The Linguistic Concept of Word: Analytic Bibliography 9783110868920, 9789027921888

Table of contents :
FOREWORD
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
INDEX OF LANGUAGES

Citation preview

JANUA LINGUARUM STUDIA MEMORIAE N I C O L A I VAN WIJK D E D I C A T A edenda curai C. H. VAN SCHOONEVELD Indiana

University

Series Minor,

130

THE LINGUISTIC CONCEPT OF WORD Analytic

Bibliography by

ALPHONSE JUILLAND and

ALEXANDRA ROCERIC

1972

MOUTON THE HAGUE • PARIS

© Copyright 1972 in The Netherlands. Mouton & Co. N.V., Publishers, The Hague. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publishers.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 75-190145

Printed in Belgium by NICI, Printers, Ghent

FOREWORD

This bibliography is devoted to the modern study of the linguistic concept of word: we have selected from books, monographs, articles, and reviews that envisage words as units of expression rather than content, as elements of form instead of meaning, as syntagmatic rather than paradigmatic entities. In other terms, semantic studies have been considered only inasmuch as they rely on meaning as a criterion for determining words as units of expression. Hence, our focus is on criteria and definitions for dividing spoken chains, utterances or sentences into words, i.e., on methods, techniques, and operations designed to establish under what conditions adjacent morphemes are to be interpreted conjunctively, as parts of the same word, or disjunctively, as constituents of different words. Concentrating on segmentation, we have not retained: studies dealing with the identification of words, which attempt to stipulate the conditions under which segments are to be considered as variants of the same word or of different words; studies concentrating on the classification of words, which explore the conditions under which words are to be assigned to the same class or to different classes, and contributions to the systematization of words, whose aim is to establish the relationships which obtain between word classes. We also ignored studies dealing with such wordcentered topics as lexicostatistics, frequency dictionaries, linguistic atlases, lexical fields, statistical laws governing the occurrence of words, etc. In short, we have endeavoured to provide scholars and students with a comprehensive body of information about the concept of word in general and about the principles which govern its delimitation in particular languages.

6

FOREWORD

The present monograph is based on the exhaustive compilation of some 135 studies published after de Saussure Cours de linguistique générale (1916). A few earlier contributions by Meillet, Noreen, Paul, Sweet, etc. have been retained to illustrate the status of our concept in traditional linguistics. An extract from R.H. Robins' A Short History of Linguistics (Bloomington 1968) has been included to provide an aperçu of its development throughout the earlier periods of linguistic science. The study consists of three parts : an Analytic Bibliography, an Index of Subjects, and an Index of Languages. The Analytic Bibliography lists the contributions selected in the alphabetical order of the names of their authors. Each entry consists of three paragraphs : the first gives the name of the author, the title of the study, the place and year of publication (for books and monographs) and the name, volume, and year of the periodical (for articles and reviews), followed by the appropriate page references; the second lists the topics in the order in which they are discussed in the entry, preceded by the appropriate page reference; and the third lists the languages and language families whose words are discussed in the entry, followed by the appropriate page reference or references. The Index of Subjects lists alphabetically the topics discussed in the entries of the Analytic Bibliography; topics are followed by the appropriate page reference or references. The Index of Languages lists alphabetically the languages and language families discussed in the Analytic Bibliography; each language is followed by the appropriate page reference or references. In both Indices, studies are identified by the name of the author: Bloomfield 180 refers to page 180 of L. Bloomfield's Language (Boston 1933). Contributions by the same author are distinguished by the year of publication: Pike (1947) 89 refers to page 89 of K.L. Pike's Phonemics, a Technique for Reducing Languages to Writing (Ann Arbor 1947), whereas Pike (1967) 438 refers to page 438 of K.L. Pike's Language, in Relation to a Unified Theory of Human Behavior (The Hague 1967). Contributions by the same

FOREWORD

7

author published during the same year are distinguished by a postscript letter: Togeby (1965a) 3 refers to page 3 of K. Togeby's "Grammaire, lexicologie et sémantique", Cahiers de Lexicologie 6.3-7 (1965), whereas Togeby (1965b) 90 refers to page 90 of the section entitled "Mot: thème + flexif" in K. Togeby's Structure immanente de la langue française (Paris 1965), 90-3. Although we have tried to cover the ground as exhaustively as possible, a few contributions, notably A. Reichling's Het Woord, een Studie Omirent de Grondslag van Taal en Taal gebruik (Nijmegen 1935), were not available, while others may have escaped our notice. Since we intend periodically to bring this bibliography up to date, suggestions for additions and corrections would be highly appreciated. Stanford 1971

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword

5

Analytic bibliography

11

Index of subjects

60

Index of languages

98

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allen, W.S. Sandhi. The Hague 1962. (13-28) theoretical, phonetic, and historical bases of wd junction. Algonquian Menomini (124), English, Sanskrit (13-28). Ammann, H. Die menschliche Rede: Sprachphilosophische Untersuchungen. Vol. I. Lahr 1925-8. (28) the wd as a basic unit of Inge, (30-1) wd segmentation; (31-2) written sentence; segmentation again; (34) meaning and grammar; wd, meaning, as a phonetic and semantic unit. German (33-5), Greek (34).

(29-30) wd meaning, wd; (33) the wd as a meaning again; wd and sentence; the wd

Bally, Ch. Linguistique générale et linguistique française. Berne 1950. (28) ambiguity of the wd concept; definition problems; criteria for the phonetic wd; written wd; (288) semanteme; syntactic molecule; (289) wd autonomy; (290-301) grammatical wd; (318-26) the phonologic wd; (321) sandhi. French (287-301,318-25), German (294,318, 320), Italian (288), Latin (288-92, 300). Bazell, C.E. Linguistic Form. Istanbul 1953. (6) wd vs morpheme, (9) morphemic component vs single wd; (10-1) sememe vs semantic unit; (51) morpheme, morph, and formative; (59) semantics vs morphemics; (64-7) wds vs im-

12

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

mediate constituents, (67-8) wd defined as a minimal free form; wd criteria: as an independent unit, as a phonological unit, as a distributional unit; (69) traditional morpheme classes; (81-7) the sememe as a basis for semantics, sememe and morphemic structures; (85) formative. Amerindian (58), English (8-9, 51-2, 57-9, 66-7, 82-6), French (54, 59-60, 68), German (54-5, 60, 86), Japanese (55), Latin (7, 9-10, 52, 56, 58, 60, 81, 85), Turkish (9, 52, 55, 60, 67). Bazell, C.E. On the historical sources of some structural units. Misceláneo homenaje a André Martinet; Estructuralismo e historia. La Laguna 1957, 19-29. (25) formation of wd units, wd division; limitations on wd combinations; (26) primary criteria; (28) "universal criteria"; the wd as a unit; synchronic and diachronic considerations; (29) causes and criteria of wd unity. Czech (26-7), French (25), Hungarian (26-7), Latin (25-6), Russian (27-8), Turkish (27-8). Bloch, B. Studies in Colloquial Japanese. Language 22.200-6 (1946). (200-6) sentence, pause-group, wd; also semantic considerations. Japanese. Bloch, B. and Trager, G.L. Outline of Linguistic Baltimore 1942.

Analysis.

(53) meaning; wd and morphology/syntax division; wd and morpheme; (54) wd definition. English (53-5), Latin (55). Bloomfield, L. Language. New York 1933. (178) minimum free form; written wd; (179) wds vs phrases and bound forms; (180) borderline cases; (181) wds not primarily phonetic units; (183) wd and morphology/syntax division; (207) morphologic differences between lnges;

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

13

(209) wds and immediate constituents; (284-7, 296) wd and writing. Aztec (287), Bohemian (182), Chinese (182, 208, 284-7), Old Chinese (296), North Chinese (183, 286), Cree (182), Dutch (182), Egyptian (284-7), English (178-83, 207-9, 296), Eskimo (208), Fox (181), French (179, 181-2, 284), German (284), Old German (296), South German (183), Gothic (180), Greek (182), Ancient Greek (182, 296), Icelandic (182), Ancient Icelandic (296), Italian (182), Latin (182, 208, 296), Polish (182), Samoan (181), Slavic (182), Spanish (182). Bolinger, D.L. The uniqueness of the word. Lingua 12.113-36 (1963). (113) wd uniqueness 'in form and meaning'; layman's vs linguist's view; (114) wd stock open-ended; (115) the wd as an unstructured unit; (116-20) wd in communication: speaker vs hearer standpoint; (120-9) phonological considerations about wds; (128) wd orthographic image; (129-36) wd, sentence, meaning. English (121, 123-8, 130, 133-4), French (122, 127), German (129), Japanese (188), Mazatec (121). Bolinger, D. The level of morphemes and words. Aspects of Language. New York-Chicago-San Francisco-Atlanta 1968, 51-6. (51) wd segmentation and meaning, (52) layman's vs linguist's view; segmentation criteria: pause, (53) insertion; inseparability; wd and syntax; wd and sentence, wd and morpheme; (54) compounding, derivation; (55) function wds, wds and lexicon; (55-6) wd and morpheme again. English. Borgstrom, C. Hj. Reconstruction of Pre-Indo-European word forms. Word 10.275-86 (1954). (276) wd definition; (277) importance of wd for understanding diachronic developments; morpheme.

14

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

English (277), Finnish (277), German (277), Polish (277). Brendal, V. La constitution du mot. Essais de linguistique générale. Copenhague 1943, 117-23. (117) the wd as a formal unit vs articulated thought; the wd as a morphological unit; (118) wd definition; the wd as a linguistic sign; (119) wd variation: derivation and flexion, (122) wd and morphology/syntax division. Danish (121), French (119), Latin (122). Bûhler, K. Sprachteheorie : Die Darstellungsfunktion der Sprache. Jena 1934. (296) Meillet's wd definition; in terms of phonemes and in terms of meaning; (297-8) phonematic criteria; (299) wd and sentence. Carroll, J.B. The Study of Language: A Survey of Linguistics and Related Disciplines. Cambridge 1953. (39) Sapir's psychological definition; Bloomfield's 'minimal free form'; the wd as a unit of Inge; the wd in writing; (40) wds not counterparts of single concepts; need for a structural definition. English (40), French (39), Latin (39), Nootka (40). Chang, K. Descriptive linguistics. Current Trends in Linguistics II. Thomas A. Sebeok, ed. The Hague 1967, 59-90. (71-3) wd definition. Chinese. Chao, Y.R. The logical structure of Chinese words. Language 22.413 (1946). (4) wd criteria; size and identity: what constitutes one and the same wd?; (5) instances of a wd; number of units; (6) spoken vs written wd; (7) the wd as a class; (8) 'simple' vs 'dialect'

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

15

wd; semantic considerations; (9) etymologically related wds; wds and characters; (10) geographic variations vs graphic level; (11) 'general wd'. American English (12), Chinese (4-13), Ancient Chinese (5), Cantonese (12), Mandarin (9-10, 12-3), Nanking (12), Peiping (12, 13), Wu (10, 13), English (11-2), Mayan (7). Chao, Y.R. Word and morpheme. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley 1968, 137-89. (136) types of wd-like units; the sociological wd; (137) sociological vs linguistic wd; (138) syntactic wd; (138-43) morpheme; (143) free and bound forms; (146-55) prosodie aspects; (155-60) substitution and separation; (160-6) wds in functional frames; (166-9) the wd as a unit of meaning; (17082) wd identity and morpheme identity; (182-88) definitions and tests for the syntactic wd; (188-9) synoptic tables of wdlike units. Chinese. Cherry, C. On Human Communication : A Review, a Survey, and a Criticism. Cambridge Mass. 1957. (11) wd-events vs tokens (utterances) and types; wd universality; (106-7) written wd. English (107). Chomsky, N. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge Mass. 1965. (19) segmentation; (222-3) the wd as a linguistic level; (235) definition. Dessaintes, M. Le mot dans la phrase. Eléments de linguistique descriptive. Namur-Bruxelles 1960, 61-7. (61) layman's conscience of wd; (62) written wd; (63) wds as

16

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

phonetic units; (64) wds as grammatical units; (65) wds as semantic units; (66) wd vs sentence. French (63-5). Dinneen, F.P. An Introduction to General Linguistics. New York 1967. (50) the morpheme; (51) types of linguistic form: wd vs morpheme; (106-9, 114-6, 222-5) historical considerations; (225) Sapir's wd definition in terms of wd vs sentence meaning. English (51-2, 223-4), Latin (109, 115, 117, 223), Nootka (223), Paiute (224). Dixon, R.P. What is Language? A New Approach to Linguistic Description. London 1966. (80) minimum free form; (173) wd vs sentence; (174) the wd in contemporary linguistics, (174) written and spoken unity; (176) Thrax, Plato, Aristotle on the wd. English. Dyen, I. Review of J.H. Greenberg, Essays in Linguistics (Chicago 1957), Language 35.527-52 (1959). (534) construction; (535-6) the wd as a unit; definition; requirements; morph substitution class; thematic sequence; nucleus; wd boundary; (537) insertion; sandhi; (538-9) morpheme. English (534-7, 539), Eskimo (538), Sanskrit (537), Tagalog (539). Ebeling, C.L. Linguistic Units. The Hague 1960. (134) definition difficulties; Greenberg's criteria; layman's vs linguist's view; insertion; (135) operational definition; formal unity of wd; formal and semantic characteristics of morphemes. Latin (134-5).

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

17

Entwistle, W.J. Words. Aspects of Language. London 1953. (226) the wd as an autonomous unit of thought and sense; variations form one Inge to another; layman's view; (227) written wd; (230-6) wds as units of form; (236) 'the meaning of meaning'. Arabic (233), Arunta (227), Bantu (227, 229, 233-4), Berber (234), Kabyle Berber (227), Breton (230), Celtic (234), Chinese (229-32), Chukeha (227), Coptic (234), Ancient Egyptian (234), English (229-30), Eskimo (227), Finno-Ugric (232), French (233), Greek (228, 230), Hamitic (234), Italian (233), Japanese (231, 233), Korean (231, 233), Latin (235-6), Malay (231-2), Malayo-Polynesian (230), Mon Khmer (230), Mongolian (233), Persian (233), Polish (236), Polynesian (232), Quechua (228, 233-4), Russian (230), Samoan (232), Semitic (234-5), Sino-Tibetan (230), Swahili (234), Turkish (232-4), Welsh (234, 236), Zulu (229). Firth, J.R. Papers in Linguistics. London 1964. (5) wd delimitation and identification; criteria: substitution, slow dictation; wd units; wd theory; (121-37) phonological structure. African (136), Arabic (122), Classical Arabic (122), Egyptian Arabic (122, 136), Bantu (122), Chinese (122), English (121-3, 136), French (136), German (122), Hausa (136), Hindi (136), Hindustani (121), Japanese (136-7), Maltese (121-2, 136), Mexican Indian (121, 136), Nyanja (121), Semitic (136), Tagil (121), Telegu (121), Turkish (136), Urdu (136). Fourquet, J. Le mot en allemand. Linguistic Studies Presented to André Martinet on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Birthday, II. Alphonse Juilland, ed. London 1968, 154-64. (154) written wd; moneme; lexeme; wd and linguistic sign; phonological criteria; (155) pause; wd boundaries, historical

18

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

considerations; compound wd; (157) delimitation; (158-9) ambiguities; (160-1) lexical unit; (162) additional formal criteria to Meillet's wd definition; (163) written wd again; semantic criteria; (164) historical criteria. English (156), French (159, 163), German (154-64). Fries, C.C. Linguistics and Reading. New York 1963. (63) layman's view; (64) wd vs lexical units; (65-8) phonological considerations; (67) layman's view again; (69) wd vs sentence; (70-2) grammatical meanings; (71) lexical units or 'wd'; (75) meaning of frequent wds; (105-9) classes of wd or parts of speech; (109) meanings in utterances; (110) sociocultural vs linguistic meaning. English (64-73, 105-9), Old English (72). Gammon, E.R. The Statistical Determination of Linguistic Units. Stanford Dissertation 1966. (1) vagueness of the term "wd" among linguists and laymen; written wd; (2-3) conflicting attitudes, the wd retained, rejected, taken for granted; "distributional procedures without a recognition procedure for grammaticality"; wds as recurring clusters of morphemes; (4) distributional clusters vs printer's wds; statistical criteria; (5) distributional relationships between morphemes and wds; wd and adjoint levels; Harris' model for distributional clusters; (6) morpheme definition; (8) sequences vs units of a given level; wd definitions: Togeby, the Prague school, (9) Bloomfield, (12) Harris, (14-6) Juilland; (17) adhesion and separability; the use of statistical data; (33) segmentation procedure; (64) wds vs distributional groupings; (100) applicability of the method in inflecting lnges; (101) inapplicability to texts where Zipf's law obtains; (102) relations between distributional clusters and printer's wds as style indicators; (104) degrees of distributional freedom, especially degrees of wd-hood. English.

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

19

Gardiner, A.H. The definition of the word and the sentence. British Journal of Psychology 11-12.352-61 (1920-2). (352) wd vs sentence; (355) wd definition in terms of things or ideas; (357) speaker's vs listener's standpoint; (358) wdsentence; meaning, (358-9) wd vs sentence again. English (355-7), French (358). Garvin, P.L. Delimitation of syntactic units. Language 30.345-8 (1954). (345) wd isolation; wd and morphology/syntax division; wd identification; (346) criteria for delimiting wds as syntactic units; (347) wd vs sentence; head and modifier. Micronesian, Ponapean (345-8). Garvin, P.L. On the relative tractability of morphological data. Word 13.12-23 (1957). (12) steps in morphological analysis; minimum forms (morphs); morphemes; (15-7) identifying meaning; (20) wd boundaries; the wd as a distributional framework for morphemes; (21) the wd as a morphemic unit; (22) a wd definition presupposes the utterance. Czech (21), English (16, 20-2), French (15, 21-2), Kutenai (13, 15-7, 19, 21), Polish (21), Ponapean (13-4, 18-9, 21), Turkish (21), Visayan (16, 18). Godel, R. Les sources manuscrites du Cours de linguistique générale de F. de Saussure. Geneva-Paris 1957. (269) synchronic wd: central unit (IR 2.81); fundamental unit (IR 2.84), most clearly determined (delimited) unit (IIR 52), the most important order of units (D 195); wds as "terms of a system" (D 261, 268); associative and syntagmatic wd (II R 99-100); associative wd (Morph R 31-2), individual wd (Morph R 52), concrete wd, the wd as it appears in the spoken chain (Br 10), collective wd (Morph R 52) ; abstract wd : a unit

20

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

consisting of a group of inflectionally substitutable forms (Br 10). Gotlind, E. Review of S. HalldSn, What is a word? (Theoria 18.46-56 (1952)). Theoria 18.59-66 (1952). (59) Hallden's logical wd definition; (60) phonologic and graphologic structure; (61-5) analysis of the wd formula; (66) new formula revealing formal conditions fulfilled by all wds. Graff, W.L. The word and the sentence. Language 5.163-88 (192930). (162) definition difficulties; need for phonetic and semantic criteria; priority of sentence vs wd; (163-8) phonetic wd; (164) synchronic character of wd; (165) synthetic vs analytic lnges, (166) wd as a "systematic entity", (166-70) wd meaning; (169) referential function; (170) wd as an isolated entity; (172) morphological elements; (174) wd levels; (175-80) wd vs sentence; (180) "sentence-wd"; (182) wd as a unit; (183) segmentation; (184) derivation; (184-7) wd varieties; (187) definitions, simple wd, morphological wd, compound wd; (189) dictionary wd. Anglo Saxon (169), Basque (170), English (165, 168-70, 172, 174-5, 178-9, 182-6), French (169-70, 173, 178, 184-6), German (165, 169, 173, 178, 182, 185-6), High German (165), Latin (172-3). Graff, W.L. Units of signification. Language and Languages: Introduction to Linguistics. New York-London 1932 (94-160).

An

(94-5) the wd as a static vs historical entity; (95-8) phonetic criteria; (98-104) semantic criteria; (107) semanto-phonetic entities; morphological elements; (109-11) simple and morphological wd systems; (113-8) wd vs sentence; (118) "sentencewd"; (121) the wd as a unit; (123) segmentation; (124) derivation; (125-8) wd varieties; (129) definitions of simple wd, morphological wd, compound wd; (130) dictionary wd;

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

21

compound wd; (132-4) degrees: from free construction to simple wd; (134) syntactic and analogical compounds; (134-6) composition criteria; (136-7) compounds and derivations; (137-40) types of compounds, (140-1) morphological wd; (142-4) criteria of analysis, (145-6) radical and nonradical elements; (146) formative; (148) categorial, functional, syntactic aspects; (149-51) affixing; (151-2) infixing; (152) cumulative derivation; (153-7) radical changes; (157-60) roots. African (157), Sudan (157), Anglo Saxon (103, 135), Arabic (153-4), Basque (103), Chinese (150, 154, 156), Dayak (151), Dutch (139), English (96-7, 100-6, 108, 110, 116-7, 122-3, 125-8, 130-9, 142-5, 147-9, 152-8), Middle English (134-5), Finno-Ugric (150), French (102-3, 106, 109, 124, 126-7, 138-9, 142), Old French (134), German (96, 102-3, 109, 116, 122, 126-8, 134-45, 155, 158), Old High German (138), Greek (151, 158), Hebrew (158), Hungarian (150), Old Indian (Sanskrit) (157), Indo-European (158-60), Indonesian (151), Iroquois (138-9, 151), Japanese (155), Old Javanese (155), Khai (151), Latin (103, 107-10, 149-51, 158), Malagasy (151), Malay (155), Malayopolynesian (154), Manchu (150), Mandarin (156), Massai (157), Mentaway (155), Mon Khmer (151), Peul (154), Polynesian (155), Quechuan (155), Senegalese Suinean (154), Serere (154), Tagalog (151), Turkish (150), Wolof (154). Greenberg, J.H. The word. Essays in Linguistics. Chicago 1957, 27-34. (27) the wd in contemporary linguistics; layman's vs linguist's view; morphological vs syntactic wd; (27-8) definitions; Bloomfield's minimal free form; criteria; written wd; utterance division; non-interruptibility; insertion; nucleus; (29) wd boundaries, morph substitution class (MSC), discontinuous morpheme; (30) thematic sequence, "derivation" and "compounding"; nucleus; (31) sandhi, conflict between phonological

22

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

and grammatical definitions; nucleus vs class of wds; (33) segmentation. American Indian (32), Czech (28), English (28-31), Eskimo (32-3), Latin (29, 32), Polish (31-2), Sanskrit (31). Greimas, A.J. Esquisse d'une morphologie du français en vue de sa description mécanographique. Linguistics 22.34-59 (1966). (34) definition difficulties; written wd; (35) syntagmatic vs paradigmatic wd; occurrence; the lexeme as a model of functioning; (36) derivation; (36-7) grammatical class; (37) sememe: "meaning"; size of units; (38) grammatical vs syntagmatic class; morphologic category; paralexeme; (39) paralexeme and morphology/syntax division. French (38-40). de Groot, A.W. Wort und Wortstruktur. Neophilologus 24.221-33 (1939). (221) definition difficulties, borderline cases; the wd as a unit; syntactic, phonologic, semantic aspects; (222) semantic vs phonologic wd; (223) syntactic vs phonologic wd; (224) phonologic criteria; segmentation; phonetic wd; (225) identification vs phonologic wd; written wd; Reichling's definition; (226) interpretive vs semantic wd; (226-31) wd structure; wd functions; (231-2) wd vs sentence; (232-3) evolution of wd types. Literary Chinese (224, 233), Czech (224), Dutch (221, 223, 226, 231), English (226, 231), French (221, 224, 231), German (221-31), Greek (230), Indo-European (222), Javanese (233), Latin (229, 231), Polish (224), Russian (224). Hall, R.A. Jr. Introductory Linguistics. Philadelphia-New York 1964. (15) the morpheme as a minimal meaningful unit; function wds or functors and content wds or contentives; (130-1)

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

23

meaning as a segmentation criterion; (131-2) minimum free forms; (132) free vs bound forms; levels of bondage; wd combinations; (133) phrasally bound forms; layman's vs linguist's view; orthographical wds; criteria for phonological and morphological wd; (134) non-universality of wd, lexeme, graphemics, forms (free and bound) and morphemes (significant units of form); wd combinations again; wd occurrences; (191) wd and morphology/syntax division; inflection; derivation; bound and free forms again; phrasal and clause levels; (400) Plato and Aristotle on wd and meaning; (423-4) wds in writing; (444-7) semantics. Chinese (132), English (15,132-3, 191, 424), Eskimo (132, 191), Ewe (132), French (132-3, 191), German (133), Italian (130-1, 133-4, 424), Old Italian (131), Melanesian (133), Romance (191), Spanish (133, 424). Halldén, S. What is a word? Theoria 18.46-56 (1952). (46) many-sided concept; (47) graphemes and phonemes as wd instances; definition. Halliday, M.A.K. Linguistique générale et linguistique appliquée a l'enseignement des langues. Etudes de linguistique appliquée 1.5-42 (1962). (11) segmentation; morphemes; wd and morphology/syntax division. Chinese (15), English (11, 15), French (11, 15), Latin (15). Halliday, M.A.K., Mcintosh, A., Strevens, P. The Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching, Bloomington 1965. (36) definition difficulties; criteria; (51) written wd; levels of wd; (196) segmentation; (196-7) frequency. Chinese (36), English (36, 51, 196), French (196-7). Hamp, E.P. A Glossary of American Technical Linguistic Usage. Utrecht-Antwerp 1957, 60-1.

24

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

(60) wd as a "minimum free form"; wd vs phrase and formative; wd class; primary wd and secondary wd; (61) morphology and covert structure; wd categories; meaning; phonological wd; wd inflection, derivation, composition; wd category; wd class; wd formation; wd marker; wd order; wd sign; written wd. Harris, Z.S. Methods in Structural Linguistics. Chicago 1951. (15) wd and phrase division; (83-4) wd and juncture; (84) writing; (86) "wd-final"; written wds, "wd or phrase juncture" or "external open juncture", (88) morphologic boundaries, pause, stress, wd and utterance; (119) utterance segmentation into wds; stress and wd juncture; (130) wd juncture again; phonemic components; (281) wd and morpheme classes; (327) wd segmentation; (328) wd constructions; stress; compound wds; utterance division into wds again; (330) free and bound morphemes; (330-1) compound wds again; (345) phonemic and phonetic features, stress and wd; (346) different kinds of wds in different lnges; (352-3) minimum utterance or wd. English (15, 86, 88, 281, 330-1, 345-6), Hebrew (327-8), Morroccan Arabic (83-4,130,281, 328-9,352-3), Navaho (130), Semitic (327-8), Swahili (88, 119), Turkish (346). Harris, Z.S. From phoneme to morpheme. Papers in Structural and Transformational Linguistics. Dordrecht-Holland 1970, 32-67. (32) segmentation; distributional procedures; morphs; semantic criteria in wd segmentation; (32-3) wd and morpheme boundaries; (33) phonologic and morphologic criteria; (38) morphemic and wd boundaries again; (44-5) wd limits (peaks); (49) morphologic criteria again; wd division; (61) wd peaks again; (63) morphologic boundaries within wds; (66) wd boundaries; wd initial phonemes. Dravidian (63), English (32, 38, 44-5, 49, 61, 63, 66), Telegu (63).

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

25

Hart, H.L. Hierarchical structuring of Amuzgo grammar. International Journal of American Linguistics 1957. 141-64 (1957). (141) Pike's emic/etic approach; (142) wd and morphology/ syntax division; (162) hypergrameme; "isolability" as a wd criterion; (163-4) morpheme replacing wd. Amuzgo. Harweg, R. Wort und Kompositum: Definitionen. Kompositum und Katalysations-text vornehmlich im Spaten Sanskrit. The Hague 1964 (15-60). (15-16) Glossematic and American structuralist criteria in establishing unit inventories; (16) general criteria of wd definition; (17) Hjelmslev's hierarchy of units; Pike's tagmeme; (18) morphological approach, compound level, compound and simple word; (19) wd vs morpheme, phrase, sentence; (19-21) wd definition types; (21) traditional definitions criticized; universal vs particular definitions; (22) criteria again; Bloomfield's minimum free form; (23) Prague School and Glossematic definition; (25) Togeby's definition in terms of immediate constituents; (27) wordless lnges; Milewski's "syntactic group level" and "clause level"; (28) Pike's etic and emic criteria; (29) Bloomfield's definition analyzed; Prague School definition, in terms of "actual interruptibility"; (30) Hjelmslev's definition in terms of permutability; (31) Pike's phonological criteria; (32) pause; Togeby on inflected wds; Milewski on segmentation; (32-3) Pike's versatility of occurrence; (33) Harweg's wd definition; particles and wds; (34) different definitions for simple vs compound wds; criteria again; (35-6) participant and observer systems; wd definition theory; (36-8) criteria for a new wd definition; (37) lexical vs grammatical wds; particles; parts of wds; (38) multiple wd; sequence continuity and wd level; (39) wd vs tagmeme or affixal morpheme; universal definition; (39-40) compound definition; (40-2) criteria; (42) wd definition and typology; (43) Bloomfield on lexical and grammatical wds; Pike's

26

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

tagmeme; Hockett's functor; Sapir's "concepts of material content" vs "concepts of relation"; (44) Bloomfield's tagmeme; Sapir's and Hockett's segmentation criteria; (45-7) Hockett's functor and content word; kernel determination; morpheme and tagmeme; (48) suprasegmental morphemes; (49) Harris' positional morpheme; (49-50) universality of wd criteria and of contentive/functor criteria; (50) combination of contentive and functor; (51) types of wds; criteria mixing in traditional linguistics; Brandal's conceptual analysis; (52) contentive/ functor delimination; paradigmatic considerations; (53) semanteme; (54) suprasegmental units (functors); (54-60) compound; content inventory; types of content; syntagmatization. Basque (43), Danish (26), English (17, 19, 22-3, 25, 28, 38, 40, 44), Eskimo (43), French (21, 26-7, 39-40, 53), Old French (20), Georgian (43), German (23-6, 32, 36-8,41-2,45-50, 52-3, 55-9), Greek (24), Indo-European (51), Japanese (40), Latin (24, 39, 42, 51), Sanskrit (29-35, 41, 43, 46-7, 54), Late Sanskrit (40, 51, 55-60), Spanish (48), Turkish (24, 39, 42). Hill, A.A. Introduction to Linguistic Structures: From Sound to Sentence in English. New York 1958. (115-6) phonologically minimal units; (119-25) morpheme vs phonologically minimal wd. English. Hiorth, F. On defining "word". Studia Linguistica 12. 1-26 (1958). (1) the wd as a fundamental notion in linguistics; (3-4) need for a wd definition; (5) layman's vs linguist's view; (7) Bloomfield's "minimum free form"; (6-8) criteria; (9) Meillet's definition in terms of phonetic, semantic and grammatical criteria; "minimum free form" again; Sweet and Bloomfield on the wd; (10) definition theory: normative vs (11) descriptive; borderline cases; (12) kinds of definiens; Noreen's phonetic and semantic criteria; Bloomfield's definiens; (15) wd vs sentence and grammatical construction; (17) Bloom-

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

27

field's semantic; (18) vs non-phonetic criteria; (18-22) wd properties; (21-4) wd ambiguities. Arabian (13), Czech (13), Finnish (13), French (24), IndoEuropean (16), Malay (16), Mixteco (16), Norwegian (24), Turkish (13). Hjelmslev, L. Prolegomena to a Theory of Language. Baltimore 1953. (26) textual wds; (27) wd analysis into roots, derivations and inflexions. Chinese (28), English, Hungarian (27). Hockett, C.F. Review of E.A. Nida, Morphology: The Descriptive Analysis of Words (Michigan 1946), Language 23.273-85 (1947). (247) problems of grammatical analysis; (275) assumption that wd exists; clues; need for criteria; Bloomfield's "minimum free form"; borderline cases; wd and morphology/syntax division; (276) circular wd definitions; written wd; open juncture; minimum free form again; morphology and syntax, (278) morpheme units and alternants, immediate constituents; (278-9) wd vs immediate constituents; (279) wd and form; (280) morpheme definition; (281) arrangement of morphemes in wds or utterances; wd construction; criteria; meaning; (284) utterance vs morphology; meaning again; morpheme; immediate constituents again; order of units. Central Algonquian (283), American Indian (284), Peiping Chinese (277), English (275, 278-9, 281), French (278, 284), Menomini (283), Samoan (283). Hockett, C.F. Words. A Course in Modern Linguistics. New York 1958, 166-76. (166) layman's view: written wd; criteria; pause and isolability; (167) definition; (168) minimum free form; (169) lexeme;

28

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

(170) nonce-form; (171) wd vs lexeme; idiom; meaning; wd vs idiom; idioms and morphemes. Chinese (171), English (166-7), French (172). Householder, F.W. Jr. Review of C.F. Hockett, A Course in Modern Linguistics (New York 1958). Language 35.503-27 (1959). (517) unreality of wd definition through boundaries as potential pauses. English. Jespersen, O. Language: Its Nature, Development and Origin. New York 1922. (125) segmentation difficulties; (132) compound wd; wd division; (133) wds vs sentences; (422-5) historical considerations in segmentation; (425) borderline cases between wd and sentence. Amerindian (425), Basque (425), Chinese (425), Danish (133), Dutch (133), English (125, 132, 422, 423-5), Eskimo (425), French (133, 423), German (133), Greek (422), Latin (422, 425), Semitic (425). Jespersen, O. Word. The Philosophy of Grammar. London 1925, 92-95. (92) segmentation difficulties; the wd as a linguistic unit; (93) Noreen's semantic criteria; meaning and sound; syntactic criteria; segmentation; historical considerations; (94) segmentation difficulties; isolability; (95) wds in connected speech, wds vs larger units. Danish (93-4), English (93-5), French (92-5), German (92-5), Celtic (94), Latin (93-4). Juilland, A., Edwards, P.M.H., Juilland, I. Frequency Dictionary of Rumanian Words. The Hague 1965. (xix) same vs different wds, synthetic Inges; inflected variants,

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

29

written wd; identification and differentiation of wds; textual vs systematic levels: segmentation vs identification/classification, adjacent morphemes: constituents of same wd vs constituents of different wds; segmentation ambiguities; (xx) need for a wd theory, criteria: formal or grammatical vs substantial or phonetic, intermediate units = roughly wds; typological considerations, analytic and isolating vs synthetic and inflecting Inges, grammatical meaning expressed through particles, order, and flexives, lexical meaning by composition or derivation; wd vs morpheme; prosodic or suprasegmental features: stress, syllabic ictus, juncture, syntactic phonetics: sandhi, elision, linking, grammatical wd boundaries, wd order restricting permutation, subsitution, distribution as wd criteria; wd autonomy, syntagmatic discreteness tested on formal grounds; agglutinating and incorporating lnges, phrase-like, morpheme-like, wd-like units, lnges with clearly defined wds; (xxi) formal criteria for testing syntagmatic discreteness, substitution, distribution; sentential characteristics of a prosodic or "suprasegmental" nature; grammatical wd; stress and lexical wd, "wd-lnges" in which the status of minimal syntactic constituents is clearly defined, ambiguous wd segmentation: particles, clitics, functional wds, compounds; ambiguities resolved. Rumanian. Krdmsky, J. On the acoustic identity of the word. Linguistics 16. 42-9 (1965). (42) the wd in modern linguistics; (43) wd phonological function; (44) spoken wd; (47) wd vs context and sentence; (48) acoustic identity of the wd in terms of phonemes and meaning. Czech (43, 46-7), English (43-4, 47), German (48), Persian (44-5), Spanish (45). Kramsky, J. The Word as a Linguistic Unit. The Hague 1969. (12) the wd in the Inge system; (17) wd criteria: (19) semantic;

30

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

(22) separability, replaceability, displaceability; (28) isolatedness; (29) phonetic: the acoustic identity of the wd; (37) the cohesion of the wd; (41) form and meaning: (53) written wd; (67) wd definition; (71) the psychological criterion; (72) the grammatical form of the wd; (74) the so-called wordless lnges. American Indian (10, 74), Athapaskan (74), Bantu (10, 14), Celtic (15), Chinese (14), Czech (9-10, 17-9, 22-5, 30-1, 33, 36, 38-40, 55-6, 68-70, 73), English (11, 14-5, 17, 23, 25-6, 28-34, 36, 38-40, 54-6, 68, 70, 71, 73), French (9-11, 17, 23, 25, 28, 36, 38), German (9, 18, 24-5, 36, 68, 73), Haida (74), Hopi (74), Hungarian (17-8, 24), Hupa (75), Indo-European (10), Italian (73), Latin (6, 38, 40), Maidu (74), Manx (15), Na-dene (74), Penutian (74), Persian (32-3, 39), Polish (10), Portuguese (25, 39, 68), Rumanian (17), Russian (29, 38, 40, 56, 68-9, 70), Semitic (10), Serbo-Croatian (56), Sioux (74), Church Slavic (56), Spanish (25, 33, 68), Swedish (25), Takelma (74), Tlingit (74), Turkic (76), Turkish (39, 56-7, 76-7), Uyo-Aztec (74), Vietnamese (11), Yiddish (26-7). Kuznecov, P.S. Opyt formalnogo opredeleniia slova. Jazykoznaniia 5.75-7 (1964).

Voprosy

(75) layman's vs linguist's view; formal vs semantic criteria in wd definition; the wd as a unit of speech; (76) written wd, formal definition of independent (lexical) wd and (76) auxiliary (functional) wd. Russian (76-7). Lackowski, P. Words as grammatical primes. Language 39.211-5 (1963). (211) wd and morpheme in generative grammar; (215) semantic and statistical devices; (215) wd and morpheme again. English.

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

31

Lamb, S.M. Outline of Stratificational Grammar. Washington, D.C. 1966. (21) morphology vs syntax division in terms of strata; wd confused with lexeme; tactic unit; (22) sememic and lexemic arrangements vs morpheme combinations; (28) wd vs lexeme and morpheme; (29) morpheme and lexon. English (31), Zoque (22-3). Laziczius, J . La définition du mot. Cahiers Ferdinand de Saussure 5.32-7 (1945). (32) the wd as many-sided concept; criteria; (32-3) definitions; Meillet's criteria: phonetic, grammatical, semantic; (33-4) Brondal's criteria: the wd as a member of a given class; (34-5) Buhler's criteria: phonological and semantic; (36) wd and linguistic system; (37) new definition in terms of context and situation. Latin (36). Leont'ev, A.A. The concept of the formal grammatical word. Linguistics 15.33-9 (1965). (34) meaning, "syntagmatic value"; wds vs morphemes, semantic units; the wd as a lexeme, lexical combination, sentence; traditional descriptions of wd;(35)wd boundaries: phonetic, morphologic, semantic; criteria; formal-grammatical wd (glosseme) and semantic exponent (lexeme); (35) definition: functional-semantic wd; (37) wd structure; wd vs morpheme and morph; (38) definition; (39) wd unity, wd synchronically conditioned. French (36), German (36-9), Russian (38). Leroy, M. Les grands courants de la linguistique moderne. Brussels 1963. (25) types of lnges: relations between wds in the sentence; in isolating, agglutinating, and inflecting lnges; (29) written wd;

32

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

(87) wd boundaries; grammatical and phonetic wd; (154-5) Finck's typology; (170-2) semantic considerations: morphosemantic fields (Guiraud), notional fields (Matori); (172-3) statistics in lexicology. American (155), Bantu (155), Caucasian (155), Chinese (28-9), Old Chinese (29), English (30-1), Pidgin English (131), Eskimo (155), Ethiopian (155), French (29-30, 87), German (87), Greek (87), Greenlandic (155), Herero (31), Indo-European (29-31, 155), Latin (29), Mongolian (155), Sonbija (155). Levkosvskaja, K.A. Teoriia slova, printsipy ee postroeniia i aspekty ezuceniia leksideskogo materiala. Moscow 1962. (52) the wd as a fundamental unit of Inge: the "reality" of the wd; segmentation difficulties; (61-5) wd identification and its material basis; (65-85) fundamental wd features; principles of wd determination; (85-8) the phonetic wd: wd as a unit of form and meaning; phonemes as the material aspect of wd units; (88-95) phonetic characteristics of the wd in different lnges; (95-100) phonetic aspects of the wd and its components; (101) phonetic and morphologic wd constituents; (118-206) meaning; (206-76) foundations of a structural-semantic classification of linguistic units. English (77, 79, 82-3, 92-3), French (54, 57-8, 62-3, 79, 83, 92-5), German (54-7, 74-5, 77, 79-93, 95-6, 101), IndoEuropean (91), Russian (53, 64, 68-9, 71, 74-5, 78, 82-6, 88-9, 91-6, 98-101, 103). Longacre, R.E. String constituent analysis. Language 36.63-88 (1960). (63) Pike's tagmemic approach, (64) tagmeme vs wd and phrase; wd-level tagmemes; (65) immediate constituents; wd and morphology/syntax division; (65-70) immediate constituent analysis of clauses; (70) hypertagmemes; tagmas; (71-5) wd and other levels; (75) tagmemic criteria applied to wd, phrase, clause, sentence; (82) grammatical strings; (83-5)

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

33

wd structure; (85) levels of strings; (87) tagmemes as core grammemes; (88) Pike's form-meaning composite vs formal American structuralism. Candoshi (75), Cashibo (83, 87-8), English (65, 70, 72, 86-7), Biblical Hebrew (71-2, 75), Ixil (73), Jacaltec (85), K'echi (71, 74, 82-3, 88), Mayan (73, 85), Totonac (73), Trique (7286), Zoque (83-5). Longacre, R.E. Word level procedures. Grammar Procedures. The Hague 1964, 101-24.

Discovery

(101) definitions: wd vs syntagmemes (phrase, clause, stem); varied syntagmeme structures; (102) insufficiency of Bloomfield's "minimum free form" criterion; isolating wd units; (103) phrase level tagmemes; phonological aspects; phonological features and grammatical wd; morphs; (114) analytical procedures for wd types (wd level syntagmemes), (120) analytical procedures for wd level tagmemes. Amuesha (112-3), Arabic (105), Candoshi (107-8, 112), English (102-3,105-6), Hebrew (102,105), Malayo-Polynesian, (102), Potawatomi (105), Trique (104), Zoque (113-4). Lyons, J. Structural Semantics: An Analysis of Part of the Vocabulary of Plato. Oxford 1963. (10) traditional view; criteria mixing; definition difficulties; the wd as a universal formal category; (11) ambiguities; "lexeme"; (13) environment; (14) immediate constituents; phrase-structure model; Chomsky's analysis; (15) semantics and grammar; (18) forms and units. English (13-5), Greek (14-5). Lyons, J. The Word. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. London 1968, 194-207. (194) the wd as a unit of traditional grammatical theory; wd and morphology/syntax division; form and function;

34

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

(195) inflexion and derivation; (196) ambiguities; (197) wd and lexeme; (199) traditional view; written wd; phonological criteria ("potential pause"); (200) semantic definition; (201) Bloomfield's "minimal free form"; (202) wd vs morpheme: "internal cohesion" of the wd (203) in different lnges; (204) phonological correlations; (205) criteria. Bulgarian (204), Czech (205), English (195-8, 201-4), French (205), Greek (205), Classical Greek (205), Hungarian (205), Latin (205), Macedonian (204), Norwegian (204), Polish (205), Rumanian (204), Russian (204-5), Swedish (204), Turkish (205). Malmberg, B. Structural Linguistics and Human New York 1963.

Communication.

(9) meaning; (11) compound and derived wd; (137-8) the wd as a phonetic unit; segmentation; (142-6) statistical approach. Celtic (138), French (137-8), German (138), Greek (138). Martinet, A. Eléments de linguistique générale. Paris 1961. (112) definition: autonomous syntagm; inseparability of monemes ; ( 113) signifiant and signifié ; delimitation difficulties ; (114) wd types in different lnges, phonological, grammatical and semantic criteria; (115) autonomous syntagm more general than syntagm with inseparable monemes, thus preferable to wd. Basque (115), English (113), French (112-5), German (113), Latin (115). Martinet, A. A Functional View of Language. Oxford 1962. (89-90) wd and morphology/syntax division; (90) wd vs moneme ("often called 'morpheme'") and sentence; syntactically autonomous phrase; (91-2) moneme vs signifiant and signifié; (92) inseparability as a segmentation criterion; (93) Sapir's formal adhesion criterion; (94) monemes: types of functions; semantic vs positional criterion; Sapir's "deri-

35

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

vational lexicon.

concepts";

typology;

paradigmatic

expansion;

English (94-5), French (92,94), German (92), Italian (94), Latin (92, 95). Martinet, A. Le mot. Problèmes du langage. Paris 1966, 39-53. (40) wd vs linguistic sign; separability in writing; nonuniversality ; (41) the criterion of separability ; wd vs semanteme and morpheme; (43) free and bound forms; segmentation; (44-5) written wd; (45) wd separability vs written wd; minimal signs; (47) segmentation difficulties; (48) written wd again; general criteria; phonological wd; boundaries; (49) statistical criteria for segmentation; (51) non-universality again; wd vs syntagm; (52) category; moneme; (53) moneme segmentation; function; wd in spoken Inge. Basque (47, 52), Czech (48), Danish (44-5), English (45) Eskimo (41), French (41, 43, 45, 49, 51-2), German (45, 48), Italian (48), Latin (45, 49, 51), Russian (48-9), Swedish (44). Martinet, A. Mot et synthème. Lingua 21.294-302 (1968). (294) criteria, Reichling's semantic criterion; (295) phonological aspects; (296) segmentation, moneme; morpheme; amalgamation; (297) grammatical and lexical wd; (298) syntagm vs synthème; free and joint monemes; (299) free moneme vs Bloomfield's free form; syntactic criteria; synthème vs syntagm; (300) syntactic vs morphologic combinability; written wd; (301) monème unique, composition and derivation; (302) synteme vs moneme. Basque (300), French (295-300), Latin (297-8, 301), Spanish (295). Mcintosh, A. and Halliday. M.A.K. Patterns of Language. Bloomington and London 1967. (7) wd and morpheme; universal unit of grammar; larger and

36

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

smaller units; (9)written wd; wd and sentence; wd boundaries; segmentation; (10) wd instances. English (7-11), French (8-11). Meier, G.F. Kriteria für die Definition des Wortes. Zeitschrift für Phonetik und allgemeine Sprachforschung 14.294-7 (1961/1962). (294) layman's vs linguist's view; definition problems; wd boundaries; the wd as a linguistic unit; (295) wd vs moneme and moneme group; the wd in communication; length of phonetic wd; pause; criteria; graphic criteria; (296) prosodie wd; distributional wd; wd boundaries; morphologic and syntactic criteria, especially in incorporating Inges; wd vs moneme; semantic criteria; (297) need for a general (universal) definition. Czech (296), Old Indian (296), Turkish (296), Vietnamese (295). Meillet, A. Le mot et la phrase. Introduction a l'étude comparative des langues indo-européenes. Paris 1908, 109-18. (109) impossibility of a phonetic definition; wd as a morphologic and syntactic unit; phonetic non-isolability; (110) morphologic segmentation; phonetic character of wd final (117) initial innovations in phonetic wds. Common Baltic (115-6), English (117), French (110), German (117), Common German (115-6), Germanic (117), Ancient Greek (109), Greek (112-3), Indo-European (116), Irish (117), Latin (110, 112-3), Prehistoric Latin (117), Russian (117), Sanskrit (110-1), Common Slavic (115-6), Vedic (114-5). Meillet, A. Traitement de la fin du mot. Caractères généraux des langues germaniques. Paris 1917, 79-89. (79) polysyllabic wd, final syllables, degrees of importance of wds in sentences: phonetic implications; (81-9) wd final situation ; historical considerations.

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

37

English (89), Old English (82-3, 87-9), High German (82-3), Old High German (81, 83, 85-6, 88), Germanic (81-9), Old Germanic (89), Gothic (81-8), Greek (84-5, 87-8), Indo-European (82, 87), Old Iranic (81), Old Islandic (81-3, 87), Italian (81), Latin (81-4, 87-8), Lithuanian (84), Norse (82, 84, 87), Old Norse (82, 85), Osco-Umbrian (87), Old Prussian (82), Sanskrit (81-3, 86-8), Old Saxon (81, 83, 85-8), Scandinavian (87-8), Common Slavic (84). Meillet, A. Le caractère concret du mot. Linguistique historique et Linguistique générale. Paris 1926-51, 9-13. (9) wd evolution; written wd; (10) wd meaning, context; grammatical wd; (12) concreteness of wd, historical considerations. French (10), Greek (10), Ancient Greek (9), Indo-European (9,10,12), Latin (9,10), Polish (12), Russian (12), Sanskrit (10). Mikus, F. En marge du sixième congrès international des linguistes (Paris 1948). Miscelánea homenaje a André Martinet, Estructuralismo e historia I. La Laguna 1957, 159-221. (160) the wd as a fundamental concept; (161) the wd in contemporary linguistics, non-universality of wd definitions; wd and reality; imprecision of wd; (162) the wd as an entity; the syntagmeme; (163) the wd vs group of wds, phrase vs syntagm; (164) the syntagm; (165-8) syntagmatic concatenation; the wd vs group of wds, phrase vs syntagm/again; (169) functions of the syntagm; minimal lexical unit; moneme; (170) syntagmatization; minimum formal unit; (171) phrase; the wd in syntagmatic theory; (172) automatic or lexical syntagm = wd; (173) Sapir's molded unit = wd; (174) morphology; syntax and lexicology; moneme and syntagmeme; (175) syntagm again; (176) moneme vs syntagm; (178) syntagm vs linguistic sign; (179) wd boundaries; types of syntagms; (181) wd and morphology/syntax division;

38

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

"lexid"; (183) vocable and lexid; (185) wd grammar and phrase grammar; wd syntax, syntagmatics, composition; derivation; wd forms; (187) wd grammar and syntagm grammar, lexical syntagm = wd; (187-9) syntagms in different lnges; (189) the wd as a syntagmatic unit = minimum permutation sign; (191) syntagm vs moneme; (192) syntagm vs wd; wd vs moneme; wd and morphology/syntax division; moneme and lexical syntagms; wd criteria: inseparability; (193) expression and content, schema (langue) and usage (parole); (194) wd vs syntagm; wd vs lexical syntagm; glossematics and syntagmatics; borderline cases; (195) syntagm in morphology and syntax; (196-7) wd vs phrase; (197) the wd as a term of a syntagm; (198) syntagm and linguistic sign; (199-221) diachronic syntagmatics; (200) lexical syntagm vs discursive syntagm; (206) dictum and modus; (215) wd structure; (216) syntagmatization ; (218) syntagmatic theory and typology. Bantu (188), Chinese (187), English (167-8, 179, 187), French (164-5, 169-70, 175, 179, 181-3, 187, 191, 194, 199, 200, 208, 214, 216-8, 220), German (164), Hungarian (164), Igbo (187), Latin (169-70, 172, 185, 191-2, 200). Miller, G.A. Language and Communication. New York 1961. (82) the wd as a unit of linguistic analysis; wd and morphology/syntax division; the wd as a morphological unit; (83) minimum free form, complex wd; spoken vs written wd; number of occurrences : types and tokens. Miyaji, H. On the definition of Japanese words and word classes. Linguistic Studies Presented to André Martinet on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Birthday, III. Alphonse Juilland, ed. London 1969 1971, 228-44. (229) the wd as a structural unit; the wd presupposed even when allegedly discarded as a structural unit; (229-30) layman's vs linguist's view; (230) morpho-syntactic wd defined in terms

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

39

of functional units; (230-38) Japanese linguists' attempts at defining wds as linguistic units; (238-41) a variety of criteria in defining Japanese wds, boundaries; (241) wd and wd-classes: identification of wds preceding their classification; formal criteria prevailing over semantic criteria in wd classification, wd and class; ambiguities avoided by unique classification; wd classes = classes of syntactic functions; (242) discrete or unrestricted (bunsetsu) vs non-discrete or restricted privileges of occurrence; functional wds and lexical wds which occur as constituents of compounds; borderline cases: pseudo-iw/wetow; (243-4) statistical approach. Japanese (230-44), Latin (241) Morris, C. Signs, Language and Behavior. New York 1950. (222) the "wd corresponds to no single semiotical term", the wd as a manysided concept; syntactic definition, in terms of combinatorial freedom. MuIIer, C. Le mot, unité de texte et unité de lexique en statistique linguistique. Travaux de linguistique et de littérature publiés par le Centre de Philologie et de littératures romanes. Strasbourg 1963, 155-73. (155) quantitative description of a vocabulary: number of wds; written texts; (156) Zipf's law; textual segmentation: semantic of functional indivisibility and syntactic autonomy of wds; lexical classification: formal, semantic and syntactic identities; distinct wds; occurrences; (157) wd definition presupposing segmentation and classification; (158) the wd as elementary textual unit; (158-61) relation between number of graphic forms and number of wds; (162-71) the wd as an elementary lexical unit; (171) uncertainties in wd definition; (172) statistical linguistics must avoid nuances; (172) the wd vs linguistic sign. French (156-71).

40

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

Muller, C. Initiation a la statistique linguistique. Paris 1968. (133) the vocable as unit of statistical linguistics; vocable (unit of lexicon) and wd (unit of text); segmentation; written wd; (136) wd definition as the sum of the occurrences of a vocable; (145-7) relations between wds and graphic units; French (145-7). Newmark, L.D. The word as a descriptive unit. Monograph Series on Language and Linguistics, No. 9. Georgetown 1956, 25-33. (25) Bloomfield's minimum free form; (26) the question of criteria; Sapir's 'meaning'; descriptive problems; vagueness of Bloomfield's definition; (27) particular vs universal definitions; criteria again; (28) functions, wd vs lexeme; 'real' wds, the wd as a unit; (29-30) grammar and dictionary vs wd and morpheme; (31) the wd in morphology vs syntax; (32) segmentation; levels of description; (33) wd vs utterance structure. Albanian (29-32), English (31). Nida, E.A. Morphology: the Descriptive Analysis of Words. Michigan 1967. (78) the distribution of morphemes; wds vs morphemes and phrases; morphology/syntax division; (81-5) wd vs types of morphemes; (85) formal combining of morphemes; juncture and wd; (86) pauses in syntactic analysis; morphological and phonological unity of wds; (86-97) immediate constituents; (97) types of morphological structure; derivation vs inflection; (103) phonological wd; (104) overlapping of morphology and syntax; (105) wd definition; (106) practical limits of the wd. Bantu (81, 85, 90, 102, 105-6), Chanca (97), Chitimacha (86,102), Congo Swahili (92), English(78, 80-95,97-100,103-6), American English (86), French (84, 92, 103-4), Greek (83-5, 97-8, 104), Indian (96), Kekchi (85, 90, 95, 98), Latin (84), Lingombe (92), Mayan (95), Mongbandi (98), Navaho (80), Ngbaka (98), Nootka (82), Quechua (78-9, 82, 88, 97, 106),

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

41

Taos (88), Tonkawa (96-7, 103), Totonac (101), Turkish (79, 82, 88, 103), Tzeltal (95, 100-1), Yipounon (105), Zoque (99). Noreen, A. Kritik älterer Definitionen des Ausdruckes "Wort". Einführung in die wissenschaftliche Betrachtung der Sprache. Halle und Salle 1923, 433-47. (433) critique of wd definitions in terms of semantic and phonologic instead of morphologic criteria; written vs phonologic word; segmentation; (434) phonologic criteria: pause, sandhi, rhytm; Sweet's phonetic wd as a stress group; (435) meaning; segmentation again; (436-7) wd and rhytm; written wd again; wd boundaries; (438-40) semantic wd; (441) morphologic wd; Sweet's criteria of independent meaning and isolability; (442) autonomous wds vs wd constructions; meaning and form; (444) Sweet's logical vs formal isolation; segmentation again; (445) Paul and Brugmann; composition and wd sequence not sharply distinguished; Brial on compound wds; (446) Noreen's definition; the wd as a morphologic unit; (446) wd and morpheme; (447) wd sequence, compound and meaning. Danish (442), English (434, 442, 444), French (435, 438, 443), German (433-6, 439-40, 443-7). Paul, H. Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte. Halle and Salle 1909. (328) syntax vs composition and wd group, written wd, wd unity: phonetic (accent) and syntactic (parts of sentence) criteria; psychological criteria in segmentation; (330-1) syntactic isolability vs. composition; (331-2) semantic considerations on compounds; (332-5) types of compounds; syntactic and formal isolability; (335-44) historical considerations; (344-5) phonetic change; (346) composition and syntax; (347) derivation: suffixes and prefixes; (348) linguistic feeling in distinguishing between composition and derivation; (349) productivity of suffixes; flexives.

42

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

English (328, 339, 344-5), French (330-1, 334, 337, 339, 343-5, 348-9), Old French (337, 339), German (328-50), Germanic (349), Indo-European (341, 345, 350), Proto-Germanic (347-8), Old High German (335-7, 345, 347-8), New High German (337, 340, 344-7), Gothic (344), Greek (333, 336), Middle High German (328, 337, 344, 346-8), Latin (331. 335, 339, 344, 346-7), Romance (349). Pierson, J.L. Three linguistic problems and their possible solution. Studia Linguistica 7.1-6 (1953). (1) grammar and dictionaries reflect langue, not parole ; lexical vs syntactic, lexicon-wd vs sentence-wd in Saussurean terms; (2) wd vs sentence; Reichling's view on isolated wd in relation to sentence; Séchehaye's monorème and phrase-idée vs wd and sentence; (3) wd meaning depending on sentence, wds as parts of sentences, "elements that can perform the function of a member"; (4) phrase-idée again; the opposition lexical/syntactic; wd criteria: phonological, lexical, syntactic; grammatical character (class, function); (4-5) differences between sound-series and sound-groups or signifiant; (5) insertion test; wd meaning; (6) interdependence between meaning, lexicon, syntax and grammar in defining the wd; need for solving ambiguities in the treatment of sentences, wds and meanings. Burmese (4), Chinese (4), English (5-6), Japanese (4), Tibetan (4). Pike, K.L. Phonemics: A Technique for Reducing Languages to Writing. Ann Arbor 1947. (85) written wd; separability; definition in terms of phonological independence; pause; the morpheme as a meaningful unit; (90) wd and morpheme; the wd as a grammatical unit; (159) morphemes vs utterances: function; Hill's phrase-wd; (160) criteria for defining wds in unwritten lnges; (161) the wd as a grammatical unit again; junctures: grammatical-phono-

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

43

logic character; potential pause as a grammatical or phonological criterion; (162) phonetic data and wd isolability; bound vs free forms; (163-4) accent; wd boundaries; pause; intonation; (165) substitution; particles; separability and insertion; (166) stress; (167) indivisibility of wd; (181) wd functions in phonological and grammatical units; (182-3) distribution of phonemes. English (90, 164, 167-8), Kalaba (159-67), Mazateco (172-3), Mixteco (181), Spanish (90), Zoque (172). Pike, K.L. Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior. The Hague 1967. (399) "wd" and emic stress group within larger hypermorphemes; (400) lexical and grammatical wd structure; (401-2) immediate constituents and emic stress groups; (402) emic pause group; (437) tagmeme and hypertagmeme vs wd; levels of structure: wd level; (438) borderline cases; wd boundaries; non-isolability; (439) phrase level and (440) portmanteau levels vs wd; wd and phrase isolability, meaning and tagmeme within wds and phrases; (441) clause level; sentence level; (442) isolability as a criterion for wd or phrase; (478) Well's immediate constituents; (479) emic levels of grammatical structure; (481) wd and morphology/syntax division; (482) postulation of a wd level on emic criteria; wd-phrase; wd vs sentence; different views on the wd. Chinese (481), English (399-402, 438-42, 478, 482), Mayan (482), Mixteco (479, 481), Spanish (441), Tsotil (482). Pittman, R.S. Relative relevance to total structure as criterion for determining priority of statement sequence in descriptive grammar. International Journal of American Linguistics 20.238-40 (1954). (238) inadequacy of the morphology/syntax division; (240) need for a description in terms of class and construction. English (238-9), Greek (238), Latin (238), Nahuatl (239), Tagalog (238-9).

44

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

Porzig, W. Die Einheit des Wortes. Sprache, Schlüssel zur Welt: Festschrift für Leo Weisgerber. Düsseldorf 1959, 158-67. (158) wd and sentence vs Saussure's speech and language; delimitation of wds; definition criteria; (159) segmentation; historical considerations; (160) unity of wd content; features of wd content; (162) wd unity; (163) content criteria and segmentation; (164) composition; (165) segmentation again; compounds; (166) wd unity and flexion; (167) paradigmatic criteria. French (164), German (159-67), Latin (161). Potter, S. Modern Linguistics. London 1967. (78) the "wd is not a linguistic unit at all"; the wd as a "minimum free form consisting of one or more morphemes"; wd structure: root or radical and affixes; (104) the sentence as "the chief unit of speech"; sentence and utterance. Pottier, B. Plan phonemique et plan morphemique dans la structure du mot. Omagiu luilorgu Jordan. Bucharest 1959, 701-4. (701) phonemes constituent of lexemes vs significant phonemes of grammatical morphemes; (702) insertion; (703) syntagmatic (phonetic) vs paradigmatic (morphemic): wd composition based on both. Latin (702), Castilian Spanish (701-4), American Spanish (703). Preston, W.D. Review of E.A. Nida, Morphology: the Descriptive Analysis of Words (Michigan 1946), International Journal of American Linguistics 14.56-7 (1948). (57) the wd as minimal free form; universality; morphemes and immediate constituents; the meaning of morphological units. English, Spanish (57). Pulgram, E. Word, nexus, and cursus as morphonological units. Syllable, Word, Nexus, Cursus. The Hague 1970, 24-39. (24) wd vs lexeme; the wd as a morphological and phono-

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

45

logical unit; isolability; (25) nexus as a phonological lexeme; (27) compounds; difference between lexical items and wds; (28) sandhi; (30) pause; writing; (31) cursus as breath (pause) group; phonological wd vs cursus; (32) unit, boundary and utterance; (33) wd boundaries; (34) wd, nexus, cursus vs phonological level; (37) nexus and meaning; (37) lexical and phonological wd vs lexeme; (38) types of lnges: wd, nexus or cursus Inge. Arabic (26), Czech (32), French (26-7, 32, 35-7), German (26, 28, 30-1), Greek (36-7), Hungarian (32), Italian (26-7), Latin (32-3), Classical Latin (27, 32-3, 35-6), Polish (32), Romance (28), Sanskrit (28, 36), Spanish (26-7). Reichling, A. Het Woord. Verzamelde studies over hedendaagse problemen der taalwetenschap. Zwolle 1966, 29-36. (29) wd vs sentence; wd meaning; (30) wds and things; wd meaning and form; (30-2) semantic considerations; (33) isolability and formal determination of wds; (33) isolability = separability and interchangeability; isolability as a wd characteristic; (35) wd definition as a formally determined construction. Bantu (35), Dutch (30-6), Blackfoot (29-30), Indo-European (36), Latin (30), Turkish (35). Robins, R.H. In defence of WP. Transactions of the Philological Society. 1959, 116-144. (116) Wd and Paradigm as a Inge model; (118) the wd as a fundamental unit of grammar; (119) wd and morphology/ syntax division; wd vs morpheme; the wd as a basic unit in a WP model; (120) wd formal criteria; minimum free form; prosodic marks, phonologic and grammatical criteria; (121) variable vs invariable wds; root; paradigm; base (stem), wd constituents; (122) wd analysis and classification; morphology/ syntax division; wd and sentence; (122-3) wd and class; (124) wds as primary units of syntax; syntactic functions in

46

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

distinguishing wd classes; (124-6) inflecting Inges; (126) borderline cases between inflection and paradigm; (127) the wd as a basis of both syntax and morphology in a WP model; the wd as central element in WP descriptions; (127-8) wd vs morpheme again; (128) meaning as a criterion; affix; root; (132) morphemic segmentation; agglutination; (133) wd level, wd segmentation; (134) morphological formation of wds; affixation; (135) phonological distinctions; (136) compound wds; semantic criteria; (137) wd as a unique entity of grammar; different status of wds in different lnges; (138) wd boundaries; immediate constituents; wds vs wd boundaries and immediate constituents; (139) wds vs immediate constituents and morphemes; (140) ambiguous constructions; (141) enclitics; wd-like segmental structures; (142) immediate constituents and wd boundaries again; (143) wd criteria. Anglo Saxon (122), Chinese (121, 123, 135), Danish (141), English (121-2, 124-5, 130, 133-5, 138, 139-41), Eskimo (20), European (130), French (124, 127, 133), German (126, 130-1), Greek (124, 131, 133-4, 141), Ibo (135), Japanese (121, 129-30, 134, 139-42), Latin (122, 124-6, 132-3, 139), Malay (134), Mixteco (142, 144), Norwegian (141), Romance (122), Sanskrit (133), Sudanese (128-9), Swedish (141), Turkish (132), Vietnamese (123), Yurok (142). Robins, R.H. General Linguistics: An Introductory Survey. London 1964. (144) the wd presupposes phonemic notions; (145) wd boundaries; written wd; (146) grammatical and phonological wd; written and grammatical wd division; (147) juncture; (161-2) wd prosodies; (164-7) wd boundaries; (188-9) morpheme vs sentence meaning; (189) the wd as a basic unit in traditional grammar; wd vs morpheme; wds as formal elements of a Inge; (190) wd and the morphology/syntax division; (192) basic units of grammar: sentence, wd and morpheme; (193) the wd in traditional and modern linguistics; layman's view; wd formal criteria; (194) written wd; pause; Bloomfield's

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

47

minimal free form and the criterion of stability; (195) criteria of positional mobility and separability; (196) borderline cases in the typological classification of lnges; variable and invariable wds; (197) meaning; phonological criteria: pause; (198) juncture; stress; grammatical (primary) and phonological (secondary) criteria; (199) congruence of levels in wd structure; (200-1) variant wd forms; (201) sandhi; (213-4) semantic considerations; (238) immediate constituents; (239-40) wd boundaries; (240) morphology/syntax division again. Celtic (201), Chinese (197), English (144-7, 166, 168, 188, 194-8, 200, 214, 238), French (146, 188, 195-7, 200-1), Gaelic (201), German (197), Ancient Greek (198, 238), Hungarian (146, 164, 198), Irish (201), Japanese (239), Latin (188, 196-7, 238), Norwegian (195), Polish (146, 198), Rumanian (195), Sanskrit (197, 200-1), Scandinavian (195), Siamese (161, 166), Sudanese (198), Swahili (146, 198), Thai (161), Turkish (164-5, 198), Welsh (201). Robins, R.H. A Short History of Linguistics. Bloomington 1968. (25-6) wd studies in Greek antiquity: the wd as an isolable entity; wd classes and wd morphology in a wd-based grammar; Dionysius Thrax' logical approach to the concept of wd; the Sophists' semantic approach; (33) Thrax on wd and sentence; (56-7) Latin grammarians; Priscian on wd and sentence; paradigmatic analysis; (105-6) Chinese school on "full wd" and "empty wd"; writing and wd vs morpheme relations; (137-40) Indian linguistics: meaning and wd; semantic relations between the sentence and its component wds; sandhi in connected spoken wds; (143) phonetic wd; (153-4) English school, XVIII century; James Harris' Aristotelian view on sentence and wd as universals; "principal" wd and independent meaning; wd as a sign for universal meanings; (175-6) Humboldt on the the denotative function of wds; the wd in the semantic and grammatical structure of particular lnges; (188-9) neogrammarian and geographical linguistics

48

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

directions on the concept of wd; Schuchardt on "Wörter und Sachen" and Gilliéron on "every wd has its own history"; (209-10) Bloomfield's formal wd definition; views of the American school; (211) implications of wd boundaries for phonemic and grammatical analysis; (215-6) phonemic aspects of wd: Sweet, the Prague School, D. Jones, Bloomfield; (219) prosodie analysis and wd studies. Rosetti, A. Sur la définition du "mot". Acta Linguistica 4.51 1944. (51) wd and sentence vs speech and language; the isolated wd is semantically imprecise ; the wd as a unit of both speech and language; the wd as an abstract and concrete entity. Rosetti, A. Le mot: esquisse d'une théorie générale. CopenhagenBucharest 1947. (9) wd and thought; (16) the phonetic wd; (18) the phonological wd; (20) wd and sentence; compound wd; (23) wd definition; (26) wd analysis; (27) wd categories; (30) the phonic support of the wd; morphological characteristics of wds; (31) isolating Inges; agglutinating Inges; inflecting Inges; (34) meaning. Estonian (17), Finnish (17), French (13-8, 20-8, 30-3), German (18-21, 24-5, 28, 30-1), High German (28), Old High German (28), Greek (19, 21-2, 26-7, 32-3), Hungarian (32), IndoEuropean (21-2, 26), Italian (17-31), Latin (22, 24-8, 30-3), Vulgar Latin (31), Rumanian (28), Russian (28), Sanskrit (22, 26), Semitic (27). Rosetti, A. Remarques sur la définition du "mot". Cahiers de linguistique théorique et appliquée, 2.261-2 (1965). (261) different wd definitions reflecting different wd aspects; (262) need for more than one criterion. Sapir, E. Language. New York 1921. (32) wd complexity; (33) wd and thought; the wd as a formal

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

49

unit; formal vs functional units; wd vs sentence; (34) linguist's vs layman's view; (35) "feeling" of speaker and hearer; wd as a unit of "meaning"; written wd; (35-6) phonetic characteristics: accent, cadence, treatment of sounds; (36) major functional units of speech: sentence and wd psychological character. Aboriginal American (34), American Indian (35), English (35-7), Latin (33, 35-6), Nootka (33, 35) Paiute (36). Schultink, H. On word identity. Lingua 11.354-62 (1962). (354) wd neglected in contemporary linguistics; segmentation criteria: formal, semantic, syntactic identity; (355) phonetic aspects; (356) Reichling's definition in terms of semantics; (357) syntactic valences in wd identification, morphological valence; (358) combination of criteria; (361) importance of segmentation for statistical, morphological, syntactic investigations; (362) morphological valence preferred to syntactic features as a criterion for establishing wd identity. English (357-62), French (355), German (359), Japanese (355-9, 361). Seiler, H. Zum Verhältnis von Wort und Satz in Indogermanischen Sprachen. Innsbruker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, Fachtagung für Indogermanische und Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, 10-15 Oktober 1951. Innsbruck 1962, 163-72. (63) layman's vs linguist's view; the wd in modern linguistics; segmentation; pause; (164) wd boundaries; differences in wdstatus relative to morpheme and sentence; (165) wd function in the sentence; in written vs spoken Inges; (170) wd hierarchizing of elements of the sentence; feeling of wd and semantic unity; function: hierarchy and speaker's feeling; (172) syntactic emphasis and prosody based on sentence and segmental units (wd and morpheme). French (172), German (165, 168-72), Old Greek (165-8, 171-2), Latin (164).

50

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

Seiler, H. On defining the word. Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguists. The Hague 1964, 767-70. (767) layman's vs linguist's view; the wd as a constituent of sentence or clause, not as a unit; linguistic elements or features in a distributional relationship to the wd: bound morphemes, sentence accent, "wd order", particles and clitics; pause; (768) wd substitutes: lexeme, idiom, minimum free form; unsatisfactory criteria; function preferred to shape; bound morphemes; sentence accent; (769) wd order; particles and clitics; (770) subphenomena which govern phenomena ( = sign) determine wd length and are primary to segmental aspects. German (768-9), Greek, Indo-European, Sanskrit, Vedic Sanskrit (769). Siertsema, B. A Study of Glossematics: Critical Survey of its Fundamental Concepts. The Hague 1955. (132) wd as "an indivisible unit of expression and content (meaning)"; (132-6) glossematic interpretation of "meaning" and wd "autonomy"; (137) wd criteria in contemporary linguistics; meaning; isolability; (138-9) wd vs morpheme; (177) Hjelmslev's definition of wds as "minimal signs whose expressions, and likewise whose contents, are permutable"; Reichling's definition as a unit of expression and content. English (135, 137), French (135), German (135). Sweet, H. Words, logic and grammar. Transactions of the Philological Society 1875-6, 470-83. (472) sentence and wd-division; "breath group" vs pause and wd; (473) wd-division involving phonetic, logical, grammatical considerations; (474) criteria of meaning and isolation; wd definition "as an ultimate, or indecomposable sentence"; (475) full-wd and half-wd; (476-7) derivative syllables and inflexions; (478-9) syllable-division in determining wd mean-

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

51

ings; (479-81) metrical stress in sentence segmentation; (481-3) wd-division in writing. Aryan (476), Cornish (473), English (472-82), German (482), Greek (477), Irish (478), Latin (477). Tesnière, L. Le mot. Eléments de Syntaxe Structurale. Paris 1959, 25-27. (25) definition difficulties, priority of sentence over wd; the wd as string segment; cuts; (26) partial, variable, relative; (27) cuts which delimit wd are indeterminate; indeterminacy of spoken wd; written wd. French (26-7), German (27). Togeby K. Qu'est-ce qu'un mot? Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague 5.97-111 (1949). (97) criteria of wd definition; need for a grammatical definition; glossematic approach; wd as an element vs wd as a unit; (99) as a sign-element in the morphology of signs, as a contentelement in semantics and morphology, as a unit of expression in phonetics and prosody, as a sign in the syntax of signs, as a unit of content in pure syntax; the wd as an element: as a sign, viz. as a pure sign; minimal sign; defined by its root; (101) as an element of content, viz. semantic; (102) morphological; (103) the wd as a unit of expression, viz. phonetic, prosodie; (104) as a unit of sign; (104-5) viz. minimum free form; (106) separability; permutability; (107-8) the wd as a syntactic unit of content; (109) glossematic definition of wd; analytic vs synthetic; (110) wd definition in terms of syntactic elements. Danish (106, 111), English (104-5, 108, 110-1), French (101, 104-5, 107-111), German (110), Germanic (110), Hebrew (100), Japanese (103), Lapon (107), Latin (100, 102, 111), Portuguese (106-7, 110), Sanskrit (100).

52

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

Togeby, K. Grammaire, lexicologie et sémantique. Cahiers de lexicologie 6.3-7 (1965). (3) morpheme as a unit in all linguistic disciplines (including lexicology and semantics); wd as a syntactic unit: simple wd, derived or composed wd, wd groups; (4) wd = "radical morpheme" ; types of radical morphemes ; (5) semantics based on morphemes; (7) Greimas' "seme"; (8) combinational studies as a basis for semantic analysis. French (5-7). Togeby, K. Mot: thème + flexif. Structure immanente de la langue française. Paris 1965, 90-3. (90) different wd definitions in the various aspects of grammar : analytic, based on independence; synthetic, based on construction; and operational, a) analytic: wd as a "minimum utterance" (American linguistics); (91) b) synthetic: wd as a construction "thème + flexif" (Hjelmslev); c) operational: wd as the outcome of a given operation, whose number (level) may vary from Inge to Inge. Togeby's definition combining analytic and operational criteria: the wd belongs to the inventory of the smallest units which can play the role of a sentence. Inventory not determined by the number of the operation, but by the function of the units. In most lnges wds divisible into theme and flexive. (92) wd function determined by coexistence of theme and flexive; segmentation: wd sign analysis vs wd in functional analysis; wd vs morpheme. English (91-2), French (90-2), Latin (91-2), Persian (92), Turkish (92). Trager, G.L. and Smith, H.L., Jr. An Outline of English Structure. Baltimore 1951. (50) phonetic wd vs phonemic clause or phrase; (54-5) morpheme as a basis for the morphology/syntax division; lexicon; bases and suffixes; meaning; (56) morphemic wd as "the primary unit of morphology" vs morphemic phrase and (57)

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

53

morphemic clauses; phrase superfixes vs wd superfixes; (58) phonemic and morphemic wd compared with phonemic and morphemic phrase; (59) portmanteau forms; morphology vs syntax. English (50-9). Trnka, B. On the morphological classification of words. Lingua 11.422-5 (1962). (422) wds as fundamental units of Inge; meaningful units; de Groot's criteria of wd classification: semantic and/or syntactic; wd and morphology/syntax division; (423) paradigmatics and syntagmatics; (424) wd classification according to the phonological realization of syntactic functions and to the morphological oppositions in which they participate. Czech (424), English (423-5), European (424), French (424), Russian (424), Slavic (424). Troubetzkoy, N.S. Principes de phonologie. Paris 1969. (291) demarcative features classified according to distinctive functions; homogeneous vs complex; positive or negative marker; wd marker, morpheme marker, sentence marker; (292) phonematic and aphonematic; (296) single phoneme and group; (307) positive and negative: negative and phonematic, single and (308) group; (309) negative and aphonematic: unique and grouped; (311) use of demarcative signs. Abakan (298), Alare (294), Altaic (298), Armenian (294), Artchin (308), Bachkir (302), Bantu (295), Bohemian (294), Bulgarian (295-6), Buriat (294), Chinese (299), Chor (309), Danish (307), Darghine (295), Dutch (307), English (300, 307-8), Finnish (295, 301, 308, 311), Finno-Ugrian (303-4), French (296, 307, 313), Gaelic (294), German (294, 297, 299, 307-12, 314), Old Greek (292, 308), Northern Greenlandic (297, 308), Ha'fdu (308), Hungarian (295, 309), Igo (301), Indian (305), Icelandic (295), Italian (308, 310), Japanese (293, 309), Kachomb (298), Kakhaz-Kirghiz (298, 302, 307), Kalmouk

54

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

(295), Kazakh (298, 302), Kazum (292), Korean (296, 308), Kuarik (309), Lakke (295), Lamba (302), Lapon (295, 304-5, 308), Classical Latin (296), Lithuanian (205), Livonian (295), Mongol Buriat (294), Mongolian (295, 303), Norwegian (307), Western Nouba (293), Northern Ostyak (292), Southern Paiute (303), Polab (295), Polish (294, 295), Russian (300, 308), Samoedian (295, 308), Santee (298), Slovak (295), ScotchGaelic (292), Sorabian (293, 295), Sosva (294), Swedish (307), Tamil (293, 302,307, 309, 313), Tatar (302), Tavda (295), Czech (294-6), Tchetchen (295), Teleonte (309), Tonkawa (297), Tubatulabal (295), Tungus (303), Turkic (295-6, 298-9, 302-3, 307), Osmanli Turkish (296), Uzbek (296), Yakut (295, 298). Uhlenbeck, E.M. The study of word classes in Javanese. Lingua 3.322-54 1952. (322) difficulties in establishing wd classes; (324) universality of wd classes; (325) wd and sentence as universals, the "wd is universal"; (326) morpheme as a wd constituent with no meaning of its own; (328) wd isolability and independence of meaning; the morpheme is not a linguistic unit; (330) criteria for establishing wd classes, correspondences between features of form and meaning, and between phenomena of valence ( = combinations among wds) and features of meaning; (334) morphologic vs morphonologic and syntactic wd level; (335) meaning; (336) historical considerations in wd-formation: synchrony vs diachrony; (338) transposition and hypostasis of wd in wd class systems; (353) hypostasis of wd in wd class systems; universality of wd classes. Dutch (329, 332, 334, 336, 339), English (327-30, 332-3), Indo-European (323), Indonesian (339), Javanese (324, 327-8, 334-9, 341, 343-52), Latin (331, 339), Malay (328-9), Sanskrit (336). Uhlenbeck, E.M. Taalwetenschap, een eerste inleiding. 's Gravenhage 1965. (16) wd definition difficulties due to phonetic instability and

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

55

to variations according to context and situation; wd universality; wd meaning and form; (17) wd meaning and things; (18-19) semantic and logical considerations. Dutch (17-9). Ullmann, S. The word and its autonomy. The Principles of Semantics. Glasgow 1959. (43) wd power in different civilization; (44) wd ambiguity; (44-5) historical evidence; (45) written wd; layman's; (46) vs linguist's view, wd as the "central element of the language system"; criteria: lexical, phonological, syntactic; (47) phonological approach: wd as a basis for phonological oppositions; (48) wd unity and wd limits; (49) accent; lexical morphology: suppletion and wd unity; (50) wd-formation criteria; semantic approach; (51) semantic autonomy of the wd; wd vs sentence; minimum free form; (52) syntacticmorphologic approach: modification, inflection, particles; (54) syntactic-semantic approach: wd classes; structuralist approach: wd vs sentence; (55) the wd as a linguistic sign; (56) multiple wd definition; fluid demarcation lines; objections to wd autonomy: phonetic vs phonological wd; (57) sandhi; stress; (58) suffixation; full wd and particles: lexicology vs syntax; (59) pseudo-wd; historical evolution of wd, diachrony vs synchrony; (60) context theory. Celtic (57), English (47, 49, 52-5, 59, 63), Finnish (48-9), French (48-50, 53, 55, 57-9), German (48), Greek (48), Hungarian (48-9), Irish (57), Italian (57), Latin (49-50, 52, 57-9), Vulgar Latin (57-8), Polish (49), Rumanian (53), Russian (49-50), Sanskrit (57), Spanish (57), Swedish (53). Untermann, J . Merkmale der Wortgrenze in den altitalischen Sprachen. Linguistic Studies Presented to André Martinet on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Birthday, II. Alphonse Juilland, ed. London 1969, 479-89. (479) wd endings in Old Italic; historical comparison with Latin.

56

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

Greek (483-5, 488), Italian (479-89), Latin (480-9), Sanskrit (488). Vachek, J. and J. Dubsky. Dictionnaire de linguistique de l'école de Prague. Utrecht 1966, 50-1. (50) wd as the smallest unit of meaning realized by phonemes and susceptible of displacement in the sentence; wd function; general criteria of identification; automatized wd; wd within sentence; wd and denomination; wd and morpheme; (51) wd and sentence; wd in language and speech; wd as a lexical item. Van Wijk, E.B. Notes on word autonomy. Lingua 21.543-57 1968. (543) wd in contemporary linguistics; forms which are neither wds nor morphemes: proclitics, enclitics, particles; (544) borderline cases between wd and non-autonomous morphemes ; (545) elements of "split" wd; "idiomatic wd"; borderline cases again; (546) Reichling's wd criteria: internal immutability and syntagmatic mobility; (549) hybrid wds (clitics, etc) are less autonomous wds, but wds; (549-50) wd autonomy in syntagmatics, phonology, semantics, morphology, syntax: "wds have to be judged on each level separately" ; syntagmatic factors: mobility; (550-1) separability; (552) phonological factors: syllabicity; (553) wd boundaries, boundary signals; (554) other individual factors such as stress, semantic, morphological; (555) and syntactic factors; (556) wd autonomy in writing; differences between languages in regard to wd autonomy. Bantu (544-7), Dutch (543-5, 552-5, 557), English (544-8, 550-7), French (553, 556), German (557), Indo-European (544), Sotho (544, 554). Vendryes, J. Le mot phonétique et l'image verbale. Le langage: Introduction linguistique à Vhistoire Paris 1921, 62-84. (62) phonetic wd; segmentation; (64) written texts; (66) diffi-

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

57

culty of phonetic separability; accent; (68-77) phonetic changes in wd structure; (77-84) Inge and thought. Cipriot (64), French (65, 67), Greek (67), Old Indian (64), Indo-European (67-8), Russian (67), Sanskrit (67). Vendryes, J. Mots et morphèmes. Le langage: Introduction linguistique a l'histoire. Paris 1921, 85-105. (86) semantemes expressing ideas vs morphemes expressing relations between ideas; (87) phonemic aspect of morphemes; morpheme as a wd component; suffixes or desinences; (88-90 types of morphemes; flexion; (90) accent as a morpheme; (91) tonalities; morpheme zero;(92)wd order; (94)morphemes vs semantemes; (98) Inges which combine semantemes and morphemes in the same unit opposed to lnges which separate them; (103) different wd definitions due to morphological variety; segmentation; (104) wd unity; (105) degrees of wd autonomy in different lnges. American Indian (102, 105), Arabic (88, 90, 94-5, 98), Bantu (101, 104-5), Chinese (93, 98-9, 100-1, 105), Chinook (103), Danish (100), English (89-90, 99), Far Eastern (91), FinnoUgric (100), French (85-90, 88, 92-3, 96-9, 101, 103-4), Gallic (90, 92), Georgian (98), German (89, 90, 96, 99), Greek (88-90, 94, 96-7, 99, 105), Old Greek (87), Greenlandic (105), Hungarian (100), Indo-European (89, 94-100, 105), Latin (92-3), Peul (102), Sanskrit (89-91, 99), Vedic Sanskrit (105), Semitic (89, 94-6, 98, 100, 105), Sonbija (102), Spanish (90), Turco-Tatar (100), Turkish (100-1, 104), Volta (102). Vendryes, J. Le mot dans la phrase. Le Français Moderne 21.81-90 1953. (81) wds as units of sentences; segmentation: wd autonomy varies from Inge to Inge; meaning and context; (85) phonetics vs wd and sentence; (87) context, meaning and syntactic usage. French (81, 85, 87).

58

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

Wells, R.S. Immediate constituents.

Readings

in

Linguistics.

Joos, ed. Washington 1957, 196-207. (196) Nida's phonetic and grammatical wd criteria; wd boundaries; wd order; wd and morphology/syntax division; Bloomfield's minimal free form; divergence between phonetic and grammatical criteria; (197) wd unity; wd classes in terms of grammatical criteria; wd and morphology/syntax division again; IC analysis: utterances and their constituents; wd as "a relevant unit in IC analysis"; (198) lnges in which every wd is an IC; (198-201) multiple and discontinuous constituents; (201-6) juncture, stress, pitch. Arabic (203), Chinese (196), English (197-206), American English (205), French (196), Classical Greek (197), IndoEuropean (197), Japanese (196, 198-9), Latin (197). Whatmough, J. Language, A Modern Synthesis. Cambridge Mass

1955. (48) segmentation; written forms; (53-4) borderline cases; (107) wds and forms as lexical and grammatical units vs phonemes and sentences; (122) the wd as a matrix for phonemes; (158) statistical approach; (193) the wd as a matrix of statistical distribution; (234) wd definition according to semantic, phonemic, grammatical criteria; also statistical. Aranta (53), Chucki (54), English (54, 107), Eskimo (53-4), Russian (48). Zaliznjak, A.A. La morphologie nominale en russe. Langages 15.43-56 (1969). (43) wd in writing; wd acceptions: unit-wd or segment as external aspect of a text; (44) lexical form or syntagmatic wd as unit of content and expression; paradigmatic wd as a dictionary unit; lexeme as the sum of lexical forms with the same meaning; (45) the wd as a lexeme. English (44), Russian (43-5).

ANALYTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

59

¿irmunskij, V. The word and its boundaries. Linguistics 27.65-90 (1966). (65) wd as "the basic unit of Inge"; wd definition and boundary difficulties; Scerba on borderline cases; (66) the wd as a unit of meaning and form; semantic identity of wd; formal characteristics: phonetic, involving stress and boundaries, and grammatical, involving morphologic and syntactic considerations; typological distinctions between lnges; (67) full vs relational wd; (67-72) separateness and integrity of wd; (68) incorporating lnges; (71) agglutinative lnges; (72) wd boundaries determined by wd; diachronic considerations; (75) groups of morphemes; (82) wds and combinations of wds, especially compounds; historical survey; (83) grammaticalization and lexicalization of wd combinations; (64-5) "analytical" forms of the wd; (87) segmentation; (88-90) wd combination and segmentation in diachrony and synchrony; (90) Smirnickij's semantic unification ("idiomatism"); (91) semantic and formal criteria in defining wd entities; phonetic and morphologic formalization; integrity of wd depending on lnges and wd categories. Bulgarian (86), English (69-71, 71, 81, 84-5, 87), Old English (80-1), European (68, 79-80, 87), French (67-8, 78, 83-6), German (69-71, 73, 79-81, 83-4, 86-9, 91), Middle High German (88), Gothic (86-8), Greek (78, 80), Old Icelandic (80), Indo-European (69, 72, 78, 86-7), Proto-Indo-European (88), Latin (69, 72, 80, 86-7), Romance (86), Russian (67-9, 71-9, 81-4, 86, 88-91), Sanskrit (78), Scandinavian (70-1, 86), Semitic (68), Turkic (68, 71-2, 79, 81, 85-7, 91), Turkish (71), Uzbek (71, 85-7, 91).

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Abstract (wd) Godel 269 Accent s. also Criteria; Stress Paul 328; Pike (1947) 163-4; Sapir 35-6; Seiler (1964) 767, 768; Ullmann 49; Vendryes (1921a) 66; (1921b) 90 Adhesion s. Criteria Adjacent s. Morpheme Affix (affixation, affixing) s. also Derivation; Infix; Suffix Graff (1932) 149-51; Harweg 39; Hjelmslev 27; Potter 78; Robins (1959) 128, 134 Affixation s. Affix Affixing s. Affix Agglutinating (agglutination, agglutinative) s. also Typology Juilland etc. XX; Leroy 25; Robins (1959) 132; Rosetti (1947) 31 ; ¿irmunskij; 71 Agglutination s. Agglutinating Agglutinative s. Agglutinating Alternant s. Morpheme Amalgamation Martinet (1968) 296 Ambiguity s. Difficulty Analysis Garvin (1957) 12; Graff (1932) 142-4; Harweg 50-1; Hockett (1947) 247; Longacre (1964) 120; Miller 82; Robins (1959) 122; (1968) 211; Rosetti (1947) 26; Togeby (1965b) 92 Analytic s. also Definition Juilland etc. XX. Aspect s. Property

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

61

Associative (wd) Godel 269. Automatic s. Syntagm Autonomy (freedom, discreteness, independence) s. also Autonomous (wd); Criteria; Form: free; Moneme: free; Morpheme: free. Bally 289; Entwistle 226; Gammon 104; Graff (1932) 132-4; Juilland etc. XX; Martinet (1961) 112; Miller (1963) 156; Noreen 441; Siertsema 132-6; Togeby (1965b) 90; Uhlenbeck (1952) 328; Ullmann 51, 55; Van Wijk 549-50, 556; Vendryes (1921b) 105. phonological Pike (1947) 85 Autonomous s. Phrase Autonomous (wd) s. also Autonomy Noreen 442 Auxiliary (wd) s. Functional (wd)

Base s. Stem Bondage Hall 132. Borderline s. also Difficulty Bloomfield 180; de Groot 227; Hiorth 11; Hockett (1947) 275; Jespersen (4922) 425; Mikus 194; Pike (1967) 438; Robins (1964) 196; Van Wijk 544, 545; Whatmough 53-4; livmunskij 65. Bound s. Form; Morpheme Boundary (limit) s. also Juncture; Peak Sandhi; Word/Boundary/ Immediate Constituents Dyen 356; Fourquet 155; Garvin (1957) 20; Greenberg 29; Harris (1970) 32-3,38,44-5,66; Householder 517; Leont'ev 35; Martinet (1966) 48; Meier 294-5; Mikus 179; Miyaji 238-41; Nida 106; Noreen 436-7; Pike (2947) 163-4; Pulgram 32-3; Robins (1959) 138; 142; (1964) 145, 162-7, 239-40; Seiler (1962) 64; Ullmann 48; Untermann 479-89; Van Wijk 553; Wells 196; ¿irmunskij 65-6, 72.

62

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

grammatical Juilland etc. XX. morphologic (morphemic) Harris (1951) 88; (1967) 38, 63; Leont'ev 34. phonetic Leont'ev 34. semantic Leont'ev 34. Breath-Group s. also Word/Breath Group/Pause Pulgram 31 Bunsetsu s. Lexical (wd) Cadence Sapir 35-6 Category s. also Class Graff (1932) 148; Greimas 38; Hamp 60; Kuznecov 76; Lyons (1963) 10; Martinet (1966) 52; Rosetti (1947) 27. Cause s. Criteria Characteristic s. Property Circular s. Definition Class s. also Category; Classification; Morpheme; Syntagmatic Chao (1948) 7; Fries 105-9; Greenberg 31; Greimas 36-7, 38; Hamp 60, 61; Harris (1951) 281; Laziczius 33-4; Miyaji 241-3; Pierson 4; Pittman 240; Robins (1959) 122-3, 124; (1968) 25-6; Ullmann 54; Wells 197. Classification s. also class; category Juilland etc. XIX; Muller (1963) 156, 157; Robins (1959) 122; Trnka 422. Clause s. also word/clause/sentence Hall 191; Harweg 27; Longacre (1960) 65-70, 75; (1964) 101; Pike (1967) 441; Trager-Smith 50, 56. Clitic (proclitic, enclitic) s. also particle Juilland etc. XXI; Robins (1959) 141; Seiler (1964) 767, 769; Van Wijk 543. Clue Hockett (1947) 175

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

63

Cluster s. distributional (wd) Gammon 4, 5, 102. Cohesion s. criteria: inseparability Collective (wd) Godel 269. Combination s. also criteria; morpheme Bazell (1957) 25; Hall 131, 134; Lamb 22; Leont'ev 34; Martinet (1968) 300; Morris 222; 2irmunskij 82. Composition (compounding) s. also compound Bolinger (1968) 54; Graff (1932) 134-6; Juilland etc. XX; Martinet (1968) 301; Mikus 185; Noreen 444; Paul 328, 330-1, 346, 348; Porzig 164; Pottier 703. Compound (wd) s. also composition Fourquet 155; Graff (1929-30) 187; (1932) 129-30,134,136-40; Greenberg 30; Harris (1951) 328, 330-1; Harweg 18, 34, 54-60; Jespersen (1922) 132; Juilland etc. XXI; Malmberg 77; Noreen 445, 446; Paul 331-5; Pierson 165; Pulgram 27; Robins (1959) 136; Rosetti (1947) 10; Togeby (1965a) 3; 2irmunskij 82. Compounding s. composition Concept Carroll 39; Halldin 46; Harweg 43, 51; Hiorth 1; Laziczius 32; Mikus 160; Morris 222; Rosetti (1944) 51. Concreteness Godel 269; Meillet (1926) 12; Rosetti (1944) 57. Constituent s. also morpheme Graff (1929-30) 172; (1932) 107; Harweg 37; Juilland etc. XXI; Robins (1959) 121; Seiler (1964) 767. Construction s. also word/construction Dyen 534; Graff (1932) 132-4; Harris (1951) 328; Hockett (1947) 187; Jespersen (1925) 95; Noreen 442; Pittman 140; Togeby (1956) 90. Content s. also criteria; meaning; semantic (wd) Harweg 54-60; Mikus 193; Porzig 160-163; Siertsema 132,176; Togeby (1949) 99, 107-8; Zaliznjak 44. Content (wd) s. lexical (wd)

64

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Contentive s. lexical (wd) Context s. also word/context/sentence Laziczius 37; Meillet (1926) 10; Rosetti (1944) 51; Uhlenbeck (1965) 16; Ullmann 60; Vendryes (1953) 81-7. Continuity s. criteria: inseparability Covert s. structure Criteria s. also definition Bally 287; Bazell (1953) 64; Bolinger(1968) 52, 53; Chao (1946) 4; Ebeling 134; Götling 66; Greenberg 27-8; Halliday etc. 36; Harweg 15-6, 22, 28, 33-4, 40-2; Hiorth 6-8; Hockett (1947) 275, 281; (1958) 166; Juilland etc. XX; Krämsky (1969) 17; Laziczius 32; Leont'ev 35; Lyons (1968) 205; Martinet (1966) 48; Martinet (1968) 294; Meier 295; Miyaji 238-41; Pierson 4; Pike (1947) 160; Robins (1959) 143; Seiler (1964) 768; Siertsema 137; Togeby (1949) 97; Ullmann 46; Van Wijk 546. accent, s. accent adhesion Gammon 17; Martinet (1962) 93. autonomy s. also autonomy, criteria: freedom Martinet (1961) 112; Pike (1947) 85. cause Bazell (1957) 29 cohesion s. also criteria: inseparability Krämsky (1969) 37; Lyons (1968), 202. combination Schultink 358. content s. content; criteria: semantic, meaning; semantics continuity s. also criteria: inseparability Harweg 38. diachronic (historical) s. also diachrony Bazell (1957) 28; Fourquet 155, 164; Jespersen (1922) 422-5; (1925) 93; Meillet (1908) 110-17; Untermann 479. displaceability s. also criteria: permutability Krämsky (1969) 22; Vachek-Dubsky 50. distributional s. also criteria: versatility; distributional (wd) Bazell (1953) 67-8; Gammon 2-3; Juilland etc. XX, XXI.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

65

emic Hart 141; Pike (1967) 482. expansion Martinet (1962) 94. formal s. also formal; unit Fourquet 162; Juilland etc. XX, XXI; Kuznecov 75; Leont'ev 35; Noreen444; Paul 332-5; Robins (1969) 120; Robins (1964) 193; Schultink 354; 2irmunskij 66, 91. freedom s. also criteria: autonomy Morris 222. functional Müller (1963) 156. grammatical s. also grammar; grammatical (wd) Greenberg 31; Hiorth 9, 18; Juilland etc. XX; Laziczius 32-3; Leont'ev 35; Martinet (1961) 114; Miyaji 230; Pike (1947) 167; Robins (1959) 20; (1964) 198; Sweet 473; Togeby (1949) 97; Wells 196; Whatmough 234; ¿irmunskij 66. graphic s. also written (wd) Meier 295. immutability s. also criteria: non-permutability Van Wijk 546. indecomposibility s. also criteria: inseparability Sweet 474. indivisibility s. also criteria: inseparability Muller (1963) 156; Pike (1947) 167; Siertsema 132. inseparability s. also criteria: cohesion, continuity, indecomposibility, indivisibility, insertion, non-interruptibility, separability, stability Bolinger (1968) 53; Martinet (1961) 112; (1962) 92; Mikus 192. insertion s. also criteria: inseparability Bolinger (1968) 53; Dyen 537; Ebeling 135; Greenberg 27-8; Pierson 5; Pike (1947), 165 Pottier 702. integrity 2irmunskij 67-72 interchangeability s. also criteria: permutability Reichling 33.

66

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

isolability (isolatedness, isolation) s. also criteria: non-isolability, separability Hart 162; Hockett (1958) 166; Jespersen (1925) 94; Krämsky (1969) 28; Meillet (1908) 109; Noreen 441, 444; Paul 330-1, 332-5; Pike (1947) 162; (1967) 440,442; Pulgram 24; Reichling 33; Robins (1968) 25-6; Siertsema 137. juncture s. also juncture Robins (1964) 198. lexical s. also lexical (wd) Pierson 4; Ullmann 46. logical s. also logic Noreen 444; Sweet 473. meaning s. criteria: semantic minimal free form s. definition mixture Harweg 51; Lyons (1963) 10. mobility s. also criteria: permutability Robins (1964) 195; Van Wijk 546, 549-50. morphologic s. also morphologic (wd) Hall 133; Harris (1970) 33, 66; Meier 295; Noreen 433; Van Wijk 554; Zirmunskij 66. non-interruptibility s. also criteria: inseparability Greenberg 178; Harweg 29. non-isolability s. also criteria: isolability, separability Pike (1967) 438. paradigmatic s. also paradigmatic Porzig 167. pause s. also pause Bolinger (1968) 52; Fourquet 155; Harweg 32; Hockett (198) 166; Householder 517; Lyons (1968) 199; Meier 297; Noreen 434; Pike (1967) 161; Robins (1964) 194, 197. permutability s. also criteria displaceability, inter changeability, mobility (permutation) Harweg 30; Siertsema 177; Togeby (1949) 106. phonetic s. also phonetic (wd)

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

67

Bloomfield281; Graff (1929-30) 162; (1932) 95-8; Hiorth 9,12; Jespersen (1925) 93; Juilland etc. XX; Laziczius 32-3; Meillet (1938) 109; Paul 328; Pike (1947) 162; Sweet 473; Vendryes (1921a) 66; Wells 196; Zirmunskij 66. phonologic (phonemic, phonematic) s. also phonologic (wd) Bazell (1953) 67-8; Bolinger (1963) 120-29; Bühler 296-8; Fourquet 154; Fries 65-8; Greenberg 31; de Groot 221, 224; Harris (1970) 33; Harweg 311; Laziczius 34-5; Lyons (1968) 199; Martinet (1967) 114; Noreen 433; Pierson 4; Pike (1947) 85, 161; Robins (1959) 120, 135; (1964) 197, 198; Ullmann 46; Van Wijk 552; Whatmough 234. pitch Wells 201-6. positional Martinet (1962) 94. primary Bazell (1957) 26; Robins (1964) 198. prosodic s. prosodic (wd) psychological s. also psychological (wd) Krämsky (1969) 71; Paul 328. replaceability s. also criteria: substitution Krämsky (1969) 22. rhythm Noreen 434 sandhi s. sandhi secondary Robins (1964) 198. segmentation s. segmentation semantic s. also semantic (wd) Bloch 200-6; Bühler 296; Chao (1968) 66-9; Dineen 225; Fourquet 163; Graff (1929-30) 162; (1932) 98-104; de Groot 221; Hall 130-1; Harris (1970) 32; Hiorth 9, 12, 17; Hockett (1947) 281, 284; Jespersen (1925) 93; Krämsky (1969) 19; Kuznecov 75; Lackowski 215; Laziczius 32-3, 34-5; Lyons (1968) 200; Martinet (1961) 114; (1962) 94; (1968) 294; Meier 295; Muller (1963) 156; Noreen 433, 441; Paul 331-2; Robins (1959) 128, 136; (1964) 197; Schultink 354; Siertsema

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

137; Sweet 473; Uhlenbeck (1952) 328; Van Wijk 552, 554; Zirmunskij 91. separability s. also criteria: inseparability, isolability, nonisolability, Chao (1968) 155-60; Gammon 17; Krämsky (1969) 22; Martinet (1966) 40, 41, 45; Pike (1947) 45, 165; Reichling 35; Robins (1964) 195; Togeby (1949) 106; Van Wijk 550-1; Vendryes (1921a) 66; Zirmunskij 67-72. slow dictation Firth 5. stability s. also criteria: inseparability Robins (1964) 194. statistical s. also statistics Gammon 4, 17; Lackowski 215; Martinet (1966) 49; Whatmough 234. stress s. stress substantial Juilland etc. XX, XXI. substitution Chao (1968) 155-60; Firth 5; Greenberg 29; Juilland etc. XX, XXI; Pike (1947) 65. synchronic Bazell (1957) 28. syntactic s. also syntactic (wd) Chao (1968) 182-8; Garvin (1954) 346; de Groot 221; Jespersen (1925) 93; Martinet (1968) 299; Meier 295; Morris 222; Muller (1963) 156; Paul 328, 330-1, 332-5; Pierson 4; Schultink 354; Togeby (1949) 110; Ullmann 46; Van Wijk 555; Zirmunskij. tagmemic Longacre (1960) 75. universal s. also criteria: general Bazell (1957) 28; Harweg 49-50. versatility s. also criteria: distributional Harweg 32-33.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

69

Cursus s. also word/cursus, word/cursus/nexus Pulgram 31

Decomposibility s. criteria: indecomposibility Definition s. also criteria Bally 287; Bazell (1953) 67-8; Bloch-Trager 54; Borgstròm 276; Brendal 118; Biihler 296; Carroll 40; Chang 71-3; Chomsky 235; Ebeling 134; Fourquet 162; Gammon 8-16; Gardiner 535; Garvin (1957) 22; Gotlind 61-6; Graff (1929-30) 162, 187; (1932) 129; Greenberg 17-8; Greimas 34; de Groot 221, 225; Halldén 47; Halliday, etc., 36; Harweg 19-21; Hiorth 3-4; Hockett (1958) 167; Householder 517; Kràmsky (1969) 67; Kuznecov 75; Laziczius 32-3, 37; Leont'ev 35, 38; Longacre (1964) 101; Lyons (1963) 10; Martinet (1957) 112; Meier 294; Mikus 172-3, 187; Miyaji 230-8; Muller (1963) 157, 171; Nida 105; Noreen 433, 446; Pierson 3, 6; Reichling 35; Rosetti (1965) 261; Schultink 356; Siertsema 132, 176; Sweet 474; Tesnière 25; Togeby (1949) 97; (1965b) 90; Uhlenbeck (1965) 16; Ullmann 56; Vachek-Dubsky 50; Vendryes (1921b) 103; Whatmough 234; ¿irmunskij 65, 66, 91. analytic Togeby (1965b) 90; (1949) 109. circular Hockett (1947) 276. context s. context criteria Pike (1947) 160; Porzig 158. descriptive Hiorth 11. formal s. criteria: formal; formal; unit general s. criteria: universal grammatical s. criteria: grammatical; grammatical (wd) immediate constituents s. immediate constituents logical Gotlind 59; Halldén 46.

70

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

meaning s. criteria: semantic minimal free form Bazell (1953) 67-8; Bloomfield 178; Carroll 39; Dixon 80; Greenberg 27-8; Hall 131-2; Harris 60; Harweg 22; Hiorth 7, 9; Hockett 1947) 275, 276; (1958) 168; Longacre (1964) 102; Lyons (1968) 201; Miller 83; Potter 78; Preston 57; Robins (1959) 120; (1964) 194; (1968) 209-10; Seiler (1964) 768; Togeby (1949) 104-5; Togeby (1965b) 90; Ullmann 51; Wells 196. non-universal s. definition: universal normative Hiorth 10. operational Ebeling 135; Togeby (1965b) 90. particular Harweg 21. phonetic s. criteria: phonetic, phonetic (wd) phonological (phonemic) s. criteria: phonological; phonologic (wd) phychological s. also psychological (wd) Carroll 39. requirements Dyen 535-6; Harweg 36-8. semantic s. criteria: semantic; semantic (wd) syntactic s. criteria: syntactic; syntactic (wd) situation Laziczius 37. synthetic Togeby (1949) 109; (1965b) 90, 91. theory Harweg 35-6; Hiorth 10; Juilland etc. XX. universal (general) Harweg 21, 39; Meier 297; Mikus 161. Delimitation s. segmentation Dependent (wd) s. functional (wd) Derivation s. also affix; infix; suffix

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

71

Bolinger (1968) 54; Brandal 119; Graff (1929-30) 184; (1932) 124, 136-7, 152; Juilland etc. XX; Greenberg 30; Greimas 36; Hall 191; Harris 61; Lyons (1968) 195; Malmberg 11; Martinet (1962) 94; (1968) 301 ; Mikus 185; Nida 97; Paul 347, 348; Sweet 476-7; Togeby (1965a) 30. Descriptive s. definition Determination s. segmentation Diachronic s. criteria Diachrony s. also criteria Borgstrôm 277; Dinneen 106-9, 114-6, 222-5; Graff (1932) 94-5, 151-60; de Groot 232-3; Meillet (1917) 81-9; (1926) 9, 12; Mikus 199-221; Paul 335-45; Porzig 159; Uhlenbeck (1952) 336; Ullmann 44-5, 59; Vendryes (1921a) 68-77; ¿irmunskij 72, 88-90. Dialect (wd) Chao (1948) 8. Dictionary s. lexicon Dictionary (wd) s. also lexicon Graff (1929-30) 189; Graff (1932) 130. Difficulty (ambiguity, impression, uncertainty, vagueness) s. also borderline Bally 287; Ebeling 134; Fourquet 158-9; Gammon 1; Graff (1929-30) 162; Greimas 34; de Groot 221; Halliday etc. 36; Hiorth 21-4; Jespersen (1922) 125; (1925) 92, 94; Juilland etc. XIX, XXI; Levkovskaja 52; Lyons (1963) (1963) 10, 22; (1968) 196; Martinet (1951) 113; (1966) 47; Meier 294; Mikus 161 ; Muller (1963) 171 ; Noreen 445; Pierson 6; Robins (1959) 140; Tesnière 25, 26; Uhlenbeck (1965) 16; Ullmann 44; Zirmunskij 65. Discontinuity s. criteria: continuity Discrete (wd) s. lexical (wd) Discreteness s. autonomy Discursive s. syntagm Displaceability s. criteria Distribution s. criteria: distributional; morpheme; statistics Distributional s. criteria

72

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Distributional (wd) s. also cluster; criteria; distribution; procedure Gammon 64; Meier 295; Seiler (1964) 767. Divisibility s. criteria: indivisibility Division s. segmentation

Element s. unit Ellision Juilland etc. XX. Emic s. criteria Emphasis Seiler (1962) 172. Empty (wd) s. functional (wd) Enclitic s. clitic Entity s. unit Environment Lyons (1963) 13. Expansion s. criteria Expression Mikus 193; Siertsema 132; 177; Togeby (1949) 99, 103; ¿irmunskij 44. External s. juncture

Form bound Hall 132, 133, 197; Martinet (1966) 43. free Hall 132, 191; Martinet (1966) 43; Martinet (1968) 299. Feature s. property Feeling (intuition) Paul 348; Sapir 35; Seiler (1962) 170. Flexion s. inflexion Flexive s. inflexion Form s. also autonomy; definition; nonce-form; word/form Bolinger (1963) 113; Brandal 117; Entwistle 230-6; Hall 134;

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

73

Krämsky (1969) 41; Levkovskaja 85-8; Lyons (1963) 18; (1968) 194; Noreen 442; Reichling 30; Uhlenbeck (1965) 17; Van Wyk 543; ¿irmunskij 66. bound Pike (1947) 162 free Pike (1947) 162 minimum Garvin (1957) 12. portmanteau Trager-Smith 59. Formal s. also criteria; unit Noreen 444; Reichling 33; Robins (1964) 189; Sapir 33. Formation Bazell (1957) 25; Hamp 61; Robins (1959) 134; Uhlenbeck (1952) 336; Ullmann 50. Formative s. also word/phrase/formative Bazell (1957) 51, 85; Graff (1932) 146. Frame Chao (1968) 155-60; Garvin (1957) 20. Free s. form; moneme; morpheme Freedom s. autonomy; criteria Full (wd) s. lexical (wd) Function s. also moneme Graff (1929-30) 169; de Groot 226-31; Krämsky (1965) 43; Lyons (1968) 194; Martinet (1966) 53; Pierson 4; Pike (1947) 181; Robins (1959) 124; (1968) 175-6; Seiler (1962) 165, 170; (1964) 768; Togeby (1965b) 91, 92; Vachek-Dubsky 50 Function (wd) s. functional (wd) Functional s. criteria Functional (wd) (auxiliary, dependent, empty, function, functor, grammatical, half, non-discrete, pseudo-bunsetsu, relational, restricted, secondary) s. also clitic Bolinger (1968) 55; Graff (1932) 148; Hall 15; Harweg 37, 43, 45-7, 49-51; Juilland etc. XXI; Kuznecov 76; Leont'ev 35;

74

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Martinet (1968) 297; Miyaji 242; Robins (1968) 104-6; Sapir 33, 36; Sweet 475; Togeby (1965b) 92; Ëirmunskij 67. Fnnctor s. functional (wd)

General s. definition: universal General (wd) Chao (1946) 11. Glosseme Leont'ev 35. Grammar s. also criteria: grammatical; phrase/grammar; unit; word/grammar Lyons (1963) 15; Pierson 6; Robins (1964) 192; (1968) 25-6 Grammatical (wd) S. also boundary; criteria; functional (wd); grammar structure; unit Bally 290-307; Dessaintes 64; Harweg 43; Juilland etc. XXI; Krämsky (1969) 72; Leroy 87; Longacre (1964) 103; Meillet (1926) 10; Pike (1947) 90, 161 ; (1967) 400; Robins (1964) 146; Ullmann 52. Grammatical s. criteria; functional (wd); grammar, grammatical (wd) juncture; unit Grammaticality Gammon 25. Grammeme s. also hypergrammeme Longacre (1960) 87. Graphemic s. written (wd) Graphic s. criteria; written (wd) Graphologie s. written (wd) Group s. also word/group Harweg 27; Paul 328; Togeby (1965a) 3.

Half (wd) s. functional (wd) Hearer (listener) Bolinger (1963) 116-20; Gardiner 357; Sapir 35. Historical s. criteria: diachronic; diachrony

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

75

Hybrid (wd) Van Wijk 549. Hypergrammeme Hart (162); Longacre (1960)70. Hypertagmeme s. word/tagmeme/hypertagmeme

Ictus Juilland etc. XX. Identification Garvin (1954) 345; (1957) 15-17; de Groot 225; Juilland etc. XIX; Levkovskaja 61-5; Schultink 357; Vachek-Dubsky. Identity Chao (1946) 4; Chao (1968) 170-82; Kràmsky (1965) 48; (1969) 29; Schultink 354, 362; Zirmunskij 66. Idiom s. also word/idiom Hockett (1958) 171; Seiler (1964) 768. Idiomatic (wd) Van Wijk 545. Immediate constituents s. also word/boundaries/immediate constituents; word/immediate constituents; word/immediate constituents/morpheme Harweg 25; Hockett (1947) 278, 284; Longacre (1960) 65, 70; Lyons (1963) 14; Nida 86-97; Pike (1967) 69, 401-2, 478; Preston 57; Robins (1959) 138, 142; (1964) 238; Wells 197. Immutability s. criteria Impermutability s. criteria: permutability Imprecision s. difficulty Incorporating s. also typology Juilland etc. XX; Meier 295; Zirmunskij 68. Indecomposibility s. criteria: inseparability Independence s. also autonomy Bazell (1953) 67-8. Independent (wd) s. lexical (wd) Individual (wd) Godei 269.

76

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Indivisibility s. criteria: inseparability Infix s. also affix; derivation Graff (1932) 151-2. Inflection (flexion, flexive, inflexional) Brendal 119; Godel 269; Hall 191; Hamp61; Harweg32; Hjelmslev 27; Juilland etc. XX; Lyons (1968) 195; Nida97; Paul 349; Porzig 166; Robins(1959) 126; Sweet476-7; Togeby (1965b) 91, 92; Ullmann 52; Vendryes (1921b) 87-9. Inflecting s. also typology Gammon 100; Juilland etc. XX; Leroy 25; Robins (1959) 124-6; Rosetti (1947) 31. Inflexional s. inflection Inseparability s. criteria Insertion s. criteria: inseparability Instability s. criteria: stability Integrity s. criteria Interchangeability s. criteria Intermediate s. unit Internal s. juncture Interpretive (wd) de Groot (1939) 226 Interruptibility s. criteria: non-interruptibility Intonation Pike (1947) 163-4. Intuition s. feeling Invariable (wd) Robins (1959) 127; (1964) 196. Irreplaceability s. criteria; replaceability Isolatibility s. criteria Isolatedness s. criteria: isolability Isolation s. criteria: isolability Isolating s. also typology Juilland etc. XX; Leroy 25; Rosetti (1947) 31.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

77

Joint s. moneme Juncture s. also boundary; criteria; peak; sandhi Allen 13-28; Harris (1951) 83-4, 86,119,130; Juilland etc. XX; Pike (1947) 160; Robins (1964) 147; Troubetzkoy 291-311; Wells 201-6. external Harris (1951) 86. grammatical Pike (1947) 161. internal Harris (1951) 86. open Hockett (1947) 276; Harris (1951) 86. phonological Pike (1947) 161.

Kernel Harweg 45-7.

Layman (wd) Bolinger (1963) 118; (1968) 52; Dessaintes 67; Ebeling 124; Entwistle 226; Fries 63, 67; Gammon 1; Greenberg 27; Hall 133; Hiorth 5; Hockett (1958) 166; Kuznecov 75; Meier 294; Miyaji 229-30; Robins (1964) 193; Sapir 34; Seiler (1962) 163; (1964) 767; Ullmann 45. Length s. size Level Chomsky 222-3; Gammon 5; Graff (1929-30) 274; Halliday etc. 51; Harweg 27, 38; Longacre (1960) 64, 71-5, 85; (1964) 103, 120; Pike (1967) 437, 441, 479, 482; Pulgram 34; Robins (1959) 133; (1964) 199; Togeby (1965b) 91. Lexeme s. also word/lexeme Fourquet 154; Greimas 35; Hockett (1958) 169; Lamb 28;

78

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Leont'ev 34, 35; Lyons (1963) 11; Pottier 701; Pulgram 25, 37; Seiler (1964) 768; Zaliznjak 44. Lexical s. criteria; meaning; syntagm, word/ lexical unit/syntagm Lexical (wd) (bunsetsu, content, contentive, discrete, full, independent, primary, unrestricted) Hall 15; Harweg 33, 37, 43, 45-7, 49-51; Juilland etc. XXI; Kuznecov 76; Martinet (1968) 197; Miyaji 242; Pierson 1; Pike (1967) 400; Pulgram 37; Robins (1968) 105-6; Sweet 475; Ullmann 58; ¿irmunskij 67. Lexicology s. lexicon Lexicon (dictionary, lexicology, vocabulary) s. also dictionary (wd) Bolinger (1968) 55; Mikus 174; Pierson 6; Trager-Smith 54-5; Ullmann 58; Vachek-Dubsky 51; Zaliznjak 44. Lexid Mikus 181, 183 Lexon Lamb 29 Limit s. boundary; peak Linking Juilland etc. XX Listener s. hearer Logic s. also criteria Robins (1968) 25-6; Uhlenbeck (1965) 18-9 Logical s. criteria; definition

Marker Hamp 61 Meaning s. also semantic (wd); semantics Ammann 29-30, 34, 35; Bloch-Trager 53; Bolinger (1963) 118, 129-36; (1968) 51; Brondal 117; Chao (1946) 8; (1968) 66-9; Entwistle 226, 236; Fries 70-2, 75, 109-70; Gardiner 358; Garvin (1957) 15-17; Graff (1929-30) 166-70; Greimas 37; Hall 400; Hamp 61; Hockett (1947) 284; (1958) 171; Jespersen (1925) 93; Juilland etc. XX; Krämsky (1969); Leonte'v 34; Levkovskaja 85-8; Malmberg 9; Meillet (1926) 10;

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

79

Noreen 435, 442, 446; Pierson 3, 5, 6; Pike (1967) 440; Preston 57; Pulgram; 37; Reichling 29, 30; Robins (1964) 188-9; (1968) 137-40, 153-4; Rosetti (1947) 34; Sapir 35; Seiler (1962) 170; Siertsema 132, 136; Trnka 422; Uhlenbeck (1965) 16-7; Vendryes (1953) 81-7 ¿irmunskij 66. Metrics Whatmough 122, 193. Minimal s. sign Minimum s. form Mixture s. criteria Mobility s. criteria Model Robins (1959) 116, 127. Modification Ullmann 52. Molded s. unit Molecule syntactic Bally 287 Moneme s. also segmentation; word/moneme; word/moneme/ sentence Fourquet 154; Martinet (1962) 91-92; (1966) 52; (1968) 296, 301, 302; Mikus 169, 174, 176. free Harris (1951) 330; Martinet (1968) 298, 299. function Martinet (1962) 94. joint Martinet (1968) 298. Monoreme Pierson 2 Morph s. also morpheme; word/morph/morpheme Bazell (1953) 51; Garvin (1957) 12; Greenberg 29; Harris (1970) 32; Longacre (1964) 103. substitution class Dyen 535-6; Greenberg 29

so

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Morpheme s. also morph; unit: morpheme-like; word/morpheme, word/morpheme/immediate constituents, word/ morpheme/ phrase, word/morpheme/phrase/semanteme, word/morpheme/ sentence, word/morpheme/tagmeme Bazell (1953) 51, 81-7; Borgstrom 277; Chao (1968) 138-43; Dinneen 50; Dyen 538-9; Ebeling 135; Gammon 6; Garvin (1957) 21; Hall 15, 134; Halliday 11; Harweg 45-9; Hockett (1947) 278, 280, 284; (1958) 171; Lamb 22, 28, 29; Martinet (1968) 296; Pike (1947) 85, 159; Pottier 701; Preston 57; Robins (194) 188-9; Togeby (1965a) 5; Trager-Smith 54-5; Uhlenbeck (1952) 328; Vendryes (1921b) 86-7. adjacent Juilland etc. XIX alternant Hockett (1947) 278. bound Chao (1968) 743; Garvin (1957) 12; Seiler (1964) 767, 768. class Bazell (1953) 69; Greenberg 29; Harris (1951) 281. combination Nida 85. constituent Juilland etc. XIX. distribution Nida 78. free Chao (1968) 143; Harris (1951) 330. structure Bazell (1953) 81-7. Morpheme-like s. unit Morphemic s. morphological Morphemics s. morphology Morphologic s. criteria Morphologic (wd) (morphemic) s. boundary; criteria; morphology; morphology/syntax; structure Brendal 117; Graff (1929-30) 132, 187; (1932) 109-11, 129,

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

SI

136-41; Greenberg 17; Harweg 18; Meillet (1908) 109; Miller 82; Nida 86; Noreen 441; Pulgram 24; Rosetti (1947) 30; Schultink 357; Togeby (1949) 99, 102; Trager-Smith 56, 58. Morphology (morphemics) s. also morphologic (wd); morphology/ syntax Bazell (1953) 59; Hamp 61; Robins (1968) 25-6; Schultink 361; Togeby (1949) 99; Van Wijk 549-50. Morphology/syntax s. also morphologic (wd); morphology; syntactic (wd), syntax Bloomfield 183; Bloch-Trager 53; Brondal 122; Garvin (1954) 345; Greimas 39; Hall 191; Halliday 11; Hart 142; Hockett (1947) 275, 276, 284; Lamb 21; Longacre (1960) 65; Lyons 1968) 194; Martinet (1962) 89-90; Mikus 174, 181, 192; Miller 82; Nida 78, 104; Pike (1967) 481; Pittman 238; Robins (1959) 119, 122, 127; (1964) 190, 240; Trager-Smith 54-5, 59; Trnka 422; Wells 196, 197. Multiple (wd) Harweg 37. Mutability s. criteria: mutability

Nexus s. also word/cursus/nexus Pulgram 24, 37. Non-discrete (wd) s. functional (wd) Non-interruptibility s. criteria: inseparability Nonce-form s. also form Hockett (1958) 170. Normative s. definition Nucleus Dyen 536-6; Greenberg 27-8, 30, 31.

Occurrence Hall 134; Harweg 32-3; Miller 83; Muller (1963) 136, 156 Open s. juncture

82

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Operation Togeby (1965b) 91 Operational s. also definition Opposition Ullmann 47 Order Hamp 61; Hockett (1947) 284; Juilland etc. XX; Seiler (1964) 767, 769; Vendryes (1921b) 92. Orthographic s. written (wd)

Paradigm Robins (1959) 116, 121, 126. Paradigmatic (systematic) s. also criteria Greimas 35; Harweg 52; Juilland etc. XIX; Martinet (1962) 94; Pottier 703; Robins (1968) 56-7; Trnka 423; Zaliznjak 44. Paralexeme Greimas 39. Particle s. also clitic; functional (wd) Harweg 33, 37; Juilland etc. XX, XXI; Pike (1947) 165; Seiler (1967) 767, 769; Ullmann 52, 58; Van Wijk 543. Particular s. also definition Pause s. also criteria; pause-group Harris (1951) 88; Householder 517; Nida 86; Pike (1947) 85, 161, 163-4; Pulgram 30-1; Seiler (1962) 163. Pause-group Bloch 200-6; Pike (1967) 402; Pulgram 31. Peak (wd) s. also boundary, juncture, sandhi Harris (1970) 45, 61. Permutability s. criteria Permutation s. criteria: permutability Phonematic s. criteria: phonologic; phonologic (wd) Phoneme s. also word/phoneme Whatmough 107, 122. Phonemic s. criteria: phonological definition: phonologic Phonetic (wd) s. also boundary; criteria; phonologic

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

83

Ammann 26; Bloomfield 181; Dessaintes 63; Graff (1929-30) 63-8; de Groot 224; Krâmsky (1969) 29; Leroy 87; Levkovskaja 85-8; Malmberg 137-8; Meier 295; Noreen 434; Robins (1968) 143; Rosetti (1947) 16, 30; Schultink 355; Seiler (1964) 768 Togeby (1949) 99, 103; Ulimann 56; Yendryes (1921a) 62; (1953) 85. Phonologic s. autonomy; criteria; juncture Phonologic (wd) (phonemic, phonematic) S. also phonetic (wd); structure; unit Bally 318-26; de Groot 222, 223, 225; Halldén 47; Hamp 61 ; Hill 119-25; Martinet (1966) 48; Nida 86, 103; Noreen 433; Pulgram 24, 31, 37; Robins (1964) 144, 146; Rosetti (1947) 18; Trager-Smith 58; Ullmann 47, 56. Phrase s. also structure; word/bound form/phrase; word/formative/ phrase; word/morpheme/phrase; word/morpheme/phrase/sentence; word/phrase; word/phrase/tagmeme; unit: phrase-like Hill 133, 191; Longacre (1960) 75; (1964) 101, 103; Lyons (1963) 14; Mikus 163, 165-8, 171; Trager-Smith 50, 56, 58. autonomous Martinet (1962) 30. Phrase-grammar Mikus 185. Phrase-idée Pierson 2, 4. Phrase-like s. unit Phrase-word s. also word-phrase Hill 133, 191; Pike (1947) 159. Pitch s. criteria Portmanteau s. form; word/portmanteau positional s. criteria Prefix s. also affix; derivation Paul 347. Primary s. criteria Primary (wd) S. also lexical (wd) Hamp 60.

84

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Procedure Gammon 2-3; Longacre (1964) 120. distributional Harris (1970) 32. recognition Gammon 2-3. segmentation s. also segmentation Gammon 33. Proclitic s. clitic Productivity Paul 349 Property (aspect, characteristic, feature) Harris (1951) 345; Hiorth 18-22; Levkovskaja 65-85, 88-100; Longacre (1964) 103; Lyons (1968) 204; Martinet (1968) 295; Robins (1968) 215-6; Rosetti (1965) 262; Sapir 35-6; Schultink 355. Prosodic s. criteria Prosodic (wd) Chao (1968) 46-55; Juilland etc. XX, XXI; Meier 295; Robins (1959) 120; (1964) 161-2; (1968) 219; Seiler (1962) 172; Togeby (1949) 99, 103. Pseudo-bunsetsu s. functional (wd) Pseudo-word Ullmann 59 Psychological s. criteria Psychological (wd) s. also criteria Sapir 36.

Radical s. root Reality s. word/reality Recognition s. procedure Relational (wd) s. functional (wd) Relationship distribution Gammon 5

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

85

Replaceability s. criteria Requirements s. also definition Restricted (wd) s. functional (wd) Rhythm s. criteria; word/rhythm Root (radical) Graff (1932) 145-6, 157-60; Hjelmslev 27; Potter 78; Robins (1959) 121, 128; Togeby (1949) 99; (1965a) 4

Sandhi s. also boundary; juncture; peak Bally 321; Dyen 537; Greenberg 31; Juilland etc. XX; Noreen 434; Pulgram 28; Robins (1964) 201; (1968) 137-40; Ullmann 57. Secondary s. criteria Secondary (wd) s. also functional (wd) Hamp 60 Segmental Seiler (1962) 172; (1964) 770. Segmentation (delimitation, determination, division, isolation) s. also procedure Ammann 30-1, 33; Bazell (1957) 25; Bolinger (1968) 51, 52; Chomsky 19; Firth 5; Fourquet 157; Gammon 33; Garvin (1954) 345; Godel 269; Graff (1929-30 182; (1932) 123; Greenberg 27-8, 33; de Groot 224; Hall 130-1; Halliday 11; Halliday etc. 196; Harris (1951) 15, 119, 327, 328; (1970) 32-3, 49; Harweg 32,44; Jespersen (1922) 125,132; (1925) 92,93,94; Juilland etc. XIX; Levkovskaja 52,65-85; Longacre (1964) 102; Malmberg 137-8; Martinet (1962) 92; (1966) 47, 49, 53; (1967) 113; (1968) 296; Mclntosh-Halliday 9; Meillet (1908) 110; Muller (1963) 156, 157; (1968) 133; Noreen 433, 435, 444; Paul 328; Porzig 158, 159, 163, 165; Robins (1959) 133; (1964) 146; Schultink 354, 361; Seiler (1962) 163; Sweet 472, 473, 479-83; Tesniere 25-6; Togeby (1965b) 92; Vendryes (1921b) 103; (1953) 81; Whatmough 48; 2irmunskij 87-90. Semanteme s. also word/morpheme/semanteme Bally 288; Harweg 53; Vendryes (1921b) 86.

86

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Semantic s. criteria Semantic (wd) s. also boundary; criteria; meaning; semantics Ammann 36; Dessaintes 65; de Groot (1939) 222, 226; Leont'ev 35; Noreen 438-40; Togeby (1949) 99, 101. Semantics s. also content; criteria; meaning; semantic (wd) Bazell (1953) 59, 81-7; Hall 444-7; Levkovskaja 118-206 Lyons (1963) 15; Reichling 30-2; Robins (1964) 213-4; (1968) 25-6; Schultink 356; Togeby (1949)99; (1965a) 5, 8; Uhlenbeck (1965) 18-9); Ullmann 50-1, 54; Van Wijk 549-50; ¿irmunskij 66. Seme Togeby (1965a) 7 Sememe Bazell (1953) 10-11; 81-7; Greimas 37 Sentence s. also word/clause/sentence; word/context/sentence; word/grammatical unit/sentence; word/moneme/sentence; word/ morpheme/phrase/sentence; word/morpheme/sentence; word/ sentence Bolinger (1963) 129-36; Leont'ev 34; Longacre (1960) 75; Pierson 6; Pike (1967) 441; Potter 104; Robins (1964) 188-9; Seiler (1962) 172; (1964) 768; Whatmough 107 Sentence-word Gardiner 359; Graff (1929-30) 180; (1932) 118 Separability s. criteria Sequence Gammon 8; Noreen 445, 446 thematic Dyen 535-6; Greenberg 30 Sign s. also word/sign Brandal 118; Fourquet 154; Hamp 61; Mikus 178, 198; Robins (1968) 153-4; Seiler (1964) 770; Togeby (1949) 99, 104; Ullmann 55 minimal Martinet (1966) 45; Siertsema 177; Togeby (1965b) 92 Signifiant Martinet (1961) 113; (1962) 91-2; Pierson 4.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

87

Signifie Martinet (1961) 113; (1962) 91-2. Simple (wd) Chao (1946) 8; Graff (1929-30) 187; (1932) 109-11, 129, 132-4; Harweg 18, 34; Togeby (1965a) 3. Situation s. also definition Laziczius 37; Uhlenbeck (1965) 16. Size (length) Chao (1946) 4; Greimas 37; Meier 295; Seiler (1964) 770. Slow dictation s. criteria Sociological (wd) Chao (1968) 137. Speaker Bolinger (1963) 116-20; Gardiner 357; Sapir 35. Split (wd) Van Wijk 545. Stability s. criteria: inseparability Static s. synchronic Statistical s. criteria Statistics s. criteria: statistical Gammon 101, Halliday, etc., 796-7; Malmberg 142-6; Miyaji 243-4; Muller (1963) 155, 172; (1968) 133; Schultink 361; Whatmough 158, 193. Stem (base) Longacre (1964) 101; Robins (1959) 121; Togeby (1965b) 91, 92; Trager-Smith 54-5. Stock Bolinger (1963) 114. Strata Lamb 21. Stress s. also accent; criteria Harris (1951) 88, 119, 328, 345; Juilland etc. XX,-XXI; Pike(1947) 166; Robins (1964) 198; Sweet 479-81; Ullmann 57 Van Wijk 554; Wells 201-6; Zirmunskij 66. Stress group s. also word/stress-group Noreen 434; Pike (1967) 401-2.

88

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

String Longacre (1960c 82, 85; Tesniere 25 Structure s. also morpheme covert Hamp 61 grammatical Pike (1967) 479 morphologic s. also morphologic (wd) Hockett (1947) 181; Nida 97 phonologic s. also phonologic (wd) Firth 121-37; Götlind 60 phrase s. also phrase Lyons (1963) 14 Structure (wd) Bolinger (1963) 115; de Groot (1939) 226-31; Harweg 37; Leont'ev 35; Levkovskaja 101; Longacre (1960) 83-5; (1964) 101; Mikus 215; Miller 83; Pike (1967) 400; Potter 78; Robins (1964) 199; (1968) 175-6. Style Gammon 102. Substitute Seiler (1964) 768. Substantial s. criteria Substitution s. criteria; morph: substitution class Suffix s. also affix; derivation Paul 347, 349; Trager-Smith 54-5; Vendryes (1921b) 87; Ullmann 58. Superfix (prosodic) Trager-Smith 57. Suprasegmental Harweg 48; 54; Juilland etc. XXI. Syllable Juilland etc. XX; Sweet 478-9; Van Wyk 552. Synchronic (static) s. also criteria Bazell (1957) 28; Godel 269; Graff (1929-30) 64; (1932) 94-5;

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

89

Leont'ev 39; Uhlenbeck (1952) 336; Ullmann 59; Zirmunskij 88-90. Syntactic (wd) s. also criteria: syntactic; molecule: syntactic; morphology/syntax; syntax Chao (1968) 138, 182-8; Graff (1932) 148; Greenberg 27; de Groot (1939) 223; Meillet (1908) 109; Pierson 1; Schultink 357; Togeby (1949) 99, 107-8; (1965a) 3. Syntagm s. also word/syntagm Martinet (1961) 112; (1968) 298, 299; Mikus 163-4, 165-8, 175-6, 178, 187, 195, 198. automatic Mikus 172. discursive Mikus 200. lexical s. also word/lexical syntagm Mikus 172, 187, 197, 200. type Mikus 179. Syntagmatic (textual) s. also class; concatenation; theory Juilland etc. XIX, XXI. Syntagmatics Godel 269; Greimas 35; Mikus 185, 194, 199-221; Pottier 703; Trnka 423; Van Wijk 549-50; Zaliznjak 44. Syntagmatization Harweg 54-60; Mikus 170, 218. Syntagmeme s. also word/syntagmeme Mikus 162, 174. Syntax s. also morphology/syntax; syntactic (wd) Juilland etc. XX; Paul 388, 346; Pierson 6; Schultink 361, 362; Togeby (1949) 99; Ullmann 58; Van Wijk 549-50; Mikus 185. Synthfrne Martinet (1968) 198, 299, 302. Synthetic s. also definition Juilland etc. XX.

90

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

System s. word/system Systematic s. paradigmatic Tagma Longacre (1960) 70. Tagmeme s. also word/morpheme/tagmeme; word/phrase/tagmeme; word/tagmeme; word/tagmeme/hyper-tagmeme Tagmemic s. also criteria Longacre (1960) 63. Term Godel 269. Test Chao (1968) 182-8. Text s. also word/text Hjelmslev 26. Textual s. syntagmatic Thematic s. sequence Theory s. definition syntagmatic Mikus 171, 218. Type s. syntagm Type (wd) Chao (1968) 136; Cherry 11; Graff (1929-30) 184-7; (1932) 25-8; Harweg 51; Longacre (1964) 114. Typology s. also agglutinating; incorporating; inflecting; isolating Bloomfield 207; Entwistle 226; Graff (1929-30) 165; Harris (1951) 342; Harweg 42; Juilland etc. XX; Leroy 25, 154-5; Lyons (1968) 203; Martinet (1961) 115; (1962) 94; Mikus 187, 218; Pulgram 27, 38; Robins (1959) 134; (1964) 196; Rosetti (1947) 31; Seiler (1962) 164; Vendryes (1921b) 105; (1953) 81; ¿irmunskij 66, 91. Uncertainty s. difficulty Uniqueness Bolinger (1963) 113.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

91

Unit (element, entity) Ammann 28; Bazell (1957) 28; Carroll 39; Dyen 535-6; Firth 5; Gammon 8; Graff (1929-30) 166, 170, 182; (1932) 107, 121; de Groot (221; Mclntosh-Halliday 7; Levkovskaja 52, 85-8; Meier 294; Mikus 162; Miller 82; Miyaji 229; Muller (1963) 158; (1968) 133; Pulgram 32; Robins (1964) 189, 192; Sapir 33, 35, 36; Seiler (1962) 170, 172; (1964) 767; Siertsema 177; Togeby (1949) 97, 101, 103, 104, 107-8; Zaliznjak 44; Zirmunskij 65, 66. formal s. also criteria: formal; formal Mikus 170. functional Miyaji 230. fundamental Godel 269 grammatical s. also criteria: grammatical; grammar; grammatical (wd); juncture; word/grammatical unit/sentence Pike (1947) 90, 181; Robins (1959) 118, 137; Whatmough 107. intermediate Juilland etc. XX. lexical Fourquet 160-1; Fries 64, 71; Jespersen (1925) 92; Lyons (1963) 18; (1968) 194; Mikus 169; Muller (1963) 162-71; Whatmough 107. molded Mikus 173. morpheme-like Juilland etc. XX. morphologic Noreen 446; Preston 57. phonologic Hill 115-6; Pike (1947) 181. phrase-like Juilland etc. XX. semantic Leont'ev 34.

92

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

syntax Robins (1959) 124. tactic Lamb 21. word-like Chao (1968) 188-9; Robins (1959) 141. Unity Ebeling 135; Leont'ev 39; Nida 86; Porzig 160-2, 166; Seiler (1962) 170; Ullmann 48, 49; Vendryes (1921b) 104; Whatmough 328; Wells 197 Universal s. also criteria; definition; universality Lyons (1963) 10; Robins (1968) 15304. Universality s. also universal Cherry 11; Hall 134; Martinet (1966) 40, 51; MclntoshHalliday 7; Preston 57; Uhlenbeck (1952) 325; (1965) 16. Unrestricted (wd) s. lexical (wd) Utterance s. also word/utterance Pike (1947) 59; Potter 104; Pulgram 32

Vagueness s. difficulty Valence Schultink 354, 362 Variable (wd) Robins (1959) 121; (1964) 196 Variant (wd) Juilland etc. XIX. Variation Brendal 119; Mikus 185; Robins (1964) 200-1 language s. typology Versatility s. criteria Vocable s. also word/vocable Mikus 183; Muller (1968) 133 Vocabulary s. lexicon

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

93

Word s. associative; autonomous; auxiliary; class; collective; compound; content; contendve; dependent; dialect; dictionary; discrete; distributional; empty; full; function; functional; grammatical; graphemic; graphic; graphologic; half; hybrid; idiomatic; independent; individual; interpretive; invariable; layman; lexical; morphologic; non-discrete; orthographic; phonematic; phonemic; phonetic; phonologic; primary; prosodic; psychological; relational; restricted; secondary; semantic; split; syntactic; type; unrestricted; variant; written Word/bound form/phrase Bloomfield 179 Word/boundaries/immediate constituents Word/breath group/pause Sweet 472 Word/clause/sentence Seiler (1964) 767 Word/construction Jespersen (1925) 95; Noreen 442 Word/context/sentence Kramsky (1945) 47 Word/cursus Pulgram 31 Word/cursus/nexus Pulgram 34 Word/form Hockett (1947) 279; Whatmough 107 Word/formative/phrase Hamp 60 Word/grammatical unit/sentence Hiorth 15 Word/group Mikus 163, 165-8 Word/idiom Hockett (1958) 171

94

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Word/immediate constituents Bazell (1953) 64-7; Bloomfield 209; Harweg25; Hockett (1947) 279; Wells 198 Word/immediate constituents/morphemes Robins (1959) 139 Word/lexeme Hockett (1958) 171 ; Lamb 21 ; Lyons (1968) 197; Pulgram 24, 27; Zaliznjak 45 Word/lexical syntagm Mikus 194 Word/lexical unit Fries 64, 71 Word/moneme Mikus 192 Word/moneme/sentence Martinet (1962) 90; Meier 295 Word/morph/morpheme Leont'ev 37 Word/morpheme Bazell (1953) 6, 9; Bloch-Trager 53; Bolinger (1968) 53, 55-6; Chao (1968) 170-82; Dinneen 51; Gammon 5; Garvin (1957) 20; Harris (1951) 281; (1970) 32-3, 38; Juilland etc. XX; Lyons (1968) 202; Mclntosh-Halliday 7; Nida 81-5; Noreen 446; Pike (1947) 90; Robins (1959) 119, 127-8; (1968) 105-6; Siertsema 138-9; Togeby (1965a) 3; (1965b) 91; VachekDubsky 50; Van Wijk 543, 544 Word/morpheme/phrase Nida 78 Word/morpheme/phrase/sentence Harweg 19 Word/morpheme/semanteme Martinet (1966) 41 Word/morpheme/sentence Robins (1964) 192; Seiler (1962) 164 Word/morpheme/tagmeme Harweg 39

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

95

Word/paradigm Robins (1959) 116 Word/phoneme Pike (1947) 182-3 Word/phrase Harris (1951) 15; Mikus 196-7; Pike (1967) 440, 442 Word/phrase/tagmeme Longacre (1960) 64 Word/portmanteau Pike (1967) 440 Word/reality Word/rhythm Levkovskaja 52; Mikus 161; Noreen 436-7 Word/tagmeme/hyper-tagmeme Pike (1967) 437 Word/sentence Ammann 33; Bolinger (1968) 53; Bühler 299; Dessaintes 66; Dinneen 225; Dixon 173; Fries 69; Gardiner 352, 358-9; Garvin (1954) 347) Graff (1929-30) 162, 175-80; (1932) 113-8; de Groot 231-2; Jespersen (1922) 133, 425; MclntoshHalliday 9; Meillet (1917) 79; Pierson 23; Porzig 158; Reichling 29; Robins (1959) 122; (1968) 33, 56-7, 137-40; Rosetti (1944) 51; (1947) 20; Sapir 33, 36; Seiler (1962) 165, 170; Sweet 472, 474; Tesniere 25; Ullmann 51, 54; VachekDubsky 50, 51; Vendryes (1953) 81, 85 Word/sign Martinet (1966) 40; Müller (1963) 472 Word/stress group Pike (1967) 399 Word/syntagm Martinet (1961) 115; (1966) 5; Mikus 192, 194, 197 Word/syntagmeme Longacre (1964) 101 Word/system Godel 269; Laziczius 36

96

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Word/tageme Longacre (1960) 64 Word/text Hjelmslev 26 Word/thing Gardiner 355; Reichling 30; Uhlenbeck (1965) 17 Word/thought Gardiner 352; Rosetti (1947) 9; Sapir 33 Word/utterance Garvin (1957) 22; Harris (1951) 88, 328, 352-3 Word/vocable Muller (1968) 133, 136 Word-grammar Mikus 185, 187; Robins (1968) 25-6 Word-hood Gammon 104 Word-language Juilland etc. XXI Wordless (language) Harweg 27; Krämsky (1969) 74 Word-like s. unit Word-phrase s. also phrase-word Pike (1947) 159; (1967) 482 Written (wd) (graphemic, graphic, graphologic, orthographic) s. also criteria: graphic. Ammann 31-2; Bally 287; Bloomfield 178, 284-7, 296; Bolinger (1963) 128; Carroll 39; Chao (1946) 5, 9; Cherry 106-7; Dessaintes 62; Dixon 174; Entwistle 227; Fourquet 154, 163; Gammon 1,4,102; Götlind 60; Greenberg 27-8; Greimas 34; de Groot 225; Hall 133, 134, 423-4; HalldSn 47; Halliday etc. 51; Hamp 61; Harris (1951) 84-6; Hockett (1947) 276; (1958) 166; Juilland etc. XIX; Krämsky (1969) 53; Kuznecov 76; Leroy 29; Lyons (1968) 199; Martinet (1966) 40, 44-5, 48; Mc-Intosh-Halliday 9; Meier 295; Miller 83; Muller (1963) 158-61; (1968) 133, 145-7; Noreen 433; 436-7; Paul 328; Pike (1947) 85; Puglram 30; Robins (1968) 105-6; Sapir 35;

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

97

Seiler (1962) 165; Sweet 481-3; Tesnière 27; Ulimann 45; Van Wijk 556; Vendryes (1921a) 64; Whatmough 48; Zalinznjak 43.

INDEX OF LANGUAGES

Abakan Troubetzkoy 298. African Firth 136; Graff (1932) 157 Alare Troubetzkoy 294 Albanian Newmark 29-32 Algonkian Allen 124; Hockett (1947) 283 Altaic Troubetzkoy 298 Amerindian Bazell (1953) 58; Firth 121, 136; Greenberg 32; Jespersen (1922) 425; Hockett (1947) 284; Kramsky (1969) 10, 74; Sapir 34-65; Vendryes (1921b) 102, 105 Amuesha Longacre (1964) 112-3 Amuzgo Hart esp. 141-67 Anglo-Saxon Graff (1929) 169; (1932) 103, 135; Robins (1959) 122 Arabic Entwistle 233; Firth 122; Graff (1932) 153-4; Hiorth 13; Longacre (1964) 105; Pulgram 26; Vendryes (1921b) 88, 90, 94-5; 98; Wells 203 Classical Firth 122

INDEX OF LANGUAGES

99

Egyptian Firth 122, 136 Moroccan Harris (1951) 83-4, 130, 281, 328-9, 352-3 Aranta Whatmough 53 Armenian Troubetzkoy 294 Artchin Troubetzkoy 308 Arunta Entwistle 227 Aryan Sweet 476 Asian Vendryes (1921b) 91 Athapaskan Kramsky (1969) 74 Aztec Bloomfield 287 Uyo Kramsky (1969) 74 Bachkir Troubetzkoy 302 Baltic Common Meillet (1908) 115-6 Bantu Entwistle 227, 229, 233-4; Firth 122; Kramsky (1969) 10, 14; Leroy 155; Mikus 188; Nida 81, 85, 90, 102, 105-6; Reichling 35; Troubetzkoy 295; Van Wyk 544-7; Vendryes (1921b) 101, 104-5 Basque Graff (1929) 170; (1932) 103; Harweg43; Jespersen (1922) 425; Martinet (1961) 115; (1966) 47, 52; (1968) 300

100

INDEX OF LANGUAGES

Berber Entwistle 234 Kabyl Entwistle 227 Blackfoot Reichling 29-30 Bohemian Bloomfield 182; Troubetzkoy 294 Breton Entwistle 230 Bulgarian Lyons (1968) 204; Troubetzkoy 295-6; Zirmunskij 86 Buriat Troubetzkoy 294 Burmese Pierson 4 Candoshi Longacre (1960) 75 Cashibo Longacre (1960) 83, 87-8 Caucasian Leroy 155 Celtic Entwistle 234; Jespersen (1925) 94; Krämsky (1969) 15; Malmberg 138; Robins (1964) 201; Ullmann 57 Chanca Nida 97 Chinese Bloomfield 182, 208, 284-7; Chang esp. 59-90; Chao (1946) 4-13; (1968) esp. 137-89; Entwistle 229-32; Firth 122; Graff (1932) 150, 154, 156; Hall 132; Halliday 15; Halliday etc. 36; Hjelmslev 28; Hockett (1958) 171; Jespersen (1922) 425; Krämsky (1969) 14; Leroy 28-9; Mikus 187; Pierson 4; Pike (1967) 481; Robins (1959) 121, 123, 135; (1964) 197; Troubetzkoy 299; Vendryes (1921b) 93, 98-9, 100-1, 105; Wells 196

INDEX OF LANGUAGES

101

Cantonese Chao (1946) 12 Literary de Groot 224, 233 Nanking Chao (1946) 12 Northern Bloomfield 183, 286; Chao (1946) 9-10, 12-3; Graff (1932) 156 Old Bloomfield 296; Chao (1946) 5; Leroy 29 Peiping Chao (1946) 12, 13; Hockett (1947) 277 Wu Chao (1946) 10, 13 Chinook Vendryes (1921b) 103 Chitimacha Nida 86, 102 Chor Troubetzkoy 309 Chukeha Entwistle 227 Chuki Aranta 53 Coptic Entwistle 234 Cornish Sweet 473 Cree Bloomfield 182 Czech Bazell (1957) 26-7; Garvin (1957) 21; Greenberg 28; de Groot 224; Hiorth 13; Krámsky (1965) 43, 46-7; (1969) 9-10, 17-9, 22-5, 30-1, 33, 36, 38-40, 55-6, 68-70, 73; Lyons (1968) 205; Martinet (1966) 48; Meier 296; Pulgram 32; Trnka 424; Troubetzkoy 294-6

102

INDEX OF LANGUAGES

Danish Brendal 121; Harweg 26; Jespersen (1922) 133; (1925) 93-4; Martinet (1966) 44-5; Noreen (442) Robins (1959) 141; Togeby (1949) 106, 111; Troubetzkoy 307; Vendryes (1921b) 100 Darghin Troubetzkoy 295 Dayak Graff (1932) 151 Dravidian Harris (1970) 63 Dutch Bloomfield 182; Graff (1932) 139; de Groot 221, 223, 226, 231; Jespersen (1922) 133; Reichling 30-6; Troubetzkoy 307; Uhlenbeck (1952) 329, 332, 334, 336, 339; (1965) 17-9; Van Wijk 543-5, 552-5, 557 Egyptian Bloomfield 284-7 Ancient Entwistle 234 English Allen 13-28; Bazell (1953) 8-9, 51-2, 57-9, 82-6; Bloch (1942) 53-5; Bloomfield 178-83, 207-9, 296; Bolinger (1963) 121, 123-8,130, 133-4; (1968) esp. 51-6; Borgstram 277; Carroll 40; Chao (1946) 11-2; Cherry 107; Dinneen 51-2, 223-4; Dixon esp. 80, 174-6; Dyen 534-7, 539; Entwistle 229-30; Firth 121-3, 136; Fourquet 156; Fries 64-73, 105-9; Gammon; Gardiner 355-7; Garvin (1957) 16, 20-2; Graff (1929) 165, 168-70, 172, 174-5, 178-9, 182-6; (1932) 96-7, 100-6, 108, 110, 116-7, 122-3, 125-8, 130-9, 142-5, 147-9, 152-8; Greenberg 28-31; de Groot 226, 231; Hall 15, 132-3, 191, 424; Halliday 11, 15; Halliday etc. 36, 51, 196; Harris (1951) 15, 86, 88, 281, 330-1, 345-6; (1970) 32, 38, 44-5, 49, 61, 63, 66; Harweg 17, 19, 22-3, 25, 28, 38, 40, 44; Hill esp. 115-6, 119-25; Hjelmslev 27; Hockett (1947) 275,278-9, 281; (1958) 166-7; Householder esp. 503-27;

INDEX OF LANGUAGES

103

Jespersen (1922) 125, 132, 422, 423-5; (1925) 93-5; Krämsky (1965) 43-4, 47; (1969) 11, 14-5, 17, 23, 25-6, 28-34, 36, 38-40, 54-6, 68, 70, 71, 73; Lackowski esp. 211-5; Lamb 31; Leroy 30-1; Levkovskaja 77, 79, 82-3, 92-3; Longacre (1960) 65, 70, 72, 86-7; (1964) 102-3, 105-6; Lyons (1963) 13-5; (1968) 195-8, 201-4; Martinet (1961) 113; (1962) 94-5; (1966) 45; Mcintosh etc. 7-11; Meillet (1908) 117; (1917) 89; Mikus 167-8, 179, 187; Newmark 31; Nida 78; 80-95, 97-100, 103-6; Noreen (434, 442, 444); Paul 328, 339, 344-5; Pierson 5-6; Pike (1947) 90, 164, 167-8; (1967) 399-402, 438-42, 478, 482; Pittman 238-9; Preston 57; Robins (1959) 121-2, 124-5, 130, 133-5, 138, 139-41; (1964) 144-7, 166, 168, 188, 194-8, 200, 214, 238; Sapir 35-7; Schultink 357-62; Siertsema 135, 137; Sweet 47282; Togeby (1949) 104-5,108,110-1; (1965b) 91-2; Trager 50-9; Trnka 423-5; Troubetzkoy 300, 307-8; Uhlenbeck (1952) 327-30, 332-3; Ullmann 47, 49, 52-5, 59, 63; Van Wijk 544-8, 550-7; Vendryes (1921) 89-90, 99; Whatmough 54, 107; Wells 197-206; Zaliznjak 44; Zirmunskij 69-71, 81, 84-5, 87 American Chao (1946) 12; Leroy 155; Nida 86; Wells 205 Middle Graff (1932) 134-5 Old Fries 72; Meillet (1917) 82-3, 87-9; Zirmunskij 80-1 Pidgin Leroy 131 Eskimo Bloomfield 208; Dyen 538; Entwistle 227; Greenberg 32-3; Hall 132, 191; Harweg 43; Jespersen (1922) 425; Leroy 155; Martinet (1966) 41; Robins (1959) 20; Whatmough 53-4 Estonian Rosetti (1947) 17 Ethiopian Leroy 155 European Robins (1959) 130; Trnka 424; 2irmunskij 68, 79-80, 87

104

INDEX OF LANGUAGES

Ewe Hall 132 Finnish Borgstrem 277; Hiorth 13; Rosetti (1947) 17; Troubetzkoy 295, 301, 308, 311; Ullmann 48-9 Finno-Ugric Entwistle 232; Graff (1932) 150; Troubetzkoy 303-4; Vendryes (1921) 100 Fox Bloomfield 181 French Bally 287-301, 318-25; Bazell (1953) 54, 59-60, 68; (1957) 25; Bloomfield 179, 181-2, 284; Bolinger (1963) 122, 127; Brondal 119; Carroll 39; Dessaintes 63-5; Entwistle 233; Firth 136; Fourquet 159, 163; Gardiner 358; Garvin (1957) 15, 21-2; Graff (1929) 169-70, 173, 178, 184-6; (1932) 102-3, 106, 109, 124, 126-7, 129, 138-9, 142; Greimas 38-40; de Groot 221, 224, 231; Hall 132-3, 191; Halliday 11, 15, Halliday etc. 196-7; Harweg 21, 26-7, 39-40, 53; Hiorth 24; Hockett (1947) 278, 284; (1958) 172; Jespersen (1922) 133, 423; (1925) 92-5; Kramsky (1969) 9-11, 17, 23, 25, 28, 36, 38; Leont'ev 36; Leroy 29-30, 87; Levkovskaja 54, 57-8, 62-3, 79, 83, 92-5; Lyons (1968) 205; Malmberg 137-8; Martinet (1961) 112-5; (1962) 92, 94; (1966) 41, 43, 45, 49, 51-2; (1968) 295-300; Mc Intosh etc. 8-11; Meillet (1908) 110; (1926) 10; Mikus 164-5, 169-70, 175, 179, 181-3, 187, 191, 194, 199, 200, 208, 214, 216-8, 220; Muller (1963) 156-71; (1968) 145-7; Nida 84, 92, 103-4; Noreen (435, 438, 443); Paul 330-1, 334, 337, 339, 343-5,348-9; Porzig 164;Pulgram26-7,32,35-7; Robins (1959) 124, 127, 133; (1964) 146, 188, 195-7, 200-1; Rosetti (1947) 13-8, 20-8, 30-3; Schultink 355; Seiler (1962) 172; Siertsema 135; Tesniere 26-7; Togeby (1949) 101, 104-5, 107-11; (1965a) 5-7; (1965b) 90-2; Trnka 424; Troubetzkoy 296, 307, 313; Ullmann 48-50, 53, 55, 57-9; Van Wijk 553, 556; Vendryes

INDEX OF LANGUAGES

105

(1921a) 65, 67, (1921b) 85-90, 92-3, 96-9, 101, 103-4; (1953) 81, 85, 87; Wells 196; 2irmunskij 67-8, 78, 83-6 Old

Graff (1932) 134; Harweg 20; Paul 337, 339 Gaelic Robins (1964) 201; Troubetzkoy 294 Scotch

Troubetzkoy 292 Gallic Vendryes (1921b) 90, 92 Georgian Harweg 43; Vendryes (1921b) 98 German Ammann 33-5; Bally 294, 318, 320; Bazell (1953) 54-5, 60, 86; Bloomfield 284; Bolinger (1963) 129; Borgstrem 277; Firth 122; Fourquet 154-64; Graff (1929) 165, 169, 173, 178, 182, 185-6; (1932) 96, 102-3, 109, 116, 122, 126-8, 134-45, 155, 158; de Groot 221-31; Hall 133; Harweg 23-6, 32, 36-8, 41-2, 45-50, 52-3, 55-9; Jespersen (1922) 133; (1925) 92-5; Krdmsky (1965) 48; (1969) 9, 18, 24-5, 36, 68, 73; Leont'ev 36-9; Leroy 87; Levkovskaja 54-7, 74-5, 77, 79-93, 95-6, 101; Malmberg 138; Martinet (1961) 113; (1962) 92; (1966) 45, 48; Meillet (1908) 117; Mikus 164; Noreen (433-6; 439-40, 443-7); Paul 328-50; Porzig 159-67; Pulgram 26, 28, 30-1; Robins (1959) 126, 130-1; (1964) 197; Rosetti (1947) 18-21, 24-5, 28, 30-1; Schultink 359; Seiler (1962) 165, 168-72; (1964) 768-9; Siertsema 135; Sweet 482; Tesniere 27; Togeby (1949) 110; Troubetzkoy 294, 297, 299, 307-12, 314; Ullmann 48; Van Wijk 557; Vendryes (1921b) 89-90, 96, 99; Zirmunskij 69-71, 73, 79-81, 83-4, 86-9, 91 Middle High

Paul 328, 337, 344, 346-8; Zirmunskij 88 Old High

Graff (1932) 138; Meillet (1917) 81, 83, 85-6, 88; Paul 335-7, 345, 347-8; Rosetti (1947) 28 Southern

106

INDEX OF LANGUAGES

Bloomfield 183 Common Meillet (1908) 115-6 High Graff (1929) 165; Meillet (1917) 82-3; Rosetti (1947) 28 New High Paul 337, 340, 344-7 Old Bloomfield 296 Germanic Meillet (1908) 117; (1917) 81-9; Paul 349; Togeby (1949) 110 Old Meillet (1917) 89 ProtoPaul 347-8 Gothic Bloomfield 180; Meillet (1917) 81-8; Paul 344; Zirmunskij 86-8 Greek Ammann 34; Bloomfield 182; Graff (1932) 151, 158; de Groot 230; Harweg 24; Jespersen (1922) 422; Leroy 87; Lyons (1963) 14-5; (1968) 205; Malmberg 138; Meillet (1908) 112-3; (1917) 84-5, 87-8; (1926) 10; Nida 83-5, 97-8, 104; Paul 333, 336; Pittman 238; Pulgram 36-7; Robins (1959) 124, 131, 133-4, 141; Rosetti (1947) 19, 21-2, 26-7, 32-3; Seiler (1964) 769; Sweet 477; Ullmann 48; Untermann 483-5, 488; Vendryes (1921a) 67, (1921b) 88-90, 94, 96-7, 99, 105; Zirmunskij 78, 80 Ancient Bloomfield 182, 296; Meillet (1908) 109; (1926) 9; Robins 1964) 198, 238; Seiler (1962) 165-8, 171-2; Troubetzkoy 292, 308; Vendryes (1921b) 87; Wells 197 Classical Lyons (1968) 205 Cipriot Vendryes (1921a) 64

INDEX OF LANGUAGES

107

Greenlandic Leroy 155; Vendryes (1921b) 105 Northern Troubetzkoy 297, 308 Guinean Senegalese Graff (1932) 154 Haida Krdmsky 74 Haidu Troubetzkoy 308 Hausa Firth 136 Hebrew Graff (1932) 158; Harris (1951) 327-8; Longacre (1964) 102, 105; Togeby (1949) 100 Biblical Longacre (1960) 71-2, 75 Herero Leroy 31 Hindi Firth 136 Hindnstani Firth 121 Hopi Krdmsky (1969) 74 Hungarian Bazell (1957) 26-7; Graff (1932) 150; Hjelmslev 27; Kramsky (1969) 17-8, 24; Lyons (1968) 205; Mikus 164; Pulgram 32; Robins (1964) 146, 164, 198; Rosetti (1947) 32; Troubetzkoy 295, 309; Ullmann 48-9; Vendryes (1921b) 100 Hupa Kramsky (1969) 75

108

INDEX OF LANGUAGES

Ibo Robins (1959) 135 Icelandic Bloomfield 182; Troubetzkoy 295 Ancient Bloomfield 296; Zirmunskij 80 Igbo Mikus 187; Troubetzkoy 301 Indian Nida 96; Troubetzkoy 305 Old Meier 295; Vendryes (1921a) 64 Indo-European Graff (1932) 158-60; de Groot 222; Harweg 51; Hiorth 16; Kramsky (1969) 10; Leroy 29-31, 155; Levkovskaja 91; Meillet(1908) 116; (1917) 82,87; (1926)9,10,12; Reichling36; Rosetti (1947) 21-2; 26; Seiler (1964) 769; Uhlenbeck (1952) 323; Van Wijk 544; Vendryes (1921a) 67-8, 89, 94-100, 105; Wells 197; Zirmunskij 69, 72, 78, 86-7 ProtoZirmunskij 188 Indonesian Graff (1932) 151; Uhlenbeck (1952) 339 Iranian Old Meillet (1917) 81 Irish Meillet (1908) 117; Robins (1964) 201; Sweet 478; Ullmann 57 Iroquois Graff (1932) 138-9, 151 Italian Bally 288; Bloomfield 182; Hall 130-1, 133-4, 424; Knimsky (1969) 73; Martinet (1962) 94; (1966) 48; Meillet (1917) 81; Pulgram 26-7; Rosetti (1947) 17-31; Troubetzkoy 308, 310; Ullmann 57 Old

INDEX OF LANGUAGES

109

Hall 131 Italic Old Untermann 479-89 Ixil Longacre (1960) 73 Jacaltec Longacre (1960) 85 Japanese Bazell (1953) 155; Bloch esp. 200-6; Bolinger (1963) 188; Firth 136-7; Graff (1932) 155; Harweg 40; Miyaji 230-44; Pierson 4; Robins (1959) 121, 129-30, 134, 139-42; (1964) 239; Schultink 355-9, 361; Togeby (1949) 103; Troubetzkoy 293, 309; Wells 196, 198-9 Javanese de Groot 233; Uhlenbeck (1952) 324, 327-8, 334-9, 341, 343-52 Old Graff (1932) 155 Kachomb Troubetzkoy 298 Kakhaz-Kirghiz Troubetzkoy 298, 302, 307 Kalaba Pike (1947) 159-67 Kalmouk Troubetzkoy 295 Kazakh Troubetzkoy 298, 302 Kazum Troubetzkoy 292 K'echi (kekchi) Longacre (1960) 71, 74, 82-3, 88; Nida 85, 90, 95, 98 Khai Graff (1932) 151

110

INDEX OF LANGUAGES

Korean Entwistle 231, 233; Troubetzkoy 296, 308 Kuärik Troubetzkoy 309 Kutenai Garvin (1957) 13, 15-7, 19, 21 Lakke Troubetzkoy 295 Lamba Troubetzkoy 302 Lapon Togeby (1949) 107; Troubetzkoy 295, 304-5, 308 Latin Bally 288-92, 300; Bazell (1953) 7, 9-10, 52, 56, 58, 60, 81, 85; (1957) 25-6; Bloomfield 182, 208, 296; Bloch (1942) 55; Brandal 122; Carroll 39; Dinneen 109, 115, 117, 223; Ebeling 134-5; Entwistle 235-6; Graff (1929) 172-3; (1932) 103, 107-10, 149-51,158; Greenberg29,32; de Groot229,231 ; Halliday 15; Harweg 24, 39, 42, 51; Jespersen (1922) 422, 425; (1925) 93-4; Kramsky (1969) 6, 38, 40; Laziczius 36; Leroy 29; Lyons (1968) 205; Martinet (1961) 115; (1962) 92, 95; (1966) 45, 49, 51; (1968) 297-8, 301; Meillet (1908) 110, 112-3; (1917) 81-4, 87-8; (1926) 9, 10; Mikus 169-70, 172, 185, 191-2, 200; Miyaji 241; Nida 84; Paul 331, 335, 339, 344, 346-7 Pittman 238; Porzig 161 ; Pottier 702; Pulgram 32-3; Reichling 30; Robins (1959) 122, 124-6, 132-3, 139; (1964) 188, 196-7, 238; Rosetti (1947) 22, 24-8, 30-3; Sapir 33, 35-6; Seiler (1962) 164; Sweet 477; Togeby (1949) 100, 102, 111; (1965b) 91-2; Uhlenbeck (1952) 331, 339; Ullmann 49-50, 52, 57-9; Untermann 480-9; Vendryes (1921b) 92-3; Wells 197;¿irmunskij 69, 72, 80, 86-7 Classical Pulgram 27, 32-3, 35-6; Troubetzkoy 296 Prehistoric Meillet (1908) 117

INDEX OF LANGUAGES

111

Vulgar Rosetti (1947) 31; Ullmann 57-8 Lingombe Nida 92 Lithuanian Meillet (1917) 84; Troubetzkoy 305 Livonian Troubetzkoy 295 Macedonian Lyons (1968) 204 Maidu Kramsky (1969) 74 Malasagy Graff (1932) 151 Malay Entwistle 231-2; Graff (1932) 155; Hiorth 16; Robins (1959) 134; Uhlenbeck (1952) 328-9 Malayo-Polynesian Entwistle 230; Graff (1932) 154; Longacre (1964) 102 Maltese Firth 121-2, 136 Manchu Graff (1932) 150 Manx Kramsky (1969) 15 Massai Graff (1932) 157 Mayan Chao (1946) 7; Longacre (1960) 73, 85; Nida 95; Pike (1967) 482 Mazatec Bolinger (1963) 171; Pike (1947) 172-3 Melanesian Hall 133

112

INDEX OF LANGUAGES

Menomini Allen 124; Hockett (1947) 283 Mentaway Graff (1932) 155 Micronesian Garvin (1954) 345-8 Mixteco Hiorth 16; Pike (1947) 181; (1967) 479, 481; Robins (1959) 142, 144 Mon Khmer Entwistle 230; Graff (1932) 151 Monghandi Nida 98 Mongolian Entwistle 233; Leroy 155; Troubetzkoy 295, 303 Na-Dem Kramsky (1969) 74 Nahuatl Pittman 239 Navaho Harris (1951) 130; Nida 80 Ngbaka Nida 98 Nootka Carroll 40; Dinneen 223; Nida 82; Sapir 33, 35 Norse Meillet (1917) 82, 84, 87 Old Meillet (1917) 82, 85 Norwegian Hiorth 24; Lyons (1968) 204; Robins (1959) 141; (1964) 195; Troubetzkoy 307 Nouba Western Troubetzkoy 293

INDEX OF LANGUAGES

113

Nyanja Firth 121 Osco-Umbrian Meillet (1917) 87 Ostyak Northern Troubetzkoy 292 Paiute Dinneen 224; Sapir 36 Southern Troubetzkoy 303 Penutian Kramsky (1969) 74 Persian Entwistle 233; Kramsky (1965) 44-5; (1969) 32-3, 39; Togeby (1965b Paris) 92 Peul Graff (1932) 154; Vendryes (1921b) 102 Polabian Troubetzkoy 295 Polish Bloomfield 182; Borgstram 277; Entwistle 236; Garvin (1957) 21; Greenberg 31-2; de Groot 224; Kramsky (1969) 10; Lyons (1968) 205; Meillet (1926) 12; Pulgram 32; Robins (1964) 146, 198; Troubetzkoy 294-5; Ullmann 49 Polynesian Entwistle 232; Graff (1932) 155 Ponapean Garvin (1954) 345-8; (1957) 13-4, 18-9, 21 Portuguese Kramsky (1969) 25, 39, 68; Togeby (1949) 106-7, 110 Potawatomi Longacre (1964) 105 Prussian Old

114

INDEX OF LANGUAGES

Meillet (1917) 82 Quechuan Entwistle 228, 233-4; Graff (1932) 155; Nida 78-9, 82, 88, 97, 106 Romance Hall 191; Paul 349; Pulgram 28; Robins (1959) 122; Zirmunskij 86 Rumanian Juilland etc. esp. XXI; Rramsky (1969) 17; Lyons (1968) 204; Robins (1964) 195; Rosetti (1947) 28; Ullmann 53 Russian Ullmann 49-50; Vendryes (1921a) 67; Whatmough 48; Zaliznjak 43-5; Zirmunskij 67-9, 71-9, 81-4, 86, 88-91 Samoan Bloomfield 181; Entwistle 232; Hockett (1947) 283 Samoedian Troubetzkoy 295, 308 Sanskrit Allen 13-28; Dyen 537; Graff (1932) 157; Greenberg 31; Harweg 40, 51, 55-60; Meillet (1908) 110-1; (1917) 81-3, 86-8; (1926) 10; Pulgram 28, 36; Robins (1959) 133; (1964) 197, 200-1; Rosetti (1947) 22, 26; Seiler 769; Togeby (1949) 100; Uhlenbeck (1952) 336; Ullmann 57; Untermann 488; Vendryes (1921a) 67, 89-91, 99; Zirmunskij 78 Santee Troubetzkoy 298 Saxon Old Meillet (1917) 81, 83, 85-8 Scandinavian Meillet (1917) 878; Robins (1964) 195; Zirmunskij 70-1, 86 Semitic Entwistle 234-5; Firth 136; Harris (1951) 327-8; Jespersen

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

115

(1922) 425; Kramsky (1969) 10; Rosetti (1947) 27; Vendryes (1921b) 89, 94-6, 98, 100, 105; Zirmunskij 68 Serbo-Croatian Kramsky (1969) 56 Serere Graff (1932) 154 Siamese Robins (1964) 161, 166 Sino-Tibetan Entwistle 230 Sioux Kramsky (1969) 74 Slavic Bloomfield 182; Trnka 424 Church Kramsky (1969) 56 Common Meillet (1908) 115-6; (1917) 84 Old Meillet (1917) 81-3, 87 Slovak Troubetzkoy 295 Sonbija Leroy 155; Vendryes (1921b) 102 Sorabian Troubetzkoy 293, 295 Sosva Troubetzkoy 294 Sotho Van Wijk 544, 554 Spanish Bloomfield 182; Hall 133, 424; Harweg 48; Kramsky (1965) 45; (1969) 25, 33, 68; Martinet (1968) 295; Pike (1947) 90; (1967) 441; Preston 57; Pulgram 26-7; Ullmann 57; Vendryes (1921b) 90 American

116

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Pottier 703 Castilian Pottier 701-4 Sudanese Robins (1959) 128-9; (1964) 198 Swahiii Entwistle 234; Harris (1951) 88, 119; Nida 92; Robins (1964) 146, 198 Swedish Kramsky (1969) 25; Lyons (1968) 204; Martinet (1966) 44; Robins (1959) 141; Troubetzkoy 307; Ullmann 53 Tagalog Dyen 539; Graff (1932) 151; Pittman 238-9 Tagil Firth 121 Takelma Kramsky (1969) 74 Tamil Troubetzkoy 293, 302, 307, 309, 313 Taos Nida 88 Tartar Troubetzkoy 302 Tavda Troubetzkoy 295 Tchetchen Troubetzkoy 295 Telegu Firth 121; Harris (1970) 63 Teleonte Troubetzkoy 309 Thai Robins (1964) 161 Tibetan Pierson 4

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

117

Tlingit Kiimsky (1969) 74 Tonkawa Nida 96-7, 103; Troubetzkoy 297 Totonac Longacre (1960) 73; Nida 101 Trique Longacre (1960) 72-86; (1964) 104 Tsotsil Pike (1967) 482 Tubatulabal Troubetzkoy 295 Tungus Troubetzkoy 303 Turco-Tartar Vendryes (1921b) 100 Turkic Kramsky (1969) 76; Troubetzkoy 295-6, 298-9, 302-3, 307; Zirmunskij 68, 71-2, 79, 81, 85-7, 91 Turkish Bazell (1953) 9, 52, 55, 60, 67; (1957) 27-8; Entwistle 232-4; Firth 136; Garvin (1957) 21; Graff (1932) 150; Harris (1951) 346; Harweg 24, 39, 42; Hiorth 13; Kramsky (1969) 39, 56-7, 76-7; Lyons (1968) 205; Meier 296; Nida 79, 82, 88, 103; Reichling 35; Robins (1959) 132; (1964) 164-5, 198; Togeby (1965b) 92; Vendryes (1921b) 100-1, 104; Zirmunskij 71 Osmanli

Troubetzkoy 296 Tzeltal Nida 95, 100-1 Urdu Firth 136 Uzbek Troubetzkoy 296; Zirmunskij 71, 85-7, 91

118

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Vedic Meillet (1908) 114-5; Seiler 769; Vendryes (1921) 105 Vietnamese Kramsky (1969) 11; Meier 295; Robins (1959) 123 Visayan Garvin (1957) 16, 18 Voltaic Vendryes (1921b) 102 Welsh Entwistle 234, 236; Robins (1964) 201 Wolof Graff (1932) 154 Yakut Troubetzkoy 295, 298 Yiddish Kramsky (1969) 26-7 Yipounon Nida 105 Yurok Robins (1959) 142 Zoque Lamb 22-3; Longacre (1960) 83-5; (1964) 113-4; Nida 99; Pike (1947) 172 Zulu Entwistle 299

JANUA LINGUARUM STUDIA MEMORIAE NICOLAI VAN WIJK DEDICATA Edited by C. H. van Schooneveld SERIES MINOR 42. 44. 45, 47. 49. 50. 51. 52. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 60. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.

Trends in Linguistics. Translated by Muriel Heppell. 1965.260 pp. Gld. 28.— THEODORE M. DRANOE: Type Crossings: Sentential Meaninglessness in the Border Area of Linguistics and Philosophy. 1966. 218 pp. Gld. 29.— WARREN H. FAY: Temporal Sequence in the Perception of Speech. 1966. 126 pp., 29 figs. Gld. 23.— BOWMAN CLARKE: Language and Natural Theology. 1966. 181 pp. Gld. 30.— SAMUEL ABRAHAM and FERENC KEEFER: A Theory of Structural Semantics. 1966. 98 pp., 20 figs. Gld. 16.— ROBERT j. SCHOLES: Phonotactic Grammatically. 1966. 117 pp., many figs. Gld. 20.— HOWARD R. POLLIO: The Structural Basis of Word Association Behavior. 1966. 96 pp., 4 folding tables, 8 pp. graphs, figs. Gld. 18.— JEFFREY ELLIS: Towards and General Comparative Linguistics. 1966. 170 pp. Gld. 26.— RANDOLPH QUIRK and IAN SVARTVIK : Investigating Linguistic Acceptability. 1966. 118 pp., 14 figs., 4 tables. Gld. 20.— THOMAS A. SEBEOK (ED.): Selected Writings of Gyula Laziczius. 1966. 226 pp. Gld. 33.— NOAM CHOMSKY: Topics in the Theory of Generative Grammar. 1966. 96 pp. Gld. 12.— LOUIS G. HELLER and JAMES MACRIS: Parametric Linguistics. 1967. 80 pp., 23 tables. Gld. 14.— JOSEPH H. GREENBERG: Language Universals: With Special Reference to Feature Hierarchies. 1966. 89 pp. Gld. 14.— CHARLES F. HOCKETT: Language, Mathematics, and Linguistics. 1967. 244 pp., some figs. Gld. 28.— B. USPENSKY: Principles of Structural Typology. 1968. 80 pp. Gld. 16.— v. z. PANFELOV: Grammar and Logic. 1968. 160 pp. Gld. 18.— JAMES c. MORRISON: Meaning and Truth in Wittgenstein's Tractatus. 1968. 148 pp. Gld. 20.— ROGER L. BROWN: Wilhelm von Humboldt's Conception of Linguistic Relativity. 1967. 132 pp. Gld. 20.— EUGENE J. BRIERE: A Psycholinguistic Study of Phonological Interference. 1968. 84 pp. Gld. 14.— MILKA IVI6:

67. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 76. 77. 106. 107. 110. 113. 114. 117. 119. 123. 134.

The Linguistic Relativity Principle and New Humboldtian Ethnolinguistics: A History and Appraisal. 1968. 127 pp. Gld. 20.— i. M. SCHLESINGER: Sentence Structure and the Reading Process. 1968. 172 pp. Gld. 22.— A. ORTIZ and E. ZIERER: Set Theory and Linguistics. 1968. 64 pp. Gld. 12.— HANS-HEINRICH LIEB: Communication Complexes and Their Stages. 1968. 140 pp. Gld. 20 — ROMAN JAKOBSON: Child Language, Aphasia and Phonological Universals. 1968. 104 pp. Gld. 12.— CHARLES F. HOCKETT: The State of the Art. 1968.124 pp. Gld. 18.— A. JUILLAND and HANS-HEINRICH LIEB: "Klasse" und "Klassifikation" in der Sprachwissenschaft. 1968. 75 pp. Gld. 14.— URSULA OOMEN: Automatische Syntaktische Analyse. 1968. 84 pp. Gld. 16.— ALDOD. SCAGLIONE: Ars Grammatica. 1970. 151 pp. Gld. 18.— HENRIK BIRNBAUM: Problems of Typological and Genetic Linguistics Viewed in a Generative Framework. 1971.132 pp. Gld. 16.— NOAM CHOMSKY: Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar. 1972. 207 pp. Gld. 24 — MANFRED BIERWISCH: Modern Linguistics. Its Development, Methods and Problems. 1971.105 pp. Gld. 12.— ERHARD AGRICOLA: Semantische Relationen im Text und im System. 1972. 127 pp. Gld. 26.— ROMAN JAKOBSON: Studies on Child Language and Aphasia. 1971. 132 pp. Gld. 16.— D. L. OLMSTED: Out of the Mouth of Babes. 1971. 260 pp. Gld. 36 — HERMAN PARRET: Language and Discourse. 1971. 292 pp. Gld. 32.— JOHN w. OLLER: Coding Information in Natural Languages. 1971. 120 pp. Gld. 20.— ROMAN JAKOBSON : A Bibliography of His Writings. With a Foreword by C. H. Van Schooneveld. 1971. 60 pp. Gld. 10.— ROBERT L. MILLER:

MOUTON • PUBLISHERS • THE HAGUE