Japanese Self-Taught and Grammar (Thimm's System, in Roman Characters)
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Gold
Coins
20Sen
20 Sen
Silver
COINS
£ 5
5Sen
Sen
2 I
Sen
Sen
Bronze Coins JAPANESE COINS.
ISen Cp.107.
JAPANESE SELF-TAUGHT & GRAMMAR (IN
TWO
BOOKS.)
Book I.— JAPANESE SELF-TAUGHT. Containing The Syllabary Classified Vocabularies and Conversations; Travel Talk; Hotel, Meals, Shopping Commercial and Trading Terms and Phrases Army and Navy Religion Money, Weights and Measures, &c, &c. ;
;
;
Book II.— JAPANESE
GRAMMAR
;
SELF-TAUGHT.
—
The Syllabary. ProPart I. Grammar and Syntax. nunciation. Accent. Parts of Speech. Honorific and Humble Forms of Speech. Conversational Sentences and Japanese Proverbs for Analysis. Japanese Authors with Literal Japanese Characters with Roman Equivalents and Rules for Transliteration.
Extracts
from
Translation.
Part
— Exercises,
(a) Exercises for Translation with Reading Exercises with Interlined Pronunciation, Notes and Translation, (c) Additional Extracts with Translation.
II.
Key.
Part
III.
(b)
— Vocabularies (alphabetical). English-Japanese,
Japanese-English.
Money, Weights and Measures.
MARLBOROUGH'S
SELF-TAUGHT
SERIES-NO.
17.
JAPANESE.
Japanese Self-Taught ROMAN (THIMM'S SYSTEM, IN
CHARACTERS)
WITH ENGLISH
PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION.
containing
The Syllabary;
Classified Vocabularies and Conversations Travel Talk, Trade and Commerce, Army and Navy, Religion, Post-office and Correspondence; The Numerals; Money, Weights & Measures, &c., &c. ;
EDITED BY
W.
J.
S.
Director, School of Japanese
SHAND, Language and Literature,
Birkbeck Barik Chambers, London.
London E.
MARLBOROUGH &
Co.,
1907. [all rights reserved.]
:
51,
Old
Bailey,
E.C
IMPORTANT NOTICE. The student should bear
in
mind
that the construc-
from that and that consequently, whilst the Japanese sentences in this book express the same meaning as the English, they are in the Japanese form and must not be tion of Japanese sentences is entirely different
of English,
regarded as a literal translation. Japanese Grammar Self-Taught.)
London: Mablbobough, Pewtress
&
(See
Co., 52,
"
Syntax"
Old Bailey, E.G.
in
PREFACE. 'THE
particular aim of this book is to meet the need of those who require to make use of the spoken language without the usual expenditure of time and effort necessary to -*
acquiring the grammar.
It therefore
the words in
supplies
common
every-day use, classified according to subject, including extensive vocabularies for the Army and Navy, Trade and
Commerce, Missionary enterprise, Travel, &c, &c, together with a large number of colloquial phrases and sentences of a practical character, similarly classified. Throughout these sections the pronunciation of the Japanese words is added in
accordance with Marlborough's well-known system of phonetics, a system which by its simplicity enables anyone speaking English to read off the words at a glance, although previously unacquainted with the language. The student will of course do well to avail himself as far as possible of the services of a
competent instructor in order to perfect his pronunciation, etc.; on the other hand, teachers will find in this book a useful supplement to their oral instruction.
The Publishers have had
the
Editor, of Mr. W. J. S. Shand, years resident in Japan, and has
valuable
assistance,
who was
for
had four
years'
as
twenty-seven
experience as Director of the School of Japanese Language and Literature in London.
For the native characters of transliteration, the student "
—the syllabaries—and
is
referred to "Japanese
the rules
Grammar
Self-Taught (Marlborough's Self-Taught Series, No. 18), of which this volume is the complement, the two works forming a very comprehensive and useful manual of the Japanese language for students, naval and military officers and public servants, commercial men and traders, missionaries, travellers
and
tourists.
London, 1907.
CONTENTS PAGE
The Syllabary and Pronunciation Peculiarities of the Syllabary
...
...
...
...
...
The Tonic Accent ^Preliminary Notes
6 10 10 11
Vocabularies. — Pages 13 to 71.
—
Animals, Vegetables, etc. Animals, Birds and Pishes Fruits, Trees, Flowers and Vegetables :
15 17
Insects and Reptiles
16
Army and Navy
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Colours
Commerce (Trade and) Correspondence ... Countries and Nations Furniture (House and) House and Furniture
...
34
28 ...
...
Mankind: Relations Body (The Human) Cooking and Eating Utensils ... ... Dress and Dressing Food and Drink
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Health
46 Ordinal, Collective Auxiliary, "
and 55 to 58 58 to 71
Fractional
Parts of Speech Adjectives Adverbs, Particles, Conjunctions, Pronouns, etc
58 69
63
Verbs Post-office,
28 21 22 25 26 24 23 27
Washing List
Navy (Army and) Numbers — Cardinal,
46 18 38 45
Telegraph and Telephone
Professions, Trades, etc
Religion
Ships and Shipping and Telephone) Telegraph (Post-office, Telephone (Post-office, Telegraph and)
—
,
45 33 30 37 45
45
CONTENTS. PAGE 18 20
Times and Seasons Town and Country Trade and Commerce Travelling
World and its Elements, The Land and Water Minerals rnd Metals Conversational Phrases and Sentences. Commercial and Trading
—Pages 72 to 100.
Conveyances, Hiring Correspondence Enquiries ... Expressions and Phrases (Useful and Necessary Idiomatic) ••• Expressions of Emotion^Health ... In Town: Visiting ... Introductions
Money (Changing) The
Post-office,
Shopping ... Telegrams Time, The Trading (Commercial and) Travelling.—Pages 81 to 92. Arrival
Hotel,
...
...
...
...
The
Meals
By Railway By Road: Hiring Conveyances By Steamboat Useful and Necessary Expressions and Phrases Visiting
Weather, The
Money
:
Equivalent Values
Weights and Measures Postage
— Japanese, English, American
JAPANESE SELF-TAUGHT. THE SYLLABARY AND PRONUNCIATION.
The Japanese language has no " alphabet "as we understand The characters which may be said to correspond the word. with the English alphabet stand for
syllables
— that
is,
the vowels
and the combinations of the vowels and consonants which are employed in the construction of words. These characters constitute the Syllabary, which therefore of (a) Vowel syllabics (syllables), and (b) Consonant
consists
syllabics. (a)
The Vowel a,
(b)
i,
u,
syllabics represent the simple vowel
The Consonant consist
sounds,
e, o.
in
syllabics stand for
joined together, as ka,
ki,
the
which and a vowel
syllables
a consonant
each case of
ku, ke, ko.
These syllabics together form what
is
termed the " Go-jiu-on,"
the Fifty Sounds. As, however, some of the consonantal sounds have softened forms, and final n is separately reprei.e.,
sented, the
number
of syllables actually
employed
is
greater.
The following table gives a convenient arrangement of the syllabary, the softened forms being printed in italics. (For the syllabaries in the native character see Japanese Grammar SelfTaught
— No. 18 of this
series
—pages 96, 97)
THE SYLLABARY. Vowel Syllables. a
H
PRONUNCIATION. The Vowels. Pronunciation.
Characters.
a
approximately as
a I
„ {or
ii)
„
Phonetic signs.
a in father ... a „ father, but shorter i machine ... ,,
...
...
ah
...
...
ah
...
...
e«
... ee „ machine, but shorter In some words 1/ is substituted for i, and in a few others i is pronounced like yi (yee). 1 is almost silent; merely a suspicion of a vowel sound is noticeable ... ... ... ... ', (ee) u approximately as 00 in food ... ... ... ... 00 u 00 ,, foot ... ... ... ... 00 ,, u like 1 is almost silent '>( 00 )
i
„
i
approximately as
e e
„
o
,,
a e
,,
date...
„ bed ,,
sortf
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
...
...
eA e,
...
eh oh
oh on the and remarks short see vowels, long [For Preliminary o
„
,,
joofo
...
...
...
...
Notes, pars. 1-2, pp. 11-12.]
The Consonants. D, d
—
f
—
G, g
—
F,
merely the softened form of t, and is pronounced in a similar manner ... ... ... ... In pronouncing /, the lower lip does not quite come in contact with the upper teeth, but remains at about the same distance from them as in pro... ... nouncing wh in the word when ...
is
at the beginning of a word,
hard
—
... English go In all other positions like ng in sing
H, h
g, ...
...
...
...
gh ng h
like shl.
is
R, r
...
f
like g in the
— aspirated as in English In Mtotsu, hi — In the syllabic pronounced pronounced somewhat ...
d
ri
like the
English d i.e., in its articulation the tip of the tongue touches the roof of the mouth at the same point as in pronouncing r, but substituting the d ... ... ... ... ... ... sound In the other syllabics r more resembles the English r, but in none of them is the trill so decided as in, say, Scotch, French, or German ;
r
r
S,
s
T,
t
— always sibilant, as in
— as
so, sat
...
...
...
that is, the tip of the tongue is brought into contact with the upper teeth, instead of touching the front part of the roof of the mouth in Italian
s
;
Y, y — In the syllable ye the y
is
mute
in
t
most words, and
sometimes omitted in the Roman character; ... ... ... otherwise as in English ... In some words y is used as a vowel in place of i is
Z, z
— like
a soft dz in su-zu and tsu-zu
In the syllabics
The consonants
I,
Japanese syllabary.
za, ze, zo, as in
English
y ee
...
...
dz
...
...
z
and x are entirely absent from the Even an educated Japanese, in speaking
q, v,
q and x are of course English, is apt to substitute r for I unnecessary in the presence of k and s; and the nearest approach in Japanese to the English v is probably fu. C occurs only united with h, in the syllable chi / only infu ;
;
;
j only in the syllable ji, which takes the place of zi and di After k or g, w is not sounded and iv occurs only in wa and wo. as a provincialism. except ;
The remaining consonants b, k, m, n, p, have approximately the same sounds as in English, and are therefore allowed to represent their own sounds respectively.
Vowel Combinations. In the vowel combinations each thus, distinctly sounded
letter
is
separately
and
;
ai
=
+
a
i,
and
English
au ae
ao ui ei
= = = = =
u
+ + + +
e
+
a a a
u,
/,
=
o
+
pronounced "ah'ee,"
like
the
or y in thy
i,
pronounced "ah'oo" or "ow,"like ow in now
ah'ee
ow
e,
,,
"ah'eh"
ah'eh
o,
,,
"ah'oh"
ah'oh
,,
"oo'ee"
i, i,
,,
ai in wait oi
is
i,
...
"eh'ee," ...
...
pronounced "oh'ee,"
oi in boil
...
...
...
oo'ee like
ay in day, or ...
...
...
ay
•••
oy
like oy in joy, or ...
...
10
PECULIARITIES OF THE SYLLABARY. THE TONIC ACCENT.
—
The Syllabary. A reference to the Syllabary on page 7, or better still to the Syllabaries in the native characters," discloses three peculiarities, viz., (1) The consonant syllables are composed in each case of a consonant and vowel sound combined consonant first and vowel following for every syllable is supposed to end with a vowel and usually does so as in nani (nah'nee), kata (kah'tah),
—
—
;
donata (doh-nah'tah), gozarimasii} (goh-zah-ree-mah's'). The principal exceptions are foreign words, contractions, and words
ending in n, as ban, ken, etc. There are certain variations from the regular consonants (2) e.g., shi is found instead of si, chi instead of ti, fit instead of This is owing to the fact that the Japanese are unable hu, &c, to pronounce the sounds which are displaced. ;
and h have softened forms. These (3) The consonants k, s, t, are to be regarded merely as modifications of the hard consoThe modification is indicated nants, and not as different ones. in the native character by adding a diacritic sign to the hard consonant symbol thus, ko accompanied by the sign is read go y tsu with the sign is read dzu, &c. ;
— The
accentuation of Japanese words is much less prominent than that of English. Quickened, or silenced, vowel sounds frequently render prominent the other portions of the word, but, as a general rule, the stress is laid about equally on each syllable. The sound of the word gozarimasu, for example,
Accent.
—
almost evenly emphasized go-za-ri-ma-sii (goh-zah-ree-mah's'), u being nearly inaudible, and the syllable ma receiving but a very slight accent, the emphasis over and above the stress laid on the other three syllables being barely is
the terminal
perceptible. of two syllables the accent is, as a rule, (a) In words tsuru (tsoo'roo). first syllable, as hiro (hee'roh),
Exceptions.
— When the vowel sound of the
on the
first syllable is
or a, slilka (sh'kah'), tsuki (ts'kee'), hiro (heevoh'), musil (moo-soo').
short
*
Japanese
i
Grammar
Self-Tauglit, pp. 96, 97.
t
In Tokyo, gozaimasu.
•
11
In words of three syllable* the accent is, as a rule, on the (h) second syllable, as arashi (ah-rah'shee), motomu (moh-toh'm'). When the second syllable is short, as I or it, Exception.
—
syllable bears the accent, unless the final syllable has a double (long) vowel sound in which case the primary accent is laid on the last syllable, and
the
first
;
a second (subordinate) accent on the first, as taira atsuku (ah'ts'koo) chikusho (chee-k'[tah'(ee)rah], ;
shoh'), bokiito (boh-k'to/t').
In 'polysyllables the accent is on the last syllable but one, as (c) Hakodate (hah-koh-dah'teh), Yokohama (yoh-koh-hah'mah). Exception. If the last syllable but one contains I or u, the accent is thrown back upon the preceding syllable,
—
as Shimotsuke (shee-moh'ts'keh).
In all words accent goes to long syllables, and whenever two such long syllables come together they are pronounced with equal stress. Examples Aimasho (t'-mah-sho/i'), hobo (ho/i-bo/i), :
shoso (shoh-soh).
PRELIMINARY NOTES. In order to make the best progress in acquiring the words and sentences in the following pages, the student is recommended to learn a few at a time by repeating them aloud with the aid of the phonetic pronunciation in the third column. Those who have studied Japanese Grammar Self-Taught (No. 18 of this series) will find the conversational phrases and sentences very useful matter for exercise in writing as well as in speaking Japanese.
—
Pronunciation. Although the system of phonetics may seem a little cumbersome at first, practice will soon enable the student to pronounce the words easily and naturally. The following hints
may
be of service
:
—
The pronunciation,
as explained on pp. 8-11, should be and the fact particularly noted that the Japanese vowels always have the same quality or kind of sound, (1)
carefully studied,
although they vary in length
;
they are not used to represent
12 quite different sounds like the English vowels (as for example the vowel a in the words mar, make, man, many, woman) ; they
should be pronounced very short, i.e., they should not be dwelt upon, except where specially marked long (a, i. u, e, 5), and
when
double, aa,
ii,
uu.
Note that in the phonetic columns in the following pages attention is drawn to the long and double vowels by printing their phonetic equivalents in Italics, thus
ah,
:
ee, oo, eh,
oh.
(2) The very short vowels I and u have little more effect than that of causing the preceding consonant to be held out to enable the following one to be joined on to it thus, shlki (sh'kee). ;
These almost inaudible vowels are represented, it will be noticed, either by an apostrophe merely, or by the phonetic sign in brackets, according to convenience e.g., tetsu (teh'ts'), Aim a [(oo)m-mah'] In other cases where alternative phonetic signs are employed, their respective uses depend on the question as to which will the better conduce to correct pronunciation. ;
.
(3)
Bear in mind that i (italic) always represents the diphi.e., the sound of "i" in line, tile, etc., or the
—
thong ah-ee pronoun "I."
be distinctly sounded, so (4) Each syllable in Japanese should that where two consonants meet (except in ch, ts, and dz) they must be pronounced separately thus, onna ohn'nah, katta kaht'tah. ;
(5)
The
naturally.
=
=
tonic accent should be very slight, and allowed to fall Its incidence is shown by a dash ('), as in kiri where no syllable is thus marked the stress is evenly
(kee'ree) distributed. ;
of correcting and (6) The student should omit no opportunity perfecting his pronunciation by hearing the language spoken by a native of Tokyo by preference, or by a foreign expert.
Those who desire
to become acquainted with the language in character, as an introduction to Japanese literature, will find the native syllabaries, together with the rules of trans-
its
own
literation
and
illustrative examples, in
Taught, pp. 96-102.
Japanese Grammar Self-
VOCABULARIES. 1.
The World and (Chikyu
English.
to
its
Elements.
sono yenso.)
14 English.
15 English.
16 English.
17 English.
18 English
19 English.
20 English.
21 English.
English.
28 English.
24 English.
25 English.
26 English.
27 English
28 English.
29 English.
31 English.
32 English.
38 English.
34 Japanese (romanized).
English.
greengrocer hairdresser (wohatter [man jeweller
lawyer maid- servant
messenger money-changer nurse (female) optician
photographer physician
policeman porter (light) printer servant
shoemaker shopkeeper singer
student
surgeon surveyor tailor
teacher
tradesman
watchmaker
)
35 English.
36 English.
37 English.
38 English.
39 English.
40 English.
41 English.
42 English.
48 Japanese (romanized).
English.
— —
price, selling ,
trade
,
wholesale
proceeds
— and profit
loss account promissory note prospectus punctual purchase, to
quality (of goods)
quantity quarter (3 months) quotation (of price; quote, to rate of exchange receipt
reduction re-export references register, to (letter)
registered letter
—
registration fee
remittance rent reply
—
,
to
representative retail
—
,
to
salary sale
salesman
(seller)
sample security (guar an tee sell, to settling days
]
44 English.
45 English.
46 Japanese (romanized).
English.
letter post
money
order
sho - k wan-yubin
shoh-k(w)ahn-yoo'been
yubin-kawase
yoo' been-kah-wah'seh oh' bee-foo
newspaper wrapper obi-fu
number (of order) parcel post postage stamp post-card poste-restante
Pronunciation.
bango kodzutsu-mi yilbin
[been
bahn-ngo/t'
kohdzoo'tsoo
-
mee
yoo'-
yubin-gitte
yoo'been-ngheet'teh r yubin-liagaki 3 oo'been-hah-ngah'kee yubin-kyoku-azukari yoo'been-kee-oh'koo-ahdzoo-kah'ree
postman
yubin-haitatsil-nin yubin-kyoku cho
postmaster
yoo'been-h?'-tah'ts'-neen
yoo'been- kee-oh'koo-choA
post-paid
yubin-kyoku yoo'been-kee-oh'koo ryo harai- yoo'been vee-oh' hahri'yilbin zumi no dzoo'mee noli [roo
prepay, to
mae barai wo sum
post-office
register, to (a letter) kakitome ni
cost of
I
telegraph form
—
—
messenger office
telephone
—
,
to
:
call office
— number weight — over ,
26.
Adjutant
—
-general
admiral advance, to aide-de-camp alarm, an
soo'-
dempo
dempo h'
denshin-ryo dempo -haku-shi
den'sheen-ree-o/i'
dempo-zukai denshin-kyoku denshin wo kakeru
telegraph, to
—
soo'-
kahkeetoh'meh nee
kakitome no tegami he mpo-harai-zum i hempo/i'-hahri'- dzoo'mee yoh'bee-dah'soo yobi-dasu
telegram ,
mah'eh balm' woh
roo [teh-ngah'mee kahkeetoh' meh noh
registered letter reply paid ring up, to
—
sum
I
denwa denwa wo kakeru denwa ko-kwan-jo denwa bango mekata
j
I
yobun-mekata
Army and NaYy. fukukwan sambo-so-kwan
dempo/i' -hah'koo-shee dempo/t'-dzooki'
den'sheen-kee-oh'koo den' sheen woh kahkeh'roo
den'wah den'wah woh kahkeh'roo den'wah ko/i-kwahn-joh den'wah bahn'ngoh mehkah'tah yohboon-mehkah'tah
(Riku-gun; kai-gun.)
fookoo'k(w)ahn sam-bo/i-soA-k(w)ahn
kaigun-taisho siisumu
kt'ngoon-tt-shoA'
denrei-shi
denray'-shee k ay ho h'
keiho
soo-soo'moo
47 English.
48 Japanese iromanized).
English.
breech-loader
(rifle)
ko-so-ju
Pronunciation.
j
tazuna
bridle
j
brigade brigadier-general
ryodan
bugle bugler
rap-pa
koh-soh-j oo
tah-dzoo-nah ree-oh'dah ree-oh'dah-cho/t
ryodan-cho
|
cable (anchor)
ozuna
rahp'pah rahp'pah-shoo sho/i'joo dahn, tah'mah hahreh'tsoo soo'roo oA'dzoo-nah
camp
jin-ya
jeen-yah
campaign camping ground cannon, gun
sen-eki
sen-eh'kee
sha-ei-chi
shah-ay-chee
bullet
rappa-shu s/ioju-dan,
(rifle)
burst, to (shell)
haretsu
tama
sum
tai-Jto
ti-hoh
captain (army) (navy) capture, to (a ship) cartridge cartridge-pouch
rikugun-tai-i
reekoo'ngoon-ti-ee kt'-ngoon-ti'sah hoh-k(w)ah'koo soo'roo
yaku-bo danyaku-bako
yah'koo-bo/i
casualties
shisho
sheesho/i'
cavalry cease fire, to certificate, leave chain, anchor-
ki-hei
kee-hay hahs-shah
change step
famikae ! rikugun kwaishi
—
!
chaplain (army) chaplain (navy) charge !
chief-of-the-staff
kaigun-taisa ho-kivaku guru
hassha wo yameru kyu-ka shosho byosa
kaigun-kivaislii ko-geki itase !
sambocho
dahn-yah'koo bah'koh
kee-oo'-kah-sho/i'sboh bee-oA'sah
foomeekah'eh
t
taisa
ti'sah
colours, the
gun-M
goon-kee
column combatant
jutai sento-in
jooti'
hi-sento-nin
,
,
to
gorei, shirei
-in-chief
sliireicho-kwan
commandingofficer shirei-kwan commissariat hyo-rotai
company
chutai
!
reekoo'ngoorc k(w)i'shee ki'ngoon-k(w) t'shee ko/t-ngeh-kee eetah'seh sahm-bo/i-choA
colonel
— nonmeirei command, a — sum commander (navy) kaigun shosa —
[roo
woh yahmeh'-
sentoA'-een hee-sento/t'-neen go/t'ray,
may-ray'
sheeray' soo'roo
ki'ngoon slio/i'sah sheeray cho/t' k(w) ahn sheeray'k(w)ahn hee-oh-roh'ti choo'ti
49 EngliBh.
50 Japanese (romanized).
English.
exercise, bayonet
expedition
extend
!
eyes right, dress
— "
left
!
!
fall in," to
farrier
fatigue (barrack) field artillery
— —
exercises -glass
gun
— —
-hospital
marshal telegraph
file (of
men)
fire!
to
fire,
flag
flank
— —
,
,
left
right the
fleet,
foot-soldier
forage foresight (of
rifle)
formation fortress
forward
!
front, the
furlough gallop, to
garrison general, a
general officer
governor (military) ground, paradeguard, the advanced
— —
,
,
rear-
51 Japanese (romanized).
English.
Pronunciation.
i
guard -room
ei-sha
ay- shah
guard, to mount guard turn out
joban suru
joA'bahn soo'roo toh'reh-joo tah'chee
gun, cannon gun-carriage
ho hoshah
gunner gunpowder
hosotsu
halt!
tomare !
hay
magma
!
!
taohi ide
!
kwayaku
k(w)ah-yah'koo tohmah'reh !
umabake
hi
-shoe
tettei
tet-tay'
byoin byoinsen
bee-o/i'een
honei
bee-o/t'eensen
hut
koh'yah kahk'koh shah-ngeh'kee
koya independent firing kakko shageki
infantry
mounted
hohei
lioh-hay'
kee'bah hoh-hay' kehn-eh'tsoo
hohei inspection [ant- kenetsu instructor, assistjokyo kwan iusubordination fufuku, fuJd Intelligence Dept. JHmitsu kyoku ,
interpreter interval intrench, to killed in action
Iriba
tsuyaku-kwan,
joh-kee-o/t'
kwahn
foo-foo'koo, foo'kee kee-mee'ts' kee-oh'koo tsu-ji
tsoo'-yah'koo-kwahn,
kankaku
kahnkah'koo
hosho suru senshi suru haino
hoh-shoh soo'roo sen-shee soo'roo
hah-shee'ngoh
lance, spear
hashigo yari
lancer
sokihei
knapsack ladder
!
ho/i'shah ho/i'soh-tsoo
bai
hospital-ship
ee'-
[deh
-cloth
hospital, station-
—
!
hoh
mah-ngoo'sah hohnay' oomahbah'keh
(fodder)
head-quarters horse-brush
— —
tore-jil
[tsoo'-jee
hi-noh'
-colonel
chiisa
yah'ree soA-keehay' kes-soh'koo kee-oo'kah deh oh'roo heedah'ree heedah'ree moo'keh heedah'ree eh mahwah'choo'ee [reh choo'sah
-general
chujo tsuna
choo-joh tsoo'nah
lashing (binding) leave,
on
left
—
turn — wheel lieutenant (army) — — line (rope)
kessoku
kyuka de oru hidari hidari hidare chui
muke e maware
52 English.
58 English.
54 English.
55
gum goi sum
surgeon surround, to
sword swords
!
Pronunciation.
Japanese (romanized).
English.
carry-
tactics
goon'yee
katana, ken
goh'ee soo'roo kah-tah'nah, ken
sasage to!
sahsah'ngheh
senjutsit
sen-joots'
tent
temmaku
temmah'koo
tent-peg torpedo torpedo-boat destroyer trenches
yaeiko
yah-ay-ko/t' sooee-ri'
troops unfix bayonets
uniform unlimber
!
suirai suirai-tei
suirai kuchikutei
zango guntai tore ken
1
joo'ee
ees-say'k(w)ah
shee-ngwahn'hay shah ee-koo-sah sooeedzoo'tsoo senk(w)i' soo'roo tah'reh dan? senso/i',
doh-ko/i'
soh-shoh, kee'dzoo foo-sho/t'shah
Cardinal Numbers. Pronunciation.
!
goom-poo'koo [seh zen'shah woh hahdzoo'1
veterinary surgeon jui isseikwa volley volunteer, a shigwanhei sha wagon, a war senso, ikusa water-bottle suizutsu senkwai suru wheel, to tare da ? who goes there ? doko works, earthsosho, kizu wound, a wounded, the fusho-sha 27.
sooee-ri'-tay sooee-ri' koocheekootay'
goonti' toh'reh ken
!
zensha wo hazuse
Japanese (rom.)"
!
zahn'ngoh
gumpuku !
toll
(Gen-
Japanese (rom
)t
56 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
jiu-ichi* (jew ee'chee) 26 jiu-ni\
jiu-san jiu-shi
jiu-go
jiu-roku jiu-shlchi
jiu-hachi jiu-ku ni-jiu ni-jiu-ichi
ni-jiu-ni
ni-jiu-san ni-jiu-shi ni-jiu-go
57 Aux.
58 30.
Collective
and Fractional Numbers,
etc.
(Shu-go-su, bun-su, nado.j English.
All
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
59 English.
beautiful
big bitter
blind
both broad bulky busy certain
cheap clean clever cold (weather) or (to the touch,
—
hands,
common
feet, &c.)
(ordinary)
convenient cool
damp dangerous dark deaf dear (expensive)
deep different difficult
dirty distant dull (weather)
early
easy
empty even (smooth) false
far fast (speedy) fine (minute)
—
(beautiful, &c.)
flat
fond (very)
Japanese (romanized).
60 English.
61 English.
62 English.
G3 Eaglish.
64 English.
65 English.
66 English.
Pronunciation.
Japanese (romanized).
to interpret to invite
tsiiben wo sum maneku
mahneh'koo
to join (trans.) to keep (things) to kill
tsugu, awaseru
tsoo'ngoo, ahwahseh'roo
tamotsu, motte iru
korosu tataku
tahmoh'tsoo, kohroh'soo tab tab 'koo
shir a, shitte iru
shee'roo, sheet'teh ee'roo
to
knock
to
know
fuda wo tsukeru motsu
to label to last
to
warau
laugh
hiku, annai suru
to lead to learn
manabu, narau yameru
tsoo'ben
foo'dah
woh
woh
soo'roo
moht'teh [ee'roo
tsookeh'roo
moh'tsoo wah-rah'oo h(ee)koo, ahn-m' soo'roo mahnah'boo, nahrah'oo
to leave off (cease) to lend
yosu,
to let (permit) to lie down
saseru,
neru
neh'roo
to lift
mochi-ageru hi wo taku
moh'chee-ah-ngheh'roo bee woh tab 'koo [roo
rampu wo
rahm'poo woh ts(oo)keh'kohnoh'moo, s'kee' soomow'
to light (a fire) to light (a lamp) to like
sumau
to lock
jo
to look at to look for
to lose
(tr.)
to love to
to to to to
to to
make make a mistake manage mend mix (trans.) move (trans.) move {intr.)
yurusu
tsukeru
konomu, suki
to live (reside)
wo orosu miru
ayamatsu
ah-yah-mah'tsoo
tori-atsukau naosu, tsukuroil
toh'ree-ah-ts'kow' nah-oh'soo, ts'kooroh'-
mazeru
mahzeh'roo
ugokasu ugoku
oo-ngohkah'soo oo-ngoh'koo kohshoA' woh eeoo' mee-ookeh'roo, kee-ngah
mi-ukeru, tsUku
to offer
ageru, susumeru otosu
open open
to
(trans.) (intr.)
ohroh'soo
sah-ngah' soo [now' sagasu naku suru, ushinau nah'koo soo'roo, oosheei-soo'roo aisuru [koo'roo koshiraeru, tsukuru koh-sheerah'ehroo, tsoo-
kosho wo iu
omit
woh
mee'roo
to object
to
sahseh'roo, yooroo'soo
joh
to observe
to
yoh'soo, yahmeh'roo
kah'soo
kasu
akeru
aku
ki-ga
ts(oo)koo'
[(oo)
[roo
ah-ngeh'roo, soosoomeh'ohtoh'soo ahkeh'roo ah'koo
67 English.
Japanese (romanized).
to order (at shop)
atsuraeru
to order
ii-tsilkeru
(command)
to
pack
ni zukuri
to
pay
harau
Pronunciation.
ahtsoorah'ehroo 00-ts(oo)keh'roo
wo suru
to permit to perspire
shochi suru ase ni
to pick to pick
tsumu
nee dzookoo'ree woh soo'hahrow' [roo sho/i'chee soo'roo
nam
ah'seh nee nah'roo tsoo'moo
hirou asobu
heeroh'(oo)
to prepare
tsugu koshiraeru, shitaku wo suru
tsoo'ngoo kosheerah'ehroo, sh'tah'koo woh soo'roo
to prevent
jama wo
jah'mah woh soo'roo, sahmahtah-ngeh'roo
up
to play to pour
to promise to pull to push
to put to put off to put on (don) to rain
ahsoh'boo
suru,
samatageru yakusoku suru hlku oku, sueru
yah-k(oo)soh'koo soo'roo h(ee)koo oh'soo oh'koo, soo-eh'roo
nobasu kiru
kee'roo
osu
nohbah'soo
ame ga furu
ahmeh gah
to raise
ageru
to read
yomu
ah-ngheh'roo y oh 'moo
uke-toru
oo'keh-toh'roo
susumeru Lotowaru
soosoomeh'roo kohtohwah'roo nohkoh'roo, ahmah'roo ohboh'ehroo
to receive to
recommend
to refuse to
remain
remember
nokoru, oboeru
amaru
to to
repay
kaesu,
henkyaku
suru
kah'eh-soo, hen-kee-ah'koo soo'roo
to rest
yasumu
yahsoo'moo
to return [tram.) to return (intr.)
kaesu kaeru
to ride to ring (intr.) to ring (t?-ans.)
noru narasu naru
kah'eh-soo kah'eh-roo noh'roo nahrah'soo nah'roo
to roast
yaku
yah'koo
to rub
kosuru
koh-soo'roo
run
leaker u
kahkeh'roo
tasUkeru
tah-s'keh'roo
to
to save
foo'roo
F*
68 English.
to say to see to seem, appear to send
to
sew
to share to
shave
to shine
Japanese (romanized).
hanasu, iu
hahnah'soo, ee'oo mee'roo mieru mee-eh'roo yah'roo, ts(oo)kahwah'soo yaru, tsilkawasu nuu [sum noo [roo wahkeh'roo boompt' soo'wakeru, bumpai hige wo sum (soru) hee'ngheh woh soo'roo
miru
teh'roo
teru
show
miseru shimeru to shut (trans.) to sing (of persons) utau; (birds, .ndku) to sit (as European) koshi wo kakeru to
Pronunciation.
to sit (as Japanese) suwaru neru to sleep tabako wo nomu to smoke kilshami wo suru to sneeze
[(soh'roo)
meeseh'roo sheemeh'roo ootow' (nah'koo) koh'shee woh kahkeh'roo soowah'roo neh'roo tahbah'koh woh noh'moo k'shah'mee woh soo'roo
to
sow
maku
mah'koo
to
spend
tsuiyasu, tsukau
tsoo-ee-yah'soo, ts'kow' sohn-jee'roo tah'tsoo
to spoil to stand (intr.) to start (set out)
sonjiru
to steal
nusumu
to stop (trans.) to stop (intr.)
tomeru
tatsu
shuttatsu
sum,
shoot-tah'tsoo
soo'roo,
[tah'tsoo
to
sweep
tomaru haku
noosoo'moo tohmeh'roo tohmah'roo hah'koo
to
swim
[tatsu
oyogu
oh-yoh'ngoo
to take
toru
to take care
ki
toh'roo kee woh ts(oo)keh'roo
to talk
wo tsukeru hanasu
hahnah'soo
to tear (trans.) to tell
saku, yabuku hanasu, iu
sah'koo, yahboo'koo hahnah'soo, ee'oo
to tell (relate) to thank
rei
to think to
throw
to tie
to touch to travel to try
kataru wo iu
omou, zonjiru nageru, horu shibaru
kahtah'roo
ray woh ee'oo ohmoh'(oo), zohn-jee'roo nah-ngheh'roo, ho/i'roo sheebah'roo
sahwah'roo, foo-reh'roo sawaru, fureru ryoko suru, tabi wo ree-ohkoA' soo'roo, tah'suru bee woh soo'roo tahyatte miru, tamesu yaht'teh mee'roo,
meh'soo
69 English.
to turn {trans.) to turn (intr.)
to understand to use to wait to
walk
to
want warn
to
to waste (trans.)
Japanese (romanized).
70 English.
anything any time
nan nan
anywhere around
doko de
de
nahn deh moh nahn doh'kee deh moh,
mo de mo,
doJci
mo mo
itsu de
at at last
because before
behind below beneath besides
between
by certainly (without
no mawari ni ni, de
yoyaku, tsui ni kara saki, no mae ni no ura ni, no shUa [ushiro ni no shita ni no hoka ni no aida ni ni, de, no soba ni
down
shita (ye)
downstairs
shUa ni
early especially
betsu ni, koto ni
sura, sae, de mo doko de mo, hobo
except
no hoka ni
far
toi,
hah-yi' beh'tsoo nee, koh'toh nee soo'rah, sah'eh, deh moh doh'koh deh moh, hoh'-
noh hoh'kah nee [hoh toh'ee, empoA (nah)
empo (na)
from
yori,
here
koko, kochi (raj
how?
ikaga
kara do
yoh'ree, kah'rah ?
do
shite ?
immediately in inside into
itsu
made ?
ikutsu t iku tabi
noh noh hoh'kah nee noh i'&ah nee nee, deh, noh sohbah nee
sh'tah (yeh) sh'tah nee
everywhere
how long ? how many ? how often ?
noh nee, [ooshee'roh nee sh'tah nee
sh'tah'
mi-nee'chee
hayai
?
noh oo'rah
rohn
daily
even
ee'tsoo deh moh doh'koh deh moh noh mahwah'ree nee nee, deh yo/t'yahkoo, tsoo'ee nee kah'rah sah'kee, noh mah'eh nee
mochi- chee-nghi' ni, mohchee'-
chigai nai,
ron mainichi
doubt)
Pronunciation.
Japanese (romacized).
iku do sassoku, suyu ni ni ni, no naka ni ?
no naka ye
koh'koh, koh'chee (rah) eekah' ngah ? doh ? doh sh'teh ? ee'tsoo
/
mah'deh?
eekoo'tsoo ? ee'koo tah'bee sahs-soh'koo, nee,
soo'ngoo [nee
noh nah'kah nee noh nah'kah yeh
chodo
nee, cho/i'doh
nearly
mo
moh
next
tsugi ni
sukoshi de
[doh ? ee'koo
nee
just (exactly)
ni,
?
s'koh'shee deh tsoo'n^hee nee
71 English.
CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES AND SENTENCES. NOTE. — (i) The
Japanese equivalents are not in all cases literal, which the same set of circumstances would draw from Japanese speakers. (2) In social intercourse with the Japanese it should be borne in mind that they are perhaps the most sensitive nation in the world; e.g., a mere hint of displeasure will be taken deeply to heart and remembered seldom, however, with any feeling of malice. translations, but are those
—
Useful
& Necessary
Idiomatic Expressions
(Hitsu yd no gengo, hogen,
Good morning hayo ! Good day or, How Konnichi wa ! do you do ? evening
(meeting) Good night
!
Komban wa
!
(to
to.)
I
kohm'bahn wah
!
yasumi nasai
:
oh hah-yo/i' kohnnee'chee wah!
!
;
Good
Phrases.
Pronunciation.
Japanese (romanized).
English.
&
!
oh yahsoo'mee nahsi'
!
1
one going to bed)
Excuse me or, 1 Go men nasai goh men nahsi' beg your pardon do/t eetah^heemah'sh'teh! Oh, don't mention Do itashimashite ! Thank you Aiigato ahree-ngah'toh [it No, thank you Arigato, Yoshimashdl ahree-ngah'toh, yoh-shee;
I
!
|
Thank, you
much
for
mah-sho/t' sewa sama oh'kee nee oh seh'wah ver) Oki ni sah'mah nee nahreeni narimashita your
mah'sh'tah
assistance
Thanks
for
your
Go
kuro sama
goh
kooro/t'
sah'mah
trouble for jama itashima- oh jah'mah eetahsheeapologise shlta [sen mah'sh'tah [mah'sen interrupting you kahmiIt does not matter Chitto mo kamaima- cheet'toh moh masu- mo/i'shee-kah'neh I can scarcely ask Moslii-kane mah's'ngah ga (asking a favour)
I
;
* For the rules of Japanese Grammar, including Syntax, see Marlborough's Japanese Grammar Self-Taught.
73 Pronunciation.
Japanese (romanized).
English.
Please do, I beg
You
Doha o negaimoshi- do/i'kah oh neh-nghi' masu mo/i'sheemahs' Yd koso oide na sai joh koh'soh oy'deh nah-
are quite (indeed) welcome Just as you please You are quite right
Go katte shidai desii goh kaht'teh sheedi' deh'Go mottomo de go- goh moht-toh'moh deh
Do
Go
mashita
si'mah'sh'tah
zaimasu as
you please
Take as much you please
as
[s'
goh-zi-mah's'
katte ni nasai
iriyo dake o nasai Yoi ambai ni...
tori
goh kaht'teh nee nahsi' oh ee-ree-yoA' dah'keh oh toh'ree nahsi'
lucky that... As you know... It must be done
yoy ahmbi'nee... Go zonji no toH goh zohn'jee noh toh'ree Shinakucha naran sheenah'k'chah nah'rahn
What
Nani wo sum
It is
koh'toh deh's' nah'uee woh soo'roo?
koto desii
are you do-
—ing?equal
?
(to inferior)
[man's'
?
Nani wo nasaimasu nah'nee woh nahsiPlease come back Mata o hayaku o mah'tah oh hah-yah'koo kaeri nasaimashi soon oh kah-eh'ree nahsi(to
or sup.
mah'shee [nasai [nahsi' Kochira ye oide koh-chee'rah yeh oy'deh Yd ga atte mairi yoh gah aht'teh im'-reeI have come on business [come? mashita mah'sh'tah [kah? When will you Itstl oide nasaru hat ee'ts' oy'deh nahsah'roo Will you come ? Oide nasaimasu ka ( oy'deh nahsi-mah's' kah? Where are you Dochira ye o ide de dohchee'rah yeh oh ee'deh deh goh-zimah's'? gozaimasu ? going? Go and look eet'teh goh'rahn nahsi' Itte goran nasai What is the m atter? Nanda? (fam.) Do nalm'dah? doh sheeshimashita / mah'sh'tah? [yah'koo or, What is it? As soon as possible Naru-take hayaku nah'roo-tah'keh hahsoh jah goh-zi-mah'sen Oh no! that is not So ja gozaimasen nahro/t' koh'toh nah'rah If possible [so Naro koto nara toll wahI don't quite under Hakkiri to wakari- hahk-kee'ree kahreemah'sen masen stand I haven't the slight Mattaku zonjimasen maht-tah'koo zohnjee-
Come
here
r
est idea
What
'
[mean
does
this
I don't know I have never seen
it
mah'sen [keh deh's'? [desii ? Kore wa do iu wake kohreh wah doh eeoo wahZonjimasen [n' desii zohnjeemah'sen [n'deh's' Mita koto ga nai mee'tah koh'toh gah ni
74 Japanese (ronianized).
English.
I haven't seen
What do you
o me ni sheebahrah'koo oh meh kakarimasen nee kah-kahreemah'sen Nani wo osshaimasii nahnee won ohs-shmiah's' Dare ga so iima- dah'reh gah soh eemah'-
you Shibaraku
for a long time
Who
Pronunciation.
say ?
said so ?
[about
shita
it
sh'tah
?
speak to him Danjite mimasho won't hear of it Naka-naka shochi shimasen [on cannot be relied Ate ni naHmasen is honest and! Ano hito wa, sfw-
?
[sho/t'
meemah-
I will
dahnjee'teh
He
nah'kah-nah'kah shoh'chee sheemah'sen ahteh nee nahreemah'sen ah'noh sh'toh' wah, sho/i'jeekee deh, yoh'koo hah-tahrahkeemah's' sh'chah' eekehmah'soh. sen [eekehmah'sen sh'toh nee eet-t' ch(ee)ah nahrootah'keh hoh'neh-
He He
jiki de, yoku ha-
hard-working
You must not do So that
Don't
tell
I will
do
I
[masen Hito ni itt'chya ike Narutake hone-otte
anyone
my
best
can do without
tarakimasil shicha ikemasen
it
oht'teh yahreemah-sho/i' yarimasho Nakute mo ii rf desu nahkoo'teh moh ee n' [(familiar)
deh's'
[slietf
do afterwards Ato demo yoroshii ah'toh deh'moh yohrohIt will do at your Go tsugo no toki de goh tsoo-ngo/i' noh toh'kee deh yohrohshee'oo leisure yoroshiu gozaimasu
It will
Be
careful I will bring
Ki wo
!
it
!
for Motte kite agemasho
you
Do you want
tsukero
this ?
want an answer Wait a moment
I
goh-zi-mah's' kee woh tsookeh'roh
moht'teh
kee'teh
!
ah-
ngeh-mah-shoA' koh'reh wah oh ee'ree-y oh' deh's' kah ? [mohri-t^
Kore wa o iriyo desii ka ? [raitai Henji wo shite mo- hen'jee
woh shee'teh Sukoshi mate (fam.); sookoh'shee mah'teh sookoh'shee oh-mah omachi Sukoshi chee nah-st' nasai (polite) [ngah? ;
f
[answer
?
What is your henji wa ikaga ? oh hen'jee wah eekah'Do you like this ? Kore wo o snki desu koh'reh woh oh soo'kee I like it very much Dai sUki desu [ka ? d?: s'kee deh's' [deh's' kali?
How do you like it? Ikaga desu ? eekah'ngah deh's' ? Kindly let me know Dozo sugu ni kika- doA-zoh soo'ngoo nee keekah'sh'teh koodahsi' shite kudasai at once shiawase de gozai- oh shee-ahwah'seh deh You are very fortunate
goh-zi-mah's'
75 Pronunciation.
Japanese (romanized).
English.
Go shimpai
ni wa goh sheempi' nee wan oyobimasenU oh-yohbeemahseh'n' Amari mutsukashii ahmah'ree mootsookah'It is too difficult n' desu shee n'deh's' [tah Yoku deki mashUa yoh'koo deh-kee mah'sh'It is well done What is your ad- Goju showa dochira goh joo shoh wah dohdesu chee'rah den's' ? dress ? Watakushino tokoro- wahtah'k'shee noh tohMy address is...
You need not
hi
anxious
wa ... de koh'roh-ngah'kee wah ... deh goh-zt-mah's gozaimasu This is my address Watakushi no jusho wahtah'k'shee noh joo'shoh wah koh'koh deh's' wa koko desu Give me his ad- Ano hito no tokoro- ah'noh sh'toh noh tohdress gaki wo kudasai koh'roh-ngah'kee woh gaki
koodahsi'
He lives in Hiogo Hiogo He resides at Tokyo Tokyo
[man's'
nee ohreetoA-k(ee)yo/t nee soon'deh ohreemah's'
ni orimasu ni sunde
heeoA'ngoh
orimasU [suppose so) soh dah soh deh's' seems. (Yes,l So da so desil Anata Igirisu ko- ahnah'tah ee-nghee-ree'Do you speak toba wo go zonji soo kohtoh'bah woh goh English ? desu ka ? zohn'jee deh's' kah? I am English wahtah'k'shee wah eeWatakushi wa
So
it
.
nghee-ree'soo deh's'
Igirisu desil
understand Wakarimasen wahkahreemah'sen I can speak a little Watakushi Nihon-go wahtah'k'shee nee'hohnwa sukoshi ngoh wah sookoh'shee Japanese dehkeemah's' dekimasu I had not time Hima ga nakatta n hee'mah gah nahkaht'tah n'deh's' [mah'sen desu ohrahrehI really cannot wait Matcha oraremasen maht'chah As you see Goran no tori goh'rahn noh to/t'ree Where were you Doko de mirarema- doh'koh deh meerahrehmah'sh'tah kah ? seen? shita ka ? Is it convenient to- Mionichi tsugo wa\ meeo/t'neechee tsoo-ngo//' wah yohrohsh^' n' morrow ? yoroshii n'desu ka? I don't
deh's' I will return
j
it
morrow Just as you like
to-
kah?
Mionichi o kayeshi. meeo/i'neechee oh kahmoshimasu yeh'shee mo/isheemah's' Go katte shidai desii goh kaht'teh sheedt'deh's'
Please
let
me know Sugu
immediately He has already
Pronunciation.
Japanese (romanized).
English.
ni
nee keekah'sh'teh koodahsi'
kikashite soo'ngoo
kudasai left
Mo
•
oh kah-yeh'ree nee nahreemah'sh'tah
o kayeri ni nari- mo/i.
mashita [not know sheerahni' n'deh'shoh probably does Shiranai rtdesho This article wears Kono shina wa moclii- koh'noh shee'nah wah
He
ga yoroshii ndesu
well
moh'chee-ngah
rohslW
yoh-
n'deh's'
Are there any book- Ozaka ni honya ga oAzah'kah nee hohn'yah gozaim-asii ka ? gah goh-zi-mah's' kah? shops in Osaka ? ahreemah's' toh moh To be sure there are! Arimasu to mo I Tadzunemashita ke- tahdzoonehmah'sh'tah I enquired, but there was none redomo, gozaima- keh-rehdoh'moh, goh-zi!
mah-seh'n' deh'sh'tah *me ni hahjeemeh'teh oh meh first time nee kahkahreemah's' kakarimasil Dochira ye o ide de doh-chee'rah yeh oh ee'Where are you deh deh goh-zi-mah's'? gozaimasu ? going? Come here I have Yd ga aru kara, yoh gah ah'roo kah'rah, koh'chee oh ee'rfeh kochi o ide (fam.) something for you to do May I ask who you Donata de irasshai- dohnah'tah deh eerahssln-mah's' kah? masu ka ? are, sir? When do you re- Itsu Yoroppa ye o ee'tsoo yo/t'rohp-pah yeh oh kaheh'ree nee nahkaeri ni narimasu turn to Europe ? ree-mah's' kah ? ka? Is anything the Do ka nasaimashtta &oh kah nahsi-mah'sh'tah kah? matter with you? ka / [sh'tah? [shita ? Dare ga so iima- dah'reh gah soh ^mah'Who said so ? oh mah'chee nah-si' Be pleased to wait machi nasai Go and wait at the Gakkoye itte o machi gahk-koA' yeh eet'teh oh mah'chee nahsi' [sh^' nasai school, please You come as well Anata mo irrasshai ahnah' tah moh eer-rahsI am told he re- Sakujitsu kayenma- sahkooj ee'tsoo kah-yehreemah 'sh'tah soh deli's' turned yesterday shUa so desu senii deshlta
I
see
for the Hajimete
you
o
;
You must
be care- Yojin shinai to ike yo/t'jeen sheeni' toh eekehmah'sen-zoh masen-zo ! I did not break it Kowashita no wa kohwah'sb'tah noh wah deh wah-tah'k'sbee watakushi de i.e., it was not I who broke it goh-z?'-mahseh'n' gozaimasenu ful
!
;
77 Japanese (romanized.)
English.
That
Pronunciation.
I
the import Soko ga kanjin desil soh'koh gah kahn'jeen nah'zeh den's' ? [ant point Naze desu? (fam.) [deli's* In that case it is all Sonnara yoroshiu sohn-nah'rah yohrohis
Why ?
slWoo goh-zi-mah's' gozaimasil extremely in Goku goku tsugo ga goh'koo goh'koo tsooconvenient warui [it ngoA' gah wahroo'ee There is no help for Shi-kata-ga nai sh'-kah'tah-ngah ni Under what cir Do iu shidai de ? &oh ee'oo sheedi' deh ? right
It is
cumstances
?
What is the reason? Do W hatis the matter? Do
iu wake desit ? shlta no desu ? mistake Sore ni soi nai n
T
doh ee'oo wah'keh deh's'? &oh sh'tah noh deh's'? soh'reh nee so/t'ee ni n'
There is no about it desil! deh's' You were certainly Omaye wa ivarui no ohmah'yeh wah wahroo'to blame ni chigai nai ee noh nee chee-nghi ni What is your Anata wa do in ahnah'tah wah doh ee'oo oh kahn-ngah'eh deh's'? opinion ? kangae desil ? Please make a note Doka a kaki-tome do/t'kah oh kah-kee-toh'of it wo negaimasU meh woh neh-nghimahs I say moh'shee ... sahn Mr.... Moshi, ... San! !
!
probably did not.
Imperative Mood. Positive.
shi-ro
Negative.
do
!
suru-na
!
!
do not
!
Subjunctive Mood. Positive.
sure-ba,
if
Negative.
Conditional Present, shi-nah shi-nakerebaA (he) do. se-neba
shi-tara(ba),
if
^
.
f
do nof
)
Conditional Past. shi-nakattaraA se-nandara
(he) did.
.,.
,,v ^
-,.-,
,
'
J
Concessive Present, sure-do,
though
(he) does
shi-nah shi-nakeredo,) se-nedo J
though not.
(I)
do>
THE VERB.
57
Concessive Past, shi-taredo,
though
(he) did.
slii-nakattakcredo,)
se-nanderedo,
f
though
(I)
did not
Alternative Form, shi-tari,
at times doing.
shi-nakattari,)
se-nandari Desidera tive shi-tai,
shi-te,
A djectire
f
shi-nakute)
doing.
.
wish to do. shi-takunai, Past Participle. se-zii, doing, having done. } (I)
sometimes not
(I)
do not wish to do. •
not doing, not having done.
Conjugation of Polite Forms of Speech. Except among
relatives
and
friends,
and with one's own
servants, verbal forms usually differ somewhat from those given above, Japanese verbs having a special form to express respect, politeness, or reverence. "Honorific" and "humble" forms of speech are fully dealt with later, but while on the
subject of verbs it may be advisable, for the sake of completeness, to notice one important verb, which, as a suffix to the stems of other verbs, serves to relieve what would otherwise sound harsh and familiar to Japanese ears.
This verb is Masu, to be its inflections, which constantly recur in conversation, are combined with other verbs to form ;
polite tenses. in use as
now
It always appears as
The conjugation any
a
suffix, and
is
not
a separate word. somewhat from that of Its Stem is mashi, its Base masti, and its Cond.
of masti differs
of the verbs previously noticed.
Negative Base mase, Certain Pres. Base masure, there being no Desiderative Adjective. A part only of the inflections of masti are in common use, of which the following are those occurring most frequently :
Positive.
—
THE VERB.
58
For the Negative Tenses of masil, its Certain Present, as desho, masen(ii) is conjoined with auxiliary forms such deshita, and deshitara, which are contractions of the inflections of the verb gozam, with the particle de thus, ;
Cert. Past (Neg.)
masen deshita. masen deshitaro, masen deshitara(ba).
...
Prob. Past (Neg.) Cond. Past (Neg.)
... ...
substitute for the Desiderative Adjective is formed bytai, the termination of the usual Desiderative, into to' for the Positive, and into taku for the Negative, suffixing the polite verb gozarimasu (or gozaimasu), Positive or
The
changing
Negative; thus, Desiderative Adj. {Polite). Positive.
(a)
Kasu
Negative.
kashitaku-gozarimasen.
kashito-gozarimasil.
:
(b)
MakePU
(c)
OjiPU
;
:
maketaku-gozaimasen.
maketo-gozaimasn.
ojitaku-gozaimasen.
ojitd-gozaimasu.
The Imperative is formed by the aid of certain auxiliaries, both with and without mam. Thus, masil combined with nasaru (please do), will exemplify this form as, ;
Imperative
Mood
(Polite).
Positive.
Negative.
nasaimase! or nasaimashil
— The
Note. is
N.B.
nasaimasu na
!
or nasaimasura na!
usually associated with the verb which supported by nasaimasu as auxiliary.
—
It
honorific o
is
Summary of Polite Forms. must be remembered that the Polite
Inflection for nearly all other verbs may be deduced by substituting tbo " Stem of the verb " To be conjugation for that of the Stem kashi in the following type of kasu :
Kasu,
—
to lend.
Indicative Mood. Positive.
Cert. Pres.
kashi-masu.
Negative.
kashi-masen.
Prob. Pres. kashi-masho.
kashi- masumai.
Cert. Past,
kashi-masen deshita.
kashi-mashita.
Prob. Past, kashi-mashitaro.
kashi-masen deshitaro.
THE VERB.
59
Imperative Mood. o kashi-nasaim ase (shi).
o kashi-nasai
masuruna.
Subjunctive Mood.
Cond. Pres. kashi-masureba. Cond. Past, kashi-mashitara. Alt.
Form,
Past Part,
kashi-masenakereba.
kashi-masen deshitara.
kashi-mashitari.
kashi-masenakattari.
kashi-mashite.
kashi-mascnakitte.
Desid. Adj. kashi-to gozaimasu.
kashi-taku gozaimasen.
Derivative and Phrase = Verbs. The Japanese language is very rich in combinations
of
words which perform the functions of single parts of speech, and especially in those which do duty for verbs. This latter class may be aptly termed Phrase-Verbs, inasmuch as they are composed of various primary forms of the verb conjoined with one or more auxiliary verbs, the whole combination in each case being subject to inflection in the same manner as These phrase-verbs serve to express Voice simple verbs. different from that of direct active relation, so that the language thus possesses equivalents
for
:
The Passive „ ,,
Voice. Potential Voice or Mood. Causative Voice.
The Passive
Voice.
In Japanese, the change from the active to the passive form is made by adding rent to the Negative Base in the First Conjugation, and rareru to the same base in the Second ConThus, the verbs shim (to know), eru (to obtain), jugation. and miru (to see) are made passive as follows :
1st Conj.
—
Shiru, to know; Neg. Base, shira. Passive Voice, shirareru, to be known.
2nd Conj. (Form
Eru, to obtain Neg. Base, I.). Passive Voice, erareru, to be obtained.
2nd Conj. (Form
;
e.
Miru, to see Neg. Base, mi. II.). Passive Voice, mirareru, to be seen.
Note.
—This voice
its
Ni
;
is in much less frequent use than in English, and types all follow the First Form of the Second Conjugation. " " usually serves to render by after a passive verb.
THE VERB.
60 Illustrative phrases
:—
Doko wo miraremashita ka i Hachijiu yen to iu taikin wo torareta (torn, to take),
Watakushi ni yoku shirareru,
Where were you
seen ? the large amount of
He had
eighty yen taken from him. is well known to me.
He
The Potential
Voice.
"Potentiality" is expressed by the same phrase-verbs as those employed with a passive signification. Examples Could you see ? MiraremasMta ka ? Korareru ka Mite mimasho, I will ask him if he can come. I cannot come. Mairaremasenu, Mairaremasen to iimashita, He said, he couldn't come. " can not come "; that (was what) he said] [lit., Note. (1) The majority of the verbs of the First Conjugation possess an alternative potential form, which in most cases is :
—
—
formed by adding the syllable ru to the Conditional Base. Thus, shirareru and shireru, both meaning "may" or "can know," are the potentials of shiru, to know. Ordinarily, however, a slight distinction is drawn between the forms, shirareru " being held to signify may," i.e., authority or permission, and shireru to signify " can," i.e., positive ability or innate power, this distinction applying similarly to all verbs in reru and ru respectively.
In the Second Conjugation there are two exceptional These are mirareru, may see, and mieru, can see, formed from the verb miru, to see. (2)
potentials.
The Causative
A
Voice.
number
of phrase-verbs express causing of action, as, e.g., "causing to finish," "causing to meet," &c. These causative verbs are formed by adding seru to the
large
Negative Base of verbs in the First Conjugation, and saseru same base in the Second Conjugation. For example, the verbs tsukuru (to make), eru (to obtain), and miru (to see) assume the causative form thus
to the
:
make
1st Conj. Neg. Base, tsukura. Causative Voice, tsukuraseru, to cause to make.
Tsukuru, to
;
2nd Conj. (Form
Eru, to obtain Neg. Base, e. I.). Causative Voice, esaseru, to cause to obtain.
2nd Conj. (Form
;
Miru, to see Neg. Base, mi. II.). Causative Voice, misaseru, to cause to see. ;
All causative verbs follow the model of the First
Second Conjugation.
Form,
THE ADJECTIVE.
61
The irregular verbs kuru, to come, and sunt, to do, form kosaseru, to cause to come, and saseru, to cause to do. The causative verbs are often replaced colloquially by such phrases as Iku yd ni suru, go-manner-make, i.e., to make him to go.
—
Examples:
Ima onna ni ii-tsiikete, no
You had better tell the woman hey a wo saseru ga ii, to come and clean the room. now woman to, commanding, room of, cleaning cause-
soji
[lit.,
to-do
Sugu ni
is good] kikashite* kuda-
Please let
me know
(hear) at
once.
sai,
Mo ichido kikasete kudasare, [lit.,
Please let hear once more. more once having made hear give]
THE ADJECTIVE. The Japanese equivalent for the Adjective from the latter in its construction and use.
differs materially
Thus, Japanese
adjectives have no forms to express gender or number, and no inflections to indicate degree. This deficiency, however, is supplied by an inflection somewhat similar to that of verbs, and by the frequent use, as adjectives, of true verbs and adverbial words.
Inflection.
The primitive (simplest) form of the Stem by adding to it certain ;
the adjective
is
syllables, various
termed adjec-
These are simple words and phrases are obtained. adjectives, verbal adjectives, and adverbial adjectives, and by inflection they are made both affirmative and negative, as is the case with verbs. tival
(1)
The
syllable
Adjective, which
i
added to the Stem forms the Simple be employed both attributively and
may
predicatively.
For example, from the Stems yo, naga, and yasu are formed the simple adjectives yoi, good, nagai, long, and yasui, easy or cheap and we may say nagai naica, a long rope, or nawa ga nagai, the rope is long. ;
*
The
causatives
confounded
transitive verbs of the First Conjugation in su and the are often used indiscriminately, e.g., kikashite being with kikasete.
THE ADJECTIVE.
62
Examples :— Yoi hito, Yasui hart,
A
Hari ga
The needle is cheap. A bad woman.
Warm
A
yasui,
onna,
good man. cheap needle.
—
The particle no is sometimes used with this form of the adjective, being, in this connection, analogous to the English indefinite pronoun " one."
Note.
Examples
:
—
Shiroi no
masu
wa
ikutsu ari-
How many
white ones are there?
?
[lit, white one, how many] There are only black ones. Kuroi no bakari aru, I wish to see a pretty one. Kirei na no ivo mitai, Bring a long one. Nagai no wo motte o ide,
added to the Stem forms an adverbial (2) The syllable ku adjective or adjectival adverb, which usually has a predicative It is followed by the verb, which it modifies when force. used adverbially. Thus, from the stem naga is formed nagaku, and from yasu is formed yamku, which may be used as follows
:
—
Kono naiva ga nagaku
This rope
is
long.
gozaimasu, [lit.,
Yamku [lit.,
this rope... long
is]
It is
dekimashita, cheap made]
made
cheaply.
—
Colloquially, the adverbial form of the adjective drops the k sound, and the u sound combines with the vowel element of the preceding syllabic. Thus, the form hiro is produced from hiroku, wide, by the elimination of the k sound, leaving hirou,
Note.
which is pronounced as hiro. Similarly nagaku becomes nago, Shigeku, dense, yasuku becomes yasu, and furuku, furu. becomes shigeu, which then contracts into shigyo. This contraction is especially employed before the polite verb gozaru, to be
;
so that in ordinary conversation the sentence,
Kono nawa ga nagaku gozaimasu, would be rendered Kono naiva ga nago gozaimasu (this rope is long). Adverbial forms with terminal iku drop the k, but undergo no further contraction thus, yakamashiku, noisy, becomes yakamashiu. ;
—
Examples Kono hako wa goku tako :
This box
is
very dear.
gozaimasu, [lit.,
Yoku
this box. ..very (goku) dear is]
dekita,
It is well
made.
THE ADJECTIVE.
The following Rule bo carefully noted
:
—
Whenever two
is
more
or
63
of great importance,
and should
adjectives are coupled together
by the conjunction and in English, all but the final one must be rendered in Japanese by the adverbial form,.
Examples
:
—
Kami
no ke ga kuruku, me ya awoi musume, [lit., head of, hair... black, Utsukushiku chisai musuko,
A
girl with black hair and blue eyes.
eyes... blue, girl]
A
boy both small and pretty.
Besides these simple inflections for the formation of true adjectival and adverbial forms, adjectives undergo conThis uyation for mood and tense exactly like true verbs. conjugation consists in adding certain forms of the verb am, to be, positive and negative, to a modified form of the (3)
adjective.
Conjugation of the Adjective. Furuki, or fund,
old.
Stem, fiwu Adverbial Adjective, furuku, of old, anciently. Polite Predicative Form, furu gozaimasu, is old. ;
Indicative Mood. Certain Present. Positive.
fund,
is old.
furuku nai,
Negative, not old.
is
Probable Present, furukaro,
probably is, or will be old.
furuku nakaro, probably is not, or will not be old.
Certain Past,
furukatta,
was
old.
furuku nakatta,
was not
old.
Probable Past. furukattaro,
was probably
furuku nakattaro, was probably not old.
old.
Subjunctive Mood. Conditional Present. furukereba,
if it is old.
furuku nakereba,
if it is
not old
.
Conditional Past, furukattaraiba),
if it
old.
were
furuku nakattara(ba),
were not old.
if it
THE ADJECTIVE.
64
Concessive,
though
furukeredo,
old.
furuku nakeredo,thoughnot
Alternative
being at times
furukattari,
old.
old.
Form,
furuku nakattan, being at times not old.
Past Participle, furukute,
being old.
furuku nakute,
Adjectival
A
number
not being old.
Words and Phrases.
formed from other words by combining and associating with them suffixes and other large
of adjectives are
additions.
—
Those most frequently used are derived as follows (1) From Nouns, by adding rashii, are formed a number of :
adjectives corresponding with those in English terminating in "ish" or "ly," such as foolish, childish, &c.
—
Examples Kodomo rashii, Baka rashii, :
Honto
like a child, i.e., childish. like a fool, i.e., foolish.
like the truth, i.e., true-seemiDg. the particle no, and the contraction na (nam, to be), are sometimes employed as adjectives proper, as Nippon no, of Japan, i.e., Japanese. Kin no, of gold, i.e., golden. Baka na, fool being, i.e., foolish. A few adjectives proper employ the particle na as a termination to both the attributive form and the root, as oM or chisai or chisana, small. okina, large rashii,
Nouns followed by
;
The present and past forms
of Verbs are frequently adjectives; thus, equivalents for "possible" and " "impossible are presented by dekiru, able to do, and dekinai, not able to do, whilst the English "open" is sometime3 rendered by aita, the meaning of which is " has become open." Other examples are osoroshi, terrible, from osoreru, to fear isogashi, busy, from isogu, to be in a hurry. Yasui, easy, katai, hard, and nikui, difficult, are added to the Stems of Verbs to form adjectives as in kouare-yasui, (2)
used
as
;
;
easy to break, fragile ii-nikui, difficult to say. The negative adjective nai, not, added to the Negative Base of Verbs, serves to form another important series of adjec;
THE ADJECTIVE.
65
which constantly take the place of the negative forms
tives
of the verbs themselves.
Examples Ashi ga
:
—
hiete,
I don't
tamaranai,
my [lit., feet... being-cold, (I)
know what
to do,
feet are so cold.
cannot-bear]
I do not understand.
Wakaranai, [lit. it is unintelligible]
The Desiderative form of the verb, i.e., the Stem with the termination tai suffixed, is in frequent use as an adjective; as ojitai, desirous of fearing, i.e., anxious, timid naoshitai ;
{naosu, to mend or cure), desirous of mending or curing, i.e., kind, helpful. (3) Several Adjectival Phrases are formed by compounding two or three words, as ishi no oi, abounding in stone, i.e., stony ; ashi no hayai, quick of foot, i.e., swift. When used predicatively, such phrases take ga in place of no, as mimi ga mimi no toi), distant of ear, i.e., deaf; me ga chikai,
toi (for
near of eye,
i.e.,
short-sighted.
Comparison. As previously remarked, the Japanese inflection to express Comparison, which following manner :
—
The Comparative Degree.
adjective has no is made in the
—
This is expressed by the simple adjective with the particle yori (than) employed as in the sentence Sakujitm yori konnichi wa tenki ga yoroshi, which means literally "than yesterday to-day the weather is good," i.e., the weather is finer to-day than yesterday. Similarly, " "that is brighter than this becomes in Japanese "this than, that bright is." (a)
Examples
:
—
Watakushi yori anata
o
wako
You
are younger than
I.
gozarimasil, [lit., I t han, you young are]
The heart
Mimelygri^cokoro, [lit.,
heart than, face
(is
better)]
is
more
to
be
desired than the face.
In sentences like the first of the above, the first part is sometimes dropped when the meaning is sufficiently clear without it as Anata wa (or anata no ho ga) You are the younger. o wako gozarimasil, P&i your side is young] P -Japanese Grammar Self-Taught. ;
THE ADVEKB.
66
The English " more " preceding adjectives is represented in Japanese by such words as motto, more, and nao, yet, or still, &c; thus, Motto nagai (more long), longer.
Nao
yasui
(yet cheap), cheaper.
—
The Superlative Degree. This is expressed either in (b) the context or by using such words as ichi ban, number one, or dai ichi no, first, principal. Examples
:
—
Ichi ban nagai naiva,
The
Kore wa
This
llit.,
ban takai, this... number one
ichi
is
longest rope. is the highest.
high]
THE ADVERB. The Adverb proper
(1)
in ku, as nagaku, long
is
in
Japanese the adjectival form
hayaku, quickly atarasHku, newly Words and phrases used adverbially are, how(see p. 60). ever, very numerous, many of them being originally verbs, adjectives, and nouns, which are rendered adverbial with the aid of particles and combinations. ;
;
(2) Nouns which are employed as adjectives by adding na or no, are rendered adverbial by substituting the suffix ni for no or na as ;
bakani, foolishly, sakini, before. suguni, at once. yoni, in the man-
ner (3)
of.
makotoni,
shizukani, gently. teineini, politely.
another
okini, gently. shinsetsuni, kindly.
liokani, in
shimaini, finally.
daijini, carefully.
The Past Participles
adverbially, as kaette,
truth-
fully, really.
on the contrary
sadamete, probably damatte, silently machigatte, wrong yorokonde, gladly subete, generally semete, at least
numerous verbs are used
of
— from
hajimete, for the first time
way.
„ ,,
„ „ „ „ „
kaeru, to return.
hajimeru, to begin.
sadameru, to confirm. damaru, silent. machigau, to err. yorokobu, glad. suberu, to unite in one. semeru, to treat with rigour.
THE ADVEKB. Many
(4)
67
adverbial ideas are expressed in Japanese by the of words, the second member of the comnigori when susceptible of it, as
mere Repetition pound taking the
kaesu-gaesu, over
and over again
—from
miru-miru, visibly
,,
niohi-nichi, daily
,,
iro-iro,
„
nichi, day. iro, sort.
,,
dan, a step.
various kinds
dan-dan, gradually
kaesu, to send back.
miru, to see.
These are often followed by the particle
to.
Poetic Name-wokds are common in Japanese, and a number of them are used adverbially. Most of them, however, are somewhat vulgar. Examples (5)
large
:
—
pon-pon, sound of guns. para-para, sound of rain. bara-bara, with a rattling
gudzu-gudzu, loiteringly.
butsu-butsu, grumblingly. to
The following heard
:
It fell
ochimashita,
rattling noise with,
[lit.,
—
is
a
)
of
when
?
itsudemo, always. ni do, ) ,
.
ago.
™o,
nochihodo, by and by.
1
airway J
Adverbs achira
J
asuko,
there.
asukoni atode, behind. ]
dochi,
dochira
| j
where, whither.
toki,
when
doko,'
)
7 .\ dokoni ) ,
of
where. \
,
kokoni )
sakini, before.
'
.
tabi tabi,
several
times.
Place
i
here, kochira) hither. koko, ) , , .} here. kochi,
(relative).
immedi-
atel y-
kio, to-day.
there, thither.
sudeni, already.
mio?iicH, to-morrow, tadaima,
mohaya)
}
sakujitsu, yesterday. sendalle, some days
yet.
mettani (with neg.), seldom.
futa tabi] jikini, soon.
achi,
most frequently
Time.
kino, yesterday. konnichi, to-day.
mada, not
hito tabi) itsu,
with a rattling noise.
it fell]
of the adverbs
list
Adverbs to-morrow.
ashita, ichi do,
slowly.
sudden breaking.
patchiri,
noise.
Bara-bara
moving
soro-soro,
sakasama, upside
down. shitani, below. so •
f
.1
sokoni )
there.
uyeni, above. yokoni, across.
F*
THE ADVERB. Adverbs chitto,
ikaga,
slightly.
how. domo, howsoever
kayoni, Ao
)
^'
hanahada)
I
.
sappari, wholly. say6ni,so in that way,
^ ih[
i/o/iw,
frto, positively.
•
tA-iim
*#/*£,
well.
positively.
of Quantity.
donokurai,}
.
why.
naze,
i
Adverbs 7 f too much yokeini ) bakari, only.
Manner.
jozu ni, cleverly.
do,
goku,
of
how.
how
motto, more.
much, how many, J
sukoshi, little.
takusan, taiso,
much.
Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation. The responses "Yes " and " No " have not, strictly
speak-
ikutsil,
jiubun, enough.
ing, exact equivalents in Japanese, and generally the reply to a question is a repetition of the verb used in putting the
The negative answer iye ! (iiye) is, however, almost question. equivalent to "No!" and the response hei! (he, hai) may " Yes " but it often merely implies that the person signify addressed has heard, or is paying attention to, what the !
speaker
is
saying.
Examples
Mo kimashita ka ? Kimashlta. Kanda san wa orimasu ka Iye
mada
mairiynasen.
Tegami wo yaremasho ka ? Yaremasho.
N.B.
—The
Has he come
yet ?
Yes, he has. ?
Mr. Kanda in ? he has not come yet. Can I send a letter ? Yes! you can probably send Is
No
!
it.
adverb invariably precedes the words which
it modifies, as Achira ye mate. Mada ki ya shimasumai.
Wait
there.
He
cannot have come yet. Where has he been ?
Doko ye itte kita ? He came to-day. Kid kita? When is she likely to sail Itsu shuppan shimaslw ka? Tokidoki o me mi kakarimasu. I see you now and then.
?
THE PARTICLE.
69
THE PARTICLE. There are a large number of words in Japanese named by native grammarians Teniwoha, from the four most im-
—
among them te, ni, wo, ha. They serve instead of case and plural terminations, and also of prepositions, coniunctions, and interjections. Many of them are identical with terminations of verbs and adjectives previously dealt with. * The particles are usually suffixes, and especially is this the case with those serving as the Japanese equivalents of As the latter, however, follow the noun instead Prepositions. of being placed before it as in English, they are usually portant
termed by European grammarians "Postpositions." The following is a list of the particles most commonly used, arranged alphabetically to facilitate reference
:
—
De. This particle has varied uses, but primarily it corresponds with the English prepositions by, with, at, in, of, and " for, and the phrases by means of," "on account of," as wo de tokei I shall buy a watch at Hiogo. kaimasho, Hiogo Hey a wa hanahada fukutsu I am annoyed at the room de komarimasu, being so dirty. [lit., room very dirty at, I am annoyed] De is also employed as a contraction for nite, and with the " it forms a series of various equivalents of the verb " To be da de desii as abbreviations, (for (for de arimasu), deshita aru), (for de
Be wa
arimasMta), datta (for de atta), daro replaced by the contraction ja.
&c
(for de aro),
is
A large number of compound tenses are formed by the Present Indicative followed by de and the verb aru (to be), and in this construction the Present Indicative is a noun, de being the sign of the predicate. When the verb "To be" unites two nouns, the second noun takes de as an affix, as Kono mushi wa ka desii, [lit.,
Yoroshiu arimasenil d' atta, [lit, good is, not was]
Konu
This insect
is
a mosquito.
...insect... mosquito]
d' atta,
It
was not good.
He
did not come.
not come was] Note. It will be seen from the last two sentences that the negative in this construction is placed with the principal verb. [lit.,
—
*Thus wa,
p. 74.
For ha see rule te, see kashiw, p. 42. For ni and wo, see below, pp. 72 and 75.
for
10, p. 100,
and
THE PARTICLE.
70
Demo is used to express the signification of de combined with that of mo, even, also, and may be translated "even"; as Ato demo yoroshl, It will do afterwards. [lit.,
after even is good]
Kao demo ka
?
[lit,
Will you wash your face as
nasaru
o arai
well ? face even honourably to-wash deign
?]
Ga. This particle was originally used to convey an idea of appurtenance or possession, and still retains this character in certain phrases, as Waga kuni, one's own country Koma;
Peak
(ja-take,
Colt's
when
noun
is
instances, ga stand in the
is
It is now, however, mountain). regarded as the generic nominative sign, although the subject of the sentence is not necessarily conjoined with ga; for
a
particle at
(a
followed by
mo
or wa,
and
in various other
Moreover, nouns may dropped entirely. nominative relation unaccompanied by any
all.
After adjectival and verbal forms treated as nouns, ga serves the same purposes as when following nouns proper.
Examples
:
—
Summer
Natsu ga kimashita, Yube ame ga futta, [lit.,
last night... rain fell]
Massugu ga chikakatta, [lit.,
straighter
was near (est)]
the going
It
would have been nearer to go straight forward.
You had
Iku ga yoroshi, [lit.,
has come.
It rained last night.
is
better go.
good]
for the adversative conjunction " but," in the Indicative, or adjectives in the verbs when following verbal form, as in the following examples Arigato gozaimasu ga ika- I thank you, but I must go. neba narimasen, I want to mend it, but I Tori-naoso to omou ga, cannot. tori-naosenai,
Ga
is
an equivalent
:
Ka
—
might almost be replaced by the mark
tion, being employed in most cases or to express a doubt ; as
Kita ka, So desii ka, [lit.,
so it-is (?)]
of interroga-
merely to denote a query
Has he come ? Is that so ?
THE PARTICLE.
71
Ka may be omitted in sentences commencing with another interrogative word, as Doko ye itte kita ? Where has he been ? Placed between two nouns, ka is an equivalent for the conjunction "or," and when occurring twice in a sentence it " whether ... or "; as represents the correlatives ka no ttchi He in lives Tokio or Hiogo Tokyo Hiogo ni orimasu, I do not know which. Inu ka kuma ka shir i ma- 1 do not know whether it is a dog or a bear. sen, ;
(For ka with interrogative pronouns see
p. 23.)
When
Kara.
following nouns this particle may be rendered by "from" or "since," and by "because," "after,"
when occurring
Examples —
after verbs.
:
Yokohama kara Tokyo made, Konnichi kara, Sakujitsu kara,
Rusu datta kara
shiranai,
From Yokohama From to-day.
to Tokio.
Since yesterday. do not know, because I was
I
absent.
Atsui kara,
Mukukashiku kaite ivatakushi-domo
Because it is hot. aru kara I cannot read it because the
wa
ni
yomemasen. [lit., difficultly
writing
is
writing
is
so difficult.
because, me to as-for, is unreadable] 1 shall not go until I have
Hiru-meshi wo tabete kara
had my mid-day repast. de nakuclia ikimasenu, after if not do not go] [lit., noon repast having eaten
Made
(compounded from ma, space, and de, with) may be to, up to, as far as, until, inclusive of, &c.
translated by
Examples
:
—
Komban made machimasu,
I shall wait until this evening. to Ikao.
Hiogo kara Ikao made,
From Hiogo
Midgonichi made ni dekiagarimasu,
It will
[lit.,
Mo
may
day-after-to-morrow by,
day ...
is
be completed by the
after to-morrow. finished]
be translated by the copulatives also, too, even, alone, but when repeated in affirmative phrases
when standing
THE PARTICLE.
72
In negative phrases it signifies "both ... and." equivalents are the correlatives "neither ... nor."
nasare,
mo kamaimasen,
[lit., a-little
too.
It does
mo
Saji mo sara arimasen,
The
not matter at
all.
even matters-not]
Hiogo mo Yokohama mo, Neko mo inu mo,
Ni.
You come also. Buy this saddle
this saddle... buy, do]
[lit.,
Chitto
English
—
Examples Anata mo irasshai, Kono kura mo o kai :
its
uclxi
ni
Both Hiogo and Yokohama. Both cats and dogs. There is neither spoon nor plate in the house.
uses
of
this
particle
are
legion,
the
more
important only of which are here noticed.
With nouns
(a)
Examples
:
it
—
usually signifies
Kioto ni mairimasu, Kioto, to go] ni orimasii,
to, in, at, into,
on or by.
I go to Kioto.
[lit,
Tokyo
Dai ni oite kudasai, Inu wa neko ni kamereta, Gakko ni haitta, [lit.,
He
lives in Tokio.
Please put
Used to couple together the names means " and."
Example
:
of several objects,.
oranges, besides other things.
various
Ni is a component of many phrases used as postposiThe following are those most frequently met with :
no kawari
ni, instead of. to issho ni, together with. no soba ni, beside. no ue ni, upon.
no no no no
cat-
There are wine, grapes, and
masu, (c)
table.
—
Sake ni budo ni mikan ni sono hoka iro iro art-
tions.
on the
school into, he entered]
(6)
ni
(it)
The dog was bitten by the He went into the school.
saki ni, beyond.
mawari ni, around. hoka
ni,
ato ni,
except. after.
no tame ni, for the sake no naka ni, inside. without.
nashi ni,
no no no no no
muko
—
of.
ni, across.
uchi ni,
among, within.
sJiita ni,
under. between. behind.
aida
ni,
ushiro ni,
THE PARTICLE. No,
" " signifying of
Examples
:
—
is
the ordinary sign of the genitive.
Hari no ana, [lit.,
Me
needle
of,
no maye eye
[lit.,
of,
Needle's eye. hole]
Before
de,
my
eyes.
before at]
Wake no wakaranai {lit., reason of,
73
A
koto,
understand-not-thing]
thing I cannot understand at all.
When preceding the nouns they qualify, the cardinal numerals are generally followed by this particle as Mitsu no ishi, Three stones. Sannin no dorobo, Three thieves. The apposition of nouns may be shown by no, as Taiwan no kuni, The province Taiwan. Betto no Kodzuke, The groom Kodzuke. ;
Shi. This serves for the copulative " and," when employed with verbs in the Indicative. It also signifies in some cases " and so "not ... but." ...,"
Examples
:
—
only
Yasui shina mo aru shi takai no mo aru, Sewashl hi mo aru shi
I
hima na hi mo are, Kono yadoya wa, yama mo
From
;
mieru mieru
llit.,
kavca
shi,
shi, tbis botel as-for,
There are cheap things and also dear ones.
have busy days and days of leisure.
this hotel, not only is the mountain visible, but also the river.
mo
mountain even
is-visible...,
river
even
is-
visible...]
To,
like ni, is very extensively
uses are:
—
employed.
Its
commonest
"and." It is (a) Between two nouns its meaning is sometimes repeated after the second noun, as He has become skin and bone. Hone to kawe to ni natta, [lit.,
Kori
to
bone and skin
mizu
to
(he)
wo motte
has become]
Bring ice and water.
ide,
" that " when force of the conjunction a to with a statement assertion, as previous regard introducing 11 Kori to mizu "; to iima- He said, " Ice and water." (b)
To has the
shita,
THE PARTICLE.
74
Taiso ni fukai desii to Into People say that it is extremely deep. ga iimasu, " [lit., greatly deep is," that people. ..say] N.B. In such sentences as the latter, the conjunction "that" is It must, however, always be exoften omitted in English. pressed in Japanese (cf. the French and Spanish usages). To sometimes has the meaning of the preposition (c)
—
"with "; thus, Ano Mto to
shibai ni iki-
mashita,
Kono
accompanied him to the play-house.
Into to issho
[lit, this
I
man
Go with this man. same place go] often has the signification of inverted no
ike,
with,
to (d) With nouns, commas expressing quotation, as What is your name ? namaye wa nan to iu ? WatakUshi wa Tsmiekichi My name is " Tsunekichi."
to
Wa.
moshimasu,
is the opposite of mo, and the full explanation word has been deferred so that the resemblance of function, but dissimilarity of meaning of the two words may be more clearly shown. Wa means "this (only)," "this and nothing besides," and
This
of the latter
"
It singles out or isolates one if nothing further." from among others, or limits an assertion to the word preceding wa, the part of the sentence coming before the latter word being thus separated from the other part. this,
object
A just conception of what is meant by the singling out or isolation a word or phrase may be obtained by reference to such a French " " Moi, je travaille toi, tu ne fais rien (as for) me, I expression as " " work (as for) you, you do nothing, in which " moi and " tu are, so to speak, withdrawn from the body of the sentence and relegated Thus the French quant a very nearly to positions to themselves. expresses the force of wa, and the nearest English equivalent is "as for," though in translating a Japanese sentence containing wa it is usually sufficient to place an emphasis on the word which wa accompanies, or by placing such word at the beginning of the sentence.
of
;
;
Examples Sore wa,
:
—
ichi-ban
omoshiro
That will perhaps be the
most amusing of all. gozaimaslio, [lit., that as-for, number-one amusing will-probably-be] Now I am at liberty. lma wa, te-siiki de gozaimasil, hand-free (I) am] [lit., now as-for, I don't quite know. Kuwashiku wa zonjimasen, [lit.,
exactly as-for
(I)
know-not]
THE PAETIOLE. is
75
Mo, however, implies that the noun with which it is used Thus, mo has closely associated with some other thing.
the connective meanings also
y
too, both, &c.
that wa has often very little meaning, [It must be observed and might be omitted without interfering with the import of
the sentence.]
—
Examples Ano kurumaya wa :
ashi
ga
hayai,
Kuru
llit., all
for that kurumaya, he quick of foot.
They come but
koto wa, sukuno
gozaimasu, [lit., comes act as-f or, few Mina wa miemasen,
As
is
rarely.
are]
I can't see
them
all.
as-f or, appear-not]
Are wa warui ; kore wa
That
bad
is
;
this is good.
yoroshi,
Hiogo to Kioto to wa dochira Which is cooler, Hiogo or Kioto ? ga suzushii desho ?
Wo.
This particle, like ga, is a true case sign, and sigword with which it is employed is the object of the sentence, though a noun in the accusative is not The latter is not infrequently necessarily followed by wo. omitted before suru (or itasu), to do, and in other cases, and the accusative case governed by a preposition does not nifies that the
require
it.
Examples
:
—
Michi wo
Daiku wa dai wo [lit., -
me
the way.
condescend] The carpenter tsukuru,
makes a
oshiete kudasai,
tell
ivo
tada-
saru,
Kannin [lit.,
is
table.
carpenter... table... makes]
Pdka ni kammuri
Wo
Please
road... teaching
[lit.,
Under a plum-tree, do not adjust your cap. Japanese Proverb. Please have patience with me.
—
shite kudasare,
patience having done give]
sometimes used in cases where no preposition
appears in English; thus, Senyen no kane wo torareta, [lit.,
1,000 yen. ..money of
He had (ivo)
1,000 yen stolen. was robbed]
THE PARTICLE.
76
Ya
is
sometimes expressive of doubt, but often a mere As a conjunctive it translates " and."
ejaculation.
—
Examples: Tora ya !
—
I say, Tora (Tora a person's name). (Some) two or three times. !
Nido ya sando, Iko ya ! Hana ya did ya, Hon ya sumi ya fude ga
Let us
go.
[flies.
The
flowers and the butterThere are books, ink and pen,
and such
arimasu,
(things).
Yara, which is a contraction of ya and aran, the old form of the future of aru, to be, is expressive of uncertainty and doubt
as
;
Kakemono to yara masu gena,
de gozai- I
am
told that it is a kake-
mono
(if
that
is
the right
name).
[lit., Kakemono (if-that-is-the-right-name), it-is, I-am-told] Doko ye itta yara, I wonder where he has gone. Doko ni orimasil yara wata- I do not know where he lives.
kushi ni wa wakarimasenu, where... lives
[lit.,
Tora tara
(?),
me
(for to yara) iu
Ye may be
translated
nounce the y very :
—
tomare nasare,
I
When
do you return to
Europe? o
my
Stay in
lodgings for
the night.
my... lodging ye irassharu ?
[lit.,
where
if
or at. Most Japanese proand sometimes omit it altogether.
ka? Watakushi no yado ye
[lit.,
Tora,
rightly.
to, in, into,
lightly,
Itsu Yoroppa ye kaerimasu
Doko
A
remember
geisha,
Examples
not known] geisha called
to, is
in, ...stay, do]
Where
are you going
?
to, deign-to-go]
shinshi wo kiusokujo Show the gentleman into the waiting-room. ye go annai moshi-ageru, [lit., this gentleman., waiting-room into, guidance do] N,B. There is another ye(e), an interjection similar to the English
Kono
—
"Eh?"
Yo and
accompanies nouns in the vocative
signifies
appeal.
case.
It is emphatic,
warning, or stands alone as a mere exclamation
earnest remonstrance, supplication,
Sometimes
it
THE CONJUNCTION.
77
having these significations. It has no exact English equivalent, the nearest being "I tell you."
Examples
:
—
Otottsan yo Kirei yo ! ide yo
Yori
is
than
rince,
;
Father
!
Do come
!
do to be than one o'clock.
It will not
you.
later
one o'clock than even, late as-for-becoming will-not-do] Eight ri from here.
Kore yori hachi ri, Sakunen yori, Omotta yori yasai,
Since last year. cheaper than I thought.
It is
emphasizes strongly the word
Kita zo
it
accompanies
;
thus,
Here he comes Do what you will, I won't
!
!
Doshite mo, shochi shinai zo ! [lit.,
tell
almost synonymous with kara, meaning from,
mo, osoku natcha ikemasen,
Zo
can
!
as
Ichi-ji yori [lit.,
!
It is pretty, I
cod sent
!
do-what-you-will even, consent I-do-not...]
THE PREPOSITION. Prepositions have section on particles.
been
fully
treated
in
the preceding
The English prepositions frequently require to be translated into Japanese by other parts of speech. Thus, for " over" we must use koyete, the past participle of koyeru, to cross; for "beside," no soba ni literally, "at the side of"; for
—
"between," no aida
ni,
which
is really
"in the space of
"; &c.
THE CONJUNCTION. Most
of the conjunctions, too, the head of Particles, but
have been already' noticed
it must be observer! that there are numerous phrases in common use in Japanese whose exact equivalents require conjunctive treatment in Of these the more important are English.
under
:
—
Da
ga, or tokoro ga, which has at the commencement of a " " that " well then," or being the phrase the sense of still,''
case"; as Tokoro ga, sono ban ni Well, then, on that night a aru contraction of de Dano, no, resembles very much the Alternative Form of the verb, being repeated with each
—
—
THE INTERJECTION.
73
noun
for distinctness.
"
tive
and," and
its
Its English- equivalent is the copulaforce is that of giving distinctness to as
objects enumerated Shishi dano, tora dano, zo dano, ;
Lions, tigers and elephants.
Ninsoko dano, daiku dano, yaneya dano yonde, shi-
coolie... carpenter... tiler
[lit.,
=
yahari
Yue
sore de
=
mo
wa
= then.
=
and
tilers,
to work.
having
called... work
set
caused]
Shikashi nagara "but. So shite (lit., so doing) and. Yori isso than, rather than.
=
—
though.
(yuye) ni
and
them
=
likewise.
Sonnara and Sore de
sent for coolies, carpen-
ters,
wo sasemashita,
goto
Mo
He
Yd
because.
ni
=
that, so that.
THE INTERJECTION. The most common interjections are: A! Aral Hei Eh! Dokkoi! Ha! Dokkoishol Hail
Aa! Ail Aita
Domo
I
—
Itai
Ne
!
Oil
Ma!
He !
!
—
!
Naruhodo I
Ya ! Yaa !
!
Yail
Oyal Sa I
A denotes attention, and sometimes acquiescence, on the part of the listener.
Note.
!
Aa
expresses either grief or admiration, and it denotes weariness.
!
when long
drawn out
Ail corresponds to the English "all right" in answer to a call.
—
—
Aita! like the English "Ah!" or "Ugh!" denotes sudden pain or difficulty. Ana betokens either joy or fear, and uttered quickly (usually by women) it shows surprise or astonishment. Dokkoi! and Dokkoisho! are each ejaculations addressed to several persons when lifting heavy weights, &c, correspond!
" All ing to the English together
Domo
!
does not quite see,
now,"
Ha
is
know what
to
" "
!
Up
with
it
"
!
&c.
employed when the speaker " Let me do, as when the English
shows perplexity, and
is
used.
denotes attention, and sometimes assent. Hai and Hei are indications of the listener's having heard what was said to him. !
!
!
used by a person when in continual pain. usually a listener's word introduced as an interruption to express wonderment or sympathy, though it may indicate Itai
Eh
!
!
is
is
contempt and
dislike.
HONORIFIC AND HUMBLE FORMS.
Ma
79
shows ivonder, surprise, or satisfaction, like the English sometimes supplication, as " Do please do " Nam hod o is used by many speakers with tedious frequency, and corresponds to the English " Really " " Dear me " "You
"
Oh
!
";
!
I
!
!
!
!
don't say so," and like expressions. Ne occurs even more frequently than the preceding word; but whereas naruhodo is a listener's word, ne is used when addressing remarks to anybody, having somewhat the force of " Isn't it ?" " Don't " It is you think so ?" &c. as Yorishl ne, good, isn't it?"; Mata mionichi o ide nasa.ru ne," "You will come again to-morrow, won't you?" Oi is employed to call servants or intimate friends. !
;
!
Oya!
Sa
!
—usually a woman's exclamation— expresses surprise. an incitement to action— encouraging someone to do
is
something. Ya! denotes pleasurable agitation or excitement when witnessing anything which is taking place, and is often heard in places of
Yaa
amusement.
the opposite of the preceding word, being used to express thorough contempt. Yo mostly is a signal to warn a person against danger or accident. !
is
!
HONORIFIC AND HUMBLE FORMS OF SPEECH. " and "humble" forms of expression are pro"Honorific vided for each degree of the social scale. They consist of words and phrases set apart for the use, respectively, of an also for equals inferior addressing a superior, and vice versa when in conversation with each other. By using a " humble " form the speaker intends to humble himself; by using an " honorific " he intends to show respect to an equal or a " " keep at a distance an inferior. superior, or to
—
As a general rule, the honorific forms are limited to Verbs, Nouns and Pronouns of the second person although they may ,
be employed in speaking respectfully of absent persons. polite termination rnasu is used with all three persons humble forms belong exclusively to the first person.
The ;
the
The student is advised to be sparing in the use of the humble forms, and to employ rather the polite and honorific expressions.
Respect and humility are indicated by means of Honorific Prefixes and Suffixes. Special Honorific or Humble Nouns, Pronouns, and Verbs.
HONORIFIC AND HUMBLE FORMS.
80
Honorific Prefixes.
i.
The
o
(derived from oki, great) and go are used and Adjectives as tokens of respect, and usually indicate that the words with which they are associated are in the second person or relate to the person addressed, so that the use of pronouns in this person is prefixes
with Nouns,
Verbs,
rendered to a considerable degree unnecessary. Thus, o taku (honourable house), o muma (honourable horse), may be held to signify "your house," "your horse," without the mediation of any pronoun. In some cases the honorifics are used to show respect for the objects to which they are applied, and there are words with which persons of the lower classes always associate polite forms. " cold
o yu
;
Note. is
"
Food," for instance,
w ater," T
o liiya
;
is
go zen; "hot water,"
&c.
—O
is almost exclusively affixed to Japanese words, whilst go reserved for those of Chinese origin.
is frequently used with the stems of verbs in the second person followed by the honorific verbs nasaru (please do, or machi nasai, please wait o mise nasai f deign) or asobasu as ;
please
;
show me.
When in the Imperative mood this combination is used by contracting nasare into na, or by dropping it entirely, though in this case the honorific signification is almost absent. O ide na, or o ide (come!), would only be employed in addressing members of one's own family or servants. betokens respect for the person spoken to, with a humble reference to the speaker, when used before the stem followed by mosu in the first person. Thus, naoshi nasai mase,
Honourably mend condescend, i.e.,
also
is
phrases
employed with
please
mend
this (for me).
adjectives, as in the following
:
Anata wa
wakai kara, Because you are young. young because] aki ni nattar a watakushi "W'ill you not lend it to me ni kashite kureni ka ? when you have finished with it? [lit., ...empty when became, me having lent give not] [lit.,
o
you... are
HONOKIFIC AND HUMBLE FORMS. 2.
81
Honorific Suffixes.
Sama, which indicates a similar degree of the English Mr. or Sir, is placed
of respect to that after the name,
title in addressing superiors, especially by speaking to their masters, and by tradesmen to their customers. Kanda sama, Mr. Kanda danna sama, sir Example oku sama, the title given to the lady of the house in polite
description, or eynploijes in
:
—
;
;
intercourse. Sama is also used to refine phrases, with a few other words kinodoku sama, I am sorry for you go taikutsu sama, it as must be tedious for you ; o sewa sama, I am much obliged to ;
;
you go kuro sama, thank you for your trouble sama, I have kept you waiting. ;
;
o
machido
Achira sama and kochira sama are respectively very polite equivalents of achira (here) and kochira (there).
San, which is a contraction of sama, is similar to the English Mr., Mrs., or Miss, and is employed mostly between equals, though sometimes it is used to superiors and also
—somewhat patronizingly—
to inferiors.
In addressing one's own
relatives, or in speaking of " "
others, san must not be used. and not oyaji san.
Thus,
my
father
them
to
is oyaji,
San may be used either with the surname or the personal {" christian ") name, but in the latter case, when the name is that of a female, the particle o is ordinarily prefixed in Hana san,, Miss Flower. One's own wife or addition as servant is addressed by the personal name, with or without o, and in referring to her husband in the third person a woman usually employs the word yado {lit., the house) or teisliiu " teishi husband. Instead of san, don should "), (pronounced be used in addressing the servants of others. " The proper term for " Mrs. Kanda in the third person is " saikun. "Madam or is oku san or Kanda san no go kanai, o kami san, though the latter phrase is mostly used by the " Miss " is o jo san or o musume go. very lowest classes. ;
In conversing with one another, children use the first part of the personal name with or without san. To one's own male servants the personal name is used, generally abbreviated, as Tor a for Torakichi. m
Japanese Grammar Self-Taught
d
HONORIFIC AND HUMBLE FORMS. 3.
Honorific and
Humble Nouns.
must be observed
that honorific and humble forms are used chiefly in referring to one's own and others' relatives more particularly those of the person spoken to and these relationships have imparted to them a humble or honorific force, not only by the addition of affixes and suffixes, but also by their being grouped into classes bearing distinctive names, and to which are applied the honorific prefixes already mentioned (0, go, sama, and san). For example, the ordinary name for " mother " is haha, my mother, but " your mother" " or "his mother requires another class-name and becomes okkasan " my husband" is danna or teishu " your " or " her " husband is danna sama or go teishu. The most commonly used of these class-names are It
—
—
;
;
:
Relationships. One's
—
HONOKIFIC AND HUMBLE FORMS. One's
own
Another's
83
Syntax
Arrangement of the Words in
:
the Sentence. The normal order
I.
of the sentence in
Japanese
is:
the Nominative case; the Indirect Object of the verb, or a Noun followed by a Postposition ; 3rd, the Direct Object; 4th, the Verb, or the adjective in the Verbal Form. 1st,
2nd,
Examples
:
—
WatakUshi wa suteishon de basha ni aimashUa, [lit.,
I
met the
carriage at the
station.
I (nom.) station at carriage (ace.)
met]
Niwatori ni ye wo kuwasero,
Give the fowls their food. [lit., (you) fowls, food, make eat] Ano Into wa Shinajin to That man had a quarrel with kenkwa wo shita, a Chinaman. [lit., that man Chinaman with, quarrel did]
N.B. An exception to this order arises in making Comparisons, when the name of the object used for the comparison is generally placed at the beginning ; as
Ane hodo okiku wa
She
nai,
not so
is
tall as
her elder
[lit, elder sister, big... (she) is not]
Muda na
[lit.,
yori
hanashi wo wa, damatte
ho ga
ii to
(I)
iru
than, as-for, silent being
He
ever than, robust (he)
Kono yama
yori are
wa
II.
good,"
is
more robust than
ever.
is]
That mountain
is
higher than
this.
takai, [lit.,
(is)
think]
Itsumo yori kenko desu, [lit.,
[sister.
I think that silence is better than useless talk.
orimasu,
"useless talk that
sum
this
mountain than,
that...is-high(er)]
Qualifying words precede the words to which they relate.
Thus, the adjective or genitive precedes the noun which it modifies the adverb precedes the verb, &c. and dependent ;
clauses precede the principal clause.
;
SYNTAX.'
Examples :— Warui onna,
Kuru
A
bad woman. The beggar who comes.
kojiki,
Osoku made hataraita,
Hayaku
ko,
Kane ga aru
35
toki,
kaimasho
He worked until late. Come quickly. When I have money, I
money.. .is time will buy]
intend
buy some. The signs of gender o and on, me and men, and the honorifics o and go, precede the word to which they Particles showing number and case follow refer. the noun, as do also wa, ya, ga, mo, ka, to, nagara; [lit,
III.
as Tori ni, to the bird ? is it this ?
;
[t
futatsu nagara, both of
them
;
kore
ka
Expressions relating to Time precede those relating to Place, as I go to school at one o'clock. Ichiji kara, gakko ni iku, Kyo no shukwai ni wa, iras- Did you not go to the meetshaimasen deshtta ka ? ing to-day ? [to-day of, meeting to..., not-going was ?] Are wa mo Hiogo ni tsuki- He has probably arrived at mashttaro, Hiogo already. llit., he already Hiogo at, has-probably-arrived] I shall go to Kobe Watakushi wa mionichi [lit.,
to-
morrow.
Kobe ye mairimasu, I as-for, to-morrow,
Kobe
to, shall-go]
Conjunctions and interrogative particles are placed at the conclusion of the sentence or clause, as Oyaji ga naku narimashtta My father is dead, so I would ask you for two or three kara ni san nichi o itoma wo negaimasu, days' leave.
IV.
llit.,
father. ..not became because, two or three days... leave... request] Let me rest a little as I am Kutabiremashita kara,
chotto [lit.,
tired.
yasumimasho,
have-got-tired because, a-little will-probably -rest] keredomo, shireAlthough I have looked for
(I)
SagasMta masen, [lit.,
it,
sought although,
Miru mo iya
desii,
(I)
I
cannot find
it.
cannot-know] I cannot bear even to see
it.
seeing even disagreeable is] It is a pity, isn't it ? Oshii koto desii ne ! is (eh?)] [lit., regrettable thing [lit.
V.
,
Interrogation is not denoted, as in English, by inverting the usual construction. The construction remains the same, but the interrogative postposition ka is usually added. (See ka, pages 70, 71).
Conversational Sentences for Analysis, Illustrative of the Rules, &c, contained in the Grammar. Note. — The phrases and sentences following are not only intended to exemplify the foregoing Rules, but to offer also a variety of idiomatic constructions, differing from one another in respects which cannot be particularized in so brief a work as the present.
Watakusid wa Hisato Kanda de gozarimasu.
for the first
1
[lit.,
I arn
Danna no o mum a no shitaku wa yoroshiu gozarimasii,
Your horse
master's horse preparation good
[lit.,
Kore wa Nihon go de nan moshimasu I [lit., this...
Japanese
1
which... good
Kono mono wa nanda
ready,
what
sir.
is]
Japanese in,
is
What do you
to
call
this
in
?
call?]
Which do you
Dove wa yoroshiu gozarimasu^ [lit.,
I have
Hisato Kanda.
the honour of meeting you for the first time. time. ..eyes on have hung]
o
Hajimete me ni kakarimashUa,
prefer?
is ?]
What
?
is this
thing
?
this thing... what is?]
[lit.,
Do nasaimasu
What do you
t
how
[lit.,
Mina san yoku
propose to do?
do?]
irasshaimashita,
You
are all welcome, gentle-
men. all
[lit.,
Nan' doki desu t
Mr. well
(lion.)
come
Nan' ji desu t
(past)']
What time is it ? He is not gone to
Nete wa imasenii, [lit., having lain down remains not]
Dekinu
toki
wa
shikata ga nai,
If
bed.
it cannot be done, there no help for it.
is
not-can-do time. ..do-manner. ..is not] I don't think there are any. kawanakucha nariSome must be bought at
[lit.,
Arumai,
Sugu ni
once.
masenu, [lit.,
at once. ..not buying does not do]
Mitsu no uchi ni sore wa ban kirei de gozaimasu, [lit.,
ichi-
That
is
the prettiest of the
three.
three. ..among. ..that. ..number one pretty. ..is]
SENTENCES FOR ANALYSIS. no
Seiyo
demo Shinajin
Into
He
is neither a European nor a Chinaman.
demo nai,
west ocean. ..man. ..Chinese
[lit.,
TonaH
ni arimasu,
It is
Dore ka hitotsu chodai, Sonnani o anji nasaru koto wa
87
]
next door.
me
Please give
[other.
one or the
is no reason for your being so anxious.
There
gozaimasenu,
so much... anxious do thing... there is not]
[lit.,
Konnichi dor a no soba wo kiita
Have you heard what
the rate of exchange for dollars is
ka?
to-day
?
to-day dollar. ..rate of exchange... have heard?] Hei, hiaku mai ni hiaku jiu yen Yes, it is 110 yen for de gozarimasu. dollars. [lit.,
Xan
de
Motte
mo
I will bring it for you. agemasho, [lit., having taken, having come, I will offer]
kite
rusu naraba kono tegami motte kayere, [lit., absent
ivo
te
if is,
this letter... taking,
not
in,
bring this
come back]
We
mo kamau mono
Who
?
cares
dangerous [lit.,
am
ka
it
be
mend... sent
mo omaye no
known
me.
is
well
is
probably not coming.
to
?]
to
You may spend
for
sore
the
on whatever you
katte da,
what
Watakushi wa
He He
any money ? Have you any money ? Did you send them to mend ?
Nani ni tsukai-harawarem [lit.,
if
?
Is there
?
money is?] Naoski ni yatta ka ? [lit.,
[lit.,
even
dangerous being even care person?]
Watakushi ni yoku shirareru, Konai no d' aro,
Kane ga
is
cannot talk here. yo, here. ..cannot talk (envph. part.)']
[lit.,
Ahunaku
he
If
letter back.
Koko ja hanasenai
ka
will do.
Anything ^latever
yoroshii,
100
money
like.
spend be paid even your.. .convenience is] I like them, but I fear they
wo suku
will not fit me. keredomo, domo watakushi ni wa aimasu mai. somehow me to.. .fit will not] [lit., I. ..them. ..like although
Mina ureru nara hayaku shirasete kudasai,
kite
If
you can sell all, please come and let me know quickly.
SENTENCES
88
Tenki varedo samiti, [lit., weather though
Samuku
te
cold... not
Kono sakana wa
It
Ittaraba,
wa
It
if
become
of thing.. .not
have
he had gone. necessity... was]
have nothing
to eat.
eat thing. ..is not]
[lit.,
Samui no ni naze [lit.,
do you not wear warm clothing this cold weather? clothes wear not ?]
Why
atata-kai
kimono ki nai ka? co]^..why
warm
cheaper than I thought-
It is
yaturi,
thought. ..cheap]
[lit.
ori
like this could
Nothing
I
it.
dear?
begins at half-past one. occurred,
Taberu mono ga nai,
Baremo
fine r cold.
[bear
deki-
nai hadzu de arimaahtta, [lit., if had gone, this kind
Omotta yori
is
[it is
so cold that I cannot
is
Is this fish
?
Ichiji htm ni hajimarimasu, koto
cold]
endure]
takai ka
kayo na
the weather
Though it is, is
tamarimasenu,
[lit.,
ANALYSIS.
FOlt
wa itashimamiu,
There
is
no one
here.
any one remain... does not] I wish you to go to Tokio toKonnichi ame ga furazuba, day, if it does not rain. Tokyo ye o tomo itashUd [lit.,
gozaimasii,
He
Medzurashi-so ni mite oru, [lit.,
peculiar. ..looking
Kono shina ga makoto ni
is]
yasui,
is
it
as
this article. ..indeed. ..is cheap]
[lit.,
Aru ka mo
For shiremasenu, [lit., are? even caimot know]
Watakushi wa ima mita no ni nani mo inai, [lit, I. ..now
Keshite uchi ye irete zo, [lit.,
hima no
regarding
really
toki
it
[cheap.
anything I know, there [may be some.
When I looked
just now, there
was nothing.
looked when... something... is not]
wa naranai Eeally you must not allow him into the house.
house
into,
admit in case not become]
hanashi ni
When you
irasshite kudasare, [lit., leisure time... talk having
Furuki wo tazunete, sMki wo shiru, shidzuka ni
if
were something peculiar. These articles are indeed
atara-
irasshaimase
!
have time, come and have a talk.
(please)
come
give]
New
things are learned by studying the old.
Go
in
peace
departing).
!
(to
friend
SENTENCES FOR ANALYSIS.
89
cheap and warm. you have them for less than I stated.
Yasukute atatakai,
It is
Moshi - agemushita nedan yori shUa de wa sashi-agerarare-
I cannot let
masenu, [lit.,
stated price than, low with. ..offer can not]
Kid wa Kinyobi
have you come to-day not Friday. [lit., to-day. ..Friday. ..not. ..whilst how having done come did] Hana ga o suki desu ka? Do you like flowers ? de nai no ni
doshite o ide nasatta
[lit.,
Why
flower. ..like is?]
Anata no uwasa wo
shite iru
We
tokor'o d'atta,
hanashi
were just speaking
of
you. (or ga) shitai to
ivo
omotte imasu, [lit., ...talk..
I have been wishing to speak to you.
.wish to do thinking remain]
Teppo wo kari ni mairi-mashita, [lit.,
?
It is
?
gun... borrow... have
Shosho kinsu wo tsukawa-sazuba narimusumai,
I have come]
come
to
borrow a gun.
It will be necessary to little
spend a
money.
a little money... if not spend will not become] suwatte mo, nedan wa It is as cheap sitting
[lit.,
Tatte
mo
onaji koto, [lit.,
A
standing... sitting... price... same thing]
wa Kanda Kun de gozaimasii ka ? Go ko-mei wa
!
a&
standing.
sensei
Oh
are you Mr. Kanda ? 1 have already heard of your high reputation. !
kanete uketamawatte orimasu, elder brother Kanda Mr. are ?...high name... previously [lit., ah having heard I remain] Sazo go taikutsu de' mashitaro, You must have been bored. !
Kannin
[lit.,
Kono
Yd
Please have patience with me.
shite kudasare,
patience having done give]
atsusa ni
domo
yoivatta,
I
am
exhausted with
this
heat. [lit., this heat by somehow have become weak] koso oide nasatta, You are extremely welcome. [lit.,
well... come...]
Kono imi ga wakarimasenu, [lit.,
this
meaning
Bippana hito ni nam wo shochi shite iru, [lit.,
is
I
do
not understand what
this
means.
unintelligible]
to iu koto
splendid... become
I
know
that he will prove a splendid fellow.
know...]
SENTENCES FOR ANALYSIS.
90
kayeri nasatta ho
think you had better go
I
ga yoroshi
away.
desho, [lit.,
return did side. ..good will be]
Mionichi sono miima wo kai-
horse to-morrow. [lit.,
to-morrow... horse... will buy]
Isshoni kitareba yok' atta, [lit.,
together
Dare ka Kioto made
if
had come good was] mora- I want someone Kioto for me. I
Nam'aye moshi-agereba-yoroshiu gozarimashita,
Watakiishi no ataranai ka [lit.,
sozo
wa
my
ide
tea
desu
]
There
that about, mistake
you... to-morrow
is
still
chaku shimashita no d'aro,
are your lodgings ?
is no mistake
to
about that.
not]
He came
to ask if you had not changed your mind about going to-morrow. do you come ?...hear to, came] He has probably arrived by
already arrival did. ..will be]
Oya mo naku kiodai mo nai iu mono da, [lit,
know whether my
travel-residence ..whereabouts is?]
mionichi iyoiyo o to kiki ni
[lit.,
to
true or not.
is
Where
$
kimashUa,
Mo
my
idea hit ?...not hit
nasaru ka [lit.,
ought to have told you name. idea
Sore ni soi nai, [lit.,
to
I do not
ataru ka
it
go
shiranu,
Go riokwan wa dochira [lit.,
he had come with us, would have been well.
If
itte
itai,
Anata
buy that
I shall very likely
masho,
He
is
a
man who
[now. has neither
parents nor brothers or sisters.
parents not brothers or sisters even not called person
Tonin wa sayo mosMta de mo arimasho keredomo, sore wa
is]
The person himself may very
likely have said so, but I chito shinjiraremasenu, can scarcely believe it. [lit., person-in-question...thus said even will be although that somehow a little cannot-believe]
domo
Mionichi made naorimasumai, He will not have recovered [lit., to-morrow till recover will not] to -morrow. [by
I believe so.
Arimasho,
Fusoku nara, motto
toraseyo,
If
it
is
not sufficient, I will
give you more. [lit.,
insufficient
if is,
more
will
make
take]
A
Collection of Japanese Proverbs for analysis.
Tama
[lit.,
jewel unpolished will not
glitter. not polished shines not]
if
jewel
Chiri tsumotte
A
hikari
migakazareba,
nashi,
yama
to
Piled -up
naru,
becomes
dust
a
mountain. dust heaping, mountain that becomes] bystander sees eight in the game. land eyes eight checker-board squares]
llit.,
A
Okame, hachi moku, [lit,,
Wazawai mo saiwai no hashi to
naru, adversity also,
[lit.,
moves
Even
adversity becomes bridge to prosperity. prosperity, of bridge, that becomes]
a
Too much
politeness becomes rudeness. [lit., politeness, if exceed, rudeness, that becomes] Xezumi toru, neko ua, tsume The rat-catching cat hides her claws. wo kakum,
Hei sugureba, shitsurei
no
naru,
rat-catching cat as for claws... hides]
[lit.,
Uri
to
tane
ni,
nasubi
An
ua
egg-plant does not grow
from a melon-seed.
haenu, [lit.,
Kuchi ni
to
melon
wa
of, seed,
in egg-plant as for, not produces]
A
taterarenu,
door cannot be
made
for a
man's mouth. [lit,
Fasti
mouth
mono kai no
to,
door as
for, set
zeni ushi-
nai,
up cannot
be]
He who
buys cheap, loses his money. money losing]
[lit., cheap thing buyer of, Kotoba okereba shina siikunashi, Many words, small matter. [lit., words abundant, if materials few]
One
Ichi ji, sen kin,
letter is worth a
thousand
dollars. [lit.,
one
letter, a
thousand pieces
Sumikaki no nakakara meiken ga deru, [lit.,
pokers of the middle from famous sword. ..comes out]
Ningen wazuka goju [lit.,
of gold]
Famous swords sometimes are made from fire -scrapers.
nen,
man's short space
Man's fifty years]
life is
but
fifty years.
92
Homare aran nakare, [lit.,
Bika
-
better
is
than
praise. praise shall be than defame be not]
kammuri wo
ni
No blame
soshiri
yori,
Adjust not your cap under
tada-
a plum-tree.
sazu, [lit.,
NusubUo wo
plum-tree under, cap... not adjust] mite,
He makes
nawa wo
a rope, having seen the thief.
nau, [lit.,
thief seeing, rope... twist]
the head be hidden, the tail is seen.
Kashira kakushite, o wo kaku-
Though
sazu, llit.,
head hiding
tail... not
Yome ga shutome ni nam, [lit.,
bride becomes a mother-inlaw.
bride... mother-in-law to
Tsuno wo naosu
tot:,
usld wo
korosu, [lit.,
hiding]
A
becomes]
Intending to mend the horn, he kills the ox.
horn... mending, that saying, ox kills]
haclii ga sasu, Bees sting a weeping face. weeping face... bee... stings] A fallen flower returns not to Rakkiva, eda ni kaerazu, its branch. [lit., fallen flower, branch to, not returning] Reason shrinks back when Muri ga torcba, dori hikkomu,
Naki-zura wo [lit.,
passion goes by. [lit.,
unreason... if pass by reason draws back]
Ido no naka no kaicazu, daikai
wo shirazu, [lit.,
Yudan,
tai
Go
ni
itte
well of middle, frog great sea. ..knows not]
teki,
[lit.,
The frog in a well does not know the ocean. Negligence
is
a great
enemy
negligence great enemy]
wa, go ni shUagae,
When you conform
enter
a
district,
to its customs.
district to, conform] [lit., district into, having entered, In a ni natte mo, 6-doko, no inu If you become a dog, at least be the dog of a great house. ni nave, [lit., dog to, becoming even large-place of, dog to, become] Cows consort with cows, and Ushi wa ushi-zure, uma wa horses with horses. uma-zure, horse as-for, horse[lit., cows as-for, cow-companion, companion]
Japanese Extracts, [The following extracts are taken from modern Japanese authors, and are intended as Reading Exercises illustrative of connected sentences and the use of honorifics.]
I.
—From
"
Botan Doro," by Yencho.
{Conversation between a gentleman of high rank and his newlyengaged servant.)
—
Master. Sono ho wa shinzan mono demo kage binata naku yoku bataraku to itte, daibu bioban yoku mina no uke ga yoi yo. Tosbigoro wa ni jiu icbi ni to miyeru ga, bito-gara to ii, ii, zori-tori ni wa osbi mono da. Tonosama ni wa konaida-jiu go fukai de gozaiServant. masbita so de o anji-moshiagemashlta ga sashi-taru koto mo gozaimasenii ka. M. yoku tadzunete kureta betsu ni sashitaru koto mo
otokoburi to
—
;
—
—
;
nai ga. Shite temaye shita koto ga atta ka ?
— Hei
wa ima made
idzukata ye boko
wo
—
Tadaima mada hobo boko mo itashimashita ichi-ban saki ni Yotsuya no kanamonoya ye mairimashita ga, icbi nen bodo orimasbite, kake-dashimasbita sore kara Sbimbasbi no kajiya ye mairi, mi tsuki bodo sugite S.
!
madzu
;
kake-dasbi, mata Nakadori no Yezoshiya ye mairimashita ga, toka de kake-dashimashita. M. Sono ho no yo ni so akite wa hoko wa dekinai yo. Watakiishi ga akippoi no de wa gozaimasenu ga, wataS.
— —
wa dozo
buke hoko ga itashitai to omoi, sono tanomimasbitemo, oji wa buke hoko wa mendo da kara, choka ye ike to moshimashite, acbi kochi hoko ni yarimasu kara, watakushi mo tsura-ate ni kakekiishi
wake wo
shite
ni
oji
dashite yarimashita.
—
Litekal Translation.
new come person even shade sunshine Master. you without-distinction well work... saying a good deal reputation well all ... reception ... is good. Age ... twenty-one or two... seem. .personal appearance. .say, manly bearing. .say sandals /ake as... regrettable thing is. .
—Your Lordship...
.
for some days past... indisposibeen appearance by feel anxious did (humble) important thing ... is not ?
tion... having
— [pause]
. . .
.
.
Servant.
. .
—
JAPANESE EXTRACTS.
94
M. even
— Oh,
having asked gave specially important thing And you now until where... service...
well,
not
it is
[jjanse]
.
did thing... was? S.
—Yes
just
begin with
first
now
until all quarters service have done to of all ironmonger ...went but one year
amount having remained ran away that after blacksmith... going three months amount having passed ran away ;
again away.
picture-dealer
...
— manner... so getting service cannot — Yousomehow or another military house
M. S.
went but ten days with ran tired
do.
service wish to
I...
do thinking, that reason... uncle having applied even uncle... trouble is because merchant's house to go (imp.) having said thither hither service... sends because I too face hit by-way-of having run away gave.
—
Free Translation.
I am told that although you are a new-comer you Master have met with a favourable reception, and that you have Your gained a reputation for working hard night and day. age seems to be about twenty-one or twenty-two, and with your manly bearing it is to be regretted that you are only a
sandal-bearer. I hear that for Servant.
—
some days past your Lordship I hope it has been indisposed, and I felt anxious about you is nothing serious ? M. Thank you, it is nothing of importance. And where have you been up to the present ? 8. Up to now I have been in service at several places. ;
— —
First I went to an ironmonger's in Yotsuya, and after Then I went to a remaining there one year, I ran away. blacksmith's in Sbimbashi, but. I ran away again at the end of three months and took service with a picture-dealer in Nakadori Street, but I left in ten days. M. If you get discontented in that manner you cannot do
— your duty — Oh,
as a servant.
I wished it is not that I am soon discontented employed by some military man, and for that reason I applied to my uncle to get me employment of this kind, but he said that service with a military man was very troubleSo he sent some, and that I had better go to a merchant's. me to various places, and to spite him I ran away. S.
to be
;
JAPANESE EXTRACTS. II.
Fare.
—From
" Shosei Katagi," a Japanese novel. (Conversation with a jinrikisha-runner.)
— Oi
Coolie.
95
—He, !
oi
!
Kurumaya
rnichi ga chigai
!
wa
shinai ka ?
he, daijobu de gozaimasu.
— Doko ye ikunda (for iku no ka oru ka —He, kochira kara mairimashita ho ga zonjite orimasu chikai no de gozaimasu (gara gara F. — Oi Daga, doko da ka shitteru ka C. — He, zonjite orimasu (gara F. — Zonjite oru Doko ye (for de wa) wakaranai. F.
shitte
da)
C.
?
:
gara).
oi
!
?
!
he,
gara).
ja
ikunda 0.
?
— He, he (gara gara). — Kore matte kure to iu ni (gara gara gara).
F.
!
Liteeal Translation.
Fare.
—I say jinrikisha-man — quite
Coolie.
road... mistake... not do ?
safe... is.
— go knowing remain — Where knowing remain way from came F. — say but where knowing remain — knowing remain F. — Knowing remain with go — F.
to
C.
is ?
?
...
side... near
this
:
is (rattle rattle rattle) [of the jinrikisha] . I ! is ? ?
C.
(rattle rattle).
Where
is-not-intelligible.
to
is ?
C.
F.
— This
(rattle rattle).
having-waited give that saying in
(rattle rattle
rattle).
Free Translation.
Fare.
— say 'rikisha-man, are you not mistaking the road — Oh,
Coolie.
I
— Do you know where you are going —Yes, the shortest way know am going F. — but do you know where C. — Yes, know F. — don't understand what you mean with know." Where are you going —All right All right F. — Now then, wait, you F. C.
?
it's all right, Sir.
?
Sir, I
;
this is
(
rattle, rattle >
rattle).
I say, Sir, I I
I
?
(rattle, rattle).
your
?
C.
!
!
I tell
(rattle, rattle). !
(rattle, rattle, rattle).
" I
THE KATAKANA AND HIRAGANA SYLLABARIES. Rom.
NATIVE JAPANESE CHARACTERS.
THE SYLLABARIES Rora.j
Kat.
(continued).
97
The Native Syllabaries Rules for Transliteration.
The two syllabaries are strictly interchangeable, and whatever applies to the one applies equally to the other. Their mutual relations are similar to those of the various "founts" of type in English printing, and just as our word "grammar" may also be printed "gram map" or " 11 grammar," so also may the Japanese word " sayonara be represented in either syllabary. The method of numbering the pages in Japanese books is thus the exactly the reverse of that adopted in Europe title-page is situated on what would be the last page in an The first word on each page commences at English work. the top right-hand corner and the letters (syllabics) are ;
placed under one another, column by column, proceeding to the left.
In the native syllabaries the vowel syllabics do not represent vowels in the same sense as the symbols a, e, i, o, u in our alphabet represent vowels. In European languages the vowel letters are mere signs of vowel sounds, and, in this capacity, enter into the formation of each syllable of words. These vowel characters, however, in the Japanese syllabaries are independent wholes whose sounds happen to be those of As will be seen on reference to the syllabaries, pure vowels. they do not enter into the formation of any of the consonant syllabics, that is to say, the character representing a, for example, forms no part of the characters representing ka, ta y The consonant syllabics, of course, contain vowel na, &c. elements, but these are integral parts of the syllables.
In the following pages the vowels, when forming parts of consonant syllables, are written above the line, thus k a w°, &c. ,
The juxtaposition of the syllabics produces modifications of their individual values according to the following rules, which are numbered consecutively to facilitate reference :
—
RULES FOR TRANSLITERATION.
99
Vowel- Syllabic Modifications.
Rule
When
a vowel syllabic is doubled, the pronunciation is that of a double long, or slow, vowel sound thus 1.
:
;
=
aa
When two
=
ii
e
8.
o following
:
—
e
Vowels preceded by
thus
;
a tends to become w° a o r1 is written awori.
4.
u.
vowel syllables are juxtaposed, their modified as follows
following a tends to become y a e r u is written ayeru.
2.
=
uu
I.
different is
pronunciation
thus
a.
thus
;
an
assume
i
:
:
initial
y
sound;
:
e
i
a
i
e ts
t
r
u
u
written iyateru. „ iyetsu.
is
„
5. The juxtaposition of a and u and of o and u produces a double long, or slow, o sound thus o u ke n a u t° oto. oken. :
;
a u g
— =
1
The
= =
na
o u
ogi.
and
u
dna.
The juxtaposition produces yd. explanation of this peculiarity is as follows: In Japanese iau, and it etymology, e is equivalent to i + a, so that eu has been stated that au is pronounced o, and thus iau easily 6.
of
e
—
=
passes into id or yd.
Examples e u
:
e
= =
u g* k l
j
= =
yochi.
u assume an
initial
u b u ch
yogaku.
d° e
yoji.
e
Vowels preceded by
7.
thus
u
o ox
1
1
doyobi.
w sound
;
:
u
o
i
u u
u e r i
r
u
is
written
owiru.
„
„
uweru.
„
,,
uwiyu.
Consonant- Syllabic Modifications.
When
8.
series
it is
m
e
n n n e
the syllabic
n precedes one
pronounced m thus b° k u = memboku. u b u ts = nembutsu.
of the B,
M or P
;
n p tsu k n mu r e
a
1
1
= =
empitsu.
kammuri.
RULES FOR TRANSLITERATION.
100
When
at the beginning of a word, w° drops
the
*t
sound except in the case of the postposition wo which
is
9.
written in
full.
Examples
:
m —
w° k a
e
w°
okame.
Vowel + Consonant "When the
10.
syllabics of the
what
k°
t°
=
otoko.
Syllabics.
H
series follow the
virtually the same thing, follow the vowel sound of any syllabic, the aspirate syllabics, or,
is
vowel
when they
is dropped. then sounded like wa, and the other syllabics of the series coalesce as pure vowels with those preceding.
H*
is
Examples uha oh
:
= = = = =
1
if
u
ih e
uh e
uwa.
ih a sh 1
oi.
ha
f
g°
f"
iu.
u
ie.
na h a
ue.
k° hi
= = = = =
iwashi. ho. go.
nawa. koi
Consonant + Vowel Syllabics. The modifications produced by these combinations are practically the same as in the case of vowel-syllabics only 11.
:
thus
=
h° u a
u
g
ho.
as
r t
go.
1
a
u u
=
m = e
ryu. tome,
The pronunciation
of eu as yd holds equally when the occurs in consonant syllabics 'with the same associations as the vowel e; thus te u becomes cho, for eu=yo, and t preceding the sounds i and y is equivalent to chi. Thus 12.
vowel sound
we
e
get chi yd, which
Examples d e u as
is
changed into
cho.
:
k
e
u
ji
yo
sa jo.
a= ki
yo
*= hyd.
he u e g u
= s=
hi yo gi
yo
= =
hyd.
gyc.
13. When fu preceded by a syllabic with a or o as the vowel element, terminates a verb, the aspirate only is dropped and the result is au or ou thus ,
;
= m° f u =
ka o
f
u
kau and not y
ko.
omou, and not omo.
RULES FOR TRANSLITERATION.
101
Light and Elided Sounds.
When
14.
syllabic or as ally
u ends a word, either as a vowel an element of a consonant syllabic, it is generthe sound
touched so lightly that
be regarded as virtually
may
it
silent.
Examples a g° z
:
m a su =
i
t
gozaimasil.
15. When a ch sound follows u word, the u sound of ts is elided i
ts
u
ch
=
1
itchi.
i
ts
u
t
e
ts ;
=
u
a
t
nu
r a re
e
=
taterarenu.
u
not at the beginning of a thus
16. When a K syllabic follows a word, the u sound is elided thus
=
teu
its
kn
itchiyo
=
itcho.
not at the beginning of
;
ka ku k
=
1
=
a u z° k u k° ku
kakki.
ozokkoku.
u
When
ts not at the beginning of a word, is by a syllabic of the K, S, T or P series, its sound (i.e., ts°) is elided and the consonant following is doubled, except in the case of sh of which the s only is
17.
,
followed
doubled.
Examples u
ke
m 18.
a
ts
:
= =
ka u
ts
u
s
u
g
u
u /c
kekko.
m°
ts
e
u
t
massugu.
ts
u
te a
p u
= =
motte. teppo.
u
When or g precedes w* the u sound is elided; u u a wa j = kwaji. g w i k° k = gwaikoku.
ku
thus
1
In polysyllables the sounds i and u as elements of the 19. K, H, S and T series tend to become silent thus = kashira. k a sh r a a s a g t a = asagita. ;
1
1
h ka 1
r
u
=
htkaru.
i
ch
1
ma n =
ichlman.
COALESCENT SOUNDS.
When
1 and ch 1 are followed by the the syllables sh 1 j u a y°, t/ , u, or the diphthongal syllables yd, &c, syllables y the first and the last sounds only of the combinations are thus are heard
20.
,
,
,
:
;
sh1 y° 1
j
y»
= =
sho.
ja
y 1
.
a
1
j j
f
u
u
= =
ji
yo
ji
yu
= =
jo.
ju.
102
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. (The numbers Native.
refer to the preceding
Rules for Transliteration.)
Part
A.
EXERCISES.*
II.
Exercises for Translation.
cake, sweetmeat. nakanaka, very.
umareru, to be born. taihen, very (your) house. (o) taku,
kashi,
kden,
(public) park.
mukashibanashi, story, xiiki,
fond
tale.
chabon,
of, liking.
tea-tray. nice, beautiful.
utsilkushii,
doka, please (asking favour). time, about.
shoe hi,
thoroughfare, way. matchi, match, lucifer. Jinn, book.
yoji, business, something to be issho ni, together. [done.
goro, tori,
Igirisu, (A)
xaislw,
England.
knowledge.
mada (with
not yet.
(at) first.
shikkari,
Translate into English:
neg.),
firmly.
—
—
Dare ga kimashita ka ? Okuro san ga kimashita. 2. Dare 3. Kanai ga orika? Watakushi ga ikimasu. ga masu ka? 4. Niwa ye ikimasho ka ? 5. Niwa ni hana ya ki ga arimasu ka ? 6. Anata no ototsan wa go soken de gozaimasu ka ? 7. Go shisoku iva o ikutsu desil ka ? Segare wa ima nanatsil de gozaimasu. 8. Kono o kashi wa nakanaka ii n* desu. 9. Ashita tenki ga yokereba, koen wo mi ni ikimasho. 1.
ikimasii
—
—
10. Nihon-go
wa Eigo
yori
(mo) muzukashii.
11.
shibanashi no uchi de dore ga ichiban omoshiroi?
Kono miika12.
Sake
13. Kono futatsil no chawan no yori mo o cha ga stiki desil. 14. Itsu mairimashita uchi de dochira ga o ki ni irimasu ka ?
naraba o me ni kakaru koto ga dekimasu ka ?—Doka myonichi gozen no shichiji goro ni oide kudasai (or, kite moraitai). 15. Yoroshul gozaimasu ka ? Yd gozaimasil. 16. Kochira ye Koko ni o tori nasai. 17. Matchi wa doko ni arimasu ka?
—
—
19. Ano akai lion wo koko ye kudasai. kata wa Igirisu de o umare nasaimashita. 20. Tegami no kami ga motto irimasil.
arimasu.
*
18. Sono
For Key
see pp. 108-112.
104 (B)
Translate into Japanese
:
—
— Yes,
I am (going). 2. Is the weather 3. Is the garden large or very fine. 4. Do you like small? (translate, Is large? is small?) flowers? I like flowers very much. 5. Is that expensive? No, it is not expensive. 0. Is your house far ? No, it is very near. 7. If this tea-tray is not dear, I will buy it. 8. In summer the days are longer than in winter. 9. My brother 10. Of Japanese flowers the is four years younger than I. cherry-blossom is the nicest (trans., number one nice).. I have not yet had the 11. Do you know that gentleman? If him. 12. of go to the bank now, I seeing you pleasure will go with you, as I also have some business to do there. 14. Boil some water, please. 13. Will you go yourself? 15. Did you call me? No, I did not call you. 16. Please17. Will you go out with* fasten the gate when you go out. me for a while ? 18. Where shall we go first ? 19. Thank you for the flowers you brought the other day. 20. Take21. Bring the lamp from upstairs* the books off the table. 22. I shall not return until seven o'clock. 1.
Are you going
fine to-day ?
—
It
?
is
—
—
1
—
—
—
2.
teacher. hikiyaburu, to tear.
maiasa,
sensei,
nan
kuzu, scraps, pieces. kamitsuku, to bite. sampo sum, to take a walk.
every morning. what time ?
doki,
mezameru, to awake. wasureru, satsu,
to forget.
volume.
konaida, the other day, lately* matsu, pine-tree.
saifu,
purse. height. bakari, only, about. takasa,
gejo,
(maid-) servant.
(A) 1.
ka
?
Anata wa mo jinrikisha ni
o
mori nasatta koto ga arimasit
— Hai, watakushi wa Tokyo ni
otta toki tabitabi notta koto
—
ga arimasu. 2. Kore iva omae ga motte kita mono da ka ? Hai, danna san (see p. 81) teniae ga ichi de katta yasai de 3. Kore wa Nilion no fune desu ka? Hai, sore gozaimasu. wa Nihon no jokisen desu. 4. Anata wa tabitabi Hiogo ye oide deshtta ka ? 5. Anata wa Ie, iku tabi mo mairimasen deshlta. Watakushi wa Tsune to mdsil monodonata de gozaimasit ka.
—
—
—
105 de gozaimasu.
6.
Are wa dare no uchi
wa mo inaka kara
desit
ka?
o kaeri de gozaimaszl ka
?
7.
Okkasama
Sensei kara
8.
9. Kore wa kodomo no Maiasa nan' doki ni o mezame ni narimasu ka ? Roku-ji ka roku-ji han ni okimasu. 11. Ano hito wa inu ni ashi wo kamitsickaremashita. 12. Konnichi sampo shita toki ni hachi ni hitai wo sasaremashita. 13. Ju ichl ji made de yokereba o shirase itashimasho. 14. Watakushi
uketta tegami ni sugu ni kotaemashUa. 10. liikiyabutta tegami no kuzu desu.
—
wa
saifu wo doko ye ka oki-wasuremashita. (B)
Who
—
the man you brought with you ? That is my What is the name of the school you attend? 3. Have you many books ? No, I have only a few volumes. 4. Have you much money? No, I have only a little. 5. The horse I have bought is good. 6. What is it you have thrown 1.
teacher.
is
2.
— —
into the water ? 7. The plant I bought in the market the other day has faded (kareru) already. 8. I have brought the books to-day which you ordered yesterday. 9. This house is 10. The small; it has only (sldka arimasen) four rooms. highest mountain in (of) Japan is Fuji its height is over ;
12,000 shaku. 11. How many trees are there in your garden? There are only three pine-trees and one plum-tree. 12. What time is it by (as to) your watch ? Mine has
—
—
13. Tell the servant to dress (cause to, &c.) the stopped. 14. What are you looking for? I have children at once. 15. Leave this here a little longer. 16. Lift lost my gloves. lend 17. I have lost my penknife it a little higher please. me yours please. 18. Listen don't you hear something ? 19. I was asleep when you knocked.
—
;
!
3 sendatte,
bonyari sum, to feel dazed to be absent-minded. narawashi, custom. tayai ni, nigiru,
himo, katai,
hey a,
recently, lately.
mutually.
to grasp. string, fastening. firm, secure.
;
zehi,
room, chamber. positively.
kembutsu sum,
to go to see
(sights, &c.)
tsumori, intention. asuko, there, that place. ijo,
more than, above.
jitensha,
bicycle.
106 (A) 1.
Koko kara Hiogo ye yihi no ni wa nan1 jikan gurai
kakarimasu ka
f 2. Sendatte o taku ye agarimasliita ga, o rusu de gozaimashUe zannen deshita. 8. Sonna ni bonyari shite iru, kawa ye ochiru yo. 4. Bangoro wa suzushii kara, machi wo
sampo sum
Into
ga
6i.
5.
Taitei no kuni no narawashi
Into ni aimashlta toki ni tagai ni te
wo nigiriaimasu.
6.
wa
Konaida
7. Kono tegami wa mada yaku ga dekimasen desho ne. tsutsumi no liimo wo kataku o shime nasai. 8. Uchi ni haitte
no
ano kata wa samukute furucte orimashita. wo machigaete o hiru sugi ni irasshaimademashi ni natte kara go fun hodo tachimasii to
kimashUa
toki ni
Ano
wa
9.
kata 10.
shita.
toki
ano kata ga oide ni narimashita.
11. Watakuslii
ga Nippon wo
12. Sampo sum ni kyo de cliodo shichi nen ni narimasu. wa go han wo tabete kara madajubun toki ga tatanai. 13. Nihon-
tatte
namae wa oboe-nikil gozaimasu. 14. Inaka-mono wa 15. Anataga kono heya ni oide gwai-kokujin wo mitagarimasu. nara otonashiku shinakereba narimasen. 16. soreirimasu ga,
jin no
mo ichido haishaku shito gozaimasu. 17. Kore wa machigatte-kimashita kara, hajime kara sakka ri yari-naoshimasho. 1 8. Kesa wa mizu wo tsukaimasho.
empitsu wo
(B)
Before (made ni) I return to Japan I intend positively 2. This house has a garden at the front as to visit London. 3. Are you now on the way back from well as at the back. school ? 4.1 got up at six o'clock this morning, and I took a walk on the top of that mountain. 5. Is there anyone here who can speak English ? 0. Whom are you thinking 1.
about?
7.
It is
twenty minutes since he was here.
8.
She
9. It is seven goes every day to Tokio, Sundays excepted. 10. She will not get years to-day since I arrived in London. 11. Please call me early to-morrow back in time to go. morning. 12. If you are going to Uzo, let us go together. 14. I have used 13. I wish we had our bicycles with us. 15. Please nearly all the money I brought from the bank. 16. I am going to take a short walk. speak a little louder. 18. I do wish that 17. I generally walk a little at mid-day. man would not whip his horse so much. 19. He is coming
107
some time
20. I hoped he would come to-day. 21. Cross that bridge, and you will come to the place. ought not to cost more than two yen.
early. 22. It
4.
a
bungakushi,
history
of
master
(of a house). perhaps, probably. dekiagaru, to get ready or
teishu,
literature.
tabun,
hanarezashiki, summer-house, kinodoku, I am sorry (for
your sake).
finished.
each, at a time. inabikari ga sunt, it lightens. toshi, a year, age. zutsu,
mitsudan, a private conversashibaraku, some time. [tion. hirushoku, noon-meal. banshoku, supper. atsuraemono, things ordered,
gardener. massugu, straight. asu, to-morrow. uekiya,
(A)
Boku no heya de cha ippai nonde sugu kushi no hon ni wa Nihon bungakushi ga 1.
dekakeyo. 2. Wataarimasen. 3. Ano
—
Sore wa cha no mitsudan ni mata wa tsukaimasil. 4. kinodoku desu yu 5. Hirushoku to banshoku ga, mo shibaraku o machi ku dasai. no aida ni cha wo nomimasu. 6. Anata no o atsuraemono wa asu made matte kudasai. 7. Omae wa gakko ye yuku mae ni itsu mo shitayomi wo shinakereba narimasen. 8. Kono 9. Mo tsutsumi wo motte-itte kudaseru koto ga dekimasii ka ? 10. Dorobo ga jomae wo osoi kara dare mo konai daro. 11. Kono akete miru tokoro ye ie no teishu ga haitte kita. tetsudo ga tabun shichi-gatsu nakagoro made ni dekiagarimasho. 12. Konnichi wa tenki ga ii kara, uchi no niwa ye ikimasho. 14. Kore wo 13. Kaze de kami ga chira-barani narimashita. hanarezashiki iva nani ni tsukaimasu ka?
nani-ka ni tsUkaimasil kara nokoshite
oite
kudasai.
15. Asa-ban
ni san jikan zutsu wa ydji ga arimashite isogashu gozaimasu. 16. Sore de wa mo ippen yoku o wakari ni naru yd ni o hanashi itashimasho. 17. Inabikari ga suru toki ni wa takai ki no soba ni tatte Jiijo
wa
arimasen.
ni okotte kimashUa.
18.
Kono
kotoba
wo iidasu ya ina ya,
108 (B)
What
1.
is
that
man
doing there
as these do not exist in Japan.
3.
2.
?
Such high houses
Have you
forgotten your
You must not say such foolish (twmaranai) Have you read the telegram that was in yester-
4.
promise?
5. things. 6. The old gardener is here with some flowers. day's paper ? 8. Has 7. I bought a plant yesterday to send to Mrs. Oka. the carpenter died who fell from the roof yesterday ? 9. You must not enter a person's house with such dirty clothes on. 11. Her daughter is 10. I will go anywhere you please. growing to be a handsome girl. 12. I will give you leave to
go if you get your lessons done. 13. She gave me another book in the place of the one she lost. 14. Hold yourself 15. Please hand me my inkstand straight when you walk. and pen. 16. When light is not needed always turn the lamps down. 17. If anyone should call and wish to see me, 18. I cannot imagine why say I will return at four o'clock. you think so. 19. It is best not to interfere in the matter. 20. I have trodden on my pencil and broken it.
Key
to Exercises.
—
Each of the following translations of the Exercises on pp. 103-108 may also be used as an Exercise in translation with the foregoing as the Key.]
[Note.
1.
(A)
Who
1.
—I
has come
will go.
f
3. Is
—Mr. my
2. Who will go ? Shall we go into the in the garden ? 6. Is
Okuro has come.
wife here?
4.
Are there flowers and trees in your father good health ? 7. How old is your son ? cake is very good. 9. If the weather is fine to-morrow,
garden
to see
11.
?
5.
the park.
Which
better best ?
is
10. Japanese
than u sake." 14.
is
more
difficult
the most interesting of these tales ?
Which of When may I come to
morrow morning
13.
at seven o'clock.
8.
I
than English. 12.
I
these two teacups do see
you
15. It
?
This
will go
— Please
is all right.
like tea
you come
like to-
16. Coire
109 this
way, please.
Hand me
18.
17.
Where are
the matches ?
that red book, please.
19.
— Here
He was bom in
they are,
England.
20. I must buy some more writing -paper. (B)
— —
Anata wa ikimasu ka? Hai, watakushi wa ikimasu. 2. Konnichi wa tenki ga ii ka ? Taihen (goku) ii. 3. Niwa wa okii ka chiisai ka ? 4. Hana ga suki desu. ka ? Hana ga goku suki desu. 5. Kore wa takai ka? Ie, tako gozaimasen. 6. taku wa to gozaimasu ka? Ie, goku chiko gozaimasu. 7. Kono chabon ga takaku nakareba kaimasho. 8. Natsu wa fuyu yori (mo) hi ga nagai. 9. Ototo wa watakushi yori toshi ga) yotsu shita desu (or, wakai). 10. Nihon no hana no uchi de sakura ga ichiban utsukushii. 11. Anata wa kono o kata wo go shochi de gozaimasu ka ? Mada o me ni kaka12. Anata wa ima ginko ye oide nasaimasu to, i-imasen. watakushi mo nani ka yoji ga arimasu kara, go issho ni mairimasho. 13. Anata wa go jibun de oide ni narimasho ka ? 14. yobi nasaimayu wo wakashite o kure. 15. 16. Anata ga o ide nasaru toki shita ka? Ie, yobimasen. mon wo shikkari shimete kudasaimachi. 17. Anata mo go issho ni irasshite kudasaimasen ka ? 18. Doko ye saisho ni yukimasho ka? 19. Senjitsu wa hana wo arigato gozai21. Nikai mashita. 20. Dai kara hon wo totte o kure. kara rampu wo motte kite o kure. 22. Shichi ji made wa 1.
—
—
—
—
—
kaerimasumai. 2.
(A)
Did you ever ride in a jinrihisha ? Tokio I often went in one. 2. Are these 1.
—
— Yes;
with you? Yes, sir; they are the vegetables market. 3. Is this a Japanese ship? Yes, steamer.
4.
a few
times.
house
is
country
my
often
to
in the
it is
there
f
6.
is
5.
8.
teacher.
you brought
I bought
— a Japanese —No, I only went Did you go Hiogo Whose Tsune. Who are you? — My name
that? ?
when I was at
the things
1. Has your mother already come back from the I have at once answered the letter I received from, 9.
These are the pieces of the letter which the 10. At what time do you get up every morn-
children have torn.
ing
?
—I
get
up at
six or half-past six.
11.
He
has had his leg
110 a doy. 12. I ivas stuny (sasu) on the forehead by a when I was takiny a walk to-day. 13. I can let you know
bitten by bee
by eleven o'clock.
14.
I have
left
my purse
somewhere.
(B)
—
Anata ga tsurete kita hito wa dare desii ka ? Sore wa watakushi no sensei desii. 2. Nan' to iu gakko ye ikimasii ka ? 3. Anata wa takusan no shomotsu wo motte imasu ka ? Ie, iku satsu. mo arimasen. 4. Kane wo takusan motte imasu ka? 5. Watakushi no katta uma ga ii. Ie, ikura mo arimasen. 6. Omae no (or, ga) mizu ni nagekonda mono wa nan' da ka? 7. Konaida ichi de katta ueki wa mo karete shimaimashita. 8. Sakujitsu o atsurae nasaimashita hon wo konnichi motte mairimashita (jisan itashimasbita). 9. Kono iewa chiisakute yo-ma shika arimasen. 10. Nippon no mottome takai yama 1
.
—
—
wa
Fuji desu
;
sono takasa
wa ichi-man
ni-sen-shaku
ijo
desu.
Anata no o niwa ni ki wa iku hon (nambon) arimasu ka? Matsu wa sambon ume wa ippon bakari arimasu ? 12. Watakushi no wa tomatte tokei wa nan' ji de gozaimasii ka? 13. Sugu gejo ni kodomo no kimono wo kisesasete imasu. 14. Nani wo sagashite irasshaimasu ka? Watakushi kure. 11.
—
—
—
wa tebukuro wo nakushimashita.
15.
Ima shibaraku koko
16. Sukoshi takaku mochi agete kudaKogatana wo nakushimashita kara anata no wo
ni o oki nasaimashi. sai.
17.
18. Chotto o kiki nasai nani-ka kikoemakashite kudasai. 19. tataki nasutta toki nemutte orimashita. sen ka ? !
3.
(A) 1.
About how many hours does
Hioyo?
2.
I went
to
you were not at home if
you are
there are
your house {absent).
so absent-minded.
it
take to yo from here to
the other day, but unfortunately 3. You will fall into the river
4.
As
it is
many people who walk about
cool about nightfall,
the streets.
5.
In most
shake hands on meeting. 6. JT suppose you have not yet translated that letter for me. 7. Kindly 8. She trembled with cold when tighten the string of this parcel.
countries the usual custom
she
came into
the house.
is to
9.
He
mistook the time, and came in
10, He came five minutes afternoon instead of at night. 11. It is seven years to-day since I left after you had gone. the
Ill 12. It
is
for me
to
Japan.
too
soon after dinner
remember
the
to
walk.
13. It
is
Japanese names.
14. Country 15. If you stay in this room, people like to ivatch foreigners. you must be quiet. 16. I shall have to borrow your pencil once difficult
more.
17.
right.
18.
I must begin my work over again ; I did not do / will bathe in cold water this morning.
it
(B)
Watakushi wa zehi Nihon ye kaeru made ni Rondon no kembutsu wo suru tsumori desii. 2. Kono ie wa omote 3. Kimi wa ima gakko ni mo ushiro ni mo niwa ga arimasu. no kaerimichi desu ka? 4. Watakushi wa kesa roku-ji ni 5. Dare ka okite ano yama no ue wo sampo shimashita. Eigo no wakaru hito ga arimasu ka ? 6. Dare no koto wo kangaete imasu ka ? 7. Ano kata ga oide ni natte kara ni 8. Nichiyobi no hoka wa mainicbi jippun tachimashita. Tokyo ye irasshimasu. 9. Watakushi ga Rondon ni kite 10. Asuko kara o kaeri kara kyo de shield nen ni narimasii. nasute ka r a de wa osoku narimasho. 11. Myo-asa hayaku 12. Anata mo Uzo ye oide desu nara, go okoshite kudasai. 1.
issho ni negaimasho.
no
14.
ni.
shimaimashita.
15.
wo motte-kureba yokatta kane wo taitei tsukatte wo takaku shite kudasai.
13. Jitensha
Ginko kara motte
kita
Sukoshi koe
undo ni mairimasu. 17. Itsu-mo o hiru ni 18. Ano hito ga ano uma wo sukoshi undo wo itashimasu. 16. Sukoshi
amari muchi-utanai yo ni shito gozaimasu. 19. Kyo ju ni kuru no desu. 20. Motto hayaku kitaraba ii no ni. 21. Ano hashi wo wataru to sugu desii. 22. Ni yen ijo wa kakarumai. 4.
(A) 1.
2. 8.
Let us take a cup of tea in
my
room,
and then go
no history of Japanese literature amongst For what purpose do you use that summer-house ? There
is
—
at once.
my We
books.
use
it
4. I am sorry I cannot for tea-parties or private conversations. 5. Between dinner and supper one takes let you enter just yet.
tea*
6.
Kindly wait until to-morrow for the articles you ordered. to school, you must alivays prepare your lessons.
7.
Before you go
8.
Can you
carry these parcels for me ? 9. It is too late now 10. The master (of the house) entered just
for anyone to call.
112
when
the
tide;
had opened
the
lock.
11.
This railway will
12. As it is fine of July. perhaps ready by weather to-day, we will go into the (jar den. 13. The wind has disarranged my papers. 14. Do not let this be destroyed; I want the middle
be
15. Every morning and evening I am 16. I will try to explain it more
to use it for something.
engaged for several hours. clearly.
17.
When
18. Scarcely
tree.
it
lightens
had I
you must not stand near a high when he got extremely
uttered this word
angry. (B)
Asuko no hito wa nani wo shite imasu. ka ? 2. Ko iu 3. Anata wa yo na takai ie wa Nihon ni wa arimasen. 1.
o yakusoku shimashita koto wo o wasure nasaimashita tsumaranai koto wo it' cha ikemasen. 4. Sonna ka ? 5. Sakujitsu no shimbun ni dete ita dempo wo mita ka? 6. Toshi totta uekiya ga liana wo motte mairimasu. 7. Sakujitsu Oka san ni okuru tsumori *de ueki wo kaimashita. 8. Kino yane no ue kara ochita daiku wa sliini9. Sonna ni yogoreta kimono wo kite hito mashita ka? no ie ni haitte wa naranu. 10. Doko ye demo anata no 11. Ano kata no musume o nozomi no tokoro ye yukimasu. 12. Moshi anata no san wa dan-dan utsukushiku narimasu. keiko ga yoku dekimashitara hoka ye yuku koto wo yurushimasho. 13. Ano kata no naku shita hon no kawari ni hoka no hon wo kudasaimashita. 14. Anata no karada wo massugn 15. Inki-tsubo to fude wo motte-kite ni shite o aruki nasai. kudasai. 16. Akari no iranai toki ni wa shin wo zutto hikkomashite oite o kure. 17. Dare ka tazunete mairimashitara yo ji ni kaeru to itte o kure. 18. Naze sonna koto wo osshaimasu. 19. Sono koto ni kankei shinai ho ga yo gozaimasu. 20.
Ima bokuhitsu wo
a'hi de fumi-tsubushimashita.
B.
Reading Exercises/ 1.
Nikon ni wa fcane wo mokerii tame gaikoku Nee-hohn nee wah kah-neh woh mo/i-keh-roo tah-meh gahee-koh-koo itte kane wo mdketa ato de ye jubun ni yeh eet-teh kah-neh woh joo-boon nee mo7z-keh-tah ah-toh deh 1.
hunt ye kaeru ninsoku 6i. ga koo-nee yeh kah-eh-roo neen-soh-koo gah oh-ee. chizu de mite wakaru tori •chee-dzoo deh mee-teh wah-kah-roo to7i-ree
2.
Nikon
wa
Nee-hohn wah
namboku ni nanahm-boh-koo nee nah-
kara kiko no mo tokoarimasu, yaku moyo ngah-koo ah-ree-mahs', kah-rah kee-ko/i noh moh-yo/i moh toh-kohro ni tailien ni 3. Watakiishi yotte ckigaimasit. roh nee yoht-teh ti-hehn nee chee-ngah-ee-mahs'. Wah-tahk'shee
wa kon-do wah kohn-doh
ga* .gah,
de,
Fuji
deh,
foo-jee
1
wa to-san san-do-me desii ye yeh toh-sahn wah sahn-doh-meh dehs' mo moh
to ski-awase itsu shee-ah-wah-seh toh ee-tsoo
tenhi-tsugo ga yd gotehn-kee-tsoo-ngofo gah yoh goh-
2 4. Yama-michi de hi wa kuremashita ga, Yah-mah-mee-chee deh hee wah koo-reh-mahsh'tah gah, tsure ozei datta kara desliita. 5. Banga ki-jobu tsoo-reh gah oh-zeh-ee daht-tah kah-rah kee-jo/i-boo dehsh'tah. Bahn2 koku-koko nani mada ga aro ga ga aro ga, koh-koo-ko/z-koT-i gah &hroh gah nah-nee gah ah-rofe gah, mah-dah mada dori bakari de wa katsil koto dekimaga mah-dah do7i-ree bah-kah-ree deh wah kahts' koh-toh gah deh-kee-mahsen. no wa takusan 6. Nihon ni liana shurui arisen. Nee-hohn nee hah-nah noh shoo-roo-ee wah tahk'sahn ah-ree-
zaimasu.
.zt-inahs'.
.masu
sono ucJd de ga, niahs' gah, soh-noh oo-chee deh
iwareru
to
kodo
mo moh
de,
sakura sah-koo-rah
nakanaka
wa kana no 6 wah kah-nah noh oh migoto
desu.
toh ee-wah-reh-roo koh-doh deh, nah-kah-nah-kah mee-ngoh-tohdehs'. *
For translation see pp. 117-118. For the pronunciation of fu see p. 12. 2 Ga, at the end of a phrase, has an adversative force, but it is usually best translated by " " 1
" but or " Often the adverto the succeeding phrase. affixing yet sative force is modified into a mere hint of discontinuity between successive actions or conditions, in which case ga should be rendered " and " or "and so." Jby Japanese
Grammar
Self-Taught.
I
114 no wa sono soma no 7. Dete kita to miniobo Dehteh kee-tah noh wah soh-noh soh-mah noh nee-oh-boh toh mee~ toshigoro yete, yeh-teh toh-shee-ngoh-roh
wa niju wah nee-j oo
liana shiroku suji shee-roh-koo hah-nah soo-jee
shield hachi iro de, shee-chee hah-chee deh, ee-roh
ton,
wa
ni
yamaga
mare
yah-mah-ngah nee wah mah-reh na onna de gozaimasu. 8. Mon wo waki no mominah ohn-nah deh goh-zi-mahs'. Mohn woh wah-kee noh moh-meeni shimasMta. 9. Yoshino wa ji wa rippa koyo jee
to7i-ree,
wah reep-pah nee koh-joh shee-mahsh'tah. Yoh-shee-noh wah kara hana de de aru bakari yutnei
viukashi
,4100-kah-shee kah-rah
hah-nah deh yoo-meh-ee deh ah-roo bah-kah-ree-
rekishi ni mata jo deh nah-koo reh-kee-shee ]oh nee mah-tah
de
naku
nadakai
tokoro toh-koh-roh
nah-dah-ki
arimasu. ni 10. Hirugovo uehi kara motte deh ah-ree-mahs'. Hee-roo-ngoh-roh nee oo-chee kah-rah moht-teh
de
bento wo toridashite tabete izmni kita kara kee-tah b&Ym-toh woh toh-ree-dahsh'teh tah-beh-teh eedzoomee kah-rah
kunda mizu nonde mata dekakemashita. ippai koon-dah mee-dzoo eep-pi nohn-deh mah-tah dehkahkeh-mahsh'tah.. ?.
1.
Mono
uru
tvo
Moh-noh woh
hito^
ga
okute
kau
hUo
ga
siikuna-
oo-roo sh'toh gah ohk'teh kah-oo sh'toh gah s'koo-nah-
nam ga, uru nedan sono kereba t yasuku ga keh-reh-bah, soh-noh neh-dahn gah yah-soo-koo nah-roo gah, oo-rooInto okereba nedan sukunakute kau hito ga ga sh'toh gah s'koo-nahk'teh kah-oo sh'toh gah oft-keh-reh-bah neh-dahn
ga
takaku
kaette
gah kah-eht-teh
tah-kah-koo
narimasu. nah-ree-mahs'.
2.
Kesa
sukoshi
Keh-sah s'koh-shea-
itta toisoide kercdomo, ye yakiisho yoyo ee-soh-ee-deh yahk'shoh yeh eet-tah keh-reh-doh-moh yoh-yoh toh~
de futo wo tokoro bento wasurete shita chah-koo sh'tah toh-koh-roh deh foo-toh behn-toft, woh wah-sco-reh-teh
chaku
koto ita ee-tah koh-toh
omoidaslnta. 3. Sakuban, wo woh oh-moh-ee-dahsh'tah. Sah-koo-bahn
inu
ga
ee-noo gah
neraremasen deshita. 4. Yuki sozoshlkute hoete, hoh-eh-teh so7&-zo7ish'koo-teh neh-rah-reh-mah-sehn dehsh'tah. Yoo-kee1 In the syllable hi the h assumes, in the mouths of many speakers,, the sound of the German ch in ich but, except in the word hito, such pronunciation is considered rather vulgar. ;
115
wa wah
no michi ni desu ga, ato komarimasu. 1 kirei kee-reh-ee dehs' gah, ah-toh noh mee-chee nee koh-mah-ree-mahs'.
kara wo ni-san-ri noboreba 5. Nikko yamamichi Neek-ko/i kah-rah yah-mah-mee-chee woh nee-sahn-reenoh-boh-reh-bah to iu kosui mata sono toari, Chiisenji ga choo-sehn-jee toh ee-oo koh-soo-ee gah ah-ree, mah-tah soh-noh toh-
chih ni choo nee
wa takusan wah tahk'sahn
taki arimasu kono kara, ga tah-kee gah ah-ree-mahs' kah-rah, koh-noh
hen wa mattaku de arimasu. natsushirazu 2 6. Nikko hehn wah maht-tah-koo nahts'shee-rah-dzoo deh ahreemahs'. Neek-koft
wa Tokugawa wah toh-koo-ngah-wah
ichi-dai no tashogun Ieyasu ee-chee-di sho/i-ngoon ee-eh-yahs' noh tah-
tokoro kenchiku no aru soshoku to de, maya mah-yah noh ah-roo toh-koh-roh deh, kehn-chee-koo so/i-shoh-koo toh subete kane wo oshimazu jidai Tokugawa soo-beh-teh kah-neh
no noh
sui soo-ee
mam
wo woh
woh oh-shee-mah-dzoo toh-koo-ngah-wah
daidai di-di
jee-di
atsumeta
de tokoro ariah-tsoo-meh-tah toh-koh-roh deh ah-ree-
mo nenju no kembutsunin noh kehm-boots'neen moh nehn-joo taemasen ni 6i no desu. 7. Yube ga, natsio ga koto tah-eh-mah-sehn gah, nahts' gah koh-toh nee oh-i noh dehs'. Yoo-beh o wakai kuni kara kite no ga kyaku shuya koo-nee kah-rah noh oh kee-ah-koo gah kee-teh shoo-yah wah-ki wo hanasMte otta kesa-hodo tokl no koto kara, toh-kee noh koh-toh wohhah-nahsh'teh oht-tah kah-rah, keh-sah-hohmails'
kara,
Nihonjin
kah-rah, nee-hohn-jeen
nemukute tamarimasen. doh neh-mook'teh tah-mah-ree-mah-sehn.
3.
toki ame ga futte imasu bakari Futsiika mikka Foots'kah meek-kah bah-kah-ree ah-mehgah foot-teh ee-mahs' toh-kee 1
.
.
arukenaku narisukkan inakamichi ni ga nee ee-nah-kah-mee-chee gah sook-kah-ree ah-roo-keh-nah-koo nah-reemasu. rnahs'.
2.
somono uchi ni wa, Sekai no kuni-guni Seh-ki noh koo-nee-goo-nee nohoo-chee nee wah, soft-inoh-
" one is troubled Lit., by the after-roads." not knowing summer." '
Lit., M is entirely
116 kit
koo
mo moh
masil. xnahs'.
haezu,
1
jimbutsu
hah-eh-zoo, jeem-boo-tsoo
mo nai moh ni
tokoro ga aritoh-koh-roh gah ahree-
wa de iroiro koto 8. Kekkon no kuniguni Kehk-kohn noh koh-toh wah koonee-ngoonee deh ee-roh-ee-roh 2
de mo, mata chigaimasil. chee-ngah-ee-mahs' gah, jee-di deh moh, mah-tah chee-ngahee-mahs'. to ima in no wa genzai Ima o hanashi shiyo Ee-mah oh hah-nah-shee shee-yo/i toh ee-oo noh wah ghehn-zi ee-mah
chigaimasu
ga,
jidai
iru de watakushi no moyo desu. kokyo yatte wah-tahk'shee noh koh-kee-o/i deh yaht-teh ee-roo moh-yoft dehs'. 4.
Kono
goro
ni
Bukkyo
itarimashite,
Koh-noh goh-roh nee ee-tah-ree-mahsh'teh,
to
mosu
book-kee-o/i toh mo/z-soo
tada shinzuru tokoro no mono wa, kato-jimmin moh-noh wah, tah-dah kah-to/i-jeem-meen noh sheen-zoo-roo tohkohde wa sono wo wato chuto ijo dori natte, roh toh naht-teh, choo-toh ee-joh deh wah soh-noh doh-ree woh wah. kimaeteru
lilto
ga
stikunaku
:
kee-mah-eh-teh-roo sh' toh gah s'koo-nah-koo soshiki sofosh'kee
;
ieba shilmon to shoo-mohn toh ee-eh-bah
koto no yd ni mochiiru no toki bakari noh toh-kee bah-kah-ree nee moh-chee-roo koh-toh noh yo/i
kara hUo ga fu-keiki ni omoimasu. 5. Ni-san-nen-zen nee oh-moh-ee-mahs'. Nee-sahn-nen-zen kah-rah sh'toh gah f'kay-kee to iimasu ga, honto desu ka? 6. Aru Nikon no todah toh ee-mahs' gah, hohn-to7t dehs' kah? Ah-roo nee-hohn noh toh. ni to issho modachi mionichi Mukojima ye moh-dah-chee toh mee-ofo-nee-chee ish-shoh nee moo-ko/i-j ee-mah yeh
da
wo itashimashita iu to iko ga, silkoyakusoku ee-koh toh ee-oo yah-koo-soh-koo woh ee-tah-shee-mahsh'tah gah, s'kohshi dekimashite yakusoku yojt yondokoronai ga shee yohn-doh-koh-roh-m yofe-jee gah deh-kee-mahsh'teh yah-koo-soh-
koo
wo mamoru woh mah-moh-roo
tomodekimasen koto kara, ga koh-toh gah deh-kee-mah-sen kah-rah, toh -moh-
watakushi shirasetai to omoimasu dachi ni ga, dah-chee nee shee-rah-seh-ti toh oh-moh-ee-mahs' gah, wahtahk'shee
wa sukoshi hanasliimasu wa ga, ji wo Nihongo wah nee-hohn-goh wah s'koh-shee hah-nah-shee-mahs' gah, jee woh kotowari dekimasen kaku no wa ikko kara, kah-koo noh wah eek-kofo deh-kee-mah-sehn kah-rah, koh-toh-wah-ree 1 Haezu is the negative gerund of haeru (to grow, to sprout), correlated with the present of nai (the negative adjective). 2 Lit., 'also according to the period."
117
wo ittsil kaite itadalito teg ami gozaimazu, teh-ngah-mee woh eet-tsoo ki-teh ee-tah-dah-kee-to7igoh-zi-mahs\ omotte l.Nanika kao to mise tokoro ye haitta Nah-nee kah k&h-oh toh oh-moht-teh mee-seh yeh In-t-tah toh-koh-roh mono tsui nani kara, ga, ki ni iru ga nakatta gah, kee nee ee-roo moh-noh gah nah-kaht-tah kah-rah, tsoo-ee nah-nee no
noli
mo moh
kawazu ni uchi ye kaetta. kah-wah-zoo nee oo-chee yeh kah-eht-tah.
Key
to
Reading Exercises.
1. In Japan there are many workmen who go to foreign countries to earn money, and return home after they have earned enough. 2. As one will see from looking at a map, Japan extends a long distance from south to north, and the conditions of its climate are therefore very different, according to the position. 3. This is the third time I have made the ascent of Fuji, and each time I have been fortunate enough to have fine weather. 4. It became dark while we were on the mountain-side, but as there were several of us together, we felt no alarm. 5. may have international law, and we may have all sorts of fine things, but we are still very far from having arrived at a social state in which right always 6. There are many kinds of flowers in Japan, but prevails. amongst them the cherry-blossom is so beautiful that it might be called the queen of flowers. 7. The person who came out was apparently the wife of the woodcutter. She was twenty-seven or twenty-eight years old, with a fair complexion and a straight nose, and was a sort of woman not 8. The leaves of the mapleoften found in mountain huts. 9. From tree by the gate have become beautifully red. ancient times Yoshino is not only famous for its cherry-
We
but is also an historically renowned place. About mid-day we took our lunch, which we had brought with us from home, drank a glass of water we had drawn from the spring, and started off again.
blossoms, 10.
2.
goods are many, and those who buy are few, the prices fall but if the people who sell are few, and those who buy are many, the prices, on the contrary, 1.
If the people
who
sell
;
118
become higher.
2.
This morning I went to the
when
hurriedly, but just
1 arrived there at
office
last;,
a
little
I
suddenly Last night
I had forgotten my lunch. 3. could not sleep on account of the barking of the dogs. 4. Snow is very pretty to look at, but it makes the roads in a fearful state afterwards. 5. If one goes from Nikko as far as two or three ri up the mountain-way there is a lake called Chusenji, and, as there are many waterfalls on that " one that does not know anything of way, this region is summer." 6. Nikko is the place where there is the tomb of the first shogun* of the Tokugawa family; Ieyasu, a place where every generation has gathered, as to buildings, decorations, &c, all the elegance of the Tokugawa period, without 7. A guest came from my native regretting the expense. country last night, and, as we were talking the whole night about the incidents of our early years, I am very tired this
remembered that [
morning. 3.
If it rains for
1.
two or three days only, the country roads
become
2. Amongst the various counsome where no plants or trees grow, and where no human beings live. 3. The customs connected with marriage vary in all countries, and also
tries
entirely impassable. of the world there are
according to the period. What I am about to relate is the in which marriage is performed in my native land at 4. At the present time Buddhism has sunk the present day. Few persons to being the belief of the lower classes only. in the middle and upper classes understand its principles,
manner
most of them baving the idea that religion is a thing which comes into play only at funeral services. 5. For the last two or three years people have been saying that the times 6.1 have made an agreeare bad. Is this really the case ? ment with a Japanese friend to go with him to-morrow to Mukojima, but, having some unavoidable business to do, I cannot keep my promise, and wish to let my friend know it. Now, I can speak a little Japanese, but I cannot write at all, so I wish to have a letter of refusal written for me. 7. Wishing to buy something, I entered a shop, but, as there was nothing that pleased me, I at last returned home without buying anything. *
Formerly the
title of
the military rulers of Japan.
C.
Additional Extracts.* 1.
Uguisu.
" (This Extract, which is taken from a story called Asukagawa" is a fragment of a conversation between a young man, Takeo, and his fiancCe, Shlba.)
— Takeo. — Say 6
Shlba. Ima muko no mumebayashi de uguisu no hatsu shita yo desii kara, kiki ni ikimasho.
ne ga
desii kara. Sore wa yukai desii na sa, itte kikimasho... [A little later] anata wa o damashi jo san cle wa arimasenii ka ? Cbitto mo uguisu ga nakimasenii ne. Shlba. lye, sakki yoi ne wo shite, futa koye bakari nakimashita kara anata wo o yobi moshita no desii. :
!
— Takeo. — So desii ka Sbikashi nan' da ka ate ni naranai yo na ki ga shimasu ne. Shlba. — Mattaku sakki naita koto wa nakiinashita kara siikosbi matte mimasbo. Takeo. — Sonnara kore kara mo kan hodo matte ?
ite
icbiji
nakanakattara do nasaimasu. Shlba. So desu ne. Ko shimasho. Nan' daka binata ye detara nodo ga kawaita yo desu kara, kabe wo ii-tsuke ni iku o tsukai wo shimasho. Watakiishi mo nanda ka Takeo. Sore wa omosbiroi. nomi mono ga bosbiku natta tokoro desii kara Shlba. Sore de watakiisbi no o yaku wa dekimasbita ga moshi naitara anata wa do nasaimasii. Takeo. So desii ne. Naitara watakiishi mo sono o tsukai ni ikimasho. Shlba. Sore wa ikemasenii yo. Sono koto wa watakiishi
—
— — — — ga kangaeta no desii kara. Takeo. — Sonnara nan' demo o nozomi no koto wo shimasbo. Shlba. — Sakki mite o ide nasatta watasbi no namaerashl ;
mono no
atta ano o
wo
o mise nasai na.
tegami —Yo gozaimasii; mosbi naitara o me ni kakemasbo. Shlba. — Kitto desu ka? mo. Takeo. — Kitto o me ni kake nasu Takeo.
to
*
For Translation see pp. 124-128.
120
Sake To Kite Wa.
2.
Sake-zuki ga aru hi futsuka-yoi de zutsu ga shimasu. kara,. liachi-maki wo shi-nagara nete iru to, yume ni sake wo hitotaru hirotte, o-yorokobi de, noman saki kara slrita-uchi koitsu hiroi-mono wa! Keisatsushite, "Kanro; kanro sho ye todokeru no ga atarimae da ga sake to kite wa, mi-nogasenai. Mazu ip-pai yarakaso ka ? lya onajikuba,* 1
— —
!
kan wo suru
shite
toki,
"
nomu ho ga
ii
no don no
ju-ni-ji
sainemaslrita kara, zannen-gatte " Aa de !
to itte,
oto
ni
odoroite,
to-
me ga
:
nomeba yokatta
hayaku hiya
!
kan wo tsukeyo " !
Literally, "This fellow (as for), the pick-up-thirig," which we have freely rendered by "This is a discovery," wa having an inter1
2 " jectional force in this instance. Sake," the national beverage, generally warmed before being drunk.
Ha
3.
is.
Bakari.
Morumo na o-byakusho ga daikon wo tsukuraseru ni, nisan-nen omou yo ni dekinai kara, " Okata otoko-domo no 1
"
sewa no warui no daro
wo
2
de hatake ye dete, tsuchi " Kore
jibun —kosaku-nin ga to,
hotte iru tokoro ye 3
tori-kakatte,
Danna Sama otoko-shu ni o sase nasaranai wa, kore wa " 5 tode, go jishin de nasaru to wa, o habakari de gozaimasu eshaku wo suru to danna wa hara wo tatete, "Ore ga daikon wo tsukuru ni, ha bakari to wa fii-todoki da" to r okoru tokoro ye, mata hitori ki-kakatte, " Kore wa Danna Sama no go rippuku wa go mottomo. Shikashi-nagara, kare wa nan no fumbetsu mo nashi ni moshita no de, ne mo ha mo nai koto de gozaimasu." 4,
!
I
—
!
" not Literally, forthcoming according to his manner of think2 Add omotte. 3 Tokoro, in the middle of a phrase, especially when followed by ye, may usually be rendered by "whilst," "just, 5 4 See 0...de = "not conas," "when," or "whereupon." p. 81. descending honourably to cause to do." 6 Eshaku wo suru, which we 1
ing."
have translated very freely by "politely," really signifies "to " to excuses," beg pardon." 7 Add itte = "having said." 4.
" Eigo no
"
Do
Iu
Wake De
make
?
sunawachi naze to iu koto wa hanahada taisetsu de aru no ni shina ya Nihon no mukashi no hito-bito wa metta ni kono kotoba wo tsiikawazu, "K6shi no setsu da n " to ka, " Moshi no jiron da to ka iu toki wa, mohaya betsu
Why
121 ni sono rikutsu
wo sensaku suru
koto
mo
naku, tada gaten
shimau no ga tsurei de ari soko de motte, "Utagai wa bummei shimpo no ichi dai gen-in da" to iu ron mo dekita wake de, ima wa yaya mo sureba Seiyo-jin wa " Utagai wa taisetsu na mono da bummei shimpo no gen-in da. Sono shite
;
;
shoko ni wa, Shina-jin ya Nihon-jin wa, mono-goto wo utagau to iu koto wo shinai ni yotte, itsu made tatte mo shimpo shinai de wa nai ka?" to ronji-tateru koto de am ga ko 1 ia rei nado ni hikareru to iu wa, o tagai sama ni amari zotto itasan shidai to iwanakereba narimasen.
—
1
polite,
tagai
sama ni = "for you and me," "mutually."
semi-humorous turn
honorific
is
imparted
to
the
phrase
A
semi-
by the
o.
5.
Shinkwa-kon.
Chikagoro Seiyo ni shinkwa-ron ga sakan ni okotte, kono tenchi bambutsu ga deki, kono yo naka ga deki-agattaru hoho wo toki-akashimasuru. Sono setsu ni yotte mireba, kono sekai ni wa hajime wa shigoku tanjun naru seibutsu shika arimasenanda ga sore ga tekito no kyogu no hataraki wo uke, ima no fukuzatsu naru kono uruwashiki sekai wo Kono tekito no kyogu to wa, sunatsukuridashimashita. wachi shizen-tota to iu mono 1 ga arimasu. Yusho-reppai tekishu-seizon to iu koto ga arimasu. Subete kore-ra seibutsu no hattatsu, shinkwa ni tekito naru kyogu to iu koto wo komaka ni setsumei shitaru mono de arimasu. Ima kono kyogu no hataraki wa, tada do-shokubutsu 2
—
no
nikiitai
no ue nomi narazu, mata watakushi-domo no
chishiki no ue ni totte kangaete mo, hanahada akiraka ni wakarimasu. Gakusha to gujin ga dekiru no mo, sono kyogu ikan ni yotte 6i ni sadamaru koto de, ima koko ni onaji saichi onaji rikiryo wo motte oru kodomo wo totte, hitori wa goku inaka no shimbun wo miru koto mo nai chiho ni oki; mata hitori wa, kore wo totte, bummei no chushin, to iu Tokyo ni oki, tsui ni daigaku ni irete shugaku seshimeta naraba, go-nen ka roku-nen no nochi ni
wa, kono futari no chishiki -jo hotondo ten-chi no chigai ga dekiru koto de arimasu. 1 Mono is here equivalent to koto in the following sentence. abbreviation of dobutsu shokubutsu.
2
An
122
Mitsu-me Nyudo. 1 tera no osho san ga am told go-zuki no kyaku wo yonde, 6.
ichi-men 2 uchi-hajiraemasu. to, " suki koso mono no jozu nare" 3 de, kyaku wa sumi-jimen mo doko mo kotogotoku tori-kakomimashita kara, osho san ga kuyashigatte, semete ip-po dake de mo ikaso to, shikiri ni me wo koshiraeru koto atama no ue ye hai ga takatta ni kufu wo shite orimasii to, kara, urusagatte, go-ishi wo motta te de atama wo kakiM Kono hen ni hitotsu me ga dekitaia, okata ikiru nagara, de aro." " mitsu-me Atama no ue ni mata hitotsu me 1
—
nyudo
"5
ga dekitara,
desu. 7.
GlJO NO ICHI-HAllAN.
Inoue Kakugoro Kun.
— Shitsumon
itashimasu. —Inoue Kun no shitsumon no shui wa? I.K.K. — Shitsumon no shushi wa kayo de arimasu. Gicho.
Kudo
wa, jiyu wo omonjite, kore wo o hiki ni naru wake ni wa ikimasen ka? Kore ga shitsumon desu. (Muyo ! muyo ! " to yobu mono ari. "Yare! yare !" to yobu mono ari.J Sukoshi shizuka ni shite o kiki ni naranai to, wakaranai. Naruhodo, jiyu wa taisetsu na mono de aru Kudo Kokan Kun. Hiku ka Irikanai ka to iu nara, hikanai. Mata go shitsumon ga aru nara I.K.K. Mizukara jihaku suru nara, nanzo aete kotoba wo tsuiyashimasen. Jiyu wo shiran hito to anata ga iu mono ni, tare ga shitsumon wo suru mono wa nai.
Kun
—
—
— — Shitsumon ga nakereba, yoroshii.
K.K.K.
Giclw. Kinkyii-dogi to mi-tomeru ya ina ya to iu koto ni Kudo Kun no dogi tsuite, saiketsu shiyo to kangaemasu. wo kiukyu-dogi to mi-tomuru to iu koto ni doi no shokun no Shosu to kiritsu wo motomemasu. ( Kiritsu-sha shosu.J mi-tomemasu. ( Hakushu okoru. ) 1
This anecdote illustrates the fondness of the Japanese for puns,
to fully apprehend the jeux-de-mots employed, an acquaintance " with the principles of the game of go (" go-bang" or checkers ") is
and
necessary. In the game a board and counters are used, and the his principal object is to prevent one's adversary from " extending " is effected by forming eyes (spaces pieces over the board, which " one enclosed by not fewer than four of one's own checkers). 3 Lit., " a fond 8 Lit., person is indeed skilful at surface," i.e., "one game." the thing he likes." 4 Ikasd = Prob. Fut. of ikasu (trans, correspond= " to live "). It therefore means "shall perhaps ing to intrans. ikiru make alive," hence " in order to free." 5 A bogey of Japanese children.
123 8
Ume no Hana.
Koko ni kanete Iijima Sanaa ye o de-iri no isha ni Sbijo mosu mono ga gozaimashlte jitsu wa o taiko-isha no
—
to
o sbaberi de, shonin tasuke no tame ni saji wo te ni toranai to iu jimbutsu de gozaimasu kara, nami no o isba nara, cbotto kami-ire do naka ni mo gwan-yaku ka ko-gusuri de mo haitte imasu ga, kono Sbijo no kami-ire no naka ni wa, tezuma no tane yara, byaku-manako nado ga irete aru gurai na mono de gozaimasu. 1
—
—
Sate kono isha no cbikazuki de, Shimizu-dani ni dembata ya kashi-nagaya wo mochi, sono agari de kurasbi wo tatete iru ronin no Shinzaburo to mosu mono ga arimasbite, umare-tsuki kirei na otoko de, tosbi wa ni-ju-ichi de gozaimasu ga, mada nyobo mo motazu, goku uchiki de gozaimasu kara, soto ye mo demasezu, sbomotsu bakari mite orimasu " tokoro ye, aru hi Shijo ga tazunete mairimashite, Kyo tenki Kameido no wa, ga yoroshiu gozaimasu kara, Gwaryo2 bai ye de-kakete, sono kaeri ni boku no chikazuki Iijima no besso ye yorimasho," to sasoi-dashimashite, futari-zure de Gwaryobai ye mairi, kaeri ni Iijima no besso ye tachi-
—
—
—
—
yorimashite. 9.
Kyu-yo.
Wakai otoko ga futari Eri-zen no mise-saki de ikiaimashita tokoro ga, hitori wa awata-dashiku te wo futte, " Kimi ni wa iro-iro o hanashi mo arimasii ima kyuga, 3 yo ga dekite, kitaku suru tokoro desii kara, izure kinjitsu o tazune moshimasho," to iu to, domo sono yosu ga hen da 4 " kara, hitori wa odoroite, Kytiyo to wa, go byonin de mo hitori aru n'desu ka?" to kikimashitara, wa, warai-nagara "Ie! kauai ni tanomareta hayari no han-eri wo ima kono mise de kaimashita ga, tochu de temadotte iru uchi ni ryuko-okure ni naru to, taihen desu kara, tachi-banashi mo o kotowari moshimashita no sa !"
—
—
—
:
—
The spoon (for mixing medicine) is the Japanese doctor's " " emblem, and we have used the expression write prescriptions as 2 A the nearest equivalent to the Japanese "handling the spoon." " I am 3 its plum-trees. Lit., just on garden at Tokio, famous for " my road home." 4 Lit., as for (your saying) that (there is) urgent 1
business."
Translation of Extracts. The Nightingale.
1.
— believe beard tbe note of tbe uguisu in tbe plum grove yonder us go and listen to Takeo. — Did you How nice Come along, tben, we SMba.
I
I
1
first
let
:
it.
?
!
go and bear it... [A little later] Young lady, bave you not been deceiving me ? Tbe uguisu does not sing at all. Shlba. Yes (it does) a short time since, it sang twice witb a lovely voice that was the reason I called you. will
— Takeo. — Is that so I do not, however, quite believe Shiba. — Indeed so really sang a short time wait a and Takeo. — Well, then, we will stay an hour, and should not sing by then, what will you do Shiba. — Well, we will do and as the heat makes I for you. go and order a cup of Takeo. — That a good I should as something to drink. Shiba. — Well, we have arranged what I have got to :
;
?
it.
it
little
since,
us
let
see.
for
if
it
?
me
so,
will
thirsty,
coffee
idea.
is
I feel
if
like
do,
and what will you do if the uguisu does sing (after all) ? Takeo.— Yes, it is (arranged), and if it does sing I will go as your messenger. Shiba. That will not do at all
— —Very
Takeo.
:
that
was
my
intention.
well, then, I will do
anything you wish. Shiba.— A short time ago you were reading a letter with something like my name in it show me the letter. Takeo. Very well if the bird sings you shall see the :
—
letter.
Shiba.
Takeo. 1
;
— You are quite sure?
— I will really
The "uguisu"
is
let
you see it. much like
a bird
scientifically speaking, identical
with
the nightingale, but not,
it.
The Lost Windfall. 2. Once upon a time a drinker suffering from headache on the day following a carousal fell asleep with a napkin tied round his head. He dreamt that he had discovered a cask of sake, which pleased him so much that he smacked his lips
125 " before tasting it, and exclaimed delicious how delicious This is a discovery It should really be reported to the police, but a windfall like this sake nay I cannot allow it to go. shall I have a glass ? No, no I shall lose nothing by waiting until it is warmed." So he was
How
:
!
!
Um
!
—
—
!
!
!
it, when the noon gun awoke him with a start, " upon which he sorrowfully exclaimed Oh, what a shame "
about to heat
1
:
that I did not at once drink 1
Mid-day cannon.
is
officially
it
cold
announced
!
in
Tokio by discharging a
Nothing but Leaves. 1 ignorant farmer had for two or three years grown 3.
An
radishes 2 with
only scanty success, and, attributing the crops to the negligence of his labourers, he went out into the fields and commenced to dig himself. Whilst working, a labourer chanced to pass by, and seeing the farmer he called out politely -'Oh, master! oh, master! it is shocking to find you labouring like that yourself, " If instead of your men." you work like that your[Or, self, instead of getting your men to do it, you will have only leaves." (Ha bakari means "only leaves"; habakari is a indifferent
:
polite expression meaning "it is shocking.")] The farmer, irritated by these words, replied: "You are an impertinent fellow for daring to say to me that when I Just at that plant radishes I shall get leaves only."
labourer chanced to pass, and exclaimed Indeed, master, you are quite right to be angry, but he did not mean what he said, so it is not worth while noticing it." " It is an with neither roots nor leaves." The
moment another
:
M
[Or,
object
second man's remark would be still more irritating, since he of leaves predicts a failure, not only of roots (ne), but also (ha).]
This anecdote illustrates the Japanese liking for punning expresIt will be observed that the puns are on the word habakari, and on the expression Ne mo ha mo nai == "insignificant," but more as explained in the translaliterally, "having neither root nor leaf," " 2 More Tsukuraseru is the tion. having radishes grown." literally, " causative of tsukuru = " to make," hence to grow" (see p. 60). >
sions.
4.
The English term
The Uses of Doubt.
"Why?"
(in
our language Naze)
very important, although the expression employed by the Chinese and Japanese
was in
is
scarcely ever former times,
126
and they usually acquiesced, without enquiring further into the matter, on being informed that such and such was the doctrine of Confucius or the opinion advanced by Mencius. At the present time, therefore, when the idea has been put forth that doubt is one of the most important factors towards enlightenment and progress, and when, therefore, Europeans are prone to dwell on the importance of doubt and its benefits in the cause of civilisation, and to justify this statement of theirs by referring to the Chinese and Japanese as examples of peoples for ever unprogressive, on account of their neglect to submit all matters to the scrutiny of doubt when we hear such theories discussed, and discover ourselves alluded to as instances, we must all confess that the condition of things is undoubtedly unpalatable.
—
5.
The Doctrine
of Evolution.
During the past few years much attention has been given in European countries to the doctrine of evolution, which demonstrates the mode by which heaven and earth and all things existing therein were formed the manner in which the world was completed. According to this doctrine, none but the most primitive forms of life existed in the world, and these, under the influence of a suitable environment, developed into the forms now exhibited by our complicated and beauteous world. This suitable environment embraces such matters as natural selection, such points as the The struggle for existence and the survival of the fittest. doctrine demonstrates minutely the conditions of environment which are beneficial to the development and evolution of living creatures. Now, this influence of environment is exerted not on the physical frames of animals and plants only, but it can also be seen in the development of our intellects. It is the environment which principally Take decides whether a person will be learned or ignorant. two children of equal intellect and capability, and place one of them in a locality where there is not even the most Take the other, inferior provincial newspaper to be had. and place him in Tokio, the centre of civilisation let him complete his studies at the university, and after five or six years there will exist in the intellects of these two young persons a difference as great almost as that separating heaven
—
;
and earth.
m The Three-eyed
6.
A
Frtar.
bonze of a Buddhist temple once invited a friend who was fond of playing go-bang, and they sat down to play a However, as the proverb says, "fondness begets game. skill," and to the chagrin of the bonze his visitor blocked " Ah if I could only get of the board. every single corner " exclaimed the priest, and with these words one side free 1
!
!
he made continuous efforts to open out some spaces [in 2 Just then some flies alighted on the Japanese, "eyes" ]. top of his head, causing him annoyance, so he scratched his head with the hand in which he held one of the counters, " If I could muttering: only get an open space [in Japanese, " " here, very likely the corner would be liberated eye "] An extra eye on the top of his head would have changed " him into a " three-eyed friar !
!
7.
A
Parliamentary Eeport. I have a question. And the purport of Mr. Inoue's question
Mr, Inoue Kakugoro. The President. ?
is
—
—
—
Mr. 1. K. The purport of my question is this could not Mr. Kudo be induced to withdraw his motion, out of regard for liberty? That is my question. (Voices: "No good! no good!" Other voices: Go on! go onV) If you do not listen a little more quietly, you will not understand me. Yes, in truth liberty is an important matter Mr. Kudo Kokan. If you wish to know if I shall withdraw If you have any other or not, I may tell you I shall not. :
—
question
—
Mr. I. K. If you really admit that you despise liberty, what is the use of my wasting any more words ? If you show by what you say that you are ignorant of what liberty to you ? is, who would think of putting any questions Mr. K. K. If you have no question, well and good.
—
—
I intend taking a vote as to whether this be regarded as an urgency motion. I ask those gentlemen who consider that Mr. Kudo's motion should be regarded as an urgency motion to stand up. (A minority rose.) 1 find that there is a minority. (Clapping of hands.) 2 It must be borne in mind that vie 1 Bonze, Buddhist priest. means both "open space" and "eye."
The President.
is to
128
The Plum-blossoms.
8.
Now
man
of the name of Shijo, who for a As a long time had been family doctor to the Iijirnas. matter of fact, however, he was a chatterbox and a charlatan, one of those who write no prescriptions from regard for the safety of their patients, one who carried in his pocketbook such materials as apparatus for sleight-of-hand tricks, or paper masks for mimicry, instead of pills or powders
there was a
—
—
which are usually kept by any ordinary doctor. Well, this doctor had a friend, an unattached samurai named Shinzaburo, living on the proceeds arising from land and house property at Shimizu-dani. He was by nature a handsome fellow, as yet a bachelor although already twentyone years old, and so bashful that he would not go out, but spent his whole time in reading. " As the weather Shijo called upon him one day, and said fine and so we view the is plum-blossoms to-day, suppose go at Kameido, and on the way back call in at the villa of my friend Iijima." So saying, he led him away, and they went together to inspect the plum-blossoms, after which, on the way home, they called in at Iijima's villa. 1
:
9.
A Matter
of Urgency.
Two young men having met by
chance near a draper's one of them waved his hand hastily, exclaiming " I have a lot to talk to you about, but as I am called home on an urgent matter, our chat must be put off for a day or two, when I will look in at your house." The other, impressed by
store,
:
his friend's strange agitation, enquired as to the nature of this important business whether, for instance, any of the " " Oh, no responded the other, with family had fallen ill. a laugh. "I have just been buying here a kerchief which
—
!
my wife instructed me to obtain for her, and my reason for saying that I could not stay to talk to you just now is that it would be a terrible thing if she were to fall behind the fashion whilst I was loitering on the road." 1
Samurai, a gentleman
system.
of the military caste
under the feudal
Part
VOCABULARIES.*
III.
Japanese-English.
NOTE. — (i)
All verbs appearing in the following Vocabulary are of the First Conjugation, unless marked (2), or, Irregular^ (2) It has not been deemed necessary to state the part of speech in most cases, as the English words sufficiently indicate it.
Abbreviations (neg.),
:
adjective;
(adj.),
negative
;
(w.),
noun;
intransitive; transitive.
(intr.), (tr.),
irregular;
(irr.),
AMI
ABI Abiru
(2), to bathe.
aki,
abumi,
stirrup.
akinai-suru, to deal in. akinai, commerce, trade.
abunai, perilous. achi or achira, there. agaru,
to get
up,
to
mount;
to clear (of the weather ). ageba, wharf. ageru (2), to lift up, 'raise. ago, chin.
deep blue, indigo. aida, time, interval, while. aida-gara, relationship, conai,
nection.
aisatsu,
answer, response, ac-
knowledgment, salutation. ^aisatsu suru, to answer, salute. aisuru (irr.), to love. .aite, companion; party (to a
autumn.
akinau, to trade. akindo, merchant, dealer. akippoi, changeable, fickle.
akiraka (na), undoubted,
evi-
dent, easily understood.
akiraka ni, clearly. akke ni torareru (2), astounded.
to
be
[lence.
akko, abuse, reproach, insoimmoral conduct, deaku, aku, to open (intr.) [pravity. akubi suru, to yawn. akuto, scoundrel, rogue.
amai, sweet. amari, too, too much not (with a neg.)
—
;
transaction) ; opponent (in ajiwai, flavour, taste, [a game). aka-daiko, radish.
ambai ga warui,
akagane, copper. akai, red, brown.
ame, rain. ame ga furu,
to rain.
.aka-nasu, tomato.
ame
to
akambo,
Amerika, America (or U.S.A.) Amerika-jin, an American. Amerika no, American (adj.)
baby.
amaru,
very.
to surpass, exceed.
ni naru,
unwell.
begin raining.
alight. [adj. akarui, light (as opp. to dark) ami, net. -ake-gata, day-break. [(with net). ami wo utsu, to catch Jish iikeru (2), to open (tr.) * For rules of pronunciation an d examples see pp. 11 to 15. .akari,
K
130
AN
AYA
an, a judgment', draft, bill. ana, cavern, cavity, tunnel.
ashi, foot, leg.
ane, elder sister. ani (ki), elder brother. anjiru (2), to be anxious.
annai, guidance, a guide. annai suru, to guide. ano, that (adj.)
ano
to
(2),
atai, price,
be free
from
anzu, apricot.
[grant.
to bestow, concede,
worth
atarna, head (of body)
.
atarashiij/mA, new. atari, vicinity.
aoi, blue, green.
aomono, greens
ye, thither
ataeru
[anxiety, at ease.
an-yo, feet.
n {j g> ashita no asa, to-morrow mornasobi, a game [amuse one's self. asobu, asubu, to play, to asuko, there asuko kara, thence
asuko
hito, he, she.
anshin suru,
no yubi, the toes. ashita, to-morrow.
aslii
anadoru, to reproach, mock at. andon, lamp {with paper sides).
atarimae, usually, generally. atariniae no, usual ; suitable,
(vegetables).
arai, rough.
convenient, proper. to heat (2),
atatameru
arare, hail (ywun). [gale. arashi, tempest, hurricane, arasoi, argument, dispute.
ate, trust, confidence. ate ni naru, to be trustworthy.
arasou, to argue, dispute.
ate ni suru, to confide in, rely
aratamaru,
to
be
on
mended,
jmt in order. aratameru (2), to mend,
ateru
altered,
arau,
to
wash,
arawareru
(2), to
re-
[adjust, alter.
make one's self
known, appear, come forth. arawasu, to disclose, reveal. ari, ant.
arigato
[you
(gozarimasu),
!
thank
hit. (2), to to
ate-hameru,
atsui, hot; thick (in dimension). to manage, take upon
atsukau,
one's self.
aruku, to walk. asa, hemp. asa, morning.
atsumeru
asa-han, breakfast. asai, shallow. asatte, the day after to-morrow.
ase ga deru,
to perspire.
[ness*
atsusa, warmth, heat
atsumaru,
asagi, light green, light blue.
[share.
portion out,
ato, consequence, effect; afterwards ; the remainder.
arisama, state (condition). aruji, host, master of the house.
ase, perspiration
(tr.)+
(intr.).
atsuraeru
to
;
thick-
gather together
[gether (tr.). to(2), to gather (2), to order (at shop,
au, to meet, agree, suit. [d'c). awaseru (2), to cause to meet, (he?ice) to join.
awatadasbii,
awateru
(2),
to
frigh tened.
ayamatsu,
to
[ened.
excited,
get
frightexcited,
[mistake. err,
make a
131
BAG
benri no warui, inconvenient,
saddler.
Bagu-ya, a
baishu,
purchase, thing bought. baishu sura, to buy. bakn, a foolish person.
baka na
BUR some-
unsuitable.
berabo (-me), a
villain, rogue.
besso, villa.
[laHty.
a difference, dissimibetsudan no, special. betsu ni, differently, especially. betsu no, different, not alike.
betsu,
baka-rashii,/ooZtsft, ridiculous. [less. ;
bakari, only, about, wore or bakageta koto, foolishness. bakarashii, foolish.
bake (-mono), ghost, spectre. bambutsu, the established
betto, groom. bifu-teki, beefsteak. [" beer." biiru, beer (corruption of
a beauty (woman). bimbo, indigence, want. [want. bijin,
order of things, Nature. bam-meshi, evening meal, (late) dinner.
bimbo na,
ban, night, evening. ban, sentry, ivatch, guard. banchi, number (of a building),
birodo, velvet. bo, a cudgel, club, stick. boeki, business, commerce.
street-number.
bandzuke, playbill, programme. banto, manager, chief clerk. ban wo suru, to be on guard. bari, abuse, scurrilous language bari sura, to abuse, slander.
basha, a carriage. bassuru, (irr.), to punish. bata, butter. baya, an old lady, "granny." bemmei, explanation, illustration.
bemmei
suru, to explain thoroughly, make clear. benjiru (2), to argue about,
needy, indigent, in
bin, bottle.
boenkyo, telescope. bon, tray, salver. bon-yari, weariness, (ennui). bon yari shita, stupid (dazed). boshi, hat, cap. botan, button. botan no ana, buttonhole. botetsu, rod-iron.
buchi taosu, to fell, prostrate. buchoho, clumsiness (gaucher-
buchoho na, clumsy.
bummei,
refine-
civilisation,
ment of manners, dc.
discuss.
bummei
benko, fluency (in speech).
benko no yoi,
fluent (in speech)
.
na, enlightened,
lised, cultured.
benkyo, industry, application,
bumpai
perseverance. benri, convenience, suitableness.
bun, a part.
benri no
[ie.)
budo, grapes. budo-shu, wine. buki, weapon.
yoi;
benri (na),
convenient, suitable.
suru,
(irr.)
civi-
[deal out. to
allot,
burei, discourtesy, incivility. burei na, impertinent, rude,
vulgar.
132
BUS
DAI
busho, (na), lazy, slovenly.
chiri, dust.
buta, pig.
chizu, a map. cho, butterfly. [120 yds.) cho, a measure of length (about cho, a million.
buta no niku, pork. butsu, to thrash, hit. byo, tack (small nail). byoki, a disease. byoki (na), ill, sick. byonin, asickperson, apatient. tlha, tea. cha-ba-take, tea-plantation.
chabukuro,
tea-chest.
cba-ire, tea-caddy.
chakusuru (mt.), cha-nomi-jawan,
to arrive.
tea-cup.
choai, love.
choai sum, to love. chobatsu, punishment. chobatsu suru, to punish.
chochaku
su.Tu(irr.), to thrash.
chochin, lantern. chodo, exactly, just. choho, usefulness, convenience. choho na, useful, convenient. chokki, waistcoat.
cha-saji, teaspoon.
cho tsugai, a hinge, joint. chozu-bachi ; chozu-darai, a wash-hand basin.
chashi, tea-grower.
chiii, helpfulness, care.
cha-shonin, tea-dealer.
chui suru, to pay attention. chumon, a command, an order
chanto, quietly.
chanto shita,
quiet.
chawan, tea-cup, basin. cha wo ireru, to make tea. cha-ya, tea-house. chi blood. chi ga deru, to bleed
(at
a shop,
Dai
chie, wisdom., sagacity. chigai, an error, difference.
dai, table.
chiisai
;
mistaken. chiisa na, small. late, recently.
chikai, near.
chikai uchi, soon. chikara, strength. chikaro wo tsukusu, to strive earnestly, try hard. chikazuki, a near friend ; friend sidp.
[stoppage.
a
(in
compounds),
large,
great, very.
to be
chikagoro, of
.
(intr.).
chichi, a father. chichi, milk.
chigau,
dbc.)
chushi, a discontinuance, chushin, centre.
[brute.
chikusho, a (lower) animal, a chinsen, fare (charge).
dai,
a generation,
reign.
Dai-Buritania, Great Britain. daibu, a large quantity, much. daichi, the floor, ground.
dai-cho, ledger. dai-dokoro, a kitchen. daidzu, haricot-beans.
dai-gennin, lawyer. [place. daigen-nin, attorney, dai ichi ni, firstly, in the first [quence. daiji, importance. daiji na, important, of consedaiji ni suru, to tend carefully.
133
ENZ
DAI daikai, the open sea.
Doitsu, Germany. Doitsu-jin, a German. Doitsu no, German (adj.). doko ? where ? dokoera ? whereabouts ? doko kara ? whence ?
daiku, joiner, carpenter. dairi-nin, agent.
dai
suki,
liking
[fond.
much,
very
(na), idle. damaru, to be silent.
dajaku
damasu, to cheat. dampan, consultation, dan, a step, pace.
doko made
[tion.
delibera-
domburi, basin donata ? who ? dono? which?
[sel.
coun-
;
dango, consultation.
danna, a master. darake, covered, smeared with.
dorobo,
denshin
-
[away.
[out.
Ei (koku), England. ekaki, an artist, painter.
come
eki-cbo, station-master.
to
empitsu, pencil, crayon.
empo, at a great
distance.
na, far away, distant. engin-mame, French-beans.
do, how ? do de mo, anyhow.
ennichi, a fair
;
festive day.
enryo, bashful, diffident. enryo suru, to be bashful, ?
where
?
diffident.
utensil.
dogu, dogu-ya, a second-hand store a keeper of second-hand ;
goods.
eki-fu, railway -porter.
empo
ichi-do, once,
dobu, ditch. dobutsu, animal. dochi ? or dochira
(pictures).
Eigo, English (language).
telegraph-
forth,
sketch.
handle (of tool). eda, a bough, branch.
e,
efu, label (tag). egaku, to paint
jut out (intr.). deshi, student, pupil. do, an occasion, a time, as
de shabaru,
/
thief.
E, picture,
office.
denwa, telephone. deru (2), to issue
(adj.).
doyobi, Saturday.
set out, start (2), to
kyoku,
{small).
(wr.), to be agitated. dote, slope, embankment.
de-guchi, an outlet, way out. de kakeru, to go forth, go out. telegram. denki, electricity. denki-to, electric light.
unwhole-
dosuru
dasu, to place outside, take out. de-au, to meet, come across.
dempo,
[some. to be
dono kurai ? how much ? dore? which? (pron.). dore-dake ? what amount
to take counsel.
danjiru (2), to consult. danki, warmth, heat.
de-kakeru
how far 1
doku ni naru,
dan-dan, gradually. dangi, oration, sermon
dango sum,
?
doku, poison.
ensoku, picnic, excursion. enzetsu, oration, lecture. enzetsu suru, to make a speech, lecture.
134
ERA
GEN
to select.
furui, old (used of things only).
erabu, eru, to choose.
eshaku, bow
eshaku wo
stale.
furukusai,
apology. suru, to bow;
furute, second-floor.
;
to
apologise.
[ignorant
of.
furuu, to shake (tr.). fusagaru, to be full
up,
obstructed.
[bed. to recline, retire to
Fu-annai, unacquainted with,
fuseru (2),
fuben, inconvenience. fuben na, inconvenient.
fusetsu, report (rumour). fu-shi-awase na, sad,unhappy.
fuda, ticket. [usual. fudan no, general, common, fuda wo tsukeru, to label, [ing. fude, pen. fueru (2), to increase (intr.).
fushigi
a lady. fukai, deep.
na,
miraculous,
strange, curious. fushin, doubt.
fushin, erection, building. fushin ni omou, to doubt.
fujin,
fu-shinsetsu(na),cn^Z,wn&md.
to wipe. fukumu, to enclose
fushochi
fushochi, objection, dissent.
fuku,
within, to include, to contain.
fukuro, a bag. to
fumi-hazusu,
stagger,
stumble.
fu-mimochi,
[ness. evil, vice,
fumi-shiroeru,
fumu,
to
to step on.
wicked-
walk firmly. [minute.
tenth part ; a ; funadzunii-shosho, bill-of-ladfuna-watashi,/6rn/. [ing fune, ship, boat (any kind). harsh funinjo, unkindness,
futo,
wo
iu, to object,
[tr.
submit, surrender
to
fusuru,
all at
once, suddenly
;
accidentally. futotta, stout, obese.
futsu (no), common, general.
fuyasu, to augment fuyu, winter. fuzai,
(tr.).
away from
[absent.
home,
fun, fraction
treatment.
Furansu-jin, Frenchman.
Furansu no, French {adj.). fureru (2), to touch, [of snow. furi, a downpour of rain; fall demeanour
college, school,
subject
;
gait.
furo, bath.
furu, to wave, brandish. furueru (2), to shake, tremble.
of study,
branch of learning pursued. gaku, learning, science.
gakumon,
furaneru shatsu, flannel-shirt. Furansu, France.
furi,
Gakko, gakkwa,
study, application.
gakurnon suru, to study. gakusha, savant, learned man. gakutai, band (of musicians).
gamau,
patience.
gaman
suru, to be patient.
garasu, glass.
gehin (na), low (vulgar). gejo, a female servant. genan, a male servant.
gen -in,
origin, source.
135
HAN
GEN gen kin,
genkwa
cash, ready money. entrance. (n), porch,
genron, discussion, speech. genzai, now, at present. geppu, monthly instalment. geshiku-ya, boarding-house.
Ha, leaf (of plant), [toothache. ha, tooth ; ha ga itai, I have haba, width. haba no
hiroi, wide. [fear. to be ashamed ; to
habakaru,
getsuyobi, Monday. gimu, obligation, duty.
habikoru, to spread (intr.). hachi, bee ; wasp. hachi, eight.
gin, silver.
hachi-gwatsu, August.
ginen, suspicion, doubt. ginko, bank (for money). ginko no shinyo-hosho-jo, letter of credit. ginko-sha, banker.
hachi-ju, eighty.
ginko shihei, bank-note.
hairi kuchi, entrance, way in. hairu, to enter. haitatsu nin, postman. hai-to-kin, dividend (onshares).
gin-zaiku, silverware. giron, argument.
giyaman,
glass (noun),
go, Jive.
haeru
(2), to
grow
(intr.).
hagaki, post-card.
hagane, steel. hai, a fly (insect).
haji,
the
end,
edge,
ledge
of
gochiso, a feast. gogo, afternoon.
hajimari, the commencement.
go-gwatsu, May (month). gohan, food ; rice. gohon-ginko, jointstock bank.
hajimaru, to commence (intr.). hajimeru (2)^0 commence (tr.). hakujo suru, to acknowledge
go-ju, fifty.
any
object.
(confess).
goke, widow.
hako, a box.
goku, extremely, very. gozen, forenoon.
hakobu, to carry, convey. haku, to sweep.
gu, stupid, dull.
hakurai, brought from abroad. hakurai-hin, an imported
gujin, blockhead, dull person. gurai, roughly, approximately.
gururi, around. gutto, suddenly. gwaikoku, abroad, foreign parts.
gwaikoku-jin, foreigner. gwaikoku no, foreign. gwaito, great coat, surtout. gyo, occupation, work. gyosha, driver of a carriage.
gyu
(-niku), beef.
han, meal (food), rice, [article. hana, flower ; blossom, hsaia-iuki^ocket-handkerchief. hanahadashii, extreme, ex-
hana-ike, flower-vase, [cessive. hana-muko, bridegroom.
hana-yome,
bride.
hana, nose. hanashi, story, tale. hanasu, to tell, say, speak. hane, feather wing. ;
136
HAR hara, a moor. harai, a payment. harai-nin, payer order,
HOB I
money-
(of
hara-obi, saddle-girth, [temper. hara wo tateru, to get into a hari, pin; needle. hasami, scissors. hasan-nin, a bankrupt. hashi, a bridge.
hei, hedge, fence. heishi, soldier.
hlkvLj to
draw, pull, drag. hikui, low (not lofty). hima, interval, spare time. hima wo yaru, to send away r dismiss.
himo,
lace (of boot).
hineru, to twist (tr.). hinko, behaviour.
hashiru, to run. hataraku, to work. hateru (2), to finish, end(intr.). hato, pigeon. hau, to creep. hayai, early, soon; quick. haya-tsukegi, a match (for [striking.
hinko
no
hirattai, flat.
hira-ya, bungalow (one storiedhouse). hiroi, broad.
hiromeru
hen,
hiru
reply.
[tr.)
hsrasu, to lessen, make smaller heru, to lessen, grow smaller hi, the sun ; a day. [intr.) hi no de, sunrise. hi no iri, sunset. hi, fire.
hidoi, severe, unkind.
[unkindly.
hiji, elbow.
hijo (na),
hikaru,
to
extraor-
sparkle, shine.
hiki-fuda, advertisement, notice (circular, dc).
dry
(intr.).
daytime. hiru sugi, afternoon. hisashii, long (of time). hissori to, tranquil ; deserted. hisuru (irr.), to compare. hitai, brow, forehead. hito, person, human being. hito me, public notice. ;
hito-sashi-yubi, fore-finger. hitsuji no choppu, mutton chop.
no niku, mutton. hitsuyo (na), indispensable. hiya, cold. hiyori, the weather.
[di?iary.
uncommon,
(2), to
hitsuji
ni awaseru, to treat
higashi, east. hige, the beard.
spread (intr.). spread (tr.).
(2), to
hirou, to pick up, find. hiru, noon
henji, a reply. henkyaku suru, to repay.
me
to
hiromaru,
vicinity, locality.
well-behaved T
ii,
moral, upright. hinoshi, (smoothing -)iron. hin-shitsu, quality (of goods).
heizei (no), usual, common. hen na, curious, strange.
hidoi
overturn*
upset.
d'C.).
hento, a reply. hento suru, to
to
hikkuri-kaesu,
hiza, knee. hizuke, date (time). ho, a law, custom, rule.
ho, cheeks.
hobo, everywhere, on
all sides.
137
HOC hocho, knife. hoeru (2), to bark. hoken-ryo, premium of insurhoko, fork. [ance.
homae home,
sen, sailing -ship praise.
homeru
(2), to praise.
hon, true quite (generally used hone, a bone, [with the affix no) hono, aflame. honto, truth. hon-ya, bookshop ; bookseller. hon-yaku, translation. ;
hon-yaku suru,
to translate.
hori, canal, ditch.
horo, hood (of jinrikisha). horobiru (2), to be ruined. horobosu, to ruin or overthrow.
horu, horu,
dig ; to carve. to throw. to
ITS Igirisu-jin,
Englishman.
Igirisu no, English. ii-wake, an excuse. ijiru, to interfere,
annoy.
ikioi, strength, power, force. ikiru (2), to live.
ima, now.
[time.
ima
ni itatte, by now, by this ima-imashii, unpleasant, disagreeable.
imashimeru
(2), to
imo, potato.
find fault [with; warn.
inaka,
(as
country
inshi, postage-stamp. inu, dog.
ippan
to
op p.
inki-tsubo, inkstand. inochi, life.
[toiv?i.
[versa I.
widespread, ireru (2), to insert; to (no),
uni-
make
tea.
hoshii, wishful, desirous.
iri-kunda, intricate, involved.
hosho-nin, guarantee (person). hosho-ryo, guarantee (money).
iro-iro (no), all kinds.
hosoi, fine (slender). hosoi, narrow.
hoso-nagai, slim, slender.
hossuru
(irr.), to wish.
iro, colour.
ironna, various
;
every kind.
iru, to enter. iru (2), to shoot.
hotondo, almost, nearly (with
irui, clothing, apparel. isha, doctor (medical). ishi, stone (n.).
hoy u, friend,
ishi-bei, stone wall.
hosu,
to
dry
(tr.).
[n eg.), scarcely.
hozu, termination; limit. hyakiisho, a farmer ; rustic, countryman. hyoban, report, rumour.
isu, chair.
hyoban wo suru,
itai,
to gossip.
isogashii, occupied, busy.
isogu, to hurry. issakujitsu, the
day
painful (physically). (2), to cause pain, hurt (physically).
itameru
Ichiban-yoi, first-rate. ichigo, strawberry. ie, house. ie
no
uchi, indoors.
Igirisu,
England.
before
[yesterday. to
itami, pain (phys.).
a string, thread, filament. itou, to avoid, to shim. ito,
itsuwari, a falsehood.
138
IWA
KAK
iwashi, sardines. to hate, dislike.
iyagaru,
iye-nushi, landlord (of house). izumi, spring of water ; fountain. Jama, hindrance, obstruction.
jama
suru, to interfere.
jami,
jam
ji, ji,
juku shita, ripe (of fruit). juku tetsu, wrought-iron. jumoku, tree. ju-ni-gwatsu, December. jungo, order, turn, sequence. junsa, policeman. junsui n&,pure (unadulterated).
(preserves).
earth, ground. hour, time.
jibiki, dictionary.
jihaku suru, to jijitsu, a fact.
jubun, quite ; ample, sufficient. ju-gwatsu, October. ju-ichi-gwatsu, November. jukazei, ad valorem duty.
confess, to own.
up
jurai,
the
to
present, [hitherto.
Kaban, portmanteau. kabe, a mud wall.
immediately. jimen, a plot of land. jiki (ni),
human being, person. jinka, a house for human beings. ji-nushi, landlord (ground-).
jin,
kabeji, cabbage.
jinryoku suru
kabu, turnip. kado, corner ; gate. kado-guchi, gateway. kaeru, to return, go away (intr.) kaeru (2), to change, exchange
best,
(irr.), to
do one's
try earnestly.
jisuru (irr.), to refuse. jitensha, bicycle.
(tr.).
[(tr.).
jitsu, truth. jitsu no, true.
kaesu,
jiyu, liberty, freedom.
kage, shadow, reflection
jiyu na, free.
kagi, key.
jo,
jo
orosu, to lock,
[robust.
iu, to joke,
joki, vapour, steam. jokisen, steam-vessel.
jokisha, railway.
jomae, lock (on box, door, Sc). locksmith. j 6mae-ya, ni
hansoku
suru,
infringe (regulations).
jozu
(na), clever, skilful.
juban,
shirt.
back
;
[influence.
kagi-hana, keyhole. kahe, coffee.
a shell. [facing sea). Bund (street kaigan-dori, kaijo-hoken, marine insurance. kaijo-no, marine (adj.) kaimono, a purchase, something kakamono, hardware, [bought.
jodan, droll story, joke.
jorei
give
kai,
jobu (na), firm,, strong; jobukuro, an envelope.
jodan wo
return,
kagami, looking-glass.
a lock (fastening).
wo
to
to
kakaru, to hang (intr.). kakato, the heel. [ fragment. kake, a portion broken off, kake-au,
to
arrange about,
bargain, discuss.
kakeru
(2), to run; to put. ;
(tr.)
to
hang
139
KAW
KAK kaki-tsuke,
account,
note,
|
memorandum.
1
kaku, to write. kakureru (2), to hide kakiishi, pocket. kakusu, to hide
j
(intr.).
|
kariru (2), to hire; to borrow. kari suru, to hunt; to shoot.
yui, hair-dresser. kami, above, upper.
kami, paper. kami-ire, pocket-book.
kami-maki-tabako, cigarette. kampeki, natural disposition; to bite.
[temper.
kanadzuchi, hammer.
kanadzu chide utsu,
to hammer.
without
kanarazu,
doubt,
certainly.
kanau,
to
with
;
correspond
agree,
to succeed.
kane, money
;
kara (na), empty, void. karada body (of any living karashi, mustard. [being. karasu-mugi, oats. karei, plaice (fish). kari-nushi, debtor.
(tr.).
kaku-zato, loaf-sugar. kami, hair of head ; kami-
kamu,
kara, a collar.
metal.
karui, light (not heavy). karuko, a light porter. kasa, parasol, umbrella, broad sun-hat.
kasa, amount, quantity. kasabatta, bulky.
kasanaru, to be repeated; to be heaped up. [up. kasaneru (2), to repeat, heap kashi-kin, a loan. a kashira, the head, chief; kashi (wa), oak-tree, [superior. kassai,
kane-ire, purse.
kane-mochi,a wealthy man. kane,
kasu, to lend,
let (on hire). kata, shoulder. katachi, /brw, shape.
bell.
kaneru
(2), to be
unable.
kangae, deliberation, thought
;
(2),
kata-gata,
to
consider,
deliberate upon.
strict, severe.
kato, plebeian; third class (on railway, dc). katsu, to win, vanquish.
kanjo-bi, fay -day. kanjo, bill, note (account).
kannin, patience.
kannin suru, to have patience. kanshaku-mochi, irritable,
kanzashi, hair-inn.
katte,
;
[admire.
the countenance, face.
will,
choice
;
conve-
nience; kitchen.
kau,
easily angered.
kanshin, amazement, wonder admiration. kanshin suru, to wonder at ; kao,
simultaneously, at
same time as. katai, firm, stiff, hard ; honest, the
intention.
kangaeru
encouragement,
applause.
to buy.
kawa, hide (skin). kawa, bark, rind,
skin, peel
leather.
kawaite
kawaku,
iru,
to be dry.
to dry, get dry.
;
140
KAW
.
kawaru,
to
change
kawase tegata,
KIR ketto, rug, blanket.
(intr.). bill
draft,
of
exchange. kayou, to go to and fro ; to kazari, an ornament, [attend.
kazariya, jeweller. kaze, the wind. kaze wo hiku, to take cold. kazoeru (2), to reckon, count.
wood (the substance). ; kibisho, teapot. kibo, a wish, desire.
ki, tree
kibo suru,
to request, desire. to feel ill.
kibun ga warui,
kido, small door, wicket. ki iroi, yellow. kiito, silk (raw).
kazu, a 7iumber. kazu-ji, figure (number) . ke, a hair {human) ; wool.
kikai, a machine.
kega, a cut, wound. kega suru, to be wounded, to
enquire. kiki-tsukeru, to notice, observe. kiko, temperature; climate. kiku, to pay heed, hear. [hear.
injure one's keiko, practice.
keiko
wo
kikaseru
self.
suru, to practise.
(2), to
ni
kiki
yaru,
inform. to send
kiku-gurushii, disagreeable
keikwaku, design, intention.
kimaru,
keisatsusho, police-station.
kimeru
keisatsukwan,
kimi, feelings. kimi ga warui,
police-officer.
kekko (na), magnificent. kekomi, seat (of jinrikisha)
kemuri, smoke. kenkwa, a dispute, quarrel.
kenkwa
suru, to quarrel. kenkyu, enquiry, research. kenkyu suru, to enquire into, peril, danger, [gerous.
kennon na,
perilous, kenri, privilege, right.
dan-
kensa-nin, inspector.
keru
(2), to
kick;
to
keshikaran, ridiculous, absurd. kesshite, undoubtedly, certainly (with ncg.) never. (irr.) to decide.
kesu, to extinguish.
to feel
ill;
[on clothes.
kiru, to dress, put
kin, gold, money. kin, pound (weight.)
kinchaku, purse. kinjiru (2), to prohibit. kinki, joy.
kino, yesterday. ki
no kiita, to be sharp-witted, no mi, berry ; a fruit.
kinsatsu, paper money. kinsen; kinsu, money.
kinu, outstrip.
kesa, this morning.
kessuru
kimono wo
ki
investigate.
(to
to be fixed. to decide, fix. (2),
to be frightened,
.
kembun suru, to inspect. kemmaku, the face, features.
kennon,
to
silk.
kinu-ito, silk thread.
kin-yobi, Friday. ki-o (no), former, of old, past.
kippu,
ticket.
kippu no uridokoro, booking[aversion
office,
kirau,
to
detest,
have
to.
an
141
KOT
KIR neat pretty. kireru (2), to cut, snap (intr.).*
komakai komaka
kiri, fog. kiru, to cut
komati, conceit, pride. ;
kirn
wear, to don.
kirei (na), clean
(2), to
;
;
koman
to kill.
kiseru, pipe {smoking). ,
kisha no ni-guruma, luggagevan (on railway) .
kita, north. kitai (na), odd, curious.
"kitanai; kitanarashii, dirty. kitte, stamp, ticket. kitto, without fail, positively. Id wo tsiikeru, to pay attention.
ki-yo (na), skilful, clever. kizn,
damage
(injury).
kizukai, anxiety. kobe, the head.
koboshi, slop-basin. kobosu, to spill (tr.).
koe, the voice. out.
kogitte, cheque.
kogoto wo iu, to scold. kohei (na), equitable, fair. thick (of ; stone. [liquids).
strong
a small
komban, to-night. komeru (2), to cram
[a fix. into.
komori, nurse, governess.
komoru,
to be enclosed,
shut in.
kon, deep blue. kona, flour, fine powder. konaida, a short time ago, recently.
kondate, menu, bill of fare. konnichi, to-day. kono, this (adj.). [after. kono nochi, henceforth, herekonomu, to be fond of, to like. glass, tumbler. to bear, support,
endure.
kore-furaoru, cauliflower. kori, ice.
korobasu, to roll (tr.), to fall korobu, to roll (intr.) korosu, to kill. [down. koru, to freeze (intr.). koseki, ment, efficiency. koseki no aru, efficient. koshi wo kakeru, to sit down. koshiraeru (2), to prepare.
kosho, pepper.
kosho wo iu, to object. koshu, the public.
kojiki, beggar. koko, here.
kokoku, an advertisement. kokoro-mochi, the feelings. kokoro-zuku, to observe. kokwai, regret, remorse.
kokwai suru,
p>rotid.
nonplussed, in
;
koe wo kakeru, to cry ko gatana, penknife,
firm-,
to be
koraeru,
;
ko-ishi,
na, conceited,
koniaru,
koppu,
kobune, boat. kochi kochira, here. kodai (na), immense, huge. kodan, a lecture.
koi,
(na), small, ni, in detail, [minute. ;
komaka
to regret.
kosui, a lake. kosuru, to rub. kotae, answer, reply.
kotaeru (2), to reply. kotoba wo kaesu, to retort.
* As in " this wood cuts easily- " Such constructions are moire frequent in Japanese than in English.
much
142
KOT
MAC all
kotogotoku,
kusaru, to putrefy. kusliami, a sneeze.
completely, kotoshi, this year. [(adv.). kotowari, a denial ; an excuse.
kushami wo sum,
kotowaru, to refuse, make an kotozuke, a message, [excuse. ko-uri, retail.
ko-ushi-no-niku, veal. kowagaru, to be alarmed,
kutsu, boot, shoe.
kutsu-ya, boot-store; boot-, kuu, to eat. [shoe-maker.
afraid.
kowai, afraid
;
frightful.
kowareru (2), to break kowasu, to break (tr.).
kuwaera
assembly.
[promise.
verbose. kudoi, dull, tedious kugi, a nail. ku-gwatsu, September, kuki, the air. ;
kumo, a
I
;
kura, saddle.
kyo-ju, before to-night, somelast year, [religion). kyoshi, a teacher ; minister (of
(society).
kurai, dark. kurasa, darkness.
kureru
kwairaku, pleasure, joy. kwaisha, Company. kwaiwa, conversation. kwan-in, an official. [cipal. kwanshu, head of firm, prinkwa-sai hoken, fire insurance. [patron. kwayobi, Tuesday. kyaku, customer ; guest kyo, to-day. kyoiku, education, [timeto-day.
cloud.
kurabu, club
add.
kwaiin, member (of club, dc). kwaikei-kata, cashier.
a verbal
lips, to descend.
kudaru,
(2), to
kuwashii, exact, minute. kwai, a society, association,
kuchi-fiiki, serviette, napkin. kuchi-nuki, corkscrew.
kuchibiru, the
kyonen,
kyujitsu, a holiday.
(2), to give.
kuro, trouble (pains).
kyukin, salary, wages.
kuroi, black.
kyu (na), sudden. kyu na, urgent.
kuru
(irreg.) to come.
kuru, to twist, wind up. kuruma-ebi, lobster.
Ma,
kurumu, cream. kurushii, painful, in pain. kiisa, herb, plant. kiisai, evil-smelling.
kusari, a chain.
m
kui-tsiiku, to bite (of animals).
(intr.).
ko-yubi, the little finger. kubi, the neck. kuchi, the mouth; an aperture. kuchibue wo fuku, to whistle.
kuchi-yakusoku,
to sneeze.
kuski, comb. kiisuri, medicine. kusuri-ya, chemist (apothecary). kutabireru (2), to become tired.
j
interval, space;
.
!
a room.
mabushii, dazzling. machi, a street ; the commercial part of a town macbigai, a misunderstanding, mistake.
143
MAC machigau,
MIK
make a mistake.
to
mata, again, (with matsu, to wait. mattaku, quite.
machigatta, incorrect.
mada,
still (at present) neg.) not yet.
(with
;
mazui, me, the
kara, beforehand. to bend (intr.). to
iru,
be
(2),
eyes
bent,
megane, to
bend
;
spectacles.
meigen suru,
mainichi, daily.
meijiru
to
associate
mix among,
meiwaku
to be (2), to lose ; to ; yield. quished
van-
mekura, blind. mendo, trouble.
maki, firewood. maki-tabako, cigar. makoto, truth.
mendo messo
ma
watch.
ni au, to arrive in time. the centre.
[ment.
visible,
maru
brighten
migoto
(toy).
de, quite.
seem.
(tr.).
(na), beautiful, superb, [sight).
lovely.
migurushii, displeasing (to the mi-harashi, prospect, view.
(na), straight.
masu, to augment (tr.). masu-masu, more and more.
[to
be visible, (2), to appear, migaku, to brush (boots); to
marui, round, spherical.
massugu
disappear,
mieru
satisfaction, contentsuru, to be contented.
manzoku mare ni, seldom.. mari, ball
(na), extravagant.
mezurashii, curious, amazing. mi-ataru, to find. mi-awaseru, to put off. michi, a way, road. mi-dasu, to discover. mienaku naru, to become in-
really.
to invite.
mannaka, manzoku,
na, troublesome.
men-sha, muslin.
mama, way, manner. mamoru, to guard, keep maneku,
trouble, perplexity. to be in trou-
suru,
ble, in a quandary. mekata, weight.
makanai-kata, steward (ships).
makeru
to state clearly.
(2), to order.
meiwaku,
ivith.
makoto no, true. makoto ni, positively, makura, pillow.
space.
mei, niece.
(tr.).
mai-nen, yearly.
majiwaru,
an open
.
contorted.
mageru
distasteful.
me ni tsukanai, not to observe. me no chikai, short-sighted me no tama, the eyeballs. me wo mawasu, to swoon.
mae-kake, apron, pinafore.
mae
[more.
mawaru, to turn (intr.). mawasu, to turn (tr.). mazeru (2), to mix (tr.).
mado, window. mado-kake, window -curtain. mado no to, window-shutters. mae, before, in front.
magaru, magatte
no
neg.),
mijikai, short. I
mi-komu,
to estimate.
144
MYO
MIM raimi, ears (of the head). mimi no toi, deaf. minami, south,
motode, capital (money). motomeru (2), to seek, askfo
minasliigo, orphan.
motsu,
minato, port, harbour. mi-otosu, to overlook.
wear (intr.). motte iku, to carry off. motte kuru, to bring (things).
mini
(2), to look, regard, see.
—
—
mo
yet,
mochi-ageru,
mochiiru
moya, fog, mist. moyo, a pattern.
muda
(na), useless.
mugaku,
mukaeru
already, more (with neg. verb), no more. hitotsu, one more. still,
hold, have, possess;
ignorance.
mugaku na; mugaku
cold).
mizu-gwashi, fruit.
mo,
to
to last,
mise, shop. mise-saki, shop window, [sider. nii-tomeru, to observe ; to conmizu, water (fresh not salt
and
;
employ.
mochimono, possessions,
(2),
to
[rant.
no, igno-
welcome
effects.
mura,
mochiron, certainly (of course) modosu, to give back, return. moegi, deep green.
murasaki, purple, lilac. muri, unreasonable.
.
village.
muryo,
moke, gains, profit. mokuroku, a list, catalogue. mokuteki, an object, purpose.
musai
mokuyobi, Thursday.
musuko,
momen,
cotton.
mommo
musume,
(na), ignorant.
muyami
momu,
rub
to
;
to
knead.
mosu, moto,
to say.
source, cause.
take
t
son, boy.
daughter, girl. (na), hair -brain eel ,
muzukashii, difficult. myocho, to-morrow morning.
,
to
man
unmarried
mu-zei, duty-free.
moshi-wake,anapology excuse. moshi-ukeru, to receive into keeping,
(no), bachelor.
un-
infinite.
reckless.
mondai, a query, problem. moppara, chiefly. mon, wood (forest). moshi-bun, an objection.
charge.
incalculable,
bounded,
muyami ni, recklessly. muyo (no), futile, useless.
gate.
one's
an-
muko, son-in-law ; bridegroom. muku, pure, unadulterated; mime, the breast. [solid.
moclii-nushi, owner, possessor.
mon,
to
;
send for ; to wed. mukashi, ancient times, tiquity.
to lift.
(2), to
•
to obtain.
in
my 6
(na), marvellous, odd,
queer.
myo-nen, next year. myogonichi, the day to-morrow. myonichi, to-morrow.
after
145
NIM
NAB Nabe,
nebeya, bedroom.
saucepan.
ne-biki, reduction (in price). nedai, bed (European).
nabe-gane, cast-iron. nadakai, noted, famous. nakagai, broker.
nedoko, bed
nadameru
negai, desire, request.
naderu
negau,
to pacify. (2), (2), to stroke.
nagai, long.
nagameru
[fixedly. (2),
to
regard
to
(native).
desire,
[beg.
supplicate,
negi, onion. to
negiru,
bargain.
nagasa, length.
neji, screw.
hurl. (2), to cast, naguru, to thrash, castigate. nagusameru (2), to comfort,
neji-mawashi, screw-driver.
nageru
console.
nai-nai, secret, private,
nakama, companion, naku,
[mate.
crony,
to cry. to die.
to sing
;
nejiru, to twist
neko,
(tr.).
cat.
nema, bedroom. nempu, yearly instalment. nemui, sleepy, weary. neru (2), to sleep ; to
naku naru, nama, raw ; unmanufactured. namae wo kaku, to sign. nama-gawa, raw-hide.
nete iru,
ne-uchi,
cost, value.
nama-iki (na), vain, connamari, lead (metal), [ceited. nameshi-gawa, tanned-hide.
nezumi,
rat.
naoru, to again;
recover, to
get
amend,
well cure,
narasu, to ring (tr.). narau, to learn. narete iru, to be accustomed.
nari-kawaru, to replace. naru, to ring (intr.) ; become; to ripen.
netsubyo, fever. nesshin, zeal, industry.
nezumi-iro, grey. nichiyobi, Sunday. nigai, bitter.
nigeru
(2), to escape,
nigiru, to grasp.
change. nara, oak-tree. narai, a custom, habit.
to
retire,
to be asleep, [go to bed.
runaway. [sprightly.
nigiyaka (na), animated, ni-gwatsu, February. Ninon Nippon, Japan. Nihon-go, the Japanese lan;
guage.
Nibon jin, a Japanese (person). Nihon no, Japanese (adj.). ni-kai, first-floor.
oashi, pear. nasu, to do.
nikki, journal (diary). niku, meat, flesh.
natsu, summer. nawa, rope. naze ? why ?
niku no shiru, gravy. [with. niku-sashi, a fork for eating niku-ya, butcher's shop;
ne, cost, price. ne-beki, deduction, discount.
nimotsu, freight
butcher. (goods).
L
146
OMO
NIN
to terrify.
ninjiu, carrot.
a
smell, whiff', [water), niru (2), to boil (Jood, not nishi, west. nioi,
nishin, herring. niwa, garden; courtyard. to
nobasu, (tr.) }
to
elongate,
put
noberu (2), to an opinion.
haughtiness.
stretch
oi,
to
give
ojiru, to correspond, to
okkakeru
to extract, to rob.
;
;
to be
behaviour.
okuri-kin, remittance.
okuri-mono,
to.
inferior).
[ward
okuru,
to
a
give
;
gift
(to
despatch
an ;
accompany ; see off ; spend omocha, toy. [time. omoi, weighty; important. omoi, thought; affection. omoi no hoka, unexpectedly.
withdraw.
to sew.
nozoku,
to chase.
okoru, to become angry. oku, to place ; to lay aside.
look for-
nusumu,
mm,
(2),
okonai, personal demeanour,
nuibari, needle. miimono, needlework.
nuku,
(2), to get up, rise.
okisa, size.
desire, wish.
wipe.
oka, land (as opp. to water). okashii okashi na, foolish,
okiru
conveyed (by water). expect,
grandanswer ;
;
;
noru, toride(pn horseback, dc.)
to
little.
laughable.
nori, starch. nori-ai basha, omnibus.
nozomu, nuguu, to
by
to suit.
to be thirsty .
nokosu, to leave behind. nomi, only. nomi narazu, not only. nouiu, to drink.
nozomi, a
little
ojiisan, old gentleman
nodo, the neck, throat.
vehicle)
gradually,
oishii, pleasant to eat, tasty.
oi-yaru, to drive away, repel. 03 i, uncle. [v a -
nochi, after, afterwards.
(i?i
numerous, plentiful. nephew.
oi-oi,
relate;
nobe-tetsu, sheet-iron. noboru, to ascend, climb.
to drive
6-hei, impertinence, insolence,,
6i,
off.
nodo ga kawaku,
odokasu, odoru, to caper, dance. ofuku-gippu, return-ticket.
to peep.
omoi-gake-nai, unexpected. aunt. obasan, old lady
Oba,
omonjiru ;
grandma.
memorandum.
[interesting. •
oboeru (2), learn; member; to feel. odayaka (na), tranquil, calm. to
hold in great
omoshiroi, entertaining, omoshirosa, amusement,
obi, belt, sash, girdle.
oboe-gaki,
(3), to
honour.
to
re-
terest, jollity.
omotai, weighty, ponderous.
omou,
to think.
in-
147
OMO call
to
omoi-dasu,
SAI to
recollect.
[mind.
make up
to
omoi-kiru,
mind, one's
onioi-tatsu, to purpose, resolve,
omoi-yaru,
to
sympathise.
on, kindness. [gratitude. on wo shiranai, to show in-
orai-dome, "no thoroughfare." oreru (2), to break (intr.). ori-ori,
from
time to time.
oriru (2), to descend. oroshi, wholesale.
Raida
(na), idle.
rampu, lamp. rampu no shin, lamp -wick. rasha, woollen cloth. reisu, lace (needlework). renga, brick. resslia, railway-train. rettasu, lettuce. rieki, gain, advantage. ringo, apple. rinjin, neighbour. rippa (na), superb, magnificent.
orishi-ya, wholesale-dealer. orosu, to lower, let down.
rippuku, temper (anger).
oru, to break
temper. ri-soku, interest (on money). roka, passage, corridor.
osameru
(tr.).
to
(2),
govern, guide; one side.
oshieru
(2),
to pacify; to put on
[how.
to instruct,
show
oshi-gami, blotting-paper. to regret. to grudge
oshimu,
;
osoi, late.
rippukn sum,
to
get
into
a
roku-gwatsu, June. ron, argument, opinion. ronjiru (2), to argue. roseki, marble (the stone). rosoku, candle.
osoreru
(2), to fear. osoroshii, horrible, terrible.
ryogae-ya, a money-changer's shop ; a money-changer.
osu, to push. oto, sound, noise.
ryoji, consul.
otona, an adult (person). otoroeru, to become weak and otosu, to omit. [feeble. otosu, to let fall.
ry oko-hi travelling-expenses. ryoko sura, to travel. ryori-nin, a cook.
ototoi, the
ryoko, journey.
day before yesterday.
ototoshi, the year before last. and intr.). on, to chase. [(tr. owarn, to finish, terminate
oyobu, to reach oyogu, to swim. ozei, a crowd.
Pan,
bread.
(intr.).
,
ryori wo suru, to cook. ryori-ya, restaurant.
Saba, mackerel. sabishii, dull, lonely. sadamaru, to be settled, fixed.
sadameru sagaru, sagasu, [baker.
pay-ya, a bakery, baker's shop; penshiru, pencil.
(2), to settle, to descend, to go
to fix.
away.
to seek.
sai-chi, intelligence
;
saiku, workma?ishi]h sainyu, income.
wisdom.
148
SEN
SAI the
saisho,
commencement,
sasayaku,
to deduct.
sashi-hiku,
beginning.
saisoku suru, to urge on,incite. saiwai, prosperity, good luck. saji, spoon.
sakan sakan
to whisper.
sashimono-ya,
sasshiru (2), to guess. sassoku, immediately.
(na), prosperity.
sato, village.
(ni), greatly.
sato, sugar.
sakana-ya, fishmonger. .sakarau, to
sakasama,
resist.
[down. upside
inverted,
sakate, tip (fee). sakazuki, wineglass. sake, rice-beer, alcoholic liquors sake, salmon. [in general.
scream out, yell. BSbki,i?i front, ahead; before (of sakebu,
to
further. saki-hodo, a short time ago; place)
;
sawagasu, to stir up, disturb. sawagi, a commotio?!, row. sawaru,
an
touch;
to
strike or
sazo, doubtless, indeed, surely. sebone, backbone, spine. sei, stature.
sei
sei
no hikui, no takai,
short (in stature). tall.
manufacture, make (noun).
seigen,a boundary, limit. seigen suru, to limit. seiryoku, strength.
cool (tr.).
impediment,
obstruction.
to
collide with.
seibutsu, a living creature.
saku, to bloom. saku, to tear, rend (tr.). sakura, cherry-tree.
samasu, to samatage,
satsu, a volume; paper money. satsu-ire, pocket-book.
sei,
previously.
[ter).
joiner (carpen-
[hinder.
sei-shitsu,
character,
disposi-
tion, nature, bearing.
manu-
samatage wo suru, to impede, sameru (2), to cool (intr.) ; to fade. [0 wn feelings)
seisuru,
samui, cold (weather, or
seizo-ba, manufactory. seizon, existence. seizon suru, to exist.
.
samusa, coldness (degree
one's of).
samushii, dull, solitary. san-gwatsu, March.
;
(with
seji, flattery.
seki, cough. neg.),
sara, plate (dish). sarado, salad.
saru, to leave (a place). sasai, a trifle.
sasai
na
:
sei-tetsu-jo, iron-foundry.
seizo-nin, manufacturer.
san-kai, second- floor. sao-tetsu, bar-iron.
sappari, quite not at all.
to fabricate,
facture.
[insignificant.
sasai no, trifling,
seki ga deru, to cough. sekitan, coal.
sekinin, liability.
sekken, thrift, economy. semai, narrow ; limited; small. senaka, back (of body) sendo, boatman. .
149
SEN
SHI
senjitsu, the other day.
senkoku, a short time ago. senro, a line of railway. sentaku suru, to wash (garseri, parsley.
[ments).
seri-uri, auction.
an occasion. an opinion. setsumei, an explanation. setsu, a time,
setsu,
setsumei suru, to explain. sha, a society, company, firm. shaberi, prattle, a prattler, chatterer.
sbiiru,
to
incite;
endeavour;
compel. sbiju, continually.
shikaru,
to reprove.
[ less.
slrikashi-nagara, but, neverthcsbikkari, tight, firm. sbikkari sbita, firm, immovable. shikkei, rudeness, discourtesy. sliikkei na, discourteous, rude. shimbun, newspaper ; news.
sbimbun-ya, newspaper shop; newsman. shimeppoi, moist, damp.
shaberu, to prattle, chatter. shabon, soap. sha-cho, guard (on train). shain, partner (in a firm) ; member (of a society). sbakkin, a debt.
shimeru
sbaku, afoot (measure). shakuba-ya, livery -stable.
shimpo suru,
shakuri, hiccough. shakuya-nin, tenant. shakuyo-oboe, I.O.U.
shin (no), true, shin ni, really. Shina, China.
shappo, hat, cap. sharei, a fee, wages.
Shina-jin, Chinaman. shina-gaki, list (catalogue).
shashin, a photograph. shashin-kyo, photographic instruments.
shashin-ya, photographer. shatsu, shirt.
(2), to close,
fasten.
shimo, below. sbimpai, anxiety, sorrow. sbimpai suru, to be in
shimpo, progress. to progress.
shin, the heart
;
ivick.
real,
shinchu, brass. shindai, an estate, possession (property). shindai -kagiri ni naru, to
become bankrupt. shinjiru (2), to believe. shinki (na), new.
shibaru, to
shinri, truth.
tie,
fasten.
shidzuka shiga,
ni, slowly.
t/ie teeth.
not
[artificial.
shiba, grass, turf. shiba-ebi, shrimps. shlclii-gwatsu, July.
sus-
pense, to be troubled.
sbinrui, relative, kinsman. shinsetsu, kindness. shinsetsu na, kind, [examine.
sbigoku, extremely, very. shi-gwatsu, April. shihon, capital (funds).
sbiraberu
sbiite, violently, urgently.
shiraseru
shirase,
(2), to enquire into,
an announcement,
notice. (2), to
inform.
150
SOR
SHI
shokubutsa, a plant.
shireta, self-evident. shiroi, white.
shiromono merchandise.
shokuma, dining-room. shokumotsu, food. shokunin, an artificer, workman.
Bhirosa, ivhiteness.
shomotsu, a
shiro-uri, vegetable-marrow.
shonin, merchant, dealer.
shira, to know. shirushi, a symbol, sign, mark. shisho, a teacher.
shosei, student. sbosen, merchant-vessel.
shita, the tongue. shita, below.
shote, the beginning. shotoku-zei, income-tax.
shitagau,
to obey, follow. shita-jiban, under-shirt. shitaku wo suru, to prepare. slritashii, friendly, intimate.
sboyu, sauce. shui, meaning, intent i on. tenour. shukan, a week. shuki, a bad odour.
shitate-ya, tailor. shita-zara, saucer.
shusen, help, aid.
sbiroi-jiban, white shirt. ,
impertinence,
inso-
shitsurei n&,impertinent, rude.
shiwaketcho, journal
certificate.
sbusen wo suru, to help, aid. shusbi, intention, aim.
shitsumon, a question. shitsurei,
shosho,
book.
(ojfice
account-book.
shiwo-ire, salt-cellar.
shusu, satin.
\ture.
shuttatsu, setting out, deparsbuttatsu suru, to set out. soba, alongside. [rate. soba, the market price, current sochi sochira, there. soda-mizu, soda-water. ;
sbizuka (na), quiet. shizumu, to sink (intr).
sode, sleeve.
shobai, business, trade.
sodo, a tumult, uproar.
shobun, punishment, treatment.
so-kei, gross amount.
shochi,
assent,
consent,
com-
prehension. shochi suru, to consent.
shochu, spirits (liquor). sho-gwatsu, January. shojiki, honesty, integrity. shojiki na, honest, upright.
soken
(na),
robust,
Ualwart,
sturdy.
sokonau, to ruin ; to fail. so-mekata, gross weight.
someru sonaeru
(2), to dye.
(2), to
provide.
soppu, soup.
shoji suru, (mt.) to possess. shoken-inchi, revenue-stamp.
sora, the sky, the heavens.
shoken suru,
sora-mame, broad-beans.
to read.
shokin, indemnity. sboko, a proof, testimony. shoko-nin, a witness.
sora-iro, azure blue.
soroeru
(2), to
order.
arrange,
>et in
[without hurry.
soro-soro, slowly,
leisurely,
151
TAR
SOR soru, to shave. soshi, magazine, journal. sotai (no), whole. soto, the outside, out of doors. so to (na), fit, suitable. sozoshii, riotous, noisy. su, vinegar.
suberu, to slide, slip. sube-sube shita, smooth, even. subete, all, altogether.
sueru
tip,
(2),
end.
(2),
to exceed,
sugu ni; sugu
[diately.
imme-
to,
taberu (2), to eat. tabeye deru, to go on a journey. tabi, journey. tabi-bito, traveller.
tadaima, immediately. tadasu, to investigate
;
little.
taeru
[bear. to
(2),
suffer,
taiso, greatly,
sumi-kitta, pure {clear). sump 6, dimensions.
taiyo, the sun.
live.
to conclude.
much, very. for the most
taitei, generally,
takai, high
;
[part.
loud
take, length, stature,
[afire).
taku, to cook
to
(lice)
tama, jewel, bead,
suppai, sour. suribi, match, lucifer. suru. to do ; to make
tarn ago, egg.
tamesu, to rub.
surudoi, sharp.
susugu,
to cleanse.
susumeru (2) to incite ; recommend; offer. [(intr.). susumu, to go forward, advance ,
costly, dear.
;
suna, sand.
;
support,
taira (na), flat. taisetsu, importance. taisetsu na, important.
sumau, to dwell, reside. sumasu, to finish, (tr).
sumu,
warn ;
;
correct.
suraai, a residence.
suniu, to reside,
smoke
to
tadashii, just, exact, correct.
suifu, sailor, seaman.
suiyobi, Wednesday. sukkari, completely, quite (ivith neg.), not at all.
sukoshi, a piece, a
tobacco.
Tabako,
tabako-ire, tobacco- }>ouch.[(tr.)
tabi-tabi, frequently, often. tachi-kaeru, to go back. tada, only, simply.
to place, set.
sugi, past, after.
sugiru
suzushii, fresh, cool.
tabako wo nomu, tabemono, food.
sozen, tumult, row, uproar.
sue, the
suzume, sparrow.
to taste
tam-mono,
;
;
to try.
piece-goods.
tamotsu, to keep (tr.). tana, a shelf. tana-oroshi hyo, inventory. tana-ukesho,
tanomu,
to
lease.
trust to, rely on; ask ; hire ; engage.
sdtensho, railway station. suteru (2), to throw away.
apply to, tanoshimi, pleasure, joy.
suu. to such.
tara, cod.
suzu,
tarai, wash-basin.
tin.
light
ball.
152
TAR
TON
taru, barrel, cask.
to assist.
tashika (na), sure, positive. tashika ni, certainly.
tashlkameru
(2),
to
verify;
ascertain.
tetsudau, tetsudo- basha, tram, street-car. tetsudo no ren-raku-eki, junction (railway). to, door.
tassha na, healthy. tasshiru (2), to reach, attain. tasukeru (2), to aid', to save.
to fly ; to jump. tochaku, arrival.
tataku, to knock. tatamu, to heap up. tate-fuda, notice-board. tateru (2), to build; set up. tatoeru (2), to compare. tatsu, to rise, stand up; to
todana, cupboard. todoku, to reach (intr.).
depart.
tazuneru
(2), to enquire,
ask;
to visit.
handle (of teapot, basket, dc). te, hand ; arm ; handwriting. te-arai, rough, violent. teberu kake, tablecloth. tebukuro, glove. te,
tegami,
letter
[correspondence).
tegami-no-kami,
letter-paper.
tobu,
tochaku suru,
to arrive.
todomaru, to stop, stay (intr.). todomeru (2), to stop (tr.). toga, fault, blame. togameru (2), to blame. togatta, pointed (sharp). togi-kawa, razor-strop. tohomonai, unreasonable, extortionate. toi, far, distant.
[close (tr.),
tojiru (2), to bind (books) tokei, clock, watch.
;
tokeiya, watch-maker. tokeru (2), to melt (intr). toki, time.
tegarui, easy ; slight. teinei (na), courteous.
toki-doki, often.
tekito (na), suitable, ten, sky, heaven.
toki suru, to speculate (in
fit.
tenjo, ceiling. tenki, the weather.
tenugui, towel. teppo, gun. teppo-kaji, gunsmith. teppo no tsutsu, gun-barrel. teppo wo utsu, to discharge (a.
weapon).
teru, to shine. te-shoku, candlestick.
toki-ori, occasionally
.
stocks, dc). toki to shite, sometimes. tokoro-gaki, a written address.
toku, to loosen ; to explain. toku, advantage, profit. toku, to melt (tr.). tokui, customer.
tombi, a low Yokohama broker. tome-bari, pin (for fastening dress, dc). to-megane, telescope.
tstsubin, kettle.
tomeru (2), tomodacbi,
tetsudo, railway.
tonen, this year.
tetsu, iron.
to
to stop (£r).
friend, companion.
153
UMI
TOB tsumeru
toraeru
(2), to arrest, seize, toru, to take. tori ni iku, to go for.
cram, stuff into. tsumetai, cold (to the touch). tsume-yoru, to draw near.
tori ni kuru, to come for. tori ni yaru, to send for.
tsumi no nai, innocent. tsumi suru, to punish. tsumoru, to be piled up. tsumu, to pick.
tori-chigaeru, to confuse. tori-isogu, to be in a hurry. torikaeru, to exchange. tori-motsu, to arrange. tori-shiraberu, to enquire into. to to, at last. totte, handle (of tou, to ask.
a drawer).
,
tie
up.
fcsunoru, to collect (tr,). tsuri-ito, fishing-line.
tsuri-bari, fish-hook. tsuri-zao, fishing-rod.
tsuyoi, strong.
gantly. tsujiru (2), to comprehend; to
speak (a language). (2), to serve.
tsukai, message
;
messenger.
tsukamaeru
to catch. (2), tsukasadoru, to direct, control. to employ; use. tsukawasu, to send ; to give. tsukegi, a match {for striking).
tsukau,
tsiike-mono, pickles. tsukeru (2), to fix, affix ; add ; set down in writing. tsuki, the moon ; a month. tsukiru (2), to come to an end, to be exhausted.
tsuku, to push, shove. tsuku-zuku, attentively,
tsumaran
tsumuri, the head. tsunagu, to fasten,
staff".
tsugu, to join (tr).; to follow. tsuiyasu, to spend extrava-
tsukaeru
,
tsutsumi (-mono), parcel. tsutsumu, to wrap up.
tozen, fit proper. tsubo, ajar. tsuchi yaki, earthenware. tsue, stick,
(2) to
Ubau,
to rob, take
uchi, the inside
;
by force.
a house.
ncbi-guruma nojokisen, screw-steamer.
ude, the arm. udonko, meal, flour. ueki, a (gardeii) plant. ueki-bacbi, flower -pot. ueki-ya, gardener. ueru (2), to plant.
ugokasu, to move (tr). ugoku, to move (intr.). ukagau, to ask, enquire;
visit;
listen to.
ukeru
(2),
to receive.
uketori, a receipt. uketori-cbo, receipt-book. uketori-kata, payee.
iima (pronounced 'm-ma), a [less.
worthtsumari,a£ last,in the long run. (ai), trifling,
tsumazuku, to trip, stumble. tsumbo (no), deaf.
horse.
umai
(pron. 'm-mai), tasty, [agreeable. iimaya, stable. ume (pron. 'm-meh), plum-
umi,
the sea.
[tree.
154
UMI umi-be, the beach
;
YAO sea-shore.
umi-tate, fresh (of eggs), un, luck.
[office.
wakaru,
to
ivakasu,
to boil (water).
comprehend.
wake, cause, reason.
un no yoi, lucky. un no warui, unlucky.
wakeru
unjo, a tax, tariff. unso-ten, [parcels) express uragaeshi, inside- out. uragaki, endorsement. uragaki wo suru, to endorse. ureshii, joyful.
waku, to boil wan, bowl.
uru, to
sell.
lovely,
ushi, bull, cow
ushinau,
;
wara,
[out.
portion
share,
(intr.).
straiv.
warai, laughter. warau, to laugh. wari-barai, instalment. wari-bike wo suru, to discount. warui, bad; ugly. waruku iu, to blame.
charming,
beef.
to lose.
aso, falsehood,
to
wakete, specially.
[beautiful.
uruwashii,
(2),
lie.
wasureru
(2), to forget,
waza
waza-waza, on pur-
to
;
[pose.
uso-tsuki, a liar.
uso
wo
iu, to lie, tell lies.
Yabuku,
usu-akai,/wwZf (colour). usu-gurai, dusk. usui, light (in colour); thin (of liquids)
;
yaki-pan, toast. yaku, to burn
letter,
[dc).
yaku, usefulness
(2),
to
no hayai,
yakusoku suru,
;
service.
contract.
to
agree
;
to
promise.
yakwai, an evening party. yama, hill, mountain. yameru (2), to ]mt an end yamome, widow.
sharp,
quick-witted.
wakari-nikui, difficult to com,prehend. [hend. wakari-yasui, easy to compre-
bake,
yakusha, actor. [promise. yakusoku, an agreement; a
[Lament. apologise;
wakai, young. wakari, understanding.
wakari
to
;
yaku jo, a contract. yakujo suru, to make a yakunin, an official.
tsuru, to angle.
wabi, apology.
(tr)
roast, toast.
wheel.
wabiru
(intr).
yakimochi, jealously. yaki-mono, earthenware.
uttoshii, dull, overcast, cloudy.
Wa,
(tr.).
hotel.
yahari, also.
utau, to sing. utsu, to hit, strike.
uwo wo
rend
yakedo, a burn. yakeru (2), to burn
insufficient.
uwa-gaki, address (on uwagi, coat, overcoat. uwagutsu, a slipper. uwo, a fish.
to tear,
yado, dwelling-place, yagu, bedclothes.
|
yaoya, green-grocer.
to.
155
YUS
YAH yaru, to give ; to send. yasai (-mono), vegetables. yasashii, gentle; easy. (2), to
yaseru
grow
thin.
yaseta, thin.
yoru, to
select
;
yoso, yosu, to abstain from
yasumi-bi, a holiday. yatoi-nin, employee. yatou, to engage, hire.
that.
yowai, weak. yoyaku yoyo, at last; barely. yu, hot water ; a bath.
soft.
yo, the night; the world. yo-ake, day-break. yobi dasu, to summon.
yube, yesterday evening. yubi, toe
; finger. yiibin, the post {for letters dc). yubin kaiite, postage-stamp.
yubin-kawase, post-office-order. yubin-kyoku, post office. yubi-nuki, thimble.
yobi-kaesu, to recall. yobo, precaution. yobu, to call.
yubin-zei, postage.
yue
yohodo, a lot, plenty, yoi, good ; handsome.
very.
yoi (na), easy. yoji, tooth-brush.
ni, therefore.
yugata, dusk ; evening. yuge, steam. yugen-sekinin-kwaiska, ited
yuka, the floor. yuki, snow.
yoki, the weather.
yukkuri, slowly (i?itr.).*
yomi-yasui, legible. yomu, to read (tr.).
yo-naka, midnight. yo ni iru, to become dark. yoppite, all night long. yorokobi, pleasure, joy.
yoiokobu, to rejoice. Yoroppa, Europe. yoroshii, good. yoru, the night. yoru, to rely; lean on;
As in " this poem reads well "
Lim-
Company.
yokei, superfluity, (with neg.) not very, not much.
read
with
;
;
*
leave
difficulty;
yatte shimau, to give away. yawarakai yawaraka na,
(2), to
;
omit ; put an end to. yotte, for that reason, owing to off;
yasete iru, to be thin. yashoku (late) dinner ; supper. yasui, easy; cheap.
yomeru
to assemble.
(2), to collect (tr). elsewliere.
yoseru
;
leisurely
yukyo, pleasure.
yume, dream.
yume wo
miru,
to
dream.
dinner; supper. yunyu shoshiki, import forms. yureru (2), to shake {intr). yurui, loose. yurusu, to grant ; permit. yushutsu, export {noun). yushutsu menjo, export permit. yushutsu shoshiki, export fo^m or blank.
yumeshi,
(v.
{late)
footnote, p. 141).
156
ZUT
YUS yushutsu suru, to export. yuu, to do (bind up) the hair. yuzu, lemon.
Zannen,
regret (for
zannen-garu,
own sake).
to regret,
zappi, petty expenses. zashiki, a room. zasshi, magazine ; review,
zenryo
(na), virtuous.
good, moral,
zokin, a duster. zoku na, low, vulgar. zonjiru (2), to know. zonji-yori,
an opinion.
zubon, trousers. zuibun, much, a great deal
;
zeikwan, custom-hottse.
very ; pretty (adv). zutsii, headache. [ache. zutsu ga suru, to have head-
zen, virtue.
zutto,
zei, impost, tariff.
zeni, coppers;
coin.
quite; straight; much,
a great deal.
157
English-Japanese. NOTE. — Even
Vocabulary as the following it has occasionally been found impossible to supply exact but those given will equivalents for the English words prove to be generally intelligible throughout Japan. in so short a
;
ARR
ABL Able
ago, mae.
(can), dekiru.
about (approximately), kurai above, no ue. [(gurai) hodo. absence, rusu. absent, to be, rusu da ; inai. absurd, bakarashii ; tonde-
monai.
air
(atmosphere), kuki.
alive, to be, ikite iru.
nokorazu
all,
already,
according to, ni yotte. account (invoice, &c), kanjo.
also,
acknowledge (admit),
to,
shochi suru.
acknowledge
to,
to,
(confess),
hakujo suru. acquire (obtain),
add
muko
kuwaeru
to, eru. ni.
;
sude ni,
among, no uchi ni. amuse one's-self, to,
asobu.
;
ancestor, senzo.
admit(allowto enter), to, ireru. advance (go forward), to, susumu.
[suru.
advance (progress),
to,
shimpo
advantage, toku ; rieki. advertisement, kokoku ;
newspaper) hiki-fuda. afraid, kowai.
angry, to be, liara wo tateru rippuku suru. another, hoka no ; md Mtotsii. ;
awaseru.
gaki.
no nochi
mohaya
mo, yahari. always, itsudemo. America, America.
amusing, omosldroi.
address (written), tokoro-gaki ; (on envelope, &c), uwa-
after,
mina.
alone, hitori.
accept, to, ukeru.
across, no
;
allow, to, yurusu. almost, hotondo.
(in
answer (noun), henji
;
hento.
answer, to, hento suru; kotaeru. anxious, to be, shimpai suru. anybody, dare de mo. anyhow, do demo. anything, nan de mo. any time, itsu de mo. anywhere, doko de mo. apple, ringo. April, shi-gwatsu.
ni.
afternoon, hiru-sugi. afterwards, nochi ni. again, rnata. agent, dairi-nin.
arm
(of body), ude ; te. around, no mawari ni. arrange (put in order),
arrival, tochaku.
to,
[soroeru.
arrive, to, tochaku suru.
158
ART
BIL
article (object), shinamono.
artizan, shokunin. ashamed, to be, haji
ashes, hai. ask, to, kiku
wo kaku.
basin (wash-), tarai. bath furo.
bath-room, furo-ba. bath-tub, furo-oke.
;
tou.
beach
(sea),
umibe
;
hamabe,
assist, to, tetsudau.
beans, mame.
assistance, shusen.
beans (broad), sora-mame. beans (haricot), daidzu. beans (French), engin-mame.
at, ni.
attention, to pay, ki wo tsiikeru. attorney (lawyer), daigen-nin.
attorney, "power of," dairiauction, seri-uri. \nin-jo. August, hachi-gwatsu. aunt, oba.
autumn, aki. awkward, heta
(na).
Baby, akambo. back
(of body), senaka.
bad, warui. bag, filkuro. baggage, nimotsu. bake, to, yaku. baker, pan-ya. ball (toy),
mari; tama.
bamboo, take. band (musicians), gakutai. bank (establishment), ginko. banker, ginko-sha. bank-note, ginko-shihei. bankrupt, a, hasan-nin. bankrupt, to become, shindaikagiri ni naru. barber, kami-yui. bargain, to, negiru. bark (of tree), kawa. bark, to, hoeru. barrel (cask), taru. barrel (gun), teppo no tsutsu.
basin (small), domburi. basin (.slop-), koboshi.
beard, hige. beat, to, butsu
[utsu).
(more
polite,
beautiful, kirei (na); utsilkushii; because, kara. [migoto (na). to, naru. bed, nedai ; nedoko. bed-clothes, futon ; yagu. bedroom, nema; nebeya.
become,
bee, hachi. beef, ushi ; gyuniku. beefsteak, bifu-teki.
beer, biiru. before, saki
;
no mae
ni.
beggar, kojiki. begin, to (/?'.), hajimeru. begin, to (intr.), hajimaru. behind, no ura ni; no ushiro ni. believe, to, shinjiru; omou. bell, kane.
below,
sJiita.
belt (girdle), obi. bend, to (tr.) t mageru.
bend, to (intr.), magaru. beneath, no shita ni. berth (on ship), ne-doko. besides, no hoka ni. between, o aida ni. beyond, no muko ni ; no saki n i. ; old (na). bill (account), kanjo. bill of exchange, kawase-tegata.
big, okii
bill of fare, kondate.
159
CAR
BIL bill-of -lading,
bird, tori. bit
[shosho. quantity), hire
(small silkoshi
bridle, tazuna.
funadzumi;
;
kake.
bite, to, kui-tsuku
;
kcunu.
bitter, nigai. black, kuroi.
blind,
mekura
(no).
blood, chi.
blotting-paper, oshi-gami. no )' blow, to, fiiku. [( blue, ai; aoi; asagi ; sora-iro
boarding-house, geshiku-ya. boat, fune, kobune. body, karada.
[kuru. bring, to, (an object), motte bring, to (a person), tsurete
broad, hiroi. [kuru, broker, n akagai ; (low Yokohama broker, tombi). bronze, karakane.
brother (elder), ani. brother (younger), ototo. brown, akai ; kuri-iro (no). build, to, tateru.
building (edifice), tate-mono. bulky, kasabatta. Bund (street facing sea), [hira-ya.
kaigan-dori.
boil, to, (water), wakasu. boil, to, (food), niru.
bungalow, (one-storied house), business, shobai; yd ; ydinuki.
boiling water, ni-tatta yu. bone, hone. book, lion ; shomotsu.
busy, isogashii. butcher, niku-ya.
booking-office, uridokoro.
no
kippu
butter, bata. button, botan. button-hole, botan no ana.
bookseller, hon-ya. boot, kutsu. borrow, to, karint. both, dore mo ; ryoho.
buy, to, hau. by, ni ; de.
bottle, tokkuri. bottom, shita (no
cake, kwashi. calculate, to, kanjo
bow, box,
to, o jigi liako.
boy, musuko
ltd).
wo sum. otoko no ko.
;
branch, eda. brass, shinchu.
bread, pan. break, to (tr.), kowasu; oru. break, to (intr.), kowareru ; breakfast, asa-han. [oreru. brick, renga. bride, (liana-) yome.
brk^groom, bridge, hashi.
(liana-)
muko.
Cabbage,
kabeji.
sum.
call, to,
yobu.
call, to,
(waken), okosu.
can
(able), dekirn. canal, hori.
candle, rosoku. candlestick, te-shoku. capital (funds), shihon; motode. capital (city), miyako. card playing), karuta.
card (visiting), nafuda\ meishi. care, to take, ki
wo
carpenter, daiku. carpet, shiki-mono.
tsukeru.
CAR
COO
carriage, basha.
carry, to, liakobu. [kiri-dasu. carve, to, (meat), niku wo cash (money), genkin. cashier, kwaikei-kata. cat, neko.
class (second), chuto, class (third), kato.
clean, kirei (na). clever, riko (na).
climb,
to,
noboru.
clock, tokei.
catch, to, tsilkamaeru.
cloth (woollen), rasha.
cauliflower, kore-furaoru. cause, gen-in ; wake.
clothes, kimono ; ifuku. cloud, kumo. club (association), kurabu.
ceiling, tenjo. certain, tashika (na).
certainly
(without
certificate, shosho.
coal, sekitan.
doubt), [mochiron.
coat, uwagi.
cod
(-fish), tar a.
Chamber-of- Commerce,
coffee, kahe
Shogyo-kwaigi-sho. chain, kusari.
cold (of weather), samui; (to the touch), tmmetai. cold, to catch, kaze wo hiku. collar, eri; (dog-), kubi-wa.
chair, isn.
[kaeru.
change, to, (tr.), kaeru; torichange, to, (intr.), kawaru. change, (a), henkwa ; kawari (money) tsuri.
;
character (nature), seishitsu. charge (price), nedan.
-
collect
(tr.),
collect
come,
come
common company
cherry-tree, sakura. chest (of body), mune.
company
chin, ayo.
cigar,
to, erabu.
cigarette, kami-maki-tabako.
koto
;
(ordinary),
nami
(firm), kwaisha
no.
;
shokwai.
consulate, ryoji-kwan. consult, to, sodan suru. contained, to be, haitte iru.
Kara.
ha-maki (tabako).
circumstance,
[atsnmaru.
(visitors), o-kyaku. confusion, o-sawagi; konzat&u, consent, to, shochi sum. consul, ryoji.
chicken, niwa-tori. child, ko ; kodomo.
choose,
tamaru;
to, kuru. in, to, hairu.
chemist (apothecary), kusuricheque (bank-), kogitte.
;
yoseru; atsumeru.
(intr.),
colour, iro. comb, kushi.
cheat, to, damasu. cheeks, hopeta ; ho.
China, Shina
kohi.
college, gakko.
cheap, yasui. [ya.
;
baai
;
kotoyara. civilisation, bummei; kaikwa. class (tirst),^^.
contented, to he,manzokusuru. contract, to make a, yakujo contract, a, yakujd. [suru.
convenient, tsugo no yoi benri (na). cool, suzushii.
;
161
DOO
COP copper, akagane. corkscrew, sen-nuki. corn, mugi; ko-mugi. corner, kado. cotton,
mom en.
cough,
to, seki
ga deru.
count, to, kazoeru.
country
I
debtor, kari-nushi. [inaka.
December, ju-ni-gwatsu.
opp. to town), mochiron; motoyori.
decide, to, kimeru; kettei deduct, to, sashi-hiku.
(as
course, of,
dead; to be, shinde iru. deaf, tsunbo (no). deal in, to, akinai sum. dear (expensive), takai. debt, shakkin.
sum.
cow, (me-)nshi. cream, kuriimu.
deduction (price), ne-beki.
creditor, kashi-nushi. crooked, to be, magatte iru.
dentist, ha-isha.
deep, fukai.
ozei.
crowd,
cry, to, naku. ki-uri.
cucumber,
difficult,
custom, shi-kitari ; fukoku. customer, tokui; kyaku. custom-house, zeikwan.
Daily, mainichi.
odoru.
dining-room, shokudo ; shokuma. [meshi. dinner (late), yushoku ; bamdirty, kitanai ; kitanarashii. dirty, to, yosogu; dainasld ni
dish, ozara.
[abunai.
kennon
(na)
;
date, gwappi; hizuke; tsilki-hi.
dislike, to, kirau.
dismiss, to, himawo yam. dispose of (sell), to, uru. distance, michi-nori; Hsu.
daughter, musume.
distant,
dawn,
dividend
yo-ake.
empo
(na)
(on
;
toi.
shares),
hai-to-kin.
hi.
day after to-morrow, myogonichi;
(less polite), asatte.
day before yesterday, ;
betsu (no).
discount (noun), wari-biki.
dark, kurai.
tsu
;
muzukashii.
disappear, to, mienaku nam. discount, wari-bike. discount, to, wari-biki wo sunt.
damage (injury), kizu. damage (loss), son. damp, shimeppoi.
day,
jisho.
;
suru.
cut, to, kiru.
dangerous,
yoru; kivankei sum.
dig, to, horu.
curtain, mado-kake. cushion, zabuton.
to,
to,
different, chigatta
cup, chawan. cupboard, todana.
dance,
depend,
dictionary, jibiki die, to, shinuru.
issakuji-
(less polite), ototoi.
day-time, hint, Japanese Grammar
Self-Tanght.
do, to, suru
;
nasu
;
itasu.
doctor, isha.
document,
kaki-tsiike.
dog, inu. door, to.
M
162
DOU doubt doubt,
down,
shita (ye).
downstairs, draft
EYE
utagai ; ginen. omou to, fushin ni
(a),
;
[utagau.
slvita.
sukima-kaze. drawer, Mki-dashi.
polite), yatou.
drawing-room, kyakuma. dream, to, yume wo mini. drink, to, nomu. drive (in a vehicle), noru. driver, gyosha. drop (globule), shizuku; teki.
drop, to, (tr.), otosu. drop, to, (i?itr.), ochiru. dry, to, (tr.), hosu. dry, to be, kawaite iru. duck, ahiru. [uttoshii. dull (of weather), kumotta;
dust (which settles), gomi. dust (raised by wind), hokori. duster, zokin.
duty, (impost), zei. duty, (obligation), gimu. duty (ad valorem), jukazei. duty-free, mu-zei.
Ear, mind. early, hayai.
earth, tsuchi.
earthenware, yaki-mono. east, higashi. ;
zona
mo
England, Igirisu ; Eikoku. English (language), Igirisu no kotoba ; Eigo. enough, to be,
tariru.
envelope, jo-bukuro.
Europe, Yoropjm; Seiyo. even (adv.), sura ; sae de mo even (smooth), taira (na). ;
evening, yugata ; ban. everybody, dare de mo. every day, mainicJd. every time, maido. everywhere, doko demo; hobo.
examine (enquire
into), tada-
aratameru ; shirabeni. except, no hoka ni. exchange, to, tori-kaeru. exchange money, to, ryogae su
;
sum. expense, nyulii. expense, uyuijo ; nyulii. expenses, petty, zappi. expenses, travelling, ryoko-hi. explain, to, toki-akasu. export (n.), yushutsu. export form (blank), yushutsu shoshiki.
dye, to, someru.
easy, yasashii
to, uragaki wo sunt. endorsement, uragaki. engage, to, tanomu ; (less
endorse,
kawase-tegata. (current of air),
(bill),
draught
employee, yatoi-nin. empty, kara (na). end, owari ; shimai.
nai.
eat, to, taberu.
export permit, yushutsu menjo. export, to, yushutsu sunt.
egg, tamago. elbow, hiji.
express office (parcels),
electricity, clenki. electric-light, denki-to.
express (train), kyuko resha. eye (organ of sight), me. eye (of needle), medo.
employ
(hire), to, yatou.
unso-ten.
163
FRE
FAO Face, kao. sokonau ; hazureru. without, kitto ; machigai naku. [kizetzu suru.
fail, to,
fail,
faint,
to,
fair, a, iclii fall, to,
me ;
mawasu;
ivo
ennichi.
firewood, maki. first-rate, ichiban yoi. fish [for food (dead)] sakana. fish (alive), uwo. ,
fish-hook, tsuri-bari. fishing-line, tsuri-ito. fishing-rod, tsuri-zao.
ochiru.
false, hontodenai; uso famous, nadakai. far, toi ; empo (no).
(no).
fishmonger, sakana-ya. fish, to,
uwo wo tsuru ; ami wo utsu.
net), flame, hi
fare (charge), chinsen.
;
hono.
flat, taira (na)
farmer, hyakusho. fashion, hayari ; ryoko.
;
hirattai.
flesh, niku.
fast (speedy), hayai. fat, to be, futotte int.
floor,
yuka.
floor (first-), ni-kai. floor (second-), san-kai.
feast, gochiso.
February, ni-gwatsu.
floor (ground-), shita. flour, kona ; udonko.
feel, to, kanjiru; oboeru. female, mesu. festival, matsuri.
flow, to, nagareru. flower, hana. flower-pot, ueki-bachi.
fetch, to, totte kuru.
flower-vase, hana-ike.
feather, hane.
tobu.
fever, netsubyo.
fly, to,
figure (number), kazu-ji. figure (form), katachi. fill, to, ippai ni suru.
fly (insect), hai. follow, to, tsuite iku.
find, to, mi-ataru;
mi-dasu
mi-tsukeru.
;
[na).
fine (in quality) yoi fine (slender), hosoi. ,
(with
;
rippa
fine (minute), komaki. fine (beautiful, etc.), kirei na.
food, tabemono ; shokumotsu. foolish, bakarashii.
foolishness, bakageta koto. foot, as/ii. for,
no tame
ni.
forbid, to, kinjiru.
forehead, hUai.
finger, yubi.
foreign, gwaikoku (no).
finger (fore-), hito-sashi-yubi. finger (middle-), naka-yuLi. finger (ring-), kusuri-yubi. finger (little-), ko-yubi. finish, to, shimau.
foreigner, ijin;
fire (flame), hi. fire (conflagration), kwaji. fire insurance, kwa-sai hoken.
France, FUransu free, jiyu (na).
gwaikokujin.
forget, to, wasureru. forgive, to, yurusu. fork (for eating), niku-sashi.
fowl, tori. ;
FuUilkoku.
freight (goods), nimotsu.
164
GUN
FRE Frenchman, Furansu-jin.
glass (a), kopjnt.
frequently, tabi-tabi. fresh (of eggs), umi-tate. [na. fresh (new) atarashii ; sliinki
glove, te-bukuro. go, to, iku.
,
Friday, kin-yobi. friend, hoyu; tomodachi. frightful, osoroshii.
from, yori
kara.
;
go away,
to,
itte
shimau
;
kaeru.
fresh (cool), suzushii.
go down, to, kudaru; oriru, go in, to, hairu. go out, to, deru. go up, to, noboru.
front, omote.
gold, kin.
fruit (growing), (ki no) mi. fruit (for eating), mizu-
good, yoroshii; ii; you
gwashi. fry, to, ageru. full, ippai (na) funny, omoshiroi ; okashii. furniture, kazai ; dogu.
goodbye, sayonara. goods, shina-mono. gradually, dan-dan.
good
(to eat), Urnai.
grand (splendid), rippa grandchild, mago.
(na).
grandfather, ojiisan.
mokeru. gain [noun), moke.
Gain,
to,
grandmother, obdsan.
game,
a, asobi.
grass (turf), shiba. gravy, niku no shiru. grease, abura.
garden, niwa. gardener, neki-ya. gate, mon.
Great Britain, Dai-Buritania. green, midori; aoi; moegi.
gateway, kado-guchi. general (customary), ippan no ; futsu no.
green-grocer, yaoya. greens (vegetables), aomono. grey, hai-iro (no); nezumi-iro
Germany, get get get get
Doitsu.
(no).
(receive), to, morau. in, to, hairu. out, to, deru.
up,
girl,
grocer, tobutsu-ya.
groom,
to, (rise), okiru.
milsume; onna no
ko.
give, to, yaru.
give give give give
away,
to, yatte
back,
to, kaesu.
in, to,
makeru.
shimau.
up, to, (cease), yosu.
glad, ureshii. glass (the substance),
giyaman.
betto.
gross amount, so-kei. gross -weight, so-mekata. guarantee (person), hosho-nin.
guarantee (money), hosho-ryo. guard, to, mamora. guard (of train), sha-cho. guest, kyaku. guide, annai (no nono). gun, teppo.
gunpowder, kwayaku. gunsmith, teppo-kaji.
165
HUR
HAI Hair, he ; (of the head), kami kami no ke.
;
hiccough, shakuri. hide, to, kakusu.
hammer, kanadzuchi. [atsii. hammer, to, kanadzuchi de
hide, to, one's-self, kakureru. hide (skin), kawa. hide (raw-), nama-gawa. hide (tanned-), nameshi-gawa, high (of both height and
hand, te. handkerchief,
high, takai.
hairdresser, hami-yui. hairpin, kanzashi. half,
han ; hambun.
price), takai.
hankechi
;
hanafuki.
hill,
handle
yama ;
[saka. (rise in road),
(of tool), e. [&c), te. handle, (of teapot, basket, handle (of a drawer), totte.
hinge, cho-tsugai. hire, to (a servant), yatou. hire, to (a house, &c), kariru.
hang, to
hit, to, butsu.
(tr.),
tsuru;
kakeru;
hitherto, koremade; imamade. hold, to, (retain, possess) motsu; te ni motsu.
tsuri-ageru. hang, to {intr.), kakaru.
hard (solid), katai. hard (difficult), mudzukashii. hardware, kanamono.
hold, to, (contain), hairu. hole, ana.
h&k, boshi;
shappo. motte iru. ; he, ano otoko ; ano Into.
have,
to,
holiday, kyujitsu ; yasumi-bi. home, uchi (dwelling) ; kuni,
motsu
honest, shojiki (na). [country, horse, uma (pron., 'm-ma),
head, atarna.
head (manager of a Company)
,
shihai-nin.
head (principal
of
firm),
kwanshu. headache, zutsu.
hotel -keeper, yadoya no teishu. hour, jikan ; toki. house-rent, ya-chin. house, uchi; is; taku. how? ikaga? do? do shite?
heart, kokoro. heat, danki ; atsiisa. heat, to, atatameru.
heavy, omoi, omotai. heel, kakato.
help,
to,
asa.
sewa
host (master), aruji. hot (as mustard), karai. hot (not cold), atsui. hotel, yadoya.
healthy, tassha na. hear, to, kiku.
hemp,
hospital, byoin.
[tetsudau.
wo sunt;
hen, mendori. here, koko ; kochi
how long ? itsu made f how many? iku mai? ikutsu? how often ? iku tabi ? hungry, to be, haraga heru o naka ga suku.
(ra).
herring, nishin. hesitate, to, chu-chu
sum.
;
hurry, to be in a, isogu. hurt, to (intr.), itamu. [suru.
hurt one's-seU',
to,
kegawo
166
JOU
ICE Ice, kori. idle, to be, namakete iru.
ignorant
of
interfere, to,
(unacquainted
with), fu-annai. ignorant (not learned), mugaku na. ill
(in
bad health), bydki yamai; byoki.
jama sum.
interpret, to, tsilben wo sum. interpreter, tsuben ; tsuji. into, ni; no naka ye.
introduction, (na).
illness,
[ni.
letter
of,
shokwai-jd. invalid, bybnin.
inventory, tana-oroshi-hyo.
immediately, sassoku; sugu impertinence, burei ; shitsurei. import, to, yunyu sum. import forms, yunyu shoshiki.
investigate, to, tori-shirabem.
impossible, dekinai.
iron, tetsu.
in, ni.
iron iron iron iron iron iron
included, to be, haitte iru.
income, sainyu. income-tax, shotoku-zei. inconvenient,
fuben
(na.)
futsugo ;
(na.)
;
tsugo no.
incorrect, machigatta. indemnity, shokin.
India, Indo
; Tenjiku. indeed, jitsu ni.
indeed
!
indoors,
naruhodo ! no uchi.
ie
invite, to,
maneku.
invoice, okuri-jo. I.O.U., shakuyo-oboe. (bar-), sao -tetsu. (cast-), nabe-gane.
(rod-), botetsu. (sheet-), nobe-tetsu.
(smoothing-), hinoshi. (wrought), juku tetsu. iron-foundry, sei-tetsu-jo.
Jam (preserves), jami. January, sho-gwatsu. Nilton Japan, Nippon ;
jar, a, tsubo.
[{politer).
infringe (regulations), to, jorei ni hansoku sum.
jealousy, netami ; yakimochi. jeweller, kazariya.
ink (Indian), sumi.
jinrikisha-apron, mae-kake. jinrikisha-hood, horo. jinrikisha-seat, kekomi.
ink- stand, inki-tsubo. inn, yadoya. insect, mushi. inside, ni;
no naka.
join, to (tr.), tsugu
;
awaseru.
joiner, sashimono-ya.
inside-out, uragaeshi. inspect, to, kensu sum; keminspector, kensa-nin. [bun sum.
Jointstock Bank, gohon-ginko. Jointstock Company, gohonkwaisha.
instalment, wari-barai. instalment (yearly), nempu. instalment (monthly), geppu. instead, no kawari ni.
joke, jodan. journal (office account book),
interest (on money), ri-soku. interesting, omoshiroi.
shiwaketcho.
journal (diary), nikki. journey, ryoko. journey, to, ryoko suru.
167
LET
JUG jug, mizu-Uwji. July, shichi-ywatsu. junction (railway), tetsudo no
landlord (of hotel, inn), teisJiiil landlord (of house), iye-nushi. language, kotoba. lantern, chochin.
ren-raku-eki.
June, roku-gwatsu.
last, at,
just (exactly), chodo. just (equitable), tadashii kohei na.
last, the, ato-no ;
(things), tamotsu ; motte iru. [katte oku.
Keep, keep,
to,
to
(animals
as
pets),
kettle, tetsubin.
yoyaku; ;
tsui ni.
sue no.*
last, to, motsu. late, osoi.
laugh, to, warau. law, horitsu; kisoku. lawyer, daigen-nin. lazy, to be, namakeru. lead, to, hiku ; annai suru.
key, kagi. key-hole, kagi-hana. kick, to, keru. kill, to, korosu. kind (species) ,yo ; shurui. [na). kind (good-natured), shinsetsu kitchen, dai-dokoro ; katte.
lead (metal), namari. lead-pencil, empitsu. leaf (of plant), ha.
knee, hiza.
leave
knife, hocho.
knock,
Label
fuda wo
least, at, sUkunakute leather, kaiva. off,
to,
mo.
(cease),
yosu
shitte iru.
leave (departure), tatsu. leave (of absence), hima. leave out, to, habuku ; yosu,
tsukeru.
ledger, dai-cho. lecture, enzetsu. left (-hand), hidari.
buchi-taosu.
(tag), efu.
label, to,
manabu ; narau.
;
yameru.
to, tataku.
knock down, to, know, to, shiru;
learn, to,
lease, tana-ukesho.
lace (of boot), himo. lace (needlework), reisu.
lacquer, urushi. lacquer- ware, nuri-mono. lady, okusan.
lame, chimba ; bikko. lamp, rampu. lamp -wick, rampu no shin. land, riku; oka. land, to (tr.), riku-age suru. land, to (intr.), joriku sum.
leg, ashi.
legible, yomi-yasui.
lemon, yuzu. lemonade, ramune. lend, to, kasu. length, take; nagasa. let, to, (house), kasu. let, to, {permit) ysaseru ; y u rusu. letter (missive), tegami. letter (of alphabet), moji. letter of credit, ginko no
landlord (of ground), ji-nushi. shinyd-hosho-jo. * Both approximate only.
168
MEA
LET letter-paper, teg ami-no -kami. lettuce, rettasu. liability, sekinin.
lose, to, (an article),
license (permit), menjo.
lose, to (not to win), rnakeru.
down,
to,
lie,
to
life,
inochi.
(tell
lift, to,
neru.
[wo iu. falsehoods), mo
Mkari
;
lucky,
akari.
light, to, (a fire), hi wo taku. light, to, (a lamp), rampu wo tsilkeru.
lilac,
suki.
Limited Company, yugensekinin-kwaisha. line, suji. lion, shishi. lips, kuchibiru.
mokuroku.
list
(catalogue), shina-gaki. little, a, sukoshi. \chiisai. little
(small), chiisa (na)
live, to, (reside),
lively,
saba.
(more
to,
koshiraeru.
male, osu.
lime, ishi-bai.
list,
Mackerel,
maid-servant,
make,
(no).
yuri.
lily,
?io i/oi.
polite), jochu.
konomu;
murasaki
ww
luggage, nimotsu. luggage- van (on railway), kisha no ni-guruma. luncheon, hiru-gozen.
light (colour), usui-iro. light (in weight), karui. light (not dark), akarui. lightning, indbikari.
like, to,
loss (money), sew; sonshitsu. loud, takai; oki (na).
low, hikui.
mochi-ageru.
light, a,
nakusu;
ushinau.
lid, fiita. lie
looking-glass, kagami. loose, yurui.
;
sumau.
nigiyaka (no).
loan, a, kashi-kin. lobster, kuruma-ebi. ,;o wo orosu.
lock, to,
lock (on box, door, &c.)\jdmae. locksmith, jomae-ya.
man, otoko. manage, to, tori-atsukau. manager (chief clerk), banto, manager (of an establishment), shihai-nin. manufactory, seizo-ba. manufacture, to, seizo-suriu manufacturer, seizo-nin. many, oku no ; oi. marble (noun), roseki.
March, san-gwatsu. mark, shirushi ; ato. market, ichiba. market-price, soba.
marine (adj.), kaijo-no. marine insurance, kaijo-hoken. master (of the house), aruji. mat,
tat ami.
lonely, sabishii. long, nagai.
match
look at, to, rairw. look for, to, sagasu.
May (the month), go-gwatsu. meaning, imi.
(for
striking),
haya-
169
MEA
OFF
meanwhile, sono uchi. measure, to, sampo wo torn. meat, niku, mechanic, shoku-nin. medicine, Msuri. meet, to, an. meeting, a, kwai
member
(of
;
shukwai.
an association),
kwai-in.
memorandum,
oboe gaki.
naosn ; tsukurou. merchant, akindo ; shonin.
mend,
to,
message, kotozuke. messenger, tsilkai no mono. middle, mannaka. midnight, yonaka. milk, chichi. mirror, kagami. mist,
moya ;
kiri.
mistake, machigai.
mix, to mix, to
(tr.)j
mazer u.
(intr.),
rnazaru.
Monday, getsuyobi. money, kane; kinsu.
money
(paper-), shihei.
money-changer, ryo-gae-ya. month, tsiiki.
moon,
tsiiki.
more, motto. morning, asa. mountain, yama.
mouth, kuchi. move, to (tr.), ugokasu. move, to (intr.), vgoku. much, takusan. mud, doro. muslin (noun), men-sha. mustard, karashi. mutton, hitsuji-no-niku. mutton-chop, hitmji-nochoppu.
Nail
(of
metal, &c), kugi.
nail (finger-), tsume.
naked, hadaka.
napkin
(serviette), kuchi- Juki,
narrow, semai. nasty (to taste), mazui. near, chikai. nearly, mo sukoshi de. necessary, hitsuyo na. neck, nodo. nui-bari.
needle, hari;
needlework, nuimono. neighbour, kinjo no Into. neighbourhood, kimpen ; kinjo,
nephew, oi. new, atarashii ; shinki (na). news, shimbun. newspaper, shimbunshi. next, tsugi no. niece, mei.
night, ban noise, oto.
;
yoru.
noisy, sozoshii.
noon, hiru. north, kita, nose, hana.
[ivazu.
kamaNovember, ju-ichi-gwatsu. number, kazu. numerous, oi. notwithstanding,
ni
Oak, kashiwa; nara. object (aim), mokuteki. object, to, kosho wo iu. oblige (compel) to, shiite saseru. obscure, bon-yari shito. observe, to, mi-ukeru; ki ga October, ju-gwatsu. [tstiku. ,
of, no.
offer, to, office,
susumeru.
jimusho
;
yaldisho.
170
OFF official,
shikwan
;
PLA
yakunin
often, tabi-tabi.
abura. old (of things), fund. old (of persons), toshiyori (wo). omit, to, otosu. omnibus, nori-ai basha. oil,
onion, negi.
only (adv.), tada ; bakari. open, to (tr.), akeru open, to be, aite iru. opinion, ryohen ; zonjiyori. opposite, no
order
muko
ni.
(arrangement),
[jimjo.
jun;
order, to, ii-tsukeru ; meijiru. other, ato no ; hoka no. out, to go, dern. [soto. out-of-doors; outside, omote ;
patient (invalid), byonin. patient, to be, gaman suru, pattern, moi/5. pay, to, harau. pay-day, kanjo-bi. payee, uketori-kata, payer, harai-nin. payment, harai. pear, naslii.
peas, endo-mame. pen, fude. pencil, empitsu.
penknife, ko-gatana. pepper, kosho. permit, to, shochi suru. person, Into; jin. perspiration, ase.
over, no ue ni.
photograph, shasliin. photographic instruments,
overcoat, gtvaito. owner, mochi-nushi.
photographer, sha-shin-ya.
shashin-kyo.
physician, isha,
package, tsutsumi.
pick, to, tsumu. pick up, to, hirou.
pain, itami.
pickles, tsuke-mono.
painful, itai. paint, penki.
piece-goods, tam-mono.
Pack,
to,
ni-zukuri
ivo suru.
paint, to, (pictures), egaku. painter, ekaki.
pierce, to, tsuki-tosu. pig, buta.
pale, ao-zameta.
pigeon, hato. pill, gican-yaku.
paper, kami. parasol, higasa. parcel, ko-zutsumi.
pillow, makura. pin, tome-bari; hari. pink, momo-iro no.
parent, oya. parsley, seri. particulars, kuwashii.
pipe (for smoking), kiseru. place, basho ; tokoro.
partner (in a firm), sham. party (pleasure), kyakurai. passage (corridor), roka. passenger, noi-kyaku. passport (ryoko-), menjo.
plank,
plaice (fish), karei. ita.
plant, to, ueru.
plant (in general), kilsa, plant (in garden), ueki. plate (dish), sara.
171
PLA
RAI
play, to, asobu.
promise, a, yakusoku. promise, to, yakusoku suru. proper, soto (na) ; sod (na). property, mochimono ; fuddsan. proportion, wari-ai.
play-bill, bandzuke.
pleasure, tanoshimi.
plenty, jubun. pocket, kakiishi; futohoro. pocket-book, kami-ire.
provide,
to,
sonaeru.
pudding, (o)kwashi.
pointed (sharp), togatta. policeman, junsa.
pull, to, hiku.
police-station, keisatsu-sho.
punish,
to,
[suru.
bassuru
;
tsumi
deslii.
polish, to, migaku.
pupil,
polite, teinei (no).
purchase, motomeru.
poor, bimbo, (no). pork, buta no niku. porter (railway-), eki-fu. porter (light), karuko. portmanteau, kahan.
pure (clear), sumi-kitta. [na. pure (unadulterated), junsui
post (letter), yubin. postage, yubin-zei.
postage-stamp, yubin-gitte ; post-card, hagaki. [inshi. postman, haitatsu-nin. post-office, yubin-kyoku. ipost-oftice-ordeic, yubin-kawase.
potato, imo
;
powder, ko
;
(sweet), Satsumapour, to, tsugu. [imo.
kona.
praise, to, homeru.
premium
(of insurance), hoken-ryo. [wo suru. prepare, to, koshiraeru; sMtaku
present (gift), shinjo-mono okuri-mono ; miyage. pretty, kirei (na)
;
;
utsukushii.
prevent, to, samatageru; sasenai.
[atai
;
price (cost, value), nedan prison, roya. probably, tabun. profit, rieki;
programme
ne.
put in, to, ireru. put off, to, nobasu. put on, to (don), kiru. put out, to (extinguish), put up with, to, koraeru.
quilt, futon.
quire (of paper), jo. quite, jUbun ; mattaku.
Rabbit, usagi. radish, aka-daiko. railroad, tetsudo.
&c),
kesu.
Quality (of goods), Jdn-shiisu. quantity, taka ; kasa. quarrel, kenktva. queer, kitai (na). question, gimon ; toi t quick, hayai. quiet, shizuka (na).
;
moke.
(concert, ban-dzuke.
purple, murasaki. purpose, on, waza-waza. purse, kane-ire; kinchaku. push, to, osu. put, to, oku ; sueru. put away, to, katazukeru.
railway carriage, rain, ame.
kislia.
172
SAL
EAI
rice (growing), ine. rich, kane-mochi (no).
raise, to, agent.
mare (no). rascal, berabo; waru-mono.
rare,
nezumi. rather (otherwise),
ride, to, noru. ridiculous, okashii.
rat,
kaette
right (proper), honto (no) right (hand), migi. ring, to (tr.), narasu. ring, to (intr.), naru.
;
(somewhat), zuibvn. raw, nama (no). razor, kamisuri.
razor-strop, togi-kawa. reach, to (intr.), oyobu
[(
na )>
ripe (of fruit), juku shita. river, kawa.
ready money, genkin. real, honto (no); mdhoto (no). reason (explanation), wake ;
roast, to, yaku. rock, iwa. roll, to (tr.), korobasu.
receipt, nke-tori. [dori. receipt-book, uketori-cho.
roof, yane.
receive, to, uke-toru.
room,
road, michi.
roll, to (intr.),
korobv.
a, hey a ; zashlki. root (ki no), ne. rope, nawa.
recently, konaida. to,
ii.
ring (finger), yubi-wa. ;
read, to, yomu. [todoku. ready, to be, shitaku shite oru.
recommend,
;
susumeru.
rough, arai. round, marui.
red, akai.
reduce in price, to, makeru. reduction (in price), ne-biki.
rub, to, kosuru. rub out, to, kesu.
refuse, to, kotowaru.
register (a letter), to, kakitomeru.
rude,
registered letter, kaki-tomi tegami. relations (kinsmen), shinrui.
rumour, hyoban; uivasa;
remain, to, nokoru remainder, nokori.
remember,
;
to, nigeru. rust, to, sabiru.
Sad, to be, kanashimu. saddle, kura. saddlegirth, hara-obi.
yasumu.
saddler, bagu-ya. safe, daijobu {na). [bako. safe (for money, &c), kane-
retail, ko-uri.
restaurant, ryori-ya. return, to (tr.), kaesu. return, to (intr.), kaeru. o
mamma;
gozen ; gohan.
weshi
[fusetsu.
run away,
amaru.
to, oboeru.
(boiled),
shikkei
;
run, to, kakeru ; hashiru.
repay, to, henkyaku sum.
rice
(na)
rug, ketto.
remittance, okuri-kin. rest, to,
shitsurei
salad, sarado. salary, gekkyu. ;
salt, shio.
salt-cellar, shiwo-ire.
173
SAM
SIT ship (sailing-), homae-sen. ship (screw-), uchi-guruma no ship (steam-), jokisen. [jokiscn.
same, onaji. sample, mihon sand, silna. sardine, iwashi.
shirt, shatsu.
sash (girdle),
shirt
obi.
(flannel), shatsu.
satin, shusu.
furaneru
Saturday, Doyobi. sauce, shoyu.
shirt (under-), shita-jiban. shirt (white), shiroi jiban.
saucepan, nabe.
shoe, kutsu ; han-gutsu. shoe-brush, kutsu-bake.
saucer, shita-zara. save, to, tasukeru. say, to, hanasu school, gakko.
;
shoemaker, kutsu-ya. shoot, to (with firearm), teppfr shop, mise. [wo utsu. shopkeeper, akindo. [hlkiii.
iu.
scissors, hasami.
screw, neji. screw-driver, neji-mawashi. sea,
umi.
second-hand, furute. secret, see, to,
himitsu (na) miru.
[{no).
naisho
;
(of rain), yudachi.
;
shiba-'ebi.
shut, to (tr.), shimeru. sick, to feel, mune ga
seem, to, mieru. seldom, mare ni. self, onore; jibun; jishin. sell, to, uru. send, to, yaru ; tsukawasu. hanarete
shower
shrimps,
seed, tane.
separately,
short (of stature), sei no short (in length), mijikai. shoulder, kata. show, to, miseru.
side,
sign, shirushi.
namae wo kaku. sign (board), kamban. sign, to,
betsu-
silent, to be,
dam,am.
silk, kinu.
betsu-ni.
September, ku-gwatsu. servant, hokonin ; meshisew, to, nuu. [tmkai.
silk (raw), klito. silk -thread, kinu-ito.
shade (shadow), kage.
silver, gin.
shape, katachi.
silver-ware, gin-zaiku.
share, to, wakeru shave, to, hige
warm.
ho; kata.
;
wo
[sum. bumped
sum
;
silly,
baka
(ni).
simple, wakari-yasui ; teg ami. since, kara. [birds), naku.
hige wo soru. she, ano Into ; ano onna. shelf, tana.
sing, to (of persons), utau; (of sister (elder), ane. sister (younger), imoto.
shine, to, tern.
sit, to, (as
ship, fume.
ship (merchant-), shosen.
Europeans), koshi
wo kakeru. sit, to, (as
Japanese), suwanj-.
174
STO
BIZ
make
speech, to
size, okisa.
skin, kawa. sky, sora.
a,
enzetsu
sunt.
spend,
tsuiyasu
to,
tsukau.
;
spider, kumo.
sleep, to, neru. sleepy, neviui.
spirits (liquor), shochu.
sleeve, sode.
spoil, to, sonjiru.
slide, to, suberu.
spoon,
slipper, uwa-gutsu.
spoon
slow, osoi.
spring, to (leap), tobu.
slowly, sliidzuka ni. small, chiisai ; chiisa (na). smell, a, nioi. smoke, to, tabako wo nomu.
spring (-time), haru. spring (water), izumi. springs (of a vehicle), bane. square, sJnkaku (na).
smoke, kemuri. sneeze, to, kushami wo sunt. snow, yuki. sonna ni
so,
;
so.
[ni).
yawaraka
yawarakai ;
soil (earth), tsuchi.
[su.
soldier, heitai ; heishi solid (adj.), katai.
somebody, dare ka. something, nani ka. sometimes, toki- ori ; somewhere, doko ka.
;
heisot-
stamp (postage-), yubin-kiite. stamp (revenue), shoken-i?ishi. stand, to
(intr.),
star, hoshi. starch, nori.
start,
to (set
tatsu.
[suru ; tatsu. shuttatsu
out),
state (condition), station, teisha-ba. ori-fuslii.
son-in-law, muko. [zannen.
own
yosu;
ari-
[sama.
station-master, eki-cho. steal, to,
son, musilko.
song, uta. soon, jiki ni. sorry (for one's
umaya.
stable (livery-), shakuba-ya. staircase, hasJiigo-dan. stale, furukusai.
shabon. soda-water, soda-mizu. soa.p,
soft,
stable,
saji.
(tea-), cha-saji.
nusumu.
steam, yitge; joki. steamer, joklsen. steel, hagane. [kata. steward (on ship), makanai-
sorry (for another), kinodoku.
stick, to (adhere), kuttsilku. stiff, katai.
sound (noun),
still (yet
sake),
oto.
more), motto.
(tranquil), shizuka (na).
soup, soppu. sour, suppai. south, minami. sow, to, maku. sparrow, suzume.
still
spectacles, megane. [toki suru. speculate, to (in stocks, &c.) ;
stop, to (intr.), tomaru. store (shop), wise.
still (yet),
nao
;
mada.
stirrup, abumi.
stone, ishi. stop, to (tr.), tomeru.
175
STO
TIC
story (tale), hanashi. Straight, massugu
tea-caddy, cha-ire. tea-chest, chabukuro.
(71a).
tea-cup, cha-nomi-jawan.
strange, fushigi (no) stranger, shiranai hito. straw, icar a. .
tea-dealer, cha-shonin. tea-grower, chashi.
tea-house, chaya.
strawberry, ichigo. street, tori ; machi. strength, chikara.
tea-kettle, tetsu-bin. tea-plantation, cha-ba-take.
string, ito.
tea-pot, kibisho.
strong, tsnyoi. student, shosei.
\ji.
tea-spoon, cha-saji. teach, to, oshieru. sensei; shisho.
garments, &c), kirestumble, to, tsumazuku ; fumistupid, baka (ni). [hazusu.
tear, to (tr.), saku tears, namida.
suck, to, suu. sugar, sato.
telegram, dernpo. telegraph -form, rai-shin-shi.
stuff (for
kanau
suit, to,
sum
(total),
;
ki ni iru,
shime-daka.
summer,
natsu.
sun, hi;
taiyo.
Sunday, dontaku sunrise, hi no de. sunset, hi no iri.
to,
;
nichiyobi.
;
telephone, denwa.
[kyoku.
tsilkue;
tenant, shakuya-nin. than, yori.
there, astiko
;
in.
soko
therefore, da kara
; ;
teifuru.
thigh, momo. thimble, yubi-nuki.
tailor, shttate-ya. take, to, torn.
think, to,
tack (small nail), lyo.
talk, to, tall, sei
tema-doru.
hanasu ; hanashi wo no takai. [sum.
taste, ajiicai.
tax,
nengu;
tea, cha.
zei.
kara
they, ano Mto-tachi ; kare-ra. thick (in consistency), koi. thick (dimension), atsui. thief, dorobo.
tail, s/tipj)o.
to,
achira. desti
(politer),
table (writing-), kaku-dai. table-cloth, teberu-kake.
take time,
yabuku.
telegraph-office, denshin-
thank, to, rei wo then, sono toki.
oyogu.
Table, dai;
;
telescope, boenkyo', to-megave. tell, to, hanasu ; iu ; kataru.
supper, yumeshi. sweep, to, haku. sweet, amai.
swim,
teacher, kyoshi
thin, to be, yasete iru.
omou;
thirsty, to be, throat, nodo.
zonjiru.
nodo ga [kawaku.
through, toshite ; totte. throw, to, nageru, horn. Thursday, mokuyoii. ticket, kippu.
176
UNF
TIC ticket (return), ofuku-gippu. tie, to, shibaru.
train (railway), kisha; ressha. tram, tetsudo-basha.
tight, katai.
translate, to, hon-yaku sunt. travel, to, ryoko suru.
till,
made.
time, toki. time-table, jikan-hyo. time, to take, tema-doru
traveller, tabi-bito. tray, bon.
tin, a, burikki.
treat, to, tori-atsukau.
tin (metal), suzu.
tree, ki.
tread, to,
tip (fee), sakate. tired, to get, kutabireru. to,
m;
tremble,
fumu.
to,
furueru.
trick (manner), kUse. trouble, to be in, komaru.
2/0.
toast (bread), yaki-pan. tobacco, tabako.
troublesome, urusai;
tobacco-pipe, kiseru.
trousers, zubon.
tobacco-pouch, tabako-ire. to-day, konnichi; kyo (less
; makoto (no), trunk (receptacle), kaban. shintrust, to, shin-yo sura
toe (ashi no) yubi.
trouble, tekazu.
[polite).
together, issho ni.
tom&ko,aka-nasu. [(less polite). ashita
tongue, shita.
komban; kon-ya.
too (excess), amari. too (as well), mo ; yahari. tool, dogu.
;
miru
try, to, yatte
;
tamesu.
Tuesday, kwayobi. [gopjju, tumbler (glass), mizu-nomitunnel, ana. turn, to (tr.) mawasu. turn, to (intr.) mawaru. turnip, kabu. t
twilight, kure-gata.
tooth, ha.
toothache
true, honto (no)
jiru.
to-morrow, myonichi; tongs (fire), hibashi. to-night,
[(no),-
mendo
[itai.
(to
have),
ha ga
tooth-brush, yoji. tooth-powder, ha-migaki. top, ue {no ho).
touch, to, sawaru towards, no ho ye.
;
fureru.
twine, to
(intr.),
twist, to, hineru
karamu ;
nejiru
Ugly (to the sight), miguumbrella, komori-gasa. [rushii. unable, to be, dekinai. unavoidable, yondokoronai.
towel, te-nugui.
uncle,
town town town
uncomfortable, fujiyu (no). under, no shita ni.
miyako. (port), minato. (post), shuku. (capital),
trade, boeki;
akinaL
trade-mark, shohyc.
tradesman, akindo.
oji.
understand,
to,
wakaru;
shochi suru.
undress, to, kimono wo nugit. unfortunately, ai-niku.
177
UNH
WID
un h appy fu - sh ia wase.
.
[n a)
,
unkind, funinjo ; fUshinsetsu unwell, ambai ga ivarui. unwholesome, to be, doku ni upon, no ue ni. [nam. upright
(erect),
upset, to
massugu
(na).
upstairs, nikai. urgent, kyu na. (na)
;
yaku ni
tatsu.
useless,
yaku ni tatanai.
usual, tsune (no)
;
lieizei
Yain, nama-iki
(na) ne-uchi.
;
(no).
koman
value, atai [(na). various, iro-iro (no) ; ironna. veal, ko-ushi-no-niku. ;
vegetables, yasai (mo7io).
vegetable-marrow, shiro-uri. velvet, birodo. vice,
fu-mimochi ; akuhei.
view, (prospect), mi-harashi village, sato
;
mura.
;
[keshiki.
vinegar, su. violent, te-arai.
warm, atatakai; atataka warn, wash,
to, to,
(na).
imashimeru. arau.
way (road), michi. [ambai. way (manner), shtkata; yd; weak, yowai. wear, to (tr.), kiru. wear, to (intr.), motsu. weather, yoki; tenki.
Wednesday,
suiyobi.
week, shukan. weigh, to (tr.), hakaru. weight, mekata. well (in health) j jobu (na). well, to get, naoru. west, nishi. wet, to be, nurete iru. wheel, kuruma ; wa.
when ?
visitor, kyaku. voice, koe.
which
(book), satsu.
tokei.
watch-maker, tokeiya. [yu. water (cold), mizn ; (hot), (o)
virtue (goodness), zen. pay a, tazunete kuru.
visit, to
volume
kura.
watch (timepiece),
use, to, mochiiru; tsilkau.
choho
[kabe. ;
waste, to (tr.), tsuiyasu muda ni tsilkau. [ban wo suru. watch, to, ki wo tsukeru;
upside down, sakasama.
useful,
(mud),
wash-hand bowl, chozu-darai.
hikkuri-kaesu.
(tr.),
wall (stone), uhibei;
want, to, hoshii. warehouse, dozo
itsu ?
where, tokoro
;
where
doko?
?
? dove ?
white, shiroi. who ? dare ? donata
?
vulgar, gehin (na).
whole, mina; sotai wholesale, oroshi.
Wages,
kyukin. waistcoat, chokki. wait, to, matsu.
wholesale-dealer, oroshi-ya. wholesome, to be, Jmsuri ni
waiter, kyuji.
why
waiting-room, machi-ai-ba. walk, to, arukii. Japanese Grammar Self-Taught.
wide (haba
(no).
nam. ?
naze
?
do in wake
de.
no), hiroi.
width, haba.
N
178
WIN
ZIN hataraku.
win, to, katsu.
work,
wind, to, kuru; maku. wind, the, kaze. window, mado.
work (noun), shigoto. workman, shokunin.
window-shutters, mado no
to,
world, sekai. worth, atai ; ne-uchi. worthless, tsuwaranai.
to.
wine, sake ; budoshu. wine-glass, sakazuki. wing, hane.
wound, kizu ; kega. wrap up, to, tsutsumu. wrist, te-kubi.
winter, fuyu. wipe, to, nuguu ; fuku. wire, harigane. wish, to, hoshii (adj.).
write, to, kaku. wrong (adj.), ivarui
with (together), to issho ni. with (by means of), de; de
Yawn, to, akubi year, toshi.
motte.
woman,
onna;
wonderful,
mezurashii
yellow, ki-iroi. [(more polite). sakujitsu yesterday, kino ; yolk (of egg), ki-mi. young, wakai.
myo
;
(fire-), ki.
wool, rasha; ke. woollen -cloth, rasha.
word, kotoba.
sum.
yearly, mai-nen.
(more ;
ffohitji (na). (trees), viori.
(no)
wood wood
[polite).
fujin
machi-
year, this, kotoshi. year, last, saku-nen. year, next, myo-nen.
withdraw, to (intr.),shirizoku. witness, shoko-niv.
[gatta. ;
Zeal, nesshin. i
zinc, totan.
179
Money, Weights and Measures.
—
With the exception of the hiro and the tsubo, all the names of the measures, weights, &c., given in the following tables are of Chinese origin, and are accompanied by the Chinese numerals only.
Note.
Money.
1.
The currency
decimal the unit is the yen, a silver coin equivalent to about two English shillings (50 cents. American), which has taken the place of the Mexican dollar, formerly used in Japan but now obsolete. One yen = 100 sen one sen = 10 rin. is
;
;
Gold
pieces of 2,
5,
10 and 20 yen are also coined.
Copper coins vary from
A
of a sen (1 rin) to 2 sen.
There is also a paper currency, consisting of notes of from 5 sen up to 10 and 20 yen. Not only in the towns, but throughout Japan generally, paper money, and especially that of the Bank of Japan, is regarded with more favour than gold or silver coin.
Banking transactions, and indeed commercial transactions framed on English models. Thus, ordinary and telegraphic money orders are issued there is a Post Office Savings Bank and Letters of Credit, Bills of Exchange and Bankers' Orders are all in constant use.
in general are
;
;
2.
10 rin 10 fun 100 momme 160 „ 1000 ,, *
— = =
Weights.
1
fun
=
1
momme
=58
1
hyaku-me
=1 =1
kin
kamme
= = =
5.8 grs. ,,
about f
lb.
(av.)
1.325 lbs.* 8.28 ,,
Usually reckoned li lb. avoirdupois in transacting business with
foreigners.
180
Long Measure.
8.
= .1193 in. (£ in.) = 1 bu = 1 sun = 1.193 (U in.) - U 93 in