. ii- i. Reg. 1888.6-1.151g. Traces of five wick-holes. E L. 10-4. Reg. 1965.9-30.884 to 885. Two fragments joined; traces of five wick-holes.

Orange-brown, very micaceous clay. First half o f the sixth century b.c. The profile, although on a larger scale, is close to those of Lamps Q 146 to Q 149. The shape of the nozzles is very similar, also. Compare, however, Lamp 17 in J. M. Cook and W . H. Plommer, The Sanctuary ofHemithca at Kastahos, pp. 55-6 and pi. ix, which is dated to the fifth cen­ tury b . c ., and even later lamps from Crete in j. N. Coldstream et ai., Knossos, The Sanctuary of Demeter, pis. 13, 15, and 26. Q 153

A and B

plates

30 a n d

31

From Naukratis: found unregistered in a box marked ‘86.4-1.1379 Naukratis 1884-5’, but as material from the Second Season’s work of 1885-6 was also found in this box (including Q 152 E above) these two fragments may well come from the Temenos o f Aphrodite. Given by the Egypt Exploration Fund. Two non-joining fragments from a large wheelmade, bowl-shaped or ring-shaped sanctuary lamp, which was originally approximately 30 cm. in diameter and which had about forty 96

E P H E S U S A N D S O U T H E R N IO N IA wick-holes. The bowl had rather steep sides and a thin lip, offset on the exterior. Just within this lip, placed at right angles to the wall of the bowl, is an internal flange, with a thickened, flat, inward-sloping rim, everted on the outside edge. Cut through this inner flange are the wickholes, there being no nozzles as such. (The Ephesian sanctuary lamps Q 153 and Q 154 differ from the Rhodian examples Q 365 to Q 370 in that the rims of the former are not notched.) A L. 10-2. Reg. 1965.9-30.882. Traces of five wick-holes. B L. 7'8. Reg. 1965.9-30.883. Traces of four wick-holes. Orange-buff clay, very micaceous, showing red at the break. The lip and the interior of the bowl, but not the pierced flange, show traces of a decorative orange slip. Sixth century b .C. The profile of the bowl, together with the internal flange, is not unlike that of Q 152; the lip o f the bowl is a device to obviate the need for separately applied nozzles; it would also prevent unburned oil from the wicks running down the outside of the bowl.

Q 154

P LATE S

30

AND

31

L. 8-6. Reg. 1965.9-30.881. Found in the Museum in the same box as Q 153. From Naukratis, perhaps from the Temenos of Aphrodite. Given by the Egypt Exploration Fund. Wheelmade fragment o f a sanctuary lamp similar to Q 153. The pierced, flat-topped internal and inward-sloping flange survives, but the outer lip is broken away. Traces of five wick-holcs remain. The lamp was probably slightly smaller than Q 153, and the sides of the bowl slope more steeply. Orange-buff clay, showing red at the break, and very micaceous. Orange slip round the wickholcs, and perhaps on the floor of the lamp and along the inner edge of the flange. Date as Q 153.

PLATES 3, 30, AND 3 I

Q I55

L. 9-0, W . 67. Reg. 1874.2-5.159. Excavated by J. T. W ood; from the site of the Temple o f Artemis at Ephesus. Wheelmade, flattened globular body, with a wide rim, set off at the shoulder by triple concentric ridges and grooves, and curving down to the filling-hole. The raised base is slightly concave below; its edges are damaged. The floor o f the oil-chamber is humped. The nozzle is rather short, with a flat top ; its tip is broken. The lamp was used after this damage occurred. Cut into the nozzle after firing is the letter E; ΤΤΡΩ is incised under the base. Drab, buff-coloured clay, with brown areas, and a great deal of mica. No slip has been applied. First half of the fourth century b .c . The shape is related to Athenian lamps of Howland Type 24c. Bibi. Walters 233. 97

H

E P H E S U S A N D S O U T H E R N IO N IA Q i 56

PL AT E S 3 0 A N D 3 1

L. 6-5, W . 5·0. Reg. 1868.6-20.215. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Wheelmade body with a deeply concave, plain discus, in the centre o f which is a wide fillinghole with a slightly raised edge. The narrow shoulder has a wide shallow groove on its inner edge. A flat sunken area is turned within the base, giving the impression of a base-ring. The nozzle is rounded and very short, with a large wick-hole encroaching on the body. Orange, micaceous clay; the top of the lamp is covered with an orange-brown slip, which extends down the side in places. Probably o f the end o f the third or the beginning o f the second century b . c . Compare Bruneau, pi. 2, 44, and pi. A, 44, where a very similar lamp is placed at the end of a section o f lamps dated between the sixth and the third centuries b .c . The analogies cited for this Delos lamp are Howland Type 30c (which is probably valid) and (curiously) a third cen­ tury A.D. mouldmadc lamp from Dura-Europos. Q 157

P L AT E S 3 0 A N D 3 1

L. 8-7, W . S‘9 ■Reg- 1868.6-20.227.1. Excavated by J. T. W ood at Ephesus. Wheelmade body o f double-convex shape, with a rounded, low-placed carination. The wide, flat rim is set off from the shoulder by a shallow groove, and slopes very slightly down towards the filling-hole. On the left side is an unpierced lug in the form o f a tapering strip, curved down at the wider end. Wide, raised base, concave below. The long nozzle has a somewhat bulging flat top; the tip is blunt and angled, with small flukes at each side. The clay varies in colour between orange and pale buff, and contains much mica. A rather worn dark-brown slip is applied, mostly on the upper side. Probably second century b . c .; the unpierced lug and the angled, fluked nozzle point to this date. Bib!. Walters 305. Q158

PLATES 3 0 AND 31

L. 9-2, W . 6-8. Reg. 1867.11-22.289. Excavated for the Museum b y j. T. W ood; from Ephesus, where it was probably made. Wheelmade lamp; conical body o f ‘tea-pot’ form, with a low-placed rounded division between the upper and under bodies. The base is unturned, is slightly concave, and bears string marks. The wide filling-hole has traces o f a narrow bead edge and is placed within an inward-sloping rim. The tapering nozzle is wheelmade and applied; it rises from the lower part o f the body at an angle and the end is cut off parallel with the ground. Traces o f a vertical band handle survive at the rear. Orange buff clay, with some mica. On the upper side is a worn slip, which varies in colour from orange to dark brown. Probably late first century b . c . or early first century a .d . 98

E P H E S U S A N D S O U T H E R N IO N IA Compare perhaps the Calymniote lamps Q 460 to Q 462. It is possible, however, that Q 158 is o f late Roman date. See note at the end of the Calymna chapter below.

Q 159

PLATES 3 0 A N D 3 I

L. 13*1, W . 7-3. Reg. 1868.6-20.227.3. Excavated by J. T. W ood at Ephesus. Mouldmade lamp with a double-convex body. The body and the nozzle are very sharply carinated, the carination curving up to the widest part o f the top o f the nozzle. The filling-hole area is flat, with a raised rim round the filling-hole itself. A substantial collar is applied at the edge o f the flat top. Three subsidiary oil-holes arc pierced within the collar. The base is raised and flat, oval in shape. The nozzle is long and waisted, with a pointed end; it is flat-topped and has a wide, flat, diamond-shaped area surrounding the wick-hole. The shoulder is decorated with long tongues in relief, twenty-nine in all. A thyrsos tied with a ribbon decorates the narrow part o f the top o f the nozzle. The ring handle is lost; the nozzle and rim are chipped. Grey clay, with much mica. The lamp is covered entirely with a silver-grey slip. Last quarter of the second century, and the greater part o f the first century b . c. Howland Type 49A. Bihl. Walters 332

Q

160

P L AT E S I ,

30,

AND

3I

L. ix-7, W . TS. Reg. 1867.11-22.334. Excavated by J. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape and fabric close to Q 159. The broken ring handle had three ribs. The end o f the pointed nozzle is lost. The shoulder relief decoration consists of a row o f triple lozenges (eight and part o f another on the left, nine and part of a tenth on the right side) between two rows of raised points. On the nozzle top is a spiral and part of a dolphin. Under the base are traces o f an in­ scription which includes the letter alpha. The slip is almost black, and applied unevenly. Date as Q 159, Bibl. Walters 339.

Q

I6I

PLATES

30

AND

31

L. i r i , W . 7-5- Reg. 1868.6-20.227.14. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape and fabric close to Q 159. The oval base is concave below; the three-ribbed ring-handle is largely lost. The end o f the nozzle, which was pointed, is missing. A hole is broken through the body on the left side, and the edge of the filling-hole is broken away. The body is cracked and flaked. The shoulder decoration consists of short, raised, cabled ribs, sixteen on the left, fourteen on the right side. On the flat top of the nozzle is a single cabled rib, with a large raised point on each side at the end nearest the collar of the filling-hole area.

E P H E S U S A N D S O U T H E R N IO N IA The clay is fired a grey-brown colour, but is dark grey at the nozzle. There is a thin slip over all, worn in places. Date as Q 159.

PLATES I , 3 2 , A N D 3 3

Q I62

L. ii- i, W . 6·ο. Reg. 1908. 5-17.7. The Register states: ‘Brought by the late J. T. W ood from Ephesus etc.’ Shape and fabric as Q 159. The handle is largely lost, the edge o f the filling-hole broken away and the rim chipped. Raised quadruple lozenges decorate the shoulder: three on the left and four on the right side; parts o f two more show, obliterated by the asymetrically placed handle. Under the slightly concave base, within a raised circle, is a device of intersecting grooves, pre­ sumably a monogram, perhaps beginning with an alpha, and possibly that o f the Ephesian lampmaker Archctimos. Grey clay, with much mica, covered, top and bottom, with a silvery-grey slip. Date as Q 159. Bihl. Walters 326.

Q 163 L.

i n i

PL AT E S 32 A N D 33 ,

W . 6-0. Reg. 1868.6-20.223. Excavated by J. T. W ood at Ephesus.

Shape and fabric close to Q 159. The ring handle is largely lost; a small hole is broken through the underside. A series o f raised tongues decorate the shoulder, fourteen on the right, twelve on the left side. Three raised points, grouped as a triangle, are placed on each side where the nozzle runs into the shoulder. A beribboned thyrsos decorates the flat top o f the nozzle. The base is flat below. Grey clay with much mica; the slip varies in colour from a dark grey to a very light grey, paler than the body colour. Date as Q 159. Bibl. Walters 331.

Q 164

PLATES

32

AND

33

L. 11-5, W . 6·4. Reg. 1867.11-22.352. Excavated by J. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape and fabric close to Q 159. There is only one subsidiary oil-hole. The ring handle is largely lost. The base is concave below. O n the shoulder, in relief, is a series o f long oval leaves, seven on the left, six on the right side. Dark-grey slip all over, streaky and worn. Date as Q 159. Bibl. Walters 327. 100

E P H E S U S A N D S O U T H E R N IO N IA Q 165

PLATES 32 A N D 3 3

L. 11-4, W . 6-0. Reg. 1867.11-22.3 51. Excavated by J. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape and fabric near Q 159, but more clumsily made. The applied collar round the filling-hole area is rather small, and only two subsidiary oil-holes are pierced. Oval base, flat below, with traces o f an inscription ? The ring-handle is broken and the rim is chipped. Cabled, cigar-shaped objects in relief decorate the shoulder, four on each side, overlapping each other. There is a similar object on the top of the nozzle, placed awry. Black slip all over. Possibly rather later than Q 159, perhaps into the early part o f the first century a .d .

Q

I66

PL AT E S 3 2 A N D 3 3

L. ιο·ι, W . 5'6. Reg. 1868.6-20.222. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape and fabric close to Q 159. The handle is lost. Raised tongues, eight on each side, decorate the shoulder; a group of three raised points separate the tongues from the plain sides of the nozzle. On the flat top o f the nozzle is a beribboned thyrsos. Dark-grey slip over all. Date as Q 159.

Q 167

PL AT E S 3 2 A N D 33

L. 7‘6, W . 6-2. Reg. 1867. 11-22.356. Excavated by J. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape and fabric as Q 159. The nozzle is almost completely lost; the ring-handle is missing. On the shoulder is a row of degenerate egg-and-tonguc pattern, between two lines of raised points. Streaky black slip covering the whole lamp. Date as Q 159. Bibl. Walters 343.

Q 168

P L AT E S

32

AND

33

L. 9-9, W . 6·ι. Reg. 1867.11-22.349. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape and fabric near Q 159, but more crudely made. Only two subsidiary oil-holes are pierced within the collar. The base is slightly concave below. The end o f the nozzle is broken away and the ring-handle is largely lost. The shoulder is decorated with relief patterns: three rosettes on each side, separated from each other by two cabled cigar-shaped objects like those on Q 165; interspersed with these are raised points. A dark-grey, almost black slip is applied over all. Date as Q 159.

E P H E S U S A N D S O U T H E R N IO N IA Q I69

PL AT E S 3 2 A N D 3 3

L. 8-7, W . 6-6. Reg. 1867.11-22.358. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. The shape is near that of Q 159, but the carination is more rounded, and the applied collar is more neatly made and more vertical than that o f the latter. The end o f the nozzle is lost, but was originally pointed. The three-ribbed ring handle was very thin and delicate, and is largely missing. The flat base is almost circular. On the shoulders in relief, on each side, is an octopus between two dolphins ; on the flat top o f the nozzle is a rosette. The clay is less micaceous than usual and has fired a greenish colour; there is a streaky black slip all over the exterior o f the lamp. Date as Q 159. The differences in fabric, shape, and details, and the unusual shoulder decoration, may indicate that this lamp is a product of a different workshop from that which probably made the bulk of the lamps of Howland Type 49a catalogued here.

Q 170

plates

32

and

33

L. 10-5, W . 6-0. Reg. 1867.11-22.363. Excavated byj. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape and fabric close to Q 159, but more crudely made. There are no subsidiary oil-holes within the raised collar. The slightly raised oval base is somewhat concave below. The ring handle is lost and the nozzle damaged. On the shoulder, on each side, in high relief, are six targets, with raised points between them at the carination o f the body. On top o f the nozzle is a thyrsos ties with a ribbon. Grey clay, with much mica; dark-grey slip over all. Date as Q 159, or perhaps a little later. Bihl. Walters 329.

PLATES 3 2 A N D 33

Q I7I

L. 8-5, W . 5-9. Reg. 1868.6-20.217. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape and fabric as Q 159, but it lacks a main feature o f this Type o f lamp: the applied raised collar round the filling-hole area. The flat top o f the lamp is set off from the shoulder by a low grooved ridge. Such a ridge probably exists on all normal lamps o f the Type, but is hidden by the applied collar, the groove acting as a key to bond it to the lamp. The end o f the nozzle is lost; the ring handle is largely missing. O11 the shoulder, in relief, are quadruple lozenges, seven (one partly hidden by the handle) on each side. Each lozenge is separated by two raised points, with a group o f raised points at the end o f the row, near the nozzle. Grey clay, with much mica; a dark-grey slip is evenly applied to the upper side, but it extends more roughly underneath. Date as Q 159. 102

E P H E S U S A N D S O U T H E R N IO N IA Q

PLATES 32 A N D 3 3

I72

L. 8-7, W . 6·2. Reg. 1868.6-20.225. Excavated by J. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape and fabric near Q 159. The base is slightly concave below. Applied at the rear is a threeribbed band handle, one rib o f which is considerably larger than the others. The nozzle is largely lost. On the shoulder, in relief, are triple leaves, three on each side, and raised points. Dark-grey slip, black in places, applied over all; rather worn. Date as Q 159.

Q 173

PLATES 32 AND 33

L. ιι·3, W . 5.8. Reg. 1868.6-20.227.2. Excavated by j. T. W ood atEphesus. Shape and fabric as Q 159, but complete. A three-ribbed ring handle is applied to the rear. The oval base is slightly concave below. On the shoulder, in relief, are tongues, twelve on the left, fourteen on the right side. On the top of the nozzle is a dolphin. Grey clay with much mica ; a rather worn blue-grey slip is applied over all. Date as Q 159. Bihl. Walters 330; Pottery Lamps, pi. 5c.

Q 174

PLATES 32 AND 33

L. 9‘4, W . 5·6. Reg. 1868.6-20.226. Excavated b y j. T. W ood atEphesus. Shape and fabric close to Q 159. Heavily ribbed ring handle applied to the rear. The base is somewhat concave below. The nozzle is largely lost. The raised edge immediately surrounding the filling-hole is not so prominent as that on Lamps Q 159 to Q 173. On the shoulder, in relief, are cabled ‘tassels’ closely spaced. On the top o f the nozzle is part o f a palmette like that decorat­ ing Q 194. Grey clay and slip ; much mica. Date as Q 159. Bibl. Walters 345.

Q 175

PL AT E S 3 2 A N D 3 3

L. 7-2, W . 57. Reg. 1868.6-20.219. Excavated b y j. T. W ood atEphesus. Shape and fabric close to Q 174. The nozzle is almost entirely missing. On the shoulder are triple lozenges, four on the left and four and part o f another on the right side, separated by raised points. Grey slip, rather worn and less evenly applied on the lower than the upper side. Date as Q 159. 103

E P H E S U S A N D S O U T H E R N IO N IA

Q I76

PL AT E S 32 A N D 33

L. 7*8, W . 5'9. Reg. 1868.6-20.220. Excavated by J. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape and fabric as Q 171 ; it also lacks the prominent applied collar normally found on this Type of lamp. The ring handle is largely lost; the end o f the nozzle is missing. The lamp stands on a raised oval base, slightly concave below. The shoulder decoration is in two rows: raised ring-and-dot pattern, seven on the left and eight on the right side; below these is a series of short, slanted raised lines. Part o f a beribboned thyrsos decorates the top o f the nozzle. Grey slip all over, top and bottom. Date as Q 159. Bibl. Walters 346.

Q 177

PLATES

32

AND

33

L. ii'3 , W . 5-5. Reg. 1867.11-22.346. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape and fabric near that o f Q 159, but the neck of the nozzle is rather wider. The raised edge immediately surrounding the filling-hole is not so prominent as on Lamps Q 159 to Q 173. The three-ribbed ring handle is broken and repaired; part is missing. The oval base is barely raised and is slightly concave below. There is a faint line in relief beneath the base. On the shoulder, on each side, are six raised rosettes in a row; on the flat top o f the nozzle are two raised points and a double transverse groove. Grey clay with much mica, covered over all with a worn black slip. Date close to that of Q 159, but perhaps later, and into the first century a . d .

PL AT E S 3 2 A N D 33

Q i 78

L. ιο·4, W . 5‘6. Reg. 1867.11-22.344. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape and fabric as Q 177. Much of the handle is lost; the collar is damaged. The base bears a kiln stacking-mark, made by the rim o f another lamp. On the shoulder is a row o f raised triple leaves, five on each side. W orn black slip over all. Date as Q 177. Bibl Walters 328; Menzel, p. 49, no. 266.

P L AT E S 3 4 A N D

Q 179

35

L. ιο·6, W . 6·ο. Reg. 1867.11-22.3 64. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape close to Q 177. The ring handle is lost and the collar is chipped. The base is round and flat. Egg-and-tassel motifs in relief decorate the shoulder, five on each side. On top o f the nozzle 104

E PH E SU S A N D S O U T H E R N IO N IA is a lambda-shaped group of six beads (three to each arm), and a single raised point near the wick-hole. Very micaceous grey clay, covered with a worn grey slip. Date probably as Q 177.

Q 180

PL AT E S I ,

34,

AND

35

L. ii-o, W . 5-8. Reg. 1867. 11-22.286. Excavated b y j. T. Wood at Ephesus. Shape near Q 159, but the moulding immediately surrounding the filling-hole is less prominent. The applied collar around the filling-hole area is small and neatly made. The ring handle is largely lost. On the shoulder, in relief, are large triple lozenges, three on each side. An elongated cigar-shaped object, like those on Lamps Q 165 and Q 168, decorates the top o f the nozzle. Within the very slightly concave oval base is an alpha in relief. Very micaceous clay, orange in colour, with no apparent slip. Date as Q 1 5 9 -

Q I81

PL AT E S I A N D 3 4

L. 14-6, W . 9-0. Reg. 1867.11-22.333. Excavated by J. T. W ood at Ephesus. Upper mould for a lamp similar in shape to Lamps Q 159 to Q 180, with a pointed nozzle. Stamped into the mould, to produce the relief shoulder decoration, is a series of ‘arrowheads’ in three rows, closely spaced. At each end of these rows, where the plain upper sides o f the nozzle run into the shoulders, are three impressed points arranged in a triangle. An elongated, double­ oval stamp is impressed on top of the nozzle. The back o f the mould is domed, and a hole is pierced through the centre, where the filling-hole is formed. Round the edge of the mould are scratched registration marks : doubtless the lower half o f the mould had similar guide lines to enable the two halves to be aligned correctly. Incised into the back o f the mould, before it was fired, arc the letters TPY. Buff clay, with much mica. Date as Q 159. Bibl. Walters 1402; BMC Terracottas E 82; Pottery Lamps, pi. 16a.

Q182

PLATES I AND 3 4

L. 13-8. Reg. 1867.11-22.199. Excavated by J. T. W ood at Ephesus. Lower mould for a lamp of similar form to Lamps Q 159 to Q 180, with a pointed nozzle. A large part is broken away at the rear. The back o f the mould is flat. At the front and the side are registration marks. Incised into the unfired clay is an inscription o f two lines ( p l a t e i ) . Pink, micaceous clay, with buff areas on the surface. Date as Qi59· Bibl. Walters 1405. 105

E P H E S U S A N D S O U T H E R N IO N IA Q i 83

PL AT E S 3 4 A N D 3 3

L. 15-9, W . y8. Reg. 1867.11-22.347. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Mouldmade lamp; double-convex body with a very sharp carination. An applied collar sur­ rounds the filling-hole area; the filling-hole has a raised edge. The circular sunken area between this edge and the collar is pierced by three subsidiary holes, to drain badly directed oil into the oil-chamber. The lamp stands on a slightly raised oval base, somewhat concave, and with a hole broken through. The long nozzle is round-topped, with a narrow neck; its swelling, rounded end has a wide flat rim surrounding the substantial wick-hole. At the rear is an applied three-ribbed ring handle. The relief decoration on the shoulder consists o f a series o f ‘arrow­ heads’, with their rounded points towards the carination, divided from eacli other by raised points. At each side, where the nozzle joins the body, is a floral device and a triangle of three raised points. Grey clay, containing much mica. The surface is covered over all, top and bottom, with a thin black slip. First century b .c . At Athens the variant of Howland Type 4 9 A with a rounded nozzle, unlike the pointed-nozzle variety, does not seem to appear before Sulla (Howland, p. 167). A round nozzled lamp of Howland Type 49A, but perhaps not o f Ephesian manufacture, was found in the Antikythera wreck (AE 1902, pi. H, 28, and Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, ns. 55, pt. 3 (1965), p. 25, fig. 27, and p. 27, fig. 29, 3 4 ) . The wreck probably occurred between 80 and 50 b.c., earlier rather than later (ibid., p. 4) . Bibl. Walters 334.

Q 184

P L AT E S I , 3 4 , A N D 3 5

L. ii*6, W . 6-0. Reg. 1908.11-5.3. The Register entry states: ‘From J. T. W ood’s excavations at Ephesus etc.’ Shape and fabric as Q 183. The ring handle is largely lost; the nozzle and the collar are damaged. The relief shoulder decoration consists o f a row of raised points between two rows o f cable pattern. A tendril decorates the top o f the nozzle. Beneath the base is an obscure mark in relief. Black slip all over, except for a large, accidentally reserved, patch on the underside. Date as Q 183. Bibl. Walters 337.

Q 185

PL AT E S 3 6 A N D 3 7

L. 9-6, W . 6-0. Reg. 1867.n~22.336. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape and fabric as Q 183. The base is almost circular. Only one subsidiary oil-hole is pierced through the filling-hole area. The ribbed ring handle is largely lost and the end o f the nozzle is missing. The shoulder is decorated with rosettes, six on the left and five and part o f a sixth on 106

E P H E S U S A N D S O U T H E R N IO N IA the right side. Between the rosettes, just below the collar, are raised points; two bands o f raised points cross the nozzle. On each side, next to the rosette nearest the nozzle, is a triangular group o f large raised points. Streaky dark-grey slip over all. Date as Q183. Compare perhaps a lamp from Well RR/K/60 at Knossos, from a deposit dated circa 20-1 b . c. (B.S.A lxvi (1971). pi- 39c, 35). Bibl. Walters 341.

^

PL AT E S

36

A N D 37

L. 7-2, W . Ó-0. Reg. 1868.6-20.221. Excavated by J. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape and fabric as Q 183. The handle and nozzle arc lost; the collar is damaged. On the shoulder is a zigzag decoration of short, cabled straight lines in relief, with a large raised point within the triangular areas thus formed. A group o f two raised points decorate the top o f the nozzle at its point o f juncture with the collar. Light grey, micaceous clay, with a dark-grey slip all over, except for a large bare patch on the underside, at the rear. Date as Q 183· Bibl. Walters 344.

Q l8 7

PL AT E S 3 6 A N D 3 7

L. 15-1, W . 9-8. Reg. 1868.6-20.227.4. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape and fabric close to Q 183 and very large. The end o f the nozzle is wanting and the collar is damaged. On the shoulder, within a cabled border, is a tongue-and-tassel decoration in relief: five large tongues on each side. On the nozzle is a thyrsos tied with ribbon. Grey slip all over, except for a large bare patch underneath. Date as Q 183. Compare a lamp from Abdera in ΠΡΑΚΤΙΚΑ 1966, pi. 61. Bibl. Walters 340.

Q 188

P L AT E S I ,

36,

AND

37

L. 10-9, W . 6-2. Reg. 1867.11-22.3 50. Excavated by j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape, fabric, and date as Q 183. The nozzle is cracked, and its end is missing. On the shoulder, in relief, is a row o f cabled rings, five on each side, one o f which is partially obscured by the handle. Between each ring are two raised points, and a row o f three similar points divides the shoulder pattern from the plain side of the nozzle. A further row of raised points is placed just below the collar at its junction with the nozzle. On the rounded top o f the nozzle is a dolphin in relief. Under the base is a raised impression from an obscure scratched mark in the mould, 107

E P H E S U S A N D S O U T H E R N IO N IA perhaps an alpha within a lambda: p l a t e Light-grey slip over the entire surface.

i

shows Miss M. O. Miller’s interpretation o f the mark.

Bibl. Walters 336.

Q 189

PLATES 3 6 AND 37

L. 10-2, W. 5-8. Reg. 1807.11-22.355. Excavated byj. T. Wood at Ephesus. Shape, fabric, and date near Q 183. The three-ribbed handle, now largely wanting, was rather narrow in construction. The end o f the nozzle is broken and the surface is flaked, especially underneath. On the shoulder is a triple row of raised darts, all pointing right. Grey clay with much mica, and a worn, dull black slip over all.

Q 190

P L AT E S

36

AND

37

L. 9-3, W . 6-2. Reg. 1867.11-22.353. Excavated by J. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape, fabric, and date as Q 183. The ring handle is largely wanting, the end o f the nozzle is broken and the collar is chipped. The shoulder decoration consists o f three rows of raised points. On the top o f the nozzle is a design o f raised points resembling a trident with a forked butt. Streaky dark-grey slip covers much o f the lamp.

Q I9 I

PL AT E S

36

AND

37

L. 8-7, W . 6-0. Reg. 1867.11-22.285. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape, fabric, and date as Q 183. The nozzle is almost completely missing, but the fracture shows that the nozzle was round-topped, and therefore had a rounded termination. The shoulder relief decoration consists of a series o f squared rosettes, five on the right side and five and part of a sixth on the left. A rather worn, dark-grey slip covers much o f the lamp.

Q 192

PLATES

36

AND

37

L. 8-5, W . 5-8. Reg. 1867.11-22.340. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape, fabric, and date close to Q 183, and although the nozzle is almost totally lacking it is almost certain that, like Q 191, this lamp had a rounded termination and not a pointed tip to the nozzle. Part o f the three-ribbed ring handle is lost. On the shoulder, in relief, are large spirals, a row of five on the left and a row o f four on the right side. W orn dark-grey slip all over. Bibl. Walters 342. 108

E PH E SU S A N D S O U T H E R N IO N IA PLATES

Q193

36

AND

37

L. 12*2, W . 5-8. Reg. 1867.11-22.343. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape, fabric, and date close to Q 183. The nozzle is broken away on one side. The shoulder is decorated with triangular leaves radiating from the collar, very much more distinct on the right side (where they number eight) than on the left. On the top o f the nozzle is a beribboned thyrsos. Dark-grey slip all over, somewhat worn in places.

Q 194 PLATES 36 AND 37 L. 9-5, W . 5-5. Reg. 1868.6-20.227.13. Excavated by j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape, fabric, and date close to Q 183 ; however, the barely perceptible raised edge of the fillingbole may point to a somewhat later date. Much o f the thrcc-ribbed ring handle is wanting, and the end o f the nozzle is lost. The collar is damaged. On the shoulder, in relief, are vertically placed tassels, twelve on the right, fourteen on the left. O11 the top o f the nozzle is an elongated palmetto. A grey slip is applied over much o f the lamp. Q 195

PLATES

3, 36,

AND

37

L. 8-0, W . 5‘4. Reg. 1867.11-22.342. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape, fabric, and date close to Q 194; there arc no subsidiary oil-holes, and the raised edge of the filling-hole is not distinct. The oval base is flat underneath. The ring handle is missing and the tip o f the nozzle is broken away. The edge of the applied collar is damaged by knife cuts made subsequent to the firing. On the shoulder, in relief, arc triple leaves, two on each side, with large raised points between them. Incised within the collar, after firing, is the mark shown on plate

3.

A streaky dark-grey slip covers the entire lamp. Bibl. Walters 335.

Q 196

PLATE 36

L. 14*5, W . 8-2. Reg. 1867.11-22.287. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape and fabric as Q 183. The collar and the nozzle are chipped and the handle is broken away. The shoulders are plain. Light-grey clay, covered with a worn silver-grey slip. Date as Q 183. or perhaps a little later, into the first century A.D. Q I97

P L AT E 3 6

L. 10-7, W . 5-8. Reg. 1868.6-20.227.11. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape, fabric, and date close to Q 196. The ring handle is largely lost. The applied collar was damaged before firing. No relief decoration. Grey clay, very micaceous, with traces o f a dull black slip. 109

E P H E S U S A N D S O U T H E R N IO N IA Q 198

L.

II-6,

P L AT E S

36

AND

37

W. 57. Reg. 1867.11-22. 348. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus.

Shape and date near those o f Q 183. There are no subsidiary oil-holes. On the shoulder, in relief, is a row o f vertically placed ‘arrowheads’ divided by tassels. There arc five ‘arrowheads’ on the left side, and four on the right; one o f the latter is reversed, with its point towards the carination and not the collar. On the top o f the nozzle is a beribboned thyrsos. Rather coarse, micaceous clay, with a blue-grey surface, presumably a slip. Bibl. Walters 333; Pottery Lamps, pi. 5b.

Q 199

PL AT E S

38

AND

39

L. 107, W . 5-9. Reg. 1867.11-22.345. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape, fabric, and date near Q 196. The ring handle is largely lost, and the collar is broken away on the left side. On the shoulder, in relief, is a decoration of reversed tongue-and-tasscl, six on the left, five on the right side. Very micaceous grey clay, covered all over with a black slip. Q 200

PL AT E S 3 8 A N D 3 9

L. 9-8, W . 5-8. Reg. 1868.6-20.218. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape, fabric, and date very close to Q 183, but it differs in that it has a wide groove running along the top o f the nozzle. The ring handle is lost; the tip o f the nozzle is missing. On the shoulder is a series o f raised key patterns, five on the right, and four and part o f a fifth on the left side. The lamp is entirely covered with a grey slip which has a distinct brownish tinge.

Q

201

plate

38

L. 9-9, W . 5-6. Reg. 1868.6-20.227.12. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Shape, fabric, and date as Q 200, but the lamp lacks the applied collar, and exposes a triple moulded rim, which divides the shoulder from the flat area around the filling-hole. There are no subsidiary oil-holes. A wide groove extends along the top of the nozzle. The shoulder is undecorated. The three-ribbed ring handle is largely lost. The lamp is covered with a grey slip, somewhat worn. Q 202

PLATES

38

AND

39

L. 6-9. Reg. 1901.7-11.9. Said to be from Rhodes. Given in 1901 by Sir Alfred Biliotti, at that time HBM Consul-General in Salonika. Part of the left shoulder o f a lamp; shape as Q 159 or Q 183 : there is no indication o f the type o f nozzle. The applied collar has broken away, exposing the double moulded rim to which it IIO

E PH E SU S A N D S O U T H E R N IO N IA was keyed. The lower fracture is along the join of the two halves o f the lamp. On the shoulder, in relief, is a series of four quadruple lozenges, interspersed with groups of raised points. Grey clay, very micaceous, with a grey slip. Date as Q 159Compare a fragment from Well MW/58 at Knossos, from a context dated late in the first century b.c. (BSA lxvi (1971), pi. 40«, 62).

Q 203

PLATES I A N D 3 8

L. 13-3, W . 8-4. Reg. 18Ó8.6-20.196. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Clay mould for the upper part of a lamp which has all the characteristics of Howland Type 49A, except that the nozzle is a combination of the two shapes usual within that Type. Instead of being either a splayed diamond shape or completely circular, the nozzle in this case is splayed with a semicircular termination. The top of the nozzle is flat, and the wick-hole is indicated by a slight bulge. The products of this mould have a double raised edge round the filling-hole, and a double moulding dividing the shoulder from the flat area within the top. The part of the mould producing the shoulder is stamped with a row of ‘arrowheads’ and a row of small de­ pressions, with a group of three similar depressions in a triangle at each end o f the double row o f shoulder decoration. The back o f the mould is flat. A small hole is pierced through the part o f the mould marking the filling-hole. Three registration marks are scratched into the edge of the mould on the right side. A large alpha was cut into the back of the mould before it was fired. Brownish-buff clay, very micaceous, with a smooth red-brown surface over large areas. Probably the last quarter of the second or the first half o f the first century b.c. Compare a lamp o f ‘Ephesus’ type with a similar nozzle, from Thasos (BCH xc (1966), p. 618, fig. 33), from a context of the second half o f the second century b.c. Bruncau Lamp 2754 is also very similar and is dated to the last quarter of the second century or the first quarter o f the first century b.c. It falls within Bruneau’s Group II of his ‘Ephesus’ types, but it is not certainly o f Ephesian manufacture. A clay mould from a Hellenistic pit at Nea Paphos in Cyprus (AJA Ixxvi (1972), pi. 66, fig. 37) is not unlike ours. Bibl. Walters 1403 ; BM C Terracottas E 81; Perlzweig, p. 15, note 17; p. 16, note 19.

Q 204

plate

38

L. 8-5, W . 6-8. Reg. 1867.11-22. 360. Excavated by J. T. Wood at Ephesus. Mouldmade lamp of double-convex form, but surrounded entirely by a raised collar. This collar was formed in the mould, and was not applied after moulding like that on the Athenian lamp Q 104. On each side of the nozzle, within the collar, a hole is pierced in order that spilled oil might drain back into the reservoir. The ring handle at the rear is largely missing, and the end of the nozzle is lost; its shape is not known. The lamp stands on a slightly raised circular base, concave underneath. Round the filling-hole is a wide raised rim. Three raised ridges in

E P H E S U S A N D S O U T H E R N IO N IA extend along the top o f the nozzle, the centre one forking at the filling-hole rim, the outer ones sweeping into a spiral volute on the shoulder at each side. Also on the shoulder is a scries o f raised, pointed-oval leaves, five on each side; between the leaves and the volutes is a double chevron. Grey clay, with much mica, covered with a worn black slip. This is the same fabric as that used in many o f the lamps o f Howland Type 4 9 A from Ephesus. Late second or early first century jì.C. Compare the spiral scroll pattern on Howland 656. Bibl. Walters 348.

Q 205

pl at e

38

L. 5-5, W . 5-2. Reg. 1867.11-22.361. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. In shape similar to Q 204 in that it has a raised collar surrounding the entire lamp, but its body is nearer in appearance to lamps of Howland Type 4 9 A than is that o f Q 204. There is a wide, inward-sloping rim round the filling-hole. At the rear is a substantial three-ribbed ring handle. The raised oval base is flat below. The nozzle is lost, the collar chipped, and the underside flaked. On the shoulder are three rows o f raised points ; a single row runs along the top o f the nozzle. The fabric is very like that o f Q 204 and o f some lamps o f Howland T ype 4 9 A : a very micaceous grey clay, with a worn black slip over all. First century b.c. Bibl. Walters 349.

Q 206

PLATES

38

AND 39

L. 7*5, W . 5'3. Reg. 1867.11-22.3 09. Excavated b y j. T. W ood at Ephesus. Mouldmade lamp with a closed, rounded body; the elongated, round-topped nozzle is largely broken away. The small, flat filling-hole area is surrounded by a double moulded rim and, in front, a semicircular garland o f contiguous blooms. The lamp stands on a small base-ring. On each side o f the body a rectangular lug projects. Above the pierced handle is a pointed-oval, leaf-shaped decorative attachment. Orange-buff clay, with small particles of mica present in some quantity. A worn orange-red slip covers the entire lamp. The end o f the first century b.c. and into the first half of the first century a.d. Compare for shape a lamp from Pergamon, dated to the first third o f the first century a.d. (.Altertümer von Pergamon, xi, 1, pi. 58, 409). Bibl. Walters 481.

112

HALICARNASSUS the lamps from Halicarnassus included in this volume o f the Catalogue are basically j \ of the same Type, a simple, open, wheelmade lamp, normally with a narrow pedestal A X foot and the wick-hole pierced through the shoulder; the nozzle, which is perhaps better described as a bridged wick-rest, is in many cases merely a small piece of clay applied to the shoulder before the wick-hole was pierced, and displaying a minimum o f modelling. The foot is in no case turned and string marks show up strongly on most examples. The oil-chamber often dips in the centre, forming a well within the stem of the foot. On one or two lamps the foot is insufficiently large to enable the lamp to stand without tipping. There is little variation in these lamps; they differ only in the size o f the nozzle, the angle o f the shoulder, the height o f the foot, and in single or double curves in the profde o f the body.1 These arc all variations which might be produced naturally by a potter working over a very short period of time, even one measured in days: there are no evident chronological differences within this group of lamps. W ith the possible exceptions of Lamps Q 217, Q 234, and Q 239, all these lamps were found together towards the end of 1856 in the field of one Mehemet Chiaoux, at Budrurn, during Vice-Consul Charles Thomas Newton’s search for the site o f the Mausoleum o f Halicarnassus. These excavations were sanctioned by the Turkish Government and approved o f by Lord Strat­ ford dc Rcdcliffc (Stratford Canning), then Ambassador to the Porte at Constantinople, and Newton’s superior. The enterprise was encouraged by the British Museum, and undertaken with the assistance o f the Royal Navy and a small party o f sappers under Lieutenant Robert Murdoch Smith, R.E. Captain Towsey o f H.M.S. Gorgon, attached to the expedition, records in his Journal2 the following details: Monday, 24 November 1856, ‘Sent the Party to begin digging . . . Dug all day in a fig field no results barring some lamps and two or three mutilated fragments of earthen­ ware images used as votive offerings by the ancients.’ Tuesday, 25 November, ‘. . . progress not much made lots o f lamps same as yesterday and divers foundations o f old Roman walls . . .’. Thursday, 27 November, ‘Nothing found but a little earthenware figures and lamp.’ Monday, i December, ‘lamps and earthenware figures all the results’. On Tuesday, 2 December, work started in another field. Newton himself mentions this deposit o f lamps on more than one occasion: O n recommen­ cing the excavations at a few feet to the north o f the first digging, I came upon a great quantity of small Roman lamps, o f red unglazed earth. They were lying in layers so thick that the work­ men threw them out by shovelfuls. About half a mule load were discovered altogether: it is remarkable that the specimens present little variety.’3 And again: It was here the year before I had discovered a great quantity of small terracotta figures. Enlarging the opening in die ground, I came to a number of foundation walls, running at right angles to each other, all

1 I h a v e b e e n u n a b le to tra c e a th re e -n o z z le d v e rsio n ,

Reg.

1 8 5 7 .1 2 -2 0 .7 6 , w h ic h w a s also f o u n d in C h ia o u x ’s

field .

2 The manuscript of this Journal is in the Library of

1C

th e G re e k a n d R o m a n D e p a r tm e n t.

3 C. T. Newton, A History o f Discoveries at Halicar­ nassus, Cnidus and Branchidae, p. 327; the deposits arc also mentioned on p. 331.

H A L IC A R N A S S U S so as to enclose small rooms or cells. Within these foundations I continued to find layers of terracotta figures, packed in the soil as if they had been deposited there. Though more than a thousand in all were discovered, the number of varieties of type did not exceed thirty . . . There is no doubt that all these were votive offerings. A few yards to the east of these foundations we discovered a cube of grey marble, inscribed with a dedication to Demeter and Proserpine.1 It may be inferred, from the joint evidence of this inscription and the terracotta figures, that a temple dedicated to Ceres, and probably to Proserpine, stood on this site. The foundations among which I found the terracottas appeared to be those of a vaulted basement. The walls were built chiefly of rubble, strongly united by grouting; large squared stones, evidently from some previous Hellenic edifice, were inserted at intervals. From the circumstance that so many figures and lamps of the same type were discovered within these walls, it is probable that this basement served as a sort of treasury or magazine where votive offerings were kept. Sudi vaults, called by the Romans favissae, were employed for such purposes in ancient temples.2 Both o f the passages quoted above were abstracted by Newton for bis books from a dispatch he sent to Lord Stratford de Redcliffe on 14 December 1856, a copy o f which was published in a Command Paper in 1858:3 I have now to report our progress up to this date. We commenced operations on the 24th ultimo, in a field which I have called, after the name of the proprietor, the Field of Chiaoux. Its position in the index-chart is the square, E, F, 9, 10. On referring to my report of excavations at Budruin in the spring of this year, your Excellency will find a notice of this field. It was here that I discovered, in my previous excavation, an immense quantity of small terra-cotta figures, such as the ancients placed in tombs or temples as votive offerings. They were executed by common artisans; and, though not to be regarded as elaborate works of art, often present interesting types and compositions of drapery. These figures generally average from 5 to 8 inches in height; they were cast in a mould, and probably re-touched by the hand. The figures which I dug up in the spring were all found lying in the earth at a depth of from 3 to 6 feet from the surface. The upper soil was a rich, black earth, below which was a bed of marshy clay of very glutinous character and containing water. The figures were found lying in layers. The spot in which they were found was intersected by foundation walls, built chiefly of rubble, united by strong grouting. I was unable, in the spring, to uncover these walls, on account of the crop then growing. I therefore recommenced operations on the 24th ultimo, by following them in various directions. The result of this investigation may be seen in the annexed tracing, from the plan of this field, which has been made by Lieutenant Smith since we commenced operations.4 The ancient foundations are marked in brown lines, the modem buildings in crimson. The ancient walls are built chiefly of rubble, strongly united by grouting. Large squared stones, evidently from some previous Hellenic edifice, are inserted in the masonry at intervals, as was usually the case in Byzantine buildings. The bottom of the foundations was generally from 6 to 7 feet, and the upper course about 3 feet below the surface of the field. I continued to find great quantities of terra-cotta objects; in one place I discovered an immense quantity of small plain Roman lamps of red unglazed earth; they were lying in layers so thick that the 1 BMC Inscriptions, n o . 903. 2 C . T . N e w t o n , Travels and Discoveries in the Levant, ii, p p . 7 0 - 2 ; t h e d e p o sits a re also m e n tio n e d o n p . 184. 3 Papers Respecting the Excavations at Budrum, p p . 1 S. T h e d ep o sits a r e a lso m e n tio n e d i n a C o m m a n d P a p e r o f 1 8 5 9 : Further Papers respecting the Excavations at Budrum and Cnidus, p . 33. F o r th e B u d r u m a n d C n id u s e x c a v a ­

tio n s see also F O . 7 8 /1 3 3 4 , 1335, 1343» i 49°> a n d 1491 in th e P u b lic R e c o rd O ffice ; a n d le tte rs b e tw e e n N e w t o n a n d L o rd S tra tf o r d d e R e d c liffe in th e S tra tf o r d C a n n in g P a p e rs F O . 352/47.4. 4 L ie u te n a n t S m ith ’s p la n o f th e field o f C h ia o u x is in th e D e p a r tm e n t o f M a n u sc rip ts o f th e B ritis h M u s e u m , A d d . M S . 31980, fo lio 78,

no. 170.

H A L IC A R N A S S U S workmen threw them up by shovelfuls. About half a mule-load were found altogether; it is remarkable that the specimens, so far as I have yet examined them, present little variety. In tracing out the lines of foundations I discovered in several places veins or layers of terra-cotta figures, generally lying along the side of the foundations (sec the Tracing). These, like the lamps, scent to have been assorted like articles in a shop, many specintents of the same type occurring together; they were lying in the earth immediately over the bed of clay, without any sort of protection. Many were broken; but I succeeding in obtaining some very good specimens. The plan drawn up by Lieutenant Robert Murdoch Smith (plate 146) shows where the lamps were found; no walls are indicated in that particular area, although Newton implies that they were found within the foundation walls described in the extract quoted above, and he says elsewhere;1 ‘In that locality layers o f small terra-cotta figures and of lamps were found lying in a clay bed between lines o f foundations. Above these layers of fragile objects were masses of grouted masonry, which appeared to be portions of Roman vaulting fallen in, and several fragments of white marble sculpture and other antiquities.’ In another publication Newton states that the lamps and terracottas were found ‘under the ruins of vaulted chambers’.23These deposits o f terracottas and lamps are briefly mentioned by Beule in 1873, who adds no details and who probably got his information from Newton’s publications.2However, despite Newton’s statements quoted above that the lamps as well as the terracottas were found in vaulted chambers, a paragraph in a letter o f 26 November 1856 from Lieutenant Murdoch Smith to Sir John Burgoyne45perhaps indicates that this may not have been so: ‘W e commenced active operations on Monday with a party of 45 sailors from the Gorgon. The excavations were made in the field marked in the chart [Chiaoux’s Field]. Mr. Newton dug part o f this field last year. Two barrow­ loads of small lamps were discovered about 3 feet, and some walls of doubtful age, the founda­ tions o f which were from 6 to 7 feet, below the surface.’ It is by no means clear from this whether the lamps were within the buried walls, or deposited in made ground above them. Newton, in a passage already quoted above, says that the tops of the walls were generally about 3 feet below the surface, the same depth as the lamps. O f the half mule-load o f lamps (or two barrow-loads), forty-six arc held in the Museum’s collections^ and another was added to these in 1877 (Lamp Q 234); the remainder is lost.6 Although there is little evidence for associating the lamps directly with the groups of votive terracottas, it is possible that they were deposited at some time during the period when the votive terracottas were stored in their underground chambers. That the lamps were votive too, rather than the stock of a shop, is indicated by the signs o f use which some o f them bear. Higgins Further Papers , p . 33. Essays on A rt and Archaeology, p . 317. 3 M . B e u lé , Fouilles et dccotwcrtcs, ii, p p . 2 4 8 -9 . 4 W . K . D ic k s o n , The Life o f Major General Sir Robert Murdoch Smith, p . 27. T h e la m p s a re b rie fly m e n tio n e d in 1 N e w to n ,

2 C.

T . N e w to n ,

in a n o th e r le tte r from . S m ith to B u r g o y n e , o f 23 D e c e m b e r 1856 (ib id ., p . 2 8 ), a n d i n M u r d o c h S m ith ’s

Journal,

on

M o n d a y , 24 N o v e m b e r 1856 ( N a tio n a l L ib r a r y o f S c o t­ la n d , M S S . 1 18). 5 F o rty - e ig h t a re a c tu a lly re g iste re d u n d e r th e n u m b e r 1 8 5 7 .1 2 -2 0 .7 5 .

I have

b e e n u n a b le to tra c e t w o o f th e se ;

th e r e m a in d e r h a v e b e e n g iv e n a ru n n in g n u m b e r f ro m

o n e to fo rty -s ix w h ic h n o w fo llo w s th e r e g is tra tio n n u m b e r a n d fo rm s p a r t o f it. T w o la m p s, Q 2 17 a n d Q 2 3 9 , h a v e C T N w r itte n o n th e m . T h is m a y im p ly th a t th e y w e re a c q u ire d b y N e w t o n b e fo re th e B u d r u m E x c a v a tio n s a n d th a t th e y d id n o t c o m e f r o m th e la m p d e p o s it in C h ia o u x 's field. 6

A n a p p a re n tly H alic a rn a ssia n la m p o f th is T y p e is to

b e f o u n d in th e B a d e n M u s e u m in S w itz e rla n d . I t is said to h a v e b e e n fo u n d , w ith a g r o u p o f G re e k p o ts , a t an u n k n o w n site in S w itz e rla n d , b u t th e g r o u p is m ix e d c h r o n o lo g ic a lly

(1934). pi· 3)·

and

g e o g ra p h ic a lly

( Germania ,

x v iii

H A L IC A R N A S S U S dates the terracotta deposit from about 480 b . c . until about 350 b .c . from the style o f the terra­ cottas found in it.1 In a later publication he widens by about twenty years each way the period over which the terracottas extend.2 It could thus be argued that the lamps date from the latter part of this period, from the middle years o f the fourth century down to about 330 b . c . How­ ever, similar lamps from Tarsus3 come from contexts which are dated much later than this, in the second century and the early first century b . c ., and it is possible that superannuated terra­ cotta figures from a shrine at Halicarnassus were deposited at about this date, near a batch of lamps recently produced. Thus a date in the second century or even a little later is more likely than one near that o f the terracotta figures, with which the lamps may not be even tenuously associated. The fabric o f the lamps is a fairly coarse clay, varying in colour from red to dark brown, and containing large quantities o f mica, the particles o f which are o f considerable size. No slip appears to have been employed. The ware resembles very closely that o f certain hand-made terracotta figures from Halicarnassus, of the sixth century b .c . These were found in an under­ ground chamber on the south side o f the Mausoleum site.4

Q 207

PLATES 40 AND 41

L. 5·6, W . 4-6. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.45. Excavated by C. T. Newton in Chiaoux’s field at Hali­ carnassus. Wheelmade lamp with a double-convex body and a steep inward-sloping rim. Low foot with string marks underneath. Short, rounded nozzle. Deep-orange-pink clay; many large mica particles. Q208

PLATES 4 0 AND 4 I

L. 6·ι. W . 4-7. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.6. From the same source as Q 207. Wheelmade lamp with curved walls and an inturned rim. Low foot with string marks under­ neath. Short, tapering nozzle. Deep-orange clay; large mica particles.

Q 209

PLATES 40 AND 4I

L. 6·4, W . 5-4. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.44. From the same source as Q 207. Similar to Q 208 but with a low-placed curve to the body wall. Marked depression in the floor o f the lamp. Orange-brown clay; large mica particles. 1 R. A. Higgins, B M C Terracottas, i, p. 102. 2 R. A. Higgins, Greek Terracottas, p. 66. Newton originally made an uncharacteristic error in his date for these terracottas: ‘I am inclined to think that the majority of them were executed in the interval between Augustus and Hadrian’ (Newton, Papers, p. 2). This is presumably

the reason why he regarded the lamps as Roman. 3 Tarsus lamps of Group VIII, nos. 101 to 116. 4 R. A. Higgins, B M C Terracottas, i, nos. 301 to 323; Discoveries, p. 147; Guide to second Vase Room , 1878, pt. ii, p. 47; Guide to First Vase Room, 1883, p. 30.

I16

H A L IC A R N A S S U S Q 210

PLATES

40

AND 4 I

L. 6·7, W . 5-5. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.30. From the same source as Q 207. Wheclmade lamp, with curved walls tapering down to a low, unturned foot. Slightly incurved rim. Short, rounded nozzle. Depression in the floor of the lamp. The body and the rim are damaged. Orange-brown clay, uneven in colour; large mica particles. Q 211

plate

40

L. 6-5, W . 5-4. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.12. From the same source as Q 207. Close in shape to Q 210. Orange-brown clay, uneven in colour, with a large blackened area on the underside; large mica particles. Q 212

plate

40

L. 6-7, W . 57. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.31. From the same source as Q 207. Close in shape to Q 210. Rim and base arc slightly chipped. Patchy orange-brown clay; large mica particles. Q 213

PLATE4O'

L. 5*7, W . 4-9. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.14. From the same source as Q 207. Similar in shape to Q 210, but smaller. Brown clay, with darker areas; large mica particles.

Q214

plate

40

L. 6-2, W . 5-2. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.13. From the same source as Q 207. Similar in shape to Q 210. Deep-orange-coloured clay; large mica particles. Q 215

PLATES 40 AND 41

L. 6-2, W . 5-0. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.11. From the same source as Q 207. Similar to Q 210, but the rim is less inturncd and is narrower. Short, wide nozzle. Brown clay with darker patches ; large mica particles. Q 216

PLATES 40 AND 4 I

L. 6-5, W . 5-3. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.15. From the same source as Q 207. Similar to Q 215, but it has a narrow, inward-sloping rim, and a deep depression in the floor o f the lamp. Short, tapering nozzle. Low, narrow foot, unturned. Brown clay with orange-coloured areas; large mica particles. 117

H A L IC A R N A S S U S Q 217

PLATES 4 0 AND 4 I

L. 7-7, W . 6·9. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.46. Probably from the same source as Q 207. Written on lamp: C.T.N. Wheelmade lamp, very similar in spirit to the other lamps from Halicarnassus, but very much more open. Curved walls and a high foot with string marks underneath. Depression in the floor of the lamp. Very short and wide nozzle, with a narrow wick-holc. Bright-orange clay; large mica particles.

Q 218

PLATES

40

AND

4I

L. y i , W . S'9 - Reg. 1857.12-20.75.42. From the same source as Q207. Wheelmade lamp, similar to Q 216, but the body is less deep, and the foot is higher. The central depression in the floor is comparatively shallow. Minor damage on the rim. Orange clay, large mica particles.

Q 219

PLATES 40 AND 4I

L. 7-9, W . 6-8. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.20. From the same source as Q 207. Similar to Q 218, but with a pronounced depression in the floor o f the lamp. The rim is chipped. Brown clay with orange-coloured areas; many large mica particles.

Q 220

p late

40

p late

40

p late

40

L. 8·ο, W . 6·6. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.25. From the same source as Q 207. Same shape as Q 219. The rim is slightly chipped. Brown clay with orange-coloured areas; large mica particles.

Q 221 L. 7‘4, W . 6-3. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.28. From the same source as Q 207. Same shape as Q 219. Brown clay with orange-coloured areas; large mica particles.

Q 222 L. 7'7, W . 6-6. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.18. From the same source as Q 207. Similar in shape to Q 219, but the foot is slightly broader. Orange clay; large mica particles.

Q 223

PLATE 4°

L. 7-1, W . 5-9. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.2. From the same source as Q 207. Similar in shape to Q 219. Rim slightly chipped. Bright-orange clay; large mica particles. 118

H A L IC A R N A S S U S

Q

P LATE 4 0

2 2 4

L. 6-9, W . 5-9. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.3. From the same source as Q 207. Similar in shape to Q 219. Rim slightly damaged. Brown clay, with a darker area around the foot; large mica particles. Q 225

PLATES 4 0 AND 4 I

L. 6·4, W . 5-3. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.17. From the same source as Q 207. Similar to Q 219, but considerably smaller. Orange clay; large mica particles. Q 226

plate

40

plate

40

L. ό·ι, W . 5-1. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.16. From the same source as Q 207. Similar to Q 225. Brown clay; large areas are fired black. Large mica particles. Q 227 L. 6-9, W . 5-9. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.27. From the same source as Q 207. Similar in shape to Q 225. Orange-brown clay; large mica particles. Q 228

plates

40

a n d

41

L. 6·ι, W . 5·ι. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.1. Front the same source as Q 207. Similar in shape to Q 219, but smaller and more enclosed. There is a small hump at the bottom o f the floor depression. Brown clay with orange patches; large mica particles. Q 229

plate

40

plate

40

L. 5‘8, W . 4-8. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.5. From the same source as Q 207. Similar in shape to Q 228. Rim chipped. Brown clay, with orange areas on the underbody; large mica particles. Q 230 L. 5-8, W . 4-8. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.9. From the same source as Q 207. Similar in shape to Q 228, but rather more rounded. Brown clay with darker patches ; many mica particles. 119

H A L IC A R N A S S U S Q 23I

PLATES 4 0 AND

41

L. y i , W . 6-2. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.4. From the same source as Q 207. Similar to Q 219, but rather flatter in the body. Rim damaged slightly. Dark, purple-brown clay, with lighter brown and orange areas on the underside; large mica particles.

Q232

PLATES

42

AND 43

L. 7'7, W . 6-6. Reg. 1857.x2-20.75.24. From the same source as Q 207. Similar in shape to Q 219, but with a higher foot. Rim chipped. Brown clay, lighter below than above; large mica particles.

Q 233

PLATE 42

L. 6-6, W . 5-2. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.39. From the same source as Q 207. Similar in shape to Q 232. Bright-orange clay; large mica particles. Q 234

plate

42

L. 6*9, W . 6·I. Reg. 1877.8-8.4. Purchased. No provenience. Similar in shape to Q 232. Rim slightly chipped. Orange-brown clay with a great deal o f mica in large particles. W ith this lamp were acquired two Roman Cnidian lamps and a marble weight similar to those found by Newton in the Temenos of Demeter (cf. Newton, Discoveries, i, pi. LVin). It would seem likely that this lamp came from the lamp deposit in the field o f Chiaoux, and that all these objects were abstracted by some person unknown from Newton’s excavations. Bibl. Walters 169.

Q235

PLATE 42

L. 6-6, W . 5-8. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.8. From the same source as Q 207. Similar in shape to Q 232. Rim slightly chipped. Brown clay; large mica particles. Q236

PLATES 4 2 AND 43

L. 7-1, W . 5-8. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.26. From the same source as Q 207. Similar in shape to Q 232, but the lower body has a double-curved profile. Narrow foot. Orange clay, with grey reduction patches on the underside; large mica particles.

H A L IC A R N A S S U S Q 237 L. 7'3, W . 6·2. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.38. From the same source as Q

P L AT E 4 2 207.

Similar in shape to Q 236. Orange-brown clay; large mica particles. P L AT E 42

Q 238

L. 7-4, W . 6-0. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.21. From the same source as Q

207.

Similar in shape to Q 236. The clay varies from orange to brown in colour; many mica particles. Q 239

PLATES 4 2 A N D 4 3

L. 7-9, W . 6-6. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.35. Probably from the same source as Q lamp: C.T.N.

207;

written on the

Similar in shape to Q 236, but heavier, and more enclosed. Orange-brown clay; large mica particles. Q 2 40

PLATES 4 2 A N D 4 3

L. 6-5, W . 5-6. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.19. From the same source as Q

207.

Similar in shape to Q 228, but the narrow, inward-sloping rim is set off by a slight ridge from the incurved shoulder. Orange clay; many mica particles. Q

241

PL AT E S

L. 6*3, W . 5-0. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.22. From the same source as Q

42

A N D 43

207.

Very like Q 238, but it has a narrow, inward-sloping rim, set off from the shoulder by a slight ridge. Brown clay; many mica particles.

Q 242 L. 7-7, W . 6·2. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.33. From the same source as Q 207.

PL AT E S

42

A N D 43

PL AT E S

42

A N D 43

Similar in shape to Q 232, but it has a higher, narrower foot. Orange-pink clay; large mica particles. Q 243 L. 6-9, W . 5-9. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.36. From the same source as Q 207. Similar in shape to Q 242, but deeper in the body. Short, wide nozzle. The lamp is somewhat misshapen. Orange-brown clay; large mica particles. 121

H A L IC A R N A S S U S Q 244

P L AT E 4 2

L. 7-2, W . 5-8. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.34. From the same source as Q 207. Similar in shape to Q 243, but more symmetrical and with a narrower nozzle. Deep-orange-coloured clay, with a brown patch on one side; many mica particles.

Q 245

plate

42

L. 7-0, W. 6-0. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.37. From the same source as Q 207. Similar in shape to Q 243, but more symmetrical and the top is more enclosed. Brown micaceous clay. Q 246

P L AT E S

42

AND

43

L. 8o, W . 6-3. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.40. From the same source as Q 207. Similar in shape to Q 245, but the nozzle is longer and tapers more. The unturned base is too narrow and uneven for the lamp to stand unsupported. Patchy orange-brown clay; large mica particles. Q 247

PL AT E S 4 2 A N D 43

L. 6-4, W . 5-4. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.29. From the same source as Q 207. Similar in shape to Q 244, but with a broader foot. Coarse clay, varying in colour from orange to dark brown; large mica particles. Q248

PLATE 42

L. 6-4, W . 5-0. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.43. From the same source as Q 207. Similar in shape to Q 247; body misshapen. Orange-pink clay; large mica particles.

Q 249

PL AT E S

42

A N D 43

L. 6-3, W . 5·5. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.10. From the same source as Q 207. Near Q 247 in shape, but the body is rather flatter and it has a narrow, inward-sloping rim. Short, wide nozzle and narrow foot. Red-brown clay, with dark areas inside and underneath. Very coarse, with much mica in large particles.

Q250

PL AT E S 4 2 A N D 4 3

L. 7-0, W . 5-5. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.41. From the same source as Q 207. Similar to Q 246, but with a narrow flat rim, and an unturned base too narrow for the lamp to stand unsupported. Red-brown clay at the rear, brown at the front; many mica particles. 122

H A L IC A R N A S S U S PLATES 4 2 A ND 4 3

Q 251

1857.12-20.75.23. From the same source as Q 207.

L. 7-2, W . 5-8.

Similar in shape to Q 246, but it has a shallow, overhanging body, with a broad flat rim. Narrow unturned foot, with string marks underneath. Orange-brown clay with a large black patch on the rim and inside the oil-chamber; many large mica particles.

Q 252

PLATES 4 2 AND 4 3

L. 5-6, W . 4-5. Reg. 1857.12-20.75.7. From the same source as Q 207. Small lamp, somewhat similar to Q 251, but with a rounded, inward-sloping rim. The rim is chipped. Brown clay, fired orange-brown on the underside; many mica particles.

Q 253 L. The shape and date of this lamp arc close to those of Q 380, but it is less deep and globu lar. The kick in the floor o f the oil-chamber is smaller, and the lug is not quite pierced through. The nozzle tapers. There is a small circular groove under the base. ^ Buff clay, with some mica. Bibl. Pottery Lamps, pi. 4b.

Q 3^ 2

L. 11 -6, W.

PLATES 7 8 A N D 7 9 8-3.

Reg.

1 8 6 4 .1 0 -7 .x 7 7 8 .

Acquired from the same source and tomb as Q 381.

Near Q 381 in shape and date, but the concave rim and surrounding groove are more shallow. The nozzle widens slightly round its tip; the lug is pierced. Turning-grooves arc found on the upper body. The rcsting-surfacc o f the base is wider, and the concave area within correspondingly smaller, than that o f Lamp Q 381. Orange clay with little mica. Bibl Walters 290.

Q 383

PLATES 78, 79 And Iio/j L. 13-0, W. 9-d. Reg. 1864.10-7.1671. Excavated for the Museum bv S-ibnw miCamirus, Fifccilura Cemetery, Tomb F nS7, a A dds romb found on T u e s d V h ^ h a r iT L “ It contained this lamp and two coarse-ware bowls (1864.10-7.1737-8) 4' a

large wheelmade lamp, « 1 , sharply-can,rated l.gyno, pro£Ic cave below, with a corresponding kick in the floor o f the oil-chamber

^ - ’

7^

Orange-pink clay w .h a little nuca, covered all over, inside and on, and „„dcr the base wirb a worn slip, varying m colour from red to dark brown. ’ th First half of the third century b . c ., or a little later. Compare two lamps from Tomb LXX m the Calatomilo cemetery at Cimi™ t n t m j vi-vi, (.93ο-3), F_I®, % .87), found with an A,beni» W h e r e slmilat to Λ° ? ” c ’buo'rhe dmd% ”

' “ ** * * * * * *»> *« -

Bibl. Walters 292. 173

« h «L*

RHODES Q 384

PLATE 78

L. 12-5, W. 9-0. Rtf/. 1856.9-2.27. Procured by C. T. Newton. From Koskino in Rhodes. Shape and date close to Q 383. Brownish-buff clay with some mica; worn slip all over, varying in colour from red to black. Bibl. Walters 291.

Q 385

PLATES 78 AND 79

L. 8‘9, W. 6-3. Reg. 1864.10-7.1673. Excavated for the Museum at Camirus by A. Salzmann and A. Biliotti. No Tomb number. Shape and profile similar to Q 383 but smaller in size. There is no kick in the floor of the oilchamber. Orange-buff clay containing very little mica, covered all over, inside and out and beneath the base, with a worn slip, varying in colour from red to brown. First half o f third century b .c ., or a little later. Bibl. Walters 295.

Q 386

PLATE 78

L. 9-4, W. 6-6. Reg. 1967.10-27.5. No provenience. Probably from the 1889-90 excavations of the Cyprus Exploration Fund and given by that body. Wheelmade lamp, close in profile, fabric, and date to Q 385. The rim round the filling-hole is slightly more dished and there is a well-defined spiral swirl of clay in the centre of the lamp floor. The pierced lug is broken away. The slip is thickly applied, and varies in colour from red-brown to dark brown. For similar Rhodian lamps from Cyprus see Opuscula Atheniensia, vi (1965), ρ. 63, no. 215, probably SCE iii, pi. clxxiv , 7, from Soli, and probably one published in Levant, iv (1972), p. 76, fig. 42, 2. Q 387

PLATE 78

L. 9-2, W . 6-3. Reg. 1854.5-19.30. Procured by C. T. Newton on Calymna. Within the lamp is a piece of blue paper with ‘30’ written on it. The paper is similar to that used by Newton during his subsequent excavations on Calymna, and may have got into this lamp in error. No. 30 on Newton’s MS. Calymna Inventory does not resemble Lamp Q 387; it cannot be now identified, but may be Q 449 below. Close to Q 385 in shape, profile, and details. There is a small kick in the lamp floor. Orange-buff clay, apparently free from mica.. Worn slip all over, inside and out, and below the base, varying in colour from brown to black. First half of the third century b . c ., or a little later. 174

RH O D ES

Q 388

PLATE 7 8

L. 9-0, W . 6-3. Reg. 1966.2-16.38. Procured by C. T. Newton on Calymna: die word ‘Calymno’ is written underneath. Close to Q 387 in shape, details, and profile. The end of the nozzle is broken away and the body is chipped in places. Orange-buff clay, apparently free from mica, with a very worn brown-to-black slip inside, outside, and under the base. First half o f the third century b .c ., or a little later. Q 389

PLATES 78 AND 79

L. 10-5, w . 7-3- Reg. 1868.10-25.20. Excavated for the Museum by Biliotti at Ialysos on Rhodes. These excavations are very briefly mentioned in Biliotti’s Report of 16 June 1868 to the Princi­ pal Librarian o f the Museum. This lamp came possibly from the common tombs’ on the north and north-east sides o f Mt. Philerctnos. It is close in shape, details, and profile to Q 383, but rather smaller. Slight kick in the floor of die lamp. The body and base are chipped; a hole is pierced through the underbody (intentionally?). Buff"clay; red-brown glaze, rather worn all over, inside and out, and under the base. First h a lf o f the third century b .c ., or a little later. Bibl. Walters 288. Q 390

PLATES 78 AND 79 L. 9-7, W. ro. Reg. 1967.10-27.4. N o provenience. Probably from the 1889-90 excavations o f the Cyprus Exploration Fund and given by that body.

Wheelmade lamp, near in fabric, profile, and date to O 380 The r^ A j filling-hole rim is larger than that o f Q 389 and the nozzle p m f ile T ers m The slip covering the lamp lias fired a red-brown colour.

o

m

'

g ^

Q 391 L. 9'7, W . 6 *

1961.10-35.1. No provenience. Given t y Mrs. W . K w l c d , 7"

It is close in shape, profile, and details to Q 383, but smaller There is a substantial kick in the floor o f the body

τι '

”

. . ^ calmatIon *s VerYsharp.

Orange-buff clay apparently free from mica. Worn dark-brown slin dì .5 · and fired red-brown under the base. ^ over, inside and out. First half o f the third century b .c ., or a little later Q 392 PLATES 78 AND 79 L. 9-1, W. 6-4. Reg. 1856.8-26.331. Excavated on Calymna (Damos cemetery?) by C. T. Newton. Given by Lord Stratford de Redcliffe. 175

RH O D ES Similar in shape and details to Q 391, but the sharp carination is placed lower, almost half-way down the body. Substantial kick in the floor of the lamp. Orange-buff clay, covered all over, inside and out, and under the base with a slip which ranges in colour from red to brown, the predominant colour being red. First half of the third century b . c ., or a little later. Bill. Walters 298. Q 393

'

PLATES

80 AN D 8 I

L. I0'9, W. 8-1. Reg. 1864.10-7.1782. Excavated for the Museum by A. Salzmann and A. Biliotti at Camirus, Papastislures cemetery, Tomb P 7. Found with Q 381 and others mentioned there. Close in shape and profile to Q 383, but smaller. The resting-surface of the base is flat, and the lug piercing is so inadequate as to almost preclude its use as a means for suspension when the lamp was not in use. Pale orange-buff clay, apparently free from mica, with a worn, very dark brown slip all over, inside and out, and under the base. First half o f the third century b . c ., or a little later. Bibl. Walters 293. Q 394

pl a t e

80

L. iO'5, W. 7-5. Reg. 1856.8-26.329. Excavated by C. T. Newton on Calynma, in the Damos cemetery. Newton’s Inventory, no. 4. Given by Lord Stratford de Rcdcliffe. It is close in shape, profile, and details to Q 393. A pierced lug is applied to the left side. Orange-buff clay, apparently free from mica, with a worn, dull brown-to-black slip all over, including the base. First half of the third century b . c ., or a little later. Q 395

plate

80

L. 9-0, W . 6-5. Reg. 1864.10-7.1776. Excavated at Camirus for the Museum by A. Salzmann and A. Biliotti. From the Papatislures cemetery, Tomb P 7. Found with Q 381. It is close in shape, profile, and details to Q 393 and Q 394 but slightly smaller. Pink clay, covered, inside and out and beneath the base, with a worn and pitted slip, varying in colour from dark brown to red. First half of the third century b . c ., or a little later. Q 396

PLATES

80 AN D 81

L. 8·ι, W . ό·ο. Reg. 1961.10-25.2. No provenience. Given by Mrs. W. N. Weech. It is close in shape, profile, and details to Q 393 to Q 395 but smaller in size. The body is slightly damaged. 176

RH OD ES Buff clay; chocolatc-brown slip, somewhat worn, applied over all, inside, outside, and under the base. First half of the third century b . c ., or a little later. Q 397 L. 7-o, W . 6-3. Reg. 1966.2-16.40. No provenience.

plate

80

Very close in shape, profile, and details to Q 396. The nozzle is broken. Yellow-buff clay; traces of a brown slip all over. First half of the third century b . c ., or a little later. Q 398 L. ó-3, W . 5-7- Reg. 19ÓÓ.2-1Ó.39. No provenience.

PLATES

80

AND 8 l

Whcclmade lamp with a double-convex body and a rounded carination, standing on a sub­ stantial foot, concave below. The tapering, rounded nozzle is largely lost. On the left side is a pierced lug. The filling-hole is centred in a slight depression which is set off from the shoulder by a shallow groove. Deep-buff clay, covered all over with a worn dark brown slip. Probably first half of the third century b . c ., o r a little later. Q 399 PLATES 80, 81, AN D I41Ì L. 9-4, W . 7'4- Reg- 1864.10-7.1672. Excavated for the Museum by Salzmann and Biliotti at Camirus, Fikcllura cemetery, Tomb F 287: found on Friday, 27 May 1864; a ‘vaulted tomb cut into the slope of the hill’. With Q 399 were found Lamp Q 400, an amphoriskos, 1864.10-7.1750, in unglazed buff ware, and a fusiform unguentarium, 1864.10-7.1811, in buff ware covered with a metallic dark brown slip. All are of local manufacture. Wheelmade, double-convex body with a sharp carination, somewhat similar to Q 392, but, unlike that o f the latter, the nozzle is very short; it is round-topped and tapers to a rounded end. W ide raised base, very deeply concave below, with a corresponding kick in the floor of the oil-chamber. A broad concave rim, set off by a groove, surrounds the filling-hole. Pierced lug on the left side. A piece is flaked away from the underbody. Light brown clay; dark brown slip over all, inside, outside, and under the base. First half of the third century b . c ., or a little later. B ib l.

Walters 294.

Q 4OO PLATES 80, 8 l, AN D I 4 I b L. 9-5, w . 7-3- Reg- 1952.2-4.9d. Excavated for the Museum by Salzmann and Biliotti. From Camirus, Fikellura cemetery, Tomb F 287. Found with Lamp Q 399. Near Q 399 in shape, but it has two grooves defining the shallow wick-hole depression. The 177

N

RHODES base has a double groove just within its resting-surface. There is a small kick in the floor of the lamp. The pierced knob on the left side is broken, the edge o f the filling-hole is damaged, the body is slightly chipped in places, and the surface pitted. Orange-buff clay, with very little mica. Worn brown-black slip all over, inside and out, and under the base. First half of the third century B.C., or a little later. Compare a somewhat similar short nozzled lamp, perhaps Rhodian, from the dromos of Tomb II at Ktima i n Cyprus (J. Dcshaycs, La Nécropole de Ktima, pi. l x v ii , 12 ). The main burials are o f the third century B.C., o r a little later.

Q 401 I.

9%

P LATE S

W. 6-6. Reg.

1 9 6 6 .2 -1 6 .4 5 .

80

AND

8l

No provenience.

Wheelmade lamp with a double-convex body and a sharp carinatiori, placed high up. A groove decorates the shoulder just above the carination. The filling-hole is pierced through the centre of a deeply sunk depression, the slightly raised edge o f which is set off by a groove. The lamp stands on a raised base, slightly concave below and with a groove within the resting-surface. The nozzle is rounded and tapering, with a curved tip. On the left side is a pierced lug, broken. At the rear arc the stubs o f a vertical band handle. Orange-buff clay with some mica, covered entirely with a worn slip, varying in colour from brown to red-brown. The surface is flaked. Probably second half of the third century b. c . It can be compared with some Athenian lamps of Howland Type 34A ; Howland 4 5 5 is not unlike it in shape. Q 402

PLATES

80

AND

8I

L. 8*7, W . 6·ο. Reg. 1966.2-16.43. No provenience. Shape, profile, and details as Q 392, but very crudely made. The nozzle and the pierced lug are broken. Orange-buff clay. W orn red slip all over, inside and out, and under the base. Probably the second half of the third century b . c . Q 403

PLATES 80 AND 8 l

L. 6-1, W . 4-4. Reg. 1966.2-16.36. No provenience. Small, wheelmade lamp with a concave shoulder which meets the concave underbody at a very sharp carination. Unturned base, flat below. A concave rim with a raised edge surrounds the filling-hole. Long, round-topped nozzle, slightly tapering, and with a rounded end. Slight damage on the body at the rear; the edge o f the filling-hole is broken. Orange-buff clay. Traces o f an orange-red slip inside, outside, and below the base. Late third century B.C., or beginning o f the second century. Probably from the same workshop as Q 404 to Q 424. 178

R H O D ES

Q

404

plates

8o

81

and

L. 5-2, W. 4-6. Reg. 19Ö6.2-10.35. No provenience. Small, deep, wheelmadc lamp with a flat, inward-sloping rim and a central tube rising level with the top. Raised base, concave below. Very short nozzle; the oil-hole encroaches on to the rim. The central tube and the rim arc damaged. Orange-bufF day, with a worn orange-red slip all over. Probably of the third century b .C. and perhaps influenced by Athenian lamps o f Howland Type 27A.

^

J

PLATES

80

AND

8l

L. 4‘0, W. 3-4. Reg. 1854.5 -1 9 .3 7 . Procured by C. T. Newton in Rhodes. Very small, wheelmade lamp with a high, unturned foot and an incurved rim. There is a blunt angle between the upper and lower body. String marks under the base. The filling-hole is circular except for a segment which cuts across the long axis o f the lamp near the short broad nozzle. This segmental distortion is caused by the application and piercing of the nozzle. A deep scar on the floor of the lamp was made by the nozzle-piercing tool. Orange-buff clay, containing mica in some quantity, with a worn orange slip all over. Second half of the third century B.c. and into the second century. Except for the raised foot, this lamp can be compared to Howland Type 30c.

Q 406

plate

80

L. 4-4- W . 3-7· Reg- 1854.5-19.35. Procured by C. T. Newton in Rhodes. Near Q 405 in shape, fabric, and date. Bill. Walters 165.

Q 407

plate

80

plate

80

plate

80

L. 4-i, W . 3-4. Reg. 1966.2-16.58. No provenience. Near Q 405 in shape, fabric, and date. Very little slip remains.

Q 408 L. 4-2, W . 3-4. Reg- 1966.2-16.59. No provenience. Near Q 405 in shape, fabric, and date. The body is damaged on the left side.

Q 409 L. 4-2, W . 3-4. Reg. 1854.5-19.36. Procured by C. T. Newton in Rhodes. Near Q 405 in shape, fabric, and date. 179

RHODES Q 4IO

P LATE

80

L. 4*0, W. 3-4. Reg. 1909.12-1.23. No provenience. Near Q 405 in shape, fabric, and date. BibL Walters 166. Q 4 II

PLATES

80 AN D 8 l

L.3'9, W. 3-3. Reg. 1966.2-16.57. N o provenience. Near Q 405 in shape, fabric, and date, but the foot is slightly lower. The edge o f the foot is damaged. Q 412

p l a t e 80

L. 4‘0, W. 3'2. Reg. 1966.2-16.60. No provenience. Near Q 405 in shape, fabric, and date. p l a t e 80

Q 413

L. 4‘0, W. 3-3. Reg. 1966.2-16.61. No provenience. Near Q 405 in shape, fabric, and date. The nozzle bridge is broken. p l a t e 80

Q 414

L. 4-1, W. 3-4. Reg. 1966.2-16.62. No provenience. Near Q 405 in shape, fabric,., and date. p l a t e 80

Q 415

L. 3'9, W. 3-i. Reg. 1966.2-16.63. No provenience. Near Q 405 in shape, fabric, and date. The nozzle bridge is broken.

Q 416 L.

4-3 ,

V LA T E 80

W.

3*6.

Reg.

L 9 6 6 .2 -L 6 .6 4 .

No

p r o v e n ie n c e .

Near Q 405 in shape, fabric, and date. PLATES 80 AND 8 l

Q 4I7

L. 4-3, W . 3-5. Reg. 1966.2-16.65. No provenience. Near Q 405 in shape, fabric, and date. There is a slight kick in the door o f the lamp. 180

R H O D ES Q 418 L. 4'8, W. 3-5. Reg. 1966.2-16.66. No provenience. Near Q 405 in shape, fabric, and date, but slightly larger in size, Q 419

pla tes

80

81

and

L. 5·0, W . 4'3- Reg. 1966.2-16.67. No provenience. Q 405 in shape, fabric, and date, but somewhat larger. There is a small kick in the floor oil-chamber. The body and base are slightly damaged Q 420

80

p late

L. 4-9. W. 4-1. Reg. 1966.2-16.68. No provenience. Near Q 419 in shape, fabric, and date. The slip is very much worn away. Q 421 L. s -ο, W.

PLA TES 8 0 A N D 8 I 4-5.

Reg. 1854.5-19.34. Procured by C. T. Newton in Rhodes.

Wheelmade lamp near Q 405 and Q 419 in profile, but with a small vertically sided ofl-chamber within very thick walls. Fabric and date as Q 405· Q 422 p late

L. 4'9> W. 4-2. Reg. 1966.2—16.69. No provenience.

80

Near Q 421 in shape, fabric, and date.

pla tes

80 a n d

81

80

81

L. 4'8, W. 4-3. Reg. 1966.2-16.70. No provenience. Fabric and date as Q 405 but the lamp has thick walls and a wide flat rim. Q 424 L. 4-9, W. 4-5· Reg· 19b6.2-16.71. No provenience.

plates

and

Fabric and date as Q 405, with a profile near Q 421. Unlike the latter, it has a raised ridge round the filling-hole, set off by a groove. Q 425 p l a t e s 8 0 a n d 81 L. 4’5> W. 4-2. Reg. 1864.10-7.1781. Excavated at Camirus for the Museum by Salzmann and Biliotti. No tomb number. 181

RHODES Small, wheelmade lamp which has a double-convex body, with a high-placed, sharp carination. High, unturned foot with string marks under. There is a very small kick in the floor of the lamp. The edge of the wick-hole is pierced through the shoulder, with a minimum of applied clay to form the nozzle. The lamp was damaged on the upper side before firing, and before the applica­ tion of the slip. Close in fabric and date to Q 405, but perhaps from a different workshop. The orange slip has fired brown in places. Q 426

PLATES 80 AND 8 l

L. 5·2, W . 4-8. Reg. 1854.5-19.33. Procured by C. T. Newton in Rhodes. Similar in shape to Q 425 and with a groove defining the edge of the filling-hole. High unturned foot, with string marks underneath. There is minor damage to the body, the base, and the edge of the filling-hole. Orange-brown clay, covered all over with a worn, dark brown slip. Date as Q 405. Bibl. Walters 167. Q 427

PLATES 80 AND 8 I

L. 8-6, W. 7-4, H. 4-8. Reg. 1864.10-7.1780. Excavated for the Museum by Salzmann and Biliotti at Camirus. No tomb number. Very deep, biconical, sharply carinated, wheelmade body. Small unturned base, with string marks underneath. The oil-hole has a raised edge and is surrounded by a slightly concave rim. The large wick-hole is pierced through the shoulder, and the wick was supported below by a substantial, short, rounded rest. A small hole is broken through the base. Yellow-buff clay with a little mica. Perhaps late third, or second century b . c . Bibl. Walters 262. Q 428

PLATES 80 AND 8 l

L. 6-1, W. 4-8. Reg. 1966.2-16.100. No provenience. Wheelmade lamp, with a deep, carinated body, similar to Q 427· Unturned base, with string marks underneath. Narrow flat rim round the wide filling-hole. Large, semicircular, applied wick-rest below the wick-hole, which is pierced through the shoulder. Tire body is damaged at the rear. Light brown clay, with a little mica. Perhaps late third, or second century b.c.

182

CALYMNA

T

he local lamps from Calymna in this volume of the Catalogue nrobahlv all , r C. T. Newton s work on the island. Lamp Q 438 was L , N1 / · . “ fr°m

during his preliminary visit to the island in the late summer o f Τδ53 / ‘3 ^ ^ Vice-Consul at Mytilene. It is possible that during tins visit he acquired Lamps O O Q 442, Q 4 4 5 , Q 446, Q 448, Q 450, Q 453, Q 45S q _ A π r ’, 9 439, writer attributes to Calymna, but which have remained unregistered un S r registration was carried out for the purposes of this Catalogue Only three o f Z n " Q 448, and Q 450 certainly come through Newton as ‘CTN’ is w r i / 1 ? ’ ^ 439’ Ukoly that Cslyntniotc lamps reached ^ M u s e u m ' b“ ' ' “ In the winter of 1854-5 Newton returned to the island wiiL , ff,. from the Porte by Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, H.BJVL Ambassador at C ° btained commenced work in the Damos cemetery, which partially lav in · ° 11S antmoPle>2 and book entitled Rhodes, Cos and CalymnosJ which was probably c o r n e d 3 ^ * .11-°ti!" 1853, Newton describes the site as follows: ‘The tombs in the place called d ! ™ ^ ^ ’V" ,Uc o f a k ill looking towards Amorgo and .1« W t a - f c hil| slopes j ow„ “ and is cut up by deep gullies worn by mountain torrents. It is divided into 11 f u u stone walls and ,s partially cultivated for vines.’ Newton, m this and other notebooks desfnbel tttpeat o f the »te n, „tore d m , , and much of this »formari»,, is mentioned ,,js „ y to ed note 3 below, but winch „ ,s tmnecessary to reproduce Itero et „„ 1 , 1 , c, ' be identified as coming from individual graves. Further on in „i , . F can Dc N e w t» remarks on the ecme.ety again: 'About too yards East o f f e C h u r Z l l ”! » ” « theroeky ground caUcd Damns commences. The lower part is c„, outiu , , „ are platform “ Z “

briefly deter,bed. He Jut, them under the „antes of the owners of'the fields!’ ! h , Z ” y Ì 2 found, giving a running number to the graves in each field 7 From the description o f the graves ,„ Newton's notebook C / y , k is d ejr y „ number of eases a deep cup (skyphos) and a lamp were deposited w„], ,l,e meagre grav i ' d some.,met ,n the grave, some.tmes a, its edge;, these two items seem to have been th o ,! " esse,,.,a at one „me », the hfe of dte cemetery certainly in its earl,er phase, when many A t ! I black-glare pots and lamp, were „.eluded the grave fur,,, ture. A discussion of the date „ f Z C . T . N e w to n , Travels, Ì, p. 252; Archaeological , Γ-, 'T V T ____ _ ._ T * ................ 1■ . Journal, x iii (1856), p . 14. 2 Ib id ., p . 18 ; C . T . N e w to n , o p . cit., p . 280. 3 F o r N e w t o n ’s w o r k in th is c e m e te ry see ib id ., p p . 285 IF ; Arch. Zeitung, xiv (1856), Arch. Anzeiger, p . 173*; Archaeological Journal, x iii (1856), p p . 15 fF ; N e w to n ' Papers, p . 51; M . B e u lé , VouiUcs et découvcrtcs, ii, p. 244;

BSA lii (1957). PP· r 27 a n d 129. See also N e w to n ’s R e p o r t to V isc o u n t S tra tfo rd d e RedclifFe, d a te d 31st

Jan. 1836, a copy of which is to be found, in British Museum, Original Letters and Papers, voi. liii, in the Archive Room of the Museum. a Newton’s notebooks are in the Library o f the Greek and Roman Department. For the position of the Damos site see a map of Calymna in L. Ross, Reissen auf der griechischen Inseln, ii. s See also Archaeological Journal, xiii (1856), p. 23; Newton, Travels, ii, p. i i .

183

CALYMNA cemetery by Bean and Cook comes to the conclusion that the evidence ‘points to a commen­ cing date in the second quarter of the fourth century for tire series of tombs excavated by Newton at Damos’.1 If the later Hellenistic lamps can be attributed to the Damos cemetery (and some of these are certainly shown in Newton’s Inventory2 as coming from this site) the cemetery was in use at least until the first half o f the first century b.c., and indeed, Newton found a natural cave containing graves of Roman date.3 The graves in the Damos cemetery which Newton dug, some forty in all, were usually simple, rock-cut, rectangular holes; the area excavated ‘extended over a strip of land half a mile in extent’.4 He also found a pithos-burial which, according to his notebook, contained a lamp. Another cemetery known to Newton, the Pothia cemetery,3 near the harbour of that name, is unlikely to have produced any o f the Greek and Hellenistic lamps catalogued here. It appears to have been a late Roman cemetery and Newton describes it thus: ‘Near the harbour of Pothia are caves called tholi, hollowed out o f the rock in a conical form, with a small aperture at the top. These are filled with late Roman and Byzantine lamps and vases, and bones. Many of these lamps have Christian emblems. I have made a large collection o f them.’6 The majority of the late Roman lamps from Calymna, which will be included in a later volume of this Catalogue, were purchased by Newton on the island. However, he says that lie ‘tried two fields in the lower cemetery near the harbour, but with no success’,7 and his Inventory lists six lamps, all apparently of late Roman date, which were excavated in a cemetery near Pothia. Many o f the lamps from Calymna bear numbers written in ink which correspond to those in Newton’s Inventory. This lists many of the antiquities found by Newton in 1854-5, from the Damos cemetery and at the Temple o f Apollo; it also includes objects purchased by him. The earliest Calymniote lamps in the collection are copies from Athenian lamps o f Howland Types 2 4 c , 25A, 25B, and 30B, and date from about the middle of the fourth century b.c. Lamp Q 429 may be a little earlier than this, while lamps like Q 430 to Q 436 may well have been in use throughout the second half o f the fourth century and well into the third century b.c. Lamps Q 429 to Q 431 and Q 433 and Q 434 have no handles or lugs; Q 432 had a horizontal band handle, and Q 435 and Q 436 have pierced lugs on the side. The bases of all these lamps are turned, but in some cases they arc flat and in others they are heavily concave. This concavity does not determine the presence o f a kick within the oil-chamber : some lamps with kicks have flat resting-surfaces ; others, concave below, are flat within the oil-chamber. As this shape o f lamp (of which Lamps Q 429 to Q 436 are varied examples) dies away, its place is taken by the boldly carinated Lamps Q 437 to Q 4 4 °, which can be compared to Athen­ ian lamps of Howland Type 29A and Type 29B , but which are more probably copied from im­ ported Rhodian examples, o f a similar date. These Calymniote lamps have a very narrow rim and a wide shoulder; the narrow rim is more common in Athens than on Rhodes, however. The bases are all turned; only one, Lamp Q 437, has a kick within the oil-chamber. Compared 1 B S A lii (1957), p. 129, note 287. 2 Newton’s MS. Inventory of objects found on Calynina is in the Library of the Greek and Roman Depart­ ment. 3 Archaeological Journal, xiii (1856), p. 22; Newton, Travels, i, p. 302; B S A lii (1957), p. 129. note 287; 184

according to Newton’s notebook Calynmos this grave site was in the field of one Nicolas Couramctis. 4 Archaeological Journal, xiii (1856), p. 23. 3 B S A lii (1957), p. 130, note 291. 6 Archaeological Journal, xiii (1856), pp. 36-7. 7 Ibid., p. 35.

C A LY M N A to the Athenian and Rhodian lamps of similar type, the Calymniotc versions have very short nozzles with flat tops : the Athenian and Rhodian lamps normally have round-topped nozzles, and these are usually much longer. This same characteristic, a short, flat-topped nozzle, is evi­ dent also with Lamps Q 4 4 1 »Q 445j atld Q 446, which, from the sunken area around the fillingholes, resemble lamps of Howland Types 32 and 33. However, Lamps Q 442 to Q 444 have fairly long nozzles, making them closer in appearance to their Athenian and Rhodian counter­ parts than is usual in Calymniote lamps. Lamp Q 444 differs also from these and from the other Calymniote lamps in being mouldmade. Lamps Q 437 to Q 446 cover the period from the end o f the fourth century, through the third century, and well into the second century b.c. From lamps like Q 4 4 7 , a very crisply made object, which may possibly be Athenian, with a long nozzle, a deeply sloping shoulder, sharp carination, and a sunken area around the fillinghole, and itself a development of Howland Type 32, there are at least two lines of development. Lamps Q 448 to Q 4 5 4 cover the period from the beginning of the second century until the first half of the first century b.c., changing from wheelmade lamps to mouldmade lamps during this time. The flat top of the nozzle eventually becomes sunken, forming a shallow channel which connects the wick-hole with the depressed filling-hole area. Vertical strap handles appear, and the unpicrced lug of their predecessors remains for a while, but dies out late in the second century. The other development from lamps similar to Q 447 arc all wheelmade and can be compared with lamps o f Howland Type 35A. The four lamps Q 455 to Q 458 arc very similar in shape, with sloping shoulders, carinated bodies, and turned bases. All have a solid lug on the left side and a deep-sunk area around the filling hole. Although broken, in three cases the nozzles appear to have been splayed at the tip. Lamps Q 455 and Q 456 have narrow, flattened tops to the nozzles; the nozzles of Q 457 and Q 458 are rounded in section, but the area surrounding the wick-hole has been cut flat at a slight angle to the rise o f the nozzle. These four lamps were probably made in the last quarter of the second century b.c., or the first quarter of the first century. None has a provenience, and the harder quality of the fabric compared with many Calymniote lamps may possibly point to a source outside the island. Probably later in date than Lamps Q 455 to Q 458 is Lamp Q 459, a poorly made lamp with an incurving shoulder, which has a low rim drawn up around the filling-orifice. Unlike most wheelmade Calymniote lamps, the nozzle is not pierced straight through to the oil-chamber with a cylindrical tool: the nozzle has been fashioned in the form of a hollow cone with a rounded tip, and the wick-hole is cut through from above. The base is slightly concave and there are indications that it may have once stood on a columnar support, now lost. The raised rim round the filling-orifice appears in a more developed form in Lamps Q 460 to Q 462, which are wheelmade, with vertical band handles, and have angled nozzles cut flat around the wick-holes rather like the earlier Lamps Q 457 and Q 458. This group o f lamps is similar both in shape and fabric to Howland Lamp 511 and is probably of the date suggested by him, late in the first century b.c. or early in the first century a.d . However, Howland Lamp 51Xcomes from an undated context, and two lamps very close indeed in shape to these are placed with the late Roman material from Syracuse in the Syracuse Museum. Lamp Q 460 was purchased by Newton, and most, but not all, of the material he bought on Calymnos is of 185

CALYM NA late Roman date; but Lamp Q 461 was excavated by him in the Hellenistic cemetery ofDamos.1 Although a late Roman date cannot be ruled out, a late Hellenistic date for Lamps Q 459 to Q 462 seems more probable. The proveniences of the comparative material noted in the Cata­ logue entries of these lamps render a Calymniote manufacturing source uncertain. Decorative features on the Calymniote lamps are minimal, being confined to bead rims and applied lugs on some o f the wheelmadc lamps. Four of the mouldmade lamps have volutes branching from the raised edges o f their nozzles; Lamp Q 451 has, in addition, a solid lug on the side. The shoulder of Lamp Q 453 is decorated with rays, and a more ambitious decoration o f swags adorns Lamp Q 454. This latter lamp is the only Calymniote lamp in the collection bearing an inscription. This appears to be in two lines, the second of which may read ΚΑΛΠ, but the surface is very worn indeed. The fabrics o f the Calymniote lamps vary in colour from pink to orange to brown, with an occasional example fired grey; in some cases much mica in small particles is present, in others it is almost entirely lacking. The clay o f many of the lamps is rather soft and friable, but this might well be a result o f deleterious substances in the soil in which they were buried, rather than the quality o f the clay and o f the firing processes: many o f the Athenian lamps from Calymna are similarly affected. All the lamps, except perhaps Lamps Q 429 and Q 459, have a surface coloration produced by an applied slip, although in many cases it has disappeared to a very great extent. In the earlier lamps, those nearest in spirit to Howland Type 25, the slip normally covers the entire lamp, including the base. Rather later, on the majority o f the lamps based upon the Athenian lamps o f Howland Type 29 and on the Rhodian predecessors of Howland Types 32 and 33 (Lamps Q 437 to Q 446), the slip is applied to the upper side and to a slight extent on the lower side below the carination: the slip normally ends in a distinct line, leaving much of the under­ side and the base free. Lamp Q 443 is an exception in that the entire lamp is slipped. This limitation o f the slip to the upper body, together with the slightly diflerent shapes and fabrics, differentiate the Calymniote lamps from the Rhodian lamps of the same period, as most Rhodian lamps near to these in form are slipped over their entire surface, including the base. The unslipped under­ side of the Calymniote lamps is continued with the later lamps Q 447 to Q 454 and Q 45^ to Q 458, although Q 455 is completely covered with slip. The late lamps Q 460 to Q 462 also have only their upper sides covered in a rather cursory slip. An orange-coloured slip is most frequently found throughout the entire period covered by the lamps in the collection, although browns and dark browns are often found. No black glaze o f any quality is recognizable on the Museum’s Calymniote lamps. Note. On reflection, and at a stage when it was too late to remove them from this cata­ logue, the writer has come to the conclusion that the wheelmade lamps Q 459 to Q 462 are more likely to be of late Roman date than of the Hellenistic period. This probably also applies to Lamp Q 158 above. 1 It must be remembered that Newton also found late Roman graves in a natural cave at Damos, but no lamps

arc mentioned in the description of the contents of these graves.

186

C A LY M N A ^

PLATES 8 2 AND 83

L. 8-3, W. 6-2. Reg. z856.8-20.337- Excavated by C. T. Newton on Calymna (Damos cemetery) Inventory no. 12. Given by Lord Stratford de Redcliffe. 1 Wheelmade body of flattened globular shape, with a wide inturned rim set off by a groove. The lamp stands on a small raised base, concave below, with a matching convexity in the floor o f the lamp. The tapering, flat-topped nozzle is rather short, and rounded at the end Orange clay with much mica, in small particles. The interior only is coated with a dark brown almost black, slip, ’ Fourth century b .C. Related by shape to Athenian lamps of Howland Types 2 4 c prime and 25A.

PLATES 8 2 AN D 83

L. 9-z, W. Ó-7. Reg. 1856.8-26.340. Excavated by C. T. Newton on Calymna (Damos cemetery) Inventory no. 11. Given by Lord Stratford de Redcliffe. 7 ' Deep, wheelmade body of flattened globular form, with a wide, inward-sloping rim set off by a deep groove. The lamp stands on a small, well-raised base, flat below. There is a substantial kick in the floor of the lamp. The nozzle is narrow and flat-topped, with a rounded tip The body and the nozzle are slightly damaged and scored. V Orange clay with much mica, in small particles. Traces of an over-all orange slip survive. Second half o f the fourth century b . c . and into the third century. Related by shape to Howland Type 25A.

^

PLATES 8 2 AN D 83

L. 8-3, w . 5-8. Re*. 1856.8-26.338. Excavated by C. T. Newton on Calymna (Damos cemetery). Inventory no. 13. Given by Lord Stratford dc Redcliffe. Shape close to Q 430, but the nozzle is broader, and the base is concave below and set off from the body by a groove. The edge of the filling-hole is damaged, and the top scored. Orange clay with some mica. A worn slip applied all over, varying from black to orange-red in colour. Date as Q 43°·

Q 432 P L A T E S 82 A N D 83 L. 9-7, w . 7-2. Reg. 1856.8-26.349. Excavated by C. T. Newton on Calymna (Damos cemetery). Inventory no. 26. Presented by Lord Stratford dc Redcliffe. Wheelmade body o f flattened globular shape with an inturned rim curving down to the fillinghole. Raised base, concave beneath. Rather short, flat-topped nozzle, with a rounded end. Only the stubs of the horizontal band handle remain. 187

C A LY M N A Dcep-orange-pink clay with a grey core and containing some mica, covered all over with a worn brown slip. Second half of the fourth century b .c . and into the third century. Related by shape to Howland Types 25A and 30B. Bihl. Walters 254.

Q 433

PLATES 82 AND 83

L. 8*3, W. 6-o.Reg. 1856.8-26.345. Excavated by C. T. Newton on Calymna (Damoscemetery). Inventory no. 18 ? Given by Lord Stratford dc Rcdcliffc. Wheelmade body o f flattened globular form. Inward-sloping, concave rim round the fillinghole, separated from the very narrow, flat top by a slight ridge. High base, very concave below, with a small kick within the concavity. The floor of the lamp is slightly humped. Narrow, straight-sided nozzle with a flat top and a blunt end. Turning marks on the body. The edge of the filling-hole is slightly damaged. Deep-pink day, with some mica; the upper surface and the entire nozzle arc covered with a worn brown slip. Second half of the fourth century b .c . and into the third century. Related by shape to Howland Types 25A and 30B.

Q 434

PLATES 82 AND 83

L. 8'9, W. 6-4. Reg. 1856.8-26.343. Excavated by C. T. Newton on Calymna (Damos cemetery). Inventory no. 19. Given by Lord Stratford de Rcdcliffc. Wheelmade body of flattened globular shape, with a small raised base, very slightly concave below. Kick in the floor of the lamp. The filling-hole is placed in a slight depression and edged with a narrow bead rim. Narrow nozzle with a rounded tip and a flat top. Deep-orange-pink clay with mica present in some quantity; traces of a dark orange slip; the base and much o f the under-body were reserved. Second half of the fourth century b . c . and into the third century. The shape is related to Howland Type 25A. Q 435

PLATES 82 AND 83

L. 9’2, W. 6-4. Reg. 1856.8-26.334. Excavated by C. T. Newton on Calymna (Damos cemetery ?). Presented by Lord Stratford de Redcliffc. Flattened globular, wheelmade body with a wide, sunken, flat rim round the filling-hole; a slight groove surrounds the sunken area, and another is placed at the outer edge of the flat rim. Raised base, concave below; kick inside the body. Flat-topped nozzle with a rounded end. Pierced lug on the left side. Orange-pink clay, with mica present in some quantity; traces of an orange slip.

CA LY M N A Second half of the fourth century b .c . and into the third century. Reminiscent of Howland Type 25B, but the sunken flat rim is not usually found with Athenian lamps. Bibl. Walters 275. Q 436 PLATES 82 AND 83 L. 8-8, W. 6·I. Reg. 1966.2-16.101. No provenience; pencilled underneath: ‘309’. Shape and details very close to Q 435, but it lacks the kick inside the oil-chamber and the grooves defining the filling-hole rim and the shoulder. Light brown clay with some mica, and traces of an unevenly applied slip which varies in colour from dark brown to pale orange. Date as Q 435· Q

PLATES

437

82

AND 83

L. 9'6, W. 7-8. Reg. 1856.8-26.221. Purchased on Calymna by C. T. Newton. Inventory no. $7. Given by Lord Stratford de Redcliffe. Double-convex, whcelmade lamp with a rounded carination. There is a substantial groove round the narrow bead rim of the filling-orifice. Raised base, concave below; kick in the floor of the lamp. Short, flat-topped nozzle, with a rounded end. Pierced lug on the left side. Brown clay, with mica present in some quantity. Brown-black slip on the upper side and extending to the base below, with traces under the base itself. First half of the third century b . c ., or perhaps a little earlier. The dating is based upon the lamp’s similarity to Athenian lamps of Howland Types 29A and 29B. Q 438

PLATES 82 AND 83

L. 9-6, W. 8-5. Reg. 1854.5-19.31. No provenience. Other material in this Registration series comes from Rhodes and Calymna. Procured by C. T. Newton. Double-convex, wheehnade body of flattened lagynos form, with a very sharp carination. Narrow, sunken rim round the filling orifice. Raised base, concave underneath. Short, stubby, flat-topped nozzle with a rounded tip. Dark grey clay with a little mica. Brown-black slip on the upper surface, extending slightly below the carination. Similar date to Q 437, but perhaps not earlier than the beginning of the third century. Bibl. Walters 261. PLATES 82 AND 83

Q 439

L. 8-4, W. 8-0. Reg. 1966.2-16.37. Obtained through C. T. Newton (C.T.N. is written on the lamp). 189

C A LY M N A Very flattened, double-convex, sharply carinated, wheelmade lamp, witli a wide, raised base, concave below. Bead rim, defined by a groove, round the filling-orifice. Unpicrccd lug on the left side. Short, flat-topped nozzle, broken at the wick-holc. Deep-orange-pink clay with very little mica. Worn, glossy, black slip on the upper side and extending somewhat below the carination. Date close to that of Q 438. Compare Bruneau 29, and also a lamp from Eretria: I. R. Metzger, Eretria II, Die hellenistische Keramik in Eretria, pi. 44, 19, of late fourth- or early third-century date. Q 440

PLATES 82 AND 83

L. 9-5, W . 7-7. Reg. 1856.8-26.326. Excavated by C. T. Newton on Calymna, perhaps in the Damos cemetery. Given by Lord Stratford de Redcliffe. Double-convex, wheelmade lamp with a sharp carination and a lagynos-like profile. Raised base, concave below; circular groove underneath. Narrow rim sloping in towards filling-hole, and defined by a shallow groove. Solid lug on the left side. Short, flat-topped nozzle, broken at the end. Orange-brown clay, with a very little mica. The upper side is covered with a worn black slip which extends slightly below. First half o f the third century b .c . Close in shape to Athenian lamps o f Howland Type 29B. Bibl. Walters 296.

Q 441

PLATES 82 AND 83

L. i i 'i , W . 9-2. Reg. 1856.8-26.358. Excavated by C. T. Newton on Calymna (Damos ceme­ tery?). Given by Lord Stratford de Redcliffe. Wheelmade, double-convex body, clumsily turned. The carination is fairly sharp, but is more rounded in some places than others. Raised base, concave below. The filling-hole is placed at the bottom of a deeply depressed rim, which is set off from the shoulder by a groove. Unpierced lug at the left side. Short, flat-topped nozzle, with a rounded end. Brown clay, with some mica, covered on the upper side with a black slip, which extends slightly underneath. The lamp is permeated with oil, presumably from post-excavation usage. Second half of the third century b . c . It can be compared with Athenian lamps of Howland Type 32. Compare also a lamp from the rich, but disturbed, Tomb 18 at Xanthos (P. Demargne, Fouilles de Xanthos, i, pi. xx, 1858) found with a glass bowl of the last quarter of the third century b.c. (Journal oj Glass Studies, x (1968), pp. 33, 43-4, and 46). Q

PLATES 84 AND 85

442

L. 9-6, W . 7-0. Reg. 1966.2-16.44. No provenience. Wheelmade lamp with a double-convex body and lagynos-type profile. The lower half of the 190

CA LY M N A body, below the sharp carimtion, is deeper than the upper half! The filling-hole is surrounded by a wide concave rim. Unpierccd lug on the left side. The nozzle is larger than usual on Calymniotc lamps, and is flat-topped with a rounded end. A large piece is broken away. The project­ ing edge of the raised base has been chipped away all round. The base is very concave below, with turning marks in the centre. The floor of the chamber rises very slightly in the centre. Orange-brown clay with a grey core. On the upper side, and extending somewhat below the carination, is a glossy black slip. Second half of the third century b.c. Near in shape to Athenian lamps of Howland Type 32.

V 4 4 '* PLATES 84 A N D 85 L. 7-8, W. 5-6. Reg. 1830.8-26.341. Excavated by C. T. Newton on Calymna, perhaps from the Damos cemetery. Given by Lord Stratford de Rcdcliffe.

Whcelmade lamp with a double-convex body and a fairly sharp carination. The filling-hole depression is separated from the shoulder by two ridges. The small, raised base is concave below The nozzle is flat-topped and tapers to a curved tip. On the left, an unpierced lug is applied to the shoulder. Grey-brown clay with some mica. Substantial traces of an all-over dark brown slip. The fabric is not like that of the other Calymniote lamps in the collection, but the low quality o f the lamp perhaps argues against its being an import. Probably second half of the third century b . c .

84 L. 10-2, W . 7-0. Reg. 1856.8-26.328. Excavated by C. T. Newton on Calymna (Damos ceme­ tery). Inventory no. 3. Presented by Lord Stratford dc Redcliffe. Q

p la te

4 4 4

Mouldmade lamp; lagynos profile, with wide shoulders and a narrow, sunk rim defined by a faint groove. Raised base, concave below. Long, round-topped, tapering nozzle. Unpierccd lug on the left side. Deep-orangc-pink clay, with small particles of mica in some quantity. Worn, matt black slip all over, but unevenly and carelessly applied. Second half o f the third century b . c . Near Howland Type 32 in shape ( b u t mouldmade), or perhaps Type 43A.

Q 445

PLA TES 8 4 AN D 8 5

L. 8-7, W . yo. Reg. 1966.2-16.42. No provenience. Double-convex, wheelmade lamp, with a rounded profile. The filling-hole is surrounded by a deep concave rim, which is set off from the shoulder by a groove. Raised base, concave below. Short, round-topped nozzle; the rounded end is chipped. Long, solid lug on the left side. 191

C A LY M N A Light-brown clay with some mica. Except for the base and a large area on the underside, the lamp is covered with a brown slip, fired black in places. Second half of the third century B.C., or first half of the second century. Related by shape to lamps of Howland Types 32, 3 3 A, and 34A.

Q 446

PIATES 84 AND 85

L. 9-0, W . 7'T. Reo. 1966.2-16.41. No provenience. Wheelmade, double-convex body, with a rounded profile. A wide, inward-sloping rim, set off by a groove, surrounds the filling-orifice. Raised base, concave below, with a corresponding kick within the body. Short, flat-topped nozzle, with a rounded tip. The base, nozzle, body, and rim are damaged. Pinkish-brown clay; traces of an orange-red slip over much of the lamp, including some on the base. Second half o f the third century b. c., or first half o f the second century. Related b y shape to lamps o f Howland Type 33A ; the internal kick may b e an early feature, but the general impression of the lamp is late.

Q 447

PLATES 84

AND

85

L. 9'9, W. 6'9. Reg. 1856.8-26.332. Excavated by C. T. Newton on Calymna. Given by Lord Stratford dc Redcliffe. Double-convex, wheelmade body with a low-placed, very sharp carination, and a sunken area round the filling-hole. Raised base, concave below, with a wide groove just within the restingsurfacc. Long flat-topped nozzle, slightly splayed and with a blunt, rounded end. Small, crescent­ shaped, solid lug on the left side. Orange-brown clay, with some mica. Streaky dark brown slip all over, except beneath the base. Late third century b . c . or the first half of the second century. This is a development of the Calymniote version of Howland Type 32. Compare also a lamp from theEsquilinc cemetery in Rome, which Howland describes as Athenian of his Type 34A (Annali dell’Instituto, lii (1880), pi. O, 5, and Howland, p. 102, note 93). Bibl. Walters 297.

Q 448

PLATES 84 AND 85

L. 9-6, W . 6-4. Reg. 1966.2-16.55. No provenience. Acquired through C. T. Newton (C.T.N. is written on the lamp). Close in shape to Q 447, but the carination is placed much lower. The sunken filling-hole area is defined by a groove. Raised base with a wide groove, just within the resting-surface, leaving 192

CA LY M N A a small, central, concave area. Long flat-topped nozzle, blunt and slightly splayed. Solid lug on the left side. Traces of a vertical band handle at the rear. Brown clay, with a purplish-brown surface. A little mica is present. Traces o f a black slip. Probably first half of the second century b .c .

Q 449

PLATES 84 AND 85

L. 11-2, W . 5 7* Rfi?. 185^·8—2Ó.355* Excavated by C. T. Newton on Calymna, perhaps in the Damos cemetery. Given by Lord Stratford de Redcliffe. Close to Q 448 in shape and details, but the body is deeper, and lacks the groove defining the sunken filling-hole area. Two-ribbed band handle at the rear. Orange clay with some mica, and traces of a dark red slip, which varies to brown in places. The slip does not extend to the underside o f the lamp except on the nozzle. S e c o n d c e n tu r y

b .c .

Q 45° p l a t e 84 L. 10-4, W. 5-6. Reg. 19ÓÓ.2-1Ó.72. From Calymna. Acquired through C. T. Newton (written on base: Calymno C.T.N.). Inside the lamp was a piece of blue paper with the number 29 written on it; this does not correspond with Newton’s MS. Inventory no. 29, which is Lamp Q 451 below. Mouldmade version of Q 449 ; the carination is more rounded and is placed higher on the body. A substantial groove defines the small sunken area round the filling-hole. Flat-topped nozzle with a splayed, rounded end. Two-ribbcd band handle. Raised base, flat below, with a wide groove just within the resting surface. Vestigial, solid lug on left side. O r a n g e - b r o w n , m ic a c e o u s c la y , c o v e r e d w i t h a w o r n r e d slip t o a lin e b e lo w th e c a r in a tio n , w i t h a f e w r u n s t o th e base. S e c o n d c e n tu ry

b .c .

Q 451 L I.-7, W. * * 1856.8-2Ó.3J4. Excavated b y C T. Newton in ,1« D i,„os Calymna. Inventory no. 29. Given by Lord Stratford dc Redcliffe.

84

plate

ol,

Mouldmade lamp very like Q 450 in general appearance, but it has a wide channel extending from the sunken fillmg-hole area to the wick-hole, and edged by a raised rim. There is no groove defining the fillmg-holc area. The raised base is wide, and concave below, with a central disc Two-ribbed band handle at the rear. Long, slightly splayed nozzle, with a rounded tip On the shoulder on each side, at the junction o f the nozzle with the body, is a spiral which mernes into the raised rim o f the nozzle. Vestigial, solid lug on the left side. O r a n g e - b r o w n c la y , w i t h s o m e m ic a , c o v e r e d w i t h a n o r a n g e - r e d slip , e x c e p t f o r th e b a se w h i c h h a s s o m e r u n s a c ro ss i t.

r

’

S e c o n d c e n t u r y b . c ., p r o b a b l y t h e s e c o n d h a lf , a n d p e r h a p s e v e n a l i t t l e la te r.

193

o

C A LY M N A Q

452

PLATE 84

L. 9*6, W. 5-2. Reg. 1850.8-26.353. Excavated by C. T. Newton in the Damos cemetery on Calymna. Inventory no. 35 ; written on the base : Calymnos. Given by Lord Stratford de Redcliffè. Mouldmade, degenerate version of Q 451, from which it differs in detail only in the lack of a lug on the left side, and in having an oval base-ring. Orange-red clay, covered with a patchy red slip; most of the underside is reserved, except for a run across the base. Second half o f the second century, or the first half of the first century b . c . Q 453

plate

L. 7’3. W. 5-6. Reg. 1966.2-16.113. No provenience. Mouldmade lamp, with a double-convex body. The sunken area round the filling-hole is connected to the wick-hole by a shallow channel. A grooved, raised rim encloses the channel and the filling-hole area. Merging into the raised rim, on each side, is a spiral in relief. The shoulder is decorated with rays. Raised circular base, flat below. The nozzle is lost, and much of the vertical band handle is also missing. Orange-brown clay, with some mica; the upper side is covered with a red-brown slip, with runs across the underside. Second half of the second century B.C., or first half o f the first century. Compare Bruneau 4309. Q 454

plate

84

L. 9-5, W. S'8.Reg. 1856.8-26.3 51. Excavated by C. T. Newton on Calymna (Damos cemetery?). Given by Lord Stratford de Redcliffe. Mouldmade lamp of double-convex shape, with a worn oval base, and long round-tipped nozzle, considerably splayed at the end. Small sunken area round the filling-hole, connected to the wick-hole by a shallow channel. The raised edge o f the channel is grooved, the groove encircling the filling-hole area. Like Q 451 to Q 453 a spiral in relief is placed on the shoulder at the junction of the nozzle with the body. The shoulder is also decorated with swags or tendrils. The vertical band handle is lost. There are traces o f an inscription in two lines below. Soft, orange, micaceous clay, with traces, above and below, of a red slip. Probably o f the end of the second century, or well into the first century B.C. Compare Bruneau Lamps 4307-8 (the latter is also illustrated in B C H xxxii (1908), opp. p. 152, % · 31)· Bibl. Walters 482. Q 455

PLA TES 8 4 A N D 85

L. 8-9, W . 6-0. Reg. 1966.2-16.112. No provenience. Deep, wheelmade, double-convex body with a low-placed sharp carination and a small, de­ pressed area containing the filling-hole. A groove sets the rim off from the shoulder. Raised 194

84

CA LYM N A base, concave below; the edges are chipped. Long nozzle, oval in section, except near the tip where the lower part is pinched-in somewhat below the blunt, fluked end. Unpierced lug on the left side. y & Light brown clay with some grits; the whole o f the lamp, including the base, is covered with a brown slip. Last quarter o f t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y b . c . or t h e first quarter o f t h e first cen tury. This and Q 456 to Q 458 develop from lamps like Q 447 and can be compared with lamps of Howland Type 35A. Q 456

PLATES 84 AND 85

L. 8-8, W. 6-4. Reg. 1g66.2~16.110. No provenience. Shape and details much as Q 455, but the shallow concentric grooves round the rim appear to be turnmg-grooves, and not an intentional decorative feature. The area immediately surround­ ing the filling-hole, with steeply sloping walls, is convex. The end of the nozzle is lost Unpierccd lug on the left side. K Light brown clay containing mica; dark brown slip on the upper side, ending in a line iust below the carination. 0 J Date as Q 455·

Q457

PLATES 84 AN D 85

L. 8-0, W. 5'5· Reg. 1966.2-16.111. No provenience. ShV c. date and detail, d o » to Q 455, but d e » i, no groove „„ tJle Aou)Jcr Unpierced lug on the left side. The nozzle and base are broken

ΐΎ ;Τ ί

0 slightly below ΐthe ' 1’cannatici. “ me miCamg

** °range‘r“ 1 S"P “ «

Ι ω '» Λ» upper extend ** surface cc’ cxtenci“

Q 458

PLATES 86 AND 87

L. 7-6, W. 6·ο. Reg. 1966.2-16.109. No provenience. Shape date and detail, n.uch » Q 455 bu,

body is morc rolmA V Z \ n tl-ii-k m i n λ μ V» -r . „ and the spot marked K on the map on p. 149. 2 Cf. the many open lamps from Enkomi dating from m e w y p r u r e gperiod o tro o < , ,1LI. Cypriote y [JIIVCC perioditi p i n o t i I II the Middle Cypriote toW ewe. the Late .1,,. pia „lutet Dikaios. Enkomi, Enkomi. iiia. rrr the tes of P. Dikaios, iiia. A Middle Cypriote lit open lamp with two opposed nozzles, from Kalopsidha, is in th e Ashmolean Museum (no. C 107; J H S xvii (1897), p. 140, fig. 4, 20: see also P. Äström, SCE iv. in, p. 157). Another of similar date, also from Kalopsidha, is illustrated

ib id ., p . 156, fig. 17,

3j .

'

P

A n d see P . Ä s trö m , Evciii'tilit'/is at Kalopsidha and Ayios lakoi'os in Cyprus , p p . 111-13. 3 H o w la n d , p p . 4 -5 , a n d 7. + O z io l a n d P o u illo u x L am p s 1 to 2 ; M . Y o n , Salamine de Chyprc, 11, La Tombe T. 1, p i. 40, 2 2 8 -9 . 5 Opuscula Archaeologies, iv (1946), p p . 19-20. 6 F o r o p e n lam p s f ro m C y p ru s sec Opuscula Athenien­ sia, i (1953), p p . 117 A ; R D A C 1937-9, p p . i n - l a ; Opuscula Atheniensia, v i (196 $), p p . 2 3 -4 .

207

C Y PR U S were occasionally used as adjuncts to terracotta figures: Lamp Q 483, from the Toumpa site at Salamis, is the figure o f a bull which had a row of four lamps down its back; part of one survives. This object is probably o f the seventh century b . c . Lamps Q 485 to Q487 are all parts of female terracotta votive figures, with open lamps set on top of their heads. Lamp Q 485 and probably Lamp Q 486 come from the Kamelargà site in Larnaka and are likely to be o f the second half of the seventh century B.c. Lamp Q 487, the provenience o f which is not known, is probably somewhat later in date, taking into consideration the style of the terracotta head. Lamp Q 482, with its two ‘wick-rests’, is similar to Punic open lamps of the Western Mediterranean; only a very few Cypriote open lamps have more than one nozzle.1 However, it is more probable that this objectis not a lamp but is a scoop. The two lampholders Q 495 and Q 496 can probably be placed in the fourth or the third century b . c . There are very few Cypriote wheelmade lamps with bridged nozzles which can be dated earlier than the middle of the fourth century b.c.,2 by which time the long, enclosed nozzle was common in imported examples. Presumably most Cypriotes still used the open lamps. From its shape, the fragmentary sanctuary lamp, Q 494, may possibly be put as early as the fifth century, but might well be later. It was found in greatly disturbed ground at Site D at Salamis. Lamp Q 497, a close copy of Athenian lamps o f Howland Type 25A, is from the same site and is of die second half of the fourth century or a little later. From Achna comes Lamp Q 498, made prob­ ably during the half-century following 3 0 0 b . c ., or perhaps a little earlier. Its shape exhibits some similarities to Athenian lamps o f Howland Type 25D , and its pierced lug indicates an early Hellenistic date. Lamp Q 499 is also wheelmade; its carinated body and wide top, together with the well-defined, although unpierced, lug on the side, are all features reminiscent of Howland Type 32, and it is unlikely to have been made later than 2 0 0 b . c . Mouldmadc lamps were produced in Cyprus as early as anywhere else in the Mediterranean, and Lamps Q 500 and Q 501 arc probably o f third-century date. However, the mouldmadc lamp from Burial II in Idalion Tomb 3 (1963 excavations),3 which has certain similarities to Q 500 and Q 501, is dated by the excavator to the second century b . c . Lamps Q 502 and Q 5 ° 3 are probably a little later than Q 500 and Q 501. The wide shoulders of these four lamps are decorated, as only mouldmade products could profitably be, with elaborate relief designs (Q 500 and Q 502), or with radiating grooves (Q 501 and Q 503). Lamps Q 501 to Q 5 °3 have shoulder lugs, now purely decorative. That of Q 501 is a plain conical knob, while the lug of Q 502 has slipped down to the edge of the lamp and is of elongated form with a spirally decorated bulge. Lamp Q 503 has two lugs, one plain, the other in the form of a lion s head. The decorative scheme of Lamp Q 502, of two figures kissing, one figure on each shoulder of the lamp, is widespread in the eastern Mediterranean at this time; some examples are men1 For two-nozzlcd Cypriote lam ps cf. S C E iv, 2, p. 1 6 9 (Lamp, 3), Oziol and Pouilloux Lamp 24, from Salamis, V. Karageorghis, Excavations in the Necropolis o f Salamis, II, pis. ctxxxvi and c c l v d i , from Salamis Tomb 107A , and a lamp from a Ptolemaic-Roman tomb at Kyra in R D A C 1 9 6 3 , pi. vn, I. The lamp surmounting Q 483 is probably a two-nozzled lamp of this form. See also a twonozzlcd open lamp in bronze, from Cyprus, Ccsnola Collection: G. M. A. Richter, The Metropolitan Museum

o f Art, Greek, Etruscan and Roman Bronzes, p. 379, no. 1323. 2 See, however, the Bes hanging-lamp in New York (Ccsnola, Atlas, ii, pi. exur, 1059; Masson, Inscriptions chypriotcs syllabiques, p. 329, no. 329), a lamp from Tomb 23 at Tsambres (R D A C 1937-9, pp. 53, m -12, pi. xxvni, 3), and Oziol and Pouilloux Lamp 32, from Salamis, all probably of the sixth century b . c ., or a little earlier. The Salamis lamp may be an import. 3 R D A C 1964, p. 67, fig. 2i, 2.

C Y PRU S tioned in the Catalogue entry.1The figures are usually male and female, but occasionally erotes are found;2 these normally clasp hands or hold objects between them: compare Q 509. As can be expected from the circumstance that the Cypriote lamps in the collection come from widely separated localities within the island, the fabrics of these lamps show varying characteris­ tics. Lamp Q 477> from Enkomi, is in a coarse, soft yellow clay containing many white grits of small size; there is no decorative slip. From near-by Salamis come Lamps Q 483, Q 494, and Q 497. Lamps Q 483 and Q 494 have similar fabrics, of a hard texture, buif in colour and containing little if any mica. The Enkomi lampholder Q 495 has a similar texture, but is reddish in hue, with a buff surface coloration. Lamp Q 483 has a little applied red colour on the muzzle of the bull. The clay of Q 497 is very similar, but is rather softer and of a more yellow tinge. Lamp Q 479, from Aradippou near Larnaka, is of a light buff colour and the fabric is very micaceous; it contains many small stones. From Larnaka itself come Lamps Q 485, Q 502, and probably Lamp Q 486. Both Q 485 and Q 486 are of an orange-pink clay which contains a little mica. The surface of Q 485 has fired buff over a large area, but whether this is a slip is difficult to determine; the upper surface of Lamp Q 486 bints at a similar colour. The face of the figure supporting Lamp Q 485 has been painted red and the hair is picked out in black; the black colour below Lamp Q 486 indicates the hair of the missing figure. The soft, grey, micaceous clay of Lamp Q 502 is covered with a black slip; its Cypriote origin is not certain and it may be an import from Asia Minor. The clay body of the lamps from Dali varies with each example. That of Q 478 is coarse and buff, with a rough brown surface on the back; there appears to be no mica. The decoration is in red and black. O f a similar coarse nature is the clay of Lamp Q 481 : it is light brown in colour, with pink patches. Unlike this, Lamp Q 480 is in a smooth, fairly fine ware; it varies in colour from pink to buff and is apparently free from mica. Lamp Q 488 from Amathus and Lamp Q 489, probably from the same site, but possibly from near-by Limassol, are alike in the smooth hard texture of their bodies, which is very thin and very fine. Βοώ contain a little mica; Q 488 has fired a greenish colour and Q 489 is creamy-buff. The similarity of the fabrics perhaps confirms an Amathus provenience for Lamp Q 489· The three open lamps from Achna, Lamps Q 491 to Q 493, arc very close in appearance as far as their fabrics are concerned. They arc pink or beige at the break, but their surfaces have fired a creamy-buff colour: this may possibly be a slip, but is more likely to be a result of the firing. However, die texture of the clay of Lamp Q 492 is much finer than that of the other two, and it contains much mica in small particles. The presence of mica in Lamps Q 491 and Q 493 is not apparent. The mouldmade Lamp Q 503 is in a greenish-buff clay not unlike the fabrics of Q 491 and Q 493. The wheelmadc lamp Q 498 has fired a pinkish-brown colour and contains a little mica. It does not appear to be very close to the other lamps from Achna, but there is 110 reason to regard it as other than a local product; it was originally covered with a black slip, now largely gone. 1 See also a lamp of sccond-century date from 'Atlit in Q D A P n (1933), Pi- XXXIV, 907 (also in The Biblical Archaeologist, xxvii (19Ó4), p . 11$).

2 Cf Menzel Lama JoscpK l 1, Ì

209

fio

MM

j in 7 ■

p

C Y PR U S The Curium lamp, Q 500, is made of a creamy-buff clay; the upper side is covered with a matt red slip. The fabric of the open lamp from Marion, Lamp Q 490, is rather coarse and contains dark grits and a little mica. It has fired a deep-orange-buff colour, almost light brown, with pinkish patches. The lamps without known find-spots are in a variety of fabrics, but it is difficult to suggest possible places o f manufacture as few o f them compare closely with the lamps from known sites. It is possible, however, that the torch-holder, Lamp Q 484, was made at Salamis. The smooth, buff clay has resemblances to that o f some of the terracotta figures from the Toumpa site, and the tunic is similar to that worn by a few o f the figures,1 although these are normally male. The painting technique is close too, but it could also be compared with that of certain female figures from Kouklia, whose tunics are not modelled but indicated by paint alone.2 The clay of Q 482 is coarse and of a dark red colour, with areas fired brown. The orangepink, almost brown, clay of Lamp Q 4871s similar in texture, but not in colour, to that of Lamp Q 502 from Kition, and it is not very far from the fabric of the fìgurinc-lamps Q 485 and Q 486, also from Kition, although these are not completely typical examples of the Kamelargà terra­ cottas as far as the appearance of the clay is concerned; however, colour is an unreliable guide. The hard, pinkish clay o f Lamp Q 499 is covered with a cream-coloured slip, over which has been laid a coloured slip varying in colour from orange to black, now largely gone: it may never have been very evident. There is a strong possibility that this lamp was made in the neighbour­ hood of Salamis. This may also be said about the lampholder Q 496, which is of a hard, redbrown clay with a greenish-buff surface or slip. Lamp Q 501 is made in a light brown clay and has traces o f a matt red slip.

Q 477

PLATES 90 AND 9 I

W. 13*3. Reg. 1897.4-1.1283. Said by the Register to be from Tomb 9r at Enkonii, Turner Bequest excavations o f 1896. There are two Excavation Notebooks giving details of Enkomi Tomb 91, one by Percy Christian, the other by A. H. Smith. Christian mentions more objects than Smith and the Register notes objects, including Lamp Q 447, as being from this tomb which appear neither in Christian’s or Smith’s Notebook. Christian’s Excavation Notebook reads: Tomb No. gi. Deep tomb in H. Suliman’s field about halfway between 90 and 59. Tomb oiKias full of earth very little bone dust. There were three separate burials with a thin layer of fallcn-in roof Kias between each. The lower thin layer of very black bone dust contained no articles likewise the middle layer, but this was lighter in color. The upper layer contained some fairly complete bones, and was whiter in color. Here we found all the things following. Contents: Fragments very large Myc. Bull Vase. Fragments Ivory box. Fragts Variegated Glass. Fragments Porcelain, Bronze and Silver. Many frag­ ments Pottery very ordinary type. 1 Peculiar figure (clay) with 2 Pairs Clay earrings. 5 Kraters, x Pyxis, 3 Στουττατά. I Lattice bowl. 1 Pre Myc. fluted jug. 1 ditto bowl. Fragments small Myc. Vase with birds round shoulder. 1 Pair gold spirals. 1 Gold earring. 4 Plain Gold rings. 1 Very fine Gold Mouthpiece Stamped all over Sphinxes. 1 Very fme Gold Diadem Palmettos and Sphinx. 1 Cf., for example, BMC Terracottas A 107 to A 119, and uncatalogued terracotta 1909.3-10.109. 2 Ibid. A 123 to A 125. 210

C Y PRU S A. H. Smith’s Excavation Notebook reads:

« £ “ Ä , k 8” Τ “ ' ^ Small vase with birds on the shoulder, r pr gold spirals, i earring.' i'moud! ^ fl"ted j uS' sphinxes, i diadem widr sphinx and palmettes. ” * m0UtllPicce>damped with seated The Register lists the objects actually incorporated into the mlVi-e; ,383): .897.4-z.474 (BMC j j l k r y , j89, 4- , , 37o (BMC Vma C 5*3); m 7.4- J i n \ t « C Z s Ì t ) VasesC 542); 1897.4-1.1273 (BMC Vases C 543) ; 18974-1 127a ( B M C V 1275 (BMC Vases C 509); 18974-1.1276 (BMC v le s C 4,7) l8^ 458); 1897.4-z.m78 (BMC Vcscs C 470); .897.4-, ” 79 (BMC Ì r (BMC Vases C u n ): .897.4-1.081 (BMC Cases C 654); 1897.4-,.ο ί , ί 1897.4-1.1282 (BMC Vases C 143); 18974-1.1283 (Lanw o L l \ - r Z cottas A 14); 18974-1.1285 (alabaster vase neck). ’ 74

o T » b ò w f la,nP Witl' f” r “ di“ ,,y PliCed

fm ” d ^ “

(BMC ° ' Τ '72 BMC “ ϊ ΐ Τ ’ l8974~1· 'Ts ‘ ^ C (B M C vZ cZ C C 2°°); 1-1284 (ß7WC ’Γ η,'αZ

Z

»>8 ™ ■'« „des of a„

Yellow-buff day, rather coarse, and containing white grits. Made some time between 1400 and 1200 b.c. The pottery and other objects as illustrated in the drawing of the tomb nrmm in π Cyprus, p. 42, fig. 70, can be placed in LH IIIA and B. However Tomb 01 t h m T ^ '^ 'a

ΓΓΊΪ hcf Γ^·,“rcflcc,i”8 Ji "t*""* “ — « Λ**™»*. NsliZCt

lacks the following items mentioned by Christian and Smith (C and c> c ' i- lt box „irh S» » c l design (C and S); fragments of 1 α ' Γ ° f ” iV" y colai,., h o m e and silve, (C); frag,™ ,, o f „rd„„ry p o ^ y t ^ Ι Χ 'Γ threo-ba, .died jais ( C - f a .c r s S-,,11 cops); a whirc-slip bowl (C and S - t a „ bowl“ g“ " ring handled bowl (C-pre-Mycenaean bowl, with sketch)· a nair of ™ld · , 1 ~ S) a gold ear-ring (C and S); four plain gold rings (C). Even more serious, ho™“ .·''fi £ addition of several items, mentioned neither by Christian nor by Smith· thr k C . 43, the Mycc.iaea.1 yuglct C 9*7, Ac Mycenaean enp 1897.4-1-1283, and the lamp Q 477 (Excavations Cyprus, p. 42 fig 70 ,.0, “ f 85 and ,483 zesptxtivcly). Also, only rhroo ^ ari t £ £ £ £ S Z . * £ i Snurh yet five arc .llusriared fig. 70 o f i„ Cyprus. Most of rhosc object, , 2 , or w „h those ecr.an.ly from rhe tomb, have the „umber V written „„ them in pencil’ ably by the excavators. ^ ’ PrcsLini“ Thus it would seem that there is a strong post,bili,y tlaa. Lamp Q 477 does not come from Tomb 9 , („dess,, ,s one of rhe many fragment Popery very ordinary type' ,„c„ti0„cd by C |V ™ There seem .0 be only two examples o clay lamps mentioned in Christians B m J , N o Z " t one from Tomb dd. a cay cocked Inula,up, very black', apparently „„registered, and on Z , „ Tomb 95 : I »deed ha, lamp also unreps,ered. Lamp Q 477 C,„ „ M bc .b r ib e d as veryϊ ΐ ( Γ so ,t ,s possible that „ came from Tomb 95, a 'small deep tomb i„ Solomi's field about 0 fi 2II

C Y PR U S from surface, all fallen in. i Gold ring, i cornelian bead, i Gold earring with pendant in form of woman, i Gold bead, 2 small spiral earrings, 1 round agate bead, 1 Fluted jug, 1 Pre Myc. small jug, 4 plain jugs, 3 small cups. 1 cocked hat lamp. 1 Lattice bowl. Fragments fine Mycenaean pottery with [cuttlefish design]. Fragts of bronze’ (Christian). And Smith; ‘95 Tomb entered on the top. Gold pendant. Egyptian fern. fig. with hands clasped on her breast. One bead. Two small spiral earrings and one spherical agate bead. Pottery; plain jugs—plain fluted jug—cream bowl—grey jug with line in relief.1 Small fragt Myc. glazed ware.’ Only the pendant ear-ring (1897.4-1.644; BMC Jewellery, 347), the gold bead (1897.4-1.645), and the agate bead (1897.41.646) were registered, but a gold mouthpiece, 1897.4-1.647 (BMC Jewellery, 158), not men­ tioned in either of the Excavation Notebooks, is in the Register as coming from this tomb. Despite its uncertain find-spot,2 it seems likely that Q 477 is of Late Bronze Age date, although none of the many Bronze Age open lamps from Enkomi illustrated in P. Dikaios, Enkomi, iiin, appears to have more than one wick-rest. The many four-wicked lamps from Levantine sites, which arc normally much more open than our Enkomi lamp, range in date from Early to Late Bronze Age times; see O. Tufnell et ah, Lachish, iv, p. 173, where a brief discussion ofthc Type is given in connection with three examples found at Lachish, and is followed by a comprehensive list of examples from the Levant. They have been found in great number in the tombs of the Inter­ mediate Early Bronze-Middle Bronze Period at Jericho (K. M. Kenyon, Excavations at Jericho, i, p. 180, and ii, pp. 551-3; see also IEJ x (i960), pp. 204 if.). A connection between these Levantine four-wicked lamps and our Enkomi example cannot be proved. Bibl. Excavations in Cyprus, p. 42, fig. 70; Pottery Lamps, pi. lb; P. Äström et al, Excavations at Kalopsidha and Ayios Iakovos in Cyprus, p. 113, where Enkomi Tomb 91 is described as Late Cypriote I -IIC (circa 1550-1200 E.c.); L. Aström, Studies on the Arts and Crajts of the Late Cypriote Bronze Age, pp. 46 and 114; J d lxxvi (I011), p. 241, fig. 25.

Q 478

PLATES 9 0 AND 9 I

H. 25-1, W . 7-5. Depth of cup, 5-8. Reg. 1873.3-20.142; SOC 90.3 Excavated by R. Hamilton Lang, in the so-called Temenos of Apollo at Dali, in 1868. Purchased. Hand-modelled hanging-lamp in the form of an elongated oval plate, with a bull’s head at the top and a curved ‘cup’ at the bottom end. Behind the bull’s head is a suspension-hole. A small fragment is missing from one side. 1 If Tombs 91 and 9J did to a certain extent get mixed, then it is possible that this base-ring juglet is identical with 18974-1.1282 (BMC Vases C 143), registered as being from Tomb 91, but not mentioned in the Excava­ tion Notebooks. Its registered find-spot in Tomb 91 led Gjerstad (Studies on Prehistoric Cyprus, p, 284) to suggest that there may have been a late Cypriote I stratum in Tomb 91. 2 This uncertainty has prompted the omission of a photograph of the tomb-group from Tomb 91 at the end of the Plates of this Catalogue, where other tomb-groups are illustrated.

3 The upper part of this object became separated from the lower at some time before 1926, when the latter was transferred from the Department oi Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities to the Greek and Roman Depart­ ment. The upper part, having lost its identity, was sub­ sequently registered in the Semitic Old Catalogue as no. 90. I am grateful to Mr. Cyril Bateman of the Depart­ ment of Western Asiatic Antiquities for locating it, and to Dr. R. D. Barnett for allowing it to be transferred in March 3970 to the Greek and Roman Department in order that it might be reunited with its lower portion.

212

CY PRU S Buffclay, with a few traces of mica ; the surface is rough at the back where it-1 c j b „ w „ colo». The centre per, o f f e piare ir d e c o ra i in a ,,t ‘ mΐ ΐ edged p a n i endoaing red and reserved triangles, outlined in black. The p a n i ^ f e i g rhe cenrre by a verrtcal row, apparently of opposed triangfa 3„d reserved diamond thif cTc tern is so worn that the details are not certain, and at some points a series of 1 7ι Γ" than triangles seems possible. Details of the bull’s head are picked out in red a n d b Ì ^ a large red triangular blaze on the forehead; the ears horns anrl 1 back- there ls head juts from a red-painted field; below this are three parallel JinesT bandrf t r i a ^ f ^ ^ more transverse lines. Much of the edge of the plate L of the underside of the cup two panels are formed by a dividing double black line; in e a Ì o f t h t panels is a cross, m black, o f intersectum diagonals A «mil, J· i 1 ° £ th c interior of the cnp. A ero, the pUe, Ι ο ί , Ζ Ϊ t “ “ Pm Kd dC“ rati” “ ^ " " Probably eighth century b . c ., hut perhaps a little earlier. The Bichrome ware is ofthe Iron Age but does not have characteristics enahhncTibb 1 a a accurately, although a Bichrome III or IV fabric is possible This tvne f R § ° bcdated Cyprus and in the Levant at least as early as the Late B o c' An a T ^ ^ ” ““ in found at Rat Shamr, and dated , 3ds-raoo B.c. (C F A S Z i f i ™ p l c was and another with a bull’s head and forelegs was found at Mcgiddo’in Straluni VH dm d t ^ ^ I35o and 1200 b.c. (G. Loud, Megiddo, ii, pi. 249; IL N ig% ^ f C T ’ latte Bronze Age examples lacking the M l' pro,on,c and often deemamd with , ώ ρ Γ ί , 'ώ 'd hues are found. These objects are discussed by Dr. Μ V Setnn \r/;u; j , ,· PT d Taylor in M y,,«, Pis U , s p. 77, when erhey arc called bracket lamps. See O p ,J 2 ^ 2 ' ζ J-η: TV χ1 ·. C l c t illustrated ì V m,the ctnates : ■ -· Φ rt ; «impies xrom imjconu are o f P. Dikaios, TnfwOT, um. Two o f these, ibid., pis. u v c, anu T.i . „ 1 Objecri s ti l a r ,0 tire Myrton Pighades examples noted ’a h o « τ» *j caci cc TT n 9 both Ras Shamra and Minct clBtad, (C. F. A Schaeffer, Ugm,a, », p. z t3, ftg. 88), where they dMC ^ ct d A bronze bracket lamp w „ l„ bull protome in Nicosia ( * * iv, a, fig. 2?) „ pllccd by Cat|i, f the Late Cypriote period, circa twelth century b. c. (H. W Catling r!, · , R * , S Mycenaean World, p.162, pi. 25 b and r). A similar and very fine example is in Caiilda(Amm/ Art and Archaeology Duns,on, Royal Ontario Museum, i960, pp. 2I ff) thk ’ f f see RD AC ? 7 3 pp. 72ff. Two e.eventffcentury (M. Yon, op. cit., pi. 40, 233- 4). } oaianus A hangmg-ianrp hke on«, bu, somewhat earlier in date, and decorated in Bichrome II style is the Cyprus Museum (BCHxc 19«), p 3o7, fig. 2i). It cmK ^ ^ T*£ Famagusta region. O f a similar date to this, or even earlier, is an cxamolc in the r t Museum and Art G % K O j-i 8j cl), from the Hamilton Lang Collection, probably’L i Dab. It ,5 apparently ofW lm e Pam,cd I „r II ware .of the eleventh to ninth cent,tries j "! 213

C Y PR U S Rather later than this is a hanging-lamp with a bull’s head and plastic snakes found during mechanized levelling at a Cypro-Geonietric Ι-ΠΙ cemetery at Rhizokarpasso (BCH lxxxiii (1959), p. 340, fig. 5, and Fasti Archaeologici, xiii (1958), no. 1868, pi. ix, 28). The Bichrome fabric of our lamp is perhaps close to that of three published hanging-lamps: an example from Dali, in New York (Cesnola, Atlas, ii, pi. exm, 888, and SCE iv, 2, p. 171, fig. 37); one from Gastria, in the Victoria and Albert Museum (Opuscula Atheniensia, vi (1965), pi. ix, 199) ; and a headless version from Lapithos Tomb 403 (SCE i, pi. c l iv , 18, and SCE iv, 2 , p. 171, fig. 37), which is dated by the excavator to the ninth or eighth century B.C., and to circa 925-900 by Mrs. Birmingham in AJA Ixvii (1963), p. 41, ill. 2. An ornate Bichrome IB example from Cyprus has recently been published in BCH xciv (1970), p. 199, fig. 9, and may well be contemporary with ours (also in Republic o f Cyprus, Annual Report of the Director of the Department of Anti­ quities, 1969, fig. 55, and in Fasti Archaeologici, xxiii (1968), pi. II, 5). Compare also an exam­ ple with two bulls’ heads in H. T. Bossert, Altsyrien, fig. 144. Q 478 bis

PLATE

91

H. I3’7, W. 5-4. Reg. 1971.4-5.1. No provenience; purchased. Hand-modelled hanging-lamp similar to Q 478, but smaller and with a properly formed open lamp at the bottom, where the latter has a cup. Above the bull’s head is a suspension-hole. The bull’s right horn and ear are lost, the left ear also is missing and the tip of the left horn. The eyes are indicated by a slight bulge. Pink, micaceous clay, fired buffili places. There is a certain amount of black-painted decoration: two bands cross the plate just above the lamp, and a single curved band defines the lower end of the plate at the rear; bands o f chevrons across the floor o f the lamp and complementary bands cross the underside o f the lamp; the edge of the plate appears to be black and the field behind the bull’s head seems to have been painted black; two bands o f black cross the bull’s muzzle. Probably eighth century b . c . The Bichrome II example from the Famagusta Region referred to above under Q 478 (BCH xc (1966), p. 307, fig. 22) also has a pinched lamp. Q

479

PLATES 9 0 AN D 9 I

L. i2'5, W. 12-2. Reg. 1880.7-10.16. From a tomb found at Aradippou, near Larnaka. Given through Earl Granville. Open lamp made from a wheelmade bowl with a very narrow out-turned rim. The edge is folded in at two places to form a wick-rest. The rounded underside has been turned. Buff clay, badly levigated and containing many small stones. Mica is present in some quantity. Probably made between circa 825 and 750 b . c . The material found with the lamp is mainly of late Cypro-Geometric III or early CyproArchaic I date (BMQ xxxiv (1969), pp. 36 ff ) The very narrow rim also points to an early date: in the sixth and subsequent centuries the rim is usually broader; however, a lamp from the disturbed Tombs 7 and 8 at Palacpaphos, of Cypro-Archaic I date, has a broad rim (BCH xci 214

C Y PR U S (19Ó7), ρ. 233, fig· 19, 27). Compare a lamp from Stylli Tomb 2, first burial period (SCEii, pi. xxx) which is dated to the beginning of Cypro-Archaic I, and also a lamp from the first burial period of Stylli Tomb 6 (Corolla Archaeologica . . . Gustavo Adolpho, pi. 1: opposite p. 200), of the same date. A lamp not unlike ours comes from Stylli Tomb 7 (SCE ii, pi. χχχι, 4), which is dated to the middle of Cypro-Geometric III. Not far from ours also is Lamp 82 from the cham­ ber of Tomb 2 at Salamis (V. Karageorghis, Excavations in the Necropolis of Salamis, i, pi. cxi). It is not certain whether this lamp comes from the first or the second burial periods, o f late Cypro-Geometric III or early Cypro-Archaic I and of late Cypro-Archaic I date respectively. See also Lamp 51 from Tomb 31 at Salamis (ibid., pi. cxxxiv), dated early in the CyproArchaic I period. Compare a lamp from a Cypro-Geometric III burial in Tomb I at Kaminia (P. Dikaios, Etikomi, ma, pi. 221, 1), a lamp from a later, Cypro-Archaic IB interment in the same tomb (ibid., pi. 221, 2), and a lamp from the Turabi cemetery at Kition, Tomb 60, prob­ ably of the early seventeenth century (JHS xvii (1897), p. 159, fig, 12, 7; Aslnnolean Museum no. C 182). Bibl. Walters 140; BMQ xxxiv (1969), pi. xvm.

Q 480 PLATES 92 AND 93 w . 9-7- Reg. 1873.3-20.186. Excavated by R. Hamilton Lang; from the Temenos of Apollo at Dali. Purchased. Wheelmade lamp made from a deep, open bowl by pressing in the sides to give six fluted wickrests. Slight traces of use are to be seen on two of these. The base is unturned, with string marks underneath. The rim is damaged. Smooth clay, varying in colour from orange-pink to buff. The lamp contained small fragments o f stone, earth, pottery, mica, and snail shells; it is not known whether these were in fact found with the lamp. Perhaps eighth or seventh century B.c. P. Cintas, Deux campagnes de recherches à Utique, p. 68, fig. 30, illustrates a similar lamp from Utica, dated to the eighth century b.c., and refers to similar vessels from other sites, varying in date from the twentieth century to the seventh century b.c. Sec also J. G. Duncan, Corpus of Palestinian Pottery, 91, Q 2 and Q 3, the latter of the Middle Iron Age (circa 950-Ó50 B.C.j. Others from the Levant arc published in The Biblical Archaeologist, xxvii (1964), p. 14, fig. 6 (one of which is dated to circa 1200 B.c.); BASOR clx (i960), p. 14, has a similar lamp from Dothan Tomb I, Level 3, which is dated to Late Bronze IIB (circa 1300-1200 b.c.). A further examplc from Tell Beit Mirsim (AASOR xii (1930-1), pi. 23) is of tenth-century date (and see ibid., p. 71, f°r a discussion of this Type of lamp). One very similar to ours, from Ras Shamra, is far too early to be equated with it (C. F. A. Schaeffer, Ugaritica, ii, p. 2Ó7, fig. 114, 13). The majority of the Levantine lamps of similar shape to ours have seven wick-rcsts and not six. Bibl. R. S. Poole, MS. Inventory of Mr Lang’s Collection, no. 331 (in the Library of the Greek and Roman Department). 215

C Y PR U S Q 481

PLATES 9 2 AND 93

L. 7-0, W. 8-4. Reg. 1873.3-20.183. Excavated by R. Hamilton Lang in 1868; from the Temcnos of Apollo at Dali. Purchased. Wheelmade lamp with one wick-rcst formed by pressing in the walls o f a rather deep bowl. The rim is triangular in plan, with rounded corners, and the side-walls are almost vertical. The most pointed of the angles between the walls has been used as a wick-rest. The wide base is unturned and rough, and bears the marks o f the string by which it was cut from the wheel. Very coarse light brown clay, fired pink in places. Loose in the lamp is a large piece of charcoal­ like substance; whether it is alien to the lamp is not known. Probably close in date to Q 480. Consider, perhaps, the early deep-bodied open lamps (but these have high ring-bases) from Kastros in Lapithos, dated to Cypro-Geometric II (circa 950-850 B.c.) in Opuscula Archaeologica iv (1946), p. 20, or the late lamp from Tomb 4 at Bamboula (late Cypro-Archaic II to early Cypro-Classical I) in AJA lx (1956), pi. 36, 24, but none o f these is readily comparable to Lamp Q 481. However, our lamp perhaps shares Phoenician characteristics with a very similar lamp from Carthage, excavated in 1835-6, and now in the Department ofWestern Asiatic Antiquities: Walters 145. Bibi. R. S. Poole, MS. Inventory of Mr Lang’s Collection, no. 332. Q 482

PLATE

93

L. 30-3, W . iyo. Reg. 1876.9-9.54. From Cyprus, purchased from Luigi P. di Cesnola. Lamp or scoop made by attaching a substantial solid handle, curved to fit the hand, to a shallow open bowl, the edges of which have been folded in at three places in the manner of the western Punic ‘cocked-hat’ lamps. The point of attachment of the handle is between the two ‘wickrests’. The bowl has a narrow, flat rim, and is hand-fettled below. Coarse, dark red clay, varying to brown in places, and with black vegetable staining over large areas. Probably seventh century b . c . Compare a similar object (described as a lamp in SCE ii, p. 793) from Ayia Irini, Period 6 (ibid., pis. CLXXXViii and ccxli , 19). Period 6 at Ayia Irini is dated by the excavator to about 540-500 B.c. (SCE iV, 2, p. 207), but this date is pushed back to 675-600 b . c . by Mrs. Birmingham in A JA lxvii (1963), p. 26. An example from Idalion (SCE ii, pis. CLXin and cl x x x i , 21 ; also in SCE iv, 2, p. 171, fig. 37, and where (p. 170) it is suggested that these objects might be shovels) is placed in Idalion Period 6 a , which is dated to the second and third quarters of Cypro-Archaic II, circa 570-510 b . c . However, the date of Idalion Period 6 is also revised by Mrs. Birmingham in AJA lxvii (1963), p. 31, and p. 41, ill. 2, where it is suggested that it began about 700 B.C. Punic lamps of similar shape can be dated in the seventh and sixth centuries b . c . (P. Cintas, Céramique punique, pi. x l ). For the Type compare Cesnola, Atlas, ii, pi. cxxxvm, 1002-3, ‘found in early Phoenician tombs’. This object is included in this catalogue as it is remotely possible that it is a lamp; the burning wicks would come uncomfortably close to the hand, 216

CY PRU S however, if it was carried. An example in New York (ibid., pi. cxxxvm, I004) in appearance like the Cypriote open lamps with one wick-rest, has the sides folded together in such a wav as almost to preclude its use as a lamp. The Ayia Irini example mentioned above also has its wick-rests folly closed See also V. Karageorghis, Excavations in the Necropolis of Salamis i p. 67, where a similar object (ibid., pis. ux, 4, and cxxxiv, 4) has indications o f use as a ritual vessel rather than as a lamp. It was probably associated with the second burial period of Tomb 31 (ibid., p. 57) during the first half of the seventh century b.c. (ibid. p. Ó9). Bill. Walters 139.

Q 483 L. 27-0, H. 23-8. Reg. 1891.8-6.36. Excavated in the spring o f TSon k ^ ^ 93 H. A. Tubbs. From the Toumpa site at Salamis (for this site sec f m " f Z \R ^ Um° and and pp. 97~9 and 146 ff.) Pencilled on the lamp arc the ExcavatioÌ m t Ϊ ^ j P * V’ area G’ by the Cyprus Exploration Fund. nrbs T and Ap. 8. Given Hand-modelled figure of a bull, standing on a rectangular base forok™ Ì a the belly by a rough column o f day, fired with th/figure Tbe t '11 ’ nd,SUpported under rigl,. rear leg; the right horn is broken, and both cars arc broken also T U j" vigorous incision, and the mouth and nostrils are cut deenlv

t-i

,

! ! are indicated by

sprouting from the bull’s head is the remains of a smalUvhcclmad C^ Z 3 ^ SUpP° rt excavator to be four-cornered (ibid., p. 159), but more likely to h te T d o T ’ ^ ^ ^ The scars o f three similar supports on the bull’s back remain The horizontal ^ Γ** ^ the base suggest that the work was modelled on a wooden plank Nations bc,,eath The clay is yellow-buff with an over-all greenish surface- it ■ ,· 1 faint lines in red paint on the muzzle. ’ 3ms a Itt c mica- There are Seventh century b.c.

E S S J S ilK iS iÄ j - · · .. (c£ SC Eiv, 2, pp. 105 £), which have been dated to about 725-600 b c /il ^ ° 'Cypnojtc stylcs Neo-Cypriote stylcs between circa 560 and 520 b f e e stylcs are for**), have bM„ givcn J , scd

c

but the Avi, r · ·V · ,

P' 2°9, datcs tJlc " t y ’»*

Neo-Cypriote style terracottas from Samos are dated between L · 6 w ' ! l T ' “ '· ^ Schmidt, Samos, vn,Kyprische Bildwerke aus dem Hcmion von Samo, „ oA r A - d ^ 111 G‘ cions gì™·, very few o f the objects found a, the ^ ^ than the beginning of the sixth century b. c. There appear to be no 1 U bc ]atCr similar bull lamp from the same site is in the Cyprus Museum (T L Μ Γ* a,dlouSh a Richter, A Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum, p. 161 no 5845)· Som ^ ° hnefa]scJlIrini bulls x553 and z554 (SCE ii, p]. « * 4 botk ““ t f ^ ^ ^ middle of Cypro-Archaic I to the beginning of Cypro-Archair TT W ” C1 ^ Jn dle with an object like this, style is no guide to chronology^iand-modelledb U °°~,72S ,B'C^ But bulls wherever or at whatever period they were produced C b “ Z W “ iroin mc votive deposit 217

C Y PR U S at Tsamourli in Pontus (see above, pp. 79-80) are very like this lamp in conception and work­ manship, but may well be considerably later in date. Bibl. Walters 138; BMC Terracottas A 122; JHS xii (1891), p. 159, fig. 11 ; BMParliamentary Returns 1891, p. 56, ix, 36; BM Archive Room, Original Papers, 1895: Letter of 24 February 1895 ; Walters, in his Curium excavation notebook, compares a similar object found in Tomb 27 at Curium, the contents of which went to Nicosia. However, the other objects from Curium Tomb 27 appear to be of the Bronze Age.

Q 484 Η. 40Ό. Reg. 1907.10-26.1. Said to be from Asia Minor. Purchased.

PLATE

9 4

Torch-holder modelled in the form of a goddess. Handmade, with a mouldmade face. The gaunt-featured head is over-large, the nose pointed and prominent. The eyes, outlined in black, are enormous, and the brows, also in black paint, are generously arched, meeting at the nose. Large ears, and a slit-like mouth. The ears, mouth, and cheeks are painted red. The hair, painted black, is in parallel waves formed of applied pellets of clay, with a double spiral in the centre of the forehead. A large lock on each side falls to an inturned spiral on the shoulder. The waves, but not the side-locks, are bound with a red fillet, with above it a diadem of eight applied rosettes picked out in black. The left arm hangs by her side, and the right arm, which is twice the length o f the left, is bent at right angles at the elbow, the hand, encircling the red-painted ring-socket which held the torch or taper, held out in front of the figure. The fingers and thumb of the right hand are modelled separately, those of the left hand indicated with strokes of paint. Black-painted bracelets adorn each wrist and armlets are drawn in just below the hem of the short sleeves of the tunic. The legs are long and cylindrical, ending in small feet encased in (painted) lace-up boots. A patch of black paint is placed on each o f the upper legs, apparently on the thigh but perhaps intended for the knees. The exterior part of the genitalia is perhaps indicated by a red patch outlined in black. The goddess wears a short plain tunic, under which her small breasts show, with the nipples outlined in black. The tunic is basically red, with details in black. It has short sleeves, and the shoulder is decorated with a large rosette, on each side. The collar is a truncated V-shapc, indicated by a double black line. A single black line encircles the throat, and a necklace of small oval red patches follows the lines o f the collar. The lower part o f the tunic is decorated with two wide bands of pattern, divided and edged with black lines. The upper band is a guilloche pattern, and the lower a series of vertical zigzags. The whole figure is fixed to a large oval backing-plate, stepped-out at the bottom to support the feet and pierced at the top for suspension. The edges o f this plate are painted red. Broken and repaired. Pinkish-buff clay, with a little mica. Decorated with black and red fired-on colouring matter. The suspension plate of this figure places it with the hanging-lamps, normally modelled with bull’s heads, like Q 478 above. The writer cannot find any direct parallel to this piece,1 but various 1 August 1974: there is, in fact, a closely similar figure in the Louvre, but wearing a long dress and with outward-curling hair; it holds a loose clay object in its hand-socket: Louvre AM 333, included in a re-

construction drawing in S. Piggott, cd-, The Dawn o f C ivilization, p. 147. I am grateful to Dr. W. Culican for information on this piece. The presence of the terra­ cotta object held in its hand may argue against the view

218

CY PRU S details of its construction and workmanship are chronological pointers: the figure is decorated in the Bichrome style, presumably Bichrome IV or V (guilloche pattern and rosettes arc more prevalent in these styles (cf. SCE iv, 2, figs, x x x i i , 5, xxxvi, 5, x l v i i i , 9, and l i , 2), and probably do not antedate them (ibid., pp. 289 and 304). It can thus be placed within the Cypro-Archaic period. Many of the facial features are not unlike those of BMC Terracottas A 123, from Kouklia. Plastic heads on pots, with details similarly formed of applied pellets of clay are also found in this period (cf. SCE iv, 2, figs, xxxix, 15, and l , 6). .Many details similar to our head appear on the plastic head of a Bichrome Red I (IV) vase in Berlin (KBH, pi. xix, 2; SCE iv, 2, fig. x l i i , 4), and on a similar jug once in the Lawrence-Cesnola Collecti on (A. P. di Cesnola, Cyprus Anti­ quities, 1880, pi. [18]). The strongly jutting nose has analogies with sculptures of the ProtoCypriote styles (SCE iv, 2, pp. 94 ff ), which at Ayia Irini fall in Periods 4 and 5 (circa 800-675 B.c. according to A]A lxvii (1963), p. 26; circa 650-540 B.c. according to SCE iv, 2, p. 207; at Samos the Proto-Cypriote styles are dated circa 670-600 b . c . in Schmidt, op. cit., p. 94); but large noses also occur on some of the sculptures of the Neo-Cypriote styles. Whether the spiral locks of hair have anything of the Egyptian Hathor about them is a moot point (they curl the wrong way); the Egyptian conquest o f Cyprus probably took place a little after 570 b . c . (SCE iv, 2, p. 208), but Phoenician versions of the Egyptian Hathor, and indeed representations o f the Phoenician Astarte, whose hair was similarly dressed, no doubt reached the island much earlier. The torch-holder can probably be placed in the seventh century B.c., perhaps the second half of the century. A later date may possibly be suggested by the similar features of a figure applied to BMC Vases C 975, of Bichrome Red II (V) fabric, which is probably of the beginning o f the sixth century B.C. This was found in Amathus Tomb 90 with BMC Sculpture C 425, dated by Pryce to 550-525 B.C. That Pryce had a tendency to date too low is indicated by Myers in BSA xli (1940-5), PP· 101 ff. Pryce dates our torch-holder to 540-530 b . c . A related but later object is Metropolitan Museum no. 74.51 2364, modelled in the form of Bcs, with a lamp at his feet (Cesnola, Atlas, ii, pi. exm, 1059, and ibid, iii, pi. c x l , 14; O. Masson, Inscriptions chyprhtes syllabizes, no. 329; Syria, xlviii (1971), p. 447, fig. 13. The lamp looks to be of the late seventh or early sixth century b . c . Bibl. BMC Sculpture, i, pt. ii, p. 12, fig. 1, and p. 13 (where it is regarded as a male figure). Q 485 PLATli 95 L. 6-0, W. 6-0, H. 10-7. Reg. 1905.10-19.14. Excavated byj. L. Myrcs in 1894; from the Kamclargà site in Larnaka (Kition). This site is described in JHS xvii (1897), pp. 164 ff, and in J. L. Myres and M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, A Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum, pp. 153 ff Many hundreds of terracotta figures were found packed tightly together in a layer over three feet thick. They arc perhaps from a sanctuary of Artemis. Given by the excavator. Open lamp formed from a shallow, wheclmade bowl with a rounded rim: the sides are pinched in to produce a single wick-rest. The lamp is attached firmly to the head of a votive terracotta that these figures arc torch-holdcrs. However, it is loose, and of a different fabric, and may well be alien. The suspension back-plate to which these figures arc attached 219

is so close in appearance to the plates of the bullhcadcd ‘bracket-lamps’ that some similarity of use is indicated,

C Y PR U S figure, female, the face of which is moulded, and the back of the head hand-modelled. Below the neck is aspike of clay which was socketed into the body from which the head is broken. The body has not survived. The face is full-cheeked, with a soft, rounded chin. The eyes are oval, the nose large and rather shapeless; the mouth is small and disapproving. The ears are barely indi­ cated and a hole is pierced through the left one to allow for air expansion from the hollow interior during firing. The hair falls down behind the ears. The rim of the lamp is largely missing at the back and sides. Orange-pink clay with a buff surface, containing some mica. Black paint is used to indicate the hair, at the back and below the lamp at the front; the face has traces of red paint, which is also applied to the rim of the lamp. The body into which this head fitted was whcclmade with a wide, spreading, trumpet-mouthed foot and the arms, perhaps holding an object, were applied separately: compare JHS xvii (1897), p. 166, fig. 15, 3-4, 10-12, 14-17, 19, and especially 9 (ibid., p. 167, Type F), which, like ours, has a lamp on the head. Examples of these terracottas from the same site are registered in the Museum’s collection in the sequences 1905.10-19 and 1920.3-17. Probably the second half of the seventh century b . c . At Ayia Irini the terracottas with moulded faces and wheelniade bodies fall into Ayia Irini Type 7 (e.g. SCE ii, pi. ccxxxn, 12-14). The majority of Type 7 objects fall within Ayia Irini Period 4, with a very few in Periods 5 and 6. Period 4 is dated from the middle of Cypro-Archaic I to the beginning of Cypro-Archaic II (circa 650-560, but revised in AJA lxvii (1963), p. 26, to circa 800-725 b . c .). At Curium, terracottas with whcclmade bodies do not seem to be later than circa 600 B.c. (J. H. and S. H. Young, Terracotta Figuresfrom Kourion in Cyprus, ρ. 191). There is some similarity with heads of the Neo-Cypriote style (compare, for example, the head of the figure on a White Painted IV-V amphora in Mcdelhavsmuseet Bulletin, iii (1963), fig. 1), but it is unlikely that our object can be brought down as low as the beginning of the sixth century b . c . It can also be compared with the head of a charioteer of Second Proto-Cypriote style (ibid., p. 11, fig- 10), This style at Samos is dated to the latter part of the seventh century b .c . (Schmidt, op. cit., p. 94). Two figures from the Kamelargà site, of which the upper parts only remain, bearing lamps on their heads, are in the collections of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. One, with facial features very close to ours, is a tambourine player, No. C 301 ; the other, No. C 302, has red and black lines painted on the rim of the lamp. Terracotta figures supporting lamps are known also from Levantine and Punic sites: compare AASOR xviii-xix (1937-9), Ρ· 36, fig. 19 a-e, for a female figure and a head broken from another, from Buseirah in Jordan, and ibid., p. 37, fig. 20, for a head from 'Ain Shems in Israel. These probably date from the eighth or seventh century b . c . and are wheelmadc with applied and modelled details. The examples from Buseirah are also illustrated in PEFQ 1937) ph- ec-x, following p. 254. For a Punic example compare R. P. Delattre, Musei Lavigerie . . . Carthage, pi. XXVI, 7 and 8, found at Carthage. The details are hand-modelled and primitive; it supports a two-wicked Punic lamp of seventh-sixth-century type. It is also illustrated in J. Dcneauvc, Lampes de Carthage, no. 109. Three similar lamps come front Motya, of sixth-fifth-century date: Mozia, viii (1973), pi. i v i i . Compare also the Rhodian Lamp Q 363 above, which is of a date not much later than that suggested for Q 485» and the Athenian thymiateria front the 220

CY PRU S Kerameikos, from a context dated circa 660-650 b . c . : Kerameikos, vi, 2 : K. Kiibler, Die Nekropole des Späten S bis frühen 6 Jahrhunderts, pls. 36 and 37.

Q 48

PLATE9 5

L. 5-9, W. 6-8. Reg. 1966.2-16.98. No provenience. Probably from the same source as Lamp Q 485. The material from Kamelarga was not fully incorporated in 1905 when it was presented by J. L. Myrcs. Another batch was belatedly registered in 1920; the present piece might well have lost its identity between these two dates. Small, open, wheelmade lamp broken from the head of a votive figure. It is made from a shallow bowl with a thickened flat rim, which is pinched in to form a single wick-rest. The top of the head of the figure adheres to the underside of the lamp; the head was hollow. The rim at the rear is broken away. Orange-pink clay with a little mica. The hair is indicated in the front with black paint. Probably of the same date as Q 485.

Q 487

PLATE9 5

W. 4'I, H, 6-9. Reg. 1881.8-24.120. Excavated by H. Ohnefalsch-Richtcr in Cyprus; no closer provenience noted, but the other objects in the same registration sequence come front Enkomi, Kition, or Salamis. Acquired through C. D. Cobham. Terracotta head, broken from a female votive figure, bearing a wheelmade, open lamp, few traces of which remain, but showing the tip of the wick-rest and part of the pinched-in rim above the right side of the head. The face is moulded, with a plain, applied back pierced with a firing-hole reaching to the hollow interior. The checks arc full, and the mouth small with prominent lips. The nose is semitic, by design or accident, and the eyes are slightly sunken. Across the forehead from one large but indeterminate ear to the other is a fillet. Rather soft, orange-pink clay. Perhaps close in date to Q 485 or Q 486 but its more sophisticated modelling might well bring it down to the early years of the sixth century b .c . Although not necessarily from Kition, and differing in some aspects (the prominent spikes for attaching the heads to the bodies, for example), this is very close in style to some of the terra­ cottas from the Kamelargà site (compare, for instance, BM 1905.10-19.12) and may well be an Eastern Neo-Cypriote relative of those earlier pieces.

Q 488 PLATES I, 96, 97, AND 142 b L. IO-8, W . 9-6. Reg. 1960.3-2.1. From Amathus, Tomb 146; Turner Bequest Excavations, 1893-4. Although the objects listed in Excavations in Cyprus, p. 121, are described as being part of the Museum’s share of the finds, only a few of the grave goods from Tomb 146 can now be traced. J. L. Myrcs in his MS. Notes on the Excavations at Amathus,1p. 14, describes the tomb more fully. The objects in square brackets were left behind in Cyprus: ' Tomb 146 (no. 12.13). Small cave about 14 ft down. Door displaced, a good deal of earth. [17 plain 1 In the Library of the Greek and Roman Department. 221

C Y PR U S jugs. 2 plain amphorae. I bowl. I deep jug.] 4 vertical circle jugs [+1 left.] 1 horiz. vert. 1 two handled pot with lattice ornament. 1 trefoil jug with rays on shoulder. 1 lattice panel amphora. 1 flattish two handled pot. [1 alabastron.] 2 Egyptian porcelain ornaments (one is a hand). 1 varieg. glass bead. 1 cocked hat lamp. [-(-2 left.] 1 rough clay mask, with holes to tie on by: traces of paint. 1 bronze bracelet. I bronze pair of tweezers. Only the lamp, catalogued here, the faience hand (Reg. 1894.11-1.592), and the pair of tweezers (Reg. 1894.11-1.593) can be identified. Wheelmade open lamp, formed from a shallow bowl with a broad out-turned rim. The edges are folded in to form a narrow wick-rest. The lamp is hand-fettled underneath: the string marks are not completely smoothed away. Cut into the underside is the mark shown on plate I. Although there are similarities, it is unlikely that this is the pa sign of the Cypriote syllabary. Smooth clay, greenish-buff in colour, with a little mica. Probably second half of the sixth century or the first half of the fifth century b . c . Tomb 146 at Amathus appears, from Myres’s descriptions, to have contained late Iron Age pottery. For the lamp compare AJA lx (1956), pi. 36, from Tomb 4 at Bamboula, dated to the end of Cypro-Archaic II or the beginning of Cypro-Classic I. Compare also, perhaps, SCE ii, pi. XLi (Marion Tomb 14) and pi. x l v (Marion Tomb 23), both of Cypro-Classic I date. Another lamp close to ours is from Vouni Tomb 12, also of Cypro-Classic I date (SCE iii, pi. evil, 1). A similar, but more open lamp of Cypro-Classic I date, comes from Salamis Tomb 53 (V. Karageorghis, Excavations in the Necropolis of Salamis, ii, pis. c x x x i i , 31, and ccxxxi, 31). But at Tsambres and Aphendrika lamps of Types 9 and 11 are close to ours and both date to the fourth century b . c . (RDAC 1937-9, p- m , fig. 60); similar lamps from Vouni Tomb 7 (SCE iii, pi. cm) are dated to the latter part of the Cypro-Classic II period (middle and third quarters of the fourth century b . c .); Vessberg, pi. 1, 3 and 4 (Opuscula Atheniensia, i (1953), opp. p. 128), are of Hellenistic date, circa 325-150 b . c .— these are from Idalion Tomb 1 (SCE ii, pi. l x x x v i i i ). Also of fourth-century date, but of the first half of the century, is a lamp superficially similar to ours from a tomb at Dhikomo (Opuscula Atheniensia, vi (1965), p. 208, fig. i, 5). Bibi. Pottery Lamps, pi. i c. Q 489

PLATES 9 6 AND 9 7

L. I2'5, W . 107. Reg. 1880.7-10.101. The Register states ‘From tombs at Amathus or Limassol’. Although it is not possible to say at which of these places this lamp was found, Newton’s Report to the Trustees of the Museum of 8 July 1880 throws some light on the areas in which the objects in this registration sequence (1880.7-10.66 to i i i ) came to light. At Amathus he says he was shown the site where the famous sarcophagus in the Cesnola Collection in New York was found. (This was on ‘level ground north cast o f the Acropolis’—J. L. Myres, Handbook of the Cesnola Collection, p. 228, no. 1365.) Newton goes on to say ‘Here a small ten­ tative excavation has been made under the direction of Col. Warren while he was Commissioner at Limassol.’ However, in the draft o f a letter to an unknown recipient, in the Departmental Library, Newton says: ‘On my visit to Cyprus in April 18791 examined this site and selected 222

CY PRU S for exploration a field which, there was good reason to hope, contained tombs, as a valuable sarcophagus was found here some years ago by General Cesnola. I therefore thought it worth while to order a small excavation to be made here in the course of last year in which the sum of £17. 9. 5 was expended. Col. Warren has not been able to obtain from Mr. Casidi, The Mayor o f Limassol, who directed this excavation, a regular report o f what was found.’ At Limassol, Newton says in his Report to the Trustees, ‘In digging a trench for an aqueduct for the town an ancient cemetery was discovered. One of the tombs in this cemetery was opened during Mr Newton’s visit to Limassol. It contained a number of specimens of Cyprian fictile ware with geometrical patterns.’ It would thus appear that the Limassol material which reached the Museum might well be the product of one tomb ; it is unfortunate that it has become mixed with the Amathus objects. The Limassol material sounds early, which may imply that Lamp Q 489 is from Amathus; its similarity in fabric to Lamp Q 488 also points this way. Given through Earl Granville. In shape, very close to Q 488. All traces of string marks below are pared away. Smooth, crcaniy-buff-coloured clay, with a little mica; it is disfigured with patches of brown vegetable staining. Probably the same date as Q 488. Compare also Lamp 22 from Burial II of Idalion Tomb 2 (1963 excavations) in RDAC 1964, p. 68, fig. 22, 22. This burial is assigned to the Cypro-Classic I period and dated circa 475-400 B.c. (ibid., p. 83). Bibl. Walters 141.

Q 490 PLATES 96, 97, AND I42r7 L. 10-7, w . 9-4. Rag. 1966.2-16.2. Pencil mark 66. This is almost certainly from Polis tis Chrysokhou, the ancient Marion, Tomb 66 in the western necropolis (JHS xii (1891), p. 304, Table A, 17). Excavated by J. A. R. Munro in 1890. Given by the Cyprus Exploration Fund. Close in shape to Q 488. The underside is rough and hand-fettled. The edges of the wick-rest are split and the rim is slightly damaged. The clay is rather coarse; it contains a little mica and many dark grits. It is orange-buff in colour, and fired pink in places. The tomb in which this was probably found was apparently undisturbed and of a single period (ibid., pp. 320 ff.) It contained, among other things, late Athenian red-figured pottery, presumably of the late fifth or, perhaps more likely, of the first half of the fourth century b . c ., to which date we can ascribe our lamp. A gold ring from the tomb (BAiC Finger Rings, no. 52) may be as early as the late fifth century. Also present were two coarse-ware vessels, ajug 1967.11-1.31 and a stanmos 1967.11-1.12, and a fragment of a large jug of White Painted VII ware (or perhaps Black-on-Red V (VII) ware) of the first half of the fourth century b . c . (JHS xii (1891), p. 321; Reg. 1967.11-1.48) ; sec plate 142a. Bibl. Walters 142 (not from Tharros, as stated there). 223

C Y PR U S Q 49Ϊ

PLATES

96

AND

97

L. I0'5, W. ιο·6. Reg. 1883.1-6.117. Excavated for the Museum by M. Ohnefalsch-Richtcr. Probably from Achna (see Q 492). Open lamp formed by folding in generously, to form a wick-rest, the edges of a small shallow saucer with a broad rim. Hand-fettled underneath. Surface flaked; a crack in the rim was caused by a stone left in the clay during its preparation. Beige-coloured clay with a creamy-buff surface. Probably fourth to third century B.C. Compare a lamp from Tomb 38 at Aphendrika (RD AC 1937-9, P· m> fig- 60, 1), an The British Museum's share of the lamps from Al Mina eon,a,ns l„caI„pe„ |araps of dlc folded-saucer variety, Lamps Q 504 and Q 505, and a fragment o f a third w h irl/ Cypriote (Lamp Q 506). There is a fragment o f a s o u t h e r n ^ ! ^ ^ five Athenian lamps, Q 58, Q 66, Q 6η, Q 78 and O Sat Ad·,™ i 5134’ an B.C.; ibid., p. nap). An example from a tomb a. Megara Hyblae« ,s dated to the end of the fourth century ,.c. (M é la n g e , l A M a a i e c l d H is to i r c , ixx (195S) pi. V, fig 2-aftcr p. 48). One f i » Tomb XLIX at Boterà was found will, a com of Agathocles dated between 3 17 and 310 B.c (A rc h . C L · , , ix Ì1057I ni ivi 1· M A xliv (t95 S), P. rtt, %. 3 7 i P. Griffo, S a lle a n a , d e lla c i „ M G e l e e , pi. [4Sj). ΐ ΐ somewhat similar bmps con* from Assoro Tomb i z ( N S „ 6 6 , p. 243, fig. 1 9 j _ k ) anj m M^ second half of the fourth century B.c; another comes from Assoro Tomb 43, of the same date (ibid., p. 266, fig. s 6 e). A lamp like ours was found in a cremation burial (Tomb 6 ) at Tripi near Messina, which is dated to the end of the fourth century b.c. (NS 1954, p 48 fig 3) ^’ Bibl. Walters 230; BMC Vases F 598; A]A xxxviii (1934), p . r i; G. Kaibelf E ■ Q . P o t t e r y Lamps, pi. 4a; Arch. Zeit, xxxi (1873), P- 109. ‘Λ

Q 667

J ’

PLATE 122

L. p-ο, W. 6-0. Reg. 1863.7-28.116. Excavated for the Museum by George Dennis. Found at Gela. 1,1 StaPe' Pr0f,le' “ d dMe K Q “

· T1“

«

Dark orange-red clay. Black glare is applied all over, inside and out, and within the central tube except under the base, which is covered with a thinned glaze wash. Bibl. Walters 1485·

υυυ

PLATES 1 22 A N D 123

L. 9 -7 , W. 6-4. Reg. 1926.2-16.17. Pencilled underneath: ‘Sardinia5. Wheclmadc lamp, „eat Q 666 and Q 66, in shape, hut the base is narrower and, i„ contane,«,,, with the wtde lower part of the central tube, is almos, a ring base. The central t„bc Jo s“ o rise quite as high as the rim o f the lamp. The cud of the nozzle is slightly splaved Pinkish-brown, clay, with a little mica. Apart from the base, which is corned with a thinned

biadi X e

'

” S thC

° i,h c

Date as Q 666 and Q 667. Bibl. Walters 232. 311

“ " ‘“ I mb». « coveted wi.Va ™

SICILY Q 669

PLATES

124

AND

125

L. io-ο, W. y i. Reg. 1863.7-28.121. Excavated at Gela for the British Museum, by George Dennis. Globular, wbeelmade body, with a large hump in the floor of the oil-chamber. The filling-hole is edged by a narrow rim surrounded by two concentric grooves. The lamp stands on a raised base, concave underneath. On the left side is a pierced lug. The nozzle is long and narrow, with a very slightly splayed tip. Light yellow-buff clay, with some mica, covered entirely with a rather worn black glaze. This fabric is probably Sicilian, but it is not unlike a Corinthian clay. Second half of the fourth century b . c . ; it is a local copy of Athenian lamps of Howland Type 25B. A lamp very close to this, but lacking the side-lug, is in the Museo Nazionale at Gela, described as being of the Timoleon period (circa 340-3x7 b. c .). Compare also a lamp from Lipari Tomb 406 (L. B. Brea and M. Cavalier, Meligunls-Lipara, ii, pi. cxxxv, 3d) found with lekanides of Sicilian manufacture dating after 330 down to about 300 b . c . (Trendall, LCS, p. 682, 5 and 6). Bibl. Walters 278. Q 670

PLATES

124

AND

I25

L. 9-2, W. 6·2. Reg. 1855.12-20.11. Paper label attached: ‘Catania—-June 15th 1830’. Formerly in the Haslar Hospital Museum, Portsmouth; given by the Lords of the Admiralty, through Sir John Liddell. Globular, wheelmade body, with an inturned, cothon-like rim, defined by a stepped groove. The lamp stands on a small raised base, deeply concave underneath; there is a corresponding hump in the floor of the lamp. The nozzle is long and narrow, and splayed at the tip. Orange-clay, with mica present in some quantity. Dull black glaze, inside and out; the base is covered with a thinned glaze wash (with a central black patch) ; the rim groove is reserved. Probably the last quarter of the fourth century b . c . The shape is influenced by Athenian lamps of Howland Type 25A. Compare also examples from Tombs 2 4 7 and 4 0 7 at Lipari (L. B. Brea and N. Cavalier, Meligunis-Lipara, ii, pi. exxvni, 4 c and pi. xc, 4c, respectively). Both of these tombs are placed in Group IV (circa 3 3 5 - 2 8 0 B.C.). Tomb 4 0 7 contained Middle Comedy terracotta figures which are probably no later than 300 B.c. Asimilarlamp from Manfria is dated to the Timoleon period [ΚΩΚΑΑΟΣ, iv (1958), fig· 35)· Bibl. Walters 239; JHS xxxi (1911), p. 91, note 129, and p. 94. Q 67I

PLATES 1 2 4 AND 1 2 5

H. 1 0 7 , L. 5-6, W. 4-4, D. of base 6-o. Reg. 1863.7-28.147. Found at Gela. Excavated for the Museum by George Dennis. Small, wheelmade lamp, with incurved walls and a narrow, rounded rim, attached to a high stand with a spreading base; the pedestal has a step-moulding a little below the lamp. Within the 312

SICILY base is a raised ridge, suggesting that the object may bave formed tbe lid o f a vessel now lost. The nozzle is short and rounded. Orange, micaceous clay. The nozzle only has been dipped into a slip which has fired orange-red. Probably late in the third quarter of the fourth century b . c . and perhaps into the first quarter of the third century. Compare NS 195$, p· 3I9> fig- 31 (also in Bollettino ff Arte, Anno 39, p. 71, fig. 5) from Tomb 52 at Leontini, dated to the second half o f the fourth century, probably between 340 and 310 b . c . ; this tomb contained a jug from the Rancate Group (Trendall, LCS, p. 590, 33) and a lekanis of the Havana Group (ibid., p. 613, 193). Another lamp on a columnar stand was found in Leon­ tini Tomb 105 (NS 1955, p- 321, fig· 33) together with a hydria of circa 320 b . c . (Trendall, LCS, p 614, 195. and p. 613)· A lamp similar to ours, in the Museo Nazionale at Agrigento, comes from a cemetery at Vassalaggi of the Timoleon period (circa 340-317 b.c.). This has a smaller base than Q 671, but in the same museum one very like ours comes from Tomb E 74 at Hera­ clea Minoa and dates from the end o f the fourth century B.c. Another lamp from Agrigentum is dated in the second half of the fourth century B.C. (MA x lv i (1963), p. 154, fig. 69), and one from the Sanctuary o f the Chthonic Deities is dated to the end o f the fourth century B.c. or a little later (Rivista del R. Istituto ff Archeologia c Storia dell'Arte, i (1929), p. 43, fig. 9. For lamps with similar body shapes in Athens see Howland Type 30B. Compare also a lamp from Monte Iato in western Sicily, probably of the second half of the fourth century B.C. (Antike Kunst, xvi (1973), P1· 36>5). Bibl. Walters 1411·

Q672

PLATES 1 2 4 A N D I 2 5

H. 6-3, L. 5*9, W. 4-4, D. o f base 5·6. Reg. 1863.7-28.148. Found at Gela. Excavated for the Museum by George Dennis. Small, misshapen, wheelmade lamp with incurved sides and a si i supported on a columnar stand with a spreading base and a bulge-like ’Z n T IS base. The base is hollowed-out below. ^ idmg just abovedie Purple-brown day, containing a few particles of mica w i , „ . i Extensive remains of an all-over cream-coloured slip survive· ■g.1Cy' 1‘0Wn.surf‘lce coloration. was fired on. P C’ Jt 15 n0t ccrtam A e th e r this slip Probably the last quarter of the fourth century or tbe fir«·

„

r ,

,

,

A lump very like ours, Ac from Gcla, and Γ

^

Timoleon necropoi» ("Ser róm 317 a c .). A » r o c n tu r y date i, from Agrigentum m Acta Archaeologica, xvi (194 A n ist fio e u ° -checologicel evidence suppo,, early date ' % ar

L

*

Bibi Walters 1412.

313

,

*

ΐ “ f°“" 3 Sllnilai' lamp no

W »be

SICILY PLATES 124 AND 12 J

Q 673

L. 6·ο, W. 4·I. Reg. 1863.7-28.158. Excavated for the Museum by George Dennis, at Gela. Small, wheelmade lamp, with incurved sides and a flat rim. The nozzle is short and blunt; at the rear is a small, decorative stub handle. Below the lamp is the stump (smoothed at the break) of a columnar stand, from which the lamp has been broken. Light brown clay, covered with a dull slip, varying in colour from brown to black. Probably close in date to Q 671 and Q 672. Bibl. Walters 168. Q 674

PLATES

124

AND

I25

L. 8-5, W. 6-2. Reg. 1878.10-19.337. No provenience; given by General Meyrick. Wheelmade lamp, with a deep, cup-shaped body and a narrow, inward sloping rim. Within the body is a central tube, rising almost level with the top of the lamp. The lamp stands on a raised base, the concave underside of which runs into the interior of the central tube. The nozzle is short and blunt. The rim and the base are slightly damaged. Grey-buff clay, with some mica, covered inside and out with a worn, dull black slip. Probably dating to the end of the third century B.c., but perhaps well down into the second century b . c . Somewhat similar, but certainly earlier, lamps, of the middle years of the third century B.c,, were found in Lipari Tombs 94 and 495 (L. B. Brea and M. Cavalier, Meligums-Lipara, ii, pis. ccv, 2g, and ccx, 5 /respectively). Bibl. Walters 231. Q 675

PLATES 124 AND 125

L. 8'7,W. 5-7. Reg. 1855.12-20.10. Given by the Lords of the Admiralty, through Sir John Liddell. Once in the Museum of the Haslar Hospital, Portsmouth. Paper label attached: ‘Catania June 15th 1830’. Wheelmade lamp, the body of which is near in shape to that of Q 674, but lacks the latter s central tube. The top is enclosed by a slightly concave, plain discus, surrounded by a rounded rim. The filling-hole is in the centre of the discus. On the left side is applied a solid lug. The lamp stands on a raised base, slightly concave below, with a corresponding kick in the floor of the oil-chamber. The nozzle is long and flat-topped; it is slightly splayed and has a blunt tip. Light-buff clay, with some mica. Traces o f a dark slip survive on the top and extend down the sides, ending in a neat line a little over half-way down. Probably second half of the second century b . c ., and possibly well into the first century b . c . This lamp would appear to be stylistically later than Q 674, but earlier than Q 677 and Q 678. It can be compared with a lamp from Messina [NS 1969, p. 202, fig. 3a) which is dated to the end of the second century or to the first century b.c. Bibl. Walters 318. 314

SICILY

Q 676

PLATE

I3 4

L 9'5 W . 7-0. R e g - 1814.7-4.8. Second Towneley Collection, purchased 1814. No provenience. Mouldmadc lamp, close in style to the wheelmade Lamp Q 675 ; the body is deep, with almost vertical sides and a concave discus, decorated with three concentric grooves. The small fillinghole is pierced through the centre of the discus. On the left side is an unpierced lug. The raised base is almost circular and is very slightly concave underneath. The nozzle is long and flat-topped, with a blunt end, splaying out into substantial flukes. Grey-brown clay, with very little mica, covered, except under the base, with a black slip. Probably made during the first two-thirds o f the first century b.c. A lamp of this date and very close indeed to ours was found in Cistern B of the Roman House b in Insula IV at Tyndaris and is now in the Antiquarium there. This example, however, had been fired in an oxydizing atmosphere and is orange with a brown slip. Another similar lamp o f the first century b.c. is to be seen in the Antiquarium at Tyndaris; it was found in the main drain under the Decumanus Inferior. For the shape compare a red-slipped central Italian lamp from fossa tri (ambiente II) in the Casa di Livia at Rome (NS 1957, p. 109, fig. 34c). The latest material in this deposit appears to be of late Republican-early Augustan date. Bibt. Walters 3 W

Q 677 L. IO-9, W. 6-6. Reg. 1863.7-28.139. Found at Centuripae. RxcavateTfo George Dennis. *or

^

^ Museum by

Wheelmade lamp with a deep body curving under to a wide slGhrR flat and sunken, with a raised rim; there is a small filling-hole irfrR Y TIlC t0p is subsidiary oil-hole at the edge of the top, near the nozzle. On the l e f r S ^ Ί °Γ nozzle is short, splayed, and has a blunt end; part is broken awav At ,1 C“ 3 d° ub e lug- Thc three-ribbed, vertical band handle. 1C rear :s a substantial, Orange-huff clay, very micaceous. A red-brown slip is applied all „ where two unslipped patches reveal the body colour. ’ Xccpt base, Late first century B.c., and into the first half of the first century A D

thc early third century B.c., a date which seems somewhat early for th 1 “ 2 ° P°StCnorc t0 not unlike Q tì77. It is clear that this is a shape peculiar to uT ? ^ 70 * following museums: Tyndaris Antiquarium; the Musco Nazionale at L · ° /° ^ thc Himera, Soluntum, and a large lamp with two adjacent nozzles and two l u /s T ^ “ pIcs from the Museo Nazionale at Agrigento (Lamps from San Nicolò and Favara). § ^ L,lybacum) : Bibl. Walters 286. 315

SICILY

Q 678 PLATES 124 AND 1 2 5 L. 9-9, W. 6o. Reg. 1863.7-28.233. Found at Agrigentum. Excavated for the Museum by George Dennis. Wheelmade lamp with a deep body curving under to a high, unturned foot. The wide, concave top has a small central filling-hole. The nozzle is short and splayed, with a blunt tip. At the rear is applied a vertical band handle. The foot is slightly damaged; on its underside arc string marks. Orange-red clay, covered completely with a yellow-buff slip containing much mica. Late first century b . c . and into the first half of the first century a .d . This is the Sicilian version of the very similar lamps from Corinth (Broneer Type XVI, Third Group) and Athens (Howland Type 35c prime). However, a Corinthian example, recently found, is dated to circa a .d . 100 (Hesperia, xxxvi (1967), pi. 86c and p. 425, 7), but some of rather earlier date were found in the Early Imperial Baths in the Gymnasium Area at Corinth (Hesperia, xli (1972), pis. 6, 7). See Broneer’s very full discussion of the Corinthian version of the Type in A]A xxxi (1927), pp. 329 ff Bibl. Pottery Lamps, pi. 6a.

Q 679

PLATES

2

AND

124

L. 8-2, W. 6-1. Reg. 1926.2-16.23. No provenience. Mouldmade lamp with a double-convex body, fairly sharply carinated. The filling-hole is surrounded by three concentric ridges. On the left side is a large spur-like lug. The nozzle is long and flat-topped, and its end is slightly splayed and blunt. On each side of the nozzle top is a triple ridge, joined by a transverse line near the wick-hole, and each terminating in a bird’s head on the body. The shoulder is adorned with four lines of relief decoration, bead-and-rcel alternating with ivy-leaf, the innermost line of bcad-and-recl encircling the filling-hole ridges; the other lines of decoration are interrupted by the nozzle. The lamp stands on a slightly raised base, flat below. A triangular motif in relief under the base, perhaps a monogram, was formed from lines scratched into the mould. Decp-pink-coloured clay, with a little mica and some white grits. The upper side is covered with a red slip, which has run down underneath in places. Made in a plaster mould. First century b.c., probably the first quarter of the century. Compare a very similar, but handled, example from Melilla in Morocco (I Congreso Arqueologico del Marmccos Espanol, p. 262, no. 41 ; pi. xi), and another, dated to the second century B.C., from a well on the Quirinal (Bull. d. Comm. Arch. . . . Roma, lxix(i94i),pl. 11—after p. 99). See also Ponsich Lamp 6, from Tamuda, dated to the first century B.C. A lamp very like ours, in a grey fabric, is said to be from Carthage (Mérn. de la Soc. Arch, du midi de la France, xxxi (1965). pi. I, 2). Compare also a lamp, dated to the first quarter of the first century B.C., from the same Series as ours, but not from the same mould: Bruncau Lamp 3197 from Delos (Group X of his very expanded ‘Lampcs dites “d’Éphèse” ’). It is unfortunate that no size is given, so it is impos­ sible to say whether the Delos lamp is from a parallel mould or from a different generation. Other than this Delos example, however, the closest parallels to Q 679 come from Sicily: there 316

are two examples m a black fabric, like that of Heres Lamp 186, in the Antiquarium at Soluntum several m the Museo Archeologico Nazionale at Syracuse, and one in the Museo Civico at Catania. See also NS 1967, p. 397, fig. 27b, for a similar lamp from Lilybaeum described as Hellenistic. There is a two-nozzled example in a black fabric from Motya, in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge (no. GR. 38.1921). The similarities of fabric of these Sicilian lamps to our unprovemenccd lamp are very close indeed, although they have been fired in a reducing atm o­ sphere while Q 679 was fired in oxydizing conditions. ^ Bibl. Walters 316.

3i7

SARDINIA n only two cases, that of Q 688 and Q 689, have die lamps attributed here to Sardinia any documentary evidence for such a provenience. Lamps Q 688 and Q 689 were purchased in 1856 and, although the integrity of the tomb groups at Tharros from which they are said to come has been doubted by the present writer,1there is no reason to doubt that they were found in Sardinia, and probably at Tharros. The other lamps, Q 680 to Q 687, reached the Museum at an unknown date from an unknown source and were incorporated into the collections in 1966. All but one, Q 682, have the word ‘Sardinia’ pencilled on the underside. Although this cannot be regarded as absolute proof, there is nothing about these lamps to contradict this provenience. However, in some cases Sicilian manufacture is by no means an impossibility and, indeed, some lamps with a similar pencilled attribution to Sardinia have been catalogued witli the Sicilian lamps, where their fabrics seem to place them; these lamps, Q 656, Q 659, and Q 668, may be regarded as exports to Sardinia. The Athenian lamp Q 42 and possibly Q 40 also have ‘Sardinia’ pencilled on their undersides.2 A clue to when these lamps were acquired is given by the fact that the word ‘Sardinia’ is written in ink (although in a different hand) underneath BMC Vases G 152 and G 153. These two vases were purchased in 1857 at Christie’s sale of material from Tharros excavated ‘by the Chevalier Cara in 1855’.3 It seems a strong possibility to the writer that the lamps with the pencilled ascription to Sardinia came with the bulk of the Tharros material purchased from Cara and Barbetti in 1856 (Reg. nos. 1856.12-23.1 to 1771) and having no alleged tomb number were not incorporated with that material but were inscribed with the word ‘Sardinia’ in order to give them some kind of identity. At all events they were not acquired at Christie’s sale of 1857 mentioned above, as none of the lamps in that collection was purchased for the Museum, nor were any included as part o f the lots which were purchased (Reg. nos. 1857.6-8.1 to 27). All the lamps catalogued in this section are wheelmade and, bearing in mind close Sicilian parallels, most can be dated between the last quarter o f the sixth century through to the fourth century b . c ., although Lamp Q 689 is considerably later than this. The earliest is Q 680, with an inward-sloping rim and a central tube, and Lamp Q 681 cannot be much later. Central tubes are also found on the fifth-fourth-century lamps Q 682 to Q 684 and, like Q 680 and Q 681, none of these has a raised base. The much simpler lamps Q 685 to Q 687 are probably of the fourth century. Lamp Q 685 has a narrow, inward-sloping rim and a raised but unturned base, whereas the base of Lamp Q 686has been turned, although clumsily. As will be seen from refer­ ences in the Catalogue entry, Lamp Q 688, although it lacks a handle, is very close in shape to some Apulian black-glaze lamps of the second half of the fourth century b . c . and to some Sicilian lamps of a similar date, although the fabric is quite different. It is possible, but less likely, that the shape of Q 688 is based upon Athenian lamps of Howland Type 23, which are somewhat

I

1 BSA 2

lvii (1962), p . 38. and Valuable Collection o f Antiquities, Phenico-EgyptoT h ese p en c ille d m ark s h av e b e e n re m o v e d d u rin g Sards, found in the Necropolis o f Tharros, Island o f Sardinia,

the Property o f the Commandant Barbetti,

th e cle a n in g o f th e lam p s. 3 C h ristie a n d M a n so n ,

Catalogue o f the Highly Interesting

J u n e 1837.

318

to be sold 1 to 3

SA RD IN IA earlier. As for Lamp Q 689, it seems probable that any parallel from a dated context outside Sardinia would have no great value. It is a simple object made for local use without conscious regard for shapes produced elsewhere. A late fourth-century date is possible although small, indeterminately shaped, wheelmade lamps with minimal nozzles were produced throughout the Greek world in subsequent centuries (compare examples from Rhodes and Halicarnassus in this Catalogue) ; the second-century lamp from the Grand Congloué wreck cited in the Catalogue entry may have some chronological relevance. As the provenience of most of the lamps is doubtful, so also is the value of any discussion of their fabrics. In many cases, the clay appears to be very soft, but this may be the result of the condition of the soil in which they were found. Where a slip is employed for decorative pur­ poses, it closely follows the usage prevalent with comparable lamps in Sicily: the nozzle is dipped, the inside of the lamp is painted, and the rim and shoulder are decorated with bands of slip, often fired to an orange-brown colour. In some cases it would be difficult to maintain that the lamps are not of Sicilian manufacture, although a Sardinian source is perhaps more likely.

Q 680

PLATES 126 AND 127

L. 10-5, W. 8-2. Reg. 1966.2-16.10. Written on the lamp: ‘Sardinia’. Wheelmade lamp with a wide, inward-sloping rim and a central tube, which does not rise as high as the top of the lamp. The underside is turned; the nozzle is short and rounded. Brown-buff clay, containing some mica in small particles. Within the oil-chamber the clay is covered with a thin, dark-brown slip; this slip has fired orange on the outside of the lamp, where it decorates the nozzle, and is also applied to the rim in a series of narrow bands. Probably the last quarter of the sixth century b . c . or the first quarter of the fifth century.

Q 68l L. io-i, W. 8-2. Reg. 1966.2-16.11. Written on the lamp: ‘Sardinia’.

PLATES

126

AND

127

Wheelmade body with rounded, incurved walls and a wide, concave rim. In the centre o f the lamp floor a large central tube rises higher than the rim of the lamp. The underside is turned flat; the lower part of the interior of the central tube is also turned. The nozzle is short and substantial, triangular in shape, with a rounded tip. Orange-pink, micaceous clay. A black glaze, now very worn, has been applied to the interior of the lamp, to the inside and outside of the nozzle, in two bands on the rim, on its inner edge, and on the ridge which divides the rim from the side-walls. Probably first half of the fifth century b. c. Compare a lamp from Palermo Tomb 1 (1965-6 excavations), from a context dated circa 490 B.c. (NS 1969, p. 282, fig. 7b).

319

SA R D IN IA Q

682

PLATES 1 26 AND I 2 7

L. 8-9, W. 6-g. Reg. 1966.2-16.6. No provenience. Wheelmade lamp, with a central tube which rises very slightly higher than the top of the walls. The narrow, inward-sloping rim merges into the incurved side-walls with a barely perceptible ridge. The nozzle is short and rounded at the tip. Orange clay, containing mica and grits. Two broad bands of orange slip decorate the rim; the floor of the oil-chamber and the nozzle are also painted with the slip. Second half of the fifth century, and into the fourth century b . c .

Q683

PLATES

126

AND

127

L. 10-2, W. 7‘8. Reg. 1966.2-16.15. Written on the underside: ‘Sardinia’. Wheelmade lamp with rounded, incurved walls and a central tube which is lower than the top of the lamp. The underside is turned; the nozzle is short and has a rounded tip. Pink, micaceous clay, with traces of a buff surface coloration. The interior and the nozzle are coated with a red-brown slip; a broad band of slip, largely gone, decorates the shoulder, and a narrow band is painted on the edge of the rim. Second half of the fifth century, and into the fourth century b . c . Compare M A xlvii (1966), p. 249, fig. 21, from Tomb B 42 at Eloro in Sicily. This was found with Athenian pots of the first half of the fifth century b . c . However, another (ibid., p. 257, fig. 26b), from Tomb B 74, was found with a juglet which may be of early fourth-century date.

Q 684

PLATES

126

AND

127

L. 8-3, W. 6-6. Reg. 1966.2-16.18. Written on the lamp: ‘Sardinia’. Wheelmade lamp, in very bad condition, close in shape, profile, and date to Q 683. The central tube rises almost level with the rim of the lamp, but it is much less open on the underside than that of Q 683. Orange, micaceous clay; a worn red slip is applied to the interior, the nozzle, and the shoulder.

Q 685

PLATES 126 AND 127

L. 8-0, W . 6-0. Reg. 1966.2-16.53. Written on the underside: ‘Sardinia’. Wheelmade lamp with an open bowl body, rounded walls, and a narrow, inward-sloping rim. The lamp stands on a raised, unturned base, with string marks below. The nozzle is short and tapering, with a rounded tip. Deep-orange, micaceous clay, covered completely with a worn red-brown slip. Probably fourth century b . c . 320

SA RDIN IA Q 686 : L. 8-2, W . 6-2 Reg. 1900.2-r0.52. Written on the underside: ‘Sardinia’.P1 ATES

12

6 AND 1 27

Wheelmade lamp with a shallow body and curved, in turned walls. The floor of the lamp is very slightly convex. The lamp stands on a flat, raised base, which has been turned off too much on the right side, so that the lamp does not stand level. The nozzle is short, tapering, and roundtipped. Orange, micaceous clay. The interior and the nozzle are covered with a worn, orange-red slip; two bands o f the same colour decorate the shoulder and rim. Probably fourth century b . c .

Q 687

L. 6-8, W . 5-4. Reg. 1966.2-16.51. Written on the lamp; ‘Sardinia’

PLATES 126 AND 127

Wheelmade lamp ; open bowl body, with rounded walls and an incurved rim T1 1 on a flat, unturned resting-surface, with string marks below. The nozzle ;« Ihc JamP stands Pinkish-buff clay, with some mica in very small particles A dull blank r S^ T d roundedentire surface, inride and out, with bald patches L o r e th e rm o w s i ’ ÌSΪ ^ ^ thc process, and where it rested after the slip was appiied P “ “ d“™8 Probably fourth century b . c .

Q 688 L. 9-8, W. 7-3. * * 1856.1 2 - 2 3 . 4 1 4 . Purchased; said to be from T h a r r J L " ^

I-

Wheelmade lamp with curved sides, a sharp shoulder, and a wide firn- · 9' down towards the filling-orifice. The lamp stands on a raised base’ s i i l i ’ W SÌ° PCS S% hdy The nozzle is tapering and flat-topped, with a rounded tin The V , C° ncavc underneath, have been pared to shape. S0 r lc body and the nozzle Very light buff clay, with a greenish tinge, containing much mica in „ appearance of the clay hints at Corinth, but it is more likely to he , Je 1 c ] partlcles· The Probably second half of the fourth century b . c . C3 S a r d m i a n product. Its shape can be compared with a Sicrlian lamp f„ m Tomb 382 „ Lc„llri,„ ( m fig. 43, 10, and p. 343, fig. 5o, 9). This lamp was found with a Jckmri k ( „ 955’ 33°’ 45x8, which dates to the last quarter of the fourth century (A D T r e u d a / l c ' ^ ° f Turin Also close to our lamp is a black-glaze example from Leontini Tomb rW ’P' ^ 39^ X4, 9, and p. 343, %· 50, 2) which appears to be of thc last quarter o f L f T 5’ P' 2P7’ fiS· shape is also somewhat similar to that of certain Apulian black 1 " 1 ccntui7 · Tlic o f the fourth century (cf. Q 697 below). The earlier Athenian lanms of I T f 1 ° SCC° nd half perhaps not directly comparable. F lowland Type 2 3 arc Sibi. BSA Ivii (1962), p. 42, no. 33, where it is probably dated too early. 321 Y

SA R D IN IA Q689

PLATES I 2 Ó AND 1 2 7

L. 5-7, W. 4-8. Reg. 1856.12-23.409. Said to be from Tliarros, ‘Tomb 7’. Purchased. Wheelmade body, with angular shoulders and an inturned rim, thickened to form a bead moulding around the filling-orifice. The sides narrow sharply down to a flat resting-surface. The nozzle consists of a short, pinched-out lip ; the wick-holc is pierced through the rim. Brownish-buff clay, with some mica present. Probably second century b . c . Compare a lamp from the Grand Congloué wreck (circa 150-130 B.C.) : F. Benoit, L'Epave du Grand Congloué à Marseille, p. 109, pi. xvi, 3, and Rivista di studi Liguri, xxvii (1961), p. 153, fig. 7, i. Compare, perhaps, a lamp from Tomb B 71 at Eloro in Sicily (MA xlvii (1966), p. 258, fig. 26f), which may be as early as the last quarter of the fourth century B.C. Bibi BSA lvii (1962), p. 44, no. 40.

322

ITALY lamps from Italy included in this volume of the Catalogue were acquired by gift c or purchase from many sources and over a long period nfrim„ r. r i 4 I 8 U the Sloanc Collection, which in 1753 formed the basis of rl ^ f0Ulld are Lamps Q 7.6, Q 732, Q 737, and possibly Q 738. Alitde later 'hi ^ ^ 7 leene, was purchased by Aet of Parliament. Unfortunately, it camht be csiabf I 7 ” ·?' u° ’ lute certainty winch lamps came with that collection. A manuscript catalogue If ri Collectio,,A written ,,, French ,n , 778, describes the collection case by case as exhibited“ Γ Museum However he anonymous comp,let· of the catalogue appears have included lamp from the Sloan. Collect,»,, >and ,. seems probable ,h„ many „f thc humps i„ ,hc Museum n

T

h e

the Sloanc Collect,on. None of tl,e Sloanc or Hamilton lamps has a provenience 7 In 18.4 the Second Townelcy Collection was purchased from Mr. Peregrine Townelcy and it included a great many lamps and lamp fragments. The Townelcy lamps catalogued her'e u c Q 718, Q 7 . 9 , Q 743, Q 7 3 9 , Q 7 4 0 , Q 7 4 3 , aud Q 7441 none has a provcuLc Lam Q 693 and Q 73i were purchased at the Durand Sale in 1836 and thc Tcnlnlc R ' r „P included Lamps Q « 9 2 and Q «94, bod, said .0 be from P o n ili, individual 1,,'psfravc t a obtained variously from tune to tmic.riic largest quantity being part of thc collection bequeathed m rpdi by Mr. F. W. Rob™: Lamps QOpd, Q 707, Q 7 « , Q 72,, and Q 728. Only Z , la,' Q „ 6 Is rhe produc of a,, excavauon a. Lanuvinm; ,hi, a„d Lamp, q ^ Jn(| ^ ’ Caste Gandolfo are the only lamps of Irai,,,, manufacture with any certain provenience ,1 though we can perhaps take the Mac source ofLamp Q 7 4 2 ,s probable. The Egyptian somce of Q 714, m d >o be from the Fayum, ,s certa,„ly possible, but the other recorded provane,, c arc hearsay and rml.ke y: Lamp Q 730 from Richborough, Lamp Q y32 from W .Lroop Lamp Q 7o8 troni Ephesus. ’ u It has not been found possible to place the lamps from Italy in a clear geographical contextsome amps are certa,nly from ri,e Greek cities of the south, while others arc of central r„l„ manufacture The lamps from Italy, fortuitously acquired, arc a heterogeneous collection of individual objects. Comparative material 1, more easily brought forward in ,hc Catalogue entries. However, some generalizations can be made.

‘

1 Catalogue ties Antiquith reaicillics, depuis Van 1764 jusques vers k milieu ik Vatméc 1776 par M r. 1c Chcralicr Roman Department; undated, but written at some time Guillaume Hamilton, acquises par Acte du Parlament cu [1772] between 1 8 3 5 and i 8 6 0 ) , implies that thc compiler o f the et maintenant dcposécs dans Le M usami Dritanniquc, Londres H a m ilto n M S . C a ta lo g u e was P. F. D ’Hancarvillc : cf. MDCCLXXVIII. Owing to thc lack of detail given, it Hawkins, op. cit., voi. ii, p. 87, where he translates directly from thc H a m ilto n M S . C a ta lo g u e, voi. i, p. 36, has been possible to trace only a few of the hundred or and attributes it to D'Hancarvillc. so lamps mentioned in this catalogue. 3 For example, [1736] SI. 382, 379, and 397 arc a Edward Hawkins, in his MS. Catalogue o f Bronzes in identical with 1772.3-4.23,1772.3-6.69 and 1772.3-6.18, the British Museum (in the Library of thc Greek and respectively. 323

ITA LY The earliest lamps, if they can be regarded as such, are the two hand-made impasto vessels of roughly eighth-century date, from the Alban Group of the Latial Cultures, Lamps Q 690 and Q691. These arc simple open bowls of oval shape in a dark-colourcd clay, fired at low tempera­ tures in a smoky kiln. They have the appearance of being coated with a dark slip, but this may be the result of burnishing before firing. Thereafter, the use of lamps in central Italy is somewhat sporadic1and they are not found in great quantity until the third century B.C., when, for example, many imported and local lamps were deposited in the Esquiline cemetery at Rome.2 In the Greek cities of the south, lamps arc found from an early date; the late-sixth-century Lamp Q 692 and the fifth-century Lamp Q 693 have characteristics to be found in Greek lamps from Athens and from Sicily. During the fifth century some lamps developed a minute raised rim around the filling-orifice, a feature which continued on Apulian lamps until the end of the fourth century B.c. : compare Lamps Q 694 to Q 697. The black-glazc lamps Q 697 and Q 698 are the fully developed Apulian lamps of the second half of the fourth century and a little later, a shape peculiar to the area, although occasionally exported.3 The black glaze of Lamp Q 697 is exceptionally fine. The handle and upper body shape of Lamp Q 699 relates it to Lamps Q 697 and Q 698, and the flanged lower body can be compared with Apulian flanged jugs (epichyses). The fabric, too, points to Apulian manufacture, and if it was, as reported, found in Calabria, then it is likely to be an import. The clay of the black-glaze lamp Q 700, which has an enclosed, ring-askos-type body, points to a Campanian workshop. Lamp Q 701, said to be from Locri—and the orange, micaceous clay is not inconsistent with this provenience—is close in shape to the ubiquitous Athenian lamps of Howland Type 25B, from which it was obviously copied some time in the first half of the third century b . c . The application of the glaze within the oil-chamber only is in imitation of Athenian usage. The pierced lug, which, as elsewhere, developed into an unpierced decorative feature, was introduced at this time, copied from Athenian imports. Lamps Q 702 and Q 703 were also based ultimately on Athenian lamps, those of Howland Type 2 j D prime, and can probably be dated in the first quarter of the third century B.C. Lamp Q 702, said to be from Rheims, and probably a Campanian product, has a red slip, a colour coating which was to become very common on the central Italian mouldmade lamps of the late second century and the first century b . c . (compare Lamps Q 710 to Q 7 T4 )· Mouldmade lamps were probably produced in Italy, as elsewhere, as early as the third century B.C., but there is none in the collection which was made before the second century B.c. The bull shead toy, Q 704, which has features found on mouldmade plastic lamps, might be as early as the third century ; it was hand-modelled and is coated with a metallic black glaze which may possibly be Etruscan. Its Capuan provenience is by no means certain. The modelling of the bull s-head 1 C£ a lamp of the first quarter of the sixth century 2 Annali dell’Instituto di Corrcspondcnza Archaeologka, from Valle Vesca Tomb I (P. G. Gicrow, San Giovenale, i, fase. 8, p. 30, fig. 19, 57), and a bronze lamp of similar date from the Polledrara Tomb at Vulci (Walters Lamp 3). Olive-oil in short supply is the obvious reason for tliis lack of lamps: it is possible that the cultiva­ tion of the olive did not take place in central Italy before the third decade of the sixth century (R. Singer et ah, A History o f Technology, ii, p. 122; R. J. Forbes, Studies in Ancient Technology, iii, p. tor). B .c .

lii (1880), pis. O, P, and Q. 3 Unpublished examples from the Hadra cemetery at Alexandria are in the Benaki Collection. For the possi­ bility of local black-glaze production at Alexandria see The Brooklyn Museum Annual, x (1968-9), pp. 130-1 and the references given on p. 131, note 35. However, the Apulian shapes of these black-glaze lamps from Egypt and also of the examples noted under Q 699 indicate that they are imports rather than local products.

324

ITA LY lamp Q 705 is bold but hasty, and it is a spirited piece of work when compared with many bull’shcad lamps of Imperial times. 1 The handle, although broken, is of a shape which is found on many first-century Italian lamps (for example, Lamps Q 711 to Q 715). The two lamps Q 706 and Q 707 were probably made in central or northern Italy and the only parallel which has been noted is said to be from Cortona. This provenience is one of the few arguments which can be put forward for an Italian source for lamps of this Type, but the false Etruscan inscription on Lamp Q 706 may possibly be regarded as the work of an Italian forger and hints at an Italian find-spot. The bucchero-like fabric cannot be used to imply an Etruscan origin as the lamps arc very late in date, well after the bulk of Etruscan bucchero ceased to be manufactured. Similarities of body shape with lamps of Howland Type 35, and also the long, fluked nozzle, might well bring these two lamps down to the end of the second century or even later. The comparative examples given in the Catalogue entry make it clear that a south Italian workshop is probably the source of Lamp Q 708. When this lamp was registered in 1908, having been found unincorporated in the Museum, the superficial resemblance of its fabric to that of lamps of Howland Type 49A apparently prompted Walters to suggest an Ephesian findspot for this lamp.12 The occurrence of the Type at Delos is explained by its international trading status, and other imported Italian lamps of the first century b . c . were found there/ However, a similar lamp in Leiden is said to be from Smyrna/ The Italian lamps similar to Q 708 which reached Morocco and France were followed very shortly by the massive export to these areas and elsewhere, including Roman Spain, of lamps of the Dresscl Lamboglia 2 Type from central Italian workshops, lamps similar to Q 711 to Q 714 below. The clay of the lamp-mould Q 709, acquired from an Italian dealer, has a Campanian ap­ pearance. Only the lower part survives, but its product was likely to have had a carinatcd body resembling that of Lamps Q 708 or Q 710, although the splayed nozzle is more curved and fluked than that of the former. Lamp Q 710 is an early product of a workshop or group of workshops which flourished in central Italy from the end of the second century b . c . right through the troubled times of tire first century b . c . (although most are likely to date from the period of the Augustan Peace) and overlapped the introduction of the earliest volute lamps of Bronccr Types XXII and XXIII. The lamps from these workshops in the collections include Lamps Q 710 to Q 732. What little evidence there is suggests a central Italian source, perhaps Rome itself: the references to compara­ tive material in the Catalogue entries show a bias to central Italy. There arc, however, several south Italian copies of Lamps Q 711 to Q 714 in Taranto Museum, unnumbered, and in a grey fabric with a black slip, and copies of similar lamps were also made on the western Rhine fron­ tier: compare examples in Utrecht Museum, including at least one from Vcchtcn (no. 277VE). It is tempting to think of the workshops producing these lamps as the ‘Five-Ring Group of Companies’, for a great many of them bear within their base-rings an arrangement of impressed rings, normally five in number, set out in the form of a cross. But modern business terminology 1 C o m p a re , fo r ex a m p le , W a lte rs 425, 426, a n d 427. 2 As h e d id also fo r W a lte rs 572, a n Italia n la m p o f B ro n e c r T y p e X X I I, th e slip o f w h ic h has so m e re se m ­ b lan ce to th e re d slip o f th e re d -o n -w h ite E p h esian lam ps

of the Roman period. In fact Walters 572 is almost certainly from the Hamilton Collection. 3 For example, Brulicati Lamp 4379.

325

4 B ra n ts

L a m p 139.

ITA LY is no doubt inappropriate here and would conceal the fact that the individual workshops were probably commercial rivals, manufacturing very similar products and selling and exporting them separately. However, these impressed rings or dots indicate some connection, if only imitative, between the workshops.1 The fabrics of the lamps, despite their varied appearance, caused, in the main, by differences in firing temperatures and techniques, both accidental and intentional, are by no means so different as to suggest that they are products of a very wide geographical area. In the eighty to one hundred years during which Lamps Q 710 to Q 732 were produced (and these cannot be arranged with complete chronological accuracy) it is probable that two or three large workshops at the most were responsible for much of the output in central Italy. The letters and inscriptions appearing on some of the lamps (E on Lamp Q 711, M on Lamp Q 713, N on Lamps Q 714 and Q 715, A PACCI on Lamp Q 728, and LVT on Lamps Q 713 and Q 732), often combined with the characteristic impressed rings, may indicate separate workshops, or may simply be the initials or names of the individual slave or worker who made the lamp or the archetype.2 These workshops also produced mouldmadc feedingbottles for babies, three of which3 are in the Museum’s collections ( p l a t e 148). It is with these lamps, Q 710 to Q 727, that the progression from the ‘Hellenistic’ moulded lamp shape, with broad, sloping shoulders, to the lamps with a wide, dished top, capable of receiving relief pictures, is most evident. It is a short stride from these to the earliest and contem­ porary Augustan volute lamps, which some anonymous but inspired designer produced at this time and which swept the Roman world. Lamps Q 728 to Q 732 may be regarded as the last manifestation of the Hellenistic type of mouldmade lamp in Italy. The wide, sloping shoulders, decorated with swags, bosses, masks, and tendrils, did not survive for very long after the introduction of the volute lamps, any more than did the dished-topped lamps like Q 711 to Q 727. There were compromises, like the vast example in the Allard Pierson Museum, which has a relief design in a rectangular panel and also nozzle volutes, but is basically a lamp like Q 729.4 Szilagyi, in his review of Schafer’s Helleni­ stische Keramik aus Pergamon,5 regards a lamp in Budapest,6 which is from die same group of workshops as those producing Lamps Q 728 to Q 732, as being of Pergamene origin. However, despite some similarities with the Pergamene lamps,7 there is little doubt that they are of central Italian manufacture.8 Another lamp in Budapest9 indicates clearly the transitional form between lamps like Q 711 to Q 714 and lamps like Q 728 to Q 732. A lamp in Rome shows a later stage 1 Not all lamps bearing this device are of this group. i and 2. A Roman manufacturing centre is suggested for For its use in Hungary on locally made volute lamps of these (ibid., p. 296). They do not fall within the earlier, Etruscan, groups of askoi in J. D. Bcazlcy, Etruscan Vase th e first quarter of the second century a . d . see Archaealogiai E r te sitö h a x v in (i9 6 i), p. 222, fig. 3, Tomb It, 1, and Painting, pp. 275-S. + J d l xxxvii A A (1922), p. 235, fig. 27. p. 225, fig. 6, Tomb X, 3, at Szombathely. The same 5 A J A lxxiii (1969), pp. 386-8. pattern of impressed circles arranged in a cross is also 6 Szentlélcky Lamp 264. found on an Athenian lamp of third-fourth-ccntury date i Cf. J. Schäfer, Hellenistische Keramik aus Pergamon, in the National Museum at Athens: Bcnaki Collection pl. 63, Q 47. ΜΠ 741. 8 Cf. Waldhauer Lamps 51 and 52, a thrce-nozzlcr and 2 Compare a lamp like Q 711 in Manchester Museum, Acc. No. Ill N. 34, which is signed ILA, the letters com­ a two-nozzlcr from an Italian source. A threc-nozzler from this Group comes from Foligno in central Italy (J d l bined with impressed rings. 3 B M C Eases (Old Cat.), no. OC 1889; T927.3-15.1 xxxiii A A 1918, p. 134, fig. 18); see also the comparanda and 2.Cf. P. Mingazzini, Catalogo dei vasi della collezione A u ­ listed under Lamp Q 728. p Szentléleky Lamp 30. gusto Castellani, ii, pls. c c x x x v , 1, ccxxxvi, and c c x x x v u .

326

ITALY

in this development,1 and , lamp from Ne„ss has a single »„zele, a „re manifestario,, „f the Type.23 Other Italian workshops were naturally working at the same time as this central Italian group and the large lamp Q 7 3 3 , in Hellenistic style, is a product of one of these. It is signed C MAR m ligatured relief letters on the top of the nozzles, and this is likely to be the name of the owner of the workshop. Whether he had any connection with the Arretine workshop which produced wares with a similar mscnption (see the Catalogue entry) is not certain; the fabric of the lamp with its matt orange slip, is very far from the normal Arretine pottery F’ It is possible that some of the lamps with dished tops and short, blunt nozzles (Lamps O 7 ,4 to Q 741) have a central Italian source. Their fabrics are not unlike those of Lamps Q 7I0 to Q 732, and Q 73« was found at Lanuvium. Moreover, Q 737 has five impressed rings arranged in a cross, within its base-ring. Lamp Q 738 is signed L. SERGI and it is possible that Q 7 an is signed AIMILI. The fabrics o f Lamps Q 739 to Q 741 have the same soapy feel - none is slipped but all have a few minute specks of what appears to be an orange-coloured slip The writer was not completely certam that these lamps arc ancient, but thermoluminescence testing has shown that they arc. 3 All three have indications of signatures within the base-ring. The comparisons noted in the Catalogue entries indicate a date for these towards the end of the first century b c and perhaps into the first century a.d. ^ The plastic lamp Q 742, modelled in the form of two sandalled feet, has the short blunt nozzle found on Lamps Q 734 to Q 741; its fabric is close to that of Q 738. Lamp Q 742 is slW d ς AMP SYCV, whose workshop was fond of plastic lamps, as is shown by a Bacchus-head lamp in Adria Musern^ and also the grotesque-head lamp, Q 743. The grey clay and black slip of the latter are close to those of Lamps Q 728 to Q 731 and point to a central Italian source The blunt-nozzlcd lamp, Q 744, with birds’-head decoration, is an early example of a shape which died out in the early part of the first century a.d . and was revived in a slightly different form towards the end of the same century, lasting well into the second century a d s The deep body, the applied handle, and the orange slip are indications that it is an early form probably made in the final years of the first century b.c. or the beginning of the first century a d The revived type is normally m a light buff, unslipped fabric, with a moulded handle designed to hang the lamp from a nail or hook in the wall. Lamps o f this form will be included in a later volume of the Catalogue. PLATES 128 AND 129 L. , . ' . , » ! < > % .867.5-8.84, Bfacas Collectio», purchased ,867; Collectio» prom Castel Gandolfo, probably fiora the cemetery at Via dei Due Sami (see P. G. Gietotv The Iren Age Culture oj Latium, i, p. 414). 1 L. Mercando, Lucerne greche e romane dcU'Antiquarium Comunale, pi. 1, bottom left. 2 Vegas Lamp 301. 3 T herm ohm uncsccncc testing of these three lamps gave the following results (British Museum Research Labora­ tory Report no. 3325 of 12January 1973) : Lamp Q 7 3 9 age indication of 1800 yeatsj; 20 per cent = age range of 1450-2130 years (Lab. Ref. BMT 049); Lamp Q 740

—age indication of 1725 yearsJ - 2 0 per cent = age range of 1400-2050 years (Lab. Ref. BMT 0 5 4 ); Lamp Q 741— age indication of 2000 years Jp 20 per cent = age range of 1600-2400 years (Lab. Ref. BMT 047). + G. Fognlari and B. M, Scarfi, Adria Antica, pi. 70. s See Haken, pp. 29 ft"., for a discussion of these Vogelkopf lampen. Haken prefers a continuous develop­ ment of the type throughout the first century a .d .

327

ITA LY Hand-made impasto vessel o f oval bowl form, with two splayed handles at the extremities. The lamp stands on four small feet, between which is a rectangular, concave area. On the under­ side, at each end, extending from the feet to the handles, is a thickened reinforcement. In the centre of the bowl is a suspension handle of truncated triangular shape. One foot is broken away. Brown clay, with some mica, perhaps covered with a darker slip and slightly burnished; the fabric is the so-called Expansive Impasto (Opuscula Romana, v (1965), ρ. 14) o f the Alban Group. Probably circa 800-750 b . c . (Gierow’s Period I: Gierow, op. cit., p. 498). This is a lamp o f Gierow’s Type II: A. 3 (ibid., p. 184). However, a very similar lamp in Normal Impasto from Tomb I on the Quirinal (E. Gjerstad, Early Rome, iv, 1, p . 184, fig. 73, 7), of Palatine type (ibid., p . 239), is of Gjerstad’s Period II (ibid., p. 211) and dates circa 750-700 B .C . (ibid., p. 293). Compare also M A A R xvii (1940), pis. 7, 3, and 9, 2. Bibl. BMC Vases H 37; CVA B M 7, IV B a, pi. 1, 13; P. G. Gierow, The Iron Age Culture of Latium, i, p. 184; ibid, ii, 1, p. 323, fig. 193, 22; Opuscula Romana, iv (1962), p. 96; Mem. Soc. Imp. des Antiquaircs de France, xxviii (18Ó5), pi. iv; this object is illustrated in Plates preparedjor the Duc de Blacas, i, an ‘unpublished’ series of engravings which were taken in 1911 from copper plates which came to the Museum in 1867 with the Blacas Collection. Q 691

P LATE S

128

AND

129

L. I0’9, W. 7'8. Reg. 1858.5-18.14. Given by Mr. Joseph Beldam. Probably from Castel Gandolfo, the cemetery at Via dei Due Santi (P. G. Gierow, op. cit., p. 414). Acquired in Rome from the dealer Depoletti (ibid, ii, p. 317; Archaeologia, xxxviii (i860), pp. 188 ff.). Paper label attached: ‘Alba, Beldam’. 1 Hand-made impasto vessel in the form of a shallow, oval bowl, with a bulge on the upper side at each end. One end is lost, and had been restored with fragments from an alien impasto vessel now removed. The base is o f pointed oval shape. Purple-brown clay, with some mica, perhaps covered with a black slip and roughly burnished; the fabric is o f the so-called Normal Impasto (Opuscula Romana, v (1965), p. 14) of the Alban Group. Probably circa 775-675 b . c . (Gierow’s Period II: Gierow, op. cit. i, p. 498)· This is a lamp of Gierow’s Type I: C. 5 (ibid., p. 184). Bibl. BMC Vases H 36; CVA BM 7, IV B a, pi. 1, 14; Gierow, op. cit. i, p. 184, and ii, p. 337» fig. 202, 46; Opuscula Romana, iv (1962), p. 98. Q 692

PLATES

128

AND

129

L. 10-9, W . 8·8. Reg. W T. 528. Bequeathed by Sir William Temple; received 1856. Said to be from Pozzuoli. Wheclmade lamp, rather shallow, with a central tube and a wide, incurved rim, overhanging slightly on the outer edge. The side-walls narrow down to a slightly raised, turned base, from which they are set off by a step. The base is concave within, with a well-defined angle at the

ITA LY point where the interior of the central tube has been turned away; the upper part of the interior of the central tube is unturned. The nozzle is short and rounded; the wick-hole encroaches slightly on the rim. Orange, micaceous clay; dull black glaze, applied inside the body and nozzle, on top of the rim, except at the outer edge, and on the outside of the nozzle. The top of the central tube is reserved. The rim and the central tube arc slightly damaged. Probably second half of the sixth century B.c., or the first quarter of the fifth century. The overhanging rim is reminiscent of that on lamps of Howland Type ιό; the raised base may be a late feature, but is more likely to be a local idiosyncrasy. Bibl. Walters 1481; Gargiulo, MS. Catalogo, no. 305. Q 693 PLATES 128 A N D 129 L. 9-8, W. 7-9. Reg. 1836.2-24.318. No provenience. Durand Collection, purchased. Whcclmadc lamp with an incurved rim and a central tube which does not rise as high as the top of the lamp. Raised base, concave below. The nozzle is short and rounded. Buff clay, very micaceous, covered inside and out, and within the central tube, with a good black glaze. The base is coated with a thinned glaze wash. This lamp is very close in shape and profile to Athenian lamps of Howland Type 22B, and its date probably falls some time within the period of that Type’sfloruit: from the second quarter of the fifth century to about 410 b . c . Bibl. Walters 219; Durand Lot 1082.2; BMC Vases (Old Cat.), 1229. Q 694

PLATES

128

AND

I 29

L. 14-6, W. 9-8. Reg. WT. 519. Said to be from Pozzuoli. Bequeathed by Sir William Temple; received in 1836. Wheclmadc body with incurved sides; the rim is set off by an angular shoulder, and slopes up to a raised ridge round the wide filling-hole. The turned underside is rounded, with a small, flat resting-surface. The nozzle is short and rounded, and is broken at the end. At the rear is a band handle, placed at an angle to the horizontal; this handle is broken and repaired. Orange-pink clay, with mica present in some quantity. Probably first half of the fifth century B.c. There is some similarity to Howland Lamp 163. A lamp very close to this in appearance, and said to be from central Italy, is in the collections of the Manchester Museum (Acc. no. Ill L. 140). Bib!. Walters 190; R. Gargiulo, MS. Catalogo, no. 29Ó. Q 695 L. 13-8, W. 8-5. Reg. 1966.2-16.50. No provenience.

P LATE S

128

AND

I29

Wheclmadc lamp with an open bowl body and incurved sides, and a bead rim round the wide filling-orifice. The underside is turned and smoothed; there is no base. The nozzle is short and 329

ITA LY rounded and has a generous wick-hole. At the rear is a large, vertical loop handle. The rim is damaged. Reddish-brown coarse clay, containing some mica, perhaps a Paestan fabric. Probably o f the middle years of the fourth century b. c. Compare for the shape the less open Apulian lamps of the second half of the fourth century and even later, for example, those from a tomb group in Taranto, in L. Forti, La ceramica di Gnathia, pi. xiva. Compare also Waldhaucr Lamp 19.

Q 696

P LATES I 2 S

AND

1 2 9

L. ιο·8, W . 7*5, H. of handle 5*5. Reg. 1963.7-15.6. Bequeathed by F. W. Robins; Collection no. 453; no provenience. Wheelmade lamp with incurved sides and a flat shoulder; a raised rim surrounds the edge of the wide filling-orifice. The underside is rounded, pared but not turned. The nozzle is short and rounded, with a large wick-hole. At the rear is a high, vertical band handle. Orange-buff clay with some mica, covered inside and out with a slip which varies in colour from light orange, through orange-red to black. The slip has crazed over much of the underside. Second half of the fifth or the first half of the fourth century b . c . Compare a lamp with a similar high handle and rim round the filling-orifice in Rodin Museum, Rodin collectionnettr (1967-8), no. 294. Although the bead rim is reminiscent of Apulian usage, it is not certain that Q 696 is of Italian manufacture: compare a lamp from the island of Nisyros in Clara Rhodos, vi-vii, p. 538. Bibi. F. W. Robins, The Story of the Lamp, pi. xi, 3.

Q 697

PLATES 1 2 8 AN D 1 2 9

L. ii'6 , W . 6·7. Reg. 1953.4-28.3. No provenience; purchased. Wheelmade body with bowl-shaped side walls, a high, rounded shoulder, and an inward-sloping rim; a raised ridge encircles the filling-orifice. The lamp stands on a raised base, concave below; there is a very slight convexity in the floor of the oil-chamber, which has been finished with a sponge. The nozzle is long and flat-topped, with a rounded tip. At the rear is a vertical ring handle, which has been broken from the body and repaired. Buff clay, entirely covered with a good black glaze. Second half of the fourth century b . c . Compare Heres Lamp 40, and a lamp found in southern Italy in Jahrhuch des Bernischen histori­ schen Museums in Bern, xliii-xliv (1963-4), p. 447,12. See an example from the very rich Tomb 3 at Monte Sannace in Apulia, dated to the second half of the fourth century B.c. (MA xlv (19dl), p. 182, fig. 30, and p. 186, fig. 34, 3); possibly late in this period. A similar date can be given to the equally rich Tomb 7, which also contained a lamp near in appearance to ours (ibid., p. 275, fig. 108, and p. 290, fig. 121, 20). 330

ITALY

Q698

PLATES

128

AND

I29

L. 12*1, W. 6·7. Rig. 1926.2-16.18. No provenience. Whcelmadc body, with deep walls, an angular shoulder and a flat rim; there is a raised edge to the filling-hole. The base is raised and very slightly concave below, with a shallow central de­ pression; the floor of the oil-chamber is slightly humped. The flat-topped nozzle is splayed, with a blunt tip. At the rear is a vertical ring handle, with a shallow, longitudinal groove. Pinkish-orange clay, covered entirely with a black glaze. Probably last quarter of the fourth century b . c . , or the first quarter of the third century. Compare L. Forti, La ceramica di Gnathia, pi. xivn, for an example from a tomb at Carovigno. Compare also Heres Lamp 41, and 011c found at Lecce, in M. Bcrnadini, Lecce, Musco provin­ ciale—vasi a vernice Nera, pi. 68, 28. See also Jahrbuch des Bernischen historischen Museums in Bern, xliii-xliv (1963-4), p. 447, 13, said to be from Pompeii (winch at least implies a south Italian source). Bernhard Lamp 84 is close, and so also is a lamp at Innsbruck Museum (Öjh xxx (1937), Beiblatt, p. 222, fig. 70, 2). Compare an example from the sumptuous Tomb 2 at Monte Sannace in Apulia (MA xlv (1961), p. 154, fig. 9, and p. 162, fig. 15, 7) dated to the second half of the fourth century b . c . , perhaps towards the end of the century. Also from this site arc similar lamps dating from the end of the fourth century and into the third, from Tomb 17 (ibid., p. 210, fig. 54, 7); Tomb 18 (ibid., p. 222, fig. 63, 2); and Tomb 19 (ibid., p. 227, fig. 69, 6). Compare also a lamp from Thurii (Expedition, ix, 3 (1967), p. 36). And compare an Apulian lamp from Tomb 7 at Matcra (F. G. Lo Porto, Civiltà indigena e penetrazione greca nella Lucania orientale, pi. lix, I , 3). The tomb is dated circa 320 b . c . Bibl. Walters 245.

Q

699

PLATES I 3 O AND I 3 I

L. 10-9, W. 6-8. Reg. 1847.11-9.15. Said to have been found in Calabria. Purchased; excava­ tion or collection no. 59. Wheelmade lamp; the lower part of the body is reel-shaped, with two prominent flanges. The upper body is rounded, with a narrow, rebated rim round the filling-hole. The base is concave below, and decorated with two concentric grooves, one near the edge and the other near the centre. The nozzle is long, with a splayed end and a curved tip ; at the rear is a vertical ring handle. Orange clay with some mica. A black glaze is applied over all, inside and out, except under the base. Second half of the fourth century B.c. The shape reflects the contemporary Apulian flanged gutti and epichyses. For the upper body shape compare a lamp found at Grottaferrata in the Alban Hills (Bollettino di Grottaferrata, n . s. xxiii (1969), pi. i i , no. 10), and one from an Apulian source, from Monte Sannacc, near Bari (NS 1962, p. 108, fig. 95). Heres Lamp 51 also has a form which can be equated with the upper body shape of our lamp, but he compares his Berlin example with lamps of the second to first centuries b . c ., which appears to be too late. See Annuaire du Musce gréco-roinain (Alexandria), 331

ITA LY iii (1940-50), pi Xi, 3, for another lamp of the same form as the upper part of Lamp Q 699, found in the Hadra cemetery and apparently an import from Apulia; the same is probably true of Bernhard Lamp 82, from Edfu. Bibl. Walters 274. Q 700

PLATES

130

AND

13I

L. 11-7, W . 8'7. Reg. 1966.2-16.54. No provenience. Wheelmade, ring-shaped body, completely dosed, with a central hollow. The top is decorated with concentric grooves, two near the shoulder and one near the central hollow. The base is slightly raised, and concave below, with two broad, stepped grooves near the central hollow. The filling-hole, which was probably necked, is on the left, but is broken away. The nozzle is long and tapering, with a flat top and a rounded tip. A hole is broken through the top on the right side. Yellow-buff clay, with mica in very small particles; covered inside and out, except for a patch on the underside, with a black glaze. The fabric looks Campanian. Second half of the fourth century b . c . Compare, perhaps, the Athenian lamps of Howland Type 2 6 B , which have similar askoid bodies; but the shape is also reminiscent of Howland Type 2 4 B , in which case the lamp might be slightly earlier than the date suggested. Q 70I

PLATES

130

AND I

3I

L. 8-0, W . 6-0. Reg. 1951.9-7.1. Said to be from Locri in south Italy, where it was probably made. Given by Mr. P. Woodard. Wheelmade body of flattened globular form, with a depressed top and concentric mouldings surrounding the filling-hole. The base is raised and concave underneath, with a matching con­ vexity in the floor of the oil-chamber. The nozzle is long and tapering, with a slightly cambered top and a small wick-hole at its rounded tip. A large pierced lug is applied to the right side. The body shows marks where surplus clay has been turned away. The base is chipped and the body is slightly damaged. Orange clay, very micaceous. Brown slip coats the interior only. First half of the third century b . c . It is copied from Athenian lamps of Howland Type 2 5 B p r im e . Q 702

PLATES

130

AND 1 3 I

L. i o-o, W. 6 - 5 . Reg. 1904.2-4.460. Purchased in 1901; from the Morel Collection. Collection no. 235. Said to be from Rheims. Wheelmade lamp with a deep bowl body; the domed top is set off from the walls by a deep groove. Round the filling-hole is a narrow, inward-sloping rim, set off from the top by a groove. The raised base is conically concave below, with a corresponding kick in the floor of the oil332

ITALY chamber. On the left side is a broken lug, apparently once pierced. The nozzle is long, with a flat top and a rounded tip. The nozzle and the body are slightly damaged. Orange-pink clay, with some mica, covered inside and out with a worn red slip. Probably third century B.c. ; a west Greek variant of Howland type 25D prim e ? A pedestal lamp from the Dipylon Well B is close to this shape; it conies from a context dated circa 200 b . c . (AM lxxxv (1970), pi. 74, 201). Compare also some lamps from Carthage, in J. Dcneauve, Lampes de Carthage, pi. xxix, nos. 150 to 154. These are dated in the third century B.C. and may suggest a north African origin for our lamp, unless they themselves are imports from Italy. Somewhat similar to Q 702, but rather later, is a lamp from a Provencal wreck (Gallia, xviii (i960), p. 48, fig. 13 bis) found with amphorae of the late third and early second centuries B.c. A second-century date is given to a similar lamp of Italian origin found at San Miguel de Liria in Spain (Archivo de Prehistoria Levantina, v (1954), p- 174-)·

Q 703

PLATES I 3 0 AND I 3 T

L. 9'7, W. 6-3. Reg. 1926.2-16.21. No provenience. Deep bowl-shaped body, wheehnade, with a domed top of concave section, set off from the walls by a raised edge. A sunken area with an overhanging rim surrounds the small filling-hole. On the left side is a pierced lug, now broken. The base is raised, set off by a groove from the body, and concave below. The nozzle is long and flat-topped, with a swelling, rounded tip, and spines at its junction with the body. The nozzle and the raised edge are slightly damaged. Orange clay with much mica. A thinned glaze wasli covers much of the body; a streaky brown glaze decorates the sunken area round the filling-hole, and the interior appears to be glazed. When the lamp was cleaned in December 1962, the black glaze described by Walters proved to be a modern addition, and was removed. Probably first half of the third century b .c . ; a west Greek variant of Howland Type 25D prime ? Bibl. Walters 285.

Q7O4

PLATE I 3 0

L. 3*5, W. 2-9. Reg. 1873.8-20.291. Purchased; said to be from Capua. Hand-modelled toy, perhaps intended to be a -whistle, in the form of a bull’s head, with details normally found on lamps. On the forehead, between the horns, is an applied pellet, pierced through to the hollow interior; a similar pierced pellet is attached at the rear. The muzzle bears two incised marks indicating the mouth; above these two nostrils connect with the inside. On the left side is a pierced lug for suspension. No sound emerges when the various orifices arc blown into. Orange clay, covered entirely with a black glaze, thinner in some places than in others. Third or second century b.c. 333

ITALY Q 70S

PLATE I 3 0

L. ι6·7, W. 10-9. Reg. 1926.2-16.39. No provenience. Possibly from the Sloane Collection ([1756] Si. 230). Mouldmadc plastic lamp modelled in the form of a bull’s head. The filling-hole is pierced through the forehead and the trumpet mouth of the nozzle projects from the mouth of the animal ; the teeth of the lower jaw are indicated. The modelling is crude but vigorous. The lamp stands on a flat base of pointed oval shape. At the rear are the remains of an applied vertical handle. A large piece is broken from the top. Brown clay, containing mica, with a grey core. An orange-coloured slip is applied over all, varying in the intensity of its colour. Probably second half of the second century or first half of the first century b . c . Although of coarser workmanship, the fabric has resemblances to that of the so-called Magenta Group of lamp-fillers.1 Bibl. Walters 428. Q 706

PLATES 3, 132, AND I 3 3

L. 13Ό, W. 6-3. Reg. 1956.12-29.1. Purchased; no provenience. Inside the lamp is a cutting from a printed sale catalogue which has not been traced: ‘A curious Etruscan lamp, having three lines of Etruscan letters, and a small Greek bottle.’ Wheelmade lamp with curved sides narrowing up to a well-defined neck which has a flaring rim above it; within the rim is a covered, sunken area, with a small filling-hole in the centre. The base is flat and unturned. The nozzle is long and tubular, with a splayed end and a curved tip. At the rear is applied a double-ribbed vertical handle. Cut into the right side, subsequent to the firing, is an inscription in Etruscan-type characters (sec plate 3). There is little doubt that this inscription is a modern addition. On the left side is a single letter. Light grey clay, with much mica. Probably late second century or first half of the first century b . c . Compare perhaps the Athenian lamps of Howland Type 35A. Some locally produced lamps of Hellenistic type, from Todi in Umbria, have features in common with Lamps Q 706 and Q 707 (E. Fabbricotti, Ritrovamenti archeologici sotto la Chiesa della Visitazione di Santa Maria ‘in Cannicela’ (Res Tudertinac io), pi. liv). Q 707

plate

132

L. ir ò , W. 5-9. Reg. 1963.7-15.16. Bequeathed by F. W . Robins; Collection no. 912. No provenience. Shape and details close to Q 706, but the area within the rim is more concave. Hand-fettled underneath. Only the stubs of the double-ribbed vertical handle remain. The rim is damaged and a large piece is lost from the lower right side. 1 For these see R. A. Higgins in The British Museum Yearbook, I (1975).

ITALY Grey clay, varying in colour from light to dark and with a very much lighter core; the fabric contains much mica. Probably late second century, or the first half of the first century b.c. Compare Brants Lamps 57, from Cortona. Q 708 plate 132 L. I o-o, W. 5-4. Reg. 1908.11-15.1. Said to have come from J. T. Wood’s excavations at Ephesus; this is doubtful. Mouldmade lamp; double-convex body with a sharp carination, the shoulder slightly concave. A small sunken area surrounds the filling-hole. The lamp stands on an indeterminate raised base, concave below. The nozzle is flat-topped, with a splayed end and a curved tip. At the rear is an applied vertical band handle. The shoulders are decorated with deeply impressed rays, seven on the left, five on the right. On the nozzle, near the filling-hole depression, are three transverse grooves; four short strokes join two of these grooves. Light grey clay, with mica present in some quantity. Traces of an over-all black slip remain. First half of the first century b.c. Compare an example from Cavaillon (Vaucluse) in Gallia, xxiii (1965), p. 81, fig. 89/, and others fromTamuda in Morocco, dated to the first century b.c. (Ponsich, pi. 11,14-15, and I Congreso Arqueológico del Marruecos Espmol (Tetuan, 1954), pi. 1, opp. p. 428). One very close to ours was found in Spain, at Alicante (Noticiario Arqueológico Hispanico, ii (1953), pi. lix), and another comes from Mallorca (ibid, iii-iv (1954-5), pi. xxxviii). Its occurrence at Delos would perhaps push the date back to the beginning of the first century or even earlier (Bruncau Lamp 3367), but an example from the Lerna site at Corinth comes from a deposit dating from circa 44 b.c. to the middle of the first century a.d . (C. Roebuck, Corinth, xiv, The Asklepieion and Lcrna, pi. 21, 4, CL 3853). A lamp of the samcType in Leiden (Brants Lamp 139) is said to come from Smyrna. There is an unpublished example from the Capitolium area of Cosa, in the collections of the American Academy at Rome, but two in the Santangclo Collection in Naples (110s. 395 and 406), two more in the museum at Paestum, and three unnumbered examples in the Musco Nazionale at Taranto point to a south Italian manufacturing source. Slightly different, but very similar, lamps come from a first-century b.c . context at Syracuse (NS 1954, p. 346, fig. 12, 3) and from Pompeii (MA xxxiii (1929), p. 251, fig. 51). Another, from Reggio Calabria, differs in having a shallow channel along the top of the nozzle (NS 1968, p. 229, fig. 10), a feature it shares with a lamp from Melilla in Morocco (I Congreso Arqueológico del Marruecos Espanol (Tetuan, 1954), pi. X, 40—after p. 260). Bibl. Walters 347· Q709

plate

132

L. 10-7, W. 70. Reg. 1873.8-20.504. Purchased from a dealer in Rome. No provenience. Paper labels attached to the object: ‘9’ and ad’. Clay mould for the lower part of a lamp with a base-ring and a splayed nozzle which has

ITA LY a rounded tip. The mould was reinforced before firing with a lump of applied clay, smoothed into six ‘straps’ round the edge. It was probably difficult to extract the moulded lamps, even after normal shrinkage, as the sides are slightly ‘undercut’. Pinkish-brown clay, with some mica; possibly Campanian. Probably late second, or early first century b.c. Bibl. Walters 1404.

Q 710

PLATES 2 AND I32

L. 8·8, W. 7-4. Reg. 1966.12-13.17. Given by D. M. Bailey. No provenience. Mouldmade lamp, double-convex, with a sharply carinated body and a long, round-topped nozzle, broken at the end. The lamp stands on a raised, oval base-ring, define by a groove on the outer edge. The filling-hole is pierced through a small, sunken area within a rectangular rim, three sides of which are decorated with grooves. The applied vertical handle is lost. On each side is a rectangular lug, decorated with three short grooves. The upper part of the body is covered with six rows of closely spaced raised points, running parallel to the long axis of the lamp, on each side, with a single transverse row crossing in front of the rectangular rim of the filling-hole area. Within the base-ring is a cross-shaped mark of six impressed points. Buff clay, with some mica. Covered entirely with a bright red slip. Made in a plaster mould. First half of the first century b.c. Compare an example in Cologne, from the Wollmann Collection (no. 43763), and a fragment from Glanum in Provence (Préhistoire, ii (1933), p. 59, fig. 66c). There is also a fragment of a similar lamp in the American Academy at Rome, from Cosa, and another from Level V I a at Ventimiglia in N. Lamboglia, Gli scapi di Albintimilium 1938-40, p. 65, fig. 25, 3, dated between 100/90 to 30/20 b.c. in Ripista di studi Liguri, xx (1954), pp. 85-7. Other examples close to Q 710 are in Berne (Jahrb. Bernischen hist. Museums, xliii-xliv (1963-4), p. 448, 16) and in Budapest (Szendéleky Lamp 48) ; the latter is signed with the ligatured letters JE. See also Melanges d Arch, et d’Hist. lxxxii (1970), p. 254, 5, from Graviscae, near Tarquinia, and an example in Seville, with the letter R. within the base (Memorias de los Museos Arqueológicos Propìnciales, xiii-xiv (1952-3), p. 69, fig. 44, 2).

Q7II

PLATES 2 AND L32

L. i l *9, W. 7-4. Reg. 1958.2-15.4. No provenience. Mouldmade lamp with rounded walls and sunken discus, which is decorated with two raised, concentric circles. The filling-hole is slightly off centre and a large air-slit is cut through the top of the nozzle at its junction with the discus rim. The lamp stands on a base-ring. The nozzle is long and flat-topped, with bevelled sides and a splayed end, broken but terminating in a blunt, obtuse angle. Ribbed, vertical band handle applied to the rear. On the left side is a large, unpierced lug. The shoulder and underbody are decorated with rows of closely spaced raised points, with 336

ITA LY a plain area at the join. On each side of the air-slit, on the nozzle top, is an impressed dot. The lug is decorated with a ring in relief. Within the base is a mark which incorporates the letter E. Soft, buff-coloured clay, with much mica, covered with a worn red slip. Second half of the first century B.C. There are many published parallels: a lamp from Portus Magnus, St. Leu-Bethioua (Oran), stamped with a mark which probably can be interpreted to read LVT, as Q 731 and Q 732 below. This was found with an Iberian dish and a red-gloss dish, the latter apparently stamped with the names of the Arretine potters P. Cornelius and Cn. Ateius (Libyca, i (1953), p. 18, fig. 5; Archivo Espatìo! de Arquelogia, xxvii (1954), p. 252, fig. 6). Also not unlike our lamp is Ant. Class, xxiv (1953), p. 54> fig· 32, 1, from Alba Fucens. It was found with several others of the same Type, and can be dated to the beginning of the first century a .d . Compare also a lamp from a Hellenistic house at Glanum (Préhistoire, ii (1933), p. 59, fig. 66e), which was destoyed in the second half of the first century B.C. (H. Rolland, La Maison hellénistique de Glanon, p. 49, sug­ gests 49 B.c. as a possible date for this destruction, but he apparently amends this to a date some twenty-five years later in his Glanum, Notice archéologique, p. 9). A similar lamp published by Loeschcke in Sammlung Niessen, pi. lxxvii, 1742, is dated to the second half of the first century B.C., and lamps close to ours [Mitt, der Altertums-Kommission für Westfalen, v (1909), pi. xi, 33 and pi. XX, 2-4 and especially 1) have been found at the early Imperial camp at Haltern in Ger­ many, which was probably abandoned about a .d . 9 (JR S lix (1969), p. 147). An example with an Italian provenience comes from Lanuvium [BSR xi (1929), p. 118, fig. 34,2), and one described as late Republican or early Augustan was found in Fossa b3 in the House of Livia at Rome (NS 1957, p. 109, fig. 34/)· Another lamp ofthis Type from an Italian site comes from the Temple of Diana at Ncmi (G. H. Wallis, Illustrated Catalogue of Classical Antiquitiesfrom . . . Nctni, opp. p. 24, no. 483). Other examples with central Italian proveniences arc published in Bull, della Comm. Arch. Ixxxi (1968-9), pi. XXXV, 7, 5, from the teatro Argentino in Rome, and in Bollettino della Badia Greca di Grottaferrata, n . s. xxiii (19Ó9), pi. ih , 16-19, from Grottaferrata in the Alban Hills. Compare also an example from Level VI a (vano V) in N. Lamboglia, Gli scavi di Alhìntimilium 1938-40, p. 65, fig. 25,1, and a fragment from Level V in Zone A (ibid., p. 106, fig. 53, 25), dated between 100/90 and 30/20 B.C., and between 10 B.C. and a .d . 10 respectively in Rivista di studi Liguri, xx (1954). pp. 85-7; sec also M AAR xxv (1957), pp. 148-9, note 9. In NS 1970, p. 495, fig. 86 c and d, are two similar lamps from a cistern at Akrai in Sicily, the latest things from which date to the middle of the first century B.c. Dcncauvc Lamp 2Ó5, which is close to ours in appearance, was found at Carthage. An example with a Portuguese provenience is published in O Arqucólogo Portugués, n .s. ii (1953), pi. x x x , 2, and a fragment ofa similar lamp comes from Stratum VI a at Ampurias, which is dated 130-100 b .c. (Ampurias, xxi (1959), p. 20, fig. 28), but this seems too early. And see M. G. Amadasi et al, Monte Sirai, ii, pi. xxxiii, 2, 4, from a shrine at this Sardinian site; it is argued on pp. 48-9 that the archaeological evidence does not allow a date for this lamp later than the second century b .c ., but this again seems unlikely. However, a lamp from the Grand Congloue wreck (circa 150-130 b.c .) is described by Lamboglia as a forerunner of lamps similar to Q 711 (Rivista di studi Liguri, xxvii (1961), p. 153, fig. 7, 3). Other lamps close to, or with definite affinities to Lamps Q 711 to Q 714, and from central Italian workshops, can be found in the following publications: Bonner Jahrbücher, cxxii (1912), pi. lv, 7, from Vetera

ITA LY (Xanten), a legionary camp on the Rhine, which was not established until the early years of the ninth decade of the first century B.c. (JRS lix (1969), p. 144); Libyca, v (1957), ph m, 21c, from Tomb B 21 at Tipasa, dated to the first century B.c., and ibid., pi. v, 30, from Tomb B 30; Gallia, xviii (1960), p. 52, fig. 21, front a wreck at Dramant on the Provencal coast: the objects found point to a date towards the end of the Republic; Gallia, xx (1962), p. 576, fig. 33, from funerary pit no. 3 at Vielle-Toulouse and found with material of the beginning, and through most of the reign of Augustus; Gallia, xxiii (1965), p. 27, fig. 33 a-d, one lamp and three frag­ ments from the first fill of Pit no. 7 at Cavaiilon: the fill is dated to the second half of the first century b . c . (the complete lamp is close in appearance to Q 713 and is signed M in the same way); ibid., p. 57, fig. 59/1, is a similar lamp from Cavaiilon Pit no. 12, the fill of which is dated in the first century b . c .; Vegas Lamp 20, from Neuss, which is given an Augustan date. The find-spots of these lamps are indicative of the main direction of the early Augustan export drive, to the west and the north, and to Africa, with eastward traffic rather limited. An attempt to see in the shape of these lamps the form of a fish (the blunt nozzle as a tail and the side-lug as a dor­ sal fin) and as such a Christian symbol—and therefore presumably of post-nativity date—in Museo ‘Francesco Ribezzo’ Brindisi, Quaderno no. 3, Ricerce e Studi, p. 56, no. 8, can be safely ignored. Q 712

PLATES 2 A N D 1 3 2

L. ii'3 , W. 6-9. Reg. 1963.7-15.14. Label stuck to lamp: ‘Taken from Dredging of the Tiber at Bridge’ (the name o f the bridge is left blank). Bequeathed by F. W . Robins; Collec­ tion no. 392, Mouldmade lamp very close in shape to Q 7x1. The discus is somewhat smaller than that of the latter, and is decorated with closely spaced moulded rings. An air-hole is placed at the discus edge, but is not pierced completely through. Unlike Q 711, only the shoulder is decorated with raised points, the underbody is plain. The unpicrced lug has a series o f short transverse grooves decorating its upper side. Two ring-and-dot impressions are placed at the junction of the nozzle with the body. The base is raised, slightly concave below, and faintly shows five ring-and-dot impressions arranged as a cross. Grooved vertical band handle applied at the rear. Orange-buff micaceous clay, fired grey in places ; no trace of a slip. Made in a plaster mould. Second half of the first century b . c . The lug is paralleled on an Italian lamp from Delos, signed CLAVDÌ, which is dated from the second half o f the second century b . c . into the first century (Bruneau Lamp 4379)· Bibi F. W. Robins, The Story of the Lamp, pi. xi, 11. PLATES 2 A N D 133

Q 713

L. long W. 76. Reg. 1926.2-16.24. No provenience. Mouldmade lamp, similar in shape to Q 711 and Q 712, with rounded walls and a sunken discus, which is decorated with a single raised circle. The filling-hole is at the centre of the discus, and a large air-hole is pierced at its edge. The lamp stands on a base-ring. The nozzle is flat-topped, 338

ITALY with bevelled sides and a blunt, splayed end. At the rear is an applied vertical band handle, now broken. Large, unpierced lug on the left side. The shoulder and the underbody arc decorated with rows of closely spaced raised points, the upper group divided from the lower by a smoothed area where the mould join was cleaned up. A circular depression decorates each side of the nozzle top at its junction with the body; a similar depression is found within the discus, near the air-hole. The lug is decorated with short, transverse strokes and has a large depression at its end. Very faint, within the base-ring, is the letter M, with impressed circles at the angles of the letter and one within the central angle. Buff clay, with some mica, covered with a bright-red slip, fired black over a large area. Made in a plaster mould. Second half of the first century b .C. Bibl Walters 317; O Arqueólogo Portugues N.s. ii (1953), p. 149, 2. Q 714. EA PLATES 2 AN D L. 10*1, W. T2. EA 38451. Reg. 1878.11-9.31. Purchased; said to be from the Fayum.1

I33

Mouldmadc lamp near to Q 713 in shape and fabric. The shoulder decoration of rows of raised points is interrupted by a broad shallow channel, outlined by a groove, running between the discus and the wick-hole. Impressed rings decorate the channel and the extremities of the groove defining it. I11 the centre of the channel is a shell of a bivalve in relief. On the left side is a solid lug, like that of Q 713· The applied vertical band handle is lost. The lamp stands on a base-ring; impressed within is the letter N embellished by impressed circles. Made in a plaster mould. Second half of the first century b.c. Bibl. Walters 320.

Q 715

PLATES 2 AND I 3 3

L. 7‘7> W. 5'4~ Eeg. 1926.2—16.22, without provenience, but this is almost certainly the same as Reg. 1839.2-14.66, from Italy, purchased from M. Campanari. Mouldmade lamp with a double-convex body and rounded carination. Small sunken discus, surrounded by a raised rim. The nozzle is long and splayed, with an obtuse-angled tip; the top is edged by a raised ridge on each side, ending in a small volute at the junction with the discus rim. On the left side is an unpicrccd Jug, decorated with two impressed circles. At the rear is an applied vertical band handle, now largely lost. The lamp stands on a base-ring; within the base is the mark N. Compare CIL xv: 6569. Those listed there arc mainly, like ours, of Drcsscl Form 2; its occurrence on much later lamps is no doubt fortuitous. For other lamps with this mark see Cahiers ligures tie prehistoire et d’archéoìogie, ii (1962), p. 112. One from Elche is pub­ lished in A. Ramos Folqués, Excavaciones en La Aicudia, pi. xnie. » A similar Italian lamp with an alleged Egyptian provenience (and there is no reason to doubt that some Italian lamps of tins date reached Egypt in antiquity) is in the Ashinolean Museum, Oxford: no. 1882.187, signed

SALV. Another, acquired in Egypt, is in the National Museum at Athens, Benaki Collection ΜΠ 39s; on its underside arc impressed five circles in the form of a cross,

ITA LY Greenish-buff clay, containing very little mica, covered with a patchy, purple-brown slip. The fabric has the impression of being overfired, which would account for its odd colour. Second half of the first century b .C. Bibl. Walters 306. Q 716

plate

133

L. 12-5, W . 6·6. Reg. 1926.2-16.38. No provenience. Mouldmade lamp of elongated form with a splayed nozzle terminating in a curved or obtuseangled tip. The top is largely occupied by the head of a negro in high relief, modelled boldly and vigorously. The filling-hole is pierced at the top of the head ; two drain-holes for spilled oil are pierced through the top, one on each side of the mouth. At the rear are the stubs of a grooved, vertical band handle. Raised base, very slightly concave below. The nozzle is broken. Orange-buff clay, covered entirely with a chocolate-brown slip. Made in a plaster mould. Second half of the first century b .C., perhaps into the first century a . d . The rather larger but similar lamp Menzel 502 exhibits a dished top and drain-holes of the same kind. Bib!. Walters 414. Q 717

plate

133

L. yo, W . 3-7. Reg. 1967.10-6.1. No provenience. Mouldmade lamp close to Q 716 in shape but very much smaller. The concave top of the lamp is occupied by a winged phallus in relief. Remains of a vertical ring handle at the rear. The lamp stands on a raised base, concave below. Buff clay, containing a little mica, covered entirely with a worn, streaky, brown slip. Made in a plaster mould. Second half of the first century B.c. o r into the first century a .d . Bib!. A. W . Franks, MS. Catalogue of the Museum Secretum, no. M 429 (in the Library of the Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities.) Q718

plate

L. 7-7, W. 3-4, Reg. 1814.7-4.9. No provenience; Second Towneley Collection, purchased 1814. Mouldmade lamp close in shape and decoration to Q 717 but with a solid moulded handle below a palmcttc. The base is less concave underneath than that o f Q 717. Grey-buff micaceous clay with a very few traces o f a dark-brown slip on the upper side. Probably of the end o f the first century B.C. or the early part of the first century A.D. The smaller size of this lamp shows that it is o f a later generation than Q 717 but the moulded handle and palmette do not point to a direct relationship. Bibl. A. W. Franks, MS. Catalogue of the Museum Secretum, no. M 430. 340

133

ITALY

Q 7T9

T

τϊτ

,

„

0

PLATES 2, 1 3 3 , AND 1 4 9

L Π-7, W. 6·.. i'n;. 18,4.7-4.10. No prove,hence; Second Towneley Colleclion, purchased Monldmade lamp, modelled in the form of a negros head. The f.lling-hole is pierced above rhe forehead and ,s surrounded by a raised rim. Behind the filling-hole, a, the rear of the lamp is an apphed, grooved vc-ocal band handle. On the left side, the right ear is bulkier and set lower Aan the left car Inn,mg a, the „„pierced lugs found on lamps of the same period (cf. Lamps Q 711 » Q 715). The „orde »long ,„d the end is widely splayed bo. largely lost; its tip was round or angular, not blunt. The lamp stands on an oval base, defuaed by a groove slightly concave underneath. Within the base are five impressed circles arranged in a cross ’ Light buff clay with a faint pink tinge; much mica in small particles. The lamp is covered entirely with a bright red slip, much worn. r Second half of the first century n.c. Compare a lamp very close in shape to ours, found at Boé in the Bordeaux district, from a burnì dated to the first century n.c. (Gallili, xix (i9öi), p. 385, fig, 34, and R A 1962, 2, p. i 79) Sibi Walters 410; Evelein, p. 59, no. 4; Pottery Lamps, pi. 6/ See also Towneley Drawing 1 814. 7-4.3 22 ( p l a t e i 4 9 ). ; 0

Q 72° L. 9-8, W .&i.Reg. W. 235. Given by George W itt in 1865 ; Collection no. 148. No provenM ^4 Mould made lamp with a deep body, elliptical in plan. The nozzle has concave sides and a flat top; it is splayed at the end, with an angular termination, part of which is broken away At die rear is a handle-grip, square at the end and with short, concave sides running into die body The lamp stands on a well-defined basc-rmg; the area within is slighdy convex On the ereulv depressed top is a large, winged phallus in high relief. Behind this is modelled a boat’s head with twisted horns extending on to the handlc-gnp. An elongated filhng-holc is cut tliroud, on each side of the phallus. b Light buff clay with some mica, covered with a bright coral-red slip, burnt brownish-black on the nozzle. Made in a plaster mould. Late first century b c ., into the first century a . d . The nozzle shape is very like that of the volute lamps of Bronccr Type XXII For the lamn sinne compare N S J957 R 99, fig- * from the House of Livia at Roin!, from a c o n t ^ Ä the second half of the first century b . c . A close parallel to ours is illustrated in G Vorbcre Glossarium Eroticum, p. i 77, bottom right; anodici-, signed Bassus, is „1 the Louvre Inv No. Cp. 9678.

Q 721 T

iv r

n

W

PLATES 2 A N D I 3 4

XT

L. 10-4, w . 7-2. Reg. 1963.7-15.r5. No provenience; bequeathed by F. W. Robins- Collection no. 462. ’ Mouldmade lamp w h ip deep body, elliptical in plan. The noetic l,as very concave aide, and a splayed end, the up of w kch terminates in an obtuse angle. The applied band handle is lost. 3 41

ITA LY and the stub has been smoothed down, possibly in recent times by a dealer. The flat top is sunk slightly below the level of the rim, which has a double moulding running round the edge of the lamp and the nozzle. The groove separating these mouldings has been continued through the smoothed-down handle stub. On the top, near the nozzle, is a mask of a slave, with a large trumpet mouth and locks of hair flying away on each side. Below the mask, at the narrowest point of the nozzle, is an impressed circle; two others are placed on the top of the lamp, one at each side near the rim, and there are indications of another near the handle. An air-slit is pierced through the trumpet of the mask. The lamp stands on a base-ring, set off from the body by a groove. Within the base is a group of five impressed circles, arranged in a cross. A hole is broken through the side of the nozzle. Buff clay, containing mica in small particles. The lamp is covered entirely with a worn, bright coral-red slip, fired brown on one side. Made in a plaster mould. Like Q 720, this probably dates to the latter part o f the first century b.c. or the early years of the first century a . d . Q 722. PR B

p ia t e

134

L. io*7, W . 5-4. Reg. PRB 1913.11-13.21. Purchased; said to be probably from Watercrook, near Kendal, Westmorland, England. Once in the collections of the Kendal Literary and Scientific Institute. Mouldmade lamp ; deep body with a high-placed carination (clearer on the right than on the left side) and a concave-sided, blunt nozzle. The top of the lamp and nozzle is concave, with a raised edge. A raised rim surrounds the filling-hole; adjacent to the rim and lying between the filling-hole and the wick-hole is a ram’s head in relief. The lamp stands on a raised base, slightly concave below. At the rear is a wide, vertical band handle with one thickened edge defined by a groove. The end of the nozzle is broken. Buff clay, containing some mica. Streaky dark brown slip covering the outside, worn in places. Close in date to Q 720 and Q 721. Q 723

PLATES 2, 1 3 4 , AN D 1 4 9

L. 9·7, W. yo. Reg.

1814 .7 -4 .1 1 .

Second Townelcy Collection, purchased

1814;

no provenience.

Mouldmade lamp with a deep circular body. The nozzle has a flat top and concave sides decor­ ated with single-ended volutes; the tip is splayed and blunt. The lamp stands on a double base-ring. The discus is flat, with an inward-sloping rim, grooved at its edge, and is decorated with two dolphins and a circular shrine in relief An air-hole is pierced through the discus rim near the nozzle. Three impressed ring-and-dot devices cross the nozzle near its junction with the discus rim. Five similar impressions are arranged in a cross within the base. Buff clay with much mica in very small particles. Covered in a worn, bright coral-red slip, fired brown over large areas. Made in a plaster mould. Second half of the first century b. c. Bibl. Walters

525;

Pottery Lamps, pi. 6e. See also Towneley Drawing 342

1 8 14.7-4.332

(plate 149)·

ITA LY Q 724 PLATES 2 AND I 3 4

L 9-0, W.

6-5. R e g . 1 7 7 2 .3 -6 .9 1 .

Hamilton Collection? No provenience.

Mouldmadc lamp ™ h a ia,-topped nozzle and an applied, vertical band handle, both broken Underneath ,s a r.ug bate, ret off from the body by a groove. The direna is surrounded by a double run and ,s decorated m rehef w.th two dolphin, Hanking a small, circular shrine- below these is a hippocamp. At the edge of the discus is an air-hole Three rinoA 1- · ’ · decorate the nozzle at its junctio* with the discus rim; five similar im presses, Z J Z a cross, occupy the area within the base-ring. b Pale buff clay with mica in some quantity; covered in a worn, streaky black slip Made in a plaster mould. r' Second half of the first century b.c. A lamp m Manchester Museum (Ace. no R U 7o) is near in shape and has a very similar discus scene; it has a glossy red slip. Niesen Collection no i 7, 8 is close to Q 7M, but has two side-lugs, as also does Lerat Lamp 21, signed BA. The Nie sen Collection lamp is dated by Loeschcke to the second half of the first century b .c (S a m m h m e M e s s e n , pi. lxxix). A similar lamp from Cumae is published in A n tic h ità d i E r o d a n o vili ni χ χ χ Roux, H ercu la n eu m et P o m p e ii, voi. vi,, pi. 50). Compare for shape Perlzweig Lamps 3 and < both dated to the late first century b.c. See also Evelcin, pi. χ ν π , vii 4 B ib l.

Walters 520;

Q 725

T

, Tr „

H a m ilto n M S C a ta lo g u e,

p. 347, 91.

n

PLATE 1 34

L. .2-0, W. 8-z. * * .77Z.3-d.8p; rc-registered m error „ .pad.a-.d.ja, Hamilton Colleerion 7

No provenience.

^.ujiuluoii.

Mouldmadc lamp, do* » Q 7 2 4 in shape, bur rad,or larger and „,,1, concavc-ficcd lug, „„ cad, ado- Th ■ ozzlc „ flat-topped and splayed wid, a sl.ghtly curved, blunt rip (broken — on one side). At the rear is an applied, grooved band handle. The lamn stands J JI o ff fro m

7

the body by a substantial groove. A large air-hole is pierced tlirough^lc^dlscus'algc1

The concave discus is decorated with a vine, and edged bv two

of the sid.lt.gs have „rnple impressed marks, a n d ^

. ·

6

7

8

^ “ Z Z li £ 'Z

a lozenge-shaped device m relief, with serifs at the corners of the lozenge- a circuit ■ §

is placed 0„ each »dt of this. Undcmcatl., within the base-ring, 1, , raiscj cirdc addorsed pclta-shapcd ornamene Surrounding rbese arc two vinc-lcavc, and two I fed lozenges like that on the nozzle, but showing an internal impressed diamond Buff-colourcd clay, with a pinkish-red metallic slip over all. Made in a plaster mould Date as Q 724. r aCompare Gallia xxHi (1965), p. 27, fig. 33/L^ two janips from Ae first f [, Cavaillon. The fill is dated to the second half of the first century b.c Bibl. Walters 518; Haken, p. 33, Lamp 7; Hamilton MS. Catalogue, p. 346, no. 84.

343

Π° - 7at

ITA LY Q 726

PLATES

2

AND I 34

L. ιο·8, W. 7-8. Reg. [1756] Si. 639. Sloane Collection; no provenience. Mouldmade lamp close in shape and detail to Q 725. The sunken discus is decorated, very obscurely, with what appear to be sea creatures, probably Crustacea, perhaps squid, or even dolphins. The discus is set off from the rim by a groove; the central filling-hole is surrounded by a raised edge. An air-hole is pierced through the discus groove, near the nozzle. The nozzle is flat-topped and splayed; its tip is lost. At each side of the nozzle, at its junction with the body, is a volute with a substantial spine. A row o f three impressed rings crosses the nozzle near the discus. The lamp stands on a base-ring, set off from the underbody by a groove. Within the base are five impressed rings arranged in a cross. A vertical band handle is applied at the rear. Buff clay, covered with a very worn slip, which varies in colour from orange to dark brown. Second half of the first century B.C., perhaps towards the end of the century. For the shape compare a lamp from Cunicolo c5 in the House of Livia at Rome (NS 1957» p. 105, fig. 30«), The context has a date in the late first century b.C. Compare also an Italian fragment from Ashdod, from a stratum dated to the second half of the first century B.C. (.Ätiqot, vii (1967), pi. X, 6). Q 727

PLATES 2 AND Γ 34

L. Ι2·ό, W. 7-2. Reg. 1926.2-16.53. No provenience. Mouldmade lamp, similar to Q 724 in shape, with a flat discus defined by a ring in high relief, which is separated from the raised edge of the lamp by a substantial groove. An air-hole is pierced near the edge of the discus. Flat-topped nozzle, splayed and with a blunt end. On each side of the nozzle top is a groove following its edge and ending in a volute at its junction with the body; large but ill-defined volute spines. A single impressed circle is placed in the centre of the nozzle top. The lamp stands on a raised base, flat underneath and set off from the body by a groove; a second groove, concentric to the other, gives the impression o f a base-ring. Within the base are five impressed circles arranged in a cross. At the rear is applied a vertical band handle. On the discus, in high relief, is a locust or grasshopper eating a bunch of grapes. Buff-coloured clay, with some mica, covered with a patchy brown slip. Made in a plaster mould. Second half of the first century B.c., probably towards the end of the century or even into the early years o f the first century a.d. Compare Vegas Lamp 17, from Neuss, which is dated in the ninth decade of the first cen­ tury B.C. Bili!. Walters 526. Q 728

PLATES 2 AND I 3 5

L. 14-0, W . 14-1. Reg. 1963.7-15.45. No provenience; bequeathed by F. W . Robins. Mouldmade lamp with three nozzles. The shoulder is wide and rounded, and the filling-hole area is surrounded by a substantial raised rim, with concentric mouldings within it. The nozzles 344

ITALY Γ T i l Ί , ' h' lT 7 iCk: h°1“ “ Τ '™ 1* ™d'· » M , Sa., circular are« A large band handle is applied at the rear, and on each side of the body is a ] th„ r r ,vy-lea£ M,e lamp stands o n , base-„„g, f l a t w t t h i , by " The shoulders arc decorated with four gtesups of leaves, e .d , c o s ti n g o f , long p l ^ between two of ovule shape. Between each group of leaves is tbe c l , , 1 a fourch covering the junction of the handle will, the body. I, i, possiy e jj, “ [ ' .“R moulded separately and applied to the lamp, A small i,„pressed eirele is placed Z Top o f,™ „orales near the wick-hole platforms. Within the base is incised (before firino and I f slip was applied, the name A FACCI : compare CIL « „ 5, ^ the name appears on amps of Drossel Forms I and 4, which are contemporary w 1, bu u ts also found on volute lamps a little late, in date, bu, probably fro,„ „K saufe worts!™ (ef Walters 565, and Vegas Lamp 37 from Neuss, signed M PACCI) P Buffelay, covered, top aud bottom. with a thick, metallic black slip. Made in a plaste, nionld Probably second half of the first century B.c. Loeschcke in Sannnhmo Niesse,, p 88 A, Type to the first century b . c . (his Type II). * ’ ^ ^ates this A later development of the Type, with voluted nozzles, is in the Allard Pierson m Amsterdam ( J J I ^ h Λ Λ 1922, p. 233, fig. 2,). This lamp, fro,,, Rome, probably d. T o m the c r y years of the f a , century a n or even earlier. If the temple depicted on i, I that „„ the Capitolale, winch ,s cerlamly poss.blc, dien „ ,, „„likely date after Am, Op, „hen the I v temple was destroyed. A lamp o f the same Type, bu, wttl, two m m fa „ d do„ K Q '" J was found m a lato-Rcpublican and early-Augustaii context in Fossa b3 in the Ho,, rT Rome (NS tpi7 , p. lop, fig. 34η); and another found a, ( i o a u C u , i„ lished in Bollettino della Badia Greca di Grottaferrata, N.s. xxiii (1969). pi. m, 20. Compare A M d i (1947), pt- m, pi. XXXII, for a thrce-nozzler from pits beneath the House of the Griffins on rC Palatine m Rome. It is given a date m the third or second century B c fp 27I ! 1· doubt too early; much material of late-Rcpublican date was also found on this I ” a 7 almost identical to Q 728, illustrated in V. Spmazzola, Le arti decorative in Pompei pi J 7 a modern copy. r ’P ‘ ls

Q 729 L. X3-6, W. 9-9. X « 1878.10-19.339. Presented by General Meyrick. Ν ο ρ Γ νο Ν ο Ιο Τ " ^ Mouldmade lamp of the same Type as Q 728, but with only two nozzles On 0 , , tendrils, leaves, and berries. Within the base-ring arc impressed Fa ’ 11 . h,Cs!lol,ldcr>ivy , cross. The „ « tic on the tight ,s damaged. The band 1 ,s g to v ed “ “ S“ 1 ” Grey-brown clay with mica in some quantity; covered entirelv wirb ‘ brown slip, varying to black in places. Made * a'p W m onR ^ 1^ ^ Date as Q 728. Bibl. Walters 463. 345

ITALY Q 730

PLATES 2 AN D I 3 5

L. 12-2, W. g-6. Reg. 1967.12-29.1. No provenience, but written on the lamp is ‘Richborough’, an unlikely find-spot. Mouldmade lamp of similar shape to Q 729 and of the same date. The shoulder is decorated with ivy leaves and berries. Within the base-ring is a trident or the letter phi surrounded by small circles: compare perhaps CIL xv: 6897 and 6570c, both lamps of similar date to ours. Grey-buff clay, covered with a good black slip.

Q 731

PLATES

3

AN D I 3 5

L. i2-3, W. 8-7. Reg. 1836.2-24.456. Purchased; Durand Collection, no provenience. Mouldmade lamp of the same Type as Q 729. The shoulder decoration consists of three large bosses decorated with impressed circles, placed at the edge of the groove which defines the filling-hole rim, and four impressed circles, two near the handle and one on top of each nozzle. The applied band handle is grooved. Within the base-ring is an impressed mark which probably reads LVT : compare CIL xv : 6532; some of the marks listed there have an additional letter A and read LVTA. They appear on Dressel Forms 1 to 4, all Italian lamps of a date contemporaneous with ours. See also Libyca, i (1953), p. 19, for a similar mark on a lamp of the second half of the first century b . c . (a lamp similar to Q 711 above); and a three-nozzler, like Q 728, but with a male bust attached to the handle, from Foligno in central Italy, is also signed with this name (Jdl xxxiii A A 1918, p. 134, fig. 18), as are two lamps found in Sardinia; one is a lamp of Dressel Form 3, but without a handle, and the other is of Dressel Form 4, a Vogelkopflampe similar to Q 744 below (G. Sotgiu, Iscrizioni latine della Sardegna, ii, x, pi. ix, 442b and 442η). Grey clay, with some mica, covered top and bottom with a worn black slip, fired brown in places. Made in a plaster mould. Date as Lamps Q 728 to Q 730. Bibl. Walters 464; Durand Lot 1802; A. Bald, Lucernae Singulares, p. 58.

Q 732

PLATES 3 AND I 3 5

L. g-6, W. 7-1. Reg. [1756] Si. 1104. Sloanc Collection; no provenience. Mouldmade lamp o f the same Type as Q 729. On the shoulder, swags; between the nozzles, an animal’s head, probably that of a panther. Grooved band handle applied vertically to the rear of the body. Within the base-ring is an impressed mark which probably reads LVT. From the same workshop as Q 731. Buff clay, with some mica, covered entirely with a worn red-purple slip. Made in a plaster mould. Date as Q 728 to Q 731. Compare E. Paul, Antike Welt in Ton, pi. 90,344. Bibl. Walters 465. 346

ITALY

Q 733

T ΤΪ7- w t> , PLATES 3 AND I 36 L. I 4' 9 >W. I 6 - I . Reg. 1772.3-6.42. Hamilton Collection? No provenience

appi« J vertical band handle ,s loan The a,„all, sunken filli,,g-holc arc, ia s n i Z . L T y e ö n e « ' tnc mouldings, the outer one of which is decorated with a bead-and-recl natte,,, n a the sliouldct is decorated with a floral swag tied with sashes At the „ „ „? 1 jl 11 eacl1 “ de applied disc of clay with a central pehec On each aide of the „arrow, K Ä S ” a double raised ridge, termmaung at the body end with a bird’s head. Between the birds' h d on each nozzle, is a mask, perhaps of Dionysus. Between the nozzlo WmU« · ■ , ’ both nozzles is the name C.MAR, the three final letters ligatured. See C A “ d C tt 50 : Ó700, 3ye b and d for a similar ligatured form on Arretine vessels (other refe’ren r« ’„ bn. the type o f vase ,, not indicated). See also Carp,,., Vm m A ,„ i,m , p. 3J3 „ / I ™ It seems unlikely, however, that an Arretine workshop produced our lamp 959' Buff clay, very micaceous, with traces of a matt orange slip over the'enihe surface In a few

àv “ L

Ϊ

“ Γ Π! “ | Γ “ “

“P

“ lMati“ ' b“ d"

M ad cl

Probably second half of the firs, century B.c. Compare petltaps a lamp in Hamburg ( M m A A 1928 p. 402), and see the bcad-and-rcc! pattern on the Sicilian Lamp Q 6,9 above whie has a nozzle of the same shape as ours, also decorated with birds’ heads See iko , 1,, ■ n L. Mercando, Lucerne greche e romane M I’Antiquarium Comunale, pi x bottom r in b ^ which probably dates to the beginning of the Augustan period from a tomb at Ra” el T i 3 Alexandria (E. Breccia, Le Musee gréco-romain, 1922-3, pi. χνι fie 2I Tl ' 1 ’ a grey fabric, with a black slip. Compare also Sammlung Niessc’n, 1734.' ^ ^ ™ Bibl. Walters 462; Hamilton MS. Catalogue, p. 344, no. 42; A. Balil, Lucernae Sinoulares n · Bernhard, p. 218, note 16. ά P- 25>

Q734 L. 6-8, W . 67. Reg. 1967.10-6.3. No provenience.

plate

136

Mouldmade lamp with a sunken discus, plain except for four cardinali , 1 n ■ , sions, one o f which is barely perceptible. The discus is set off from ” ImFeS' each side of the body is a concave-faced lug. The nozzle is hml™ · 1 Ώ by a groove. At wick-hole and the body is comparatively short. A grooved vertical bind ] Τ ' “ thc

;j i ] a r g e ,y ™

g · T h c ,a m p s ta n d s o n a

Brown clay with a grey core, covered with a thick, bright-orange slip Second half o f the first century b.c. S Compare, perhaps, two lamps from a Provencal wreck of the middle years o fth f P C1 first century

B.c. (Gallia, XVI (1958), p. 9. %s. 4 and 5).

347

ITA LY

Q 735

PLATE 1 3 6

L. 10-8, W. 8-8. Reg. 1926.2-16.51. No provenience. Mouldmade lamp with a wide, flat discus surrounded by a double raised rim, and standing on a base-ring with an internal moulding. On each side is a rectangular lug handle with a concave face and the top decorated with three short, radiating impressions. The nozzle is short, blunt and flat-topped, with sharply concave sides and a splayed end. At the rear is an applied three-ribbed band handle, largely missing. A large air-hole is pierced at the edge of the discus. On the discus is a nude figure, presumably male and perhaps bearded, kneeling to right on a raised base-line. He holds his right hand in such a position that he appears to be looking at something held in it; below the filling-hole, which is pierced directly under his hand, is an obscure object. In the front of the figure, on the ground, is another small object, equally obscure, and behind is a post or a column. Orange-buif clay, with a little mica, covered entirely with a red slip, fired brown in places. The surface is pitted. Made in a plaster mould. Late f irs t c e n t u r y b . c . Compare for shape Perlzweig Lamps 3 and 5, and also a lamp signed LVT, like Lamps Q 731 and Q 732 above, from Grottaferrata in the Alban Hills (Bollettino della Badia Greca di Grotta­ ferrata, N.s. xxiii (1969), pi. IV, 29. See also a fragment from Ashdod, area A, stratum 2, dated to the first century b .c . (Atiqot, vii (1967), pi. x, 6). For central Italian lamps with similar short, blunt nozzles compare N S 1957, p. 103, fig. 29h, from a context dated to the second half of the first century b .c . in the House of Livia at Rome, and another from the same site, from Cunicolo c5, dated late in the first century b.c. (ibid., p. 105, fig. 30f) Vegas lamp 1, from Ncuss, is dated to the ninth decade o f the first century b.c. A tomb in Rome, with material of the second half of the first century, also contained a similar lamp (NS 1954, p. 238, fig. 40, 3). Athenian copies of this lamp shape are dated to the late first century b .c . : compare Perlzweig 389 and 390. Bibl. Walters 517. Q 736

plate

136

W . 7-0. Reg. 1892.1-21.37. Given by Sir John Savile Lumley, later Lord Savile. From Civita Lavinia (Lanuvium) : Sir John Lumley’s excavations at Civita Lavinia were carried out from 1884 for some years. A brief account is given in Archaeologia, xlix (1886), pp. 367 ffi, and ibid., liii (1892), pp. 147 if A description of the objects found is published in BSR vii (1 9 1 4 ); pp· Ó2 if., and ibid., xi (1929), pp. 73 IF. Objects from the site range in date from at least the sixtli century b . c . to well into the Imperial period, but archaeological details for the minor objects were not published. Fragment from a mouldmadc lamp. Only the slightly concave discus and part of the side-wall remain. A concavity in the wall of the body indicates the position of the nozzle, which was prob­ ably short, splayed, and blunt like that of Q 735. An air-hole is pierced through the discus edge near the nozzle. There was no handle. On the discus, with, unusually, the top of the scene to­ wards the nozzle, is a figure of Minerva, dressed in a long chiton and crested helmet, running to 348

ITALY right. She holds a spear (which appears to pass behind the body) and a small round shield. In front of her, coiled and rearing up, also to right, is a bearded serpent. Surrounding the discus, within the raised edge of the lamp, is a band of cable pattern. Grey clay, with some mica, covered with a worn black slip. Made in a plaster mould. Probably late first century b. c. Compare a fragment from Elche, probably from the same mould as ours, found with late Republican and early Imperial material (A. Ramos Folqués, Excavaciones en La Alcudia, pi. x n l ) . Bibl. Walters 1362; BSR xi (1929), p- 126, 92; BMParliamentary Returns, 1892, p. 56, 38.

Q 737

PLATES 3 AND I 3 6

L. 9-9, W. 9-3. Reg. [1756] Si. 1089. Sloane Collection; no provenience. Mouldmade lamp of the same Type as Q 735 but without the applied handle. The lamp stands on a base-ring, set off from the body by a groove and with an internal moulding. Within the base are five impressed circles arranged in a cross; three similar impressions cross the top of the nozzle near the discus rim. The discus is concave and is edged by a band of rope pattern within the raised rim of the lamp. O11 the discus, in high relief, is an anchor with a dolphin entwined round the shank. At the edge of the discus, near the nozzle, is an air-hole. Buff clay with some mica; no superficial colouring. Made in a plaster mould. Late first century B.C. For shape compare Sammlung Niessen, no. 1736, dated by Locschckc to the second half of the first century b . c . Bibl. Walters 515.

Q 738

PLATES

3

AND I

37

L. io·4, W. 9'7- Reg. 1772.3-6.60. Possibly Hamilton Collection, but more probably from the Sloane Collection: the description in the Sloane Register of [1756] Si. 1000 could well apply to this lamp. No provenience. Mouldmade lamp of the same Type as Q 737. On the slightly sunken discus, within a moulding concentric to the raised edge, is a relief of Mars, leaning forward to left with the right foot raised, resting his right forearm along a sword which crosses Iris thigh. Drapery hangs down from his thigh and apparently passes behind him to be caught over his left arm ; he wears a crested helmet. Facing him is Cupid, a boyish figure, who leans on a large circular shield, the back of which can be seen. Beyond Cupid is a spear. An air-hole is pierced between the discus moulding and the raised outer edge of the lamp. Incised within the base is the name L.SERGI. (compare CIL x : 8053, 181 b, a lamp from Capua, apparently with the same scene as Q 739 below, and CIL xiii: 10001, 296). Buff clay, with some mica. Made in a plaster mould. Late first century b . c . The nozzle shows incipient volutes, either a hint at what was to come or a sympathetic parallel. A lamp with the same scene, dated similarly, was found in the Athenian Agora (Pcrlzwcig 349

ITA LY Lamp 3). It has similar lugs, but also a band handle, like another lamp with the same relief in Birmingham Museum (no. 26'62) which has an over-all brown slip. Bibl. Walters 513 ; Hamilton MS. Catalogue, p. 341, no. 60; A. Bald, Lucernae Singulares, p. 57.

Q 739 PLA TE S 1 3 7 A N D 1 4 9 L. 9-6, W. 8-9. Reg. 1S14.7-4.12. Second Towneley Collection, purchased 18x4; no provenience. Mouldmade lamp of the same Type as Q 737 and Q 738. Just within the raised edge of the lamp, surrounding the discus, is a band of short rays placed closely together. Two impressed circles decorate the top of the nozzle. An air-hole is pierced at the edges of the discus. On the discus, with the top of the scene towards the nozzle, is a relief of Venus, nude except for drapery falling from her left arm, seen from the rear, with the armour of Mars. Beyond her is a large circular shield, seen from the inside, and she holds a sword with the hilt away from her in her right hand. She looks down at Cupid, on the right of the scene, who holds up a helmet. Within the base­ ring are indications of a name which, with a measure of wishful thinking, may be read as AIMILI. Towneley’s suggestion of RNHO, as shown on his drawing of the lamp ( p l a t e 149), was followed by Walters; it seems unlikely, and is difficult to reconcile with the marks on the lamp. There is a large split across the discus. Buff clay, fired pink on one side. Made in a plaster mould. Late first century b.c. Compare a very similar lamp from Tunis: Brants Lamp 151, signed AIMILI ERONIS (cf. CIL XV : 6276); the name AIMILI, in various forms, occurs on lamps of the same Types as our lamps Q 711 to Q 714, Q 724 to Q 726, Q 728 to Q 732, and Q 744 (CIL xv: Ó275). The name EROS AIMI is found, on a lamp similar to Lamps Q 737 to Q 739 (CIL xv: 6419). A lamp in Warsaw shows Venus only, in the same pose (Bernhard Lamp 214, where the figure is interpreted as Venus Victrix). Both these lamps arc approximately of the same date as Q 739. See also a fragment with Cupid, in Berlin (G. Heres, Die römischen Bildlampen der Berliner Antiken-Sammlung, pi. 62, 597). Bibl. Walters 514; A. Balil, Lucernae Singulares, p. 82. See also Towneley Drawing 1814.7-4.330 ( p l a t e Γ49). Q 740 PLATES 137 AND I5O L. 8-7, W. 8-2. Reg. 1814.7-4.13. Acquired 1814; Second Towneley Collection, no provenience. Mouldmade lamp of the same type as Q 735 to Q 739, and probably from the same workshop as Q 739. The applied vertical band handle is lost. Within the raised edge of the lamp the discus has a crimped edge. On it, very large, is a locust or a grasshopper eating a bunch of grapes. O11 top of the nozzle is a small impressed circle. The lamp stands on a base-ring, which is set off from the body by a groove. Within the base are indications that earlier generations in the same series were signed. Buff clay with a little mica. Made in a plaster mould. Late first century b . c . Bibl. Walters 516. See

a ls o

Towneley Drawing 1814.7-4.331 350

(p la te

150).

ITALY

Q7 4 1

PLATE 137

L. 10-8, W. 6-8. Reg. 1814.7-4.14. Acquired 1814; Second Towneley Collection. No provenience. Mouldmade lamp of die same type as Q 740 but lacking the side-lugs. A grooved band handle is applied at rear. Two impressed circles decorate the top of the nozzle. An air-slit is cut at the discus edge. The lamp stands on a slightly raised base, flat below and set off from the body by a groove. It is not completely circular, coming to a slight point towards the nozzle. The discus edge, within the raised rim of the lamp, is serrated. On the discus, very lacking in detail, is a centaur, running to the right and looking back, holding an obscure object which may be a lyre. Faint traces of a name under the base ? Orange-pink clay with much mica in small particles. Made in a plaster mould. Late first century b.c. Bibl. Walters 519. Q 742 PLATES 3 AND I 3 7 L. 9-6, W. 7· Reg- 1849,2-16.1. Given by Mr. Poulett Scropc. Said to have been found by the donor at Baiae. Mouldmade lamp in the form of two sandalled feet; the thongs pass between the great toe and the second toe. The short, blunt, splayed nozzle is of the same shape as those on lamps Q 735 to Q 741. A large air-hole is pierced between the feet, level with the heart-shaped patches covering the division of the thongs. Traces of an applied vertical band handle survive at the rear, behind the filling-hole depression. Long, oval base ring. Within the base is the name S AMP SYCV. From its indistinct appearance, this name was probably formed in the mould, from an inscrip­ tion incised into the archetype. Buff clay, grey at the break, with much mica. Made in a plaster mould. Probably late first century B.C. Compare a similar lamp from Grave 67 at Este. This cremation burial also contained an iron fibula of late La Tene type and a dupondius of Augustus [NS 1922, p. 15, fig. 16c). Bibl. Walters 418; Bernhard, p. 206, fig. 61; C/L xv: 6287; A. Balil, Lucernae Singulares, p. 83 ; S. Birch, History of Ancient Pottery, i, p. 184.

Q 743 PLATES 3, 137, AND I 5 0 L. ii-o, W. 4-8. Reg. 1814.7-4.15. Second Towneley Collection, purchased 1814; no provenience. Mouldmade lamp, modelled in the form of a grotesque face. The area below the upper lip is not indicated; the nozzle projects from this point. The nozzle is rounded and splays out to a flat and circular area around the wick-hole; it is set off from the body by a transverse ridge on the underside, which perhaps represents the lower lip of the plastic head. The filling-hole is pierced above the forehead; behind is a palmette handle-grip, pierced below. The lamp stands on a small, oval base-ring, defined by grooves. Within the base is impressed the name S AMP SY: from the same workshop as Q 742. 351

IT A L Y Buff-grey clay, with much mica. A worn slip, varying in colour from black to dark brown, covers the top o f the lamp more thickly than the underside. Made in a plaster mould. Probably late first century b.c . A false lamp illustrated on pi. 296 of V. Spinazzola, Le arti decorative in Pompei e nel Museo Nazionale di Napoli, is modelled on a lamp with the same archetype as Lamp Q 743. See also the false lamp Reg. 1966.12-13.9 (Museums Journal, May i960, p. 42). Bibl. Walters 409. See also Town cl cy Drawing 1814.7-4.321 (plate 150).

Q 744

PLATES 137 AND 15O

L. 9-9, W. 6·χ. Reg. 1814.7-4.16. Second Towneley Collection, purchased 1814; no proveni Mouldmadc lamp with a deep body and a splayed, blunt nozzle. The small, very concave, plain discus is surrounded by a wide, inward-sloping rim decorated with many concentric mouldings. The top of the nozzle has a relief decoration of two stylized birds’ heads, addorsed. A grooved channel extending from the discus to the wick-hole separates the birds’ heads. At the rear are the remains of an applied, vertical handle. A drawing of the lamp (plate 150), made when it was in Towncley’s possession, shows the handle complete: it had thickened edges and a centre decorated with diagonal lines and dots; it was possibly alien. The lamp stands on a raised base, set off from the body by a groove, and slightly concave underneath. Orange clay with much mica, covered with a worn slip o f a deep-orange colour. Made in a plaster mould. Late first century b.c ., or early first century a.d . For a discussion o f this Type see Haken, pp. 29 ff. Compare an example from Alba Fucens (Ant. Class, xxiv (1955), p. 54, fig. 32, 6), and a fragment from the House of Livia in Rome is from a context dated to the second half of the first century B.c. (NS 1957, p. 103, fig. 29g). Several come from the Roman Forum, found in a deposit the bulk of which dates from Augustan times, but with much post-Augustan material of the first century a.d . (Bull. Comm. arch, comunale di Roma, lxxvi (1956-8), p. 36, fig. iia-c). A lamp o f this Type comes from Ardea, just south of Rome (Opuscula Romana, iii (1961), pi. xvm, M i if); also from the area south of Rome is an example from Nemi (G. H. Wallis, Illustrated Catalogue of Classical Antiquities from the Site of the Temple of Diana, Nctni, no. 480, opp. p. 24). A similar lamp comes from a tomb at Montefiasconc which was in use between the first half of the first century B.C. and the beginning of the first century a .d . (NS 1970, p. 165, fig. 5, 9, and p. 170, fig. 9, 9). Three fragments from Syracuse (NS 1951, p. 270, fig. 8a, and p. 272, fig. 90) come from deposits of Augustan date. A similar lamp from Corfu (TO ΕΡΓΟΝ, 1958, p. 104, fig. 109; PRA 1958, pi. 87; BCH lxxxiii (I 959)> p· 659, fig. 2) was found in a deposit which contained a coin of 36/3 5 B.c., but not many lamps of this Type went cast from Italy. Two from Portugal are published in O Arqueologo Portugués, n .s. ii (1953), pi. x x x, 8 and 9, one from Spain in A. Ramos Folqués, Excavaciones en La Alcudia, pi. xm A, and two from Carthage in Deneauve (Lamps 267 and 268). For examples of the Type of unknown origin and not necessarily of Italian manufacture see Lerat Lamps 25 and 26, Menzel Lamp 73, and Szentléleky Lamp 51. 352

ITA LY Local copies of this Type o f lamp have been found at Haltern (Mitt, der Altertums-Kommission für Westfalen, v (1909), pis. x i and x x ) which seems to have been abandoned no later than a .d . 9. Vegas Lamps 24 and 26 from Novacsium (Neuss) are perhaps locally made and are regarded as Augustan in date. Wasters from Vetera (Xanten) show that a variant of this type of lamp was made there, together with early volute lamps (Bonner Jahrbücher, cxvii (1908), p. 422 and pi. 11). Walters 521, said to have been found in London, but apparently a waster from the Xantcn factory, will be included in Volume III of this Catalogue, as it would seem to be better placed with the German volute lamps. Bibl. See Townelcy Drawing x814.7-4.387 (plate 150).

353

aa

UNATTRIBUTED LAMPS h is section includes those lamps which cannot easily be placed by fabric into any of the

T

geographical areas delimited above. Only one lamp has any sort of provenience, namely Lamp Q 745, which is said to be from Athens, and may possibly have been made there. The various fabrics are described in the Catalogue entries and where possible tentative sugges­ tions as to their sources are given there.

Q 745

plate

138

L. 5*7, W . 4-3. Reg. 1967.12-29.2. Paper label attached to the lamp: ‘Athens’. Transferred from the Department of British and Medieval Antiquities. Small wheelmade lamp ; open body, wide at the base, with concave walls and a thickened rim. The floor of the oil-chamber rises slightly in the centre and is matched by a concavity on the underside, which is unturned, showing string marks. The short nozzle is neatly made, with a wide, oval wick-hole. Orange-pink clay, with a few grits and very little mica. It is possible that the fabric is Athenian. Sixth century B.c., probably the second half o f the century. There is nothing very like this in Howland, but it is possibly to be compared with Howland Type 10. These simple, open-bodied lamps are sometimes later than they appear at first sight to be: compare the Emporio lamps 497 to 502, from the Athena Temple Period II, which extends from the late sixth century, right through the fifth and most of the fourth century (J. Boardman, Excavations in Chios, 1952-1955, p. 234 and pi. 94).

Q746

PLATE138

L. 6-9, W. 5-3. Rea. 1952.11-7.1. Purchased; no provenience. Wheelmade lamp with a deep open body and a slightly flared rim. In the centre of the floor of the oil-chambcr is a raised cone. The underside is pared flat. The nozzle is short and tapering, with a rounded tip. Orange-brown clay, apparently free from mica; possibly a Corinthian fabric. Second half o f the sixth century b.c ., or perhaps a little later. Compare for shape two lamps from Palermo Tomb 13 (NS 1969, p. 288, fig. 21/ and /) which is dated to circa 490 b.c. Q 747

PLATE138

L. 9'2, W . 6-4. Reg. 1966.2-16.32. No provenience. Wheelmade lamp with a flattened, globular body and a flat-topped, tapering nozzle which is rounded at the tip. An inward-sloping rim surrounds the filling-hole, and is defined by a groove. 354

U N A T T R IB U T E D LAMPS The lamp stands on a raised base, concave below to match a corresponding convexity in the floor o f the oil-chamber. The nozzle is damaged. Orange-pink clay, with mica and grits. No glaze inside or out. First half of the third century b . c . , or perhaps a little later. The shape is based upon Athenian lamps of Howland Type 25A p r i m e .

Q 748

PLA TE

138

L. 8-7, W. 6-1. Reg. 1926.2-16.20. No provenience. Wheelmade, rounded body, with a sunken, grooved rim; a double groove decorates the top of the lamp outside the sunken area. The nozzle is fairly long, with a rounded top and tip. Unpierced lug on the left side, set far back. The lamp stands on a raised base, very concave below, matched by a kick inside the oil-chamber. Orange clay. Part of the inside is coated with a black glaze; the outside of the lamp is covered completely with a thinned glaze wash. There are small particles of mica in the wash, if not in the body of the clay. Possibly Euboean. First half of the third century b . c . Dated by affinities with Howland Type 25B p r i m e . Bibl. Walters 280.

Q7 4 9

plate

138

L. 7-3, W. 5-6. Reg. 1963.7-15.8. No provenience. Bequeathed by F. W. Robins; Collection no. 705. Wheelmade lamp with a deep, cup-shaped body and a narrow, inturned rim decorated with a groove. A very large central tube rises considerably higher than the rim of the lamp; on the left side is a solid lug. The lamp stands on a raised base, concave underneath. The nozzle is short and splayed, witli a blunt tip. Grey clay, with some mica, covered with a glossy brown-black slip, except under the base. Second half o f the third century b . c ., perhaps into the second century. It has affinities with Howland Type 27: the late use of wheelmade lamps with central tubes is widespread throughout the Greek world. Compare the third- and second-century examples from Athens (Lamp Q 98), Cnidus (Lamp Q 272), Rhodes (Lamp Q 404), and Egypt (Lamps Q 536 to Q 538). Compare a fragment in unglazcd red clay, from Tivoli (NS 1957, p. 130, fig. 8c). In the Museo Nazionale at Reggio-Calabria is a lamp from Croton of a different type to this but in a very similar fabric.

Q 750

ELATES 3

AND

138

L. 72, W , Reg- X908.! 1-20.18. From the collection of H. Edelmann of Sigmaringen · transferred from the Department of British and Medieval Antiquities. Given by Sir Tohn Brunner and Sir Henry Howarth. } 35 5

U N A T T R IB U T E D LAMPS Mouldmade lamp with a double-convex body and a rounded carina don. The rim of the fillinghole slopes inwards from a grooved outer edge to the raised ridge surrounding the hole itself. Immediately surrounding the rim is a band of short rays ; a similar band of rays, depending from a circular groove, decorates the lower part of the shoulder. On the right side is a small lug, with a single impression reminiscent of earlier pierced lugs. The nozzle has a flat top and tapers sharply to a rounded tip. The nozzle top is defined by a groove, which follows the edges, and sets off the wick-hole and also the double volute dividing the nozzle from the rim of the fillinghole. In the panel thus delineated on the top of the nozzle is a longitudinal line of four adjacent impressions. The lamp stands on a base-ring; in the centre of the base is a small impressed circle. The clay is pinkish in colour, and grey at the break. There is some mica, and large white grits are present. The lamp is covered with a bright-red slip, except for a large, accidentally reserved patch on the upper side. It is, perhaps, an Egyptian fabric. Probably second half of the third century b . c . and into the second century. The lamp can be compared, as far as shape is concerned, with lamps of Howland Type 45A. A rather later date is perhaps suggested by a somewhat similar lamp from Delos : Bruneau Lamp 4139. Bibl. Walters 304; MS. Katalog der Sammlung Edelmann (in M and LA Dept.), p. 35, 7. Walters gives Palestine as a source, but the Edelmann catalogue merely states that the lamp was obtained from one L. Schick, together with two other lamps which have Palestinian proveniences. Q75I

PLATE

138

L. 8-3, W. 6·8. Reg. 1966.12-13.13. No provenience. Given by D. M. Bailey. Mouldmade lamp of glazed quartz frit ware (faience). Rounded sides and 110 base. The concave discus is decorated with an eight-petalled rosette and the shoulders with diagonal grooves. The nozzle is flanked by two very large volutes, and its flat top is decorated with a series of transverse grooves. The body of the fabric is coarse and light brown in colour. The surface is blue, with solidified vitreous material filling the grooves of the decorative features and also forming haphazard excrescences below.1 The fabric points to an eastern Mediterranean or even a Mesopotamian origin, although Egypt cannot be ruled out. Probably late in the first century b . c . For Levantine lamps with similar large volutes compare QDAP ii (1933), pi. xxxiv, 907, and especially QDAP iii (1934), pi. lix, fig. 2, both from 'Atlit. Q752

plate

138

L. 10-9, W . 4-5. Reg. 1963.7-15.3. No provenience. Bequeathed by F. W. Robins; Collection no. 542. Mouldmade plastic lamp in the form o f a negro’s head. The tubular, splayed nozzle projects 1 An X-ray fluorescence analysis of the surface, made in the spring of 1971 by Dr. H. McKerrell of the Research Laboratory of National Museum of Antiquities of Scot-

land, gave the following results: Copper 100, Zinc 4, Lead 2, Tin 8, Antimony 5·

356

U N A T T R IB U T E D LAMPS from the mouth, hiding the lower jaw. The filling-hole is pierced through the top of the head and is edged by a plain rim. The tapering handle is modelled on its front with a simple palmetto. Underneath is an oval base-ring, defined by a groove. The base is damaged. Pinkish-red clay, very micaceous, with a purple-brown core. The surface is covered with a bright-orange slip. Made in a plaster mould. Possibly an Egyptian fabric, or perhaps from western Asia Minor. Probably second half of the first century b . c . Bibi. F. W. Robins, The Story of the Lamp, pi. xm, 7; JEA xxv (1939), pi. xi, 21.

357

CONCORDANCE A Concordance o f Η. B. Walters, Catalogue oj the Greek and Rowan Lamps in the

British Museum

(1914) , a n d

old number

New number

Old number

New number

130 131 132 133 13+

Q5

184 185 186 187 188 189 I9O 191 I92 193 194 195 19Ó 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 2O7 208 2O9 210 2II 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224

Q 49

135

136 137 138 139 I4O 141 I42 143 144 158 159 160 IÓI 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 I7I 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 I8I 182 183

Qi

Q6 Q7 Q2

Q 8 Q 4

Q 363 Q483 Q 482 Q 479 Q489 Q490 Q 516 Q515 Q494 Q 513 Q 108 Q 28 Q 372 Q 373 Q 269 Q 40Ö Q410 Q 426 QÖ73 Q234 Q270 Q 271 Q 37> >» ?» Found unregistered in the Museum; pcnciJled label: Sardinia »» ♦» >» Found unregistered in the Museum »» ?» »? »> >> Found unregistered in the Museum; pencilled label: Sardinia JJ JJ ?» »? Found unregistered in the Museum Found unregistered in the Museum: pencilled label: Sardinia Found unregistered in the Museum JJ )» ?»

1966.2-16.25

Q 42

1966.2-16.26 1966.2-16.29 1966.2-16.30 1966.2-16.31 1966.2-16.32 1966.2-16.33 1966.2-16.34 1966.2-16.35 1966.2-16.36 1966.2-16.37

Q 40 Q no Q 91 Q 89 Q 747 Q 95 Q255 Q 404 Q 403 Q 439

1966.2-16.38 1966.2-16.39 1966.2-16.40 1966.2-16.41 1966.2-16.42 1966.2-16.43

Q388 Q 398 Q 397 Q 446 Q445 Q 402

463 375 19 682 642 680

N ot known »* ?? „ jj

a

it

it

JJ

ÌÌ

ft

it

a

a

a

,,

,,

>>

11

ft

ft

” 11

ff

11

ft

it

it

>» ?» Procured for the Museum N ot known

,,

,,

J»

JJ

Donation

,,

»J

a

i*

it

it

a

»3

JJ

J>

By Mr. C. T. Newton; previously unregistered Found unregistered in the Museum pencilled label: Sardinia Found unregistered in the Museum JJ JJ ♦» From Mr. Richard George Goodchild JJ

N ot known >> a ?» >» ?» »? »» >> Procured for the Museum >> »> N ot known „ »? >> »? »* »> »» »?

376

JJ

Found unregistered in the Museum J>

JJ

JJ

?»

it

»?

J»

JJ

JJ

»» JJ >» By Mr. C. T. Newton; previously unregis­ tered ?» JJ JJ »> Found unregistered in the Museum J> JJ »> »> JJ J> >» »5 J> JJ

JJ

JJ

Registration number

Catalogue number

How acquired

Notes

1966.2-16.44 1966.2-16.45 1966.2-16.46 1966.2-16.47 1966.2-16.48 1966.2-16.49 1966.2-16.50

Q 442 Q401 Q 462 Q 268 Q 266 Q 267 Q 695

N ot known

Found unregistered in the Museum

1966.2-16.51 1966.2-16.52 1966.2-ld.53 1966.2-16.54 1966.2-16.55

Q 687 Q 686 Q685 Q 700 Q 448

I966.2-I6.56 1966.2-16.57 1966.2-16.58 1966.2-16.59 I96Ó.2—I6.6O 1966.2—ió.ór 1966.2—16.62 1966.2-16.63 1966.2-16.64 1966.2-16.65 1966.2—ιό.66 1966.2-16.67 1966.2—ιό.68 1966.2-16.69 1966.2-16.70 1966.2-16.71 1966.2-16.72

Q 534 Q 411 Q 407 Q 408 Q412 Q413 Q414 Q415 Q416 Q417 Q41S Q419 Q 420 Q 422 Q423 Q424 Q450

1966.2-16.73 1966.2-16.74 1966.2-16.75 1966.2-16.76 1966.2-16.77 1966.2-16.78 1966.2-16.79 1966.2—1Ó.80 1906.2-16.81 1966.2-1Ó.82 1966.2-16.83 1966.2-IÓ.84 1966.2-16.85 1966.2-16.86 1966.2—16.87 1966.2-16.88 1966.2-16,89 1966.2-16.90 1966.2—ιό. 91

Q473 Q 509 Q587 Q 576 Q 573 Q 134 Q 135 Q 136 Q 137 Q 141 Q 133 Q 139 Q 140 Q138 Q 131 Q 132 Q 130 Q 564 Q586

,,

,,

n

»,

55

55

>»

55

.»

,,

»*

55

,,

,,

„

„

>}

55

5»

55

Procured, tor the Museum. Not known ss

ss

n

5,

>»

55

s>

»>

ss

>>

ss

»J

»j

>»

sj

>s

5»

»>

s>

>> >» Procured tor the Museum Not known 55

”

»

»5

,,

Found unregistered in the Museum; pencilled label: Sardinia »»

»»

Found unregistered in the Museum By Mr. C, T. Newton; previously unregis­ tered Found unregistered in the Museum

»>

>5

jj

”

»>

99

>5

»»

,,

5»

»5

55

5»

» >>

>5

>1

55

»♦

5»

55

55

55

>5

55

55

55

55

5)

55

S3

33

35

33

55

55

51

>5

5»

51

55

55

5»

5

1

377

By Mr. C. T. Newton; previously unregis­ tered Found unregistered in the Museum »' 55 33 >>

55

>3

>5 »» >5

»» » yy

,» 55 ,,

>»

J»

,,

” ” ”

» »* »

55

5« y5

CONCORDANCE B Registration number

Catalogue number

How acquired

Notes

Not known 33 91

Found unregistered in the Museum 99 3» 33

1960.a-10.92 1966.2-16.93 1966.2-16.94 r966.2-16.95 1966.2-16.97 1966.2-16.98 1966.2-16.99 1966.2-16.100 1966.2-16.101 1966.2-16.102 1966,2-16.103 1966.2-16.104 1966.2-16.10j 1966.2-16.106 1966.2-16.107 1966.2-16.108 1966.2-16.109 1966.2-16.no 1966.2-16.1n 1966.2-16.112 19ÓÓ.2-16.113 19ÓÓ.2-16.114

Q 589 Q588 Q 596 Q 597 Q472 Q 486 Q265 Q428 Q436 Q 263 Q 262 Q 261 Q 260 Q259 Q 256 Q258 Q458 Q456 Q457 Q455 Q453 Q 469

1966.6-10.7

Q 629

Not known

Found unregistered in the Museum

1966.7-6.1

Q 123

Not known

Found unregistered in the Museum

1966.8-17.1

Q 24

Purchased

1966.12-13.13 1966.12-13.15 1966.12-13.17

Q 751 Q 571 Q 710

Donation

From Mr. D. M. Bailey

1967.10-6.1 1967.10-6.3

Q 717

Not known

Found unregistered in the Museum

Q 734 Donation

From the excavations of the Cyprus Exploration Fund, circa 1890-1; previously unregistered

Not known

Found unregistered in the Museum

Donation

Given anonymously

1967.10-27.1 1967.10-27.2 1967.10-27.3 1967.10-27.4 19Ó7.10-27.5 1967.10-27.6 1967.10-27.12

Q71

33 >> )) 33 » ,, 33 33

33 )) )) 33 » „ 33 »3

» 33 33

33 33 33

33 » 3» » 33

33 33 33 33 33

Q75

Q 77

>» }* 33 J*

33 33 ») 33 »

33 1> 33 3»

91 99

11 11

»» 33

>3

33

33

33 33 33 >3

33 33 33 3»

33 33 33 33

33

33

33

19

19

Q390 Q386 Q499 Q497

1967.12-29.1 1967.12-29.2

Q 730

1968.5-18.1 1968.5-18.2 1968.5-18.3 1968.5-18.4 1968.5-18.5

Q644 Q 633 Q634 Q637 Q 636

Q745

378

Registration number

Catalogue number

How acquired

Notes

1968.5-18.6 1968.5-18.7

Q 638 Q 635

Donation

Given anonymously

EA EA EA EA

Q Q Q Q

Procured for the Museum

Excava.ted by the Egypt Exploration Society at Tell el-Fara’in

1969.2-12.27 1969.2-12.28 1969.2-12.2 9 1969.2-12.30

593 545

569 531

1969.11-26.1

Q 583

Not known

Found unregistered in the Museum

1969.12-15.5 1969.12-15.6 1969.12-15.7 1969.12-15.8

Q

Purchased

From the collection of Mr. W. J. Evelyn1

Q IH Q 115 Q II3

ΐ 97 ΐ 4 - 5 ·ΐ

Q 478 bis

Purchased

1972.1-24.1

Q 37 bis

Purchased

h i

1 For other objects from this collection see B M Q

379

xxxvi

(1972), pp. n o £ , pis.

x x x v m -X L .

CONCORDANCE C C o n c o r d a n c e s o f m is c e lla n e o u s n u m b e r s

B M C Vases (Old Cat.)

New number

OC OC OC OC OC OC OC OC OC OC OC OC

Q46 Q693 Q29 Q 32 Q70 Q 624 Q 623 Q 622 Q619 Q Ö21 QdS Q 625

1228 1229 1230 1231 C 154 C 155 C Ijtì C 157 C 158 C 159 C 160 C 161

B M C Vases

New number

F 598 G X08 H 36 H37

Q606 Q 144 bis Q 691 Q 690

BM C Terracottas

New number

A 122 B 134 C 421 E 81 E 82

Q483 Q363 Q 362 Q223 Q181

Museum Secretum

New number

Μ 42 9 Μ 43°

Q717 Q718

E A serial

C a ta lo g u e

num ber

num ber

EA

serial num ber

5183

q

58 i

48571

52IO

Q 549

49588

5 2 II

Q 551 Q 561 Q 542 Q 547 Q 529 Q 548 Q 94 Q 540 Q 541 Q 535

5215 5217 5218 3219 522O 5 22I

' 5222 5223

5224 5227 5228 13927

Q 521

Q 465 Q 550 Q 100

13933 15478 16219 22494 23582 37351 38417 38422 38423 38424 38451 38488 48529 48558 48561 48570

50139

50140

Q 575

50652

59420

Q 563 Q 527 Q 522 Q 590 Q 568 Q 601

59533 59534 59545 59546 65783

Q 517 Q 518 Q 520 Q 519 Q 570

54303 54304 54305 54307

67164

Q 593

67165

Q 605 Q 516 Q 552 Q 536

67166

Q 545 Q 569 Q 531 Q 584 Q 514 Q 591 Q 585

67167 07780 07781

Q 557

07782

Q 528

67783

Q 604

W AA

Q 617 Q 5Ö0

num ber

Q Q

7I 4 543

Q 592 Q

577

Q 582 Q 523

380

Q 526 Q 530 Q 538

554

Q

2225I

C a ta lo g u e num ber

92957

92962 117175

serial

C a ta lo g u e num ber

Q 72 Q 511 Q 510

INDEX OF FIND-SPOTS AND ALLEGED PROVENIENCES The references are to the Catalogue numbers. Where the find-spot is conjectural or doubtful, this information is to be found in the Catalogue entries : no query marks are appended here. Abydos, Egypt, Q 544, Q 557 Achna, Cyprus, Q 491 to Q 493, Q 498, Q 503 Agrigentum (Akragas), Q 678 Al Mina, Q 58, Q 66, Q 67, Q 78, Q 84, Q 151, Q 504 to Q J08 Alba Longa, see Castel Gandolfo Alexandria, Egypt, Q 377, Q 582, Q 601, Q 610 Amathus, Q 488, Q 489 Aradippou, Cyprus, Q 479 Armant, Q 517 to Q 520 Arsinoe, Cyprus, see Marion Athens, Q 47, Q 62, Q 99, Q 745 Babylon, Q óp, Q 72 Baiar, Q 742 Batsalos, Cyprus, Q 86 Behnesa, see Oxyrhynchos Benghazi, see Euesperides Bourgounte (Brykountios), Carpathos, Q 332, Q 468 Bubastis, Q 98 Buto, see Tell el-Fara’in Calabria, Q 699 Calyinna, Q 63, Q 64, Q 68, Q 73, Q 74, Q 76, Q 87, Q 387, Q 3*8, Q 392, Q 394, Q 429 to Q 435, Q 437, Q 438, Q 440, Q 441, Q 443, Q 444, Q 447, Q 449 to Q 452, Q 454, Q 459 to Q 461 Camirus, Q 363, Q 364, Q 379, Q 3*5, Q 425, Q 427 Fikcllura cemetery, Q 15, Q 28, Q 376, Q 377, Q 38α, Q 3*3, Q 399, Q 400 Papatislurcs cemetery, Q 381, Q 382, Q 393, Q 395 Capua, Q 704 Carpathos, see Bourgounte Carthage, Q 626 Castel Gandolfo, Q 690, Q 691 Catania, Q 670, Q 675 Centuripae, Q 677 Cherchcl (near), Q 628 Civita Lavinia, see Lanuvium Cnidus, Q 254, to Q 331, Q 333 to Q 357, Q 359 to Q 362 Colchester, England, Q 600 Copais, Lake, Q 107

Corinth, Q 113, Q 114 Curium, Q 300 Cyprus, Q 75, Q 86, Q 143, Q 487, Q 499, Q 501 Cyrenaica, Q 36

Q

386, Q 390, Q 482,

Dakkeh, Nubia, Q 592 Dali, see Idalion Egypt, Q 523, Q 532, Q 567, Q 578, Q 579, Q 6iz, Q 613, Q 616, Q 618 Enkomi, Q 477, Q 495 Ephesus, Q 82, Q 97, Q 144, Q 144 his, Q 146, Q 148, Q 149, Q 155 to Q 201, Q 203 to Q 206, Q 471, Q 476, Q 708 Euesperides, Q 65, Q 89, Q 91, Q 619 to Q 625 Fayum, The, Q 583, Q 604, Q 617, Q 714 Gela, Q 35, Q 37, Q 3*, Q 93, Q 639, Q 663, Q 666, Q 667, Q 669, Q 671 to Q 673 Girgenti, see Agrigentum Gouraya, Algeria, Q 627 Halicarnassus, Q 207 to Q 253 Ialysos, Q 371, Q 389 Idalion, Q 478, Q 480, Q 481 Jerusalem, Q 312 Kertch, see Panticapacum Kition, Q 86, Q 485, Q 486, Q 502 Koskino, Rhodes, Q 384 Kuyunjik, see Nineveh Lanuvium, Q 736 Lamaka, see Kition Lembet, Macedonia (‘Mound C near Lembet’), Q 80 Lesbos, see Mytilcnc Limassol, Q 489 Locri, Italy, Q 701 Luxor, Q 546

381

Macedonia, Q 80 Malta, Q 629, Q £>64 Marion, Q 71, Q 77, Q 490 Monmouth, Wales, Q 568, Q 680, Q Ö81, Q 683 to Q 687 Sardis, Q 145 Sebastopol, Q 127 Selinus, Q 631, Q 633 to Q 638, Q 644, Q 665 Selsey Bill, England, Q 103 Sicily, Q 24 Sparta, Q ιιό to Q 118 Tanis, Q 51Ó, Q 552 Tell Basta, see Bubastis Tell cl-Fara’in, Q 531, Q 545, Q 569, Q 593 Tell el Yahudiya, Q 560 Tell Nebesheh, Q 53Ö Terranova, see Gela Teucbeira, Q 70 Tharros, Q 16, Q 18, Q 21, Q 23, Q 2Ö, Q 27, Q 30, Q 31, Q 33, Q 39, Q 43 t0 Q 45, Q 48, Q 49, Q 53 to Q 57, Q 59 to Q 61, Q 79, Q 83, Q 85, Q 88, Q 688, Q 689 Thebes, Egypt, Q 535, Q 549, Q 581 Tocra, see Teucheira Troy, Q 142 Tsamourli (Tsirisli-Tepcssi), Pontus, Q 130 to Q 141 Watercrook, England, Q 722 Zakro, Crete, Q 8

INDEX OF DONORS In addition to donors this index includes the names of benefactors who have bequeathed objects and collections to the Museum. In a very few cases, where a collection has importance, either intrinsically, or in the history of the Museum’s formative years, the names of persons from whom objects were purchased have been included here. Excavators and persons working on behalf of the Museum or for excavation societies arc not listed, but will be found in the General Index. The references are to the Catalogue numbers. Admiralty, Lords of the, Q 670, Q 675 Allen, E. H., Q 103 Athens, British School at, Q 1 to Q 9 bis, Q ir, Q 12, Q 52, Q 116 to Q 118, Q 513 Auldjo, Miss, Q 14, Q 641, Q 661

Howarth, Sir H., Q 512, Q 750 Humplireys, T., Q 522, Q 527, Q 568, Q 590 Leathley, T. H., Q 595 Liddell, Sir J., Q 670, Q 575

Bailey, D. M., Q 571, Q 710, Q 751 Beldam, J., Q 691 Bcnaki, L. A., Q 332 Bennett, G. C. W., Q 5Ó5 Bilioni, Sir A., Q 130 to Q 141 ?, Q 202 Blacas, Duc du, Q 13, Q 690 Brunner, Sir J., Q 512, Q 750 Burgon, T., Q 47, Q 99

Macphcrson, D., Q 31, Q 121, Q 122, Q 124 to Q 12Ó, Q 128, Q 129 Mcyrick, General, Q 106, Q 108, Q 643, Q 674, Q 729 Morel, L., Q 142, Q 651, Q 702 Munro, Colonel, Q 127 Myers, W., Q 605 M yrcs,]. L., Q 483, Q 48Ó? Paget, Lord C., Q 620 Philby, H. St.J. B., Q 510 Pott, Mrs. ]., Q Π2

Chester, G. J., Q 145» Q 592. Q 604 Colnaghi, D. E., Q 86 Cyprus Exploration Fund, Q 71, Q 75?, Q 77, Q 386?, Q 390?. Q 483, Q 490, Q 494, Q 497, Q 499?

Robins, F. W., Q 96, Q 104, Q 105, Q 143, Q 346, Q 556, Q 566, Q 567, Q 602, Q 606 to Q 608, Q 613, Q 664, Q 696, Q 707, Q 712, Q 721, Q 728, Q 749, Q 752

D aily Telegraph, Q 511 Durand, Chevalier£., Q 29, Q 32, Q 46, Q 693, Q 731 Egypt Exploration Fund/Society, Q 20, Q 22, Q 81, Q 90, Q 98, Q 147, Q 150, Q 152 to Q 154, Q 365 to Q 370. Q 374, Q 464, Q 515 to Q 520, Q 524, Q 531, Q 533, Q 53i. i Benghazi, 285; see also Eucspcrides Sidi Khrebish, 163, 292 11. 1 Bent, J. T., 126, 153, 200 Berenice, see Benghazi Bernhard, M. L,, 240 Bes, 208 n. 2, 219 Beth Shan, 249 Beule, Μ., 115 Bichrome decoration, 213, 214, 219 Biliotti, A„ 32, 36, 79, 160, 161, 162, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 17 182 Birds’ heads, 64, 242, 259, 274, 290, 316, 327, 347,

352 Birmingham, J., 214, 216 Bitalemi, 295 n. 3 Bivalve shell, 339 Black-on-red pottery, 223 Black Sea, 73, 198 B M C B ronzes 1162, ix 2367, 228 B M C Finger R in g s 52, 223 B M C Inscriptions 903, 114 n. 1 1014, 79 1080, 44 B M C Jew ellery 140, 211 158, 212 196, 211 347, 212 1120,173 1122, 173 1132-6, 173 B M C L am ps 1, 206 n. 12 2, 206 3 , 3 2 4 °· i 27, 283 145, 216 4 2 5 - 7 , 3 25 η. I 521, 353 565, 345 572, 325 n . 2 582, 125 n. 4 1142, ix 1227, 229 1234-1309, 125 n. 3 1289, 229 1508, 229 B M C Sculpture 1300, 124 n. 3 1301, 158 1302, 124 n. 9, 143 B 451, 44 C 425, 219

386

G E N E R A L IN D E X B M C Terracottas A 14, 211 A 59-89, 205 n. 5 A 107-19, 210 η. i A 123, 219 A 123-5, 210 n. 2 A 241-60, 205 n. 5 B M C Terracottas i, 36, 165 i, 42, 165 i, 49, 4 η. i i, 57-9, 4 η· i i, 301-23, 116 n. 4 B M C Vases B 673, 171 B 675, 32 C 143, 211, 212 η. X C 200, 211 C 403, 211 C 457, 211 C 458, 211 C 470, 211 C 491, 211 C 509, 211 C 541, 211 C 542, 211 C 543, 211 C 558, 211 C 583, 211 C 587, 211 C 654, 211 C 975, 2I9 C 987-8, 228, 229 E 544, 285 n. i F 11-13, 285 η. i G 152-3, 318 B M C Vases O C 1889, 326 η. 3 O C C 36, 285 n. i O C C 109-11, 285 n. i Boar, 283 Boc, 341 Boeotian lamps, 65, 66, 67 Boots, 218 Borrell, Η. P., 35, 67, 157 Bosanquet, R. C., 23, 23 n. 1, 26, 27 Bourgounte, 126 Bracket-lamps, see Hanging lamps Britain, 11, 31 British. Museum Archive Room, 289 n. 1 British Museum Research Laboratory, 80, 327 n. 3 British Salonika Force, 54 British School at Athens, 21, 22, 239 Broneer, O., 316 Bronze Age lamps, 12, 13, 21-8, 207, 212, 213, 215 Bronze copies o f clay lamps, 30 Bronze lamps, 206, 208 n. 1, 246, 259, 270, 283, 324 n. 1 clay copies of, 259, 283

Bubastis, 30 Bucchero pottery, 258, 325 Bucheum, 245, 246 Budrum, see Halicarnassus Buildings, representations of, 203, 279, 280, 342, 343 Bulla Regia, 290 Bulls, 208, 217; see also Terracottas Bulls’ heads, 207, 209, 212, 213, 214, 218, 219 n. I, 243 η. I, 254, 278, 289, 324, 325, 333, 334 Burgoyne, J., 115, 115 n. 4 Burnishing, 258, 286, 324, 328 Buseirah, 220 Bufera, 311, 315 Buto, 239 Butovo, 4 n. 2 Byblos, 213 B, 91, n. 6, 242, 262

BA, 343 Cable patterns, 92, 99, 101,103, 106, 107, 257, 262,264, 265, 269, 273, 274, 349 Cairo, 243 n. 1 Calabria, 324 Calymna, 10, 11, 30, 160, 183-97 Apollo Temple, 184 Archangclos Church, 183 Damos cemetery, 9, 160, 175, 176, 183-4, 186, 187, 188, 190, ip i, 193, 194, 196 Pothia cemetery, 184 Calymniotc lamps, 7, 90, 99, 163, 165, 183-97, 247 Calynniiote soil, deleterious effect of, 52 n. 1, 18Ó Camarina, 306 Camirus, 9, 30, 160, 161, 163, 164, 170, 171, 174, 181, 182 Acropolis, 160, 1Ó6, 172 Calatomilo cemetery, 173 Fikellura cemetery, 160 Tomb F 29, 160 Tomb F 34, 160, 171 Tomb F 97, 160, 172 Tomb F h i , 36, 160 Tomb F 155, 32, 1Ó0 Tomb F 167, 160, 173 Tomb F 173, 160 Tomb F 266, 160, 170 Tomb F 287, 160, 177 Papatislurcs cemetery, 173 Tomb P 7, 160, 172, 173, 176 Well, 160, 163, 172 Campanari, 339 Campanian lamps, 324, 325, 332, 336 Candies, 239

387

G EN ER A L IN D E X Capua, 324, 349 Cara, G., 318, 363 n. 1 Carovigno, 331 Carpathos, 11, 12Ö, 133 Carson, R. A. G., 291 n. 1 Carthage, 4, 216, 220, 289, 290, 316, 333, 337, 352 Casidi, Mr., 223 Casperius Ailianus, 79 Castel d’Asso, 200 Castel Gandolfo, 323 Castellani, A., 368 Catania, 294, 297, 317

‘Cocked-hat’ lamps, see Open lamps Coins, 224, 226, 230, 235 n. 2, 237, 240, 251, 291, 311,

351. 352 Colchester, 239 Coldstream, J. N., 28 n. 1 Comiso, 302 Comanda, 136 Constantine, 226 Constantinople, 113, ιΰο, 183 Cook, J. M., 184 Coptic lamps, 249 Corfu, 352 Corinth, 10, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 90, 196, 199, 3x6, 321, 335 Corinthian lamps, 3, 10, 14, 29, 66-70, 292, 298, 316, 354 copies of, 316 Corinthian pottery, 290 Cornelius, 337 Cornucopia, 63 Corona lamps, 89 n. 7, 225; see also Sanctuary lamps Cortona, 325, 335 Cosa, 335, 336 Couramètis, N., 184 η. 3 Crawford, Μ., 246 η. ι Crescent pattern, 259 Cretan lamps, 21-8 Crete, 12, 21-8 Crimean lamps, see South Russian lamps Crimean War, 73 Croton, 161, 168, 355 Culican, W., 218 n. 1 Cumae, 343 Cupid, 349, 350; see also Eros Curium, 206, 206 n. 10, 210, 220 British Museum Excavations, Tomb 27, 218 Tomb n o , 206, 228-9 Cushion, see Melon Cypriote lamps, 3, 9, 12, 13, 166, 205-30, 231, 232,

Catling, Η., ιρ6 η. χ Cavaillon, 335, 338, 343 Cavale, 79

Cefalù, 302 Centaur, 351 Central cone, 14, 14 n. 3, 95 Central tube, 14, 355 Centuripae, 294, 297 Ceres, 114; see also Demeter Ccsnola, A. P. di, 226; see also Lawrence/Cesnola Col­ lection Cesnola, L. di, 205, 216, 222, 223 Chagar Bazar, 237 Chalcedon, 299 Chariot, 201 Charioteer, 220 Chatby cemetery, Alexandria, 159, 244 Chcrchel, 289 Chevron pattern, 112, 229, 2315, 266, 267, 272, 277 Chiaoux, Mehemet, 113, 114, 114 n. 4, 115, 115 n. 5, 116-23 Child, 282 Chios, 94, 162, 354 Christian, P., 206, 206 n. 5, 210, 211, 2Γ2 Christian symbol, 338 Christie and Manson, Auctioneers, 318, 318 n. 3 Chronology, 2 Civita Lavinia, see Lanuvium Club, representation of, 273 Cnidian lamps, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 71, 72, 89 n. 7, 120, 124-39, 164, 199, 200 copies of, 71, 260, 261 mouldmade, 129, 142, 143, 152, 158, 202 Roman, 124, 123, 130, 160 ‘Cnidian leaf’, 129, 130, 144, 145, 146, 147, 151, 152, 153. 154. 155- 158

Cnidian relief ware, 126, 126 n. 5, 130 Cnidus, Ϊ Ι 4 n. 3, 124-59, 355 ‘Gymnasium’, 126, 131, 135 Sanctuary of the Deities of the Underworld, see Temenos of Demeter, Cnidus Cobham, C. D., 205, 221, 229

233 Cypriote pottery, 210, 2ir, 212, 222, 223, 229, 233; see also names of fabrics Cypriote sculpture, 217, 219, 220, 221 Cypriote syllabary, 222 Cyprus, 10, 11, 30, 85, 161, 174, 205-30 Egyptian conquest, 219 Cyprus Exploration Fund, 161, 205-6 Cyrenaica, 30, 285-8 lamps, 285-8 pottery, 285 n. 1, 287 Cyrene, 286, 287, 295, 310 C MAR, 327, 347 CLAVDI, 338

388

GENERAL IN D E X Dali, 9, 205, 207, 208, 209, 213, 214, 216, 222, 223, 224, Ehnasya, 4, 241 n. 2, 260, 263, 265, 2Ö6, 267, 284 225 cl-Manara, see Hadra cemetery Damascus, 237 Elche, 339, 349, 332 Damos cemetery, sec Calymtia Elephant, 242, 254, 283 Darom, 235 n. r Elephantine, 6 n. 1 Dart patterns, 108 Eloro, 31, 307, 320, 322 Date inscription, 242, 237 Emporio, 354 Davis, N., 289 Emporion Painter, 32 Delos, 10, 02, 83, 8Ó, 89, 89 n. 7, 92, 92 n. 6, 98, i n , En-Gedi, 235 n. 2 127, 136, 141, 190, 194, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 236, Enkomi, 1 2 , 2 0 5 , 2 0 6 , 2 0 7 , 2 0 7 n. 2, 2 0 9 , 213 254, 257, 259, 265, 274, 283, 289, 298, 316, 325, 335, British Museum Excavations Tomb 66, 206 n. 1 2 , 2 1 1 338, 336 (some of these references mention Bruneau Tomb 9 1 , 206, 2 1 0 - 1 2 , 2 1 2 n. 1, 212 n. 2 only) Tomb 9 5 , 2 1 1 - 1 2 , 2 1 2 η . I Demeter, 9, 114 Ephesian lamps, 6, 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 17, 7 7 , 7 8 , 8 8 - 1 1 2 , of Cnidus, 124 204, 316 Dcmcter Malophoros sanctuary, see Selinus Ephesian red-on-white fabric, 8 8 n. 2 , 3 2 5 n. 2 Demeter Temenos, Cnidus, see Tcmcnos of Dcmcter, Ephesus, io, I I , 3 0 , 8 5 , 8 9 , 9 0 , 9 2 , 2 0 4 , 323, 3 2 5 , 335 Cnidus Artemision, 8 8 , 8 9 , 9 7 , 166 Dennis, G., 38, 39, 50, jS, 294, 299, 301, 309, 310, 311, Austrian excavations, 9 0 312, 313, 314. 315, 3!ö Mount Corcssus, 88, 88 η. I Dentils, 272 Mount Prion, 88, 88 n. 1 Depoletti, 328 Street of the Tombs, 88 Deutsch, Mr., 205 n. I ‘Temple Mound’, 88 D ’Hancarville, P. F., 323 11. 2 Eretria, 1 9 0 Dhikomo, 222 Eros, 86, 201; see also Cupid Diktaean Cave, 23 n. 1 Erotes, 203, 209, 236, 279 Dionysos, 268, 282, 327; see also Masks Esquiline cemetery, see Rome Dioscuri, 242 Este, 331 Temple of Eton College, 206 n. 10, 231 Agrigento, 303 Etruria, 295 n. 3 Naukratis, 239, 242 Etruscan fabrics, 324, 325, 328 Diosphos Painter, 32 Etruscan inscription, 325, 334 Dogs, 159, 203 Eubocan fabric, 355 Dolphins, 14 n. 10, 92, 99, 102, 103, 107, 242, 260, 270, Eucsperides, 30, 285, 286 274, 276, 342, 343, 344, 349 Eutrcsis, 66, 67 Dothan, 215 Evelyn, W. J., 379 Douce, F., 368 Exportation of lamps, 10-12, 30-1 Dramant wreck, 338 Ezbct cl-Makhluf, sec Hadra cemetery Duck’s head, 274 Dura-Europos, 98, 237 E, 97 Durand Sale, 323 ]E ΕΥΧΗΝ, 225

ElMIAEPAYcANIATtSKAT ΑΓΥΓΟΤ ATΟ, 311 EY?, 109

ΔΤ, 198 Eagle, 269 Earthquake, 125 Edelmann Collection, 235, 233 n. 3, 237, 353, 356 Edfu, 240, 249, 253, 235, 256, 259, 261, 271, 273, 332 Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art, 20ό n. 6 Egg-and-dart patterns, see Ovule patterns Egg-and-tassel patterns, see Ovule patterns Egypt, io, il, 30, 198, 199. 235, 239-84, 339 n. 1, 353 Egypt Exploration Fund/Society, 88, 170, 239, 246 n. 1 Egyptian lamps,