La corónica. A Journal of Medieval Hispanic Languages, Literatures, and Cultures [8.2] 8460015750

Citation preview

No.

Spring 1980

Vol.-~

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Spanish Medieval Language and Literature Newsletter

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Unh7. of Mict(

MAR2 1983 Current Serials

Div isi on of Span ish Medi ev al Language and Li tera ture Mode rn Lang~g e Association

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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

EDITOR Kathleen Kish (1979-1981) University of North Carolina,

Greensboro

MANAGING EDITOR Russell V. Brown (1979-1981) Muskingum College EXECUTIVECOMMITTEE,DIVISION OF SPANISH MEDIEVALLANGUAGE AND LITERATURE John K. Walsh (1975-1980) Univ'ersity of California,

Berkeley

Daniel B. Eisenberg (1976-1981), Florida State University Ruth House Webber (1977-1982), University of Chicago

Chair Secretary

Joseph Snow (1978-1983) University of Georgia Harvey L. Sharrer (1979-1984) University of California, Santa Barbara EDITORIALASSISTANT Karen Anthony Univ e rsity of North Carolina,

Greensboro

ADMINISTRATIVEASSISTANTS Dottie Fennell and Bobbie Shuping University of North Carolina, Greensboro

LA CORONICAis issued in the fall and spring of each academic year. Editorial correspondenc e for volume 9, number 1 (Fal l , 1980) should be sent by 15 October to: Kathleen Kish , Dept. of Romance Languages, University of North Carolina , Greensboro, NC 27412. For 1980-1981 the subscription rates are $5.00 per year to individuals and $10.00 to institutions. , Subscription payments , changes in address, reques ·ts for back issues , and items for inclusion in the Personalia Section ' should be sent to: Russell V. Brown, Dept. of Modern Languages, Muskingum College , New Concord, Ohio 43762. British subscribers may make payment by sending £2.50 to Lynn Ingame l ls, Queen Mary College, University of London, Mile End Road, London El 4NS, Great Britain.

@ MLADivision

of Span i sh Medieval

Languag e and Liter a ture

ISS N 0193-3892

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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

LA CORONICA Voluae 8, Nuaber 2 Sprin11980

Article• 111•Voice of the Author in the Works of Gonzalo de lerceo and in the Libro ,!!.!.Alezandre Gonalles (Harriet

!!.

and th• Poeaa

C-olclber1) • • • • • • • • • • • • • 100

A Report on tb• Uaiver • lty of lllinoi•

Cancionero Project

(Brian Dutton, Stephen H. Pl•ing,

and Jineen

Kroptad)

....

•••

• • • • • • • • • •

111• Seraon and its U••• in Medieval Caetilian (Alan Deyeraoml) •

Pernu

... . .

• 113

Literature

. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

• 127

. ..

• 146

llotea '11ar•• Obaervatioaa on the Zifar An

(Marilyn A. Olaen)

Egyptian Saint la Hadieval Spanish Literature: Macariua the llder

(Dwayne I. Carpenter)

Judeo-Spanl • h Ballad Collectin&

••

St. • • • ••

149

in the United States

(Saauel G. Ar11i• tead aacl Jo••ph H. Silvermn)

• • ••

156

Legal Doctrine and Procedure aa Approach•• to Medieval Hispanic Literature A

Nw Title

• • • • • •••

164

for the Alfon•ine Ollnibua on Aatronoaical

In•trmaenta

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(Steven D. lt.lrby)

(Anthony

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J. Cardenas) •••••••••••

172

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r.oaference leporta lemon Stucli .. 1

llaclinal

01••>••••••• lllternational Ballad I th• firet

(Naril,a A.

lint

S,.po•l•

• • •

• • • • • • • • • • • ••

Cooperatift

IMearcla ae the IU.apaaic

A Tecllllical

IJIIIN)9i•

• • • • • • • • • • • • 180

Louieiaaa Callfereac• oa liapaic

Literaturu

(Lilllaa

lritaia

Lanpa ...

A. llordeabola) •••

'lb• 1980 11Ntin1 of tbe Aaaociatioa

aad Ireland (Courtuy

, 179

ancl

183

•••••••

of IU.apaaiat•

of Great

of LJIIII la .... 11.a) •••

185

liltltoaraplata liltlioSrapby of Naclinal Spealela Literature

(Courtuy

Oli••r T. IIJ•r•) ••••••••••••••

• • • • • 187

look Rnlw

liblioarapby

(1979) (Stn•

8aM lec•t

DffelopNDt•

1a lbarJa Scbolanbip

Arld. • tucl)

of

D. lirby)

• • • • • 192

(Saauel G.

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 199

look laYl••

'1•aro Gal ... tetra••

lp:lca irabe

cl• ruentu,

i•u••

Iii.Dor, I.

(Narced.. Vaquero) •• Mpecta !!, Jewiab ·CUJ.tare !!,

Pr•••

(Carey

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Ariel, 1971.

lerc:elou1

~

illtaaya

1979.

cutellm.

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 204

Paul I. Sunacb.

Tork

z.•e:lca

Niclclle

!I!!.• lditecl

by

State IJD1Yeralt7 of 11w

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Cr•tford)

• • • • • • • 208

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Texts A Late Fifteenth

Century Antifeadniat

de Nedina'• Coplae contra!!!. de las • ugeru

Poeaa: Fray Antonio

vlcioe 1. deahonestidadea

(B. Michael Gerli) •••••••••••

210

Hiscelanea Nev Recordinp

of~

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 21S

Tinaell) •••••••• 111• Lanauaae of Evaluations Narrative

Structure

A Sociolinguietic

in the louncero

and in Pero L&pes de Ayala'•

(Loui• e Nirrer-Singer) 1be Social

Peraoaalia

llaboucha)

Approach to

.!!.!! rey

~

Pedro

CtSaica ~ rey ~ Pedro

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Function of Storytelling

(Reginetta

(Roger D.

Cantlaaa .!!_!!.!.!.£!Hada

aaong the Sephardi •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••

(c011piled bJ lua • ell V. lrOVD) ••••••••••••

219

220

AnnouaceMnta • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 220

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ARTICLES

THI VOICIOP TRI MJTl10RIR TRI IUllS OP GONZALO DI IIRCBOARD111TD LIIRODI !JDUDRI MD TRI PODtADI nuAI GCJIZALIZ

Harriet Coldberg, Villanowa Um.••r•ity

Por • it vu a eaall •t•p fraa the flaeh of per•oaal and profea • ional with Conaalo de lerceo upoa reading hi• rueful adai •• ion that hi• reference vu not available to hfJI becauae the page• he needed were loat through no fault of hi• ovn, to a decision to • tudy the narraiive voice 1n hi• vorka in coaparison with the voice of the·Alexartdre poet. Since 1964 Dana A. Nelson has been en1~ecl in an exhau•tive investigation of the Libro de Alexandre and it• putati•• authorahip by Berceo. Moat recently, hi• edition, 1ich he calla• critical reconetruction, carriee the naae of lerceo u author. Ria reaark about the personality of the author: ''Un 88'11•1• adicional (en eapecial de la peraonalidad del poeta) pondr, en claro, creo, que lereeo •f: ueribi6 el Alex,'' bring • to • ind the idea that the narrati•• Yoice of the author • i(tht beueect to•••••• hi• per•onality.3 Although we agree vith T. A. Perry'• ad• oniti°l·that II08t aH11:lt11l1peraonal interweatlona are literary rather than per • onal, it.should be possible to look for the difference• and the a:IJlilaritiee in their usage, 1oiag beyond aere identification of the for11Ulae th-elve •• If an indi•idual pattern of usage can be di•cemed, then perhap1 ve can un thi• pattern to diatingui • h the vork of one author froa that of another. lecau • e of ita cloa• ralation • hip to the Alexandre, the Fern,n Gonslles • ene • aa a contTol text. S0118 very intere • tinR work ha• been done in Cutilian Mdieval • tudiu on the • ubject of the author and hie literary • ona, particularly in the ca•• of lerceo and Juan Ruis, beginning with t e celebrated article of Leo Spitaer in Traditio.5 ln a recent article, John Grigsby, wrltin1 about Chr,tien de Troyea, li•t• eight distinct per • onal voices: AuthoT, Signalory, Narrator, Paeudo-Rarrator, Reciter, Scribe, Redactor, and Modern Editor. la ••arch of Berceo'• voice, ve will tr, to identify thoee inatancee where the author present • hillaelf or • aae part of hhlllelf to hi • audience, u diatinct froa thoee .,..nta when he portray• a fictitioua per•onage u author (endowed vith 80llt! individual characteriatic • ,.not necea • arily hi• own). Pinally ve will try to recognise hi• u•• of foe • ilized expreaaiona-vhich are aerely the voice of the i • per • onal narrator (01r,1a, guierovo• declr, etc.). If we iaqine the •dieval author in th• act of selecting an apt traditional phr•••• ve can attempt to •eek out the additional aeHage be intended to convey beyond ita sf.aple fonaulalc content. Perry aug1e•t• the poeaibility of our being able to cultivate a deeper avaren••• of ... atng: "Ivan the elipteat fonaulaic variation • ay become hea.y vith • ea11ing although such practice• 11111require a eeneitiYity quite undeveloped in the aodern reader''(p. 192). In fact, the principal difficulty that I hna with Dana Neleon'• eonclualon la it• reliance on undifferentiated liata of fonulae ("Generic," pp. 182-83). With a nod in the direction of Curtiua, vho called attention to the hi • torical trajectory of foraulaic expru • iona, 7 we can 10 on to engage in the .... kind of queationin1 u Crlpby, vho ub apathy

cer

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vhy certain personal intenentiona appear in specific vorka and not in other • (p. 273). We can add: Do personal interventions ahov that we are dealin1 with the work.a of juat one author? Can it be aaid that they reveal that va are dealing with a youthful vork (the Alexandre) and the later product of a aature poet (the pioue works of Berceo)?B Would a poet reaene certain interventione for hie aerious pious vorka and employ other• in a p0e11 written•• a pastille to fill hie idle houre,u Dutton au~~eata?9 Certain aasmptiona IIU8t be ude ..before ve are ready to try to answer our queatione. First, ve auat •••me that a given author can be expected to • ake fairly consistent uae of these expreaeiona. Second, ve IIU&t Rrant an author llight uee some phraaea •• a literary device to that, at ti••• create a deliberately archaic air aa did Berceo vhen he wrote his life of Santo Doaingo, a '°fflwhich Teresa Labarta de Chaves calls "un cantar de geata a lo divino." lven when the author ie not pretendin~ to be a juglar, what can ve 11ab of euch phraeu •• "c01110 auedes ofdo" or "oirfill ..1 Since they aeaa to appear equally in vorb intended for oral delivery and those which were directed at a reading public, ve cannot overlook the poeeibilitJ that they were aillply • ixed metaphor• which had already been foeailized into traditional expreaeiona.11 To avoid thi• particular allbiRuity, I vill deal with just tvo kinds of expre • aiona-alluaion• to • ourcea (the authority fot'IIUla), and those exprueion• vhiih• althoup foraulatc, sound like per • onally individual interventlona.1 With the application of the aen • itivlty vhich Perry or differences aong aentiona, ve can try to detect either alailaritiee the authors of the Libro de Alexandre (2675 ata.),13 the Poeaa de Fernfn Gons4lez (751 ata. plus tvo line • ),14 and the followin~ worka of Berceo: La vida de Santo D011ingode Silos (777 eta.), the Eetoria de San Hillin (489 at •.), La vida de Santa Oria (205 at • .), and the Milagros de Nueetra Senora (911 ats.).15 Without intendintt to apply arithmetic aethoda, it ahould be noted that the data are sparser fro • Fernfn rionz,les, since it 1• roughly a fourth•• long•• the Alexandre or the combined vorb of Berceo li • tetl here. One last obeervation la appropriate before ve tum our attention to the vorke th-alvaa. Becau•• they are all baaed • ore or lea • on previous are not • ere translations vorb, ve • uat a • lt if the peraonal interventions of a previoua authorial voice. For the Alexandre, Ian Michael ansvera: "'ffle Spanish poet rejected alaoat all the c0111Nntain the firet person ude by the author• of hi • eourcea to their reader•" (p. 239). Labarta de 01aves coaaente • illilarly about Berceo'• uae of Crillaldua' life of S•nto D011inio (p. 18). It••reasonable to extrapolate these observations to the other vorka under • tudy here. We need only think of thea u versions in the terldnology of Han• Ulrich CUllbrecht, vho describes aedieval translations of the••• aubject •• nothiq • ore than succeeding treatment• that differ only because of the "•ocially conditioned etructurlng abUi~y" of each author aad of the different nature of the audiences for whoa they were vriting.16 Nov that ve have eatabliehed the rule• and li • ita under which ve are working, ve can c011Mnce our analysis vith the firet Rroup of expreeaione, the alluaiona to• written aource, divided into five cluster• by Nelson: "en ucripto yaa uto"; "cOIICJdis el eacripto"; ••dtslo la eacriptura"; "e • cripto lo tene110•"; "aole • o• lo leer" ("Generic," pp. 156-58). Pertinent here i• precieely the 1roup of uprueion• vhich Nelson excludes frma hie analyaia. lie vritees "Other foraulaa can be intuited, though ve shall not atudy thea: 'diaien 11 Ildefonao' • 'Sancha era au nomne' - 'amaa de VeacA fueron' • 'd• Aten•• fue uti'." Be1inni111 with the Poeaa de Fern,n Gonz,lez,

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a thirteenth-century treataent of an epic thaae, we find only five direct referencu to a written aource\ Die aodern editor• have with • tnor difference• demonstrated the poet'• reliance on a wide rantte of • ourcea, althoURh the anollJIIOU8poet 1111ku no explicit MDtion of a • ource by naae. Whenhe make• the transition froa the topic of Spain'• ahDII! euffered becauae of liq Rodrigo'• behavior, to the hiatory of earlier and aore worthy Vi• igothic king •, the Pernin Gonzalez poet •••urea the public that hi• eource 1• written and ia not hearaay (14c). Strikinl a per • onal note, he expruaee •hock at the extent of the Arab incuraioae, ruefully verifyiftR the truth of the utter: "Seaeja fyera co•• aa• diz lo el ditado" (101c). One wonder• why he felt the need to Yerify vith a written aource that the Count •pent half a day deciding how to deal with an invasion: "SeRUndnoa lo leeaoa, e di • lo la lienda" (688a). A aore aolid piece of information, the a ... of liq ~indue 1• given with a • ource albeit unnaaed: "ca.ao dis la eacrytura, don ~indua le llaaaron" (25d).17 The number of French peer • killed at Ronceavallee i • reported with a reference to "la eecrytura" (134b).1 8 Be deal • differently with infonaation of a popular aort with which hie ueln1 phra • e • like "cOIIIIOauedea ofdo" audience aight have bean fniliar, to refer to Rodrigo' • treachery (68a) and the •tory about vhat happened to hi• bonu (85a) . Oddly enough the chronicler vho turned the po• into proae cited Luca• de Tuy u a • ource of this inforwation (p. 17). Unlike the Alexandre poet and lerceo, the Pernin Gonz,lez poet neftr naaes hie • ourcea, nor doe• he refuee to give any informtioa for which he If•• were to characterize hi• attrtbutiou, doe• not have a written •ource. ve could •ay that he u• u thea only to u • ert the truthf ulne•• of •oae · detail.a. It ••ems to have uttered to hi • to indicate that the • ource vaa 1be only peraonal touch i• hi• • urprl•• at hov far written and not oral. the Arab• had penetrated the peninsula. In one re • pect the Alexandre poet deal • with hi• • ourcea in a very individual •nner. Of the three reference • he uke• to Gautier de atltillon (the author of the Latin Alexandreie), only one la a •imple verification of fact • (247c). In th• other tvo instances, the poet tell• ua that Gautier h•• left • oaething out either willfully (lSOlc) or beeau • e he waa tired and vanted to rut (2098).19 Our poet will undertake to rectify these oai • eiou. AIJ a con• cioualy literary arti • t, he aaaerte hie •uperiority over his source (aee n. 7). Instead of the relatively • ild eurpri•• of the Fernln Gonzlles poet: "Seaeja fyera co• a," the Alexandra poet react • with scornful disbelief to the • tory that Troy burned for ten year • (759ab). lie explaina that va cannot find out what happened to Helen because Romer did not put it in hf.a book (759cd). Ian Michael points out that the Alexandre poet found • Olla of the apocryphal uterial in the.Ri • toria de ProeUia "too fantaetic to avallov" (p. 21). The poet wrote: "otrae cosae retrayan que non aoa de crur" (2216d O). 1111• incredulity 1• not the eame •• lerceo'• eelfrighteoua ref1111al to give any information for which he ha• no written • ource. lhevhere the Alexandre poet ia vague about hie • ourcee--he kn0119 about Rell froa hi.a reading (2441), and although it aew quite clear that he i • relyi111 of Niobe and of Phylli •, he .. kea on OVid for the • tory of the tranaforaation only a vague reference to having read about it in • oaae author'• work (2390). the infonation he wanta, or bJ Hi• aourcee either fail hi • by not gbiftl not being truthful. At other tiae1, hie reliance on thea 11 cuual. lerceo, on the other hand, 1• deeply concerned that hi • audience recopise ht•1careful · adherence to hie •ourcu. It i • true that the Alexandre po.t doe• adopt • oae of the•poetur• a• Berceo, • having reluctance to 1ive certain detail.a becau • e hi• • ource dOH not giY• the •• Por iutance, about the nof a river he vritua

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''No leeaoe •u nOllbre no lo •eJ deair" (2164b O). Perry, vritiq about lerceo, characterises thi• attitude aa a reaction against the practice coaaon aaong aedieval hagiographer• of inventing details to fill out otherviae thin narrative• (pp. 35-36). Perbap • the • oat •iRnificant difference in the attitude of the Alexandre poet frOlll the acrupulouaneaa of lerceo is found in hi • account of Alexander'• duceat into the•••=

Una• f•~ianaa auelen la• gentu retraer non iaz en eacripto I u ll"&ue de creer ai e • uerdat o non yo non he J que uaer pero no lo quiero en oluido poner.

(2305 0)

Ian Michael vonclera vhy the Spaniab poet claiaed that hi • source was oral, not vritt•i "It i• difficult·to accept thi • clai •• since the episode occur • in all the extant recenaiOM of the Rietoria de rroelii• and the IOlllln d'Alexandre." He conjecture• that the Alexandre poet ••Y not have had any of the written ver • iona at his di • poaal when he wrote thi• section (p. 254). The tone ie playful vhen the Alexandre poet tell• the l"eader that it would be a ahaaa not to recount auch a good story just because it did not COM fro • a written source. Hi• preteuae that he i • relying on what people aay ta quite different froa Berceo'• refu • al to write fr011 ...,ry what th• • iesing pagu of hi • aource had contained (aee n. 1). One poet 1• light-heartedly caaual while the other is auch • ore eerioue. Of cour••• the Alexandre poet • akea foraulaic u• e of his reference• to hie aourcu a • aillple verificationa of facts. He vriteas "en eecrito JR& uto, •• coaa verdadera" (2161d 0) to aupport hi• etateaent that • nakea will not attack a naked • an. Saae reference • to source • are • ere fillers, such ••: ''Hu cueao dis la letra que ea verdat prouada" (lOSla O) to • upport the trui• that all'• vell that enda vell. "Soleaoe lo leer dizlo la e • critma" (2508 O) verlfiu the general atateaent that it 1a difficult to know all about the world. In fact, thi• atanza • ervea only to 1ive the ruder a break in the • iddle of a tediously long liat of the places Alexander aav a• he flew above the world. To ue a transition foraula ourselves, let u• leave the Alexandre Perhape because of the deep emotional poet and turn oar attention to lerceo. aature of the piou • accounts of the livu and deed• of the eainte, ~erceo about the accuracy of nall detail.a. That these account• ••• •elf-conacioua ver• intended for popular conaumption • i,tht have aade hi • feel an additional responeibillty for their exactne••• aince it••• illportant to protect the public fr011 error. Re refused to aay if Santa Orie had any eiblinge: "no dice la leyenda" (Sta. o., lSa). He did not ltnov the name of Santo Dollin1o'a • other (Sto. D., Bab). -He 1• unable to Rive the nmne of the eaint'• retreat (8to. o.-;-flb). Coneietent with the hi~lJ .,ral tone of hi• • aterial, he reiroachee those vho hav• Ollitted detaile either through nettligence or ignorance (Sto. D., 71). Hi• disapproval i• • ore Yehcaent than the Alexandre poet'• reaarke about Gautier'• veartnea • or willful vithholdiDR of detail •• While the Alexandre poet ha• Alexander va(tuely in a epeech that hi • fact• c011• froa a written • ource: "Lo• que • aben la leenda en eacripto la [geataa] poaioron" (764b), it la iaportant to Berceo to 1tve the • pecific provenience of aa account of Santo Doain(to'• dreaa vision vith u • urance• that it i• true becauee the aonka who wrote it down had heard it fro • the aaiat's ovn lip •• They had neither added nor subtracted a vord (227). Aa v• have •en, th• Alexandre poet va • not above pretendina that hie • ouree ... an oral one vhea it •uited hill (2305). lerceo, like the Fernfn

••Y

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Conzalez poet,

aay hne choaen an auditory foraula when he wanted to indicate that hie aource wu oral. He added an extra affliction to those suffered by the subject of a ldraculoua cure (an excructattnglJ painful earache), reainding the reader "qua ofdo auactu." Labarta de Olnes call • attention to the additional • 711Ptom, auggeatiq that it • iRht have COIie fr1111the oral Referrin~ to the account of an exorct .. , tradition (Sto. D., 337 and note). Berceo double u • urance of the accuracy of hi • • ource: "Olaoa eato • 1... de eeiior San Millin,/ qae fi~o tal • ir'-:ulo yo lo let: cle plan" (!. !!•, 334ab). Bia approach to the aource of the De loa algaoe gue aparescer,n le both peraonal and indi•idual. Re call• St. Jeroae (the putative author of the original) "• ueatro padre Ihe~nilllO pa• tor de noe entienda" (2a). "el oane buano" (le), "el va~n acordado" (4a), while a conteaporary Latin po• written by Brun YOn Schlmebeck (baaed on a cOllmOn• ource) ~i•e• Jer011e •• the • ource without epitheta.20 J ... a Marchand describes lerceo'• literary technique: "It if ha rud the Latin, absorbed the aeaning, and then coapoaed the Bpaniab to contain all the information in the Latin" (pp. 290-91). The first •tansa of lerceo'• venion reinforces the fictionalisation of the acene vhere Jeroae 1• de• cribed •• reading the Hebrew texte, cold.n-. upoa the etartling Mtarial about the final days and decidinR to write about thea (2-4). Unfortunately we have no extant ver • ion of Berceo'• IIO • t interesting source. R• tell• u• that he 1• relyin~ on a life of Santa Orta, written by Munno, her eonfeaeor (5ab, 170c, 171c, 204a). In fact, in a confueinR vay, Munno'• voice becaaee (in Crig • by'• • chae) the "yo" of the Author (149-52 and 163-68). Berceo gives no explanatory transition at the beRinnin~ of H1D1no' • direct addreaa, although at the end he signal• the return to hie own voice by saying: "OVo de e• taa palabraa Don Munno aucho placer" (153a). In the second speech of Munno, he provide • no tranaitiona at all. Perr, offers a startling explanation of what • ight be just an 011iaaion. He conaider• the fwaioa of voice as a af.gnal of lerceo'• total abaorption in hi• aource: "Such exaaple• de11011t1tratebetter than all foraula • Berceo'• conception of hie relation to the Latin • ourc• and it• author: u far ae the uaential fact goes-the life of the Saint-they are one voice" (p. 47). Elaewhere relationship to hi• sourcu. Berceo doe • not diaplay thi • auppoeed •piritual Be aiaply naaes Braulio to verify a aaall detail (S. Hi., 137d); he cite • St. Hugh of Cluny aa the • ource of the tale of a • Tracie (Milagros, 182c) and claillle to have found the tale of the Nino jud!o in the works of a IIOllk 118119d Pedro (Milagros, 353). Aa vu the cue with JerOM •• the auppoaed source of the Signoe the DAIiing of thu• aourcu is a part of the etory he ia telling. In•-• although ve expre • a • OM doubt about Perry'• idea of Bereeo'• aubaenion in the personality of hi• aourcea, ve can certainly that of the three poeta atudied here, he vaa the • oat acrupuloua. He doe• not eet hiaaelf above hi • eourcea by aupplying what they have oaittecl. Hie reproach to thoae vho had failed to give hi • th• info1111ation he needed for hi• life of Santo DoainRo different in tone and inteneitJ froa the Alexandre poet'• irritation about Roaer'• oaiaeion of Helen'• fate. Although ve are not ready to answer our que • tione aa to the di • tinct of the three poete, ve can acknowledge tentatively the considerable identities difference allOllR th• in regard to their attribution • to sources. RaviftR ve can continue with a aearch for the real person, hla aade this c011111ent, fictitioua peraonaRe, and the imper • onal narrator by exa• inf.nR those phrases that purport to be peraonally individual intervention •• l do not include here the 11Ddeatyforaulae which are • o general in tone that they do not qualify u peraoaal intarYention •, althoup Dana Meleon doe• include thaa ("Generic," pp. 175- 79) •

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Beginning once a,a1n with the Poeaa de Ferdn Condlez, ve can find only intrueione of the author•• personality. One can hardly count th~ prayerful stanza in which he a•k• r.od'• help in his undertakinR (1). Zaaora Vicente notes the ai • ilarity with the invocation of Berceo'a life of Santo Dollingo (n. 1). Hovever, the invocation t • clearly non-individual. Indirectly the poet reveal• hi • backRround by ~enterinR so auch of the actioa in the IIOIUl • tery of s. Pedro de Arlanza. 1 He cbt .. to have seen or heard eoaethtDR pereonally in the••• way•• Berceo (Sto. D., 109ab; Sta. o., 39; S. Hi., 484c and 487b). Th• Fem,n Gonz,lez poet reports that the booty captured froa Al.aanzor'• tent la • till in ivory coffer• on the altar of the IIOlla • tery (275d). When Cod, an,tered by littR Garcia'• treachery, spoke in such terrible loud tones that His voice sundered the altar of the IINfflaatery fr011 top to bott011, the Order left the altar in ite d•aged condition. In the opiniob of the poet it should reaain 10 forever (592-93). Aaide froa theee rather indirect intrusions, ve really ,~e little of the poet hiuelf. The epic nature of the poea cannot be uaed to explain the illperaonal tone • ince a pan in the populnr traditim con be expected to include per • onal intervention • accordinR to the inclinations of the poet.22 Perhap • our elusive poet givu ua on• aore bit of info1'118tlon about hiuelf when he eada a traditional praise of Spain with two atanzas n•ing Ji•j• Caatilla (hia ptria chica?) u the beat part of the land (156-57. In any event, when pressed to decide which voice he ie WliflR, T vould conclude that it 1• that of a fictitioua personaRe who ts a Caetilian aon1t fr011 the aonutery of s. Pedro de Arlanza. AlthouRh hia ideaU.zed iMge • ight be that of a loyal • elll,er of hi • cOIMIUnity, he doe• not reveal hiaaelf ••areal pereon. It ie easier to find the real per • on in the Libro de Alexandre, althouph not aa readily•• in the vorke of Berceo. BeginninR with the exordiU11, the •econd atanu of vhich has been the center of eo auch scholarly df.acuseion because of the tenu cuadema via and 11eater de clerec{a, ve beRin to eee hf.a etUrRinK fiRUTe. 23 '111epoe11begins vith the voice of the fictitlou • per • onage, an entertainer, vho addreaaea his audience directly. In the eecond atanza, however, be depart • fr011 the conventional juglareeque innovation, proudly inYitation by announcing hie erudition and hie atylietlc ( • ee n. 8 above). AJ.thoURhthe conopoliun but not necessarily arrogantly poet of the Raz6n de aaor ude a ai • ilar declaration of his qwn artistic vorth ("oclrl raz6n acabada, / feyta d'11110re bien r,-da"),24 the Alexandre poet auppliee _,re technical information. It i • the literarlly specific nature of his self-praiee that fleRhe1 out vhat could otherwiae hne eeeaed to be nothiDR more than a conventional atateaent. There are a nUllber of other personal re111n:b in the poea, vhere hie preaence ia felt • ore vividly. Twice he aakee curioualy underatated coapariecma betv«!en hie ovn poaaea• ions end thoae of Alexander and of Ponm. Alexander'• belt 1• vorth -,ra than hi • own (91cd); he vtahea that hie garden'• vine• were u lovely ae Por1111' (2126cd). Since both of these interventione appear in the la • t tvo linee of the stanza, we auat wonder if they are aere "fillers." If they are not lapses of one kind or another, • il'ht they not be a hint of the eocial • tatu• of the poetT In tvo other penCtnal rnarka (aleo in the laat line• of the • tanza), ve read of thr. poet'• unvillbq~ae•• to drink froa a fountain Juarded by eerpenta: "qui quit!re ae la beva, yo non he d'ella gana" (2157d), and of hia ldld dieaay at the thought of being in a desert: "creo que por • i non aerie logar sanio" (1178d).2S The fictitloua personage of stanza 1 reappears in stanza 2393, vhere, •• an oanf.acient author, he anticipate.a the objections of bi • readers, telliag tb• that he knowe what they vUl eay. At the 8Ul8 tiae, he diB•lHea their anticipated objection ••• beinR of no •alue. a very fn

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106 Nelaon point • to tvo U.nu of the Alexandre u niclence of lerceo'• authonhip becauae the poet 1• actually naaed in thea. ln line 1548d O, vhich reade: "• dixo [el rey ]a Gon~alo ue clorair ca aaus n uelado," However, novhere elee in he•••• a reference to the poet'• own fatigue. thie vork, in lerceo, nor in Pernin Gonzalez doea a character in a poe11 atep out of the poe11 to addreaa the poet directly. It doea not••• to• to be valid to excua• a confueing line vith a conjecture a • to the poet'• "La aparente phy• ical atate a • doe• Nel• on in the note to the etansa: torpeza de Hta eatrofa.debe indicar que el poeta, en efecto, ee ca!a de por priaera ••• el aotivo del narrador fattgado canaancio, o que -,leaba &y por qu, no 1u doa coaaa?". Be maplc,y• the line 26751, P, which nae• Gon~alo de lerceo a11 the Signatory of the poea, 1111 adclitioaal proof of author • hip, althouah the O.una MS. Rb•• Johan Lore~o ••• de Aator~a. 26 In regard to the Alexandre poet'• anaounceaents of fatigue, ve can only •aJ that in 2585 hi• vearine11• 1• • haply intended to cut • hort a long li • t (a brevity topic), while later we vill • ee that Berceo'• reference to fati1ua • eell8 to reflect hi • own ••ry real condition (see Sta. o., 2ab). topic of concluaion-tbe Alexandre poet interrupt • another list vi~• the hour 1a late and he • U8t cloae-a topic which Curtlua say• 18 the only cla • 1ical conclusion topic to hoe • unived c~ly in the aedieval period (pp. 88-91). lie reveal • an ori1inal turn of • ind, eayinR that he will have to • top talking about bird•' aonga because at thi• late hour the chirpiftA of the cricket • will confu • e hi • (2137). The poet, a• entertainer, interYeuee once aore in the concluaion vhen he b•R• the audience'• indul(tence for any error• he 11ayhave 1N1de,protesting that he i • of "poca 11ciencia" (2673) ia a conventional atat81N!flt of affected aode • ty. Ba continue• hie pose of · entertainer by aekin1 for a paternoster •• a reval'd (2674). When Berceo uku a • illilar requeat, it 1e a part of hill poae aa God'• juglar (Sto • .!!.•, 760). I tend to rqal'd these si • ilar requeata-paternoater not • ocially conditioned coincidence, • ince both poet • vere clertca. Even a curaory reading of Berceo'• work• shove that hi • personal lnterventiona vere nmerou • and very individual (see Nelson, "r.eneric," p. 169, n. 53). In a perceptive ca.aent, Perry notes that Berceo ueea ''yo" when he • peaka u the narrator and "noaotro •" when he i• the • pokeaun for the entire Chri • tian coaaunity (p • 26) • In the Alexandre the ''noaotroe" 18 aore uaually used aa an expresaion of either aodeaty or of di • tancintt a • in " • olellOII lo leer•" than in the aenae of COIIIIUllitythat 1• found in Berceo. ffle ''yo" • mt alao be aubdivided iD lerceo into the real per • on, the fictitioua peraonage, and the illper • onal narrator. To be aure, Berceo'• ao • t individual • tat•ent le hi • uaing hi• own nme in hi • pCH!M. Whenhe doe• • o, hove.er, he i • not nece11• arily • peaking in hie own voice each tille. Por inatance, in the Milagroa (ate. 1-17), the pilgrill Gonzalo de lerceo i • a character in the frame story. He ta the per • on who stretch•• out in the lovely aeadov and has the faaoua dreaavi • ion. At the end of San Hillfn, he la the Sianatory vho give • hl11 MM in ecribal fa • hion: ''r.cmulvo fue • u n01111e qui Hao eat tractaclo, / en Sant Mill,n de S11110 fue de nlnnez criado, / natural de Verceo ond Sant Millln f ue nado'' (498abc). Thi • i • • ore than a 11ere fliRnature aince the poet 1• clailling either apecial knowledge or apecial enthusian for the telling of thi • eaint'• life becauae the two of thea • hared the•birthplace and childhood hoae. In Santo Domingo he 1ivea a • ore conventional signature (157), to which he add• his ju~lare • que request that Cod accept hi • • ervice •• Another Berceo appears froa time to tiae--the real person who Rive• th• iapru • ion that he ie • peakiftl' fro • pereona1 experience. He ha• eeen the kitchen re • tored by Sto. OGldngo1 ''Yo Con~alo que fa,to eato a • u 011or,

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yo la vi ••• "(Sto. !!.•, 109ab). In the Milagro •, a vork vhnae central theae ia that even the vorat einnere can be aaved by th~ Virgin because of their devotion to her, Berceo'• requeat that she remelllber hi • (866a) 1a diTectly appropriate. Re haa told in the fir1t tdracle of the apecial favor enjoyed by Sao Ildefouo becauae of the book that the saint had coaposed in the Virgin'• honor (Sic). It 1• thia devotional act which Berceo la repeating. It 1• in hi• life of Santa OriA that ve eee the real un • oat clearly. Although,•• ve have noted, a atnt•ent of vearinesa and a desire for re1t •••apart of the rhetorical topic of brevity and concluaion, in Santa !!!!!, lerceo declare, hie fati&ue and bia advancing age at the beginning of the poea (2ab). If we read thia etanza along with st. 202, then Perry'• ar1uaent that the poet vu 1111kinga aulti-leveled 1tate111ent about hill 11011entaryfatigue and alao about hie avarene • a that death vaa approachin~ 1• convincing (p. 188). hen if we accept n,aaao Alonso's asaertion: "Aqu{ no hay hablar del 't6pico' del canaancio final; el poeta eat, canaado, ya en el IIOINllto de aentarae a ucribtr: ea viejo, y ha trabajado aucho. !s de e{ • iaao de quien habla" (p. 82), ve can note that he does not dtaa1ree that lerceo vu indeed apeakinK personally. · On• lea• inteue level, lerceo to•••• off caaual coaaents that refer to hi • ovn experience: "Gonzalo le dixeron al veraificador / qua en au · portaleyo fi&o eeta labor" (184ab). 111ecoluan which Santa Oda aav in her dreaa vu like the one• he had seen frequently. In fact he had climbed euch (39). Ad• ittedly it vould have been ianpossible for A poet tavers 1111ny ti•• vho wrote about the life of Alexander to clai • eye-vitne•• familiarity with ancient vondera. 'l1le Alexandre poet can only say about the tower of Bobd: "Asa{ ea hoy dla la torre empe~ada" (1511a), auch like the coaaents of the Perun Gonz,lez poet (ata. 257, 592-93). Quite differently, Berceo tells the reader in the Eatoria de San Millin that he haa personally aeen the relic• of the aaint employed to relieve a drought: ''eeto vid por 11is oiot1 e a6 ende certero'' (484c). If ve accept Solalind•'• readfn3 of Milagros, 353d: ''Pedro era au D01111e,ao ende certero," ve aee tvo circuaatantially determined uses of traditional phrase•. In each of th!,• ca1ea, Berceo fa offering hie own certainty u the authority for a fact. Re continue• deacribing the • iracle• he baa vitnesaed in connection vith San Millin by telling about tvo little bell • which haq over the altar. 111ey are about the size of •AA• and are easily overlooked. When a great event has tAken place, th~y ring epontaneouely: "cOIIOpor Id.• oreiae 1•• oy yo tanner" (487b). Further confirution 1• offered by hi• aa•urance that other reliable people have heard th•, too (487cd). Related to the poet'• proteetation• of fatigue is the aention of reAl ti • e and of the physical clrcuaatancea in which he le vorkinR• I 811 not · referring to the topic of the author'• fear that he will bore the reader, a brntty topic vhlch eee1U to have becme foaaillzed by the thirteenth century. Writing on tvo levela-allegorlcal and real-Bercco cQ11Plalne about the shortneaa of tiae: "IA> • dfa• eon non ,trandea, anocheced privado, / Escrfbir ea tinlebra u un aeater peeado" ( 10 ; aee Perry, pp. 178-79) • The fie ti tious that he will be lerceo uae • real tl • e to say, in hie pose•• entertainer, brief •o that hi• audience vill not have to eat cold food (Sto. D., l76cd). Clearly the poea vae not directed to the aonka in the refectory vho vould haye been •~ting during the readi111t, but rather to a lay audience who had to return hOlle after the perforMnce. Hning exald.ned the patterna of uaage of the tvo Rroupe of personal intenentiona-the handling of eourcea and the inclusion of personal reaarke-ve can arrive at a fev tentative conclulliona. '111ere is no denying that there

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are eoae obvious •ild.laritiu &IIOftlthe three poet• vbose vorka ve have examined. P.ach of th• la ineiatent about ht.a having relied on a vrittea of hie truthf ulne•• and reliability. source, not hear••Y, u an aHertion While tvo of the •, the Pernin Gonzilea poet and Berceo, try to diatinguiah between written and oral eourcea, the Alexandre poet actually deceives tbel reader by pretendiq to rely on an oral source when he vu aost probably relying on hi• • -IOrJ of a written one. Although lerceo'• proteatationa of sillplicity and lack of erudition are either aere topic • of affected aodesty, or a part of the artistic creation of an integrated personality of the fictitioue narrator, the Alexandre poet differ• by aakiDR an affiraative etateaent about hi• erudition and hie use of a literary innovation. In regard to their treataent of aources, ve h••• • een a difference•• well. Aa part of hla literary per • onality, the Alexandre poet ••••rt• hi• euperiority Berceo, on the other by supplying the information which they have Ollitted. • elf-ri1hteoualy refuainR to hand, uae • his • ourcea for corroboration, include material for which he has no • ource: "ucrivir a•entura aerl, grand foUa" (Sto. D., 751d). It would aeea that, on the baai • of our coapariaon of theirtiiie of aource uterial in the poeaa under study, we are juetlfied in our • u• picion that we are dealing vith three different poet• working at roughly the .... tille and in the •ame style. 'lbere i• no reaeon to change our opinion after conaideri111 the per • onal reaarks of the poets, u upreaaed in their several authorial voice •• It baa been difficult, if not iapo •• ible, to detect the rul person in the Poeaa de Feru4n Gonzflez. In the Alexandre we catch an occuional 1lillpee of the aan in a few personal reaction• to small detail •• Ria pride in ht • atyliatic innovation atrlke• ua ••areal exprea • ion of the poet htuelf, while hi• poae aa an entertainer (Grigaby'• Reciter) la clearly that of a fictitioue personage. Berceo, the entertainer, appears at the beginning of each of tho•• of hie poeaa studied here, with a hypothetical/conditional requeet.for hi • public'• and attention and a promise that they will benefit fra11 hi• vork, the etance of a fictitioua personage. Re 1• a character in hi• own story in the Milagro• even though the • an vho begs the Virgin to r__,er him is not necessarily the same one aa the pil,tr:lll. He intrudes IKMlt personally in those bit • of aemory which he incorporate• in hi • po- • and, of course, in those affecting recognitione of hi • own • ortalitJ in!!!£!, Oria. Oddly enoa&h, in the unfinished Martlrio de San Lorenso there are aiii'oat no personal intervention•. A further difficulty remain. Va 111111taddre • a ouneb,ea to the poe• ibility that the Alexandre repruented an early work of an author vho, having turned avay f roa eecular topic• in the course of the years, Mtured and changed hi • style. It • eema to • e to be an illpoeaible taak to apply the paychohiatorian'• techniques in order to establish that the Alexandre poet and Berceo were the aa• e per • on. Perhapa the beat one can say is that the work.a theuelve• reveal quite different attitudu (toward• • ource• and in . the aanner of referring to pereonal experience •). It i • for thle reaeon that I expru• re • ervationa about Hel•on'• poeition. Ve can only hope that further evidence will be uncOYered.

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NarES 1. The paaaage 1• in the Vida de Santo D011lngode Silo •, ·ed. Teresa Labarta de atavea (Madrid: CUtalia, 1972); 11De cuan Rui• a aaU6 dedr non to the detail• of a captive'8 escape ~iven in the Latin lo eabr!a [referring veraton written by the IIOlllt GriNldue in hi• life of Santo Dollingo] / ca falluc16 el libro en que lo aprend{a; / perdt6se un cuaderno, • ae non por culpa • la,/ eecrivtr aventura serif grand folfa'' (751). Seen. JSfor mention of other good current ede.

2. A brief bibli0ttraphy beKin• with Neleon'a doctoral the.ala, "Toward a Definitive ldition of Bl libro de Alexandre," Stanford, 1964; "El Hbro de Alexandre: A Reorientation," SP, 65 (1968), 739-45: "Syncopation in El 87 (1971), 1023-38; ''The D011ain of the Old Spaniah libro de Alexandre," ~. -er and -tr Verba: A Clue to the Provenience of the Alexandre," RPh, 26 (1972-73), 265-305; "A Re-Exaain11t1on of Synonymy in Berceo and the Alexandre," RR, 43 (1975), 351-69 [A reaponse to Ralph de Coro~, "La ainoni • ia enhrcea y el vacabulario del Libro de Alexandre," HR, 38 (1970), 353-67]; "In Quut of the Select Lexical Baae C01m1on to Berceo811d the Alexandre," 9!!l, 22 (1975), 33-59; "Generic v•• Individual Style: The Preaence of Berceo in the Alexandre," RPh, 29 (1975-76), 143-84; "'Nunca clnri,a aacer': la cruti•idad de lerUO," BRAE,56 (1976), 59-82; and aost r•cently Consalo de Berceo, F.1 libro de Alixiii'cire (Madrid: Gredoe, 1979). 3. In both "lfunca devr1'8 nacer" and in "Generic v•• Individual" Relaon liat • ai • ilar foraul.ae without auch co• llellt an the particular context in which they appear. 'ftle COIIINllt about the per • onality of lerceo 1• in ''Runca devrl.f• nacer" (p. 78). 4. Art and Meaning in lerceo'• ''Vida de Santa Oda" (Nev Haven: Yale Univ. Pre••• 1968), p. 47. I will rely on the tranacription by Perry. It ahould be noted that I • abel Urla Maqua's readin~• are euhatantially the ene (11 Poet1a de Santa Oda de Gonzalo de Berceo [Lo,troiio: C81C &Diputaci&l Prcwincial, 1976]) althwRh • he doe• rearrange the order of certain • tanzaa. For in • tance, at. 184, in which lerceo nne• hi•elf and ••Y• he wrote the pom while aittiq on hie parch, la put at the end u at. 205. St •• 2 and 10 are unchanged,•• are the two paaaagu in which Munno • peak • (149-53 and 163-68).

5. ''Rote on th• Poetic and the F.apirical Traditio, 4 (1946) 1 414-22.

'I'

in Medieval Author •,''

"Narratift Voic:n in a.r,tien de Troyee-A Pralegoaenon to RPh, 32 (1978-79), 261-73. Crigeby aay • that th• real person ''Only contaporarlea heard the real Author' • voice. Ve 18 never rnealedr hear it aetaphoricallJ, filtered thrautth other persistent voice •'' (p. 264). 'l'h• real per•oa to whoa I refer I• the SIKUtory in Crtgaby'• • ch ... -the author at the particular IIGllellt of vritln1. 6.

Di- • ection.''

7. l11111tlobert Curtlua, !ur ean Literature and the Latia Middle ea, • o,u • o Aloaao tran•. Villard R. Trask (Nff Tork: Harper Torchbaoke, 19 dealt vith Berceo'• uae of topoi, "lerceo y lo•~." in De loa • igloe o• curoe al de oro (Mactridr Credoa, 1958), pp. 74-85. Joaquin Artilea eeeaa to take eeriouaiy Berceo'• referencu ta hi• aources without •ntionin~ thnt

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tbu ai&bt be at 1... t in part a reflecttoa of the authority foraula (Loe recureoa literarioa de lerceo [MaclriclaGrecloa, 1968], pp. 28-31).

8.

"TIii AIJTIICll or A IS IIITBLLICrUALL! BOASTFUL, IYIR CONZALO, VIAPPID Ill THI CANDOaor 11s IJMPLI PAltR IS

Nelaon vrotei

AlllOGANT; WILi

UIMINDPULa, WORLDLY IIATTIIS, SICULAI LITDATUII" p. 181).

9.

lrian Dutton, "A further

LIit.a-.,laut • l (''Generic, ''

llota on the Aluandre

r.1..-,"

BBS,

41 (1961) , 291-300.

-

10. Bercao not only -,la,• epic epithet• tbrOUKhout the po111 (see the editor'• coaNDta, pp. 19-27), bat he calla bt..elf Cod'• jfghr (775b) and •~•n that hie poa 1• worthy of the traditional palard6n o a Rlu• of vine (Sto. D., 2d). The Alexandra poet, havin1 beRUDhie pon vith hi• f 8IIOU8 ciecliration of erudition, nu vith a requut for a paternoster (2674).

,

11. The topic of oral dallYeTJ 18 well covered 1,y c. I. t;ybbOIIHoaypenny, '"!he Spanish Meeter de Clerect:a and It• IatenclN Publics Coneernin,r the Validity a• Evidence of Pa••lllt•• of Direct Addrua to the Audience," in Medieval Miecellaa Presented to Eu lne Yinaver, ed. r. lllitehead, A. R. DiYerrea and r. E. Sutcliffe anchester: Manche• tar UniY. Pt'ua; Rew Tork: lame• &Roble, 1965), pp. 230-44. Re conclude• that it i • poaaible that "in addreHin,r directly an illagined audience, poet • of the • eater de clerec{a were • iaply follovin~ a convention derived froa their aoclela, and did not . expect their work • to he perforaed by 1uglarea" (p. 242). Perry vrote: ''However, it i • virtually certain ••• that Berceo wrote hie poea • down and that they were literally 'read' in perforaance" (p. 141). Ian Michael (1be Treat • ent of Cluetcal Material in the "Ltbro de Alexandre" [Manch•ter: M811CheaterUniv. Prue, 1970)) wrote: "It i• highly unlikely that the Aluanclre wu intended for oral perfonumce ••• " (p. 277). 12. Grtpby propose• the follon.111 clu • lficatlona t 1. Announceaenta 1 2. !xelaationa1 3. lxhortationa, Iaperatifte, YocatiYUI 4. PonulaicJ 5. Opiaion•i 6. Protestationa of Insufficiency, 7. Cld• of Sufficleacyr 8. Aaaertion • of Pidelity to Trutbr 9. R•inder • r 10. lefu • ala; 11. Rhetorical Que • tion1: 12. Allu • iou to Source (pp. 267-68), Under hfueal • he includes brnity and the topic of conclu • ion. Whydid he not conaider ineufficiency a refueal u wellT Perr, analyze• pereonal interYentiou differently, liat1n1 traultiou, apoetropbe, abbreviatto, prayen, and claiall of authenticity (pp. 14-47).

13. Referenc:u here are to th• paleoKraphic ed. of layaond s. 111111• (1934: rpt. •• Yorks Kraua, 1965), aaltin1 use of hi • coapoeite nUllberin~ eyatn of the 188. of Part • and O.una. It wu only at the C011Pletioa of thill article that the Nelaon editloa beCIIN availahle ta, ae.

14. Id. Alon• o Zaora Vicenta Clf•drld: C1' •• cat., 1963). About Pernin Condie&, llelaon vritu: "Careful couideration of the data •hould COlffince ua, I believe, that no illitative poet would ha•e been teapted to duplicate or been capable of exactly dupHcattftR · the aarrati•• of A or B: we hne proof of thia in the ~oHlJ inferior art of Pernin r.ouiles, pateatlJ IIOCleled

•Y•t•

on A ("Cenerlc,"

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AUCITA, Jo • i Marla. Introduction Baena (Madrid, 1966).

to hie edition

MASSdTOIUllNTS,Jauae. Repertod 2 l'antiaa poeaia, Vol. I (Barcelona, 1932).

IV

of the Cancionero de

literatura

catalana.

La

IIJSSAPIA, Adolf. "Per la bibliografia dei Cancioneros Spagnuoll," in der ltaiaerlichea Altadeaie der Wieaenschaften, Deobchrtften Claase, 47 (Vtemia, 1900), Separata, 24 pp. Phlloaophiacb-'iiiatoriache SIRtS,

llollero. Manual ~ bibliograU:a (Syract111e, N. I., 1948)~

811111 DtAz, Jos,.

llbliografta 2nd ed. (Madrid, 1963).

~

f!.

la literature

VMVAllO,Alberto. Preaeaae ad ua'edlziooe l!!!!!, !!!_ !!!!!_ (llaplea, 1964).

eapaiiola,

la literature

critica

hi • p,nica, delle

Part I

Vol. III,

poeaie • inorl

di

STIUIIOU,Jacqueline and Lothar KNAPP. BiblioaraHa de los cancioneros ca•tellano • !!! • lglo .!!., Vol. I (Pari •, 1975),IIU°978). GOIIZ&LIZaJINCA, Joaquin.

"Cancioneroa -nuacrito • del Prerrenaci • iento," IL, 40, Noa. 79-80 (1978), 177-215. Thi• la • t i• the ac,at coaplete to date, referring to over 90 iteas in Mnu • cript.

l. The progT•-in1 for the project has been done adairably by Fernando lodrfguez Delgado and rranci • co Santoyo, also Research Asaistanta.

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THE MASTER HOMILIST AND HIS PUPILS (From • XV century edition of the MediltltiOMt of St Bonaventura (Pleud.))

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popular Nraoa coincide• with tlaat of ••mac:ular literature, a •troag autual illfluace le to be expected. Such m iafluence la docwaeated by Ont (1933) for Middle lnglieh literature, and 111Yut11atloa of tbe aeclinal Spani•h field aow rw•al• 1111chthe•-pictun. The aurviri.ng text• of aeclinal semon• oftu differ froa what wu actually preached. la eoae c .... , the preacher no doubt read to hi• coagregation what he, or eoaeone eln, had carefully written out lteforeba11d, but .,re often the written text le either aa outline which fonaed the bula for• 111.1ch longer • poken • era,n (80118 laatecl for hour •), or a reconstrw:tion baeecl on notes aacle by a diaciple of a f-,a11 preacher; thie ..... to have happened with the Hraoaa of St. Viaceat rerrer (Sanchi • SiYera 193234; Schib 1975-77, 1976). In other ca•H ve ba.e only brief notu, a report with occuiollal quotatiOll8, or aerely the aention of a-, date, place, and eubjec:t. And for .,.t •eDIOll8 and boailiu, ve probably lack ann tile bareat 111111tion. It 1a illpoaeible to calculate tbe nllllber preached in -c11eval lurope, and difficult to .. ke nen the rouabe•t eatillate, but there -t ban been llillion•, aacl perhap • llaDJ • illioaa1 "It ... t be rellellbered that the Chri•tiaa litur17 coaaiatently included both the reading of Scripture and aoae fora of coaentary upon that readia9. A regular vonhip ••nice •• held at leut once each Sunday in each co.aunity throughout the a.rutim world. A eta11erin1 total of diacour••• ••• iavolved, when one coneider• tbe thou •••• of churches active onr aaay hundred • of yeare" (llarphJ 1974, p. 297). If w •••mean nerage of ao• five thouamd churche• 1a lurope over the thouaand yeare of the Middle Age• (probably a conaenati•• eatillate), eacla vitb • regular pattern of • ervlce• (this aahoa:lliea IIIMIforaal •U11Ption aay be optl • i • tic), the total of brief inforal • erllOIUIreacbe • tvo hundred md • ixty • illioa.1 Of courae, it ie likely that aanJ of thue were aare repetition• of other • en'• • et'IIDDII, and that only a -11 proportion of the aev c011pOeition• poaeeaaecl intellectual di •tiactioa or literar, intere • t, hut evea that proportion auat repr•••t·a ftl"J large nmabar. In aedieval Cutil• alone, tlaouaud • of wernacular • uat hne beea preached, and hunclrecl• of tbo•• ... t Ian• bad qualitie• that voulcl juetify our attention. Tbe lan1uaa• in vblch • enaona were preached doea aot necuaarilJ correapoad to that of auniving tut •• Dbialo extra Nraone ... t, u ve have •een, have been preached in the wernacular, and a> • t, perhaps alao • t all, learned aeraoaa were in Latin, ,et there are Latin outlin•• or reporu of popular aerllDII•, and ftrnacular tezte of learned one • (Leco, de la llarcbe 1186, PP• 233-68; Ov• t 1926, pp. 223-34; Delcomo 19741, pp. 4-S). Solla ••naacular tut• haw Latia quotationa, ad wlce verea, and there 1• ea.. evi•eace for a • ubatantlal of linpl • tic llixture (Laaaeriai 1971).

••IIIOll8

••ar••

••raon•.

lzt•t ••rnacular citeclra (1978) that fever tbaa tea • urvi,re in ~tilian or Arapneae, and that only two of tbeae bav• been publiahecl. 'lb • nUllbera are 1a fact •ubetantiallJ greater, and ahould incraa • e •• ac,re llbrari•• and arcbi,ru are SJ • teaatically catalogued. Nfferthelu •, the total nUlllber of eztat teat• 1a unlikely to becoae very high. l11oae that are kao1111 ares Pedro Marin, Sermnea .!!! roaance, early fifteenth century. A aroupof ••raona ia BN Madrid MS 4933. Cftedra (1977) edit • ona of tbeH, S.rmn !!!!. la Do• ioica III de Cuaresaa, and he plans to edit tb811 all. Pedro de Luna. A vernacular text of a learned • atllOll preached by Luna, aoot1 to be Pope leneclict UII, at Paaploaa in 1390 (edited by Lapeyre 1947-41). 1.

••1•

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THI S1111> • AllDITS USIS IN NIDIIVALCASTILIAIILITIIA'ftJRE Alan Deyel'IIODCI, V..tU.eld Unlver•itJ

Collea•

(Uoiver • lty of IDndon) and Princeton

!be aul»ject of thi• article baa been treated in a paapblet by rranciaco Rico (1977), a poaitioa atateaeat by Pedro c&teclra (1978), and part of an by Derek Loaax (1969), but tvo of the••• at leut, are not widely article known, and in any caae • y approach i • aoalllfflat different. I •hall try to avoid undue overlap with th• vork of theN •cholara, but I aa conacioua of ., •ebt to tbea. 1be tut, or the•, for • y aeraon ta taken fro • Pedro ~tadraz "tbe preaaat aituatioa [tn • el'IIOII atucliea] could well be described •• depr•••ing. 11 I bop• to • how that thins• are not quite a• bad u that, but it 1• true that auch of the work r ... in • to be done. Fortunately, ~teclra biaaelf 1a enaaaed on a aajor •tudy of • edieval Spanin aeraon•, ud 1• editina aoaa tuta. Ny ala 1a to aap out the chief aru• of preaent and potential re•earcb to • uney the reaourc .. available, and in aedieval Caattlian ••r110D atudi••• to abov aOIN vaya in which thoae atudi•• can be aor• widely uaecl in literal"J reaearcb. I use the traditional threefold diviaion, aince I aball auney the priaary aatarial in it• practical fora ( • eraon text•), theoretical pri-ry aaterial (artea praedicandi), and tbe applicatiOD of tbia •terial to other text •• Ho-re elahorately, I divide all thi• into eleven cateaoriea (eleven is, u nuaerolo1iata know, tbe nllllber of ainful axcesa). 1 ahall la • oat detail. deal vith the early cate1oriu day • of the Chriatian Church, and beSeraon• 10 back to the earliaat yonds Jeau • preach1n1 in the aynqogua vaa followina a long-eatabliahed Jewleh tradition. For aany centuri••• the typical aeraoa or holllily vu a cOIIINOtar, on a pa•••&• of th• Bible, without any for • al atructure other thaa that iapo•ed by the Biblical text. In the early thirtuntb century, ••raon, vitb elaborate for•l ·thia vaa eclipsed by the nev, or uniweraity, divi•iona and echolaatic aethod. flle earlieat extant text• of the unlv•raity sermon an circa 1230 Davy 1931) though it • earlier erlatence is iaplied by the~ praedicandi, which give detailed rule• for the aev fora and which are found fro • circa 1220 onwards. 'lb• ualvenity • eraon vu, of cour • e, intended for a -learned audience, and it waa nor • ally preached 1D Latin. A wider. uneducated, public listened to the older ho • Uy, vhicb ·11_•never wholly • uper • eded in the Hdieval period, md to a IIOdified fora of the univer • ity ••raon which • ade uae of exeapla and variou • other aid • to comprehen • ton. 'fllia aore popular fona--known •• divi • io !!!.!!. because of it• reliance on aaterial external to the Biblical text,•• opposed to the rigorous diviaio intra of the original untvereitJ aeraon--vu, of courae, given in the vernacular (see Gilson 1925, Ovat 1926). It• origin• are obscure, but it 11Ust have been given a powerful iapulaa bJ the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, which ordered an expansion of religious education for the foundation of the laity (~ee Lomax 1969), and by the alaoat aiaultaneou• tvo great orders of mendicant friar •, th• rranciacan• and the Doainicana. The artea praedicandl give little attention to the diviaio ~ aer110111 but this la the for • in which tl1e • ajority of Christiana in the cloalng centuries of the Middle Agee • oat often, and a>at aemorably, encountered the preaching function of the Church. Since the period of the •dieval

nutery of Guadalupe. It vu apparently preached to royalty. Tb• nUllber of extant aeraona thus • eeaa to ba • little over a hundred, but only four of tbeae are available in aodera editiona. 'lbe corpus of ael'llODa surYbina la Catalan ia greater (aoae tvo hundred, of which a hundred and fifty are by St. Vincent rerrer), and that in Hispano-Latin 1reater still. Like the ••macular aeraona, the Latia one• are aoatly froa the last of the Peaiaaulaz one hundred and fifty delivered over a fifteen-year period by Juan de Arag6n, brother-in-law of Juan Manuel, are in• unuacript of the Chapter Library, Valencia; hundred • by Raaon Lull are extant. The predoa1.naace of the Bast is lus •rited than in the caae of religioua dra•, but it certainly exi • ta. Bovever, th• evidence for loat aeraona in Ca • tillaa i• both a>re plentiful and 11C>re reliable than that for loat playa. Mbioaio

2.

Lost vernacular aeraona. -r..-eoae caaes, there can be no -,ra (but no lees) than a reasonable inference. Any reader of the Libro .!!!_!!!!!!, Aaor and the Arcipreate de Talavera ia not only likely to conclude tbat Juan Ruta preached eet110na •• Archprleat of Rita, md that Alfonso Martinez de Toledo preached thtlll •• Archprieat of Talavera (we could have asamaed that anyvay), but can alao fora aa illpruaioa of the exeapla and other illuatrationa that they faYOUrecl for their diviaio extra preaching, and the ways in which they liked to develop their aaterial. · In other ca • ec,, there are conte11porary references. ,Document• in Toledo Cathedral archives •hov that Alfonao Martinez de Toledo invited

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130 pr•cber•

to tbe Cathedral

ill 14561

Itea que di por otro •oclaiento finado del the • orero • d•l de Talr#era Ht~iento• bacbiller Va•co Gon~O.ea al ar~iprute • n. que le uoclaron dar para el p•to que faze con el bachiller rerrand AlfODBo9 can8nip de Talaffra, que Yillo a pedricar ••• !tea que di por otro •adalliento fir•do del tbuorero • clel abad de Sant Vi~t• tru aill J ocb~ientoa • "7Dte • ~inco ••. que pepf cl• di•• • ocho ••r• de ypre prieto, a ~lento • aov•ta •~loco••• qua 11D11tatru • 111 e quinientoa • diu • n., • treaieatoe • quinae lllta. qua coat& tondidor el pa&,• fuer do• aantone• COD doe capirot•• con ~ierto ter~ente, loa qllllle• aaadaroa dar a rerraaclo •• ~ra, ltachiller e a Ferrand Aloaao, bacht.ller, pedricadoru. (Torroja ......_ •• and Ri•a•

Pall 1977)3a Benumclo de Talr#era certainly preacbecl far mre aeraona than the ane utaat (another work of hi• ill the .... • anuacript dou not••to be a Nraaa, despite the way that Aaador refer• to it). Talavera bec:aae a priest 1a 1458, and the fof hi• preaching 1• Hid to laffe helped to viii 111111 tbe chair of aoral philoaophJ at Sala1118Dca five yun later. 'l'be • eraoaa of tbia period • HII to be loat, aa 1• the oae be preached on Aaceuion Day 1465 when, in the pruenc• of tbe Duch••• of Alba, he took the habit of tbe Bieron,aite Order. All w luaowof the 1465 ••raon i • that it vaa oa tb• prai • e of the Virgin Mary.4 111a • el"IIDIUI preacbad vhlle Talavera vu Prior of Santa Marfa del Prado •r• loet, except for the Collaci&i aentioaed aboYe (tbougb Aaaclor 1865, YII, p. 361n, •81• "po•eeao• alaunoa de lo• pr•dicacloa ante• de • ubir a la • illa epiacopal"). W. kllov nothing of hia eeraon• • liabop of Avila (1483-94) • and • ppareatly all that •uniYu fro • hi • period giYml by Gerdaiao a • Archbiebop of Gr• aada (1494-l.S07) 1a the ducrlption de Madrid in bia lrne .!!!!!I

Coapuao ••raonu aa roaaa~• para 1• fiut• prin~ipalea, en aJ.aunaa wlvienclo la• li~ioDH de latln n lequa cutellana y ea otraa, coapoaienclo '1 __..... de grand eclifica~i&n y de aucba claridad y llaneaa ••• y eacrlbiera IIIICho .._, •1 ao le ocupara •1 regilllento cl••• OYeju. (Quoted by Aaador 1865,

VII, P• 360a) !be illpr•••ion ucle by hi • preaching in Granada •1 be judged by tb• account giYml ill tbe early • bteentb-centur, biography by Alouo rerDUdea •• llaclrid1 La cauaa de • to [increase in cburcb attendance], entre otru, pien • o qua era porque el Arsobiapo predicaba 11UJ contimumente, J doqui•ra que hay buena ataient• d• la palabra de Dloa, -ravilla •era no coger•• aucho fruto. 8• predicacionu no eran para fau • to o poapa de • oatrar • e letraclo, aunque lo era, ni al gaataba IIIICho tieapo en e • cudriiar aecretoa de naturaleu aua de la teologt'.a e • colletica o dlaputativa. Todo era tratar de la cariclad de vicioa J virtudes, de la • coatu • bres aanta, crietiana, de loa oficioa J ceri-,niu ecleeihtica• declaraado al pueblo loa lvangelioe J lpf • tola• de aqualloa dfaa, J la ras&I por quf H declaa, J c5110 lo babfan de enteoder, J de •pula c&ao lo hab1aa de ... uir y obrar. lato decfan algmoa curioaoa J palaciaaoa que ao era predicar, ahlo decir CODaej•;

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131 aaa el provecho, que euele dar precio a las coaaa, nos 11aaifest~ claraaente cuanto us fruto [bac!an] aquellaa consejae, dicbas por boca del Prelado J con el hervor que laa deda, que otroa auchoa seraonea eubtilee J 11UJ eatudiadoa de otros. I, a la verdad, cuando concurr{an a oirle pareonaa doctas y celosaa del biea de las uillaa, no juzgaban aquellos seraonea por vaooa y sin provecho, antes•• adllirabao cuantoa adaterios vfan qua estabaa eacondidoa debaxo de aquellae habllllas coaunea J parabolas, queen eua predlcacionee uaaba.5 '1111• •plrited

defence of the popular seraon is, I think, one of the few evaluative writing• on thi • aubject in r.aatllian that have co• dovn to us. I A very different view of Talavera'• preaching vaa taken by a group of Seville converso •• Talavera preached there in 1478 on the subject of 1enuine and fal • e conver • iona, ancl his aera:,na, now lost, vere attacked in a paaphlet circulated in 1480. 'Ibis vorlt also 1a lost, and i • known to us (under the title Talavera gave it, Rer,tico libelo) only through his quotatiou and paraphrases ia his Cat6lica iapugnaci6n (1481; edited by Hlrquez and Martin Hernadez 1961). We are able to fora an illpreesion of a fev loat aer110ns in the • 8118 vay ae ve ltnov IIOIN!thing of the Herdtico libelo: because they are SUlll~rized or quoted. Two good examples are the political aeraon preached in the 1420 Cortes by Gutierre G&aez de Toledo, Archdeacon of Guadalajara, justifying the Tordeaillas coup d'ftat of that year (this is s~rized in the Cr6nica de don Juan 11),6 and the late fourteenth-century • et1110nof one fray Pedro, aii Augustiiiian froa Seville, whose satirical coanente on the corruption of the secular clergy led to a fonal coaplaint against hi •, lodged vith the Cathedral Chapter by the priests of Alcal( de Guadaira.7 1111 • contains a • ple quotation • (though ve auat reaelllber that there la no way of checking their accuracy): Dixo que lo• c1,r1gos aaloe non eraa ••~erdotee de Dioe, ainon del diablo, e que fa • faa aacrifi~io al diablo, porque non tenfan

lo que avtan proaetido, religiSn • proveaa; ante faafan lo contrario, cobdi~ianclo riquesu e 11111•• • cavalloe e heredadea; e robavan las egle • ia • • non las aerv!an, e que pre~iavaa -'• bever por la • tawrnae e jupr dadoa e ..andar por las pl•~•• vagabundoa, que non venir a la• eali•ia• nin reaar la• oras; e que •• pagavan us andar a ca~• con un aalgo.

Thia aay, aa Gonzll.ez Jinafnez aaya, usefully be co• pared vitb literary criticis• found lo the !4fil de !!!!!!, ~. lliaado 2 palacio, or !rcipreate .!!!, Talavera; it would alao be interesting to c011p&re it vith the Inglish popular aeraooa diacusaecl by Ovat (1933) in his chapter• on the preaching of satire and coaplaint. For the rest, we have lees precise references. Aaodor (1865, Vt, pp. 313-14) aention• three faaoua preacher• of the reign of Juan II: the Doainican Cardinal Juan de Torquemada (1388-1468), Alfonso de Oropesa (died 1468), General of the Rieron111ite•, and the converso Fray Alfonso de t:spina (died 14917), a Mercedarian. These, he aaya, tried to increase their prestige by traulatiq their aer110D• into Latin. No vernacular teata seem to aurvive, but SOiie Latia text • by Oropesa and Espina are extant (Rodriguez 1967, pp. 301-02 and 319). Joaf de SigOenza says of Oropesa: And so on.

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132 letando en Toledo, le pidid un aaigo auyo le hiaiuae uo aermn, para el juave• de la cena, qua le avtan eacoaendado qua preclica••• del Sacraaento, J coapuao con harta brevedad uno IIUJ docto, que •• hallari tm el lliSIIO libro, Lumen ad revelationea gentiua, &c. • • • Biao talllbiu • eraonea docdariao• en todoe lo• cap{tuloe general•• que preaidi6 co110 General de la orden, que fueron el aiio de [14S9, 1462, 1465, and 1468], llenoa de unta doctrlaa. No puedo cr .. r qua preclicuea todo lo qua eatan largos qua no•• leer,n crivia ea ello•, poique ay en bora• •••

•J.auno•

••Y•

learned aeraona •ntioned by Sigllenza IIWlt have been iii Latin, and it 1• posaible that Alllldor'• reference to vernacular • erllOIUI later tranalated into Latin •J be aere speculation; one IIIU8talao r8llellber that the exiatence of fro • that of the spoken seraon need not be a text in a lanauage different attributed to tb• preacher hiuelf. Allador (1865, VII, pp. 60-61) alao refer• to Aragoneae • eraona of Juan ti•, but eince there is no vay of ltnoving whether the vernacular ones were in Ca• tilian or Catalan, it would be unprofitable to consider the • in detail. His diecu •• ion of faaoue preacbera of P.nrique IV'• reign, on the other hand, 1• of particular interest (VII, pp. 179-80). Re quote • fro • an unpubli • hed work of the period, En • enaadeoto .!!!!_ corac&n, a condemation of undue attentiOD to literary style and of the uaa of rhyme by preacher •, and he aentiona, in addition to lapina and Oropesa, who bad been proa:l.nent in the previou • reign, Prancieco Perundez de Toledo (died 1479), Bishop of Coria, and Juan Gondlea dal Castillo, "cuya palabra 1ozaba de singular preatigio en lu uferu popularea. 119 He quote • Mariana (Ristoria general de lapaiia, Book 24) •• • aJinl that Gonallez del Cutillo died in Salaunca in 1479, at the age of 49, poisoned, "••gun•• cree, por una hoatia que la la habta abanenvi& una cla• viuda, cuyo aaaate, acon • ejado por Cutillo, donado." Such, if rU110urapoke truly, were the peril.a of ac,ral exhortation aa the reign of lnrique IV gave way to that of the Catholic Monarchs, and one regret• vitb especial keennee• the of the victi • 's aer • ona. One fa • cinating and frwatratina problea ia that of St. Vincent Ferrer' • • er110Ds preached in Andalusia. the natural uaumption is that he • poke in Caatilians bov • anJ Andaluaiana would underatand a long aera,o in YalencianT And the Saint's aer11D118were very long, even by the • tandards of tho•• day •, when two or three hour • were noraal1 aoae of his luted for aix boure. Rico (1977, p. 14) that ha occasionally spoke in Caatilian, but I do not know of any extant taxte in that language, and our aHuaptiou about vbat would be natural for a preacher viahing to reach large audiencea area cla•b with near-contemporary atateaents outside hie own linguiatic about him. Bia Doainican biographer Razzano, writing in 14SS (St. Vincent died in 1419), • aya thats "Cu• enf.a per illa • aingulu region•• quu •upra M110raviaull eua • praedicationes diffunderet., et aua Valentina ac 1111teraa lingua fuerit emaper locutu •, taaen ainguli, tall pueri quaa aetate provecti utriuaque eiua eenaoaea per aingula verba percipiebant, perinde ac •i io aingulorua patria fuiHet natua et eor1111idio•te fuiaaet locutua" (quoted by Heyer 1881, p. 227n). Razzano goes on to say that even Greeb, Ger• ans, and Hungarians undaratoocl the Saint just•• if he were preaching in their own lanauage. It ia, however, not certain that thi• claia of a Penteco•tal airacle should be taken at face value. Much the aaae 18 • aid in the Fioretti j! §!!!. Pranceeco about a • eraoa of St. Anthony of Padua (another Spaniard), and it aay been a topoa in the prai • e of faaoue The

II'•

lo••

••J•

••xu•,

ha••

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133

preacber•.10 The utter is aot, •• aight at first be supposed, eettled by a draft outline, in Valencian, of a aeDIODpreached in 1404 at Belley, between Geneva and Lyon, which ls allloat certainly by Vincent (edited by Brunel 1924). Die language of auch drafts, as ve have aeen, was not always the language of the spoken aer•n. Yet there is no fir • evidence that the Saint preached in languages other than Valencian and Latin, and it 118J be prudent, rather than asauaing th• exiatence of Caatilian texts, to think of paraphrase• or a1a111ariea delivered in Castiliaa by an ae • ietant while the Saint preached in bia own tongue. Thi • queation clearly deserves far aore attention than it has received. One point reaaiu to be aade. Since seraons, especially popular aeraou • vere frequently iaproviaed from note • or outlinea, rather than being read froa full written text •, ve should probably add the medieval popular seraon to the liet of oral-for • ulaic genres. The implications of this for but this is not the place current oral-for • ulaic theory are far-reaching, illplicatioa is that 11C>stpopular aerto diecuaa the • .11 A le•• • tartling llOD8 are probably loat to WI net becauae written texts which once existed but because, like IIC>8ttraditional lyrics, they never had have disappeared, Nevertheless, IIOM written seraooa have certainly been lost, a written text. and it is to be hoped that so• vill be rediscovered. This is ac,re likely with preacher • who were the object of special veneration, and whose aeraona were recorded fr0111note • or froa 118110rJby their diaciplea.12 '

3.

Arte• praedicandi. No vernacular Caatilian onu are known, and there is only one Latin ~ praedicandi that 1• certainly of Ca • tilian origin: that of the Augustinian Hart{n de r-&rdoba, vho died circa 1476 (edited by Rubio, 1959). Castilian libraries contain a number of others, one of which ia not found elsewhere so IIIIY be of local origin, and there is an Ara praedicandi !!.!,gonen • is (edited by Faulhaber 1979-80), probably coapoeed at Toulouse by an Aragonese in the aecond quarter of the fifteenth century. But here, as with serma texts, the aoat iaportaot surviving works are from Catalonia: Raaon Lull'• Liber de praedicatione and!!.!_ brevie praedicationis (edited by in press), and Prancuc Eixiaenia' Ara praedicandi populo. Even Wittlin, though auch work re•ins to be done (not all texts have been edited, and to be carried out), this Aspect of our subject detailed analyses have still baa been ac,re adequately atudied than II08t. We have an excellent and eubataotial study of the 1enre (Charlaacl 1936), auppleaented by briefer but ac,re up-to-date surveys of artes in general (Murphy 1974) and their Hispanic representative • (Faulhaber . 1979); an inventory of texts, inc011plete but exten • ive (Caplan 1934, 1936), with a a>re recent inventory of those in Spanish libraries (Faulhaber 1973); atudiu on particular aspects (Caplan 1927, 1933; of a representative--non-Hiapanic--text Faulhaber 1972); a translation (Murphy 1971B); and a bibliography (Murphy 1971A). Although, aa we have • eea, the artea praedicandt are aot auch concerned with-the popular aer11011, theoretical backthey are l • portant not only because they provide eaaentlal ground to aedieval learned aer • ona, but alao because (unlike the artee poetlcae) tbey giwe guidance on literary structure, and because t~vealth of etyli • tic precept and exaaple vu put to use by aany aedieval autbora.13 Seraon notebooks !!!!. collectiona tl preachers' • aterial. Bxeapla were freely uaed in the popular aeraon, and the Dolllinicans in particular aade collectiou of thea (e.g. John of BrQ11Jard'• SUlllla praedicantlua). They han been • urveyecl (Welter 1927) and categorized (Tubach

4.

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134

1969); there h .. been eo• literary crltlciaa (labrl 1965-66); and acbolareblp in thia field baa beea recorded and acrutinized (Crane 1883-84, 1917; Devoto 1972). The wt useful general vorb on Spanish exeaplua collectiona are Narun'• long and uneven aurvey (1974), which bu the great aerit of coflring •oae collectiODS neglected by other acholare; lteller'• 110tif-1Dclez (1949), which need• reviaion and ezpanaion but ia • till a convenient guide to narrative eleaent• io thi• .aterial; and Goldberg'• article (in preaa), which challenge• the etandard view of • ezual attitudu in the exeapla. !be earliest collection • in ire, R,ginald. !!!_ aanuacrita.

du Hoyen Age: Herder, 1966. 264 pp.

Les Hoailiairu

Ro•:

.!! analyse

inventaire

Marta Tereea (!!.). 'Hlatoria de loa reyes magos' t 11anuscrito 2037 ,!!. .!! biblioteca de la Universldad de Salamanca; Sala•nca, 1978. SO pp.

Herrera,

ltahrl, Stanley J. "Allegory in Practice: A Study of Narratbe Medieval Bxeapla," MPh. 63 (1965-66), 105-10. John I. Motif-Index of Mediaeval Spanish Exempla. Univ. of Tenneasee Preaa, 1949. xvii+ 67 pp.

Kaller,

linkade,

Richard P. '"IntellectUIII tibi dabo': in the Llbro ,!!!.!!!!!!,~," !!!!, 47 (1970),

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111e Function 296-315.

Styles

in

ICnoxville: of Free W1.ll

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142

• "Ioculatoru Del: el Libro de Buen Allor J la rivalidad atre y predicadoru," in!! ArciPru"te de !ll!_: el libro, .!! autor. --j-uglarea !!. tierra, la lpoca. Actu ,!!!! .1·congreao Internacional aobre !! Arcipreate .!!!.Rita, ed. Manuel Criado de Val (Barcelona1 Serua, 1973), pp. 115-28. Lacarra, Marla JeaGs. Cuentlatica en lapaia1 !!!!. odgenea (Publicacione • del Departaaento de Litaratura Espanola, 1). Zaragoza: Univer • iclad, 1979. 217 pp. Lape:,re, Rend. "Un Seraon de Pedro de Luu," BB, 49 (1947), 38-46; SO (1948), 129-46. Lazserini, Lucia. "'Par latinoa groaaoa': • tudio • ui aenaoni ••ciclati," Studi .!!.!,Pilologia Italiana, 29 (1971), 219-339. Laclercq, Jean. Scriptoriua,

2

"Table • pour l'inventaira (1948), 195-214.

du bolliliaire•

aanuacrita,"

Marche, Albert. ~ Chair• francai • e ~ Moyen Age •J>!cialeaent d' aprh !!!. aanuscrit• cooteaporains, 2nd ed. Paria: Librairie Renouard, 1886. nii + 549 pp.

Lacoy de la

!.!!. 1111 8 ailcle,

Lida de Halkiel, Mart:• Rosa. "Tru aotaa • obre don Juan Manuel," RPh, 4 upaiiolaT (1950-51), 155-94. Rpt. in her latudioe de literatura coaparada (Bueno • Aires: lucleba, 1966), ff. 92-133.

Loaax, Derek V. "'nle Lateran lefora Iberoro•nia, __

and Spanish Literature,"

1 (1969), 299-313.

(eel.). "Pedro Ldpea de laea, Dicboa .!!!..!!?!.eantoa padre • (dglo llV)," in IU.aceUnea de tezto • •dievalea, ed. lailio sies, 1 (Barcelona: CSIC

&Univer • idad,1972),

pp. 147-78.

Hanning, Warren r. "An Old Spani•h Life of St. Dollinics Sources and Oat••• in Mediaeval Studies!!!, Honor tl Jereaiah Deni• Hattbia• ~ (ea.bridge, Mae• .: Harvard Univ. 1948), pp. 137-58.

Pr••••

Franci • co, and Pranciaco Marth Hernandes(!!.). Talavera, o. s. e., Cat6lica illpugnaci~n (lepiritualea 6). Barcelona: Juan Plore, 1961. xiii+ 243 pp.

Nlrquez,

Fray Hernando de l • panol••• Tutoa,

la•line I. It inf raira eepagnol !! cont• aldilval (VIII-XV • ilcle •) (T'->ins de l'lapagne, sirie Bi • torique, 4). Pari•: llincbieck, 1974.

Hanan,

695 pp.

Hartl, Antonio M. ''La ret~rica 264-98. Pp. 268-73.

sacra en el • iglo de oro," BR, 38 (1970), -

Martin•, "'rio. "o • eraonfrio de Frei Paio de Coiabra do ruldent in Israel ( • ee p. 331). Oro A. Librowicz collected 14 Moroccan ballad• at Mi1dal Ra-!Mk (I • rael). Florette H. lechnits hu alao collected Moroccan ballad • in Israel ("Tru roaance • de r,nger," ISef, 1 [1978], 121-28; vith aueicologlcal tranacriptiou and COllllentary by I • raei J. Katz, pp. 129-31), aad Rqinetta Raboucha hu fonned a collection of 35 la • tern text • (12 of which are fr011 Sabra inforaant•), repre • enting 13 text-type• ("Judeo-Spani • h Ballad• fr011 Israel," 2~ Cologuio Internacional eobre el R011ancero, vol. I, ed. Antonio s,nchez Roaeralo, M Saaual G. And • tead,and Die10 Catalan, Madrid: C.S.N.P., [in pr .. •]). of now, ve know of some 676 ballad tnta collected in Iarael (338 fr011 lut•rn ilaligTanta; 116 Sabra texts; 172 froa Moroccan haigranta). ~l•tya Maoz ta aleo collecting rCJ11ance•froa Eatem infonaanta in Iarael. Cf. 1»trl 'am • ifardt,1.lel yttldl 'ar56th ha-Balkan, M.A. the • i •, Bebrav Univrui'ty, Jeruaalea, [1976. For • ore on the ballad tradition of I•rael, ••• our article, "Judeo-Spaniah Ballad• in a HS. by SalOIIOIIlarael Oleredt." Studte • of Honor of H.J. Benardete, ed. Izaak A. LanRn•• and Barton Sbolod (Nev Yorki Laa Aa'iricu, 1965), pp. 367-87 (edited now, with exten • in additional coaaentary, in Tr•• calu en el roaaacero • efard!: Roda•, Jerua1,n. latadoe Unldoe liiacirid: eaitaiia, 1979).

e;rlar•

2.

A aub• tantial

portion

of Oro Anahory Librowic•'• HDrocca She baa al • o done • Oll8 See h·er Plorilegto de r011ance• aefardiea de Colullhia Univeratty-;--1974; revised •• ilorilegto .!!!, r0111ancee• efard{ea ~!! dilapora (Una colecci6n aalaguena) (Madrid: c.s.N.P., in preH). Before undertakiq our Moroccan flelclvorlt ta 1962, •• collected a fft ballad• fraa Tetufn inforaant• in Hadricl. Nore collection vu recorded in "'lap recordiq ia Madrid (36 texts). la di,epora, .Ph.D. diHartation,

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and Harbella.

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159 to be dona in tb• Madrid caa.unity: productive work cloubtlue r-ina collectina could alao be carried out in Barcelona and perhape in Seville. On Sephardic eoaaunitiH in Spain, eee Hala Vidal Sephih•'• excellent boolt, L'Aaonle .!l!!.judH-upapola ([Paria]: Editiou Entente, 1977), pp. 86-87. 3. Cf. Martine Cohen, lecueil, ,ditioa .!! ,tude de textu enregiatrls auprla .!!! Jud,o-hiapanophonea originairea de Turguie .!!_ de Grice ! !!!!!, .!!!. 1972, ''Maoire," Univerait, de Paris IV: Inatitut d'2tudee Hiapaniquea, Peria, 1972-73, which include • four ballad texts representing five texttyp••• A • y• teaatlc ballad survey of French ca1111unitie• would probably yield tnterutin1 reaulta. Cf. Sephiha, L'Aaonie, PP•· 88-92. For• recent report, SN Miri• Zehavt, "lorth African Jewa in Prance and Israel," Olallenge 3:9 (July 1979), 4-5. (Jer••l•), atill unedited interview of a Salonikan 4. Except for an illteruting, infonaant conducted for 1111by Margaret ataplin, there hu been no collecting of Judeo-Spani • h ballade in !ft8land to our knowledge. On the diverse Sephardic CWIIUDitiea of London,••• Iaaachar Ben-Alli, "Death, Burial and Mourning CWltOIIII a• ong Sephardic Jeva in London," Studies in the Cultural Life of the :!!!!. in England: Folk.lore Reaearch Center Studie;:- Vol. V (Jeruaaieii,197S), 11-36; alao Albert Hymon, The Sephardia ~ F.ngland (London: Methuen, 19S1), PP• 403-lS; Sephiha, L'Agonie, pp. 85-86. . S. There 1• apparently a nall ce1111unityof recent illdgranta in Bolland. See atanah Milner and Paul Stol'II, Sefardi • che liederea en balladen (R0118118u) (1be Hapal Albereen, 1974), p. 114. ConceminR thiacollectton, note our eritical reviev (vith I • rael J. lats) in Huaica Judaic• (Nev York), 2:1 (1977-78), 95-99. All of the text• included in Milner-Stora are "aacl'ndhand," and none were recorded in Holland. On reanants of an early (aeventeenthcentury) Biapano-Judaic tradition in Allllterdaa, eee our article, "El Roaancero entre loe • efardfu de Rolanda," Etudee ••• Julea Horrent (Lilge, 1980). For aee J. A. Van Praag, Loe an overview of Sephardic Jwry in Aaaterd•, aefardita • .!!!, Aaaterdaa l. !!!!. actividadu (Madrid: Untver • idad de Madrid, 1967).

6. On the Sephardic cOIIIUftitJ in BelRiUII, aee Albert Doppa,tne, "La judlo-eepqnol en lel1tque," !! Ccmgreao Internacional de Linglliatica z. Pilologfa Rounica •: Actu, IV, ed. Antonio Quill • (Haddd, RPI, Anejo LXXXVI,1968), 2141-44; al • o Sephiha, L'Agonle, p. 85. To ourknovledge, no ballad f1elcllfork hu been done. 7. Oro A. Librowics ha collected a fw Moroccan roaancu (e~ht texts) in Montreal, but auch vorlt reaaine to be done, eapecially in the lartte Toronto Moroccn cGallUlllty. See Sephiha, L'Aaonie, p. 94. 111ere va• • large Eutern Sephardic coaaunity in Cma; • any of have illdgrated to the U.S. and to Spant • h Aaertca. Por intern,.,. vith tvo Turld•h inforwant• in Havana. carried out by Roberto Eequena:d Mayo, April 7 a~d 8, 1937, which yielded four ballad •, eabodying • ix texttne•, ••• Saauel c. And.ateacl et al~, !l ro1111nceroJudeo-upanol en el Archivo llemadea Pldal, 3 vole. (Madrid:c.s.M.P., 1978), III, 147(•ubaequently cited a • i 011'). 8.

th••people

9. No lntervivitb Sephardic infor • ante in the lar~• Mexico City c.~..-m.... tty hne ao far yielded ballad •• Cf. Sephiha, L'Agonte. p. 95 •

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161 (eee n. 1 abcme). See M. Attlu, Cancioaero Jucleo-espanol (Jerusalem: Centro de Eetudio• aobre el Judalaao da Sa16nfca, 1972), pp. 300-01, 323-25, 333, n. 58; "~lr&r ra11ana&thbX-kth"y lel Sarayavo," Shevet va'All 1 2 (•7) (1973), 29S-370: p. 299: and our article (with Iacob H. Haas4n), "Un nuevo teatillonio del roaancero eefardi en el •iglo XYilJ," ISef, 1 (1978), 197-212. Undoubtedly still other unedited collections haveNCaped out' notice.

rounc• jucleo-eepaiiole • _m Nueva !!!!l, M.A. theate, Nev York, 1923.

~

15.

Uaivereity,

Coluabia

See Louia H. Hacker, "The C0111unalLife of the Sephardic Jews in City," Joumal of Jeviah COIIIUllal Service (Nev Yorlt), 3 (1926), 3240; Mu A. Luria, "Judeo-Spaniah Dialect • in Mev York City," Todd Heaortal VolU11H: Philological StudiH, II, ed. John D. Fitz-Cerald anci'Pauline Taylor (Nev York: Coluabia Univer•ity Prue, 1930), 7-16. 16.

Nev Yorlt

17. See s. G. Arai • tead and J. H. Silveraaa (vith the collaboration of o. A. Librovics), llOIUlllc:u judeo-upaftolea de Tinger (collected by Zadta Rahdn) (Madrid: c.s.M.P., 1977), pp. 24, n. 43, and 229. Soae (or all?) of the Toledano recordintt• UJ be later than ve • uppoaed. One of the dlaca 18 datecl "MaJ1936."

18. Sees. c. Arld.•tead, I. J. ltatz, and J. R. Silveraan, "Judeo-Spaniah Polit Poetry froa Morocco (The loa • -Hen01 Collection)," YIPHC, 11 (1979).

\

19. See I. Matto (Schleeinger], ! Study!.{ !h!, Linguiatic 1 !!

Pl•rce, Prank. Aaadfa de Caul.a (loetoa1 V.ber de lurlat). -

1976)1

IRS 561

247-49 (frida

-

,!!!!. ?!!.!! !.f. !e £!!I.I j !!! Critical lditioa !!, ~ Spapleb ~• Michael, trana. lita lludlton ancl Janet Perry (Mancheater1 !!!_ 741

Pulpr,

!!!!. 321

c.

220-22 (I.

!!

wa. TradiclanaU.aao 454-51 (C21arlotte Item).

•etco-aovel.e•co

Joel

Laia •

clf • lco (Tllbiaamu

c°'i•cioDU c:oaculyu !!! 941 491-93

.!=!!_ 1976

1

a

Tate

lrtaa .

(larcelooaa

Rico, rraaciaco. Alfoneo el Sabio I. la "Ceaeral letoria" 1972) 1 !!!. 151 135-36(J. Victoria).

u-rola,

eel. Ian

1975)1

Andatud).

Claro• •aroaea cl• C..tllla, ed. lobert 371 369-70laret Schlb).

Peraaado del. (Oxfords 1971)1

lichtbofet\lrlch

la1'a

1972)1

(larcelona1

eapaiiol adinal

J.

(iolf lb•r••>•

Rodrigues•• Leaa, Pero. 11 Paeao llonroao cl• Suero cl•~--• ecl. Aaaaclo Labandeir• rerdnclea (Naclrid1 1977)1 ii:&741 964-65 (Anthony lluttoa). __

1

!!!.

__

1

!!

__

1

.:!!t, 31 184-15 (Stello

561

471

244-•5

(Pa•la

Valey).

530-33 (Juaa lapadu).

lodrfgues-P8'rtola (Barcelona1

•, Julio. 1976)1

Cro).

hi•toda, alienact&a 56-57 (Alu DeJ•DIOlld).

Llteratura,

!!!! 561

ltoudil, Jun, ed. Le • fueroa cl'Alcara• et cl'Alarcon (Parbs .!! 361 366-677ceriJa Col&n). lufflnato,

Aldo.

•aoacrittl !!l. 941

Digitized by

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oHenaaioai •ulla llnauadei Santo Dcnd.np de siioa" (P1• al

di lerceo1

cteTli"Vida de

212-11 (Maraber'ita Morreale).

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1968):

1,m,

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Ruia, Juan, The Archpriut of Rita. 'l'be look of True Love, ed. Anthony N. Zabareae, trana. Saralyn R. Daly (Univereity Park, PA: 1978)1 Cor&oica 7a 146-47 (Steven D. Kirby).

s,ea,

lllilio and Joa, Tranche. Diploutario !!!! Cardenal Cancillerla pontificia (llSl-SJ) (larcelona1 1973): (J. Gautier-Dalch,).

.fil de Albornu&: HA 85:

146-47

Salvador Niguel, Nicaaio. La poeela cancionedl: el "Caocionero de P.etGiUga" (Madddt 1977): £!!! 3461 24o-43 (Joaquin Gonz'1ez Cuenca).

--

:

Ill 80:

347-49 (Michel Garcia).

IPh 331

241 (Dorothy Clotelle

Clarke).

~ 741

222-23 (Keith Whimo • ).

__

:

__

, .!!! 47:

__

1

Specul1111541 85S-S7 (Joaeph Snow).

__

:

Hispania (U.S.A.) 62:

393-94 (S. G. Aradatead).

727 (Nydia Rivera Gloeckner).

!!!!, "Cancionero !!!, Martinez de Burgoa": ! with .!!!. Edition of !!!!, ~ !!!!, Poetry 1976): RPh 32: 493-94 of Juan Hart!nea de Burgoa (Exeter: 1charlotte Stern):-

Se••rin,

Dorothy Shemn.

!!.{ .ll!. ~ntenta

Description

--

:

JHP 2:

227-28 (Richard P. l.inkacle).

Sharrer, Harvey L. ! Critical Bibliography of Hispanic Arthurian Material I. Texts: tbe Pro•• Ro1111ncee(London: 1977): BHS56: 335 (Robert I. Tate'). __

1

.!!!, 4 7:

523-25 (Henry Hare Carter).

__

1

JHP 3:

182-83 (Harry P. Willia•).

__

:

Riepania (U.S.A.) 621 726 (Shasta M. Bryant).

Snow, Joseph.

(London:

_:

!!!!!

Poetry~ Alfonso .!, .!! ~: A Critical 1977): Speculwa SS: 193 (John I. 1';11er).

~

Bibliography

308-10 (IC.athleen ltulp-Hill).

lt

st,fano de Taucer, _,ral (lopt,:

11 "Caballero Zifar"1 novela did&ctico1972)1 RPhl2: 217-18 (Valerie Maaaon de ~•z).

Luciana de.

c. Die Hagiographic-lbauaaturgic !£!_ of Gonzalo de "Vida de Santo Doalngo de Sllo•" (Barcelona: 1976): (u.s.A:T~J9S (Charlea..--raulhaber).

Suazyn • lti, Olivia

Berceoz Hiepania

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Tuttle,

&lvin Fowler. Studies 111 th• Derifttioaal Suffix TWWH (TObinpa 1 1975): !f!!. JJ1 182-85 (Curti • Blaylock).

__

1

!:!. 281

__

1

!!f!

281

184-88 (Bau

Dieter

Bork).

156-S9 (Haae-Jo • ef Riederebe).

Uda Naqua, babel. 11 poaa de Santa Oria de Gonaalo de lerceo (Logroiioa 1976)1 !! 801-141 (J..;-1.aaartiaal). -

Valde6n Baruque, Julio. Loa conflictoe aocialee en el reino de Castilla ea !!!!. eialo • fil I.!!. (Hadrida 1975): Speculuii 551 1~97 T-i'o• eph

r. oI Callaghan)

•

Villena, Enrique cle. Trata4o de la conao acf.8a, ed. Derek (Madrid1 1976)1 !!!_ 14,-iff-23 Anthony Hutton).

c.

Carr

Walker, Roger M. Tradition and Teclmigue in "11 libro del Cavallero Zlfar" (Landoni 1974): RPla 321 212:r1 (Valerie iu'aon de G&aea). __

,

~

211

168-75 (Loui••

Vanari

Pa1Dber1).

Varel, Philip.

The Oxford Coapanion to Spaniah Literature !1Q 741 719-21 (Frank Pierce).-

Villia,

la,-,nd (Princatoal

Digitized by

s., ed. and traaa. 1972):

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!!!!. 331

(Oxfords

by Juan Ruia (iUMOMPleiachllan).

Libro de buen ..,r, 232-38

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SCIIEllf£BIT DIVILOPNllrrSII IHAllJASatoLARSHJP Saauel G. Araiatead,

Uaiveraity

of Pennsylvania

Richard Hitchcock'• •!neatly ueeful bibllo1raphy (1) provide • an nUllber exhaustive eurvey of kharJa acholarehtp up to 1977. A eignlficant of pertinent publication• have appeared during the intervening year •, and it 118Ybe of interest to the readers of La Coroaica to review them briefly here. Jareer Abu-Haidar (!) baa taken exception to the theory of the kharJ••' loaance origina. Be eeeks to explain the • uvashshabs' Mourabic punch lin•• aerely u a •nifeatation of hazl (a witty, JoculRr aodality of Arabic literary axpreaalon). Th• preeeiice' in the • uwashshab of a young VOMD who introduces the kbarJa would be nothing ac,re than"• literary convention adding piquancy 11 to the poea (p. 11), and the k.harJa thus beco• es "• aolehill out of which acholara have built uny a aountain" (p. 8). A.-H. aak.ee no atteapt to explain the • ultiple agreeaenta-both the•tic and •trical-betveen the Noaarabic poeas and eub • equent fot1111 of the Ro11811ce lyric. Hi• article ie intereating, in that it drava attention to a literary poeture (hazl) an avaren••• of which uy perhaps have contributed to the a-..aing effect of the contrast between • uwashahabs and their kharju, but fev scholar• will be convinced b7 A.-H.*• aillplistlc eolution of a very coaplex problea. In • UIU n,e • ountain has not been reduced to it • original aolebill. Dorothy Clotelle Clarke(!) ha• etudied in great detail the versification of the Arabic kharja • in Hebrew • uva • hahab• edited by Jaaes T. ) Monroe and David Sviatlo (11). Her metrical investigations confir • that they eabody a 11atren-ayllabic Hispano-Ro•nce syatea of prosody" (p. 46) idea • which would place in doubt but ahe propoee• several other interesting the purely popular nature of the kharJa'• • etrice and their direct relationship to the Roaance tradition. Linda Fish r.oapton (1) ha • tranalated and penetratingly etuclled the thirty-four Arabic • uwaahahaba with Arable kharjaa in lbn Sani' al-Hulk'• Dir at-Tiriz. The co111parison or these kharjaa with the Hozarablc corpus le IKNlt revealina and shows how the genre, aa it wae cultivated in a Near laetem context, gradually shed 11any of its earlier characteriatica (aother confidante, feainine volce)--characterietica which also linked it lyric. Note also the review by S. G. to the Hispano-Ro111ancetraditional Arlliatead (HR, 46 [1978], 92-95). HargitFrenk Alatorr•'• splendid latudioa Q.)- 11auat" reading for Biapaao-Hedievaliata-reproduce • (pp. 19-37) an iaportant early kharJa artlcla1 "El aaci • !anto de la l{rica eapai\ola ••• " (Hitchcock, no. 65). ID her authoritative eetado de la cueatioa on the kharJ••' relatiomship to tile origin • of the Ro•nce lyric(~), she exhaustively surveys e•ery aapect of previous acholarehip, arrivlng at her own highly perceptive conclaeione. 'fttie funda•ntally illportant book hu already been evaluated by Hitchcock (no. 67 bis). Hitchcock'• article on the aother figure in the k.harju (!) discusses previous, widely different • cholarly appraisals of the word • a.... H. point • out that in ita 15 odd occurrence • in the kharjas, the word embodies no lee• than eight different letter coabinationa. He concludes, rather

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aurpri • ingly, that .,.t, if not all of the reading • of-• are in error and that the HSS actually reflect Arabic worda. He belI'eve. that 111107 of the kharjaa are completely in Arabic, rather than in Roaance: "Hi poaici6n coincide con la reciente tendencia a interpretar lu jarchas coao si estuvieran eacritaa total-nte en lrabe" (p. 9). Ja-s T. Monroe (!Q) has tranalated and studied 44 Arabic kharjaa, ''bearing in one way or another the atallJ) of popular poetry," fro • Iba alIbn Sanl'-'• Dir at-Tirlz, and the~ of al-ACai !Ja~lb's ~ayl at-Tavlib, He ha • analyzed each poe• 1s -trice, has co • posed a Spanish at-Tu~Ilr. rhyth • ic calque in each case, and adduces -trical parallel• drawn from or Medieval Portuguue and Latia poetry. Aaon1 other early villancicos "It [ia] likely that our lArabic] i • portant observation •, H. concludes: popular poetry ••• corpus reflects to soae extent a type of authentically • odelled upon Ro• ance folk poetry, and which possibly incorproaodically • Along with the Roaance ~arAas it coporated some of its themes. stitutes a single tradit ion, and •• • the ciw.J.ee,_~ words in one l~ge .'....... .., ..... -:-·'l or the other may often have been dete rmined not by ~ ather '-- ) y me e u rements . t us ee em to e ea ng w t a cur ou• y f ngual poetic c [Huwash• hab and zajal] • re derivative, and i • itationa of an authentic popular tradishould be viewed as semi -lurned tion in colloquial Arabic reflected if not recorded in the Arabic ~aria•" (p. 125). 93 Andalusian Monroe and Da•id Sviatlo (!!) have edited and translated Arabic kharjas fro • Hebrew muwash• habs, providing • etrical analyses, rhyth• ic calques, and villancico analogs in each case. So• e of the theaatic and for • ulaic parallels are striking (lover aa son [3]; "What vill becoae of .. 1" [Sl, SJ]; "What ahall I do?" (81)). The authors discus • the poe• a' prosody and th-•• and even publish the music of a contemporary Paleatinian Arabic rendition of one of the • uwashshaba (pp. 159-60). They ''The Arable barlaa represent a two-fold current: on the one conclude: hand Ro• ance poetry influenced Arabic poetry fro • below, leading to the development of an Arabic folk lyric in Spain, and on the other, the latter was in turn influenced by classical Arabic poetry fro • above" (p. 163). Nonroe (12) has also discovered two further bilingual (but aoatly Arabic) kh• rjaa (Ro • ance aleaenta bein1 limited to m'w and llu 'his') in three muvashshabs fro • Ibn al-lJa~Ib's Q.!z!. The Arabic poems are transliterated and translated and, in a thorough analysis that should serve as a • odel for future work, possible readings of the kharjss are exhaustively discussed and Spanish rhyth • ic calques proposed. Qincerning the proble • of linguistic • ixture and the Ro-nee and Arabic kharjas, H, obser-s: ''We are dealing not with two separate traditions ••• , but with a aingle, tradition, the origins of which appear to have been Ro-nee bilingual rather than Arabic" (p. 24). to date, cul • iIn (13), Monroe briefly aurveys kharJa scholarship Hitchcock, no. nating in his own pathfinding work on for • ulaic diction(,!; He 159). He then goes on to discuss a series of iaport • nt discoveries: context (the enamored has found exact parallels, occurring in an identical .!!!! de girl abandoned by her lover), of the formulas L~ barf? and L.9.!:!! • U in Classical Latin and Ancient Creek poetry (~ aihi fietT Tia H. also points to strikingly exact and suggestive genoaai7 Ti polo?), antecedents of various kharja topoi in the poetry and religious traditions the of the ancient Near East. These include the aother as confidante, lover-son, and the lovers' meeting at dawn. "The conclusion is unavoidable that the North African and Spanish traditions have preserved a series of

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coaaon Mediterranean theaea fro • the Graeco-R011Bnand Sellitic· traditions in ao far as content ta concerned, but that the Arabic kharjae revert to Ro• ance prototypes in • eter and language, that is, in fora" (p. 178). H. then discuaaea the aeter and theaatic content of the Arabic kharJaa he has factor in the d!choto1ny recently edited and •uggeate a possible historical in the Arable and of aasculine and f811inine poetic voices (respectively) lo•nce lr.harJa •: ''The coaquest of Hispania vaa undertaken by amieR, therefore by • en, vho then •rriecl native, Kounce-speaking wo• en. There fev ethnically Arab women in Al-Andalus" (p. 182). '!his is a were ••• crucially i • portant article, replete with new insights and exciting discoveries. Moat eubdivisiona of "&Igel Ra• lrez Calvente's"l articles (15, 17) are devoted to Arabic IIUWa • hshab• and Quzllllnt aaJala and pertain only indirectly In (17), however, he makes so• interesting observato kharja studiea.2 tion• on "poesla feaenina..-(pp. 405-08), adducing suggestive parallels between kharjas and aodern cantes flamencos: intervention of the mother; the jealous husband; "ojoa-aaetaa"; invitation to "el aaante indelicado"; the lover in the husband's absence. Other possible agreements ("una espealieno) see • leas convincing. cie de rara albada" and a supposed filiyolo "La for • a Mtrica sigue aiendo la • isaa o baatante parecida" (p. 407). A.R.C. coocludea only that: "11 teaa de la 'poea!a femenina' es para ml (p. 408). In (18), he tellingly divertido 1 pero del todo accidental" criticizee the weak points of J. Abu-Haidar's article(!). In(!!) he answers-with no change in hie agRres • ively polemical tone-L. Patrick objections (6) to A.R.C.' • earlier vituperation (14; Harvey'• restrained Hitchcock, no. 169), rated eleevhere as "the year's most unpleasant artiIt 1• a pity that kharja acholarahip, cle" (YWHLS,37 [197S], 240).l potentially one of the -,at international and ecumenical of disciplines, outburata of ad ho • inem invective and exshould be • arred by lnteaperate pressiona of outdated nationalist excluaivia •~ In the last three years, reaearch on the kbarjaa has concentrated upon the interpretation of an extensive corpus of Arabic kharjaa as a coapara-tive connection • (both popular vantage poin~ froa which the nature and literary (Clarke [2]; and learned) of the Ro•nce corpus can be better elucidated Coapton [1]; Hitchcock [!]; Monroe [10, 12, 13]; Honroe-Swiatlo [!!,])7 Huch attention has been paid to crucial problems of versification (Clarke [2], Nonroe [10, 12, 13], Monroe-Swiatlo [11]), but the11atic studies have been eachewed(Coapton [J]; Honroa [10:-12, 13]; Honroe-Swiatlo [11]; laafrez Calvente [17]). A nuaber of far=reachin1, draaatic discoveries of an historical nature have co• e to light (Monroe lll]). It is to be hoped that, in the future, unproductive poleaics (Ramirez Calvente (14, 16]) can be avoided and that kharJa research • ay be allowed to continue it • clevelopaent in• cordial atlloepbere of international collaboration.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY (!) Abu-Baidar, Jareer, "the lbarJa of the ...,aahabab la a 11w Liabt," 1!!!, 9 (1978), 1-13.

•Clarke,

Dorothy Clotelle, "Venificatioa of the gariae in the NonroeSviatlo C:Ollection of the Arabic yarlu la Hor• llulfuhebap Coapared with that of BarlJ JU.apano-lOlllllnic Poetry,• lM1!_, 98 (1978), 35-49.

(1) Coapton, Linda Piab, Andalusian ~ical Soaps 1'!! Nwuhabab .!!! .!!.!.rJa Pr•••• 1976), xwii + 147 pp.

Poetry aad Old Spaniab Lowe

(RewYorks ieii' York Unl__.lty

(!) Prenk Alatorre, Nar1it, ~ jarcbu 'aoairabu l. !!!!, collieazo • .!!! !!, lhica roalnica (Mexico City a Colegio de iiLico, 1975), 179 pp. I Q.) Prank Alatorre, Margit, latudioa •obre ,!!. llrica aattg• (llldrida Castalia, 1978), 341 PP• (!) Raney,

L. Patrick, "Sobre Al-Andalua, L. P. Baney," Al.Aa,41 (1976),

prof.

ID

Ritchcoclt,.

(!)

Hitchcock,

the lharJal

llicharcl,

Grant I Cutler,

1977J-:-68 pp.

Richard, "Sabre

1-9. (!) Monroe, Jamu

T.,

Lyric Traditiou,"

(!!)

la•...-•

del

235-37.

Critical

libltoarapby

ea la• jarcbae,"

(Loncloo:

JHPh, 2 (1977), -

"ronulaic Diction and the Coaaon Origlnt1 of loaance !!!, 43 (1975), 341-SO.

• qua taabifn hay una 1ran diferencla entre la aptca caatellana J lu aarracionea aljaaiada •• r.n ••tu Glti•• •e • iguea auy fiel•nte lo • hecho • biatSrlco •, pero ••to ••• deearrollan co-,

;r

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nlatoa fabuloao-caball•rucoe. Sin eabargo. ea la fpica caatellana no illporta ei lo• hecboe aoa Yerdaderoe o ficticioa; •• preseatan ea un aabiente de yaracidad. In ell• lo que •• lntenta ea pre • entar una hlatorta wri • ta, con peraonajea que parescan hu•nos, ain i • portar si de carkter ul • tieron o no, coa, ocurre con Bernardo del Carpio o ~.!.!!!!. infant•• de Lara. CreellOS que la diferencia conaiate en que las narractonea aljaldado'iioriaca • desarrollaa un hecho deterainado COIIO una biatoria fantf • tica, ldentra • que la ,pica caatallana ofrece unoa hecho • hiatcSricoe, o ae11ihi • tdricoa, o incluao fictlcioa, d'-lola la aparieacia de realidacl hiat6rica. el trabajo de Gal•• de Fuentes, el bien preaenta alguIll aeritorio fl taual que no• otroa •• da perfecta cuenta del aoe punto • dAilea. peligro de ucoger uao• textoa poeteriore • a la fpica aedieval caatellana para deaoetrar la iafluencia de la epopeya ,rabe en la caatellana. 11 e • fuerao de coaparacian eatre lo• eleaentoa teutlcoa de aabas fptcaa ea walloeo. laetantes de loa t-• analizadoe parecea tener una conexi6n • uy directa con la '1,ica ca • tellana, aunque por otro !ado,•• dtflcil aaegurar que uaa baya influido a la otra por el af • ple hecho de poaeer eleaentoe coaunea. No• otroa, ante la falta de pruebu au ••identee, no• tnclina110s a penaar que - • toe ra • 10• COIIUl'leaaon debidoa no a la lnfluencia de loe texto • Iii..,., eino al reeultado ft un largo per!odo de·convlvencia de aaba• cultura ••

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!1 Jevieb Culture!!!. !h!_ Middle !I!!• ldited by Paul I. Sanach. Alban71 State University of lev York Prue, 1979. mtl + 170 pp. + Diaputatio (37 pp.). $30.00.

Aapecte

lleviaved by Carey

s.

Crantford,

ruraaa University

Thia 811all vollDII of proceedinp (Bigbtb lmDual Conference of the Center for Medieval aocl Early lenaieAnce Studie• at SUlff-linghnton) co•• into print five year• after the May 3-5, 1974, program. the lecturer• were Y. a. teruahallli on the relationahip between aedieval atudiu and Jetiah • tudi••• lo • eaary Ruether on the patriatic baaia for Qiriatiaa • and antiattitudu on the Java, Harriet Goldberg on anti-feainis Seaiti811 in the Hiapaaic literary tradition, Noraan Still•n on Jewish life in I • lud.c Spain, Joaeph Cutaaum on probl.., in early Jeviab art, and Leelie Fiedler on the Jeviahne•• of the Grail Knight. Bi•panlata particularly vill velcoae the voluae, and • 011111will aee it aa a part of the eaer1ing focua on Sephardic -ttera, aince four of the aix paper • deal •ignificantly with eoae aapect of 11edieval Hispanic Jewry. '111ue proceecU.oge will f incl their place on reading list • of aelectacl 011 tbo • e for undergraduate eurireya of literaaraduate cour • ea a • well•• ture and culture. Still••'• eaeay, doc ... nted with OYer eighty reference •, will update 111111y lecturer •' note • on Jeviah-I • laaic day• in Spain. of certain influence• on aedieval Chri • tian Gutaann'• brief treataent art acquire• -,re aeaning if atudied along vith hi• 1979 Hebrew.!!!!.!;in which the colored plates do juetice acript Paintina (George Braailler) to the original docuaenta. Unfortunately, the nineteen illuatration• (14 pagee) reproduced in the book under review appear faded and aoaewhat blurred in the aaall black-and-white copi••• The book actually carriee it • own critical review in the Di • putatio, a traucription of taped r._rlul on the final day by disputant • J. duQ. Ad-, llol"llan Cantor, Alice r.olby-Ball, and Stanley Ferber, with larly oa in the Introduction, editor Szaraach I. A. Synan presiding. vana• that the Dieputatio, u pultliabed, poaacl editing proble• not unlike thoae of the Watergate affair. Reader • will not be disappointed in the honest and apontaneoua c0111N11ta,••• for uaaple, in the boldaeea of Profeaaor Yeruahal • i'• concluding r-rk that •cb vu learned froa each eyapoelUII paper, "But how • ucb did you really learn about 'Jeviah Culture · in the Middle Age• 'T" (p. 198). uaaeceaaary, indeed wasteUpon fir • t reading, the 1Dtroducti011 ..... ful, for euch an expensive publication. lut after coain1 to grip • with tbe di • putaat•' remark• vith ensuing rejoinders, the reader fiDcla that the Introduction bring • order out of diuent and cliaaareeaant. Act•lly, opening auaaary would rNd aore aeaningfully a an Profuaor Sunaach'• "Afterword." The editor ee- • too apologetic for the Diaputatio but, u he hopee, "the eaaential intellectual aubatance of the fft111t 11 doe • • barply challenge tba reader. DI• paper • will intrigue a wide range of • edinal apeciali • ta, and the long-delayed publication baa been worth the wait. No evaluation of the book can fail to agree vith lclvard Synan'• clo • ina reaarbl "Without a doubt vbat caae througb u the • -t •triking

•d•

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disclosure of all vas the variety and wealth of aedieval Jewish life as the scholars of our clay are recovering it. In every direction in which. the conference probed, sillplistic eatiaates were shown to be bankrupt. Like the Jewish reality of our own tiae, that of the Middle Ages broke (p. 207). through all stereotype•" Given the present proliferation of scholarly • eatings (the 1979 Sept8111berPHI.A announced 106), future conference • ponsora ••well•• participantiican learn a great dul about convention logistics fr011 these in the area• of conclave foraat, published proceedings, particularly dete111ination of a cooaiatent pattern for participant •' paper •, 11aintepublication plans. nance of conference theae, and post-conference

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A LATE PIF1EEN1H CElltUilY ANTIPEKIRIST POP.Jh PRAY .ANTtMIODE

HEDIRA'SCOPUS COlffRA LOSVICIOSt DESBOIIISTIDADES DE

~ NIJCERIS

E. Michael Cerlt,

-

-

-

CeorgetOllll University

MS. 4114 of the libltoteca llacional de Madrid, the • o-called Cancionero Cuillln !!. Segoyia, ta a highly illportant eource for furthedn,t our uoder • tanding of courtly poetry in late • edieval Castile. While on a recent visit to Madrid, I had occasion to exaaine it and vu illpreseed by it• content. Thie MS., an eighteenth-centut'J' copy of an earlier, now loat, cancionero (which vaa itself coapiled fr011 varioua • ourcea), hu never been '1111aia all the aore regrettable since it offer• a • ignificant edited. found nCNhere elae, includinK the vorlt of ecae poet • othernullber of p~ viee unknown. One • uch author i • Fray Antonio de Medina, whose unique Coplas contra .!!!!, vicioe I. deshcmeatidadea de !!!. • ugere• appear on ff. 304r - ]()7r. Thie coapoaition offer • interesting insight• into a thelN vhoae inveatiRatlon bu recently been taken up with enthusiaa • hy nuaeroua Hiapano-Nedievaliat •antifealniaa in fifteenth-century literature. ln an effort to contrihute to the further • tudy of llliaogyny in Spain durinR the late Middle A,tea, I offer of th• text followed by aaae ob • enation •: here a tranecriptioa

.!!! Pero

Coplu que fizo un frail• aenor de la C,,• enancia lla•do Pray Antonio de Medina contra loa •icioe y de • honutidadea de 1aa Muaerea Aqueatoa nearoa deleite• aquestoe neJro• placeru aquestoe neKroa afeytea aque • toe ne,.ros aceitu aquestoa neRroa traeru aquestoa neRroa hrocadoe aquastoa negro• brialu aque• toa pechoa llirladoa ao loa qualu encerradoe eon loe fue~o• infernal••• Aque•ta n91ra centella aqueate queaado t.ilio aqueeta nueba querella aque• ta brua y doncella encantada por Yir~ilio aquesto • ne~ros bezueloa de veraejura c011pue• toe aqueatoa negro• lenzueloa aque• toe triatee ccmeueloe dieforae• J de[e)honeatoe.

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Aqueeto• negro• alhozoa aque • ta• negrae locuru aqueatoa neRroe de gozoe aque • toe ne~roa de pozoa en que'chan lu crlaturae ute negro faxear y negro apretar de pechoe eate ne1tro roncur aqueete nqro holR•r lu uiianu ea loe lechoe en el 11U11do en que •ivillOtl do aaa no• enloquecaoa apenaa nunca aenti • oe la• penu qua recibiaoa Di el ul qua padeceao • uto digo a lo pre • ent• d'aque • to ~ue claro v•o• qua • uestra claro 7 patente el • al y el incOlffenient• •• no lo coaoe8110a. Aquuto que aqui he bablado lo qual pruente tenemo• deapuea qua todo paaado eepnd deapuu lo vereaoa pareacera la locura de nueatro • inconveniente• do quedara • in bartura eegund dice ell ••critura al apretar de loa dientu.

fin O ciega y auy triete ufana o • obrada lounia d'aqueato 1ente cri • tiana uaan de la gloria vana la qual de Dio• lo• deebla o trillte n•Rro d'afeite note pueden enfrenar d'aqueate fi~iente aceit• quien e • continuo penar. Althe>URh the poe11 1• IIC>8tvaluable for the attitudee that it convey•, it le not entirely devoid of poetic • erit. While it My at firat • HIii redundant and alll08t aechanical, upon cloaer exallf.nation it i• nident that Fray Antonio sought to atructure hi • diatribe around tvo poetic device •: anaphora and imagery (black•• a • etaphor for evil, and fire•• • dual ey111,olof pae • ion and the toraent• of hell: ••~• • "Aque• toe a-roe daleite• / aqueatoa negro • placere • ••• •o loa qualea encerradoa / eon loa fuego • infernale •"). These device • are altillfully introduced in the firat ten line• and then aubaequently developed. In the eecond atrophe, for naple, he elaboratu upon the infernal/dafkn•• conceit by alluclina to a fa•orlte •tor, of aedieval antifnini • t author • 1 the 1qend which

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211 Aque• ta color ne,,rilla ate alvayalde rabioeo aqueata negra centella aquesta pUTa • Rncilla d'ute deleite vicioao eat• negro cartear y aegra parenteria

ute neRro coll•ar reaorder y ojear y auy negra parleria uta negra cortadura de aabelloa en la fruente aqueata neRr• pintura fea hermoeura aqueete triate acidente este ne1ro presUllir aque • to• negroe acordea aqueata negro reir este ne,ro ul parir por lo • negroa de loa bordea.

••t•

Aquelloe aquellos aquellos aquello• aquelloe aquellae aquello • aquello• y negroe

negroa rincone • neRros vocabloe neRro• vardonee ne~ro• varone • neAro• e1tablos negraa viruelaa negroa de tragea negroe de pajea mozoe d'eepuelaa.

Aqueataa neRr•• burletas ntae neir•• punzonadaa

eataa negraa douell.etaa e • tu neRr•• de caxetaa de • oliaan abaatada • e • te negro • otejar de peraonaa indlacreta• eate negro coplejar eat• negro cortejar d'eataa neRraa alcahuetaa. Aqueetaa hechiceriaa aqueete negro bUTlar eeta • nqraa burleria • eatae alcahueteriaa aqueete ne~ro bailar eate negro debaneo

aqueete negro benino aqueete triate deaeo aqueeta poapa y rodeo d'aqueate aundo aezquino.

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relatu Vergil'• venReance upon• lady_vho deceived hi •• By castintt • apell that extinguiehed all the fires of Roae except for the ones which ruided between hia erstwhile paraaour'• legs, Vergil exacted his revenRe through sha• e when the tOWDepeo!le were obliged to rekindle their flamea fr011 the only 1-ediate aource. Thia atory provides Medina with the opportunity to establi • b an intricate interplay between the concept • of darkneas, fire. the color red, and the alle~ed fiendish sensuality of voaen ("Aqueeta negra cantella ••• aqueata braea y doncella ••• aqueatos negros bezueloe / da venaejura c011pueatos"). nu~• lnieter i • a,tery of the anaphora negro, of course, predominates throughout, and it is at tiaee subjected to clever paradoxea and in,tenious paranousia ("aqueetos pecboe • irladoe, '' • irlado beinR a pun on haughtineaa and blackbird). On other occuion•• Medina has recourae to antitheeia ("nqueata pura aancilla") • uggested by the dialectic of h1aan and divine love which underlie • the poea. And at the end, vhen he begina to extrAct the aoral of hia phflippic, he auddenly shift • froa dark to lisht 1118.gery("eeto di~o a lo preaente / que • ueatra claro y patente"). In short, in the Coplaa there appears a control and adroit handling of the re • pectable • eablance of intellectual theaatic aaterial. The poea'• • ajor valuea, however, reside in ita neRative evocation of courtly love, an ethic that ha• VOll8n at it• center and which 1• portrayed by Medina as a caaouflaJe for luat. The censure of the ''poapa y rodeo," the dancing and writing of letters and poetry are all directed at underlllining the ritual of courtly seduction depicted in the cancioneroa and the .contemporary senti • ental roaances. In thi• regard, the Coplaa are • oat like P••••1• in Mendoza'• Vita Olristi, where Fray Inigo takes courtiers to taek for their idolatr;-vorehip of women and their vainglorioue wute of tiae:

la• aficione• aer tu Dioe lo que •• amaa bien lo aueatran la • paseyonea queen SUB coplae y cancionea 11-n dioae • a las damae; Que h9Ran

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

au dan~ar, au featejar, aua gaatoe, juataa J p.alaa, au trobar, au cartear, eu trabajar, au tenter de noche con a1111 escalaa, au • orir noche • y d{aa para eer dell•• bien quietos; • i lo vie • ea, juradaa que por el dioe de Macias vender,n ld.11 Jheaua Olrietoe. 3 '111ere is also • 0111e theaatic where the poet warns that

• fllilarity

to Torroella •' Maldeair de • ugeres.

Quien bien aando peraigue • enao destruye. 4 duen•••

•••1

Medin.a'• condemnation of fe • inine·faahion

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amongat the • iaogyniat fare of the late fifteenth centUTJ, aa are hie attack on go-betveena ("negroa paj•• / J negro• • ozoa d'eepuelaa'') and the u• ual accusations of abortion and witchcraft which accoapany alcahueter!a.5 However, the absence of a • itfRating raaark directing the diatribe only againat aalas • ugere• Mlte • tbi8 one of the ac,re aevere and unequivocal COllpo • itiona of the period. 6 It ia hoped that the publication of Fray Antonio'• Coplaa will conin late Mdieval tribute to our further underatandi111 of antifeainin Caatile, and that it will alao underline the arr.ency of an edition of the Cancionero ~ ?!!!!. Guill& de Segovia.

1. See H. R. Lang, ''The So-called C&ncionero de Pero r.uilHn de Segovia," !!!, 19 (1908), 51-81; John c. CUlllina, ''Perocii'rllin de Segovia J el Ma. 4.114," J;'R, 41 (1973), 6-32; Rane, F. Marino, "'nle Cancionero de Pero Guill In de f9ovia ad MS. 617 of the ao,,al Palace Library, 11 ta c'or6nica, 7 (1J7 79), 20-23. -

thia and aiailar Vergilian exploit•, aee J. v. Spargo, Virpil (Cabridge, Hua.: Harvard University Presa, 1934), and Domenico Coaparetti, Vergil !!. the Middle~. trams. I. M. "• Benecke (Rav York: G. I. Stechert, 1929}7 2.

On

3.

Ed. Julio Rodr!aues-Pmrtolu

.sh!.Necromancer

(Madrid:

Credoa, 1968), pp. 488-89.

4. In Petlro Bach J llita, ·'111•Worb of Pere Torroella Inetituto de lu Bapailaa, 1930)-;-;. 199. - -

(New York:

5. See, for euaple, Rodri10 de Reino••'• r,c,plu .!!! !!!. c011Adre • and hill Coplae del huevo in llodrigo de Reino••• • elecci6n J eatudio de Joa, Nada de CoaaloTsantander: Librer!aMoclerna, 1950), pp. 30-80.

6. On the aaauaging r ... rb of ntifeaiaiat authora (for uaaple, Lula de Lucena'a halfhearted "No quiera Dioa, aenoraa, que uto por tod•• lo diga, ca auchaa leeaoa buenaa, y blven boy en dfa otraa la• qualea COD gran ravereacia eon de nOllbrar ••• "), ••e Barbara Matulka, "An Antt-r.J1li•t Treati•• of Fifteenth Century Spaia: Lucena'a Repetici6n de amorea," U, 32 (1931), 102-03. 1 • 1rataful to Pro&. Alu Deyeraond and ICathleenli •h for ukin1 aeveral at7li • tic augutiou vhic:h I have incorporated into the· text.

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215 MISCEI~

REV RECORDINGSor~

Roger D. Tinnell,

CANTICAS!!! SANTAHA'tIA

Pl,-,uth

State ColleRe of the University

of Nev Rapahire

The French recordinR cmnpany Hat1110niaMundi has rec•ntly released three recordings (HM977-979) of Alf01190 el Sabio'• Cantiga• de Santa Maria. The Cleaenctc Conaort under the direction of Ren, Cleaencic perfor1111all the • election• on these diecs. The follovin~ 1• an alphabetical lieting (with MettNnn cantiga nwnbers in parenthe • ea) of the cantigaa on these diaca. Each cRntiga ie followed by the nlllber of the record on vhich it ia located. Unleae othetviee indicated, cantigae are perforaed with inetrmaent• and voice. Asai coao Jesu-Crieto

(13).

RM978.

A Virgen, que de Deua Madr• (322).

Ay, Santa Maria quen ea per voe guia (79). Ben pod' aa coeu

feu

per•••

COIIO poden

(73).

culpas (166).

Haldito deja quen non loari Hiragru Huit'

aur

f remoeoa (37).

Muito valvera 11ai • (30).

(P]orque trobar Pouco devao•

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11H977.

(264).

RM979.

(190).

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Instrmental.

JIM978.

HM977.

In•truaental.

(Prologue B).

pr~ar

llf 977.

HM977.

Pagar ben pod' o que dever (2S).

Por fol tenno (303).

Instrt1111ental. IIH 979.

Inatruaental.

Ron aoffre Santa Marla (159).

8118

HM 978.

HM978. (290).

Muito devemoa, varoea (2).

Pola aos aeua que

Inatruaental.

Inatrt11ental.

deveaoe (36).

8" 979.

HM978.

a Virgen (370).

Loeao• auit'

HH977.

Inatrt111ental.

llf 978.

llf 977.

InetrU11ental.

HM979.

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216

Quen a ou1en da Vir1en (353) •. Inatraental. [Q]uena Virgen ben aerrir

(59).

Inatruaental.

Quenu coitae deate aundo (5).

Inatruaental.

Ill 979. HM977. IDI 977.

IDI 9 79.

Santa Karia .... r ( 7) • Santa Maria leva (320).

BH 979.

Santa Maria, Strela do dia (100) (Ver•ion 1).

Ill 978.

Santa Marla, Strela do clia (100) (Ver•ion 2).

IDI979.

Se oae f•z•r Tod'

OM

Virgen

(207).

Ill 979.

deve dar loor (230).

Madre

glorioaa

(340).

Iutrmental. BK

Ill 979.

978.

Virgen Saata Maria, guarda-noe (47).

IDI 977.

Por oth•r recordinp of the Cantiga• de Santa Maria,••• 5 (1976-77), 61-62; 6 (1977-78), 46-48;7(1978-79), 62.

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217

TRI LANGUAGI OP EVALUATION:A SOCIQLINCUISTICAPPROACH TO NARRATIVE STRUCTIJRB IN THI ROHANCIRO DELRBYDORPIDROANDIN PEROLOPEZ DI AYALA'S CRdNICA~!!!.DON Pio~ -

Louise Mirrer-Singer,

Pordbaa Unive~sity

at Lincoln Center

!hi• study focuau on • ix roaaacea fro • the Roaancero del rey don (Pri • avera 66, 66a, 67, 67a, 68, and 68a) aa examples of the use of "••aluative language" in ballad co• position and tranBllission. It also di • cuaeee the appropriation of these ro•nces by Pero L6pez de Ayala for his partisan project, the Cronica del rey don~The study follows a aociolinguiatic aethodology, taking into account the social and historical p•r-ters within which both the llollancero and the Cronica were generated. Particular attention ie paid to the turbulent events of aidfourteenth century Castilla, a• well•• to the klnahip relations that governed rules of eucces • ioa, and the idea of legithlacy •• an overriding concern of tho•• ••eking power. The concept of evaluation derive• fro • aociolinguiatic etudies undertaken on the oral narrative of pereonal experience. "Evaluative language" refers to the relatively Iii.nor syntactic elmaenta ia a narrative clause that function as a -diUII through which the perspective of the narrator aay be expreeeed. Theee elements are called evaluators, or evaluative device •, and in the Roaancero they include a long list of gra-atical coaponents that a singer • ay call upon during the perfot'llllnce of a romnce to direct the listeners' attention to the raison d'ltre of the narrative. Evaluative devices in the Roaancero include both large- • cale evaluators, auch •• the interruption of narrative to allow protagonist& to "tell their own etory," and the 110re complex eyntactic uneuvers represented by unusual verbal tense 11anipulationa. 1be Roaancero del rey don~ i• particularly rich in evaluative language. Becauee the Pedro text • functioned aa political propaganda during the fratricidal struggle between King Pedro I and hie Trastamaran auccuaore, it vaa n•cesaary for the aingers of the romances to elaborate a partisan view through their co• poaitiona. They accoapliahed thie end through the skillful handling of negative .and interrogative constructions; future, conditional, and imperfect verb fo111s; and dialogue and eoliloquy, all of which led to a aubtle registering of ideological points in what baa beco• the guerra civil roaanc{stica of the late Middle Ages. One exaaple of syntactic 11anipulation for evaluative purposes in the Roaancero del rey don~ is the use of the ! • perfect font to bring together• set of event • whoea enumeration au • penda the action of the narrative vhile the listener• await the consequence • of the situation• deacribed. The iaperfect orients the liatenera within an ongoing eet of circU118tances (e.g., goa • ip, concealaent of illegitiaate birth, etc.) while • etting the atage for the confrontation (in the present or preterite tenee) that usually follows. The uae of the imperfect creates auapense while an aaaort • ent of conteaporanaoue activitie • la accuaulated. The einger thua llalleuvere the listeners into a calculated evaluative position. The audience i • prepared for the dinoueaent of the romance and it re • ponda accordingly--generally, vith rancour for King Pedro, &)'11Pathytowards his vifa, Blanca, and a diatruat of the legttlMte Castilian • anarchy. Pedro

known••

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218 lvaluatlve 11111111111• 1a not uaiqua to the lollancero del rey .!!2!!, Pedro. The linguletic aacbanithat enable •ing•r• to tell their • toriu .,.t effectively are ~n to the Bo1111ncerotradition•• a whole. 1brou1hout centuriu of re-creation, lingui • tic device • have bean ueed to • upport both the production and the reproduction of the roaancea. They have even been uaed by royal chroaiclera to recapitulate the 1'oMncero vitbin the confine • of hi • torical di•coune. use of 111• Cr&lica del rey don Pedro exhi~it• thi • particular naluatlv• laaaua&•• In the Cr611ica, Pero L6pes de Ayala, like the ballad • inger • 1 11111ploya ballad language to control the attention and illqination of the audience. lie uau the ballad • tructure and conteat to negotiate with hi • reader • hip tbe be•t and ac,et effective path to tbe conveyance of hi • ova, authorial point of Yiev. Ayala'• evaluatiOD of the roaaac•• point•, aoreo'Nr, to • 1Dterutin1 conclueion • concerning the confrontation of hi • torical vitb traditional di • couree. Ia coaaitting the rouuce • to vritina, Ayala curtailed, in uny reepect • 1 tbe ability of the traditional ver • iona to be freely and infinitely Ile acrupulously pn • erY8d in the Cr&lica ro1111oce • ..,.t re-created. daaagias to Pedro'• illag• (i.e., tho•• that • bowed the ling doin1 battle with even Goel'•ae •• enger •), thu• illpre •• ing the ho•tile evaluatiwe poatur• of the roaanc•• into aa iDdelible, authoritative historical ac,lcl. the aia of tbi9 • tudy la to daonetrate the illportance Ultnately, of a contextual approach to tbe .... c•ro aad to the langua19 of vbicb it la coapoaed. ID thia ...... r, a clearer uaclerataacl:laais gained of the literature and of the tillea.

o•

MOTi

naeatuclJ vbicb tld • allatract d•crib• clianrtation, prepared under tn direction It vill lte fll .. in June, 1980.

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THI SOCIALFUNCTION OP STOR.YTELLlt«; AMONG THESEPHARDIH Reginetta

Baboucha, Lehun

College,

CUNY

The folktale, in both its content and it• function, ia often a reflection of the •ocial life and ideology of the society it represents. lllong the Sephardi • of the Balkans and North Africa, for exaaple, atorytellina had bean• traditional for11 of entertainaent for centuries, depicting the daily life and cuatOIIS of the people. Cultivated u a serious art, bovever, it played both a • ocial and didactic role for the entire c011111uniin the body of Judeo-Spanish tJ. One of the 11CJatfrequent characteriatica tales I collected in larael is this didactic eleaent. Althouah Sephardic oral tradition as repreeented in 11J collection does not reflect a distinctive reli1ious • ilieu, • anJ of-, inforaanta repeatedly deaonatrated their and aoral values of Judai ... Their faith apdeep belief in the tradition pear• to rest on faailiarltJ with the rituals of the Jewish calendar and the code of ethics. Baaed on a traditional love for teaching the Jewish way of life throuah aodels of exeaplary behavior, their tales are concerned vith duty and wiedoa. They are used as a popular tool in conveyin1 the edifying moral principlu aacl illparting the love for righteousness eabodied in Jewish Ethics. In that reapect, they are traditionally Jeviah and serve a epecific social function. Many of the Judeo-Spaniah oral narrative• contain, and therefore trannit, i • ages of collfort and consolation, instilling faith in God and hope in Ria help and protection. 11ley give the aaaurance of divine Justice, expressing coaplete confidence in the ultiaate equity of the Al• ighty and conviction in a Just ret.ribution. In spite of the disaal illage of • leery which ta repeatedly depicted in these stories, the 1100d ta generally optillliatic and above faith and hope in the face of adversity. 'lbe tale• aeea thua to have had an enoraoua social i • pact, providing the tellers with the neceaaary strength to endure a life of hardahip with fortitude and resignation. Notvithatandiag their underlying religious ele • enta, • any of the narratives are secular and deal with hu• an themes, such as relationship• between • an and IIUlll, parent • and children, wealth and poverty, etc. For people vbo tended to subordinate aao-to- • an relation• to • an-to-God relations, auch stories helped to even the balance by advocating social Justice. Hy personal experience of co~lacting Jucleo-Spantah tales in Israel, however, ha• deaonatrated that functional atorytelling aee11& to be fading rapidly fro • the displaced Judeo-Spaniah society. Subaerged in a • odern induatrlalized aociety, thia transplanted group ia succumbing unavoidably· and urbanization. faaily to the pervaaive influence of acculturation • tructure has been altered, leading to the rapid diaappearance of JudeoSpanlsh •• a aeana of collllU1lication and cultural tranS11iaalon between generations. Storytelling activities have becOlll8 relegated alaoat entirely to • enior citizen group • where they now eerve • ainly for entertain • ent. NOTE

This la the abstract of a paper delivered at the • eating of the Diacuaalon Group on Sephardic Studies at ·the 1979 HLAConvention. See 1!_ C:Oronica, 8 (1979-80), 9.

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PIRSOIIALIA

'lbe ·following nuaber• are used to ladicata these it-• I-recent publlcatlona or paper• pruented; 2--worb in pr•••; 3--ruurch in proar•••; 4-avarda, appolntllellte, clump in atatua, etc.

BISBRBP.llG, Danial (Plorlda State)s 1-libllograpby !! Caetllian Rouncu !!! Chivalry !q the Sixteenth Century, Grant and Cutler; review of BOOST,Bibliography !!,! Old Spanl • h Texte, JHP, 3 (1979), 178-82. 2-Lo• libroa de caballertae en el Siglo de Oro, Ariel. J-lntroductioiito a fac•iiile reprint of Alejo Venelae'Pri•r• garte .!!!.!!!. difarencia • de libro• gue hay en el.universo, Puri.11; llejo Venegas, 4-Vialtinll'rofueor, UCLA,Wiater quarter, 1980. censor de

u.iiroa."

ILi.IS, Deborah (California/Berkeley): 1-"'lb• U.e of Allegory in tbe Clrcel !!!_ 19r," a paper pruaatacl at tba llidwut NLA, IadianapoUa, Nov...,ar, 79.

nan,

Steven D. (Purdue)1 1-"Legal Doctrine and Procedure ae Approachu to Medlnal lliapanlc Literature," a paper presented at the Mlclvest NI.A, IncU.aaapoU.a, Hov_,er, 1979.

Marfa JuGs (7.aragoaa) 1 1-Cuent!atica Mdieval .!!. 1apaiia1 ,!:2.!. LACARRA, orfaanes. Departaaento de Literature lepaiiola, Univareidad de Zara1ou, 1979, 111 + 271 PP• ISBN 84-600-1575-0, pvpl 500 pte.

OLDS, Clyde A. (Michigan State)1 1-"Structure and Narrative Technique in La Calaatina1 1be Aaidu," a pap•r preaeatecl at the Hidveat MLA, Iii'dlanapolia, lovtlllber , 19 79.

•zc:-

Bunon and r-oaatanc• (Hialll of Ohio) a 4-An NIB grant in of $32,000 will perllit coaplation of their critical edition of Pero L&pea de Ayala'• CrSnica .!!!, lnrigue !!!• They will be in Madrid, oa leave froa tuchina, for IINt of 1980. the edition and accoapanJial •tudy will ba pti»liahed by Joa, PorrGa Turaaau, S.A., Madrid.

VILllllS,

PORTIICCIIIICNBBTINGS.

Jun• 20-25, 1980• Univ. of California, Berkeley: Tb• first conference of the Aaerican-Canadian Branch of the Soci't' Reaceeval• to be held outside the for•t of the Ml.A aeeting •• Inforaation aay be aouabt fl'OII Prof. Joaeph J. Duggan, 0.pt. of Prencb, Univ. of California, Berkeley. CA 94720. July 2-4, 1980, Llnacre Coll•1• Oxfords Th• 1980 Medieval Seraoa Stuclla SJIIPO• iua. The nUllber attending will b• restricted to 60. Write to Clod.a Cipan, 41 Carlton load, Oxford on 7SA, lqland.

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Aug1111t 11-16, 1980, Univ. of Liverpool: 'lbe third Triennial Q>oareH of nfereoce Coa• ittee, Vatican PU• Library, Plue XII Heaorial Library, 365.5 W. Pine, St. Louia, MO63108. Dec_,er, 1980, Houston: HI.A 1980 C:Onvention. The Division on Spanish Medieval Language and Literature ia organizing the following progra •: 1) open topic (chaired by Daniel li • enberg); 2) Literary and Social Background of the Spaniah !pie (chaired by Ruth Webber); 3) La Celutina (chaired by Adrienne Handel). Although the deadline foraubiiittfng paper • vas lS April, per • ona vho viah to arrange future seade clerec{a are asked to aione on Alfonao el Sabio and on the ••ter write to Prof. Daniel lieenberg, Dept. of Modern Lan1uages and Lin1uiatica, Plortda State Uni••• Tallaha • aee, FL 32306.

OPPOR11JNITIIS. PILLOWSHIP 'Iba Bill

Monuttc Hanucript Library of St. John'• Univeraity, C:OllegeMinnesota, annouocu a visitins fellowship progra • 1111depoHible by fuDCI•received fro • the Northveat Area Foundation and the Kual Charitable The progra • ill intended to encourage aerioua student • and scholar• Trust. to tab advantage of the aany research opportunities available in the Rill library. Stipend• will cover travel expensu of the participant• and, for abort periods of tiaa, .!!!. ~ expen • u •• well. Generally the atipend will not exceed $500. Only transportatioa cost • fro• points in North Allerica will be conaidered. 'lbe Bill Mona• tic Manuscript Library (91ML) ha • filae of over S0,000 111111 .. cripte to date frOIII 150 librariu in Auatria, Spain, Malta, and Bngland. Hicrofil.M of aanuecripts fr011 Ethiopia and fourteen other countriu are available•• well. IU1118rouecatalopea of HSS, an incipit file of over 600,000 entriea and aany bibliographical tools are available to help in research. Aa entire collections have been filaed the collection contains record • of virtually every aepect of medieval life: 11edicine 1 ville,

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•th-tics, aatronOIIJ, lav, IIU8ic, theology, liturgy, philosophJ, art, paleographJ. To be eligible for aupport, an applicant auat praent a reeearch project that vill ub uee of tbe prillary raourcea of IIHNL. 'lbe project should be epecific, although it le not necea • ar7 that the applicant haYe specific llicrofila in llincl when aalting the application. For exaaple, a search of the handwritten catalogues for aanuacript• of aedieval a • tronoay 1a adlliaaible. ADJ topic of research le recogniud as eligibl.a for support: An applicant la required theology, 118dicine, alcbeaJ, .. tronoaJ, lav, etc. to atate bov ahe/be will uae IIIIL'• holdin1•• After coapleting the project the applicant 11a7 be ukacl to give an iDforaal lecture to atML's ataff. Application • will be accepted at any tille. It ebould be noted, however, that lodging i• IIOll8Vhat 11C>rere • trictecl cluriag the acadeaic year (Sept8111berto June). AD application should contain the follCJWing inforaatiOD: 1) applicant'• full naae, title or atatua or affiliation, and addru •; 2) curricalua vitae; 3) liet of previou• publicationa, if any; 4) a conci • e • tatmN11t of the re • earch project; 5) langth of time the applicant intends to work in IIIIL; 6) trawl expeue • requeatacl of HMHL(only econoay, coach cla •• traa • portation vill be couidered); 7) total ~ expeuu requested of 1111G.(co • t of board and rooa at St. Johll'• is 20.00 per day); 8) tvo andor • IIINllt • or reco- • :idation • f roa qualified advi • or• or judge • of the project'• acholarlJ •rit. Send applicatiou to: Dr. Julian c. Plante, Director, Rill Nooa• tic llanuscript Library, St. John' • UniveraitJ, Coll .. eville, Ill 56321.

"$

IIADIRS' HOTICIS. Reinaldo AJ9rbe-Chaux1 In • i rec:iente art1culo "La apologfa de Araaon en la Cl>ronica de Vapd," Syapoaiua, 33 (1979), 197-214, lo• editor•• oaitieron • in Iii coaaentiaiento una nota final d• agradecillliento a loa colepa que coa taata generoaidad • a a7udaron en la inveatigaci&a. La nota declai "Bl preaeate utudio fu• leldo en fona -'• • ucinta en el Sato r-oagreao de la Aaociaci&n Internacional de Biapaniat••• Toroato, 22-26 de agoato de 1977. Derek V. LollllX y R. Brian Tata•• t011&r011la 110leetia cl• leer eata • ,-,1aa • y de ·aviaraa iaportaat•• clato • y valioaoa CGllelltario• que haa queclado iategracloa en el t•~to. Para elloa la expreaicSn de Iii • incera gratitucl." Daniel Biaenberg: To illprove th• • peed of publication of the Journal of Hispanic Pbilol~ and to reduce the nuai,er of copiu "loat in the •11:"' affective with Voluaa IV, No. 1, printiq will be done by Linguagraphica, P.aaton, PA (printer• of ldicioaea Juan de la Cue•ta). lo backl.01 of accepted artlcl• la currently eJd.• ta, and thus proapt publication of top-quality article• •till po• alble. Demai • Seaif f:

Plu • e note that~ Cor.Saica, 8 (1979-80), p. 86, 11. 1-2 ahoulcl reads "• •• of the Caatilian fourteenth-century Libro de la 110Dterta, coapiled at the behest of Alfonao n. Tba t... • • •" - -

SUISCRIPTIOIID'OIUIATIOII. Subacrlptiona for Vol. 9 are nov payable. Plu•• uae the fora provided. tou •1 aubllit Per • oaalia infonaatioa at tbia ti• or later.

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The Editors

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Committee

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of Spanish

Medieval

Language and Li terature

MLA wish

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The College

their

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and Sciences

of the University

of North for

its

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