Britannica Book of the Year 1991 0852295464

Table of contents :
Cover
Title
Contents
Calendar 1991
FEATURE: Global Environment -- A Planet in Stress
Chronology of 1990
BRITANNICA UPDATE
United States of America
Bismarck
Diplomacy
Central Africa
Bibliography: Recent Books
THE YEAR IN REVIEW
People of 1990
BIOGRAPHIES
OBITUARIES
Events of 1990
AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SUPPLIES
CHEMISTRY
ECONOMIC AFFAIRS
ECONOMIC AFFAIRS
GARDENING
INDUSTRIAL REVIEW
LIFE SCIENCES
MILITARY AFFAIRS
POPULATION
SOCIAL SECURITY AND WELFARE SERVICES
SPORTS AND GAMES
SPORTS AND GAMES
TELEVISION AND RADIO
WORLD AFFAIRS: AFRICA
WORLD AFFAIRS: AFRICA
WORLD AFFAIRS: EAST ASIA
WORLD AFFAIRS: SOUTHEAST ASIA
WORLD AFFAIRS: WESTERN EUROPE
WORLD AFFAIRS: EASTERN EUROPE
WORLD AFFAIRS: LATIN AMERICA
WORLD AFFAIRS: DEPENDENT STATES
Contributors
WORLD DATA
Afghanistan
Brazil
Cote d'lvoire
Gabon
India
Lebanon
Monaco
Peru
Somalia
USSR
Government and international organizations
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES
INDEX
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q-R
S
T
U
V-W
X-Y-Z

Citation preview

1991

Britannica Book of the Year

Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.

Chicago

Auckland/Geneva/London/Madrid/Manila/Paris

Rome/Seoul/Sydney/Tokyo/Toronto

EDITOR

Daphne Daume EDITORIAL STAFF David Calhoun

Ann

Belaski Lynette Bertsche Elizabeth A. Blowers Linda A. Cifelli Jennifer Cohen Cheryl Collins

Linda Tomchuck Bibliographical Research Leah Hotimlanska

Marty

Joan Harris, Toronto Harold DeWeese, Sydney Rinzo Sakauchi, Tokyo

LIBRARIAN Terry Miller

ASSOCIATE LIBRARIAN Shantha Uddin

Ellen Finkelstein

CURATOR/GEOGRAPHY David W. Foster ASSISTANT LIBRARIAN Robert Lewis

SECRETARIAL STAFF Dorothy Hagen Catherine E. Johnson

Deidre McAllister Letricia Riley E. Sebastian Sylvia Wallace

MANAGER, PRODUCTION CONTROL Mary C. Srodon

CREATIVE DIRECTOR, ART Cynthia Peterson

SENIOR COORDINATOR,

OPERATIONS MANAGER, ART Marsha Mackenzie SENIOR PICTURE EDITOR

PRODUCTION CONTROL Marilyn

L.

Barton

PRODUCTION CONTROL STAFF Jacqueline Amato

Holly Harrington

PICTURE EDITORS Kathryn Creech Harriett Hiland Cathy Melloan

Stephanie A. Green

MANAGER, COMPOSITION/ PAGE MAKEUP

LAYOUT ARTISTS

Melvin Stagner

Draves

COORDINATOR, COMPOSITION/ PAGE MAKEUP

Mahoney Stephanie Motz ART PRODUCTION SUPERVISOR J.

Michael Born,

Jr.

COMPOSITION/PAGE MAKEUP STAFF

Richard A. Roiniotis

ART STAFF

Eram A. Ahmad Griselda Chaidez

Henle Margaret Liebezeit Patricia A.

Duangnetra Debhavalya

Pitstick

Carol A. Gaines Vertreasa Hunt

MANAGER, CARTOGRAPHY

John Krom,

Barbra A. Vogel

Thomas

CARTOGRAPHY STAFF Laurie Anderson Steven Bogdan Amelia Gintautas Julsun Pacheco

Kathryn

J.

Arnell

Reed

Gwen

E.

Tammy

Jr.

Mulligan

Rosenberg

Tsou

Danette Wetterer

EDITORIAL ADMINISTRATION Robert McHenry, General Editor Robert F. Rauch, Director of Yearbooks

Karen M. Barch, Vice President, Editorial Development Elizabeth P. O'Connor, Director, Editorial Financial Planning

ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, INC. Robert P. Gwinn, Chairman of the Board Peter B. Norton, President

Piffl

©1991 BY ENCYCLOP/EDIA BRITANNICA, INC. Copyright Under International Copyright Union All Rights

Reserved Under Pan American and Universal Copyright Conventions

by Encyclopaedia Bntannica.

Inc.

Library of Congress Catalog Card International Standard

Number: 38-12082 Book Number 0-85229-546-4

International Standard Serial

No

part of this

Number

0068-1 156

work may be reproduced or

utilized in

any form or by any means, electronic or

mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,

without permission in writing from the publisher.

BRITANNICA BOOK OF THE YEAR (Trademark Reg.

Issa

Bernard J. Jablonski Steven M. Monti

Joan

Sergio A. Sarmiento, Mexico City J. Amaral, Rio de Janeiro

Diana M.

G

Manal Salah

Madolynn Cronk Karen Feldman Laura R. Gabler John Gherardini David Gottlieb Anthony L. Green Glenn Jenne Elizabeth Laskey John Mathews

CORRESPONDENTS

L.

Ronning

Barbara Whitney

Ellen Bernstein

John John

Carmen-Maria Hetrea SENIOR INDEX EDITOR Martin L. White INDEX STAFF Mansur Abdullah

Julian

Melinda Shepherd Medical Subjects

E.

MANAGER, INDEX DEPARTMENT

Anita Wolff SENIOR COPY EDITORS

COPY STAFF

Charles Cegielski Karen Jacobs Justin Arthur Latham Elizabeth B. Luft Stephen Neher

ADVISER Martin

MANAGER, COPY DEPARTMENT

U.S. Pal. Off.) Printed in U.S.A.

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO The Britanmca Book of the Year

is

published with the editorial advice

of the faculties of the University of Chicago.

CONTENTS 4

Calendar

5

FEATURE

5

Global Environment

16

Chronology of 1990

37

BRITANNICA UPDATE

37

Majiur Revisions from the 1991 Macropsd la United States of America: The American Revolution and the early federal republic

37

40 44 52 60

Bismarck Diplomacy

64 64 64 86

THE YEAR

113

— A Planet

by Konrad von Moltke

in Stress

Central Africa: History Bibliography: Recent Books

IN

REVIEW

People of 1990 Biographies Obituaries

Events of 1990 Review

113

Agriculture and

207

Industrial

123

228

Information Processing and

125

Anthropology Archaeology

127

Architecture

229

Labour-Management Relations

131

Art Exhibitions and Art Sales

231

Law

131

sidebar: The Sistine Chapel

234 235 242 243

Food Supplies

Restoration

by Francine Shonfeld Sherman 135

Astronomy

136

sidebar: Salvaging the Troubled

137

Hubble by Kenneth Brecher Botanical Gardens and Zoos

139

Chemistry

141

Consumer

143

Crime, Law Enforcement, and Penology

147

Dance

151

Disasters

155

Earth Sciences

160

Economic

176

Affairs

special report: The Collapse of Junk Market: The Morning After

185

by Judith H. Dobrzynski Education Energy

187

Engineering Projects

191

Environment Fashion and Dress Gardening Health and Disease

198

200 201

253 253 260

Affairs

the

181

Information Systems

of the Year Contributors

524

Book

529

WORLD DATA

881

INDEX

262 264 268 270 273 274 275 277 278 278

283 287 289 289

Libraries

300

Religion

special report:

Two

Years That

World of Religion by Martin E. Marty Social Security and Welfare the

Services

Literature

sidebar: 100 Years of Christie's

Crimes by Ellen Finkelstein Mathematics Military Affairs

special report: The Continuing Gulf Crisis by Robin Ranger Mining Motion Pictures

302 305 342 360 363 367 370 424

443

Museums

Space Exploration Sports and

Television

and Radio

Theatre Transportation

World

Affairs

special report: Japanese-U.S. Relations in 1990

by Richard B. Matthews special report: The Meaning of Unification

by Ronald D. Asmus

Rap on Rap

by Susan Marts Myers Philately and Numismatics

Games

Sporting Record

German

Music 450

sidebar: France: The Impact of Carpentras

by Christian Sauvage

Photography Physics

465

sidebar: U.K.: The Poll Tax

sidebar: Mrs. E = mc 2 ? by Barbara Whitney

476

by Peter Kellner special report: The Soviet Nationalities Problem

Populations and Population

Movements 279

Race Relations

Shook

Life Sciences

sidebar:

Publishing

special report: The 1990 U.S.

Census by Stratton

516

by Martin McCauley sidebar: The New Zealand Sesquicentennial

Little

by John A. Kelleher

ON On

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