Chrétien de Troyes : an analytic bibliography 0729300188, 8439963483

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RB

ans RESEARCH BIBLIOGRAPHIES

sae

~ AND CHECKLISTS

_ CHRETIEN DE TROYES ~

ro 1442 KEL

DOUGLAS KELLY

nee

QUEEN

MARY

COLLEGE

(University of London)

LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION

PQ 1451.26 AUTHOR

KELLY, D.

comp. TITLE

Chrétien

de Troyes.

LOCATION & STOCK No. MAIN

LIB.

180993

QMUL

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_ RESEARCH BIBLIOGRAPHIES & CHECKLISTS

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Chrétien de Troyes: an analytic bibliography

RESEARCH BIBLIOGRAPHIES & CHECKLISTS

ie General editors

A.D. Deyermond, J.R. Little and J.E. Varey

CHRETIEN- DE TROYES AN

ANALYTIC

BIBLIOGRAPHY

by

DOUGLAS KELLY

Grant & Cutler Ltd 1976

©Grant & Cutler Ltd 1976

ISBN0 7293 0018 8

COLLEGE | (LIBRARY

1.S.B.N. DEPOSITO

84-399-6348-3

LEGAL:

Vv. 454-1977

Printed in Spain by Artes Graficas Soler, S.A., Valencia for

GRANT & CUTLER LTD 11, BUCKINGHAM STREET, LONDON, W.C.2.

Editors’ Preface *

*

*

The aim of this series is to provide research students and scholars with bibliographical information on aspects of Western European literature from the Middle Ages to the present day, in a convenient and accessible form. We hope to supplement, not to supplant, existing material. Single authors, periods or topics

will be chosen for treatment wherever a gap needs to be filled and an authoritative scholar is prepared to fill it. Compilers will choose the form appropriate to

each subject, ranging from the unannotated checklist to the selective critical bibliography; full descriptive bibliography is not, however, envisaged. Supple-

ments will be issued, when appropriate, to keep the bibliographies up to date.

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2023 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation

https://archive.org/details/chretiendetroyesOO0Okell

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Abbreviations

A:

Editions

Foerster’s Editions

: Roques’s Editions Separate Editions

: Editions of Doubtful Authorship The Chansons 8 oh SR RORNew Manuscripts vee of Editing a: The Manuscript Tradition b: Textual Editing

Bibliography

‘a: Annual and other Serials b: General Bibliographies

Critical Reviews of Scholarship a: General b: Special Problems

General Studies on Chrétien a: Surveys of All Romances

b: Appreciation c: Erec et Enide

d: Cliges e: La Charrette f \Yvain

g: Perceval

Rhetoric and Poetics a: General Studies b: Studies Stressing Chrétien c: Versification

I] id: 19 19 20 21 Pa 21 Pa| 2 7) ZS) Puig 27, a7 29 29 Zo 31 31 32 oS, 33 aS SP) 33 35 35 4] 43

Chrétien de Troyes Topos and Image

Individuals and Individual Types : Figures and Non-Individual Types Animals

: Objects, Places, and Actions - Concepts Sentiments

omance Narrative :Forn - Structure - Characterization

: General Studies

: Chrétien’s Narrative (General) : Erec et Enide

: Cliges Le Chevalier de la Charrette (Lancelot) Yvain : Perceval

AOSTA DHRAR RADY STA llegory and

Symbolism

+, General Studies

: Chrétien’s Romances - Robertsonian Interpretations of Chrétien

- Perceval and Grail Allegory U.T. Holmes, Jr. - Sister M.A. Klenke Interpretation of the Perceval

45 46 46 48 48 50 a OS mE 58 oo 61 61 62 63 67 67 69 70 71

vo CS)\A &2 : The

fi

Modern Conceptions of Symbolism

Language and Linguistics a

Dictionaries

b: Proper Names C.

Grammar: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax

d: Lexicology

é - Semiotics The Adaptation a

>

Analysis and Methodology

Learned Sources a

Classical Antiquity . Hagiography

: History, including Oriental » Romance and Lyric & aan a : Scholarly

or Learned Traditions

72 74 75 pe} 75 7 76 78 79 79 8&3 8&3 85 85 88 89

Table of Contents

f N:

The Bible, including Apocrypha

WNon-Learned Sources

Celtic Sources

a:

a.a: Background a.b: Transmission

a.c: Special Problems: Themes - Images - Figures

a.d: Stress on Chrétien’s‘Romances a.e: The “‘Mabinogionfrage”’ a.f: Arthurian Names

a.g: Criticism of Celtic Theories b: Non-Celtic or Folklore Studies P:

Influences a:

French Literature

b: German Literature Celtic Literature

: English Literature : Dutch and Flemish Literatures

Scandinavian Literatures

: Spanish Literature

SSO xr AD > Italian

Literature

Q: Literary History and Sociology

a: b: Ce da: e: R:

Political and Social History Cultural History Knighthood and Chivalry Realism

Sociology

Biography and Chronology a: Problems of Chronology in Medieval French Literature

/ (BP \ Chrétien S: Problems o f Courtly Love re General Studies b: Chrétien cs Chrétien and the Tristan Legend T:

The Grail a:

The Object

b: The Ceremony c: Art History

90 91 Me 91 92 93 95 97 oo 99 100 101 101 104 108 108 109 109 109 110 ia 111 LZ 114 116 116 ELD 119 119 123 124 £27, ie Hey! {31 133 134

Chrétien de Troyes U:

135 135 136 E37. 139 139 141 141 142 143 145 147

Modern Interpretive Methodologies

a: Psychology b: Psychoanalysis c: Anthropology V:

The Chansons a: Studies

W:

Works of Uncertain Attribution a: Philomena

b: Guillaume d’ Angleterre c: Other Attributions Index of Romances Index of Authors

10

/

PREFACE

Chrétien scholarship is marked by a dichotomy between content and form, that is between emphasis on history and emphasis on archetype. The former is diachronic, stressing the text as part of a chronological sequence; the source or

background is deemed essential to correct understanding. Surprisingly, there is little concern for subsequent adaptations of Chrétien’s text, and, in some extreme

cases, for the text itself. Emphasis on archetype leads to a quest for the text almost as a thing-in-itself, for deep structures and textuality that transcend or subsume textual diversity. The context seems to lie outside historical time and place, although it more frequently derives from diachronic reference to other texts; hence

the stress on genre and generic characteristics.

The editing of

Chrétien has remained by and large aloof from these worries, although other antitheses are apparent

in the field: manuscript correction versus manuscript

autonomy. The upshot is that we do not now have, nor does there seem to be forthcoming, a truly critical edition of Chrétien by any standard of editing. This

is in marked contrast to Chrétien’s important contemporaries Marie de France, Thomas d’Angleterre, and Beroul.

Curiously, modern critical positions have tended to become impositions by their exclusivity. They reflect the standards and credos

of given decades of

Chrétien scholarship, or of the nationalities of different scholars. Each specialization or emphasis is not necessarily alien to Chrétien’s own artistic preconceptions

and intentions, and specifically to what Chrétien has to say about his writing. Yet, a survey of Chrétien scholarship from decade to decade offers evidence of the prejudices and established

methodologies that historians of science have

begun to discern and study in their own disciplines.! In the case of Chrétien, the whole is greater than the specialized parts, but the parts, as scholarship, derive from a specific whole that most scholars and critics may view in its entirety, even if they do not always choose to do so. There is certainly much to see, and several

perspectives are open for specialized emphasis, provided the results are suitable

for integration into the total image of.Chrétien’s art and thought. Chrétien is a LES:

Kuhn,

The Structure

of Scientific Revolutions

11

(Chicago,

1962; 2nd ed., 1970).

Chrétien de Troyes more self-conscious and original writer than his peers in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. He raises explicit questions about structure and style, sources and social values, originality and tradition, and from them have sprung the most varied interpretations and specializations. Thus, the diversity of Chrétien scholarship is a measure of the diversified romances he wrote. Yet specialization has narrowed: Celtic or Latin sources?

courtly love or Christian morality?

psycho-

logy or typology? literary sociology or structuralism?

However, if we view these antitheses as a dialectic, there emerges a composite view of Chrétien that is surely more valid for his art, and the realities and ideals he sought to express. Sensible scholarship in one’s own specialization precludes neither an awareness of the borders of specialized inquiry, nor an appreciation of facets of Chrétien’s writing apparent in fields of investigation that are ultimately complementary

rather than mutually exclusive. The more

probing question: How is a given

critical approach complementary to others? introduces historical considerations relating source

professed

study to the art of adaptation,

concerns

archetypal

of the author as narrator, psychological

structures to the

and typological

interpretation to medieval rhetoric and, especially, topical invention. Such sub-

jects are pertinent to medieval literature; Chrétien raised them himself in the prologues, epilogues, and authorial digressions of his romances.

These considerations have determined the arrangement of the principal sec-

tions in this analytic bibliography, and justify some of the general and specific cross-references. The bibliography offers the student a survey of the principal modern

approaches to Chrétien as they bear on concerns

expressed by the

author/narrator in the romances and chansons. Some scholars may object to the place assigned to their work in the classification. Nonetheless, to overcome the problems caused by divergent terminology, I have tried to classify separate items within groups adumbrated by Chrétien’s own references to his writing. Crossreferences are used only where a second or third subject is truly prominent in

the given item; otherwise, the bibliography would be unmanageable. Moreover, general studies (E) are not usually cross-listed. The intent of this bibliography is to provide assistance for literary criticism. However,

it includes whatever

has, in almost one hundred

years of constant

Chrétien scholarship, been considered literary. Indeed, one of the more intriguing features of an analytic bibliography is the way in which it brings together divergent methods and terminologies valid in different times and places, and even

in the same times and places. Now, the terminology and method of one specializa-

tion, even when out of date or — what is perhaps the same thing — of diminished

12

Preface

appeal, is usually pertinent in some way to newer disciplines and fields of investigation and study. For example, although Chrétien’s possible sources are

no longer deemed sufficient to account for his qualities or to demonstrate that he has none, the investigation into his sources has suggested what kind of material he knew and has provided one means to gauge his originality and conventionality. By the same token, his influence cannot be neglected, as studies in comparative literature and literary history show. New critical and linguistic methods,

the application

of psychoanalysis and anthropology

to Chrétien’s

romances should not be ignored either, as they offer reasonable explanations for recurrent themes, images, and patterns which are understandable by the nature of

the human mind, and thus are not entirely or even necessarily dependent on conscious

influences.

This is also true for allegorical studies often blind to

significance other than that which society or convention imposes. The author does have a mind, and medieval invention did refer back to a mental archetype; the elaboration of source material was expected to conform to that archetype. The finished product was thus an imitation. Imitation includes source(s) and

rhetorical elaboration of the source(s) in conformity with the author’s mental

image of what his adaptation should resemble. The mental image includes not only conscious imposition of an ideal or ideology, but also of social views and

visions; and, no doubt, unconscious projections enter into it as well. The bibliography contains not only specialized studies on Chrétien, but also works that may not even refer to him, but that suggest worthwhile new approaches. Of course, some selection has been necessary with regard to the latter; preference has been given to representative or authoritative studies, since they offer extensive bibliography in notes and provide some basis for future investigation. The sections and sub-divisions vary in detail according to the variety and sophistication of relevant scholarship and criticism. Broader biblio-

graphies must be consulted for material on Chrétien’s contemporaries (see C). Since the great number of items is incompatible with detailed commentary on

separate

listings, the student

is encouraged

to consult, where

necessary or

appropriate, bibliographies like those in the BBSJA (CaS), which contain summaries; the listings recorded in the BBSIA

are included at the end of each entry

by volume and item number in parentheses. The section heading further identifies the subject, and, in most cases, the title itself is sufficient to indicate the

subject and scope of the item. Sometimes the vagaries of critical terminology imposed a rather loose application of the section headings (see especially H, J, Q). But, for the student, this will suggest the variety and even uncertainties of

13

Chrétien de Troyes scholarship, and will assist him in determining, in a meaningful way, how to

approach and present clearly his own

research. I have tried to be objective,

although even in outline the bibliographer cannot escape personal views and/or preferences.

Reduction of the bibliography by an arbitrary cut-off point excluding earlier work — say about 1930 — has been rejected in favor of as complete a survey as

possible. All entries are in chronological order within each sub-division, with alphabetical

order by author

within

a given year. I have tried to examine

personally each item included; and I have had the assistance of Ms Beth Wilson, who kindly examined and sent me xeroxes of items in libraries at Princeton and in Florence and Poitiers. Items which I have been unable to examine are marked by an asterisk.

14

ABBREVIATIONS Acme

Acme: Annali della’Facolté di Filosofia e Lettere dell’ Universita di Milano AJFS Australian Journal of French Studies Ann. Bret. Annales de Bretagne ArR Archivum Romanicum AStnSpr Archiv fiir das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen AUMLA Journal of Australasian Universities Modern Language and Literature Association BBSIA-BBIAS Bulletin Bibliographique de la Société Internationale Arthurienne — Bibliographical Bulletin of the International Arthurian Society BJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands Library CAIEF Cahiers de l’Association Internationale des Etudes Francaises C&M Classica et Medievalia CCM Cahiers de Civilisation Médiévale Classiques Francais du Moyen Age CFMA Cs Comparative Literature Comparative Literature Studies CLS CN Cultura Neolatina Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift fiir Literaturwissenschaft und DVj Geistesgeschichte Esp L'Esprit Créateur Etudes Celtiques Et. Celt. Etudes Germaniques Et. Germ. Euph Euphorion Filologia Romanza FiR Filologia Moderna FM Forum for Modern Language Studies FMLS French Review FR French Studies FS Giornale Italiano di Filologia GIF Germanisch-romanische Monatsschrift GRM Histoire littéraire de la France HLF L’Information Littéraire Inf. Litt. Journal des Savants JS Kentucky Foreign Language Quarterly KFLQ Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny KN

15

Chrétien de Troyes

N&Q Neophil NM NMS OrL PAPS PBB

PMLA RBPH RF RFE RG

Spec Sprk SUC Symp TLF TLL Trad

Kentucky Romance Quarterly Les Lettres Romanes Le Moyen Age Medievalia et Humanistica Medium Aevum Modern Language Notes Modern Language Quarterly Modern Language Review Modern Philology Marche Romane Medieval Studies Notes and Queries Neophilologus Neuphilologische Mitteilungen Nottingham Mediavai Studies Orbis Litterarum Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Pauls und Braunes Beitrage zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur Publications of the Modern Language Association of America Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire Romanische Forschungen Revista de Filologia Espanola Romanica Gandensia Romanistisches Jahrbuch Revue de Littérature Comparée Revue des Langues Romanes Revue du Moyen Age Latin Romania Romance Notes Romance Philology Romanic Review Studi Francesi Studi Medievali Studia Neophilologica Studies in Philology Speculum Sprachkunst Saggi di Umanismo Cristiano Symposium Textes Littéraires Francais Travaux de Linguistique et de Littérature (Strasbourg) Traditio

16

Abbreviations

VR Ww LCS YFS CP. ZdP ZfdA ZfSL bapte

Vox Romanica Wirkendes Wort Yorkshire Celtic Studies Yale French Studies Zeitschrift fiir celtische Philologie Zeitschrift fiir deutsche Philologie

_Zeitschrift fiir deutsches Altertum Zeitschrift fiir franzOsische Sprache und Literatur Zeitschrift fiir romanische Philologie

17

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A: EDITIONS There exists no truly critical edition of Chrétien’s romances, although Hilka’s Perceval (Aa4) comes closest. Examples of carefully prepared, and thus exemplary and authoritative, editions of romances contemporary with Chrétien are: Marie de France, Le Lai de Lanval. Ed. J. Rychner, with P. Aebischer. Geneva 1958.

The Continuations of the Old French Perceval. alii]. Philadelphia 1949- .

Ed. W. Roach

[et

The future editor of Chrétien’s romances should strive to emulate the high standard of editorial competence exemplified in these editions. The editions of Foerster and Hilka are based on all manuscripts known in their time, but editorial intervention and copying errors make them of uneven quality. See especially Aa3 and Bb. The Lachmann method of textual editing (that is, the establishment of a stemma, or family tree, showing the relation of extant manuscripts to the archetype, and thus serving as a basis for selection among varied readings in attempting to restore the original version), has given way, in recent editions, to the publication of one exceptional manuscript, sometimes with a few variants from related manuscripts. Aa4 contains editions of extensive interpolations in some Perceval manuscripts. a: Foerster’s Editions

Chrétien de Troyes. Sdmtliche erhaltene Werke, Halle, 1884-99; Amsterdam, 1965 (XX.235).

ed. W.

Foerster.

1

Grosse Ausgabe. 4 vols. I. Cliges (1884); II. Der Lowenritter (Yvain) (1887); Ill. Erec und Enid (1890); IV. Der Karrenritter und das Wilhelmsleben (1899).

2

Kleine Ausgabe. 4 vols. I. Erec und Enid (1896, 1909, *1934).

II. Cliges (1888, 1901, 1910, *1921 [abridged, ed. A. Hilka],

Chrétien de Troyes

Aa-b

1934 [ed. H. Breuer] ). Ill. Yvain (1891, *1902, 1906, *1912, *1913, 1926 [ed. A. Hilka], 1942, 1948 [ed. T.B.W. Reid] [1.148], *1958 [selection, ed. R. Baehr] [XI.1], *1966 [ed. R. pact [XIX.1]). IV. Wilhelm von England (1911).

Much of Foerster’s discussion of Chrétien is contained in his editions, and there are often considerable changes from the one to the other. Some reviews are especially important: I. Erec: G. Paris, Rom, XX (1891), 148-66; G. Cohn, ZfSL, XXXVIII, 1 (1911), 95-116; R. Zenker, RF, XL (1926-7), 458-82. II. Cliges: A. Tobler, ZrP, VIII (1884), 293-9; A. Mussafia, Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-historischen Classe der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Vienna), CXLV,10 (1903), 44-64; G. Cohn, ZfSL, XXV, 2 (1903), 146-220; XXVI, 2 (1903), 114-15; XXVII, 1 (1904), 117-59, 349-51. III. Charrette: W.A. Nitze, MP, XXVII (1929-30), 461-6; H.K. Stone, Rom, LXIII (1937), 398-401. IV. Yvain: J. Acher, ZfSL, XXXV,1 (1911), 149-57; E.S. Sheldon, RR, X (1919), 233-49.

Der Percevalroman (Li Contes del graal). Ed. A. Hilka. Halle 1932, 1966. Selections in “Sammlung romanischer Ubungstexte’ ,edA. Hilka (#1935; 1958." 1968) CCXI.2). Hilka’s volume forms part of the Foerster Sadmtliche Werke, though published after Foerster’s death.

b: Roques’s Editions Chrétien de Troyes. Les Romans de Chrétien de Troyes. Ed. M. Roques. CFMA. Paris,1952- .

] 2

Erec et Enide. CPMA, LXXX. Paris, 1952. (V.121). Cliges. Ed. A. Micha. CFMA, LXXXIV. Paris, 1957 (X.82). Le Chevalier de la charrete. CDMA, LXXXVI. Paris, 1958 (X1.79). Le Chevalier au lion (Yvain). CFMA, LXXXIX. Paris, 1960 (XIII.93).

Le Conte du graal (Perceval). Ed. F. Lecoy. CFMA, C- ,

20

Editions

Paris, 1973-

Ab-f

(XXVI_.108).

c: Separate Editions 1

Le Roman de Perceval ou le Conte du graal. Ed. W. Roach. TLF. Geneva, Lille, 1956. Geneva, Paris, 1959 (IX.85, XII.237). ° Preserves line numbers in Aa4.

d: Editions of Doubtful Authorship (see W)

1

See Aal (IV) and Aa2 (IV).

2

Philomena: conte raconté d’aprés Ovide. Ed. C. De Boer. Paris, 1909.

3

Ovide moralisé. Ed. C. De Boer. Verhandelingen der koninklijike Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam. Afdeeling Letterkunde, n.s., XXI. Amsterdam, 1920. Pp. 337-66

(=11.2217-3684). 4

Guillaume d’Angleterre. Ed. M.Wilmotte. CFMA, LV. Paris, 1927.

5

Two Old French Gauvain Romances: ‘Le Chevalier a l’épée’ and ‘La Mule sans frein’. Eds R.C. Johnston and D.D.R.Owen. Edinburgh, London, 1972 (XXV.223). These two romances, heretofore considered anonymous, are ascribed to Chrétien by the editors; each exists in an earlier edition.

e: The Chansons 1

Holland, W.L. Crestien von Troies: eine literaturgeschicht-

liche Untersuchung. Tubingen, 1854. Pp. 228-36. 2

Brakelmann, J. Les Plus Anciens Chansonniers francais (XII°

siécle). Paris, 1870-91. Pp. 42-9. ao

See Ea2, pp. 202*-9*.

4

See Aa4, pp. 798-803.

f: New Manuscripts 1

Pauphilet, A., ed. Le Manuscrit d’Annonay. Paris, 1934, 1966. The Annonay fragments are the earliest manuscripts of Chrétien (twelfth century).

21

Chrétien de Troyes

Af

Thomas, A. “‘Fragment de l’Erec de Crétien de Troies”’, Rom, XLIII (1914), 253-4. Foerster 979-84, 1012-18, 1046-52, 1080-6.

Bertoni, G. “Fragment d’un manuscrit du Chevalier au lion”, Rom, XLIII (1914), 427-9. Foerster 2995-3114, 3593-3712.

Pauphilet, A. “Nouveaux fragments manuscrits de Chrétien de Troyes’, Rom, LXIII (1937), 310-23. Foerster Cliges 3077-3383, 6433-6733; Erec 5419-5726.

Misrahi, J. ‘““Fragments of Erec et Enide and their Relation to the Manuscript Tradition’, PMLA, LVI (1941), 951-61. Foerster 5359-81, 5385-5407, 5412-32, 5436-57.

Jodogne, O. “Fragments de Mons: I. Erec et Enide de Chrétien de Troyes’, LR, IV (1950), 311-30 (III.95). Foerster 4389-4663.

Brayer, E. ““Manuscrits de ‘romans bretons’ photographiés a l'Institut de Recherche et d’Histoire des Textes”’, BBSJA, VI (1954), 79-84 (VII.102). Flutre, L.-F. ““Nouveaux fragments du manuscrit dit d’Annonay des ceuvres de Chrétien de Troyes’, Rom, LXXV (1954), 1-21 (VII.104). Foerster Cliges 459-610, 927-1078, 3113-14, 3150-2, 3188-90, 3228-30, 3269-3346, 6470, 6508, 6546, 6584; Yvain 3795-3947, 4101-4252, 4899-4974.

Stigall, J. “The Prague Fragment of Chrétien’s Perceval’’, RPh,

XV (1961-2), 21-9 (XIV.71). Hilka 7695-7730, 7734-69, 7773-7808, 8524-61, 8567-8602, 8606-41.

7812-47,

8481,

8486-8520,

McGrath, R.L. “A Newly Discovered Illustrated Manuscript of Chrétien de Troyes’ Yvain and Lancelot in the Princeton University Library”’, Spec, See Af13.

XX XVIII (1963), 583-94 (XVI.83).

Jodogne, O. “Fragments d’un manuscrit inconnu du Conte du graal: les fragments de Lannoy”’, in: Mélanges Rita Lejeune. Gembloux, 1969. II, pp. 1039-52 (XXIII.103). Hilka 1617-48, 1664-1712, 1728-78, 1794-1842, 1858-1906, 1921-70, 1986-2002. See Af12.

|e

—.

“Le Commentaire d’un fragment namurois du Conte du

22

Editions

Af

graal (le fragment de Lannoy)”’, Académie Royale de Belgique: Bulletin de la Classe des Lettres et des Sciences Morales et Politiques, ser. 5, LVI (1970), 235-47 (XXIV.146). See Af11.

iyo}

Rahilly, L.J. ““Le Manuscrit Garrett 125 du Chevalier de la

charrette-et du Chevalier au lion: un nouveau manuscrit”, Rom, XCIV (1973),.407-10 (XXVI.142). Roques Charrette 1-290, 951-1282, 1461-1628, 2306-2455, 2628-92, 3624-90; Yvain 1-2682, 2845-3822, 3982-5639, 5814-6271. See Ba4.

23

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