A Grammar of Classical Japanese

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английский Pages [328] Year 2009

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Katsuki-Pestemer N. -

Table of contents :
Abbreviations
Tables
Figures
Preface
Acknowledgement
Chapter 1:Introduction
1.1 Transcription
1.1.1 Transcription of Classical Japanese
1.1.2 Transcription of proper nouns
1.2 Morphological segmentation
1.3 Classification of Classical Japanese
1.4 Linguistic terminology
1.5 Literary works
1.6 Example sentences
Chapter 2: Phonetics and Phonology
2.1 Phonemes and phonograms
2.2 The vowels A, e, 0/
2.3 Hiatus and long vowels
2.4 Consonants
241 The nasals /ji!ル n/
242 The phonograms み[iqi] and 殳[iqe]
2.4 .3 The graphemes v は,ひ一ふ,へ,ほ,and exceptions in pronunciation
243 .1 The graphemes v は，ひ,ふ,へ,R〉with their nominal pronunciations
243 .2 The grapheme < ふ > with the pronunciation of [o]
2.4.4 The double consonants /kw/ and /gw/ with the vowel [a]; わ[kiqa] and ぐわ[gnja]
2.4 .5 The consonants は]and [dz] with the vowel [i]:じ[別 and ち[d列
2 4.6 The consonants [z] and [dz] with the vowel [m]:ず（zni] and づ[dzin]
Excercise
Chapter 3: Morphosyntax
3 .1 Word classes
3.2 Agglutination
3 3 Sentences
331 Sentence constituents
3.3.2 Omission of constituents
3.3.4 Sentence length
3.4 Inflection forms
3,4.1 Inflectional and noninflectional word classes
3,4.2 Some differences between adjectives in Classical and Modern Standard Japanese
3.5 Classical expressions used in Modern Standard Japanese .
Chapter 4: Word Class Descriptions
4.1 Different interpretations of Japanese Grammar
4.2 General features of Classical Japanese lexemes
4.3 Nouns (MHs勿[名詞：N])
431 Noun conversions
4.4 Pronouns (Da/me/s初[代名詞:ProN])
4.4.1 Classification of Japanese pronouns
4.4.2 Main features of pronouns
4.4.3 Personal pronouns from the Nara Period (710-784) to the Edo Period (1603-1867)
4.4.3.1 The Nara Period (710-784)
4.4.3.2 The Heian Period (794-1185)
4.4.3.3 The Kamakura Period (1192-1333)
443.4 The Muromachi Period (1338-1573)
4.4.3.5 The Edo Period (1603-1867)
4.4.4 Demonstrative pronouns from the Nara Period (710-784) to the Edo Period (1603-1867)
4.4.4.1 The Nara Period (710-784)
4.4.4.2 The Heian Period (794-1185)
4.4.4.3 The Kamakura Period (1192-1333)
4.4.4.4 The Muromachi Period (1338-1573)
4.4.4.5 The Edo Period (1603-1867)
4.4 5 Reflexive pronouns
4.5 Adjectives (ADJ)
4.5.1 Renfa/s/7/-Adjectives (連体詞[R])
4.5.2 Keiyous力j-Adjectives (ガチ容ラ司[K])
4.5.2.1 Adjustability of ke/yoush/-adjectives
4.5.2.1.1 The proper keiyoushi-inflection
4.5.2.1.2 Morphology of the ね注inflection of ke/yous/7/-adjectives
4.5.2.2 Semantic differences between ke/yousカルadjectives of ku- and shiku-inflection types
4.5.2.3 A syntactic difference between the proper inflection and the kan-inflection
4.5.2.4 Exceptional inflections
4.5.3 Keシot/dous力/"adjectives （形容動詞［KD］）
4.5.3.1 Inflection forms of keシoudous力、adjectives （fl？容動《司［KD］）
4.5.3.2 Evolution of keiyoudoushi-adec^es （刊ク容動詞［KD］）
4.5.3.3 Examples of keiyoudoushbadjec^Mes （flク容動詞［KD］）
4.6 Phonological changes
4.6.1 U-onbin （ウ音（W） of keシous/?Aadjectives
4.6.2 l-onbin （イ音便）of keiyoushi-adiectives
4.6.3 Hatsu-onbin （授音便）of the auxiliary na「i （なり）.and of the keiyousnn and keシoudoushAadjectives
4.6.3.1 Hatsu-onbin （撥音イ更）of the auxiliary nari （なり）
4.63.2 Hatsu-onbin （撥音便）of keルoudot/sカ、adjectives
4.6.3.3 Hatsu-onbin （撥音イ更）of keレo“s/?Aadjectives of the ね斤-inflection
4.7 Verbs （Doushi ［動詞:V］）
4.7.1 Inflection forms and their abbreviations
4.7.2 Morphological change
4.7.3 A comparison of types of verbal inflection in Classical Japanese and Modern Standard Japanese
4.7.4 Regular verbs
4.7.4.1 Ybdan-verbs （四玳活用動詞）
4.7.4 2 Kam/-n/-verbs （上二欣活用動詞）
4.7.4.3 Shimo-nNerbs （下二欣活用動詞）
4.7.4.4 Kamnchi-y/erbs （上一段活用動詞）
4 7.4.5 Shimo-ichi-yerbs （下一段活用動詞）
475 Irregular verbs
47.5.1 Ka-hen-verbs （カ行変格活用動詞）
47.5.2 Sa-hen-verbs （サ行変格活用動詞）
47.5.3 Na-hen-verbs （ナ行変格活用動詞）
47.5.4 Ra-hen-verbs （ラ行変格活用動詞）
4.7.6 Morphological analysis of verbs
4.7.7 Phonological changes in verbs
4.7 7.1 U・onbin （ウ音愧）
477.2 /-〇帅而（イ音便）
477.3 Hatsu-or制”（撥音便）
477.4 Soku-o "bin （ほ昔慄）
47.8 Ku-gohou （ク譲法）
4.8 Auxiliaries （Jodoushi ［助動詞:AUX］）
4.8.1 General features of auxiliaries
4.8.1.1 Morphology
4 8.1.2 Semantics
4.8.1.3 Components of morphosyntactic, semantic and pragmatic functions
4.8.1.4 Conflation of functions
4.8.2 Auxiliaries and inflection categories
4.8.3 Auxiliaries and inflection forms
4,8.4 Auxiliaries, agglutination, and complementarity
4.8・5 Some remarks on auxiliaries
4.8.6 Japanese technical terms
4 9 Postpositions （Joshi［助詞:PP］）
4.9.1 Categories of postposition
4 9.2 Salient features of Classical Japanese postpositions
4.9.2.1 Multifunctionality
4 9 2.2 Polysemy
4.9 2.3 Concord
4.9.2.4 Modality
4.9.2.4.1 The syntactic difference between the modality-expressing PPs of Types 1 and 2
4.9 3 Case-marking PPs （Kaku-joshi ［格肋詞］）
4.9.4 Syntactic-semantic type of PPs （Kaka打ダos力“係肋詞］）
4.9.4.1 Concord of syntactic-semantic type of PPs: Kakari-musubi no housoku （係り結びの法則）
4.9.4.2 Ellipsis of referents
4.9 5 Adverbial PPs （Fukuyoshi ［副助詞］）
4.9.6 Conjunctive PPs （Setsuzoku^joshi ［接統助詞］）
4.97 Type 1 modality-expressing PPs （Shuu-joshi ［終肋詞］）
4.9.8 Type 2 modality-expressing PPs （Kantou-joshi ［間投助,司］）
4.10 Adverbs （Fukushi ［副詞:ADV］）
4.10.1 Morphosyntactic classification of adverbs
4.10.1.1 True adverbs
4.10.1.2 Derivational adverbs
4.10.1.3 Conversions
4.10.1.4 Compounds
4.10.1.5 Other morphological forms of adverb
4.10.2 Adverbs in agreement with other lexical items
4.10.3 Semantic categorisation of adverbs and adverbials
4.10.4 Multifunctionality and polysemy
4.11 Conjunctions （Setsuzokushi［接続詞：CNJ］）
4.11.1 Salient features
4.11.2 Morphological categorisation of conjunctions
4.11.3 Semantic classification of conjunctions
4.11.3.1 Examples
4.12 Exclamatives/lnterjections （Kantoushi ［間投詞：EXC/INJ］）
4.12.1 Works on Japanese grammar
4.12.2 Classification of exclamatives/interjections
4.12.3 Interjections and literature
4.12.4 Phonological and morphological features of exclamatives/interjections
4.12.5 Semantic featu res
4.12.6 Examples
4.13 Numeral quantifiers （Suushi ［数詞:Numeral QTF］）
4.13.1 A short history of numeral quantifiers
4.13.2 Numerals and counting systems
4.13.3 Classifiers （Josuushi［肋義詞：CF］）
4.13.4 Morphosyntactic functions of numeral quantifiers
4.13.5 Examples
Chapter 5: Honoratives
5.1 Classification of honorifics in Classical Japanese
5.2 Characteristic features of honorative verbs
521 Honorifics: some examples
5.3 Multiple honorifics
5.3.1 Hojodoushi （補助動詞）
5.3.2 Multiple honorifics: some examples
5.4 Honorifics expressing the highest degree of respect
5.4.1 Other verbal compounds expressing a high degree of politeness
Chapter 6: Rhetoric
6.1 Waka （和号欠:Classical Japanese poems）
6.2 Rhetoric in waka （ス口取:Classical Japanese poems）
6.2.1 Makura-kotoba （）
6.2.2 Kake-kotoba （第卜詞）
6.2.3 Jo-kotoba （幷詞）
6.2.4 Engo （縁語）
6.2.5 Honka-dori （本歌取り）
6.2.6 Kakushbdai （隠題）
6.2.7 〇〃ku （折句）
6.2.8 Kugire （句切れ）
6.2.9 K/go （李語）
6.2.10 K”句/（切れ字）
Chapter 7: Conclusions
7.1 A short summary
7.2 A summary of analysis
7-2.1 Language contact
7.2.2 Language change
7.3 General characteristics of Japanese language
7.3.1 Simplicity vs. complexity
7.3.2 Multifunctionality, polysemy, and contextuality
7.3.3 Pragmatic markers
7.3.4 Language filtering for adjustment
7.4 leaching Classical Japanese as a second language (L2)
7.5 Concluding remarks
Terminology
References
Index