Tree-Ring Studies of Wood Used in Neolithic and Bronze Age Trackways from the Somerset Levels, Parts i and ii 9781407389936, 9781407389943, 9780860545262, 9781407318028

Table of contents :
COVER -- Part I
Copyright
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF APPENDICES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ADDENDUM
I -- BACKGROUND TO TREE-RING STUDIES IN THE SOMERSET LEVELS
II -- METHODS OF ANALYSIS
III -- RESULTS: PART A
IV -- RESULTS: PART B
V -- THE BRUSHWOOD STRUCTURES
VI -- THE HURDLE TRACKWAYS
VII -- CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
COVER -- Part II
Copyright
Tables
Figures
Appendices

Citation preview

Tree-Ring Studies of Wood Used in Neolithic and Bronze Age Trackways from the Somerset Levels

Ruth A. Morgan

Part· i

BAR British Series 184(i) 1988

B.A.R. 5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR 184 (I), 1988: 'Tree-Ring Studies of Wood Used in N eolithic and Bronze Age Trackways from the Somerset Levels' Part I

© Ruth A. Morgan, 1988 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407389936 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407389943 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860545262 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407318028 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860545262 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

CONTENTS OF VOLU ME I

P age No .

L i s t o f C on ten t s

i

L i s t o f T ab le s ( i n v o lume I )

v i

L i s t o f F igure s ( i n v o lume I )

i x

L i s t o f Append ice s ( i n v o lume I )

x v i i

A cknow ledgemen t s

x v i i i

Addendum

I

I

x x

BACKGROUND TO TREE-R ING S TUD IES I N THE SO MERSET LEVELS

1

I . 1 .1

I n troduc t ion :

1

1 . 1 .2

T he S t ruc ture o f t h i s v o lume

4

1 . 1 .3

P r inc ip le s o f d endrochrono logy a nd t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s

5

1 . 2 .1

T ree-r ing s t ud ie s i n p reh i s tor ic E urope

6

1 . 2 .2

T ree-r ing s t ud ie s i n p reh i s tor ic B r i ta in

8

1 . 3

T he S omer se t L eve l s

1 2

1 . 3 .1

Geo logy a nd s o i l s

1 2

1 . 3 .2

V ege ta t ion

1 4

1 . 3 .3

P reh i s tor ic A rchaeo logy i n t he L eve l s

1 6

P rob lem s a nd P o ten t ia l

METHODS OF ANALYS IS

2 1

I .1 .1

Wood T echno logy - wood s pec ie s i nvo lved i n t he s tudy

2 2

1 .1 .2

Wood t e chno logy - me thod s o f c onver t ing t he t r ee

2 4

1 .2

F ie ld Me thod s -S amp l ing

2 7

1 .3

L abora tory Me thod s

2 9

1 .3 .1

L abora tory me thod s -s amp le p repa ra t ion

2 9

1 .3 .2

L abora tory me thod s -r ecord ing a nd r i ng-w id th mea suremen t

2 9

1 .3 .3

L abora tory me thod s -c ro s s-ma tch ing

3 2

1

P aee N o . RESULTS PART A - T I MBER TRACKS

3 5

I I .1

THE SWEET TRACK

3 7

I I .1 .1

I n troduc t ion

3 7

1 1 .1 .2

D eve lopmen t o f o b jec t ives i n t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s o f t he Swee t t r ack

1 1 .1 .3

S p l i t o ak p lank s

4 2

3 . 1

P lank s i ze a nd c onver s ion me thod s

4 2

3 . 2

C ro s s-ma tch ing

4 2

3 . 3

I n terpre ta t ion o f r e su l t s

4 5

3 . 4

S apwood

5 2

3 . 5

R ad ioca rbon d a t ing

5 4

3 . 6

T ree-r ing d a t ing

5 5

1 1 .1 .4

S p l i t l ime p lank s

5 8

1 1 .1 .5

S p l i t a sh p lank s

6 1

1 1 .1 .6

C onc lu s ion s

6 4

I I .! .

1 1 .2

1 1 .3

1 1 .4

4 0

THE MEARE HEATH TRACK

6 6

1 1 .2 .1

I n t roduc t ion

6 6

1 1 .2 .2

S amp l ing

6 7

1 1 .2 .3

T he t imber a nd i t s c onver s ion

6 8

1 1 .2 .4

G row th r i ng s a nd c ro s s-ma tch ing

6 8

1 1 .2 .5

S apwood

7 1

1 1 .2 .6

A rchaeo log ica l i n terpre ta t ion o f t r ee-r ing r e su l t s

7 1

1 1 .2 .7

D a t ing

7 4

1 1 .2 .8

C onc lu s ion s

7 5

T INNEY 'S GROUND

7 7

1 1 .3 .1

T he s i te s

7 7

1 1 .3 .2

T he s amp le s

7 7

1 1 .3 .3

C ro s s-ma tch ing a nd i n terpre ta t ion

7 8

1 1 .3 .4

D a t ing t he T inney 's c hrono logy

8 0

CONCLUS IONS TO PART A

8 1

1

P age N o . RESULTS PART B - ROUNDWOOD I n troduc t ion

8 2

I V

ROUNDWOOD POLES FRO M THE SWEET TRACK

8 6

I V .!

I n troduc t ion

8 6

I V .2

A sh r oundwood

8 9

I V .3

Haze l r oundwood

9 1

I V .4

R oundwood o f o ther s pec ie s

9 5

I V .4 .1

W i l low

9 5

I V .4 .2

A spen

9 6

I V .4 .3

E lm

9 6

I V .4 .4

A lder

9 7

I V .4 .5

B irch

9 7

I V .4 .6

Ho l ly

9 8

I V .4 .7

Dogwood

9 8

I V .5

D ISCUSS ION AND CONCLUS IONS

V

THE BRUSHWOOD S TRUCTURES

V .1

HONEYGORE AND HONEYCAT

1 03

V .1 .1

T he s i te s

1 03

V .1 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

1 04

V .2

V .3

V .4

V .5

V .6

9 9

I n troduc t ion

1 02

THE GARV IN 'S TRACK

1 05

V .2 .1

T he s i te

1 05

V .2 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

1 05

THE J ONES TRACK WAY

1 08

V .3 .1

T he s i te

1 08

V .3 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

1 08

B ISGROVE 'S TRACK WAY

1 09

V .4 .1

T he s i te

1 09

V .4 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

1 09

T INNEY 'S GROUND

I ll

V .5 .1

T he s i te s

I ll

V .5 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ies

12

GODW IN 'S TRACK WAY

14

V .6 .1

T he s i te

14

V .6 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

14

1 1

P aae N o .

V .7

THE BAKER P LATFOR M

16

V .7 .1

T he s i te

16

V .7 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

17

V .7 .2 .1

B irch

17

V .7 .2 .2

W i l low

17

V .7 .2 .3

A lder

17

V .7 .2 .4

Haze l

19

V .7 .2 .5

A sh

19

V .7 .2 .6

O ak

1 20

V .7 .3

C onc lu s ion s

1 20

V .8

D ISCUSS ION

V I

THE HURDLE S TRUCTURES

V I .1

HONEYBEE TRACK

1 27

V I .! .!

T he s i te

1 27

V I .1 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

1 27

V I .2

V I .3

V I .4

V I .5

V I .6

1 22

I n troduc t ion

1 25

WALTON TRACK

1 29

V I .2 .1

T he s i te

1 29

V I .2 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

1 30

ROWLAND 'S TRACKWAY

1 32

V I .3 .1

T he s i te

1 32

V I .3 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

1 33

THE ECL IPSE TRACK

1 37

V I .4 .1

T he s i te

1 37

V I .4 .2

R esu l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

1 37

THE EAST MOORS TRACK

1 40

V I .5 .1

T he s i te

1 40

V I .5 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

1 40

THE S T ILEWAY HURDLE

1 41

V I .6 .1

T he s i te

1 41

V I .6 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

1 41

i v

P a2e No . V I .7

THE D IFFORD 'S 3 AND 4 HURDLES

1 43

V I .7 .1

T he s i te s

1 43

V I .7 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s tud ie s

1 44

V I .8

D ISCUSS ION

1 44

V I I

CONCLUS IONS

1 48

V I 1 .1

OAK CHRONOLOG IES

1 48

V I I .2

R ING PATTERNS I N OTHER WOOD S PEC IES

1 49

V I I .3

WOODLAND MANAGE MENT

1 51

B IBL IOGRAPHY

CONTENTS OF VOLU ME I TABLES I .1t o V I .9 F IGURES I .1t o V I .28 APPEND ICES 1t o 8

1 54

L IST OF TABLES

I .

1

P age N o .

V ege ta t iona l c hange s i n t he S omer se t L eve l s , a f ter B ecke t t a nd H ibber t , 1 978

2

1

L i s t o f S omer se t t r ackway s d i scu s sed i n t he t ex t

2

I . 1

L i s t o f w ood s pec ie s men t ioned i n t he t e x t

3

MA

S umma ry o f e xcava t ion s a l ong t he S wee t t r ack

4

2

S umma ry o f s pec ie s a nd o r ig in o f t r ee-r ing s amp le s f rom t he S wee t t r ack

5

3

R ing-w id th v a lue s f or t he 4 10 y ea r Swee t ma s ter c hrono logy

6

4

L i s t o f o ak s amp le s w i th s apwood f rom t he S wee t t r ack

7

5

R ing-w id th v a lue s f or t he 7 1 y ea r m ean c urve f or o ak r oundwood f rom t he S wee t t r ack , s i te TG

6

tv a lue s f or t he ma tch ing o f c urve s f rom S wee t o ak p lank s w i th s apwood

9

7

R ad iocarbon d a te s f rom S wee t t r ee-r ing s amp le s

8

R ad ioca rbon d a te s f rom c orre spond ing r i ng s o f t he Swee t , S to lford a nd C o lw ick c hrono log ie s

9

1

1 2

R ing-w id th v a lue s f or t he 9 7 y ea r l ime mean c urve f rom S wee t p lank s

1

1 0

tv a lue s f or p o s s ib le ma tche s o f t he N eo l i th ic c hrono log ie s w i th d a ted I r i sh a nd German c hrono log ie s

1 0

8

1 3

R ing-w id th v a lue s f or t he 1 67 y ea r a sh mean c urve f rom S wee t p lank s

1 4

1 2

S umma ry o f s amp le s c o l lec ted f r om t he Mea re H ea th t r ack

1 5

1 3

C onver s ion me thod a nd n umber o f r i ng s i n Meare H ea th p lank s

1 6

1 4

R ing-w id th v a lue s f or t he 1 52 y ea r Mea re H ea th ma s ter c urve

1 7

1 5

L i s t o f o ak s amp le s w i th s apwood f rom t he Mea re H ea th t r ack

1 8

1 6

C onver s ion me thod c ompared t o r i ng-w id th a nd p lank w id th

1 9

1 7

C onver s ion me thod c ompa red t o f unc t ion o f p lank s i n t he Meare H ea th t r ack

1 8

1 9

P o s s ib le c orre la t ion s o f t he Mea re H ea th c hrono logy w i th d a ted r eference c hrono log ie s v i

2 0

P aee N o .

1 9

S umma ry o f t r ee-r ing s amp le s f r om t he T inney ' s t r ack s

2 1

2 0

C onver s ion m e thod s o f o ak p lank s f rom t he T inney ' s t r ack s

2 1

2 1

R ing-w id th v a lue s ( i nd ice s ) f or t he T inney ' s o ak ma s ter c hrono logy

2 2

2 2

D e ta i l s o f s t ake s f rom T inney ' s A 1 975

2 3

P o s s ib le c or re la t ion s o f t h e T inney ' s c hrono logy w i th d a ted r efe rence c h rono log ie s

I V .

1

2 4

S umma ry o f a ge a nd s i ze o f r oundwood o f a l l s pec ie s f rom t he S wee t t r ack

2 5

2

S umma ry o f a ge a nd s i ze o f a sh r oundwood f rom t he S wee t t r ack

3

S umma ry o f a ge a nd s i ze o f h aze l r oundwood f rom t he S wee t t r ack

V .

2 3

2 6

2 7

4

C ompa r i son o f i nd iv idua l a nd m ean h aze l c urve s

2 8

5

C ompa r i son o f h aze l a nd a sh m ean c urve s

2 8

6

C ompa r i son o f o ak r oundwood , a sh a nd h aze l m ean c urve s

2 9

1

B ru shwood s t ruc ture s m en t ioned i n t he t ex t

3 0

2

S umma ry o f b i rch a ge a nd s i ze f r om t he Honeygore a nd Honeyca t t r ack s

3

3 1

S umma ry o f b i rch a ge a nd s i ze f rom G arv in ' s , B i sgrove ' s a nd J one s t r ack s

4

3 1

S umma ry o f h aze l , a sh a nd a l de r a ge a nd s i ze f rom t he Ga rv in 's a nd J one s t r ack s

3 2

5

S umma ry o f a l der a ge a nd s i ze f r om t he T inney 's t r ack s

3 3

6

A ge a nd s i ze o f a l der s t em s f rom T IN D a nd T IN E

3 4

7

S umma ry o f a ge a nd s i ze o f a l der , w i l low , b i rch a nd o ak s t em s f r om t he Godw in ' s t r ack

8

S umma ry o f a ge a nd s i ze o f a l l s pec ie s f rom t he B aker p la tfo rm

9

3 4

3 5

R ing-w id th v a lue s f or m ean c urve s o f a sh , a l der a nd o ak f rom t h e B aker p l a tform

3 6

v i i

P ame N o . 1 0

V I .

C ompa r i son o f a ge a nd s i ze o f a lder a nd b i rch s t em s f rom a l l b ru shwood t r ack s s t ud ied

3 7

1

Hurd le t r ackway s men t ioned i n t he t ex t

3 8

2

S umma ry o f a ge a nd s i ze o f h aze l r od s a nd s a i l s i n t he Honeybee h urd le s

3

3 9

S ummary o f a ge a nd s i ze o f h aze l a nd b i rch s t em s i n t he Row land 's t r ack

3 9

4

S ummary o f a ge a nd s i ze o f h aze l s t em s i n t he E c l ip se t r ack

4 0

5

S umma ry o f a ge a nd s i ze o f h aze l s t em s i n t he E a s t Moor s t r ack

4 0

6

S ummary o f a ge a nd s i ze o f a l der s t em s f r om t he S t i leway h urd le

7

4 1

S ummary o f a ge a nd s i ze o f h aze l a nd a l der s t em s f rom t he D ifford 's 3 a nd 4 h urd le s

8

S umma ry o f d a ta f r om a l l h urd le t r ack s i n t he S omer se t L eve l s

9

S umma ry o f d a ta f or h urd le r od s f rom o ther e xcava t ion s o f v ar iou s p er iod s

4 1 4 2

4 3

v i i i

L IST OF F IGURES ( i n v o lume I )

I .

P age No .

1

L oca t ion map o f t he S omer se t L eve l s

4 4

2

D iagramma t ic g eo log ica l s ec t ion t h rough t he S omer se t L eve l s

4 5

3

Map o f t he B rue v a l ley s how ing g eo log ica l f ea ture s

4 6

4

Ma in s o i l t ype s o f t he S omer se t L eve l s

4 7

5

P ea t s t ra t igraphy o f t he S omer se t l e ve l s , a f ter C o le s a nd C o le s 1 986

6

4 8

P o l len p rof i le s o f t he S omer se t L eve l s , a f ter B ecke t t a nd H ibber t 1 978

I .

4 9

7

Map o f t r ackway s a nd s t ruc ture s i n t he B rue v a l ley

5 0

1

Wood s pec ie s u sed i n t he t r ackway s

5 1

2

D iagramma t ic s e c t ion o f a n o ak t r unk s how ing t he w ood s t ruc ture

5 2

3

T he s t ruc ture o f r i ng-porou s w ood s , o ak , a sh a nd e lm

5 3

4

T he s t ruc ture o f d iffu se-porou s w ood s , h aze l a nd a lder

5 4

5

T he g row th r a te o f o ne a nnua l r i ng o f o ak

5 5

6

C amb ia l d iv i s ion i n r i ng-porou s w ood

5 6

7

T he s t ruc ture o f h ear twood a nd s apwood i n o ak

5 7

8

S ke tch c ro s s-sec t ion s o f t r ackway w ood s how ing c onver s ion me thod s

5 8

9

P repara t ion o f t he w ood s urface w i th a k n ife

1 0

S ca t ter d iagram s c ompar ing a ge/s ize r e la t ion sh ip s o f a spen/ w i l low w i th a sh

5 9

6 0

1

H i s togram s s how ing t he e ffec t s o f c ho ice o f s ca le

6 1

1 2

P rob lem s i n r i ng-w id th mea suremen t i n o ak

6 2

1 3

E qu ipmen t f or r i ng-w id th mea suremen t ; a )

c a l ibra ted e yep iece

b )

t r ave l l ing s t age w i th l i near t r an sducer

c )

B ann i s ter s t age w i th App le H e m icrocompu ter

6 3

1 4

Me thod s o f d a ta l i s t ing

6 4

1 5

S i te s hee t

6 5

1 6

Me thod o f p lo t t ing r i ng-w id th c urve

6 6

1 7

R ing s o f N eo l i th ic o ak p lank w i th p lo t ted c urve b e low

6 7

i x

P age N o .

1 8

C ro s s-ma tched c urve s a nd s i te mean c urve

6 8

1 9

R ecord ing s i gna ture s i n r i ng-w id th p a t tern s

6 9

2 0

S amp le p r in tou t f r om R INGSYNCH c ro s s-ma tch ing p rogram

7 0

2 1

S amp le p r in tou t f r om CROS c ro s s-ma tch ing p rogram

7 1

2 2

S amp le p r in tou t f rom CROS p rogram f r om App le H e m icrocompu ter

7 2

Map s how ing t he r ou te o f t he S wee t t r ack

7 3

2

S tage s i n c on s truc t ion o f t he Swee t t r ack

7 4

3

P ho to o f t he Swee t t r ack , R a i lway s i te

7 5

4

P lan o f p ar t o f t he T urba ry s i te , S wee t t r ack

7 6

5

H i s togram s how ing r ange i n o ak p l ank w id th s f rom t he

I I . 1

S wee t t r ack

7 7

6

C onver s ion me thod s i n S wee t t r ack o ak p l ank s

7 8

7

H i s togram s how ing n umber s o f r i ng s i n S wee t t r ack o ak p lank s

7 9

8

S ynchronou s r i ng-w id th c urves f rom S wee t t r ack o ak p lank s

8 0

9

S ummary b ar d iagram o f s i te ma s ter c urve s f rom t he S wee t t r ack

8 1

1 0

B a r d iagram o f i nd iv idua l c urve s f r om S wee t t r ack p lank s

1

S ca t ter d iagram c ompar ing a verage r i ng-w id th t o e nd y ear i n t he c hrono logy o f S wee t t r ack o ak p lank s

1 2

1 3

A s 1 1 .12 , b u t f or e ach l o ca t ion a l ong t he S wee t t r ack

1 4

B a r d iagram o f i nd iv idua l c urve s f r om t h e s ou thern e nd o f t he S wee t t r ack ( Fac tory , D rove a nd C over s i te s )

8 4

8 5

8 6

Number o f s apwood r i ng s c ompared t o t r ee a ge i n o ak r oundw ood f rom t he T urbary s i te , S wee t t r ack

1 7

8 3

S pan o f r i ng s i n e ach p lank c ompared t o l o ca t ion i n t he Swee t t r ack

1 6

8 3

H i s togram s how ing n umber s o f p lank s e nd ing w i th in e ach d ecade o f t he Swee t c hrono logy

1 5

8 2

8 7

B a r d iagram o f i nd iv idua l c urve s f r om o ak r oundwood o f t he T urba ry s i te , S wee t t r ack

8 8

1 8

B ar d iagram o f c urve s w i th s apwood f rom t he Swee t t r ack

8 8

1 9

R e la t ive p o s i t ion s o f r ad iocarbon d a te s f r om t he Swee t t r ack

8 9

x

P aee N o .

2 0

B r i s t lecone p ine c a l ibra t ion c urve w i th Swee t r ad ioc a rbon d a te s p lo t ted f or c ompar i son

2 1

9 0

B a r d iagram s how ing c ro s s-ma tch ing N eo l i th ic c hrono log ie s f rom t he Swee t t r ack , S to lford s ubmerged f ore s t a nd t he R iver T ren t

2 2

9 1

P ho to o f l ime p lank s f rom a rea SX o f t he R a i lway s i te , Swee t t r ack

9 2

2 3

S ynchronou s l ime c urve s f rom t he Swee t t r ack

9 3

2 4

B ar d iagram o f i nd iv idua l l ime c urve s f rom Swee t p lank s

9 3

2 5

B a r d iagram o f i nd iv idua l a sh c urve s f rom Swee t p lank s a nd p eg s

2 6

9 4

C ompar i son o f t he a sh m ean c urve a nd o ak r oundwood mean c urve , Swee t t r ack

9 4

2 7

Map s how ing t r ackway s a nd f i nd s o n Meare H ea th

9 5

2 8

P ho to o f t he Mea re H ea th t r ack , s i te 1 1 974

9 6

2 9

C onver s ion me thod s i n t he Mea re H ea th t r ack p lank s

9 7

3 0

P ho to s how ing t he c ro s s-sec t ion o f a n o ak p lank f rom t he Meare H ea th t r ack

3 1

9 7

H i s togram s how ing t he r ange i n o ak p lank w id th s i n t he Meare H ea th t r ack

3 2

9 8

S ca t ter d iagram c ompa r ing w id th a nd t h ickne ss o f Meare H ea th t r ack o ak p lank s a nd s t ake s

3 3

9 9

A p ar t ia l ly f ormed r i ng i n a n o ak s t ake f rom t he Meare H ea th t r ack

9 9

3 4

Mean r i ng-w id th c urve s f rom Meare H ea th p lank s

1 00

3 5

B ar d iagram o f i nd iv idua l c urve s f rom Meare H ea th p lank s

1 0 1

3 6

B ar d iagram o f i nd iv idua l c urve s f rom Mea re H ea th p lank s w i th s apwood

1 02

3 7

P lan s o f Meare H ea th t r ack s i te I 1 974 , a nd s i te 2 1 975

1 03

3 8

P lan o f Mea re H ea th t r ack , s i te 1 1 977

1 04

3 9

S ca t ter d iagram r e la t ing c onver s ion me thod , a verage r i ng-w id th a nd n umber o f r i ng s i n Mea re H ea th p lank s a nd s t ake s

1 05 x i

P age N o .

4 0

B a r d iagram o f i nd iv idua l c urve s r e la ted t o f unc t ion i n t he Meare H ea th t r ack

4 1

1 06

C a l ibra t ion o f r ad iocarbon d a te s f rom t he Meare H ea th t r ack

1 07

4 2

Map s how ing t he l o ca t ion o f T inney 's G round

1 08

4 3

P lan o f f i nd s i n T inney 's G round

1 09

4 4

P lan o f l ower l eve l o f t r ack T IN A 1 975

10

4 5

H i s togram o f t he r ange i n o ak p lank w id th s i n t he T inney 's t r ack s

4 6

11

S ca t ter d iagram r e la t ing a verage r i ng-w id th t o n umber o f r i ng s i n o ak p lank s f rom T inney 's A a nd D

4 7

H i s togram s how ing n umber s o f r i ng s i n T inney 's p lank s

•4 8

B ar d iagram o f i nd iv idua l c urve s f rom o ak p lank s i n t he T inney 's t r ack s

12

13

4 9

R ing-w id th c urve s f rom t wo " t ree g roup s " o f T inney 's p lank s

14

5 0

S pread o f r ad iocarbon d a te s f r om t he T inney ' s t r ack s

15

5 1

C a l ibra t ion o f t he T inney ' s r ad iocarbon d a tes

15

5 2

B ar d iagram s how ing d a ted a nd f l oa t ing t r ee-r ing c hrono log ie s f or t he B r i t i sh I s le s

I V .

11

1

H i s togram s how ing t he r ange i n a ge a nd d iame ter o f r oundwood o f a l l s pec ie s f rom t he S wee t t r ack

2

18

H i s togram s how ing t he r ange i n a ge a nd d iame ter o f a sh r oundwood f rom t he Swee t t r ack

4

19

S ca t ter d iagram r e la t ing a ge a nd s i ze o f a sh r oundwood f rom t he Swee t t r ack

1 20

5

B ar d iagram o f i nd iv idua l a sh c urve s f rom Swee t r oundwood

6

H i s togram s how ing t he r ange i n a ge a nd s i ze o f h aze l r oundwood f rom t he Swee t t r ack

7

17

P ho to s how ing t he c ro s s-sec t ion o f a n a sh p eg f rom t he Swee t t r ack

3

16

1 21

1 22

H i s togram s s how ing h aze l a ge r ange s f rom e ach s i te a l ong t he S wee t t r ack

1 23 x i i

P aae N o .

8

S ca t ter d iagram s o f h aze l a ge a nd s i ze f rom e ach s i te a l ong t he Swee t t r ack

9

C ro ss-ma tch ing c urve s f rom Swee t h aze l r oundwood

1 0

B ar d iagram o f i nd iv idua l h aze l c urve s f rom S wee t t r ack r oundwood

1

1 25

1 26

S umma ry b ar d iagram o f h aze l a nd a sh mean c urve s f rom Swee t r oundwood

1 2

C ro s s- ma tched h aze l a nd a sh mean c urves f rom Swee t r oundwood

1 3

C ro s s-ma tched c urve s f rom l i v ing h aze l s t em s f rom B radf ie ld Wood s , S uffo lk

1 4

1 24

1 27 1 28

1 29

H i s togram s s how ing d iame ter r ange o f o ther s pec ie s o f r oundwood f rom t he S wee t t r ack ( ho l ly , e lm , a lder , b i rch , d ogwood , o ak , a spen a nd w i l low ) .

1 5

S ca t ter d iagram s r e la t ing a ge a nd s i ze o f o ther r oundwood s pec ie s f rom t he S wee t t r ack

V .

1

4

Map o f N eo l i th ic t r ack s o n Wa l ton H ea th

5

P ho to o f t he j unc t ion o f t wo b ru shwood t r ack s a t Garv in 's 1 975

1 35

1 36

1 36

S ca t ter d iagram r e la t ing a ge a nd s i ze o f b i rch a nd h aze l f rom t he J one s t r ack

9

1 34

S ca t ter d iagram o f b i rch l ong i tud ina l s a nd p eg s f rom Ga rv in 's

8

1 33

S ca t ter d iagram r e la t ing a ge a nd s i ze o f b i rch a nd h aze l f rom Garv in 's

7

1 33

H i s togram o f s i ze r ange i n b i rch s t em s f rom Honeygore a nd Honeyca t

6

1 32

S ca t ter d iagram s r e la t ing a ge a nd s i ze o f b i rch r oundwood f rom t he Honeygore a nd Honeyca t t r ack s

3

1 31

Map s how ing t he l o ca t ion o f b ru shwood s t ruc ture s i n t he S omer se t L eve l s

2

1 30

1 37

S ca t ter d iagram s r e la t ing a ge a nd s i ze o f b i rch r oundwood f rom Garv in 's 1 975 a nd 1 979 , B i sgrove 's a nd J one s t r ack s

1 38

P aR e N o .

1 0

H i s togram s s how ing a ge r ange s i n b i rch f r om Garv in ' s 1 975 a nd 1 979 , B i sgrove ' s a nd J one s t r ack s

1

1 39

H i s togram s s how ing r ange i n d iame ter o f b i rch s t em s f rom t he Ga rv in 's 1 975 a nd 1 979 , B i sgrove 's a nd J one s t r ack s

1 2

1 40

C ro s s-ma tched c urve s f rom b i rch s t em s o f Garv in 's a nd B i sgrove 's t r ack s

1 3

1 41

B a r d iagram o f b i rch c urve s f rom B i sgrove ' s a nd Garv in 's t r ack s

1 41

1 4

P lan o f T inney ' s A 1 975 , u pper l e ve l b ru shwood t r ack

1 42

1 5

P lan o f T inney ' s Dj unc t ion , e xcava ted i n 1 978

1 43

1 6

P ho to s o f s t ruc ture o f a lder s t em s

1 44

'1 7

S ca t ter d iagram s r e la t ing a ge a nd s i ze o f a l der s t em s f rom d ifferen t l e ve l s i n t he T inney ' s A t r ack

1 8

S ca t ter d iagram r e la t ing a ge a nd s i ze o f a l der s t em s f rom T inney ' s Ba nd D

1 9

1 45

H i s togram s s how ing a ge r ange o f a l der s t em s f rom T inney ' s A , Ba nd D

2 0

1 45

1 46

H i s togram s how ing s i ze r ange o f s t em s i n t he Godw in 's t r ack

1 47

2 1

H i s togram s s how ing a ge r ange o f s t em s i n t he Godw in 's t r ack

2 2

H i s togram s s how ing s i ze r ange s o f a l der i n b o th l e ve l s o f t he Godw in 's t r ack

1 47

1 48

2 3

S ke tch p lan o f t he B aker p la tform

1 48

2 4

P lan o f t he c en tra l p la tform a t t he B aker s i te

1 49

2 5

S ca t ter d iagram s r e la t ing a ge a nd s i ze o f a l der , a sh , w i l low , b i rch a nd h aze l f rom t he B aker p la tform

2 6

H i s togram s s how ing a ge r ange o f b i rch , w i l low , h aze l a nd a lder f rom t he B aker p la tform

2 7

1 51

B a r d iagram o f i nd iv idua l a l der c urve s f r om t he p lank s a nd s t em s o f t he B aker p la tform

2 8

1 50

1 52

B a r d iagram o f i nd iv idua l a sh a nd o ak s amp le s f rom t he B aker s i te

1 52 x iv

P aee N o .

2 9

H i s togram s s how ing d iame ter r ange i n a lder f rom t he T inney 's t r ack s a nd Godw in 's

3 0

H i s togram s s how ing t he a ge r ange i n a lder s t em s f rom t he T inney 's t r ack s a nd Godw in 's

3 1

1 53

1 54

H i s togram s s how ing t he s i ze r ange o f b i rch s t em s f rom t he Garv in 's , B i sgrove 's , J ones , Honeygore a nd Honeyca t t r ack s

3 2

1 55

H i s togram s s how ing t he a ge r ange o f b i rch s t em s f rom t he Ga rv in 's , B i sgrove 's , J one s , Honeygore a nd Honeyca t t r ack s

V I .

1

1 56

Map s how ing t he l o ca t ion o f h urd le s t ruc ture s i n t he S omer se t L eve l s

2

1 57

H i s togram s s how ing a ge a nd s i ze r ange i n h aze l r od s f rom t he Honeybee t r ack

3

1 58

S ca t ter d iagram r e la t ing a ge a nd s i ze o f t he Honeybee h aze l s t em s

4

1 59

S ca t ter d iagram s o f h aze l s a i l s a nd r od s f rom t he t h ree h urd le s a t Honeybee

5

1 59

P ho to o f t he Wa l ton H ea th h urd le s , w i th t ab le o f a ges a nd s i ze s o f h aze l a nd b i rch i n t he Row land 's t r ack

6

H i s togram s how ing a ge r ange o f h aze l s t em s f rom t he Wa l ton 1 983 ' hurd le '

7

1 61

S ca t ter d iagram r e la t ing a ge a nd s i ze o f h aze l r od s a nd s a i l s a nd a sh s t em s f rom t he Wa l ton 1 983 ' hurd le '

8

1 61

P ho to s o f c ro s s-sec t ion s o f h aze l s t em s f rom Wa l ton a nd Row land 's

9

1 60

1 63

H i s togram s how ing s i ze r ange o f h aze l s t em s f rom t he Row land ' s t r ack

1 0

H is togram s how ing a ge r ange o f h aze l a nd b i rch s t em s i n t he Row land 's t r ack b y f unc t ion

1

C ro ss-ma tched h aze l c urve s f rom s t ems o f t he Wa l ton a nd Row land 's t r ack s

1 64 XV

P age N o . 1 2

B ar d iagram o f i nd iv idua l h aze l c urve s f rom Wa l ton a nd R ow land s

1 65

1 3

C ro s s-ma tched b i rch c urve s f rom t he Row land 's t r ack

1 66

1 4

P lan o f t he E c l ip se t r ack 1 980

1 67

1 5

S ca t ter d iagram s r e la t ing a ge a nd s i ze o f h aze l r od s f rom t he t h ree p ane l s o f t he E c l ip se t r ack

1 6

S ca t ter d iagram s r e la t ing a ge a nd s i ze o f b o th e nd s o f t he h aze l s a i l s f rom t he E c l ip se t r ack

1 7

1 68

1 68

S ca t ter d iagram s r e la t ing a ge a nd s i ze o f h aze l r od s a nd s a i l s f rom t he E c l ip se t r ack 1 980 a nd t he E a s t Moor s t r ack 1 979

1 8

1 69

H i s togram s s how ing a ge r ange o f h aze l s t em s f rom t he E c l ip se a nd E a s t Moor s t r ack s

1 9

P lan o f p a r t o f t he E a s t Moor s e xcava t ion , 1 979

2 0

H i s togram s s how ing a ge a nd s i ze r ange o f a l der s t em s f rom t he S t i leway h urd le

2 1

P lan o f D ifford 's f i e ld , s how ing t he l o ca t ion o f t he

2 2

P ho to o f h urd le a t D ifford ' s 3

2 3

H i s togram s s how ing a ge a nd s i ze r ange o f h aze l a nd 1 74

H i s togram s s how ing s i ze r ange o f h aze l r od s f rom t he Honeybee , E a s t Moor s , E c l ip se a nd R ow land 's t r ack s

1 75

H i s togram s s how ing t he a ge r ange o f h aze l r od s f rom t he Honeybee , E a s t Moor s , E c l ip se a nd R ow land ' s t a ck s

2 6

1 72 1 73

a lder s t em s f rom D ifford ' s 3a nd 4

2 5

1 70

1 71

E c l ip se t r ack a nd D ifford 's 3 a nd 4 h urd le s

2 4

1 69

1 76

H i s togram s s how ing t he a ge a nd s i ze o f r ange s o f h aze l s a i l s f rom t he Honeybee , E a s t Moor s , E c l ip se a nd R ow land 's t r ack s

2 7

1 77

H i s togram s s how ing t he s i ze r ange o f modern h aze l c opp ice f rom B radf ie ld Wood s i n S uffo lk , a nd h aze l r od s f rom t he Honeybee a nd E c l ip se t r ack s

2 8

1 78

S ca t ter d iagram r e la t ing a verage a ge a nd s i ze o f h aze l r od s f rom a l l h urd le t r ack s i n S omer se t a nd f rom t h ree med ieva l c on tex t s

1 79 x v i

L IST OF APPEND ICES

P age N o .

1

D e ta i l s o f a l l o ak p lank s e xam ined f rom t he S wee t t r ack

2

R ing-w id th d a ta f or i nd iv idua l o ak p lank s f rom t he Swee t t r ack

3

1 87

D e ta i l s a nd r i ng-w id th d a ta f or i nd iv idua l l ime p lank s f rom t he S wee t t r ack

4

2 20

D e ta i l s a nd r i ng-w id th d a ta f or i nd iv idua l a sh p lank s f rom t he S wee t t r ack

5

2 24

D e ta i l s o f o ak p l ank s a nd s t ake s f rom t he Meare H ea th t r ack

6

1 80

2 28

R ing-w id th d a ta f or i nd iv idua l o ak p lank s f r om t he Meare H ea th t r ack

2 32

7

D e ta i l s o f o ak p lank s f rom t he T inney 's t r ack s

8

L i s t o f a l l r ad iocarbon d a te s f rom t he S wee t , Meare H ea th a nd T inney 's t r ack s

2 46

2 48

x v i i

ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS

T h i s v o lume i s t he r e su l t o f s ome 1 3 y ear s o f r e search i n t he p ea t b og s o f t he S omer se t L eve l s . Dur ing t h i s t ime , t he a ccumu la t ion o f d a ta h a s e nab led v a luab le c onc lu s ion s t o b e made o n t he n a ture o f wood u sed i n p reh i s tor ic t r ackway s . T he r e su l t s w ere s ubm i t ted f or a P hD e ar ly i n 1 987 , wh ich w a s e xam ined b y P rofe s sor R icha rd B rad ley . I w ou ld l i ke t o t hank f i r s t a nd f oremo s t B ryony a nd J ohn C o le s , w i thou t whom t h i s r e sea rch wou ld n o t h ave b een p o s s ib le ; t he ir c on t inuou s a nd u nfa i l ing h e lp a nd s uppor t o ver many y ea r s o f work h ave b een i nva luab le . I am g ra tefu l a l so t o A s tr id C a se ld ine f or mo s t o f t he wood i den t if ica t ion s a nd many h e lpfu l d i scu s s ion s , a s w e l l a s t o A lan H ibber t , S t eve B ecke t t , P a t L egge t t , t he l a te Maureen G ir l ing a nd n umerou s f i e ld a rchaeo log i s t s a nd v o lun teer s i n t he L eve ls who h e lped w i th s amp le c o l lect i on a nd i nforma t ion . T hank s a l so t o many o f t he l o ca l p eop le who p rov ided a ccommoda t ion , a s s i s tance a nd f r iend sh ip . I am a l so e x treme ly g ra tefu l t o D r . D av id G i lber t son f or h i s v ery v a luab le a nd c on s truc t ive s uperv i s ion i n r ecen t y ea r s , a nd t o P rofe s sor A . C . R e r if rew f or s uperv i s ion a t t he b eg inn ing o f t h i s r e search . T he l a te D r . F . H . Mer ton o f t he B o tany D epa r tmen t k ind ly d evo ted many h our s t o t u i t ion i n wood a na tomy . My c o l league J enn ifer H i l lam h a s b een mo s t h e lpfu l a nd s uppor t ive o ver t he l a s t 8 y ear s , i n d i scu s s ion a nd i n c ommen t ing o n r epor t s a nd p a r t icu la r ly t h i s p ro jec t . T hank s g o t o t he Un iver s i ty o f S heff ie ld f or t he p rov i s ion o f a s cho la r sh ip ( t he M . H . H aber shon-Parker Rhode s ) a t t he s t ar t o f t h i s r e search , a nd f or e nab l ing me t o c on t inue w ork ing i n t he D epa r tmen t o f A rchaeo logy a nd P reh i s tory s ub sequen t ly - I am g ra tefu l t o P rofe s sor Ke i th B ran igan a nd a l l t he s t aff . F inanc ia l s uppor t o f t he H i s tor ic B u i ld ings a nd Monumen t s C omm is s ion ( f ormer ly D oE ) t h rough Mr . J ohn Mu s ty a nd D r . C l ifford P r ice i s g ra tefu l ly a cknow ledged , a nd I am a l so i ndeb ted t o C aro le Keepax a nd D av id H addon-Reece o f t he Anc ien t Monumen t s L abora tory f or h e lp w i th wood i d en t if ica t ion , a nd f or u sefu l d i scu s s ion s . F or a s s i s tance w i th d endrochrono log ica l d a t ing , I am i ndeb ted t o D r . M ike B a i l l ie a nd D r . J on P i lcher o f t he P a laeoeco logy L abora tory i n t he Queen 's Un iver s i ty o f B e lfa s t a nd t he ir a s s i s tan t s D av id B rown a nd Mar t in Munro . The ir w i l l ingne s s t o make a va i lab le t he ir d a ta a nd t o h e lp i n e very w ay p o s s ib le h ave g rea t ly a ided t h i s p ro jec t . I n a dd i t ion I am e x t reme ly g ra tefu l t o D r . P i lcher f or s upp ly ing App le s of twa re a nd a s s i s tance w i th i t s u se . I wou ld l i ke t o t hank a l so t he member s o f t he No t t ingham T ree-R ing G roup , e spec ia l ly D r . C hr i s S a l i sbury a nd D r . C l iff L i t ton , a nd D r . A lan H eywor th o f Un iver s i ty C o l lege , Abery s twy th f or mak ing a va i lab le t he ir p reh i s tor ic d a ta . I n a dd i t ion , c on tac t w i th t r ee-r ing l a bora tor ie s a broad h a s l e d t o u sefu l e xchange s o f i n forma t ion a nd d a ta . T he h e lp o f D r . T homa s B a r tho l in , o f L und , S weden , D r . F r i tz S chwe ingruber o f B irmen sdorf i n Sw i tzer land , D r s . S chm id t a nd S chwabed i s sen i n C o logne a nd D r . Hayen i n x v i i i

O ldenburg , We s t G ermany , a l l o f w hom a r e w ork ing o n r e la ted v a r iou s s pec ie s f rom p reh i s tor ic c on tex t s , i sg ra tefu l ly a cknow ledged .

ma ter ia l o f

R ad ioca rbon d a te s w ere o b ta ined p r inc ipa l ly a t AERE H a rwe l l a nd I w ou ld l i ke t o t hank D r . B ob O t le t f o r h i s a s s i s tance i n t h i s f i e ld . S t a t i s t ica l c a l ibra t ion s w ere c a r r ied o u t b y D r . Ma lco lm C la rk o f Mona sh Un iver s i ty i n C lay ton , Au s t ra l ia , a nd I am g ra tefu l f o r t h i s w ork , a s w e l l a s many h e lpfu l d i scu s s ion s d ur ing h i s t ime i n S heff ie ld . D r . N ick F ie I ler o f t he D epa r tmen t o f P robab i l i ty a nd S ta t i s t ic s a t t he Un iver s i ty o f S heff ie ld g ave v a luab le a s s i s tance w i th a na ly s ing d a ta f r om y oung h aze l w ood . I am a l so v ery g ra tefu l f or t he h e lp a nd p a t ience o f a l l t he s t aff o f t he C ompu ter C en t re a nd t he Ma in L ibra ry a t S heff ie ld Un iver s i ty , a nd f or p rac t ica l a s s i s tance f r om t he D epa r tmen t s o f B o tany , Mechan ica l E ng ineer ing , P hy s ic s , Me ta l lu rgy a nd G eography . Dur ing t he c our se o f s t udy i n to w ood land managemen t , Ie ncoun tered much h e lp f rom D r . O l iver R ackham o f t he B o tany S choo l a t C ambr idge , R icha rd D a r rah o f We s t S tow Ang lo-Saxon V i l lage T ru s t i n S uffo lk , P e ter F ordham , w a rden o f B radf ie ld Wood s i n S uffo lk , a nd N orman L ew i s o f t he N o t t ingham sh ire C on serva t ion T ru s t , t o a l l o f whom Iam v ery g ra tefu l . I w ou ld l i ke t o t hank B ryony a nd J ohn C o le s f or s upp ly ing p ho tograph s a nd f or a s s i s tance w i th t h e f i gu re s , a nd S a ra D onaghey a nd S ue R ou i l la rd f or d raw ing many o f t he d iagram s . T he t ex t w a s t yped s o e xpe r t ly b y C a ro le O vera l l . F ina l ly I a m v ery g ra tefu l f or t h e p a t ience a nd s uppor t o f a l l f am i ly t h rough many y ea r s o f e xcava t ion , f i e ldwork a nd r e sea rch .

x ix

my

ADDENDUM

S ince c omp le t ion o f t he work d e scr ibed i n t h i s v o lume ( wr i t ten i n 1 984/85 ) t he t r ee-r ing r e su l t s f rom o ak wood i n t wo t r ackway s h ave b een mod if ied a nd e x tended . F ur ther e xcava t ion o f t he Mea re H ea th t r ack i n 1 985 e nab led t he c urve s f rom a lmo s t 1 00 a dd i t iona l p lank s a nd s t ake s t o b e c ro s sma tched , a nd g rea t ly e x tended o ur k now ledge o f t he r e la t ion sh ip o f t imber s f rom k nown c on tex t s . A r epor t o n t he n ew d a ta w i l l a ppea r i n S omer se t L eve l s P aper s 1 4 f or 1 988 . T he n ew ma ter ia l a l so n ece s s i ta ted r ework ing o f a l l t he Mea re H ea th d a ta , w i th c on sequen t i mprovemen t s t o t he f i na l c hrono logy . Ma ter ia l f rom T inney 's G round d e scr ibed i n s ec t ion 1 1 .3 w a s e xam ined s o me 1 0 y ea r s a go , u s ing much l e s s s oph i s t ica ted t e chn ique s t han a re n ow a va i lab le . C ro s s-ma tch ing t hen w a s a imed p r inc ipa l ly a t e xam in ing i n terna l r e la t ion sh ip s o f p lank s a nd s t ake s , r ef lec ted i n t he b a r d iagram a nd c hrono logy g iven h ere . Now t ha t a b so lu te d a t ing i s a c l ea r p o s s ib i l i ty , a nd a n umber o f o ther f l oa t ing l a te B ronze Age c hrono log ie s h ave b een e s tab l i shed , w ork i s i n p rogres s t o r e-exam ine t he d a ta . T h i s w i l l e nab le t he p roduc t ion o f a c hrono logy more s u i ted t o t he p urpo se s o f a b so lu te d a t ing , i . e . max im i s ing t he c l ima t ic s i gna l b y c a refu l ly s e lec t ing wh ich i nd iv idua l c urve s t o p lace i n t he c hrono logy . T hu s t he T inney 's c hrono logy i n T ab le 1 1 .21 s hou ld b e u sed w i th c au t ion f or d a t ing p urpo se s ; d a ta f rom t he t r ack t imber s w i l l b e a va i lab le o n r eque s t f rom t he a u thor . R ework ing o f b o th s e t s o f ma ter ia l h a s n ow r evea led a c orre la t ion b e tween s o me o f t he i nd iv idua l r i ng-pa t tern s f r om t imber s i n b o th t he Meare H ea th a nd T inney 's t r ack s . T h i s w a s f i r s t n o ted b y J enn ifer H i l lam i n r ecen t a t temp t s t o d a te l a te B ronze A ge c urve s . T he c ro s s-ma tch ing s how s t he Meare H ea th c hrono logy t o l i e r ough ly b e tween y ea r s 4 5 a nd 1 95-200 o f t he T inney ' s c hrono logy , i mp ly ing t ha t t he Mea re H ea th t r ack wa s c on s truc ted a bou t 7 0-80 y ear s e a r l ier . T he 3 39 BC .

R . A . Morgan F ebrua ry 1 988

F i sker ton c hrono logy r efer red t o o n p age

1 0 i s n ow d a ted t o 5 05-

BACKGROUND TO TREE-R ING S TUD IES I N THE SOMERSET LEVELS

I . 1 .1

I n t roduc t ion :

P rob lem s a nd P o ten t ia l

Un t i l t he e a r ly 1 970 ' s v ery l i t t le w a s k nown i n d e ta i l a bou t t he ma in r aw ma ter ia l u sed i n b u i ld ing t r ackway s - t he w ood . T h i s w a s d e sp i te n umerou s e xcava t ion s t ak ing p lace o ver t he l a s t o ne h undred y ea r s , p a r t ly b ecau se o f al a ck o f e xper t s i n t he s t udy o f w ood , a nd p a r t ly b ecau se o f i t s p er i shab le n a tu re , w h ich m ean t i t w a s n o t p re served i n mu seum s t o re s . G enera l ly , o n ly t he w ood s pec ie s a nd o vera l l d imen s ion s o f t he w ood w ere r ecorded , e ven i n t h e mo s t t ho rough r epo r t s . I t b ecame a ppa ren t t ha t i n t he S omer se t L eve l s t he re w a s s cope f or a much mo re d e ta i led u nder s tand ing o f a l l a spec t s o f t he g row th a nd u se o f w ood i n p reh i s to ry , i n v i ew o f t he w ea l th o f ma ter ia l s urv iv ing f rom s t ruc ture s s pann ing o ve r t wo m i l lenn ia . I t w a s a l so a ppa ren t t ha t u n le s s t he w ork w a s d one w i th s peed , p ea t-cu t t ing a nd d ra inage w ou ld r ender t he r ema in ing , u nexcava ted , w ood t oo d ecayed f or s t udy , a nd t hu s r e scue e xcava t ion s a nd s a lvage o pera t ion s w ere i n i t ia ted i n o rder t o r e cover wha t r ema ined o f t he se u n ique s t ruc tu re s . ' T h i s v o lume i s b a sed o n t he s t udy o f o ver 4 000 p iece s o f p reh i s tor ic w ood , o f many d if feren t s pec ie s a nd s i ze s , b u t a lmo s t a l l f e l led b y t he l o ca l p opu la t ion a nd u sed i n c on s t ruc t ing r ou te s a c ro s s t he " boggy " L eve l s . S ome 2 0 t r ackway s h ave b een e xam ined , a nd b ecau se t he t r ee-r ing r e su l t s a re s o c l o se ly a s soc ia ted w i th t he a rchaeo logy o f t he a r ea , b r ief d e scr ip t ion s o f t he s t ruc tu re s a re i n c luded i n t he t e x t , i n o rder t o i n t roduce t he w ood s t ud ie s , a nd t o e nab le i n terpre ta t ion s o f t he r e su l t s t o b e made . T he w ork b egan i n 1 973 a s ad endroch rono log ica l p ro jec t , w i th t he a im o f b u i ld ing u p t r ee-r ing c h rono log ie s b a sed o n t he o ak ( Quercu s s pp . ) p lank s wh ich h ad b een u sed i n s evera l p reh i s to r ic t r ack s . A t t ha t s t age , a b so lu te d endroch rono log ica l d a t ing w a s n o t a p o s s ib i l i ty , a nd t he f l oa t ing S omer se t c hrono log ie s w ere b road ly f i xed i n t ime b y s e r ie s o f r ad ioca rbon d a te s . Du r ing t he c our se o f t h i s w o rk , i t b ecame c l ea r t ha t much i n forma t ion o f i n tere s t o n t r ee g row th a nd p reh i s tor ic w oodwork ing t e chno logy c ou ld b e g a ined f r om s t udy ing t he o ak p l ank s , p a r t icu la r ly when s amp l ing w a s e x ten s ive . A s t he S ome r se t L eve l s P ro jec t e xpanded i t s e xcava t ion p rogramme , much w ood o f o ther s pec ie s a nd g enera l ly s ma l ler s i ze b ecame a va i lab le . R a ther t han l o se s uch ma ter ia l , s amp le s w ere s a lvaged i n o rder t o a s se s s t he ir p o ten t ia l f o r t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s . E x i s t ing d endrochrono log ica l t e chn ique s w ere a dap ted t o m ake u se o f t he s ho r t s e r ie s o f r i ng s o f ten f ound i n s uch w ood a nd t o s t udy t he ir p o ten t ia l f o r r e la t ive d a t ing . Many o f t he w ood s pec ie s h ad n ever b efore b een e xam ined f or t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s , a nd e ven t he g row th p a t tern s o f t he ir modern c oun terpa r t s w ere o f ten i nadequa te ly u nder s tood , s o t h e i r s t udy r epre sen t s a p ioneer ing e ffor t t o d e term ine t he i r v a lue f o r r i ng-w id th m ea suremen t a nd c ro s s-ma tch ing . W i th e ach n ew s i te e xcava ted , n ew q ue s t ion s w ere a sked o f t he w ood , t he u nder s tand ing o f a rchaeo log ica l a nd d end rochrono log ica l r equ i remen t s g rew , a nd f i e ld s amp l ing b ecame more c omp rehen s ive . Add i t iona l w ood s pec ie s h ave b een a dded t o 1

t he r ange o f t ho se a l ready s t ud ied , a nd i n t he l i gh t o f more r e cen t d i scover ie s .

e a r l ier r e su l t s h ave b een r eappra i sed

T he S omer se t L eve l s P ro jec t i s a l ongterm a nd c on t inu ing s t udy o f t he a rea , u n t i l p ea t-cu t t ing c ea se s t o r evea l a r chaeo log ica l e v idence o r t he t h rea t o f d ra inage b ecome s t oo g rea t . A s a r e su l t , s ome t r ackway s wh ich e x tend o ver a l ong d i s tance h ave b een e xcava ted r epea ted ly a l ong t he i r l e ng th , a nd t he r e su l t s o n t hem i nev i tab ly r ema in ' i n te r im ' , b ecau se t hey w i l l p robab ly b e e xam ined a ga in i n t he f u ture . T h i s a pp l ie s p a r t icu la r ly t o t he S wee t a nd Mea re H ea th t r ack s . T hu s o ur u nder s tand ing o f t hem i s much more e x ten s ive t han i n t he c a se o f l e s ser k nown t r ackway s . I t s hou ld b e empha s i sed h ere t ha t , b ecau se o f t he r e scue n a ture o f mo s t o f t h e e xcava t ion s a nd t he q ua l i ty o f t h e ma ter ia l wh ich s urv ive s , t he r epre sen ta t ivene s s o f t he r e su l t s g iven i n t h i s v o lume i s r e s t r ic ted b y t he i n ev i tab le l im i ta t ion s i mpo sed b y t he f i e ld e xcava t ion s t ra teg ie s o f t he S omer se t L eve l s P ro jec t . T he e a r ly s amp l ing p o l ic ie s w ere o f ten s hown t o b e i nadequa te t o a n swer s ome o f t he d e ta i led d endrochrono log ica l q ue s t ion s b e ing i mpo sed o n t h em , a nd e ven r e cen t e xcava t ion s h ave n o t a lway s a l lowed e x ten s ive o r s a t i sfac tory s amp l ing . T h i s i n n o w ay r ef lec t s o n t he a rc haeo log i s t s , b u t o n t he s i ze o f t he e xcava t ion , t he d egree o f p re serva t ion o f t he m a ter ia l , a nd p re s sure s o f t ime u pon t he e xcava tor s . B ecau se t he w ood h a s g enera l ly b een p rov ided f or r ou t ine a r chaeo log ica l e xam ina t ion w i th s evera l g oa l s , r a ther t han c o l lec ted a s p a r t o f a r i gorou s ly d ef ined s amp l ing p rogramme f or d end roch rono logy , i t h a s b een c on s idered n e i ther w o r thwh i le n or mean ingfu l t o c a r ry o u t e x ten s ive s t a t i s t ica l t e s t s o n t he r e su l t s . T he p rob lem c an b e i lu s t ra ted b y c on s ider ing t he r ep re sen ta t ivene s s o f , f or e xamp le , 5 0 w ood s amp le s f rom a 6m l ong e xcava t ion t r ench , e xpo s ing a s ma l l s e c t ion o f t r ackway wh ich may h ave b een 2 km l ong . I n a dd i t ion , t he d a ta d e scr ibed i n t h i s v o lume i nd ica te t ha t n o tab le d ifference s c an o ccur f rom o ne s e c t ion o f t r ack t o t he n ex t , w i th in o ne t r ackway . T he r e su l t s o b ta ined a re h owever mo s t u sefu l b ecau se t hey g ive u s a g l imp se o f p reh i st o r ic w ood sman sh ip , t r ack c on s t ruc t ion a nd t h e r e la t ive a ge s o f t he t r ackw ay s -i s sue s o f s i gn if icance t o t he a rchaeo log i s t . T he c oncave l a nd scape o f t he S omer se t L eve l s a nd i t s v ar ie ty o f t opograph ica l a nd v ege ta t iona l z one s e v iden t ly made i t a v ery a t t rac t ive p lace t o l i ve , a nd a l so a v ery n ea t u n i t t o s t udy . S ome o f t he q ue s t ion s r e la t ing t o p reh i s tor ic w ood a na ly s i s wh ich h ave b een p u r sued i n t h i s v o lume a re l i s ted b e low : 1 .

c an t r ee-r ing c hrono log ie s b e e s tab l i shed f rom t he o ak s u sed i n t he t r ackway s , a nd c an t hey b e a b so lu te ly d a ted? I n o ther w ord s , i s t h e c ro s s-ma tch ing o f p reh i s to r ic t r ee g row th p a t tern s ap o s s ib i l i ty?

2 .

h ow e ffec t ive i s a s e r ie s o f r ad ioca rbon d a te s i n f i x ing t he t ime s pan o f af l oa t ing t r ee-r ing c hrono logy?

3 .

h ow much c an t he l i nk ing o f t r ee g row th p a t tern s t e l l u s a bou t t he o r ig ina l t r ee s a nd w ood land f rom wh ich t he p lank s d er ived , s uch a s t he s i ze a nd a ge o f t he t r ee s a nd h ow t hey w e re f e l led a nd w orked?

2

4 .

h ow much c an t he r e la t ion sh ip s e s tab l i shed b y t r ee-r ing t he a r chaeo log i s t i n i n terpre t ing d e ta i l s o f c on s t ruc t ion?

5 .

c an s hor t s e r ie s o f r i ng s ( l e s s t han 5 0 ) p rov ide p a t tern s wh ich c an b e r e l iab ly c ro s s-ma tched?

6 .

wh ich s pec ie s o ther t han o ak a r e s u i tab le f o r r i ng-w id th m ea su remen t , c ro s s-ma tch ing a nd r e la t ive d a t ing?

7 .

h ow much c an t he a ge a nd s i ze o f l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f r oundwood t e l l u s a bou t t he o r ig ina l w ood land c over a nd i t s e xp lo i ta t ion i n t he p a s t?

3

ma tche s

h e lp

1 . 1 .2

T he s t ruc ture o f t h i s v o lume

A l l t he se q ue s t ion s a nd i s sue s a re e xp lored i n v a r iou s p a r t s o f t he v o lume . T he i n troduc tory s ec t ion s Ia nd I g ive t he b ackground t o t he s t udy o f t r ee-r ing s f rom p reh i s tor ic s i te s i n E urope a nd B r i ta in , a nd t o t he e nv ironmen t a nd a rchaeo logy o f t he S omer se t L eve l s , a s w e l l a s t he me thod s u sed i n t he c our se o f t h i s r e sea rch . T h i s i n forma t ion p rov ide s a n e s sen t ia l b ackground t o t he f u l l u nder s tand ing o f t he r e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s b a sed o n wood f rom e ach t r ackway , p re sen ted i n t he f o l low ing s ec t ion s . T he r e su l t s a re d i scu s sed i n t wo p ar t s . P a r t A i nc lude s s t ud ie s o f t r ack s , o r p ar t s o f t r ack s , i nvo lv ing s p l i t t imber s o r p lank s ; t he se w ere l a rge ly o f o ak ( Quercu s s pp . ) w i th a l i t t le a sh ( Frax inu s e xce l s ior ) a nd l ime ( T i l ia c orda ta ) . T he t wo ma jor t imber t r ack s a re t he Swee t a nd Meare H ea th , wh i le s ome o f t he T inney 's c omp lex , t hough made o f b ru shwood , i n c luded s o me o ak p lank ing d i scu s sed i n t h i s s e c t ion . T he e s tab l i shmen t o f f l oa t ing t r ee-r ing c hrono log ie s , t he r e la t ion sh ip o f t he se t o c on s truc t ion d a te s a nd c a lendar d a te s a s w e l l a s t o o ther p reh i s tor ic c hrono log ies f rom t he S omer se t c oa s t a nd t he T ren t v a l ley , a nd t he a rchaeo log ica l i nforma t ion d er ived f rom t he s t udy a re d e scr ibed . T he s econd p a r t , p a r t B , d i scu s se s r oundwood , c omp le te s t em s o f a v a r ie ty o f s pec ie s , a nd d e scr ibe s t he r ange o f i nforma t ion wh ich c an b e o b ta ined f rom t h i s c l a s s o f ma ter ia l , wh ich i n t he p a s t h a s b een f r equen t ly n eg lec ted a s o f l i t t le a rchaeo log ica l v a lue . S ec t ion s I V t o V I d i scu s s i n t u rn t he l a rge r oundwood p o le s o f many s pec ie s f r om t he S wee t t r ack , b ru shwood s t ruc ture s made l a rge ly o f b i rch ( Be tu la s pp . ) a nd a lder ( A lnu s g lu t ino sa ) , a nd h urd le-bu i l t t r ack s made p r inc ipa l ly o f h aze l ( Cory lus a ve l lana ) . T he v a lue o f t he se w ood s f or r i ng-w id th mea suremen t a nd r e la t ive d a t ing i s a s se s sed . T he r ange i n a ge a nd s i ze o f ma ter ia l i n e ach t r ack i s d escr ibed a nd s ummar i sed , t o s ee i f i t c ou ld b e d e term ined whe ther t he l o ca l c ommun i t ie s w ere a ffec t ing t he w ood land c over , i n o rder t o p rov ide t hem se lve s w i th a r enewab le r aw ma ter ia l , o r s imp ly c o l lec t ing wha t w a s a va i lab le . T he r ange o f t r ackway s s t ud ied s e rve s t o i lu s tra te v ar iou s w ay s o f s t udy ing t he d a ta f rom d ifferen t c l a s se s o f ma ter ia l .

4

1 . 1 .3

P r inc ip le s o f d endrochrono logv a nd t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s

D endrochrono logy , t he d a t ing o f w ood b y mean s o f ma tch ing i t s p a t tern o f w ide a nd n a rrow g row th r i ng s , i s n ow f i rm ly e s tab l i shed a s a r e l iab le a nd p rec i se me thod o f d a t ing . D a t ing i s a ch ieved b y mean s o f c ompar i son o f r i ng p a t tern s w i th r eference c hrono log ie s , b u i l t u p b y g radua l e x ten s ion b ack f rom t he p re sen t d ay . T h i s e nab le s e ach r i ng t o b e a l loca ted a c a lenda r y ear ( Ba i l l ie 1 982 ,21) . I n p rac t ice , i t i s as l ow a nd t ime-con sumi ng p roce s s ; o ak i s t he p r inc ipa l w ood u sed , a nd h a s a r e la t ive ly s hor t l i fe-span o f 2 00-300 y ea r s c ompa red t o t he v ery l ongl ived b r i s t lecone p ine ( P inu s l ongaeva ) u sed i n t he c a l ibra t ion o f r ad ioca rbon d a t ing ( Fergu son 1 970 ) . T here s hou ld b e n o u ncer ta in ty a bou t d endrochrono log ica l d a te s , whe ther a b so lu te o r r e la t ive - o nce ma tched w i th w e l l-rep l ica ted a nd c on s i s ten t r e su l t s , t he t ime s pan o f e ach r i ng s e r ie s ( o r c urve ) i s s ecure . Uncer ta in ty l i e s i n t r y ing t o i n terpre t t he d a te a t wh ich t he t r ee wa s f e l led a nd u sed , t he d a te r equ ired b y t he a rchaeo log i s t . T h i s i s d ependen t f or i t s a ccuracy o n t he p re sence o f a l l t he o u ter r i ng s o f t he t r ee ( t he s apwood ) , n o t a lway s t he c a se w i th w orked a rchaeo log ica l t imber s . S l igh t u ncer ta in ty may a l so a r i se ow ing t o at ime l a p se b e tween f e l l ing a nd c on s t ruc t ion . T he m in imum c urve l e ng th f or t r ee-r ing d a t ing h a s o f ten b een s e t a t 5 0 y ea r s . I t h a s o f ten b een f ound i n a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t s , h owever , t ha t a l a rge p ropor t ion o f w ood s amp le s ( o f ten o ver h a lf ) c on ta in f ewer t han 5 0 r i ng s ( H i I lam , Morgan a nd T yer s 1 987 ) , a nd t he S omer se t L eve l s t r ack s d i scu s sed h ere h ave p rov ided a n o ppor tun i ty t o e xper imen t w i th t he c ro s smat ch ing o f s hor t s equence s . T he t r ackway s a re i d ea l i n t he ir l a ck o f s t ruc tura l a nd c hrono log ica l c omp lex i ty , w i th l i t t le e v idence o f a l tera t ion a nd r epa ir . I ndeed , t he se n ew d a ta s howed t ha t mo s t w ere p robab ly s i ng le-per iod s t ruc ture s , f or wh ich t he t r ee s w ere f e l led o ver a s hor t i n terva l o f t ime , t hu s g iv ing a u sefu l s t a r t ing p o in t f or e xper imen t s i n t he c ro s s- ma tch ing p roce s s . B e s ide s t he d endrochrono log ica l d a t ing o f o ak w ood , t h i s r e sea rch h a s a l so e xpanded i n to a no ther a spec t o f t he s t udy o f w ood , wh ich h a s b een t e rmed " t ree-r ing a na ly s i s " t o a vo id c onfu s ion w i th d endrochrono log ica l d a t ing . T h i s h a s l a rge ly i nvo lved w ood s pec ie s o ther t han o ak , e spec ia l ly h aze l a nd a sh , a nd w ood t ha t i s i mma ture , t aken f rom t r ee s l e s s t han 5 0 y ea r s o ld a nd o f ten l e s s t han 2 0 . T he w ork h a s i nvo lved s im i lar l abora tory p roce s se s , a nd h a s b een a imed a t a s se s s ing t he p o ten t ia l o f t he se s pec ie s f or r e la t ive d a t ing , b y a t temp t ing t o c ro s s-ma tch t he ir s hor t r i ng p a t tern s . I n p r inc ip le i t i s p o s s ib le t ha t t h i s may s how whe ther a l l t he wood wa s c u t a t t he s ame t ime o r f rom t he s ame s ource . W i th t h i s ma ter ia l , t here h a s b een n o i n ten t ion o f t r y ing t o a r r ive a t a n a b so lu te d a te , o r e ven t o c ro s s- ma tch b e tween s t ruc ture s t hough t here a re s ugge s t ion s o f s im i lar t r ee g row th p a t tern s o ccurr ing . T he a s sump t ion s b eh ind t he a na ly s i s o f t r ee-r ing p a t tern s o f n on-oak s pec ie s a re n o t y e t f i rm ly b a sed o n f am i l iar i ty w i th modern ma ter ia l , a nd a n u nder s tand ing o f g row th p roce s se s ; t hu s a s t udy o f y oung s t em s d e scr ibed h ere r epre sen t s a t r ia l a pproach i n a v ery n ew f i e ld .

5

1 . 2 .1

T ree-R ing S tud ie s i n P reh i s tor ic E urope

T here a re r e la t ive ly f ew d endrochrono log ica l s t ud ie s o f s im i lar n a ture t o t ho se f rom t he S omer se t L eve l s , w i th wh ich t o c ompare t he n ew e v idence p re sen ted h ere . T he r e levan t p o in t s a re d e scr ibed b e low . T he d i scovery o f a rchaeo log ica l s i te s w i th l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f p reserved wood h a s b een c oncen tra ted wherever w a ter logg ing a nd d eve lopmen t c o inc ide . Much ma ter ia l h a s b een l o s t t hrough e xcava t ion s i n t he 1 9 th a nd e ar ly 2 0 th c en tur ie s , e spec ia l ly i n Sw i tzer land ( Ke l ler 1 866 ) . However , t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s h ad a dvanced f a r e nough b y t he 1 940 's f or Huber i n Mun ich t o c ommence work o n t he s e t t lemen t o f B uchau ( Huber a nd Ho ldhe ide 1 942 ) . H i s f ur ther s t ud ie s o f Z üg-Sumpf ( Huber a nd Merz 1 962 ) , T hayngen- We ier a nd B urgä sc h i see ( Huber a nd Merz 1 963 ; Huber 1 967 ) e s tab l i shed t he p o ten t ia l o f t he me thod o f d endrochrono logy f or p reh i s tor ic t imber , a nd l a id d own t he b a s i s o f t e chn ique s wh ich a re s t i l l i n u se ( i f u pda ted b y c ompu ter-ba sed t e chn o logy ) . W i th n o tab le s ucce s s , l ong c hrono log ie s o f o ak , a sh a nd a l der wood f rom t he s e t t lemen t s w ere b u i l t u p a nd c ro s s-ma tched . S ub sequen t w ork h a s a l so c oncen tra ted o n L ake s N eucha te l , B ienne a nd Z ur ich , where mo torway b u i ld ing a nd o ther c on s truc t ion h ave e xpo sed n umerou s N eo l i th ic a nd B ronze Age s e t t lemen t s e i ther o n t he p re sen t l ake shore o r u nder w a ter ( Ruoff 1 981) . Hou se s t ruc ture s a nd p a l i sade s made o f wood w ere e xcava ted i n s uch q uan t i t ie s t ha t t h ree t r ee-r ing l a bora tor ie s w ere e s tab l i shed a t Z ur ich ( r un b y Ruoff ) , N eucha te l ( Eg loff , E gger , O rce l a nd L amber t ) a nd a t B irmen sdorf ( S chwe ingruber ) . f or e xamp le , 7 000 p i le s w ere s amp led f rom Auvern ier , o n ly o ne o f 1 0 s i te s i n t ha t b ay a l one ( Egger 1 983 ; O rce l a nd E gger 1 982 ) . Many Sw i s s o ak t r ee-r ing c hrono log ie s h ave n ow b een c ro s s- ma tched l i nk ing s e t t lemen t s c hrono log ica l ly ( Ruoff 1 981a ) . T he se f a l l i n to d i s t inc t p ha se s e ach o f wh ich r epre sen t s t he b u i ld ing a c t iv i t ie s o f o ne c u l ture , a nd a re s epara ted b y p er iod s o f c omp le te a bandonmen t o f t he l ake shore a rea s ( Ruoff 1 979 ; O rce l a nd E gger 1 979 ) . T he se e p i sode s o f a bandonmen t w ere d ue t o r i se s i n l a ke w a ter l e ve l s . T he p er iod s when n o wood wa s u sed may mean t ha t t he Sw i s s t r ee-r ing c hrono logy w i l l r ema in d i scon t inuou s ; h owever , e xce l len t c ro s s-ma tch ing h a s b een f ound w i th t he l ong German t r ee-r ing c hrono logy , b a sed o n o ak s f rom t he r i ver g rave l s o f t he D anube a nd o ther r i ver s ( Becker 1 983 ) . T h i s h a s n ow b een c omp le ted a nd e x tend s b ack t o 4 144BC ( S chm id t a nd F reund l ich 1 984 ; P i lcher e t a l 1 984 ) . T he g ood a greemen t o f t he se t r ee-r ing p a t tern s w i th t ho se f rom p reh i s tor ic S w i tzer land r emove s t he i mmed ia te n eed t o b r idge t he g ap s b e tween t he c hrono log ie s o f t he S w i s s s e t t lemen t s , a nd may l e ad i n t ime t o s ucce s sfu l c or re la t ion s w i th t he n ew d a ta f rom t he p reh i s tor ic w e t land s o f S omer se t . T he ma in empha s i s o f t he S w i s s w ork h a s b een o n r e la t ive d a t ing w i th in a nd b e tween s i te s - c on s truc t ion p ha se s h ave b een i den t if ied , h ou se p lan s o u t l ined , t he d ura t ion o f s e t t lemen t h a s b een d e term ined , a s w e l l a s t he d ura t ion o f t he i n terva l b e tween p er iod s o f s e t t lemen t . Mo s t o f t he se d e ta i led c hrono log ica l r e su l t s a re p o s s ib le o n ly b ecau se t he p i le s a nd p o s t s w ere n o t s p l i t o r t r immed , b u t t he ir r i ng p a t tern s e x tended o u t t o t he y ea r i n wh ich t he t r ee w a s f e l led . However t he p o s t s c ame f rom i mma ture t r ee s , 6

e spec ia l ly i n t he N eo l i th ic s e t t lemen t s - f rom Auvern ier , o n ly 1 7% o f 3 62 mea sured s amp le s o f o ak h ad more t han 5 0 g row th r i ng s ( Egger 1 983 ) . A c hrono logy f rom t he s ame v i l lage w a s r epre sen ted b y 1 50 s amp le s , y e t i t c overed o n ly 7 0 y ea r s - p rob lem s s im i la r t o t ho se t a ck led h ere i n t he S omer se t L eve l s wood . O ak h a s n o t b een t he o n ly w ood s pec ie s s t ud ied i n S w i tzer land - c hrono log ie s f or a sh , f i r ( Ab ie s a lba ) • a nd a lder h ave a l so b een c rea ted a nd c ro s s-ma tched . Wh i le t he e a r l ier p a l i sade a t Auvern ier wa s made o f o ak , t he l a ter p a l i sade wa s l a rge ly o f f i r w i th s o me a sh a nd w i l low ( Sa l ix s pp . ) ( Arno ld & S chwe ingruber 1 975 ) . P op lar ( Popu lu s s pp .) w a s a l so u sed f or p a l i sade s t hough r a re ly f or h ou se s . B y t he l a te B ronze Age , s p l i t o ak t r unk s w ere more w ide ly u sed , s o t ha t l onger r i ng s e r ie s b ecame a va i lab le f or c hrono logy-bu i ld ing , b u t f ewer p lank s r e ta ined t he ir s apwood t o g ive t he i mpor tan t f e l l ing d a te s a nd i n terna l d a t ing i nforma t ion ( Egger 1 983 ) . On L ake P a ladru i n t he B a s D auph ine i n F rance , a no ther l a te N eo l i th ic l a ke shore s e t t lemen t h a s r e cen t ly b een e xcava ted a t ' Le s B a igneur s ' Charav ine s ( Bocque t 1 982 ) . T he p i le s ub s t ruc ture s o f r ec tangu lar h ou se s w i th a f ence o n t he l a ndward s i de p rov ided much ma ter ia l f or t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s , a ga in l a rge ly f or i n terna l s i te i n terpre ta t ion r a ther t han a b so lu te d a t ing . Most o f t he p i le s f rom t he e a r ly s e t t lemen t w ere f i r , w i th o n ly 5% o ther s pec ies s uch a s a sh , a lder , b eech ( Fagu s s v lva t ica ) a nd e lm ( U lmu s s pp . ) ; i n t he s econd o ccupa t ion , o n ly 2 0% f i r w a s u sed , s ugge s t ing t o t he e xcava tor s t ha t t he l o ca l f i r w ood land h ad b een l a rge ly r emoved a nd r ep laced b y o ther s pec ie s . T h i s wa s c onf irmed a l so b y a r ap id i ncrea se i n g row th r a te i n t he wood f rom t he s e cond s e t t lemen t . 3 40 p i le s o ver 6 0mm i n d iame ter w ere s ub jec ted t o r i ng-w id th mea suremen t , wh ich r e su l ted i n t he d ef in i t ion o f p ha se s i n h ou se c on s truc t ion . Hou se 1 w a s r econ s truc ted a f ter 6 y ea r s , a nd b o th h ou se s 1 a nd 2 a f ter 1 5 y ear s . T he s i te wa s a bandoned f or o ver 7 5 y ea r s , a f ter wh ich t he s econd p ha se o f o ccupa t ion t ook p lace ( Bocque t a nd O rce l 1 975 ) . T he o n ly o ther p reh i s tor ic s e t t lemen t s i te o u t s ide t h i s a rea wh ich h a s b een t he s ub jec t o f t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s i s A lva s tra i n S ou th Sweden (Ma lmer 1 978 ) , a m id N eo l i th ic ( c2480bc ) p la tform w i th p i le p a l i sade s . Over 1 000 r oundwood p i les a bou t 1 00 mm i n d iame ter w ere d i s tr ibu ted a round t he s i te , s i ng ly o r i n r ow s ; o u t o f t he se , a bou t 2 00 w ere o ak w i th 2 0-50 r i ng s . T he ir g row th p a t tern s c ou ld b e c orre la ted t o s how a n 1 8 y ea r b u i ld ing p er iod d ur ing wh ich t he s t ruc ture w a s e n la rged a nd r epa ired e very y ear o r t wo . T h i s wa s f o l lowed b y r enewed a c t iv i ty a f ter a b reak o f o ver 4 0 y ea r s ( Ba r tho l in 1 978 ; 1 983 ) . A l l t he t r ee s h ad s t a r ted g row th a bou t t he s ame t ime , s o d educ t ion s c ou ld b e made o n c l ea rance o f t he f ore s t c over . T he o ak r i ng p a t tern s c or re sponded a l so w i th t ho se o f l ime , a spen ( Popu lu s t r emu la ) a nd e lm f rom t he s i te , b u t n o c ro s s-ma tch ing wa s a ch ieved w i th h aze l a nd a pp le (Ma lu s s v lve s tr i s ) . I t wa s s ugge s ted t ha t t he ir g row th h ad b een s uppre s sed i n t he wood land , wh ich h ad r emoved a ny c ommon s i gna l i n t he ir r i ng p a t tern s . A w ide r ange o f t r ackway s h ave b een e xcava ted i n t he p ea t moor s o f l ower S axony i n n or th Germany ; H ayen ( 1957 ; 1 979 ; 1 981 ; 1 985 ) h a s r ecorded o ver 3 00 t r ack s d a t ing f rom t he N eo l i th ic t o med ieva l t ime s , s ome o f wh ich 7

a r e a s l ong a s 1 0 km . S ome o f t ho se made o f o ak p lank s c an n ow b e d a ted a b so lu te ly b y d endrochrono logy , w i th t he c omp le te G erman c h rono logy ; f or e xamp le , t r ack XXXV I o n I pweger Moor w a s m ade o f p lank s f rom t r ee s f e l led i n 1 358 BC ( S chm id t a nd F reund l ich 1 984 ) . H owever , a l l t he t r ack s p re-da ti ng c . 1500bc w ere made o f b i rch a nd a l der ( Hayen 1 985 3 9 ) . Work i s a l so i n p rogre s s , t hough a s y e t l a rge ly u npub l i shed , o n n or th I t a l ian p i le-bu i l t s e t t lemen t s s uch a s F iäve ( Per in i 1 976 ) a nd Mo l ino C a sa ro t to ( Corona e t a l 1 974 ) . T ree-r ing s t ud ie s o n w ood f rom p reh i s tor ic c on tex t s i n E u rope i s t hu s a lmo s t e n t ire ly c oncen tra ted o n t he A lp ine z one , c en t red o n S w i tzer land , a nd p a r t s o f F rance a nd I t a ly . Much y e t r ema in s t o b e d i scovered a nd e xam ined f r om w a ter logged c on tex t s i n o ther r eg ion s , e spec ia l ly l ow land a nd p er ima r ine z one s . T he a pproach t o t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s i n a l l t he E uropean p ro jec t s d e scr ibed h a s b een v ery much c oncerned w i th d a t ing , whe ther r e la t ive o r a b so lu te , a nd i nva r iab ly make s u se o f s ub s tan t ia l v er t ica l p i le s u sed i n h ou se f ounda t ion s a nd p a l i sade s . Wh i le t he S w i s s a nd S wede s h ave made s t ud ie s o f t h e t r ee-r ing p o ten t ia l o f a v a r ie ty o f s pec ie s , wh ich h a s a l so b een p u r sued i n t he S omer se t L eve l s w ork , n o p ub l ica t ion s d ea l w i th a spec t s o f t he s t udy o f a nc ien t w ood , s uch a s w ood land managemen t b a sed o n d a ta f rom b ru shw ood a nd h urd l ing , a nd n o s uch w o rk i s k nown t o b e i n p rogre s s . T he S omer se t s t ud ie s a re t hu s u n ique i n t h i s f i e ld . T he r e l iab i l i ty o f c ro s s-ma tch ing s ho r t s e r ie s o f r i ng s i s i mpor tan t i n e ach p ro jec t , a nd s evera l l a bora to r ie s d e scr ibe t he i r j u s t if ica t ion s f or p ropo s ing d a te s ( r e la t ive o r a b so lu te ) b a sed o n s equence s o f u nder 5 0 r i ng s . However , t he u se o f s e r ie s a s s hor t a s 1 0-20 y ea r s ( e g O rce l a nd E gger 1 982 F ig . 5 ) c anno t b e s upp o r ted s t a t i s t ica l ly ( F ie l ler i n l i t t ) a nd s uch a p rac t ice h a s n o t b een f o l lowed i n t h i s r e sea rch . T he w o rk i n E urope o n p reh i s to r ic w ood f rom a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t s r un s p a ra l le l t o t he w ood s t ud ie s f rom t he S omer se t L eve l s t r ack s , b u t h a s h ad n o d i rec t i nf luence o n t h i s p ro jec t , wh ich h a s e vo lved i ndependen t ly a nd c over s s ome a spec t s n ever b efore c on s ide red .

1 . 2 .2

T ree-R ing S tud ie s i n P reh i s tor ic B r i ta in

T he i mpor tance o f r i ng-w id th v a r ia t ion i n t r ee s h a s b een n o ted many t ime s i n r e cen t c en tur ie s , b u t i t h a s o n ly b een s t ud ied s y s tema t ica l ly i n t he l a s t t wo d ecade s . E a r l ier E ng l i sh w orke r s i n t he f i e ld i nc luded L ow ther , who m ea sured t he r i ng s o f many R oman a nd m ed ieva l t imber s ( Low ther 1 949 ) ; Godw in , who s t ud ied t he S u t ton H oo s h ip ( Godw in 1 940 ) ; a nd D obb s , who s t ud ied t he g row th p a t tern s o f l a rch ( La r ix d ec idua ) ( Dobb s 1 949/51 ; 1 952 ) . G row th r a te s w ere a l so n o ted i n h aze l w ood o f t he S omer se t L eve l s t r ackw ay s ( Dewa r a nd Godw in 1 963 4 6 ) , a nd i n o ak a nd h aze l c harcoa l f rom Ma iden C a s t le ( Sa l i sbu ry a nd J ane 1 940 ) . T h i s l a t ter a ccoun t w a s at horough 8

s t udy , w ood .

c ompa r ing

a verage

r i ng-w id th s

o f

N eo l i th ic ,

I r on

Age

a nd

modern

F o l low ing t he i mpe tu s o f r e search i n t he USA a nd Germany o n t he c on s truc t ion o f t r ee-r ing c hrono log ie s , f rom t he l a te 1 960 's o nwa rd s , l a bora tor ie s b egan w ork s e r iou s ly t o b u i ld u p l ong c hrono log ie s f or t he B r i t i sh I s le s . L abora tor ie s a t B e lfa s t ( e .g . B a i l l ie 1 982 ) a nd Oxford ( e .g . F le tcher 1 977 ) w ere s oon f o l lowed b y L iverpoo l ( e .g . Hughe s e t a l 1 978 ) , S heff ie ld ( e .g . H i l lam a nd Morgan 1 981) a nd No t t ingham ( e .g . L ax ton e t a l 1 979 ) . A l l t he se l a bora tor ies h ave b een c on s t ruc t ing t r ee-r ing c hrono log ie s f or t he ir own r eg ion s w i th wh ich t o d a te b u i ld ing s a nd a rchaeo log ica l s t ruc ture s ; s o me a l so h ave o ther r e sea rch p ro jec t s s uch a s t he h igh p rec i s ion c a l ibra t ion o f r ad ioca rbon d a t ing a t B e lfa s t ( Ba i l l ie e t a l 1 983 ; P ear son a nd B a i l l ie 1 983 ; P ear son e t a l 1 983 ) o r X -ray d en s i tome try a t L iverpoo l (M i l som a nd Hughe s 1 978 ) . C hrono log ie s n ow c over a l l t he se a rea s b ack t o a round AD 4 00 , w i th a f ur ther s e c t ion f rom 2 52 BC t o AD 2 55 f or L ondon ( She ldon a nd T yer s 1 983 ) d a ted b y c ro ss-ma tch ing w i th G erman c hrono log ie s . F or Nor thern I r e land , a c hrono logy h a s n ow b een c omp le ted wh ich e x tend s b ack t o 5 289 BC ( P i tcher e t a l 1 984 ) b a sed i n t he p reh i s tor ic p er iod o n " na tura l " b og o ak s k i l led b y p ea t g row th . T h i s l a t ter c hrono logy s how s many s im i la r i t ie s w i th t ha t f or t he D anube b a s in i n Germany ( Becker 1 983 ) , i nd ica t ing t ha t s o me c ommon c l ima t ic s i gna l i s b e ing r e corded o ver w ide a rea s o f w e s tern E urope ( Ba i l l ie 1 983a ) . T he s t udy o f b og o ak s i s n ow b e ing e x tended a t t he B e lfa s t l abora tory t o i n c lude ma ter ia l f rom E ng land - d a ted c hrono log ie s n ow e x i s t f or Swan C arr , Durham , a t 155-381 BC a nd f or M i ldenha l l i n E a s t Ang l ia a t 3 169-2661 BC ( Ba i l l ie p er s . c omm . ) ( F ig . 1 1 .52 ) . Work i s n ow c ommenc ing o n a l a rge b ody o f b og o ak ma ter ia l c o l lec ted i n E a s t Ang l ia o ver many y ear s . B og o ak s h ave a l so b een u sed i n c on s t ruc t ing t r ee-r ing c hrono log ie s a t t he S heff ie ld l a bora tory (Morgan u npub . ) o r ig ina t ing f rom T horne Wa s te i n S ou th Y ork sh ire , T o t ley Mo s s i n D erby sh ire , t he S omer se t L eve l s a nd t he S evern V a l ley i n G louce s ter sh ire . Two o ther s ource s o f o ak w ood , k i l led b y n a tura l e ven t s s uch a s f l ood ing o r r i s ing s ea l e ve l , h ave b een e xp lo i ted b y d endrochrono log i s t s . Many t r ee t r unk s l y ing i n g rave l s o f t he R iver T ren t a t C o lw ick n ea r No t t ingham h ave b een s amp led a nd a na ly sed . T hey a ppea r t o b e w ide-rang ing i n d a te b u t t wo f l oa t ing c hrono log ie s , d a ted b y r ad ioca rbon t o t he 4 th/5 th m i l lenn ium BC a nd l a te 2 nd m i l lenn ium BC , h ave b een e s tab l i shed ( Sa l i sbury 1 980 ; S a l i sbury e t a l 1 984 ) . T he s econd s ource o f ma ter ia l h a s b een t he s ubmerged f ore s t s a l ong t he c oa s t o f B r i ta in , l a rge a rea s o f t r ee s t ump s e xpo sed a t l ow t i de ( Heywor th 1 978 ; K id son a nd H eywor th 1 973 ; H eywor th a nd K id son 1 982 ) . F loa t ing t r ee-r ing c hrono log ie s h ave b een e s tab l i shed o n s o me o f t he se o f ten l ongl ived t r ee s , a nd s evera l h ave b een i n ten s ive ly r ad iocarbon-da ted i n a p ro jec t o n s hor t-term v ar ia t ion s i n t he l e ve l o f r ad ioca rbon ( Campbe l l a nd B ax ter 1 979 ) . T he ma in s ource s o f t r ee s h ave b een S to lford o n t he B r i s to l C hanne l , a nd B or th a nd Yny s la s i n Dyfed .

9

T ree-r ing s t ud ie s o n l i v ing o ak t r ee s k i l led b y n a tura l c au se s h ave b een a imed a t c hrono logy-bu i ld ing , a nd t he l ong c hrono log ie s s o f ormed a re n ow b e ing a pp l ied t o t h e d a t ing o f a rchaeo log ica l s t ruc ture s . H ere t he f e l l ing d a te s o f t he t r ee s u sed i n c on s t ruc t ion c an s ome t ime s b e p rec i se ly d er ived . Two p reh i s tor ic s i te s i n I r e land w ere t he f i r s t t o b e d a ted a bs o lu te ly i n t h i s w ay - C u l lyhanna h un t ing l odge ( H i l lam 1 976 ) i n C o . A rmagh , where s t ake s f rom a c i rcu la r h u t a nd p a l i sade c ame f rom t r ee s f e l led i n 1 526 BC , a nd a t r ackway a t C or lea , C o . L ongford w a s made f rom o ak s f e l led i n 1 48 BC ( Raf tery 1 986 ) . T he e x ten s ion o f d a t ing a t t h i s l e ve l o f p rec i s ion w i l l i n d ue c ou r se e nab le p reh i s tor ian s t o b e much more p rec i se a bou t t he r e la t ion sh ip i n d a te o f s i te s l a ck ing w ood r ema in s , f rom t he ir a r tefac tua l e v idence . T he l ong I r i sh c h rono logy h a s n o t y e t p roved a pp l icab le t o t he a b so lu te d a t ing o f E ng l i sh a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l d e sp i te t he e x i s tence o f a n umber o f f l oa t ing p reh i s tor ic c hrono log ie s ( s umma r i sed i n F ig . I I. 5 2 ) . T hree c hrono log ie s f r om L inco ln sh ire i lu s t ra te t h i s p o in t . T he c h rono logy f rom t he B r igg r af t i s o f 1 60 y ea r s a nd e nd s a round 6 00 b c ( H i l lam 1 981) . T ho se f rom t he N or th F er r iby b oa t s a re 2 27 a nd 1 05 y ea r s i n l e ng th , e nd ing s omewhere b e tween 1 800 a nd 1 000 b c ( H i l lam 1 985a ; W r igh t 1 976 ) . T he c hr9no logy f r om t he ' c au seway ' a t F i sker ton i s o f 1 67 y ea r s i n l e ng th a nd e nd s a round 5 00-300 b c ( H i l lam 1 985b ) . B ecau se t he l a s t s t ruc tu re made u se o f r oundwood p i le s , d e ta i led r e la t ive d a t ing w a s p o s s ib le a nd s howed t he r enewa l o f t he p i le s a t r egu la r i n terva l s o f 1 6-18 y ea r s . T he o n ly o ther ' s e r ie s o f p reh i s tor ic t r ee-r ing c h rono log ie s c ome f rom t he t r ackway s o f t he S ome r se t L eve l s , d e scr ibed i n c hap ter I I o f t h i s v o lume . Two o f t he se a r e l a te B ronze A ge i n d a te ( Mea re H ea th a nd T inney ' s ) , a s a re t he N or th F er r iby b oa t s , a nd a r e cen t ly d i scovered s t ruct u re a t F lag F en n ea r P e terborough ( Ch ipp inda le 1 985 ) . T he w ood f rom t he l a t ter may p roduce a u sefu l c hrono logy , a s w e l l a s i n terna l d a t ing i n format i on . T here i s t herefo re t h e p o ten t ia l w i th in t he n ex t f ew y ea r s o f l i nk ing a n umber o f B ronze A ge t r ee-r ing c hrono log ie s t oge ther t o d e term ine t he t ime i n terva l s b e tween e ach p ha se o f c on s t ruc t ion a nd b e tween v a r iou s s t ruc tu re s .

O ak h a s b een t h e o n ly w ood s pec ie s i nvo lved i n c h rono logy-bu i ld ing a t a l l t he se l a bora tor ie s , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o f s ome a sh t imber f rom e a r ly m ed ieva l Dub l in ( Ba i l l ie 1 982 ) . T he d i s t inc t ion o ugh t t o b e made h ere b e tween t imber , s p l i t f r om ma ture t r ee s a nd o f p o ten t ia l v a lue f or a b so lu te d endrochrono log ica l d a t ing , a nd w ood , c on s i s t ing o f av a r ie ty o f s pec ie s , a nd o f ten o f i mma ture r oundwo od u sed a s p i le s , s t ake s , w a t t l ing a nd s im i la r p urpo se s . H i ther to , l i t t le a t ten t ion h a s b een p a id t o t h i s l a t ter c l a s s o f m a ter ia l . T h i s h a s l e f t , o n t he o ne h and , av a s t a moun t o f p o ten t ia l ly v a luab le ma ter ia l u nexam ined , a nd o n t he o ther , a c omp le te l a ck o f k now ledge a bou t t he p o s s ib i l i t ie s o f c ro s s-ma tch ing t he g row th p a t tern s o f o ther w ood s pec ie s a nd o f s hor t r i ng s equence s . T he g row th r i ng s o f o ther t r ee s pec ie s h ave b een e xam ined i n t h i s w ay o n ly i n s o f a r a s t h ey o ffer i n forma t ion o n e co log ica l a spec t s o f modern w ood land s . R ackham ( 1975 ) m ea su red t he g row th r i ng s o f l i v ing a sh i n 1 0

Hay ley Wood , C amb s . , a nd f ound t ha t t he ir s udden r educ t ion s i n w id th a nd g radua l r e covery r e f lec ted t he c yc le o f c opp ic ing i n t he w ood . H e a l so mea sured t he r i ng-w id ths o f e lm s , a spens a nd h aze l s , a nd c ompa red t he ir w id th s w i th r a infa l l f i gure s , a nd t o l o ca l e ven t s , s uch a s r e lea se c yc le s wh ich f o l lowed f e l l ing . On ly t he a sh s howed s o me c orre la t ion o f g row th r a te t o s ummer r a infa l l . Ka s sa s ( 1951) a l so f ound a sh g row th s en s i t ive t o s o i l mo i s ture c hange s i n C h ippenham F en . T ucker a nd F i t ter ( 1981) e st ima ted t he a ge s t ruc ture o f a rea s o f a l der , b i rch a nd o ak i n A skham B og n ear Y ork , w i th t he a im o f p red ic t ing t he l i ke ly s ucce s s ion i n t he wood . Apar t f rom t he s t udy o f e lm ( Bre t t 1 978 ) a nd a p ro jec t u nderway a t S heff ie ld o n a lder f rom S co t t i sh a nd I r i sh c rannog s ( Crone p er s . c omm . ) , t here h ave b een n o o ther t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s o f e i ther modern o r a rchaeo logi c a l wood o f n on-oak s pec ie s . T h i s i s d ue p a r t ly t o t he l a ck o f c ommerc ia l i n tere s t i n mo s t h ardwood s , a nd p a r t ly t o t he l a ck o f s pec ia l i s t s i n w ood i den t if ica t ion a nd t r ee-r ing d a t ing a b le t o u nder take t he s amp l ing a nd s t udy o f s uch ma ter ia l . F or e xamp le , w a t t l ing o n mo s t r e cen t u rban e xcava t ion s h a s p robab ly g one l a rge ly u nrecorded . T he o n ly s t udy o f a s im i la r n a ture t o t h i s w a s u nder taken o n wa t t le f i sh w e ir s i n t he T ren t ( Sa l i sbury 1 980 ) . T he p ro jec t d escr ibed i n t h i s v o lume h a s t hu s a imed t o e xpand f ur ther o n t he e x i s t ing n e twork o f o ak t r ee-r ing c hrono log ie s f or t he p reh i s tor ic p er iod . I n a dd i t ion i t s e t s o u t t o e xam ine t he p o ten t ia l o f w ood o f many s pec ie s f or t he i n forma t ion t hey may g ive o n d e ta i led r e la t ive d a t ing , o n t he o r ig ina l w ood land c ompo s i t ion a nd a ge s t ruc ture , o n t he s pec ie s p referred f or c er ta in p urpo se s a nd t he w ay s i n wh ich t he t r ee s w ere e xp lo i ted . On ly when many s i te s f rom a l l p er iod s a nd a rea s h ave b een e xam ined c an f ur ther c omp a r i son s , i n terpre ta t ion s a nd j udgemen t s b e made . Meanwh i le , t h i s work i s t he o n ly s t udy o f i t s k ind t o b e u nder taken i n . B r i ta in . I t h a s t he a dvan tage s o f a c onf ined g eograph ica l a rea a nd u n iform a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t , e nab l ing c ompar i son s a nd c on tra s t s t o b e made . T he p reh is tor ic wood f r om S omer se t h a s o ffered u n ique o ppor tun i t ie s f or s t udy , d e sp i te t he many c on s tra in t s o n t he q ua l i ty a nd b read th o f s amp l ing a nd i n terpre ta t ion i mpo sed b y t he n a ture o f t he e xcava t ion s a nd t he ma ter ia l .

1

1 . 3

THE SOMERSET LEVELS

T he S omer se t L eve l s c on s i s t o f a n a rea o f p er ima r ine w e t land o f a t ype n ow b ecom ing i ncrea s ing ly r a re , a nd t hu s o ffer ing u n ique o ppor tun i t ie s f or s t udy , p ar t icu la r ly o f t he ir e co logy , v ege ta t iona l h i s tory a nd a rchaeo logy ( Co les 1 984 ) . T hey l i e i n t he s ou th-we s t o f E ng land b order ing o n t he B r i s to l C hanne l , a nd s ou th o f Mend ip c on s i s t o f t he v a l ley s o f t he R iver s Axe , B rue a nd P arre t t ( F ig . 1 . 1) . T he w ide v a l ley f l oor s o f t he s t udy a rea a re o f ten b e low 5m OD . T hey a re b ounded t o t he n o r th b y Mend ip , t o t he s ou th b y t he Quan tock s , a nd s epara ted b y t he r i dge k nown a s t he P o lden s . T he a rea o f i n ten s ive p ea t e x trac t ion , a nd t hu s o f a rchaeo log ica l f i nd s d e scr ibed h ere , l i e s i n t he s ou thern B rue v a l ley b e tween t he P o lden s a nd a s ma l l r ocky r i dge o n wh ich Mea re s t and s . I t i s l im i ted t o t he e a s t b y G la s tonbury a nd t o t he w e s t b y E d ing ton . A l l t he s t ruc ture s d i scu s sed i n t h i s v o lume l i e w i th in t h i s a rea .

1 . 3 .1

Geo logy a nd s o i l s

T he L eve l s p re sen t a r e la t ive ly r ecen t l a nd scape wh ich h a s s een many h umaninduced c hange s . T he s t udy a rea i s b a s ica l ly a l ow land b a s in d ra ined b y t hree r i ver s , a nd s ur rounded b y t he J ura s s ic L ia s a nd T r ia s c a lca reou s f orma t ion s o f Mend ip a nd t he Quan tock s . P robab ly d ur ing t he f i na l I p sw ichi an i n terg lac ia l , a nd p o s s ib ly a l so i n a no ther e a r l ier o ne " s o-ca l led " B ur t le B ed s w ere l a id d own . T he se a re i mpor tan t i n u nder s tand ing t he a rchaeo logy o f t he a rea b ecau se t hey f orm , n owaday s , " i s land s " o f s l igh t ly h igher , b e t ter d ra ined a nd a t trac t ive g round , a bove t he " we t " a l luv ia l c l ay s o r p ea t s o f t he v a l ley f l oor s . O r ig ina l ly t he se d epo s i t s w ere f ormed a s s andbank s a nd i n tert i da l mudf la t s u nder s ha l low e s tuar ine o r ma r ine c ond i t ion s ( K idson a nd H eywor th 1 976 ; K id son e t a l 1 974 ; 1 978 ) . T hey c on s i s t o f t wo l a yer s - a s he l ly c a lca reou s s and wh ich r epre sen t s f ormer s andbank s , a nd a l ower l a yer o f B ur t le c l ay r epre sen t ing f ormer i n ter-t ida l mudf la t s . T he se r e s t o n t he L ower L ia s c l ay ( Avery 1 955 ) . T he s equence i s s hown s chema t ica l ly i n F ig . 1 . 2 . T he B ur t le B ed s c on ta in v er tebra te f o s s i l s , s he l l s , wood a nd o ther ma ter ia l s . T hey a re s urrounded b y s and s o f F landr ian a ge , wh ich r ef lec t r ework ing o f o lder B ur t le B ed s wh ich w ere b ur ied b y F landr ian p ea t s a nd s i l t s ( K id son , B eck a nd G i lber t son 1 981) . T he B ur t le B ed s t oday c rop o u t o ver a bou t 2 00 a cre s a nd r i se s l igh t ly a bove t he p ea t d epo s i t s t o a h e igh t o f a bou t 3m ; i n p reh i s tor ic t ime s b efore e x ten s ive p ea t g row th , t hey mu s t h ave d om ina ted t he l a ndscape more t han t oday . T he b igge s t o u tcrop i s a t C a tco t t , w i th s ma l ler o u tcrop s a t Honeygar a nd n ear S hapw ick , a s w e l l a s o n S edgemoor ( t he v a l ley o f t he r i ver P a rre t t ) - t he ir l o ca t ion s a re s hown i n F ig s . 1 . 3 a nd 1 . 4 . T he B ur t le B ed s w ere n o d oub t o f g rea t i mpor tance t o t he e a r ly i nhab i tan t s o f t he a rea , p a r t ly b ecau se o f t he ir l i gh t s o i l s , a nd a l so b ecau se t hey r epre sen ted i s o la ted ' i s land s ' o r s t epp ing s t ones i n t he m idd le o f t he o f ten i nho sp i tab le L eve l s .

1 2

T he l owly ing b a s in w a s i nunda ted b y t he s ea b efore 4 000 b c wh ich l e f t a d epo s i t o f s i l ty g rey c l ay u p t o a round t he p re sen t s ealeve l . When t he s ealeve l f e l l , t he p oor d ra inage o f t he s a l t mar sh g radua l ly l e d t o t he d eve lopmen t o f r eed s wamp , c a rry ing a v ege ta t ion o f r eed s ( Phragm i te s ) , f o l lowed b y s edge s ( C lad ium ) , b og b ean (Menvan thes ) , a nd v a r iou s mo s se s c ha rac ter i s t ic o f v ery w e t c ond i t ion s . A round 3 500 b c , t he r eed s wamp w a s s ucceeded b y f enwood , wh ich s t a r ted t o f orm i n t he c en t re o f t he b a s in , a f ter t he c o lon i sa t ion o f t he d ry ing-ou t s wamp b y b i rch ( Be tu la ) a nd a lder ( A lnu s ) . I t wa s a t t h i s p er iod t ha t t he e ar l ie s t k nown t r ackway , t he Swee t , w a s c on s truc ted . A s t he p ea t d epo s i t s g rew a bove t he g roundwa ter l e ve l , t he f orma t ion o f r a i sed b og b egan . T h i s w a s a round 2 500 b c . T he r a i sed b og s urface w a s c ha rac ter i sed b y t he g row th o f mo s s ( Sphagnum ) , c o t ton-gra s s ( Er iophorum ) a nd h ea ther ( Ca l luna ) . I n t h i s t ype o f s i tua t ion , t he l a ter t r ackway s w ere b u i l t i n r e spon se t o l o ca l n eed s a nd s hor t-term w e t ter c ond i t ion s . A t l e a s t t wo f l ood ing h or izon s h ave b een i den t if ied i n t he l a ter b og s equence o n t he b a s i s o f c o lour c hange s i n t he p ea t s t ra t igraphy , a nd f rom t he i ncrea sed a bundance o f s edge s ( C lad ium ) a t t he f l ood ing h or izon . The se a rea s t hen r ever ted a ga in t o S phagnum b og . T he se f l ood ing e p i sode s h ave b een d a ted t o c . 6005 00 b c a nd c . AD 1 50 ( Becke t t a nd H ibber t 1 979 ) . T hey may b e a t tr ibu ted t o e aleve l c hange s , wh ich i mpeded d ra inage a nd l ed t o h igher g roundwa ter l e ve l s ( H ibber t 1 980 ) . Dur ing t he F landr ian , s ealeve l s h ave a lway s b een a s t rong i n f luence o n t he a rea , e ven a f ter t he s ea r e trea ted f rom t he l ow land s s hor t ly b efore 4 000 b c . F or e xamp le , t he g row th a nd n a ture o f t he p ea t s i n t he L eve l s w ere a ffec ted b y t he g roundwa ter l e ve l r e su l t ing f rom t he d ra inage p a t tern ; t h i s i n t u rn w a s i nf luenced b y t he s ealeve l . T here i s s ome d i sagreemen t a s t o t he p rec i se c ha rac ter o f t he c our se o f s ealeve l r i se i n t he r eg ion d ur ing t he l a ter p reh i s tor ic t ime s . I n ten s ive r ad iocarbon d a t ing o f r i ng s e r ie s o f s ubmerged t r ee t r unk s , f ound a t l ow t i de o n many b eache s o f t he B r i s to l Channe l a nd We l sh c oa s t ( Campbe l l a nd B ax ter 1 979 ; H eywor th 1 978 ) , i nd ica te s t ha t t he r i se i n s ealeve l w a s e s sen t ia l ly g radua l a nd s moo th ( Heywor th a nd K id son 1 982 ) , wherea s H ibber t ( 1980 ) , among s t o ther s , h a s s ugge s ted t ha t t here w ere l o ca l v a r ia t ion s a nd i mpor tan t o sc i l la t ion s i n s eal eve l . T he o vera l l r i se c au sed t he d ea th o f t he c oa s ta l wood land s a nd a l so i mpeded t he d ra inage p a t tern i n t he L eve l s , c au s ing f l ood ing b y f r e sh a nd mar ine w a ter , a nd h ence p rov id ing t he n eed t o b u i ld t r ackway s a cro s s t he w a ter logged g round . T he a ccumu la t ion o f p ea t c on t inued u n t i l c .AD 4 00 , when a no ther mar ine t r an sgre s s ion ( F ind lay 1 965 ) i s t hough t t o h ave i nvaded p ar t s o f t he a rea ( t hough s ee L eech 1 981 f or d i scu s s ion ) . I n term i t ten t f l ood ing d epo s i ted t h in c l ay b ed s o ver t he p ea t . A t t h i s t ime t he c oa s ta l s and-dune s b u i l t u p , f ur ther i mped ing d ra inage , b u t k eep ing o u t t he s ea , a nd t he R oman s a dded a r t if ic ia l b arr ier s ( Avery 1 955 ) . T oday t he B rue v a l ley i s c l a s sed b y t he S o i l S urvey s o f E ng land a nd Wa le s a s p ar t o f t he O rgan ic G roup , wh ich c ompr i se s t he T urba ry Moor S er ie s ( We s thay Moor a nd S hapw ick H ea th ) a nd i s s urrounded b y t he S edgemoor S er ie s t o t he e a s t a nd w e s t ( F ig . 1 . 3 ) . S edgemoor i t se lf , t he 1 3

v a l ley o f t he P a r re t t a nd C a ry r i ver s , c on ta in s l i t t le r a i sed b og , b u t w a s l a rge ly b u i l t u p f r om r eed a nd s edge f en , a nd f en c arr ( A lder ton 1 983 ) -a ny t endency t owa rd s t he f orma t ion o f r a i sed b og w a s c oun tered b y f l ood ing o r a h e igh tened w a ter t ab le . T he p ea t s o f t he B rue v a l ley a re e x t reme ly a c id , w i th pH v a lue s u sua l ly u nder 5 . 5 a nd a s l ow a s 3 . 5 o n W e s thay H ea th ( Avery 1 955 ) . I n t he p ea t n or th o f Mea re , t here i s a h igh p ropo r t ion o f c o t ton-gra s s , wh ich make s i t " s tr ingy " t o c u t a nd m i l l , a nd s o p ea t-cu t t ing h a s b een c oncen t ra ted i n t he a rea s ou th o f Mea re . P ea t h a s b een c u t a nd u sed s i nce R oman t ime s , a nd t he u pper l a yer s h ave l ong b een r emoved ; t he l ower N eo l i th ic a nd B ronze A ge p ea t s a r e p refer red f or c ommerc ia l u se , a nd i n p a r t s h ave n ow b een c omp le te ly r emoved d own t o t he u nder ly ing g rey ma r ine c l ay , e . g . o n Mea re H ea th . T he l and h a s b een c on t inua l ly d ra ined a nd r ec la imed . Unde r mona s t ic c on t ro l f r om t he t we lf th c en tury , t he R iver B rue w a s s t ra igh tened a nd e mbanked , a nd a s l u ice w a s b u i l t a t H ighbr idge . T he P i lrow C u t w a s d ug t o c onnec t t he r i ver s B rue a nd Axe , a nd e nab le s eaborne c raf t t o r each G la s tonbu ry . Much o f t he B rue v a l ley w a s r e c la imed b e tween t he 1 5 th a nd 1 8 th c en tu r ie s i nc lud ing t he Mea re P oo l ( W i l l iam s 1 970 ) . D ra inage s cheme s l a p sed i n t he 1 7 th a nd 1 8 th c en tur ie s a nd t h i s c au sed s evere f l ood s . Mo s t o f t he p re sen t d ra inage p a t te rn d a te s f rom t he 1 9 th c en tu ry a nd h a s e nab led t he a rea t o a ch ieve i t s p re sen t h igh s t a tu s f or d a iry f a rm ing o w ing t o i t s i mpor tance f or s umme r g raz ing a nd i t s h ay c rop . S ummer p a s ture h a s a lway s b een i t s mo s t i mpor tan t f unc t ion , b u t o the r p roduc t s o f t he s pec ia l i sed e nv i ronmen t h ave b een o f v a lue - r e ed s a nd r u she s , b ru shwood a nd w i th ie s , p ea t , w i ldfow l a nd f i sh , e spec ia l ly e l s . F i sh w ere c augh t i n t he r hyne s ( i . e . d i tche s ) , a nd i n t he Mea re P oo l ( now d ra ined ) o n t he e dge o f wh ich i n t he I r on A ge s t ood t he Mea re a nd G la s tonb ury v i l lage s ( Bu l le id a nd G ray 1 911 ; G ray a nd B u l le id 1 953 ) . T he r e cen t p roduc t iv i ty o f t he a rea h a s b een l im i ted b y t he l a rge ly u n sa t i sfac tory d ra inage , f ragmen ta t ion o f t h e f a rm s a nd t he l a ck o f h a rd r oad s ( Avery 1 955 ) . E very e ffor t i s b e ing p u t i n to i mprov ing t he d ra inage , w i th i t s r e su l t ing t h rea t s t o t he a rchaeo logy a nd w i ld l ife i n t he a rea .

1 . 3 .2

V ege ta t ion

T oday t he v ege ta t ion o f t he L eve l s v a r ie s a ccord ing t o p ea t-cu t t ing a c t iv i ty ; c l ea rance f or c u t t ing i s f o l lowed b y a r ever s ion t o r eed s wamp o r f en s c rub , w i th w i l low ( S a l ix ) a nd b og myr t le (Mvr ica ) , f o l lowed b y b i rch ( Be tu la ) c a r r wood land . T he S hapw ick H ea th N a ture R e serve r e ta in s s ome o f t h e c ha rac ter o f t he w e t land s , a l though a s t he w a ter t ab le f a l l s t he e co logy o f t he a rea i s a l so c hang ing . V a r iou s t r ee s pec ie s o ccupy t he w e t land s , d e sp i te t he a c id s o i l s , t hough t he e ffec t o n t he ir g row th r a te i s n o t k nown ; c ore s t aken f rom t wo h edgerow o ak s i n W i thy B ed C op se i n 1 974 s howed e x t reme ly r ap id g row th . H ope-S imp son e t a l ( 1963 ) r ecorded t he p re sence o f b i rch , p op lar ( Ponu lu s ) , p ine ( P inu s s y lve s t r i s ) , p eduncu la te o ak ( Quercu s r obur ) , w i l low , a lder b uck thorn ( F rangu la a l nu s ) , a l der , h aw thorn ( Cra taegu s ) 1 4

a nd e lder ( Sambucu s n igra ) o n S hapw ick H ea th . T hey f ound t ha t b i rch a nd w i l low d om ina ted t he c arr , m ixed w i th P hragm i te s r eed b ed s ; t he d roves h ave t he mo s t v a r ied a nd r i ch f l ora . I t w a s c onc luded f rom t h i s s t udy t ha t " hea thy b og " e vo lve s a f ter 2 0-30 y ea r s o f c o lon i sa t ion , wh i le t a l l c a rr t ake s 5 0 y ea r s t o b ecome e s tab l i shed . T he p ea t s t ra t igraphy o f t h i s r eg ion i s n ow w e l l-known a s a r e su l t o f t he work o f Godw in ( 1941 ; 1 948 ; 1 981) , B ecke t t a nd H ibber t ( 1978 ; 1 979 ; F ig . 1 . 6 ) a nd C a se ld ine ( 1984 ) . T he ma r ine g rey c l ay a t t he b a se i s f o l lowed b y a bundan t r ema in s o f r eed ( Phragm i te s ) r h izome s a nd p o l len , i nd ica t ing t he d eve lopmen t o f r eed s wamp a s t he s ea w i thdrew . I n t ime , f r e shwa ter f en b ecame d om ina ted b y C a rex s edge s , p ondweed ( Po tamoge ton ) a nd b og b ean (Menyan the s ) , a f ter wh ich b i rch b egan t o c o lon i se t he a rea . I n t he Swee t t r ack s t ra t igraphy ( Ca se ld ine 1 984 ) , t he a ppearance o f s edges i nd ica ted t he p re sence o f s ha l low w a ter a nd c a lca reou s c ond i t ion s . T he r eg iona l p o l len r e cord i s s hown i n T ab le I A a nd F ig s . 1 . 5 a nd 1 . 6 . T he se s ugges t t he p re sence o f m ixed o ak ( Quercu s ) f ore s t o n t he h igher g round a round t he L eve l s , a t a t ime when e lm ( U lmu s ) d ec l ined a nd p lan t s wh ich p refer o pen c ond i t ion s i ncrea sed . T h i s w a s a round 3 000 b c . T here w a s a n i ncrea se i n b racken ( P ter id ium ) p o l len ; t h i s o f ten a ppea r s i n a bund ance a f ter t he t r ee c anopy i s o pened u p , p erhap s b y f e l l ing ( S cu rf ie ld 1 953 1 2 ; I ver son 1 956 ) . T he e v idence s ugge s t s a p er iod o f c l ea rance o f t he t r ee c over , t o e nab le c u l t iva t ion t o t ake p lace a nd t o p rov ide wood f or t r ackb u i ld ing ( H ibber t 1 978 ) . A f a l l i n t o ta l p o l len d epo s i t ion wa s n o ted a t t h i s t ime . T h i s w a s t hough t t o b e c au sed b y r educed w ind s peed , a s a r e su l t o f t he d en se f enwood , o r t he f i l ter ing e ffec t o f t he v ege ta t ion , o r b o th ( H ibber t 1 9 78 9 4 ) . T he f enwood w a s f o l lowed b y t he o n se t o f r a i sed b og f orma t ion , t yp if ied b y h ea ther ( Ca l luna ) , c o t ton-gra s s ( Er iophorum ) a nd mo s s ( Sphagn um ) , a nd c au sed b y s ome i mped imen t t o t he d ra inage p a t tern . S ea l e ve l c hange s a re n ow b e ing c on s idered a s a c au se ( H ibber t 1 980 ) . R a i sed b og i s d ependen t f or i t s c on t inued g row th o n a h igh r a infa l l/evapora t ion r a t io wh ich ma in ta in s t he s urface a bove g round w a ter l e ve l . T he p ea t t hu s f ormed i s b a se-def ic ien t , i n c on tra s t t o t he more n eu tra l f en p ea t s wh ich d eve loped i n c a lca reou s h ydro log ica l c ond i t ion s ( Tab le I A) . I n p o l len z one D a s e cond p er iod o f c l earance w a s n o ted , a s e lm a nd l ime p o l len s t ayed l ow wh i le r udera l p o l len w a s h igh . Haze l p o l len i ncrea sed a t t h i s t ime , p o s s ib ly b ecau se o f i n crea sed f l ower ing d ue t o c u t t ing b y t he l o ca l p opu la t ion . T h i s r i se i n h aze l p o l len h a s a l so b een n o ted i n L i t t le ton B og , T ippera ry (M i tche l l 1 965 ) a nd Wh ixa l l Mo s s , S hrop sh ire ( Turner 1 964 ) , a nd a t tr ibu ted b y t hem t o t he i nva s ion o f s econdary h aze l s c rub o r t he r emova l o f l a rge t r ee s wh ich e nab led t he h aze l t o f l ower more f r ee ly . Z one D w a s f o l lowed b y ad rama t ic i ncrea se i n t r ee p o l len ( H ibber t 1 978 ) . S ub sequen t i n crea s ing w e tne s s l ed t o r enewed p er iod s o f t r ack c on s truc t ion w i th a f ur ther p ha se o f c l earance i n t he l a te B ronze Age a nd I r on Age ( z one F ) - a t t h i s t ime t he Mea re H ea th a nd T inney 's g roup o f t r ack s w ere b u i l t , f o l lowed b y t he Mea re a nd G la s tonbury v i l lage s a t t he e nd

1 5

o f t he p ha se . T he o ccupan t s o f t he se v i l lage s mu s t f or t he f e l l ing o f c on s iderab le a rea s o f w ood land l o ca l ly .

h ave

b een

r e spon s ib le

T he b e t ter d ra ined P o lden s , a nd t he Mea re a nd We s thay ' i s land s ' h ave p robab ly a lway s s uppor ted s ome d ec iduou s w ood land . Nowaday s t he w ood s a re c ha rac ter i sed b y o ak ( Quercu s r obur ) where t here a re c l ay s a nd ma r l s , a nd b y a sh where h a rd l ime s tone s c rop o u t . I n p a r t s o f t h i s a r ea , wood s k nown t o b e o f a nc ien t o r ig in n ow s uppor t o ak s t anda rd s w i th c opp ice , a nd a sh i s l o ca l ly d om inan t ( Avery 1 955 ) . A long t he s ou thern e dge o f t he P o lden s a nd o n t he B ur t le B eds , t he v ege ta t ion s uffer s f rom s ea sona l d rough t . T he l i gh t s andy s o i l s o f t he B ur t le B ed s , b e ing e a sy t o w ork , w ere p robab ly i n d emand f or e a r ly c u l t iva t ion a nd a re l i ke ly t o h ave b een r ap id ly c l ea red o f w ood land . T he e v idence f rom p o l len a nd s pore s w i th in t he p ea t d epo s i t s r ef lec t s t he r eg iona l v ege ta t ion o ver a n e x tended t ime s ca le ; u nfor tuna te ly i t i s d iff icu l t t o p inpo in t t he d a te o f c hange s i n v ege ta t ion ow ing t o a cce lera t ing o r s l ower p ea t g row th r a te s c on sequen t u pon t he f l ood ing e p i sode s a s soc ia ted w i th s ome o f t he t r ackway s ( Becke t t a nd H ibber t 1 979 ) . Macrofo s s i l r ema in s a re o f a more l o ca l n a ture , a nd a s a r e su l t t end t o b e r e s t r ic ted t o w e t land s pec ie s , l a rge ly b i rch a nd w i l low among t he t r ee s pec ie s ( e .g . C a se ld ine 1 984 ) . T he c ompo s i t ion a nd q uan t i ty o f t he w ood land i n a nd a round t he L eve l s d ur ing p reh i s tory i s t hu s k nown o n ly i n a v ery g enera l w ay f rom t he a bove e v idence . T he p hy s ica l r ema in s o f w ood i n t he t r ackway s h ave t herefore b een s t ud ied t o t h row s o me l i gh t o n c ompo s i t ion o f t he w ood land a va i lab le a t d ifferen t p er iod s , a nd a l so u pon i t s a ge s t ruc ture a nd r a tes o f g row th . P o l len a na ly s i s c an o ffer l i t t le s pec if ic i nforma t ion o n t he w ood land f or t he p er iod o f a f ew y ea r s i n t he 4 th m i l lenn ium BC , when t he S wee t t r ack w a s b u i l t , wherea s t he r ange o f w ood s pec ies u sed i n t he t r ack , t he ir s i ze s a nd a ge s a nd t he w id th o f t he ir r i ng s , c an t e l l u s ag rea t d ea l . O ther v ar iab le s mu s t a l so b e t aken i n to a ccoun t , n o t l e a s t t he p references o f t he b u i lder s f or p a r t icu la r a rea s o f w ood land a nd t ype s o f w ood , a nd a l so t he p o s s ib i l i ty t ha t t hey w ere c on t ro l l ing t he w ood land b y s o me f orm o f managemen t , whe ther a cc iden ta l o r d e l ibera te , t o s u i t t he ir n eed s . T h i s r e sea rch w a s u nder taken i n a n a t temp t t o e xam ine f ur ther t he se a spec t s o f w ood land i n p reh i s tory .

1 . 3 .3

P reh i s tor ic A rchaeo logy i n t he L eve l s

I n tere s t i n t he p reh i s tory o f t he a rea b egan w i th t he d i scovery o f w ooden s t ruc ture s a nd a r tefac t s o f s t one a nd m e ta l i n t he l a s t c en tury , a s a r e su l t o f a n i n ten s if ica t ion o f p ea t-cu t t ing a nd d ra inage . P reh i s tor ic w ooden s t ruc ture s h ave l ong b een k nown ; t he Abbo t 's Way r epor ted i n Dymond ( 1880 ) a nd t he G la s tonbury a nd Mea re v i l lage s r e corded b y B u l le id a nd G ray ( 1911 ; 1 917 ; G ray a nd B u l le id 1 953 ) a l l f ocu s sed a t ten t ion o n t he q ua l i ty o f p re serva t ion , p ar t icu la r ly o f t he w ood , a t t he se s i te s , wh ich r i va l led t ha t o f t he f amou s Sw i s s l ake shore s e t t lemen t s n o ted b y Ke l ler ( 1866 ) . B u l le id w a s v ery a c t ive i n t he a rea a t t he t u rn o f t he c en tury a nd p ub l i shed i n a dd i t ion 1 6

t he S hapw ick d ugou t c anoe ( Bu l le id 1 933 ) .

1 906 ) a nd t he Mea re H ea th t r ack ( Bu l le id

I n t he 1 940 ' s , Godw in b egan t o r e co rd t he p o l len s equence f rom t he p ea t d epo s i t s a nd e s tab l i shed t he v ege ta t iona l h i s tory o f t he a rea v e ry much a s w e u nder s tand i t t oday ( Godw in 1 948 ; 1 960 ; D ewa r a nd Godw in 1 963 ; C lapham a nd Godw in 1 948 ) . I n t he c our se o f t h i s w o rk , h e r ecorded n umerou s t r ackway s a cro s s t he B rue v a l ley , i nc lud ing N idon ' s , V iper ' s , B lakeway , We s thay , Mea re H ea th , Abbo t ' s Way a nd H oneyca t , a s w e l l a s a r tefac t s s uch a s s pea rhead s , a xe s , b ow s , amber b ead s a nd f i bu lae ( Dewa r a nd Godw in 1 963 ) . Many o f t he f i nd s p receded t he a dven t o f r ad ioca rbon d a t ing , s o p r io r t o t he Godw in ( 1960 ) p aper , d a t ing w a s b a sed o n p ea t s t ra t ig raphy . B y 1 960 , h e r epor ted a t o ta l o f 1 t r ack s o f v a r iou s r ad ioca rb on a ge s , a nd a d a te o f 3 45 ± 2 20 b c ( Q357 ) f or t he S hapw ick d ugou t . Godw in a l so u nde r took s ome p re l im ina ry s t ud ie s o f t he g row th r a te s o f w ood f ound i n t h e t r ack s , o ne o f t he ma in a spec t s o f t he p re sen t r e sea rch f or wh ich h e l a id t he f ounda t ion s . A n o tab le e xamp le w a s t he B lakeway t r ack , ab und le o f a bou t 2 0 l ong s t ra igh t h aze l r od s , wh ich w ere l a rge ly 8 -17 y ea r s o ld , 2 3-38mm i n d iame ter a nd 3 -4m l ong . H e d ec ided t ha t t hey h ad a lmo s t c e r ta in ly b een c opp iced : 1.

..p o le s s uch a s c ou ld o n ly h ave g rown i n s ome f orm o f c opp ice . I t i s d i ff icu l t n o t t o s uppo se t ha t b y a cc iden t o r o therw i se t h e se e a r ly N eo l i th ic p eop le h ad i nduced a f orm o f s y lvan managemen t wh ich p roduced e x ten s ive h aze l s c rub , s ome o f wh ich a t l e a s t g rew i n t he manner o f c opp ice , y i e ld ing s ub s tan t ia l s t em s t o al ong c yc le o f c u t t ing . " ( Dewa r a nd G odw in 1 963 4 6 ) H e e ven n o ted t ha t t he h aze l r i ng s h ad v ery s im i la r p a t tern s , w i th w ide e a r ly r i ng s a nd n a r row o u ter o ne s . T h i s w a s t he f i r s t i nd ica t ion t ha t t r eer i ng a na ly s i s c ou ld b e o f v a lue i n s t udy ing t he t r ackway s , e ven when c on s t ruc ted o f y oung r oundwood , a nd t he f i r s t r e cogn i t ion o f p reh i s tor ic wood land managemen t , at op ic wh ich i sf ur ther c on s idered i n t h i s v o lume . T he i mpo r tance o f t he t r ackway s a nd t he ir g ood s t a te o f p re serva t ion b ecame a ppa ren t w hen f i nd s e l sewhere i n E ng land w e re c on s idered . A f ew e a r ly d i scover ie s o f t r ack s h ad b een made , f or e xamp le a t B r igg i n L inc s . (McGra i l 1 981) , a t B a rway a nd Woodwa l ton i n t he F en s ( Godw in 1 940a ) a nd F ou l shaw Mo s s i n L anc s ( Ba rne s 1 904 ; Sm i th 1 959 ) . S ugge s t ion s t ha t a s im i la r s i tua t ion t o t he S omer se t L eve l s m igh t e x i s t i n t he H a tf ie ld C ha se a rea o f Humber s ide c ame w i th t he d i scovery o f a p robab le t r ack d ur ing d i tch-c lea r ing ( a long w i th many b og o ak s a nd p ine s ) o n T horne Moor ( Buck land 1 979 ) ; i t w a s d e s t royed b efore t horough e xam ina t ion c ou ld t ake p lace a nd n o f u r ther s urve i l lance o f t he a rea h a s b een u nder taken . Nowhere ( o ther t han i n N o r th G ermany - H ayen 1 979 , 1 985 ) h ave s im i la r s t ruc ture s b een r evea led o n t h e s ame s ca le a s i n t he L eve l s , t hough i t i s o n ly t h rough r ecogn i t ion o f t h e t h rea t o f t he i r d e s truc t ion t ha t t he i r r e cord ing h a s b een made p o s s ib le . Many t r ack s mu s t b e d ecay ing u nder t h e g round d ue t o t he f a l l ing w a ter t ab le , f o r e xamp le i n t he F en s .

1 7

C lo ser t o t he p re sen t s t udy a rea , t he f i nd o f a p reh i s tor ic w ooden p eg f rom t he S omer se t L eve l s n or th o f Mend ip a t Kenn Moor , Avon , b y G i lber t son a nd H awk in s ( 1983 ) a l so s ugge s ted t he p re sence o f a t r ack a cro s s r eed s wamp o r a lder/w i l low c arr . T here h ave b een t r ace s o f t r ack s i n S edgemoor , u sua l ly f ound d ur ing d i tch-c lean ing i n t h i s p redom inan t ly p a s tureland . One g roup o n t he s pur o f S u t ton H am s ( Norman a nd C lemen t s 1 979 ) a nd a no ther a t G rey lake ( Co le 1 983 ) s ugge s ted t he l i ke l ihood o f c ro s s ing p o in t s where t he moor i sc on s tr ic ted ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 983b ) . Dur ing t he 1 960 's , p ea t-cu t t ing i n t he S omer se t L eve l s b ecame mechan i sed , a nd c hanged f rom s l ow h and-cu t t ing t o v ery r ap id a nd d es truct i ve mach ine s ; i t b ecame i mpera t ive t o r ecord a s much a s p o s s ib le b efore t he p ea t s w ere r emoved c omp le te ly . C o le s a nd H ibber t b egan e xcava t ing v ar iou s e xpo sure s o f t h rea tened t r ack , n o tab ly t he Abbo t 's Way a nd B e l l t r ack s ( Co le s a nd H ibber t 1 968 ) a nd t he Ch i l ton g roup o f t r ack s ( Co les , H ibber t a nd C lemen t s 1 970 ) . A s w ork p rogre s sed , t he s ca le o f d e s truc t ion o f t he a rchaeo log ica l r ema in s b ecame more a pparen t . I t wa s o ff ic ia l ly r ecogn i sed i n t he f orma t ion o f t he S omer se t L eve l s P ro jec t i n 1 973 , u nder t he d i rec tor sh ip o f J ohn C o le s a nd B ryony O rme , f unded l a rge ly b y t he D epa r tmen t o f t he E nv ironmen t ( now H i s tor ic B u i ld ing s a nd Monumen t s C omm i s s ion ) . T h i s f und ing made p rov i s ion f or a p ermanen t f i e ld a rchaeo log i s t a nd f ac i l i t ie s f or l a rge-sca le e xcava t ion a nd s urvey work . E xcava t ion a nd f i nd s h ave b een p ub l i shed a nnua l ly s i nce 1 975 i n t he S omer se t L eve l s P aver s a nd a f u l l s u mmary c an b e f ound i n C o le s a nd C o le s ( 1986 ) . P a r t o f t he s t imu lu s f or t he s e t t ing u p o f t he P ro jec t c ame w i th t he d i scovery o f t he S wee t t r ack i n 1 970 . E a r ly e xcava t ion s i n 1 971 a nd 1 972 r evea led t he u n ique c on s truc t ion a nd g ood p re serva t ion o f t he e a r l ies t t r ack i n t he L eve l s ( Co le s , H ibber t a nd O rme 1 973 ) . T hey w ere f o l lowed b y f ur ther e xcava t ion s i n t he c en tra l a rea o f t he S wee t t r ack i n 1 973 a nd i n t he s ou th i n 1 977 . I n 1 980 , at horough s urvey ( s ee C o le s a nd O rme 1 981) o f t he e n t ire r ou te o f t he t r ack , b y t r ia l t r enche s a nd p rob ing , r evea led t ho se a rea s i n i t s 2 km l eng th mo s t t h rea tened b y d ra inage o r p ea t-cu t t ing , a nd t ho se a rea s b ur ied d eeper b enea th p a s ture wh ich w ere l e s s l i ke ly t o d ecay . A s a r e su l t o f t he s urvey , t wo n or thern a rea s w ere d ug i n 1 981 , a nd a s ou thern s t re tch t oge ther w i th s evera l s hor t l e ng th s i n t he S hapw ick H ea th Na ture R e serve w ere e xam ined i n 1 982 . I n a dd i t ion , a t r ench w a s d ug a l ong s ide t he t r ack where i t s urv ived a cro ss t he S hapw ick H ea th R e serve a nd w a ter i s n ow b e ing p umped b ack i n to t he p ea t s . T h i s h a s b een d one i n a n a t temp t t o s ave s o me 5 00m o f t he t r ack wh ich w a s t h rea tened w i th d ecay i n t he g round , a s a r e su l t o f t he f l uc tua t ing w a ter t ab le ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 983a ) . T he se a re t he t ype s o f c on s idera t ion wh ich h ave a c t ive ly a ffec ted t he n a ture a nd q ua l i ty o f ma ter ia l made a va i lab le f or t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s . T he c ha rac ter o f t he S wee t t r ack h a s b ecome more f am i l ia r a nd y e t more d iver se w i th e ach e xcava t ion . T he r epea ted o ppor tun i ty t o e xam ine i t h a s b een i nva luab le . A t t he s ame t ime , o ther s t ruc ture s w ere b e ing d i sc overed a nd t h rea tened w i th d e s truc t ion b y p ea t-cu t t ing a nd d ra inage . T he f i r s t h urd le t r ack s a t Wa l ton a nd R ow land 's w ere f ound i n 1 974-76 , a nd n umerou s b ru shwood s t ruc ture s a ppea red i n t h e Garv in 's a rea o f Wa l ton 1 8

H ea th a nd t he Honeygore a rea f a r ther w e s t ( F ig . 1 . 7 ) . 1 979 , many p a ra l le l b ru shwood a nd o ak p lank t r ack s T inney 's G round .

B e tween 1 974 a nd w ere t r aced a cro s s

I n ten s ive p ea t-cu t t ing o n Meare H ea th a l so e nab led f i e ld a rchaeo log i s t s t o o b serve t he r e -expo sure o f t he n ow d e s icca ted Meare H ea th t r ack , p rev iou s ly d e scr ibed b y B u l le id ( 1933 ) , a nd s evera l o ppor tun i t ie s w ere t aken t o e xcava te i ti n 1 975 , 1 977 a nd 1 985 i n u nd i s turbed l o ca t ion s . A s s i te s e xcava ted b y t he p ro jec t g rew b o th i n n umber a nd i n c ha ract e r , e xper ience h a s b een g a ined i n to t he mo s t e ff ic ien t me thod s o f e xcavat i on , o f s amp l ing a nd o f h and l ing w ood . S tud ie s o f p o l len , macro-fo s s i l s a nd b ee t le s w ere u nder taken r ou t ine ly , a nd a re n ow b u i ld ing u p a d e ta i led f r amework o f t he e nv ironmen t i n a nd a round t he L eve l s o ver s evera l t hou sand y ea r s . I den t if ica t ion o f t he w ood s pec ie s u sed f or b u i ld ing t he t r ack s i s s upp lemen ted b y t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s d e scr ibed h ere , t o g ive much d e ta i l o n t he o r ig ina l wood land c over i n t he a rea a nd t he s pec ie s a nd t ype o f ma ter ia l c o l lec ted b y t he t r ack-bu i lder s . S amp l ing f or a l l t hese s t ud ie s h a s b een mod if ied a nd i mproved , a s n ew t ype s o f s t ruc ture b ecame a va i lab le . A f ter e xcava t ion t he b e t ter p re served p iece s o f wood wh ich s how e v idence o f woodwork ing t e chn ique s may n o t b e s amp led i mmed ia te ly f or t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s , a nd much ma ter ia l o f t h i s t ype h a s b een c on served i mmed ia te ly o n s i te b y i t s i mmer s ion i n p o lye thy lene g lyco l . T h i s h a s e nab led t he f ace t s l e f t b y t he o r ig ina l t oo l s t o b e s t ud ied i n d e ta i l ; b lade t ype a nd w id th h a s o f ten b een d e term ined , a nd f ace t s made b y t he s ame b lade h ave b een i d en t if ied b y s c ra tche s l e f t b y a d amaged e dge ( s ee C o le s a nd O rme 1 985a ) . T he t r ackway s h ave b een d a ted ( F ig . 1 . 5 ) b y r eference t o t he ir p o s i t ion i n t he p ea t s t ra t igraphy a nd b y r ad iocarbon d a t ing o f t r ackway t imber s ; b o th me thod s a re i mpor tan t i n v i ew o f t he g enera l a b sence o f a s soc ia ted a r tefac t s . A l l t he s t ruc ture s d e scr ibed h ere d a te t o t he N eo l i th ic a nd B ronze Age , t hus s pann ing s ome 2 500 y ear s . B a s ic d e ta i l s a bou t e ach s t ruc ture a re g iven i n T ab le 1 . 2 ; t hey h ave b een d iv ided f or c onven ience o f a na ly s i s a nd d e scr ip t ion b y c on s t ruc t ion me thod , i n to t imber t r ack s , a nd s t ruc ture s made o f r oundwood , wh ich i nc lude b ru shwood a nd h urd le t r ack s . T he se d iv i s ion s a re f o l lowed t h rough t he t ex t . Much e ffor t b y t he S omer se t L eve l s P ro jec t h a s g one i n to s t udy ing t he t opography o f t he s urround ing h i l l s l ope s , a nd t o f i e ld-wa lk ing , i n a n a t temp t t o l o ca te s e t t lemen t s i te s wh ich m igh t b e l i nked t o t he t r ackway s a nd i nd ica te s ome r ea son f or t he ir e x i s tence . T he l i gh t s o i l s o f t he s andy B ur t le B ed s , t he i s o la ted ' i s land s ' o f Mea re a nd We s thay a nd t he s l ope s o f t he P o lden s w ere a l l s u i tab le p lace s f or s e t t lemen t b y t ho se who w i shed t o e n ter a nd c ro s s t he L eve l s . Many a r tefac t s o f b o th e veryday a nd v a luab le t ype h ave b een f ound b y s urface c o l lec t ion a nd e xam ina t ion o f p ea t-cu t t ings ( e .g . D ewa r a nd Godw in 1 963 ; C o le s a nd O rme 1 980a ) . T he se s e rve t o d emon s tra te t he a t trac t ion o f t he a rea t o e ar ly c ommun i t ies . However , a s y e t , n o e v idence o f s ub s tan t ia l s e t t lemen t h a s b een f ound i n t he s t udy r eg ion i n t he p er iod u p t o t he I r on Age , when t he L eve l s w ere o ccup ied b y al a rge p opu la t ion i n t he Mea re L ake v i l lage ( Gray a nd B u l le id 1 953 ) a nd t he 1 9

G la s tonbury L ake v i l lage ( Bu l le id a nd G ray 1 9 11) . A l a nd-u se s t udy o f t h i s " concave " l and scape ( Co le s 1 982 ) h a s s hown t he l i ke ly h igh a va i lab i l i ty o f f ood s upp l ie s , r aw ma ter ia l s a nd a rea s f or g raz ing a nd c u l t iva t ion f or e ach s ea son o f t he a nc ien t y ea r , mak ing t he L eve l s a n i dea l p lace t o l i ve . However w e c an s ay l i t t le a bou t t he l i fe s ty le o f t he p eop le who w en t t o g rea t e ffor t s t o f e l l a nd t r an spor t t he t r ee s , a nd t o d e s ign a nd b u i ld t he t r ackway s , b y wh ich t hey t r aver sed t he w e t L eve l s . T h i s b r ief o ver-v iew o f c urren t k now ledge o f t he S omer se t L eve l s , i t s h i s tory a nd p re sen t c harac ter , g ives a b ackground i n to wh ich t he c on tex t o f t he a rchaeo log ica l , e nv ironmen ta l a nd t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s c an b e f i t ted . On a b roader s ca le , t he r e sea rch c a rr ied o u t i n o ther p ar t s o f B r i ta in a nd E urope o n p reh i s tor ic ma ter ia l h a s b een r ev iewed i n o rder t o s how h ow t h i s p ro jec t f i t s i n to t he o vera l l p rogre s s o f t r ee-r ing r e search .

2 0

I

METHODS OF ANALYS IS

T he f i r s t p a r t o f t h i s c hap ter c on s ider s t he s t ruc tu re o f w ood a nd a spec t s o f r i ng f orma t ion r e levan t t o t he f o l low ing c hap ter s o n r e su l t s . T he w ood s pec ie s u sed i n t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s a re i n t roduced . T h i s b a s ic i n fo rmat i on i s f o l lowed b y a d e scr ip t ion o f t h e m e thod s u sed f or s p l i t t ing p lank s f rom t r ee s , i n o rder t o a vo id r epe t i t iou s d ef in i t ion s when d i scu s s ing e ach t r ackway . T he s e cond p a r t o f t he c hap ter d e scr ibe s t he me thod s o f s amp l ing a nd p roce s s ing u sed b o th i n t he f i e ld a nd i n t he l a bora tory , d ur ing t he c our se o f t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s a nd d endroch rono log ica l d a t ing o f t he S omer se t L eve l s w ood . S ome o f t he t e chn ique s a re s t anda rd l a bora tory p rac t ice , wh i le o ther s a re mod if ica t ion s , d e s igned t o s u i t t h e s pec ia l c ond i t ion s o f t he ma ter ia l . A l so me thod s h ave c hanged a nd d eve loped s i nce t he r e sea rch b egan , w i th t he i n t roduc t ion o f n ew e qu ipmen t i n t he l a bora tory , w i th t he i n crea se i n e xper t i se a nd w i th t he e x ten s ion o f s amp l ing t o i nc lude n ew c a tegor ie s o f ma ter ia l . A l l t he m e thod s u sed a r e d e scr ibed , t hough w i th g rea ter empha s i s o n t he more r ecen t a nd s oph i s t ica ted t e chn ique s o f r i ng-w id th m ea suremen t a nd.c ro s s-ma tch ing .

2 1

HA

WOOD TECHNOLOGY

I .1 .1

Wood s pec ie s i nvo lved i n t he s t udy

T he t r ackway s w ere made s ome t ime s o f a v a r ie ty o f w ood s pec ie s , s ome t ime s e xc lu s ive ly o f o ne s pec ie s . O ak w a s g enera l ly i den t if ied i n t he f i e ld where p o s s ib le ; a l l o ther s amp le s w ere i den t if ied i n t he l a bora tory o n d up l ica te s amp le s t o t ho se s en t f or t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s . T he w ood s pec ie s a re l i s ted i n T ab le I .1 a nd i lu s t ra ted i n F ig . I .1 . L a t in b inom ia l s a re g iven i n T ab le I .1 ; t r ee s pec ie s w i l l b e r e fer red t o i n t he t ex t b y t he i r c ommon n ame s . I den t if ica t ion h a s b een l a rge ly c a r r ied o u t b y A . E . C a se ld ine o f E xe ter Un iver s i ty a nd n o t b y t he a u thor . T he p roce s s r equ ire s t he c u t t ing o f t h in s ec t ion s f rom a l l t h ree p l ane s o f t he w ood ( r ad ia l , l ong i tud ina l a nd t angen t ia l - s ee F ig . 1 .2 ) , a s w e l l a s e xam ina t ion u nder h igh magn if ica t ion . T ree-r ing s t udy u sua l ly r equ ire s a magn if ica t ion o f x 10 , a nd i s d one o n t he r ad ia l s urface o n ly , o f al a rge w ood s amp le . A n umber o f p o in t s c oncern ing t he s t ruc tu re o f w ood a re r e levan t t o t he •a rchaeo log ica l a nd d endroch rono log ica l d i scu s s ion s i n t he f o l low ing c hap ter s . F i r s t ly d ec iduou s w ood s t ruc ture f a l l s i n to t wo g roup s - t h e r i ngp orou s h a rdwood s wh ich i n c lude o ak , a sh a nd e lm , a nd t he d iffu se-po rou s h a rdwood s , c ompr i s ing t he o ther s pec ie s ( J ane 1 970 ) . T he r i ng-porou s g roup i s s o-ca l led b ecau se o f t he l i ne o f l a rge v e s se l s f ormed a t t he s t a r t o f e ach g row th s ea son , a s a r e su l t o f w h ich r i ng-w id th d ef in i t ion i s much e a s ier ( F ig s . 1 .2 a nd 3 ) . I n t he d iffu se-po rou s g roup , r i ng b ounda r ie s c an b e v ery d i ff icu l t t o d i s t ingu i sh ; t he v e s se l s a re s ca t tered t h roughou t t he r i ng s , a nd t e rm ina t ion o f t he y ea r ' s g row th may b e ma rked o n ly b y a b and o f s ma l l t h icker-wa l led c e l l s ( F ig . 1 .4 ) . F or f ur ther i nforma t ion a bou t w ood s t ruct u re , s ee S chwe ingruber ( 1978 ) . T he c l a r i ty o f t he r i ng b ounda r ie s a ffec ted t he s ucce s s r a te o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s , a nd t he p o ten t ia l o f e ach s pec ie s f o r t h i s w o rk i sc on s idered f u r ther i n C hap ter s I V t o V I . O ak i s t he p r inc ipa l w ood u sed f or t r ee-r ing d a t ing a nd c hrono logyb u i ld ing . T he t wo s pec ie s , s e s s i le ( Ouercu s p e t raea ) a nd p eduncu la te ( Quercu s r obur ) , c anno t b e d i s t ingu i shed e i ther b y t he ir w ood s t ruc ture ( de sp i te t he w ork o f Wa lker 1 978 , t h i s i s g enera l ly a greed ; s ee B a r tho l in 1 983 8 0 ) , o r t he ir p o l len ( Penn ing ton 1 969 ) . I t c anno t t herefore b e d e term ined wh ich s pec ie s o f o ak w a s g row ing i n t he S omer se t L eve l s a rea i n t he p a s t . On t he b a s i s o f e nv i ronmen ta l p ref erence s , t he p eduncu la te o ak i s more l i ke ly , s i nce i t g enera l ly o ccup ie s t he h eav ier s o i l s o f t he l ow land z one ( Mor r i s a nd P er r ing 1 974 ; R ackham 1 980 ; O rme a nd C o le s 1 985 1-12 ) . I t i s i mpor tan t f or t h e i n terp re ta t ion o f f e l l ing d a te s a nd s ea son s i n t ho se s amp le s wh ich e x tend o u t t o t he b a rk s urface t o c on s ider t he a nnua l t ime s ca le o f t he g row th o f t h e o ak t r ee . T h i s i s i lu s t ra ted g raph ica l ly i n F ig . 1 .5 . J u s t b efore b ud b u r s t , b e tween l a te Apr i l a nd m id May , t he c amb ium b enea th t he b a rk d iv ide s t o f o rm t he f i r s t z one o f e a r lywood v e s se l s , u p wh ich t he s ap i s c a r r ied t o t he d eve lop ing l e ave s ( F ig . 1 .6 ) . S ince a lmo s t a l l t he s ap i s c a r r ied u p t he o u termo s t v e s se l z one ( Z immer2 2

mann 1 964 ; Huber 1 935 ) , i t i s v i ta l t ha t t h i s i s p roduced e ach y ear ; t hu s t o ta l ly m i s s ing r i ng s h ave n ever b een r ecorded i n o ak ( Huber 1 935 ; B a i l l ie 1 982 5 2-3 ) , a s t hey a re r egu la r ly i n s ome c on iferou s s pec ie s . T here a re , h owever , e xamp le s o f u nformed v e s se l s a round p a r t o f t he c i rcumference o f t he t r ee ( s ee , f or e xamp le , t he Mea re H ea th t r ack , s ec t ion 1 1 .2 .4 ; F ig . 1 1 .33 ) ; a r i ng c ou ld b e m i s sed i f s uch a t r ee w a s s amp led a l ong a p a r t icu la r r ad iu s . T he c amb ium b eg in s t o f orm e a r lywood i n r e spon se t o r i se s i n t empera ture , a nd make s u se o f c a rbohydra tes s t ored f rom t he p rev iou s y ea r . T he w id th o f t he e a r lywood i s g enera l ly q u i te u n iform w i th in o ne t r ee , t hough b e tween t r ee s , v e s se l l i nes c an v a ry i n n umber b e tween 1 a nd 4 . When w a ter b ecome s l e s s p l en t ifu l i n J une , t he t r an s i t ion t o l a tewood t ake s p lace . T he v a r iab le w id th o f t he l a tewood , wh ich i s l a rge ly t he c au se o f r i ng-w id th v a r ia t ion , i s r e l ian t o n t he amoun t o f p ho to syn the s i s b e ing c a rr ied o u t b y t he l e ave s . T h i s i n t u rn i s f avoured b y h igh r a infa l l a nd h igh t empera ture s i n e a r ly s ummer ( P i lcher a nd G ray 1 982 ) . G row th c on t inue s u n t i l S ep tember o r O c tober , d epend ing o n f ro s t s . T he b ud s a re b y t hen s e t f or t he f o l low ing y ea r , a nd t he ir q ua l i ty w i l l t o a g rea t e x ten t a ffec t t he a nnua l i ncremen t , l e ad ing t o a c a r ry-over e ffec t ( au tocorre la t ion ) f rom o ne y ea r t o t he n ex t . G row th t hen c ea se s u n t i l t he f o l low ing Apr i l . T hu s c a refu l e xam ina t ion o f t he s t age o f g row th r eached i n t he o u termo s t a nnua l r i ng o f a r i ng-porou s w ood s amp le c an s how t he s ea son i n wh ich t he t r ee w a s f e l led . An e a r lywood z one o n ly r evea l s c u t t ing i n May/June , wh i le a c omp le ted a nnua l r i ng i nd ica te s c u t t ing a t s o me t ime b e tween O c tober a nd Apr i l t he f o l low ing y ea r . T he s t udy o f s ea sona l c hange s w i th in t he o ak g row th r i ng h a s l e d t o e ven g rea ter r ef inemen t s i n d a t ing ; e . g . B a r tho l in ( 1983 ) h a s b een a b le t o d ef ine t he s ea son o r e ven mon th o f f e l l ing o f h i s N eo l i th ic p i le s . D e term ina t ion o f t he f e l l ing s ea son i s v ery r e l iab le i n t he r i ng-porou s s pec ie s , b u t mu s t b e u sed w i th c au t ion i n t he d iffu se-porou s s pec ie s , wh ich h ave n o s uch s ea sona l d ifference s i n w ood s t ruc ture . A v ery n a r row o u termo s t r i ng f o l low ing e a r l ier w ide r i ng s i n , f or e xamp le , a h aze l s t em p o s s ib ly i nd ica te s s ummer c u t t ing , b u t c ou ld e qua l ly r e su l t f rom s udden c l ima t ic c hange o r c ompe t i t ion i nh ib i t ing g row th . A l onger-term c hange i n t he t r ee 's l i fe i s t ha t o f t he t r an s i t ion f rom s apwood t o h ea r twood , a n u nder s tand ing o f wh ich i s v i ta l t o t he i n terpre tat i on o f t r ee-r ing d a te s . When a y oung t r ee b ecome s e s tab l i shed , t he p i th a rea g radua l ly a cqu ires t he r o le o f s t ore f or t ann in s , r e s in s , a nd m inera l s , wh ich f i l l t he c e l l w a l l s a nd h e lp t o s uppor t t he t r ee . I n s o me s pec ie s t h i s l e ad s t o a c o lour c hange , i n o ther s t he h ear twood a nd s apwood c anno t b e d i s t ingu i shed b y e ye ( J ane 1 970 ) ; f or e xamp le , o ak , e lm a nd w i l low h ave a d i s t inc t s apwood , wherea s p op la r a nd h o l ly r equ ire c hem ica l t e s t s t o r evea l t he ir h ea r twood ( Barefoo t a nd H ank in s 1 982 ) . T he d a rk h ear twood o f o ak i s a l so c ha rac ter i sed b y t he g row th o f b ubb le s o r t y lo se s i n t he e ar lywood v e s se l s ( F ig . 1 .7 ) , wherea s t he v e s se l s o f s apwood a re c l ear , t o e nab le t he r ap id t r an spor t o f s ap u p t he t r ee t o t he l e ave s t o t ake p lace ( Huber 1 935 ) . R ecogn i t ion o f t he s apwood i n o ak i s o f p ar t icu lar i mpor tance i n t r eer i ng d a t ing . I t i s n o t a lway s e a sy t o r ecogn i se a nd i s k nown t o b e v ery i r regu la r i n y ea r o f t r an s i t ion , b o th a round t he c i rcumference o f t he t r ee 2 3

( H i l lam 1 985b ) a nd u p t he t r unk ( Hughe s , M i l som a nd L egge t t 1 981) . However , u nder i d ea l c ond i t ion s , i t s w id th i s q u i te r egu la r , wh ich e nab le s a n e s t ima te t o b e made o f t he a moun t o f s apwood m i s s ing i n c a se s where o n ly a f ew r i ng s r ema in . T hu s t he a pprox ima te y ea r i n wh ich t he t r ee w a s f e l led c an b e d e term ined . I n t he c omp le te a b sence o f s apwood , n o f e l l ing d a te c an b e e s t ima ted ; t he b e s t r e su l t i s at e rm inu s p o s t a uem d a te . T he d iff icu l ty l i e s i n a gree ing a n e s t ima te wh ich c an b e g ene ra l ly a pp l ied ; s apwood w id th n ow a ppea r s t o i nc rea se f rom e a s t t o w e s t , j udg ing b y v a lue s f rom 1 4 ± 3y ea r s i n F in land ( Ba i l l ie e t a l 1 985 ) t o 3 2 2 . "9y ea r s i n Nor thern I r e land ( Ba i l l ie 1 982 ) . I t a l so v a r ie s w i th t r ee a ge a nd , t o s ome e x ten t , a verage r i ng-w id th . I t i s n ow s ugge s ted t ha t a r ange b e u sed , r a ther t han a n e xac t f i gure w i th a s t anda rd d ev ia t ion ; a r ange o f 1 0 t o 5 5 y ear s a l low s f or v a r ia t ion i n 9 5% o f s amp le s ( H i l lam , Mo rgan a nd T yer s 1 987 ) . Where t he o u ter b a rk s urface c an b e d e term ined e i ther b y t he p re sence o f b a rk o r b y as moo th s u rface w i th a u n iform f i na l r i ng , t he y ea r o f f e l l ing i s p rec i se ly k nown t o c or re spond t o t he d a te o f t he o u termo s t r i ng .

1 . 1 .2

Me thod s o f c onver t ing t he t r ee

D i scu s s ion o f e a r ly w oodwork ing p rac t ice s c an o n ly b e b a sed o n e x ten s ive a nd t ho rough r e cord s o f t he e nd p roduc t , t he w ood . T he e v idence f rom t oo l ma rk s o n t he s urface o f p lank s a nd t he s ha rpened e nd s o f p eg s c an b e u sed t o d e term ine b l ade ma ter ia l a nd w id th , a nd e ven t o d i s t ingu i sh p iece s made b y t he s ame t oo l ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 985a ) . T o s upp lemen t t h i s i nfo rma t ion , t he m e thod s u sed t o c onver t t he t r ee t r unk i n to p lank s , a nd t he s i ze a nd a ge o f t r ee s u sed , c an b e d e term ined f rom t he r ecord s k ep t d u r ing t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s . D imen s ion s o f t he c ro s s-sec t ion o f a p lank , a nd s ke tche s o f t he c urva ture o f t he g row th r i ng s a nd r ay s , a re r ecorded r ou t ine ly ( de scr ibed i n s ec t ion 1 .3 .2 ) , when t he t r an sver se s urface h a s b een p repa red f o r r i ng-w id th m ea su remen t . T erm s d e sc r ib ing t he se m e thod s o f c onve r s ion a re g iven h ere , t o a vo id r epe t i t ion f o r e ach t r ackway , a nd t he d ifferen t t ype s o f p lank a re i lu s t ra ted i n F ig . 1 .8 . T he t e rm s may d iffer s l igh t ly f r om modern c a rpen t ry t e rm s , wh ich o f ten i napp ropr ia te ly i ncorpora te t he w ord ' s awn ' ( Br i t i sh S tanda rd 6 56 1 972 ) . D ef in i t ion o f w oodwo rk ing p rac t ice r a re ly f i gure s i n a rchaeo log ica l r epor t s ; o ne c l a s s if ica t ion ( Crone a nd B a rber 1 980-1) i s b a sed o n c ro s ss e c t iona l d imen s ion s , b u t i s mo re w ide-rang ing a nd s oph i s t ica ted t han i s n ece s sa ry f o r t he t r ackway s , b e ing more a pp l icab le t o b u i ld ing t imbe r . T he t e rm s a dop ted h ere t hu s r epre sen t a v ery s imp le mode l , t o h e lp e xp la in h ow t he t r ee s w ere c onver ted i n t he N eo l i th ic a nd B ronze A ge p er iod s . Many o f t he t r ackway s w ere c on s t ruc ted o f r oundwood o f v a ry ing s i ze , c omp le te y oung s t em s o r t r unk s s imp ly c u t t o l e ng th , a nd s ha rpened a t o ne e nd , i f f or u se a s ap eg t o h o ld a t r ack t imber i n p lace ( F ig . I .8a ) . Wood i sd iv ided b y R ackham ( 1979 a nd p er sona l c ommun ica t ion ) i n to : r od s o f s ma l l d iame ter -0 -50mm , 4 -10 y ea r s o ld 2 4

p o le s o f l a rger d iame ter - 5 0-150/170mm , 1 3-27 y ea r s o ld a nd t imber o f 1 70+ mm a nd 8 0+ y ea r s o ld a nd t he s ame d ef in i t ion s a re f o l lowed i n t h i s v o lume . R oundwood may a l so b e s p l i t o r c l ef t i n to h a lf o r q ua r ter s ( F ig . I .8b ) . F or t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s , r oundwood h a s t he a dvan tage o f g iv ing a r i ngp a t tern wh ich e x tend s o u t t o t he b a rk s u rface , e qu iva len t t o t he y ea r i n w h ich t he t r ee w a s f e l led . T hu s i n forma t ion i s v i ta l f or r e la t ive d a t ing . T he ma in d i sadvan tage o f r oundwood i s t he i mma tur i ty o f t he t r ee s u sed , a nd t he g rea t v a r ie ty o f w ood s pec ie s ; t he v a lue o f r oundwood f or t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s t hu s v a r ie s f rom t r ack t o t r ack . L a rger t r ee s w ere c onver ted i n to p lank s i n v a r iou s w ay s t o g ive a f l a t w a lk ing s urface t o t he t r ack . T he s imp le s t m e thod w a s t o s p l i t t he t r unk i n h a lf a nd l a y i t b a rk s i de d own , a s w i th s ome o f t he Mea re H ea th t r ack p l ank s ( s ee s ec t ion 1 1 .2 .3 ) . V ery l a rge o ak s c ou ld p rov ide many more p lank s b y s p l i t t ing i n to r ad ia l s egmen t s ( F ig . I .8d ) , u s ing o ak ' s n a tura l t endency t o s p l i t a l ong t he r ay s f rom p i th t o b a rk . T he t r ee s w ou ld f i r s t b e s p l i t i n h a lf , t hen q ua r ter s a nd s o o n , u n t i l a t h in w edge-shaped p lank r e su l ted ; t h i s c ou ld b e d one w i th ma l le t a nd w ooden w edge s ( Da r rah 1 982 ) . O f ten t h e i nner p i th a rea ( f ea ther e dge ) a nd t he o u ter s apwood w ere r emoved . I n t h e r ad ia l p l ank , t he r ay s r un p a ra l le l t o t he w id th o f t he p lank a nd t he r i ng s a t r i gh t a ng le s , s o t ha t t he max imum p o s s ib le n umber o f g row th r i ng s i s p re served f or r ecord ing - t h i s t ype o f p l ank i s t he mo s t v a lued f or t r ee-r ing d a t ing , a nd r epre sen t s mo s t o f t he ma te r ia l f ound i n t he S omer se t t r ackway s . A s ma l l p ropor t ion o f t he p l ank s w ere c onver ted i n to t wo o ther d i rec t ion s . One g roup i s t e rmed t angen t ia l ( F ig . I .8e ) , i n wh ich t he r ay s r un a t r i gh t a ng le s t o t he w id th o f t he p lank a nd t he r i ng s r un p a ra l le l . T angen t ia l s p l i t t ing h a s t he a dvan tage o f o b ta in ing o p t imum p lank w id th f r om a s ma l ler t r ee , b y mak ing u se o f t he f u l l d iame ter . However t he p lank s h ave a t endency t o s p l i t l e ng thw i se a l ong t he r ay s , wh ich may h ave r educed t h e i r l i fe a s a t r ackway w a lk ing s u rface . T hey c an b e s p l i t f r om t he t r ee u s ing ma l le t a nd w edge s , b u t r equ i re v ery c a refu l c ho ice o f d i rec t ion a nd t ake l onger t o p repa re ( Da rrah p er sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . F or t r ee-r ing d a t ing t hey a re o f ten t he l e a s t s u i tab le , b ecau se o n ly a s hor t s e r ie s o f g row th r i ng s i sp re served a cro s s t he t h ickne s s o f t he p lank . T he f i na l g roup o f p lank s l i e b e tween t he t wo ma in t ype s a nd a re t hu s d e scr ibed a s " i n termed ia te " ( F ig . I .8f ) . T hey o f ten i n c lude t he p i th a rea a t o ne c orner , a nd t he r ay s r un d iagona l ly a cro s s t he w id th o f t he p lank . T hey o f ten r e semb le h a lf a t angen t ia l p lank f rom n ea r t he c en t re o f t he t r ee , a nd w ere mo s t f r equen t i n t he Mea re H ea th t r ack ( s ec t ion 1 1 .2 .3 ) . T he ir r i ng s c an b e d iff icu l t t o m ea sure o w ing t o t he c on s tan t n eed t o c hange d i rec t ion a nd t o c ro s s o ver r ay s . T he f i na l c l a s s o f ma ter ia l i s t h e s t ake , o f s p l i t o ak a nd u sua l ly v e ry c a refu l ly a dzed a l ong i t s s u rface ; t h ey w ere mo s t c ommon i n t he Mea re H ea th a nd T inney 's t r ack s ( s ee s e c t ion 1 1 .2 a nd 1 1 .3 ) . I n c ro s s-sec t ion t h ey w ere i nva r iab ly r hombo id o r mu l t i-s ided ( u sua l ly 5 o r 6 ) ( F ig . I .8c ) , a nd w ere p robab ly s p l i t f rom r ad ia l o r t angen t ia l p lank s .

2 5

F ur ther d e ta i l s o f p reh i s tor ic w oodwork ing i n t he S omer se t L eve l s c an b e f ound i n O rme a nd C o le s ( 1983 a nd 1 985 ) , C o le s a nd O rme ( 1985a ) a nd D a rrah ( 1982 ) . T here i s an eed f or f u r ther s t udy a nd e xper ience i n w ork ing w ood u s ing p reh i s tor ic m e thod s ; t h i s h a s b een p a r t ly me t b y D an i sh e xper im en t s ( I ver son 1 956 ) , b y a r e con s t ruc t ion o f t he S wee t t r ack ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984a ) a nd b y t he manufac ture o f h u rd le p ane l s ( Co le s a nd D a r rah 1 977 ) , b u t much i s s t i l l t o b e l e a rn t a bou t d eg ree o f d iff icu l ty a nd l e ng th o f t ime i nvo lved .

2 6

1 .2

F IELD METHODS - SAMPLING

T he c ond i t ion o f t he wood f ound i n t he p ea t s o f t he S omer se t L eve l s v a r ied c on s iderab ly a ccord ing t o t ype o f p ea t , d egree o f w a ter logg ing , wood s pec ie s a nd a ng le o f d epo s i t ion . T he w a ter c on ten t o f t he S wee t t r ack t imber s w a s a s h igh a s 7 5-90% ( Boddy a nd A in swor th 1 984 ) . W i th t he e xcep t ion o f t he t ough o ak p lank s f rom t he Mea re H ea th t r ack , c au sed i n p a r t b y d ry ing o u t s i nce t he ir e xpo sure i n t he 1 930 's , mo s t o f t he t r ackway w ood w a s o f a s of t b u t tery t ex ture , u nab le t o s uppor t i t s own w e igh t , a nd q u ick t o c rack o n e xcava t ion u n le s s c overed o r f r equen t ly wa tered . However , d e ter iora t ion wa s m in ima l i f t he w ood w a s k ep t w e t , a nd t he i n terna l w ood s t ruc ture h a s b een f ound w e l l p re served i n mo s t c a se s . T he e xcava t ion t e chn ique s emp loyed h ave b een d e scr ibed e l sewhere ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 980a ) . C a refu l r ecord ing a nd l i f t ing o f t he w ood h ave e n sured t he q ua l i ty o f w ood s amp le s c o l lec ted f or t r ee-r ing a na lys i s a nd o ther s t ud ie s . S amp l ing w a s a t f i r s t l im i ted t o o ak p lank s , a nd a f ew a sh a nd h aze l p eg s f or a p re l im ina ry s t udy ; a s a r e su l t o f t he d endrochrono logi c a l s t ud ie s d e scr ibed i n l a ter c hap ter s , s amp l ing w a s e x tended t o c over a lmo s t e very w e l l p re served p iece o f w ood . I n t he b ru shwood a nd h urd le t r ack s , t he p roce s s h a s i nvo lved t ak ing ` t ran sec t s ' , s amp le s f rom e ach s t em a cro s s t he w id th o f t he s t ruc ture a t i n terva l s , i n o rder t o r ecord t he e n t ire r ange o f ma ter ia l u sed . S t em s o f r od a nd p o le s i ze c ou ld b e s amp led b y manua l ly b reak ing a p iece f rom t he t h icke s t p o in t , o f 5 0-100mm l e ng th . T h i s me thod w a s f ound t o l e ave a r ough s urface o n s amp le s f rom p lank s , a nd i t w a s p referab le t o s aw a s l ice t h rough t he s of t wood . When a c onf l ic t a ro se b e tween t he n eed t o s amp le o ak p lank s o f p a r t icu la r ly f i ne q ua l i ty , wh ich w ere a l so w an ted f or c on serva t ion , a s i ng le c u t w a s made ; t he s ma l ler p iece w a s t hen a na ly sed a nd r e turned t o t he c on serva t ion t ank s t o b e p u t b ack t oge ther (Morgan e t a l 1 981) . T he w ood s l ices h ave b een s t ored i n p o ly thene b ag s , k ep t i n a w e t c ond i t ion . Dup l ica te s amp les w ere a l so s en t t o E xe ter Un iver s i ty f or s pec ie s i den t if ica t ion . I n t he f i r s t f ew y ea r s , s amp l ing w a s c a rr ied o u t l a rge ly b y t he w r i ter ; l a t ter ly t he e xcava t ion t e am s w ere t r a ined i n t he r equ iremen t s o f t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s , i n t e rm s o f q uan t i ty , s i ze a nd o r ig in o f s amp le s . However , t he ma ter ia l w a s c o l lec ted t o a n swer q uer ie s a bou t e ach i nd iv idua l t r ackway , a nd n o t a s p a r t o f a p re-de term ined p rogramme o f r e sea rch i n to g enera l a spec t s o f t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s a nd p reh i s tor ic wood land s . A s a r e su l t , l im i ta t ion s i n t he d a ta mu s t b e t aken i n to c on s idera t ion when a t temp t ing t o i n terpre t t he i nforma t ion d er ived f r om t he w ood . I n a dd i t ion , t he r epre sen ta t ivene s s o f t he s amp le s c o l lec ted mu s t b e c on s idered . I n t h e c a se o f s o me o f t he t r ackway s k nown t o e x tend o ver a bou t 2 km , a s e lec t ion o f s amp le s f rom a 1 0m e xcava t ion mu s t o f n ece s s i ty g ive o n ly a v ery l im i ted v i ew o f t he e n t ire s t ruc ture . S amp l ing t oo h a s b een r e s tr ic ted b y t he d egree o f p re serva t ion o f t he wood , a nd i n i t ia l ly b y i t s s i ze ; i n t he e a r ly y ea r s o f t h i s s t udy , o n ly t he l a rge s t s t em s w ere c o l lec ted f or r i ng-w id th s t ud ie s f rom , f or e xamp le , h urd le s t ruc ture s s uch a s t he 2 7

Wa l ton H ea th t r ack ( s ec t ion V I .2 ) . e x ten s ive a nd c on s i s ten t s amp l ing .

S ub sequen t

e xcava t ion s

i nc luded

more

Ano ther p o s s ib le b ia s t o t he r e su l t s , w h ich w ou ld b e d iff icu l t t o q uan t ify , w a s t he o r ig ina l p o s i t ion o f t he s amp le i n t he s t em o r t r ee t r unk . I dea l ly t he s l ice o ugh t t o b e t aken f rom t he b a se o f t he s t em , where a f u l l r e cord o f t he s i ze a nd a ge o f t he t r ee c ou ld b e made . T he s t em 's a ge d ecrea se s a s i t g row s i n h e igh t , a nd t he d iff erence s b e tween t he b a se a nd t he t op o f t he t r unk o f ten i ncrea se a s i t g row s o lder . O cca s iona l s amp l ing o f b o th e nd s o f v ery l ong r od s h a s r evea led f ewer d ifference s i n y oung a nd f a s t-grown s t em s ( s ee f or e xamp le t he E c l ip se t r ack , s ec t ion V I .4 ) . Where t he b a se o f a s t em c ou ld b e d e term ined , s amp l ing w a s c a r r ied o u t a ccord ing ly , b u t i n t he m a jor i ty o f c a se s p o s i t ion w a s u nknown . T he o vera l l e ffec t o f t h i s w ou ld b e t o make t he r e corded s t em a ge s g enera l ly l ower t han t hey s hou ld b e . T he q uan t i ty o f s amp le s t o c o l lec t w a s a l so c on s idered , a nd o f ten r e so lved b y s l ic ing e very w e l l p re served p iece o f w ood i n t he more s ub s tant i a l t r ackway s , a nd a s f u l ly a s p o s s ib le , b y m ean s o f f r equen t t r an sec t s , i n t he b ru sh a nd h urd le t r ackway s . A f i na l s amp le o f a t l e a s t 5 0 p iece s o f s ma l l r oundwood w a s a imed a t , t he n umber n eed ing t o b e i ncrea sed where s eveia l w ood s pec ie s h ad b een u sed r a ther t han j u s t o ne o r t wo . L i t t le i n forma t ion c ou ld b e g a ined f r om j u s t af ew p iece s o f i mma ture r oundwood .

2 8

1 .3

1 .3 .1

LABORATORY METHODS

S amp le p repa ra t ion

A l l t he w ood e xam ined d ur ing t he c our se o f t h i s r e sea rch w a s w a ter logged ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 977 47 ) , a nd t oo s of t t o s urv ive t he s l ow d ry ing o u t a dop ted f o r b og o ak s o f s im i la r a n t iqu i ty ( Ba i l l ie 1 982 ) . T he s amp le s w e re t hu s s t ored a nd a na ly sed i n a w e t c ond i t ion , k ep t w i thou t a dd i t ive s i n p o ly thene b ag s . T he i r c ond i t ion v a r ied g rea t ly ; s ome d id n o t s u rv ive t he i n i t ia l s t age s o f s amp l ing a nd o the r s w ere s o h a rd a s t o make s aw ing d iff icu l t . T he o n ly e ffec t ive me thod o f s u rfac ing t he t r an sver se s e c t ion o f t h e w ood , i n o rder t o make t he s t ruc ture a nd g row th r i ng s v i s ib le , w a s t o d eepf r eeze t he s amp le s f o r a t l e a s t 4 8 h ou r s . Apa r t f rom s l igh t s p l i t t ing c au sed b y e xpan s ion o f t he i c e , v ery l i t t le d amage w a s o b served t o b e c au sed b y t h i s p roce s s . T he f r ozen w ood w a s t hen s e cured i n a v i ce , a nd t he t r an sve r se s u rface w a s p l aned w i th a r a sp b lade ( S tan ley S urform , t he u se o f wh ich w a s s ugge s ted b y D r . C hr i s S a l i sbury o f No t t ingham ) t o c rea te a s moo th c l ea r f i n i sh , w h ich r evea led t he r i ng s c l ea r ly a s t he i c e m e l ted . A v ery ' s ha rp k n ife w a s a l so r equ i red o cca s iona l ly a s s hown i n F ig . 1 .9 , t o c l ean o ne r ad iu s o f v ery t ough w ood o r t he s urface o f v ery s ma l l r oundwood . Ow ing t o t he d i sco lora t ion o f t he w ood b y i t s b ur ia l i n t he p ea t , t he s t ruc tu re o f s evera l s pec ie s w a s r evea led more c l ea r ly b y t he se m ean s t han i n t he i r modern c oun te rpa r t s .

1 .3 .2

R ecord ing a nd r i ng-w id th m ea su remen t

D a ta l i s t s w ere p repa red f or t he w ood s amp le s f rom e ach e xcava t ion , r e co rd ing a l l t he d e ta i l s . T he se i n c luded s pec ie s , f unc t ion i f k nown , n umber o f g row th r i ng s o r a ge , d imen s ion s , a s ke tch o f t he c ro s s-sec t ion , a nd c ommen t s o n t he g row th p a t tern o r s pec ia l f ea ture s s uch a s c u t t ing s ea son . T he t ab le s e nab led s amp le s o r t ing o f v a r iou s t ype s t o b e c a r r ied o u t r e la t ive ly q u ick ly , d e sp i te t he o f ten l a rge s amp le n umber s . T he p repa red w ood s amp le w a s e xam ined u nder a l ow p ower ( x 10 ) m ic ro scope ; a t t h i s s t age a n a s se s smen t w a s m ade a s t o i t s s u i tab i l i ty f or r i ng-w id th m ea suremen t , a c oun t o f t he r i ng s o r n e i ther . T he se p roce s se s d epended o n t he n umber a nd c l a r i ty o f t he g row th r i ng s . E ach w i l l b e c on s idered s epa ra te ly .

R ecord ing o f r oundwood Mo s t o f t he s amp le s w ere i d en t if ied a s t o w ood s pec ie s a t E xe ter b y A . E . C a se ld ine . T he s pec ie s v a r ied i n t he ir s u i tab i l i ty f or t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s , a s a r e su l t o f t he ir s t ruc tura l p roper t ie s . R ing b ounda r ie s w ere g enera l ly c l ea r i n t h e r i ng-porou s g roup o f o ak , a sh a nd e lm , a nd i n s ome d i ffu se-po rou s w ood s s uch a s h aze l , w i l low a nd l ime . A lder a nd b i rch v a r ied f r om s amp le t o s amp le , wh i le h o l ly w a s f ound v ery d iff icu l t o w ing t o v ery

2 9

s ma l l c e l l s i ze ; i t s s t udy w ou ld p robab ly magn if ica t ion . ( S ee a l so s e c t ion I .1 .1) .

r equ ire

t h in-sec t ion ing

a nd

h igher

R ecord ing o f t he r oundwood i nvo lved m ea su r ing t he d iame ter o f t he s t em , b enea th t he b a rk s i nce s ome w ood s s uch a s b i rch h ave v e ry t h ick l a yer s o f b a rk . T he n umber o f g row th r i ng s w a s c oun ted t o r evea l t he a ge o f t he s t em when c u t , a nd i f i n e xce s s o f a bou t 2 5 a nd o f s uff ic ien t c l a r i ty a nd s en s i t iv i ty , t he r i ng-w id th s w ere m ea sured ( s ee b e low ) . G enera l p o in t s w ere a l so n o ted o n t he v a r iab i l i ty i n r i ng-w id th , wh ich g ive s s ome i nd ica t ion o f g row th c ond i t ion s , a nd o n t he w id th o f t he i nnermo s t a nd o u termo s t r i ng s . A n a r row i nnermo s t o r o u termo s t r i ng may s ugge s t c u t t ing i n s ummer , wh i le a w ide r i ng may i nd ica te w in ter c u t t ing ( s ee s e c t ion I .1 .1) . T he d a ta o n a ge s a nd s i ze s w ere c o l la ted f or e ach c a lcu la te r ange s a nd a verage s ; wh i le t h i s l a t ter s t a t i s t ic a l one , i t g ive s a g enera l i d ea o f t he a pprox ima te a ge o r a nd i t i s i n tended f or u se i n c on junc t ion w i th t h e o ther r epre sen ta t ion s . T he f u l l r e su l t s f or e ach s pec ie s f rom t hen b e t abu la ted f or c ompa r i son s a nd i n terpre ta t ion .

s pec ie s a nd u sed t o i s n o t m ean ingfu l s i ze c l a s s i nvo lved , d a ta a nd t h e v i sua l o ne t r ackway c ou ld

T he d a ta w ere a l so p re sen ted v i sua l ly b y m ean s o f s ca t ter d iagram s a nd ' h i s togram s . T he s ca t ter d iagram s u sed a ge a nd s i ze o n t he t wo a xe s , a nd r evea led q u ick ly t he o vera l l r ange o f ma ter ia l u sed i n a t r ackway , a nd a l so t he g row th r a te o f t he t r ee s - w here t he p o in t s c l u s tered a l ong t he a ge a x i s , g row th w a s s l ow , a nd where t hey c lu s tered a l ong t he s i ze a x i s , g row th w a s r ap id . T h i s i s i lu s t ra ted i n F ig . I .10 , i n a c ompa r i son o f t h e g row th r a te s o f a sh w i th w i l low a nd a spen . H i s togram s w ere p repa red t o s how t he n umber s o f s t em s i n e ach a ge a nd s i ze c l a s s , wh ich r evea led r ange s a nd c oncen t ra t ion s . One d i f f icu l ty f ound w i th t hem w a s h ow e a s i ly t he a ppea rance o f t he r e su l t s c ou ld b e a ffec ted b y c ho ice o f s ca le a nd d iv i s ion o f t he a ge/ s ize c l a s se s , a s i lu s tra ted i n F ig . I .11 , where t wo s e t s o f t r ackway d a ta h ave b een p lo t ted a t d i fferen t s ca le s . T hu s c au t ion h ad t o b e u sed i n i n terpre ta t ion .

R ing-w id th m ea su remen t T he w id th s o f t he g row th r i ng s o f mo s t o f t he o ak s amp le s a nd t he more ma ture r oundwood w ere m ea su red . I t i s u sua l p rac t ice i n o ak t o ma rk o u t t he r i ng s e very 5 o r 1 0 y ea r s p r ior t o m ea suremen t , t o a vo id t he i n t roduc t ion o f e r ror s ( Ba i l l ie 1 982 7 6 ) . H owever , n o s a t i sfac tory m ean s c ou ld b e f ound o f ma rk ing t he s of t , w e t a nd b lackened p reh i s tor ic w ood . A t temp ted m e thod s , s uch a s ma rk ing w i th p en s o r c ha lk , p r ick ing h o le s o r p l ac ing p in s , w ere a l l f ound t o b e i nadequa te . T he r i ng s t hu s h ad t o b e m ea su red w i th g rea ter c au t ion a nd c a refu l ly c hecked . T he r i ng s o f o ak a r e m ea sured f rom t he l i ne p reced ing a n e a r lywood v e s se l z one t o t he l i ne p reced ing t he n ex t v e s se l z one , a s s hown i n F ig . I .12a . T he S omer se t o ak s u sua l ly h ad o ne t o t wo l i ne s o f v e s se l s , s ome t ime s w ide ly s ca t tered l a tera l ly . Apa r t f rom d ecay r ende r ing s ome o f t he p l ank s d iff icu l t t o m ea sure , o ther p rob lem s i nc luded t h e p ene t ra t ion o f r oo t s ( F ig . 3 0

Il 7 ) , a nd t he n eed t o f r equen t ly c ro s s r ay s t o mea sure t he r i ng s o f ' i n termed ia te ' p lank s ( s ee s ec t ion 1 .1 .2 ) , a s i n F ig . I .12c . T h i s n ece s s i ty c an l e ad t o t he i n troduc t ion o f e r ror s i ft he r i ng s a re n o t f o l lowed c arefu l ly . Mea suremen t w a s i n i t ia l ly c arr ied o u t u s ing a B eck c a l ibra ted e yep iece , f i r s t s upp l ied b y J . M . F le tcher , a nd i lu s tra ted i n F ig . I .13a . However , i t w a s f ound t i r ing t o u se f or l ong r i ng s e r ie s a nd d iff icu l t t o n o te t he r i ngw id th s manua l ly ; i t s ma in v a lue r ecen t ly h a s b een t o mea sure t he r i ng s o f l a rge s amp le s t o b e r e turned f or c on serva t ion , wh ich w ou ld n o t f i t u nder t he m icro scope , o r o f i n s i tu p iece s wh ich c ou ld n o t b e s amp led . I n 1 975 , a V icker s M69 m icro scope w a s a cqu ired ; t h i s l ow-power b inocu la r m icro scope w a s moun ted o n a s t and wh ich c ou ld b e a d ju s ted t o a l low f or s amp le s o f d ifferen t s hape s a nd s i ze s . A t r ave l l ing s t age w a s made b y t he Mechan ica l E ng ineer ing Work shop o f t he Un iver s i ty o f S heff ie ld , b a sed o n a n e a r ly v er s ion o f t he ' Bann i s ter ' mach ine . I t i s i lu s tra ted i n F ig . 1 .13b . R ing-w id th s w ere mea sured e l ec t ron ica l ly , b y a l i nea r t r an sducer moun ted a t t he e nd o f t he s t age , a nd d i sp layed o n a d ig i ta l p ane l me ter s upp l ied b y t he Anc ien t Monumen t s L abora tory o f t he D epar tmen t o f t he E nv ironmen t ( con s truc ted b y D . Haddon-Reece ) . T he r i ng-w id th v a lue s w ere r ecorded f rom t he d i sp lay manua l ly . Mo s t o f t he s amp le s d escr ibed i n t h i s v o lume w ere mea sured u s ing t h i s s y s tem . I n 1 983 , t he s t age w a s r ep laced b y a B ann i s ter i ncremen ta l mea sur ing mach ine , p urcha sed b y t he D epar tmen t o f A rchaeo logy a nd P reh i s tory , t he Un iver s i ty o f S heff ie ld . T h i s w a s l i nked t o a n App le H e m icrocompu ter , wh ich i s s hown i n F ig . I .13c . T he s of twa re f or t he App le , w r i t ten a nd p urcha sed f rom D r . J . R . P i lcher o f B e lfa s t , e nab le s many f unc t ion s t o b e c a rr ied o u t , a s w e l l a s t he b a s ic p roce s se s o f mea sur ing r i ng s , e d i t ing d a ta a nd c ro s s-ma tch ing . T he d i s tance s t r ave l led a cro s s e ach r i ng a re r ecorded i n t he App le ' s memory a nd s t ored o n f l oppy d i sk , t hereby g rea t ly i ncrea s ing t he s peed a nd c apac i ty o f t he w ork . T he e a r l ier s t age mea sured t o a n a ccuracy o f 0 . 1 mm , wherea s t he B ann i s ter s t age mea sure s t o 0 . 02mm ; f or u n iform i ty among t he r e su l t s , t he r ecen t d a ta h ave b een c onver ted t o t he 0 . 1 mm s ca le , a nd a l l r i ng-w id th s a re g iven i n t h i s f orma t . V a lue s f or a l l t he m ea sured o ak , a sh a nd l ime s amp le s a re l i s ted i n Append ice s 2 ,3 ,4 ,6 a nd 8 . T he r i ng-w id th d a ta w ere e i ther manua l ly r ecorded o n d a ta s hee t s , b a sed o n t ho se i n u se a t B e lfa s t , o r , l a t ter ly , l i s ted b y p r in ter f rom t he App le ; b o th a re s hown i n F ig . 1 .14 . T hey f orm a n a rch ive s t ored i n t he d endrochrono logy l a bora tory . T he d a ta w ere a l so o r ig ina l ly s t ored o n p unched c a rd s f or u se i n t he I CL 1 906S ma inf rame c ompu ter i n t he Un ivers i ty o f S heff ie ld , a nd n ow t r an sferred t o magne t ic d i sc s t age o n a P r ime c ompu ter , i n t he f orma t l i s ted i n t he a ppend ice s . I n t he se f orm s i t h a s b een u sed f or c ro s s- ma tch ing . A l so a rch ived w i th t he d a ta a re s i te s hee t s a s s hown i n F ig . 1 .15 , wh ich l i s t d e ta i l s o f a l l wood s amp le s wh ich h ave b een mea sured .

y ea r ,

Hav ing o b ta ined a l i s t o f r i ng-w id th s , t he v ar ia t ion s f rom y ea r o n wh ich c ro s s-ma tch ing i s b a sed , w ere r epre sen ted g raph ica l ly , 3 1

t o a s

p lo t s o r c u rve s . T h i s w a s c a r r ied o u t o n s pec ia l s em iloga r i thm ic r e corder p aper ( F ig . 1 . 16 ) , i n i t ia l ly a dop ted b y J . M . F le tcher f r om G erman s ou rce s a nd n ow p r in ted i n B r i ta in . T he l o ga r i thm ic v er t ica l s ca le h a s t he e ffec t o f r epre s s ing v ery w ide r i ng s a nd empha s i s ing n a r row r i ng s , wh ich a re u sua l ly c on s idered mo re s i gn if ican t i n c ro s s-ma tch ing . E ach p iece o f w ood w a s t hu s a ccompan ied b y i t s o wn c urve , s uch a s t ha t s hown • i n F ig . 1 .17 , i lu s t ra t ing i t s g row th p a t tern , a nd a ny o ther f ea ture s s uch a s t he p re sence o f p i th , s apwood o r b a rk , o r a ny a noma l ie s i n t he r i ng s . V i sua l c ompa r i son o f t he c urve s w a s made e a s ier b y t h e u se o f t h i s t r an s lucen t p aper . T he r oundwood o f o ther s pec ie s , w i th i n e xce s s o f 2 5 c l ea r g row th r i ng s , w a s m ea su red a nd p lo t ted i n t he s ame w ay , b u t t he s amp le s w ere n o t a ccompan ied b y d a ta s hee t s .

1 .3 .3

C ro s s-ma tch ing

T he f i na l a nd mo s t i mpor tan t s t age i n t r ee-r ing d a t ing i s t he c ro s sma tch ing o f t he r i ng-w id th p a t tern s , i n o rder t o a s se s s t he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t he r i ng s e r ie s o f e ach s amp le a nd t o c on s truc t a ma s ter c h rono logy t o r epre sen t t hem a l l . T h i s may b e a v ery e x ten s ive a nd c omp lex p roce s s when t here a re a l a rge n umber o f s amp le s , s i nce i n t heory e ach s hou ld b e c ompa red w i th e very o ther ; u sua l ly s ome i nd iv idua l s a re b e ing c ompa red t oge ther wh i le o ther s a r e b e ing m ea sured . C ro s s-ma tch ing i sb a s ica l ly a ch ieved b y t wo i n ter-dependen t m ean s : 1 ) V i sua l ma tch ing - b y o ver lay ing t wo c u rve s o n t he t r an spa ren t p aper a nd mov ing o ne a l ong a bove t he o ther , p o s s ib le s im i la r i t ie s c an b e p i cked o u t . T he e ye i s u n ique ly a b le t o t ake i n s im i la r i t ie s o ver a l ong s e r ie s o f r i ng s , a nd a v i sua l ma tch i s o f ten t he f i na l d ec id ing f ac tor where s evera l p o s s ib i l i t ie s a re s ugge s ted b y t he c ompu ter . S ome ma tch ing c u rve s a re i lu s t ra ted i n F ig . 1 .18 . C ro s s-ma tch ing i s a p roce s s w h ich r equ i res s ome e xper ience i n d ec id ing w ha t i s a ccep tab le , a nd much p a t ience i n man ipu la t ing t he c urve s a nd r ecord ing t h e p o s s ib i l i t ie s . S i gn if ican t g roup s o f w ide a nd n a rrow r i ng s , o r s i gna tu re s , c an a l so b e made u se o f ( a s t hey w ere i n t he e a r ly s t age s o f t he S wee t c hrono logy ) b y r e cord ing a l l r i se s a nd f a l l s i n r i ng-w id th ; F ig . 1 .19 i lu s t ra te s h ow t h i s w a s d one . 2 ) C or re la t ion b y c ompu ter - t he s ame p roce s s c an b e c a r r ied o u t b y c ompu ter , wh ich s t a r t s o ne c urve o ff a t a n o ver lap o f 1 5 y ea r s w i th t he s econd , a nd r un s t he f i r s t a l ong y ea r b y y ea r , a s se s s ing t he d egree o f s im i la r i ty a t e ach y ea r o f o ver lap . Two p rogram s h ave b een u sed d u r ing t he c our se o f t h i s r e sea rch . I n i t ia l ly a p rogram c a l led R INGSYNCH w r i t ten i n H amburg ( Eck s te in a nd B auch 1 969 ) w a s u sed ; t h i s i nvo lved r ecord ing t he d a ta a s v a lue s o f 3 , 5 o r 7 a ccord ing t o whe ther a d jacen t r i ngs r o se , r ema ined c on s tan t o r f e l l i n w id th . T he d egree o f s im i la r i ty w a s e xpre s sed a s a p ercen tage a greemen t v a lue a t v a r iou s l e ve l s o f s i gn if icance . A t yp ica l p r in tou t i ss hown i n F ig . 1 .20 .

3 2

I n 1 973 , an ew p rogram n amed CROS w a s d eve loped a t B e lfa s t ( Ba i l l ie a nd P i lcher 1 973 ) w h ich made u se o f t he a c tua l r i ng-w id th v a lue s . T he d egree o f s im i la r i ty i n t h i s c a se i s e xpre s sed a s a S tuden t 's t v a lue , a nd p o s i t ive v a lue s f or e very y ea r o f o ver lap a re l i s ted , a s F ig . 1 .2 1 s how s . V a lue s a bove 3 . 5 a r e p r in ted b enea th t he ma t r ix , t he se b e ing o f p o s s ib le s i gn if icance ; t hey c an t hen b e c hecked b y v i sua l mean s . T he c a lcu la t ion s t ake i n to a ccoun t t he l e ng th o f o ver lap , s o t ha t a l ower v a lue w ou ld a r i se f r om a s hor ter o ve r lap . C r i t ic i sm s h ave b een made o f t he CROS p rogram ( O r ton 1 983 ; L ax ton a nd L i t ton 1 982 ) , b u t i t n ever the le s s r ema in s o f g rea t p rac t ica l v a lue a s ag u ide t o p o s s ib le ma tche s . T he CROS p rogram h a s s i nce b een mod if ied (Munro 1 984 ) t o t ake i n to a ccoun t t he s t a t i s t ica l s i gn if icance o f e ach h igh t v a lue . S ome c ompa r i son w i th u npub l i shed r e ference d a ta w ere c a r r ied o u t i n B e lfa s t u s ing t h i s n ew v er s ion . T he CROS a nd R INGSYNCH p rogram s w ere r un f rom 1 973 o n t he I CL 1 906S ma inf rame c ompu ter ; CROS w a s t r an sfer red t o t he P r ime c ompu ter i n t he C ompu ter C en t re , Un iver s i ty o f S heff ie ld a nd a l so o pera te s o n t he App le H e m icrocompu ter i n t he d endrochrono logy l a bora tory , t hough c ro s s-ma tch ing i s a s l ow p roce s s b y t h i s l a t ter m ean s . S of twa re f or t he App le h a s b een w r i tt en b y D r . J . R . P i lcher o f B e lfa s t , a nd mo s t c or re la t ion s h ave b een c a r r ied o u t b y t he App le s i nce 1 984 . T he c ro s s-ma tch ing o p t ion o n t he App le I l e p r in t s o u t o n ly ma tche s w i th a t v a lue g rea ter t han 3 . 5 , a nd a t yp ica l r e su l t i ss hown i n F ig . 1 .22 : l ower /v a lue s c an b e s pec if ied . T he CROS p rogram h a s b een d ev i sed p a r t icu la r ly t o s u i t t he s en s i t iv i ty o f o ak g row th , a nd a l so f or l ong r i ng s e r ie s f or d endrochrono log ica l d a t ing . I t w a s t hu s f ound t ha t t he more o r l e s s s en s i t ive g row th p a t tern s o f o ther w ood s pec ie s , s uch a s a sh o r l ime , g ave l ower t v a lue s t han m igh t b e e xpec ted , a nd t here i s a n eed t o mod ify t he c ro s s- ma tch ing p rocedure t o s u i t t he s pec ie s u nder s t udy . C ompa r i son s o f s hor t r i ng s e r ie s a l so g ave f ew s i gn if ican t r e su l t s . T h i s w a s o vercome i n s ome c a se s b y manua l ly c a lcu la t ing p ercen tage a greemen t v a lue s . A v a lue o f 1 w a s a s s igned when b o th c u rve s r o se i n r i ng-w id th , a v a lue o f 0 w here b o th f e l l , a nd a v a lue o f 0 . 5 where t here w a s ac on s tan t r i ng-w id th i n o ne c urve b u t a r i se o r f a l l i n t he o ther . I t w a s t hen p o s s ib le t o c a lcu la te t he n umber o f a greemen t s a nd c onver t t h i s t o a p ercen tage . T h i s s imp le m e thod p rov ided a n o b jec t ive m ean s o f a s se s s ing t he s im i la r i ty o f , i n p a r t icu la r , t he h aze l c urve s f rom t he S wee t t r ack ( s ee s e c t ion I V .3 ) . T ree-r ing d a t ing i s b a sed o n t he p roce s s o f r ep l ica t ion , t he ma tch ing n o t o n ly o f c urve A w i th B a nd C , b u t a l so o f c urve B w i th C . S ince t he S wee t a nd Mea re H ea th t r ack s w ere r epre sen ted b y v ery l a rge n umber s o f o ak p lank s , many c o r re la t ion s w ere n ece s sa ry i n o rder t o f i t e ach c urve i n to i t s c or rec t p o s i t ion w i th r e l iab i l i ty . I n i t ia l ma tch ing o f i nd iv idua l s l e d t o t he f orma t ion o f a w ork ing m ean c urve , a ga in s t wh ich f ur ther i nd iv idua l s c ou ld b e c ompa red . T hu s m a tche s w ere u sua l ly a ch ieved a ga in s t a s i te c hrono logy a nd c hecked a ga in s t s evera l o ther i nd iv idua l s . A t e ach s t age t ab le s a nd b a r d iagram s w e re p repa red , i nd ica t ing t he r e la t ive t ime s pan o f e ach c urve .

3 3

T he s i te c hrono log ie s w ere p roduced e i ther manua l ly f or a s ma l l n umber o f s amp le s , o r o n t he I CL 1 906S ma inf rame c ompu ter u s ing a p rogram c a l led MITTELBEK ( Becker p er sona l c ommun ica t ion ) wh ich c an a r i thme t ica l ly a verage u p t o 2 0 c urve s a t a t ime . T he App le H e m icrocompu ter c an a l so c a lcu la te mean c urve s . A t o ne s t age t he r i ng-w id th s o f s evera l s i te ma s ter c hrono log ie s , s uch a s T inney s ( Tab le 1 1 .21) , w ere s t anda rd i sed t o i nd ice s u s ing t he I NDXA p rogram w r i t ten i n T uc son , A r izona ( F r i t t s , Mo s imann a nd B o t torff 1 969 ) ; t h i s w a s r un f rom t he B e lfa s t C ompu ter C en tre v ia t he Manches ter l i nk , t hank s t o t he a s s i s tance o f D r . J . R . P i lcher . However , t he n eed f or s t andard i sa t ion o f p reh i s tor ic c hrono log ie s i s n o t g rea t a s y e t , a nd t he p rogram i s n o l onger i n u se ; when d endroc l ima to log ica l s t ud ie s c an b e a pp l ied i n t he f u ture , c onver s ion may b e n ece s sary . T h i s c hap ter h a s e ndeavoured t o d e scr ibe b r ief ly t he p rac t ica l b ackg round t o t he s t udy o f p reh i s tor ic wood , s t a r t ing w i th t he s pec ie s r ange a nd wood s t ruc ture , d ef in ing t he me thod s o f c onver s ion f rom t he t r ee t o t r ackway t imber , a nd e nd ing w i th a n o u t l ine o f t he p roce s se s u sed i n d endrochrono log ica l d a t ing . T h i s i nforma t ion f orm s a n ece s sary p re lude t o t he c hap ter s o n r e su l t s wh ich f o l low .

3 4

RESULTS - PART A

T I MBER TRACKS

3 5

RESULTS

PART A :

T IMBER TRACKS

T imber i s d ef ined h ere a s w ooden e l emen t s s p l i t f rom s i zeab le t r ee s , a s o ppo sed t o t he l a rge ly u nconver ted r oundwood f rom s ma l ler t r ee s c ons i dered i n PART B . T hree ma jor t r ackway s o r t r ack c omp lexe s a re i nc luded u nder t h i s h ead ing . T he e ar l ie s t Swee t t r ack c on s i s ted o f a w a lk ing s urface made o f t imber , s uppor ted o n a s ub s truc ture o f r oundwood , a nd i s t herefore a l so c on s idered i n PART B , C hap ter I V . T he o n ly t r ack made a lmo s t e n t ire ly o f t imber i s t he Meare H ea th t r ack , wh ich , l i ke t he Swee t i s a v ery l ong n or th-sou th s t ruc ture . T he t h ird c omp lex i n T inney 's G round i s o s ten s ib ly a s e r ie s o f a lder b ru shwood b und le t r ack s d i scu s sed i n PART B c hap ter V .5 , b u t c oncea l ing o ak t imber b enea th . T imber i s l a rge ly s ynonymou s w i th o ak , b u t a sh a nd l ime p lank ing w a s a l so i nvo lved i n t he Swee t t r ack s t udy . S amp l ing o f t he c omponen t s o f t hese t r ack s t ook p lace l a rge ly w i th t he a im o f b u i ld ing u p t r ee-r ing c hrono log ie s f or d a t ing p urpo se s , b u t i nforma t ion o n o ther a spec t s r e la t ing t o t r ee g row th a nd wood t e chno logy c ou ld b e d er ived f rom t he s t udy a nd i sd e scr ibed i n t he f o l low ing s ec t ion s .

3 6

I n .!

THE SWEET TRACK

I I .! .!

I n troduc t ion

T he Swee t t r ack i s t he e a r l ie s t k nown t r ackway i n t he wor ld , d a t ing t o t he e a r ly N eo l i th ic , p robab ly i n t he f i r s t h a lf o f t he 4 th m i l lenn ium BC . T he f i r s t t r ace s o f t he s t ruc ture w ere d i scovered i n 1 970 when Mr . R ay S wee t , a p ea t-cu t ter , f ound a n a sh p lank d ur ing d i tch ing o pera t ion s a nd r epor ted t he f i nd ( Co le s , H ibber t a nd O rme 1 973 ) ; t h i s h a s l ed t o e x ten s ive e xcava t ion s a l ong t he l i ne o f t he t r ack , n ow t o ta l l ing a bou t 3 70m . T he t r ack i s k nown t o e x tend f or a t l e a s t 1 800m ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 981) f rom t he s andy S hapw ick B ur t le i n t he s ou th , t h rough t he S hapw ick H ea th Na ture R e serve , a nd a cro s s t he S ou th D ra in a nd s evera l p a s ture f i e ld s t owa rd s t he h igher g round o n wh ich We s thay s t and s ; i t s n or thernmo s t e x ten t i s n o t y e t k nown f or c er ta in . T he r ou te i ss hown i n F ig . MA . T horough e xam ina t ion o f t he s t ruc ture h a s b een n ece s s i ta ted b y t h rea t s p o sed t o i t s f u ture s urv iva l , b y n o t o n ly t he v ery o bv iou s p ea tc u t t ing , b u t more s e r iou s ly a nd u nob tru s ive ly b y l ower ing o f t he w a ter t ab le t h rough d ra inage ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 981) . T he t r ack l i e s i n t he l owe s t p ea t d epo s i t s , l a id d own u nder f enwood c ond i t ion s ; i t i s k nown t o h ave b een b u i l t i n s ha l low-wa ter r eed a nd s edge f en w i th b i rch wood land ( Becke t t 1 979 ; C a se ld ine 1 984 ) wh ich f o l lowed t he r e t rea t o f t he s ea a nd r e su l t ing e s tuar ine c l ay d epo s i t s ( K id son a nd H eywor th 1 976 ) . A l l t he s uper impo sed r a i sed b og p ea t o f t he u pper l e ve l s h a s b een c u t a way ; i n c on sequence t he a t ten t ion o f t he p ea t-cu t ter s t u rned t o t he s edge p ea t b enea th . T h i s c u t t ing a ffec ted t he f i e ld s R a nd C -F ( F ig . MA ) i n p a r t icu la r . T he t r ack n or th o f t he S ou th D ra in i s a ffec ted a ccord ing t o i t s d ep th b enea th t he s urface , wh ich f l uc tua te s ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 981) . I n t he S hapw ick H ea th Na ture R e serve , w a ter i s b e ing p umped b ack a l ong t he l i ne o f t he t r ack i n o rder t o p reven t t he f a l l o f t he w a ter-tab le b e low t r ack l e ve l , a s i t h a s d one e ach s ummer i n t he l a s t f ew y ear s ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 985 ) . T he e xam ina t ion o f t he t r ack b egan i n 1 970 a t t he F ac tory s i te , e x tended i n t he f o l low ing t wo y ear s ( Co le s , H ibber t a nd O rme 1 973 ) ; i n 1 972 t he s ou thern t e rm ina l a t t he S hapw ick B ur t le ( Bur t le s i te ) a nd a t e s t t r ench i n t he c en tra l a rea a t t he R a i lway s i te w ere a l so e xcava ted . T he R a i lway s i te w a s e x tended t o a lmo s t 1 30m i n 1 973-4 ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 976 ) . I n 1 977 , t he D rove s i te , a n e x ten s ion o f t he F ac tory s i te , wa s o pened ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 979 ) , f o l lowed b y as hor t s ec t ion a d jacen t t o t he S ou th D ra in i n 1 979 i n a dvance o f i t s w iden ing ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 ) . A t horough s urvey o f t he t r ack ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 981) h igh l igh ted t he a rea s mo s t a t r i sk o r p o ten t ia l ly mo s t i n tere s t ing , a s a r e su l t o f wh ich t he l ong T urbary s i te w a s e xcava ted i n 1 981 a nd s evera l t r ia l t r enche s o pened i n t he Na ture R e serve ( f ie ld s G/K/Q ) t o a s se s s c ond i t ion s i n t ha t a rea ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 ) . T he mo s t r ecen t e xcava t ion s i n 1 982 i n c luded t he C over s i te a d jacen t t o t he D rove ( comp le ti ng e xam ina t ion o f t he s ou thern e nd o f t he t r ack ) , t he mo s t n or ther ly s i te a t Wa l lway , a nd a s t re tch i n t he N a ture R e serve a t QZ ( Tab le HU, F ig . MA) ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 ) . 3 7

T he se e x ten s ive e xcava t ion s o f t he s t ruc ture h ave r evea led t he g enera l d e ta i l s o f i t s c on s t ruc t ion a s w e l l a s i mpor tan t v ar ia t ion s a l ong i t s l e ng th . B a s ica l ly i t c on s i s t s o f a l ong r oundwood p o le o r r a i l l a id a l ong t he ma r sh s urface , a nd p inned d own b y o ppo s ing p a i r s o r g roup s o f r oundwood p eg s d r iven i n a t a n o b l ique a ng le ( F ig . 1 1 .2 ) . T he b a se s o f t he p eg s w ere s ha rpened t o a p o in t , l e av ing a n i n tere s t ing v a r ie ty o f f ace t s ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 985a ) . T he s ub s t ruc tu re w a s p o s s ib ly p acked w i th p ea t o r t u rf . P lank s o f s p l i t o ak w ere t hen l a id i n t he a ng le f ormed b y t he p eg s a nd h e ld i n p lace b y l ong v er t ica l p lank p eg s p u shed t h rough n o tche s a nd p erfo ra t ion s i n t he p lank s ( F ig . 1 1 .3 ) . T he r e su l t w a s a n a r row w a lkway j u s t o ne p l ank w ide , p robab ly a round 3 00mm , r a i sed a bou t 2 00mm a bove t he w e t a nd t u s socky s u rface . ( For f ur ther d e ta i l s , s e e C o le s , H ibber t a nd O rme 1 973 ; C o le s a nd O rme 1 976 ; C o le s a nd O rme 1 979 ; C o le s a nd O rme 1 984 ) . Many l o ca l v a r ia t ion s w ere n o ted ; f o r e xamp le a t t he T urba ry s i te , t r ip le r a i l s a nd t r an sver se b ranche s h e lped t o c ope w i th a p a r t icu la r ly w e t a rea ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 2 4 ) . A t t he Wa l lway s i te , t he r oundwood p eg s w ere o f ten r ep laced b y s p l i t o ak p lank s p u shed i n a t a n a ng le ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 2 7 ) . ' Much o f t he s urface p l ank ing w a s e v iden t ly q u ick ly d i s lodged a nd w a shed t o o ne s i de o f t he s t ruc ture ; v ery f ew p lank s n ow r ema in i n s i tu ( F ig . 1 1 .4 ) . T he m e thod s o f p egg ing d own t h e p lank s a re t hough t t o h ave b een i nadequa te b y C o le s a nd O rme ( 1984 1 5 ) . T he p er iod o f u se o f t he t r ack c anno t b e d e term ined w i th c er ta in ty , b u t i t s f r e sh c ond i t ion a nd t he a b sence o f t r ace s o f w ea r a nd d ecay s ugge s t i t w a s q u ick ly i nunda ted b y r i s ing w a ter l e ve l s ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 1 5 ) . T he c ond i t ion o f t he w ood v a r ied f r om s i te t o s i te , a cco rd ing t o s pec ie s a nd f unc t ion . T he e a r l ie s t s i te s , F ac tory a nd R a i lway , r equ ired p ump ing t o e nab le e xcava t ion t o t ake p lace , wherea s t he f a l l ing w a ter t ab le l e f t r e cen t ly e xam ined s i te s c omp le te ly d ry ; t he w ood h a s s uffered s im i la r ly . H or izon ta l p i ece s w ere t he l e a s t w e l l p re served , e spec ia l ly t he p lank s i n s i tu o n t op o f t he t r ack ; t he v er t ica l p eg s a nd p o s t s w ere w e l l p re served o w ing t o t he ir g rea ter d ep th a nd p robab ly a l so t he ir a b i l i ty t o d raw w a ter u p t he c e l l s t ruc tu re . T he mo s t d ecayed w ood c ame f r om t he S ou th D ra in s i te , where d ra inage h ad h ad t he w o r s t e ffec t s , a nd t he C over s i te a t t he s ou th e nd . T he S wee t t r ack w a s b u i l t o f aw ide v a r ie ty o f w ood s pec ie s . A l l t he p lank ing w a s o f s p l i t o ak t r unk s , b u t t he r oundwood , wh i le p redom inan t ly h aze l , a l so i n c luded a sh , e lm , w i l low , h o l ly , a spen , b i rch , a lder , d ogwood a nd a pp le ( Tab le 1 1 .2 ) . However t he u se o f p a r t icu la r s pec ie s a t v a r iou s l o ca t ion s a l ong t he l e ng th o f t he t r ack w a s n o ted , s uch a s w i l low a nd a spen a t t he T u rba ry s i te ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 1 7 ) , a sh a t t he R a i lway s i te a nd h o l ly a t t he F ac tory s i te , a ccompany ing t he u b iqu i tou s h aze l . I n 1 973 a t t he R a i lway s i te , i t b ecame a ppa ren t t ha t a s e cond t r ackw ay r an a l ong s ide o r b enea th t he S wee t t r ack ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 976 3 9 ) . P o s t s a t r egu la r i n terva l s h ad b een n o ted a t t he F ac tory s i te ( Co le s , H ibber t a nd O rme 1 973 ) b u t t h e ir s i gn if icance h ad n o t b een c l ea r a t t ha t s t age . A t 3 8

t he R a i lway s i te , t he s e cond t r ack moved u p t o 3m t o t he e a s t o f t he S wee t , a f ter s epa ra t ing f rom i t a t t he s ou thern e nd o f t he s i te . I t s c on s t ruc t ion c ou ld t hen c l ea r ly b e s e en a s a s e r ie s o f l a rge v er t ica l p o s t s a t 3 -4m i n terva l s s epa ra ted b y l ong a sh a nd l ime p l ank s , w i thou t a ny f ur ther s ub s t ruc ture . S ub sequen t e xcava t ion s c onf irmed i t s p re sence o n t he D rove s i te ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 979 ) , b y l a rge p o s t s , a nd i n t he a rea o f t he N a ture R e serve b y t he r egu la r a ppea rance o f l ime p lank s ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 2 4 ) . I t h a s n o t h owever b een t r aced n or th o f t he R a i lway s i te , a nd e i ther d id n o t c on t inue o r d iverged t oo f a r f rom t he S wee t t r ack t o a ppea r i n t he e xcavat i on s . T he t r ack h a s b een n amed t he P o s t t r ack , a nd a ppea red t o b e s t ra t igraph ica l ly s l igh t ly e a r l ier t han t he S wee t . I t s v ery s imp le c on s t ruc t ion a nd t he c ho ice o f w ood s u sed f or p lank ing i nd ica ted i t s s hor t l i fe e xpec tancy a nd q u ick a s semb ly , a nd i t i s t hough t t o h ave s e rved a s ag u ide t o t he r ou te o f t he S wee t , a nd p erhap s a s aw ork ing t r ack a l ong wh ich t o c a r ry t he w ood a nd f rom wh ich t o w ork o n b u i ld ing t he S wee t ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 1 0 ) .

3 9

1 1 .1 .2

D eve lopmen t t r ack

o f

o b jec t ive s

i n

t r ee-r ing

s t ud ie s

o f

t h e

S wee t

E a r ly e xcava t ion s o f l a rge amoun t s o f w e l l p re served w ood f rom t he S wee t t r ack s ugge s ted t he v a lue o f a t temp t ing t o c on s truc t a t r ee-r ing c hrono logy f rom t he o ak p lank s f or t he p urpo se s o f d a t ing . I t w a s h oped t ha t t he r i ng p a t tern s o f many t imber s c ou ld b e c ro s s-ma tched t o p rov ide a r ecord o f t r ee g row th o ver s evera l c en tur ie s . Wh i le a b so lu te d a t ing w a s n o t a p o s s ib i l i ty a t t ha t s t age , p r ior t o t he c omp le t ion o f t he I r i sh a nd G erman l ong c h rono log ie s ( P i lcher e t a l 1 984 ) , t he s t ud ie s o f c a l ibra t ion a nd r ad ioca rbon d a te s s ugge s ted t he p o ten t ia l o f o b ta in ing a s e r ie s o f d a te s f rom t r ee-r ing s o f k nown r e la t ive a ge . A s im i la r p ro jec t c a r r ied o u t o n p reh i st o r ic S w i s s c hrono log ie s h ad l ed t o q u i te p rec i se d a t ing ( Fergu son , Huber a nd S ue s s 1 966 ) . B y t h i s mean s , i t w a s h oped t o d ef ine a s c l o se ly a s p o s s ib le t he c on s t ruc t ion d a te o f t he t r ackway . H av ing e s tab l i shed a c hrono logy , i t c ou ld t hen b e u sed , n o t o n ly f or r e la t ive d a t ing w i th o ther c hrono log ie s o f s im i la r d a te , b u t a l so f or a b so lu te d a t ing a t at ime w hen s u i tab le r eference ma ter ia l w a s a va i lab le . 'T he f i r s t s amp l ing o f o ak p lank s t ook p l ace o n t he R a i lway s i te i n 1 973 . T he i n i t ia l s t udy d emon s t ra ted t he v a lue o f e x ten s ive s amp l ing f r om s ub sequen t e xcava t ion s , t o i n c lude s l ice s f r om a l l s u i tab ly p re served p lank s . N o t o n ly w a s t he c h rono logy , d e scr ibed b e low , e x tended a nd i mproved a s t he w ork p rog re s sed , b u t i t b ecame c l ea r t ha t much d e ta i led i nforma t ion o f a rchaeo log ica l v a lue c ou ld b e o b ta ined . F or e xamp le , r ou t ine r e cord s o f d imen s ion s a nd c ro s s-sec t ion s l e d t o s t ud ie s o f w oodwork ing a nd t he o r ig ina l a ge a nd s i ze o f t he t r ee s ; a l so t he t r ee-r ing r e la t ion sh ip s c ou ld b e c ompa red t o l o ca t ion a nd f unc t ion w i th in t he t r ackway t o a id i n terpre ta t ion . T he o ak p lank ing a ccoun ted f or o n ly a p ropo r t ion o f t he w ood u sed i n t he S wee t a nd P o s t t r ack s ' c on s t ruc t ion , s ome o f t he p lank ing a nd t h e e n t ire s ub s truc tu re b e ing o f o ther w ood s pec ie s , a nd much o f r oundwood o f r e la t ive ly s ma l l d imen s ion s . A b r ief s t udy o f s ome h aze l a nd h o l ly s t em s f rom t he F ac to ry s i te o f 1 972 ( Pe t t i t , i n C o le s , H ibber t a nd O rme 1 973 2 756 ) s ugge s ted t ha t t hey h ad l i t t le p o ten t ia l . H owever , f rom t he f ew a sh a nd h aze l p eg s c o l lec ted o n t he R a i lway s i te i n 1 973 , s uff ic ien t i nforma t ion o n a ge a nd s i ze o f ma ter ia l u sed i n t he t r ack a nd o n t he p o s s ib i l i t ie s o f r e la t ive d a t ing i nd ica ted t ha t s amp l ing o ugh t t o b e e x tended . T he p reva i l ing b e l ief a t t he t ime w a s t ha t r i ng-w id th a na ly s i s w ou ld n o t b e p o s s ib le o n s pec ie s o ther t han o ak a nd p o s s ib ly a sh ; o ther p o ten t ia l i nforma t ion h ad n o t b een c on s idered . T hu s t he e x ten s ion o f s amp l ing t o c over a l l w e l l p re served p i ece s o f w ood h a s c u lm ina ted i n t he e xam ina t ion o f a lmo s t 1 800 s amp le s , a s s hown i n T ab le 1 1 .2 . B y f a r t he g rea te s t p ropor t ion w ere o ak a nd h aze l , w i th much a sh a nd w i l low , a nd s ma l ler amoun t s o f e i gh t o ther s pec ie s . T he c omb ined r e su l t s f rom a l l t h i s ma ter ia l h ave g iven a n i n s igh t i n to t he s pec ie s , a ge a nd s i ze r ange o f t he w ood land c l ea red f or t r ack-bu i ld ing , a nd o f a rchaeo log ica l d e ta i l s r e la t ing t o l o ca t ion a nd f unc t ion wh ich c ou ld n o t h ave b een o b ta ined b y a ny o ther m ean s . S ince t he s amp le s o r ig ina te f rom w ide spread p o s i t ion s 4 0

a l ong t he l e ng th o f t h e t r ackway , t hey a l so a re f e l t t h e r ange o f ma ter ia l u sed t o b u i ld t h i s u n ique s t ruc tu re .

t o b e

r epre sen ta t ive

o f

T he r e su l t s o n p l ank ing o f a sh a nd l ime a re a l so c on s idered i n t h i s s e c t ion . T hey w ere a na ly sed w i th t he a im o f a s se s s ing t he ir p o ten t ia l f or r i ng-w id th m ea suremen t a nd c ro s s-ma tch ing . I t w a s h oped t ha t t he s t udy m igh t l e ad t o t he f orma t ion o f f l oa t ing c hrono log ie s f or i n terna l c ompa r i son . B ecau se t hey w ere l a rge ly a s soc ia ted w i th t he P o s t t r ack , t hey w ere o f p o ten t ia l v a lue i n e s tab l i sh ing t he t ime i n terva l ( i f o ne e x i s ted ) b e tween t ha t s t ruc tu re a nd t he S wee t t r ack ; h owever t he c or re la t ion o f r i ng p a t tern s b e tween d i fferen t t r ee s pec ie s i s a s y e t i nadequa te ly u nder s tood . A sh h a s b een s ucce s sfu l ly u sed f or c hrono logy-bu i ld ing a nd c ro s s-ma tch ing w i th o ak i n p reh i s tor ic S w i s s s t ud ie s ( Huber a nd Merz 1 962 ) . L ime w a s k nown o n ly f r om G erman p ane l-pa in t ing s s t ud ied b y K le in ( 1979 ) ; i t s e xam ina t ion f rom t he S wee t t r ack r ep re sen ted a p i lo t s t udy i n to i t s v a lue f or t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s . T he o b jec t ive s a nd r e su l t s o f t he s t udy o f t h e r oundwood o f a sh , h aze l a nd o ther s pec ie s a re d e scr ibed i n more d e ta i l i n C hap ter I V .

4 1

1 1 .1 .3

S p l i t o ak p lank s

T he l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f o ak f ound i n t he t r ack p roved t o b e a n i dea l s ource o f d endrochrono log ica l ma ter ia l , i nc lud ing w e l l p re served , w ide r ad ia l p lank s w i th l ong r i ng s e r ie s . Much o f t he ma ter ia l w a s s ma l l i n t he f orm o f c h ip s a nd s l a t s , e i ther t he r e su l t o f l a s t- m inu te t r imm ing o r f rom p lank s wh ich h ad b roken , b u t i t s e xam ina t ion o f ten p roved wor thwh i le . D e ta i l s o f s ome 3 40 o ak p iece s a re g iven i n Append ix 1 . F rom t h i s p o in t , s i te s a re r eferred t o b y t he ir c odes a s g iven i n T ab le I I .1 .

1 1 .1 .3 .1

P lank s i ze a nd c onver s ion me thod s

T he p lank s v a r ied i n l e ng th f rom a round 1 m t o o ver 5m . P lank w id th w a s e qua l ly v a r iab le , a s i s s hown i n F ig . 1 1 .5 ; t hey r anged u p t o 3 40mm , b u t t he ma jor i ty w ere 7 0 t o 1 50mm w ide . T he w ide s t p lank s w ou ld h ave o r ig ina l ly f ormed t he w a lk ing s urface a nd t he l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f n a rrower f ragmen t s p re sumab ly r e su l t f rom b reakage s a nd o n-s i te t r imm ing . P lank t h ickne s s v a r ied f rom s evera l v ery f rag i le e xamp les l e s s t han 1Omm t h ick , t o c hunky p lank s 1 00mm t h ick . On a verage t he p lank s w ere a bou t 2 0mm t h ick a t o ne e dge , r i s ing t o a bou t 5 0mm t h ick a t t he o ther . T he ma jor i ty o f t he p l ank s w ere s p l i t b y t he s imp le s t me thod , r ad ia l ly ( s ee s ec t ion 1 .1 .2 ) . F ig . 1 1 .6 s how s t ha t , o u t o f 2 38 p lank s o ver 1 00mm w ide , 2 08 ( 87% ) w ere r ad ia l ly s p l i t . T he o r ig ina l r ad ia l s egmen t w a s p robab ly r educed b y t r imm ing , s i nce t he a rea o f t he p i th ( t he f ea ther-edge ) a nd t he o u ter s apwood w ere r a re ly e ncoun tered . T he p re sence o f s apwood o n o ther p lank s f rom t h i s a nd o ther t r ack s r educes t he l i ke l ihood o f i t s l o s s b y d ecay . Two o ther mean s o f p roduc ing p lank s w ere a l so u sed t o as ma l l e x ten t . 1 6 p lank s ( 7% ) w ere t angen t ia l ly s p l i t ( F ig . 1 1 .6 ) ; t h i s p roce s s mu s t h ave b een more d iff icu l t t o a ch ieve b y f am i l ia r mean s o f ma l le t a nd w edge s ( s ee S ec t ion 1 .1 .2 ) . A s c an b e n o ted i n Append ix 1 , t he se t angen t ia l p lank s w ere more p reva len t a t t he s ou thern e nd o f t he t r ack a t s i te s C a nd D , b u t o dd o ne s d id o ccur a t s i te s GZ , QZ a nd TG , wh ich a re l o ca ted i n F ig . MA . B ecau se t he r i ng s r an a l ong t he w id th o f t he p lank , t hey w ere r a re ly s uff ic ien t f or mea suremen t , a nd t he r e la t ion sh ip o f t he se p lank s t o t he r ad ia l o ne s c ou ld n o t a lway s b e d e term ined . T here w ere a l so 1 3 ' i n termed ia te ' p lank s ( 5 .5% ) . T hey w ere p robab ly f ormed d ur ing t he p roduc t ion o f t angen t ia l p l ank s , b e ing f rom n earer t he c en tre o f t he t r ee ( F ig . 1 1 .6 ) . One l a rge , s p l i t , h a lf t r unk c ame f rom s i te D ( SWD 4 45 ) , b u t may n o t b e d i rec t ly a s soc ia ted w i th t he t r ack .

1 1 .1 .3 .2

C ro s s-ma tch ing

T he n umber s o f g row th r i ng s p re sen t i n e ach s amp le a re s ummar i sed i n F ig . 1 1 .7 . T he ma jor i ty h ad b e tween 3 0 a nd 1 50 r i ng s , w i th a p eak a t 4 04 2

7 0 , q u i te s hor t i n t r ee-r ing t e rm s . T here w a s a l so a s a t i sfac tory g roup f or d a t ing w i th r i ng s e r ie s o f more t han 1 50 y ea r s , wh ich c ou ld b e u sed t o l i nk t oge ther t he s hor ter s e r ie s . T he l onge s t s e r ie s c ame f rom p lank SWTG 3 79 , w i th o ver 3 40 r i ng s , a t h ick p lank 2 90mm w ide . T he d iff icu l t ies o f a ccura te ly r ecord ing i t s r i ng p a t tern w ere n o t o vercome , a nd i t r ema ined i n s evera l s hor ter s equence s , s epa ra ted b y z one s o f e x treme ly n a r row o r d iff icu l t r i ng s . The n umber o f r i ng s m i s s ing w a s k nown f rom c ro s s-ma tch ing b u t c ou ld n o t b e t r aced w i th c er ta in ty o n t he w ood . T he r i ng-w id th s o f w ood s amp le s f rom s i te R w ere mea sured u s ing a x 10 h and l e n s ( s ee s e c t ion 1 .3 .2 ) , a nd t ho se f rom s i te s D t o TG u s ing t he t r ave l l ing s t age w i th p ane lme ter d i sp lay . A f ew s amp les w ere r emea sured o n t he B ann i s ter s t age a f ter 1 983 , a nd t he d a ta r ecorded o n t he App le H e m icrocompu ter . C ro s s- ma tch ing i n t he e a r ly s t age s i nvo lved t he n on-parame tr ic H amburg p rogram R INGSYNCH ( Eck s te in a nd B auch 1 969 ) ; f rom s i te D o nwa rd s , t he B e lfa s t CROS p rogram ( Ba i l l ie a nd P i lcher 1 973 ) wa s a dop ted t o i nd ica te t he s im i la r i t ie s b e tween t wo c urve s ( s ee s ec t ion 1 .3 .3 ) . No d iff e rence i n r e su l t s w a s f ound b y t he u se o f e i ther p rogram , t hough CROS h a s t he a dvan tage s o f u s ing a c tua l r aw d a ta , a nd o f g iv ing a l l p o s i t ive c orre lat i on s a t e ach y ear o f o ver lap . V i sua l a nd c ompu ter c ompa r i son s s oon b egan t o r evea l v ery h igh l e ve l s o f a greemen t b e tween many o f t he c urve s , w i th t v a lue s o f ten i n e xce s s o f 1 0 ; s o me o f t he s im i la r p a t tern s c an b e s een i n F ig . 1 1 .8 . T h i s s ugge s t s t hey may h ave h ad a c ommon o r ig in i n t he s ame o r a d jacen t t r ee s , wh ich i s f ur ther d i scu s sed b e low . I n i t ia l ly , f rom s i te R , 1 29 c urve s w ere c omb ined i n to 3 14 a y ear f l oa t ing c hrono logy ( f ir s t d e scr ibed i n Morgan 1 976 ) ; t he a verage r i ng-w id th s a nd s i gna ture y ea r s ( F ig . 1 .19 ) w ere c a lcu la ted manua l ly , u n t i l t he i n troduc t ion o f t he MITTELBEK p rogram ( Becker p er sona l c ommun ica t ion ) e nab led 2 0 c urve s a t at ime t o b e a veraged b y c ompu ter . S ub sequen t ly , 2 0 p lank s f rom s i te s F a nd D w ere c omb ined i n to a 1 54 y ea r c hrono logy ( l a ter d e scr ibed i n Morgan 1 979 ) . F or s ome t ime , t h i s c ou ld n o t b e l i nked t o t he s i te R c h rono logy , b ecau se o f v ar ia t ion s i n t r ee a ge a nd i n s en s i t iv i ty b e tween t he t wo a s semb lage s - t he s i tes D /F c hrono logy w a s much s hor ter a nd p re sen ted a v igorou s g row th p a t tern , wh i le t he l ong s i te R c hrono logy b ecame v ery f l a t o ver i t s l a ter d ecade s a s t he t r ee s g rew t o b ecome o ver- ma ture . However t he t wo c urve s w ere f i na l ly l i nked , a s s hown i n F ig . 1 1 .9 t o p roduce a c hrono logy 3 49 y ea r s l ong . T h i s w a s f o l lowed b y t he e xcava t ion o f t he SA s i te i n 1 979 , wh ich a dded a f ur ther 9 p l ank s t o t he c hrono logy a nd e x tended i t a s t he s t a r t t o a t o ta l o f 3 82 y ea r s . I n 1 981 , s i te TG p rov ided 6 5 c ros s-ma tch ing p lank s , w i th a f ur ther 1 6 f rom t h e N a ture R e serve s i te s o f G/K/Q . F ina l ly t he 1 982 e xcava t ion s a t s i te WA a l lowed a f ur ther 2 1 p lank s t o b e a dded , wh i le s i te C p roduced o n ly 2 ( de scr ibed i n Morgan 1 984 ) . A t t h i s s t age s i te R c urve s w ere r e-exam ined , e nab l ing s ome wh ich h ad n o t p rev iou s ly b een ma tched t o b e a dded t o t he c hrono logy . T he se i nc luded 3 wh ich e x tended t he c hrono lo gy f ur ther i n i t s e a r ly y ea r s , c urve s wh ich c ou ld n o t h ave b een c or re la ted

4 3

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T he f i na l c hrono logy s t and s a t 4 10 y ear s i n l eng th a nd i s c ompo sed o f 2 60 c urve s f rom i nd iv idua l p lank s . T he r e la t ion sh ip i n t ime o f e ach c urve i s i lu s tra ted i n F ig . I I .10 . I n c ro s s- ma tch ing s uch a l a rge c orpu s o f ma ter ia l , i t w a s n o t p o s s ib le o r n ece s sa ry t o c ompa re e very c urve w i th e very o ther , a s wou ld b e d one w i th a s ma l ler g roup o f c urve s , t o make c er ta in o f f i nd ing t he c orrec t p o s i t ion . Mean c urves w ere made a v ar iou s s t age s o f t he a na ly s i s t o r epre sen t t he i nd iv idua l c urve s ; n ew c urve s w ere c ompa red v i sua l ly a nd b y c ompu ter w i th t he se a s w e l l a s w i th s evera l o ther i nd iv idua l c urve s , t o make s ure t he ma tch w a s n o t s pur iou s . Where s evera l h igh t v a lue s o ccu rred i n c ompar i son w i th t he mean c urve , v i sua l c heck s w i th o ther i nd iv idua l s w ere o f ten t he d ec id ing f ac tor . T here w ere v ery f ew c urve s mea sured wh ich c ou ld n o t b e c ro s sma tched . Append ix 1 l i s t s t he se , a s w e l l a s t he ma tched s amp le s ; a g l ance d own t he c o lumn l i s t ing n umber o f r i ng s s how s t he ma jor i ty t o h ave l e s s t han 5 0 . T he se s hor t s e r ie s p robab ly d o ma tch s o mewhere , b u t t h e p a t tern i s d o t s uff ic ien t ly l ong o r v a r iab le t o b e u n ique . E ven a l low ing f or t ho se p lank s wh ich w ere n o t e xam ined , e i ther b ecau se t hey w ere t oo d ecayed o r w ere k ep t f or c on serva t ion , t here w a s v ery l i t t le e x traneou s ma ter ia l i n t he t r ack , s uch a s p lank s w a shed i n d ur ing f l ood s , o r r eu sed f rom e l sewhere . T he q ua l i ty o f ma tch ing s ugge s ted a v ery h omogeneou s a s semb lage o f ma ter ia l , p robab ly s p l i t f rom t he s ame t r ee s i n o ne o pera t ion . T here wa s h owever a t l e a s t o ne i nexp l icab le f ea ture , t wo p lanks f rom s i te D ( 158 a nd 1 86 ) wh ich w ere r a ther u nu sua l ly b o th r ad ia l p lank s p egged d own a s r a i l s . T hey h ad i den t ica l r i ng p a t tern s b u t c ou ld n o t b e c ro s s-ma tched i n to t he c hrono logy ; t h i s p rob lem o f a noma lou s t r ee p a t terns o ccur s i n r i ng d a t ing a nd i sb e ing f ur ther e xp lored b y M i l l s ( per sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . T he 4 10 y ea r c hrono logy b a sed o n 2 60 s e r ie s o f r i ng-w id th s w a s c a lcu la ted u s ing t he MITTELBEK p rogram ( Becker , p er sona l c ommun ica t ion ) ; t h i s c an a verage 2 0 c urve s a t a t ime b y s t ra igh tforward a r i thme t ic mean s . T he d iff icu l ty o f h and l ing s o many c urves h ad t o b e c on s idered ; t he App le s of twa re e nab le s mean c urve s t o b e made b u t h a s s im i la r c on s tra in t s a nd wou ld h ave r equ ired a l l t he d a ta t o b e t r an sferred t o f l oppy d i sk . T o s e lec t o u t 2 0 c urves o n ly , t o c over t he e n t ire 4 10 y ear s , w a s n o t f e l t t o b e r epresen ta t ive ; t he o n ly p rac t ica l a l tera t ive w a s t o make s evera l mean c urve s o f 2 0 i nd iv idua l s e ach , a nd t hen t o a verage a l l t he mean c urve s i n to o ne f i na l mean c urve . T he o n ly d rawback w i th t h i s me thod w a s t ha t t he n umber o f c urve s i nvo lved i n e ach y ear c ou ld n o t b e t aken i n to a ccoun t a nd t he a verag ing w e igh ted a ccord ing ly . R ing-w id th v a lue s f or t he 4 10 y ea r m ean c hrono logy a re l i s ted i n T ab le 1 1 .3 ; i t i s r epre sen ted b y u p t o 18 c urve s i n a ny o ne y ear . C onvers i on t o i nd ice s h a s b een c arr ied o u t o n s ome S omer se t d a ta ( e .g T inney s ) u s ing t he I NDXA p rogram o f F r i t t s , Mo s imann a nd B o t torff ( 1969 ) , a nd may b e n ece s sary i n f u ture t o c onver t t he S wee t mean c urve t o a s ca le c omp arab le w i th o ther p reh i s tor ic c hrono log ie s . 4 4

1 1 .1 .3 .3

I n terp re ta t ion o f t he r e su l t s

I nforma t ion f rom t he c ro s s-ma tched c urve s r evea led d e ta i l s a bou t t he t imber c onver s ion a nd t he t r ack ' s c on s t ruc t ion . A b a r d iagram ( F ig . I I .10 ) s how ing t he r e la t ion sh ip o f a l l t he i nd iv idua l c u rve s r evea led a g radua l f a l lo ff b ack i n t ime o f t he ir e nd y ea r s . U sua l ly a n a s semb lage o f t r ee-r ing c u rve s f r om o ne s t ruc tu re c on ta in s a l a rge n umber wh ich e nd a round t he s ame t ime . T he S wee t r e la t ion sh ip s s hown i n F ig . I I .10 a re i n terpre ted a s t he r e su l t o f s p l i t t ing many r ad ia l p lank s f rom a f ew v ery l a rge o ld o ak s ; t hu s s ome p l ank s w ou ld h ave o r ig ina ted f r om t he o u t s ide o f t he t r unk a nd l i e t owa rd s t he r ecen t e nd o f t he c h rono logy , s ome f rom t he m idd le t r unk w ou ld l i e h a lfway , a nd t ho se f r om t he i nner t r unk w ou ld l i e e a r ly i n t he c hrono logy . I f t he p hy s ica l r e la t ion sh ip w a s k nown , many o f t he l i ne s i n t h e b a r d iag ram c ou ld n o d oub t b e j o ined u p t o r epre sen t t he r ad iu s o f t he t r ee . T h i s e xp lana t ion f or t he s uppor ted b y t h ree o ther f ea ture s : 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

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' T he v ery f ew p lank s w i th t r ace s o f o u ter s apwood . T he f ew v ery l ong r i ng s e r ie s wh ich mu s t s pan a lmo s t t he e n t ire r ad iu s o f t he t r ee . T he f a l l-off i n a verage r i ng-w id th a s t he t r ee s ma ture , f r om 1 -3mm d own t o u nder 1 mm ( F ig . I I .11) .

T he o n ly p o s s ib le a l terna t ive e xp lana t ion , i n t he a b sence o f s apwood , i s t ha t t r ee s w ere f e l led a t i n terva l s t h roughou t t he t ime s pan o f t he c hrono logy , wh ich s e em s a rchaeo log ica l ly u n l ike ly . I t w a s n o t p o s s ib le t o d e term ine wh ich p lank s c ame f rom t he s ame t r ee s , a s w a s s ugge s ted i n t he Mea re H ea th t r ack ( s ec t ion 1 1 .2 ) ; a l l t he p a t tern s w ere v ery s im i la r i n t e rm s o f a verage w id th s a nd s en s i t iv i ty , a s w e l l a s p a t te rn . F ig . 1 1 .12 s how s t he d i s t r ibu t ion o f t he e nd y ea r s o f e ach i nd iv idua l c urve w i th in t he 4 10 y ea r s pan . T he r ange w a s v ery w ide a nd t here w a s n o s ugge s t ion o f a u n ifo rm w ork ing s urface wh ich m igh t r e su l t i n t he r i ng s e r ie s f rom p lank s e nd ing a t t he s ame t ime ; r ad ia l s p l i t t ing w ou ld p robab ly p roduce s uch a h aphaza rd d i s t r ibu t ion . T here mu s t h owever b e s ome e xp lana t ion f or t he p eak s ( e .g . a t d ecade 2 40 ) a nd l ow s ( e .g . a t d ecade 2 50 ) i n F ig . 1 1 .12 . When , h owever , t he e nd y ea r s w ere c ompa red s i te b y s i te a l ong t he t r ackway ( F ig . 1 1 .13 ) o bv iou s v a r ia t ion s a ppea red . Mo s t o f t he c u rve s f rom p l ank s o f s i te s R a nd TG e nded a round t he m idd le o f t he c hrono logy i n a rb i tra ry y ea r s 2 00-300 , wherea s t ho se f r om t h e s ou thern s i te s F /D/C e nded much l a ter , l a rge ly a f ter 3 00 . T he c oncen t ra t ion a t s i te D w a s t he r e su l t o f a s e r ie s o f c urve s a l l e nd ing v ery c l o se t oge ther a round y ea r s 3 70-380 a s s hown i n F ig . 1 1 .14 , u n l ike mo s t o f t he S wee t c urve s . T h i s t ype o f d i s t r ibut i on s ugge s ted p rox im i ty t o t he o u ter s apwood t r an s i t ion a nd m in ima l t r immi ng ; i t w a s a l so c onnec ted w i th t he o b serva t ion a l ready made t ha t many o f t he s i te D p lank s w ere t angen t ia l ly s p l i t r a ther t han r ad ia l . T he se made 4 5

o p t ima l u se o f t he y ounger a nd s ma l ler t r ee s , a l so i nd ica ted b y t he s hor ter c hrono logy a nd t he more v igourou s g row th r a te . T he se v a r ia t ion s t hu s r evea led t ha t t wo d ifferen t p opu la t ion s o f o ak t r ee s w ere b e ing u sed t o make p lank s f or t he t r ack . T he n or thern s i te s w ere c ha rac ter i sed b y r ad ia l ly s p l i t p lank s f rom t r ee s o ver 4 00 y ea r s o ld a nd u p t o 1m i n d iame ter , wh i le t ho se u sed o n t he s ou thern s i te s w ere p robab ly 1 00-150 y ear s o ld ( d iame ter s a re d iff icu l t t o e s t ima te f rom t angen t ia l p lank s ) . No p lank s f rom ma ture o ak s o ccurred i n t he s ou thern t r ack a nd l i kew i se n o p lank s f rom y oung o ak s i n t he n or th . T he t r an s i t ion b e tween t he t wo t r ee g roup s w a s e xpec ted t o l i e s omewhere i n t he Na ture R e serve , t hough t he l im i ted p o s s ib i l i t ie s f or e xcava t ion i n t ha t a rea f a i led t o s o lve t he q ue s t ion o f whe ther t he c hange f rom y oung t o ma ture t r ee s w a s g radua l o r a brup t . On ly o ne s ma l l p lank f rom s i te GB w a s n o t ma tched w i th c er ta in ty ; t ho se f rom s i te GZ a nd a l l s i te s t o t he n or th c ame f rom t he ma ture n or thern t ype o f t r ee s . S o i t i s c l ea r t ha t t he t r an s i t ion l a y i n f i e ld G , b u t i ti ss t i l l o f a n u nknown n a ture . T h i s e v idence t herefore s ugge s t s t ha t a round 2 00m o f t he 1 800m l ong t r ack w ere c on s truc ted u s ing p lank s f r om y ounger t r ee s . A v a r ie ty o f p o s s ib le e xp lana t ion s a re a va i lab le . T he a ged o ak s may h ave g rown o n t he Mear ' e/ We s thay i s land s i n u nd i s turbed w ood land , a nd b een f e l led t o c on s t ruc t t he t r ack ; t he s uper-abundance o f p lank ing a t t he n or thern e nd ( s i te WAC o le s a nd O rme 1 984 ) i nd ica ted n o s hor tage a t t ha t s t age . I f t he t r ack w a s b u i l t d own f rom t he n or th , t he r ad ia l p lank s may h ave r un o u t a nd t he t r ack c omp le ted u s ing p lank ing made f rom f a s ter-grow ing y ounger o ak s , p erhap s i nhab i t ing t he P o lden H i l l s t o t he s ou th . A l terna t ive ly c on s truc t ion c ou ld h ave c ommenced f rom t he s ou th , b u t t he p lank s a va i lab le f r om t he y ounger o ak s w ere f ound t o b e s ca rce a nd s oon s upp lemen ted f rom o ther s ource s . T he t wo a ge p opu la t ion s c ou ld h ave g rown t oge ther a nd o ne e xp lo i ted b efore t he o ther . I t i s a l so p o s s ib le t he t wo g roup s o f b u i lder s c ommenced c on s t ruc t ion f rom o ppo s i te e nd s o f t he t r ack , u s ing d ifferen t s ource s o f o ak , t hough t he i mba lance i n t he l e ng th o f t r ack w ou ld s ugge s t v ar ia t ion i n e ff ic iency . Wha tever t he e xp lana t ion , t he f ac t r ema in s t ha t t wo d ifferen t a ge g roup s o f o ak t r ee s w ere b e ing e xp lo i ted . F e l l ing may h ave b een c arr ied o u t b y t he a xe a nd f i re , o r e ven r i ng ing , t hough t h i s i s a s l ow p roce s s ( J orgen sen 1 985 ; B rad ley 1 978 ) a nd wou ld h ave r equ ired a dvance p lann ing a y ea r o r t wo a head . However t he f e l l ing o f o ak s a round 1 m i n d iame ter mu s t h ave b een a d aun t ing p roce s s . I n a D an i sh e xper imen t , t r ee s l e s s t han 3 5cm i n d iame ter t ook a bou t 3 0 m inu te s t o f e l l w i th f l in t a xe s ( I ver son 1 956 ) , b u t t here i s n o s im i la r i nforma t ion o n l a rge t r ee s . V ar iou s e s t ima te s h ave b een a t temp ted o f t he n umber o f t r ee s r equ ired t o p roduce s uch a q uan t i ty o f p lank s ; f i gure s a re d iff icu l t t o c a lcu la te when t he p lank s v ary s o much i n s i ze . T he r ad iu s o f t he w ide s t p lank a t 3 40mm i mp l ie s a t r ee d iame ter o f a t l e a s t 7 00mm , i ncrea sed t o a bou t 8 00mm w i th t he a dd i t ion o f t he m i s s ing s apwood . A t r ee t r unk a bou t 4m l ong c ou ld p rov ide a bou t 1 20 r ad ia l ly s p l i t p lank s 5 0mm t h ick a nd 2m l ong f rom i t s o u ter p a r t a l one ( w i th n o a l lowance f or w a s te ) , a s w e l l a s f ur ther p lank s f rom t he i nner t r unk . S o o n ly a f ew s uch l a rge o ak s c ou ld h ave me t t he n eed s o f t he Swee t t r ack . T he s ma l ler o ak s a t t he s ou thern e nd w ere l e s s e ff ic ien t i n t ha t t angen t ia l s p l i t t ing p rov ided f ewer , t hough w ider , p lank s . 4 6

I n a n a t temp t t o a scer ta in whe ther t he t r ee s h ad b een s p l i t i n t he w ood land where t hey w ere f e l led , wh ich i s e a s ier wh i le g reen b u t p o s s ib le u p t o w i th in t wo y ea r s o f f e l l ing ( Da rrah 1 982 ) , t he p o s i t ion s o f t he p lank s w i th in t he t r ack w ere c ompa red t o t he y ear o f t he ir f i na l r i ng i n t he 4 10 y ea r f l oa t ing t ime s ca le . I f s p l i t i n t he wood s , i t w a s t hough t t ha t t he p lank s wou ld b ecome t horough ly m ixed d ur ing t r an spor t a nd c on s truc t ion , a nd wou ld b e u n l ike ly t o s how a ny c oncen tra t ion s i n e nd y ea r ; i f p a r t o f t he b o le wa s c arr ied d own t o t he s i te o f t he t r ack f or s p l i t t ing , t here may b e s ome e v idence o f p lank s wh ich l a y n ex t t o e ach o ther i n t he t r ee . F ig . 1 1 .15 s how s t he p a t tern p roduced b y t h i s c ompa r i son ; t he s ca t ter i n t ime s pan w i th in e ach s i te i s w ide b u t t here a re d ifference s i n s i te R . Mo s t o f t he p lank s f rom t he c en tre o f t h i s s i te , a round 8 50-900m , w ere f rom t he i nner t r unk , wh i le t ho se f rom t he n or th e nd , a round 9 00-925m w ere f rom t he o u ter t r unk . On s i te S A t here w a s a ga in a d om inance o f i nner t r unk p lank s . T hu s , t hough t he t ho rough m ix ing o n t he o ther s i te s s ugge s ted s p l i t t ing i n t he w ood land a nd t r an spor t a t r andom , s ome g roup ing o f p lank s f rom t he s ame p ar t s o f t he t r ee s e em s t o h ave t aken p lace i n t he c en tra l t r ack . A f ea ture o f t he n or thern s i te s , e spec ia l ly WA , w a s t he u se o f c hunky r ad ia l o ak p lank s a s p eg s ( board p eg s ) t o h o ld d own t he r a i l ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 2 7) , a nd t he r i ng p a t tern s f rom a n umber o f t hese w ere c ros sma tched i n to t he c hrono logy . D e sp i te t he ir d ifferen t f unc t ion , i t i s c l ea r t ha t t hey o r ig ina ted i n t he s ame t r ee s a s t he p lank s u sed f or t he w a lkway , a nd f orm p a r t o f t he who le a s semb lage . T hey w ere n o t r eu sed f rom a no ther s t ruc ture , d e sp i te t he f ac t t ha t s o me h ad s uperf luou s h o le s a t o ne e nd . I t i s p robab le t ha t t hey e i ther r epre sen ted s urp lu s r equ iremen t s , p u t t o g ood u se ( t hough t hey mu s t h ave b een p u t i n p lace b efore t he s urface p lank s , s o c ou ld n o t t hen h ave b een a s sumed t o b e s urp lu s ) , o r t ha t t hey w ere b roken d ur ing manufac ture . I t w a s n o ted t ha t t here w a s a n e xce s s o f p lank ing l y ing a round t he t r ack wh ich c ou ld n o t a l l b e emp loyed a s t he w a lk ing s urface ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 ) . T here w ere s evera l r ea son s p u t f orwa rd : t he p l ank ing w a s u nu sed i n t he P o s t t r ack a nd l e f t l y ing a bou t , s t ock-p i le s w ere a bandoned b e s ide t he t r ack , o r p lank s wh ich w ere d amaged o r d i s lodged w ere r ep laced . S ome t ime s t he p lank s w ere i n d oub le t h ickne s se s . I t i s c l ea r t ha t t here w a s n o s hor tage o f t r ee s o r p lank s a t l e a s t a t t he n or th e nd o f t he t r ack . D e scr ip t ion s o f t he t r ee-r ing a na ly se s i nd iv idua l s i te ( r unn ing f rom s ou th t o n or th ) s amp le s r eferred t o a ppear s i n Append ix 1 .

o f o ak f o l low .

SWB ( Bur t le ) : n o t r ee-r ing s amp le s w ere c o l lec ted t e rm ina l o f t he t r ack ( Co le s , H ibber t a nd O rme 1 973 ) .

f rom

p lank s f rom e ach A s u mma ry o f t he

t h i s

r a ther d ecayed

SWC ( Cover ) : t he 1 9m s i te r evea led a r a ther d i s in tegra ted s t re tch o f t r ack i n p oor c ond i t ion , w i th l i t t le p lank ing ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 ) . I t p roduced o n ly 2 1 o ak s amp le s , o f wh ich 8 w ere s ub s tan t ia l e nough t o b e t e rmed p lank s . F ive ( SWC 9 , 2 3 , 4 6 , 1 34 , 1 58 ) w ere t angen t ia l ly s p l i t a nd o n ly SWC 1 20 w a s r ad ia l . T hu s ow ing t o t he p re sence o f f ew r i ng s a nd t o d ecay , o n ly 2 p lank s w ere s u i tab le f or mea suremen t . SWC 2 3 w a s p a r t o f t he s ame p lank a s SWD 6 6 a t t he s ou th e nd o f t he a d jo in ing D rove s i te ( Co le s a nd O rme

4 7

O rme 1 979 6 2 ) , 5 . 3m l ong , a nd SWC 1 20 w a s af ragmen t l y ing a t r i gh t a ng le s t o t he t r ack l i ne a bou t 2m f rom t he s ou th . T he c urve s f rom b o th p l ank s c ro s s- ma tched a t t he more r ecen t t he c hrono logy . SWC 1 20 w a s p ar t icu la r ly i mpor tan t i n t ha t i t p robab ly i t s e n t ire s apwood z one o f 2 5 r i ng s , a nd s panned y ear s 2 71 s ugge s t ing t ha t y ear 4 10 w a s i t s f e l l ing y ear ( s ub sequen t ly c onf irmed r oundwood f rom SWTG - F ig . 1 1 .9 ) .

e nd o f r e ta ined t o 4 10 , b y t he

SWD ( D rove ) : t he a d jacen t s t re tch t o t he n or th e x tended o ver 5 0m a nd w a s e xcava ted i n 1 977 ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 979 ) . I t w a s b e t ter p re served t han SWC b u t s t i l l w i th f ew p lank s . T he P o s t a nd Swee t t r ack f o l lowed t he s ame l i ne , t he f ormer r epre sen ted b y a s e r ie s o f s t ou t h aze l p o s t s a t a bou t 4m i n terva l s a nd s o me l ime r a i l s . 6 0 o ak p ieces w ere e xam ined , o f wh ich 2 7 w ere mea sured ; t he l a rge s t b oard wa s 1 80mm w ide a nd 5 0mm t h ick . Many w ere r ad ia l , b u t ag roup o f t angen t ia l ly s p l i t p lank s ( SWD 6 6 , 8 2 , 9 5 , 2 06 , 2 84 , 4 08 ) i nd ica ted t h e u se o f t r ee s o f s ma l l g i r th . Two r e ta ined p robab le s apwood - SWD 9 5 h ad i t s f u l l c omp lemen t o f 5 6 r i ng s , wh i le a s p l i t t r unk SWD 4 45 h ad p o s s ib le t r ace s , a l though i t s u nu sua l h a lved s e c t ion a nd v ery h a rd t ex ture l ed t o s u sp ic ion s t ha t i t wa s r e-u sed b og o ak . 3 5 c h ip s l y ing among t he t r ack t imber s , p robab ly r e su l t ing f rom w oodwork ing p roce s se s o n s i te , w ere e xam ined . 4 c on s i s ted a lmo s t e n t ire ly o f s apwood w i th b ark , a nd t e s t if ied t o w in ter f e l l ing b y t he c omp le te lyf ormed , o u termo s t g row th r i ng s . W i th a bou t 1 5 s apwood r i ng s ( Tab le 1 1 .4 ) , t hey p robab ly c ame f rom o ak s u nder 1 00 y ea r s o ld . T he D rove p lank s c ame f rom t r ee s wh ich d id n o t e xceed 1 50 y ear s i n a ge ; o n ly 1 6 p lank s h ad o ver 6 0 r i ng s , u p t o a max imum o f 10 . An a rea o f r e la t ive ly y oung t r ee s w a s c l ear ly b e ing e xp lo i ted t o make p lank s f or t h i s a rea o f t he t r ack , a nd t he ir i mma tur i ty i n t u rn s ugge s ted s ome p rev iou s c l ea rance i n t he a rea wh ich c rea ted t he c ond i t ion s f or t he ir g row th . T h i s y oung o ak wood land may h ave c overed t he s andy S hapw ick B ur t le o r c l o thed t he s l opes o f t he P o lden s . T here w a s n o e v idence f or t he u se o f l a rger t r ee s , t hough t he ir p re sence c ou ld n o t b e r u led o u t . B ecau se t he t r ee s w ere q u i te s ma l l , t angen t ia l s p l i t t ing w a s a dop ted t o make b e s t u se o f t he ir d iame ter . T ha t e ach p lank c overed t he who le r ad iu s o f t he t r ee w a s i nd ica ted b y t he c l o se ly c orre spond ing e nd y ea r s o f 8 o f t he 1 6 c ro s s- ma tched c urve s a round y ear 3 80 o f t he c hrono logy , a s s hown i n F ig . 1 1 .14 . On ly t wo t o f our p lank s w ere a va i lab le f rom e ach l eng th o f b o le , c ompared t o t he v ery many f rom a r ad ia l ly s p l i t t r unk . 1 5 o u t o f 1 9 mea sured s e r ie s c ro s s- ma tched i n to a 1 54 y ea r f r amework , l a ter e x tended b y t he ma tch ing o f SWD 9 5 t o 1 83 y ear s ( F ig . 1 1 .14 ) . T he c urve s s panned y ear s 2 31 t o 4 13 o f t he S wee t ma s ter c hrono logy . 7 s amp le s w i th s hor t r i ng s e r ies l a y e a r ly i n t he d a t ing f ramework , a nd p robab ly r epre sen ted t he wood f rom i n s ide t he s ame t r ee s a s t he l a ter c urve s ; e . g . SWD 4 18 c ou ld b e t he i nner t r unk f rom t he s ame t r ee a s SWD 2 9 1 , wh ich o r ig ina ted i n t he o u ter t r unk . 4 8

T he D rove ma s te r ( i nc lud ing t he 4 F ac tory s i te p lank s d i scu s sed b e low ) m a tched t he R a i lway s i te ma s ter w i th a t v a lue o f 6 . 75 ; t he ir o ver lap i s s hown i n F ig . 1 1 .9 . T he s im i la r i ty w a s n o t h igh b e tween t he v ery n a rrow a nd q u i te u n iform r i ng s o f t he l a s t c en tury o f t he R a i lway ma s ter ( ow ing t o t h e t r ee s ' g rea t a ge ) a nd t he v igorou s a nd r ap id g row th r a te o f t he y oung D rove t r ee s . SWF ( Fac tory ) : t h i s s t re tch o f 5 6m w a s e xcava ted i n 1 970-72 ( Co le s , H ibber t a nd O rme 1 973 ) where t he t r ack w a s o r ig ina l ly d i scovered . T he s t ruc ture w a s n o t d e l ibera te ly s amp led f o r t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s , b u t s e c t ion s o f 5 p lank s b ecame a va i lab le s ub sequen t ly . F our w ere m ea sured , w i th 7 3-124 r i ng s a nd a lmo s t i den t ica l g row th p a t tern s ; t hey a l so ma tched v ery w e l l w i th t he D rove a s semb lage a nd s panned y ea r s 2 59 t o 3 84 . T hey w ere t hu s i nc luded i n t he D rove ma s ter c hrono logy a nd p robab ly o r ig ina ted i n t r ee s f rom t he s ame s ource . SWGB : i n t h i s k ey a r ea o f t he S hapw ick H ea th N a ture R e serve , a 2m t r ia l t r ench ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 ) s upp l ied o n ly o ne p l ank w i th 4 3 r i ng s , i n suff ic ien t i n l e ng th t o p rov ide a u n ique c ro s s-ma tch w i th t he ma s ter c h rono logy . I t s v e ry w ide r i ng s a nd a t en ta t ive ma tch s ugge s ted a n e a r ly p o s i t ion . I t c er ta in ly d id n o t m a tch t he t yp ica l s ou thern p a t tern f rom s i te s C /D/F . SWGZ : 1 0 o ak p i ece s f r om t h i s 2m t r ench a t t he n or th e nd o f t he s ame f i e ld ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 ) i n c luded 6 p lank s ( one t angen t ia l a nd 2 t h ick s e conda ry s p l i t s ) . G row th r i ng s w ere w ide , a nd o n ly 2 p l ank s w ere m ea sured a nd c ro s s-ma tched b e tween y ea r s 2 23 a nd 3 13 o f t he c hrono logy , t hu s c onform ing t o t he n or thern p a t tern f rom a ged o ak s r a ther t han t he s ou thern p a t tern . T he c hange b e tween t he t wo t r ee t ype s mu s t t hen h ave t aken p lace , whe ther g radua l ly o r a brup t ly , i n f i e ld G s ou th o f s i te GZ b u t n or th o f s i te F . SWKD : t h i s 1 . 5m t r ia l t r ench ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 ) r evea led 3 p lank s . Two ma tched w i th in y ea r s 1 83-358 o f t he c hrono logy ( SWKD 4 a nd 3 2 ) , wh i le SWKD 1 ma tched a t y ea r s 2 51-304 , w i th v ery w ide r i ng s . SWQD : c l ea r e v idence o f t he P o s t t r ack s ome 2 . 5m w e s t o f S wee t c ame f r om t h i s 3m t r ench i n t h e n o r the rn f i e ld o f t he R e serve ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 ) . On ly o ne p l ank f rom t he S wee t t r ack w a s m ea sured a nd ma tched e a r ly i n t he c h rono logy ( SWQD 3 6 ) . SWQV : t h i s c omp lex a rea o f a lmo s t 4m w a s l a rge ly f i l led w i th l ime p lank s ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 ) ; o n ly o ne o ak p lank w a s p a r t ia l ly m ea sured a nd c ou ld b e ma tched e a r ly i n t he c hrono logy ( SWQV 4 2 ) . SWQZ : t h i s c on t inua t ion o f SWQV t o t he n or th e dge o f t he f i e ld , t hu s a bu t t ing t he R a i lway s i te , e x tended o ver 1 0m , b u t c ou ld n o t b e o pened f a r t o e i ther s i de t o t r ace t he P o s t t r ack , o w ing t o t he w ood land c over ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 ) . O f 1 3 s amp le s , 8 w ere m ea sured a nd a l l c ro s s-ma tched i n t he e a r l ier p a r t o f t he s e r ie s b e tween c . yea r s 5 0 a nd 3 00 . A f ur ther i n s i tu

4 9

p l ank 3 30mm w ide d ecayed f o r s t udy .

( SWQZ

2 2 )

w a s

t angen t ia l ly

s p l i t ,

b u t

u nfor tuna te ly

t oo

Two o f t he p lank s ( SWQZ 1 45 a nd 1 46 ) l a y 1m w e s t o f t he S wee t l i ne a s soc ia ted w i th a l ime p lank o f t he P o s t t r ack . T hey c ro s s-ma tched a s p a r t o f t he S wee t a s semb lage , a nd a re t he o n ly e v idence • s o f a r o f c on tempora ry o ak p l ank s a s soc ia ted w i th t he P o s t t r ack . H owever i t i s n o t k nown whe ther t hey w ere a n i n tegra l p a r t o f t he s t ruc ture o r whe ther , f or e xamp le , t hey f l oa ted o ff t he S wee t i n f l ood ing . N or c ou ld i t b e p roved t ha t t hey w ere f rom t r ee s f e l led a t t he s ame t ime , i n t he a b sence o f s apwood . SWR ( Ra i lway ) : t h i s ma jor s i te d ug i n 1 973-74 ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 976 ) , i n t he c en tre o f t he t r ackway , e x tended o ver 1 3 1 .5m , t hough e xpo sed i n 6m s t re tche s . S amp l ing o f t he o ak w a s e x ten s ive , t hough d id n o t i nc lude s ma l l p i ece s a nd c h ip s . 1 68 s amp le s w ere e xam ined ( 162 o f wh ich a re l i s ted i n Append ix 1 ) w i th n umber s o f r i ng s u p t o 2 38 ( SWR R 45 ) ; c onve r s ion w a s a lmo s t e xc lu s ive ly r ad ia l w i th o n ly 3 i n termed ia te a nd 2 t angen t ia l p lank s . A t o ta l o f 1 33 c urve s w ere c ro s s-ma tched , s pann ing y ea r s 1 -357 o f t he c hrono logy ( o r ig ina l ly 3 14 y ea r s b u t e x tended a t e i ther e nd b y t he a dd i t ion o f f ur ther ma ter ia l ) . A l l u nma tched s amp le s h ad l e s s t han 6 4 r i ng s . T he s pan ' o f t h e c hrono logy a nd n umber s o f r i ng s s ugge s ted a n o r ig in f or t he p lank s i n t r ee s o ver 4 00 y ea r s o ld ( a l low ing f o r s apwood ) . S evera l p l ank s o ver 3 00mm w ide i nd ica ted t r ee s w i th a m in imum d iame ter o f 7 00mm ; w i th t he a dd i t ion o f a t l e a s t 1 00mm f or m i s s ing s apwood a nd more f o r a b sen t h ea r twood , t he t r ee s m ay h ave e xceeded Im i n d iame ter . T he a verage r i ngw id th o f t h e 4 10 y ea r c hrono logy , 1 . 28mm , mu l t ip l ied b y 4 10 , g ive s ar ad iu s o f 5 30mm f or t he t r ee s . N o s apwood w a s t r aced o n a ny o f t he p l ank s , n or d id a ny c urve s e x tend l a te e nough t o e xpec t a ny ; t he p l ank s f or t h i s a rea w e re v ery t horough ly t r immed , c ompa red t o s i te TG t o t h e n or th ( wh ich h ad 3 w i th s apwood o u t o f at o ta l h a lf a s g rea t ) . SWSA ( Sou th D ra in ) : t h i s r e scue s i te o f 8m w a s d ug i n 1 979 , p r ior t o w iden ing o f t he ma jo r w a terway wh ich c u t s a c ro s s t he t r ack . T he s t ruc ture w a s a l so d i s tu rbed b y a nc ien t d i tche s ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 2 4 ) . 2 8 o ak s amp le s i n c luded 7 p lank s , 1 s t ray f r agmen t s , 2 p o s s ib le r a i l s a nd 6 r a i l o r b oa rd p eg s , a w ider r ange o f f unc t ion s t han i s u sua l i n o ak . T he p l ank s w ere 7 0-240mm w ide , a s w e l l a s ac omp le te ly d ecayed v ery t h in p l ank 3 20mm w ide ( SWSA 1 ) , a nd t hey h ad b e tween 3 6 a nd 2 43 r i ng s . T he r i ng-w id th s o f 9 p l ank s w ere m ea sured a nd c ro s s-ma tched ( Append ix 1 ) , i n i t ia l ly e x tend ing t he ma s ter c hrono logy a t t he s t a r t a nd e nab l ing s ome o f t he e a r l ier p l ank s f r om s i te R t o b e i n c luded ( F ig . 1 1 .9 ) . T he 9 c urve s s panned y ea r s 1 4 t o 2 79 o f t he c h rono logy . F our b oa rd p eg s ( SWSA 9 , 18 ,2 1 a nd 6 9 ) w e re i nc luded i n t he t imber s ; t hey w ere c hunky r ad ia l ly s p l i t p i ece s u sed t o h o ld d own t he r a i l , af unc t ion o n ly f ound o n t he n or thern t r ack ( s i te s TG a nd WA ) . T hey w ere s p l i t f rom t he s ame t r ee s a s t he p lank s f or t he w a lk ing s urface a nd i nd ica te t ha t r oundwood w a s n o t v i ta l f or u se a s p eg s . 5 0

SWTG ( Turba ry ) : t h i s s i te w a s t he l onge s t s t re tch o f t r ack e xpo sed a t o nce ( 59m ) , where i t c ro s sed a p a s ture f i e ld , a nd wa s t h rea tened w i th d ry ing o u t t h rough d ra inage . S evera l u nu sua l f ea ture s w ere e xpo sed a l ong t he t r ack wh ich h ad n o t b een n o ted e l sewhere , s uch a s b i rch a nd o ak t r an sver ses b enea th t he r a i l , t r ip le r a i l s , a nd a g roup o f a sh p lank s o n t he w a lk ing s urface ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 2 4-25 ) . T he se w ere t hough t t o b e a dap ta t ion s t o a p a r t icu la r ly w e t a rea . T here w a s much o ak p lank ing , more t han n eeded f or t he w a lk ing s urface , a nd s o me s t i l l i n s i tu . No d ef in i te e v idence o f t he P o s t t r ack w a s f ound . T ree-r ing s amp l ing f rom t he s i te w a s e x ten s ive ; s o me o f t he i n s i tu p lank s w ere l o s t t o d ecay , b u t a s w e l l a s 8 2 o ak c h ip s o r f ragmen t s , t here w ere 7 9 p iece s o ver 8 0mm w ide , u p t o a max imum o f 3 35mm ( SWTG 3 95 ) . T he ma jor i ty o f p lank s w ere r ad ia l ly s p l i t w i th o n ly 3 t angen t ia l ( SWTG 3 78 , 5 45 a nd 1 061) . Ou t o f 6 9 r i ng-w id th c urve s u p t o 3 40+ y ea r s l ong ( t he u ncer ta in ty i s d ue t o t he d iff icu l ty o f a ccura te ly m ea sur ing t he r i ng s o f SWTG 3 79 ) , 6 3 w ere c ro s s- ma tched w i th t he ma s ter c hrono logy b e tween y ea r s 1 4 a nd 3 86 ( F ig . 1 1 .9 a nd Append ix 1 ) . T hey i nc luded 3 p lank s w i th r emnan t s o f s apwood ( SWTG 3 79 , 1 064 a nd 1 092 - T ab le 1 1 .4 a nd F ig . 1 1 .18 ) . One o f t he t angen t ia l p lank s , SWTG 3 78 , l a y i n s i tu o n t op o f t he r a i l , p ara l le l t o a nd s l igh t ly o n t op o f SWTG 3 79 a t 3 8-43m ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 F ig . 4 3 , e qu iva len t t o p lank n umbered 1 73 ) . I t i s u nfor tuna te t ha t t h i s p lank 's me thod o f c onver s ion l e f t o n ly 3 8 r i ng s t o b e r ecorded , t oo f ew t o c ro s s-ma tch w i th t he c hrono logy . I t c anno t t hu s b e d e term ined whe ther t h i s p lank w a s c on tempora ry w i th t he o ther o ak p lank s , o r whe ther i t r epre sent ed a s ub sequen t a dd i t ion o r r epa ir . Mo s t o f t he SWTG p lank s e nded i n t he m idd le y ear s o f t he c hrono lo gy , a round 1 50-300 ( F ig . 1 1 .13 ) a nd o r ig ina ted i n a ged o ak s o ver 3 00 y ear s o ld . I n a dd i t ion t o t he p lank ing , a g roup o f o ak r oundwood s amp les w ere e xam ined ; a par t f rom a f ew p eg s a t s i te D , o ak w a s h a rd ly e ver u sed i n t he t r ack i n t h i s f orm . 2 9 p iece s w ere f ound o n s i te TG u sed a s t r an sver se s ( a l o ca l f ea ture ) , p egs , r a i l s a nd f or o ther u nknown f unc t ion s . T hey a veraged 9 4mm i n d iame ter a nd 4 9 y ear s i n a ge , t hus b e ing much more s ub s tan t ia l t han t he p o le s u sua l ly u sed f or p eg s a nd r a i l s ( s ee C hap ter I V ) . T he amoun t o f s apwood c ompa red t o t he a ge o f t he t r ee s u sed i s i lu s tra ted i n F ig . 1 1 .16 . I n c ompa r i son w i th t he r e su l t s p re sen ted b y H i l lam e t a l ( 1987 ) f rom e l sewhere , t he se d a ta s how a h igh a verage o f 2 9 y ea r s f or s apwood , f or t r ee s a ged 4 0-70 y ea r s . One s t em 4 6 y ear s o ld c on s i s ted e n t ire ly o f s apwood . T he se w ide s apwood z one s r e semb le t ho se f ound among I r on Age p o s t s o f s im i lar s i ze a nd a ge f rom F i sker ton , L inc s , d e scr ibed b y H i l lam ( 1985b ) . I n c ompar i son , t he c h ip s f rom s i te D l i s ted i n T ab le 1 1 .4 h ad a round 1 5 s apwood r i ng s , s ugge s t ing a n o r ig in i n e ven y ounger t r ee s . O f t he 2 9 c hrono logy ( l i s ted

r oundwood p iece s , 1 9 i n T ab le 1 1 .5 ) ; t he ir 5 1

w ere c ro s s- ma tched i n to 7 1 r e la t ion sh ip i s i lu s tra ted i n

y ea r F ig .

1 1 .17 . S ince a l l b u t t h ree e x tended t o t he i r b a rk c on s idered e qu iva len t t o t he y ea r o f c u t t ing o f t he t r ee s .

s urface ,

y ea r

7 1

w a s

SWWA ( Wa l lway ) : t he mo s t n or ther ly e xpo sure o f t he S wee t t r ack l a y 2 50m n or th o f s i te TG a nd s ome 4 00m s ou th o f t h e We s thay ' i s land ' , w here t he n or thern t e rm ina l o f t he t r ack mu s t b e s i tua ted . T he s i te w a s d ug o ver 1 0m i n 1 980 , r evea l ing t he u sua l s t ruc ture b u t w i th f ewer o ak p lank s t han u sua l . O ak w a s a l so u sed f or a n umber o f h eavy b oa rd p eg s , a nd a spen a nd w i l low w ere more w ide spread ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 2 7-28 ) . 3 9 o ak t r ee-r ing s amp le s i n c luded 2 3 a bove 8 0mm w ide , u p t o a max imum o f 3 40mm ( SWWA 4 ) , o ne o f t he w ide s t p lank s i n t he e n t ire t r ack . Mo s t w ere r ad ia l ly s p l i t , w i th 5 t angen t ia l s , o f wh ich 3 w ere b oa rd p eg s ( SWWA 3 9 , 4 0 , 4 1 , 7 3 a nd 8 0 ) . R ing-w id th s w ere r ecorded s pann ing 4 9-221 y ea r s o n 2 1 s amp le s . T hey w ere c ro s s-ma tched l a rge ly i n t he f i r s t h a lf o f t he c hrono logy , i nd ica t ing a n o r ig in i n t he i nner p a r t s o f t he t r ee s . Two b oa rd p eg s w ere i nc luded i n t h e g roup .

1 1 .1 .3 .4

S apwood

T he p re sence o f s apwood o n s ome o f t he p l ank s w a s o f p r ime i mport ance i n i n terpre ta t ion o f t h e f e l l ing d a te o f t he t r ee s a nd t he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t he p lank s ( s ee s e c t ion I . 1 .1) . N o t r ace o f s apwood w a s f ound o n p lank s f rom s i te R , a nd i t w a s a s sumed t o h ave d ecayed , b een l o s t i n u se o r b een r endered i nd i s t ingu i shab le b y t he b lack d i sco lou ra t ion f rom t he p ea t . S apwood w a s t hen f ound o n s ome Mea re H ea th t r ack p lank s ( s ec t ion 1 1 .2 ) , a nd o n o ne t angen t ia l p l ank f r om s i te D ( SWD 9 5 ) , b u t i t s r i ng p a t tern c ou ld n o t a t t ha t s t age b e c ro s s-ma tched i n to t he c hrono logy . F rom t he s ame s i te c ame s ome c h ip s c on s i s t ing a lmo s t e n t ire ly o f s apwood , wh ich s ugge s ted t ha t t he s apwood w a s b e ing t r immed o ff t h e p l ank s , o n s i te , d ur ing c on s t ruc t ion . S ub sequen t ly t h ree p lank s w i th s apwood w ere f ound o n s i te TG ( 379 , 1 064 a nd 1 092 ) , a nd t he mo s t i mpor tan t d i scovery w a s made o n s i te C i n 1 982 o f ap lank ( SWC 1 20 ) w i th wha t a ppea red t o b e i t s e n t i re s apwood z one c omp le te ly p re served o u t t o t he b a rk s urface ( r ecogn i sed b y t he s moo th s u rface a nd c on t inuou s o u ter r i ng ) . T he p lank w a s a s ma l l s t ray p iece l y ing t o t he w e s t o f t he t r ack l i ne , 1 70mm w ide a nd 8 00mm l ong . T h i s v i ta l l i nk i n t he c hrono logy-bu i ld ing p roce s s h ad b een s ough t f or 1 0 y ea r s a nd i n t he e xam ina t ion o f s ome 5 50 o ak p i ece s f rom t he t r ack . T he d i scovery o f o n ly 5 p l ank s w i th s apwood o u t o f o ver 2 70 m ea sured i nd ica ted t ha t i t w a s b e ing t horough ly a nd d e l ibera te ly r emoved d u r ing p lank manufac ture , a nd t ha t i t s p roper t ie s o f a t t rac t ing i n sec t a t tack a nd b e ing l e s s d urab le w ere p robab ly w e l l a pprec ia ted . T he s amp le s w i th s apwood a re l i s ted i n T ab le 1 1 .4 . P lank SWC 1 20 ma tched t he l ong c hrono logy b e tween a rb i t ra ry y ea r s 2 71 a nd 4 10 ( t = 4 . 15 ) , i nd ica t ing t he f e l l ing o f a t l e a s t t h i s t r ee i n y ea r 4 10/4 11 . A s pan o f t wo y ea r s mu s t b e g iven , s i nce t he t r ee c ou ld h ave b een f e l led a ny t ime a f ter t he c omp le t ion o f t he r i ng f or y ea r 4 10 i n a bou t S ep tember u n t i l t he s t a r t o f g row th f or y ea r 4 11 i n a bou t May . T he t h ree p l ank s w i th s apwood f rom s i te TG s uppor t t h i s f e l l ing d a te j udg ing b y t he ir 5 2

y ea r s o f t r an s i t ion t o s apwood . T h i s l i e s i n y ea r 3 60 f o r SWTG 3 79 , av ery a ged a nd n a r row-r inged t r ee wh ich w ou ld h ave h ad a h igher t han a verage n umber o f s apwood r i ng s , a n a s sumed 5 0 b e ing v ery r ea sonab le a nd w i th in t he 1 0-55 y ea r s pan i d en t if ied b y H i I lam , Mo rgan a nd T yer s ( 1987 ) . T he t r an s i t ion y ea r t o s apwood f or SWTG 1 064 i s y ea r 3 77 , wh ich w ou ld a l low 3 3 s apwood r i ng s t o t he f e l l ing d a te , a nd t he t r an s i t ion f or SWTG 1 092 i s 3 56 , a l low ing 5 4 s apwood r i ng s . A b a r d iagram o f t he s apwood s amp le s o n ly ( F ig . 1 1 .18 ) i lu s t ra te s t he se p o in t s . S ub sequen t r e -exam ina t ion o f t angen t ia l p l ank SWD 9 5 , wh ich h ad s ome s apwood , r e su l ted i n c ro s s-ma tch ing o f i t s 9 0 r i ng s o ver t he p er iod 3 24-413 o f t he f l oa t ing s ca le . I t a l so h ad a w ide s apwood z one a t 5 6 r i ng s a nd p robab ly d id n o t e x tend t o t he b a rk s u rface . I t s r i ng p a t tern t hu s e x tended a t l e a s t 3 y ea r s b eyond t he c u t t ing d a te s o f SWC 1 20 , a nd t he SWTG r oundwood m ean a l ready d i scu s sed a nd i lu s t ra ted i n F ig . 1 1 .18 . T h i s s ugge s ted t he u se o f w ood i n t he t r ackway wh ich w a s f e l led s ome y ea r s a f ter t he ma jor i ty o f t r ee s , a nd p robab ly a f ter i t s c on s t ruc t ion ; s ome l a ter a c t iv i ty w a s c onf irmed b y a sh p lank s f rom SWTG wh ich w ere f e l led a t l e s t 7 y ear s l a ter ( s ec t ion 1 1 .1 .5 ) a nd h aze l p eg s a bou t 8 y ea r s l a ter ( s ec t ion I V .3 ) . T he b a rk s u rface w a s n o t p re served o n s uff ic ien t s amp le s t o b e s ure whe ther t h i s r epre sen ted o ne e p i sode o f t ho rough r epa i r t o t he t r ack , o r i n term i t ten t r unn ing r epa ir s e very y ea r o r t wo . I t i s p o s s ib le t ha t t he t h ree SWTG p l ank s w i th p a r t ia l s apwood w e re a l so f rom t r ee s f e l led l a ter t han SWC 1 20 , s i nce o n ly t he b a rk s urface c an d ef ine t he f e l l ing d a te t o t he e xac t y ea r . T he h igh n umber o f s apwood r i ng s o n SWD 9 5 s ugge s ted a n o r ig in i n a r e la t ive ly ma tu re o ak w h ich w ou ld b e u nu sua l a t t he s ou thern e nd o f t he t r ack . T he p lank l a y t r an sver se ly o n t he r a i l s a t a round 9m ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 979 F ig . 4 2 ) . C onf idence i n y ea r 4 10 b e ing t he f e l l ing y ea r o f mo s t o f t he t r ee s a nd c l o se t o t he t r ack ' s c on s t ruc t ion d a te c ame f rom a s ource a dd i t iona l t o t he o ne SWC p lank . T he 7 1 y ea r c hrono logy b a sed o n 1 9 r oundwood s amp le s f rom s i te TG ( F ig . 1 1 .17 ) , mo s t o f wh ich e x tended o u t t o t he b a rk s urface , w a s c ompa red t o t he t r ack ma s ter c urve a nd t o t he i nd iv idua l p lank c urve s w i th s apwood . I t a l so w a s f ound t o e nd i n y ea r 4 10 , t he s ame a s p lank SWC 1 20 . C ompu ter-ba sed s t a t i s t ica l c ompa r i son s c onf irmed t he ma tch , w i th t v a lue s o f 3 . 8 w i th t he t r ack ma s ter , 4 . 5 w i th SWC 1 20 a nd 5 . 4 w i th SWD 9 5 ( Tab le 1 1 .6 ) . T hu s t he y oung t r ee s u sed a t s i te TG w ere c u t d own i n t he s ame w in ter a s t he l a rge o ak s f or t he p l ank s ( F ig . 1 1 .9 ) . T he d ef in i t ion o f t he f e l l ing d a te , a nd t hu s t he e nd y ea r o f t he o ak c hrono logy , w a s v e ry i mpor tan t f or s evera l r ea son s . F ir s t ly i t w a s n ece s sa ry t o l i nk t o t r ee-r ing i n fo rma t ion f rom o ther w ood s pec ie s u sed i n t he t r ack , mo s t o f wh ich w e re o f r oundwood e x tend ing t o t he ir b a rk s urface . H i ther to , n o c onnec t ion c ou ld b e d emon s tra ted b e tween t he r oundwood s amp le s o f h aze l , a sh a nd o ther s pec ie s ( Chap ter I V ) , mo s t ly u nder 5 0 y ea r s o f a ge , a nd t he o ak p lank s f r om w h ich a n u nknown amoun t h ad b een l o s t f rom t he o u t s ide . N o o ver lap w ou ld h ave e x i s ted u n t i l t he l a s t d ecade s o f t he o ak c hrono logy w ere r eco rded . I t i s n ow p o s s ib le t o c ompa re t he r e su l t s o f a l l s pec ie s a nd a s se s s t he p o ten t ia l f o r c ro s s-ma tch ing b e tween t hem . T h i s h a s

5 3

e nab led among o ther t h ing s t he ma tched w i th t he o ak c hrono logy .

a sh

c hrono logy

( s ec t ion

1 1 .1 .5 )

t o b e

c ro s s-

T he s e cond ma jor i mp l ica t ion o f d ef in ing t he e nd o f t he c hrono logy i s t he p rec i s ion w i th wh ich t he f e l l ing o f t he t r ee s f or t he t r ack 's c on s t ruc t ion c an b e d a ted . W i th o n ly p a r t ia l s apwood , a d a te r ange o f u p t o 4 5 y ea r s wou ld b e n ece s sary ( H i l lam e t a l 1 987 ) ; w i th c omp le te s apwood , t he p rec i se f e l l ing y ea r c an b e d e term ined . T he d a t ing o f t he ma s ter c hrono logy w i l l n ow b e c on s idered .

1 1 .1 .3 .5

R ad ioca rbon d a t ing

R ad iocarbon d a te s h ave b een o b ta ined f rom p eg s o f i mma ture h aze l a nd a sh r oundwood u sed i n t he t r ack a nd f rom t he p ea t s urround ing t he t r ack . T hey i nd ica ted a d a te o f a round 3 100-3200 b c ( Append ix 9 ; O rme 1 982 ) , t hough s ome p ea t d a te s w ere r a ther more r ecen t a t c . 2 900 b c ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 979 5 5 ) . T he g enera l d a t ing i s c orrobora ted a rchaeo log ica l ly b y t he d i scovery o f a n umber o f f i ne w a re c a r ina ted b ow l s a nd o f f l in t a nd j ade i te a r tefac t s s t ra t if ied among t he t r ack t imber s ( K inne s i n C o les a nd O rme 1 979 5 2-54 ; C o le s a nd O rme 1 984 ) . T he 4 10 y ea r o ak t r ee-r ing c hrono logy o ffered t he o ppor tun i ty o f a ch iev ing e ven more p rec i se c a lendr ica l d a te s , b a sed o n t he r ad iocarbon d a t ing o f a s e r ie s o f r i ng s a nd t he ir s ub sequen t c a l ibra t ion . S uch s t ud ie s w ere p ioneered o n N eo l i th ic Sw i s s t r ee-r ing ma ter ia l ( Fergu son , Huber a nd S ue s s 1 966 ) a nd h ave s i nce b een c arr ied o u t o n s evera l o cca s ion s ( e .g . B eer e t a l 1 979 ; C ampbe l l e t a l 1 978 ; C lark a nd R enf rew 1 972 ) . B r ief ly , t he r ad ioca rbon r e su l t s f rom a s e r ie s o f s amp le s t aken f rom g row th r i ngs o f k nown r e la t ive a ge c an b e a s se s sed a nd p lo t ted , i n o rder t o c ompa re t o v a r ia t ion s i n t he l e ve l o f r ad iocarbon i n t he a tmo sphere . T he se f l uc tua t ion s h ave n ow b een c onf irmed b y t he r ad ioca rbon d a t ing o f d endro-da ted b r i s t lecone p ine s amp le s ( K le in , L erman , D amon a nd R a lph 1 982 ) a nd o ak s amp le s ( Pea r son a nd B a i l l ie 1 983 ; P ear son , P i lcher a nd B a i l l ie 1 983 ; P i lcher e t a l 1 984 ) . T he v a r ia t ion s o r " w igg le s " a l low a c l o se f i t t o b e made o f t he s e r ie s o f r ad iocarbon d a te s t o a s pan o f c a lendar y ear s , w i th much r educed s t andard d ev ia t ion , c ompa red t o t ha t a va i lab le f rom o ne d a te a l one . I n t he m id 1 970 ' s , t here w a s l i t t le p ro spec t o f a b so lu te d a t ing o f t he Swee t ma s ter c hrono logy , s i nce n o d a ted r eference c hrono log ie s e x i s ted a s f ar b ack a s t he f our th m i l lenn ium BC ( s ee P i lcher e t a l 1 977 , f or t he s i tua t ion t hen ) , s o a n a t temp t w a s made t o r un a s e r ie s o f r ad iocarbon d a te s f or c a l ibra t ion . T h i s w a s a imed a t d a t ing t he t r ack more c l o se ly w i th r educed s t andard d ev ia t ion . However , a t t ha t s t age t he c hrono logy c overed 3 14 y ea r s w i th n o s apwood , s o i t s e x ten t t owa rd s t he p resen t w a s t hen u nknown ; a s a r e su l t , i n suff ic ien t a l lowance w a s made f or a b sen t r i ng s . I t h a s s i nce b een e x tended b o th a t t he b eg inn ing a nd e nd , a nd i t s f i na l y ea r d ef ined . I n 1 975 r ad ioca rbon s amp le s w ere c u t f rom b lock s c over ing 1 5 r i ng s , f rom 4 0 y ear i n terva l s o f t he c hrono logy . 5 4

o f wood e ach A t Ha rwe l l , 5

o f t he 6 s amp les w ere s p l i t i n h a lf a nd r un t w ice , t hu s g iv ing a t o ta l o f 1 d a te s , o f wh ich 5 a re d up l ica te s . T he r e la t ive p o s i t ion s o f t hese a re i lu s tra ted i n F ig . 1 1 .19 a nd t he d e ta i l s g iven i n Append ix 8 . T hree o f t he p a ir s w ere r e la t ive ly c on s i s ten t , i n t he f our th ( HAR 1 479/1480 ) t he o ver lap w a s s l igh t a t o ne s t anda rd d ev ia t ion , wh i le t he f i f th p a ir ( HAR 1 477/1478 ) h ad a d i screpancy o f a lmo s t 1 000 y ea r s . When t he k nown g row th a l lowance s w ere a l so t aken i n to a ccoun t , a s i n T ab le 1 1 .7 , t he d a te s b ecame much more r ecen t a nd f e l l i n to l i ne w i th s ome o f t he more r ecen t p ea t d a te s o b ta ined f rom t he R ad iocarbon Un i t o f t he S co t t i sh Un iver s i t ies ' R e search a nd R eac tor C en tre a t E a s t K i lbr ide o f c . 2 600-2800 b c ( O rme 1 982 2 5 ) . I t i s n o t iceab le f rom F ig . 1 1 .19 t ha t t he Ha rwe l l a nd E a s t K i lbr ide d a te s t end t o b e more r ecen t t han t he C ambr idge d a te s ( ba sed b o th o n p ea t a nd i mma ture r oundwood ) . T he H a rwe l l d a te s h ave a l so p roved t o b e more r e cen t t han d a tes r un o n c on tempora ry t r ee-r ing ma ter ia l f rom o ther s ource s ( s ee s ec t ion 1 1 .1 .3 .6 ) . T he s e r ies o f d a te s w ere t hen e xam ined b y D r . R . M . C la rk ( t hen o f t he D epa r tmen t o f P robab i l i ty a nd S ta t i s t ic s , Un iver s i ty o f S heff ie ld ; n ow a t Mona sh Un iver s i ty , C lay ton , Au s tra l ia ) a s t e s t d a ta i n a n ew s t a t is t ica l me thod o f c a l ibra t ing s e r ie s o f d a te s f rom f l oa t ing t r ee-r ing c hrono log ie s ( C la rk a nd R enf rew 1 972 ; C la rk 1 975 ; C la rk a nd T homp son 1 979 ; C la rk a nd Morgan 1 983 ) . H e w a s a b le t o p inpo in t t he d a te r ange f or t he mo s t r ecen t r i ng o f t he c hrono logy ( a t t ha t t ime c . y ea r 3 50 o n t he f l oa t ing s ca le ) a t 3 525-3805 BC w i th in 9 5% c onf idence l im i t s ( C lark p er sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . W i th t he e x ten s ion o f t he c hrono logy t o 4 10 y ear s , t he r ange w a s e x tended t o 4 095-3825 BC f or t he s t ar t o f t he c hrono logy t o 3 685-3415 BC f or t he e nd o f t he c hrono logy ( i .e . t he f e l l ing o f t he t r ee s ) . T h i s w a s d one b y s t a t i s t ica l p lac ing o f t he s e r ie s o f d a te s i n t he ir p o s i t ion o f b e s t f i t w i th t he b r i s t leco ne p ine d a te s a s i lu s t ra ted i n F ig . 1 1 .20 .

1 1 .1 .3 .6

T ree-R ing D a t ing

T he f i na l s t age i n t he t r ee-r ing p roce s s w a s t o t r y t o f i nd t he a b so lu te d a te s t o wh ich e ach o f t he 4 10 g row th r i ng s o f t he S wee t c hronol o gy c orre sponded . T h i s c ou ld n o t e ven b e a t temp ted u n t i l c omp le t ion o f t he l ong o ak c hrono log ies b ack t o 5 289 BC f or Nor thern I r e land a nd 4 144 BC f or Germany ( P i lcher e t a l 1 984 ) . E ven t hen , t he g eograph ica l d i s tance s i nvo lved a nd t he p o s s ib i l i ty o f e nv ironmen ta l v a r ia t ion s w ere s o g rea t t ha t c ro s sma tch ing c ou ld n o t b e a n t ic ipa ted o r g uaran teed . A s a s t ep i n t he d i rec t ion o f a b so lu te d a t ing , c ompar i son s w ere made w i th t wo o ther E ng l i sh f l oa t ing c hrono log ie s f or wh ich r ad ioca rbon d a te s s ugge s ted a s im i lar t ime s pan . T he f i r s t o f t he se c ame f rom a g roup o f t r ee s f rom a s ubmerged f ore s t o n t he S omer se t s hore l ine a t S to lford ( F ig . 1 . 4 ) , a s soc ia ted w i th p ea t d epo s i t s ( Heywor th 1 978 ; H eywor th a nd K id son 1 982 ) . T hey w ere t hu s g row ing s ome 1 5km w e s t o f t he t r ee s u sed i n t he Swee t t r ack , b eh ind a c oa s ta l b a rr ier a t a bou t mean h igh w a ter mark ; t hey w ere p robab ly k i l led o ff b y t he r i s ing w a ter t ab le o r b y t he g radua l i n curs i on o f s a l t w a ter , a nd a re n ow b e ing e xpo sed o n t he b each b y c oa s ta l e ro s ion . T he r i ng s o f a bou t 8 t r ee s h ad b een mea sured ( Heywor th 1 978 ) , a nd 5 5

t wo ( t ree s 4 a nd 5 ) h ad b een t he s ub jec t o f i n ten s ive r ad ioca rbon d a t ing o f e very 1 0 r i ng s , w i th t he a im o f s t udy ing s hor tterm v a r ia t ion s i n r ad ioca rbon c oncen tra t ion ( Campbe l l a nd B ax ter 1 979 ) . T he ir t ime s pan w a s t hu s w e l l k nown . T he r i ng s e r ie s f rom e ach i nd iv idua l t r ee w a s c ompa red t o t he S wee t c hrono logy , a nd e xce l len t ma tche s w ere f ound b e tween t r ee s 2 a nd 3 a nd t he S wee t ( t = 7 . 8 ) . T he S to lford t r ee s l a rge ly l a cked s apwood ; t he ir r i ng p a t tern e x tended a t l e a s t 3 2 y ea r s a f te r t h e l a s t r i ng o f t he S wee t c hronol o gy a s s hown i n F ig . 1 1 .2 1 , s o a l low ing f or s apwood t hey p robab ly d ied s ome 4 0-80 y ea r s l a ter . Wh i le o ther S to lford t r ee s h ad s im i la r r ad ioca rbon a ge s , t he ir g row th p a t tern s c ou ld n o t b e m a tched ; o ther s d ied much l a ter . T he d i scovery o f t he e xac t t ime l a p se b e tween t he f e l l ing b u i ld t he S wee t t r ack a nd t he k i l l ing o f t r ee s o n t he c oa s t may i n ter l inked s e r ie s o f e ven t s i n t he a rea . C hange s i n t he d ra inage t he S omer se t L eve l s may h ave c au sed f l ood ing a nd t he n ece s s i ty t r ackway t o k eep o pen a r ou te a cro s s t he ma r sh , wh ich i n t u rn a ffec ted o r b een a ffec ted b y c hange s i n s ea l e ve l , t i da l r ange s t opography .

o f t r ee s t o s ugge s t a n p a t tern o f t o b u i ld a c ou ld h ave o r c oa s ta l

'T he s e cond f l oa t ing c hrono logy o f 5 71 y ea r s t o b e c ompa red w a s b a sed o n 2 7 t r ee s f ound i n r i ver g rave l s o f t h e T ren t a t C o lw ick n ea r N o t t ingham ( S a l i sbury e t a l 1 984 ) . Two r ad ioca rbon d a te s f rom s e lec ted r i ng s o f t h i s c hrono logy i nd ica ted i t s g enera l c on temporane i ty t o t he S wee t ( Tab le 1 1 .8 ) . C ompa r i son s howed a n e xce l len t p o s i t ion o f ma tch , w i th t he S wee t c hrono lo gy e nd ing i n y ea r 5 99 o f C o lw ick , t ha t i s 2 8 y ea r s l a ter ; t he ir r e la t ion sh ip i s s hown i n F ig . 1 1 .2 1 . T he 5 71 y ea r C o lw ick c hrono logy w a s made u p t o t wo i n terna l ly c on s i s ten t s e c t ion s o f 4 02 a nd 3 45 y ea r s , wh ich w ere c omb ined i n to o ne c hrono logy a s a r e su l t o f a /v a lue o f 4 . 4 a nd t he i r r ad ioca rbon d a te s ( F ig . 1 1 .21) . H owever s i nce t he f i r s t 2 00 y ea r s o f t he C o lw ick c h rono logy w ere u nconf i rmed a nd t h e l i nk w a s s l igh t ly t enuou s , t he t wo s e r ie s h ave b een c ompa red s epa ra te ly w i th t he S wee t . T he t v a lue o f 7 . 3 f o r t he m a tch w i th t he l a ter h a lf o f t he C o lw ick s equence ( Co lw ick 2 ) i s h igh , c on s ider ing t he g eograph ica l d i s tance b e tween t he g roup s o f t r ee s . T he T ren t o ak s a r e t hough t t o h ave b een w a shed d own s t ream f rom i t s h igher r eache s i n t he S t afford sh i re a rea a nd t o h ave g rown n ea r t he r i ver b ank s . T he c omponen t t r ee s r a re ly h ad much s apwood p re served o w ing t o e ro s ion , a nd w ere k i l led a t i n terva l s t h roughou t t he t ime s pan o f t he c hrono logy , s o n o c onc lu s ion s c an b e r eached o n t he e xac t d endrochrono log ica l r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween t he T ren t t r ee s a nd t he S wee t o ak s . T he ma tch o f t he C o lw ick 2 c hrono logy w i th S to lford t r ee s 2 a nd 3 i s l e s s a ccep tab le a t t= 3 . 0 ( F ig . 1 1 .2 1) a nd w ou ld n o t h ave b een c on s idered , h ad n o t t he S wee t c hrono logy l i nked t he g roup t oge ther . When c omb ined , t he t h ree c hrono log ie s p rov ided a more e x ten s ive s e r ie s o f r ad ioca rbon r e su l t s w h ich a re l i s ted i n c hrono log ica l o rder i n T ab le 1 1 .8 . G enera l ly t he C o lw ick a nd S to lford d a te s w ere r a ther e a r l ier t han t he

5 6

S wee t d a te s , a nd w hen c a l ibra ted s ugge s ted a n e nd d a te f or t he 6 31 t he c omb ined g roup o f c . 3880 BC ( P i lcher p er sona l c ommun ica t ion ) .

y ea r s o f

I t w a s f e l t t ha t t he t h ree c hrono log ie s t oge ther h ad a much g rea ter l i ke l ihood o f b e ing a b so lu te ly d a ted t han when c ompa red a l one , d e sp i te a ny l a ck o f s ucce s s a t p rev iou s a t temp t s t o c ro s s-ma tch w i th t he I r i sh l ong c hrono logy ( pr ior t o i t s a b so lu te d a t ing ) . T hey w ere t hu s c omb ined i n to a 6 31 y ea r N eo l i th ic ma s ter , a nd c ompa red s t a t i s t ica l ly a t B e lfa s t w i th t he I r i sh a nd G erman c hrono log ie s , w i th a h igh e xpec ta t ion o f s ucce s s i n v i ew o f t he l eng th a nd c on s i s tency o f t he f l oa t ing c hrono logy . H owever n o a ccept ab le r e su l t s emerged , e i ther f o r t he ma s ter o r t he i nd iv idua l s i te c hrono log i e s w i th t he d a ted r eference c hrono log ie s . T he / v a lue s , a l l o f l ow s i gn if icance , a re g iven i n T ab le 1 1 .9 . T he c hrono logy i s e xpec ted t o s pan a pprox ima te ly 4 5/4400 - 3 9/3800 BC . One f avou red p o s i t ion , w i th t he C o lw ick c hrono logy e nd ing i n 3 9 16 BC a nd t he S wee t c hrono logy i n 3 888 BC , e xh ib i ted p er iod s o f a ccep tab le v i sua l ma tch ing , b u t h a s s o f a r f a i led t o p rov ide a ny a ccep tab le / v a lue s . B o th g ive / v a lue s o ver 3 w i th G erman c hrono log ie s , b u t i n t he f o l low ing y ea r ( Tab le 1 1 .9 ) . A t temp t s t o c onf irm t h i s d a te h ave i n c luded b reak ing t he E ng l i sh a nd I r i sh s i te c h rono log ie s d own i n to 1 00 y ea r b lock s f or c ompa r i son . T he b e s t c onf i rma t ion c ome s w i th t he B lackwa ter One s i te c h rono logy ( s pann ing 4 230-3662 BC ; B a i l l ie e t a l 1 983 p . 1 75 ) . wh ich g ave a t v a lue o f 3 . 5 , wh i le t he o ther c omponen t s o f t he I r i sh ma s ter c hrono logy o ver t h i s p er iod m a tched l e s s w e l l . A t p re sen t t he refore t he E ng l i sh N eo l i th ic c hrono log ie s mu s t r ema in d a ted o n ly b y r ad ioca rbon , u n t i l f ur ther d a ta b ecome s a va i lab le w i th wh ich t o c onf i rm o r d eny t he s u spec ted a b so lu te d a te s . T he d iff icu l t ie s i n d a t ing s uch a l ong a nd w e l l-rep l ica ted c h rono logy a re n o t e a sy t o e xp la in e spec ia l ly when c ompa red t o r e su l t s f rom t he h i s tor ic p er iod ( Ba i l l ie 1 983a ; H i l lam 1 981a ) . G eograph ica l d i s tance m ay p l ay a p a r t , b u t c anno t b e c l a imed a s t he s o le r ea son f or t h e l a ck o f c ro s s-ma tch ing , s i nce g ood c or re la t ion s h ave a l ready b een f ound b e tween t he I r i sh c hrono logy a nd s i te c hrono log ie s f rom t he Durham a rea ( Swan C a r r ; B a i l l ie 1 983 ) , f rom S herwood F ore s t , No t t ing ham sh ire a nd M i ldenha l l F en , E a s t Ang l ia ( Ba i l l ie p er sona l c ommun ica t ion ) a nd t he G erman l ong c h rono log ie s ( P i lcher e t a l 1 984 ) . T he mo s t l i ke ly e xp lana t ion l i e s i n t he c ond i t ion s o f g row th o f t he t r ee s i nvo lved i n e ach c hrono logy . T he b og o ak s u sed i n t he I r i sh , Du rham a nd E a s t Ang l ian c hrono log ie s a re t hough t t o h ave g rown i n p ea t a nd b een b ur ied b y i t , wherea s t he E ng l i sh f l oa t ing c hrono log ie s a re p robab ly b a sed o n o ak s g row ing o n l ime s tone s l ope s i n S omer se t a nd o n a l luv ia l f l oodp la in s o f t he T ren t v a l ley . T he se v a ry ing e nv ironmen t s may h ave i n f luenced g row th s uff ic ien t ly t o ma sk a ny c ommon s i gna l i n t he ir p a t tern s o f w ide a nd n a r row r i ng s , e xcep t p erhap s o ver s hor t p er iod s o f t ime o r u nder e x t reme c ond i t ion s .

5 7

1 1 .1 .4

S p l i t l ime p lank s

A l l t he l ime p lank s i d en t if ied ( p robab ly T i l ia c orda ta M i ll . ) c ame f rom t he c en t ra l a nd s ou thern h a lf o f t he t r ack , l a rge ly f rom t he s i te s i n f i e ld Q ( F ig . I I .!) . A l l w ere t hough t t o b e a s soc ia ted w i th t he P o s t t r ack r a ther t han t he S wee t t r ack , a l though s ome w ere f ound i ncorpora ted i n t h e S wee t , s uch a s r a i l s a t s i te D ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 979 5 7 ) , a nd may h ave b een r eu sed . L ime s w ou ld p robab ly h ave g rown i n m ixed w ood land o n t h e h igher g round s ur round ing t he S omer se t L eve l s . T hey a re t hough t t o h ave b een much more c ommon i n t he N eo l i th ic t han t oday ; l ime p o l len t end s t o b e u nder-repre sen ted ( be ing i n p a r t i n sec t-po l l ina ted a nd d iff eren t ia l ly p re served ) . I t i s s ugge s ted ( Gre ig 1 982 ) t ha t T i l ia p ercen tage s i n p o l len a s semb lage s n eed t o b e mu l t ip l ied b y 8c ompa red t o t ho se o f Quercu s p o l len , t o a s se s s i t s o r ig ina l r o le i n t he w ood land c over . T h i s w ou ld i n t u rn s ugge s t t ha t r ough ly 2 5% o f t he f ore s t c on s i s ted o f l ime ( Ca se ld ine 1 984 ) , a nd t ha t i t w a s much more w ide spread t han h ad h i ther to b een t hough t . P o l len d iagram s a l ong t he S wee t t r ack i nd ica ted a f a l l i n l ime p o l len o n t he S hapw ick B ur t le ( Becke t t a nd H ibber t 1 978 ; B ecke t t 1 979 ) , a nd g enera l e v idence f or c l ea rance a t t he s ou thern e nd o f t he t r ack . T h i s w a s much l e s s p ronounced a t t he n or th e nd ( Ca se ld ine 1 984 ) . I t i s t hough t p o s s ib ly t o b e t he r e su l t o f f e l l ing o f l ime s o n t he B ur t le o r t he a d jacen t P o lden s , f o r u se i n t he s ou thern h a lf o f t he t r ack . L ime i s a p a le , s of t a nd l i gh t w ood , s u i tab le f or c a rv ing b u t n o t v ery d urab le . I t w ou ld n o t s e em i dea l ly s u i ted t o t r ackway b u i ld ing , b u t h a s b een f ound i n o ther p reh i s tor ic c on tex t s , s uch a s f o r f l oor ing i n t he N eo l i th ic s e t t lemen t o f T hayngen ( Guyan 1 977 ) . Two l ime b oa t s h ave b een f ound , o f Me so l i th ic d a te f rom T ybr ind V ig i n D enma rk ( Ander son 1 984 ) a nd o f t he f i r s t c en tury BC f rom H jor t spr ing i n S ch le sw ig ( Ed l in 1 973 ) . L ime w ood h a s o n ly o nce b efore b een u sed f or t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s -i n t he l a te m ed ieva l p er iod i t w a s s p l i t i n to p ane l s f or p a in t ing i n c en t ra l E urope , t hough n o r e su l t s o n i t s p o ten t ia l f or c ro s s-da t ing h ave y e t b een p ub l i shed ( K le in 1 979 ) . S amp le s o f l ime w ood w ere n o t c o l lec ted i n t he e a r ly s t age s o f t r eer i ng s t ud ie s o n t he S wee t t r ack , a t s i te R i n 1 973 . T he e a r l ie s t s amp le s c ame f rom t wo p lank s f rom P o s t t r ack c on tex t s a l ong s ide t he S wee t , i n f i e ld R ( a rea S X ) i n 1 974 ( F ig . 1 1 .22 ) . T he f i r s t r e su l t s o n t he l ime p l ank s ( de scr ibed i n Morgan 1 979 ) s ugge s ted t ha t t here w ere f ew d iff icu l t ie s i n m ea sur ing a nd ma tch ing t he g row th r i ng s , d e sp i te R ackham ' s o b serva t ion s o n t h e d i s tor ted g row th p a t tern s o f t h i s t r ee ( Rackham 1 980 , 2 42-43 ) . I n i t ia l ly , f i ve p lank s f r om s i te D p rov ided ma tch ing p a t tern s wh ich c ou ld b e l i nked t oge ther i n to a n 8 1 y ea r m ean c urve (Morgan 1 979 ) -s ome a re i lu s t ra ted i n F ig . 1 1 .23 . N o e v idence w a s f ound a t t h i s s t age o f t he o f ten l o ca l ly p re sen t a nd d i s to r ted r i ng s c ha rac ter i s t ic o f modern l ime . T he d i sco lou ra t ion o f t he w ood a ided t he d e term ina t ion o f t he r i ng b ounda r ie s , wh ich a re v ery i nd i s t inc t i n t he p a le w ood o f l i v ing l ime ( 1 1Gf ler a nd E l l ing 1 966 ) . 5 8

T he e ncourag ing e ar ly r e su l t s l e d t o f ur ther s amp l ing o f a l l l ime p l ank s o f s u i tab le s i z e , i n t he h ope o f b u i ld ing u p a d a t ing f r amework w i th w h ich t o l i nk a l l t h e s amp le s a l ong t h e t r ack a nd p erhap s t o e s tab l i sh t he r e la t ive d a te s o f t he P o s t a nd S wee t t r ack s . T h i s w a s n ever c on s ide red v ery l i ke ly h owever , s i nce l ime w a s a lmo s t c onf ined t o t he P o s t t r ack a nd i n a dd i t ion h a s n o r e cogn i sab le s apwood z one , s o i t s f e l l ing y ea r c anno t b e d e term ined u n le s s t h e b a rk s urface i s r e cogn i sed . I t s v a lue f or r e la t ive d a t ing i st hu s r educed a ccord ing ly . L ike o ak , l ime w a s r a re ly u sed a s r oundwood i n t he t r ack , a nd mu s t h ave b een e i ther c on s idered u n su i tab le f or p eg s a nd r a i l s o r v a lued f or s ome o the r p urpo se . Mo s t o f t he s amp le s w ere r ad ia l c h ip s a nd p l ank s , r ang ing i n w id th f r om 3 0 t o 2 20mm a nd o f ten i n c lud ing t he p i th , s ugge s t ing t ha t t hey r epre sen ted t he w ho le r ad iu s o f t he t r ee . T hey w ere l a rge ly 2 06 0mm t h ick . F our p l ank s w ere t angen t ia l , u p t o 1 70mm w ide . T hree o f t he w ide s t p l ank s w ere s p l i t r i gh t a cro s s t he t r ee , w i th t he p i th i n t he c en t re , t he l a rge s t b e ing s i te R SX30 ( F ig . 1 1 .22 ) a t 2 20mm w ide . D imen s ion s o f a l l t he p lank s a nd s ke tche s o f t he ir c ro s s-sec t ion s a re g iven i n Append ix 3 . T he t r ee s u sed f or t h e p l ank s l on ü s t r i ng s e r ie s b e ing 7 5 y ea r s ; mo s t t ha t s ome p lank s e x tended a lmo s t t o t h e r i ng s t h rough t r imm ing , t he f e l l ing o f p robab ly l e s s t han 8 0 i s s ugge s ted . d iame ter o f t he t r ee s d id n o t e xceed 2 00mm .

h ad n o t r eached a g rea t a ge , t he s amp le s h ad 4 0-60 r i ng s . A s sum ing b ark s urface a nd h ad n o t l o s t many t r ee s l e s s t han 1 00 y ea r s o ld a nd F rom t he o vera l l d imen s ion s , t he 3 50mm a nd w a s p robab ly n ea rer t o

A t o ta l o f 2 6 p lank s w e re m ea su red , a s l i s ted i n Append ix 3 , t he r ema inder h av ing t o o f ew r i ng s o r b e ing t oo d ecayed b y t he w a ter logged c ond i t ion s ( t he w ood w a s e x t reme ly s of t ) . R ing s r anged i n n umber f rom 2 1 t o 7 5 . C ro s s-ma tch ing r evea led t wo c l o se ly c or re spond ing g roup s , wh ich may h ave o r ig ina ted i n t h e s ame o r a d jacen t t r ee s ; o ne g roup o f 5 p lank s c ame f rom s i te D , a nd a no ther g roup o f 8 f rom s i te QD ( F ig . 2 8 i n C o le s a nd O rme 1 984 ) . T he se a re i lu s t ra ted i n t he ir r e la ted p o s i t ion s i n t he b a r d iagram , F ig . 1 1 .24 . I n a dd i t ion , t he re w ere p a i r s o r s ma l l g roup s o f p lank s wh ich t ended t o m a tch w e l l w i th in e ach i nd iv idua l s i te , b u t n o t a s w e l l w i th t he a s semb lage a s a who le . T h i s s ugge s t s , a l ong w i th t he e v idence o f t he u se o f q u i te s ma l l t r ee s , t ha t as i ng le t r ee m igh t p rov ide s evera l p lank s u sed i n e ach a r ea o f t h e t r ack . C ompu ter-ca lcu la ted t v a lue s b e tween t he ma tched c u rve s l i e b e tween 2 . 8 a nd 4 . 8 ; t he CROS p rogram w a s w r i t ten f or t he much l e s s s en s i t ive o ak , a nd w i th t he 5 y ea r s moo th ing may g ive l ower t v a lue s f or l ime b y c ompa r i son . T he b a rk s u rface w a s n o t r e cogn i sed o n a ny p lank - e ro s ion o f t he s of t w ood h ad p robab ly r emoved a l l t r ace e ven i f t r imm ing h ad n o t t aken p lace . T hu s n o f e l l ing d a te s c an b e d e term ined f or t he l ime t r ee s . I t i s n o t e ven p o s s ib le t o b e c er ta in t ha t a l l t he t r ee s w ere f e l led a t t he s ame t ime . H owever t he b a r d i agram ( F ig . 1 1 .24 ) s how s t ha t mo s t o f t he c urve s e nded w i th in t h e s ame t wo d ecade s , s ugge s t ing p rox im i ty t o t he g enera l y ea r o f f e l l ing . Many e nded a round a rb i t ra ry y ea r 8 0 , wh i le t he SWQD g roup

5 9

e x tended f ar ther t o l a ter t han t he o ther s .

a bou t

y ea r

9 5 ;

t h i s

t r ee

c ou ld

p o s s ib ly

h ave

b een

c u t

A mean c urve o f 9 7 y ear s w a s c a lcu la ted b y a verag ing 1 6 i nd iv idua l c urve s a nd t he v a lue s a re l i s ted i n T ab le I I .10 . The d a ta w ere c ompared w i th t he o ak a nd a sh mean c urve s i n t he h ope o f e s tab l i sh ing s ome r e la t ions h ip i n t he ir t ime s ca le s , b u t n o c orre spondence i n g row th p a t tern c ou ld b e f ound . L ime h a s a g rea ter y ear-to-year v ar ia t ion t han o ak o r a sh ( mean s en s i t iv i ty o f t he SWD l ime c urve i s 0 . 3159 , c ompared t o 0 . 145 f or t he SWR o ak c hrono logy o r 0 . 195 f or t he SWD o ak c hrono logy ) , a nd r e spond s t o a l a rge ly u nknown s e t o f c l ima t ic a nd e nv ironmen ta l v a r iab le s wh ich d o n o t a ppear t o c or re spond t o t ho se i n f luenc ing o ak a nd a sh . T he e v idence f rom t he l ime t r ee-r ing s t hu s s ugge s t s a h omogeneou s g roup o f p lank s s p l i t f rom a f ew t r ee s , p robab ly a l l f e l led a round t he s ame t ime , b u t a t a n u nknown t ime i n terva l t o t he o ak a nd a sh t r ee s u sed i n t he t r ack . Mo s t o f t he l ime w a s a s soc ia ted w i th t he P o s t t r ack , l y ing t o o ne s i de o r o ther o f t he Swee t , b u t s ome p iece s f ormed a n i n tegra l p a r t o f t he Swee t c on s truc t ion , s uch a s r a i l s ( SWD 2 02 , SWD 4 19 , SWGB 1 , SWQV 2 7 a nd SWQV 2 9 ) , a nd y e t c ro s s-ma tch i n to t he who le g roup . T hey w ere t hu s e i ther r eu sed f rom t he P o s t t r ack o r a l l c u t w i th in a v ery s hor t i n terva l o f y ea r s ' . T he 9 7 y ea r l ime c hrono logy i s t he f i r s t t o b e e s tab l i shed i n B r i ta in ; i t i nd ica te s t he v ar ia t ion i n t he g row th o f l ime f or t he c en tury p r ior t o t he Swee t 's c on s truc t ion , a nd d emon s tra te s t he s u i tab i l i ty o f l ime w ood when a va i lab le f or t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s .

6 0

1 1 .1 .5

S p l i t a sh p l ank s

A s w e l l a s l a rge a moun t s o f r oundwood u sed f or p eg s a nd r a i l s , a n umber o f s p l i t p lank s o f a sh ( F rax inu s e xce l s ior L . ) h ave b een f ound a l ong t h e r ou te o f t he t r ack , u sua l ly a s soc ia ted w i th l ime p lank s i n t he P o s t t r ack ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 976 3 9 ; 1 984 1 0 ) . H owever t hey a l so p l ayed a p a r t i n t he c on s t ruc t ion o f t he S wee t t r ack a t t he n or th e nd o f t he R a i lway s i te ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 976 F ig . 2 4c ) a nd o n t he T u rba ry s i te ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 F ig . 4 2 ) . A sh f orm s o n ly a s ma l l p ercen tage o f t he t o ta l t r ee p o l len r epre sen ted i n t he S wee t d iagram s ( e .g . C a se ld ine 1 984 ; B ecke t t 1 979 ) , y e t i t s w ood w a s t h e t h ird mo s t w ide ly u sed s pec ie s i n t he t r ack a f ter h aze l a nd o ak . I t i s a w ind-po l l ina ted t r ee b u t t end s t o b e u nder-repre sen ted i n t he p o l len r a in . I t i s u sua l ly l e s s t han 5 % o f t he t o ta l ( Rackham 1 980 ) . I t s e em s t o h ave p rof i ted , a s a l i gh t d emand ing t r ee , f rom t he c l ea rance s o f t he N eo l i th ic a t t he t ime o f t he e lm d ec l ine a nd r ough ly a t t he t ime o f t he S wee t ' s c on s t ruct i on l a te i n t he " A t lan t ic " p er iod a s r e cogn i sed b y Godw in ( 1975 ) . However i t may h ave b een l o ca l ly w ide spread o n c a lca reou s s o i l s a t a n e a r l ier d a te ( e .g . E van s 1 975 8 2 ) a nd may h ave b een more a bundan t i n t he w ood land s ur round ing t he L eve l s t han t h e p o l len r e cord w ou ld s ugge s t . G row th r i ng s i n a sh t end t o v a ry i n w id th much l e s s t han o ak - i t s e em s t o b e l e s s s en s i t ive t o e x terna l i n f luence s , a nd t hu s may b e o f l e s s v a lue f or t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s a nd c ro s s-ma tch ing . T he g row th o f modern a sh i s l i t t le u nder s tood ; Ka s sa s ( 1951) f ound g row th s e r iou s ly r educed b y i mped imen t s t o t he d ra inage , a nd t h e r i ng-w id th s w ere e x treme ly u n iform , t hough d emon s tra t ing l ongerterm v a r ia t ion s . R ackham ( 1975 1 04 ) r e la ted g ood g row th y ea r s i n a sh t o w e t s ummer s . S ince a sh o ccu r s i n f requen t ly o n a rchaeo log ica l s i te s a nd t here i s l i t t le p o s s ib i l i ty o f c on s t ruc t ing a l ong c hrono logy , a t temp t s h ave b een made t o c or re la te i t s g row th p a t tern w i th t ha t f or o ak , a nd s o a ch ieve a b so lu te d a t ing . C a l ton a nd F le tcher ( 1978 ) f ound p oor a greemen t b e tween t he t wo s pec ie s i n modern e xamp le s , b u t t he ir s t udy w a s b a sed o n o n ly a f ew y oung t r ee s . S ome s ucce s s w a s a ch ieved o n w ood f rom t he U rnf ie ld s e t t lemen t o f Z üg-Sumpf ( Huber a nd Merz 1 962 ) w here o ak a nd a sh c hrono log ie s w ere c ro s s-ma tched . I t h a s a l so b een a t temp ted w i th a n 11t h c en tury AD a sh c hrono logy f rom w ood o f p i t s , h ou se s a nd c orduroy p a thway s o f Dub l in ( Ba i l l ie 1 982 , 2 34 ) , b u t a ny p o s s ib le c or re la t ion s a re a s y e t u nconf irmed , d e sp i te i t s v a lue f or r e la t ive d a t ing . A sh , l i ke o ak , i s r i ng-po rou s i n s t ruc ture a nd t he r i ng s a re e a sy t o d i s t ingu i sh e xcep t i n c a se s o f v e ry s l ow g row th . I t h a s n o r e cogn i sab le s apwood z one , s o f e l l ing d a te s c an b e d e term ined o n ly when t he b a rk s urface i s p re sen t . T he b a rk s urface w a s n o ted o n a n umber o f p l ank s , s i nce t r imm ing h ad n o t r emoved t he o u t s ide o f t he t r unk a s t horough ly a s f or t he o ak p lank s , a nd i t s p re sence w a s o f g rea t v a lue f or r e la t ive d a t ing . A t o ta l o f 2 5 p l ank s w ere e xam ined f rom a l l p a r t s o f t he t r ack , a nd d e ta i l s o f t hem a re g iven i n Append ix 4 . C onver s ion t e chn ique s v a r ied b e tween r ad ia l a nd t a ngen t ia l ; m any o f t he r ad ia l s , e spec ia l ly f r om s i te TG , 6 1

i nc luded t he p i th a nd w ere mak ing o p t imum u se o f t he t r ee . T he l a rge s t p lank f rom s i te R ( SWR JX6 ) w a s r ad ia l a nd 2 05mm w ide , i nd ica t ing a t r ee o f a round 5 00mm d iame ter a nd a bou t 1 60+ y ea r s o ld . Mo s t p lank s c ame f rom y ounger t r ee s , p robab ly u nder 3 00mm i n d iame ter a nd 1 20 y ea r s o ld ( i n a dd i t ion t o t he y ounger a sh r oundwood c on s idered i n s ec t ion I V .2 ) . I f ma ture a sh t r ee s w ere a va i lab le i n t he l o ca l w ood land , t here wa s n o e v idence o f t he ir u se . T he r i ng p a t tern s o f 2 0 p lank s w ere m ea sured , s pann ing b e tween 3 0 a nd 1 23 y ea r s ; t he d a ta a va i lab le a l so i nc luded s ome f rom ma ture r oundwood ( s ee I V .2 ) . L i t t le s ucce s s i n c ro s s- ma tch ing w a s a ch ieved , u n t i l 6 p l ank s a nd o ne s amp le o f ma ture r oundwood f rom s i te TG p rov ided c or re spond ing p a t tern s ; t he d egree o f c ro s s-ma tch ing s ugge s ted t ha t t he TG p lank s h ad a l l c ome f rom t he s ame g roup o f t r ee s . T h i s r e su l ted i n a 12 y ea r mean c urve , wh ich i n t u rn e nab led many o ther i nd iv idua l s t o b e r e la ted . T he ma tch ing i s i lu s tra ted a s a b ar d iagram i n F ig . 1 1 .25 , w i th in t he f i na l t ime s ca le o f 1 67 y ear s . T he p re sence o f t he b ark s urface o n s ome s amp le s i nd ica ted a t l e a s t t h ree p ha se s o f f e l l ing . Two r oundwood p i ece s ( SWQZ 1 05 a nd SWR WX ) w ere f e l led i n a rb i trary y ea r 1 29 , SWC 2 5 may h ave b een c u t i n y ear 1 30 ( t hough i t s b a rk s urface w a s u ncer ta in ) , a nd t he l a rge s t g roup ( SWQV 3 2 , SWQV 3 7 , SWTG 4 43 a nd p o s s ib ly SWTG 3 98 ) w ere f e l led i n y ea r 1 60 . Two p lank s ( SWTG 3 83 a nd SWTG 4 33 ) h ad r i ng r e cord s wh ich e x tended b eyond y ea r 1 60 , b y a t l e a s t 7y ea r s . When t he f e l l ing y ear s w ere e xam ined i n t he l i gh t o f t he t imber s ' f unc t ion o r p o s i t ion i n t he t r ack , i t w a s f ound t ha t t he p iece s d ef in i te ly f e l led i n y ear 1 60 w ere p eg s a nd r a i l s i n tegra l t o t he Swee t 's c on s t ruc t ion . T he g roup o f a sh p lank s o n s i te TG , a t l e a s t t wo o f wh ich w ere f r om t r ee s f e l led l a ter t han t he p eg s a nd r a i l s , may r epre sen t r epa ir s t o a b roken a rea o f t r ack a s s ugge s ted b y t he ir h aphaza rd a r rangemen t o n t he t r ack s urface . I t i s n o t c l ea r why s o me p iece s s hou ld h ave b een c u t 3 1 y ear s b efore t r ack c on s truc t ion ; r eu se i so ne p o s s ib le e xp lana t ion . S evera l o f t he l onger r i ng s e r ie s f rom a sh r oundwood c ou ld n o t b e c orre la ted w i th t he a sh p lank c hrono logy , n o tab ly t he v ery s ub s tan t ia l p o s t f rom s i te D ( SWD 3 40 ) , p robab ly a s soc ia ted w i th t he P o s t t r ack ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 979 4 7 a nd F ig . 2 5 ) . I t i s t herefore u ncer ta in whe ther t hey w ere f e l led a t d ifferen t t ime s o r o r ig ina ted i n w ood land g row ing u nder v ery d ifferen t c ond i t ion s . T he f i na l 1 67 y ear c hrono logy w a s c a lcu la ted f rom 2 0 p lank s a nd r oundwood s amp le s , a nd t he v a lue s f or i t a re l i s ted i n T ab le I I .11 . I n t he h ope o f r e la t ing t he t wo t ime s ca le s , t he a sh c hrono logy w a s c ompa red w i th t he 4 10 y ea r o ak ma s ter c hrono logy a nd t he 7 1 y ear o ak r oundwood c h rono lo gy a l ready d e scr ibed . Ma tch ing w a s f ound t o b e g ood w i th t he r oundwood c hrono logy ( t =6 .19 ) p re sumab ly ow ing t o t he v igour o f g row th i n t he l e s s ma ture t r ee s ; i t wa s l e s s i mpre s s ive w i th t he l ong ma s ter c hrono logy . P ar t s o f t he t wo c urve s a re s hown i n F ig . 1 1 .26 . C onf idence i n t he v a l id i ty o f t he ma tch w a s i ncrea sed b y t he f ac t t ha t t he ma jor a sh f e l l ing y ea r 1 60 c orre sponded t o t he f e l l ing y ear o f t he o ak r oundwood , e qu iva len t t o y ea r 4 10 o f t he S wee t ma s ter c hrono logy . T hu s s ome o f t he a sh w a s c u t f or c omponen t p a r t s o f t he t r ack i n t he s ame y ear a s t he o ak t r ee s w ere f e l led . 6 2

T he p o s i t ive c orre la t ion i n t he ir g row th p a t tern s s ugge s ted t ha t a sh g rew i n p l ace s where i t w a s n o t c ompe t ing w i th o ak ( Rackham p er sona l c ommun icat i on ) . No a greemen t c ou ld b e f ound w i th t he l ime c hrono logy . T ree-r ing s t ud ie s o f t he a sh p l ank s h ave t hu s b een r eward ing i n d emon s tra t ing p ha se s o f r epa ir a nd r eu se among t he t r ack t imber s wh ich c ou ld n o t b e r ecogn i sed i n t he o ak . I t a l so s ugge s t s t ha t c ro s s- ma tch ing b e tween t he g row th p a t tern s o f a sh a nd o ak i s f ea s ib le u nder c er ta in c ond i t ion s . I n terpre ta t ion o f t he r e su l t s i s a ided , i n t h i s c a se , when d ea l ing w i th a s i ng le s t ruc ture f or wh ich i t c an b e r ea sonab ly a s sumed t ha t mo s t o f t he t r ee s w ere f e l led a t t he s ame t ime . B y c on tra s t , o n ac omp lex s i te s uch a s Dub l in ( Ba i l l ie 1 982 ) , t here may b e n o a rchaeo log ica l g u ide a s t o t he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween f e l l ing d a te s . Wh i le t r ee-r ing d a t ing s hou ld n o t r e ly o n a ny f ac tor s o ther t han t he r e l iab i l i ty o f ma tch ing g row th p a t tern s , d endrochr ono log ica l i n terpre ta t ion mu s t n o t e xc lude s ound a rchaeo log ica l e v idence . C onf irma t ion o f t he r e l iab i l i ty o f ma tch ing b e tween g row th p a t tern s o f t wo d i fferen t s pec ies i n t h i s w ay n eed s t o c ome a l so f rom t horough r e search i n to modern t r ee g row th . Meanwh i le t h i s s t udy i s t he f i r s t s ucce s sfu l e xamp le o f c ro s s- ma tch ing o ak a nd a sh i n B r i ta in , a nd i nd ica te s t he v a lue o f a t temp t ing t o c orre la te a sh p a t tern s w i th o ak c hrono log ie s whenever p o s s ib le .

6 3

1 1 .1 .6

C onc lu s ion s

T h i s d i scu s s ion o f t he r e su l t s o f t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s f rom t he Swee t t r ack i nc lude s t he e v idence f rom t he r oundwood o f h aze l , a sh a nd o ther w ood s pec ie s d i scu s sed i n C hap ter I V . T he c onc lu s ion s o n t he a rchaeo log ica l i mp l ica t ion s o f t he r e su l t s a re s e t o u t b e low . T hey mu s t o f n ece s s i ty i nc lude a l l t he a va i lab le i nforma t ion f rom t he t r ack . T he o ak p lank ing f orm ing t he w a lk ing s urface o f t he t r ack h a s i nd ica ted t he e xp lo i ta t ion o f t wo d ifferen t-aged p opu la t ion s o f t r ee s . T ree s u nder 1 50 y ea r s o ld w ere o f ten s p l i t t angen t ia l ly t o make u se o f t he ir s ma l ler d iame ter , a nd emp loyed i n t he c on s truc t ion o f t he s ou thern- mo s t 2 00m o f t r ack . T ree s o ver 4 00 y ear s o ld a nd a bou t 1 m i n d iame ter w ere s p l i t i n to many t h in r ad ia l p lank s f or u se i n t he n or thern 1 600m o f t r ack . Over 5 00 p iece s o f o ak w ere e xam ined ; a bou t 2 60 p rov ided c ro s sma tch ing g row th p a t tern s wh ich h ave b een c omb ined i n to a 4 10 y ea r t r eer i ng c hrono logy . On ly 5 p lank s r e ta ined s ome o u ter s apwood , a nd s ugge s ted f e l l ing i n y ea r 4 10/411 o f t he f l oa t ing t ime s c a le . T h i s d a te w a s c onf irmed b y ma tch ing w i th a 7 1 y ea r mean c urve b a sed o n o ak r oundwood , mo s t o f wh ich e x tended o u t t o t he b ark s urface a nd f or wh ich t he f e l l ing y ear w a s k nown . T he c hrono logy t hu s p rov ided a r ecord o f t he t r ee g row th p a t tern i n t he a rea , f or t he f our c en tur ie s p reced ing t he t r ack 's c on s t ruc t ion , a nd d ef ined t he e xac t y ea r i n wh ich t he t r ee s w ere f e l led . T he t r ack w a s p robab ly b u i l t s hor t ly a f ter . R ad ioca rbon d a t ing s ugge s ted a c on s t ruc t ion d a t o f c . 3 200 b c . T he Swee t c hrono logy w a s c ro s s-ma tched w i th t wo o ther f l oa t ing c hrono log ie s o f s im i lar r ad ioca rbon a ge , f rom d ifferen t p a r t s o f E ng land . One w a s b a sed o n s ubmerged f ore s t o ak s o n t he S omer se t c oa s t a t S to lford , a nd t he o ther o n r i ver g rave l o ak s f rom t he T ren t v a l ley f ound a t C o lw ick n ea r N o t t ingham . T he t h ree c hrono log ie s h ave b een c omb ined i n to a N eo l i th ic ma s ter c hronol o gy s pann ing 6 31 y ea r s , wh ich i s e xpec ted t o c over t he p er iod 4 5/44003 9/3800 BC o n t he b a s i s o f c a l ibra ted r ad iocarbon d a tes . However , c omp ar i son w i th t he n ow c omp le ted I r i sh a nd G erman l ong c hrono log ie s o ver t he se a nd a d jo in ing c en tur ie s h a s s o f a r f a i led t o r evea l t he e xac t t ime s pan i n c a lenda r y ea r s o f t he c hrono log ie s . T he l o ca l w ood land s urround ing t he S omer se t L eve l s a l so p rov ided s upp l ie s o f a sh a nd l ime t r ee s wh ich w ere u sed f or p lank ing , p robab ly i n t he Swee t 's f orerunner , t he P o s t t r ack . 2 0 a sh p lank s s howed c orrespond ing g row th p a t tern s o ver 1 67 y ear s , a nd t he p re sence o f t he b ark s urface o n s evera l r evea led a t l e a s t t h ree f e l l ing p ha se s . A f ew p iece s p receded t he t r ack b y 3 1 y ear s , wh i le a t l e a s t t wo p o s t-da ted t he t r ack b y 7 y ear s o r more . T he c en tra l f e l l ing y ea r 1 60 , r e la t ing t o i n tegra l p ar t s o f t he S wee t t r ack ( peg s a nd r a i l s ) , p roved t o b e e qu iva len t t o t he o ak f e l l ing y ea r 4 10 , b y c ro s s-ma tch ing o f t he o ak a nd a sh c hrono log ie s , t he f i r s t o f i t s k ind i n B r i ta in . T he l a ter p lank ing may b e t he r e su l t o f r epa ir s t o t he t r ack .

6 4

Ano ther u n ique c hrono logy w a s made o f 1 6 l ime p lank s , s pann ing 9 7 y ea r s ; t he p lank s w ere l a rge ly a s soc ia ted w i th t he P o s t t r ack i n t he s ou thern h a lf o f t he t r ack . T he g row th p a t tern c ou ld n o t b e ma tched w i th t he o ak o r a sh . T he s ub s truc ture o f t he t r ack w a s c ompo sed o f r oundwood p eg s a nd r a i l s o f many wood s pec ie s , t he o vera l l a ge s a nd s i ze s o f wh ich h ave p rov ided a u sefu l g u ide t o t he o r ig ina l wood land c ompo s i t ion . Mo s t o f t he a sh p eg s p roved t o h ave b een c u t i n t he s ame y ea r , p robab ly e qu iva len t t o y ea r 4 10 o f t he o ak c hrono logy ( a l though t h i s c anno t a s y e t b e p roved w i th c er ta in ty ) . Wh i le s ome o f t he h aze l p eg s w ere a l so c u t a t t h i s t ime , a s ub s tan t ia l n umber w ere c u t 8 o r 9 y ea r s l a ter , a ccord ing t o t he t r ee-r ing e v idence ( s ee s ec t ion I V .3 , F ig s . I V .11-12 ) . P u t t ing t he r e su l t s t oge ther , t he t r ee-r ing d a ta i nd ica te s a v ery l a rge amoun t o f ma ter ia l b e ing f e l led i n t he s ame y ear - o ak y ea r 4 10/a sh y ea r 1 60/haze l y ear 4 2 - wh ich i s a s sumed t o b e c l o se t o t he t r ack 's c on s truc t ion d a te . T hree s ource s a l so s ugge s t s ome s ub sequen t a c t iv i ty o f r ebu i ld ing a nd r epa ir - o ne o ak p lank f r om t he s ou thern e nd ( s i te D ) w i th a t l e a s t 3 more r i ng s b eyond t he y ea r 4 10 , a sh p lank s f rom t he n or thern h a lf ( s i te TG ) w i th 7 o r more r i ng s , a nd h aze l p eg s f rom t he s ou thern h a lf c u t 8 /9 y ear s l a ter . T hey s ugge s t ap er iod o f u se o f t he t r ack o f u p t o ad ecade a nd t he n eed t o make r epa ir s i n o rder t o ma in ta in t he r ou te a cro s s t he L eve l s . T he c omb ined d a ta a l so i nd ica te t he u se o f t wo d ifferen t a rea s o f w ood land . V ery a ged o ak s , a nd t r ee s pec ie s w i th a p reference f or w e t ter c ond i t ion s ( b irch/w i l low/a spen ) p reva i led i n t he n or thern t r ack ; y oung o ak s a nd a r ange o f s pec ie s wh ich p refer d ry s l ope s , a nd w ere g row ing f a s ter ( ho l ly/a sh/dogwood ) w ere more c ommon a t t he s ou thern e nd o f t he t r ack . T he p o s s ib le r ea son s f or t h i s a re d i scu s sed . One s ugge s ted h ypo the s i s , wh ich m igh t a ccoun t f or b o th t he l a ter c u t h aze l a nd t he o bv iou s c hange s i n wood q ua l i ty i n t he s ou thern 2 00m o f t r ack , i s t ha t t h i s a rea may r epresen t a n e x ten s ion t o t he ma in s t ruc ture , a dded o n s l igh t ly l a ter , b u t t h i s t heory r ema in s t o b e f u l ly e va lua ted a nd t e s ted f ur ther . D e ta i led i nforma t ion o n t he t ime s ca le o f t he c on s truc t ion a nd o n t he c ompo s i t ion a nd e xp lo i ta t ion o f t he l o ca l wood land h a s amp ly r epa id t he e xam ina t ion o f a n e x ten s ive r ange o f t r ee-r ing s amp le s f rom t he Swee t t r ack . T he i n troduc t ion o f n ew wood s pec ie s t o t he s t udy h a s a l so o pened u p n ew a venue s o f r e sea rch i n t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s o f a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l .

6 5

1 1 .2

THE MEARE HEATH TRACK

1 1 .2 .1

I n troduc t ion

T he Mea re H ea th t r ack h a s b een k nown s i nce 1 890 , when p ea t-cu t ter s c hopped t h rough w orked t imber s . T hey i nformed A r thur B u l le id o f G la s tonb ury o f t he ir d i scovery ; h e p ub l i shed s evera l e xpo sure s o f t he t r ack i n 1 933 , t hough i t w a s n ever f orma l ly e xcava ted ( Bu l le id 1 933 ) . Godw in a l so s aw d amaged p a r t s o f t he t r ack i n 1 94 1-2 , much f ur ther s ou th ( Godw in 1 960 ) , a nd t he p ea t d epo s i t s i n wh ich i t l a y w ere s t ud ied - i t w a s c on s truc ted a cro s s r a i sed b og a t t he s t ar t o f a w e t ter p ha se a nd r enewed f l ood ing i n t he l a te B ronze Age ( C lapham a nd Godw in 1 948 ; B ecke t t 1 978 ) . T he t r ack w a s n o ted a t s evera l p o in t s l e ad ing n or th-sou th a cro s s t he b og f rom t he Meare ' i s land ' t o t he P o lden s a s s hown i n F ig . 1 1 .27 . T he n eed f or s uch a r ou te w a s l a ter r evea led i n t he e v idence f or i ncrea sed c l ea rance a nd more i n ten s ive a gr icul t ure o n Mea re ' i s land ' d ur ing t he l a te B ronze Age ( Becke t t 1 978 ) . Much o f t he t r ack h a s n ow b een l o s t t h rough v ery i n ten s ive p ea tc u t t ing i n t he a rea , b u t i n 1 974 a s hor t u ndamaged s t re tch b enea th a d rove r oad w a s e xcava ted . T he t r ack l i ne w a s s urveyed t o r evea l a ny o ther u ndamaged a rea s . A rea 1 o f 1 0m w a s c omp le ted i n 1 974/5 ( F ig . 1 1 .28 ) , f o l lowed b y a rea s 2 , 3 a nd 4 t o t he s ou th o n Mea re H ea th i t se lf ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 976a ) . I n 1 977 a f ur ther s e r ie s o f e xcava t ion s t o ta l l ing a bou t 5 0m t ook p lace t o t he n or th o f H ea th Rhyne (MHF 1 a nd 2 i n F ig . 1 1 .27 ) i n o rder t o t r ace t he t r ack ' s r ou te a nd t e rm inu s - i t i s n ow k nown t o e x tend t o w i th in a t l e a s t 3 0m o f t he ' s hore l ine ' o f Meare ' i s land ' ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 978 ) . I n a dd i t ion t o t he e xcava t ion s , p ea t-cu t t ing i n t he a rea h a s r egu lar ly p roduced t imber s a nd s t ake s o f v ery r e cogn i sab le o r ig in b u t n ow o u t o f c on tex t , a nd many o f t he se g roup s o f s ma l l f i nd s h ave b een u sefu l a dd i t ion s t o t he t r ee-r ing s t udy o f t he p rovenanced ma ter ia l f rom e xcava t ion s . T he s ource s a nd q uan t i t ie s o f t r ee-r ing s amp le s a re l i s ted i n T ab le 1 1 .12 . T he t r ack w a s o r ig ina l ly d e scr ibed ( ba sed o n a l ong i tud ina l s ec t ion o n ly ) a s h av ing b een c on s truc ted o f a s e r ie s o f t r an sver se s l eeper b eam s , h e ld i n p lace b y l ong o ak s t ake s a nd s uppor ted b y al a yer o f b i rch a nd a lder b ru shwood ( Bu l le id 1 933 ) . L ong i tud ina l s t r inger s w ere t hough t t o e dge t he t r ack ( C lapham a nd Godw in 1 948 ; Godw in 1 960 ) . F rom e xcava t ion i t i s n ow k now t ha t t he " s o-ca l led " s t r inger s w ere t he e dge o f l ong i tud ina l t imber s wh ich f ormed t he w a lk ing s urface o f t he t r ack . T h i s p a ir o f t imber s ( o r p o s s ib ly o ne w ide p lank ) w a s s uppor ted b y t r an sver se p lank s a t i n terva l s o f 1 . 5 - 2m , wh ich i n p lace s s e emed t o f orm p i er s . T hey w ere h e ld i n p lace b y l ong o ak s t ake s t h rough h o le s a t e i ther e nd . T he b ru shwood l a yer b enea th t he t imber s w a s l o ca ted i n t he 1 974 a rea 1 s i te , a nd f ound t o c on s is t o f a w ide v a r ie ty o f s pec ie s ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 976a T ab le 2 ) . T here w ere a n umber o f o b jec t ives i n s t udy ing t he t r ee g row th p a t tern o f t he Mea re H ea th t imber s :

6 6

1 ) mo s t i mpor tan t w a s p rec i se d a t ing o f t he s t ruc ture , p referab ly t h rough t he e s tab l i shmen t o f a t r ee-r ing c hrono logy wh ich c ou ld b e ma tched w i th d a ted r eference c hrono log ie s . I f t h i s w a s n o t y e t p o s s ib le , a f l oa t ing t r eer i ng c hrono logy c ou ld b e d a ted w i th r educed s t anda rd d ev ia t ion b y mean s o f c a l ibra t ion o f a s e r ie s o f r ad ioca rbon d a te s . H i ther to , d a te s b a sed o n y oung r oundwood a nd p ea t h ad g iven a w ide s pan o f r e su l t s b e tween 1 300 a nd 9 00 b c ( Append ix 9 ) , l e ad ing t o much u ncer ta in ty o ver t he c on s truc t ion d a te o f t he t r ack . 2 ) i t wa s h oped t o s t udy t he m e thod s b y wh ich t he p lank s a nd s t ake s h ad b een o b ta ined f rom t he t r ee t r unk a nd t o e s t ima te t he n umber s , s i ze a nd o r ig in o f t he t r ee s u sed i n t he t r ack . 3 ) b ecau se s o me p lank s h ad a t h ird h o le , n o t o ccup ied b y s t akes a nd o f n o a ppa ren t p urpo se , Godw in ( 1960 ) w a s c onv inced t ha t t hey w ere r eu sed f rom s o me o ther s t ruc ture . T ree-r ing s t udy o f t he r i ng p a t tern s m igh t d emon s tra te whe ther s ome o f t he t imber s w ere r eu sed , o r i f a l l w ere c on tempora ry . T he p re sen t d endrochrono log ica l s t udy i s c onf ined t o p lank s a nd s t ake s o f o ak ; n o b ru shwood o r w ood o f o ther s pec ie s w a s i nc luded i n t he s t udy .

1 1 .2 .2

S amp l ing

Over 1 0 y ea r s o f e xcava t ion a nd f i e ld c o l lec t ion , 2 76 s amp le s o f w ood f rom t he Meare H ea th t r ack h ave b een e xam ined ( Tab le 1 1 .12 ) . T hey r epre sen t s ome 1 600m o f t he t r ack , f rom 1 977 a rea 2 i n t he n or th d own t o V e s tey s S ou th ( F ig . 1 1 .27 ) . Mo s t o f t he s amp le s w ere o f o ak , a nd wh i le 2 5 r oundwood p iece s o f o ther s pec ie s w ere s amp led , n o s t udy h a s b een made o f t hem o r o f t he b ru shwood l a yer b enea th t he t imber s . S ome o f t he Mea re H ea th t imber s h ave b een e xpo sed t o t he a i r f or s evera l d ecade s ( Co le s 1 978 , 8 ) , a nd t he ir c ond i t ion o f ten made s t udy d iff icu l t . T he s urface w a s o f ten v ery d ry a nd c racked , wh i le t he c en tre o f t he w ood w a s e x t reme ly h a rd . S l ice s w ere s awn f rom o ak t r an sver se s a nd a f ew l ong i tud ina l s , f rom s t ake s a nd f rom c h ip s o r s l a t s . One e xamp le f rom a v ery f i ne t r an sver se (MH77 D 13 ) w a s e xam ined a nd t hen r e turned f or c on serva t ion . Abou t 1 30 s amp le s c ame f rom k nown c on tex t s i n e xcava t ion s , wh i le t he r ema in ing 1 40 w ere c o l lec ted a s s ma l l f i nd s a nd t hu s w ere o f u nknown f unc t ion . However s ome o f t he s t ake s w ere s t i l l i n s i tu a nd e a s i ly r ecogn i sab le b y t he f i ne a xe ma rk s a l l o ver t he ir s u rface ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 976a p la te 3 4 ) .

6 7

1 1 .2 .3

T he t imber a nd i t s c onver s ion

Mo s t o f t he o ak s amp le s s t ud ied c ou ld b e c a tegor i sed a ccord ing t o t he ir s hape i n c ro s s-sec t ion a nd t he c urva ture o f t he r i ng s , e ven i f f unc t ion w a s u nknown . T he c a tegor ie s ( F ig . 1 1 .29 a nd s ee s ec t ion 1 .1 .2 ) i nc luded s p l i t s t ake s ( 4 1% o f t he s amp le s s t ud ied ) u sua l ly o f r ec tangu lar o r p en tagona l s ec t ion , r ad ia l ly s p l i t p lank s ( 38% ) , t angen t ia l ly s p l i t p lank s ( 9% ) , a nd a p lank t ype c ha rac ter i s t ic o f t he Meare H ea th t r ack , ' i n termed ia te ' p lank s ( 9% ) ( F ig . 1 1 .29 I V ) . T he p lank s t ended t o b e q u i te n arrow a nd t h ick ( e .g . F ig . 1 1 .30 ) , l a rge ly u nder 2 00mm w ide a nd u sua l ly 3 0-80mm t h ick - t he r ange i s s hown i n F ig s . 1 1 .31, 3 2 . On ly 1 0 p lank s e xceeded 2 00mm i n w id th , u p t o a max imum o f 3 00mm . E v iden t ly a s t anda rd w id th w a s n o t e s sen t ia l t o t he t r ack 's c on s truc t ion a nd s o me v a r ia t ion w a s o f n o c oncern . T here w ere h owever s evera l v ery t h in p lank s , u nder 1 0mm i n t h ickne s s , wh ich d id n o t s urv ive l i f t ing a nd e xam ina t ion . T he n umber o f r i ng s p re sen t i n t he t r ack t imber s w a s much l ower t han i n t he Swee t t r ack , r e su l t ing f rom t he n ar rower p lank s a nd h igher a verage r i ng-w id th s . T he ma jor i ty o f t he s amp le s e xam ined ( 43% ) h ad l e s s t han 4 0 r i ng s ( Tab le 1 1 .13 ) a nd o n ly 6 p lank s o u t o f 2 13 h ad i n e xce s s o f 1 00 r i ng s , u p t o a max imum o f 1 29 r i ng s (MH77 2 . 33 ) . T h i s i mp l ie s t ha t o n ly t r ee s l e s s t han 1 50 y ear s o ld ( i nc lud ing a s apwood a l lowance ) w ere f e l led t o p rov ide p lank s a nd s t ake s t o c on s truc t t he t r ack ; t he ir d iame ter s w ere p robab ly i n t he r ange o f 3 00-400mm . T ree s o f t h i s s i ze c anno t p roduce v ery w ide r ad ia l p lank s , h ence t he n a rrow p lank s a nd t he a dap ta t ion o f t he c onver s ion me thod t o i nc lude t angen t ia l a nd " i n termed ia te " p lank s wh ich c ou ld b e w ider . Two o f t he w ides t p lank s (MH77 2 . 68 a nd D 21) w ere t angen t ia l , s p l i t r i gh t a cro s s t he t r ee , a nd t he t h ird (MH75 2 . 40 ) w a s a v ery w ide , t h in r ad ia l wh ich w a s t oo d ecayed f or a na ly s i s .

1 1 .2 .4

G row th r i ng s a nd c ro s s-ma tch ing

P a t tern s o f t r ee g row th Many o f t he p lank s s howed , b y t he c urva ture o f t he r i ng s a nd t he r ap id g row th r a te , p rox im i ty t o t he p i th o n o ne c orner ( F ig . 1 1 .29 I V ) , u n l ike t he Swee t p lank s where t he i nner e dge h ad i nva r iab ly b een r emoved . T he Meare H ea th p lank s t hu s r epre sen ted t he t r ee s ' f u l l l i fe s pan , a nd d i sp layed t he w ide r i ng s c ha rac ter i s t ic o f y oung t r ee s - r i ng-w id th s e xceeded 2mm f or t he f i r s t 4 0 y ear s a s c an b e s e en i n F ig . 1 1 .39 i n s ome r ad ia l p lank s . T he d ec l ine i n g row th r a te wa s t hen s t eady o ver t he t r ee s ' m idd le y ea r s , u n t i l a v ery s udden d rop i n r i ng-w id th o ver t he l a s t 5 0 y ea r s o r s o t e s t if ied t o s o me s udden c hange i n t he ir e nv ironmen t . One o r t wo t r ee s s howed a r i se i n g row th r a te a t t h i s t ime , b u t t he ma jor i ty s uffered s evere ly , a nd a lmo s t c ea sed g row th - r e covery f or a y ear o r t wo w a s f o l lowed b y f ur ther f a l l s . T he

g roup s

o f

e x treme ly

n a rrow

6 8

r i ng s

l e d

t o

u ncer ta in t ie s

i n

r i ng-

w id th m ea suremen t o f s ome o f t he p l ank s , a nd a d egree o f u nre l iab i l i ty o ver t he l a ter 5 0 y ea r s o f t he c h rono logy wh ich c ou ld n o t b e a vo ided . One s ma l l s t ake ( MH77 TA6 ) s howed a u n ique e xamp le o f a l o ca l ly p re sen t r i ng ; t he e a r lywood v e s se l s o f t he r i ng e qu iva len t t o a rb i t ra ry y ea r 5 2 o f t he ma s ter c hrono logy d e scr ibed b e low w ere p re sen t o n o ne s i de o f t he r ay a nd a b sen t o n t he o ther , a s i lu s t ra ted i n F ig . 1 1 .33 . I f t he r i ng s h ad b een m ea sured whe re t he e a r lywood w a s a b sen t , t he r i ng w ou ld h ave b een m i s sed . T h i s h a s n ever b efo re b een n o ted i n o ak ; i t s ugge s t s s ome d amage t o t he t r ee i n t he s p r ing o f y ea r 5 2 , wh ich c au sed t he c amb ium t o s u spend g row th o ver p a r t o f t h e c i rcumference o f t he t r ee .

C ro s s-ma tch ing G row th i n cremen t d a ta a re g iven i n Append ix 5 a nd 6 a nd i lu s t ra ted i n F ig s . 1 1 .34 a nd 3 9 ; t he s pan o f e ach c ro s s-ma tched c urve i s l i s ted i n Append ix 5 , a nd i lu s t ra ted i n F ig . 1 1 .35 . R aw r i ng-w id th s o f a l l c urve s a re l i s ted i n Append ix 6 . ' I n t o ta l , r i ng-w id th c urve s f r om 1 46 p l ank s a nd s t ake s w ere f i na l ly c ro s s-ma tched . T h i s r e su l t w a s o b ta ined b y a c omp lex p roce s s o f g roup ing wh ich d eve loped a nd c hanged a s more s amp le s w ere c o l lec ted a nd more e v idence a ccumu la ted . G roup s o f c urve s w ere f ound t o b e much more s im i la r t o e ach o ther t han t o o the r g roup s - s ome g roup s a re s hown i n F ig . I I - 3 4 a nd t hey a re l i s ted i n Append ix 5 . T hey w ere i n terp re ted a s p o s s ib le " t ree g roup s " -p lank s wh ich m ay h ave o r ig ina ted i n t he s ame o r a d jacen t t r ee s i n o ne a rea o f w ood land . An i n i t ia l p rocedure w a s t herefore t o make m ean c urve s o u t o f t he g roup s , i n o rder t o r educe t he n umber o f n ece s sa ry c ompa r i son s . R ing-w id th v a r ia t ion i n t h ree g roup s o ver a s pan o f 5 0 y ea r s i s s hown i n F ig . 1 1 .34 ; mo s t s how v ery s im i la r g row th p a t tern s u p t o a bou t a rb i t ra ry y ea r 1 00 , a f ter wh ich t hey d i ffe r s uff ic ien t ly t o make c ro s sma tch ing v ery d iff icu l t o r i mpo s s ib le . Where t he o r ig ina l c on tex t o f p l ank s w a s k nown , t he " t ree g roup " r e la t ion sh ip s w ere u sefu l i n d e term in ing t he l o ca t ion a nd s pread o f p lank s f rom t he s ame t r ee s . P lank s p robab ly f rom t he s ame t r ee ( t hough i t i s i mpo s s ib le t o d ef ine t he q ua l i ty o f m a tch w h ich d i s t ingu i she s p lank s f rom t he s ame o r a d jacen t t r ee s ) w ere u sed f o r a v a r ie ty o f c omponen t s i n t he t r ack -s t ake s , t r an sver se s a nd l ong i tud ina l s . O ne g roup c a l led t r ee B i n t he e a r ly s t age s o f t he s t udy ( Mo rgan i n C o le s a nd O rme 1 976a F ig s . 2 a ,6 ) w a s u sed f o r t h ree l ong i tud ina l s a nd t h ree t r an sver se s a t MH74 s i te 1 , i lu s tra ted i n F ig . 1 1 .37 ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 978 ) . W i th t he e xam ina t ion o f n ew m a ter ia l a nd f ur ther u nder s tand ing o f t he g row th p a t tern , t he t r ee g roup s A -G a dop ted i n 1 974 w ere u pda ted i n 1 984 i n to 6 g roup s l a be l led 1 -6 . T he ir s im i la r g row th p a t tern s w ere i den t if ied b y c ompa r ing e ach c urve w i th e very o ther . T he g roup t o w h ich e ach t imber b e long s i s l i s ted i n Append ix 5 ; t he g roup s i nc luded b e tween 7 a nd 2 0 t imber s a nd t oge ther a ccoun t f o r t he 7 8 t imber s u sed i n t he f i na l ma s ter c hrono logy . S ub sequen t ly , a f ur ther 6 8 c urve s w ere c ro s s-ma tched , g iv ing a 6 9

t o ta l o f 1 46 c urve s o f b e tween 2 2 a nd 1 29 y ear s i n l eng th . On ly 1 2 c urve s , a l l w i th l e s s t han 5 0 r i ng s , w ere l e f t u nma tched ( Append ix 5 ) , p robab ly b ecau se t he ir g row th p a t tern w a s t oo s hor t t o r ecogn i se a ny c orre spondence w i th c er ta in ty . T he o r ig in o f t he p lank s i n t he s ame t r ee s b ecame more o pen t o q ue s t ion a s t he n umber s o f s amp le s g rew a nd t he ir l o ca t ion s i n t he t r ack b ecame more v ar ied . G row th p a t tern s o ver t he f i r s t 1 00 y ear s w ere a lmo s t i den t ica l , b u t o ne o r t wo g roup s t hen e vo lved v ery d i s t inc t ive p a t tern s , s uch a s g roup 2 wh ich s howed a s udden d rop i n r i ng-w id th i n y ear 1 01, f o l lowed b y a l terna t ing w ide a nd n a r row z one s o f r i ng s ( F ig . 1 1 .34 ) . G roup s 3 a nd 5 s howed a n e qua l ly s udden d ec l ine i n g row th i n y ear 9 3 , wh i le g roup 6 ma in ta ined r ap id g row th t h roughou t . E ven tua l ly t he f i na l p lac ing o f a l l 1 46 c ro s s- ma tched c u rve s w a s a ch ieved a nd t he r e su l t s a re i lu s tra ted i n a b a r d iagram , F ig . 1 1 .35 . T oge ther t he c urve s s pan a t o ta l o f 1 52 y ea r s . E xam ina t ion o f t he se d a ta i nd ica ted t he r egu la r f a l l-off i n e nd y ear , a f ea ture a l so a ppa ren t i n t he Swee t t r ack a s semb lage ( F ig . I I .10 ) . T h i s may b e s im i lar ly i n terpre ted a s t he r e su l t o f s p l i t t ing many p lank s a nd s t ake s f rom a g roup o f t r ee s f rom t he s ame w ood land . T hu s i t c ou ld b e i nfer red t ha t s o me c ame f rom t he i nner t r ee a nd l a y e ar ly i n t he c hrono logy , wh i le p lank s f rom t he o u ter t r ee w ou ld h ave r i ng p a t tern s l a te i n t he c hrono logy . However , t he b u i lder s o f t he Meare H ea th t r ack made u se o f much s ma l ler a nd y ounger t r ee s t han t ho se s p l i t f or t he n or thern p a r t o f t he S wee t t r ack , a nd e ach t r ee wou ld h ave p rov ided f ewer p lank s . T he Meare H ea th t r ack c hrono logy may a l so b e e x tended a t t he s t a r t b y a f ur ther 1 0 y ea r s , i f t he p o s i t ion o f t imber MH84 .034 ( a s l i s ted i n Append ix 5 ) i s c orrec t ; t here w ere f ew c urve s w i th wh ich t o c ompare i t s p a t tern i n t he f i r s t f ew y ea r s o f t he c hrono logy , b u t i t s c orre la t ion w i th MH77 .4 ( t =4 .3 ) , MH75 1 . 140 ( t =3 .2 ) a nd g roup m ean 2 ( t=4 .69 ) s ugge s ted i t h ad b een c orrec t ly p laced . T he 7 8 c urve s o r ig ina l ly i nvo lved i n t h e 6 g roup mean c urve s h ave b een a veraged t oge ther t o c rea te a 1 52 ma s ter c urve , t he v a lue s f or wh ich a re l i s ted i n T ab le 1 1 .14 . T he h omogene i ty o f t he who le a s semb lage , w i th g ood c ro s s- ma tch ing o f a lmo s t a l l t he mea sured t imber s , s ugges ted t he c ommon o r ig in o f t he p lank s i n t r ee s g row ing i n t he s ame w ood land a nd f e l led a t t he s ame t ime . T here w a s n o i nd ica t ion o f r eu se , a s s ugge s ted b y Godw in ( 1960 ) . T he p re sen t t r ee-r ing e v idence s ugge s t s t ha t t he p lank s w ere made d e l ibera te ly t o b u i ld t he t r ackway , a nd o ther e xp lana t ion s mu s t b e s ough t f or t he f unc t ion o f a ny s uperf luou s h o le s . T here w a s n o e v idence o f a ny t imber s b e ing e ar l ier o r l a ter i n d a te t han t he ma in g roup .

7 0

1 1 .2 .5

S apwood

S apwood wa s p reserved o n 1 0 t imber s , e x tend ing o ver 4 t o 3 4 r i ng s ; t hey a re d e scr ibed i n T ab le 1 1 .15 a nd F ig . 1 1 .36 . I t w a s t hough t t o b e c omp le te o n MH77 1 . 139 a nd MH77 2 . 33 a f ter s evera l a t temp t s a t mea sur ing a ccura te ly t he v ery n a rrow r i ng s . T hu s t he ir f i na l r i ng s w ere t hough t t o r epresen t t he f e l l ing y ea r o f t he t r ee s , y ea r 1 52 o n t he a rb i tra ry s ca le . T he t r an s i t ion t o s apwood g enera l ly l a y a round y ea r s 1 20-130 , a l low ing b e tween 1 8 a nd 3 4 s apwood r i ng s ( Tab le 1 1 .15 ) , wh ich w ou ld b e i n a ccordance w i th t he k nown v ar ia t ion i n s apwood w id th , a nd w i th t he t r ee s ' a ge a nd g row th r a te ( H i I lam , Morgan a nd T yer s , 1 987 ) . T hree o f t he p lank s w ere t angen t ia l ( MH77C , MH77 .17 , MH79 6 8 .2 ) , t he r e s t r ad ia l . T hree w ere k nown t o h ave b een u sed a s t r an sver se s (MH77 1 . 139 , MH77 2 . 74 , MH79 6 8 .5 ) a nd o ne a s a l ong i tud ina l (MH77 2 . 33 ) , s o t he p re sence o r o therw i se o f s apwood s eemed t o b ea r n o r e la t ion sh ip t o f unc t ion , o r t o t he l i fe-span o f t he p lank . Godw in ( 1960 ) r epor ted t he p re sence o f b a rk o n t he u nder-surface o f p l ank s a t t he s ou thern e nd o f t he t r ack , wh ich s ugge s t s t hey w ere s p l i t l og s . N o t r ace o f b a rk h a s b een f ound among t he s amp le s e xam ined h ere , n or w ou ld i t h ave b een l i ke ly e xcep t o n t angen t ia l p lank s . I t i s p o s s ib le t ha t t he c ha rac ter o f t he t r ack d iffered f a r ther s ou th ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 978 , 3 3 ) .

1 1 .2 .6

A rchaeo log ica l i n terpre ta t ion o f t he t r ee-r ing r e su l t s

On ly a s ma l l p ropor t ion o f t he wood c ou ld b e a s s igned a p ar t icu la r f unc t ion i n t he t r ack , s i nce much w a s f ound d i s turbed a nd o u t o f c on tex t . T he f unc t ion o f t ho se a dequa te ly k nown i s l i s ted i n Append ix 5 . T he h igher l ong i tud ina l s t ended t o b e v ery d ecayed when e xcava ted ; f our e x treme ly t h in e xamp le s ( l e s s t han 1 0mm t h ick ) d id n o t s urv ive l i f t ing a nd a na ly s i s (MH75 2 . 25 , 2 . 31, 2 . 40 a nd 2 . 46 ) , s o n o th ing w a s k nown a bou t t he ir c ro s s-sec t ion s o r whe ther t hey c ame f rom t he s ame t r ee s . Ou t o f 1 5 p robab le l ong i tud ina l p lank s e xam ined , 1 w ere c ro s s-ma tched i n to t he c hrono logy . I t w a s n o t c l ear f rom t he e xcava t ion whe ther o ne w ide p lank h ad b een u sed a s a l ong i tud ina l wh ich h ad s ub sequen t ly s p l i t i n to t wo , o r whe ther t wo p l ank s h ad b een l a id s i de b y s i de . T h i s w a s o ne a rea where t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s m igh t b e a b le t o p rov ide a n a n swer , t hough t here w ere f ew e xamp le s a va i lab le f or s t udy . MH74 a rea 1 ( F ig . 1 1 .37 ) a nd MH77 a rea 2 p rov ided mo s t e xamp le s ; t he l ong i tud ina l s o n t he se s i te s w ere a l l o f t he s o-ca l led " i n termed ia te " t ype , w i th p i th a t o ne c orner , wh ich c ou ld s ugge s t t hey w ere o r ig ina l ly o ne p lank s p l i t r i gh t a cro s s t he m idd le o f t he t r ee . T hey wou ld t h en b e l i ab le t o l ong i tud ina l s p l i t t ing i n to t wo n a rrower p lank s , e i ther a l ong t he w eaker p i th a rea o r a l ong t he r ay s wh ich w ou ld t hen l i e a t a n o b l ique a ng le t o t he p lank 's w id th . On ly t wo a d jacen t p a ir s w ere s t ud ied . MH74 1 . 17 a nd 1 . 18 h ad s im i lar c ro s s-sec t ion s , t hough o ne w a s s l igh t ly l a rger , a nd t hey a l so h ad v ery s im i la r r i ng p a t tern s , wh ich s ugge s ted t hey may h ave b een f rom t he s ame t r ee i f n o t t he s ame p lank . I n a no ther p a ir , MH77 2 . 32 a nd 2 . 34 , o n ly t he f i r s t h ad s uff ic ien t r i ng s f or m ea suremen t .

7 1

Many p lank s f r om MH75 a rea 2 ( F ig . 1 1 .37 ) r epre sen ted d ecayed r emnan t s o f p lank s i n t h e c o r rec t p o s i t ion f o r l ong i tud ina l s , b u t n o t p roved t o h ave s e rved t ha t f unc t ion ; t hey h ave b een i n c luded w i th a q uery . Abou t 3 0 k nown a nd 6 s u spec ted t r an sver se p lank s h ave b een e xam ined , a nd s howed a g rea t v a r ia t ion i n s i ze a nd c onver s ion m e thod , f rom r ad ia l t o t angen t ia l a nd s p l i t h a lve s . T he ir r i ng-w id th s t ended t o s pan t he m idd le r ange o f t he c hrono logy ; t he i mp l ica t ion i s t ha t t he i nner a nd o u ter p a r t s o f t he t r ee w ere t r immed o ff a nd d i scarded , o r u sed f or s t ake s . A g roup o f t angen t ia l p l ank s f rom t he s e cond l e ve l o f MH74 a r ea 1 l a y t r an sver se ly (MH74 1 . 147 , 1 . 150 , 1 . 151 , 1 . 152 ) , b u t w ere a mong s t a j umb led h eap o f p lank ing a nd b ru shwood t hough t t o r epre sen t a n a t temp t t o c ons o l ida te a b oggy a rea ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 976a ) . T h i s s e cond l e ve l ( benea th t ha t s hown i n F ig . 1 1 .37 ) c on ta ined o ther p lank s ( MH74 1 . 47 , 1 26 , 5 6 , 9 6 , 9 8 , 1 40 ) a nd a t h ird l e ve l c on ta ined t wo p lank s ( MH74 1 . 175 , 1 78 ) , t he r i ng p a t tern s f rom a l l o f w h ich c ro s s-ma tched . T h i s s ugge s ted t he c on tempora ry n a ture o f t he e n t ire d epo s i t a nd t he a va i lab i l i ty o f s urp lu s p lank ing . T he r egu la r s pac ing o f t r an sver se s a t MH75 a rea 2 a nd MH77 a rea 1 ( F ig s . 1 1 .37 , 3 8 ) e nab led a s e r ie s o f p lank s o f s im i la r f unc t ion t o b e c ompa red a s t o s i ze a nd s hape . T he ir v a r ia t ion i n w id th o f 8 5-300mm , a nd c onver s ion m e thod , w a s c omp lemen ted b y t he ir v a r ia t ion i n l e ng th o f 7 102 660mm . I t i s c l ea r f r om t he se d a ta t ha t t he t r ack c on s t ruc t ion i n n o w ay r e l ied u pon t he s hape o r s i ze o f t he t imber , b eyond a m in imum l e ng th a nd t he n eed f or h o le s a t c er ta in i n terva l s . T he w oodwo rk ing t e chn ique s mu s t h ave b een g overned b y t he s i ze o f t he t r ee s t hem se lve s a nd t he n eed t o o b ta in a s many p l ank s a nd s t ake s a s p o s s ib le w i th t he l e a s t e ffor t . Many o f t he o ther p lank s s t ud ied mu s t h ave s e rved a s t r an sver se s b u t h ave n o t b een i n c luded i n v i ew o f t he u ncer ta in ty o ver t he ir f unc t ion . T here w ere 3 9 d ef in i te p eg s o r s t ake s , t hough many more p i ece s o f t he s ame d i s t inc t ive . c ro s s-sec t ion mu s t h ave s e rved t he s ame f unc t ion . A l l b u t o ne r oundwood p i ece ( MH75 2 . 63 ) w ere s p l i t o ak . T he l a rge s t a s semb lage c ame f rom MH75 a r ea 2 , w i th a no ther g roup f rom MH77 a r ea 1 . A l l h ad l e s s t han 6 0 g row th r i ng s a nd c ro s s-sec t ion s o f a round 4 0 x5 0mm . C ro s s-ma tch ing s ucceeded f or 1 8 s t ake s d e sp i te t he ir s hor t r i ng s equence s ; t he ir t r ee-r ing p o s i t ion s a re s hown i n F ig . 1 1 .35 a nd 4 0 , a nd l i s ted i n Append ix 5 . O ne c l o se a s soc ia t ion o f s ynchron i sed p iece s o ccur red i n MH75 a rea 2 w he re t r an sver se 2 8 w a s h e ld i n p lace b y s t ake 2 9 ; t he c u rve f or 2 . 28 s canned y ea r s 2 8-106 a nd t ha t f or 2 . 29 s panned 4 8-94 w i th a n a lmo s t i den t ica l p a t tern . T he s im i la r i t ie s s ugge s ted t ha t t he s t ake s w ere s p l i t f rom t he s ame t r ee s a s t he p l ank s , p robab ly b y s p l i t t ing u p t he p lank s t hem se lve s . C urve s f rom t h e s t ake s t e nded t o l i e e a r ly i n t he t hey o f ten c ame f rom t h e i nner p a r t s o f t he t r ee s ( F ig . 1 1 .40 ) .

c hrono logy ,

a s i f

D ifferen t v a r iab le s o f t he p l ank s a nd s t ake s w ere e xam ined t o s ee i f a ny r e la t ion sh ip s c ou ld b e f ound b e tween t hem a nd t o t r y t o e xp la in s ome o f t he v a r ia t ion . T he ma in a spec t s c on s idered w ere : 7 2

1

t he r e la t ion sh ip o f f unc t ion i n t he t r ack t o a verage r i ng-w id th t o s ee i f t r ee s o f d iffer ing g row th r a te ( and t hu s s i ze ) w ere c onver ted i n to d ifferen t t ype s o f p lank . E xam ina t ion o f t he d a ta i n T ab le 1 1 .16 s how s t ha t s p l i t h a lve s , s t ake s a nd t angen t ia l p lank s c ame f rom n arrower-r inged ( s lower g rown ) t r ee s t han r ad ia l p lank s a nd e spec ia l ly " i n termed ia te " p l ank s ; t hey h ad t he w ide s t r i ng s , p robab ly b ecause t hey o f ten i nc luded t he p i th a rea . I t may a l so s ugge s t t ha t t he l a rger a nd b e t ter-grown t r ee s w ere p referen t ia l ly s e lec ted f or t h i s me thod o f c onver s ion , p o s s ib ly e ven t o p roduce p lank s a s w ide a s t he d iame ter o f t he t r ee f or u se a s l ong i tud ina l s . T h i s i s a p o in t o n ly f u ture e xcavat i on c an p rove .

T he t angen t ia l p lank s p robab ly c ame f rom t he o u ter r i ng s o f t he t r ee s , wh ich wou ld t end t o b e n arrower . T he s im i lar i ty i n a verage r i ng-w id th b e tween t he s t ake s a nd t angen t ia l p lank s l end s s uppor t t o t he i dea t ha t t he s t ake s w ere s p l i t o u t f r om s uch p l ank s a l ong t he r ay s . T he " i n termed ia te " p lank s w ere u nu sua l i n s how ing a n i ncrea se i n a verage r i ng-w id th w i th i n crea s ing a ge ( F ig . 1 1 .39 ) . T h i s e v idence s ugge s ted t ha t t he ir c ond i t ion s o f g row th w ere i mprov ing , wh i le t ho se o f s ome o f t he o thet t r ee s i n t he d ecade s i mmed ia te ly b efore c on s truc t ion w ere d ec l in ing . T h i s may b e a c lue t o t he c onnec t ion - p o s s ib ly a g roup o f t r ee s f rom a d i fferen t a rea w ere c u t a nd c onver ted i n a p a r t icu lar w ay , t hen u sed r ando m ly i n t he t r ack . 2 ) t he r e la t ion sh ip o f f unc t ion t o t ime s pan i n t he c hrono logy t o s ee i f t here w ere a ny c oncen tra t ion s i n t h i s . S epara te b ar d iagram s w ere p repared ( F ig . 1 1 .40 ) f or t he t ime s pan s o f t he k nown t r an sver se s , l ong i tud ina l s a nd s t ake s . T he s t ake s t e nded t o l i e q u i te e ar ly i n t he t ime s ca le - t hough t he ir t ime r ange w a s s t i l l w ide , n one c ame f rom t he o u ter p a r t s o f t he t r ee s , p o s s ib ly t o a vo id i n c lud ing a ny s apwood . T he o ther t wo c a tegor ie s s howed a n e qua l ly w ide t ime r ange , t hough r a re ly e x tend ing b efore y ear 5 0 f or t he l ong i tud ina l s a nd y ea r 3 0 f or t he t r an sver se s . I n o ther word s , t he i nner p a r t s o f t he t r ee s w ere t r immed o ff . O therw i se t here w a s n o a ppa ren t r e la t ion sh ip b e tween f unc t ion a nd t ime . 3 ) t he r e la t ionsh ip o f f unc t ion t o me thod o f c onver s ion t o s ee i f p lank s u sed f or a c er ta in p urpo se w ere r egu la r ly s p l i t i n a c er ta in w ay . I t w a s h oped t ha t a c l ea r p a t tern m igh t emerge , s uch a s a l l t he t r an sver ses b e ing t angen t ia l , b u t i n f ac t t he o ppo s i te s eemed t o b e t he c a se . T he e v idence i s s hown i n T ab le 1 1 .17 . I t i s c l ear t ha t a ny t ype o f p lank c ou ld b e u sed f or a ny f unc t ion . The f i gure s s ugge s t t ha t t he me thod o f c onver s ion w a s o f n o i mpor tance t o t he u l t ima te p urpo se o f t he t imber s , a nd may t herefore h ave b een r e la ted t o f ea tu re s o f e ach t r ee a nd t o w oodwork ing t r ad i t ion s . I t i s u nfor tuna te i n t h i s c on tex t t ha t t he f unc t ion o f s o many p iece s i su nknown . T he q uan t i t ie s o f p l ank ing r equ ired t o b u i ld t he t r ack o ver i t s k nown l e ng th o f 1 . 6km ( p robab ly 2 . 5km ) c ou ld b e r ough ly e s t ima ted f rom t he k nown d imen s ion s o f e xcava ted p lank ing .

7 3

I t h a s b een c a lcu la ted ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 978) t ha t 5 000 s t ake s , 2 500 t r an sver se s a nd 5 00m o f l ong i tud ina l p lank s w ere r equ ired t o b u i ld t he t r ack o ver 2 . 5km . G iven t r an sver se s a verag ing 1 . 5-2m i n l e ng th , a f ur ther 4 250m o f p lank ing i s a dded t o t ha t o f t he l ong i tud ina l s . T he s t ake s c ou ld b e e qua ted a pprox ima te ly t o 1 /3 o f a p lank - a t 3 t o a p lank a nd 0 . 5-1 m l ong , a no ther 1 300m o f p lank ing c ou ld b e a dded , mak ing a t o ta l l eng th o f 1 0 ,550m . I t i s v ery d iff icu l t t o e x trac t f i gure s f r om f ore s t ry manua l s o n t he a verage b o le l eng th o f h a rdwood t r ee s , wh ich wou ld b e r e levan t t o t h i s s t udy . U sua l ly t op h e igh t s i nc lud ing t he c rown , a nd t imber v o lume i n h oppu s f ee t a re q uo ted . However o ne s e t o f y i e ld t ab les ( Ham i l ton a nd C hr i s t ie 1 971) r evea led t ha t 1 00 y ea r o ld o ak s h ad a t op h e igh t o f 2 0 .2m a nd a d iame ter o f 3 4 .5cm , wh i le 1 50 y ear o ld o aks h ad a t op h e igh t o f 2 1 .3m a nd a d iame ter a l so o f 3 4 .5cm . U sab le t imber o r ig ina te s i n a bou t 1 /2-2/3 o f t he t op h e igh t , s ugge s t ing a b o le l e ng th o f a bou t 1 0-12m . T he b o le c ou ld t hen b e s l iced i n to 5 o r 6 l e ng th s o f a bou t 2m s u i tab le f or a ny c omponen t o f t he t r ack . E ach l e ng th w ou ld b e s p l i t i n to b e tween 5 a nd 1 0 p lank s o f t he t h ickne s s f ound . A t 1 0 p lank s p er l eng th i t wou ld p rov ide 2 5-30 . T he 1 0 ,550m o f p lank ing i s e qu iva len t t o 5 275 2m l ong p lank s , a nd a t o ta l o f b e tween a bou t 9 0 a nd 2 10 t r ee s w ou ld b e r equ ired . F e l l ing a nd s p l i t t ing s uch a q uan t i ty o f t r ee s w a s a c on s iderab le u nder tak ing ; t he t ime t aken a nd t he n umber o f t r ees r equ ired mu s t h ave d epended t o a g rea t e x ten t o n t he e ff ic iency o f t ho se c a rry ing o u t t he w ork . I t i s d iff icu l t t o s ugge s t r ea son s f or t he d ec l ine i n r i ng w id th n o ted i n many p lank s . I t wa s t oo s udden a c hange f or c ompe t i t ion w i th in t he wood land t o b e a r ea l i s t ic p o s s ib i l i ty . P e r iod ic w a ter logg ing may h ave c au sed s uch a n e ffec t , p erhap s i f t he o ak s g rew o n t he v ery e dge o f t he h igher g round o f t he P o lden s o r Mea re ' i s land ' . I t wa s i n tere s t ing t o n o te v ery s im i la r z ones o f v ery s l ow g row th a nd r e covery i n t he o ak p l ank s o f t he T inney 's t r ack s ( s ec t ion 1 1 .3 ) wh ich w ere o f s im i la r d a te , a nd t oge ther t hey s ugge s t s o me p er iod ic i n terference w i th t he w ood land i n t he l a te B ronze Age , whe ther n a tura l o r h umaninduced .

1 1 .2 .7

D a t ing

T he 1 52 y ear f l oa t ing t r ee-r ing c hrono logy w a s u sed i n a n a t temp t t o c a l ibra te a s e r ie s o f r e la ted r ad iocarbon d a tes . F ur ther o b jec t ive s w ere t o t r y a nd d ef ine t he o therw i se u ncer ta in d a te o f t he t r ackway f rom wh ich a w ide r ange o f d a te s w a s a va i lab le ( Append ix 8 ) , a nd t o p rov ide d a ta f or t he c a l ibra t ion t e chn ique s d ev i sed b y R . M . C la rk ( C la rk a nd R enf rew 1 972 ; C la rk a nd T homp son 1 979 ) . T hree " 20-r ing " b lock s w ere c u t f rom s evera l t imber s i n s uch a p o s i t ion s o a s t o c or re spond t o 4 0 y ear i n terva l s o f t he c hrono logy , a nd t hey w ere d a ted a t Harwe l l ; t hey s upp lemen ted t he w ide-rang ing d a te s a l ready r e ce ived o n w ood a nd p ea t , s pann ing c 900 t o c 1400 b c ( Append ix 9 ) . T he r e su l t s w ere e xam ined a nd c a l ibra ted ( C la rk a nd Morgan 1 983 ) ; t he 9 5% c onf idence i n terva l f or c x , t he mo s t r e cen t r i ng o f t he c hrono logy , w a s f ound 7 4

b y C la rk 's R - me thod t o s pan 1 445-1270 BC . T he t r ee s w ou ld t hen h ave s t a r ted g row th c 1595 - c 1420 BC . T he r e la t ion sh ip o f t he d a te s t o t he c a l ibra t ion c urve i s s hown i n F ig . 1 1 .41 . T he se d a te s a r e s e en t o g ive a g ood g u ide t o t he c a lenda r y ea r s s panned b y t he c hrono logy , a nd t he k nown g row th a l lowance s e nab le f e l l ing d a te s t o b e wo rked o u t ; t he r e su l t s empha s i se t he v a lue o f t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s p r ior t o r ad ioca rbon d a t ing , i n o rder t o e s tab l i sh t he e xac t r e la t ive a ge o f s amp le s s ubm i t ted . Ab so lu te c a lenda r d a t ing h a s b ecome a p o s s ib i l i ty w i th t he c omp le t ion o f t he I r i sh a nd G erman o ak c hrono log ie s ( P i lcher e t a l , 1 984 ) b ack t o 5 289 BC . E x ten s ive c ompu ter c ompa r i son s a nd v i sua l c heck ing h ave s o f a r p rov ided many p o s s ib le p o s i t ion s o f ma tch w i th t he se l ong c hrono log ie s . Two d a te s s t and o u t w i th mo re s i gn if ican t v a lue s , a s s hown i n T ab le 1 1 .18 ; t he Mea re H ea th c h rono logy s e em s t o c or re spond w i th t he I r i sh c hrono logy a t 1 50 1 BC ( 1 =5 .55 ) a nd a t 1 209 BC ( 1 =4 .47 ) , b o th o f wh ich c ou ld b e c ons i dered c on s i s ten t w i th t he r ad ioca rbon d a te s . However , n o c onf i rma t ion t ha t o ne o f t hem i sc or rec t c an b e f ound w i th t he G erman c hrono log ie s . D e sp i te r ad ioca rbon d a te s i n t he s ame t ime r ange , a nd t r ee-r ing s im i la r i t ie s , s uch a s t he a l terna t ing z one s o f v ery n a r row a nd v ery w ide r i ng s , n o c ro s s-ma tch ing h a s b een f ound w i th t he 2 49 y ea r f l oa t ing c hronol o gy •f rom t he T inney 's t r ack t imber s ( de scr ibed i n s ec t ion 1 1 .3 ) . T h i s d oe s s ugge s t t he a b sence o f a ny s i gn if ican t o ver lap i n t ime b e tween t he t wo c hrono log ie s , s i nce t h ey c ou ld o therw i se b e e xpec ted t o ma tch . I t i s u ncer ta in f rom t he r ange o f r ad ioca rbon d a te s f rom t he Mea re H ea th t r ack whe ther i ti se a r l ier o r l a ter t han t he T inney ' s t r ack s . T he d iff icu l ty o f d a t ing t he Mea re H ea th c hrono logy i s p robab ly d ue l a rge ly t o i t s l e ng th o f o n ly 1 52 y ea r s , r educed s t i l l f ur ther t o a bou t a c en tu ry b y t he p oor q ua l i ty o f c ro s s-ma tch ing b e tween i nd iv idua l t imber s i n t he l a s t 5 0 y ea r s . I t i s l i ke ly t ha t t he c hance s o f a b so lu te d a t ing w i l l b e i ncrea sed a s E ng l i sh d a ted c hrono log ie s a re e x tended b ack i n t ime , t o c over t he B ronze Age , a nd b ecome r epre sen ta t ive o f l a rger g eograph ica l a rea s .

I I . 2 . 8

C onc lu s ion s

T he Mea re H ea th t r ack r an n or th-sou th a cro s s t he L eve l s f or a t l e a s t 1 . 6km , a nd h a s b een e xam ined many t ime s , d e sp i te i t s n ow d ry a nd f r agment a ry n a ture . T ree-r ing a na ly s i s o f t he s t ruc ture h a s i nvo lved t he s t udy o f a bou t 2 70 s amp le s , f rom s t ake s a nd p l ank s made a lmo s t e n t ire ly o f o ak . T hey o r ig ina ted i n r e la t ive ly y oung t r ee s , o f u nder 1 50 y ea r s , a nd a round 5 00mm i n d iame ter o r l e s s . T he t r ee s w ere s p l i t i n v a r iou s w ay s t o p rov ide t h ick n a r row p lank s , f or u se a s t r an sver se a nd l ong i tud ina l t imber s , a nd t h in s t ake s t o h o ld t he t r an sver se s i n p lace . T he c ro s s-ma tch ing o f r i ng p a t tern s o f s uff ic ien t l e ng th , f rom a lmo s t a l l t he s amp le s m ea sured , s ugge s ted t h e c ommon o r ig in o f a l l t he t imber . T he t r ee s p robab ly g rew i n q u i te y oung a nd e ven-aged w ood land , c l ea red d e l ibera te ly a nd i n o ne o pera t ion , t o b u i ld t he t r ack . N o e v idence w a s f ound

7 5

t o s uppor t Godw in ' s o r ig ina l t h eory ( Godw in w ere r eu sed .

1 960 ) , t ha t many o f t h e t imber s

A t o ta l o f 1 46 c urve s w ere c or re la ted a nd a veraged i n to a ma s ter c hrono logy s pann ing o n ly 1 52 y ea r s , o f w h ich t he l a s t 5 0 y ea r s p rov ided e r ra t ic a nd u ncer ta in g row th p a t tern s . T en t imber s w i th s apwood , a nd 2 wh ich e x tended a s f a r a s t he b a rk s u rface , s howed t ha t t he f i na l y ear 1 52 w a s t he f e l l ing y ea r o f t he t r ee s . C ompa r i son o f t he ma s ter c hrono logy w i th d a ted r eference c urve s h a s s o f a r f a i led t o p rov ide d ef in i te a b so lu te d a te s ; r ad ioca rbon d a te s s ugge s ted as pan i n t he l a t ter h a lf o f t he 2 nd m i l lenn ium BC . When d a t ing i s p o s s ib le , t he c on s t ruc t ion y ea r o f t he t r ack w i l l b e k nown v e ry p rec i se ly .

7 6

1 1 .3

T INNEY 'S GROUND

1 1 .3 .1

T he S i te s

T he f i e ld k nown a s T inney ' s G round ( ST 4 6933805 ) l i e s f a r ther e a s t t han mo s t o f t he s t ruc ture s e xam ined i n t he B rue v a l ley , b e tween a p ro jec ti ng r i dge o f t he P o lden s a nd t he G la s tonbury ' i s land ' ; i t wou ld t hu s h ave b een t he s hor te s t c ro s s ing p o in t o ver t he l owly ing g round . I t s l o ca t ion i s s hown i n F ig . 1 1 .42 . T he B ronze Age p ea t d epo s i t s i n t he f i e ld w ere c omp le te ly c u t a way b e tween 1 973 a nd 1 979 , d ur ing wh ich t ime n umerou s r ecords o f b ru shwood s t ruc ture s w ere made ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 978a , 1 980 ) . On t he f i na l p lan s , t hey r evea led t he l i ne s o f a t l e a s t n ine b ru shwood t r ack s r unn ing i n p ara l le l l i ne s a cro s s t he f i e ld f rom SW t o NE ( F ig . 1 1 .43 ) , d i rec t ly l i nk ing t he a rea s o f h igher g round . Many more f ragmen t s p robab ly r epre sen t t he r emnan t s o f o ther r ou te s . S ome o f t he t r ack s f orked a nd h eaded o ff i n t wo d i rec t ion s . T he b ru shwood b und le s mak ing u p t he w a lk ing s urface c on s i s ted a lmo s t e n t ire ly o f a lder w ood , a nd a re f ur ther d i scu s sed i n s ec t ion V .5 . However , e xcava t ion r evea led t he p re sence o f o ak p l ank s b enea th t he b ru shwood o n t wo o f t he ma in r ou te s , k nown a s T IN A a nd T IN D , s o me 6 0m a par t ( F ig . 1 1 .43 ) . T IN A w a s e xam ined i n 1 975 a nd 1 977 ( F ig . 1 1 .44 ; C o le s a nd O rme 1 978a ) a nd T IN D i n 1 978 ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 980 ) . T he o ak p lank s w ere g enera l ly l a id l ong i tud ina l ly i n i n term i t ten t g roup s ; s evera l w ere p erfora ted b u t t he h o le s w ere n o t u sed f or p egg ing t hem i n p lace . I t i s t hough t t ha t t hey may r epre sen t a n e a r l ier d i sman t led t r ack o f more s ub s tan t ia l c on s truct i on a l ong t he s ame r ou te , o r t hey c ou ld b e r eu sed f rom e l sewhere , t o p rov ide a dd i t iona l s uppor t f or t he b ru shwood b und le s . S amp le s f rom t he o ak p lank ing w ere s ubm i t ted f or t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s w i th t he a im o f r evea l ing t he c hrono log ica l r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t he p lank s t hem se lve s a nd b e tween t he t wo t r ack w ay s , t o t r y a nd r e so lve t he p rob lem o f t he ir o r ig in . I t w a s a dd i t iona l ly h oped t o b u i ld u p a t r ee-r ing c hrono logy f or r e la t ive a nd a b so lu te d a t ing . R ad ioca rbon d a tes c a rr ied o u t o n t he a lder b ru shwood o f t r ack s T IN A a nd T IN D g ave d a te s o f a pprox ima te ly 1 000-1100 b c ( l i s ted i n Append ix 9 ) . However t he d ifference i n t ime b e tween t he u pper a lder b ru shwood a nd t he l ower o ak p lank s w a s n o t c l ear , n or w ere t he p o s s ib le e ffec t s o f r eu se o n t he d a t ing . T ree-r ing ma ter ia l wa s t hu s r equ ired t o d a te t he o ak s ub s truc ture , a nd t o g ive f ur ther i nforma t ion o n t he n a ture a nd o r ig in s o f t he p lank s .

1 1 .3 .2

T he s amp le s

F u l l d e ta i l s o f t he o ak s amp le s a re g iven i n T ab le 1 1 .19 d ix 7 . I n b r ief , t hey w ere c o l lec ted f rom 2 9 p lank s , 7 5 s t ake s f rom t r ack T IN A , 5 p l ank s a nd 1 2 c h ip s f rom T IN a dd i t iona l 5 o ak p iece s t aken f rom " mump s " c u t b y t he p ea t t hu s o f u nknown o r ig in . T he c h ip s w ere l a rge ly s ma l l r ad ia l 7 7

a nd Appenc h ip s a nd 1 0 D , a nd a n mach ines a nd o ak f ragmen t s

l e s s t han 1 00mm w ide . T he s t ake s w ere v ery s im i lar t o t ho se f ound i n t he Meare Hea th t r ack , wh ich i s o f s im i lar d a te ; t hey w ere o f s p l i t o ak , v ery f i ne ly a dzed o ver t he who le s urface a nd u sua l ly r ough ly p en tagona l i n c ro s s-sec t ion ( s ee a l so s e c t ion s 1 .1 .2 ; 1 1 .2 ; F ig . 1 1 .29 ) . Ou t o f t he 3 4 p iece s c l a s sed a s p lank s , t he ma jor i ty w ere r ad ia l ly s p l i t ( Tab le 1 1 .20 ) a nd a bou t o ne t h ird w ere e i ther t angen t ia l o r ` i n termed ia te ' b e tween t he t wo t ype s . A l l t he t angen t ia l p lank s c ame f rom T IN A . P lank w id th s v ar ied w ide ly , a s i lu s tra ted i n F ig . 1 1 .45 , u p t o a max imum o f 3 25mm ( p lank 1 . 7 ; 2 . 6 2 4 ) , s ugge s t ing t he a va i lab i l i ty o f t r ee s a round 7 00mm i n d iame ter . T he p re sence o f t angen t ia l p lank s , h owever , may i nd ica te t he n ece s s i ty t o u se s ma l ler t r ee s . E xam ina t ion o f t he g row th i ncremen t d a ta , wh ich i s s hown i n F ig . 1 1 .46 , i nd ica te s t ha t t he t r ee s u sed f or t he T inney 's p lank s w ere q u i te s l ow-grown , a verag ing a round 1 . 5mm p er y ear . T hey r eached a max imum o f a bou t 2 50-300 y ear s o ld ; t he w ide s t p lank a l so h ad t he mo s t r i ng s a t 2 11 . On ly 1 4 p lank s h ad i n e xce s s o f 1 00 r i ng s , t he ma jor i ty b e ing c h ip s o r s t ake s w i th 3 0-80 r i ng s ( s hown b y t he p eak i n F ig .I I I .47 ) . No t r ace s o f s apwood w ere f ound o n a ny o ak s amp le s . s S evera l p lank s r evea led t he z one s o f v ery n a rrow r i ng s s epara ted b y a f ew w ide r i ng s a l ready n o ted i n t he Mea re Hea th t r ack wood ( s ec t ion 1 1 .2 .4 ) ; t h i s i s t he r e su l t o f a c yc le o f s evere s t re s s f o l lowed b y r ecovery . T he c au se i s n o t k nown , n or c an t he p a t tern s f rom t he t wo t r ack s b e r e la ted i n t ime , b u t t he ir p re sence i n b o th g roup s o f ma ter ia l i s s ugge s t ive o f g row th i n e rra t ic c ond i t ion s n o t e n t ire ly s u i ted t o o ak . P er iod ic w a terl o gg ing i so ne p o s s ib i l i ty .

1 1 .3 .3

C ro s s-ma tch ing a nd i n terpre ta t ion

A t o ta l o f 5 2 s amp le s w ere s u i tab le f or r i ng-w id th mea suremen t , o u t o f wh ich c ro s s-ma tch ing s ucceeded f or 4 5 c urves i n to a r i ng s e r ie s s pann ing 2 49 y ear s . T he a verage v a lue s a re l i s ted i n T ab le 1 1 .21 ; i n t h i s c a se t he r aw r i ng-w id th s h ave b een c onver ted i n to i nd ice s u s ing t he I NDXA p rogram ( s ee s e c t ion 1 .3 .3 ) , i n o rder t o a s se s s t he n eed f or s uch s t andard iza t ion o f d a ta . A t p resen t , i t i s n o t c on s idered n ece s sary b u t h a s n o e ffec t o n t he q ua l i ty f or c ro s s-ma tch ing . T he r e la t ion sh ip o f e ach c urve w i th in t he d a t ing f ramework i s i lu s tra ted b y a b ar d iagram i n F ig . 1 1 .48 . E xam ina t ion o f t hese i ncremen t p a t tern s i nd ica ted t ha t g roup s o f c urve s w ere s o s im i la r t o e ach o ther t ha t i t a ppeared mo s t p robab le t ha t l a rge n umber s o f t imber s w ere d er ived f rom j u s t a f ew t r ee s . I n i t ia l ly t h ree g roup s w ere i den t if ied , b u t g roup s 1a nd 2 p rov ided v ery s im i lar g row th p a t tern s a nd h ave b een merged ; t he se t imber s may h ave o r ig ina ted i n t he s ame t r ee o r i n t r ee s g row ing c l o se t oge ther i n t he s ame wood land . T he ma jor i ty o f s amp le s f e l l i n to t h i s g roup , b u t a s ma l l g roup o f 8 p lank s f rom b o th T IN A a nd T IN D w ere c on sp icuou s b y t he ir s hor ter r i ng s equence s a nd l ower l e ve l s o f s en s i t iv i ty . T he se w ere a veraged i n to a s epa ra te c urve a nd t e rmed t r ee 3 ; i t w a s t hen f ound t o 7 8

ma tch t he l a rger g roup b e tween y ea r s t h e t wo c urve s a re s hown i n F ig . 1 1 .49 .

5 9

a nd

2 09

( t =4 .78 ) ,

a nd p or t ion s o f

E xam ina t ion o f t he b a r d iag ram i n F ig . 1 1 .48 , w i th t he g radua l f a l l-off i n e nd y ea r n ow f am i l ia r i n t he S omer se t L eve l s t r ee-r ing a s semb lage s , s ugge s t s t ha t o n ly a f ew l a rge o ak s w ere s p l i t t o p rov ide p lank s a nd s t ake s . T he d ifference i n t r ee 3 may i nd ica te a s epa ra te w ood land o r ig in , where t he s t re s se s a ffec t ing t he g row th o f t he o ther t r ee s w ere a b sen t . R e la t ion sh ip s b e tween t he p l ank s h ave a r chaeo log ica l i mp l ica t ion s o f i mpo r tance ; p a r t icu la r ly i n tere s t ing i s t he p re sence o f p lank s f rom t he s ame t r ee s i n b o th T IN A a nd T IN D , s epa ra ted b y s ome 6 0m ( F ig . 1 1 .43 ) . F or e xamp le , p lank s f rom t r ee 3 o ccu r red i n T IN A 1 975 o n h ead 1 , T IN A 1 974 o n h ead s 5 -6 , i n t he c u t " mump s " o n t he T IN A r ou te ( i .e . i n t he b lock s t u rned o u t b y t he p ea t m ach ine ) , i n T IN D 1 978 a nd T IN D /A ( head A ) 1 978 , a nd f rom a p ea t s e c t ion o n t he l i ne o f T IN D . A l l t he se p o s i t ion s a re l o ca ted i n F ig . 1 1 .43 . No o ak s amp le s w e re e xam ined f r om T IN B o r T IN C ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 978a , 5 9-6 1 , 6 8 ) . N o t o n ly d o t he c ro s s-ma tched p lank s l i nk T IN A a nd T IN D , b u t a l so t he r e su l t s v er ify t he a l ignmen t s o f d i s jo in ted s e c t ion s o f t r ack a cro s s t he f i e ld . F o r e xamp le , t he 2 00m l eng th o f T IN A i s i nd ica ted b y c ro s s-ma tched p l ank s f r om h ead s 1 -2 a t t he w e s t e dge ' o f t he f i e ld , h ead s 5 -6 , a nd h ead s 1 7-18 a bou t h a lf w ay a cro s s t he f i e ld . T he r e su l t s t hu s s ugge s t t ha t a l l t he o ak p lank ing may h ave b een c on tempora ry , a nd may h ave h ad a s im i la r o r ig in , whe ther a s a t r ackway i n t he s ame p o s i t ion o r a s a no ther s t ruc ture e l sewhe re . N o f e l l ing d a te s c ou ld b e d e term ined i n t he a b sence o f s apwood , s o p rec i se r e la t ive d a t ing o f t he t r ack s h a s n o t b een p o s s ib le , b u t i t c an b e p o s tu la ted f rom t he t r ee-r ing s t ha t T IN A a nd T IN D w ere b u i l t w i th in a f ew d ecade s o f e ach o ther . T he s equence o f c on s truc t ion i n t he f i e ld mu s t h ave b een a c omp lex o ne , o f c on s tan t r enewa l a nd r ep lacemen t ; t he e xcava ted b ru shwood t r ack s c on s i s ted o f t wo l a yer s , a nd i t w a s s ugge s ted ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 978a , 6 8 ) t ha t t he p l ank ing f rom a d i sman t led t r ack m igh t h ave b een h eaped i n t he w e t te s t a rea s t o r a i se t he b ru shwood b y s ome 2 00mm . B enea th t he p l ank s o f T IN A w a s ac ompac ted ma s s o f b ru shwood , a nd c h ip s a nd f r agmen t s o f o ak , s ome o f wh ich w ere mea su red a nd c ro s s-ma tched w i th t he p lank ing . T hey a l so s e emed t o h ave t he s ame o r ig in . T he f i ne ly w orked s t ake s , wh ich a ppea red t o h ave n o f unc t ion , w ere c oncen t ra ted a l ong t he c en t re a t t he w e s t e nd o f t h e 1 975 s i te ( F ig . 1 1 .44 ; C o le s a nd O rme 1 978a , 6 3 ) . D e ta i l s o f t hem a re g iven i n T ab le 1 1 .22 ; n one o f t he ir r i ng p a t tern s w ere c o r re la ted w i th t he p l ank c hrono logy , p robab ly b ecau se t hey h ad t oo f ew r i ng s a nd t oo l i t t le v a r ia t ion t o i nd ica te a u n ique p o s i t ion o f ma tch . T he d iff icu l t ie s o f c ro s s-ma tch ing t he s hor t r i ng s e r ie s f rom t angen t ia l p l ank s a nd s t ake s i n to a l onger s i te ma s te r c hrono logy c on t ra s t w i th more s ucce s sfu l a t temp t s t o c or re la te e qua l ly s hor t r i ng s e r ie s f rom r oundwood w i th t he b a rk s u rface p re sen t ( a s d e sc r ibed i n C hap ter s I V-V I ) .

7 9

1 1 .3 .4

D a t ing t he T inney 's c hrono logy

S ince a l l p rev iou s r ad ioca rbon d a te s f or t he t r ackway h ad b een b a sed o n t he a l der b ru shwood ( Append ix 8 ) , i t w a s d ec ided t o s ubm i t t wo d a te s f rom t he o ak c hrono logy , wh ich w ere o f k nown d a te r e la t ive t o e ach o ther a nd t o t he f e l l ing d a te o f t he t r ee s u sed . Two " 20-r ing " b lock s w ere c u t o u t f rom a 1 00 y ear i n terva l o f t he 2 49 y ear c hrono logy a nd g ave t he f o l low ing r e su l t s : HAR 2 538 HAR 2 544

r i ng s 1 20-140 r i ng s 2 20-240

100 + 7 0 b c 1 040 + 6 0 b c

W i th a dded a l lowance f or m i s s ing s apwood , t hey s ugge s t a s pan o f a bou t 1 250 t o 1 000 b c f or t he t r ee-r ing c hrono logy . T h i s h a s b een c a l ibra ted u s ing t he R me thod ( C la rk a nd Morgan 1 983 ) t o b e tween 1 640-1310 a nd 1 390-1060 BC ; t h i s p er iod l i e s i n a f l a t a rea o f t he c a l ibra t ion c urve , where a r ange o f c a lendar d a te s c an b e d er ived f rom t he s ame r ad ioca rbon d a te . A l l t he T inney 's t r ackway d a te s a re i lu s t ra ted i n F ig . 1 1 .50 , a nd t he t r ee-r ingl inke d r ad ioca rbon d a te s a re s hown w i th t he c a l ibra t ion p o in t s i n F ig . 1 1 .51 . F u l l d e ta i l s o f t he d a te s c an b e f ound i n Append ix 8 . • Un t i l a b so lu te d a t ing o f t he 2 49 y ear f l oa t ing c hrono logy ( f or wh ich t he mean v a lue s a re g iven i n T ab le 1 1 .21) i s p o s s ib le , t he r ad ioca rbon d a te s g ive t he b e s t a pprox ima t ion o f i t s a n t iqu i ty . A t temp t s h ave b een made t o c ro s s- ma tch t he c hrono logy w i th t he I r i sh l ong c hrono logy ( P i lcher e t a l 1 984 ) , a nd a l i nked c hrono logy f rom Swan C ar r n ear Durham wh ich s pan s 150-380BC , a s w e l l a s w i th German c hrono log ie s f rom t he D anube b a s in ( Becker 1 983 ) a nd f a r ther n or th . C ompar i son s w ere r un a t B e lfa s t . No s i gn if ican t o r c on s i s ten t r e su l t s h ave y e t b een f ound wh ich m igh t i nd ica te t he c orrec t p o s i t ion o f t he g row th p a t tern . Nor d oe s t he T inney 's c hrono lo gy s how a ny c orre la t ion w i th t he Mea re H ea th c hrono logy , d e sp i te t he ir a pprox ima te ly s im i la r r ad iocarbon d a te s , a nd o ther c orre spond ing f ea ture s s uch a s t he z one s o f v ery n ar row r i ng s i n t he p lank s , a nd t he f i ne ly w orked s t ake s . P o s s ib le ma tche s a re l i s ted i n T ab le 1 1 .23 , a nd a n umber c lu s ter a round t he 1 2-11th c en tur ie s BC s ugge s t ing b u t n o t p rov ing t ha t t he r ad ioca rbon d a te s may i nd ica te t he c orrec t t ime s pan . T ree-r ing s t ud ie s o f t he c omp lex o f t r ack s f ound i n T inney 's G round h ave t hu s s hown t ha t a t l e a s t t wo o f t hem , T IN A a nd D , w ere v ery c l ose i n d a te i f n o t c on temporary . T hey a l so s ugge s t t ha t t he p lank s c ame f rom a t l e a s t t wo t r ee g roup s wh ich w ere m ixed i n b o th t r ack s d ur ing u se , a nd t ha t t he p lank s w ere p robab ly n o t r eu sed . T he 2 49 y ear t r ee-r ing c hrono logy d er ived f rom 4 5 o ak t imber s c anno t y e t b e a b so lu te ly d a ted , b u t p robab ly s pan s t he a pprox ima te p er iod 1 350/1250-11/1000 BC .

8 0

1 1 .4

C onc lu s ion s t o P a r t A

T he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s o n w ood f rom t h ree p a r t ly o r e n t i re ly t imber-bu i l t t r ackway s , p re sen ted i n t h i s s e c t ion , h ave p rov ided a u n ique r e cord o f t r ee g row th a nd a rchaeo log ica l p rac t ice s d u r ing t wo p er iod s o f p reh i s tory . Wood i s s o r a re ly p re served f r om s uch e a r ly c on tex t s , t ha t e very a t temp t h a s b een made t o e x t rac t a s much i n fo rma t ion a s p o s s ib le . T he t r ee-r ing c h rono log ie s , a nd o ther d e ta i l s d er ived d ur ing t he ir c on s truc t ion , h ave b een d eve loped t o t e l l u s more a bou t h ow , why a nd when t he t r ackway s w ere b u i l t ; p r ior t o t h i s r e sea rch , l i t t le w a s k nown o f t he n a ture o f t he w ood u sed . T hough t he t r ee-r ing c hrono log ie s a re a s y e t f l oa t ing i n t ime , t hey o ffer t he p o ten t ia l i n t he v ery n ea r f u ture o f p rec i se a b so lu te d a te s when t hey c an b e l i nked t o d a ted r eference ma ter ia l . T hen t wo o f t he t r ackway s , t he t imber s f rom wh ich e x tend o u t t o t he b a rk s u rface , w i l l b e d a ted p rec i se ly t o t he y ea r , w i th f a r-reach ing i mp l ica t ion s f or t he a s soc ia ted a r chaeo log ica l a nd e nv i ronmen ta l e v idence . T he se S omer se t c hrono log ie s w ere t he f i r s t t o b e e s tab l i shed i n E ng land f rom t he p reh i s tor ic p er iod , a nd t he S wee t c h rono logy r ema in s t he o n ly o ne f rom t he N eo l i th ic b a sed o n a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l . O ther c on tempora ry r ecord s o f t r ee g row th a re b a sed o n o ak s k i l led b y n a tura l e ven t s . T h i s i s i n c on t ra s t t o t he w ea l th o f N eo l i th ic a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l f rom S w i tzer land . F or t he B ronze A ge , t here a re a n umber o f c h rono log ie s s umma r i sed i n F ig . 1 1 .52 , l a rge ly f r om S omer se t a nd f r om n or th-ea s t E ng land , t hough n one a re o f g rea t l e ng th a nd n one a s y e t h ave b een c ro s s-ma tched w i th e ach o ther . C h rono log ie s f or t he B r igg a nd F er r iby b oa t s ( H i l lam 1 981 , 1 985a r e spec t ive ly ) a re b a sed o n t r ee s o f u nknown o r ig in ; o n ly t he F i sker ton c h rono logy ( H i l lam 1 985b ) p a ra l le l s t he a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t s o f t he S omer se t t r ack s , b u t w a s b u i l t u p f rom r e la t ive ly i mma tu re ma ter ia l . T he Mea re H ea th a nd T inney 's c hrono log ie s may t hu s f orm a v i ta l l i nk i n e x tend ing b ack i n t ime t he e a r l ie s t d a ted t r ee-r ing s f rom L ondon ( back t o 2 52BC - S he ldon a nd T yer s 1 983 ) , i n o rder t o e s tab l i sh a l ong r eference c h rono logy f or E ng land .

8 1

PART B - ROUNDWOOD

I n troduc t ion I n t he c our se o f c o l lec t ing o ak p lank s amp les f or d endrochrono log ica l s t ud ie s , i t b ecame a ppa ren t t ha t t here wa s a l so a v a s t amoun t o f o ther w ood , g enera l ly o f v a r ied s pec ie s a nd s ma l l s i ze , wh ich w a s g o ing u nrecorded . P r ior t o t h i s s t udy , a c er ta in amoun t w a s c o l lec ted f or s pec ie s i den t if ica t ion , b u t n o i nforma t ion b eyond g enera l o b serva t ion s o n s i ze w a s r e tr ieved . F rom a n e a r ly s t age , i t w a s t herefore d ec ided t o e xam ine s ma l l amoun t s o f n on-oak r oundwood i n o rder t o a s se s s i t s p o ten t ia l . A s a r e su l t o f e a r ly s t ud ie s , a s much ma ter ia l a s p o s s ib le w a s s a lvaged f r om l a ter e xcava t ion s , w i th t he a im o f g iv ing a s w ide-rang ing a v i ew a s p o s s ib le o f t he c harac ter o f t h i s v ery i mpor tan t r aw ma ter ia l . T he f o l low ing c hap ter s i n t he s econd h a lf o f t h i s p ro jec t , p ar t B , d escr ibe t he r e su l t s c o l lec ted s o f a r o n t he r oundwood o f v ar iou s s pec ie s , a nd t he ir c on t r ibu t ion t o o ur k now ledge o f p reh i s tor ic w ood land s a nd woodwork ing . •T hey c oncern w ood b i rch a nd s ma l l amoun t s c l a s se s o f s t ruc ture : 1 ) 2 ) 3 )

p r inc ipa l ly o f a sh a nd h aze l , w i th s o me a lder a nd o f o ther s pec ie s . T he w ood o r ig ina te s i n t h ree

l a rge r oundwood p o le s f rom t he s ub s truc ture o f t he S wee t t r ack b ru shwood o f v ar ied s i ze , l a rge ly b i rch a nd a l der , f rom b und le t r ack s r od s ma in ly o f h aze l f rom h urd le-bu i l t s t ruc ture s

b rushwood

T he s t udy o f n on-oak r oundwood b egan w i th a f ew a sh a nd h aze l s t em s f rom t he S wee t t r ack ( s i te R 1 973 ) wh ich p roved s uff ic ien t ly i nformat i ve t o mer i t e x tend ing t he s amp l ing t o i nc lude o ther w ood s pec ie s a nd ma ter ia l o f d ifferen t a ge/ s ize c l a s se s . T he c our se o f t he s t udy c hanged f o l low ing t he d i scovery o f t he h urd le t r ack s f rom 1 975 o n ; t he e xcava t ion a t Row land 's i n 1 976 ( s ec t ion V I .3 ) i n i t ia ted a s amp l ing s t ra tegy wh ich h a s b een a pp l ied t o a l l h urd le a nd b ru shwood t r ack s s i nce t hen . I t h a s i nvo lved t ak ing a " t ran sec t " , a p iece o f e very s t em a cro s s t he s t ruc ture a t i n terva l s ; t hu s t he e n t ire r ange o f ma ter ia l u sed wa s i nvo lved i n t he s t udy , r a ther t han , a s p rev iou s ly , s e lec t ing o u t t he l a rge s t s t em s wh ich m igh t h ave b een s u i ted t o r i ng-w id th mea suremen t . T h i s w a s f ound t o g ive a b ia sed v i ew ( e .g . Wa l ton , s ec t ion V I .2 ) . An a s se s smen t o f t he r e su l t s w a s made l a rge ly o n t he b a s i s o f c omp a r i son s w i th in a nd b e tween a s semb lage s , a nd o n a s sump t ion s b a sed o n modern wood land managemen t p rac t ice s , t hough h ere t here i s a l a ck o f b ackg round i nforma t ion . I n e s sence , t he r e la ted a nd f undamen ta l q ue s t ion s b e ing a sked o f t he ma ter ia l w ere : wha t d oe s t he a ge a nd s i ze r ange a nd s pec ie s c ompo s i t ion t e l l u s a bou t t he o r ig ina l wood land f rom wh ich t he w ood w a s c o l lec ted t o b u i ld t he t r ackway s , a nd a bou t t he r e la t ion sh ip o f t he l o ca l h uman p opu la t ion t o t ha t w ood land?

8 2

A n umber o f p o s s ib le o p t ion s a r e a va i lab le o f r oundwood f or t r ackway c on s t ruc t ion : 1 )

c o l lec t ion a t r andom o f t he p robab ly s how a w ide r ange c en t ra t ion s .

2 )

c o l lec t ion o f t h e p a r t icu la r s i ze .

3 )

c o l lec t ion o f ap refer red w ood s pec ie s .

4 )

c o l lec t ion o f a ny s e lec t ing f or s i ze .

5 )

s em i-de l ibera te p roduc t ion o f l ong s t ra igh t s i ze , w i th p a r t icu la r p urpo se s i n m ind .

n ea re s t

w ood

n ea re s t i n a ge

a va i lab le

s pec ie s

t he e xp lo i ta t ion

a va i lab le m a ter ia l , wh ich w ou ld a nd s i ze , r a ther t han a ny c on-

ma ter ia l

f rom

t o e xp la in

b u t

w ood land

r od s

s e lec t ing

o ver

a nd

s t em s

a l a rger

p o le s

o f

a

a rea ,

o f u n iform

T he f i r s t o p t ion l a rge ly c over s ( w i th in t he s cope o f t h i s r e sea rch ) b i rch s c rub g row ing i n o r a round t he L eve l s , i n i t se lf s ugge s t ive o f p rev iou s c l ea rance s . Op t ion s 4 ) a nd 5 ) a r e l e ad ing u p t o t h e r egu la r a nd f orma l c opp ice s y s tem o f w ood land managemen t p rac t i sed i n m ed ieva l t ime s ( Rackham 1 976 ) . Under t h i s s y s tem , mo s t d ec iduou s s pec ie s when f e l led p roduce a c rop o f l ong s t ra igh t s hoo t s f rom e p icorm ic b ud s a t t he b a se o f t he t r unk . T he c rop c an b e ma in ta ined i ndef in i te ly , i f r egu la r ly c u t a nd p ro tec ted f rom g raz ing a n ima l s f o r s evera l y ea r s a f ter c u t t ing ( L ind say 1 974 ) . T oday , c opp ice w ood land s t end t o b e p l an ted w i th a l im i ted n umber o f s pec ie s f o r p a r t icu la r p urpo se s , b u t i n t he p a s t , t he s pec ie s m ix ture w a s t hough t t o r ep re sen t t he o r ig ina l w ood land c ompo s i t ion . F or e xamp le , e a r ly m ed ieva l w a t t l ing w a s t yp ica l ly c ompo sed o f r od s o f o ak , h aze l a nd w i l low , w i th s ma l l q uan t i t ie s o f many o ther s pec ie s ( Ha l l 1 984 ; Mur ray 1 983 ; Morgan u npub . ) . C lea r-fe l l ing , c omp le te r emova l o f t he e n t ire c rop , w a s c a r r ied o u t o n a r o ta t ion , t he l e ng th o f wh ich v a r ied a ccord ing t o s pec ie s a nd i n tended p u rpo se . T he t r ad i t iona l h aze l c yc le i s o f ten q uo ted a s 7 y ea r s ( Ed l in 1 973 ) t hough i n f ac t i t h a s v a r ied g rea t ly o ver t he l a s t f ew c en tur ie s , p o s s ib ly t end ing t owa rd s g e t t ing l onger i n r e cen t y ea r s ( Rackham 1 980 , 1 41) . T he s l ower-grow ing o ak a nd a sh a re g enera l ly c u t o n ac yc le a round 2 5 y ea r s i n l e ng th , t he o p t imum a ge i n o ak t o p rov ide b a rk f or t ann ing ( L ind say 1 974 ) . U sua l ly a w ood land w a s d iv ided i n to c ompa r tmen t s , e qu iva len t i n n umber t o t he n umber o f y ea r s i n t he c yc le , s o t ha t c u t t ing o f a n a rea t ook p lace e ach y ea r . T he p rac t ice o f c l ea r-fe l l ing w ou ld l e ave a c rop o f s t em s o f u n ifo rm a ge ( t hough w i th a p ropor t ion o f y ounger s t em s , wh ich s t a r ted g row th l a ter ) , b u t o f v a ry ing d iame ter . T he g row th r a te v a r ie s f rom s t em t o s t em , c au s ing t he se s i ze d ifference s , t hough t here i s n o i n forma t ion a s t o t he r ea son s p o s i t ion o n t he s t oo l , p rox im i ty t o l i gh t , c l ima t ic c hange c ou ld b e p o s tu la ted a s w e l l a s p hy s io log ica l c au se s . T he d iff icu l ty i s t o d e term ine whe ther t he c l ea rance w a s a s i ng le o ccur rence o r c a rr ied o u t r egu la r ly a nd d e l ibera te ly e i ther w ou ld p robab ly r e su l t i n a s im i la r a ge c oncen t ra t ion i n t he ma ter ia l . 8 3

C lea rance f or c u l t iva t ion w ou ld l e ad o f e ven-aged s t em s f r om t he s t oo l s .

t o t he

a cc iden ta l

p roduc t ion

o f a c rop

A d ifferen t s i tua t ion w ou ld r e su l t f rom t he o ther m e thod o f o b ta in ing r egu la r s upp l ie s o f r od s a nd p o le s , d raw-fe l l ing ( Rackham 1 977 ) . I n t h i s p rac t ice , s t em s o f a p a r t icu la r s i ze w ere c u t f r om t he s t oo l s , l e av ing o ther s wh ich w ere t oo s ma l l o r t oo l a rge t o c on t inue g row ing . T h i s w ou ld c rea te a n a s semb lage o f s t em s o f v ery u n iform s i ze , b u t o f a v a r ie ty o f a ge s a ccord ing t o t he g row th r a te . Any c yc le w ou ld b e d iff icu l t t o d e term ine f r om a s t udy o f t he ma ter ia l , a nd w ou ld p robab ly b e u nnece s sa ry . A much l a rger a rea o f w ood land w ou ld p robab ly n eed t o b e e xp lo i ted t o p rov ide s uff ic ien t w ood o f t he r equ ired s i ze . I t h a s a l so b een s hown i n e xper imen ta l h u rd le-mak ing ( Co le s a nd D a r rah 1 977 ) t ha t d raw-fe l l ing w a s d iff icu l t u s ing a n a xe , o w ing t o t he s ur round ing s t em s i mped ing a cce s s , t hough p o s s ib ly i t b ecame e a s ier w i th e xper ience . T hu s t he l a rge a s semb lage s o f w ood f r om t he t r ackway s s e emed t o o ffer a n i d ea l o ppor tun i ty t o s t udy p a t tern s i n t h e a ge s a nd s i ze s o f s t em s , a nd t o s e e i f a ny o rgan i sed m e thod s o f w ood land e xp lo i ta t ion c ou ld b e d e term ined . T he ma in d i sadvan tage o f t he p ro jec t i s t he l a ck o f modern c ompa ra t ive d a ta . I ndeed i t w ou ld p robab ly b e i mpo s s ib le t oday t o l o ca te w ood land g row ing u nder s im i la r c ond i t ion s t o t ha t i n p reh i s tor ic t ime s , wh ich w ou ld r ender a ny s e r iou s c ompa r i son s m ean ing le s s . T he r oundwood s t udy h a s a l so b een a imed a t a s se s s ing t he p o ten t ia l b o th o f v a r iou s s pec ie s a nd o f s ho r t r i ng s equence s f or t r ee-r ing d a t ing , i n i t ia l ly o n a v ery l im i ted s ca le o f w i th in-s i te r e la t ive d a t ing . H av ing e s tab l i shed a s pec ie s ' s u i tab i l i ty f or r i ng-w id th m ea suremen t , t here w e re t wo o b jec t ive s i n e x t rac t ing g row th p a t tern s : 1 )

t o a s se s s whe ther t he s t em s o r ig ina ted i n t he s ame s t oo l s , o r s ame w ood land , b y s t udy ing t he s im i la r i ty i n t he i r g row th p a t tern s .

i n t he

2 )

t o a s se s s t he r e la t ive y ea r s i n wh ich t he s t em s w ere c u t , b y m ean s o f c ro s s-ma tch ing p a t tern s a nd s t udy ing t h e p o s i t ion s o f t he o u termo s t r i ng s r e la t ive t o e ach o ther .

T he m a tu re r oundwood s t em s ( i .e . o ver a bou t 2 5 y ea r s o ld ) w ere t h erefore u sed t o e s tab l i sh , w here p o s s ib le , s hor tterm d a t ing f r amework s w i th in e ach s t ruc tu re . S ince t he t r ackway s a ppea red o n a rchaeo log ica l g round s t o b e s i ng le-per iod s t ruc ture s , u sua l ly b u i l t i n o ne o pera t ion , t he c ompar i son s s t a r ted w i th t he i n i t ia l a s sump t ion t ha t a l l t he w ood w a s c u t i n t he s ame y ear . T he s t udy w en t o n t o s e e i f t h i s i d ea w a s s uppor ted b y t he e v idence . T he v a lue o f s hor t r i ng s equence s o f v a r iou s w ood s pec ie s f r om p reh i s tor ic c on tex t s h a s o n ly b een a pp rec ia ted i n r e cen t y ea r s ( H i l lam e t a l 1 987 ) , a l though c ro s s-ma tch ing i s j u s t if ied o n ly when t he a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t c l ea r ly d emon s t ra te s t he u n iform o r ig in o f t he s amp le s . T he d ef in i t ion o f f e l l ing y ea r s f r om r oundwood u sed a s p i le s c an i nd ica te c on s t ruc t ion p ha se s , h ou se p l an s a nd t he d ura t ion o f s e t t lemen t ( e .g . B a r tho l in 1 978 ; 1 983 ; E gger 1 983 ; O rce l a nd E gger 1 982 ) . 8 4

T he p r inc ipa l u ncer ta in ty o ver c ro s s-ma tch ing s ho r t s e r ie s o f r i ng s o f v a r iou s s pec ie s l i e s i n o ur l a ck o f k now ledge o ver t he m echan i sm s g overn ing t he g row th r a te o f o ur f ore s t t r ee s . F or t r ee-r ing p a t tern s t o h ave a c hrono log ica l s i gn if icance wh ich e nab le s c ro s s-da t ing t o t ake p lace , t hey mu s t r e su l t f rom w ide spread g enera l i nf luence s r a ther t han e ffec t s s uffe red b y i nd iv idua l t r ee s . N o th ing i s k nown a bou t t he d egree o f c or re spondence t o b e e xpec ted b e tween t he g row th p a t tern s o f mo s t o f t he w ood s pec ie s i nvo lved i n t h i s s t udy . N or i s i t c l ea r h ow u n ifo rm t he g row th p a t tern m igh t b e b e tween t r unk s a nd b ranche s o f t he s ame t r ee , o r o f t r ee s g row ing f a r a pa r t , o r o f s t em s f rom t he s ame s t oo l . An a dd i t iona l c omp l ica t ion m igh t b e c au sed b y t he e ffec t s o f r egu la r c opp ic ing o n t he g row th r a te ; f or e xamp le , i n h aze l t he p a t tern o f ten s t ar t s w i th a w ide i nner r i ng r e su l t ing f rom r ap id g row th i n t he f i r s t y ea r , f o l lowed b y a g radua l d ec l ine . O cca s iona l n a r row r i ng s c ou ld r e su l t f rom t opp ing , r emova l o f t h e l e ad s hoo t b y g raz ing a n ima l s o r b y man f or f odder ( Rackham 1 977 ) . I f t he se f ac tor s r egu la r ly a ffec t t he g row th p a t tern , a ny a t temp t a t c ro s s-ma tch ing w i th t he a im o f i n terpre t ing t he r e la t ion sh ip o f f e l l ing y ea r s c ou ld b e a t b e s t amb iguou s , a t w or s t m ean ing le s s . An a s se s sm en t o f t he v a lue o f c ro s s-ma tch ing s uch g row th p a t tern s w a s t herefore a ma jo r a im o f t h i s s t udy , a s a s t a r t i n u nder s tand ing t he g row th p roce s se s i n v a r iou s t r ee s pec ie s .

8 5

I V

ROUNDWOOD POLES FROM THE SWEET TRACK

I V .1

I NTRODUCT ION

T he r ou te a nd c on s t ruc t ion o f d e scr ibed ( s ec t ion I I .1 .1 ; F ig s . 1 1 .1-2 ) ; w i th s ome a sh a nd l ime e xam ined , a s r ange o f s ub s tan t ia l r oundwood ma ter ia l t he s ub s truc ture - p eg s , p o s t s a nd r a i l s .

t he S wee t t r ack h ave a l ready b een n o t o n ly w a s t he s p l i t t imbe r o f o ak d e scr ibed i n s ec t ion MA , b u t a l so a wh ich h ad b een u sed f or e l emen t s o f

I den t if ica t ion o f t he s pec ie s ( l a rge ly a t E xe ter ) r evea led t ha t a w ide r ange o f w ood s w ere s e lec ted , p r inc ipa l ly h aze l , a sh , w i l low , a spen a nd h o l ly , w i th s ma l ler amoun t s o f a l der , b i rch , e lm , a pp le a nd d ogwood ( Tab le 1 1 .2 ; C o le s e t a l 1 973 ; C o le s a nd O rme 1 976 ; 1 979 ; 1 984 ) . A s t he t r ack w a s e xcava ted a t d ifferen t p o in t s a l ong i t s l e ng th , i t b ecame c l ea r t ha t t here w a s l i t t le r e la t ion sh ip b e tween f unc t ion a nd w ood s pec ie s - n o o ne s pec ie s w a s r egu la r ly s e lec ted f o r ac er ta in p urpo se s uch a s r a i l s o r p eg s . H owever wha t h a s e merged i s t he p reference f o r c er ta in w ood s a t p a r t icu la r l o ca t ion s ( f or map o f t r ackway s e e F ig . I I .1) ; o ak , w i l löw a nd a spen w ere more c ommon a t s i te TG ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 , 1 7 ) , a sh a t s i te R ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 976 ) , h o l ly a t s i te F ( Co le s e t a l 1 973 ) a nd e lm a t s i te Q ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 ) . O ak a nd l ime r oundwood w ere r a re , d e sp i te t he ir u se f or p lank ing . T he w ide r ange o f w ood s pec ie s s ugge s ted t he w ho le sa le c l ea rance o f w ood land r ega rd le s s o f s pec ie s , wh ich make s s pec ie s v a r ia t ion s a l ong t he t r ack d iff icu l t t o e xp la in . T hey m ay b e r e la ted t o t he c l ea r ing o f d ifferen t a rea s o f w ood land where t he c ompo s i t ion v a r ied , o r t hey may r epre sen t s ome p reference o f t he t r ack-bu i lder s f or c er ta in w ood s . O ther N eo l i th ic w ood a s semb lage s ( e .g . a s d i scu s sed b y S a l i sbury a nd J ane 1 940 ) a l so c on ta in a much g rea ter s pec ie s v a r ie ty t han B ronze A ge o r I r on A ge o ne s , a nd s ugge s t e i ther t he a va i lab i l i ty o f a g rea ter r ange o f w ood s o r l e s s s e lec t ion b y man . I t s e em s r ea sonab le t o s uppo se t ha t t he r ange a nd p ropor t ion s o f w ood s u sed i n t he t r ack a s a who le w ere r epre sen ta t ive o f t he c ompo s i t ion o f t he l o ca l w ood land s i n t he e a r ly 4 th m i l lenn ium BC . A s t he r oundwood w a s s t ud ied i n g rea ter q uan t i t ie s a nd t he r ange o f s pec ie s w a s i n crea sed ( s ta r t ing w i th o n ly a sh a nd h aze l o n s i te R ) , i t b ecame a ppa ren t t ha t e x ten s ive s amp l ing c ou ld r evea l t he a ge/ s ize s t ruc ture a nd g row th r a te o f t he l o ca l w ood land a s w e l l a s i t s c ompo s i t ion , a s sum ing t he w ood t o b e r epre sen ta t ive . S amp l ing w a s t hen i n crea sed t o i nc lude a lmo s t e very w e l l-pre served p i ece o f r oundwood , i r re spec t ive o f s pec ie s a nd s i ze . Much a rchaeo log ica l d e ta i l b egan t o emerge f r om t he s t udy a nd i t w as r egre t ted t ha t e ar l ier s i te s ( s i te s F a nd R ) h ad n o t b een s amp led s o i n tens i ve ly a nd e x ten s ive ly . T he l ong r a i l s i n i t ia l ly l a id a cro s s t he m a r sh s urface w ere c ompo sed o f a v a r ie ty o f s pec ie s wh ich v a r ied a ccord ing t o l o ca t ion - l a rge ly h az e l a nd a sh a t s i te s C a nd TG , h o l ly a t s i te C , a nd w i l low a t s i te WA . T hey r anged f rom u nder 1m t o 1 2m i n l e ng th , w i th r ough ly p o in ted e nd s , p robab ly a s 8 6

f e l led . S ome t ime s o ak a nd l ime p l ank s s e rved t he s ame f unc t ion , f or e xamp le a t s i te C , a nd t hey h ave b een i n c luded i n t he d i scu s s ion o n s p l i t t imber ( s ec t ion I l l .!) . T he p eg s h o ld ing t he r a i l i n p l ace , k nown a s r a i l p eg s , t ended t o b e p l aced i n p a i r s o r c l u s te r s o n e i ther s i de o f t he r a i l , a verag ing 3 -4 p er m e t re o f t r ack . T hey w ere 3 0-80mm i n d iame ter a nd 6 00-2 100 mm l ong ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 , 1 3 ) , a nd t he ir b a se s w ere s ha rpened i n v a r iou s w ay s t o e a se p ene t ra t ion i n to t he p ea t . T hey i n c luded p enc i ll ike e nd s w i th f a ce t s a l l r ound , c h i se ll ike e nd s w i th f ace t s o n o ne s i de , a nd w edgel ike e nd s w i th f ace t s o n t wo f ace s ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 , 1 4 ; 1 985a 3 6-38 ) . S pec ie s o ther t han w i l low o r a spen c ommon ly h ad w edge-end s ; w i l low , a spen a nd o ak w ere u sua l ly s p l i t r oundwood , w i th a d om inance o f s ha l low t aper ing p o in t s ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 985a , 3 6-38 ) . A round 6 000 p eg s w ere n eeded f or t h e e n t ire t r ack , a s sum ing r egu la r s pac ing ; n o t o n ly w a s r oundwood s u i tab le f o r p eg s -s p l i t o ak p l ank s w ere a l so u sed a t s i te s WA a nd TG ( d i scu s sed i n s e c t ion I I .1) . I n a dd i t ion t o t h e r a i l p eg s , p lank p eg s w ere i n ser ted t h rough h o le s a nd n o tche s i n t he o ak p l ank s t o h o ld t hem i n p lace ( e .g . F ig . 1 1 .3 ) , p robab ly f ewer t han t h ere s hou ld h ave b een i n v i ew o f t he s ub sequen t a nd r ap id d i s lodg ing o f t h e p lank s . T hey t ended t o b e mo re v er t ica l a nd s ma l ler i n d iame ter t han t he r a i l p eg s , a nd a veraged l e s s t han o ne p er m e t re . T hey w ere p redom inan t ly h aze l , w i th a f ew a sh a nd a lder ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 , T ab le 4 a nd p . 1 5 ) . O cca s iona l ly t he r oundwood i n c luded p iece s l a id t r an sver se ly b enea th t h e r a i l , e spec ia l ly a t s i te TG , a nd o f ten o f b i rch ; t hey w ere t hough t t o b e f o r a dd i t iona l s uppor t ( Co le s a nd O rme , 1 984 ) . T he s ou thern h a lf o f t he t r ack w a s a l so c ha rac ter i sed b y s ub s tan t ia l p o s t s a t r egu la r 4m i n terva l s , a s soc ia ted w i th t he P o s t t r ack a nd t he a sh a nd l ime p lank ing c on s idered i n s e c t ion s 1 1 .1 .4 a nd 1 . 5 r e spec t ive ly . A lmo s t a l l t h e p o s t s w ere o f h aze l , u p t o 3 m l o ng a nd mo re s ub s tan t ia l t han t he p eg s a t 7 0-130mm i n d iame ter . T he ir b a se s w ere w orked b y s ha l low b low s t o a b lun t p o in t ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 979 ; 1 985a 3 7-38 ) . Wood s pec ie s a nd r oundwood d iame ter s w ere t hu s n o ted i n t he a r chaeo log ica l r ecord ; t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s w ere c ommenced t o s upp lemen t t h i s d a ta b y e xam in ing i n d e ta i l t h e a ge a nd g row th r a te o f t he s t em s . I t w a s h oped t ha t t h i s w ou ld i nd ica te t he a ge s t ruc ture o f t he w ood land g row ing i n a nd a round t he L eve l s , wh ich w a s b e ing e xp lo i ted b y t he t r ack-bu i lder s . T he g row th r a te m igh t i nd ica te w he ther t h e t r ee s w ere g row ing i n u nfavourab le o r g ood c ond i t ion s , a nd t he d eg ree o f v a r ia t ion i n r i ng-w id th ( i .e . s en s i t iv i ty o r c omp lacency ) m igh t s ugge s t t he t r ee s ' r e spon se t o v a r ia t ion s i n t he l o ca l e nv ironmen t . I n a dd i t ion , c on s idera t ion o f t he r ange i n s i ze a nd a ge m igh t r evea l h ow s e lec t ive t he t r ack-bu i lder s w ere o ver t he ir c ho ice o f ma ter ia l , a nd t he ir a pp roach t o w ood land m anagemen t , i fa ny e x i s ted . Where s uff ic ien t s amp le s w ere p re sen t o f o ne s pec ie s , t he s i ze a nd a ge v a r iab le s w ere s t ud ied ; e ach w a s e xp lored v ia s ca t ter d iagram s a nd h i s togram s o f s i ze a nd a ge f r equency a s d e scr ibed i n S ec t ion 1 .3 .2 . T he 8 7

d i scu s s ion i s n o t i n tended t o g ive d ef in i t ive i n forma t ion c oncern ing t he g row th o f e ach s pec ie s , s i nce i n mo s t c a se s v ery l i t t le i s k nown o f t he modern g row th c harac ter i s t ic s . Many r epor t s c over t he p hy s io logy o f l e af a nd b ud f orma t ion o f t r ee s , b u t f or v ar iou s r e a son s t he i nf luence s o n , a nd v a r iab i l i ty o f , wood s t ruc ture a nd g row th r a te s a re r a re ly c on s idered . T hu s a n a s se s smen t o f t he s u i tab i l i ty o f e ach s pec ie s f or t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s w a s a no ther a im o f t he r oundwood s t udy ; t he e l im ina t ion o f a s pec ie s a t t h i s s t age d oe s n o t mean t ha t w i th f ur ther s t udy a t h igher magn if ica t ion a nd u s ing t h in s ec t ion s , t he r i ng-w id th b oundar ies wou ld s t i l l b e i nd i s t ingu i shab le . T ime c on s t ra in t s h ave r e su l ted i n s uch a n e x ten s ion o f t h i s p ro jec t n o t b e ing p o s s ib le i n t h i s v o lume . T he r i ng s o f s ome s pec ie s w ere more d iff icu l t t o d e term ine t han o ther s , a nd i n s o me c a se s i t w a s n o t k nown whe ther t hey w ere a nnua l , i n ter-annua l o r a b sen t ; t h i s p rob lem w a s a l so c on s idered t o b e b eyond t he s cope o f t he p re sen t s t udy . A s a r e su l t , f or s ome s pec ie s s uch a s h o l ly o r b i rch , a ge d e term ina t ion s a re g iven a s a r ough g u ide r a ther t han a s r e l iab le , e xac t f i gure s . I n s pec ie s w i th s uff ic ien t ly c l ea r r i ng b oundar ie s a nd a l ong s e r ie s o f r i ng s ( i n r e la t ive t e rm s - 2 5+ y ear s i n r oundwood ) , t he r i ng-w id th s w ere mea sured , p lo t ted a nd c ompa red i n t he w ay d e scr ibed i n s e c t ion 1 .3 . T hu s , t he c ro s s-da t ing p o ten t ia l o f s ome n ew s pec ie s c ou ld b e e xam ined . T he r oundwood o f o ak a nd a sh w a s f am i l ia r e nough t o b e c on s idered r e l iab le , a nd e lm , t he t h ird r i ng-porou s s pec ie s , w a s a l so e xpec ted t o b e i nforma t ive . T he p a t tern o f h aze l g row th w a s l i t t le k nown f rom o ther t r ackway s - t hough f r equen t e nough o n h urd le a nd b ru shwood t r ack s ( s ec t ion s V -V I ) , i t w a s u sua l ly t oo i mma ture t o s t udy i t s r i ng p a t tern . T he Swee t h aze l s t udy r a i sed many q ue s t ion s wh ich l e d o n t o a b r ief e xam ina t ion o f modern h aze l g row th i n B radf ie ld Wood s (Morgan 1 983 a nd u npub . ) . T he o ther w ood s pec ie s f ound i n t he Swee t t r ack p rov ided i n suff ic ien t s amp le s f or r i ng-w id th c ompar i son s . I n t he f o l low ing s ec t ion s , e ach w ood s pec ie s i s d i scu s sed s epa ra te ly . T he s u mma ry g iven i n T ab le I V .1 s how s t he d om inance o f h aze l among t he r oundwood s amp le s a nd i t s r e la t ive ly s l ow g row th - w i th o ne o f t he h ighe s t a verage a ge s , i t h a s o ne o f t he l owe s t a verage d iame ter s . T he e x treme s i n g row th r a te a re h e ld b y w i l low , t he y ounge s t a t a bou t 1 5 y ear s b u t w i th t he g rea te s t d iame ter o f 9 5mm o n a verage , a nd b y t he v ery ma ture o ak s t em s . R ange s o f d iame ter s a nd a ge s o f a l l s t em s r egard le s s o f s pec ie s a re i lu s tra ted i n F ig . I V .1 . D iame ter s how s a s udden i ncrea se a t 3 5mm , e v iden t ly a n i mpor tan t m in imum s i ze , a nd mo s t l i e i n t he r ange 3 5-70mm , a f ter wh ich t here i s a g radua l f a l l-off i n s i ze . T he r ange i n o vera l l a ge w a s v ery w ide , t hough t he ma jor i ty o f s t em s w ere b e tween 1 0 a nd 2 6 y ear s o ld .

8 8

I V .2

ASH ROUNDWOOD

A t o ta l o f 2 35 a sh s amp le s f rom t he S wee t t r ack i n c luded a t l e a s t 1 84 o f r oundwood ; o ther s c l a s sed a s w orked may b e s p l i t r oundwood a nd s t i l l h ave o r ig ina ted i n y oung s t em s , w i th t he ir e n t ire r ad iu s a va i lab le f or s t udy . T ab le I V .2 s how s t he o r ig in a nd d e ta i l s o f a l l s amp le s . T he ma jor i ty c ame f r om s i te R , f o l lowed i n f r equency b y s i te s D , TG a nd C , w i th o n ly a f ew f r om a l l o ther a rea s o f t he t r ack ( s ee map , F ig . I I . 1) . A ge a nd s i ze v a r ied c on s iderab ly a l ong t he t r ack . T he mo s t o bv iou s d ifference w a s b e tween t he s ma l l y ounger s t em s f r om s i te C , a nd t he s t em s f rom s i te TG wh ich w ere a bou t t he s ame s i ze b u t t w ice t he a ge . T h i s d ifference i n g row th r a te may s ugge s t t ha t ma ter ia l w a s c o l lec ted i n d ifferen t w ood land s f or t he t wo a rea s o f t r ack . Mo s t o f t he a sh s t em s w ere c u t i n w in ter ( 66% ) a s e v idenced b y t he f orma t ion o f a f u l l g row th r i ng a round t he o u ter b a rk s u rface ( i l lu s t ra ted i n F ig . I V .2 ) . I n t he c a se s where f e l l ing s ea son c ou ld n o t b e d e term ined , i t w a s u sua l ly o w ing t o t he p re sence o f v e ry n a r row r i ng s , where l i t t le l a tewood w a s b e ing f ormed i n a ny c a se . T he h i s tog ram i lu s tra t ing t he r ange i n d iame ter o f t he a sh s t em s , F ig . I V .3 ; g ave n o i nd ica t ion o f a ny c a refu l s e lec t ion f or a d ef ined s i ze o f s t em ; t he s t em s r anged b e tween a bou t 3 0 a nd 10mm . H owever , R ackham f ound a t H ay ley Wood ( Rackham 1 975 ) t ha t a sh c opp ice 5 4-60 y ea r s o ld s howed a s im i la r ly w ide r ange i n d iame ter , o f 5 0-130 mm f a l l ing o ff t o 2 00 mm , s o c on s iderab le s i ze v ar ia t ion m igh t b e e xpec ted e ven i n ma ture c opp ice . P o ten t ia l ly o f g rea ter s i gn if icance w a s t he a ge r ange o f t he a sh s t em s , w h ich p eaked a t 1 0-25 y ea r s ( F ig . I V .3 ) a nd t hen d ec l ined g radua l ly t o o ver 7 0 y ea r s . T he n orma l d i s t r ibu t ion a round t he m ean i lu s t ra ted h ere s ugge s ted t he c o l lec t ion o f m a te r ia l f rom q u i te e ven-aged s t and s o f y oung a sh . T he s ca t ter d iag ram r e la t ing a ge t o s i ze , F ig . I V .4 , i nd ica ted t he w ide r ange o f ma ter ia l u sed i n t he t r ackway , a nd c l o se ly r e semb le s t ho se f or h aze l s hown i n F ig . I V .8 , w i th r e la t ive ly s l ow g row th . T he r i ng-w id th s o f 1 24 s t em s w e re m ea sured a nd c ompa red t oge ther v i sua l ly . C ro s s-ma tch ing r evea led g roup s o f s im i lar p a t tern , where s evera l c urve s ma tched w e l l t oge ther b u t n o t w i th t ho se o f a no ther g roup ; t he se p robab ly r epre sen t g roup s o f p o le s c u t f r om t he s ame o r a d jacen t s t oo l s i n t he w ood land . I n i t ia l ly , s hor t m ean c urve s w ere c a lcu la ted f or e ach g roup , e nab l ing f ur ther c ompa r i son s t o b e m ade . T he g roup s a re i lu s tra ted i n t he b a r d iagram , F ig . I V .5 , l a be l led 1 t o 5 , a nd i n c lud ing b e tween 5 a nd 4 6 i nd iv idua l s t em s . T he s t em s i nvo lved i n e ach t ended t o h ave b een u sed i n p a r t icu la r p a r t s o f t he t r ack : g roup 1 c on s i s ted o f 4 6 s t em s f r om s i te R ( l a rge ly a rea s E ,G ,P ) a nd s i te S A g roup 2 c on s i s ted o f 1 7 a nd s i te s QV , QZ a nd TG

s t em s

f rom

8 9

s i te

R ( l a rge ly

a rea s

P ,Q )

g roup 3 c on s i s ted a nd s i te GZ

o f

1 4

s t em s

f r om

s i te

R ( l a rge ly

a rea s

P ,Q )

g roup 4 c on s i s ted o f 1 2 s t em s f rom s i te s Da nd TG g roup 5 c on s i s ted o f 5s t em s f rom s i te R ( a rea N ) a nd s i te D T he s t em s i nc luded b o th r a i l s a nd r a i l p eg s , a s w e l l a s s t ray p iece s o f u nknown f unc t ion . Abou t 1 0 p i ece s i n v a r iou s g roup s w ere S wee t r a i l s ( r i n F ig . I V .5 ) , a nd t wo w ere p o s s ib ly a s soc ia ted w i th t he P o s t t r ack ( SWD 7 3 a nd SWR E 102 , l a be l led ? P ) . T he s hor t m ean c urve s f or e ach g roup w ere t hen c ompared w i th e ach o ther , t o s e e i f t he e nd y ea r s o r f e l l ing d a te s , wh ich w ere v ery c on s i s ten t w i th in t he g roup s w ere e qua l ly s o b e tween t h e g roup s . I f s o , t h i s c ou ld i nd ica te t ha t a l l t he w ood h ad b een c u t a t t h e s ame t ime . H owever t he c urve s d id n o t s how a v ery h igh l e ve l o f a greemen t , t h e h ighe s t

a sh g roup

1

2

3

4

1

_

2

6 2

-

3

5 2

5 4

-

4

5 6

5 0

4 0

-

5

5 0

5 7

6 5

5 1

5

% a greemen t

-

v a lue s b e ing b e tween g roup s 1a nd 2 , a nd b e tween g roup s 3a nd 5 , a s i n t he t ab le a bove . T hu s i t i s u nc lea r whe ther a l l t h e c u t t ing y ear s o f t he g roup s c or re sponded ( a s i lu s t ra ted i n F ig . I V .5 ) , o r whe ther t he d egree o f c ro s s-ma tch ing i n i mma tu re a sh w a s p oor . T he e v idence f rom t he a sh p eg s a nd r a i l s s ugge s ted t he u se o f g roup s o f p o le s f rom a n umber o f i nd iv idua l s t oo l s ; t h i s w ou ld e xp la in t he ir c on s i s tency i n a ge a nd t he ir c orre spond ing r i ng p a t tern s . I t c anno t b e d e term ined whe ther d e l ibe ra te c opp ic ing h ad t aken p lace t o p roduce t h i s ma ter ia l , b u t a lmo s t c e r ta in ly t he s t oo l s h ad b een c u t o ver 1 0-25 y ea r s b efore t he S wee t t r ack w a s b u i l t . A s a r e su l t , av a luab le c rop o f p o le s h ad b een p roduced . I n t he o p in ion o f R ackham ( 1979 , 5 9 ) : " t he f a s t g row th a nd e x t reme s t ra igh tne s s o f t he a sh p o le s s t rong ly i nd ica te t ha t t hey a re c opp ice p o le s r a ther t han y oung t imber t r ee s " . H owever t hey c ou ld e qua l ly h ave

9 0

s prung f rom t r ee s f e l led d ur ing c l earance t he i n ten t o f t ho se who made u se o f t hem .

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i t i s i mpo s s ib le

t o d e term ine

T he c u t t ing y ea r o f a t l e a s t s ome o f t he a sh w ou ld a ppea r t o b e e qu iva len t t o t he e a r l ier h aze l c u t t ing y ea r ( yea r 4 2 - s ee s ec t ion I V .3 ) a s s hown b y t he a greemen t v a lue s b e tween g roup s 1a nd 2 a nd t he h aze l mean c urve s ( Tab le I V .5 ) . T here w a s a l so s ome a greemen t b e tween t he a sh g roup 3 p a t tern a nd t he s i te TG o ak r oundwood mean , i n t he s ame c u t t ing y ear . T hu s a l though c ompa r i son s o f g row th p a t tern b e tween s pec ie s mus t b e t r ea ted w i th s ome c au t ion , t h e e v idence c on s i s ten t ly s ugge s t s t ha t mos t o f t he r oundwood w a s c u t d own i n t he s ame y ear .

I V .3

HAZEL ROUNDWOOD

Haze l w a s b y f a r t he mo s t p referred w ood f or p eg s a nd r a i l s i n t he S wee t t r ack ; i t s p roper t ie s o f s t reng th a nd f l ex ib i l i ty mu s t h ave b een f am i l ia r , a nd i t w a s w ide ly a va i lab le i n t he l o ca l w ood land . However t he f ac t t ha t i t w a s n o t u sed e xc lu s ive ly s ugge s t s t ha t mo s t a va i lab le wood s peci e s w ere s u i tab le a nd a l so c o l lec ted , a nd t hu s t ha t t he r ange a nd p ropor t ion s o f s pec ie s i n t he t r ack may a c tua l ly r epre sen t t he c ompo s i t ion o f t he l o ca l wood land . H aze l i s a lway s o ver-repre sen ted i n t he p o l len r ecord ow ing t o i t s a bundan t f l ower ing ; i t w a s c l ear ly v ery w e l l e s tab l i shed i n t he N eo l i th ic i nd ica ted b y f r equen t f i nd s o f h aze l n u t s he l l s ( D imb leby 1 978 , 1 28 ) , i n c on tra s t t o i t s r e cen t d ec l ine ( Rackham 1 980 ) . H aze l g row s n a tura l ly a s a mu l t i-s temmed s hrub r a ther t han a t r ee , a nd r a re ly e xceed s 5 0 y ear s i n a ge ( Rackham 1 980 ) . A t o ta l o f 6 84 h aze l s amp le s h ave b een e xam ined f rom t he e n t ire S wee t t r ack , t he ma jor i ty f r om s i te s TG a nd D ( haze l f rom s i te R i s u nder-repre sen ted , s i nce i t w a s n o t i n c luded i n t he s amp l ing s t ra tegy a t t ha t s t age ) . D e ta i l s o f a l l t he s amp le s a re s u mmar i sed i n T ab le I V .3 . T he a ge s a nd s i ze s o f t he s t em s w ere q u i te c on s i s ten t a l ong t he l e ng th o f t he t r ack , a pa r t f rom a t endency t oward s l a rger d iame ter a nd y ounger a ge ( i .e . f a s ter g row th ) a t t he s ou th e nd o f t he t r ack , a t s i te s C ,D a nd F . T he o vera l l a verage a ge w a s 2 0 .7 y ear s , a nd t here w ere f ew s t em s e xceed ing 4 0 y ear s o ld . T he r ange i n a ge w a s w ide spread , a s s hown i n F ig s . I V .6-7 , w i th n o c oncen tra t ion s , b u t t he p eak s i n t he n umber o f s t em s p re sen t a ged 1 , 1 6 , 1 8 , 2 1/2 , 2 6 a nd 2 9 y ea r s a nd t he t r ough s a t a ges 9 , 15 , 1 9 a nd 2 7 r a i sed a p o in t o f i n tere s t . T hey w ere n o ted p ar t ly b ecau se o f t he ir r egu la r i ty e very 3 o r 4 y ear s ; t he 1 y ear p eak ( par t icu la r ly p rom inen t among t he s i te TG s t em s - F ig . I V .7 ) w a s o u t s tand ing . I n v i ew o f t he p o s s ib i l i ty t ha t t h i s p a t tern b ore s ome r e la t ion sh ip t o a c u t t ing c yc le a nd p erhap s a f orm o f w ood land managemen t , t he d a ta w ere a na ly sed b y D r . N . F ie l ler o f t he D epa r tmen t o f P robab i l i ty a nd S ta t i s t ic s , Un iver s i ty o f S heff ie ld . H e f ound t ha t t he i n crea se s i n s amp le n umber s a t t he a ge s o f 4 /5 , 1 , 1 8 a nd 2 5/6 y ear s w ere s t a t i s t ica l ly s i gn if ican t , a nd t ha t t hey m igh t b e e xp la ined a s a r e su l t o f a r egu lar c u t t ing i n terva l o f 7 . 9 y ea r s ( F ie I ler p er s . c omm . ) . T h i s i s a v ery s im i lar t ime p er iod t o t he c l a ss ic c u t t ing c yc le 9 1

o f h aze l , a lway s q uo ted a s 7 y ea r s ( e .g . E d l in 1 973 ) . S uch a r i g id c u t t ing c yc le i n t he N eo l i th ic may s e em u n l ike ly . H owever , i t h a s b een s hown i n a b r ief s urvey o f s t em s i ze i n modern h aze l o f k nown a ge ( Morgan u npub . ) , t ha t h aze l o f ten c ea se s t o g row s i gn if ican t ly i n d iame ter a bove a n a ge o f 6 y ea r s , a nd t he r od s p robab ly b ecome t ough a nd i nf lex ib le a s t hey g row o lder . I t w ou ld t hu s make s en se t o c u t t he h aze l a t a round t h i s a ge ; t he S wee t d a ta s ugge s ted t ha t h aze l h ad b een c u t a nd s t a r ted g row ing a ga in a t r ough ly 7 -8 y ea r i n terva l s , whe ther 1 o r 1 8 y ea r s p rev iou s ly . T h i s i n t u rn may s ugge s t s ome p rev iou s c u t t ing a c t iv i ty i n t h e a rea , a nd may i nd ica te t he s t a r t , whe ther d e l ibera te o r a cc iden ta l , o f r egu la r e xp lo i ta t ion o f t he l o ca l w ood land . T o q uo te R ackham ( 1979 , 5 9 ) : " The h aze l r od s a nd p o le s w ere p robab ly p roduced , a t l e a s t i n p a r t , b y c opp ic ing . " B y c on t ra s t , a n a tura l s t and o f h aze l m igh t b e e xpec ted t o s how a w ide r ange i n a ge , w i th f ew s uch c oncen t ra t ion s , t hough e ven-aged s t and s c an o ccur n a tura l ly a f ter s ome c a ta s t rophe ( Pe terken 1 981) . F ur ther s t ud ie s o f modern h aze l w ood land , n a tura l a nd m anaged , a re n eeded i n o rder t o u nder s tand t he se p a t tern s i n t he d a ta . T he o vera l l a verage d iame ter o f t h e h aze l s t em s w a s 5 4 .8 mm ; t he h i s togram s s how ing t he r ange i n a ge a nd d iame ter m ea suremen t s i n F ig . I V .6 r evea led a s i ze c oncen t ra t ion o f b e tween 3 0 a nd 7 5 mm , as i ze i dea l f or u se a s p eg s . T he l a rger s t em s w e re u sed a s p o s t s . S ca t ter d iagram s r e la t ing a ge a nd s i ze w ere p repa red f or e ach a rea o f t he t r ack , t o e xam ine a ny v a r ia t ion a l ong t he t r ack ' s l e ng th ; t hey a re s umma r i sed i n F ig . I V .8 . T hey r evea led a v ery s im i la r t r end i n g row th r a te i n t he h aze l t h roughou t t he t r ack , w i th t he p o s s ib le e xcep t ion o f t he s l ower-grown ma ter ia l f rom s i te WA a t t he n or th e nd . T he s t em s o f f a s t g row th a t s i te C s upp lemen t t he e v idence f or a d i fferen t w ood land o r ig in f or t he ma ter ia l u sed a t t he s ou th e nd o f t he t r ack . T h i s h a s a l ready b een d e term ined f rom t he o ak p l ank ing ( s ee s e c t ion 1 1 .1 .3 .3 ) a nd a sh r oundwood ( s ee s e c t ion I V .2 ) . S i te TG w a s a l so c harac ter i sed b y a l a rger q uan t i ty o f s ma l l y oung s t em s t han t he o ther a rea s , b u t t h i s m ay t o s ome e x ten t r ef lec t s amp l ing m e thod s , wh ich t ended t o f avour s t em s o f l a rger s i ze . T he s ma l ler ma ter ia l h ad a p a r t t o p lay i n t he t r ack ' s c on s t ruc t ion a nd i t s p re sence s ugge s ted t he c omp le te c l ea r ing o f e n t ire h aze l s t oo l s . T he r i ng-w id th s o f 9 3 h aze l s t em s f r om t he e n t ire t r ack w ere m ea sured , a nd t he r e l iab i l i ty o f c o r re la t ion s b e tween t he s hor t p a t tern s w a s t e s ted b y v i sua l c ompa r i son a nd b y p ercen tage a greemen t s . T he r e su l t s a re s hown i n F ig . I V . 9 -12 a nd T ab le s I V . 4 -5 , a nd t he se i nd ica te t ha t g ood c o r re spondence o ccur red b e tween t he p a t tern s o f i nd iv idua l s t em s f r om w i th in e ach a rea o f t he t r ack . S ome c urve s a r e i lu s t ra ted i n t he ir ma tch ing p o s i t ion s i n F ig . I V .9 . A l a rge g roup f r om s i te TG d emon s t ra ted a lmo s t i d en t ica l g row th p a t tern s , a nd e ach e nded i n t h e s ame y ea r , a s s hown i n F ig . I V .10 . T hey w ere a veraged i n to a 4 2 y ea r m ean c urve , r epre sen t ing 1 8 s t em s . O the r m ean c urve s w ere m ade f r om 4 s t em s f rom s i te C , 9 s t em s f rom s i te s QV/QZ , 3 s t em s f rom s i te R a nd 3 s t em s f rom s i te D , b u t t he c u t t ing y ea r s i n t he se g roup s v a r ied . 9 2

When t he se f i ve m ean c urve s w ere c ompa red w i th e ach o ther , i t w a s f ound t ha t s evera l c u t t ing y ea r s w ere i nd ica ted b y t he ma jor i ty o f s t em s , a s F ig . I V .10 make s c l ea r . A lmo s t a l l t he s i te TG s t em s w ere c u t i n a rb i tra ry y ea r 4 2 , a s w ere a n umbe r f r om QD/QV/QZ ; s ome s t em s f r om s i te s D a nd QD e nded i n a rb i tra ry y ea r 5 0 , a nd s ome s t em s f rom s i te R i n a rb i tra ry y ea r 5 1 . T he s t em s f rom s i te C m a tched w i th o ther m ean c urve s b o th i n y ea r 5 0 a nd 5 1 , s o t he ir c u t t ing y ea r i s u ncer ta in b e tween t he t wo . A s umma ry o f t he m ean c urve s i sg iven i n F ig . I V .11 , a nd t h ree a re i lu s t ra ted i n F ig . I V .12 . O ther i nd iv idua l c urve s c ou ld b e ma tched w i th o ne o r o ther o f t he m ean c urve s , e spec ia l ly t ho se f rom s i te s TG a nd C , a nd c u t t ing d a te s v a r ied . T o s how t ha t t he 8 /9 y ea r d ifference i n c u t t ing y ea r ( be tween 4 2 a nd 5 0/51) w a s r ea l , p ercen tage a greemen t s w ere c a lcu la ted f or s ome o f t he i nd iv idua l s a ga in s t t he m ean c urve s i n b o th p o s i t ion s , a nd t hey s howed c on s i s ten t ly h igh v a lue s i n o ne p o s i t ion o r t he o ther , a s l i s ted i n T ab le I V .4 . T he e v idence t hu s s ugge s t s a h igh d egree o f c or re spondence i n t he h aze l g row th p a t tern s f r om s t em s l o ca ted a l ong t he e n t ire t r ack .

I t t hen r ema ined t o e xp la in t he d ifferen t c u t t ing y ea r s , a nd whe ther y ea r. 4 2 o r y ea r 5 0/51 r epre sen ted t he y ea r o f t he t r ack 's c on s truc t ion . C ompa r i son w i th t he a sh r oundwood m ean c u rve s ( j u s t d e scr ibed i n s e c t ion I V .2 ) s howed g ood a g reemen t b e tween a sh m ean s 1a nd 2 a nd t he h aze l m ean f or s i te TG ( va lue s l i s ted i n T ab le I V .5 ) , a l l e nd ing i n y ea r 4 2 ; t he ir t ime s pan s a re r e la ted i n F ig . I V .11 a nd t he p a t tern s s hown i n F ig . I V .12 . I t i s t hu s s ugge s ted t ha t y ea r 4 2 i n t he h aze l t ime s ca le w a s e qu iva len t t o y ea r 4 10 o f t he o ak ma s te r c hrono logy , a nd t h i s i s s uppor ted t o s ome e x ten t b y a greemen t w i th t he s hor ter s i te TG o ak r oundwood m ean c urve a s s hown i n T ab le I V .6 a nd F ig . 1 1 .9 . I f t h i s w a s t he g enera l c u t t ing y ea r f or mo s t o f t he t r ackway w ood , as ub s tan t ia l a moun t o f l a ter a c t iv i ty w a s a l so s ugge s ted , i n t he h aze l p eg s c u t 8 o r 9 y ea r s l a ter , i n y ea r 5 0/51 . A l l t he l a ter h aze l w a s f ound i n t he s ou thern h a lf o f t he t r ack f r om s i te S A d own t o s i te C , w i th n o l a ter e xamp le s f rom s i te s TG a nd WA . L a ter c u t t ing y ea r s h ave a l so b een f ound among t he a sh p l ank s f rom s i te TG a nd a n o ak p lank f rom s i te D ( s ec t ion I I . 1) . T here s e em s t herefore t o h ave b een a c on s iderab le amoun t o f l a ter w ork d one o n t he t r ack , p robab ly t o r epa ir a nd s t reng then t he s t ruc ture . T he se a s semb lage s h ave s ugge s ted t ha t , d e sp i te t he s hor tne s s o f t he h aze l c u rve s , s ome c onf idence may b e p laced o n t he r e la t ive d a t ing r e su l t ing f rom t he ir c or re la t ion . T here w ere h owever s ome c a se s where t he b a rk s urface w a s d amaged o r d ecayed , r ender ing d ef in i t ion o f t he c u t t ing y ea r u ncer ta in , a nd p o s s ib ly s ugge s t ing d a te s s evera l y ea r s t oo e a r ly . T he g row th p a t tern h owever w a s r ep l ica ted i n s o many s amp le s t ha t i t w a s c on s idered r e l iab le . T he a l terna t ive e xp lana t ion t o t he r ange i n f e l l ing y ea r w ou ld i nvo lve a s pur iou s ma tch b e tween t he h aze l m ean c urve s a nd t he a s sump t ion t ha t a l l w ere c u t i n t he s ame y ea r ; t h i s i s c on s idered u n l ike ly f rom t he w e igh t o f e v idence a ga in s t i t . S ince h aze l i s n a tura l ly a mu l t i-s temmed s hrub , i t w a s n o t k nown h ow much c o r re spondence t o e xpec t b e tween s t em s f rom t he s ame s t oo l , a nd h ow 9 3

w e l l t hey w ou ld ma tch s t em s f r om o ther s t oo l s i n t he v i c in i ty o r f ur ther a f ie ld . T he i nf luence s o n h aze l g row th a r e l a rge ly u nknown . E a r ly w ork o n h aze l c ha rcoa l o f N eo l i th ic , I r on A ge a nd modern d a te f r om Ma iden C a s t le , s ugge s ted a v ery s i gn if ican t c or re la t ion b e tween s pr ing-summer r a infa l l o n t he c ha lk a nd t he r i ng-w id th s o f t he h aze l ( S a l i sbury a nd J ane 1 940 ) . I t i s h owever p o s s ib le t ha t , b ecau se o f h aze l ' s h ab i t o f p roduc ing many s t em s o f v a ry ing s i ze a nd a ge i n i t s n a tura l s t a te , o r o f u n iform a ge when c opp iced , i t s g row th p a t tern may b e i n f luenced l e s s b y c l ima te t han b y i t s l i fe c yc le . T hu s t he r i ng s i n t he f i r s t f ew y ea r s o f t he s t em ' s l i fe m igh t b e w ide , ow ing t o i t s r ap id e a r ly g row th ; v ery o f ten t he s e cond g row th r i ng h a s b een n o ted a s w ide ( S a l i sbury a nd J ane 1 940 ) . A g radua l d ecrea se i n r i ng-w id th may t hen r e su l t , a s t he c anopy c l o sed i n . S udden v ery n a r row r i ng s m igh t b e c au sed b y t opp ing , o r g raz ing o ff t he l e ad s hoo t ( Rackham 1 977 ) , a nd s udden w ide r i ng s may b e c au sed b y n ea rby f e l l ing wh ich w ou ld i ncrea se t he l i gh t , a s w e l l a s b y t he a va i lab i l i ty o f w a ter a nd n u tr ien t s . I f t he se w ere t he o n ly i nf luence s o n h aze l g row th r a te s , t he s ame g row th p a t tern c ou ld b e p roduced , i r re spec t ive o f t h e c hrono log ica l s pan o f t he s t em ' s l i fe , i . e . t he p a t tern i n a N eo l i th ic s t em c ou ld b e s im i la r t o a mode rn o ne . T h i s w ou ld make h aze l o f n o v a lue f or c ro s s-ma tch ing a nd r e la t ive d a t ing . T he S wee t h aze l r i ng p a t tern s w ere t hu s e xam ined f or s im i la r i t ie s wh ich m igh t s ugge s t w he ther t he i n f luence s o n g row th r a te w ere c au sed b y i t s n a tura l c yc le o f g row th a nd r enewa l , o r b y c l ima t ic c hange . T he r i ng p a t tern s d e sc r ibed h ere a nd t he ir c or re spondence s ugge s t t ha t c l ima te p layed a n i mpor tan t r o le a nd t ha t h aze l g row th p a t tern s a re a s u i tab le m ed ium f or r e la t ive d a t ing . T he s t udy w a s s upp lemen ted b y a b r ief a na ly s i s o f modern h aze l r i ng p a t tern s (Mo rgan 1 983 a nd u npub . ) . A l l t h e ma tu re s t em s ( 17 i n t o ta l ) f rom o ne s t oo l a nd a s ma l l n umber f r om a n a d jacen t s t oo l i n B radf ie ld Wood s , S uffo lk , w ere s e c t ioned a nd s ub jec ted t o r i ng-w id th c ompa r i son s . C ro s s-ma tch ing p roved t o b e o f s im i la r q ua l i ty t o t ha t o f t he S wee t h aze l p o le s . T h i s g ave s ome r ea s surance t ha t t r ee-r ing s t udy o f h aze l w a s p o s s ib le a nd a ppa ren t ly r e l iab le , t ha t m a tch ing p a t tern s c ou ld o ccur b o th w i th in s t em s f rom t he s ame s t oo l a nd b e tween s t em s f r om a no ther s t oo l . S ome o f t he se a re i lu s tra ted i n F ig . I V .13 f or c ompa r i son w i th t h e p reh i s tor ic h aze l p a t tern s ( F ig s . I V .9 a nd 1 2 ) . A s t udy o f t he f unc t ion s i n t he S wee t t r ack s e rved b y t he h aze l s t em s w i th c or re spond ing g row th p a t tern s r evea led t ha t t he ma jor i ty w ere r a i l p eg s ( f or g enera l t ab le s o f s pec ie s a nd f unc t ion , s e e C o le s a nd O rme 1 979 , 5 6 ; ew h ad s pec ia l i sed f unc t ion s wh ich may C o le s a nd O rme 1 984 , 1 3 ) , b u t a f h e lp t o e l uc ida te t he p rob lem s o f r e la t ive d a t ing . Two r a i l s f rom s i te TG nd t h ree t r an sver se s , a s w e l l a s a p lank ( SWTG 2 86 a nd 1 003 ) , many p eg s a p eg s t i l l i n s i tu h o ld ing d own a p l ank ( SWQZ 1 53 ) w ere a l l c u t i n y ear 4 2 , t hough t t o b e t he m a in c on s t ruc t ion y ear o f t h e t r ack . On t he o ther h and , 8 o f t he h aze l s t em s w ere l a rge p o s t s f r om s i te s C a nd D a t t he s ou thern e nd o f t he t r ack wh ich w ere c u t i n y ea r 5 0/51 , a s w ere t h ree p eg s o r p o s t s f rom a n e a s ter ly e x ten s ion t o s i te R ( SWR S X2 1 , RX41 a nd RX42 ) ; t he se w ere t hough t t o b e a s soc ia ted w i th t he P o s t t r ack , w h ich s t ra t igraph ica l ly may b e s l igh t ly e a r l ier t han t he S wee t . T h i s c onf l ic t ing e v idence e i ther s ugge s t s t ha t t he r e la t ive d a t ing o f t he h aze l i s i n e r ro r , o r t ha t s o me 9 4

r ein terpre ta t ion o f t he c on s truc t ion s equence a t t he s ou thern e nd o f t he t r ack i s n eces sary . C er ta in ly t he t r ee-r ing r e su l t s h ave t h roughou t s ugg e s ted a d ifference i n t he ma ter ia l o f t he s ou thernmo s t 2 00m o r s o ; a d ifferen t wood land o r ig in i s s hown b y t he y ounger o ak s a nd f a s ter-grown r oundwood , a nd o ne o ak p l ank c ame f rom a t r ee f e l led l a ter t han t he r e s t ( SWD 9 5 ) . I t i s s ugge s ted h ere o n t he b a s i s o f t he e v idence g iven a bove , t ha t t he t r ackway may h ave b een e x tended s ou th t o t he B ur t le a f ew y ea r s a f ter t he ma in l e ng th o f t r ack w a s c on s truc ted , a nd a t t he s ame t ime , r unn ing r epa ir s t o t he n or thern p a r t s c ou ld a ccoun t f or l a ter a sh p lank s a t s i te TG . No c l ear e v idence s e em s t o d i sprove t h i s p o s s ib i l i ty a nd i t i s p u t f orwa rd a s a h ypo the s i s wh ich c an b e c hecked b y f ur ther t r ee-r ing a nd a rchaeo log ica l s t udy i n t he f u ture . D e sp i te t he q ue s t ion s r a i sed b y t he h aze l r e su l t s , t h i s w ork s ugge s t s t ha t i t may o n o cca s ion b e a s u i tab le med ium f or t r ee-r ing a na ly s is , a nd i t i s c on s idered t ha t t he g row th p a t tern o f h aze l may t o s ome e x ten t b e c l ima te-re la ted . R egu lar i t ie s i n s t em a ge s a l so s ugge s t s o me p rev iou s c u t t ing a c t iv i ty i n t he a rea , t o p rov ide f l ex ib le r od s a nd p o le s u sefu l f or many p urpo ses . T he i nd ica t ion s o f t wo ma jor c u t t ing p ha ses 8 /9 y ea r s a pa r t f or t he h aze l wood s ugge s t s e i ther s ub sequen t r epa ir s o r e ven a l a ter e x ten s ion t o t he t r ackway .

I V .4

ROUND WOOD OF OTHER S PECIES

I V .4 .1

W i l low - S a l ix sm .

T he u se o f w i l low wood w a s c onf ined t o t he n or thern e nd o f t he t r ack ; 1 04 s amp le s c ame a lmo s t e n t ire ly f rom s i te TG , w i th a f ew f rom s i te WA ( Tab le s 1 1 .2 a nd I V .1) . T he s pec ie s o f w i l low c anno t b e d e term ined f rom t he wood s t ruc ture , b u t i t mu s t h ave g rown p l en t ifu l ly , p robab ly i n t he a rea j u s t t o t he s ou th o f We s thay ( s ee map F ig . I I .!) . I t s w ide spread u se o n s i te TG s ugge s t s i t g rew i n t he v i c in i ty a nd w a s c o l lec ted t o c ope w i th t he w e t ter c ond i t ion s f ound t h ere ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 984 2 4 ) . Age a nd s i ze d a ta f or t he w i l low a re g iven i n T ab le I V .1 a nd F ig s . I V .14 a nd 1 5 . T he a verage a ge o f t he w i l low s t em s w a s o n ly 1 5 y ear s , u p t o a max imum o f 2 5 y ea r s , t he l owes t o f a l l t he r oundwood ( s ee T ab le I V .1) . T he a verage d iame ter w a s , h owever , t he h ighe s t a t 9 5mm , b u t r anged w ide ly b e tween 4 0 a nd 1 60mm ( F ig . I V .14 ) . T he r ap id g row th r a te wh ich t h i s i nd ica te s i s s hown b y t he s ca t ter d iagram i n F ig . I V .15 , where t he p o in t s r i se more s t eep ly t han a ny o ther s pec ie s , e xcep t a spen . T he r i ng s o f t he w i l low w ere a lway s v ery c l ear , v ery w ide a nd v ery u n iform i n w id th , a s a r e su l t o f i t s p reference f or c on t inua l ly w e t c ond i t ion s . T hu s , mo s t h ad t oo f ew r i ng s , w i th t oo l i t t le v a r ia t ion i n w id th , t o mer i t r i ng-w id th mea suremen t . B ecau se o f t he c l ar i ty a nd w id th o f t he r i ng s , t he f e l l ing s ea son c ou ld b e d e term ined i n 6 9 s amp le s a s w in ter .

9 5

A l a rge p ropor t ion o f t he w i l low s t em s w ere n o t c omp le te r oundwood , b u t h ad b een s p l i t i n a v ery d i s t inc t ive w ay , o n ly f ound among t he w i l low a nd o ak s t em s f rom s i te TG . T he s t em s w ere s p l i t i n h a lf a nd a ga in a t a n a ng le , l e av ing t he p i th p re sen t ( s ee F ig . I .8b a nd 1 1 .6 ) . 4 9 w i l low s t em s w ere s p l i t i n t h i s w ay , 6 w ere h a lved a nd o n ly 3 2 w ere c omp le te r oundwood . T he r ea son s f or t he e x ten s ive s p l i t t ing o f t he w i l low a re n o t c l ear ; p o s s ib ly t he s t em s w ere t oo l a rge f or t he p urpo se , o r a f l a t r a ther t han a r ounded s urface may h ave b een r equ ired . Abou t 3 8 s amp le s h ad b een u sed a s p eg s , b u t t hey w ere o f ten n o t c l o se ly a s soc ia ted w i th e i ther r a i l s o r p lank s , a nd may h ave s e rved s ome s pec ia l f unc t ion , s uch a s h o ld ing p lank s i n p lace ( Co les a nd O rme 1 984 , 1 7 ) . W i l low i s a s of t a nd n o t v ery d urab le w ood , a nd i t s r e s tr ic ted u se s ugge s t s i t w a s n o t p opu lar i n t he c on s truc t ion o f t he t r ack , b u t u sed a t s i te TG b ecau se o f i t s a va i lab i l i ty .

I V .4 .2

A spen ( Pop lar ) -P opu lu s t r emu la L .

A spen w a s r epre sen ted b y 4 1 s amp le s , a l l f rom s i te s SA , TG a nd WA i n t he ' n or thern h a lf o f t he t r ack ( Tab le 1 1 .2 ) , s ugge s t ing i t g rew o n ly i n t ha t a rea . I n s t ruc ture i t i s v ery s im i la r t o w i l low , a nd w a s a t f i r s t t hough t t o b e a w i l low s pec ie s ( Ca se ld ine p er s . c omm . ) . I t c o lon i sed B r i ta in i n l a te D even s ian t ime s w i th b i rch a nd w i l low , a nd a ppeared i n s ma l l q uan t i t ie s i n t he p o l len a s semb lage f rom Swee t XG a t t he e x treme n or thern e nd o f t he t r ack ( Ca se ld ine 1 984 ) . T he a spen o r p op lar s t em s a veraged 1 7 .5 y ear s i n a ge a nd 7 5mm i n d iame ter ( Tab le I V .1) , w i th a n ar rower r ange t han w i l low a nd l a ck ing a ny c oncen tra t ion s ( F ig . I V .14 ) . T he g row th r a te w a s n o t q u i te a s r ap id ( F ig . I V .15 ) . None w ere s u i tab le f or r i ng-w id th mea suremen t . T h i s s pec ie s p rov ided s o me v ery l ong r a i l s , u p t o 1 2m i n l e ng th ( SWSA16/30/79 , SWWA2 , SWWA28 , SWTG 143/219 , SWTG415 ) , a nd 2 1 e xamp le s w ere p eg s . 1 4 s t em s w ere h a lved o r q uar tered , r a ther t han c omp le te r oundwood , a nd a bou t 3 0 w ere c u t i n w in ter .

I V .4 .3

E lm - U lmu s g l abra Hudson

E l m wood o ccurred i n s ma l l q uan t i t ie s t h roughou t o f ten c oncen tra ted i n a g roup a t o ne s i te , a s i f a b und le b een b rough t i n a nd u sed i n o ne p l ace . A t o ta l o f e xam ined ( Tab le 1 1 .2 ) . T he s t em s a veraged 1 7 .5 y ear s o ld t he a spen ) , a nd 6 1 mm i n d iame ter ( Tab le I V .!) . S i ze c en tra ted i n t he 3 0-60mm d iame ter r ange ( F ig . I V .14 ) a nd r ap id ( F ig . I V .15 ) . 3 2 s t em s o u t o f 4 1 w ere c u t i n w in ter .

t he t r ack , t hough o f e lm p eg s h ad 4 1 s amp les w ere ( of s im i la r a ge t o wa s c l ea r ly c ong row th w a s q u i te

Mea suremen t o f t he r i ng-w id ths o f t h ree s t em s ( SWSA13 , SWSA40 a nd SWQZ50 ) r evea led v ery s im i lar g row th p a t tern s a nd t he s ame y ear o f c u t t ing . SWQZ50 w a s u sed a s a r a i l , a s w ere t h ree o ther e lm p o le s ; t he o ther s w ere 9 6

p eg s o r s t ray f ragmen t s , w i th s i te D , w i th v ery f ew w ide r i ng s .

I V .4 .4

t he

e xcep t ion

o f

t wo

t angen t ia l

p lank s

f rom

A lder - A lnu s g lu t ino sa Gaer tn .

A lder t oo w a s f ound mo s t c ommon ly i n t he n or thern h a lf o f t he t r ack , a t s i te s WA , TG a nd t he n or th e nd o f s i te R , w i th i s o la ted e xamp les f rom e l sewhere ( Tab le 1 1 .2 ) . I t w a s u sed f or p eg s ( a t l e a s t 1 0 s amp le s ) a nd r a i l s , f or e xamp le SWD203 o ver 6m l ong , a nd SWTG 7 5 a nd SWTG314 , 7 . 5 a nd 5m l ong r e spec t ive ly . S i zeab le t r ee s w ere a va i lab le t o p roduce p o le s o f t h i s l e ng th w i th l i t t le r educ t ion i n d iame ter - SWTG314 w a s 10mm a t o ne e nd a nd 1 35mm a t t he o ther . T he a lder a veraged 1 6 .2 y ear s o ld a nd 7 2mm i n d iame ter ( Tab le I V .!) w i th a w ide r ange i n s i ze ( F ig . I V .14 ) . T he g row th r a te w a s r ap id a nd r e semb led t ha t f or a spen ( F ig . I V .15 ) - i t i s l i ke ly t ha t t he t h ree s pec ies f avour ing w e t c ond i t ion s , a l der , w i l low a nd a spen , g rew t oge ther a round t he n or thern e nd o f t he t r ack . I t s i nf requen t u se i n t he t r ack s ugge s t s i t w a s n o t f avoured . A f ew a lder p i ece s s t em s w ere c u t i n w in ter .

I V .4 .5

B irch - B e tu la

w ere s p l i t ,

a s o ppo sed t o b e ing u sed c omp le te ;

1 3

s py .

P o l len a nd macrofo s s i l e v idence s howed t ha t b i rch w a s g row ing w ide ly i n t he a rea o f t he t r ack ( Ca se ld ine 1 984 ) . I t w a s n o t h owever c on s idered a v ery s u i tab le wood f or t r ackway c on s truc t ion s i nce o n ly 1 6 p ieces w ere e xam ined , u sed l a rge ly a t s i te s QD/QV a s p eg s , a nd a t s i te TG . S evera l e xamp le s a t t he l a t ter s i te w ere s imp ly r ecorded a s b ranches w i th n o a pparen t f unc t ion ; 6 w ere t e rmed t r an sver se s , 5 i n a g roup a t 1 2-13m ( Co les a nd O rme 1 984 3 1-32 ) . T hey w ere a l l r ough b ranch ing o r f orked p iece s , l y ing o ver t he r a i l , b u t u nder t he i n s i tu p lank SWTG 2 81, a s i f t o g ive i t a dded s uppor t . Ano ther l ong b ranch w i th many s i de t w ig s l a y b enea th t he r a i l b e s ide s ome h aze l s t em s a t 2 3m . T he 1 6 s t em s h ad t he s ame a verage a ge a s t he a lder , 1 6 .3 y ear s , b u t w ere much s ma l ler a t a n a verage d iame ter o f 5 1 mm ( Tab le I V .!) , e v idence o f t he ir s l ower g row th r a te . S ome s amp le s c ou ld n o t b e a ged w i th c er ta in ty ow ing t o t he d iff icu l ty o f d i s t ingu i sh ing t he r i ng b oundar ie s , s o t he v a lue s g iven a re o n ly a r ough g u ide . T ho se w i th more r e l iab le a ge s a re p lo t ted o n t he s ca t ter d iagram ( F ig . I V .15 ) ; t he y oung b i rch g rew more r ap id ly t han t he a l der , b u t w a s o ver taken a s i t ma tured .

9 7

I V .4 .6

Ho l ly - I l ex a au ifo l ium L .

C on tra ry t o t he s pec ie s a l ready c on s idered , h o l ly w ood w a s c onf ined t o t he s ou thern e nd o f t he t r ack , l a rge ly a t s i tes i n f i e ld G , s i te D a nd s i te C ( Tab le 1 1 .2 ) . I t p robab ly g rew i n m ixed w ood land o n t he P o lden s a nd may n o t h ave b een f ound o n t he Meare ' i s land ' , wh ich w ou ld e xp la in i t s a b sence f rom t he n or thern t r ack . S amp le s f rom 5 3 s t em s w ere e xam ined , a l though t he r i ng b ounda r ie s w ere f ound t o b e v ery d iff icu l t t o d i s t ingu i sh a nd a ge s a re a pprox ima te ( i t h a s h owever b een s ucce s sfu l ly u sed f or t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s f rom a med ieva l f i sh w e ir - S a l i sbury 1 981) . T he a verage a ge w a s a bou t 2 5 y ea r s a nd t he a verage d iame ter 6 1 .8mm ( Tab le I V .!) . T he d iame ter r ange s howed a n orma l d i s tr ibu t ion a round t he mean ( F ig . I V .14 ) c oncen t ra ted i n t he 3 0-80mm z one ; t h i s may s ugge s t t he a va i lab i l i ty o f s t em s o f u n iform s i ze , a nd s ome p rev iou s c u t t ing o f h o l ly . I t w a s v a lued i n t he r ecen t p a s t a s w in ter f odder f or s heep a nd d eer ( Rad ley 1 961, S pray a nd Sm i th 1 977 ) , a nd may h ave b een e ncouraged t o c opp ice f or t h i s p urpo se i n t he N eo l i th ic . Mo s t o f t he S wee t s amp le s w ere c omp le te r oundwood , w i th 1 0 s p l i t p iece s . Many w ere s t ray p iece s o f u nknown f unc t ion i n t he t r ack , b u t s ome w ere i n tegra l c omponen t s , o f ten a s soc ia ted w i th t he P o s t t r ack . A t s i te QV , a h o l ly p eg ( SWQV5 ) p a s sed t h rough a l ime p lank , a nd a t s i te C s evera l p o s t s w ere h o l ly ( SWC2 , SWC11 a nd SWC40 ) . I t w a s u sed f or r a i l s a t s i te GB ( SWGB2 , SWGB3 ) a nd s i te D ( SWD208 , SWD258 , SWD338 ) , a nd a bou t 2 0 s amp le s w ere f rom p eg s .

I V .4 .7

D ogwood Cornu s s angu inea L .

S ix s amp le s o f d ogwood o ccurred l a rge ly a t s i te TG , i n a g roup a t 4 8m . T hree w ere p eg s ( SWTG336 , SWTG345 o ppo s i te SWT347 ) h o ld ing d own a r a i l ( SWTG333 ) 5 . 5m l ong , r unn ing p ara l le l t o a n e lm a nd a n a sh r a i l . T h i s w a s p robab ly a n a rea n eed ing s pec ia l c on so l ida t ion . P o s s ib ly a d ogwood t r ee w a s g row ing i n t he v i c in i ty , wh ich w a s c u t a t t he l a s t m inu te t o s upp lemen t t h i s s ec t ion o f t he t r ack . T he s t em s w ere a ged 1 3-30 y ea r s , a nd w ere 3 5-120mm i n d iame ter ( Tab le I V .1) . T here i s n o w ay o f p rov ing whe ther a l l t he s t em s c ame f rom t he s ame t r ee , t hough t hey p robab ly w ere - a t r ee o r s hrub a ged u p t o a bou t 3 0 y ear s a nd 1 20mm d iame ter . SWTG338 w a s as t ray p iece o f t he s ame a ge a s t he r a i l a nd may h ave b een b roken f rom i t . T he o n ly o ther e xamp le w a s ap eg f r om s i te QZ ( SWQZ9 ) . Dogwood i s a s hrub wh ich p refer s c a lca reou s c ond i t ion s a nd q u ick ly c o lon i se s a bandoned p a s ture ; i t o f ten o ccur s i n a sh-haze l w ood land ( Rackham 1 980 ) . I t i s n o t k nown whe ther i t s s ca rc i ty i n t he t r ack i s a r ef lec t ion o f i t s s carc i ty i n t he l o ca l w ood land , o r b ecau se i t s wood w a s n o t f avoured , b e ing v ery h a rd .

9 8

I V .5

D ISCUSS ION AND CONCLUS IONS

I t h a s b een s hown i n t he p reced ing s e c t ion s t ha t t he p o le s c o l lec ted f o r mak ing p eg s , p o s t s a nd r a i l s i n t he S wee t t r ack w ere o f a v a r ie ty o f w ood s pec ie s , w i th c oncen t ra t ion s i n d ifferen t a rea s . A ge s a nd d iame ter s o f t h e p o le s w ere q u i te w ide-rang ing . C o rre spondence o f r i ng p a t tern s i n h aze l a nd a sh s ugge s ted a u n ifo rm i ty o f g row th p er iod a nd c u t t ing y ea r , e xcep t f or ag roup o f h aze l p o le s c u t 8o r 9y ea r s l a ter . I t may r ea sonab ly b e a s sumed t ha t t he p o le s w ere c o l lec ted f rom t he n ea re s t a va i lab le s ou rce , k nown t o e x i s t f rom t he p o l len r e cord . T h i s w ou ld a vo id t he n eed f or l ong-d i s tance t r an spor t . T he v a r ia t ion s a l ong t he t r ack a r e t herefore mo s t l i ke ly t o r epre sen t d ifferen t o r ig in s . T hey s ugge s t t ha t m ixed a sh , l ime a nd o ak w ood land w a s p reva len t o n t he P o lden h i l l s t o t he s ou th . H aze l w a s e i ther a d om inan t u nder s torey s pec ie s , o r f o rmed p u re s t and s a s s ugge s ted b y t he a bundance o f n u t s a nd p o l len i nd ica t ive o f h eavy f l ower ing i n o pen c ond i t ion s ( O rme a nd C o le s 1 985 , R ackham 1 980 ) . Ho l ly t oo may h ave b een mo re c ommon i n t h i s d r ier w ood land , t hough i t s p reference f or a c id s o i l s may h ave l e d t o i t s g row th o n t he s andy B ur t le s . A l l t he se w ood s pec ie s w ere c ommoner i n t he s ou thern h a lf o f t he t r ack . I n t he n or the rn h a lf , more a ged a nd s l ow-grown o ak s a nd a g rea ter u se o f w i l low , a spen a nd b i rch s ugge s ted a d ifferen t o r ig in . I t i s l i ke ly t ha t t he l a t ter s pec ie s w ere g row ing a l ong t he ma rg in s o f t he s ur round ing h i l l s a nd e ven w i th in t he L eve l s , a nd w ere t hu s r ead i ly a va i lab le . H aze l w a s d om inan t i n t he n or thern t r ack t oo a nd mu s t h ave b een w ide spread i n a l l t he w ood land i n t he a rea . T he " va r ie ty o f s ource s t heory " i s r e inforced b y t he o b serva t ion t ha t g row th w a s f a s ter ( i . e . w ider r i ng s ) i n h aze l , a sh a nd a lder p o le s f rom t he s ou thern e nd o f t he t r ack . T h i s i nd ica ted more f avourab le c ond i t ion s o f g row th , a nd w a s s uppor ted b y t he u se o f p lank s f rom y ounger a nd f a s ter-grown o ak s i n t h e s ou thern t r ack . T he u n ifo rm i ty i n s i ze , a ge a nd g row th p a t tern i n s ome s pec ie s s ugge s ted t he c u t t ing o f as e r ie s o f p o le s f rom t he s ame a nd a d jacen t s t oo l s , wh ich h ad a l ready b een c u t o ver e i ther f or t imber o r a p rev iou s c rop o f p o le s , s ome 1 0-25 y ea r s p rev iou s ly . T he o n ly o ther p o s s ib le e xp lana t ion w ou ld b e t he p re sence o f l a rge n umber s o f y oung t r ee s i n t he w ood land a t t ha t t ime ( t he p o le s t hu s r epre sen t ing s i ng le t r unk s ) , b u t t h i s w ou ld i mp ly a v ery l a rge n umber o f t r ee s . I t w ou ld a l so i mp ly p rev iou s f e l l ing s o r p erhap s s porad ic n a tura l c a ta s t rophe s , s uch a s s t orm s o r h igh w ind s , i n o rder t o p rov ide o pen s pace s f or s o much n ew g row th . I t a ppea r s r ea sonab le t o s ugge s t t ha t t he w ood land may h ave b een e xp lo i ted a t a n i n forma l a nd p robab ly i r regu la r l e ve l , t o p rov ide ma ter ia l r equ ired f or s t ruc tu re s a round a s e t t lemen t , f or f i rewood a nd f or t r ackway s . T h i s may s imp ly h ave c on s i s ted o f t he r ea l i sa t ion t ha t t r ee s h ad t he a b i l i ty t o p roduce r od s a nd p o le s o f wha tever s i ze r equ ired , w i thou t t he d e l ibera te i n t roduc t ion o f a r egu la r c u t t ing c yc le , o r t he p ro tec t ion o f t h e n ew s hoo t s f r om g raz ing a n ima l s . I f t h i s i d ea i s c orrec t , t h i s p roce s s may h ave b een " a cc iden ta l " . T he r egu la r a nd s i gn if ican t p eak s i n s amp le n umber s among t he h aze l s t em s o f c er ta in a ge s ( s ec t ion I V .3 ) t e nd s t o s ugge s t t he i d ea o f r egu la r c ropp ing , b u t n o t 9 9

c l ea r-fe l l ing - e very 7 o r 8 y ea r s s ome s t em s o f s u i tab le s i ze w e re t aken , l e av ing t he r e s t t o g row o n . S uch a p rac t ice o f d raw-fe l l ing w ou ld n o t l e ave c l ea r t r ace s i n t he a rchaeo log ica l r e cord . I t i s l i ke ly t ha t p ro tec t ion f rom g raz ing w ou ld h ave b een i mpor tan t t o e nab le t he n ew s hoo t s t o g row a t a r ea sonab le r a te i n t h i s c on tex t . P re sumab ly a n eed t o f ence w ou ld h ave d epended o n t he d en s i ty o f g raz ing a n ima l s a nd t he ir a l terna t ive f ood s upp l ie s , a nd o n t he s ca le o f c u t t ing a c t iv i ty a nd o rgan i sa t ion . One p o le c ou ld h ave b een c u t i n to s eve ra l p eg s ( wh ich w ou ld e xp la in s ome o f t he s im i la r i ty o f g row th p a t tern ) a nd t h i s mu s t a ffec t t he c onc en t ra t ion s i n s i ze a nd a ge . A p eg f rom h igher u p t he s t em w ou ld b e y ounger a nd p robab ly s ma l ler ( t hough o f ten n o t much s ma l ler i n r ap id ly g rown c opp ice-s ty le s i tua t ion s ) t han t he b a se . T h i s c anno t b e q uan t if ied a nd h a s n o t b een t aken i n to a ccoun t ( un l ike r od s i n h urd le s ( s ec t ion V I ) where s amp l ing w i th c a re c an b e c onf ined t o t h e s t em b a se ) . I t i s d iff icu l t t o e s t ima te t he amoun t o f w ood land c l ea red t o p rov ide w ood f or t he t r ackway . T he e s t ima ted r equ iremen t o f 6 000 p eg s ( o r 1 200 o f h aze l 1 m l ong - O rme a nd C o le s 1 985 ) a nd 2 000m o f r a i l s mu s t h ave made a n i mpr e s s ion o n t he l o ca l w ood land c over , t hough t h i s i s n o t r ecorded i n t h e p o l len r e su l t s ( a s d i scu s sed i n C a se ld ine 1 984 , 7 3-78 ) . H aze l s t oo l s u sua l ly s uppo r t 3 o r 4 p o le s o f s im i lar s i ze t o t ho se u sed i n t he t r ack ; a sh a t H ay ley Wood , C amb s . ( Rackham 1 975 ) s uppor t s 1 -4 p o le s , r a re ly more b u t u p t o a max imum o f 8 , a nd c ommon ly t wo a re o f t he s ame s i ze . One e s t ima te o n wh ich t o b a se c l ea rance f i gure s i s f rom 1 2-15 y ea r o ld p o le s o f c he s tnu t c opp ice d e scr ibed b y E e le s ( 1949 ) , wh ich a veraged 7 0mm i n d iame ter a nd 5m l ong . O n t h i s b a s i s , 4 o r 5S wee t p eg s a ve rag ing 1 m l ong c ou ld b e o b ta ined f rom e ach p o le . A t r ough ly 2 000 p o le s p er a cre o f w ood land ( p re sumab ly i n d en se ly p lan ted modern c opp ice ) , a bou t t h ree-qua r ter s o f a n a cre c ou ld p rov ide f o r t he p eg s . 2 000m o f r a i l s w ou ld a dd a f ur ther 4 00 p o le s o r t hereabou t s , a nd a no ther q ua r ter o f a n a cre . T hu s o ne a cre o f modern c l ea r-fe l led c opp ice m igh t h ave me t t h e S wee t t r ack ' s n eed s . H owever , s i nce t he o r ig ina l w ood land c on s i s ted p robab ly n o t o n ly o f a s pec ie s m ix ture o f v ary ing c ha rac te r i s t ic s a nd a l so o f d iffer ing d en s i ty , a nd s i nce d raw ing i s t en ta t ive ly p ropo sed r a ther t han c l ea r-f e l l ing , i t i s s ugge s ted t ha t a much l a rger a rea mu s t h ave b een e xp lo i ted t o f i nd s uff ic ien t s u i tab le ma te r ia l . T he s t udy o f t he r oundwood o f a l l s pec ie s h a s h igh l igh ted t h e p o ten t ia l i mpor tance o f t h i s i mma ture m a te r ia l , s o o f ten i gno red o n a rchaeo log ica l s i te s . I t i s o n ly o f v a lue i f s amp led s y s tema t ica l ly a nd s t ud ied i n l a rge q uan t i t ie s , t o s ugge s t t he c ompo s i t ion o f t he o r ig ina l w ood land a nd h ow i t w a s made u se o f a s ac on t inuou s r e source . Many q uer ie s h ave b een r a i sed i n t r y ing t o i n terpre t t he a ge a nd s i ze p a t tern s wh ich c anno t y e t b e a n swe red . H owever , t he s t udy h a s s ugge s ted t h e v a lue o f n on-oak s pec ie s f or t r ee-r ing p a t tern c ompa r i son s , e spec ia l ly h aze l a nd a sh , a nd t he l i ke l ihood t ha t w i l low a nd a spen w i l l h ave t oo f ew u n iform r i ng s , a nd h o l ly u nc lea r r i ng s , t o b e u sed r egu la r ly f or s uch w ork . T he o ther s pec ie s w ere

1 00

p re sen t i n q uan t i t ie s t o o s ma l l t o a na ly se r e l iab ly , b u t t he i r a ge/ s ize f i gu re s h ave a dded t o t he o vera l l p i c ture o f t he w ood land c over i n t he N eo l i th ic . F u l l c onc lu s ion s o n a l l t he t r ee-r ing d a ta p l ank ing f r om t he S wee t t r ack a r e g iven i n s e c t ion 1 1 .1 .6 .

1 0 1

f rom

r oundwood

a nd

V

THE BRUSH WOOD S TRUCTURES

I n troduc t ion A n umber o f t he S omer se t L eve l s t r ackway s , a nd o ne p la tform l i nked t o a t r ack , w ere c on s truc ted o f b und le s o f b ru shwood s imp ly l a id d own o n t he b og s urface t o p rov ide d ry f oo t ing o ver a p ar t icu lar ly w e t p a tch . S ome may h ave c on t inued o ver l ong d i s tance s a nd f o l lowed a n e s tab l i shed r ou te , wh i le o ther s w ere p robab ly s hor t l e ng th s . T he l o ca t ion o f t ho se d i scu s sed i n t h i s c hap ter i s s hown i n F ig . V .1, a nd t he t r ack s a re l i s ted w i th a pprox ima te d a te s a nd ma jor w ood s pec ie s i n T ab le V .I . An e xamp le , t he j unc t ion o f t wo t r ack s a t Ga rv in ' s , i si lu s tra ted i n F ig . V .5 . T he b und le s u sua l ly r e semb led a rmload s o f w ood wh ich s pread a s t hey w ere l a id , w i thou t e v idence o f b e ing t i ed t oge ther ; f ur ther movemen t w a s s ome t ime s p reven ted b y p eg s i n ser ted d own e i ther s i de ( e .g . p a r t s o f Honeygore , C o le s e t a l 1 985 ; B i sgrove 's t r ack , O rme e t a l 1 982 ) . T he s i ng le t h ickne s s o f mo s t o f t he s t ruc ture s a nd t he a b sence o f r epa ir s a nd a dd i t ion s s ugge s ted a s hor t l i fe-span . B ru shwood i s t he s imp le s t a nd q u icke s t me thod o f t r ack c on s truc t ion , i nvo lv ing t he l e a s t o u t lay o f e ffor t ; t he n eare s t a va i läb le a nd mo s t e a s i ly c o l lec ted w ood m igh t b e u sed ( Orme a nd C o le s 1 985 ) a nd i t wou ld r equ ire l i t t le o r n o f ur ther p repara t ion b efore u se . T he se s t ruc ture s c an b e v i ewed a s a n a lmo s t i n s tan t m ean s o f p a ssage , wh ich c ou ld n o t b e e xpec ted t o l a s t l ong , a l though b ru shwood i s s t i l l o f ten u sed i n e ro s ion c on tro l ( e .g . i n t he N e ther land s ) a nd o bv iou s ly h a s a n i mpor tan t r o le t o p lay i n w e t c ond i t ion s . L arge n umber s o f w ood s amp le s f rom b ru shwood t r ack s w ere i den t if ied a t E xe ter ( by A . E . C a se ld ine ) , i n o rder t o d e term ine wh ich t r ees w ere p referred f or b ru shwood c on s truc t ion ; t h i s a l one c ou ld s ugge s t whe ther t h e t r ee s w ere l i ke ly t o b e o f l o ca l o r ig in o r w ere b rough t s ome d i s tance . T he ma jor wood s u sed a re l i s ted i n T ab le V .1 . S ome o f t he b ru sh t r ack s c on s i s ted e n t ire ly o f o ne s pec ie s , s uch a s Honeygore o f b i rch ( Co le s e t a l 1 985 ) , wh i le o ther s c on ta ined a v ar ie ty o f w ood s , s uch a s Godw in ' s o f a lder , w i th w i l low a nd b i rch ( Co le s e t a l 1 985a ) , o r Garv in 's t r ack o f b i rch w i th s ome h aze l , a sh a nd a l der ( O rme e t a l 1 982 ) . T hey t hu s c omb ine t he t r ee s o f w e t land e nv ironmen t s ( a lder , b i rch a nd w i l low ) a nd t ho se p referr ing b e t ter d ra ined s o i l s ( haze l a nd a sh ) . T ree-r ing s t ud ies o f t he b ru shwood t r ack s i nvo lved s umma r i s ing t he a ge a nd d iame ter r ange s o f a r epre sen ta t ive s amp le o f s t em s , a s f a r a s w a s a l lowed b y t he l im i ta t ion s o f e xcava t ion a nd p re serva t ion . T he a na ly s i s h ad an umber o f a im s : 1 )

t o i den t ify whe ther s t em s p referred , a nd wha t c ou ld o f t he o r ig ina l w ood land .

o f a ny p ar t icu la r s i ze , a ge o r s pec ies w ere b e d educed f r om t he d a ta o n t he c ha rac ter

2 )

t o f ac i l i ta te c ompar i son s b e tween ma ter ia l f rom s t ruc ture s , t o g a in s ome i nd ica t ion o f t he ir v a r iab i l i ty .

1 02

d ifferen t

b ru shwood

3 )

t o e xam ine t he l i ke l ihood o f a l l t he w ood h av ing a c ommon o r ig in , o r whe ther i tc ame f rom a v a r ie ty o f s ource s .

4 )

t o c ompare w i th t he r e su l t s f rom t he h urd le-bu i l t t r ack s d e scr ibed i n c hap ter V I . I t w a s h oped t ha t d ifference s b e tween w ood a s semb lage s f rom t he t wo t ype s o f s t ruc ture m igh t p rov ide e v idence f or c a sua l c u t t ing o n t he o ne h and , a nd a ny s i gn s o f d e l ibera te managemen t o n t he o ther .

5 )

t o d educe whe ther t he o r ig ina l o therw i se , f rom t he w id th s o f f rom y ea r t o y ear .

6 )

t o a s se s s t he p o ten t ia l o f t he ma jor wood s u sed , b i rch a nd a lder , f or r i ng-w id th mea suremen t a nd c ro s s-ma tch ing . The e s tab l i shmen t o f a f ramework o f r e la t ive d a t ing w i th in a s t ruc ture c ou ld d e term ine t he c on temporane i ty o r o therw i se o f t he s t em s , a nd i nd ica te a ny r epa ir s a nd a dd i t ion s .

g row th c ond i t ion s t he g row th r i ng s

w ere f avourab le o r a nd t he ir v ar ia t ion

I t s hou ld b e empha s i sed t ha t v i r tua l ly n o th ing i s k nown o f t he b ehav iour o f b i rch a nd a l der , a nd t he r e su l t s p re sen ted h ere f orm a p i lo t s t uds ' i n to t he ir p o ten t ia l f or t r ee-r ing w ork ; a s t udy o f modern ma ter ia l i s b ad ly n eeded . A c urren t p ro jec t o n modern a nd p reh i s tor ic a lder wood s ugge s t s i t h a s v a lue f or c ro ss-da t ing ( Crone p er s . c omm . ) , w i th in t he c on s tra in t s i mpo sed b y i t s s hor t l i fe-span , a nd p reference f or w e t c ond i t ion s .

V .1

HONEYGORE AND HONEYCAT

V .1 .1

T he s i te s

T he se t wo t r ack s , l o ca ted i n t he w e s tern L eve l s , a s s hown i n F ig . V .1 , w ere f i r s t f ound b y Godw in i n 1 947 ( Godw in 1 960 ) , a nd f ur ther s t ud ied i n 1 967 a nd 1 970 ( Co le s a nd H ibber t 1 975 ) . I t w a s n o t u n t i l t he 1 983 e xcavat i on s i n a dvance o f p ea t-cu t t ing t ha t t r ee-r ing s amp le s w ere c o l lec ted a nd e xam ined . Honeygore w a s a h eavy b i rch b ru shwood t r ack w i th n o t r ace o f p eg s . I t h a s n ow b een f o l lowed o ver 6 00m , r unn ing e a s t-we s t b e tween t he We s thay ' i s land ' a nd t he C a tco t t B ur t le . Honeyca t w a s much l i gh ter i n c on s truc t ion , a l so made e n t ire ly o f b i rch a nd a bou t 7 00mm w ide ; i t i s k nown s o f a r o n ly o ver a l e ng th o f 8 0m . I t l a y s ome 1 5m n or th o f Honeygore b u t t he ir r e la t ion sh ip t o e ach o ther i s n o t y e t c l ea r - t hey c ou ld e i ther merge i n to o ne r ou te e a s twa rd s o r H oneyca t may s imp ly b e a s hor t s t re tch o f t r ack c ro s s ing a w e t a rea ( Co le s , O rme , C a se ld ine a nd Morgan 1 985) . R ad iocarbon d a tes f or H oneygore a re 2 807 6 0 b c ( Q999 ) , 2 792 ± 5 0 b c ( Q 1027 ) a nd 2 810 2 : 6 5 b c ( LU 2 97 ) ; f or Honeyca t t hey r ange b e tween 2 115 ± 1 30 b c ( Q320 ) a nd 2 610 ± 8 0 b c ( HAR5724 ) ( Co le s e t a l 1 985 , 5 8 ) . T hey s ugge s t t ha t Honeyca t may b e a more r e cen t c on s truc t ion .

1 03

S amp l ing o f m any o f t h e b i rch s t em s w a s a imed a t f i nd ing o u t t he r ange i n a ge a nd s i ze o f t he ma ter ia l u sed i n b o th t r ack s , t o l o ok f or i nd ica t ion s o f s ource s o f w ood a nd whe ther b o th w ere c on s t ruc ted o f s im i la r ma ter ia l .

V .1 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

Honeygore w a s r epre sen ted b y 2 3 b i rch r oundwood s amp le s , t he d e ta i l s o f wh ich a re s umma r i sed i n T ab le V .2 a nd F ig s . V .2 a nd 3 . On ly 1 5 s t em s c ou ld b e a pprox ima te ly o r e xac t ly a ged , o w ing t o t he d iff icu l ty o f d i s t ing u i sh ing t he r i ng b ounda r ie s i n b i rch , s o t he ' a verage a ge ' h a s n o t b een c a lcu la ted . I n s ome s pec ie s , s t em a ge i s e a s i ly d e term ined b y r i ng-coun t ing ; i n b i rch , t he r i ng s c ou ld b e c l ea r ly d i s t ingu i shed i n s ome s t em s a nd n o t a t a l l i n o ther s . T he r ea son s f or t h i s v a r ia t ion a re n o t k nown . T ho se w i th modera te ly c l ea r r i ng s w ere g iven a n a pprox ima te a ge o f , f or e xamp le , ' a bou t 2 0 y ea r s ' o r ' a bou t 3 0 y ea r s ' . T he a ge r ange w a s f ound t o b e w ide , a s t he s ca t ter d iagram i n F ig . V .2 s how s . D iame ter s a veraged 3 8mm , a nd e x tended f rom 9 t o 1 02mm , w i th n o o bv iou s c oncen t ra t ion s i n t he d i s t r ibu t ion ( s hown i n F ig . V .3 ) t o s ugge s t a ny s e lec t ion o f s t em s o f a p a r t icu lar s i ze . I t s eem s t ha t a l l a va i lab le ma ter ia l w a s u t i l i sed . A t l e a s t 5s t em s w ere p robab ly c u t i n w in ter . T he Honeyca t t r ack w a s b e t ter r ep re sen ted b y 5 6 b i rch s amp le s , wh ich h ad a s ma l ler s i ze r ange o f 8 -53mm , a verag ing 2 4 .4mm ( Tab le V .2 ) . Mo s t o f t he s t em s l a y b e tween 1 0 a nd 3 5mm w i th a d ef in i te p eak a t 2 0-25mm , a s s hown i n F ig . V .3 . T h i s may i nd ica te t ha t s t em s o f ac er ta in s i ze w ere more d e s irab le f or c on s t ruc t ing t he H oneyca t t r ack t han f or H oneygore . T he s t em a ge s r anged f rom 4 t o 1 7 y ea r s w i th a n a verage o f 8 , a nd a ga in s howed much more c on s i s tency t han i n H oneygo re ( F ig . V .2 ) . S eve ra l s t em s h ad a d oub le o r ig in i n f ork ing a nd b ranch ing c u t t ing .

p i th o r p i ece s .

a n o ff-cen tre p i th , i nd ica t ing a n E leven s t em s s ugge s ted w in ter

T he p roper t ie s o f b i rch d o n o t make i t i dea l f or t r ack c on s t ruc t ion i n t e rm s o f e a se o f f e l l ing , s t reng th a nd d urab i l i ty ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 985a 3 3 ) , a nd i t s u se h ere t o t he e xc lu s ion o f a l l o ther w ood s pec ie s s ugge s t s t ha t a p u re s t and o f b i rch may h ave g rown n ea rby wh ich f u lf i l led t he n eed s o f t he t r ack-bu i lder s . T he much more u n iform s i ze a nd a ge o f t he H oneyca t s t em s may i nd ica te e i ther more c a re i n t he s e lec t ion o f ma ter ia l o r a n o r ig in i n w ood land wh ich h ad a l ready b een c u t o ver , s ome t ime p rev iou s ly .

1 04

V .2

THE GARV IN 'S TRACK

V .2 .1

T he s i te

T h i s t r ack r epre sen t s o ne o f t h ree e xpo sure s o f b ru shwood t r ack o n Wa l ton H ea th , t he o ther t wo b e ing J one s a nd B i sgrove ( s ec t ion s V .3 a nd V .4 ) . T hey a l l l a y w i th in 2 00-300m o f e ach o ther a nd t he ir r e la t ion sh ip i s s hown i n F ig . V .4 . T hey w ere a l so a l l r ad ioca rbon-da ted t o t he l a te N eo l i th ic , t hough B i sgrove may b e al i t t le e a r l ier : GAR V IN 'S

2 430 2 330 2 510 2 390

±7 0bc ±7 0bc ±9 0bc ±8 0bc

( HAR682 ) ( HAR1222 ) ( HAR 12 19 ) ( HAR3387 )

J ONES

2 640 ± 7 0bc ( HAR3078 ) 2 470 ± 8 0bc ( HAR3386 )

B ISGROVE

2 930 ± 1 00bc ( HAR4078 )

( O r r r t e , C a se ld ine a nd Morgan 1 982 6 3 ) S eve ra l e xpo su re s o f t h e Ga rv in ' s t r ack w ere made i n 1 974 , 1 975 a nd 1 979 ; t he e a r l ier e xcava t ion s r evea led a b ru sh b und le t r ack o f l a rge ly b i rch , w i th s ome h aze l , a l der a nd a sh . T he b und le s w ere l a id t o f orm a p a th a bou t 1 . 2m w ide , w i th v e r t ica l p eg s h o ld ing t he w ood a t t he s i de s ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 977b ) . A t s i te 2 t o t he n or th , t he t r ack d iv ided i n to t wo , f orm ing r ou te s i n d ifferen t d i rec t ion s a s s hown i n F ig . V .5 . I t w a s p robab ly i n tended t o c ro s s t he w e t ter " l agg " a rea s u r round ing t he h igher g round o f t he P o lden s , a t t ha t t ime c overed b y f en w ood land , l e ad ing i n to t he c en t ra l a rea o f r a i sed b og ( Becke t t 1 977 ) . I n 1 979 , a n a rea 1 0 x 6m i n t he n o r th o f t he s ame f i e ld w a s e xc ava ted , a nd c on ta ined t wo b ru shwood b und le s l a ck ing t he c a refu l c on s truct i on o f t he p rev iou s s i te s , b u t c on s i s t ing o f t he s ame t r ee s pec ie s ( Orme , C a se ld ine a nd Morgan 1 982 ) . T he r ad ioca rbon d a te s f rom b o th s i te s s ugge s t c on s truc t ion a t ab road ly s im i la r t ime .

V .2 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

O f t he 1 975 e xcava t ion s , o n ly t he f ork a t s i te 2 w a s s amp led , g iv ing 7 3 b i rch , 3 0 h aze l a nd 7 a sh s t em s f or s t udy . T hey i n c luded 6 8% l ong i tud ina l r od s , 1 9% p eg s , 9% t r an sver se p i ece s a nd 4% s e rv ing o ther f unc t ion s . E ach s i de o f t h e t r ack a nd t he j unc t ion a rea w ere s amp led e qua l ly t o s ee i f a ny d iffe rence s i n s pec ie s o r s t em s i ze emerged , wh ich m igh t s ugge s t whe ther t hey w ere p a r t o f a c on tempora ry s t ruc tu re o r whe ther o ne b ranch w a s o f a d iffe ren t d a te . T h i s w a s t he f i r s t l a rge-sca le t r ee-r ing e xam ina t ion o f b i rch i n t he L eve l s .

1 05

T he r e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t udy o f Ga rv in ' s 1 975 e xcava t ion ma ter ia l ( "Ga rv in ' s 7 5 " ) a re g iven i n T ab le s V .3 a nd 4 , a nd F ig s . V .6 ,7 ,9-13 . T he b i rch r evea led a w ide r ange i n a ge a nd s i ze , t hough l y ing l a rge ly w i th in 7 -15 y ea r s ( F ig . V .10 ) a nd 2 5-50mm ( F ig . V .11) . T h i s s ugge s t s t ha t t he w ood w a s p robab ly c o l lec ted f rom n a tura l ly g rown b i rch t r unk s a nd b ranche s , w i th a c er ta in amoun t o f s e lec t ion f or s t em s o f t he r equ ired s i ze . I n F ig . V .7 , t he p eg s a nd l ong i tud ina l r od s f rom t he w e s tern b ranch a re c ompa red , s how ing t ha t t he p eg s t ended t o b e s ma l ler a nd y ounger . R ing-w id th m ea suremen t o f 1 0 o f t h e more ma ture s t em s e nab led s ome g row th p a t tern s t o b e c ro s s-ma tched . F our s t em s ( B18 , B 4 1 , A 10 , A l) f e l l i n to o ne g roup w i th a ppa ren t ly d iffe ren t c u t t ing y ea r s , t hough t h i s d i sc repancy c ou ld b e d ue t o t he l o s s o r l a ck o f r ecogn i t ion o f s ome v ery n a r row o u ter r i ng s a round t he w ood s urface . T he p a t tern o f o ne i s s hown i n F ig . V .12 . No d ifference s c ou ld b e f ound b e tween t he s t em s u sed i n t he e a s tern a nd w e s tern f ork s o f t he t r ack a nd t he j unc t ion a rea , a nd t here w a s n o r ea son t o s u spec t a ny d ifference i n t ime o f c on s truc t ion o r s ource o f m a ter ia l . •T he e xcava t ion o f t he G a rv in ' s t r ack i n 1 979 ( "Ga rv in ' s 7 9 " ) p rov ided at o ta l o f 8 4 b i rch s t em s , d e ta i l s o f w h ich a ppea r i n T ab le V .3 . A ga in , a ge a nd s i ze w ere v ery v a r ied ; a ge r anged f rom 3 t o 6 5 y ea r s w i th a n a verage o f 1 5 ( F ig . V .10 ) , a nd d iame ter f rom 5 t o 10mm w i th a n a verage o f 2 4 .5mm ( F ig . V .11) . A ge s w ere v ery e ven ly s pread w i th t he e xcep t ion o f ap eak i n s t em s 2 0 y ea r s o ld ; t he d i s t r ibu t ion c on t ra s t s w i th t ha t f or " Ga rv in ' s 7 5 " w here t he m a jor i ty o f t he s t em s w ere u nder 1 5 y ea r s o ld ( F ig . V .10 ) . T he c on tra s t i s f ur ther empha s i sed b y t he r ange i n s t em d iame ter s i n F ig . V .11 ; t h e " Ga rv in ' s 7 5 " s t em s w ere c on s iderab ly l a rger t han t ho se f ound i n " Ga rv in ' s 7 9 " . T he s ca t ter s c ompa r ing a ge a nd s i ze i n F ig . V .9 r evea l t he d i fference , n o t o n ly i n t he g rea ter q uan t i ty o f s ma l l y oung s t em s i n " Ga rv in ' s 7 9 " , b u t a l so i n t he s l ower g row th r a te o f t he w ood . Wh i le t he a verage d iame ter o f t he " Ga rv in ' s 7 9 " b i rch w a s h a lf t ha t o f t he " Ga rv in ' s 7 5 " b i rch , t he a verage a ge w a s h igher ( Tab le V .3 ) . T he se d ifference s i n t he b i rch a s semb lage s d o n o t p rove t ha t t h e t wo l e ng th s o f t r ack w ere n o t p a r t o f t he s ame s t ruc ture ; t hey may b e c on temp ora ry b u t w ere c on s t ruc ted o f w ood g a thered f rom d i fferen t s ource s , p e rhap s b y d ifferen t p eop le . T he o n ly d ef in i te c onc lu s ion i s t ha t t h e b i rch t r ee s u sed i n " Ga rv in ' s 7 9 " g rew more s l ow ly i n a l e s s f avou rab le p lace t han t ho se u sed i n " Ga rv in ' s 7 5 " . D e l ibera te s e lec t ion o f s t em s o f a c er ta in s i ze w ou ld a ffec t t he s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion o n ly , n o t t he g row th r a te . T he r i ng-w id th s o f o ne b i rch s t em f rom " Ga rv in 's 7 9 " w ere m ea sured , a nd r evea led a p o s s ib le ma tch ing p a t tern w i th t he " Ga rv in ' s 7 5 " g roup ( 66% a g reemen t - s e e s ec t ion 1 .3 .3 ) a nd w i th a s t em f rom B i sgrove ( s ee s e c t ion V .4 ) ( a l so 6 6% a greemen t ) . T he p a t tern i s s hown i n F ig . V .12 . T h i s ma tch ing p a t tern c ou ld e i ther b e f or tu i tou s , s i nce l i t t le i s k nown o f b i rch g row th , o r i tc ou ld s ugge s t t he c on temporane i ty o f t he t wo s t ruc tu re s .

1 06

T he s ma l l a moun t s o f h aze l a nd a sh f rom t he e xcava t ion s w ere a l so e xam ined , a nd d e ta i l s a re g iven i n T ab le V .4 a nd F ig . V .6 . T he s t em s o f h aze l w ere more c on s i s ten t i n a ge a nd s i ze t han t he b i rch , a nd t he ir l e ng th ( a g roup o f r od s i n t h e e a s tern f ork o f " Ga rv in ' s 7 5 " w ere o ver 3m l ong ) a nd s t ra igh tne s s s ugge s ted a c opp ice o r ig in . T hey r e semb led t he r od s u sed i n t he c on tempora ry h urd le t r ack s o f Wa l ton H ea th ( s ee s e c t ion V I .2-3 ) a nd m ay h ave h ad a s im i la r o r ig in ; t he i r l e ng th p robab ly h e lped t o h o ld t he b ru shwood b und le t oge the r . T he i r a verage a ge o f a bou t 9 y ea r s i nd ica ted c u t t ing a t t he i d ea l s i ze f o r h urd le-mak ing ( s ee F ore s t ry C omm i s s ion 1 956 1 8 , f or d i scu s s ion ) . T he f ew s l igh t a sh s t em s p robab ly a r r ived w i th t he h aze l r od s f rom t h e d r ier s l ope s o f t h e P o lden s . T he " Ga rv in ' s 7 5 " a sh w ere o f s im i la r s i ze t o t he h aze l b u t s l igh t ly o lder , wh i le t he " Ga rv in ' s 7 9 " a sh s t em s w ere l a rger a nd v ery s l ow g rown ( Tab le V .4 ) , i nd ica t ing , a s w i th t he b i rch , a n u nf avourab le s i te f or g row th . T hu s t he t r ee-r ing r e su l t s s how t he se t wo b ru shwood s t ruc ture s t o h ave b een made o f l a rge ly b i rch s t em s , s e lec ted t o s ome e x ten t f or s i ze . D if ference s i n s i ze a nd a ge r ange , a nd g row th r a te , s ugge s t t he c o l lec t ion o f m a ter ia l f rom d ifferen t s ource s t o p rov ide t he b und le s o f b ru shwood . T hey a l so ' i nc luded h aze l r od s o f p o s s ib le c opp ice o r ig in a nd a sh r od s , f rom n ea rby h igher g round . T he b i rch c ou ld h ave b een g row ing i n t he L eve l s t hem se lve s o r o n t he P o lden s , a nd i t s p re sence i n l a rge q uan t i t ie s may s ugge s t c l ea ranc e s i n t he v i c in i ty e nab l ing t h i s l i gh t-demand ing s pec ie s t o c o lon i se . V a r ia t ion s i n t he t wo a s semb lage s f rom " Ga rv in s 7 5 " a nd " Ga rv in s 7 9 " d o n o t a s s i s t i n p rov ing t h e c on tempo rane i ty o f t he t wo l eng th s o f t r ack , s i nce t hey c ou ld b e d ue t o t h e p reference s o f d ifferen t b u i lder s , o r o ther c au se s . H owever t hey d o i lu s t ra te t he s o r t o f v a r ia t ion wh ich d id e x i s t i n a s s emb lage s e ven o f r ough b i rch b ru shwood , a nd f u ture r e sea rch n eed s t o b e a imed a t s e ek ing t h e r ea son s f or t he c ho ice o f a p a r t icu la r r ange o f m a ter ia l .

1 07

V .3

THE JONES TRACK WAY

V .3 .1

T he s i te

T he J one s t r ackway w a s e xcava ted i n 1 979 ( O rme , C a se ld ine a nd Morgan 1 982 ) . I t r an n or th-sou th , s ome 3 00m n or th-ea s t o f Garv in s - t he ir r e la t ion sh ip i s s hown i n F ig . V .4 . T he t r ack c on s i s ted o f 2 o r 3 l a yer s o f b i rch b ru shwood , t he s t em s l a id w i th t he ir c u t e nd s t o t he s ou th . Many s t em s w ere b ranch ing o r f ork ing , a nd w ere u p t o 3m l ong . On ly t wo p eg s w ere f ound . T here w a s a l so a p a tch o f h aze l s t em s a t t he n or th e nd o f t he e xcava t ion . R ad ioca rbon d a te s f or t he s t ruc ture o f 2 640 ± 7 0bc ( HAR3078 ) a nd 2 470 ± 8 0bc ( HAR3386 ) s ugge s t ab road ly s im i la r d a te t o t he n ea rby Garv in 's t r ack s , b u t a l though t he c on s truc t ion i s v ery s im i lar , i t i s n o t i n d irec t a l ignmen t n or a t t he s ame l e ve l . T he J one s t r ack i s t hu s p o ten t ia l ly s l igh t ly e a r l ier .

V .3 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

A t o ta l o f 2 4 b i rch s t em s w ere e xam ined a nd t he d a ta f rom t hem a re s u mma r i sed i n T ab le V .3 a nd F ig s . V .8 t o 1 . T he s t em s w ere a ged 6 -30 y ea r s , w i th a n a verage o f 1 7 y ea r s , a nd i n s i ze t hey r anged f rom 1 9 t o 5 9mm , w i th a n a verage o f 3 6mm . T he s amp le s i ze i s s ma l l , b u t t he s ca t ter i n a ge a nd s i ze i s v ery w ide ( F ig . V .9 ) ; e va lua t ion o f t he e v idence s ugge s t s t ha t b i rch t r unk s a nd b ranche s w ere b e ing c o l lec ted a t r andom i n t he n eare s t a va i lab le wood land . No r i ng-w id th mea suremen t s w ere i mma tur i ty o r l a ck o f c l ar i ty i n t he r i ng s .

made

o n

t he

b i rch ,

ow ing

t o

t he ir

A l so a s soc ia ted w i th t he t r ack w a s a l a rge a sh p o le 4 5 y ea r s o ld a nd 1 00mm i n d iame ter , a s w e l l a s ab und le o f o ver 2 0 h aze l r od s u p t o Im l ong . A s F ig . V .8 a nd T ab le V .4 s how , t hey w ere v ery c on s i s ten t i n s i ze b e tween 1 3 a nd 2 4mm , a nd f e l l i n to t wo a ge g roup s o f 3 -6 y ear s a nd 1 0-12 y ear s . T he ir l ong s t ra igh t a ppea rance a nd c oncen tra ted s i ze s ugge s ted t ha t t hey o r ig ina ted i n h aze l s t oo l s wh ich h ad b een p rev iou s ly c u t o ver .

1 08

V .4

B ISGROVE 'S TRACKWAY

V .4 .1

T he S i te

T he B i sgrove ' s t r ack w a s e xcava ted i n 1 980 o ver a l e ng th o f 4 . 5m ( O rme , C a se ld ine a nd Morgan 1 982 ) . I t l a y t o t he n o r th o f t he Ga rv in ' s t r ack a nd w e s t o f t he J one s t r ack b y s ome 2 00m , a s s hown i n F ig . V .4 . S im i la r ly i t w a s made o f b i rch s t em s a nd b ranche s t h rown d own , l a rge ly w i th t he ir c u t e nd s t o t he n or th , t o f o rm a p a thway a bou t 1 . 5m w ide . P eg s w ere d r iven i n a t t he s i de s t o h o ld t he b ru shwood i n p lace . T he t r ack l i e s a pprox ima te ly i n l i ne w i th t he e a s tern f ork o f t he Ga rv in ' s t r ack e xcava ted i n 1 975 ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 977b ) , t hough t hey d iffer s t ruc tura l ly , a nd t he o ne r ad ioca rbon d a te f rom B i sgrove i s e a r l ier t han t ho se f r om Ga rv in ' s ( s ee s e c t ion V .2 ) . S o i t i s n o t c er ta in whe ther t hey w ere p a r t o f t he s ame s t ruc ture , b u t t hey w ere c er ta in ly b u i l t i n r e spon se t o t he s ame d i ff icu l t ie s o f c ro s s ing Wa l ton H ea th , a nd made u se o f s im i la r t e chn ique s a nd ma ter ia l s .

V .4 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

T he 5 9 s amp le s c o l lec ted w e re a l l o f b i rch ; r e su l t s o f mea su remen t o f t h e ir a ge a nd s i ze a re g iven i n T ab le V .3 a nd F ig s . V .9-11 . T he s t em s h ave t he h ighe s t a verage a ge o f a l l t he Wa l ton H ea th a s semb lage s a t 1 9 y ea r s , b u t t he s econd l owe s t a verage d iame ter o f 2 9mm , i nd ica t ing q u i te s l ow g row th a s i n t he " Ga rv in ' s 7 9 " t r ack b i rch . T he s ca t ter d iagram , F ig . V .9 , s ugge s t s t he w ide spread s i ze a nd a ge r ange e xh ib i ted b y t he ma ter ia l s upp l ied , a nd p a r t icu la r ly t he u se o f s ome l a rger a nd o lder s t em s i n t he t r ackway . C lo ser i n spec t ion i nd ica te s t ha t wherea s t he a ge r ange i s r e la t ive ly w ide ( F ig . V .10 ) , t he s i ze r ange s how s t wo c oncen t ra t ion s , 5 -25mm a nd 3 0-50mm ( F ig . V .11) wh ich u nexpec ted ly c or re spond t o t he c oncen t ra t ion s i n t he s i ze r ange d i s t r ibu t ion s f rom " Ga rv in ' s 7 9 " a nd " Ga rv in ' s 7 5 " t r ack s r e spec t ive ly . T hu s B i sgrove ' s t r ack i nvo lved t he u se o f w ood o f v ery v a r ied d imen s ion s . T he s i gn if icance o f t he t wo s i ze c oncen t ra t ion s i n t he w ood f rom B i sgrove 's a nd G a rv in 's i sn o t c l ea r . S evera l f ea tu re s i lu s tra te t he v a r iab i l i ty among t he m a ter ia l . A t l e a s t 1 5 s t em s w ere p robab ly c u t i n w in ter , 5 s t em s w ere d oub le-cen t red , h av ing o r ig ina ted i n t he f o rk o f a t r unk ; 1 s t em s h ad w ide u n ifo rm r i ng s r e su l t ing f rom r egu la r g row th , wh i le 1 3 s t em s s howed a d i s t inc t ive p a t tern o f i n i t ia l w ide r i ng s f o l lowed b y a n o u ter z one o f e x t reme ly n a rrow a nd o f ten i nd i s t ingu i shab le r i ng s ( s im i la r t o BG80 1 i n F ig . V .12 ) . A s t he w ood f rom t h i s s i te w a s more ma tu re t han t ha t f rom Ga rv in ' s a nd J one s , r i ng-w id th s w e re m ea su red o n 9s t em s a ged 2 5-36 y ea r s . A t l e a s t t wo g roup s ( s amp le s 5 , 1 7 a nd 8 6 a nd s amp le s 1 , 1 5 , 2 5 a nd 3 8 ) c ou ld b e c omb ined i n to s ma l l m ean c u rve s f o r f ur ther c ompa r i son , s ome o f wh ich a re i lu s t ra ted i n F ig s . V .12 a nd 1 3 . T he l a ck o f c orre spondence i n t he i r e nd y ea r s may s ugge s t d i fferen t c u t t ing y ea r s , b u t i t c ou ld a l so b e d ue t o t he l o s s o f e x t reme ly n a r row r i ng s a round t he o u ter s urface . 1 09

However , t he se p re l im ina ry r i ng-w id th c ompa r i son s o f b i rch s ugge s t t ha t i t h a s p o ten t ia l f or t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s i f t he r i ng p a t tern c an b e e x t rac ted . Unfor tuna te ly , t he n a ture o f t he w ood s t ruc ture , a nd t he b and s o f v ery n a r row r i ng s , d o n o t a s s i s t i n t he p roce s s o f r ecord ing . C omp a r i son s o f t he p a t tern s w i th t ho se f rom " Ga rv in ' s 7 5 a nd 7 9 " b i rch s t em s a l so s howed s im i la r i t ie s a s s hown i n F ig . V .12 , w i th s im i la r e nd y ea r s ( F ig . V .13 ) . E i ther t he c or re spondence i n p a t tern i s f or tu i tou s , o r i t s ugge s t s c on temporane i ty o f t he t wo s t ruc ture s d e sp i te t he e a r l ier r ad ioca rbon d a te f r om B i sgrove ' s . H owever i t w ou ld b e p rema ture t o s ugge s t t ha t t hey f o rmed p a r t o f t he s ame t r ackway o n t he b a s i s o f t h i s e v idence a l one , u n t i l mo re i s k nown a bou t t he d egree o f c orre spondence t o b e e xpec ted i n b i rch r i ng-w id th p a t tern s . T hu s t he c omp lex o f b i rch b ru shwood t r ack s o n Wa l ton H ea th h ave p rov ided much d a ta o n t h e r ange o f ma te r ia l c o l lec ted t o p rov ide d ry c ro s s ing o ver t he ma r shy b og . W ide a ge r ange s p reva i l among t he s t em s , b u t t here i s s ome c oncen t ra t ion i n s i ze , s ugge s t ing t he d e l ibera te c o l lec t ion o f t r unk s a nd b ranche s wh ich l a y w i th in a p a r t icu la r s i ze l im i t . T h i s s i ze r ange v a r ie s b e tween t he t r ack s , e spec ia l ly b e tween " Ga rv in ' s 7 5 " a nd " Ga rv in ' s 7 9 " ; p erhap s t h i s w a s d ue t o p reference s o f t he b u i lder s , o r p erhap s t o t he n a ture o f t he g round a t t he t wo s i te s . Ano ther o bv iou s d ifference b e tween t h e a s semb lage s w a s i n t he g row th r a te o f t h e b i rch , wh ich p roved t o b e much f a s ter i n t he " Ga rv in ' s 7 5 " s t em s , s ugge s t ing t ha t t he t r ee s u sed t here h ad g rown i n much more f avou rab le c ond i t ion s . T hu s d ifferen t s ou rce s f or t h e ma ter ia l may b e s ugge s ted . T he r e su l t s s ugge s t t ha t b i rch h a s s ome v a lue f or t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s o f a ge a nd s i ze r ange s , a nd s ome t ime s r i ng-w id th c ompa r i son s , b u t more u nder s tand ing o f t he i nf luence s a nd c ond i t ion s o f g row th o f modern b i rch w ou ld g rea t ly a s s i s t i n i n terpre t ing t he p reh i s tor ic m a ter ia l .

10

V .5

T INNEY 'S GROUND

V .5 .1

T he s i te s

T he t r ack s o n T inney 's G round r epre sen t t he r ema in s o f n umerou s r ou te s r unn ing SW-NE f rom t he h igher g round a t S ha rpham a cro s s t o Wea rya l l H i l l a nd t he G la s tonbury a rea , a s s hown i n t he map F ig . 1 1 .42 . T he f i r s t r ecord s o f s t ruc ture s w ere made i n 1 973 ; a s t he f i e ld w a s s y s tema t ica l ly c u t o ver u n t i l a l l t he B ronze Age p ea t s h ad g one b y 1 979 , f i e ld-wa lk ing a nd e xcava t ion h ad r evea led a who le s e r ie s o f p a ra l le l t r ack s a nd many i s o la ted f r agmen t s o f b ru shwood wh ich c anno t n ow b e r e la ted t o e ach o ther ( F ig . 1 1 .43 ) . S t em a nd p l ank s amp le s w ere c o l lec ted f or t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s f rom t h ree o f t he ma jor t r ack s -T IN A i n 1 975 ( 14m W o f h ead 1 ) a nd 1 977 ( 1 1m a cro s s h ead C - F ig . V .14 ; C o le s , O rme , H ibber t a nd J one s 1 975 ; C o le s a nd O rme 1 978a ) , T IN B i n 1 977 ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 978a ) a nd T IN D i n 1 978 ( F ig . V .15 ; C o le s a nd O rme 1 980 ) . T he o ak p lank s a re d i scu s sed i n s ec t ion 1 1 .3 ; d e ta i l s o f t he s t em s a re c on s idered h ere a nd s umma r i sed i n T ab le V .5 . A lmo s t a l l w ere a l der , w i th a v ery f ew b i rch , w i l low a nd a lder b uck thorn s amp le s wh ich w ere n o t e xam ined . Mo s t o f t he r ecorded t r ack s c on s i s ted o f t h ick b und le s o f b ru shwood , a s e xcava ted a nd s e en i n s e c t ion . T IN A w a s a bou t 0 . 8m w ide , T IN B 0 . 8-1 .2m w ide o f 5 0-70 s t em s a nd T IN D w a s n a r rower a t a bou t 0 . 5m w ide , o f 3 0-35 s t em s . T IN A h ad a n u pper l a yer o f a lder b ru shwood w i th t r an sver se s b enea th a t i n terva l s o f 0 . 3m o r l e s s , a s w e l l a s p eg s , a s s hown i n t he p lan F ig . V .14 . A s econd l a yer o f c en tra l b ra sh wa s k ep t i n p l ace b y h eav ier o u ter l ong i tud ina l s - t h i s c on s i s ted o f s hor t f ragmen t s o f a lder , h aze l , w i l low a nd o ak c h ip s . T he l owe s t l a yer o f o ak p lank s w a s t hough t p erhap s t o b e t he r ema ins o f a p rev iou s d i sman t led t r ack ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 978a ; s ee a l so s ec t ion 1 1 .3 ) . T IN B r an p a ra l le l t o T IN A s ome 1 4m t o t he n or th ; t he s amp le s c on s idered h ere c ame f rom s i te 1 , where f our b und le s o f b ru shwood a ppear t o h ave b een l a id f rom t he e a s t ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 978a , 6 1) . T he 1 978 e xcava t ion o f T IN D r evea led a j unc t ion w i th a no ther t r ack k nown a s T in E ( F ig . V .I5 ) . S amp l ing w a s c ar r ied o u t i n t r an sec t s a cro s s t he b und le s , t o r ecord t he o vera l l s t em a ge s . I n t he c a se o f t he 1 977 e xcava t ion o f T IN A , t he u pper , m idd le a nd l ower l a yer s w ere a l so s amp led t o s earch f or a ny d ifference s . A f ew t r an sver se s f rom t he 1 975 T IN A s i te w ere a l so r ecorded s epara te ly . T he a l der p roved g enera l ly w e l l p re served a nd e a sy t o r ecord , w i th i t s d iagno s t ic t r iangu la r p i th , a nd i n t h i s c a se c l ea r , w ide r i ng s - s ome e xamp les o f t he wood s t ruc ture a re s hown i n F ig . V .16 .

11

V .5 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

R e su l t s o f mea suremen t s o n t he a lder s t em s f rom a re s umma r i sed i n T ab le V .5 a nd F ig s . V .17-19 , 2 9 a nd 3 0 .

t he

T inney ' s

t r ack s

T he s t em s f rom t he T IN A t r ack e xcava ted i n 1 975 a nd 1 977 ( s i te s s o me 5 0m a par t ) p roved t o a verage c on s i s ten t ly 7 -8 y ear s o ld ( Tab le V .5 ) , t hough i t wa s f ound t ha t t he a ge r ange i n t he 1 977 ma ter ia l w a s much n arrower t han i n t he 1 975 a s semb lage . A s i s s hown i n F ig . V .19 , t he 1 977 ma ter ia l p eaked a t 7 -8 y ea r s o ld , wh i le t he 1 975 a lder s t em s p eaked a t 8 y ear s a nd a l so a t 5 y ea r s , w i th many s t em s e x tend ing u p t o 1 2 y ea r s o ld . V ery f ew s t em s f rom 1 977 w ere a ged l e s s t han 6 y ear s o r more t han 1 y ea r s . However , t h i s d ifference d id n o t a ppear i n t he d iame ter r ange s wh ich w ere a lmo s t i den t ica l ( F ig . V .29 ) , l a rge ly b e tween 1 5 a nd 3 5mm . T he a verage s t oo w ere v ery c l o se ( Tab le V .5 ) . F rom t he 1 975 e xcava t ion o f a verag ing 6 . 3 y ea r s o ld a nd 3 0mm i n s ame r ange a s t he l ong i tud ina l r od s .

T IN A , d iame ter ,

9 s t em s w ere t r an sver se s , wh ich w a s w e l l w i th in t he

T hree d i s t inc t l a yer s o f b ru shwood w ere e xcava ted i n t he T IN A t r ack i n 1 977 ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 978a ) , a nd t he se w ere s amp led a nd e xam ined s epa ra te ly t o s ee i f t he c ha rac ter o f t he ma ter ia l c hanged . T he f i gure s f or e ach l a yer i n T ab le V .5 s howed a g enera l i n crea se i n s i ze a nd a ge d own t hrough t he t r ack , s ugge s t ing t ha t t he l a rger s t em s w ere d e l ibera te ly l a id f i r s t . A l so , a s i s s hown i n F ig . V .17 , t he t op a nd m idd le l ayer s c on ta ined s t em s o f much more u n iform a ge t hough v ar ied i n s i ze , wh i le t he s t em s o f t he l ower l a yer w ere v ery v a r ied b o th i n a ge a nd s i ze . T he se t wo d e ta i l s s ugge s ted v ery c arefu l s e lec t ion o f ma ter ia l t o b u i ld t he t r ack , t o e n sure a f i rm b a se a nd a c ompac t w a lk ing s urface . T he s t em s f rom t he T IN B t r ack ( s ee t he f i e ld p lan i n F ig . 1 1 .43 ) p roved t o b e r a ther y ounger t han t ho se f rom T IN A , w i th a n a verage a ge o f 6 . 1 y ear s a nd d iame ter o f 2 4 .5mm ( Tab le V .5 ) . T he r ange i n a ge s hown i n F ig . V .19 i nd ica ted t he c o l lec t ion o f ma ter ia l v ery s im i lar t o t ha t f rom T IN A 1 975 ; t he r ange w a s q u i te w ide b e tween 4 a nd 1 0 y ea r s . T he r ange i n s i ze o f t he T IN B s t em s s u mmar i sed i n F ig . V .29 wa s l ower a nd more c oncen tra ted t han t ha t f or T IN A , w i th a p eak a t 1 5-25mm d iame ter , a nd o n ly a f ew l a rger s t em s u p t o a bou t 4 0mm . T he T IN D a lder s t em s w ere t he s ma l le s t o f t he g roup s e xam ined , w i th a n a verage a ge o f 5 . 1 y ea r s a nd a n a verage d iame ter o f 2 1 .2mm ( Tab le V .5 ) . T here w a s a n a lmo s t t o ta l a b sence o f s t em s o ver 6 y ear s o f a ge , a nd F ig . V .19 make s c l ear t he c on tra s t w i th t he T IN A 1 977 ma ter ia l , wh ich h ad v i r tua l ly n o s t em s u nder 6 y ear s o f a ge . T he s ca t ter o f a ge a nd s i ze i n F ig . V .18 s how s a s epa ra te d i s tr ibu t ion f rom t he T IN B ma ter ia l . D iame ter s p eaked a t 1 0-30mm ( F ig . V .29 ) e spec ia l ly a t t he s ma l ler e nd o f t he r ange , a s i ze wh ich h a rd ly o ccurred i n t he T IN A a nd T IN B t r ack s . T he T IN D ma ter ia l t hu s v a r ied c on s iderab ly f rom t ha t u sed i n t he o ther t r ackway s . Two more d e ta i led a na ly se s w ere c arr ied o u t o n t he T IN D ma ter ia l . The b ru shwood f rom t he t r ack o n h ead 1 w a s f ound t o b e s l igh t ly o lder t han 12

t ha t o n h ead A , n o t f a r a way ( F ig . 1 1 .43 ) ; o n h ead 1 , i t a veraged 5 . 25 y ea r s , a s o ppo sed t o 4 . 6 y ea r s f rom h ead A . T he a verage d iame ter wa s t he s ame . D ifference s w ere a l so f ound b e tween t he t wo b ranche s o f t he t r ack s hown i n F ig . V .15 , i n t he a ge a nd s i ze o f ma ter ia l u sed . T he T IN D s t re tch w a s m ade o f y ounger , t hough o n ly s l igh t ly s ma l ler , s t em s t han T IN E wh ich j o ined i t ; t he f i gure s a re g iven i n T ab le V .6 . T IN E w ou ld h ave t o b e s amp led f u r ther a l ong i t s l e ng th t o p rove whe ther t he se d ifference s w ere r e a l . T he c l ea r c oncen t ra t ion s i n s i ze a nd a ge o f t he a lder s t em s f rom e ach o f t he T inney 's t r ack s w ere f e l t t o b e u nu sua l a nd u nexpec ted i n a b ru shw ood t r ack , b e ing mo re r em in i scen t o f t he r ange s t o b e f ound i n h u rd le c on s t ruc t ion ( s ee s e c t ion V I ) . T hey may s ugge s t a n o r ig in f or t he a lder s t em s i n w ood land wh ich h ad b een c u t o ver p rev iou s ly , whe ther d e l ibera te ly a nd a t r egu la r i n terva l s a s i n a c opp ice s y s tem , o r j u s t o nce , t hough i t i s p o s s ib le f o r n a tura l w ood land t o b e e ven-aged ( Pe terken 1 981) . A lder c a r r m ay h ave g rown a round t he e dge s o f t h e P o lden s , n o t f a r f rom t he T inney ' s t r ack s , a nd , j udg ing b y t he v ery s ma l l q uan t i t ie s o f o ther w ood s pec ie s r epre sen ted , may h ave b een r e la t ive ly p u re . T he s t em a ge s w ere s o c onc en t ra ted a s t o r ender u n l ike ly t he e xp lo i ta t ion o f a n a tura l ly g rown s t and o f a l der , wh ich c ou ld n o t h ave s uppo r ted c ropp ing o n t he s ca le r equ ired f o r a l l t he t r ack s i n T inney ' s G round , a s w e l l a s o ther a s y e t u nd i scovered r ou te s . A n umber o f p o s s ib i l i t ie s c ou ld e xp la in t he v ery c l ea r a ge a nd s i ze d i fference s b e tween t he s t em s u sed i n t he d ifferen t t r ack s e xam ined . T he t r ack s a re t hough t t o b e r ough ly c on tempo ra ry , f rom r ad ioca rbon a nd a rchaeo log ica l e v idence , b u t t h i s d oe s n o t e xc lude t he p o s s ib i l i ty t ha t t hey w ere c on s t ruc ted a t i n terva l s , p erhap s o f a f ew y ea r s . A s o ne r ou te b ecame d amaged , a no ther c ou ld h ave b een b u i l t t o t ake i t s p lace . I t w ou ld s e em u nnece s sa ry t o k eep s evera l r ou te s o pera t ing a t t he s ame t ime . S ome o f t he s i ze a nd a ge d ifference c ou ld t herefore b e t he r e su l t o f c o l lec t ing ma ter ia l f r om t he s ame w ood land s evera l y ea r s l a ter , a nd t hereby a cc iden ta l ly s e t t ing u p ac opp ice s y s tem wh ich w ou ld p rov ide i d ea l ma ter ia l f or t he t r ack s . T he d i fference s c ou ld a l so r ef lec t t he p ref erence s o f d ifferen t b u i lder s , who may h ave h ad a cce s s t o d i fferen t a ge c l a s se s o f ma ter ia l . O r t hey c ou ld b e t he r e spon se t o v a ry ing d egree s o f w e tne s s o n t he r ou te , wh ich r equ ired t he l a y ing o f h eav ier s t em s i n s ome p ar t s . Wha tever t he e xp lana t ion f or t he d ifference s b e tween t he a l der s t em s o f t he T inney ' s t r ack s , t he ir s t udy h a s h igh l igh ted t he w ea l th o f d e ta i l t o b e g a ined f rom e x ten s ive s amp l ing o f b ru shwood s t ruc tu re s i n r evea l ing t he c ompo s i t ion a nd e xp lo i ta t ion o f t he l o ca l w ood land . Much y e t n eed s t o b e u nder s tood a bou t t he s t ruc ture o f n a tura l a nd managed a lder w ood land , n ow t he s ub jec t o f t r ee-r ing r e sea rch ( Crone , p er sona l c ommun ica t ion ) a nd t he se r e su l t s a re o ffered a s c ompa ra t ive ma ter ia l , i n t he h ope o f a ch iev ing g rea ter u nder s tand ing o f t he g row th a nd e xp lo i ta t ion o f p reh i s tor ic a l der w ood .

13

V .6

GODW IN 'S TRACK WAY

V .6 .1

T he s i te

T he Godw in ' s t r ack w a s d i scovered a nd e xcava ted o ver 5m i n 1 982 , i n a dvance o f i t s d e s t ruc t ion b y p ea t-cu t t ing ( Co le s , O rme , C a se ld ine a nd Morgan 1 985a ) . I t l a y i n t he S ha rpham a rea , r unn ing s ou th-we s t t o n or th-ea s t ( ST 4 6543831 ; F ig . V .1) . I t p robab ly f o l lowed a s im i la r r ou te t o t he T inney ' s t r ack s d i scu s sed i n s ec t ion V .5 , a t t he n a rrowe s t p o in t b e tween h igher g round . T he t r ack c on s i s ted o f as e r ie s o f b ru shwood b und le s , l a rge ly o f a l der w i th s ome b i rch , w i l low a nd o ak . T he b und le s w ere p reven ted f rom s l ipp ing s i deway s b y s hor t p eg s . T he s ou thern e nd c on s i s ted o f a t h ick b und le o f s t em s f orm ing a p a th a bou t 5 00mm w ide ; f a r ther n or th , t he t r ack a ppea red t o d iv ide i n to t wo b ranche s . H owever , e x ten s ion o f t he s i te r evea led wha t w a s t hough t t o b e ad i s lodged b und le o f s l igh t ly l a rger s t em s . Much o f t he w ood w a s 1 00-600mm l ong a nd v ery s l igh t ; m any t w ig s , f orked p iece s a nd k no t s s ugge s ted i t s o r ig in i n n a tura l b ranchwood . T he t r ack l a y v ery n ea r t he s urface h ead s n ea rby , s o i t i s n o t k nown h ow f a r a l ready h ave b een d e s t royed . One r ad ioca rbon d a te o f 110 " . 4 . : c on temporane i ty w i th t he n ea rby T inney ' s t r ack s .

a nd h a s n o t b een i t o nce e x tended .

7 0

b c

s e en o n t he Much c ou ld

( HAR5086 )

i nd ica ted

I n v i ew o f t he s ca t tered n a ture o f t he t r ack ma te r ia l , s amp l ing f or t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s w a s c a r r ied o u t i n s ma l l a rea s l a be l led A t o M , wh ich c overed s y s tema t ica l ly ( a s f a r a s p o s s ib le ) t he s pread o f w ood . I n s ome a rea s , a s amp le w a s t aken f r om e ach w e l l p re se rved s t em , r egard le s s o f s i ze ; i n o ther l o ca t ion s o f n ece s s i ty o n ly a n i s o la ted l a rge p iece w a s s amp led b y t he f i e ld w o rker s , s o t he r e su l t s mu s t b e v i ewed w i th c au t ion o w ing t o t he l im i ta t ion s o f t he s amp l ing . P eg s w ere n o t s epa ra te ly r ecorded ( t hey s howed n o a ppa ren t s i ze d ifference t o t h e h or izon ta l p iece s ) . A t o ta l o f 1 54 s amp le s i n c luded 8 0% a lder ; o n ly a bou t 6 0% o f a l l t he a l der s t em s c ou ld b e a ged , ow ing t o t he o f ten d iff icu l t t a sk o f d i s t ingu i sh ing t he r i ng b ounda r ie s .

V .6 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

T he a ge a nd s i ze d e te rm ina t ion s a re s umma r i sed i n T ab le V .7 a nd F ig s . V .20-22 . S t em s o f a l l s pec ie s s howed a w ide r ange o f s i ze b e tween 6 a nd 4 0mm , b u t w i th a c oncen t ra t ion b e tween 1 0 a nd 2 0mm , a nd a p eak a t 1 4-16mm ( F ig . V .20 ) . T h i s r e su l ted f rom a c oncen tra t ion o f a lder s t em s 1 5 mm i n d iame ter . T he se s ame s t em s a l so h ad a u n iform a ge o f 4 -5 y ea r s a s s hown i n F ig . V .2 1 ; t hey w ere a b und le o f r od s l y ing i n t he w ide ly s pread c en t ra l a rea o f t he t r ack ( Co le s e t a t 1 985a , 7 0 ) , a nd p robab ly o r ig ina ted i n as i ng le s t oo l wh ich h ad b een c u t o ver b efore .

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T he d ifferen t w ood s pec ie s w ere r andom ly m ixed o ver t he d ifferen t a r ea s o f t he t r ack , e xcep t f o r t he c oncen t ra t ion o f o ak s amp le s a t t he s ou thern e nd . T he o ak s t em s w ere l a rge ly 4 -5 y ea r s o ld a l so ( F ig . V .21) ; 5 o u t o f t he 6 s t em s w e re c u t i n w in ter . T he b ru shwood d epo s i t w a s t h ick a nd i n t wo l a yer s ; 9 s amp le g roup s c ame f rom t he u ppe r l a yer s a nd 4 g roup s f r om t he l ower l a yer s . W i l low w a s more a bundan t i n t he l ower l a yer s , wh i le b i rch w a s e ven ly s pread a mong t he a l der . C ompa r i son s w ere made o f t he s t em d iame ter s b e tween t h ree u pper l a yer g roup s , a nd t h ree l ower l a yer g roup s wh ich w ere a d jacen t o r b enea th t h em . E ach g roup c on s i s ted o f 1 5-25 s t em s f rom a cro s s t he e n t i re w id th o f t he b ru shwood b und le . Upper l a yer s i n t h e n or thern a rea c on s i s ted e n t i re ly o f a l der , wh i le s ome b i rch a nd w i l low w ere p re sen t i n t he s ou thern u pper l a yer s ; t he s t em s f r om t he se w ere mo s t ly b e low 2 0mm i n d iame ter , a verag ing 1 5 .9mm ( F ig . V .22 ) . T he i r a s soc ia ted l ower l a yer g roup s c on ta ined more w i l low a nd w ere more s ub s tan t ia l , a verag ing 1 8 .7mm . T h i s s ugge s t s t ha t t h e h eav ier ma ter ia l w a s l a id f i r s t , a s af i rmer b a se f or t he t r ack . S upp l ie s o f a l der s t em s c ou ld p robab ly h ave b een f ound n ea rby , g row ing a l ong t he e dge s o f t he P o lden s t o t he s ou th-we s t . I t mu s t h ave b een p l en t ifu l j udg ing b y i t s e x ten s ive u se b o th i n t h i s t r ack a nd i n t he r ough ly c on tempora ry g roup o f t r ack s i n T inney 's G round , n o t f a r t o t he e a s t ( s ee s e c t ion V .5 ; C o le s a nd O rme 1 980 ) . B y c ompa r i son , t he Godw in ' s a l der w a s s ma l ler i n s i ze t han t ha t f rom T IN A a nd T IN B , b u t c ompa rab le t o t he s t em s f rom T IN D , a s s umma r i sed i n F ig . V .29 . I n a ge , i t w a s s im i la r t o T IN B a nd T IN D , b u t y ounger t han T IN A , s hown i n F ig . V .30 . T he Godw in ' s w ood t hu s c ame f rom a s im i la r o r ig in t o t ha t u sed i n t he T IN D t r ack . W i l low a nd b i rch w ou ld h ave f avou red s im i la r c ond i t ion s t o t he a lder , wh i le o ak m igh t h ave p refer red h igher g round . T hu s a l though s amp l ing p rob lem s p rec luded t he d ef in i te c onc lu s ion s , t he e v idence t o d a te f rom t he s t ud ie s b ru shwood t r ack s ugge s t t ha t i t w a s c on s t ruc ted ma in ly o f w ood . T h i s w a s p robab ly c o l lec ted l o ca l ly , s ome o f n a tura l f rom w ood land p o s s ib ly c u t o ver a bou t 5y ea r s p rev iou s ly .

15

d e term ina t ion o f o f t he Godw in ' s b und le s o f a l der o r ig in a nd s ome

V .7

THE BAKER P LATFORM

V .7 .1

T he s i te

T race s o f t he B aker p l a tform w ere f i r s t f ound i n 1 967 a f ter t he e xcava t ion o f t he t e rm ina l o f t he B e l l t r ack w i th wh ich i t i s a s soc ia ted ; i t w a s e xcava ted f u l ly i n 1 974 a nd 1 978 ( Co le s , F lem ing a nd O rme 1 980 ) . T he p la tform l a y o n t he w e s te rn e dge o f t he We s thay ' i s land ' , i n t he " l agg " a rea b e tween t he h igher g round a nd t he r a i sed b og ( s ee map i n F ig . V .1) . P o l len a nd macrofo s s i l e v idence s ugge s ted t he p re sence o f t u s sock s o f s edge s a nd r u she s , among p oo l s a nd c hanne l s i n b a se-r ich w a ter , w i th a l der a nd w i l low g row ing n ea rby ( Ca se ld ine 1 980 ) . T he p la tform w a s c on s t ruc ted i n t he N eo l i th ic , w i th r ad ioca rbon d a te s b e tween 2 700 a nd 2 000 b c ( Co le s , F lem ing a nd O rme 1 980 2 0 ) . T he s t ruc ture w a s d iv ided i n to f our ma in e l emen t s , s hown i n F ig . V .23 . T he c en t ra l p la tform - a ma s s o f b ru shwood p egged t o t he p ea t ( F ig . V .24 ) , a w a lkway t o t he e a s t l e ad ing t o t he h igher g round , t he B aker t r ack a pproach ing f rom t he w e s t , a nd t o t he n or th a s l ipway p o s s ib ly n ex t t o o pen w a ter . B ru shwood f o rmed t h e ma in b a s i s o f t he s t ruc ture , d om ina ted b y a l der . a nd w i l low , w i th s ome b i rch , h aze l a nd a sh . I n a dd i t ion t o t he r oundwood , t here w ere a s e r ie s o f s p l i t a l der p lank s . T he t h ickne s s o f t he d epo s i t s s ugge s ted a l ong p er iod o f u se a nd r enewa l , a s d id t he r ange o f r ad ioca rbon d a te s . Due t o t he e x ten t a nd d iver s i ty o f t he s t ruc ture , a nd t he v a r ie ty o f w ood s pec ie s i nvo lved , t h e a pproach t o a na ly s i s o f t he l a rge c o l lec t ion o f t r ee-r ing s amp le s w a s i n i t ia l ly d iff icu l t . H owever , i t w a s h oped t o f i nd o u t d e ta i l s o f where t he w ood m igh t h ave b een c o l lec ted a nd u nder wha t c ond i t ion s i t g rew . I n a dd i t ion i t w ou ld b e u sefu l t o p rov ide a r e la t ive d a t ing f ramework f or t he d i fferen t p a r t s o f t he s t ruc ture b y m ean s o f c ro s s-ma tch ing r i ng-w id th p a t tern s ; f or e xamp le , whe ther t he g roup o f a lder a nd a sh l ong i tud ina l s i n t he w e s tern t r ackway c ame f rom t r ee s f e l led a t t he s ame t ime a s a lder b oa rd s f r om t he c en t ra l p la tform o r t he n o r thern s l ipway .

Wood s e c t ion s w ere c u t d u r ing l i f t ing f r om g roup s o f b o th l ong i tud ina l t imber s a nd p eg s i n e ach a r ea o f t he s t ruc tu re . T he e x t reme e a s tern a nd n or thern s ec t ion s w ere r ep re sen ted b y o n ly t wo s amp le s e ach ; mo s t o f t he t o ta l o f 2 57 s amp le s c ame f r om t he c en t ra l p l a tform . T he w ood w a s f ound t o b e c lu s tered i n t he s t ruc tu re b y s pec ie s - much o f t he h aze l c ame f rom p eg s i n t he s ou thern a rea o f t he c en tra l p la tform , a nd t he w i l low f r om p eg s i n t he e a s tern p la tform . Many o f t he s amp le s w ere b u lk s amp le s , s e c t ion s o f a n umber o f s ma l l s t em s f ound i n o ne a rea . T hey w ere c o l lec ted t o g ive a g enera l v i ew o f t he a ge a nd c ompo s i t ion o f t he s ma l l ma ter ia l p ack ing t he s t ruc ture . T hu s t he b u lk s amp le s t ended t o c on s i s t o f t he y ounger s t em s o f m ixed s pec ie s , a nd w ere r a re ly s u i tab le f o r r i ng-w id th m ea suremen t .

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V .7 .2 .

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

T he ma ter ia l f rom t he B aker p la tform i s c on s idered u nder e ach w ood s pec ie s , a nd t he r e su l t s a re t h en s umma r i sed . D e ta i l s o f t he m ea su remen t s a r e l i s ted i n T ab le V .8 a nd i lu s t ra ted i n F ig s . V .25-26 . V .7 .2 .1 B irch . T he 3 1 b i rch s t em s o ccu r red p r ima r i ly among t he b u lk s amp le s . W i th a n a verage a ge o f 1 9 .1 y ea r s a nd a verage d iame ter o f 4 3mm ( Tab le V .8 ) , t h ey l a y i n t he m idd le r ange c ompa red t o t he o ther s pec ie s . T he a ge-s ize r e la t ion sh ip s hown i n F ig . V .25 i nd ica ted a v a r ie ty o f g row th t ype s , w i th b o th f a s t a nd s l ow g row th b e ing r epre sen ted ; s even s amp le s h ad v ery n a r row r i ng s . E xamp le s o f d oub le p i th s a nd o ff-cen t re p i th s i nd ica ted w ood f r om f o rk ing t r unk s a nd b ranche s . A l l w ere r oundwood e xcep t f o r t wo p iece s s p l i t i n h a lf , a nd n one w ere s u i tab le f o r r i ng-w id th m ea su remen t . T he b i rch w ood g ave t he i mpre s s ion o f t he n ea re s t a va i lab le s ource b e ing e xp lo i ted r ega rd le s s o f s i ze o r q ua l i ty . V .7 .2 .2 W i l low . T he w i l low , i n c on tra s t t o a l l t he o ther s pec ie s , h ad av ery l ow a verage a ge i n p ropo r t ion t o i t s d iame ter - 9 . 1 y ea r s a nd 3 8 .8mm ( Tab le V .8 ) . T h i s i s i lu s t ra ted i n t he s ca t ter d iagram ( F ig . V .25 ) r e la t ing t he a ge a nd s i ze o f t he 5 8 s amp le s e xam ined , where t he p o in t s f o l low a v ery s t eep l i ne . T he h i s togram i n F ig . V .26 s how s a c oncen t ra t ion i n a ge o f b e tween 6 a nd 1 y ea r s , a nd i s t he o n ly s ugge s t ion among t he B aker ma ter ia l o f s ome p rev iou s a c t iv i ty a ffec t ing t he a ge r ange o f w i l low g row ing l o ca l ly . H owever , t h i s c an n o l onger b e a t t r ibu ted t o h uman i n terference , s i nce i t i s n ow b e l ieved t ha t much o f t he B aker w i l low h ad b een f e l led b y b eaver s , f r om a n a na ly s i s o f t he f ace t s a t t he c u t e nd s ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 983 ) . T he w i l low mu s t h ave b een g row ing i n v ery f avourab le c ond i t ion s , p robab ly a l ong t he w a ter c ou r se s , f o r i t t o ma in ta in s uch r ap id r a te s o f g row th . A lmo s t a l l t he s t em s w ere c omp le te r oundwood , a nd many h ad s e rved a s p eg s i n t he e a s tern p a r t o f t he c en t ra l p la tform . T hree w o rked p iece s w ere s p l i t t r unk s , o ne ( no . 9 7 ) r e semb l ing a t angen t ia l p lank o f 1 00 x 4 0mm , wh ich mu s t h ave c ome f rom a s ub s tan t ia l t r ee . W in ter c u t t ing w a s s ugge s ted b y 1 6 s t em s w i th w ide o u termo s t r i ng s , w h i le o ne s amp le h ad a n a r row o u te r r i ng wh ich c ou ld h ave b een t he r e su l t o f s ummer f e l l ing . I n s umma ry , t he w i l low u sed i n t he p la tform p robab ly g rew v ery l o ca l ly i n f avourab le c ond i t ion s , a nd t he s i zeab le t r ee s may h ave b een f e l led b y b eaver s b efore t he ir u se i n t he s t ruc tu re . V .7 .2 .3 A lder . A lder w a s t he d om inan t s pec ie s i n t he B aker p l a tform , p a r t icu la r ly f or t he more s ub s tan t ia l b oa rd s . I t s s e lec t ion w a s n o d oub t d ue t o i t s w ide a va i lab i l i ty i n t he l o ca l a lder c a r r , b u t a l so d ue t o i t s d urab i l i ty u nder w a ter . T he ` l agg ' a rea o f a r a i sed b og t end s t o b e w e t ter , a nd a l der i si d ea l u nder t he se c ond i t ion s . S ix ty s even s amp le s w ere e xam ined , o f wh ich t wo t h ird s w ere r oundwood ; t he s ca t ter , r e la t ing a ge a nd s i ze , i n F ig . V .25 s how s av ery w ide d i s t r ibu t ion , a nd t he p re sence o f ma ter ia l w i th v ery d ifferen t g row th r a te s . 17

T he g roup o n t he l e f t s i de r e semb le s t he w i l low s ca t ter , w i th f a s t g row th , a nd t he se s t em s w ere l a rge ly u sed a s p eg s . T he w ide s ca t ter o n t he r i gh t i n F ig . V .25 l a rge ly r epre sen t s t he b oa rd s ( where s i ze c ou ld b e d e term ined ) , f rom much l a rger t r ee s w i th a s l ower g row th r a te . T here w a s n o d om inance o f s t em s o f a c er ta in a ge among t he y ounger r oundwood , a s F ig . V .26 i lu s t ra te s . T he w orked a lder m a ter ia l h ad b een c onver ted i n a v a r ie ty o f w ay s i n to r ough b oa rd s ; s ome w ere s p l i t i n h a lf o r l e s s , o ther s w ere t r ue r ad ia l o r t angen t ia l b oa rd s . T hey w ere f ound mo s t ly i n t he n or thern c en tra l p la tform ( F ig . V .24 ) ( 6 c omp le te s t em s , 2 s p l i t h a lve s , o ne s p l i t s egmen t a nd 3 t angen t ia l b oa rd s l y ing n o r th-sou th ) a nd i n t he w e s tern t r ackway ( 2 s t em s , o ne q ua r tered t r unk a nd a s p l i t s egmen t , a s w e l l a s b oa rd s l y ing p a ra l le l t o e ach o ther i n a n e a s t-we s t d i rec t ion ) . T he w e s tern t r ackway a l so c on ta ined s ome a sh u sed f or d a t ing e v idence ( s ee b e low ) . A l l t he a lder b oa rd s i n t he w e s tern t r ackway w ere t oo d ecayed f or r i ng-w id th m ea suremen t . T he r i ng-w id th s o f 1 5 a l der p i ece s f rom t he n or thern p la tform w ere m ea sured , s pann ing 2 5-53 y ea r s . V i sua l ma tch ing o f t he s en s i t ive g row th p a t tern s e nab led t wo g roup s t o b e d i s t ingu i shed , wh ich a re i lu s t ra ted i n a b a r d iagram i n F ig . V .27 . T he se may r epre sen t t wo s epa ra te t r ee s , at heo ry wh ich i s c onf irmed t o s ome e x ten t b y t he p o s i t ion o f t he w ood o n s i te . G roup 1 , i n c lud ing 7 t imber s , l a y e n t ire ly o n t he e a s t s i de o f t he n or thern p a r t o f t he c en t ra l p la tform , w h i le g roup 2 , o f 4 t imber s , l a y o n t he w e s t s i de o f t he s ame a rea . T he g roup 1 t imber s a l l h ad t h e s ame f e l l ing d a te i n t he 5 c a se s where t he b a rk s urface c ou ld b e r e cogn i sed , b u t t ho se i n g roup 2 v a r ied . T h i s w ou ld t end t o c a s t d oub t o n t he s i ng le t r ee i dea u n le s s s ome e x t reme ly n a r row o u ter r i ng s w ere n o t r ecorded . Y ea r 5 9 o n t he a rb i tra ry s ca le i n F ig . V .27 w a s p robab ly c l o se t o t h e c on s truc t ion y ea r o f t he c en t ra l p la tform . C ro s s-ma tch ing w a s a l so a ch ieved w i th t wo s p l i t p lank s ( 70 a nd 7 1) f rom t he n or thern s l ipway , n e i ther o f wh ich e x tended t o t he b a rk s urface . T hu s t hey w ere p robab ly f e l led s ome y ea r s l a ter t han t he w ood f or t he p la tform ( F ig . V .27 ) . T h i s s ugge s t s t ha t t he s l ipway may h ave b een a s l igh t ly l a ter a dd i t ion . R ing-w id th s o f t he g roup 1 t imber s w ere a veraged i n to a 5 9 y ea r m ean c urve , t he v a lue s f or w h ich a re l i s ted i n T ab le V .9 . T he a l der ma ter ia l f r om t he B aker p la tform t hu s s ugge s t s t he c o l lect i on o f l o ca l ly a va i lab le s t em s a nd t r unk s , r ega rd le s s o f s i ze a nd a ge ; t he l a rger t r unk s w ere s p l i t i n to p lank s p re sumab ly t o p rov ide a f l a t ter w a lk ing s u rface . R ing-w id th c or re spondence s ugge s ted t he s u i tab i l i ty o f a l der f or t h i s t ype o f s t udy . T he s l igh t ly l a ter c on s t ruc t ion o f t he n or thern s l ipway c ompa red t o t he c en t ra l p la tform i sp ropo sed .

18

V .7 .2 .4 Haze l . A t o ta l o f 5 6 h aze l s t em s g ave t he l owe s t a verage d iame ter a t 3 5 .2mm w i th a n a verage a ge o f 1 2 .1 y ear s ( Tab le V .8 ) . T he r ange i n a ge a nd s i ze i n F ig . V .25 s ugge s ted a r e la t ive ly s t eady g row th-age r e la t ion sh ip , a s i s a l so f ound i n t he S wee t h aze l ( F ig . I V .8) a nd i n h urd le t r ack wood s uch a s t he E c l ip se ( F ig . V I .17 ) . T he w ide r ange i n a ge i n t he s t em s s hown i n F ig . V .26 g ave n o i nd ica t ion o f a s ource i n c opp iced wood land . A l a rge g roup o f 2 0 h aze l p eg s o ccur red i n t he s ou thern c en tra l p la tform , a nd t hey s howed a s i ze c oncen tra t ion o f 3 0-40mm , a verag ing 3 7 .9mm , w i th a n a verage a ge o f 1 4 .8 y ea r s ; t ho se o f more u n iform s i ze may h ave b een p icked o u t f or t h i s p urpo se . T he r i ng-w id th s o f o ne s p l i t b oa rd ( no . 9 6 ) a nd a p eg ( no . 1 97 ) f rom t he s ou thern p la tform s howed a c er ta in d egree o f c orre la t ion i n g enera l t r end w i th t he a lder c hrono log ie s a l ready d e scr ibed , a nd t he ir p o s s ib le r e la t ion sh ip i s s hown i n F ig . V .27 . T he b ark s urface o n b o th p iece s s ugge s ted f e l l ing i n a lder a rb i trary y ea r 5 9 ( t ha t i s t he s ame y ea r a s t he g roup 1 a lder ) a nd 5 8 r e spec t ive ly . T he c orre spondence i n g row th p a t tern may s ugge s t t ha t t he h aze l a nd a lder w ere g row ing t oge ther , p erhap s a l ong t he ma rg in s o f t he Wes thay ' i s land ' . V .7 .2 .5 A sh . T he a sh wood a l so f ormed a s i gn if ican t p ar t o f t he l a rge r s urface ma ter ia l , a s soc ia ted w i th t he a lder . T he 3 8 s amp le s w ere a ga in c oncen tra ted i n t he n or thern p ar t o f t he c en tra l p la tform , a nd w ere e qua l ly d iv ided b e tween r oundwood ( of wh ich 5 w ere p eg s ) a nd s p l i t t r unk s . T he v ery h igh a verage a ge o f 4 3 .3 y ea r s c on tra s ted w i th t he l ower a verage d iame ter o f 5 3 .4mm ( Tab le V .8 ) , i nd ica t ing v ery s l ow g row th . T h i s i s c onf irmed b y t he s ha l low s l ope o f t he p o in t s i n t he s ca t ter d iagram , F ig . V .25 . T he a sh mu s t h ave g rown u nder c ond i t ion s o f s ome s t re s s . T he a ge r ange w a s v ery w ide , b u t t he ma jor i ty o f s t em s l a y b e tween 3 0 a nd 5 0mm i n d iame ter . A f ea ture n o ted i n 1 6 s t em s w a s t he f a l l i n r i ng-w id th f rom a verage/na rrow r i ng s t o e x treme ly n a r row r i ng s , i n wh ich t he e a r lywood v e s se l z one s merged ; a f ter r ea sonab le e a r ly g row th , t he a sh t r ee s h ad s l owed d own u nder s t re s s u n t i l t hey w ere h a rd ly g row ing a t a l l . P o s s ib ly t he s t em s s how ing t h i s p a t tern g rew o n t he s ame s t oo l o r i n t he s ame a rea o f wood land . R ing-w id th mea suremen t wa s p o s s ib le o n 1 8 s amp le s , w i th a verage r i ng-w id th s o f o n ly 0 . 68-1 .16mm . I n i t ia l ly 4 c urve s w ere c ro s s-ma tched o ver a 1 00 y ea r t ime s ca le , a nd t he ir r e la t ion sh ip i s s hown i n F ig . V .28 ; s amp le s 1 66 a nd 2 14 c ame f rom t he n or thern p la tform a nd w ere o n ly p ar t ia l ly mea sured , wh i le 2 40 a nd 2 46 c ame f rom t he w e s tern t r ackway . T he se ma tche s o ffer t he o n ly e v idence t ha t s ome c on tempora ry ma ter ia l w a s u sed i n b o th t he p la tform a nd t he t r ackway , s i nce t he a lder f rom t he t r ackway wa s t oo d ecayed t o mea sure . However , t he g enera l a b sence o f t he b ark s urface r emove s t he p ro spec t o f o b ta in ing a ny i nforma t ion o n t he y ea r o f f e l l ing . T he r i ng-w id th s o f t he f our c urve s w ere a veraged i n to a 1 00 y ear c hrono logy , t he v a lues f or wh ich a re g iven i n T ab le V .9 .

c urve ,

S ub sequen t ly , 6 o ther a sh c urve s w ere c ro s s- ma tched w i th t he mean a nd a re s hown i n F ig . V .28 . T hey c ame f rom r oundwood a nd s p l i t 19

p iece s f rom a l l p a r t s o f t he c en t ra l p l a tform , s ugge s t ing t he b road c on temp orane i ty o f t he who le s t ruc ture , a t l e a s t t o w i th in a d ecade o r s o -t h e e nd y ea r s v a ry . T hree s amp le s w i th b a rk s urface g ave a rb i t ra ry f e l l ing d a te s o f 9 8 , 1 00 a nd 1 04 . Two o ther g roup s o f a sh s amp le s w ere r e cogn i sed , o ne o f t h ree p eg s ( no s . 1 29 ,171 a nd 1 79 ) i n t he n or thern p l a tfo rm , s pann ing 4 0 y ea r s , a nd t he s e cond o f t wo s t em s ( no s . 1 3 a nd 1 53 ) f r om t he s ou thern p la tform , s pann ing 1 8 y ea r s . I n b o th g roup s , c u t t ing h ad t aken p l ace i n t he w in ter o f t h e s ame y ea r , b u t n e i ther c ou ld b e ma tched w i th t he 1 00 y ea r c h rono logy , a nd may b e o f al a ter o r e a r l ier d a te . T hu s t he a sh u sed i n t he B aker p la tfo rm w a s f ound t o b e v ery s l ow-grown ; p o s s ib ly i t w a s c o l lec ted f rom t he ma rg in s o f t he h ighe r g round w i th t he a l der a nd w i l low , w here t he p oor d ra inage m igh t h ave i mpeded i t s g row th ( s ee Ka s sa s 1 951 f or d i scu s s ion o f modern a sh g row th ) . T here w ere f ew y oung s t em s , mo s t s amp le s c om ing f rom more s ub s tan t ia l t r ee s wh ich w ere s p l i t . T he t r ee-r ing e v idence s ugge s t s f e l l ing o f much o f t he a sh w i th in a d ecade . V .7 .2 .6 O ak . On ly 7 p iece s o f o ak w ere s ubm i t ted f or a na ly s i s , a l l w ork ed p i ece s , a nd s o n o t s hown i n F ig s . V .25-26 . T hey i n c luded 3 q ua r tered t r unk s , t wo t angen t ia l p l ank s a nd t wo r ad ia l p lank s u p t o 1 20mm w ide ; o ne h ad v ery w ide r i ng s , wh i le t he o ther s w ere s l ow-grown . O f 4 s amp le s s u i tab le f or r i ng-w id th m ea su remen t , a verage r i ng-w id th s r anged f r om 0 . 71 t o 1 . 32mm . S i ze s s ugge s t t r ee s o f a n o r ig ina l d iame ter o f l e s s t han 1 70mm , a nd u nder 7 0 y ea r s o f a ge . T he m ea sured p i ece s c ame f r om t he e a s tern w a lkway ( no . 2 4 a t r an sver se ) , b e low t he u pper p l a tfo rm ( no . 1 54 , t he ' d igg ing s t ick ' ) , a nd f r om b u lk s amp le s i n t he e a s te rn p l a tform ( no . 2 3 ) a nd t he w e s tern t r ackway ( no . 2 47 ) . Two o f t he ir p a t tern s w ere c ro s s-ma tched o ver 7 7 y ea r s ( t = 4 . 05 ) , f or wh ich t he v a lue s a re g iven i n T ab le V .9 ; t hey may a l so ma tch w i th t h e 1 00 y ea r a sh c hrono logy a t t he p o s i t ion s hown i n F ig . V .28 , w i th a t v a lue o f 3 . 02 . T hey b o th s howed t he s ame n a r row r i ng i n a sh y ea r 1 2 , w ide r i ng s i n y ea r s 1 5-20 a nd a l ong d ec l ine a nd r e covery b e tween y ea r s 2 0 a nd 5 0 . T he o ak a nd a sh c hrono log ie s c ou ld n o t b e ma tched w i th t he a l der a nd h aze l p a t tern s .

V .7 .3

C onc lu s ion s

T ree-r ing a na ly s i s o f t h e w ood f r om t he B aker p la tform s ugge s ted t he c o l lec t ion o f a r ange o f n a tura l ly g rown t r ee s pec ie s , t he p ropo r t ion s o f wh ich p robab ly r e f lec ted t h e ir i mpo r tance i n t he l o ca l w ood land . T he d om inance o f a lder , a nd t h e a lmo s t e qua l q uan t i t ie s o f b i rch , w i l low , h aze l a nd a sh , w i th j u s t a l i t t le o ak , s ugge s t s a d amp s c rub w ood land , p robab ly c over ing t he ma rg in s o f t h e We s thay ' i s land ' i mmed ia te ly e a s t o f t he p l a tform . G row th r a te s a r e c on s i s ten t w i th s uch a n i nfer red s ource . B o th y oung a nd ma ture t r ee s w ere u sed , a nd m any w ere w orked t o p rov ide s u i tab le s hape s , p erhap s f or a f l a t ter w a lk ing s urface , b u t n o t r ee s o f t imber 1 20

s t a tu s w ere e xam ined . T here w a s n o e v idence o f s e lec t ion f or s i ze o r a ge , a nd n o e v idence o f w ood land managemen t s uch a s c opp ic ing ; w ood o f a ny t ype w a s u sed . P robab le c ro s s-ma tch ing o f t he r i ng-pa t tern s o f a l der a nd h aze l , a nd a sh a nd o ak , s howed t he c on tempora ry n a ture o f s ome o f t he w ood , a nd s ugge s ted t ha t much o f t he a l der w a s f e l led i n t he s ame y ea r . S ome o f t he a sh w ood w a s f e l led a t i n terva l s w i th in a d ecade . Where d e term ined , w in ter w a s t he more u sua l f e l l ing s ea son .

1 2 1

V .8

D ISCUSS ION

A l l t he 1 0 o r s o b ru shwood s t ruc ture s i nvo lved i n t h is r e search w ere c on s truc ted l a rge ly o f e i ther b i rch o r a lder . B o th t he se w ood s pec ie s w ou ld h ave g rown w ide ly i n t he f en w ood land c over ing t he e dge s o f t he L eve l s a s t he r a i sed b og g rew , a nd p o s s ib ly i n t he L eve l s t hem se lve s a t e a r l ier p er iod s . T hu s t hey w ere t he mo s t a cce s s ib le a nd e a s i ly a va i lab le s pec ie s , g row ing c l o se t o t he r ou te s i n u se , a nd i n q uan t i t ie s r equ ired f or a n e x ten s ive f e l l ing o pera t ion . A lder a nd b i rch c an b o th b e r ead i ly c opp iced ( Rackham 1 976 ) , s o t he d a ta h ave b een a na ly sed t o l o ok f or a ny i nd ica t ion s o f d e l ibera te o r c a sua l c opp ic ing , a s o ppo sed t o s t ra igh tforward c o l lec t ion . V ar ia t ion s i n t he a s semb lage s f r om d ifferen t p a r t s o f t he L eve l s h ave b een s t ud ied , t o s ee i f t hey c ou ld b e r e la ted t o o r ig in s o f t he wood a nd g row th c ond i t ion s . I t s hou ld b e empha s i sed h owever t ha t i n a l l c a se s s amp l ing h a s b een c arr ied o u t b y t he e xcava tor s , o f ten w i th a rchaeo log ica l q ue s t ion s i n m ind . T hu s s ome o f t he t r ack w ay s may n o t b e a s w e l l r epre sen ted a s o ther s b y t he who le r ange o f ma ter ia l u sed i n t he ir c on s truc t ion . T he c on s tra in t s t hu s i mpo sed o n t he r e su l t s d i scu s sed h ere mu s t b e a l lowed f or . • B o th s pec ie s v a ry i n t he d egree t o wh ich t he r i ng-w id th s c an b e d i s t ingu i shed ; wh i le d iame ter s o f r oundwood h ave b een f u l ly r ecorded o n t he ma ter ia l s upp l ied , a ge o f ten c ou ld n o t b e d e term ined o r o n ly r ough ly . I t s hou ld b e p o in ted o u t t ha t t h i s d iff icu l ty d oe s n o t e xc lude t he w ood o f t he se t wo s pec ie s f r om t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s . W i th t he c u t t ing o f t h in s e c t ion s a nd t he u se o f s t a in s a nd h igher magn if ica t ion , t he r i ng s o f t he more d iff icu l t s pec imen s s hou ld b e v i s ib le a nd s u i tab le f or mea suremen t . G enera l ly s uch d e ta i led s t udy h a s n o t b een c on s idered w or thwh i le i n t h i s c on tex t . L i t t le f ore s try r e search h a s b een d one o n t he c au se s o f g row th v a r ia t ion i n e i ther wood s pec ie s , i n v i ew o f t he ir l a ck o f c ommerc ia l v a lue . T he p o ten t ia l o f a lder f or c ro s s- ma tch ing s e em s t o h ave b een d emons tra ted i n t he B aker p la tform ( s ec t ion V .7 ; F ig . V .27 ) , a nd o f b i rch f rom t he Garv in 's a rea t r ack s ( s ec t ion V .2-4 ; F ig . V .12 ) . T he o n ly o ther k nown s t ud ie s o f t he se wood s i nc lude t r ee-r ing c ompar i son s o f a lder p i le s f rom c rannog s a nd modern a l der ( Crone , p er sona l c ommun ica t ion ) a nd a n e co log ica l s t udy o f b i rch g row th ( Tucker a nd F i t ter , 1 981) . A lder w a s a l so u sed f or c hrono logy-bu i ld ing i n t he t r ee-r ing work o n t he Sw i s s l ake s hore s e t t lemen t s ( Huber a nd J azew i t sch 1 958 ; Huber a nd Merz 1 962 ) . A lder ' s p reference f or w e t c ond i t ion s d oe s s o me t ime s l e ad t o w ide u n iform g row th r a te s , b u t i t i s o f ten s uff ic ien t ly s en s i t ive f or t r ee-r ing w ork t o b e wor thwh i le ; n o e v idence h a s b een f ound h ere f or m i s s ing r i ng s , i n c on tra s t t o t he 1 2% m i s s ing r i ng s f ound i n G erman a lder ( E l l ing 1 966 ) . H e a l so f ound t ha t t empera ture s b efore t he g row ing s ea son , a nd r a infa l l d ur ing i t , a ffec ted t he g row th r a te o f a lder . T he r i ng s o f b i rch i n t he t r ackway s w ere o f ten n a rrow a nd e r ra t ic , ow ing t o i t s p reference f or p oor ma rg ina l s o i l s . T he t r ue b ru shwood b und le t r ack s , s uch a s Honeygore o r Garv in ' s , w ere s imp le u n s truc tured l a yer s o f a rm load s o f w ood t h rown d own i n ar ough l i ne . T he l o ca l o r ig in s o f t he wood may b e c onfu sed a t t ime s b y t he p re sence o f s ma l l q uan t i t ie s o f d r ier w ood land s pec ie s i n s ome t r ack s , s uch 1 22

a s o ak i n t he Godw in ' s t r ack , o r a sh a nd h aze l i n t he Ga rv in ' s t r ack . e i ther s ugge s t s :

T h i s

( a )

a l l t he w ood , i n c lud ing t he b i rch a nd a l der , w a s g row ing a nd c o l lec ted t oge ther a l ong t he ma rg in s o f t he L eve l s ;

( b )

b i rch a nd a lder g row ing w i th in t he p iece s o f w ood f rom o ther s ource s .

L eve l s

w a s

s upp lemen ted

b y

o dd

A more v a r ied m ix tu re o f t r ee s pec ie s i n t he w ood w a s p a r t icu la r ly p reva len t i n t he t r ack s s i tua ted c l o se t o t he e dge s o f t he L eve l s , wherea s t ho se n ea rer t h e c en t re o f t he b og , s uch a s H oneygo re , t ended t o c on s i s t o n ly o f t he w e t land s pec ie s . T h i s s ugge s t s t ha t t he f i r s t e xp lana t ion ( a ) a bove , i s t he more l i ke ly . H i s togram s o f t h e a ge a nd s i ze o f ma ter ia l u sed i n t he b ru shwood t r ackway s r evea led t he g enera l r ange o f s t em s u sed , b ea r ing i n m ind t he c on s t ra in t s i mpo sed b y t he f i e ld s amp l ing s t ra tegy . D a ta f rom a l l t he t r ack s d i scu s sed i n t h i s c hap ter a re s umma r i sed i n F ig s . V .29-32 a nd T ab le V .10 . T he b i rch a ppea red t o v a ry c on s iderab ly i n s i ze ( F ig . V .31) , b o th w i th in a nd b e tween t r ack s , wherea s t he s t em a ge s ( F ig . V .32 ) w ere s ome t ime s c onc en t ra ted , n o tab ly i n " Ga rv in 's 7 5 " a nd H oneyca t . However , t he a ge s a nd s i ze s i n t he s amp led a l der ma ter ia l w ere mo re c on s i s ten t , t hough s t i l l v a ry ing b e tween t r ack s ( F ig s . V .29-30 ) . I t i s s ugge s ted h ere t ha t a lder s t oo l s i n t he v i c in i ty o f T inney 's G round may h ave b een r egu la r ly c u t o ver t o p rov ide a c on s tan t s upp ly o f r od s . A lder p e rhap s g rew more p rofu se ly i n t ha t a rea , c ompa red t o f a r ther w e s t , where b i rch w a s more d om inan t . T he a va i lab le d a ta s ugge s t s t ha t t he T inney ' s t r ack s w ere n o t a s h aphaza rd ly b u i l t a s t he r ough b ru shwood b und le t r ack s , a nd w ere s uff ic ien t ly s t ruc tured t o r equ i re l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f u n iform r od s , t hough v a ry ing i n s i ze a nd a ge f r om t r ack t o t r ack . T h i s c ou ld b e e xp la ined b y t he c u t t ing o f d ifferen t-aged w ood land n ea rby , o r b y t he t r ack s b e ing c on s t ruc ted a t i n terva l s o f s evera l y ea r s , a l low ing t ime f o r t he n ew s hoo t s t o g row a ga in b y t he t ime t he r ou te n eeded r e fu rb i sh ing o r r e -e s tab l i sh ing . I t i s t hu s s ugge s ted , o n t he b a s i s o f t he r e su l t s f rom t he b ru shwood , t ha t a l de r g rew a s a d om inan t w i th a l i t t le w i l low , b i rch a nd g ue lde r r o se ( wood s a l so f ound i n t he t r ack s b u t n o t i nc luded i n t he t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s o w ing t o t he ir s ma l l q uan t i t ie s ) i n y oung w ood land a l ong t he ma rg in s o f t he r a i sed b og a nd h igher g round i n t he S ha rpham a rea . I t may h ave b een c u t r egu la r ly , a s a s ource o f b ru shwood o f q u i te u n iform s i ze a nd l ong l e ng th , f or m a in ta in ing a r ou te a cro s s t he b og t o t he G la s tonbury a rea , f or wh ich l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f w ood w ou ld h ave b een n eeded . A lder w a s a l so v a lued f or h urd l ing i n t he c on tempora ry S t i leway s i te ( s ec t ion V I .6 ) , a nd l a ter i n t he Mea re a nd G la s tonbury v i l lage s ( G ray a nd B u l le id 1 953 ) , s o w a s o bv iou s ly a n i mpor tan t w ood land r e source , s e cond o n ly t o h aze l i n l a ter p reh i s tory . B y c on tra s t t he b i rch , u sed p redom inan t ly i n t he Ga rv in ' s a nd H oneygore c omp lexe s o f t r ack s , m ay h ave g rown w i th in t he b og , a nd t he a va i lab le e v idence p rov ide s l i t t le s i gn o f i n terference o r s e lec t ion ; i t w a s p robab ly c o l lec ted a t r andom f rom t he n ea re s t a va i lab le s ource . On ly " Ga rv in ' s 7 5 " a nd H oneyca t s ugge s t p reference f or ma ter ia l o f c er ta in a ge s , 1 23

b u t t he d iff icu l t ie s o f a ccura te ly a ge ing b i rch mu s t b e t aken i n to a ccoun t , wh ich make s ome o f t he c onc lu s ion s n ece s sa r i ly v ague . I t h a s b een s ugg e s ted ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 985a ) t ha t l a rger b i rche s w ere a vo ided , o w ing t o t he d iff icu l t ie s o f f e l l ing a nd w o rk ing t he w ood , a nd t here w ere n o e xamp le s o ver 4 0 y ea r s o ld o r more t han a bou t 6 0mm i n d iame ter . Mo s t o f t h e b i rch w a s l e s s t han 1 5 y ea r s o ld . T he e v idence s ugge s t s t ha t i t w a s n o t a w ood s pec ie s o f s uff ic ien t v a lue t o m er i t r egu la r managemen t . T h i s s t udy o f b ru shwood t r ackway s h a s t hu s a n swered t he q uer ie s s e t o u t i n t he i n t roduc t ion t o C hap ter V . T he a n swer s c an b e s umma r i sed a s f o l low s : 1 .

c er ta in s pec ie s w ere p refer red f or b ru shwood b und le s , v i z , b i rch a nd a lder , whe ther f or t he i r p roper t ie s , t he ir a va i lab i l i ty o r t he ir u ns u i tab i l i ty f or o ther p urpo se s . T he r ange s i n a ge a nd s i ze s ugge s ted a s ource i n y oung w ood land , w i th o cca s iona l i nd ica t ion s o f a ge c onc en t ra t ion s , o r o f p refer red s i ze s i n d iame ter c oncen t ra t ion s .

2 .

t he ma ter ia l v a r ied c on s iderab ly b e tween t r ack s , e i ther d ue d ifferen t p reference s o f t h e b u i lder s o r t o d iffe r ing g row th c ond i t ion s .

3 .

t here w a s n o d ef in i te i nd ica t ion o f a c ommon o r ig in f or t he w ood i n e ach t r ack . I n s ome c a se s , w ood s pec ie s p refer r ing a w e t land h ab i ta t w ere m ixed w i th t ho se f rom b e t ter d ra ined s o i l s , s ugge s t ing t he p o s s ib i l i ty o f av a r ie ty o f o r ig in s .

4 .

c ompa r i son w i th t he r e su l t s f rom w ood u sed i n h urd l ing , l a rge ly h aze l , d e scr ibed i n C hap ter V I , s howed t he w ider s i ze r ange i n t he b ru shw ood , e spec ia l ly t he b i rch . T he p a t tern s s ugge s t t he h aphaza rd c o l lec t ion o f l o ca l w ood . I n t he a l der , h owever , t here w ere c oncen tra t ion s i n s t em a ge a nd s i ze , wh ich f orm t he n ea re s t e v idence y e t o f s ome c ropp ing o f t he a lder c a r r , p a r t icu la r ly i n t he v i c in i ty o f T inney ' s G round i n t he e a s tern L eve l s . T he c ompa ra t ive h i s tog ram s ( e .g . F ig s . V .29-32 a nd V I . 2 4-25 ) r evea l t he v a lue o f t he t r ee-r ing s t udy i n s umma r i s ing t he r ange o f ma ter ia l u sed i n e ach t r ack ( bea r ing i n m ind t he s amp l ing l im i ta t ion s ) f or c ompa r i son .

5 .

g row th c ond i t ion s v a r ied , a s d educed f rom t he g row th r a te s o f s t em s i n e ach s t ruc ture . T he r ange o f e nv ironmen t s i n a nd a round t he L eve l s , i n t e rm s o f s o i l s , s l ope a nd d ra inage , i s r ef lec ted i n t he r ange o f s pec ie s a nd g row th r a te s .

6 .

a ppa ren t ly s ucce s sfu l c ro s s-ma tch ing o f g row th p a t tern s i n b o th b i rch a nd a lder s ugge s t s t ha t t h ey h ave p o ten t ia l f or t r ee-r ing s t udy , f or t he p urpo se o f r e la t ive d a t ing w i th in a s t ruc ture , a nd t hey s hou ld n o t b e i gnored . However , much more r e sea rch n eed s t o b e c a r r ied o u t o n t he c au se s a nd c or re spondence o f g row th r a te s o f b o th s pec ie s i n modern w ood land s , i n o rder t o u nder s tand b e t ter t he r e spon se s o f t he p reh i s tor ic ma ter ia l .

1 24

t o

V I

THE HURDLE TRACKWAYS

I n t roduc t ion E igh t t r ackway s , o r f r agmen t s o f t r ackway s , made o f w oven h urd le p ane l s h ave b een e xam ined d ur ing t he c our se o f t h i s p ro jec t . D e ta i l s a re g iven i n T ab le V I .1 a nd t he i r l o ca t ion s a re s hown o n t he map , F ig . V I .! . Mo s t w ere c oncen t ra ted i n t he e a s tern L eve l s o n Mea re H ea th a nd Wa l ton H ea th , w i th t he e xcep t ion o f H oneybee , wh ich p robab ly f o l lowed a n e a s t-we s t r ou te f rom We s thay t o C a tco t t B u r t le . T he i r d egree o f p re serva t ion v a r ied a ccord ing t o t he amoun t o f p ea t-cu t t ing a c t iv i ty i n t he a rea , t he Wa l ton h urd le s b e ing v ery w e l l p re served , wh i le t he R ow land ' s h urd le s h ad b een c hopped i n to s e c t ion s b y p ea t-cu t t ing a cro s s t he s t ruc ture . T he N eo l i th ic h u rd le s a re s ome o f t he e a r l ie s t k nown , a nd t e s t ify t o t he c on t inu i ty o f a t r ad i t ion o ver s evera l m i l lenn ia . T hey r anged i n d a te f rom t he e a r l ie s t s t ruc ture o n Wa l ton H ea th ( Wa l ton 8 3 ) d a ted t o 2 730 ± 7 0bc ( HAR5726 ) , t o t h e l a te s t a t S t i leway d a ted t o 1 260 " . ±8 0bc ( HAR5710 ) . T hey w ere u sua l ly w oven o f h aze l r od s , a l though o ther s pec ie s w e re s omet ime s u sed . A n umber o f t h icker r od s , c a l led s a i l s , w ere i n ser ted a t r egu la r i n terva l s i n to t he g round . A round t hem w ere w oven l ong s t ra igh t r od s o f u n iform s i ze , u sed w h i le s t i l l g reen a nd f l ex ib le ( Ed l in 1 973 ; C o le s a nd D a r rah 1 977 ) . T he n umber s o f r od s a nd s a i l s , a nd t hu s t he s i ze o f t he p ane l , v a r ied , a s d id t h e i n terva l b e tween s a i l s , d e ta i l s o f t he w eave a nd me thod s o f f i n i sh ing . A l l t he se a spec t s w ere r e co rded d ur ing e xcava t ion . Woven p ane l s mu s t h ave h ad a v a r ie ty o f u se s , a nd p layed a n i mport an t p a r t i n t he p reh i s to r ic e conomy , t hough s o r a re ly p re served ; t hey w ere r e la t ive ly q u ick a nd e a sy t o p roduce , i f a n a dequa te s upp ly o f r od s w a s a va i lab le . L a rge q uan t i t ie s mu s t h ave b een n eeded , a nd i t h a s b een g enera l ly s uppo sed t ha t t hey w ere g rown b y r egu la r c opp ic ing , t o ma in ta in a c on s tan t s upp ly w i thou t h av ing t o t r ave l g rea t d i s tance s . T h i s r e sea rch h a s a imed t o s ee i f d ef in i te p roof o f c opp ice managemen t c ou ld b e d educed f rom a s t udy o f t he a ge s a nd s i ze s o f t h e h aze l r od s . T ree-r ing s t ud ie s o n w ood f rom t he h urd le s b egan i n 1 975 a t Wa l ton H ea th . H ere o n ly t h e l a rger s t em s w ere s amp led , i n t he h ope o f e x t rac t ing r i ng-w id th p a t tern s t o d emon s t ra te t he c on temporane i ty o r o therw i se o f p a r t s o f t he t r ack a nd i t s a s soc ia ted p eg s . S evera l l a yer s o f h urd l ing s howed t ha t t h i s s t ruc tu re h ad b een r ep laced s evera l t ime s ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 977 ) . A s t he r e sea rch p rogre s sed , s amp l ing b ecame more c omprehen s ive i n o rder t o e x t rac t a s much i n forma t ion a s p o s s ib le f rom t he h urd le s t hem se lve s , t he w ood o f wh ich h ad h i ther to b een c on s idered t oo s ma l l f o r a na ly s i s . Mo s t o f t he h urd le s w ere made a lmo s t e xc lu s ive ly o f h aze l , w i th a l i t t le a lder . S amp l ing i nvo lved t ak ing a s e c t ion o f e ach l ong i tud ina l r od a cro s s t he h urd le ( a t r an sec t ) , a nd a s ec t ion f rom o ne o r b o th e nd s o f t he t r an sver se ( o r ig ina l ly u pr igh t ) s a i l s . T he s t udy o f t h e h urd le c omponen t s w a s a imed a t f i nd ing o u t e xac t ly wha t h ad b een c o l lec ted i n t he w ood land s f or t he i r manufac ture , a nd whe ther i t h ad g rown n a tura l ly o r b een d e l ibera te ly p roduced w i th t he 1 25

p urpo se o f h urd le-mak ing i n m ind . I t i s w e l l k nown f rom c ur ren t w ood land managemen t p rac t ice s , a nd t h rough r e cen t manufac ture o f h u rd le s ( e .g . R ackham 1 980 ; C o le s a nd D a r rah 1 977 ; F ore s t ry C omm i s s ion 1 956 ) , t ha t l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f l ong , s t ra igh t , f l ex ib le h aze l r od s a re r equ ired t o make h urd le s , a nd t ha t t he se a re n o t g enera l ly p roduced b y n a tura l ly g rown h aze l . R egu la r c u t t ing o f t he s hoo t s , k nown a s c opp ic ing , i s t he i d ea l m e thod o f ma in ta ini ng a r egu la r c rop o f s u i tab le r od s . T he s t udy o f p reh i s tor ic h aze l r od s w a s t herefore u nder taken i n t he h ope t ha t e v idence f or t he p o s s ib le p rac t ice o f c opp ic ing i n t he a rea c ou ld b e more p rope r ly e va lua ted . T o t h i s e nd , t he d iame ter a nd n umber o f g row th r i ng s i n e ach r od a nd s a i l w ere r e co rded ; t he a ccumu la ted d a ta w ere t hen e xam ined a nd c ompa red i n v a r iou s w ay s , t o s ugge s t t he c ompo s i t ion o f t he o r ig ina l w ood land , a nd t o l o ok f o r t he p o s s ib le e ffec t s o f h uman i n terference . I t w a s n o t c l ea r f rom t he s t a r t i n wha t f orm c opp ice m anagemen t w ou ld r evea l i t se lf , i f a t a l l , a nd e ven a f ter a b r ief s t udy o f modern c opp ice w ood land ( Morgan u npub l i shed ) t h ere a re many a spec t s wh ich a re n o t a dequa te ly u nder s tood . H owever t he p reh i s tor ic e v idence i s p re sen ted h ere a s a n i n t roduc t ion t o f ur ther r e sea rch , o f w h ich v ery l i t t le h a s y e t b een d one , e ven o n e xamp le s o f m ed ieva l h urd le c on s t ruc t ion f rom s eve ra l u rban e xcava t ion s .

1 26

V I .1

HONEYBEE TRACK

V I .! .!

T he s i te

T h i s h urd le s t ruc ture w a s o n ly d i scovered i n 1 983 , i n a n a rea l ong k nown t o c on ta in a n umber o f b i rch b ru shwood t r ack s , Honeygore , Honeydew a nd Honeyca t ( Godw in 1 960 ; C o le s a nd H ibber t 1 975 ) , d i scu s sed i n s ec t ion V .1 . T he Honeybee t r ack l a y a bou t 5m n or th o f Honeygore , r unn ing e a s t-we s t b e tween We s thay a nd C a tco t t B ur t le ( F ig . V IA) , t hough i t s f u l l e x ten t i s n o t k nown . I t c on s i s ted o f t h ree h urd le s , t wo ( A a nd C ) d amaged b y p ea t-cu t t ing a nd o ne ( B ) c omp le te ( Co le s , O rme , C a se ld ine a nd Morgan 1 985 ) ; a l l t h ree h owever s howed u nu sua l f ea ture s , c ompa red t o mo s t e xamp le s o f h urd l ing .

V I .1 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

T he Honeybee h urd le s w ere made e n t ire ly o f h aze l r od s , o f wh ich 9 7 s amp le s w ere e xam ined . T he r e su l t ing d a ta a re s u mmar i sed i n T ab le V I .2 a nd F ig s . V I .2-4 . T he r od s a nd s a i l s f rom e ach i nd iv idua l h urd le w ere e xam ined s epa ra te ly a s w e l l a s t oge ther . A l l t he r od s w ere l e s s t han 3 5mm i n d iame ter ; mo s t l a y b e tween 5 a nd 2 0mm ( F ig . V I .2 l e f t ) a nd a veraged 1 4 .2mm o vera l l . T hey w ere t herefore e x treme ly c on s i s ten t i n s i ze . T he s ame c harac ter i s t ic wa s r evea led b y t he a ge s ; a lmo s t a l l t he s t em s w ere b e tween 2 a nd 4 y ear s o ld ( F ig . V I .2 r i gh t ) , w i th a f ew more ma ture e xamp le s e x tend ing u p t o 1 8 y ea r s o ld . T he f ew s a i l s p resen t w ere l i t t le l a rger y ea r s o ld a nd 1 8 mm i n d iame ter ( Tab le V I .2 ) .

t han

t he

r od s ,

a verag ing

6

T he r od s f rom e ach h urd le r evea led d ifference s i n t he c ho ice o f ma ter ia l u sed t o make t hem . T he 1 0 r od s f rom h urd le A w ere n o t c l ea r ly woven a round t he o ne s a i l , a nd t hey s howed a w ider v a r ia t ion i n a ge a nd s i ze t han t he o ther h urd le s ; t he w ide s ca t ter i s s hown i n F ig . V I .4 . T he ir a verage a ge a nd s i ze w ere much h igher t han t he o ther h urd le s ( Tab le V I .2 ) . T hu s t he t r ee-r ing a nd t he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence s ugge s ted t ha t t h i s wa s n o t a woven h urd le i n t he u sua l s en se . T he o ther d amaged h urd le , C , h ad a bou t 5 0 r od s woven o ver a nd u nder t he s a i l s , o f wh ich 1 5 r od s w ere e xam ined . T hey h ad a n a verage a ge o f 3 . 1 y ea r s a nd a n a verage d iame ter o f 1 .7mm ( Tab le V I .2 ) a nd p roved t o b e v ery c on s i s ten t ( F ig . V I .4 ) . T he mo s t s i gn if ican t r e su l t s c ame f rom t he c omp le te h urd le B , f rom wh ich a s a t i sfac tory s amp le o f 6 3 r od s w a s e xam ined . T he a verage a ge o f t he se wa s 3 . 5 y ea r s a nd t he a verage d iame ter 1 2 .8mm ( Tab le V I .2 ) ; t here w a s l i t t le v ar ia t ion , e spec ia l ly i n s i ze ( F ig . V I .4 ) . Abou t o ne t h ird o f t he s t em s s ugge s ted w in ter c u t t ing b y t he ir w ide o u termo s t g row th r i ng s , b u t s o me a l so h ad n a rrow o u ter r i ng s wh ich may 1 27

i nd ica te s ummer c u t t ing . A t o ta l o f 2 2 h ad n a r row i nnermo s t r i ng s , u sua l ly f o l lowed b y aw ide s e cond r i ng , wh ich i t h a s b een s ugge s ted ( Rackham 1 977 ) i st he r e su l t o f s ummer c u t t ing o f t he p rev iou s c rop . T o s um u p t he e v idence f rom t he H oneybee h urd le s , t he r od s u sed i n h urd le s B a nd C p roved t o b e s o c on s i s ten t , a t 2 -4 y ea r s o ld a nd 1 0-15mm d iame ter , t ha t a n o r ig in i n w ood land wh ich h ad a l ready b een c u t o ver o r c opp iced s e em s p robab le . N a tura l ly g rown h aze l i s u n l ike ly t o p roduce s t em s o f s o r egu la r a n a ge , n or l ong a nd s t ra igh t e nough f or h urd le manufac ture . S ince t here w a s s ome e v idence f or c u t t ing b o th i n s ummer a nd w in ter , i t i s p o s s ib le t ha t ma ter ia l w a s c o l lec ted f rom l o ca l h aze l s t oo l s when r equ ired , r a ther t han c l ea red i n o ne o pera t ion . T he r od s w ere much s l igh ter a nd y ounger t han i s u sua l i n h aze l h urd le s , b o th modern a nd p reh i s tor ic , mak ing t he Honeybee h u rd le s much more f i ne ly w oven a nd d e l ica te . I t i s t hu s c onc luded t ha t h aze l w ood land , p erhap s o n t he C a tco t t B ur t le o r We s thay ' i s land ' , w a s a b le t o s upp ly a c er ta in amoun t o f e ven-aged ma ter ia l o f t he r equ ired s i ze f or h urd le-mak ing . I n t h i s c a se , t he r od s w ere c u t v ery y oung , t o c rea te a more d e l ica te h urd le . I f s e lec t ion f o r s i ze , o r d raw-fe l l ing , w a s b e ing p rac t i sed , t he s ame w ood land c ou ld a l so h ave s upp l ied t he mo re ma ture s t em s .

1 28

V I .2

WALTON TRACK

V I .2 .1

T he s i te

T he Wa l ton t r ack o n Wa l ton H ea th w a s o ne o f t he f i r s t h urd le t r ack s t o b e d i scovered i n t he L eve l s a nd w a s e xcava ted i n 1 975 . A s e r ie s o f s uper impo sed a nd v ery w e l l p re served h urd le s f ormed a t r ackway r unn ing a pprox ima te ly n or th-sou th o ver a bou t 6 0m ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 977 ) , p robab ly t o c ro s s a w e t p oo l . D amage b y h and-cu t t ing o ver 3 0 y ea r s a go h ad d i s sec ted t he t r ack , b u t t wo a r ea s ( 4 a nd 5 ) w ere u nd i s turbed a nd p a r t icu la r ly w e l l p re se rved . A t l e a s t 8 1 p ane l s a nd 1 b und le s o f w ood h ad b een l a id f rom t he s ou th ( over lap s a lway s l a y t o t he n o r th ) ; s i ng le p ane l s w ere s uff ic ien t a t e i ther e nd , wh i le i n t he c en t re o f t he w e t a rea , u p t o 5l a yer s w ere r equ ired f or c on so l ida t ion . T he l ower p ane l s w ere more d ecayed a l ong o ne e dge , p erhap s s ugge s t ing t he ir o r ig ina l u se i n a n u pr igh t p o s i t ion a s f enc ing o r w a l l ing , w h ich h a s al i f e e xpec tancy o f a bou t 8 -10 y ea r s ( Ed l in 1 973 ) . T he p ane l s w e re made a lmo s t e n t ire ly o f h aze l r od s , w i th o dd c onc en t ra t ion s o f b i rch , w i l low a nd a l der . I n a rea 5 , t he p ane l s w ere 1 . 5-2 .7m l ong a nd 1 . 1-1 .2m w ide , w i th 5 0-60 r od s w oven o ver a nd u nder 4 -7 s a i l s . T he r od s w ere c omp le te s t em s , n o t c l ef t a s i s u sua l t oday . T he s a i l s w ere s i ng le , d oub le o r e ven t r ip le . P eg s 0 . 5-1 m l ong a nd 4 0-70mm i n d iame ter h e ld t he h u rd le s i n p l ace a l ong t he e dge s . I n a dd i t ion , s t ou ter p o le s w ere p u shed i n to t he b ody o f t wo a d jo in ing p ane l s , a s i f t o p reven t s i deway s movemen t . A t o ta l o f 5 2 h aze l o r w i l low t w i s ted t i e s w ere r e cogn i sed , h o ld ing t oge ther t he e l emen t s o f t h e h urd le s . T he t r ack h a s b een d a ted t o t he l a ter N eo l i th ic b y r ad ioca rbon d a te s o f 2 470 1 9 0 b c ( HAR 1471) , 2 310 1 " .8 0bc ( HAR 1470 ) a nd 2 210 ± 1 00bc ( HAR1220 ) . A t t h i s t ime , t he r a i sed b og w a s g row ing , w i th o pen p oo l s c on ta in ing mo s s ( Sphagnum ) , a nd d ry h ummock s w i th h ea ther ( Ca l luna ) a nd c o t ton-gra s s ( Er ionho rum ) ( H ibber t 1 977 ) ; t here w a s a l so a lder a nd b i rch f enwood i n t he a rea . B road ly c on tempora ry w ere t he R ow land ' s t r ack , a l so o n Wa l ton H ea th ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 977a ; s e c t ion V I .3 ) , a nd t he s e r ie s o f b i rch b ru shwood t r ack s i n t he G a rv in ' s a rea t o t he s ou th-ea s t ( O rme , C a se ld ine a nd Mo rgan 1 982 ; s e c t ion s V .2-4 ) . A l l t he se s t ruc tu re s w ere p re sumab ly b u i l t i n r e spon se t o t he s ame c ond i t ion s . P ea t-cu t t ing a nd f i e ld-wa lk ing i n t he s ame a rea s i nce t he 1 975 e xcava t ion s o f t he Wa l ton t r ack h ave r evea led o ther a rea s o f h u rd l ing u sed i n t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s . A p ane l f ound o n H ead 1 3 o f t he s ame f i e ld , d a ted 2 380 ± 9 0bc ( HAR 1467 ) a nd 2 300 1 4 . -9 0bc ( HAR1468 ) , w a s a bou t 2m l ong ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 977 , 1 3 ) . A f ur ther f i nd i n 1 983 a bou t 2 00m f rom t he t r ack a t S T45533935 ) r e semb led a d i sman t led h u rd le ( O rme , C o le s , C a se ld ine a nd Morgan 1 985a ) . I t s r ad ioca rbon d a te o f 2 730 _ 4 :7 0bc ( HAR5726 ) s ugge s ted a s l igh t ly e a r l ier c on tex t t han t he m a in Wa l ton t r ack , a nd i ndeed t h i s i s t he e a r l ie s t r e corded p iece o f h urd l ing i n t he L eve l s .

1 29

V I .2 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

T he Wa l ton t r ack w a s t he f i r s t h urd le s t ruc ture t o b e i nvo lved i n t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s , a nd a s a r e su l t t he s amp l ing s t ra tegy p roved t o b e i nadequa te . S amp l ing c oncen t ra ted o n t he l a rger p eg s a nd c en t ra l p o le s , w i th t he a im o f c ompa r ing g row th p a t tern s a nd b u i ld ing u p af r amework f or r e la t ive d a t ing w i th in t he s t ruc ture . V ery f ew o f t he r od s a nd s a i l s o f t he h urd le s t hem se lve s w ere e xam ined , t o r ecord t he ir g enera l a ge s a nd s i ze s ( t hough t he l a t ter w ere m ea sured f or t he a rchaeo log ica l r e cord ) , s o t h ere i s l i t t le c ompa ra t ive d a ta t o a dd t o s ub sequen t r e su l t s f rom t he n ea rby R ow land ' s t r ack a nd o ther s . T he s t em s e xam ined w ere l a rge ly o f h aze l , w i th 7 9 s amp le s , a nd b i rch w i th 1 7 s amp le s ; s i ng le p iece s o f o ther s pec ie s h ave n o t b een i nc luded i n t he r e su l t s . G enera l f i gure s f o r a ge a nd s i ze o f t he d ifferen t c omponen t s o f t he h urd le s a re g iven i n t he t ab le b enea th F ig . V I .5 . T he t r an sver se s u rface o f ah aze l s t em i si lu s t ra ted i n F ig . V I .8 . T he f ew r od s e xam ined w ere 4 -5 y ea r s o ld . T he p eg s a veraged 1 3 .3 y ea r s o ld a nd 3 4mm i n d iame ter , w h i le t he l a rger l ong i tud ina l p iece s s uch a s t he' c en t ra l p o le s w ere 1 4 .8 y ea r s i n a verage a ge , a nd 3 9mm i n a verage d iame ter . C ompa r i son s o f s i ze a nd a ge a re f ur ther d i scu s sed i n s e c t ion V I .3 o n t he R ow land ' s t r ack . T he l a rger h aze l s t em s w ere v ery v a r iab le i n r i ng-w id th a nd s ens i t iv i ty . T he p a t tern s o f 2 7 w ere r e corded , a nd c ro s s-ma tch ing s ucceeded i n t he c a se o f 2 6 s t em s ; t he r e la t ive p o s i t ion s o f t he ir r i ng s a re s hown i n t he b a r d iagram , F ig . V I .12 . Twen ty s t em s s howed c on s i s ten t f e l l ing y ea r s , w i th 4s t em s c u t o ne o r t wo y ea r s e a r l ier a nd o n ly o ne c u t l a ter . S ince 9 o f t he s t em s w ere v er t ica l p eg s , t he ir t empora l r e la t ion sh ip s t o p a r t icu la r l e ve l s o f h urd l ing w ere d iff icu l t t o d emon s t ra te . T he r ema in ing 1 7 s t em s c ame f rom t he t op t wo l e ve l s o f h urd l ing i n a r ea 4 a nd t he s urface l a yer s o f a rea s 1 -3 , 5 a nd 6 , many h av ing n o a ppa ren t f unc t ion b u t l y ing a round a nd a l ong s ide t he h urd le s . T he r i ng-w id th p a t tern o f f our s t em s f rom a rea 1 i s i lu s t ra ted a t t he t op o f F ig . V I .11 , a nd c ro s s-ma tch ing i s f ur ther d i scu s sed i n t he R ow land ' s t r ack r epor t i n s e c t ion V I .3 . T he 1 7 b i rch s t em s i n t he Wa l ton t r ack h ad b een u sed a s p eg s o r w ere s t ray l ong i tud ina l s l y ing among t he h urd le s . T hey a veraged 2 2 y ea r s o ld a nd 5 5mm i n d iame ter ( t ab le b enea th F ig . V I .5 ) , s ome b e ing v ery s ub s tan t ia l s t em s u p t o 9 0mm i n d iame ter a nd o ver 4 0 y ea r s o ld . T he r i ng-w id th s o f 5 more ma tu re s t em s f rom a rea s 4 a nd 5 w e re m ea sured , b u t t he i r p a t tern s s howed l i t t le s im i la r i ty . T he s i ng le h urd le f ound o n H ead 1 3 w a s made o f a t l e a s t 2 9 r od s wh ich a veraged 2 . 3 y ea r s o ld a nd 1 0mm i n d iame ter , s ma l l b y c ompa r i son t o t he ma in Wa l ton h urd le s . Two t r ip le s e t s o f s a i l s c on s i s ted o f o u te r s l igh t o ne s c ompa rab le w i th t he r od s , wh i le i n e ach c a se t he c en t ra l s a i l w a s more s ub s tan t ia l , a t 3 -5 y ea r s o ld a nd 1 3-16mm i n d iame ter .

1 30

T he p robab le h u rd le f ound i n 1 983 c on s i s ted o f a bou t 2 0 r od s a nd 3 s a i l s , a l l o f h aze l e xcep t f or o ne o f a sh . T he s a i l s s howed n o d ifference s f r om t he r od s ( F ig . V I .7 ) ; t oge ther t hey r anged i n a ge f r om 2 t o 1 6 y ea r s , a verag ing 6 . 6 y ea r s , w i th a p redom inance o f s t em s 4 y ea r s o ld a s s hown i n F ig . V I .6 . T h i s s ugge s ted a n o r ig in f or s ome s t em s i n w ood land wh ich h ad b een c u t o ver 4 y ea r s p rev iou s ly . V a r iab i l i ty i n a ge w a s n o t r ef lec ted i n t he s i ze o f t he s t em s , wh ich c lu s tered b e tween 1 5 a nd 2 5mm , a verag ing 1 8 .8mm ( F ig . V I .7 ) . Twen ty o f t he s t em s h ad a w ide o u ter r i ng a nd w ere p robab ly c u t i n w in ter . T en s t em s h ad a n a r row i nnermo s t r i ng f o l lowed b y a w ide s e cond r i ng , wh ich s ugge s ted s u mmer c u t t ing o n t he p rev iou s o cca s ion t he s t oo l s w ere c l ea red , a f ea tu re a l ready n o ted o n s t em s f rom t he ma in Wa l ton t r ack ( Rackham 1 977 , 6 7 ) . T he p roduc t ion o f s uch a l a rge q uan t i ty o f h urd le s a s f ound i n j u s t o ne f i e ld o n Wa l ton H ea th mu s t h ave r equ ired l a rge r e source s o f r aw m a ter ia l s . I t i s e s t ima ted ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 977 2 4 ) t ha t 5 000 h aze l r od s 2 -3m l ong , 4 00 s a i l s o f l a rger d iame ter 1 1 .5m l ong , 3 00 p eg s , a s w e l l a s p o le s , m i sce l laneou s p i ece s a nd o ver 6 00 t w i s ted t i e s w ou ld h ave b een n eeded . T hey c ou ld h ave b een s upp l ied b y t he a nnua l p roduc t ion f rom e ach c ompa r tmen t o f a w ood o f 1 0-20 h ec ta re s ( 25-50 a cre s ) wh ich w a s b e ing r egu la r ly c opp iced . L ooked a t i n r ever se , f rom modern f i gure s f o r S .E . E ng land , o ne a cre o f g ood h aze l c opp ice 9 -10 y ea r s o ld c an p roduce 1 0 ,000 r od s , s uff ic ien t t o make 2 5 d ozen h urd le s ( Fore s t ry C omm i s s ion 1 956 ) . T h i s i s w e l l-s tocked c opp ice w i th 5 00-600 s t oo l s p er a cre , p e rhap s h igher t han c ou ld b e e xpec ted f o r p reh i s tor ic w ood land , t hough g rea ter d en s i ty i ncrea se s t he l e ng th a nd s t ra igh tne s s o f t he r od s . A t t h i s l e ve l o f p roduc t ion , t he c l ea r-fe l l ing o f h a lf a n a cre o f p ure h aze l c opp ice c ou ld h ave s upp l ied t he r od s f or t he Wa l ton h u rd le s . E xper imen ta l h u rd le-mak ing ( Co le s a nd D a r rah 1 977 ) made u se o f 7 2 r od s a nd 6 s a i l s t o w eave o ne h urd le , w h ich c ou ld b e o b ta ined f r om 4 s t oo l s ( l a s t c u t 3 -5 y ea r s b efo re ) , y i e ld ing b e tween 1 0 a nd 3 6 s t em s e ach . F ew n eeded t o b e d i sca rded . I t w a s d educed t ha t t wo e xper ienced m en c ou ld c u t a nd s t r ip t he w ood a nd make a h urd le o f Wa l ton s i ze i n 1 . 5-2 h ou r s . I n c onc lu s ion , l i t t le c an b e s a id a bou t t he a ge a nd s i ze r ange o f t he r od s a nd s a i l s o f t h e Wa l ton h urd le s , a s a r e su l t o f i nadequa te s amp l ing . R eference may b e m ade t o t he r e su l t s f rom t he v ery s im i la r R ow land ' s h urd le s ( s ec t ion V I .3 ) . H owever , t he r i ng-w id th p a t tern s o f t he l a rger h aze l s t em s f rom Wa l ton s howed s uff ic ien t c or re spondence t o s ugge s t t ha t much o f t he ma ter ia l w a s c on tempo ra ry , a nd t o e ncourage f ur ther s t ud ie s o f h aze l g row th p a t tern s f rom t r ackway s d i scovered s ub sequen t ly .

1 3 1

V I .3

ROWLAND 'S TRACK WAY

V I .3 .1

T he s i te

T he R ow land ' s t r ack o n A shco t t H ea th w a s f ound i n 1 975 , s ome 5 00m s ou th-we s t o f t he Wa l ton h urd le s ( F ig . V IA) . I t f i r s t a ppeared i n t he p ea t s e c t ion s a s a l i ne o f b ru shwood , w i th t r ace s o f w eav ing , a nd w a s e xcava ted i n 1 976 ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 977a ) . P rev iou s ly b ack-f i l led p ea t c u t s h ad c au sed e x ten s ive d amage t o t he s i te , l e av ing i s o la ted l e ng th s o f i ncomp le te h urd le s , b u t s uff ic ien t c ou ld b e e xam ined t o r evea l i t s s t ruc ture , a nd t he p eg s g enera l ly s urv ived i n s i tu t o s how i t s o r ig ina l r ou te . One r ad ioca rbon d a te o f 2 260 ± 9 0bc ( HAR 1383 ) i nd ica ted i t s c on temp orane i ty t o t he Wa l ton t r ack , a nd e nv ironmen ta l e v idence s ugge s ted t he s ame c ond i t ion s - o pen r a i sed b og ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 977a 4 6 ) . T he b ee t le a s semb lage w a s s im i la r t o t ha t f rom t he s l igh t ly l a ter r a i sed b og c ond i t ion s a round t he Abbo t ' s Way , b u t s ugge s ted a s l igh t ly d r ier l and scape ( G ir l ing 1 977 ) . T he t r ack r an a lmo s t n or th-sou th , a nd w a s e xcava ted a bou t 8 00m f rom t he •e dge o f t he P o lden s ( F ig . V IA) ; i t s t o ta l l e ng th i s n o t k nown , t hough i t w a s e xcava ted o ve r 2 5m . T he t r ack c on s i s ted o f a s i ng le l a yer o f h urd le s w i th l i t t le o ver lap , e ach a bou t 1 . 5m w ide . Hurd le l e ng th w a s u ncer ta in o w ing t o t he d amage , b u t c ou ld h ave b een a s much a s 2 . 8m - a bou t 9p ane l s w ou ld t hen h ave b een n eeded f or t he l e ng th e xcava ted . E ach w a s made o f 6 5-70 h aze l r od s w i th a r egu la r o ver-and-under w eave . T he r od s w ere c omp le te s t em s w i th t he ir t h icker e nd s l y ing i n a l terna te d i rec t ion s ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 977a ) . T he s a i l s w ere e i ther s i ng le o r d oub le , a nd p ro jec ted o n t he e a s t s i de s o f t he h u rd le s , where t hey a l so w ere t h icke r a nd h ad c u t ma rk s . I t w a s t hu s c l ea r t ha t t h i s w a s t he o r ig ina l b a se o f t he h u rd le when i t s t ood u pr igh t f o r w eav ing . A s a t Wa l ton ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 977 ; s e c t ion V I .2 ) , s t ou ter p o le s k nown a s c en t ra l r i b s h ad b een p u shed i n to t he h urd le s ( F ig . V I .5 ) ; t hey p robab ly s e rved v a r iou s p urpo se s - t o c a r ry t he p ane l s , t o s t reng then t hem a nd t o l o ck t hem t oge ther . T he p ane l s w ere w ider a nd l onger t han a t Wa l ton ( 2 .9 x 1 . 3-1 .9m c ompa red t o 1 . 5-2 .9 x 1 . 1m ; C o le s a nd O rme 1 977a 5 1) , a nd d iffered a l so i n t he more f r equen t u se o f p eg s t o h o ld t he p ane l s i n p lace . P eg s w ere o f ten p a ired a t e i ther e nd o f as a i l , a t i n terva l s o f 2 00-500mm ; a bou t o ne t h i rd o f t he p eg s w ere b i rch , t he r ema inder b e ing h aze l . W i th t he e xper ience g a ined f rom a na ly s ing t he ma ter ia l o f t he Wa l ton t r ack a l ready d e scr ibed ( s ec t ion V I .2 ) , a s amp l ing p rogramme w a s w orked o u t f or R ow land ' s wh ich e nab led e ach e l emen t o f t he t r ack ' s c on s t ruc t ion t o b e w e l l r epre sen ted . I n t h i s w ay , i t w a s h oped t o g a in a c l ea r a nd d e ta i led i mpre s s ion o f t he ma ter ia l s u sed t o make t he h urd le s a nd h ow t hey h ad b een g rown .

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F rom t wo o f t h e h urd le s ( no . 1 . 3 , 4m f rom t he n or th , a nd n o . 1 . 10 , 1 2m f rom t he n or th ) , s amp le s w ere c o l lec ted f rom e very r od a cro s s t he w id th o f t he p ane l , k nown a s a t r an sec t . Mo s t o f t he d ef in i te s a i l s f rom t he e n t ire t r ack w ere s amp led , a s w e l l a s a lmo s t e very p eg , c en t ra l r i b a nd more s ub s tan t ia l o f t he s t ray l ong i tud ina l p i ece s . T h i s g ave a t o ta l o f 1 67 s amp le s , wh ich i nc luded 1 45 o f h aze l , a nd 2 2 o f b i rch ( l a rge ly u sed a s p eg s i n t he n or thern h a lf o f t he e xcava t ion ) , a nd a f ew w ere s t ray p iece s . T he h urd le s w e re made e n t i re ly o f h aze l .

V I .3 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

G enera l a ge a nd s i ze f i gure s a re g iven i n t he t ab le b enea th F ig . V I .5 , wh ich i lu s t ra te s t he c omponen t s o f t he t r ackway ; more d e ta i led f i gure s c an b e f ound i n T ab le V I .3 a nd t he h i s togram s , F ig s . V I .9-10 . T he 7 3 r od s f rom t he h urd le t r an sec t s i n c luded 6 wh ich l a y a l ong t he e dge s a nd w e re t oo s ub s tan t ia l t o h ave b een w oven i n to t he h u rd le i t se lf . T hey a veraged 1 4 .3 y ea r s o ld a nd 4 0 mm i n d iame ter ( Tab le V I .3 ) , s uff ic ien t ly s im i la r t o t he a ge a nd s i ze v a lue s f or t he c en t ra l r i b s a nd p eg s t o s ugge s t t ha t t hey may r epre sen t w a s te m a ter ia l f rom t he ir manufac tu re . T he 6 7 w oven r od s o f h aze l a veraged 5 y ea r s o ld , mo s t b e ing b e tween 3 a nd 8 y ear s ( F ig . V I .10 ) ; s i ze r anged q u i te w ide ly b e tween 7 a nd 3 0mm ( Tab le V I .3 ) w i th a n a verage o f 1 6mm , a nd t he h i s togram i n F ig . V I .9 s how s i n tere s t ing c oncen t ra t ion s a t s i ze s o f 1-20 a nd 3 1-35mm , w i th a d ea r th o f s t em s 2 1-30mm i n d iame ter . T h i s may h ave s ome s i gn if icance i n t e rm s o f s e lec t ion . T he r i ng-w id th s o f t he r od s r evea led a r ap id r a te o f g row th ( F ig . V I .11 , T ab le V I .3 ) . S ome t ime s t he f i r s t , a nd more o f ten t he s e cond , r i ng n ea r t he p i th w a s w ider t han a verage , a nd o f ten t he o u termo s t r i ng w a s n a r rower t han a verage , s ugge s t ing t he p rac t ice o f s ummer c u t t ing . A ge a nd s i ze v a r ia t ion among t he r od s , a s s hown i n F ig s . V I . 9 -10 , w a s g rea t e nough t o s ugge s t a n o r ig in i n w ood land wh ich h ad b een i r regu la r ly c u t p rev iou s ly ; t he l e ng th a nd s t ra igh tne s s o f t he r od s s ugge s ted t ha t n a tura l h aze l h ad n o t b een u sed , b u t t he d iame ter r ange w a s v ery w ide t o e nv i sage d raw-fe l l ing ( o r t he s e lec t ion o f s t em s o f a c e r ta in s i ze ) . However , i t mu s t b e t aken i n to c on s idera t ion t ha t p o s i t ion i n t he s t em a ffec t s t he n umber o f r i ng s p re sen t , a n u nknown f ac tor s i nce i n forma t ion o n h e igh t a bove t h e b a se o f t he s t em w a s n o t i n c luded i n t he c o l lec t ion o f s amp le s . I t s e ffec t w ou ld b e t o make t he a ge s l owe r b y s evera l y ear s t han t he a c tua l a ge o f t he s t em . T he 2 8 h aze l s a i l s r evea led a n e ven w ider v a r ia t ion i n a ge o f 4 t o 1 4 y ea r s , a verag ing 8 . 7 y ear s , a nd 1 2 t o 3 5mm i n d iame ter , a verag ing 2 4mm ( Tab le V I .3 ) . A s F ig . V I .10 s how s , t here w a s n o c oncen t ra t ion i n a ge , a nd i t i s p robab le t ha t t he more s ub s tan t ia l s t em s w ere s e lec ted f rom t he r od s f or t h i s p u rpo se .

a nd

S amp le s a veraged

f rom 9 c en t ra l 1 4 .7 y ea r s o ld ,

r i b s l y ing a l ong t he h u rd le s w ere e xam ined , w i th a r ange o f 1 0-19 y ea r s . T hey w ere 1 33

c on s i s ten t ly l a rge , 3 5-58mm i n d iame ter , w i th a n a verage V I .3 , F ig . V I .9 ) . T he ir a verage r i ng-w id th s w ere a s h igh r od s a nd t hey mu s t h ave g rown u nder s im i la r c ond i t ion s .

o f 4 5mm ( Tab le a s t ho se f or t he

T he h aze l p eg s w ere a l l f ound i n t he s ou thern h a lf o f t he e xcava t ion a nd t o ta l led 3 5 . Two a re i lu s t ra ted i n F ig . V I .8 . T hey h ad a n a ve rage a ge o f 1 4 y ea r s , r ang ing f r om 8 t o 2 8 y ea r s , a nd a n a verage d iame ter o f 3 6mm , r ang ing f r om 2 1 t o 5 4mm ( Tab le V I .3 ) . T hey w ere t hu s s l igh t ly s ma l ler t han t he c en tra l r i b s a nd m a rg ina l l ong i tud ina l s , b u t o f s im i la r a ge ; t he s t em s h ad a s l ower g row th r a te . I t i s a l so i n tere s t ing t o n o te i n F ig . V I .10 a v ery p ronounced c oncen t ra t ion o f s t em s 1 5 y ea r s o ld u sed a s p eg s . S eve ra l p eg s c ou ld h ave b een made f r om o ne s t ra igh t s t em , a nd t h i s p eak i n a ge s ugg e s ted t he c o l lec t ion o f s evera l s t em s f rom t he s ame s t oo l c u t 1 5 y ea r s p rev iou s ly . T he a verage r i ng-w id th s o f t h e p eg s w ere e qu iva len t o n ly t o t ho se o f t he ma rg ina l l ong i tud ina l s s amp led w i th t he r od s ( Tab le V I .3 ) , a nd t h i s f ur ther s ugge s t s t ha t t he l a t ter c ou ld r epre sen t ma ter ia l l e f t o ver f r om p eg manufac ture . T he b i rch s t em s f r om R ow land ' s i n c luded 1 6 p eg s f rom t he n or thern h a lf o f t he e xcava t ion . T hey w ere s l ower-grown t han t h e h aze l ( Tab le V I .3 ) , w i th a s a r e su l t a h igher a verage a ge o f 1 9 y ea r s , a nd a s im i la r a verage d iame ter o f 4 5mm . T he h i s togram o f s t em a ge s i n F ig . V I .10 i lu s tra te s t he g rea ter ma tur i ty o f t he b i rch . T he 6 s t ray b i rch s t em s w ere a lmo s t i d en t ica l i n s i ze a nd a ge , a nd may r epre sen t w a s te f r om p eg manufac ture , b u t t hey o ccur red a l so i n t he s ou thern h a lf o f t he e xcava t ion , a s soc ia ted w i th h urd le s 1 . 3 , 1 . 5 a nd 1 . 10 . T he r i ng-w id th s o f 3 7 h aze l a nd 1 2 b i rch s t em s w ere r e corded , t o s e e i f a ny c or re spondence i n t he ir g row th p a t tern s s ugge s ted c on temporane i ty . T hey i n c luded 8 c en t ra l r i b s , 1s t ray p i ece , 4 s a i l s , 5 l a rge l ong i tud ina l s a nd 1 9 p eg s o f h aze l , a nd 9 p eg s a nd 3 s t ray p i ece s o f b i rch . T he p eg s a nd c en tra l r i b s w ere p a r t icu la r ly i mpo r tan t , s i nce t hey w ere k nown t o b e a n i n tegra l p a r t o f t he t r ackway , a nd o ccurred i n s uff ic ien t q uan t i ty f or r ea sonab le c ompa r i son s t o b e made , e ven i n a rea s where t he h u rd le s h ad b een d e s t royed . T he g row th p a t tern s p roved t o b e r ema rkab ly u n iform , w i th v ery s im i la r v a r ia t ion s f rom y ea r t o y ea r w i th in e ach s pec ie s . A v ery n a r row r i ng o ccu r red i n a rb i t ra ry y ea r s 1 8 a nd 2 6 o f t he h aze l s t em s ( F ig . V I .11) wh ich c ou ld b e t he r e su l t o f t opp ing , o r r emova l o f t he f o l iage b y g raz ing o r c u t t ing ( Rackham 1 977 ) . T h i s w ou ld c au se a s udden d ec l ine i n g row th f or t ha t y ea r . T he h aze l s t em s w ere a l l c u t i n a rb i t ra ry y ea r 2 9 , p re sumab ly c l o se t o t he t ime t he h u rd le s w ere w oven a nd t he t r ack l a id . A l l 3 7 c ou ld b e c ro s s-ma tched t oge ther ( F ig . V I .12 ) a nd f o rmed a v ery h omogeneou s g roup o f p o le s c u t a t t he s ame t ime . T hey i n c luded n o t o n ly t he s a i l s wh ich w ere w oven i n to t he h urd le s , b u t a l so t he p eg s , wh ich w ou ld n o t b e r equ i red u n t i l t he t r ackway w a s l a id ; t h i s i mp l ie s t ha t t he h u rd le s w ere made s pec if ica l ly f or t he l a y ing o f a t r ack a nd n o t d iver ted f rom s ome o ther u se s uch a s f enc ing . T here i s n o e v idence o f a ny e a r l ier o r l a ter ma ter ia l f r om t he r i ng-w id th p a t tern s . 1 34

L ikew i se , t he b i rch s t em s ( t he r i ng s i n t h i s c a se b e ing c ommon ) s howed a g ood d eg ree o f c ro s s-ma tch ing ( F ig . i n c luded p eg s a nd s t ray p iece s , p robab ly p a r t s o f t he s ame t here w ere d iagno s t ic n a r row r i ng s , t he l a ter o ne 4 y ea r s i n c or re spond ing t o t he h aze l , a nd t he e a r l ier o ne s l igh t ly e a r l ier .

c l ea rer t han i s V I .13 ) . T hey s t em s . Aga in f rom t he b a rk

I n v i ew o f t he c onnec ted s t rand s o f e v idence t o s ugge s t t ha t t he R ow land 's t r ack w a s b road ly c on tempora ry w i th t ha t o n Wa l ton H ea th ( s ec t ion V I .2 ) - s im i la r C 14 d a te s , s im i la r a l ignmen t SW-NE , a nd s im i la r s t ruc tura l f ea ture s s uch a s t he s ub s tan t ia l c en t ra l r i b - t he g row th p a t tern s o f t he h aze l a nd b i rch s t em s f rom b o th s i te s w ere c ompa red . A t temp t s a t c ro s s- ma tch ing y oung s t em s s uch a s t he se , w i th l e s s t han 3 0 r i ng s , i s j u s t if iab le w i th in a s i te where t he i n i t ia l a s sump t ion o f a u n iform c u t t ing y ea r c an b e made . H owever , t o a t temp t s uch l i nk s b e tween s i te s c an b e d angerou s , a nd i t w a s s urp r i s ing a nd i n exp l icab le t o f i nd t ha t a lmo s t i d en t ica l p a t tern s e x i s ted b e tween t he h aze l c urve s o f t he t wo t r ack s ( F ig . V I .!!) . F our o u t o f t h e 5 p a r t icu la r ly s im i la r s amp le s f r om Wa l ton w ere p eg s , wh ich may o r may n o t b e c on tempora ry w i th t he h urd le s . T he i r c orre spondence m igh t s ugge s t t ha t t he t wo t r ack s ( o r a t l e a s t o ne l e ve l o f t he Wa l ton h urd le s ) w ere made o f h aze l s t em s c u t i n t he s ame y ea r . On t he o ther h and , t he s im i la r p a t tern s o f g row th may b e r e la ted t o f ac to r s o ther t han c l ima te a nd t hu s t hey may h ave n o r e la t ive d a t ing v a lue . V ery l i t t le i s k nown o f t he i n f luence s o n h aze l g row th o f c l ima te a nd e nv ironmen ta l f ac to r s ; n o t b e ing a c ommerc ia l t imber i t h a s b een t he s ub jec t o f l i t t le r e sea rch . I t h a s b een s ugge s ted ( Rackham 1 977 ) t ha t c l ima te may h ave l i t t le e ffec t o n t h e r i ng-w id th o f t h i s s hrub , a nd t ha t g row th may b e r egu la ted b y managemen t p roce s se s s uch a s c u t t ing a nd t opp ing - o n a r egu la r b a s i s , t he se c ou ld c au se c yc l ic p a t tern s w h ich m igh t a ppea r s im i la r . More r e sea rch o n modern s amp le s i s n eeded . T he c or re spond ing R ow land ' s a nd Wa l ton p a t tern s a r e p re sen ted m eanwh i le , a s a b a s i s f or f ur ther r e sea rch a nd d i scu s s ion o n t he e ffec t s o f c l ima te a nd managemen t o n h aze l g row th . T o s um u p t he r ange o f r e su l t s f rom t he R ow land ' s t r ack , wh ich m igh t e qua l ly a pp ly t o t he Wa l ton h urd le s , t he r od s c ame f rom h aze l s t em s o f l a rge ly 3 -8 y ea r s g row th , h av ing r eached 1 0-20mm i n d iame ter . B y modern s t anda rd s , t he se a re s ma l l f or s ou thern E ng land ( Fore s t ry C omm i s s ion 1 956 ) b u t c ou ld b e ma tched i n S uffo lk ( Co le s a nd D a r rah 1 977 ) . T he s a i l s a round wh ich t hey w ere w oven w ere s l igh t ly l a rger a nd o lder . T he h urd le s w ere h e ld i n p l ace b y p eg s , i n t he s ou th o f h aze l 1 0-20 y ea r s o ld a nd i n t he n o r th o f b i rch l a rge ly 2 0-25 y ea r s o ld . I n s i ze t hey v a r ied w ide ly b e tween 2 0 a nd 5 0mm . O f s im i la r s i ze a nd a ge w ere t he c en tra l r i b s a nd s t ray l ong i tud ina l s l y ing a round t he h urd le s , a nd t hey p robab ly h ad a s im i la r o r ig in . T he a s semb lage a s a who le r ep re sen t s a w ide r ange o f ma ter ia l , s ome o f wh ich c ou ld h ave b een p roduced b y f a ir ly n a tura l h aze l g row th . H owever t here w a s t hough t t o b e e v idence f o r s ome d egree o f c opp ic ing i n t he l a rge q uan t i t ie s a nd r egu la r a ge o f t he h aze l r od s a nd p eg s , a nd i n t he g enera l l e ng th , s t ra igh tne s s a nd r ap id g row th o f t he r od s . I t i s t herefore s ugge s ted 1 35

t ha t a n a rea o f h aze l c opp ice m ay h ave s upp l ied t he ma ter ia l s f or h urd lemak ing , t hough p o s s ib ly o n a d raw-fe l l ing r a ther t han c l ea r-fe l l ing b a s i s . T h i s c ou ld e xp la in s ome o f t he a ge v a r ia t ion , a nd p erhap s s ummer c u t t ing . F or t he s pec if ica l ly n on-hurd le e l emen t s , t h e l o ca l n a tura l w ood land o f l a rge ly b i rch a nd h aze l c ou ld h ave s upp l ied t he r ange o f ma ter ia l f ound i n t he t r ack , a nd d raw-fe l l ing o f t he h aze l w ou ld a l so l e ave s ome l a rger s t em s wh ich c ou ld b e u sed f or p eg s a nd r i b s . T he u se o f r i ng-w id th p a t tern s f or a s se s s ing t he r e la t ive d a te s o f l a rger e l emen t s w i th in a nd b e tween t he h urd le t r ack s i s p re sen ted " t en ta t ive ly " , i n t ha t g row th p a t tern s o f more ma ture h aze l a re n o t y e t c l ea r ly u nder s tood . S uperf ic ia l ly , t he r e su l t s s ugge s t t ha t s ome o f t he ma ture h aze l s t em s f rom b o th R ow land ' s a nd Wa l ton w ere g row ing a t t he s ame t ime , a nd t here i s s uff ic ien t e v idence f r om r ad ioca rbon d a t ing a nd a rchaeo logy t o s ugge s t t ha t t he t wo t r ack s a re c on tempora ry . H owever , t o p lace r e l iance o n t he c ro s s-ma tch ing o f s uch s hor t s e r ie s o f t r ee-r ing s , f rom a r e la t ive ly u nknown w ood s pec ie s , w ou ld b e t o q ue s t ion t he b a s ic p r inc ip le s o f d endrochrono logy a s w e k now t hem f rom w o rk o n o ak w ood . T h i s s t udy i s p o in t ing o u t t he f ac t t ha t t he h aze l p a t te rn s h ave b een r ecorded a nd s how s im i la r i t ie s ; h ow t o i n terpre t t he s im i la r i t ie s i s n o t y e t c l ea r a nd p robab ly l i e s s omewhere i n b e tween t he e ff ec t s o f c l ima t ic c hange a nd n a tu ra l c yc le s .

1 36

V I .4

THE ECLIPSE TRACK

V I .4 .!

T he s i te

T he E c l ip se t r ack w a s f i r s t d i scovered i n 1 973 , r unn ing n or th-sou th o ver Mea re H ea th , f rom Mea re t owa rd s t he P o lden s ( F ig . V I .! a nd 1 1 .27 ) . A l e ng th o f 1 3m w a s e xcava ted i n 1 974 , b u t t he t r ack l a y s o n ear t o t he p ea t s urface t ha t s o me d e ta i l s h ad b een l o s t t h rough d ry ing o u t ( Co le s , O rme a nd H ibber t 1 975 ; C o les a nd O rme 1 978b 9 9 ) . I t w a s t r aced o ver 2 50m . T he d i scovery o f a h urd le t r ack o n E a s t Moor s t o t he s ou th l ed t o t he p o s s ib i l i ty o f a c on t inuou s s t ruc ture , b u t r ad ioca rbon d a te s a nd p o l len e v idence n ow s ugge s t t ha t t he E a s t Moor s t r ack i s a n e ar l ier , s epa ra te s t ruc ture ( s ec t ion V I .5 ; O rme , S turdy a nd Morgan 1 980 ) . T hen i n 1 980 a n ew l eng th o f t he E c l ip se t r ack , s o me 5 0m s ou th o f t he 1 974 e xcava t ion , b ecame a va i lab le f or s t udy , a nd a s t re tch o f 6m w a s d ug ( F ig . V I .14 ; C o le s , C a se ld ine a nd Morgan 1 982 ) . T he w oven h urd l ing s hown i n F ig . V I .14 c ou ld n o t c l ear ly b e s epa ra ted i n to p ane l s , a nd i t may h ave b een b rough t i n to t he L eve l s a s l onger c ont i nuou s p i ece s o f h urd l ing ; e i ther t ha t , o r t he r od s w ere f ed i n c on t inuou s ly a nd ' i r regu lar ly . However , f our p ane l s A -D w ere t hough t t o b e p resen t ( F ig . V I .14 ) . E ach w a s 3 5-45 r od s w ide a nd c on ta ined 6 s a i l s . A lmo s t a l l t he s t em s w ere h aze l , w i th a l i t t le d ogwood a nd e lm . T he t wo c omp le te p ane l s , B a nd C , w ere 2m l ong a nd 0 . 9m w ide , c omparab le t o t he 1 974 o b serva t ion s o f 1 . 8-2 .3m l ong a nd 1 . 1m w ide . T he s a i l s w ere 0 . 3-0 .35m a pa r t , a nd e x tended 0 . 4m b eyond e ach s i de o f t he p ane l , s o t hey w ere 1 . 6-1 .7m l ong ; i n t h is i t d iffered f rom t he Wa l ton t ype o f h urd le p ane l s . T he t h icker e nd s o f t he s a i l s l a y t o t he e a s t , wh ich mu s t h ave b een t he b a se o f t he u pr igh t h urd l ing d ur ing manufac ture . R ad ioca rbon d a te s f or t he t r ack w ere 1 510 ± 6 0bc ( HAR680 ) a nd 1 650 7 0bc ( HAR3838 ) . Dur ing t h i s p er iod , t here w a s e v idence o f s l igh t ly w e t ter c ond i t ion s , w i th r a i sed b og c on s i s t ing o f mo s s ( Sphagnum ) , h ea ther ( Ca l luna ) a nd c o t ton-gra s s ( Er iophorum ) g row ing a t a nd b e low t r ack l e ve l ( Co le s , C a se ld ine a nd Morgan 1 982 3 3 ) . T he l e ve l s o f t r ee a nd g ra s s p o l len i nd ic a ted i ncrea sed c l earance a c t iv i ty , p robab ly f or g raz ing a nd c erea l c u l t ivat i on , o n t he n ea rby h igher g round . T ree-r ing s amp l ing w a s n o t u nder taken o n t he 1 974 e xcava t ion , s i nce t he v a lue o f y oung h aze l s t em s h ad n o t t hen b een a pprec ia ted . T here w a s t hu s n o c ompara t ive ma ter ia l f or t he 1 27 s t em s e xam ined f rom t he 1 980 e xcava t ion . T hey w ere e xc lu s ive ly o f h aze l , t aken f rom r od s a cro ss t he w id th o f t he h urd l ing , a nd f rom b o th e nd s o f t he s a i l s .

V I .4 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ies

T he d a ta d er ived f rom T ab le V I .4 a nd F ig s . V I .15-18 .

t he

h aze l

1 37

r od s

a nd

s a i l s

a re

s ummar i sed

i n

T he 7 . 95 y ea r s . ( F ig . V I .18 9 /10 y ea r s 4 0mm w i th l a y b e tween

10 r od s r anged i n a ge f rom 2 t o 1 7 y ea r s , w i th a n T here w a s n o p ar t icu la r c oncen t ra t ion o f s t em s o f a l ower ) ; mo s t l a y b e tween 4 a nd 1 y ear s , w i th p eak s a nd a n i n tere s t ing f a l l a t 8 y ear s . D iame ter s r anged a n a verage o f 1 6 .9mm , a nd c l ear ly s i ze wa s i mpor tan t 1 0 a nd 2 0mm , a s s hown i n F ig . V I .24 .

a verage o f c er ta in a ge a t 6 /7 a nd f rom 4 t o s i nce mo s t

When t he r od s c o l lec ted f rom a cro s s t he w id th o f p ane l s A , B a nd D w ere e xam ined s epara te ly , i t b ecame c l ea r t ha t p ane l A w a s made o f r od s o f much more v a r ied s i ze a nd a ge t han t he o ther t wo ; t he s ca t ter s a re s hown i n F ig . V I .15 . P erhap s p ane l A w a s made b y a h urd le- maker w i th l e s s e xper ience i n s e lec t ing r od s , o r p erhap s i t w a s made l a ter when t he mo s t u n iform r od s h ad b een u sed u p . T he 1 7 s a i l s f rom t he e xcava t ion w ere s amp led a t e ach e nd where p o s s ib le , a nd w ere t hu s r epre sen ted b y 3 1 s amp le s . T he r ea son f or t h i s w a s t o a scer ta in t he ir o r ig in i n o n ly o ne s t em i n t he many b roken e xamp le s , a nd t o s t udy t he r a te o f h e igh t g row th o f t he h aze l b y c ompar ing t he a ge a nd d iame ter a t e ach e nd . T he s a i l n umber s a re g iven o n t he p lan , F ig . V I .14 . T he s a i l s r anged i n a ge ( u s ing t he n umber s o f r i ng s i n t he b a se a t t he e a s t e nd s ) f rom 5 t o 2 5 y ea r s , w i th a n a verage o f 1 .1 y ea r s ; t hey w ere t hu s marg ina l ly o lder t han t he r od s . I n d iame ter , h owever , t hey f ormed a s epa ra te g roup , w i th a r ange o f 2 2 t o 4 7mm a nd a n a verage o f 3 1 .3mm ( Tab le V I .4 ) . T he s ca t ter , i n F ig . V I .17 , r evea led t he s i ze d ifference c l ear ly , s how ing t ha t t he s a i l s w ere v ery c arefu l ly s e lec ted b y s i ze f rom a c o l lec t ion o f s t em s o f t he s ame a ge r ange a s t he r od s - t hey w ere t he f a s tes t g rown s t em s . C ompar i son o f t he e a s t a nd w e s t e nd s o f t he s ame s a i l s s howed t ha t t he u pper w e s t e nd s w ere o n ly marg ina l ly s ma l ler a nd y ounger t han t he b a sa l e a s t e nd s , d e sp i te t he ir l eng th o f o ver 1 . 5m . T he ir a ge a nd s i ze r e la t ion sh ip i s s hown b y t he s ca t ter i n F ig . V I .16 . T h i s a ge u n iform i ty s how s v ery r ap id h e igh t g row th , t yp ica l o f c opp iced h aze l ; f or e xamp le , s a i l 1 3/29 w a s 1 2 y ea r s o ld a t b o th e nd s , s how ing t ha t t he s t em h ad g rown a t l e a s t 1 . 7m i n i t s f i r s t y ear . S ome o f t he w e s t e nd s w ere t oo d ecayed f or r ecord ing , b u t a l l o ther e xamp le s r evea led t he s ame r ap id g row th , e . g . s a i l 1 8/34 1 . 05m l ong w a s t he s ame d iame ter a t b o th e nd s ( 25mm ) a nd 1 2 y ea r s o ld a t o ne e nd c ompared t o 9 y ear s a t t he o ther ,and s a i l 1 4/30 w a s 1 . 65m l ong , 4 0mm d iame ter a t b o th e nd s , a nd 9 y ear s o ld a t t he e a s t e nd c ompa red t o 8 y ear s a t t he o ther . R ap id g row th w a s a l so e xp l ic i t i n t he ir v ery w ide g row th r i ng s o f u n iform w id th . T he r i ng-w id th s o f t he more ma ture a nd s en s i t ive e xamp les w ere r ecorded , a nd c l o se s im i la r i t ie s emerged i n t he p a t tern s o f s a i l s 1 2/28 , 1 9/35 , 2 1/37 a nd 2 3/39 . T he l a s t s a i l w a s 2 5 y ear s o ld a t t he e a s t e nd a nd 2 1 y ea r s a t t he w e s t ; i n i t ia l r ap id g row th i n i t s e ar ly y ear s wa s f o l lowed b y a s evere d ec l ine , a nd t hen r ecovery , t o g ive a w ide r i ng f our y ear s b efore t he s t em w a s c u t . Genera l ly t he g row th r a te o f t he s t em s w a s v ery r ap id a nd u n iform f rom y ear t o y ea r , i nd ica t ing a n o r ig in i n v ery f avourab le c ond i t ion s . However , many s amp le s h ad o ne o r more e x t reme ly n ar row r i ng s a round t he 1 38

o u t s ide , a nd s o me t ime s t he o u termo s t r i ng w a s o n ly p a r t ia l ly f ormed . T he se o u ter r i ng s w ere d iff icu l t t o d e term ine , a nd may h ave l e d t o a ge v a lue s s l igh t ly t oo l ow . S ince 4 3 e xamp le s o f t opp ing ( r emova l o f t he l e ad ing s hoo t -R ackham 1 977 7 1) , w ere n o ted d ur ing t he 1 980 e xcava t ion ( Co le s , C a se ld ine a nd Morgan 1 982 3 2 ) , p o s s ib ly c au sed b y g raz ing i n t he w ood land , t he s evere s e tback t o t he g row th r a te r epre sen ted b y t he se n a rrow r i ng s may b e t he r e su l t . I n 3 6 c a se s , a w ide o u termo s t r i ng s ugges ted w in ter c u t t ing . A s a l ready men t ioned , a n umber h ad v ery n arrow o u ter r i ng s ; t here w ere i n a dd i t ion a l a rge n umber w i th v ery w ide o r v ery n arrow i nnermo s t r i ng s , a nd t he l a t ter may i nd ica te s ome s ummer c u t t ing . T he g enera l f e l l ing s ea son wa s t herefore u ncer ta in . I t i s c onc luded t ha t t he h aze l s t em s u sed t o c on s truc t t he E c l ip se h urd l ing may h ave b een o b ta ined f rom n ea rby wood land wh ich h ad b een i r regu lar ly c u t o ver ; t h i s i s b a sed o n t he a b sence o f a ny a ge c oncen tra t ion s wh ich m igh t s ugge s t c opp ic ing o n a r egu la r c yc le . S i ze w a s o f g rea ter i mpor tance a nd i t i s d educed t ha t s t em s o f c er ta in s i ze s w ere p robab ly s e lec ted a f ter c l ea r-fe l l ing , o r d raw-fe l led . R egu lar c o l lec t ion o f ma ter ia l may h ave t aken p lace , j udg ing b y t he e v idence o f r ap id h e igh t g row th i n t he s a iM , a nd t he w ood land w a s p robab ly u nenc lo sed , wh ich e nab led g raz ing a n ima l s t o c rop t he l e ad s hoo t s o f t he y oung g row th .

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V I .5

THE EAST MOORS TRACK

V I .5 .1

T he s i te

T he h urd le s t ruc ture f ound a t E a s t Moor s i n 1 979 w a s t r aced o ver 7 0m ( Orme , S turdy a nd Morgan 1 980 ) , b u t h ad b een b ad ly d amaged b y h and p ea t-cu t t ing i n t he 1 940 ' s ( F ig . V I .19 ) . T he t r ack r an n or th-sou th , j u s t t o t he e a s t o f t he Mea re H ea th t r ack ( F ig . 1 1 .27 ) . I t i s t hough t t o h ave b een c on s truc ted o f p ane l s o f 4 0 o r more h aze l r od s , 0 . 6-1 m w ide , w i th s a i l s g enera l ly 0 . 4-0 .5m a par t , a nd p ro jec t ing u p t o 0 . 7m o n t he e a s t s i de . T he c on s truc t ion b ore s ome r e semb lance t o t he E c l ip se t r ack ( s ec t ion V I .4 ) , t hough t he o r ien ta t ion a nd l e ve l d iffered , a s d id t he r ad ioca rbon d a te s . T ho se f or t he E a s t Moor s t r ack w ere e a r l ier , a t 1 920 8 0bc ( HAR3447) , 1 820 ± 8 0bc ( HAR3448 ) a nd 1 800 _ +8 0bc ( HAR3449 ) . T ree-r ing s amp l ing i nvo lved t he c o l lec t ion o f 5 5 h aze l r od s However d ecay c au sed a ge d e term ina t ion t o b e i mpo s s ib le i n s ome c a se s .

V I .5 .2

a nd

s a i l s .

a nd

F ig s .

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s

D e ta i l s o f V I .17 ,18 , 2 4-26 .

t he

h aze l

s amp le s

a re

s ummar i sed

i n

T ab le

V I .5

T he r od s w ere a ged o n a verage 6 . 2 y ear s , w i th a r ange o f 2 t o 1 0 y ea r s . No c l ear c oncen tra t ion s i n s t em s o f c er ta in a ge s w ere a ppa ren t , t hough t here w ere p eak s a t 4 /5 a nd 8 y ea r s ( F ig . V I .18 ) , t he l a t ter a ge c orre spond ing t o a l ow i n t he E c l ip se s t em a ge s . T he a ge r ange s howed g rea t s im i la r i ty t o t ha t f or a l der s t em s f rom T inney 's A a nd B ( F ig . V .30 ; s e c t ion V .5 ) . I n s i ze , t he r od s a veraged 1 7 .9mm w i th a r ange o f 7 -27mm ; t he h i s togram ( F ig . V 1 .24 ) a nd s ca t ter ( F ig . V I .17 r i gh t ) i nd ica ted t ha t t he ma jor i ty w ere b e tween 1 0 a nd 2 5mm i n s i ze , s l igh t ly l a rger t han t ho se u sed i n t he E c l ip se t r ack . T he f ew s a i l s e xam ined w ere marg ina l ly o lder a nd l a rger t han t he r od s ( Tab le V I .5 ) , b u t a s t he s ca t ter i n F ig . V I .17 s how s , t hey f e l l w i th in t he s ame r ange , u n l ike t he E c l ip se s a i l s wh ich w ere i nvar iab ly l a rger t han t he r od s . T he E a s t Moor s h aze l r e su l t s s ugge s t a n o r ig in i n a m ix ture o f w ood land t ype s - s ome f rom h aze l s t oo l s c u t 4 y ear s o r s o p rev iou s ly wh ich r e su l ted i n ac er ta in d egree o f a ge c oncen tra t ion , a nd s o me d raw-fe l l ing w i th s e lec t ion f or s i ze . T he many d ifference s make i t u n l ike ly t ha t t he E a s t Moor s t r ack a nd t he E c l ip se t r ack w ere p ar t o f t he s ame s t ruc ture .

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V I .6

THE S T ILE WAY HURDLE

V I .6 .1

T he s i te

T he S t i leway a r ea , a t t he e a s t e nd o f t he Mea re ' i s land ' ( F ig . V I .1) h a s p roduced many t r ace s o f p reh i s tor ic w ood i n r ecen t y ea r s ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 978b ) d ur ing r egu la r p ea t c u t t ing . Mo s t f i nd s h ave b een f a ir ly u n s t ruc tured d ump s o f w ood o r p la tform s , r ad ioca rbon d a ted t o a round 100 b c . I n 1 983 , f u r ther p ea t-cu t t ing r evea led a l a rger q uan t i ty o f w orked w ood , wh ich w a s e xcava ted o ver a l eng th o f 5 . 6m . Two l a yer s o f ma ter ia l w ere f ound , t he l ower c on s i s t ing o f ad ump o f h eavy , s p l i t t r unk s o f a l der , a nd a l der , h aze l a nd b i rch r oundwood . Above t h i s , s epa ra ted b y a t l e a s t 4 0mm o f p ea t , w a s a n a rea o f d amaged h urd l ing ( O rme , C o le s , C a se ld ine a nd Morgan 1 985 ) . T he h urd le c on s i s ted p robab ly o f o ne p ane l , 2 . 5 x 1 . 2m i n s i ze , made a lmo s t e n t ire ly o f a lder r od s a nd s a i l s . T h i s i s t he f i r s t d i scovery o f h urd l ing made o f a lder , a pa r t f rom t he r ecord s f rom Mea re a nd G la s tonbury ( Bu l le id a nd G ray 1 9 11 ; G ray a nd B u l le id 1 953 ) . One r ad ioca rbon d a te b a sed o n w ood h u rd le w a s o b ta ined , o f 1 260 ± 8 0bc ( HAR5710 ) .

f rom

i mmed ia te ly

b e low

t he

T here w ere a t l e a s t 1 3 r od s u p t o 2 . 5m l ong , t hough n ow v ery b roken , a nd 8 s a i l s s paced a t 2 00-350mm i n terva l s . Two o f t he s a i l s w ere c l ef t r a ther t han who le s t em s , wh ich i s u ru sua l i n p reh i s to r ic h u rd lework , t hough c ommon p rac t ice t oday ( Fore s try C omm i s s ion 1 956 5 ) . D amage h ad r emoved a ny i nforma t ion a bou t t he m e thod s o f w eav ing . T ree-r ing s amp le s w e re c o l lec ted f rom 2 3 p robab le r od s a nd 8 s a i l s , a l l o f a l der .

V I .6 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s T he d a ta d er ived f rom t he s t em s a re s umma r i sed i n T ab le V I .6 a nd F ig .

V I .20 . T he r od s w ere f ound t o b e c oncen t ra ted i n s i ze a lmo s t e xc lu s ive ly b e tween 1 0 a nd 2 0mm , w i th a n a verage o f 1 4 .6mm , wh i le t he s a i l s w ere s l igh t ly l a rger a nd mo re v a r iab le , w i th a r ange o f 1 3 t o 3 8mm a nd a n a verage o f 2 1 .6mm ( F ig . V I .20 l e f t ) . T he s t em a ge s a re b a sed o n o n ly 2 0 o u t o f t he 3 1 s t em s , o w ing t o d ecay o f t he w ood s t ruc tu re . T he r od s p roved t o b e l a rge ly 3 t o 5y ea r s o ld , a nd t he s a i l s 5t o 7y ea r s o ld ( F ig . V I .20 r i gh t ) .

I t i s d iff icu l t t o r each a c onc lu s ion o n t he o r ig in s o f t he ma ter ia l w i th s uch a s ma l l s amp le . T he l e ng th a nd s t ra igh tne s s o f t he r od s a nd t he ir e venne s s i n d iame te r s ugge s ted a s ource i n a l der c a rr , wh ich may h ave b een c u t o ver o n p rev iou s o cca s ion s p erhap s f or c u l t iva t ion . T h i s w ou ld a l low t he s t oo l s t o s end u p an ew c rop o f t a l l r od s . T he u se o f a lder may i nd ica te a 1 4 1

s carc i ty o f h aze l o n t he Meare ` i s land ' o r t he P o lden s ; a l l t he l a ter t r ackway s o f b o th h urd le a nd b ru shwood b und le c on s truc t ion , s uch a s T inney 's ( s ec t ion V .5 ) a nd Godw in ' s ( s ec t ion V .6 ) , made u se o f a lder r od s , a s i ft h i s s pec ie s h ad b ecome a s ub s t i tu te f or h aze l .

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V I .7

THE D IFFORD 'S 3 AND 4 HURDLES

V I .7 .1

T he s i te s

Two s ma l l a r ea s o f h urd le t r ack w ere d i scovered i n 1 976 i n D ifford ' s f i e ld ( Co le s a nd O rme 1 978b ) , n o t f a r f rom t he E c l ip se t r ack ( s ec t ion V I .4 ) , b o th o n h ead 1 7 . T he ir l o ca t ion i s s hown i n F ig . V I .2 1 . " D ifford ' s 3 " w a s a n a r row l e ng th o f h u rd l ing o n ly 3 90mm w ide , r e corded o ver more t han 2m a nd s hown i n F ig . V I .22 . I t w a s a bou t 2 0 r od s w ide , a nd 6 s a i l s w ere p re served , s paced 2 10 t o 3 80mm a pa r t . Mo s t o f t he w ood w a s h aze l . T he " D ifford ' s 4 " h urd le w a s e xcava ted o ver a bou t 1 m , a nd w a s 4 50mm w ide , c on ta in ing a t l e a s t 6 0 r od s , o f b o th h aze l a nd a l der . T he a lder s a i l s w ere 1 60-250mm a pa r t . A h eav ier a l der p o le l a y a l ong t he n or thern e dge . T he t wo h u rd le s e c t ion s t hu s d iffe red i n c ha rac ter ; n or d id t hey r e semb le t he E c l ip se h u rd l ing ( Co le s , O rme a nd H ibber t 1 975 ; C o le s , C a se ld ine a nd Morgan 1 982 ) . N o r ad ioca rbon d a te s a re a va i lab le f or t he t r ack s , b u t t hey l a y o n ly 1 00mm h igher i n t he p ea t t han t he E c l ip se t r ack , a nd p robab ly d a te a l so t o t he m id s e cond m i l lenn ium b c . T ree-r ing s amp le s w e re c o l lec ted f rom b o th h urd le s , t o ta l l ing 1 9 r od s f r ot h " D ifford 's 3 " , a nd 7 r od s a nd 6 s a i l s f rom " D ifford ' s 4 " , o f b o th h aze l a nd a lder . T he s amp le s i ze w a s t hu s v e ry s ma l l .

V I .7 .2

R e su l t s o f t he t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s D e ta i l s o f t he s t em s a re s umma r i sed i n T ab le V I .7 a nd F ig . V I .23 .

T he " D ifford ' s 3 " r od s w ere l a rge ly 3 -4 y ea r s o ld , a verag ing 3 . 7 y ea r s , a nd w ere a l so c oncen t ra ted i n t he 1 0-15mm d iame ter r ange , w i th a n a verage o f 1 3 .6mm ( F ig . V I .23 u pper ; T ab le V I .7 ) . T hey w ere t hu s v ery u n iform . Two o f t he r od s may h ave b een c u t i n s ummer . N o s a i l s w ere e xam ined . T he f ew r od s f rom " D ifford ' s 4 " w ere s l igh t , mo s t ly o n ly 2 y ea r s o ld ( F ig . V I .23 l ower ) , a nd v a r ied i n d iame ter f rom 9 t o 1 7mm , w i th a n a verage o f 1 4mm . T he s a i l s w ere l a rger , w i th a n a ve rage s i ze o f 2 0mm , a nd a verage a ge o f 6 . 8 y ea r s . D ur ing e xcava t ion , i t w a s n o ted t ha t t he r od s w ere more t i gh t ly p acked a nd much mo re v a r iab le i n s i ze t han t ho se i n t he " D ifford ' s 3 " h urd le , t hough w i thou t f ur ther t r ee-r ing e xam ina t ion , t h i s v a r iab i l i ty i s d iff icu l t t o c ommen t o n . F rom t he p re sen t e v idence , t he u se o f y ounger a nd more v a r ied ma ter ia l f or t he " D iffo rd ' s 4 " h u rd le s e emed l i ke ly . T he a lder p o le l y ing a l ong t he n or th e dge o f " D ifford ' s 4 " w a s 8y ea r s o ld a nd 4 4mm i n d iame ter . B ea r ing i n m ind t he s ma l l s amp le s i ze , t here w a s c l ea r u n iform i ty i n b o th a ge a nd s i ze o f t h e s t em s , p a r t icu la r ly f rom " D ifford ' s 3 " . T h i s s ugge s ted t he l i ke l ihood o f a n o r ig in i n w ood land a l ready c l ea red a f ew y ea r s p rev iou s ly . T he s t em s r e semb led t ho se f rom t he e a r l ier H oneybee h u rd le ( s ec t ion V I .1) , t he ir s ma l l s i ze c rea t ing ad e l ica te p ane l .

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V I .8

D ISCUSS ION

W i th t he e xcep t ion o f t he S t i leway h u rd le made o f a lder r od s ( s ec t ion V I .6 ) , a l l t he h urd le s f ound i n t h e S ome r se t L eve l s w ere m ade a lmo s t e xc lu s ive ly o f h aze l . T h i s i s a t r ee w h ich w ou ld p refer t he l i gh ter w e l ld ra ined s o i l s o f t he h igher g round s ur round ing t he L eve l s , t ha t i s t he P o lden s a nd Mea re a nd We s thay ' i s land s ' ( F ig . V I .1) . I t s eem s u n l ike ly t ha t t he h urd le-maker s w ou ld h ave t r ave l led f a r a f ie ld t o c o l lec t t he i r ma ter ia l . T rad i t iona l ly h urd le s a re made i n t he w ood s , a nd t hough l i gh t t o c a r ry , w ou ld a l ready n eed t o b e moved s ome d i s tance t o t h e c on s t ruc t ion s i te . Hurd l ing i s s a id t o l a s t a bou t 5 y ea r s w hen s ubmerged i n f r e sh w a ter ( Sa l i sbu ry 1 981) a nd 8 -10 y ea r s when u sed u p r igh t ( Ed l in 1 973 ) . I t s u se f o r t r ackway c on s t ruc t ion c an t hu s b e s e en a s a s hor t-term m ean s o f c ro s s ing a b oggy a r ea , i f a v ery e ffec t ive o ne b y s p read ing t he w e igh t o f t r aff ic t h rough i t s f l ex ib le a nd c l o se ly w oven s t ruc tu re . T he t e chn ique s o f h urd lemak ing w ere o bv iou s ly w e l l-known t h roughou t t he N eo l i th ic a nd B ronze A ge , a s d emon s t ra ted b y t he q ua l i ty o f w o rkman sh ip o n t he Wa l ton h u rd le s , a nd t hey w ere n o d oub t u sed f or many o ther p urpo se s a s w e l l , s uch a s f enc ing a nd h ou se w a l l s , a nd l i n ing p i t s . T he s peed w i th wh ich t hey c an b e m ade , u p t o 1 0 h urd le s a d ay ( Ed l in 1 973 ; C o le s a nd D ar rah 1 977 ) , s ugge s t s t ha t t he i r o r ig ina l v a lue w a s p robab ly l e s s t han w e w ou ld p l ace o n t h em t oday , o w ing t o t he r a r i ty o f t he ir p re serva t ion i n s uch p erfec t c ond i t ion , u sua l ly b e ing r ep re sen ted o n ly b y d aub i mpre s s ion s . T hey w ere p robab ly a c ommon a nd much-u sed i t em o f e veryday l i fe , b u t t he ir s t udy i n t he S omer se t L eve l s h a s g iven u s ar a re i n s igh t i n to p reh i s tor ic w oodwo rk ing t e chno logy . Hurd le s c an b e made i n t he w ood s b y i n ser t ing t he u pr igh t s a i l s i n to t he g round o r i n to a w ooden ' b rake ' a t s e lec ted i n terva l s , a nd w eav ing t he f l ex ib le r od s a round t hem i n v a r iou s w ay s ( Co le s a nd D a r rah 1 977 ) . T oday t he r od s a re g enera l ly c l ef t , a nd w oven o ve r a nd u nder ( Fore s try C omm i s s ion 1 956 ) ; p reh i s tor ic r od s w ere r a re ly c l ef t , b e ing u sua l ly c omp le te s t em s s i nce a me ta l f r oe i s n eeded f or t h i s w o rk ( Rackham 1 980 1 06 ) . T hey w ere p robab ly s im i la r ly w oven a l though i n many c a se s t h i s i nforma t ion h a s n o t b een p re served o w ing t o d ecay a nd b reakage . T he h aze l mu s t b e u sed wh i le s t i l l g reen a nd f l ex ib le , c u t t ing a nd h u rd le-mak ing b e ing t r ad i t iona l ly a w in ter a c t iv i ty . I n a dd i t ion t o mak ing p ane l s i n t he w ood s , c on t inuou s h urd l ing c an b e made i n s i tu b y p u sh ing t he u p r igh t s i n to t he g round where r equ ired , a nd w eav ing a round t hem . T h i s t ype h a s o f ten b een f ound l i n ing p i t s , w e l l s a nd d ra in s , o n more r e cen t u rban a rchaeo log ica l s i te s s uch a s C a r l i s le ( McCa r thy a nd D acre 1 984 ) o r C opperga te i n Y ork ( Ha l l 1 984 ) . I n v i ew o f t he e a r ly d a te o f t h e h urd l ing i n t he S omer se t L eve l s t r ackway s , i n tere s t l a y i n t he o r ig in s o f t he h aze l r od s a nd s a i l s , a nd h ow t hey w ere g rown . T he p o s s ib i l i ty t ha t t hey r e su l ted f rom a n o rgan i sed s y s tem o f r egu la r c u t t ing i n t he w ood land h a s b een a na ly sed , u s ing t he a va i lab le d a ta f rom e ach s t ruc ture . H oweve r , c onc lu s ion s mu s t i n ev i tab ly r ema in t en ta t ive , b ecau se o f t he a b sence o f r e levan t i n forma t ion o n t he f ac tor s c on t ro l l ing t he a ge/ s ize r e la t ion sh ip i n modern h aze l s t em s , a nd b ecau se o f t he l im i ta t ion s o f t he s amp le s t h em se lve s .

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T he c opp ice m e thod , o f ma in ta in ing a r egu la r c rop o f l ong s t ra igh t r od s a nd p o le s , i s k nown t o h ave b een i n u se s i nce e a r ly m ed ieva l t ime s t h rough d ocumen ta ry e v idence . O ver t h i s t ime , t he c u t t ing c yc le h a s v a r ied b e tween 4 a nd 2 8 y ea r s , i ncrea s ing f rom u nder 1 0 y ea r s t o 1 0-20 y ear s i n t he s even teen th a nd e i gh teen th c en tur ie s ( Rackham 1 980 1 40-141) . P re sumab ly c opp ice m anagemen t h a s a l so v a r ied b e tween b e ing v ery o rgan i sed a nd d e l ibera te , a nd b e ing v ery h aphaza rd a nd c a sua l . I t w ou ld h ave s t a r ted s imp ly b y c u t t ing s ome t r ee s i n a n a tura l w ood land , p erhap s f or t imber o r c u l t iva t ion , a nd o b se rv ing t he i r a b i l i ty t o s end u p a c rop o f l ong s t ra igh t r od s . T h i s c ou ld t h en b e t aken a dvan tage o f , b y c u t t ing o ne s e c t ion o f t he w ood land e ach y ea r o n a r egu la r r o ta t ion s o t ha t a c rop w a s a lway s a va i lab le . On t he o ther h and , i nd iv idua l s t em s o f t he s i ze r equ i red c ou ld b e s e lec ted o u t a nd t he s y s tem r un o n al e s s o rgan i sed b a s i s . T h i s i s k nown a s d raw-fe l l ing . A f ter a b r ief s t udy o f s t em s f rom t he R ackham ( 1977 6 6 ) w a s o f t he o p in ion t ha t g rown b y c opp ic ing :

Wa l ton a nd R ow land 's t r ack s , t he h aze l h ad p robab ly b een

" The h aze l i n t he se t r ackway s c anno t , t h erefore , h ave b een c u t c a sua l ly i n wha tever v i rg in f ore s t may h ave r ema ined i n t he a rea ; i t mu s t h ave b een g rown i n managed w ood land . " T h i s c onc lu s ion w a s b a sed o n t he f ac t t ha t t h e h aze l r od s w ere f a s t-grown , wherea s r od s o f s im i la r s i ze f rom n a tura l ly g rown h aze l w ou ld p robab ly b e s l ow-grown . I n a l l p robab i l i ty , t he re w ou ld b e g enera l a g reemen t w i th t h i s c onc lu s ion , b u t n o t horough s urvey e x i s t s t o p rove t ha t i t i s s o , i n modern e xamp le s g row ing u nder k nown c ond i t ion s . I t h a s b een i n a n a t temp t t o p rov ide s uch e v idence , f rom a ccumu la ted r e su l t s f rom t he p reh i s tor ic h aze l , t ha t a b r ief s t udy o f l i v ing h aze l s (Morgan u npub l i shed ) h a s b een u ndert aken . T he t r ackway d a ta h ave b een c o l la ted f or c ompa r i son i n s umma ry h i s togram s i n F ig s . V I .24-26 . S evera l o f t he a s semb lage s o f h aze l r od s s howed c l o se c oncen tra t ion s i n s i ze ( F ig . V I .24 ) , a nd i t i s c l ea r t ha t , b y wha tever m ean s t he r od s w ere g rown , s i ze w a s t he p r ima ry r ea son f or t he i r s e lec t ion . T hey w ere p robab ly e ven more c on s i s ten t i n d iame ter t han modern h aze l c u t o n a r egu la r r o ta t ion , a s s hown b y s e t s o f s i ze m ea suremen t s c a r r ied o u t o n l i v ing h aze l s i n B radf ie ld Wood s i n S uffo lk , a nd i lu s t ra ted i n F ig . V I .27 ( f rom Morgan , u npub l i shed ) . T he a ge r ange s f r om f our t r ackway s c ompa red i n F ig . V I .25 r evea led a w ide v a r ia t ion w i th in e ach t r ack a nd d ifference s b e tween t r ack s , a l l s upp or ted b y l a rge s amp le n umber s . T he o n ly e xcep t ion w a s H oneybee where t he s t em s w ere c oncen t ra ted i n t he 2 -4 y ea r r ange . T he e x t rem i t ie s o f t he r ange a re n o t c on s idered i mpor tan t , s i nce a f ew l a rger a nd o lder s t em s w ou ld h ave b een c o l lec ted f or s pec if ic p urpo se s s uch a s p eg s , a nd y ounger s ma l ler s t em s a re f ound i n t he c opp ice c rop , s i nce n ew r od s s prou t f rom t he s t oo l e ach y ea r . O f more s i gn if icance i s t he d egree o f v a r ia t ion o f t he ma jor i ty o f s t em s . T h ree o f t he s i te s s hown i n F ig . V I .25 h ave a p eak i n t he a ge r ange wh ich c over s b e tween 5 a nd 8 y ea r s , t oo w ide t o c onc lude t ha t c opp ic ing o n a r egu la r r o ta t ion w a s b e ing c a r r ied o u t . D raw-fe l l ing , 1 45

s e lec t ion o f s t em s o f t he r equ ired s i ze b u t o f n o r egu la r a ge , i s t he mo s t l i ke ly e xp lana t ion f or t he se p a t tern s ; h owever , i t h a s b een d emon s t ra ted t ha t c u t t ing o u t i nd iv idua l s t em s f r om a s t oo l c an b e d iff icu l t i n p rac t ice ( Co le s a nd D a r rah 1 977 ) . C lear-fe l l ing ( f or c u l t iva t ion ) f o l lowed b y s e lec t ion f or s i ze c ou ld h ave p rov ided t he ma ter ia l . T here a re t wo f ac tor s wh ich may h ave b ia s sed t he a ge f i gure s t o s ome e x ten t . F ir s t ly , i t w ou ld b e d i ff icu l t t o t a ke i n to a ccoun t p o s i t ion w i th in t he s t em when s amp l ing , u n le s s t he e n t ire r od w a s p re sen t a nd i t s o r ien tat i on c l ea r . I t i s t hu s p o s s ib le t ha t where o n ly 6 o r 7 r i ng s w ere r e corded , f or e xamp le , t he s t em w a s a c tua l ly 8 o r 9 y ea r s o ld a t i t s b a se . T h i s w ou ld t end t o g ive a n u nder-e s t ima te o f t he a ge r e co rd . S econd ly , a s t udy o f modern h aze l s ugge s ted t ha t s t em s c an c ea se t o f orm a nnua l r i ng s wh i le s t i l l l i v ing (Morgan 1 983 a nd u npub l i shed ) a nd t h i s w ou ld h ave t he e ffec t o f g iv ing a ge s wh ich w ere t oo y oung . I t i s t hu s p o s s ib le t ha t s ome o f t he a ge s pread i s c au sed b y t he se t wo f ac to r s , w h ich c anno t b e q uan t if ied o r a vo ided , i n a dd i t ion t o t he p rob lem s i mpo sed b y t h e l im i ta t ion s o f s amp l ing . Much more r e sea rch n eed s t o b e d one o n t he r ange i n a ge a nd s i ze o f s t em s o n n a tu ra l ly g rown a nd m anaged h aze l s t oo l s , w i th wh ich t o c ompa re t he p reh i s to r ic d a ta . S ince t h i s r equ ire s t he l o ca t ion o f s u i tab le w ood land a nd i t s c l ea r-f e l l ing , s uch a p ro jec t w ou ld r equ ire s ome o rgan i sa t ion . R e la t ive ly n a tura l h aze l m igh t b e a va i lab le f r om n eg lec ted w ood land wh ich i s r ever t ing t o c opp ice managemen t . H owever , p robab ly n o w ood land e x i s t s t oday wh ich c ou ld b e r e l iab ly c ompa red w i th p reh i s to r ic c ond i t ion s . T here i s much i ndependen t e v idence f o r t he c u t t ing o f r egrow th f rom s t oo l s i n p hy s ica l f ea ture s o f t he t r ack w ay w ood i t se lf , w h ich w ou ld p robab ly n o t b e f ound i n n a tura l ly g rown h aze l . T he se h ave b een s t ud ied b y R ackham ( 1977 ) . T he l e ng th a nd s t ra igh tne s s o f t h e r od s , t he ir r ap id g row th r a te , a nd t he ir u n iform d iame ter , a nd t he b en t h ee l s where t he r od j o ined t he s t oo l ( Rackham 1 977 , F ig . 5 4 ) w ere r egu la r f ea ture s o f t he s t em s i n h urd le t r ack s . T he s t oo l s w ere u n l ike ly t o h ave b een p ro tec ted f rom g raz ing a n ima l s - e v idence o f d amage t o t he l e ad s hoo t ( o r t opp ing ) h a s b een f ound r egu la r ly . G raz ing a n ima l s mu s t b e e xc luded f rom c l ea red w ood land f or s evera l y ea r s u n t i l t he n ew s hoo t s a re e s tab l i shed . A p er iod o f 1 0 y ear s h a s b een q uo ted f or S co t t i sh o ak c opp ice ( L ind say 1 974 ) . A l terna t ive ly , d e l ibera te c u t t ing f or f o l iage ( f or f odder ) m ay h ave b een t he c au se , g iv ing a s e cond c rop o n f e l l ing ( Rackham 1 980 1 07 ) . A s umma ry o f a l l t he d a ta f rom h aze l r od s a nd s a i l s i n t he S omer se t h urd le t r ackway s i s g iven i n T ab le V I .8 . T h i s s ugge s t s c hange s i n s t em a ge a nd s i ze , w i th a g enera l i ncrea se t h rough t ime u n t i l t he m id s econd m i l lenn ium , f o l lowed b y as l igh t d ecrea se . T he mo s t ma ture r od s o ccur red i n t he E c l ip se t r ack , t hough t he se w ere s uperceded i n s i ze b y t he r od s f rom t he E a s t Moor s a nd " Wa l ton 8 3 " t r ack s , wh ich mu s t h ave b een g row ing f a s ter . S a i l s w ere g enera l ly r ep re sen ted b y o n ly a f ew s amp le s , b u t s howed e ven g rea ter v a r ia t ion . T he d i fference s m ay h ave b een r e la ted t o c hange s i n t he ma ter ia l a va i lab le o r t o s e lec t ion b y t he h urd le-maker s f or s t em s o f a c er ta in s i ze , b u t t he g row th r a te s ugge s t s t ha t t he l o ca l c ond i t ion s a nd d eg ree o f i n terference i n t he w ood land d iffered .

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V i sua l r epre sen ta t ion o f t h e a verage a ge a nd s i ze r e la t ion sh ip s o f t he h aze l r od s a ppea r s i n F ig . V I .28 , wh ich , wh i le n o t t ak ing a ccoun t o f r ange s , g ive s a n i mpre s s ion o f t he g ene ra l n a ture o f t he ma te r ia l f rom e ach t r ack . W i th t he se a re c ompa red t he s ame i n forma t ion f rom h urd l ing f rom t h ree e a r ly med ieva l s i te s , C opperga te i n Y o rk ( Ha l l p er sona l c ommun ica t ion ) , Wha r ram P ercy ( Mo rgan u npub l i shed ) a nd C o lw ick , N o t t ingham ( Sa l i sbury 1 981) , a s l i s ted i n T ab le V I .9 . V ery f ew s t ud ie s o f h u rd l ing h ave b een u nde r taken s o f a r , l e av ing a v ery w ide g ap i n o u r k now ledge o f t he s pec ie s u sed a nd t he s i ze a nd a ge o f s t em s , a pa r t f rom a rchaeo log ica l i n forma t ion s uch a s w eave a nd i n terva l b e tween s a i l s . T he V ik ing h urd lework f rom C opperga te f e l l w i th in t h e s ame s i ze r ange a s t he h eav ier S omer se t h urd l ing , t hough t he s t em s w e re o n a verage mo re ma ture a nd t hu s s l ower-grown . T he Wha r ram P ercy h u rd l ing i nvo lved more s ub s tan t ia l ma ter ia l ( Morgan u np ub l i shed ) , wh i le t he C o lw ick f i sh w e ir s ( Sa l i sbury 1 981) made u se o f s t em s a lmo s t a s s l igh t a s t h e f i ne S omer se t h urd l ing o f H oneybee a nd " D ifford ' s 3 " , b u t a ga in t hey w ere s l ower-g rown . O ther r ecord s o f h urd l ing ( Tab le V I .9 ) h ave g iven o n ly v ery v ague s i ze r ange s . T o c onc lude b r ief ly , t h e h urd le t r ackway s o f t he S omer se t L eve l s , wh ich s pan o ne a nd a h a lf m i l lenn ia o f t he N eo l i th ic a nd B ronze A ge , h ave d emon s t ra ted t he v e ry a nc ien t t r ad i t ion o f w eav ing h aze l r od s t o make a v e i tj, u sefu l a nd f l ex ib le p ane l . A s t udy o f t he r ange i n a ge a nd s i ze o f h urd le c omponen t s h a s s ugge s ted many v a r ia t ion s b e tween t r ack s a nd t h rough t ime , wh ich may o r m ay n o t h ave r e su l ted f rom h uman p reference a nd l o ca l ly a va i lab le ma ter ia l . T ha t s ome i n terference w i th t he l o ca l w ood land t ook p lace i s i nfer red f rom a rchaeo log ica l e v idence , s uch a s c u rved h ee l s f rom t he b a se o f t he r od s , a nd t he ir l e ng th a nd s t ra igh tne s s . D e sp i te t he l im i ta t ion s i nheren t i n t he s amp l ing p rocedu re , c er ta in c oncen t ra t ion s , p a r t icu la r ly o f s i ze r ange a nd s ome t ime s o f a ge r ange , i n t he ma ter ia l a dd f ur ther s uppor t t o t he i dea t ha t p reh i s tor ic c ommun i t ie s made f u l l u se o f t he ir w ood land r e source . T here i s n o d ef in i te e v idence o f r egu la r c opp ic ing b y m ean s o f c l ea r-fe l l ing o n r o ta t ion , b u t t he f a s t r a te o f g row th , t he s i ze u n iform i ty a nd t he q uan t i t ie s o f r od s r equ i red a l l p o in t t o e x ten s ive c u t t ing f rom s t oo l s wh ich h ad b een c u t o ver b efore . T he s t em s may h ave g rown f rom t r ee s f e l led f o r c u l t iva t ion o n t he d r ier g round . D raw-fe l l ing , s e lec t ing s t em s o f t he r equ ired s i ze , i s t he mo s t l i ke ly m e thod o f c ropp ing u sed t o p rov ide t he w ood f or t he t r ackway s , o n t he b a s i s o f t he e v idence p re sen ted h ere .

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V I I

CONCLUS IONS

T ree-r ing r e sea rch o n t he S omer se t L eve l s t r ackway s h a s n ow r eached a p o in t where s uff ic ien t s amp le s i n e ach c l a s s o f ma ter ia l , whe ther d iv ided b y s t y le o f c on s t ruc t ion o r b y w ood s pec ie s , h ave b een e xam ined t o make c on s t ruc t ive c ommen t s . Many o f t he c onc lu s ion s h ave b een p re sen ted a t t he e nd o f e ach c hap ter , a nd t hey a re b rough t t o ge ther h ere . T he c hap ter s h ave d e scr ibed t he s t udy o f s ome 2 0 s t ruc tu re s o f N eo l i th ic a nd B ronze Age d a te , b a sed o n t he e xam ina t ion o f o ver 4 000 w ood s amp le s o f s i x b a s ic s pec ie s , o ak , a sh , h aze l , b i rch , a l der a nd l ime , a nd s evera l o ther l e s s c ommon ly u sed s pec ie s . H owever , t he l im i ta t ion s i mpo sed b y t he ma ter ia l i t se lf , b y t he e x ten t o f e xcava t ion a nd d egree o f p re serva t ion , a nd b y t he s amp l ing p rocedu re s a dop ted , mu s t b e t aken i n to c on s idera t ion when i n terpre t ing t he r e su l t s .

V I I .!

OAK CHRONOLOG IES

A d endrochrono log ica l s t udy o f o ak w ood h a s a lway s f ormed t he p r inc ipa l p a r t o f t he p ro jec t , a nd t he f i r s t s e c t ion d i scu s sed r e su l t s f rom t he t h ree t r ack s i ncorpora t ing o ak p lank s . I n e ach c a se , t he ir a na ly s i s r e su l ted i n t he f orma t ion o f a t r ee-r ing c hrono logy b a sed o n t he c ro s s-ma tch ing p a t tern s o f many p l ank s , a s many a s 2 60 i n t he S wee t t r ack . F rom t he f o rma t ion o f t he se c hrono log ie s , a nd t h e r e la t ion sh ip s o f t he t r ee-r ing c urve s w i th in t he d a t ing f r amework , i t h a s b een p o s s ib le t o d educe t he a pp rox ima te a ge s a nd s i ze s o f t he t r ee s f e l led t o p rov ide t h em . I t w a s t hu s f ound t ha t t he S wee t t r ack w a s l a rge ly c on s t ruc ted o f p lank s s p l i t f rom o ak s a round 1 m i n d iame ter a nd o ver 4 00 y ea r s o ld , e xcep t a t i t s s ou thern e nd . T h i s p a r t o f t he s t ruc tu re i nvo lved w ood f rom much s ma l ler t r ee s u nder 1 50 y ea r s o ld , a nd i nd ica ted t he e xp lo i ta t ion o f t wo d ifferen t p opu la t ion s o f t r ee s , whe ther f rom d ifferen t s ource s o r f e l led b y d if feren t g roup s o f p eop le . D e ta i l s s uch a s t h i s w ou ld n o t b e a va i lab le f rom a rchaeo log ica l o r p a lyno log ica l e v idence , a nd t hey h ave h e lped i n i n terpre ta t ion o f u nu sua l f ea ture s i n t he t r ack ' s c on s t ruc t ion , s uch a s s uper impo sed p l ank ing , o r p lank s u sed f or o ther p urpo se s . E v idence o f t he f e l l ing o f much y ounger t r ee s w a s a l so f ound i n t he Mea re H ea th t r ack s t udy , where i t w a s a l so d emon s tra ted w i th c er ta in ty t ha t n one o f t he o ak p lank s h ad b een r eu sed , a s h ad p rev iou s ly b een t hough t . O n t he o ther h and , e v idence f or r eu se o r l a te r r epa i r s a nd a l tera t ion s w a s f ound i n t he S wee t t r ack . S tudy o f t he c ro s s-sec t ion s o f t he p l ank s , t he o vera l l w id th s o f t he r i ng s a nd t he p o s i t ion o f t he r i ng p a t tern s w i th in t he d a t ing f r amework a l l a s s i s ted i n r evea l ing h ow t he p lank s h ad b een c onver ted f rom t he t r ee t r unk , a nd t hu s t he l e ve l o f t e chno logy a nd e xpe r t i se o f t he t r ack-bu i lde r s . T he e v idence s ugge s t s t ha t f e l l ing o f v ery l a rge o ak s w a s n o t a vo ided e ven i n t he e a r ly N eo l i th ic , b u t i f o n ly s ma l ler t r ee s w ere a va i lab le , t he s p l i t t ing t e chn ique s w ere mod if ied t o make t h e b e s t u se o f t he s ma l ler d iame ter . Wh i le t he ma jor i ty o f p lank s i n e ach p er iod w e re s imp le r ad ia l s p l i t s , t here w ere a s ma l l p ropor t ion o f t angen t ia l ly s p l i t p lank s a nd o ther s s p l i t a t 1 48

a ng le s b e tween t he t wo t ype s , w h ich r evea led t he g rea t f am i l ia r i ty u nder s tand ing o f t he p roper t ie s o f o ak t imber f rom a v ery e a r ly d a te .

a nd

T he o u ter s apwood w a s g enera l ly r emoved f rom t he p l ank s , b u t s u rv ived o n s uff ic ien t s amp le s i n t wo t r ack s t o a l low d ef in i t ion o f t he e xac t y ea r i n wh ich t he t r ee s w ere f e l led . T hu s t he g rea te s t p rec i s ion p o s s ib le i n t r ee-r ing d a t ing w i l l b e a pp l ied t o t he c on s t ruc t ion d a te s o f t he S wee t a nd Mea re H ea th t r ack s w hen t he i r , a s y e t , f l oa t ing c hrono log ie s a re a b so lu te ly d a ted . T he t o ta l a b sence o f s apwood o n t he T inney 's p lank s w i l l r e su l t o n ly i n at e rm inu s p o s t a uem d a te f o r t he f e l l ing o f t he t r ee s u sed t here . S o f a r , e x ten s ive c ompa r i son s h ave f a i led t o d e term ine c onc lu s ive ly t he a b so lu te d a te s pan o f t he t h ree c h rono log ie s , d e sp i te a l l e v idence t o s ugge s t t ha t t hey s hou ld c o r re la te w i th t he n ow c omp le te I r i sh a nd G erman l ong c h rono log ie s ( P i lcher e t a l 1 984 ) . A l l t h ree f l oa t ing c hrono log ie s a re s uppor ted b y a s e r ie s o f c a l ib ra ted r ad ioca rbon d a te s b a sed o n r i ng s o f k nown r e la t ive a ge , wh ich e nab le t he ir d a te s pan s t o b e r ough ly f i xed . F ur thermo re , t he 4 10 y ea r N eo l i th ic S wee t c hrono logy h a s b een l i nked b y g ood c or re spondence o f r i ng p a t tern s w i th t wo o ther E ng l i sh c hrono log ie s . One i s f rom s ubmerged c oa s ta l f ore s t o ak s f rom n ea rby S to lrord i n S omer se t ( Heywo r th 1 978 ) , a nd t he o ther f rom o ak s g row ing o r ig ina l ly o n t he T ren t f l ood p la in a nd n ow b ur ied i n r i ver g rave l s a t C o lw ick n ea r N o t t ingham ( S a l i sbury e t a l 1 984 ) . T hu s a l l t he se t r ee s w ere o r ig ina l ly g row ing o ver t he s ame f ew c en tur ie s , t hough t t o b e a pprox ima te ly 4 300 - 3 900 BC , a nd w ere e i ther k i l led b y f l ood ing , h igh t i de s o r r i s ing s ea l e ve l , o r t hey w ere f e l led t o ma in ta in a r ou te o ver a ma r shy a rea . T he s hor te s t c h rono logy o f 1 52 y ea r s f rom t he Mea re H ea th t r ack i s t hough t t o l i e s omewhere i n t he s e cond h a lf o f t he s econd m i l lenn ium b c , u ncer ta in o w ing t o a w ide r ange o f r ad ioca rbon d a te s . T he l a ck o f c orr e spondence w i th t he 2 50 y ea r T inney ' s c hrono logy s ugge s ted t ha t t hey d o n o t o ver lap , t hough t h e d a te s i nd ica te t ha t t he ir t ime s pan s c anno t b e f a r a pa r t . T he d iff icu l t ie s o f ' d a t ing t he c hrono log ie s , d e sp i te s ucce s s i n c ro s s-ma tch ing c urve s f r om o ther p ar t s o f E ng land w i th t he I r i sh c hrono logy , a re t hough t t o r e su l t f rom t he t r ee s ' o r ig in s i n d ifferen t c ond i t ion s . T he I r i sh t r ee s w ere l a rge ly b ur ied b og o ak s wh ich h ad g rown i n p ea t , wherea s t he S omer se t o ak s p robab ly g rew o n t he c a lca reou s s l ope s s ur round ing t he L eve l s , a nd t he T ren t o ak s o n f e r t i le a l luv ium . T he se f ac tor s may h ave a ffec ted t he r i ng-w id th p a t tern s s uff ic ien t ly t o r emove t he c ommon s i gna l a r i s ing f rom c l ima t ic f l uc tua t ion s , a nd t hu s make a ny c or re spondence o f p a t tern s d iff icu l t t o d i scern .

V I I .2

R ING PATTERNS I N OTHER WOOD S PECIES

I n a dd i t ion t o t h e o ak c hrono logy f rom t he Swee t t r ack , p lank ; o f a sh a nd l ime l a rge ly f rom t he a s soc ia ted P o s t t r ack w ere a l so u sed t o c rea te f l oa t ing c hrono log ie s . T he 1 67 y ea r a sh c hrono logy , wh ich w a s d eve loped o n 1 49

t he b a s i s o f a s t udy o f 2 0 p lank s , g ave e v idence o f s evera l f e l l ing p ha se s . I n a dd i t ion i t c ro s s-ma tched w i th t he o ak c hrono logy . T h i s w a s t he f i r s t s ugge s t ion i n B r i ta in t ha t t he g row th i nc remen t p a t tern s o f t he t wo s pec ie s c an b e c or re la ted . T he t wo c urve s s howed t he s ame y ea r o f f e l l ing . F ur thermo re , t he s t udy o f l ime t r ee-r ing s w a s u nder taken f or t he f i r s t t ime i n B r i ta in ; 1 6 p lank s p rov ided c u rve s wh ich c ro s s-ma tched i n to a 9 7 y ea r c h rono logy , a nd d emon s t ra ted t he s u i tab i l i ty o f t h i s w ood f or f ur ther s t udy . T he r ema inder o f t he t r ee-r ing p ro jec t i n t he S omer se t L eve l s h a s c oncen t ra ted o n t he l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f n on-oak r oundwood u sed i n t he t r ackway s . T he se r ange f r om t he s ub s tan t ia l p eg s a nd p o le s o f t he S wee t t r ack o f a r ange o f s pec ie s , l a rge ly a sh a nd h aze l , t h rough a s e r ie s o f a bou t 1 0 b ru shwood b und le t r ackway s made o f b i rch o r a l der , a nd f i na l ly c over ing 8t r ackway s made o f w a t t le h urd le s , w oven o f t h in h aze l r od s . T he p ropor t ion s o f w ood s pec ie s u sed a nd t he l o ca t ion o f t he t r ack s g ive s ome i mpre s s ion o f t he o r ig ina l w ood land c over , wh i le a l low ing f or t he d egree o f s e lec t iv i ty wh ich o pera ted i n e ach c a se . F or e xamp le , t he se s t ud ie s h ave s hown t ha t t he b u i lder s o f t h e S wee t t r ack h ad a va i lab le , a nd s e em t o h ave made u se o f , s evera l d ifferen t z one s o f w ood land . T he se z one s r anged f rom a nc ien t o ak s w i th s t ocky b o le s , t o a t a l ler c anopy o f y oung o ak s , a sh a nd l ime s a nd a t h r iv ing s hrubby l a yer c ompo sed o f h aze l , a sh , h o l ly , d ogwood , e t c . , o ccupy ing t he d r ier c a lca reou s h i l l s l ope s , a s w e l l a s s pec ie s p refer r ing t he w e t ter ma rg in s o f t he L eve l s s uch a s b i rch , w i l low a nd a lder . I n c on t ra s t t o t h i s w ide v a r ie ty o f s pec ie s , t he b u i lder s o f t he Ga rv in ' s t r ack , f o r e xamp le , a ppea r t o h ave t u rned t o t he n ea re s t a va i lab le s ource o f b i rch t o b u i ld a q u ick b ru shwood b und le s t ruc ture w i th t he m in imum o f e ffor t i n c o l lec t ion a nd c on s truc t ion . A d ifferen t e nv ironmen t a ga in i s s ugge s ted b y t he p re sence o f l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f l ong , t h in , h aze l r od s n eeded f o r t he h urd le s t ruc ture s , a t l e a s t u p t o a round 1 500 b c , when a l der s eem s t o h ave t aken p ref erence . Wood f or h urd le-mak ing r equ ired v ery c a refu l s e lec t ion f or u n iform i ty o f d iame ter a nd l e ng th , a nd t he s t udy l e d o n t o t he q ue s t ion o f where a nd h ow s uch w ood g rew a nd whe ther d e l ibera te managemen t o f t he w ood land c ou ld b e d e term ined f r om t he e v idence . Much o f t he r oundwood w a s ma ture e nough f o r r i ng-w id th mea su rem en t a nd a t temp t s a t c ro s s-ma tch ing t o b e w o r thwh i le . T hu s s t ud ie s o f t he p o ten t ia l o f s evera l r oundwood s pec ie s , n o tab ly h aze l , a sh a nd b i rch , f or t r ee-r ing c ompa r i son s a nd r e la t ive d a t ing w ere u nder taken whenever p o s s ib le . T he u se o f s hor t t r ee-r ing s equence s , o f l e s s t han 5 0 y ear s , f or c ro s s-ma tch ing h a s a lway s b een i n d eba te . L abora to r ie s i nvo lved i n s im i la r s t ud ie s o f l a rge amoun t s o f i mma tu re p reh i s tor ic r oundwood o f v a r ied s pec ie s h ave c onc luded t ha t t hey a re v a luab le ( Lamber t a nd O rce l 1 977 ; B a r tho l in 1 978 ) , wherea s t ho se w i th a cce s s t o m a ture o ak s amp le s i n a bundance may n o t a gree ( Ba i l l ie 1 982 ) . S ince i mma ture r oundwood may b e t he o n ly a va i lab le ma ter ia l f or s t udy , a s much i n forma t ion mu s t b e d er ived f rom i t a s p o s s ib le . I t h a s o ne g rea t a dvan tage , o f r e ta in ing t he b a rk s urface a nd t hu s t he p rec i se y ea r o f f e l l ing , u sua l ly l o s t f rom t imber s amp le s .

1 50

T he c ro s s-ma tch ing o f s hor t s equence s t ake s i n to a ccoun t t he c orr e spondence o f s i gna tu re s , a nd a l so t he a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t , where r e la t ion sh ip s o f t he p i le s a nd p eg s a re c l ea r ly d ocumen ted . One s t udy ( Lamber t a nd O rce l 1 977 ) h a s a s se s sed t he c hance s o f f i nd ing t wo p i le s w i th t he s ame r i ng s equence , t hough n o t c on tempora ry , among 5 0 N eo l i th ic p i le s i n t he s ame l e ve l a t 0 . 002% , s o i t i s v ery u n l ike ly t o f i nd a p a t tern r eproduced i n t he " a rchaeo log ica l ly l im i ted " t ime-sca le r epre sen ted i n e ach t r ackway . I n t he S omer se t L eve l s , i t c an o f ten b e r ea sonab ly a s sumed f rom a rchaeo log ica l e v idence t ha t t he t r ackway s w ere s i ng le-per iod s t ruc ture s b u i l t i n o ne o pera t ion , a nd u sua l ly t he w ood f or t hem w ou ld h ave b een c u t a t t he s ame t ime . C ompa r i son o f r i ng p a t tern s f rom r oundwood h a s b een l a rge ly r e s t r ict ed t o s t em s o f t he s ame s pec ie s , f rom t he s ame s t ruc ture . T he h aze l p a t tern s f rom t he p eg s a nd r a i l s o f t he S wee t t r ack c ro s s-ma tched w e l l i n to s evera l g roup s , u sua l ly c oncen t ra ted i n e ach a rea o f t he t r ack , o ne e xp lanat i on o f wh ich i s t ha t t he w ood f or e ach l e ng th h ad b een c u t f r om t he s ame s ma l l a rea o f w ood land . Two o f t he g roup s a re b e l ieved t o h ave b een f e l led 8 o r 9 y ea r s l a ter t han t he o ther s ;e i ther t he c or re la t ion s b e tween t hem w ere c omp le te ly s pur iou s , o r s ome o f t he w ood a t t he s ou thern e nd o f t he t r ack w a s c u t a nd u sed a t a l a ter d a te f rom t ha t i nvo lved i n t he n or thern t r ack . F u r ther e v idence f o r t he l a t ter e xp lana t ion i s d i scu s sed ( s ec t ion s 1 1 .1 .6 , I V .3 ) . A s econd s t udy o f h aze l g row th p a t tern s w a s made o n t he l a rger s t em s a s soc ia ted w i th t he Wa l ton a nd R ow land ' s h u rd le s ( s ec t ion V I .2-3 ) o f N eo l i th ic d a te . A ga in g ood c or re la t ion s o f g row th p a t tern w ere f ound b e tween s t em s u sed a s p eg s a nd r i b s w i th in e ach t r ack , a nd i n a dd i t ion b e tween t he t wo t r ack s . Wh i le a rchaeo log ica l a nd r ad ioca rbon e v idence p o in t s t o t he ir c on temporane i ty , i t w ou ld b e d angerou s t o s ugge s t t ha t t he t r ee-r ing r e su l t s p rov ided p roof t ha t t hey w ere b u i l t a t t he s ame t ime , b u t t he s im i la r i ty i n g row th p a t te rn i ss t r ik ing a nd n eed s s ome e xp lana t ion . A sh a nd b i rch r oundwood f rom s evera l t r ackway s a l so p rov ided s a t i sfac tory e v idence o f t he i r s u i tab i l i ty f or t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s a nd r e la t ive d a t ing , a l though b i rch g row th r i ng s w ere o f ten d iff icu l t t o d e term ine .

V I I .3

WOODLAND MANAGEMENT

S umma r ie s o f t he a ge s a nd s i ze s o f e x ten s ive n umber s o f s t em s u sed • i n t he v a r iou s t r ackway s r evea led a w ide v a r ia t ion f rom t r ack t o t r ack . I n t he b ru shwood b und le t r ack s o f b i rch a nd a lder , a w ide r ange i n t he s i ze a nd a ge o f t he c omponen t s t em s s ugge s ted t he h aphaza rd c o l lec t ion o f ma ter ia l f rom t he n ea re s t a va i lab le s ource ( e i ther i n o r a round t he L eve l s ) t o t h row d own a nd c on so l ida te a w e t a rea . T here i s a g rea t c on t ra s t i n a ge r ange b e tween t he s t em s o f r ough b ru shwood c on s t ruc t ion a nd t he s t em s o f ah aze l h urd le . One o r t wo b ru shwood t r ack s , h owever , i nvo lved t he u se o f s t em s o f c on s i s ten t a ge a nd s i ze , s uch a s t ho se i n T inney ' s G round ( s ec t ion V .5 ) . I t 1 51

i s u n l ike ly t ha t s uch u n iform i ty c ou ld r e su l t f r om n a tura l g row th o f a l der o r h aze l , u n le s s c o l lec t ion w a s made o ver a v e ry l a rge a rea o r s ome n a tura l c a ta s t rophe h ad c au sed e ven-aged s t and s . I t may t herefore b e c onc luded t ha t t he ir w ood land s ou rce h ad a l ready b een i n terfered w i th b y t he l o ca l p opu la t ion , whe ther b y o n ly o ne p rev iou s c u t t ing o pera t ion o r b y r egu la r c ropp ing . T he e v idence s ugge s t s t ha t t he a dvan tage s o f w ood land e xp lo i tat i on h ad a l ready b een d i scovered , e ven i n t h e N eo l i th ic . C lo se c oncen t ra t ion s o f b o th a ge a nd s i ze w ere r a re i n t he a s s emb lage s , t he more u sua l p a t tern b e ing q u i te a w ide a ge r ange , b u t u n iform d iame ter s . S i ze o f s t em s may h ave b een t he ma in c r i ter ion f or t h e i r s e lec t ion , a nd s uch ma ter ia l may h ave r e su l ted f rom t he p rac t ice o f d raw-fe l l ing , c u t t ing o n ly s t em s o f t he r equ ired s i ze l e av ing t he r e s t t o g row o n . T h i s p robab ly a pp l ied t o t he R ow land ' s a nd Wa l ton h urd le s o r t h e E c l ip se t r ack . However i n s evera l c a se s t he re w ere s ugge s t ion s o f b o th d raw-fe l l ing a nd c l ea r-fe l l ing , a nd i t w a s f ound d iff icu l t i n p rac t ice t o c l ea r ly i n terpre t t he f i gure s f or a ge a nd s i ze . C lea rance o f w ood land w ou ld h ave l e d t o t he n a tura l g row th o f s t em s a va i lab le f or c o l lec t ion . D e l ibera te a nd r egu la r c opp ic ing c ou ld n o t b e d i s t ingu i shed f rom a o ne-off c l ea r-fe l l ing o pera t ion , p erhap s f or c u l t iva t ion , i n t ha t a c rop o f e ven-aged s t em s w ou ld r e su l t f rom b o th a c t iv i t ie s . N a tura l ly e ven-aged w ood land c an a l so o ccur . I t s e em s t ha t a n u nder s tand ing o f t h e p roper t ie s o f v a r iou s w ood s pec ie s , o f t r ee g row th , a nd t he p romo t ion o f ma ter ia l r equ ired f o t r ackway b u i ld ing may h ave e x i s ted , e ven i n t h e N eo l i th ic , p o s se s sed e i the r b y t h e who le c ommun i ty o r b y a f ew s pec ia l i sed i nd iv idua l s who c ou ld e xp lo i t t h i s k now ledge when n eeded . Our u nder s tand ing o f t he d egree o f o rgan i sa t ion i n e ach p er iod w i l l d epend v ery much o n t h e d i scove ry a nd n a ture o f s e t t lemen t s i te s i n t he a r ea . T he se m igh t g ive s ome i nd ica t ion o f t he s i ze o f c ommun i t ie s , a nd h ow s eden ta ry t hey w ere ; t hu s , r ou te s i n r egu la r u se w ou ld r equ i re s ub s tan t ia l t r ackway s , wh i le q u ick a nd f l im sy c on s t ruc t ion s w ere p robab ly l a id d own f or a f ew j ourney s o ver o ne s e a son . T hu s t he r e su l t s p re sen ted h ere h ave n o t b een a b le r e so lve t he q ue s t ion o f whe ther t he w ood land s urround ing L eve l s w a s managed i n t he s en se w e u se t oday .

t o a dequa te ly t he S omer se t

Mo s t o f ( t he t r ackway s ) c on ta in l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f s t ra igh t p o le s o f mo re o r l e s s u n iform s i ze , w h ich a re c l ea r ly n o t b ranche s o f t r ee s , n or d o t hey c ome f rom c a sua l s c rub . I t i s v ery u n l ike ly t ha t s uch p o le s c ou ld h ave b een f ound i n t he w i ldwood ; t hey mu s t h ave b een g rown i n m anaged w ood land . I n a l l p robab i l i ty t hey w ere p roduced b y c opp ic ing , t hough t h i s h a s y e t t o b e a dequa te ly c onf irmed b y t r ee-r ing a na ly s i s . " ( Rackham 1 976 , 4 8 ) . D e sp i te e x ten s ive s t udy s i nce t h i s w a s w r i t ten , d ef in i te p roof h a s n o t b een f o r thcom ing , a nd t he mo s t s a t i sfac to ry i n terpre ta t ion o f mo s t o f t he a s semb lage s r ema in s t ha t o f e i ther d raw-fe l l ing o r s e lec t ion a f ter c l ea r-fe l l ing . A b r ief s t udy o f l i v ing h aze l h a s b egun t o s ugge s t s ome 1 52

a venue s o f r e sea rch wh ich may l e ad t o b e t ter u nder s tand ing o f t he p reh i st o r ic r e su l t s (Morgan u npub . ) . H owever , p rob lem s e x i s t i n l o ca t ing s u i tab le c ompa ra t ive ma ter ia l f r om modern w ood land , much , i f n o t a l l , o f wh ich h a s b een mod if ied . T here i s n o d oub t t ha t w ood w a s a v i ta l r aw ma ter ia l i n p reh i s tor ic t ime s , a nd i s s o r a re ly p re served t ha t i t s s t udy s hou ld b e made a p r ior i ty . T he a na ly s i s o f a n e x ten s ive r ange o f w ood s pec ie s f rom t he t r ackway s o f t h e S omer se t L eve l s h a s g iven s ome i n s igh t i n to t he e nv ironmen t o f t he a r ea , a nd o f t he a pproach o f t he l o ca l c ommun i t ie s t o t ha t e nv i ronmen t . T he e nc lo sed a nd s pec ia l i sed n a ture o f t he L eve l s m ean t t ha t a v a r ie ty o f e co log ica l z one s w ere a va i lab le . I t c an b e a pprec ia ted f rom t r ee-r ing s t ud ie s h ow much u se w a s made o f t he se e co log ica l z one s , t o p rov ide t he l o ca l c ommun i t ie s b o th w i th a n e a s ier r ou te i n to a nd a cro s s t he b og t o e xp lo i t i t s u n ique r e source s , a nd a l so w i th a r enewab le r aw ma ter ia l o f i ne s t imab le v a lue . S ome o f t he e v idence p re sen ted h ere i s d iff icu l t t o i n terp re t a t p re sen t , a nd p o s s ib le e xp lana t ion s h ave b een e xp lored . However , t he s ucce s s o f t he d end roch rono log ica l d a t ing , i n p rov id ing a t i gh t c hrono log ica l f r amework a ga in s t wh ich t o v i ew t he a s soc ia ted p a lyno log ica l a nd a r chaeo log ica l e v idence , h a s made t he t r ee-r ing s t udy o f t he p reh i s tor ic t r ackway s w or thwh i le , a nd h a s l e d o n t o many o ther f i e ld s o f r e sea rch .

1 53

B IBLIOGRAPHY

ALDERTON , A . M . 1 983 T he S edgemoor s urvey 1 982 : S omer se t L eve l s P aver s 99 -15 . ANDERSON , S . 1 984

E nv ironmen ta l R esu l t s

T ybr ind V ig C urren t A rchaeo logy V I I I ( 10 ) 3 14-317 .

ARNOLD , B . a nd S CHWE INGRUBER , F . 1 975 E tude s a rch6o log ique s e t b o tan ique s ur l e s p i lo t i s d e l a p a l i s sade d e l a s t a t ion Nord d 'Auvern ier ( l ac d e N euchä te l ) . B u l l . S oc . N euchl te l S c i . N a t . 9 8 1 75-193 . AVERY , B . W . 1 955 T he s o i l s o f t he G la s tonbury d i s tr ic t o f S omer se t S o i l s urvey/Ha rpenden . BA ILL IE , M . G . L . 1 982 T ree-R ing D a t ing a nd A rchaeo logy . H e lm/London . 2 74pp .

C room

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c urve ,

BA ILL IE , M . G . L . 1 983a I st here a s i ng le B r i t i sh I s le s o ak t r ee-r ing s i gna l? P roc . 2 2nd S ymn . o n A rchaeome try e d . A . A sp ina l l a nd S . E . Wa rren , Un iver s i ty o f B radford . 7 3-82 . BA ILL IE , M . G . L . a nd P ILCHER , J .R . 1 973 A s imp le c ro s s-da t ing p rogram f or t r ee-r ing r e search . T ree-R ing B u l le t in 3 3 7 -14 . BAILL IE , M . G . L . ; P ILCHER , J .R . a nd P EARSON , G . W . 1 983 D endrochrono logy a t B e lfa s t a s a b ackground t o c a l ibra t ion . R ad ioca rbon 2 5 1 71-178 .

h igh

p rec i s ion

BA ILL IE , M . G . L . ; H ILLA M , J . ; BR IFFA , K . R . a nd BROWN , D . M . 1 985 R e-da t ing t he E ng l i sh a r t-h i s tor ica l t r ee-r ing c hrono log ie s . N a ture 3 17-319 . BAREFOOT , A . C . a nd HANK INS , W . 1 982 T er t ia ry Wood s C la rendon , Oxford .

3 15

I nden t if ica t ion o f Modern a nd

BARNES , J .A . 1 904 Anc ien t c orduroy r oad s n ear G i lp in B r idge . o f t he C umber land a nd We s tmor land A rch i tec ture S oc ie ty 4 2 07-210 .

T ran sac t ion s a nd An t iaua r ian

BARTHOL IN , T . S . 1 978 A lva s t ra p i le dwe l l ing : T ree s t ud ie s . T he d a t ing a nd t he l a nd scape , p re l im inary r e su l t s . F ornvännen 7 3 2 13-219 . BARTHOL IN , T . S . 1 983 T he c omb ined a pp l ica t ion o f d endrochrono logy a nd wood a na tomy . I n D endrochrono logy a nd A rchaeo logy i n E urope . e d s . E ck s te in , W robe l a nd An io l . M i t t . B und . F or s t . u . Ho lzw ir t schaf t 1 41 7 9-92 .

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BECKER , B . 1 983 D endrochrono logy a nd c a l ibra t ion o f t he r ad ioca rbon t ime sca le , i n D endrochrono logy a nd A rchaeo logy i n E urope . E ck s te in , W robe l a nd An io l . M i t t B und . F or s t . u . Ho lzw ir t schaf t . 6 1-78 .

e d s . 1 41

BECKETT , S . C . 1 977 P ea t s t ra t igraphy a nd p o l len a na ly s i s o f t he Ga rv in 's t r ack s . S omer se t L eve l s P aver s 3 8 2-84 . BECKETT , S .C . 1 978 T he e nv ironmen ta l s e t t ing o f t he Mea re H ea th t r ack . S omer se t L eve l s P aper s 44 2-46 . BECKETT , S .C . 1 979 T he e nv ironmen ta l s e t t ing o f t he S wee t t r ack , D rove s i te . S omer se t L eve l s P aper s 57 5-83 . BECKETT , S .C . a nd H IBBERT , F . A . 1 978 T he i nf luence o f man o n t he v ege ta t ion o f t he S omer se t L eve l s - a s umma ry . S omer se t P aper s 48 6-90 .

L eve l s

BECKETT , S .C . a nd H IBBERT F . A . 1 979 V ege ta t iona l c hange a nd t he i nf luence o f p reh i s tor ic man i n t he S omer se t L eve l s . N ew P hv to log i s t 8 3 5 77-600 . BEER , J . ; G IERTZ , V . ; MOLL , M . ; OESCHGER , H . ; R IESEN , T . a nd S TRAH M , C . 1 979 T he c on tr ibu t ion o f t he Sw i s s l ake dwe l l ings t o t he c a l ibra t ion o f R ad ioca rbon d a te s . I X th I n t . R ad ioca rbon C onf . L o s Ange le s 1 976 i n R ad ioca rbon D a t ing e d . R . B erger a nd H . E . S ue s s , 5 66-584 . BOCQUET , A . 1 982 L e s r echerche s a rch6o log ique s a u l a c d e P a ladru H i s to ire e t A rcheo log ie 6 4 9 -94 . BOCQUET , A . a nd ORCEL , C . 1 975 P rem ier s r 6 su l ta t s d endrochrono log ique s d an s l e s s t ruc ture s d e l a s t a t ion d e s B a igneur s ä Cha rav ine s ( I s &e ) Nouve l le s A rchgo log iaue s d u Mu seum d 'H i s to ire Na ture l le . L yon s . F a sc icu le 1 3 1 5-20 . BODDY , L . a nd A INSWORTH , A . M . 1 984 D ecompo s i t ion o f N eo l i th ic wood f rom t he Swee t t r ack . S omer se t L eve l s P aper s 1 0 9 2-96 . BRADLEY , R . 1 978 T he P reh i s tor ic S e t t lemen t o f B r i ta in . Kegan P au l , L ondon . 1 55pp .

Rou t ledge a nd

BRETT , D . W . 1 978 Med ieva l a nd r e cen t e lm s i n L ondon i n D endrochrono logy i n E urope e d . J .F le tcher B .A .R . S 51 1 95-199 . BR IT ISH S TANDARD 5 65 1 972 G lo s sa ry o f t e rm s r e la t ing t o t imber a nd woodwork . L ondon . 7 8pp . BUCKLAND , P . C . 1 979 T horne Moor s : ap a laeoeco log ica l s t udy o f aB ronze Age s i te . D ep t . o f Geog . Un iver s i ty o f B irm ingham O cc . P ub l . 8 .

1 55

BULLE ID , A . 1 906 P reh i s tor ic b oa t f ound a t S hapw ick , 1 906 . S omer se t A rch . S oc . L I I 5 1 .

P roc .

BULLE ID , A . 1 933 Anc ien t t r ackway i n Meare H ea th , S omer se t . A rch . S oc . 7 9 1 9-29 . BULLE ID , A . a nd GRAY , S t . GEORGE H . 1 911 a nd 1 917 L ake V i l lage . G la s . An t iq . S oc . V o l s . Ia nd I .

P roc . S om .

T he G la s tonbury

CALTON , N . a nd FLETCHER , J . 1 978 A c ompar i son o f t he r i ngw id th s o f o ak a nd a sh . i n D endrochrono logv i n E urope e d . J . F le tcher B .A .R . S 51 1 856 . CA MPBELL , J .A . ; BAXTER , M . S .a nd HARKNESS , D . D . 1 978 . R ad ioca rbon mea suremen t s o n a f l oa t ing t r ee-r ing c hrono logy f rom n or th—ea s t S co t land . A rchaeome try 2 0 3 3-38 . CA MPBELL , J .A . a nd BAXTER , M . S . 1 979 s ubmerged f ore s t f l oa t ing c hrono log ie s .

R ad ioca rbon mea suremen t s o n N a ture 2 78 4 09-413 .

CASELD INE , A . E . 1 980 P a laeoenv ironmen ta l r econ s truc t ion a t t he B aker • s i te . S omer se t L eve l s P aper s 6 2 9-36 . CASELD INE , A . E . 1 984 P a laeobo tan ica l i nve s t iga t ion s a t t he Swee t t r ack . S omer se t L eve l s P aper s 1 0 6 5-78 . CH IPPENDALE , C . 1 985 F lag F en : S c ien t i s t 1 06 3 6-39 .

n ew f i nd s f rom t he B ronze Age N ew

CLAPHA M , A . R . a nd GODW IN , H . 1 948 S tud ie s o f t he p o s tg lac ia l h i s tory o f B r i t i sh v ege ta t ion . V I I I S wamp ing s urface s i n p ea t s o f t he S omer s e t L eve l s . I X P reh i s tor ic t r ackway s i n t he S omer se t l e ve l s . P h i l . T ran s . Roy . S oc . B 233 . 2 33-273 . CLARK , R . M . 1 975 A c a l ibra t ion c urve f or r ad ioca rbon d a te s . XL IX 2 51-266 .

An t iau i tv

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d a te s .

CLARK , R . M . a nd THO MPSON , R . 1 979 A n ew s t a t i s t ica l a pproach t o t he a l ignmen t o f t ime s e r ie s . Geophy s . J .R . A s t , S oc . 5 8 5 93-607 . CLARK , R . M . a nd MORGAN R . A . 1 983 An a l terna t ive s t a t i s t ica l a pproach t o t he c a l ibra t ion o f f l oa t ing t r ee-r ing c hrono log ie s : s equence s f rom t he S omer se t L eve l s . A rchaeome try 2 5 3 -16 . COLE , R . P . 1 983 A b ru shwood s t ruc ture o n K ing ' s S edgemoor . L eve l s P aper s 91 6-18 .

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t wo

COLES , J .M . 1 977 A rchaeo logy i n t he S omer se t L eve l s 1 976 . L eve l s P aver s 34 -6 .

S omer se t

COLES , J .M . 1 978 A rchaeo logy i n t he S omer se t L eve l s 1 977 . L eve l s P aver s 45 -9 .

S omer se t

COLES , J .M . 1 982 P reh i s tory i n t he S omer se t L eve l s 4 000-100 BC . i n T he A rchaeo logy o f S omer se t e d s . M . A s ton a nd I . B urrow , S omer se t C oun ty C ounc i l . 2 8-41 . COLES , J .M . 1 984 T he A rchaeo logy o f We t land s P re s s . 11pp .

E d inburgh Un iver s i ty

COLES , B . a nd J . 1 986 S wee t T rack t o G la s tonbury . T he S omer se t L eve l s i n P reh i s tory . T hame s a nd Hud son , L ondon 2 00 p p . COLES , J .M . ; CASELD INE , A . E . a nd MORGAN , R . A . 1 982 T rack 1 980 S omer se t L eve l s P aver s 82 6-39 .

T he E c l ip se

COLES , J .M . a nd DARRAH , R . J . 1 977 E xper imen ta l i nve s t iga t ion s i n h urd le- mak ing . S omer se t L eve l s P aver s 3 3 2-38 . COLES , J .M . ; FLE M ING , A . M . a nd OR ME , B . J . 1 980 . T he B aker s i te : N eo l i th ic p la tform . S omer se t L eve l s p aver s 66 -23 .

a

COLES , J .M . a nd H IBBERT , F . A . 1 968 P reh i s tor ic Road s a nd T rack s i n S omer se t , E ng land : I .N eo l i th ic P roc . P reh i s tor ic S oc ie ty 3 4 2 38-258 . COLES , J .M . a nd H IBBERT , F . A . 1 975 T he S omer se t L eve l s . R ecen t w ork i n Rura l A rchaeo logy e d . P . J .F ow ler . Moonraker P re s s . 1 2-26 . COLES , J .M . ; H IBBERT , F . A . a nd CLE MENTS , C . F . 1 970 P reh i s tor ic R oad s a nd T rack s i n S omer se t , E ng land : 2 . N eo l i th ic P roc . P reh i s tor ic S oc ie ty 3 6 1 25-151 . COLES , J .M . , H IBBERT , F . A . a nd OR ME , B . J . 1 973 P reh i s tor ic r oad s a nd t r ack s i n S omer se t : 3 . T he Swee t t r ack P roc . P reh i s tor ic S oc ie ty 2 56-293 .

3 9

COLES , J .M . a nd OR ME , B . J . 1 976 T he S wee t t r ack , R a i lway s i te . S omer se t L eve l s P aver s 23 4-65 . COLES , J .M . a nd OR ME , B . J . 1 976a T he Meare H ea th T rackway : e xcava t ion o f a B ronze Age s t ruc ture i n t he S omer se t L eve l s . P reh i s tor ic S oc ie ty 4 2 2 93-318 . COLES , J .M . a nd OR ME , B . J . 1 977 N eo l i th ic h urd le s f rom Wa l ton H ea th , S omer se t . S omer se t L eve l s P aver s 36 -29 . COLES , J .M . a nd OR ME , B . J . 1 977a L eve l s P aver s 33 9-51 .

R ow land 's h urd le t r ackway .

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P roc .

COLES , J .M . a nd OR ME , B . J . 1 977b P aper s 37 3-81 .

Ga rv in 's t r ack s

S omer se t L eve l s

COLES , J .M . a nd OR ME , B . J . 1 977c C on serva t ion o f wooden a r t ifac t s f rom t he S omer se t L eve l s : 1 . S omer se t L eve l s P aper s 3 8 7-89 . COLES , J .M . a nd OR ME , B . J . 1 978 L eve l s P aper s 4 1-39 .

T he Meare H ea th t r ack .

S omer se t

COLES , J .M . a nd OR ME , B . J . 1 978a Mu l t ip le t r ackway s f rom T inney ' s G round . S omer se t L eve l s P aper s 4 4 7-81 . COLES , J .M . a nd OR ME , B . J . 1 978b S t ruc ture s s ou th o f Mea re I s land . S omer se t L eve l s P aper s 4 9 0-100 . COLES , J .M . a nd OR ME , B . J . 1 979 L eve l s P aper s 5 4 3-64 .

T he Swee t t r ack :

COLES , J .M . a nd OR ME , B . J . 1 980 L eve l s P aper s 6 6 1-68 .

T inney 's G round , 1 978-1979 .

COLES , J .M . a nd OR ME , B . J . 1 980a S omer se t L eve l s P ro jec t 6 4pp . COLES , J .M . a nd OR ME , B . J . 1 981 P aper s 7 6 -12 . COLES , J .M . a nd OR ME , B . J . 1 983 . An t iqu i ty 5 7 9 5-102 .

D rove s i te S omer se t

S omer se t

P reh i s tory o f t he S omer se t L eve l s

T he Swee t t r ack 1 980

S omer se t L eve l s

Homo s ap ien s o r C a s tor f i ber?

COLES , J .M . a nd OR ME , B . J . 1 983a A rchaeo logy i n t he S omer se t L eve l s 1 982 S omer se t L eve l s P aper s 95 -6 . COLES , J .M . a nd OR ME , B . J . 1 983b L eve l s P aper s 96 -8 .

T he S edgemoor s urvey 1 982

S omer se t

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MORGAN , R . A . ; H ILLA M , J . ; COLES , J .M . a nd McGRA IL , S . 1 981 R econc i l ing t r ee-r ing s amp l ing w i th c on serva t ion An t iau i ty LV 9 0-95 . MORR IS , M . G . a nd P ERR ING , F . H . ( ed s . ) 1 974 T he B r i t i sh O ak . h i s tory a nd n a tura l h i s tory . C la s sey , F ar ingdon 3 76pp .

I t s

M UNRO , M . A . R . 1 984 An i mproved a l oga r i thm f or c ro s s-da t ing t r ee-r ing s e r ie s T ree-R ing B u l le t in 4 4 1 7-27 . M URRAY , H . K . 1 983 V ik ing a nd E a r ly Med ieva l B u i ld ing s i n Dub l in B .A .R . 19 2 15pp . NOR MAN , C . a nd CLE MENTS , C . F . 1 979 P reh i s tor ic t imber s t ruc ture s o n K ing 's S edgemoor : s ome r ecen t d i scover ie s . S om . A rch . a nd Na t . H i s t . 1 23 5 -18 . ORCEL , C . a nd EGGER , H . 1 979 D ie D endrochrono log i sche S i tua t ion d e s N eo l i th ikum s i n d er We s t schwe iz . Z e i t schr if t f ür S chwe izer i sche A rchäo log ie u nd Kun s tge sch ich te 3 6 9 2-94 . ORCEL , C . a nd EGGER , H . 1 982 Ana ly se d endrochrono log ique d e s b o i s d e l a s t a t ion l i t tora le d 'Auvern ier-Por t . i n B i l lamboz , A . e t a l L a s t a t ion l i t tora le d 'Auvern ier-Por t . C adre e t e vo lu t ion Auvern ier 5 . C ah ier s d 'archaeo log ie R omande 2 5 17-129 . OR ME , B . J . 1 982 T he u se o f r ad iocarbon d a te s f rom t he S omer se t L eve l s . S omer se t L eve l s P aver s 89 -25 . OR ME , B . J . ; CASELD INE , A . E . a nd MORGAN , R . A . 1 982 R ecen t d i scover ie s o n Wa l ton H ea th : Ga rv in 's B i sgrove 's a nd J one s ' t r ack s . S omer se t L eve l s P aver s 8 5 1-64 . OR ME , B . J .a nd COLES J .M . 1 983 P reh i s tor ic Woodwork ing f rom t he S omer se t L eve l s : I .T imber S omer se t L eve l s P aver s 9 1 9-43 . OR ME , B . J .a nd COLES , J .M . 1 985 P reh i s tor ic Woodwork ing f rom t he S omer se t L eve l s : 2 . S pec ie s s e lec t ion a nd p reh i s tor ic wood land s S omer se t L eve l s P aver s 1 7 -24 . OR ME , B . J . ; COLES , J .M ; CASELD INE , A . E . a nd MORGAN , R . A . 1 985 A l a ter B ronze Age c omp lex a t S t i leway . S omer se t L eve l s P aver s 1 7 57 9 .

1 65

OR ME , B . J . ; COLES , J .M ; CASELD INE , A . E . a nd MORGAN , R . A . 1 985a T h ird m i l lenn ium s t ruc ture s o n Wa l ton H ea th . S omer se t L eve l s P aper s 1 6 3-68 . OR ME , B . J . ; S TURDY , C . R . a nd MORGAN , R . A . 1 980 S omer se t L eve l s P aper s 65 2-59 .

E a s t Moor s 1 979

ORTON , C . R . 1 983 T he u se o f S tuden t 's t te s t f or ma tch ing t r ee-r ing p a t tern s . B u l le t in o f I n s t . o f A rch . Un iv . o f L ondon 2 0 1 01-105 . P EARSON , G . W . a nd BA ILL IE , M . G . L . 1 983 H igh-prec i s ion 1 4C mea suremen t o f I r i sh o ak s t o s how t he n a tura l a tmo spher ic v a r ia t ion s o f t he AD t ime p er iod . R ad iocarbon 2 5 1 87-196 .

1 4C

P EARSON , G . W . ; P ILCHER , J .R . a nd BA ILL IE , M . G . L . 1 983 H igh-prec i s ion 1 4C mea suremen t o f I r i sh o ak s t o s how t he n a tura l 1 4C v ar ia t ion s f rom 2 00 BC t o 4 000 BC . R ad iocarbon 2 5 1 79-186 . P ENN INGTON , W . 1 969 1 52pp .

T he H i s tory o f B r i t i sh V ege ta t ion

Un ibook s , L ondon

P ER IN I , R . 1 976 D ie P fah lbau ten i m T orfmoor v on F iave ( Tren t ino/ Oberi ta l ien ) M i t te i lung sb la t t d er S chwe izer i schen Ge se l l schaf t u nd F rühge sch ich te 2 7 2 -12 . P ETERKEN , G . F . 1 981 Wood land C on serva t ion a nd Managemen t a nd H a l l , L ondon a nd N ew Y ork 3 28 p p .

f ür

U r

Chapman

PH ILL IPS , C . W . 1 936 T he e xcava t ion o f t he G ian t 's H i l l s l ong b arrow , S kend leby , L inc s . A rchaeo log ia 8 5 3 7-106 . P ILCHER , J .R . ; BA ILL IE , M . G . L . ; S CH M IDT , B . a nd BECKER , B . 1 984 A 7 272 y ear E uropean t r ee-r ing c hrono logy . N a ture 3 12 1 50-152 . P ILCHER , J .R . a nd GRAY , B . 1 982 T he r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween o ak t r ee g row th a nd c l ima te i n B r i ta in . J ourna l o f E co logy 7 0 2 97-304 . P ILCHER , J .R . ; H ILLA M , J . ; BA ILL IE , M . G . L . a nd P EARSON , G . W . 1 977 A l ong s ubfo s s i l o ak t r ee-r ing c hrono logy f rom t he n or th o f I r e land . N ew P hv to log i s t 7 9 7 13-729 . RACKHA M , 0 . 1 975 H av ley Wood , i t s h i s tory a nd e co logy o f E ly N a t . T ru s t . 2 21pp . RACKHA M , 0 . 1 976 L ondon 2 04pp .

C amb . a nd I s le

T ree s a nd Wood land i n t he B r i t i sh L and scape

D en t ,

RACKHA M , 0 . 1 977 N eo l i th ic Wood land Managemen t i n t he S omer se t L eve l s : Garv in ' s , Wa l ton H ea th a nd R ow land 's t r ack s . S omer se t L eve l s P aper s 3 6 5-71 .

1 66

RACKHA M , 0 . 1 979 N eo l i th ic Wood land Managemen t i n t he S omer se t L eve l s : S wee t t r ack 1 . S omer se t L eve l s P aper s 55 9-61 . RACKHA M , 0 . 1 980 RADLEY , J . 1 961

Anc ien t Wood land

A rno ld , L ondon 4 02pp .

Ho l ly a s aw in ter f eed .

Agr ic . H i s tory R ev iew 9 8 9-92 .

RAFTERY , B . 1 986 A wooden t r ackway o f I r on Age d a te i n I r e land An t iqu i ty LX 5 0-53 . RUOFF , U . 1 979 N eue D endrochrono log i sche D a ten a u s d er O s t schwe iz . Z e i t schr if t f ur S chwe izer i sche A rchao log ie u nd Kun s tge sch ich te 9 4-96 . RUOFF , U . 1 981 D ie Ufer s ied lungen a n Z ür ich u nd G re ifen see H e lve t ia A rchaeo log ica 1 2 1 9-61 . RUOFF , U . 1 981a A l ter sbes t immung m i t H i lfe d er D endrochrono log ie H e lve t ia A rchaeo log ica 1 2 8 9-97 . SAL ISBURY , C . 1 980 ' V I I ( 3 ) 8 8-91 .

T he T ren t , t he s t ory o f ar i ver .

C ur ren t A rchaeo logy

SAL ISBURY , C . 1 981 An Ang lo S axon f i sh w e ir a t C o lw ick , No t t ingham sh ire T ran s . T horo ton S oc . o f No t t s . 8 5 2 6-36 . SAL ISBURY , C . R . ; WH ITLEY , P . J . ; L ITTON , C . D . a nd FOX J .L . 1 984 F landr ian c our se s o f t he r i ver T ren t a t C o lw ick , No t t ingham . Merc ian Geo log i s t 91 89-207 . S AL ISBURY , E . J .a nd J ANE , F . W . 1 940 C ha rcoa l s f rom Ma iden C a s t le a nd t he ir s i gn if icance i n r e la t ion t o t he v ege ta t ion a nd c l ima t ic c ond i t ion s i n p reh is tor ic t ime s . J our . E co logy 2 8 3 10-325 . S CH M IDT , B . a nd FREUNDL ICH , J . 1 984 Z ur Ab so lu ten D a t ierung B ronzez e i t l icher E ichenho lzfunde A rchaeo log i sche s Korre spondenzb la t t 1 4 2 332 37 . S CHWE INGRUBER , F . H . 1 976 1 06 p p .

P räh i s tor i sche s Ho lz A cadem ica H e lve t ica 2

S CHWE INGRUBER , F . H . 1 978 2 26pp .

M icro scop ic Wood Ana tomy

Zurcher , Z ug

S CURF IELD , G . 1 953 E co log ica l o b serva t ion s i n s ou thern P enn ine w ood land s J our . E co logy 4 1 1 -12 . SHELDON , H . a nd TYERS , I .1 983 R ecen t d endrochrono log ica l work i n S ou thwark a nd i t s i mp l ica t ion s . L ondon A rch . 43 55-61 . SM ITH , A . G . 1 959 T he m ire s o f SW We s tmor land : a na ly s i s . N ew P hy to log i s t 5 8 1 05-127 . 1 67

s t ra t igraphy a nd p o l len

S PRAY , M . a nd SM ITH , D . J . 1 977 T he r i se a nd f a l l o f h o l ly i n t he S heff ie ld R eg ion . T ran s . Hun ter A rch . S oc . 1 0 2 39-251 . SUESS , H . E . 1 970 B r i s t lecone p ine c a l ibra t ion o f t he r ad ioca rbon t ime s ca le 5 200 B P t o p re sen t . I n R ad iocarbon v a r ia t ion s a nd c hrono logy e d . I .U . O l s son 3 03-311 .

a b so lu te

TUCKER , J .J .a nd F ITTER , A . H . 1 981 E co log ica l s t ud ie s a t A skham B og Na ture R e serve 2 . T he t r ee p opu la t ion o f F a r Wood . N a tu ra l i s t 3 -14 . TURNER , J . 1 964 T he a n thropogen ic f ac tor i n v ege ta t iona l h i s tory . T rega ron a nd Wh ixa l l Mo s se s . N ew P hv to log i s t 6 3 7 3-90 .

1 06

I .

VARLEY , G . C . a nd GRADWELL , G . R . 1 962 T he e ffec t o f p a r t ia l d efo l ia t ion b y c a terp i l la r s o n t he t imber p roduc t ion o f o ak t r ee s i n E ng land . X I I n t . C ongres s f ür E n tomo log ie . W ien . 1 960 . S onderdruck a u s d en V erhand lungen I 2 11-214 . WALKER , F . S . 1 978 P eduncu la te a nd s e s s i le o ak s : s pec ie s d e term ina t ion ' f rom d ifference s b e tween t he ir w ood . i n D endrochrono logv i n E urope e d . J .F le tcher B .A .R . S 51 3 29-38 . W ILK INSON , T . J .a nd M URPHY , P . 1 986 T he Hu l 'br idge B a s in S urvey 1 985 I n ter im R ep . No . 6 , E s sex C o . C ounc i l 8 3pp . W ILL IA MS , M . 1 970 T he D ra in ing o f t he S omer se t L eve l s . Un iver s i ty P re s s .

C ambr idge

WORSFOLD , F . H . 1 943 A r epor t o n t he L a te B ronze Ag s i te e xcava ted a t M inn i s B ay , B irch ing ton , Ken t , 1 938-40 . P roc . P reh i s tor ic S oc ie ty 2 8-47 . WR IGHT , E . V . 1 976 G reenw ich .

T he Nor th F er r ibv B oa t s .

Z I M MER MANN , M . H . 1 964 d onou s t r ee s . I n T he Z immermann . 2 89-301 .

Mar . Mon . R ep . 2 3

9

NM M

T he r e la t ion o f t r an spor t t o g row th i n d ico ty leF orma t ion o f Wood i n F ore s t t r ee s e d . M . H .

1 68

Tree-Ring Studies of Wood Used in Neolithic and Bronze Age Trackways from the Somerset Levels

Ruth A. Morgan

Part ii

BAR British Series 184(ii) 1988

B.A.R.

5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR 184 (II), 1988: 'Tree-Ring Studies of Wood Used in Neolithic and Bronze Age Trackways from the Somerset Levels' Part II © Ruth A. M organ, 1988 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407389936 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407389943 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860545262 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407318028 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860545262 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

TABLE 1 .1 S ummary o f v egetational c hanges i n t he S omerset L evels b ased o n p ollen a nalysis ( after B eckett a nd H ibbert, 1 978). [ See F ig. 1 .6] P OLLEN A PPROX . Z ONE D ATE b c

E vE r i rs

M AIN T REE S PECIES

T RACKS

2 50 - a d500

G reatly i ncreased c learance - l ittle o ak, e lm, h azel, w hile h erbs a nd c ereals h igh

B irch/alder

1 300 - 2 50

E lm a nd l ime d ecline. C learance

O ak/alder

M eare H eath

1 500 - 1 300

F orest r egeneration. S light r ise i n e lm

A lder/hazel

E clipse

2 000 - 1 500

S tart o f r aised b og. O ak/alder/hazel C learance p hase, l ittle e lm.

2 350 - 2 000

F orest r egeneration, s pread o f a sh.

E lm/oak/alder

2 750 - 2 350

E lm d ecline a nd c learance, f enwood, p astoral e conomy

B irch/oak/alder

H oneygore W alton G arvins

3 500 - 2 750

C limax A tlantic p rimary f orest

E lm/oak/lime

S weet

A bbots W ay

A

1

TABLE 1 .2 S ummary o f t rackways d iscussed i n t he f ollowing c hapters

T RACK

C HAPTER

P ERIOD

A PPROX. C 14 D ATE R ANGE b e

T YPE OF S TRUCTURE

P ART A - T IMBER T RACKS S WEET

I II.1 & I V

E arly N eo

3 2-3000

O ak p lank w alkway, on r oundwood s ubstructure m ade o f v arious w ood s pecies

M EARE H EATH

1 11.2

L BA

c .

O ak p lanks l ying t ransv ersely a nd l ongitudinally, h eld b y o ak s takes

TINNEY 'S

1 11.3

L BA

100

1 200

A lder b rushwood b undles o verlying o ak p lanks

P ART B - S TRUC 1URES O F R OUNDWOOD B RUSHWD3D H ONEYGORE H ONEYCAT

} } V .1 }

N eo

2 8-2 100

B irch b rushwood b undles

G ARVIN 'S JONES B ISGROVE 'S

V .2 V .3 V .4

} }l ate }N eo

2 9-2300

B irch b rushwood b undles

B AKER

V .7

N eo

2 7-2000

P latform o f v arious r oundw ood s pecies

TINNEY 'S

V .5

L BA

100

A lder b rushwood b undles

G ODWIN 'S

V .6

L BA

100

A lder, s ame w illow a nd b irch b rushwood

H ONEYBEE

V I.1

N eo

2 500

H azel

W ALTON

V I.2

2 5-2300

H azel

R OWLAND 'S

V I.3

} }l ate }N eo

E AST M OORS

V I. 5

B A

1 800

H azel

E CLIPSE

V I. 4

B A

1 500

H azel

D IFFCRDS 3 /4

V I. 7

B A

1 500

A lder a nd h azel

S TILEWAY

V I. 6

L BA

1 00

A lder

H URDLES

TABLE 11.1

W ood s pecies m entioned i n t he t ext

O ak - p edunculate o r s essile

Q uercus r obur L . Q uercus p etraea L iebl.

A sh - c ommon

F taxinus e xcelsior L .

H azel

C brylus a vellana L .

L ime - s mall l eaved

T ilia c ordata M ill.

A lder - c ommon o r b lack

A lnus g lutinosa G äertn .

B irch - h airy o r s ilver

B etula p übescens E hrh. B etula p endula R oth.

. Elm - w ych

U lmus g läbra H udson

W illow

S alix s pp .

A spen

P opulus t remula L .

H olly

I lex a quifolium L .

A pple

M alus s ylvestris M ill.

D ogwood

C brnus s anguinea L .

A lder b uckthorn

F rangula a lnus M ill.

G üelder r ose

V iburnum o pulus L .

TABLE I II.1 S ummary o f e xcavations a long t he l ength o f t he S weet t rack

S ite

C ode ( preceded b y S W )

L ength o f e xcavation

6 m 1 8m 3 2m

F AC IORY

B URTLE

1 2m

R AILWAY

1 7m 9 7m 8 m 5 m

D ROVE

S OUTH D RAIN

I D

S A

T URBARY

M ATURE R ESERVE

G B G Z K D Q D Q V Q Z

0 3VER

W ALLWAY

W A

4

Y ear e xcavated

5 6m

1 970 1 971 1 972

T otal n umber o f w ood s amples e xamined

1 8

1 972

1 }1 27m

1 972 1 973 l ate 1 973 1 974

3 14

5 0m

1 977

2 41

8 m

1 979

5 9

5 9m

1 98 1

6 75

2 m 2 m 1 .6m 2 .8m 3 .6m 1m

1 981 1 981 1 981 1 981 1 981 1 982

3 7 3 9 2 7 5 4 6 3 7 7

1 9m

1 982

1 02

1 0m

1 982

8 9

N

Co l

t-r ")

e n

er

c v

t o

CO

N

g e t . * 1

01 L C )

t -

C 7 ) Co

C Y)

CO

C l

7 4

/ 4

1 4

C

CO

" Zr

y 1

CI r 4

r 4

cr y 4

C Y )

1 4

C . C )

t r )

t -Cl

W illow P oplar

i n o f t ree r in

C 9

r 4

c v

C r )

0

t i )

Co (\ I

C O

Co

N

9 4

t s -

CV

N

C Y)

t o

Cl Cl

. 4 4 . e ti

C O

L C Q r4

C D

0 CO

Co

Cl

C)

(\ I

1 1

H

e i4

C o C o

C O

r 4

( r )

e

C D

r 4

0

C l

0 1

In

' e r

Cl

t f)

o ( . 5

In

O' J

e n

CD

CZ 0 1 4

Cl

e

t--

Co

CI *4

ge . CD 7 4

c 4

c r y-

5

Y 4 te

CI

c y)

C l

CO CO

CO Cl

0 C !)

01

C 7) e z t *

r n

t 4

C l

C l

T ABLE II1.3 A verage r ing w idth v alues ( 0.1mm ) f or t he 4 10 y ear S weet t rack m aster c hronology, i nvolving 2 60 p lanks. n =n umber o f c urves a veraged i n e ach d ecade. T he o verall a verage r ing-width i s 1 .28 m m.

SWEET OAK MASTER 4 10 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 1 . 0 1 11 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 5 1 1 6 1 1 7 1 1 8 1 1 9 1 2 0 1 2 11 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 4 1 2 5 1 2 61 2 7 1 2 8 1 2 91 3 0 1 3 11 3 2 1 3 3 1 3 4 1 3 5 1 3 6 1 3 7 1 3 8 1 3 9 1 4 0 1

-2 2 1 0 -2 1 1 5 -22 20 -1 4 1 6 -1 3 1 9 -1 8 1 7 -1 4 2 1 -1 6 1 8 -2 0 1 7 -2 3 2 1 -1 4 1 7 -1 5 1 5 -1 0 9 -1 5 1 8 -1 3 1 -1 1 -1 5 1 6 -1 3 1 5 - 1 2 1 3 -1 8 1 2 - 9 1 3 -1 0 9 -1 2 1 2 -1 5 1 5 -1 3 1 4 -1 1 0 - 1 5 1 0 - 1 2 9 - 8 1 2 - 1 1 0 - 8 8 - 9 8 - 9 1 0 - 1 0 9 - 1 1 - 8 1 0 -1 4 1 -1 2 1 2 - 9 8 - 5 5 - 6 5

1 9 2 4 1 8 1 7 1 8 1 5 1 9 1 4 2 0 1 8 1 7 1 6 9 1 5 1 3 1 5 1 4 1 5 1 7 1 3 1 2 1 5 1 1 2 1 7 1 3 9 9 1 8 9 8 1 8 1 3 1 1 0 1 0 7 5 6

2 0 2 1 2 2 1 0 1 7 1 7 2 2 1 4 2 2 1 8 1 9 1 4 1 5 1 3 1 1 1 6 1 1 8 1 0 1 5 1 3 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 0 1 4 9 9 8 9 7 1 7 1 4 1 8

9

1 4 1 4 2 0 1 1 7 2 1 2 3 1 4 1 8 2 0 1 9 1 5 1 6 1 3 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 5 1 2 9 1 1 2 9 8 9 7 1 1 0 1 9 8 6

7 6 5

5 9

2 2 1 4 1 5 1 9 1 9 1 6 1 7 1 3 1 6 1 8 1 9 1 5 1 4 1 1 2 8 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 0 1 1 3 1 2 8 9 9 7 8 1 0 1 6 8 9 5 7 5 1 0

8

6

1 9 1 4 1 6 1 9 2 1 1 9 1 9 1 4 1 4 1 6 1 9 1 8 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 7 1 0 9 1 4 1 1 6 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 9

8

8 9 1 1 4 7 1 0 7 7 8 9

1 9 1 5 2 2 1 5 1 8 1 7 2 1 1 4 2 0 1 6 1 5 1 8 1 2 1 7 1 6 1 4 1 3 1 4 1 6 1 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 2 1 3 9 9 9 9 8 8 7 1 1 3 9 9 8 6 5 6

1 8 1 2 2 1 1 9 1 7 1 4 2 1 2 1 2 7 1 4 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 6 1 4 1 0 1 5 1 7 1 0 1 7 1 1 3 1 3 1 5 1 1 2 8 8 1 0 7 9 7 9 1 2 1 0 1 0 7 6 5 5

2 0 1 8 1 6 1 7 2 0 1 0 1 9 2 0 2 6 1 4 1 5 1 4 1 5 1 5 1 4 1 2 1 7 1 5 1 6 1 0 1 5 1 4 1 4 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 0 1 0 9

8

1 3 9 9 1 1 2 1 0 9 6 5 5

4 7 1 2 1 8 2 5 3 1 4 1 4 8 6 0 6 8 7 5 7 9 8 7 9 6 1 07 15 14 18 18 14 18 12 1 00 9 4 8 1 8 1 7 6 6 1 5 5 4 9 4 6 3 6 3 2 2 8 2 1 1 5 1 5 7 1 1 1

T ABLE I II. 4 O ak w ood s amples w ith s apwood f rom t he S weet t rack

S ample N o.

N o. o f r ings

C hips S WD 2 28 2 82 5 04 6 17 S WIG 4 22 6 6 1

1 9 1 7 1 9 1 2 3 6 2 7

P lanks S WC 1 20 S WD 9 5 S WTG• 379 1 064 1 092

1 40 9 0 c 344 1 46 16

R oundwood S WTG 3 9 7 4 1 22 1 65 1 69 1 84 2 60 2 80 4 19 5 16 5 82 6 6 1 6 65 7 02 7 37 8 08 8 25 8 47 9 73 1 024 1 028 1 029 1 032 1 043 1 069 117 124 u nlabelled

5 1 5 9 3 9 6 7 4 8 2 2 5 0+ 4 6 5 1 6 0 5 6 2 7+ 4 5 2 3+ 3 7+ 4 5 3 7 6 2 4 8 5 2 4 0 5 2 6 0 5 0 c 52 7 1 6 1 4 8

N o . o f s apwood r ings

S ketch s ection

1 5 1 5 1 6 1 2 1 5 2 7

i f em e g f ir

2 5 5 6+ c 14+ 9 + 1 5

. /

2 7 3 0 2 7 3 0 2 9 2 2 3 5 4 6 3 7+ 3 8 3 4 2 7+ 7 15 1 2 8+ 2 7 c 8 2 9 3 1 2 6 ? 3 1 3 6+ 3 5 u p t o 1 5 3 0 3 2 2 9

7

z-• e z •

T ABLE 1 11.5 A verage r ing-width v alues o f t he 7 1 y ear m aster c hronology b ased o n 1 9 o ak r oundwood s amples f rom s ite T G o f t he S weet t rack ( see F ig. 1 11.17)

SWEET TURBARY OAK ROUNDWOOD MEAN 7 1 1

-2 2

8

9

1

-

7

8

2 1

-1 0

1 0

3 1

- 1 0

1 0

4 1

-1 2

1

5 1

-1 0

8

6 1

-

6

8

7 1

-

7

9

1 9

1 2 9 9 7

1

9

1 0

8

7

1 0

1

9

9 1 0

7 1

9 1 0

9 1 0

1 6 6

1 4 7

9

8

8

1

1 0

7

6

1 0

1 0

9

9

9

1

1 0 1

8

1 0

1 0

1 3

9

1 0

1 2

1 0

8

1 2

7

1 0 9 6

TA ME 111.6

C omputer-calculated S tudent 's t v alues f or t he c orrelation o f i ndividual a nd m aster c urves w ith s apwood, c onfirming t he g rowth p attern o f t he l ast f ew d ecades o f t he c hronology b efore f elling n .o . =n o o verlap

S a m ple N o.

S WC 1 20

S WD 9 5

S WIG 1 064

SW IG 3 79

S W IG 1 092

S WTG r oundwood m ean

S WC 1 20 S WD 9 5

5 .0

S WTG 1 064

2 .7

2 .0

S WTG 3 79

2 .7

2 .0

8 .9

S WTG 1 092

2 .3

1 .1

6 .2

3 .6

S WTG r oundw ood m ean

4 .5

5 .4

3 .9

n .o.

n .o.

S WEET M AST ER

4 .15

4 .0

1 0.6

6 .6

6 .3

9

3 .8

S WEET M ASTER

TA ME 1 11.7 R adiocarbon d ates f rom t ree-ring s amples o f t he S weet t rack r un a t H arwell ( see A ppendix 8 ). K nown g rowth a llowance i s u sed t o a djust t he a verage d ate r ange ( omitting H AR 1 477)

R INGS O F

G ROWTH

C 14 R ANGE

4 10 Y EAR C HRONOLOGY

A LLOWANCE

b c A T O NE S TANDARD D EVIATION

R ANGE b c W ITH G ROWTH A LLOWANCE

9 0105

3 10

2 530 - 2 670

2 220 - 2 360

1 30145

2 70

2 955 - 3 155

2 685 - 2 885

1 70-185

2 30

3 015 - 3 215

2 785 - 2 985

2 10-225

1 90

2 760 - 2 940

2 570 - 2 750

2 50-265

1 50

3 030 - 3 2 10

2 880 - 3 060

2 90-305

10

2 750 - 2 930

2 640 - 2 820

1 0

TA

= 1 11.8 S ummary o f a ll r adiocarbon d ates r un o n g rowth r ings o f k nown r elative a ge f rom t he c ross-matched C olwick, S weet a nd S tolford c hronologies T hey a re l isted i n c hronological o rder

S ITE

R ING N OS. I N 6 31 Y EAR M ASTER ( earliest —e m ost r ecent)

L AB. N O .

D ATE b c

C OLWICK

c 255-285

Q 2029

3 385

S WEET

2 80-295

H AR 1 379

2 600 + 7 0

S WEET

3 20-335

S WEET

3 60-375

( H AR 1472 ( ( H AR 1473

( ( (

( H AR 1475 ( ( H AR 1476

( ( (

3 120 ± 8 0 2 990 + 1 50 3 070 1 1 00 3 160 +

S P I OLFORD*

3 61-371

3 218

S IULFORD*

3 90-400

3 246

S WEET

4 00-4 15

S VULFORD*

4 19-429

S WEET

4 40-455

S

4 48-458

WORD*

C OLWICK

c 470-505

SW ITORD*

4 77-487

S WEET

4 80-495

5 0

9 0

( H AR 1477

(

1 990 + 9 0

( H AR 1478

(

2 850 + 9 0 3 223

( H AR 1384 ( ( H AR 1469

( ( (

0 2028

3 080 + 9 0 3 160 + 9 0 3 144 3 160 + 4 5 3 120

( H AR 1479 ( ( H AR 1480

( ( (

2 760 + 1 00 2 920 +

S IULFORD*

5 06-5 16

3 081

S -I ULFGRD*

5 35-545

3 075

S IOLFC IRD*

5 64-574

3 080

* Heyworth ( personal c ommunication)

1 1

8 0

TA

ME 111.9

P ossible e nd y ears a nd t v alues f or c omparisons o f t he E nglish N eolithic f loating c hronologies w ith t he I rish a nd G erman l ong c hronologies. M ost w ere c alculated b y an ew v ersion o f t he ( POS p rogram ( Munro, 1 984) a t B elfast u sing u npublished d ata s upplied t o t hem b y D elorme o f G ottingen, t hose m arked * w ere r un o n t he S heffield A pple m icro-computer.

C hronology

c ompared t o N . I reland E nd y ear B C

tv alue

G ermany E nd y ear B C

tv alue

N eolithic M aster

4 252 3 969 3 74 1

3 .75 3 .03 3 .17

3 855 3 828 3 688

3 .45 3 .15 3 .17

S weet. M ast e r

3 902* 3 888* 3 767

3 .4 3 .1 3 .95

3 98 1 3 887 3 860 3 831

3 .7 3 .17 3 .02 3 .11

S weet r oundwood c hronology

3 880

4 .69

C blwick M aster

4 153 3 8 11 3 80 1*

3 .09 3 .47 3 .1

4 095 3 9 15 3 623

3 .06 4 .42 3 .06

S tolford T rees 2 /3

3 839 3 758 3 749 3 74 1 3 665

3 .33 3 .19 3 .37 3 .35 3 .05

4 054 3 989

3 .36 3 .25

1 2

T ABLE 1 11 . 10 A verage r ing-width v alues ( 0.1mm) f or t he 9 7 y ear l ime c hronology b ased o n 1 6 p lanks f rom t he S weet t rack

S WEET LIME MEAN 9 7 1

-2 6

2 6

2 4

2 6

1 7

1 9

2 3

1

-1 9

1 7

1 3

1 0

1

1

1 2

2 1

-1

2 9

3 1

2 4

2 3

2 8

1 9

2 3

1 9

2 3

3 1

2 2

2 3

2 1

2 5

2 5

2 7

3 2

3 2

2 8

3 0

4 1

-2 8

2 7

2 1

2 4

2 3

2 1

1 9

1 5

1 5

1 8

5 1

-1 4

1 8

2 2

1 8

2 0

2 2

1 5

1 4

1 3

1 9

6 1

-1 4

1 5

1 7

1 4

1 2

2 1

1 3

1 7

1 2

7 1

-1 3

1 7

1 4

1 6

1 5

2 3

1

8 1

-1 6

1

1

1 5

9 1

-

5

4

3 3 9

3 1

3 0

1 2

8

6

8

1 0

1 0

5

9

2 9

1 2

9

8

1 3

1 9

1 3

4 1 7

5

TABLE I II . 11 A verage r ing-width v alues ( 0.1 r rr n) f or t he 1 67 y ear a sh c hronology based on 20 p lanks f rom t he S weet t rack

SWEET ASH MEAN 1 67 1

-

: 3

1 3

6

7

6

1 .0

10

1 4

1 . 2

1 0

1 1

7

9

8

7

1 1 2 1

- 12

3 1

6

2

9

7

1 0

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 2

9

7

6

6

6

9

1 0

1 0

9

1 2

4 1

- 1 2

1 1

1 0

9

7

8

9

9

1 3

1 2

5 1

20

1 1

20

2 1

22

24

20

1 9

2 1 .

2 1

6.1

-

' 71

24

1 3

27

1 9

1 2

1 7

20

22

1 9

7 1

- 1 . 6

1 . 9

1 7

1 9

1 9

1 7

1 . 2

1 3

1 6

1 5

E 3 1

- 1 4

1 7

1 3

1 3

1 6

1 9

1 9

1 5

1 2

9

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 E 3

1 5

1 4

1 2 .

1 0

1 2

1 3

1 1

9

9

1 1

1 3

1 1

1 0

1 1

1 5

9 1 . 1 01

- 1_

1 11

1 4

1 1

9

1 21

- 1 2

1 . 1

E l

1)

1 0

9

1 0

1 0

8

1 2

1 31

- 1 1

1 . 2

9

1 1

I C )

8

9

1 3

1 . 1

1 0

1 41

- 1 1

1 0

1 1

1 1

1 4

1 5

1 2

1 1

1 1 .

1 0

1 51

- 1 .1

* 7

7

6

6

1 1

0

6

5

6

1 61

- 2 : : ? .

1 . : 3

1 2

1 2 * •I .3

1 2

1 1

Cl

1 4

TABLE III. 12 S ummary o f a ll s amples c ollected f ru i t t he M eare H eath t rack b etween 1 974 a nd 1 984

E xcavation y ear

S ource

1 974 J uly/ 1 975 A pril

M eare H eath a rea 1

3 5

2 6

1 975 S ept.

M eare H eath a rea 2 M eare H eath a rea 3 M eare H eath a rea 4

5 9 2 3

2 8 2 3

1 976

S mall f inds i n T en A cres

1 7

7

1 977 A pril

S mall f inds

1 2

7

M eare H eath F ield a rea 1 M eare H eath F ield a rea 2 M eare H eath D rove a nd T en A cres - s mall f inds

2 3 8 3 4

8 6 2 0

5

3

2 4 7

1 2 5

3

3

A ugust D ec.

1 978

T ötal n o. o f s amples e xamined ( all s pecies)

S mall f inds i n H ome G round a nd T en A cres

1 979

V estey 's S outh V estey 's N orth

1 980

S mall f inds i n T en A cres

1 984

H ome G round

1 5

N o . o f O ak c u rves m atched

4 4

1 6

2 76

1 46

TABLE I II . 13 S ummary o f c onversion m ethod a nd n umber o f r ings i n o ak s amples f rom t he M eare H eath t rack

N o. o f r ings i n s ample

S takes

I nterm ediate p lanks

T ange ntial p lanks

R adial p lanks

S plit h alves

T otal

0 - 4 0

6 7

4

8

1 3

4 0- 6 0

1 6

3

7

2 0

3

4 9

3

3 8

1

5 9

6 0100

5

1 2

9 2

1 00+

-

1

-

5

6

u nkncwn

-

1

2

4

7

T otal

8 8

2 1

2 0

1 6

8 0

4

2 13

TABLE 1 11.14 A verage r ing -w id t h v alues ( 0.1mm) f or t he M eare H eath m aster c hronology, b ased o n 7 8 t imbers

MEARE H EATH OAK M EAN 1 52 1

-4 9

4 7

3 8

2 6

2 8

1 9

5 0

4 1

4 4

2 6

1

-5 0

4 1

4 5

3 4

1 8

3 7

3 1

3 1

3 4

3 8

2 1

-4 1

3 6

3 3

3 2

3 2

2 1

2 4

2 9

2 7

2 1

3 1

-2 1

1 8

2 2

2 1

3 2

2 8

2 7

2 9

2 9

2 4

4 1

-1 6

1 7

1 6

1 5

1 3

1 4

1 6

2 2

2 0

1 5

5 1

-1 6

1 6

1 2

1 5

1

1 3

1 6

1 7

1 3

1 6

6 1

-1 5

1 7

1 4

1 6

1 4

1 6

1 8

1 4

1 3

1

7 1

-1 3

1 3

1 2

1 0

1 3

1 7

1 5

1 5

1 5

1

8 1

-1 0

1 2

1 5

1 5

1 8

2 0

1 5

1 5

1 9

1 9

9 1

-1 6

1 7

1 5

1 4

1 7

1 6

1 5

1 8

1 4

1 6

1 0 1

-1 3

1 4

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8

1 2

1 4

1 3

11

-1 3

1 2

1 3

1 3

1 0

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 21

-

1 3

1 2

1 3

1 0

1 2

1 0

1 3

1 3 1

-1 3

1 7

1 3

1 4 1

- 7

6

1 51

-

4

9

5

9

5

7 5

1 0 5

1 7

9 1 3

1 0 2 0

8

8

8

8

9

6

6

7

5

5

TABLE 1 1

. 15

D etails o f o ak t imbers w ith s apwood f rom t he M eare H eath t rack B E =b ark e dge

S ample n o.

7 7.17

N o . o f N o. o f r ings s apwood r ings

C onversion m ethod

S pan i n c hronology

Y ear o f t ransition t o s apwood

N o. o f s ap, w ood r ings t o W i n y ear 1 52

6 4

2 0

t angential

7 8141

1 2 1

3 2

7 7 1 .139

16

2 3

r adial

3 7152

1 30

2 3

7 7 2 .33

1 29

3 4

r adial

2 4152

18/9

3 4

7 7 2 .74

+ 88

2 4

r adial

5 9146

1 22

3 1

7 7 T A 1OF

6 1

2 2

t angential

8 3143

1 2 1

3 2

7 7C

6 7

1 9

t angential

8 2148

1 29

2 4

7 9 6 8.2

4 4

7

t angential

9 1134

1 27

2 6

7 9 6 8.5

12

4

r adial

2 8139

1 35

1 8

8 0.2B

6 5

1

r adial

7 0134

1 23

3 0

8 4.037

9 5

1 4

r adial

4 9143

1 29

2 4

1 8

TABLE II I. 16

C omparisons o f t he a verage r ing-widths a nd b oard w idths w ith t he m ethod o f c onversion

T ype o f b oard

A verage r ing w idth

A verage b oard w idth

N o . o f s amples

MM

S takes

1 .41

R adial b oards

1 .79

1 22

6 0

T angential b oards

1 .45

1 48

1 6

I ntermediate b oards

2 .00

1 74

1 4

S plit h alves

1 .22

F inal a verage

1 .654

TABLE II I. 17

C bmparison o f m ethod o f c onversion w ith f unction i n t he t rackway

F unction i n t rackway

T ransverses

R adial b oards

T angential b oards

1 7

9

7 5

L ongitudinals

9

2

P egs

5

1

U nknown

3 3

6

1 9

I nterm ediate b oards

S plit h alves

2

S takes/ s lats

1 1 2 9

5

1

2 3

TABLE III . 18

P ossible c orrelations o f t he 1 52 y ear M eare H eath c hronology w ith d ated r eference c hronologies. T he t v alues w ere c alculated i n B elfast b y an ew v ersion o f t he C ROS p rogram ( Munro 1 984), e xcept t hose m arked * c alculated o n t he A pple.

C ompared w ith:

E nd y ear B C

tv alue

G ermany ( Delorme -

1 848

3 .78

u npublished d ata

1 79 1

3 .64

s upplied t o B elfast)

1 509

3 .13

1 364

3 .05

1 285

3 .05

G ermany ( Becker 1 983)

14 1

4 .1*

N orthern I reland

1 843

3 .0 1

1 785

3 .22

1 649

3 .22

1 563

3 .2 1

1 50 1

5 .55*

1 264

3 .14

1 258

3 .02

1 209

4 .47

9 82

3 .56

9 82

3 .3*

8 57

4 .7*

S wan C arr, D urham

2 0

TABLE 1 11.19 S ummary o f w ood s a r ples u sed i n t ree-ring s tudies f rom t he T inney's t racks

Y ear o f P lanks e xcavation

1 974

)

1 975

) 2 9

1 977

)

T otals

S takes

R oundw ood

A lder*

O ther

5 1 0

7 5

-

1 48 1 24

5

1 978

O AK C hips

3 4

1 2

1 0

1 37

6

1 25

6

4 02

* See s ection V .5

TABLE 1 11.20

C onversion m ethods o f p lanks o ver 1 00 m m w ide f rom T inney 's A a nd D .

C onversion m ethod

N umber o f p lanks

R ADIAL

2 2

T ANGENTIAL

8

I NTERMEDIATE

4

3 4

2 1

5

TABLE 1 11.21 R ing-width v alues c onverted t o i ndices ( see s ection 1 1.3.3) f or t he m aster c hronology b ased o n 2 3 p lanks f rom T inney 's A a nd D ( N.B.

i n p rocess o f b eing r ecalculated)

TINNEYS MEAN 2 46 1

-2 0

2 0

1 9

2 5

1

-

7

8

9

2 1

-

7

5

5

6

3 1

-

4

5

6

9

4 1

-1 2

1 3

1

5 1

-1

1 3

1 6

6 1

-

7

7 1

-

9

8 1

7

9

1 3

8

5

1 5

1 2

8

8

5

1 4

1 4

1 0

1 2

1 0

1

1 2

1 2

9

9

9

8

7

8 8

-

9

1 2

1

1 0

9

1 0 1

-

8

11

-1 2

1 0

1 0

1 2 1

-1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 3 1

-

1

1 3

1

1 4 1

-1

1 3

1

1

1 4

1 5 1

-1 5

1 0

1 0

9

9

9

1 6 1

-

9

1 0

1 0

9

8

9

1 7 1

-

9

1 8 1

-1 2

1 9 1

-

7

7

2 0 1

-

7

8

2 11

-

8

2 2 1

-1 4

2 3 1

-1

1

1 3

1

1 0

9

2 4 1

-

1

1 3

1 6

1 4

7

8

6

1 4

9 1

9

4

1 2

8

1 0

6

1 3

1

1 2

6

1 3

1

7

6

1 5

1 2

9

9 9

1

8

9

1 0

1 9

7

8

8

1

1

7 1 1 5

8

9

7

7

8

8

9

9

1 0

9

1 0

1 1 2

1 2

1 2

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 2

1 0

1

1 0

1

1

1

9

1 0

1 2

9

1 3

9

8

8

8

8

8

7

6

7

8

7

8

9

9

9

8

6

9

1 5

6

8

2 2

1 0

1

1 2

1 4

1 3

7

7

1 2

9

9

6

1 2

7

9

9

8

1 0

8

7

1 0

1 8

1 6

-1 3

9

7

1 5

1 0

1

8

1 2

1 3

1 0

1 2

9

7

1 2

1 2 1 4 9

1

1 0

1

1 2

1 7 6 1 0

1 4 9 9

9 1 4

1 7 7 1 0 1 2 9 1

T ABLE 1 11.22 D etails o f s takes f rom t he 1 975 e xcavation o f T inney's A .

S ample N o.

N o . o f r ings

D imensions m m

14

2 5

4 5 x 4 8

1 22

4 7

5 0 x 4 5

1 23

5 3

5 5 x 2 2

1 24

2 3

5 0 x 3 5

1 26

3 1

4 3 x 4 3

1 27

4 0

6 0 x 3 7

1 50

1 7

4 3 x 3 8

1 52

2 1

3 5 x 2 5

1 56

1 8

5 3 x 3 5

1 58

3 0

6 5 x 4 0

S ketch o f c rosss ection

a l i n

i u h t l l

M U M'

Ja i

2 3

TABLE 1 11.23 P ossible c orrelations o f t he T inney 's c hronology w ith d ated r eference c hronologies a nd w ith t he M eare H eath c hronology ( Table 1 11.14). T hose m arked * w ere r un o n t he A pple; t he r est w ere c alculated a t B efast u sing u npublished d ata w ith t he n ew C ROS p rogram ( Munro 1 984).

C hronology

E nd y ear B C

tv alue

G ermany ( Becker 1 983)

1 08 1

3 .3*

G ermany ( unpublished d ata

1 74 1

4 .8

1 3 14

4 .17

166

3 .7

8 68

4 .2

s upplied b y D elorme)

N orthern I reland

S wan C arr, D urham

1 503

4 .08*

1 50 1

3 .9*

1 292

3 .65

1 096

3 .67

1 093

3 .7*

f loating y ear M eare H eath t rack

2 4

1 45

3 .0*

1 93

3 .0*

TABLE IV. 1 S ummary o f a ge a nd s ize f igures f or r oundwood o f a ll s pec ies f rom t he S weet t rack

S WEET R OUNDWOOD

S pecies

N o. o f s tems

A ge A verage

R ange

D iameter mm A verage R ange

3 0

4 1.1

1-67

8 1.6

4 5140

H AZEL

6 84

2 0.7

2 -58

5 4.8

1130

A SH

1 84

2 2.6

3 -80

6 8.8

1 6170

W ILLOW

1 04

1 5.1

4 -25

9 5.5

1 8-180

A SPEN

4 1

1 7.5

3 -36

7 5.5

2 4-230

H OLLY

5 3

c 24.4

5 -c60

6 1.8

2 0135

A LDER

2 3

1 6.2

7 -c40

7 1.6

3 0160

B IRCH

1 6

1 6.3

7 -c40

5 0.7

1 9100

E LM

4 1

1 7.5

2 -47

6 0.8

3 0145

2 0.5

1 3-30

5 7.3

3 5117

O AK

D OGWOOD

6

A PPLE

2

6 0-75

2 5

TABLE I V.2 S ummary o f a ge a nd s ize d ata f rom a ll t he a sh s tems f rom t he S weet t rack

A ge D iameter m m ound- W orked A verage R ange A S ite N o. o f R verage R ange s tems w ood

C

2 2

1 5

D

4 1

2 6

7 1 5

W inter c ut

1 3.3

6 -33

5 6.1

3 2180

1 5

2 5.9

7 -70

7 4.4

2 5170

2 3

M easured r ingw idths

2 2 2

G B

6

5

1

1 0-23

2 4-65

4

G Z

4

2

2

2 3-37

5 5-80

1

Q D

2

1

1

1 4+17

4 0-50

2

Q V

5

2

3

3 0-58

4 5-200

2

4

Q Z

6

5

1

8 -57

4 6-240

3

2

R S A T G W A

1 03 2 4 1 3

2 35

9 7

6

2 2.2

1 5

2 6.5

3

1 84

7 3.8

2 4-26

2 2 6

1 2-54

3 -80

6 0-65 5 7.5

1 013

5 1

2 2.6

3 -80

3 0115

1 6105 4 0-45

6 8.8

1 6-240

7 5 2 2 5

3

8 0 2 1

3

1 55 6 6%

1 26

TABLE I V .3 S ummary o f a ge a nd s ize d ata f rom a ll t he h azel s tems f rom t he S weet t rack

S WEE T ' H AZEL A ge A verage R ange

D iameter m m A verage R ange

S ite

N o. o f s tems

C

4 8

2 0.2

3 -37

6 2.2

D

1 05

1 6.4

5 -37

2 3.7

F

6

W inter c ut

M easured r ingw idths

1 3105

3 4

6

6 4

2 5130

1 3

6

1 7-32

8 5.8

7 0115

6

1

G B

1 6

1 9.9

4 -30

5 7.9

1 7120

6

-

G Z

1 6

1 7.5

7 -32

5 5.1

2 7-92

9

-

K D '

1 9

1 9.9

6 -32

5 7.6

5 3-90

8

-

Q D

2 4

2 5.9

1-4 1

6 2.2

3 2-90

1 5

6

Q V

3 9

2 2.8

5 -43

5 1.5

1 6-90

1 9

6

Q Z

4 3

2 1.9

7 -37

5 3.8

3 0-85

2 9

5

R

3 7

2 1.4

7 -35

6 1.3

1 5+-95

S A

1 8

2 1.1

1-39

4 5.2

2 8-69

T G

2 9 1

2 1.4

2 -58

5 0.1

1110

W A

2 2

2 0.9

4 -45

4 1

1 7-90

6 84

2 0.7

2 -58

5 4.8

1130

n o r ecord 1 2 2 08 1 7

3 76

2 7 8 2 5 3

9 3

TABLE I V .4 P ercen tage a greemen t f i gure s ( s ee S ec t ion 1 .3 .3 ) f or s evera l i nd iv idua l h aze l p a t tern s ( l ef t c o lumn ) c ompared t o h aze l mean c urve s f rom SWC a nd SWTG i n d ifferen t e nd y ear s

SWEET HAZEL

SWC mean e nd ing i n y ear 5 0

SWTG mean e nd ing i n y ear 4 2

R W 164

7 3

6 6

QD59

6 5

4 3

SA6

7 4

4 1

F 17

7 9

5 0

SA26

4 2

6 8

WA104

5 2

7 3

TG167

4 5

7 0

% a greemen t o f :

c ompared t o :

TABLE I V .5

P ercen tage a greemen t v a lue s f or a c ompar i son o f t he a sh r oundwood m ean c urve s ( a s i n Fig. I V .5 ) w i th 3 h aze l mean c urve s a t t wo d ifferen t e nd y ea r s

P ercen tage a greemen t o f :

C ompared t o : Haze l y ear 4 2 SW TG mean

SW Q mean

Haze l y ear 5 0 SW C mean

SW Q mean

SW A sh mean 1

7 3

6 9

3 3

4 8

2

6 9

6 4

5 5

5 2

3

5 4

5 0

4 2

4 4

4

5 1

5 3

5 1

6 3

5

5 0

5 7

5 3

6 2

2 8

TABLE 1 V. 6 P ercentage a greement v alues f or t he S W IG o ak r oundwood m ean c urve ( as i n s ection 1 11.1.3.3) c ompared w ith t he a sh a nd h azel m ean c urves, i f t he c utting y ears c orrespond

S WTG o ak r oundwood m ean c ompared t o :

S W

%a greement w ith s ame c utting y ear

y ears o f o verlap

A sh m ean

5

6 5

3 4

A sh m ean

3

8 3

2 4

A sh m ean

1

5 2

2 4

A sh m ean

2

4 6

2 9

A sh m ean

4

4 0

3 7

H azel S WC m ean

e nding 9 y ears l ater 6 1

2 9

2 7

TABLE V .I S ummary o f b rushwood s tructures d iscussed i n t he t ext

S TRUCTURE

A PPROX C 14 D ATE b c

W OOD S PECIES U SED

R EFERENCE

B ISGROVE 'S

2 900

B irch

O rme, C aseldine a nd M organ 1 982

H ONEYGORE

2 800

B irch

C oles, O n e, C aseldine a nd M organ 1 985

H ONEYCAT

2 5-2100

B irch

C oles, O n e, C aseldine a nd M organ 1 985

B AKER P LATFORM

2 7-2000

W illow , a lder, C oles, F leming a nd O rme 1 980 b irch, h azel, a sh

J ONES

2 500

B irch , s ome h azel

O n e, C aseldine a nd M organ 1 982

G ARVIN 'S

2 400

B irch , s ome h azel, a sh , a lder

O n e, C aseldine a nd M organ 1 982

A lder, s ome w illow, b irch

C oles, O rme, C aseldine a nd M organ 1 985a

G ODWIN 'S

1 TNNEY 'S

100

11000

A lder, s ome C oles a nd O ne 1 978a, 1 980 b irch , w illow, a lder b uckthorn

3 0

TABLE V .2 S ummary o f a ges a nd d iameters o f b irch s tems f rom t he H oneygore a nd H oneycat b rushwood t racks

T rack

N o. o f s amples

A ge A verage

R ange

H ONEYGORE

2 3

-

c .6 - 3 6

H ONEYCAT

5 6

8

4- 17

D iameter m m A verage R ange

3 8

9-1 02

2 4.4

8 -

5 3

T ABLE V .3 S ummary o f t he a ge a nd s ize d etails o f b irch s tems f rom t he f our e xcavated s ites i n t he G arvin 's a rea.

A ge A verage R ange

D iameter m m A verage R ange

W inter C ut

T otal e xamined

B ISGROVE 8 0

1 9.06

4 -40

2 9.03

J ONES 7 9

1 7.2

6 -30

3 5.7

1 9-59

4

2 4

G ARVIN 'S 7 5

1 3.6

5 -30

4 3.6

2 0-80

5

7 3

G ARVIN 'S 7 9

1 5.3

3 -65

2 4.5

3 1

7 -75

5 110

1 5

1 6

5 9

8 4

TABLE V .4 A ge a nd s ize d etails o f t he h azel, a sh a nd a lder s tems f ram t he G arvin ' s a rea e xcavations

S pecies

H AZEL

A SH

A LDER

S ite

A ge A verage R ange

D iameter m m A verage R ange

W inter a lt

T btal E Xamined

4 ?

3 0

G arvin 's 7 5

9 .4

5 15

2 8.5

2 0-40

G arvin 's 7 9

9 .5

5 14

2 5.7

1 8-40

J ones

6 .4

3 12

1 7.5

1 3-24

G arvin 's 7 5

1 2.1

8 -20

2 3.7

1 5-35

7

G arvin 's 7 9

3 9.2

3 0-50

3 4

2 3-48

4

G arvin 's 7 9

( 9)

( 3 1)

8

8 1 4

1

1 ,

3 2

TABLE V.5 D etails o f a ge a nd s ize o f a lder s tems f rom T inney ls A ,B a nd D

E xcavation

T IN A

D iameter m m A verage R ange

A ge A verage R ange

N o. o f S amples

7 .6

3 -22

2 7

9 -50

1 48

T IN A 1 977 a verage

7 .9

3 18

2 7

1 4-46

1 24

T IN A 1 977 t op l evel

7 .4

5 10

2 5

1 4-42

4 5

m id l evel

8 .4

6 13

2 6

1 5-36

1 9

l ower l evel

8 .1

3 18

2 9

1 4-46

6 0

T IN B 1 977

6 .1

2 11

2 4.5

1 4-45

7 0

T IN D 1 978

5 .1

2 18

2 1.2

7 -95

1 25

1 975

i

1 3

TABLE V .6

D etails o f t he a lder s tems e xamined f rom t he t wo s eparate b ranches o f T IN D a nd T IN E .

T IN E

T rack

T IN D

6 .15

A verage a ge

4 .36

A verage d iameter m m

2 1.8

1 9.9

T otal n umber o f s tems e xamined

5 4

5 1

TABLE V .7

S ummary o f s tem a ges a nd s izes f rom t he G odwin 's t rack

S pecies

N o. o f s amples

A ge A verage R ange

D iameter m m A verage R ange

1 23

5 .9

1 15

1 7.0

6 -36

W ILLOW

1 4

4 .7

2 11

1 5.8

1 2-26

B IRCH

1

2 4.2

1-40

2 0.6

1 4-36

A LDER

O AK

6

5

1 54

3 1

4 -8

TABLE V .8 S ummary o f t he d etails o f 6w ood s pecies e xamined f rom t he B aker s ite. S ince t he f ew o ak p ieces w ere w orked, f ull f igures a re n ot g iven . W =w inter, S = s ummer

S pecies

A SH O AK H AZEL W ILLOW A LDER B IRCH

A ge A verage R ange

4 3.3 1 2.1 9 .1 2 3.7 1 9.1

9 130 1-56 2 -53 4 -25 3 -70 5 130

D iameter m m A verage R ange

F elling R ing s eason w idth W S m easa rem ents

5 3.4

1 0140

? 8 ? 3

3 5.2 3 8.8 6 8.0 4 3.0

8 150+ 1 5-90 2 1-200 1 3160

1 4 1 6 5 2

? 5 ? 1 -

1 8 4 3 1 6 -

C onversion : C am- W orked T otals p lete s tems

2 0 5 5 5 5 4 1 2 9

1 8 7 1 3 2 6 2

3 8 7 5 6 5 8 6 7 3 1

T ABLE V .9 M ean r ing -width v alues f or c urves o f a sh b ased o n 4t imbers, a lder b ased o n 7t imbers a nd o ak b ased o n 2t imbers. 0 .1 m m . T i .n umber o f t imbers i nvolved i n e ach d ecade

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

T i

1.0 8 .3 8 .2 4 .5 3 .7 6 .7 1 5.5 1.5 7 .5 8 .0

1.0 5 .0 9 .2 6 .0 4 .2 9 .0 1 0.0 7 .0 7 .0 8 .5

1 4.5 8 .3 6 .2 3 .7 4 .2 8 .5 1 3.5 1 0.5 8 .0 7 .5

1 5.5 9 .3 6 .5 4 .0 5 .0 1 3.0 1 3.5 9 .5 6 .0 9 .5

1 2.0 1 0.7 7 .7 7 .7 5 .0 1.0 1.0 9 .5 7 .5 7 .5

1 2.7 1 0.5 6 .5 4 .5 4 .5 9 .5 9 .5 1 2.0 7 .5 8 .0

1.3 8 .5 5 .7 3 .7 4 .2 9 .0 7 .0 1 0.0 7 .0 8 .5

1.3 1 2.7 5 .2 3 .7 6 .2 1 0.5 1 0.5 9 .0 9 .0 5 .0

1.7 1 2.0 4 .5 4 .5 6 .5 1 4.5 1.0 7 .5 1 0.0 5 .0

3 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 1

2 2.0 1 6.0 8 .8 6 .1 1 5.7

3 6.0 2 0.0 1 7.0 7 .4 6 .3 1 3.4

1 9.0 1 4.0 8 .0 7 .3 2 .7 1 0.1

2 4.0 1 4.0 7 .0 1 0.2 4 .8 8 .6

2 2.0 1 3.0 1 6.5 1.3 4 .7 1 4.5

1 8.0 1 4.0 1 2.2 1 0.1 4 .8 1 5.3

1 7.0 1 0.0 1 0.5 1 4.6 6 .9 1 7.5

1 7.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 7 .1 1 8.2

1 9.0 1.0 1 0.4 1 3.4 9 .4 1 4.8

2 4.0 1 4.0 7 .6 1.3 1.6 1.6

1 1 5 7 7 5

7 .0 1 2.0 1 7.0 9 .5 7 .5 1 6.0 1 3.0

1 4.0 8 .0 9 .0 1 0.5 9 .5 8 .5 1 9.0 9 .0

9 .0 6 .0 1 9.5 1 3.5 1 0.5 8 .0 1 9.0 9 .0

1 4.0 8 .0 1 7.0 9 .5 9 .5 7 .0 1 4.0 1.0

8 .0 8 .0 1 5.5 1 4.0 7 .5 7 .0 6 .0 1 5.0

5 .0 1 0.0 2 0.5 1 7.0 1 2.0 1 3.0 7 .0 1 8.0

5 .0 1.0 1 7.0 1 4.0 8 .5 1 4.0 4 .0 1 5.0

5 .0 1.0 1.0 1.5 8 .0 7 .0 7 .0 1 5.0

6 .0 8 .0 1 0.0 1 0.5 7 .0 1 6.0 1.0

9 .0 5 .0 1 2.5 1 0.5 7 .5 9 .0 1 4.0

1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1

A SH 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 00

9 .0 1.2 4 .0 4 .0 6 .5 1 7.5 8 .5 8 .0 8 .0 4 .0

A LDER 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 O AK 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0

T ABLE V .10 C omparisons o f t he a verage a ge a nd s ize o f a lder a nd b irch a ssemblages s tudied i n t he b rushwood t racks o f t he S omerset l evels.

A LDER

T rack

a verage a ge

a verage d iameter m m

T IN B

6 .1

2 4.5

T IN A 7 5

7 .6

2 7

T IN A 7 9

7 .9

2 7

T IN D

5 .1

2 1.2

G ODWIN'S

5 .9

1 7

( 6-36)

3 8

8

2 5

B IRCH

H ONEYGORE H ONEYCAT G ARVIN'S

7 5

1 3.6

4 3.6

G ARVIN 'S

7 9

1 5.3

2 4

B ISGROVE

1 9

2 9

J ONES

1 7

3 6

3 7

TABLE VI.1 S ummary o f t he h urdle t rackways e xamined

T RACK

W OOD S PECTES

H ONEYBEE

H azel

W ALTON

N O. R ODS I N P ANEL

f l. O F SAILS

SAILS D ISTANCE A PART cm

P ANEL S IZE

D ATE b e

5 0+

3

1 5-2 1

1 .3x0.5

c 2500

H azel, s ame b irch, a lder a nd o thers

5 0-60

4 -7

3 0-50

1 .5-2.9 l ong 1 1.2 w ide

2 300

R OWLAND 'S

H azel, s ome b irch f or p egs

6 5-70

6

E AST M DORS

H azel

4 0+

ECLIPSE

H azel, l ittle d ogwood a nd e lm

2 5-45

D IFFORDS 3

A lder/hazel

D IFFORDS 4

S TILEWAY

u p t o 2 300 2 .9 l ong 1 .31.9 w ide

4 0-50

2 l ong 0 .6-1 w ide

1 800

6 -7

3 0-40

c 2 l ong 0 .91.1 w ide

1 500

2 0

6

2 1-38

2 .1x.39? 1 500

A lder/hazel

6 0+

6

1 6-25

1 .2x.45

A lder

1 3+

8

2 0-35

2 .5+x 1.2+ 100

1 500

TABLE V I. 2 S izes a nd a ges o f t he h azel r ods a nd s ails i n t he H oneybee h urdles

A ge A verage R ange

D iameter m m A verage R ange

N o. o f S tems

S AILS

6 .2

4 11

1 8.4

1 3-27

R ODS h urdle A

8 .0

3 18

2 3.2

1 6-35

1 0

h urdle B

3 .5

2 10

1 2.8

6 -20

6 3

h urdle C

3 .1

2 -4

1.7

8 15

1 5

9

TABLE V I.3 A ge a nd s ize o f t he h azel a nd b irch s tems p erforming d ifferent f unctions i n t he R owland 's h urdle t rack

S PECIES

J . O F S TEMS

F UNCTION

H AZEL R ods

( 6 7 ( ( 6

C entral R ibs

9

S ails

2 8

P egs

3 5

A ge A verage R ange

D iameter m m A verage R ange

A verage R ingw idth m m

5

2 -9

1 6

7 -30

1 .73

1 4.3

117

4 0

2 4-48

1 .38

1 4.7

1 019

4 5

3 5-58

1 .72

8 .7

4 14

2 4

1-35

1 .52

1 4

8 -28

3 6

2 1-54

1 .35

1 9

8 -25

4 5

3 0-52

1 .29

2 0

9 -23

4 3

3 5-55

1 .17

1 45

B IRCH

P egs S tray

1 6 6 2 2

TABLE VI .4

S ummary o f t he a ges a nd s izes o f t he E clipse t rack h azel s tems

D iameter m m A verage R ange

A ge A verage R ange

S AILS

1.1

N o . o f S tems

5 -25

3 1.3

2 2-47

1 7

R ODS

7 .95

2 17

1 6.9

4 -40

10

A LL

8 .5

2 -25

1 8.8

4 -47

1 27

TABLE V I. 5

S ummary o f t he a ges a nd s izes o f h azel s tems f rom t he E ast M oors h urdle t rack

D iameter m m A verage R ange

A ge A verage R ange

N o . o f S tems

7

S AILS

7 .9

4 13

1 9.9

1 2-32

R ODS

6 .2

2 10

1 7.9

7 -27

4 8

A LL

6 .35

2 13

1 8.1

7 -32

5 5

4 0

TABLE VI .6

S ummary o f t he a ges a nd s izes o f a lder s tems f rom t he S tileway h urdle

A ge A verage R ange

D iameter M n A verage R ange

S AILS

6 .4

5 -9

2 1.6

1 3-38

R ODS

4 .3

2 -8

1 4.6

7 -26

N o. o f S tems

8

2 3

TABLE VI .7

S ummary o f t he a ges a nd s izes o f h azel a nd a lder s tems f rom t he D ifford 's 3 a nd 4 h urdles

S ITE

A ge A verage R ange

D iameter m m A verage R ange

N o. o f S tems

D IFFORD 'S 3 R ods

3 .7

2 -8

1 3.6

1 019

D IFFORD 'S 4 R ods

2 .6

2 -5

1 4.0

9 17

7

S ails

6 .8

4 11

2 0.0

1 6-32

6

1 9

TABLE V I.8

S ummary o f d ata f rom h urdles i n t he S omerset L evels, i n c hronological o rder ( Honeybee b eing t he e arliest)

S ails

R ods

T rack

A verage P eak a ge i n a ge

A verage N o . o f d iameter s tems m m e xamined

A verage A verage N o. o f a ge d iameter s tems n m e xamined

H ONEYBEE

3 .9

2 -4

1 3.8

8 8

6 .2

1 8.4

R OWLAND 'S

5 .0

3 -6

1 6.0

6 7

8 .7

2 4.0

3 -5 ( 8-20) , 1 0 ( after C oles & O rme 1 977)

( WALTON 7 5)

9

2 8

( 12-55)

W ALTON h ead 1 3

2 .3

2 -3

1 0.0

2 9

2 .5

9 .3

6

W ALTON 8 3

6 .6

4

1 8.8

2 1

9 .3

1 4.3

3

E AST M OORS

6 .2

4 -8

1 7.9

4 8

7 .9

1 9.9

7

E CLIPSE

7 .95

6 10

1 6.9

10

1.1

3 1.3

S TILEWAY

4 .3

3 -5

1 4.6

2 3

6 .4

2 1.6

D IFFORD 'S 3

3 .7

3 -4

1 3.6

1 9

D IFFORD 'S 4

2 .6

2

1 4.0

4 2

7

1 7

8

( 15-20) 6 ( after C oles & O rme 1 978b )

6 .8

2 0.0

6

TABLE V I.9 R ecorded d ata f or r ods i n h urdling

S ite

A pprox. d ate

S kendleby, L incs l ong b arrow ( Phillips 1 936)

N eo

1 5-20

M innis B ay, K ent ( Worsfold 1 943)

LBA

2 5-40

G lastonbury l ake v illage ( Bulleid a nd G ray 1 9 11)

I A

1 2-25

D ublin ( Murray 1 983)

1 0c A D

a sh +

C Oppergate, Y ork ( Hall 1 984, M organ u npub )

1 0c A D

h azel/ w illow/ o ak

9 .5

9 c A D

h azel/ w illow

4 10 a ve 6 .2

1 2c A D

a lder

e arly m edieval

a lder/ o ak

C blwick , N ottingham ( Salisbury 1 98 1)

W harram P ercy, Y orks. ( Morgan u npub )

C arlisle ( McCarthy & D acre 1 984)

B lackwater E stuary, E ssex ( Wilkinson a nd M urphy 1 986

B undenbach , W est G ermany ( Hollstein 1 976)

l c A D

E IA

L a r i . .ne

3S ternstrasse, T rier, W est G ermany ( Ho r nstein 1 976)

4 3

S pecies

A ge ( average)

D iameter m m

1 5-25 o r 2 0-30

8 -50 a verage 1 8

7 -22 a verage 1 5

1 0

9 .2

3 -3 1 a verage 2 1

a lder/ o ak

o ak

4 -6

1 0-20

? hazel

1 5±4

h azel

1 3

F ig.

1 .1

T he S omerset L evels. T he m ajor valleys a re s eparated b y l imestone h ills; t he r ivers B rue a nd P arrett f low o ut i nto t he B ristol C hannel a t t he t op l eft. R ock a nd s andfislandst r ise a bove t he w etlands o f S edgemoor a nd t he B rue v alley. T he m ajor a rea o f p eat c utting a nd t hus a rchaeological d iscoveries i s s hown h atched. ( Map a fter C oles & O rme 1 983a .)

4 4

raised b og p eat s ilt D ea

Burtle

C lays

mid-Flandrian s ilts L ias C lay(Jurassic)

T 0 1 m I 1 km

F ig.

1 .2

D iagrammatic s ketch s ection S omerset L evels,

s howing

4 5

t he

t hrough

0a pprox

t he B rue valley o f

s equence o f d eposits.

t he

( Not t o

s cale)

F ig.

1 .3

S ketch m ap s howing t he m ain g eological v alley.

4 6

f eatures o f t he B rue

F ig.

1 .4

M ain s oil t ypes o f t he S omerset L evels, a fter C oles O rme 1 983a.

a fter A very 1 955.

M ap

-\ ., • •\ . . .z.N . . ./' N . . ..- . ,-. ./7

N . . . . r -N_ ,. . . . .7

( 1 .

,. ., -

a ges ous tp reu r y& m e rve V i l l

a d 0b c

'r

R ad ioca rbon

1

C lad iu m

( 3 b

c

0BC

Sphagnum

0 000 0 v ip e r ' sc o rn pw .

T o tI g a te C 00 00 0

C a l ib ra t ion

Sphagnu m

• . • . 1

S hap neck H ea th

.

W i t te B ed G oose

v"

> ,,W

n

5 00

. . . .

> • -" " _,-_ " --_ 1 7 _

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•

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5 00

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W es thay

00 ZD C ED ` z :7 0

1 000

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1 000

0 0 00 0 0 0 6 b T mor y s A

15 00

N . . . ." . . . . ." . . . . ., ,

.H ea th

.

, . . , -,. . . .

E ch ine

" . _/" . . .,-, _ " . . . . . . / . . .," , . ,. . . ,"

A , b bo t iW ay

2 000

1 Z )

W a l lc e/ R ow land

' " A 2 500

f r =

Dc czk z : r ic B ake r

w i d ., . . . y

c Z oc 00

0

0

0

. . -. . . . . , -. . . . . ., N .,- v V

, . z . : ? v v v v V

XA C S Ga rv in

0 0 0C3 D 0 00 C h i l ton

0 0 0 0 33

ofbc :0 20200 :0 oppoop so

1 500

2 000

2 000

›- « \ /-

UN

H one no rt C om i» e l t

e

t es e o c ibDG c

3 000

p ea t

. . . . .. . . . . , v. . . . . v. . . .—

Es s tm oo rs

1 500

h u rn i f ied r a ised bog

weed

3 000

Peat

2 500

V

3 500

v c

o

S 00 0 0

0 0

0

0 0

2 500

V

H o^ eY9 Kre

Ph rag m i tes p ea t

e i s i lroye

3 000 4 000 C AL IBRATED

3 500

3 500

swee t L L

F ig.

1 .5

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

U NCAL IBAATED b lue e s tua r ine C lay

Major t rackways, p eat s tratigraphy a nd d ating of t he d eposits i n t he B rue valley of t he S omerset L evels. After C oles,B. & J . 1 986.

4 8

RAD OCARBoN Y EARS

bp

MEARE

1 000 -

HEATH R EG IONAL

POLLEN

ASSE MBLAGE

ABBOT S

1 500

Z ONES

WAY

2000

AB 7

2500 AB 6

SWEET T RACK

3000

FACTORY

S ITE

ABS

3500

S r 5 AB • S F 4

4000 A83 0

4500

I 2 0

an

6C

1 BO

S r 3

1 1 00

S r 2

AR2

s r AB1

5000 _

T I 0 20 40 PE K ENT

I 60

80

A

VO 0

C LEARANCE CERE .A t iA P L . ANTAGO OTHER

DRY

LAND

,

1 80

,

1 1 00

H ERBS LANcE OLATA , P MAJOR/ P MED IA R U MEX

EP ILOB lum

ACC T OSA t ype

rY ER io ium

ANAL

1 .6

v 1 40 60

AR T Em tS dA C tRS ium , MATR ICAR !A t ype •U RT iC

T REES

P ee iS CUE RCuS T IJA . FRAY INUS FAGUS C ARP INus

F ig.

•1 2 0

SC B ECKETT

1 973-76

S ummary p ollen p rofiles f rom t hree t rackway s ites i n t he v alley, s howing t he d uration a nd c haracter o f e ach z one. a lso T able 1 .1. A fter B eckett & H ibbert 1 978.

4 9

B rue S ee

F ig.

1 .7

W ooden t rackways a nd a nd B ronze Age date.

s tructures i n t he B rue valley of N eolithic ( Map after C oles 1 977.) 50

T I MBER

OA K

L I ME

ROUND WOOD ; ,

WILL O W

ASPE N

DOG WOOD

B IRCH

r ai ' •

F

et -

f

ALDER

• •

• • > 1

3

F ig.

I I.1

Major w ood s pecies u sed i n F airhurst & S oothill 1 981. 5 1

t he S omerset L evels

t rackways.

A fter

p i th

p h loe m

b ark

r ays

F ig.

1 1.2

D iagrammatic s ketch s ection o f o f a n o ak t runk, s howing m ajor 5 2

t he t hree p lanes o f a s egment f eatures o f t he s tructure.

F ig.

1 1.3

S tructure o f and c - e lm.

t he r ing-porous w oods: a - o ak, A round x 10. P hotos: M .Butler,

U niversity.

5 3

b - a sh S heffield

C I

F ig.

1 1.4

S tructure b - a lder.

o f

d iffuse-porous A round

x 10.

5 4

w oods:

a - h azel

After G reguss 1 959.

a nd

C l

F ig.

1 1.5

T he g rowth rate o f o ne a nnual r ing o f o ak. T he l arge v essels b egin t o f orm a t t he t ime o f l eaf f lush; i n l ate May, t he p roduction o f d ense s ummer w ood b egins a nd c ontinues u ntil a bout S eptember. A fter V arley & G radwell 1 962 2 12.

5 5

F ig.

1 1.6

C ambial d ivision a nd t he d evelopment o f o ne g rowth r ing i n a r ing-porous w ood, i llustrating h ow t he s eason o f f elling c an b e d etermined. A bove - A a nd B s how t he b eginning o f c ell d ivision, C s hows t he f ormation o f t he f irst l ine o f v essels, a nd D t he s ubsequent l ines. After K ozlowski 1 971, I I

34.

B elow - t he

Z immerman 1 964,

2 91.

5 6

c ompletely

f ormed g rowth r ing.

After

F ig.

1 1.7

T he s tructure o f o ak h eartwood ( left), w ith b lockages o r t yloses i n t he v essels, a nd s apwood ( right) w ith c lear v essels. x ll. After J ane 1 970, 1 97.

5 7

r oundwood

s plit r oundwood

s takes

ei

gh l e l

g a b ah rit h ii i r e i r adial p lank

t angential p lank

' intermediate'

F ig.

1 1.8

p lank

S ketch c ross-sections o f t he m ain c lasses o f w ood f ound i n t he S omerset L evels t rackways, s howing t he m ethods o f c onversion.

5 8

1 1.9

T he

t ransverse

s urface

ring-width m easurement.

o f

t he T he

w ood r ing

b y c uttinL , w ith a s harp k nife, a J urform p lane.

5 9

b eine ,

p reLared

f or

b oundaries a re made

as a bove,

o r

p laning

c lear

w ith

ASH

W ILLO W •

ASPE N

1 80-,

1 60-

•

1 40-

•

••

1 20^

•

1 00"

80-

.

.

.

• • • 60

• l b

d ia me ter i n r nm

.

e.

• •

•

40

.

• •

.

.

20

1 1 0

210

3 0

I t o

4.0

2 0

310

40

50

610

70

a ge i n y ears

F ig.

1 1.10

S catter d iagrams c ontrasting t he age/size r elationship o f a spen a nd w illow s tems w ith ash s tems f rom s ite T G o f the S weet t rack. T he g rowth of ash is s low c ompared t o t hat o f a spen a nd e specially w illow. 6 0

D IAMETER H AZEL SAILS

2 0-

5 1 0

2 5 D IAMETER A LDER B RUSHWOOD

2 0-

* umber o f s amples

1 5 -

3 01 0 2 0-

5 -

0 7 t O

0 e . . 4 i

t O

d iameter i n m a

F ig.

I I.11

0 m I

0 T

w

t O

4 ,4

0 t N f

w

0 m 1 I D c . 4

0

Y t O M

C hoice o f v ertical s cale a ffects t he v isual a ppearance o f h istograms a nd i nterpretation o f r esults i f n ot t aken i nto a ccount. T wo d ata s ets a re p lotted a longside e ach o ther, u sing d ifferent s cales.

6 1

0 1

o

.C .1

*0 1.6 100 1

Cn

C A 0

A D• : : . , • %w . g . c ,. h o . c ,. . t P. • . • 0 4 3 g y:, •9 a • • - ,° 0 0 2 2AP I . : a : ., .. e d ' ( : ) :% • •e C ) , ' • • • 9

0

.

n o Q o

d

F ig.

1 1.12

Q 4,

o cU 46

o b i.*

. c o

• 1— ° , p tg ö l

e

e ( 3 t

Sketch s ections o f a s eries o f o ak r ings i llustrating aspects of m easurement. a - s traightforward m easurements o f e ach r ing, s tarting f rom t he c lear l ine p receding e ach v essel z one a t t he c ommencement o f a nnual g rowth. I f p ossible, e very f ifth r ing is m arked. b - misalignment of rings on either side of a ray, and C - r ings a t a n a ngle may l ead t o e rrors d uring t he c rossing o f r ays i f n ot c arefully c hecked.

6 2

F ig.

1 1.13

V arious m ethods o f m easuring r ings w ere u sed during t his r esearch. a - B eck x 10 c alibrated e yepiece. b - t ravelling s tage m ade b y M echanical E ngineering W orkshop, S heffield U niversity, w ith d igital p anelmeter a ssembled b y D . H addonR eece of t he H BMC. C - B annister t ravelling s tage l inked t o Apple I Ie m icrocomputer. P hotos: T .Corns. 6 3

A VE. R ING W IDTH

S ITE

f i g 7e-m e r i f s f o r i c i e f E r y r. 1

9

2

I f

3

/ 0 7

N O.

C OLLECTED

O F R INGS

C IA •

e i ( A

S P

9

9

6 7

L AM

D ATE

2 . / 2 -

3 / 0 1

S AMPLE H O.

A RCH. MEASURED

S APWOOD

O R C ARDS

0

D E5DRO. D ATE

S KETCH O F C ROSS-SECTION

91 2

/ 0

/ 0

0 a 4

r I f t l i f t q l 1WW / 9. 0x? Om ,

9

8

/ 2

C OMMENTS

4 7

I /

4

/ 2

5

0 1 3 /

9 9 9

6

0 1 6 /

2 8 1

7

0 9 /

8

/ 0

9

1 0

6

7

/ 3 1 2 9 / 3

. 1 /

1 0

2 0

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/ 0

7-

/ c i anZ f r o -

h i on tE

9 4 , 9an

9

1 / - 9

/ 0

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7 -

9

1 / 1 0

9 3 0

A O

z [ N I1 /

5 0

6 0

. .4 .1

7 0

8 0

9 0

1 00

1 10

1 20

1 30

1 40

1 50

1 60

1 70

1 80

T

94 - 18 1 1

- 26

1 6

2 1

- 20

r 7

H .

- 25

J

'7

1

7 1 .

-

6

F ig.

1 1.14

:

H.

: 1 .2

27

20

20

19

23

22

12

1 5

1 4 .

1 5

lä

. ,

1 7

1 . 1 .

17

1 . 6

1 3

12

15

1

J .2

1J .

1J .

20

18

20

1

1 .5

J .

1 . 8

1 . 6

1 4

1 4 .

1 6

1 .

1

J .c

1 .6

20

22

1ä

2

21

22

: 1 .7

1c , )

1 .4

22

1

1 7

16

1 7

17

1 . 5

27

19

1 .A -

1 6

5

1 3

19

1 .9

8 1 r .

( E • :

,

1 .8 6 : 1

13

: 3 1

14

: 1 7

9'

17

1 5

p

A bove - d ata s heet f or w ood samples measured o n t he manually r ecorded s ystem • . B ased o n t hose u sed i n t he B elfast t ree-ring l aboratory, i t r ecords r ing-widths in 0 .1mm a nd d etails o f s ize a nd c onversion method. B elow - p rintout o f r ing-widths f or t he s ame w ood s ample f rom t he A pple H e m icrocomputer, m easured w ith g reater p recision.

SITE SHEET

SlTE .

NA M:

SITE TYPE:

COLLECTOR: DATE

f ic r aw

1 1E ll er ; d of fE -P re T

ARCH.

T r a c i (t e c t

RADIOCARBON:

DATE MEASURED: 1 4

"

DENDRO.

. 7 1 1C

DELIVERED:

OF SA -MILES

DATE:

COUNTY: N

M

DATE:

foree4 -y d

TOWN:

W

GRID REF:

O

- TOTAL:

L en

3

MEASURED:

DETAILS OF

SAMPLE NO.

SAKFLES:

O .OF RINGS

SAPWOOD

O THER INFORMATION

•e A

/ b .

8 0- 2 A

8 0 .2 A 3

6 S-

l

; 1 :1 77 11 1i . 2 21 1 1111 1 0

90X

7

0 P7 /4

g o. 2 C

F ig.

1 1.15

S ite s heet, t rackway.

s ummarising d etails o f a ll

w ood

s amples

f rom o ne

5 4 3 2

1

0 .5

0 .3 mm

F ig.

0 y ears

1 1.16

S ection s howing

1 0

20

o f a p lotted c urve f or o ne p iece o f t he t wo-cycle l ogarithmic b y l inear

w ood, s cale

u sed.

1 62

1 36

1 74

1 80

1 .0 -

1 .0

-

0 .3

-

r i l fr i 71

1 10

1 70

1 *0

1 10

f loating s cale i n years

F ig.

1 1.17

G rowth r ings o f a S weet t rack oak p lank ( SWR W 172) u nder t he m icroscope. L ines o f earlywood v essels r un vertically. T he w ood s tructure is w ell p reserved, t hough t he w ood is s oft i n t exture a nd i s h ere damaged by r oot p enetration. B elow - t he r ing-widths of t he same sample m easured a nd p lotted a s a g raph . P hoto: J .M.Coles. 6 7

-

-

-

0 „

—

-

—

0 0

-

0

F ig.

1 1.18

F our i ndividual c urves f rom o ak p lanks o f t he S weet D rove a nd F actory s ites i n t heir c ross-matched p ositions, w ith t he s ite m ean c urve b elow.

6 8

i -+ + + + 11 1 4

+

- +

1+ 4

'1 1

14 1

+ + 1

1 1 1 ,

1

11 1 . 1

+. 4 . 1 1 8 e 1 . 1 1 +

4 "

4 + 4 11

. -

+ I I I I I I 4

+

+ 1

+

I1

1

+ 1

1

+ 1

+ 1

+. 4 . I 4 . 1 1 4

+

I +

11

9.

1 +

1

+

$

+

+ + 1 +

1

+ 1

4 -

+

-

1

+ +

4

+

4

+ 1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

. 4 - • 1

+ •

+

4 -

+

+

I +

.1 I t

4 1 - .

4-

4- + + •

1 +

t 1

+ 1

4 1

+ 1

+ 4 -

I 1

1

1

4 -

1

11 1 1 1

4 -

I

4 1

I 1

+ I

1

1 + .

I 4 -

+ 1

1

+ • 1

1

1

+ 1

4 1 1 4 -

• 4 -

4 -

4 -

1

1

+

• +

1 1

1

1 1

4

1

I 4 -

+

+ 1 .

4 -

4.

i

4 -

4 -

8

• +

4

.

1

I

4 . 1

)

4

9

I 4 + 1

II

m

11 1 1

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1

1

4

I + +

4

1

t

1

I

.

I 1 4 - 1 + + 4 .

1

+ • I

4 .

I

4 -

1 4 1 -

1

1

1

++

4 I

I

1

+

4- + I 4. 4

I

+

+

I

I

+

+

4

1

1

+ 1

I + I

. 4. 4

1

4 .

4- 1 4- 1 + +

4 -

4 - + 4 1

I

1

+ 1

1

+

1

+ I 1

4 - 4 4 - 1

I

1.

4 -

1

4 -

4

4 -

1 4 .

4 .

4

4

1

+

1

1

4

4

4 .4 .

•

• + 1

+ 1

• 1 4

4 _

I 1 - 4 - 4 . I 4

1 I

+ 4 - 1

1

4 . J .

+ •

4

. 1

4 +

1

•

1

1 4 - + 4-

4 -

. 4 4

4 -

1

4-

1 + + • . 1 1 1

+

" 44 -

1

11 1 1

4• 4 + 4 - +i +

+

1

1

I 4 +

11

1 + 1

+ 4 1 1 4 -

1

1 1

+ ++ 4 - + '

+ •

+

I• i 1 4 -

+

1

1

I+ 4 - 4 - 1

+

1

1 1

14 - 1

I I 1 + +

4

+

1

1 4 4 - 4 -

• 1

11

+

1

1

+ + 4 4 4 . I -

4 -

+ I

1

.

1

4

4 + +

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if

+

4

+

4 - + +

0 c o

11 1 1 1

+

4 - •

11

11 1 1 1 . 1 1 a 1 4 - I I I I +

1 1

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4 1

I +

4 1

+

1

+ + .

4

4 -

4- 4 - 4 +

1

1 1

+

4 - I

+ e

+ 1 4 - 1 4 1

11 1 1

1

1 + •

+

+

1

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4 . 1 1 1 4 - 1 4 - 1 4 - 1 4 - •

1. 1

I

1

1

II

• + +

1

4 1 +

1

1

1

1

+ 1

1

1

.1

I +

+ 1

+

1

1

4 I

1 C O

+

0

+

0 + 1 1 C .)

1

41

+ +

4

4 -+ 1 + 1r I I 1I 1 +4 - 1 1 + +

I II I I +

cE

. ++

41 1 1 1 .

+1 •

0 ww C l

0

F ig.

C l

c 2

1 1.19

; « ,

l e

>

e n

0 c o

0 0 -

c o w

r i m y % e n

c o r e e c I D e m e l I t c o u . O U

' so e

` O n 0 o 2

e l

e w

i n

c h.-

t o

a .

-1

0

e

0 2

R ises a nd f alls i n r ing-width c an b e r ecorded t o s how v ery c onsistent y ears o f c hange; g roups o f t hese ( such as y ears 1 10-113) a re c alled s ignatures. 6 9

. •D . u .P . 1 . 0 f t « e .

C.

c

P l

I -I n HL

C '

n C l › -

▪ r e

F,r 4 H t r

1 "

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« • I ,t r OF H = 7

47 • • " s = 2 C ,

n

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Iw

C -

S P t r .

•

uu

c n n -, 1 . 1 1 :1 1

1 -•M a P l t te

n tu


l e n a u 3 0 2 .1 3

F ig.

1 1.20

o 0 .1 2 . .InPn e j o e = unenentnam-e ar ,--0 e m N ilmfmemfyruemtn im irm iru n i v C oc p ...o c tun'erv > me . .ee e n. . - c b e nen mPern.npnentepeeneepernentnIn tevivrytmr4 r . I .-. .-., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. i n r4 r . C h C D U N O D e - a c ) p m N M > I a p l P m e l c > p m e n e n . 4 N I P M P I i n m mi3en.or, n ce c e oeven 4 e 4 2•c e.o e‘o e va e e.o.o n t e e•c e r . arycyru e . tcyr4 r4rvin itmemrurvi rmin tr . 2 .-tmgmemcm ,

S ample p rintout o f r esults f rom t he R ingsynch p rogram ( Eckstein & Bauch 1 969) u sed f or c ross-matching i n t he e arly s tages o f t he S omerset L evels w ork. P ossible c orrelations b etween p airs o f c urves a re l isted a s a greement c oefficients O W a t t hree l evels o f s ignificance.

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P lans o n l eft, A fter C oles &

F ig.

1 11.3

T he Railway s ite o f t he S weet t rack i n 1 973, s howing t he p erforated p lanks, a nd s ubstructure o f r ails a nd p egs. P hoto: J .M . C oles.

0

c o

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F ig.

1 11.4

P lan o f t he S weet t rack a t t he T urbary s ite ( SWTG 7 -12m), s howing t he s ubstructure o f rails a nd c rossed p egs, o ne p lank i n s itu a nd o thers l ying a longside. A - a lder, B - b irch, C - h azel, F - a sh, P - a spen, Q - oak, S - w illow, U - e lm. After C oles & O rme 1 984 3 1. 7 6

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S WEET T G O AK A ND W ILLOW ROUNDWOOD

SECTIONS O F O AK P LANKS:

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1 11.6

S ketches

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s howing c onversion m ethods o f oak p lanks

l ocations i n t he S weet t rack, w ith r elative t ree B elow a re t he p roportions of each p lank t ype.

7 8

f rom various t runk

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1 11.7

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t rack

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1 11.9

S ummary b ar d iagram o f s ite master c hronologies a long t he S weet t rack, w ith t he a sh master b elow. H atching = s apwood; B = b ark s urface and

f elling y ear;

n umbers a t r ight e nd o f

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8 1

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I jO

P osition o f e ach i ndividual

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I II.11

S catter d iagram c omparing t he e nd y ears o f e ach i ndividual oak c urve f rom S weet t rack p lanks i n t he 4 10 y ear c hronology w ith t heir a verage ring-widths.

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F ig.

1 11.13

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t o l ocation i n t he S weet t rack

8 4

c hronology

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P lan o f t he u pper b rushwood o f t rack T IN A e xcavated i n A fter C oles & O r e 1 978a.

F ig.

V .15

P lan o f t he 1 978 e xcavation o f b rushwood t rack T IN D a t i ts j unction w ith T IN E . A fter C oles & O rme 1 980 . 1 43

F ig.

V .16

A bove - s tructure o f a y oung a lder t wig s howing t he c haracteristic t riangular p ith. After S chweingruber 1 976. B elow - t ransverse s urface o f t wo a lder s tems f rom t rack T IN A ( diameters 3 5 and 27mm).

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S catter diagrams s howing t he a ge a nd s ize variation i n a lder s tems f rom t he t op ( right), m iddle a nd l ower ( left) l ayers o f t rack T IN A .

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S catter d iagram c omparing t racks T IN B a nd T IN D .

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T IN A 1 977

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. 1 .

1 . .

-

s

t o

i s

6

1 0

1

l e

Age i n y ears

F ig.

V .19

H istograms s howing t he a ge r ange o f a lder s tems f rom t wo a reas o f t rack T IN A a nd f rom t racks T IN B a nd T IN D .

1 +6

d ifferent

1 5-

n o . o f s te ms

1 0-

D

A lder

[ 2

a l l s pec ies

7 A 3 J 5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

30

3 5

40

d ia me te r i n mm

F ig.

V .20

H istogram s howing G odwin's t rack.

t he r ange o f

s tem d iameters u sed

i n

t he

Oak 2

F- 1 W i l low 2

1 6

A lde r

1 4 1 2

n umbe r o f s tems

1 0

6 4 2

2

4

6

8

1 0

1 2

1 4

a ge i n y ears

F ig.

V .21

H istograms t rack.

s howing

t he

r ange

1 +7

i n a ge

o f

s tems i n

t he

G odwin's

U ppe r L eve l

n u mber o f M ATS

2 41

f - 1[ in n n L owe r L eve l

_ F r

4 21

5

1 0

1 5

-1 111 2 0

2 5

3 0

d iame te r i n mm

F ig.

V .22

H istograms c omparing s tem d iameters f rom t he u pper a nd l ower l evels o f a lder b rushwood i n t he G odwin's t rack.

B ELL I l

D 0 0 4t n4 E . • •

0 4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .• .

• • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

P la tform

I tockwoy

• . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ••••

Wa lkway

5m

q J

B AKER S ITE

B AKER I

F ig.

V .23

AREA 1

S ketch p lan s howing t he main f eatures o f A fter C oles, F leming & O rme 1 980.

1 48

t he

Baker

p latform.

L L I C . f ) L J

C ENTRAL P LATFOR M

4

c2c-r "5 :,

• 1 ; « ' %\ / '0

0

. •

F ig.

V .24

D etailed p lan o f t he c entral C oles, F leming & O rme 1 980. 1 1 49

p latform o f t he Baker

s ite.

A fter

ALDER

AS H

1 10

80

* 4 l aa • .«

20

20

410

B IRC H

WILL O W

HAZEL

80

.•

•

% 7

40

•

:

. •• .a • •4 ▪ . • a•

MIT

0

20

2 0

40

O

20

ye ars

F ig.

V .25

S catter d iagrams s howing t he r ange i n a ge . 2 . nd s ize o f w ood o f f ive s pecies f rom t he B aker p latform ( no c omplete s tems o f o a f ( w ere

f ound). 150

I IRC H 4

o

WILL O W

-

HAZEL

-

r i

•

L ,

AL DER 4no • E ß t•rn. "

o

r i

2

4

6

8

e

n

1 4

1 4

m

H 2 0

4 1 5•

F ig.

V .26

H istograms s howing t he age r ange u sed i n t he Baker p latform. 1 51

o f

s tems

o f

f our w ood

s pecies

0

f loating s cale in y ears 40

60

1 • 1 4 1•2 209 149

3 1 14

{ , . L .

2

r 1 1 1

.31

1

1 71 ?I

hotel

1 9F

90

F ig.

V .27

Bar d iagram r elating t he g rowth p atterns o f a lder p lanks a nd r oundwood f rom t he Baker p latform. T hey f all i nto t wo g roups w ood in g roup 1 o riginated o n t he e ast s ide o f t he n orthern p latform and i n g roup 2 o n t he w est s ide. S amples 7 0 a nd 7 1 c ame f rom t he extreme n orth a nd may h ave b een c ut later; d ouble l ines r epresent t he bark s urface. T wo h azel c urves a lso s how s imilarities i n p attern.

f loating 20

1 AS H

s cale 1 . 0 1 y ears

60

1 00

,

I 4 -

1 . -

SO

I

1 93

OAK 24 1 34

F ig.

V .23

Bar d iagram r elating t he g rowth p atterns o f a sh a nd f rom t he Baker p latform. D otted l ines indicate t he of v ery n arrow unmeasured r ings. 152

oak w ood p resence

3 0-

T IN A 7 7 1=126

2 0'

T IN A75

n = 1 4 7

3 0-

2 0-

2

T IN B

n z6 8

3

T IN D ( I= 122

G OD W INS

n = 1 1 5

o T

o . . .

u P

a k,

d iameter

F ig.

V .29

I n

o

r e u p e v

o

. / e i c e ,

0

es

H istograms c omparing t he s ize range o f a lder b rushwood f rom t hree T inney's t racks a nd G odwin's t rack.

153

T IN A 7 5+77 =2 58

5 0-

1 0 -

T IN D

n =18

L

1

J

T INB

n7 o 0

n umber o f

0

G OD W INS

n r _8 0

1 0-

2

F ig.

V .30

4

a ge i n y earn

6

8

C omparison o f t he a ge r ange b rushwood t racks.

1 54

1 0

1 2

o f a lder

1 4

s tems

f rom

1 6

f our

1 8

H ONETGORE

n =1 8

1 0-

1 H ONETCAT

n=5 6

J ONES

n : -- 2 4

Lj

B ISGROVE

n

5 8

G ARVINS 7 5

l umber o f s amples

n=73

0 GARVINS 7 9

f 1=8 2

1

0 0 7 4 ,4 i w w d iameter i r i— m m

F ig.

V . 31

C omparison of brushwood

0

0

1

I D s W

M

t he

s ize range

t racks. 155

0 t o

. 4

of b irch

s tems

f rom

t o

s ix N eolithic

H ONEY C AT

n

5 0

2 0

1

0

H ONEYGORE

f l:1 5

0

B ISGROVE

n=5 1

J ONES

1= 2 / .

1 01

J

0

G ARVINS

7 9

=7 7

2 0

G ARVINS

n=7 3

3 0-

7 5

c o a 0

2 0

1 4

0 7 a ge

F ig.

V .32

a

1

r n

i n y ears

H istograms c omparing t he a ge range s ix N eolithic b rushwood t rackways. 1 56

o f b irch

s tems

f rom

F ig.

V I.1

T he l ocation o f h urdle f rom C oles 1 977).

1 57

s tructures in

t he

S omerset L evels

( map

6 0-

F L ' : 9 7

f l :--9 7

4 0-

3 0 . I .

. .« . >

2 0-

-

1

6-1 0 1 6 20 c ian•ter i n n u t

F ig.

V I.2

2 630

— 0

3 6-40

H istograms s howing t he t he H oneybee h urdles.

2

4

6

8

1 0

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8

a ge i n y earn

r ange 158

i n

a ge

a nd

s ize

o f

h azel

_ r ods

f rom

HONEYBEE

4 0 • 3 0

•

• •

•

2 0

• •

•

I M

•

•

5

•

1 0

1 5

2 0

a ge i ny ea rs

F ig.

VI.3

S catter d iagram r elating age t he H oneybee h urdles.

HURDLE A 4 0

HURDLE

•r ods

HURDLE A .B&C

a nd

HURDLE C

•

3 0 •

•

•

2 0 •

•

•

•

•

1 0

•

5 a ge i ny ears

VI.4

B

1 0

rods

5

1 5

S catter diagrams h azel

f rom

•s a i ls

•

F ig.

s ize o f t he h azel r ods

a nd

s howing

s ails

t he

f rom

1 59

• e . • „

•

5

1 0

d ifferences

e ach

o f

t he

i n

t hree

1 0

age

a nd

H oneybee

s ize

of

h urdles.

W ood u sed

F unction

F ig.

4 5

6 7

5 .0

1 6

H azel

2 8

8 .7

2 4

H azel

3 5

14.0

3 6

B irch

1 6

2 0 .0

4 3

1 9.0

4 5

C entral

2

R od

H azel

3

S ail

4

P eg

S tray

VI.5

H azel

B irch

9

A verage d iameter i n mm

1 4 .7

1

5

p ole

Average a ge i n y ears

Number o f s tems e xamined

6

F eatures o f a h urdle-built o f e ach c omponent e xamined C oles.

t rack. T he t able b elow g ives d etails f rom t he R owland's t rack. P hoto: J .M.

1 60

n umber o f s tems

6 4 -

Hr

2 H 1 0

1 ' 5

a ge i ny ea rs

F ig.

VI.6

Range

i n a ge o f h azel

s tems

f rom

t he Walton 83

' hurdle'.

•H aze l r od

30

0 Haze l s a i l

d iame te r

•

i n m m

20

• •

1 0-

• Ash A

•0

•

0

1 0

1 5

2 0

a ge i ny ears

F ig.

V I.7

S catter d iagram s howing t he a ge a nd s tems i n t he W alt -o n 8 3 ' hurdle'. 1 61

s ize

r ange

o f h azel

a nd

a sh

F ig.

V I.8

T ransverse s ections o f h azel s tems. A bove - f rom t he W alton t rack ( area 4 .88, 4 3-50mm d iameter, 1 3 y ears o ld). B elow - f rom t he R owland's t rack ( left-1.027, 3 6mm d iameter, c .15 y ears o ld; r ight-1.027, 3 6mm d iameter, 1 0 y ears o ld).

1 62

n = 152

3 0 -

2 0-

0 7 I D

0 r y 1 w

0

d iameter i n mm

F ig.

V 1.9

H istogram s howing R owland's t rack.

t he

z r . g i

9 i

s ize range o f a ll

1 63

h azel

s tems

f rom

t he

1 4

f j hoz•I

1 2

r ods

hoz.i s oils . 1 0

F 2 2 hazel peas ID b irch

pegs

Nu mb s r o f s te ms

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

Ap• i . i y •ors

F ig.

VI.10

H istogram s howing t he a ge range o f h azel a nd b irch f or d ifferent p urposes i n t he R owland's t rack.

1 W At

1 .16 , 15 . 30.31

HA

p • ••

F ig.

VI.11

s tems u sed

10

M

20

C orresponding r ing-width p atterns i n h azel s tems W alton ( upper t hree c urves) a nd P owland's ( lower E ach e nds w ith t he b ark s urface o n t he r ight. 164

f rom t wo)

t he t racks.

o

20

Y .. " '

30

40

W ALT O N

pe g.

I .

l onglt

< f inals

I RO

WL A N D'S

t.,drøl polo,

i r rey e . i le

•

I on &jtudInols

4

F ig.

V I.12

B ar d iagram s howing t he r elationship o f c ross-matched h azel c urves f rom t he W alton a nd R owland's t racks. T hose m arked w ith a n a sterisk h ave a s imilar g rowth p attern t o t he R owland's s tems ( as s hown i n F ig. V I.11). T he R owland's s tems h ave a u niform c utting y ear, w hereas s ome o f t he W alton s tems s how a s light v ariation - t hey p robably r eflect t he c omplex n ature of t he d eposits i n t his t rack.

1 65

I

o

1 0 y • 011

F ig.

V I.13

C ross-matched R owland's

p atterns o f g rowth

t rack.

1 66

I 20

i n

b irch

s tems

f rom

t he

F ig.

VI.14

P lan o f t he E clipse t rack, 1 980, a nd s ails n umbered a t e ach e nd. 1 932.

1 67

w ith i ndividual p anels l abelled A fter C oles, C aseldine 8 ( M organ

RODS

p ane lD

p ane l E l

p ane l A

40

30 • •

••

2 0

s •. .•

•

1 0

0

5

•

• •s • 1 9. • • •

1 0

1 5

0

5

1 0

1 5

0

5

•

•

1 0

1 5

y e are

F ig.

VI.15

S catter d iagrams f rom e ach o f t he

s howing t he range i n age a nd s ize o f hazel t hree p anels o f t he E clipse t rack.

r ods

SA ILS

40

• •

•

••

3 0

t 2 0

1 0 •e as t aw es t 0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

y ears

F ig.

VI.16

S catter d iagram

s howing

t he

r ange

i n a ge

a nd

s ize

of

e ach

e nd

o f

t he h azel s ails f rom t he E clipse t rack. T he e ast e nds r epresented t he b ase o f t he s tem, a nd w ere o nly m arginally l arger a nd o lder t han t he w est e nds, s uggestive o f t he r apid, e ven g rowth o f c oppice p oles.

1 68

EM 7 9

ECL 80 •

40

•

• A

A

A

A A

A

3 0 A

•

•

A•

9.

••

2 0

•

•

•

•

•

Wan

•

AA

OS .

•

•

•

•

1 0

•r ods •s a i ls

• 0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

0

5

1 0

1 5

y ea rs

F ig.

V I.17

S catter d iagrams c omparing t he a ge a nd s ize r ange o f h azel r ods a nd s ails f rom t he E clipse ( left) a nd E ast M oors ( right) t racks. T he g rowth r ate w as s imilar, b ut t he E ast M oors t rack w as c onstructed o f

s maller a nd y ounger s tems,

e specially

t he

s ails.

EM 7 9

n=52

1 2 8 4

E CL 8 0 20

n=12 1

D

r ods

E l s a i l s

1 6 1 2 8 n o o f s te ms

4 f 7-7 1

4

8

1 2

1 6

2 0

2 4

a ge

F ig.

V I.18

H istograms c omparing t he a ge r ange o f h azel r ods a nd t he E ast M oors ( above) a nd E clipse ( below) t racks. 1 69

s ails

f rom

C O

0

F ig.

VI.19

P lans a nd p hoto o f s ome o f t he e xcavated a reas t rack. A fter Orme; S turdy & M organ 1 930.

1 70

o f

t he

E ast

M oors

tI C

t

I

V I C

c o

D

L C e ) t h C v l 1 : i I1 0 c -C

a ge i n y ears

0

I A c 0 u

g

V ) C

E07 9£ .-

0 1-9

d iameter i n m m

0 1- 9 1

e ordun is J o s ecurna

F ig.

VI.20

H istograms s howing t he s ize range ( left) a nd a ge range ( right) o f a lder r ods a nd s ails f rom t he S tileway hurdle.

1 71

D irge :A D S

( 3 ,11 0 1 11) S

D IFF ORD 'S EAST

F IELD

1 97 6

0 IFF OR D S

0

"

» .,TIE S

0 1,5 01 0

tC (1

1, S 1 ,

,• t;

ON

1 ,74

He . 0

I

1 0

I

1 3

* 4 4974068

F ig.

VI.21

P lan t rack

o f

D ifford's

a nd

f ield,

D ifford's

3 a nd

1 72

0 1 1 0ve

s howing

4 .

t he

A fter

l ocation

o f

C oles & O r e

t he

E clipse

1 9761 ).

F ig.

V I.22

F ragment P hoto:

o f a h urdle

J .M.

C oles. 1 73

t rack a t

D ifford's 3 ,

D irFoRDs 3

n : z is 1 5

6

DIY FORDS 4

6 -

1 5-

n =7 1 0 -

t r-

2

4

6

8 d iameter i n ma

a ge i n y ears

F ig.

V I.23

Range

i n age

h urdles a t a lder.

( left)

a nd

s ize

D ifford's 3 a nd 4 .

1 74

( right)

o f r ods

f rom

t he

M ost w ere h azel w ith a f ew

6 0-

5 0-

4 0 -

H ONEYBEE

R OWLAND'S

nr - 9 7

( 1=78

3 0-

2 0-

5 0E AST MOORS

E CLIPSE

n= 1 09

4 0-

3 0-

• •

•• •• • •

E

--

1

0 t o

d iameti; i n

F ig.

V I.24

=2

C omparison o f t he h urdle t racks.

s ize r ange 1 75

of h azel

r ods

f rom

f our

3 5H ONEYBEE

R OWLAND' S

n

n

6 7

9 7

2 5

5-

2 0-

E CLIPSE

F AST MOORS

n= -1 04

f l 5 2 1 5 -

5 -

0

F ig.

V I.25

2 4 6 8 as i n y e& rn

C omparison t racks.

o f

1 0

t he

in 1 2

a ge

1 4

r ange

1 76

2

4

o f h azel

6

r ods

8

1 0

f rom

1 2

f our

1 .

r i

1 6

h urdle

1 8

E AST MOORS

n =7

n =7

4

n ECLIPSE

n z . 17

n715

L

4 -

r n ROWLAND'S

1= 2 8

f l= 2 4

HONE/BEE

n =g

n =g

oI

F ig.

VI.26

2

4

6

a ge

i n y ears

8

1 0n

1 2 14

0

0

d iameter i n M i

C omparison o f t he age range ( left) a nd s ize o f h azel s ails f rom f our h urdle t racks. 1 77

0

0

r4

r ange

( right)

8 08y ear c oppice

4y ear c oppice

n = i 6 s

6 0-

H ONETBEE

E CLIPSE a ged 6 -10 y ears

a ged 2 -4 Y ears

n =l o g

, n=9 7

_

W

t O

. 1 •

••••

' & 4 W e a

r • •••••• •

t o

r n

d iameter i x a n

F ig.

V I.27

C omparison o f t he d iameter ranges o f m odern a nd p rehistoric hazel s tems. Above - s ize r ange o f l iving h azel f rom Bradfield W oods, S uffolk, a ged 4 a nd 8 y ears o ld. B elow - s ize d ata f rom t he N eolithic H oneybee t rack a nd t he Bronze Age E clipse t rack, o f c omparable ages.

1 78

2 2 W harran P ercy

2 0

' ,Walton 83

1 8

' ,East M oors

( )Coppergate

' ,Eclipse

51 6

f eRowland's

0 C olwick 4 > 0 a

14

g ib

% Pp

e s

if fords 4 d e el io l teybee wDif f ords 3

1 0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

a verage a ge i n y ears

F ig.

V I.28

C omparison o f a verage a ge/size f rom hurdles i n t he S omerset c ontexts ( see t ext).

1 79

r elationships i n h azel r ods

t rackways a nd

i n

t hree m edieval

A PPENDII 1 :

S i te

S a mple n o.

S VC

SU

S i F

S VG8 S V GZ

S VED

9 2 3 4 6 6 2 1 2 0 1 3 4 1 5 8 2 8 6 9 5 1 4 5 1 5 8 1 6 9 1 8 6 1 8 9 1 1 1 9 3 2 3 9 2 4 2 2 7 4 2 8 4 2 9 1 4 0 6 4 0 8 4 1 7 4 1 8 4 2 0 4 3 1 4 3 3 4 5 4 5 2 5 2 4 5 2 5 5 2 6 6 5 1 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 7 0 3 1 4 1 2 1 2 6 3 0 3 4 1 3 2

N o . o f r i ngs

7 1 c 2 0 1 8 1 4 0

c 3 3 8 6 9 0 9 5 6 1 1 0 6 3 6 1 3 2 4 7 8 7 c 3 0 4 2 6 9 5 1 0 1 4 3 6 2 2 8 2 0 3 1 9 7 1 0 6 c 4 5 3 5 c 3 5 4 7 9 7 6 6 4 1 2 4 7 3 4 3 7 8 4 2 3 4 2 8 7 2 3 9 1 7 6 5 4 1 0 3

D e tails o f a l l o a k s a mp les e x amined f r om t h e S w eet t r ack

N o . o f S a pwood r i ngs

S p an i n f l oating c h ronology

3 0 7-377

2 5

2 7 1-410

5 6

2 9 7-382 3 2 4-413 2 8 2-376 2 7 3-382 3 2 1-381 2 3 2-263 2 3 2-278 2 9 1-377 2 5 6-297 2 4 5-313 3 2 5-379 2 6 2-371 2 3 1-263 2 4 2-303

2 ? 2 6 8-373

2 7 0-313 2 9 8-376 3 0 9-384 2 5 9-382 3 0 1-373 7 1 22-161 2 3-300

2 4 2-313 1 8 3-358 2 5 1-304 2 4 6-348

D i mensions m

2 1 0 2 3 0 2 9 0 1 0 0 1 7 0 1 5 0 1 8 0 1 0 0 9 5 1 7 0 1 0 5 1 6 5 1 3 0 1 8 0 7 0 8 0 9 5 1 2 0 9 0 9 5 1 2 0 4 0 1 5 0 1 0 9 0 1 0 0 9 0 5 7 5 1 9 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 1 0 0 5 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 5 0 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 5 0 1 3 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 7 0 1 5 0 7 5

1 80

r2 0 -40 x7 0 z2 0 -50 x9 0 x2 5 -45 z4 0 r3 5 -45 x2 5 r6 0 z9 0 x9 0 x6 0 r7 0 x3 5 r1 5 1 1 5 x4 5 z3 0 x1 5 x1 0 -25 r4 0 -55 x4 0 x3 0 -40 x4 5 r2 0 r4 0 r2 5 /2 0 x2 0 x6 5 r4 5 x3 5 x5 15 r2 5 x2 0 -30 z3 0 z3 0 x5 0 x5 0 z6 0 x2 5 18 0 r1 0 0 r5 0 x3 5 x1 5 13 0 x6 0 x3 0

A v e . r i ng w i dth

S k etch o f c r oss-section

4 s : m5e ' 1 . 21 . , i v o r g /tit I i dfki r

1 . 16

1 . 25 0 . 87 0 . 99 2 . 65 1 . 18 2 . 8 0 . 98 2 . 15 1 . 92 1 . 06

l d!!!!! !!

le t

O M&

* Ma r t

2 . 11 1 . 37 0 . 73 1 . 32 2 , 69 1 . 54

I t ,

I n8P3

0 . 67 0 . 9

1 . 14 1 . 27 1 . 31

„ ! ! -

e g ew • I II I IIi i i t i tuu '

d i 1 = 29 .

1 . 27 1 . 35 3 . 15 1 . 98 4

Mbr. . .d

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1 2 0 5 4 9 5 9 5 1 1 2 3 1 7 2 8 1 0 6 1 6 2 1 0 1 4 1 2 5 5 8 1 5 4 4 6 9 2 1 2 1 1 4 6 4 2 3 8 5 8 4 7 1 3 3 1 7 3 9 1 0 2 1 8 2 1 3 3 7 6 1 0 5 1 2 9 6 4 9 3 6 0 3 5

1 0 1 4 8 7 8 1 0 0 3 2

1 0 5 x2 0 -40 1 3 0 x5 0 2 5 0 r4 5 ( l eas 1 8 0 ) 3 0 x6 0 2 1 3-277(c327) 1 2 0 z6 0 ( c 100 ) 1 4 8-2 10 1 5 0 z4 0 1 0 3-189 9 0 x4 0 7 0 -304 2 4 0 x3 0 -45 1 2 4-199 8 0 z3 5 1 6 9-229 1 0 0 r3 0 ( c 50 ) 9 8 -240 1 0 9-233 2 15 1 2 0 1 0 :4 00 1 9 7-290 1 0 x1 0 -30 1 5 9 0 1 6 7-286 1 6 0 x1 5 -50 5 -108 1 3 0 z2 5 1 8 4-278 1 9 0 /3 0 2 1 3-311 1 5 0 x3 0 -70 1 0 x2 0 8 7 -137 1 4 6-268 1 0 x2 0 -40 1 4 7-318 1 9 0 r3 0 1 3-260 1 0 x3 0 1 4 0-245 1 8 5 z2 0 -40 1 3 5-296 7 9 -188 2 11 1 0 0 : 40 5 60 7 9 -192 1 2 0 r1 5 -30 1 9 1-315 1 3 5 x2 5 5 2 -109 6 0 x1 0 -25 8 0 -233 1 6 0 x5 0 1 4 5-190 8 0 x1 0 1 5 1-242 1 0 x4 0 1 5 6-276 1 8 0 x2 5 1 2 5-270 1 5 0 x1 0 -40 7 2 0 1-242 17 0 5x 1 00 35 1 0 0 :3 2 0 -50 2 0 2-259 1 2 4-245 + 1 18-241

1 4 4-190 8 0 -212 1 3 1-247 7 3 -174 9 4 -275 1 9 0-322 2 0 1-276 1 5 9-263 1 8 5-313 1 6 4-227 2 7-319 2 0 0-259 1 3 4168

1 3 8-238 9 7 -144 1 0 6-183 1 9 1-290 7 4 105

19 50 0: 3 00 30 1 4 0 x2 0 7 0 x1 0 -70 1 0 0 x1 0 -35 1 9 0 x3 0 1 3 5 x3 0 8 5 x2 0 -30

1 16 0 70 0: 2 2 40 0 5 :4 40 0 1 0 0 :7 0 -80 8 0 x1 0 -30 7 5 x2 0 1 6 0 r4 0 2 0 0 x4 5 1 2 5 x1 0 -20 7 5 x2 5 1 3 0 x5 1 3 0 x2 0 -40 8 5 x2 5

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1 0 4

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2 5 7-297 1 5 8_229

1 4 5 r 2 0 0 -40 1 4 5 /2 5 -30 1 0 0 /1 0 -80 9 0 r 2 I 1 3-195 (c225) 1 1 5188 0 -40 1 3 5 /2

2 . 14 2 . 32 2 . 49 1 . 25 1 . 67 2 . 48 1 . 51 1 , 93 1 . 3

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1 . 88 1 . 56

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2 . 32 2 . 02 1 , 62

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1 . 06 0 . 98 1 . 51 1 . 77 1 . 03 0 . 85

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1 3 0 1 5 5 1 4 0 7 0 1 3 0 2 5 1 0 0 1 9 0 2 3 0 2 0 0 6 0 7 0 1 4 5 4 5 5 7 0 8 5 2 3 0 2 0 0 1 0 9 0 8 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 4 0 7 5 1 6 0 1 8 0 1 0 8 0 6 5 1 6 0 1 7 5 2 1 0 1 3 0 8 0 6 5

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2 0 2 9 0 1 8 0-270 1 0 1 4 5-278 1 2 0 1 2 5 2 0 0 1 3 6-196 8 0 1 0 5-188+ 8 0 5 1 -118 1 2 0 9 4 -188 9 0 1 3 0-241 1 5 0 1 6-269 1 5 0 1 0 3-192 9 0 4 -164 1 3 0 1 2 7-356 1 9 0 1 0 5 1 4 0 2 1 2-279 (c309) 8 5 1 4 0 6 3 -182 1 4 5 1 4 7-358 1 8 5 1 8 0 2 0 7 1 5 5-361 2 0 + 5 2+(decayed ) + 6 4-115+ 3 1 0 5 1 (wide r i ngs) 1 0 0 9 4 1 1-204 1 0 0 7 1 8 3-259 6 0 7 1 4 9 -119 1 3 5 8 5 1 5-199 9 0 3 8 0 c 3 44 3 1 -367 28 9 0 c 1 4 2 1 5 70-284 220 1 6 4 9 0 -253 3 5 1 8 1 5 2-269 1 5 0 d e cayed 1 7 0

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1 d ecayed 8 c 4 0 9 7 1 2 2 4 3 1 8 3 6 2 1 8 7 3 1 c 1 2 3 2 9 5 3 4 1 8 9 4 1 d ecayed 6 1 5 4 6 9 5 0 7 4 4 7 8 3 5 2 4 Z 1 S W IG 7 c 4 0+202 2 9 /191 c 3 0+99 3 6 /142 1 8 0 5 4 1 7 8 5 1 6 4 6 0 1 4 1+

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7 6 7 8 8 9 1 0 1 1 2 4 1 4 1 1 9 3 2 1 0 2 1 7 2 1 2 7 28 2 3 8 2 3 9 2 5 9 2 7 4 2 8 1 2 8 7 3 0 1 3 0 7 3 2 1 3 2 2 3 2 5 3 2 8 3 5 4 3 5 9 3 6 9 3 7 0 3 7 1 3 7 8 3 7 9 3 8 5 3 9 5 4 0 0 4 0 4

1 7 8 1 9 8 9 1 1 3 4 d ecayed d ecayed 6 1 8 4 + 6 8 9 5 1 2 1 5 4 9 0 1 2 0 2 3 0 7 1 d ecayed 6 8 +c30 n a rrow r i ngs 1 2 0 2 1 2

9 1 -167 2 6 -268 1 0 3-138 8 7 -173 1 4 -108 91-279 6 9 -122 1 0 0-149 5 2 -98

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1 8 1 +

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4 1 4 4 3 6 4 3 8 4 6 4 4 6 8 4 7 9 5 0 0 5 0 8 5 3 4 5 3 5 5 4 5 5 4 6 5 6 6 5 8 6 7 9 6 9 0 7 3 1 7 4 9 7 8 7 9 3 8 2 8 8 2 9 . 8 46 8 6 9 9 1 4 9 2 4 9 5 2 1 0 12 1 0 27 1 0 53 1 0 60 1 0 61 1 0 63 1 0 64 1 0 73 1 0 76 1 0 77 1 0 78 1 0 80 1 0 82 1 0 84 1 0 92 1 03 1 21 1 22 4 2 0 2 3 3 2 3 3 8 4 5 4 7 4 8 5 8 5 9 7 6 7 8

i ngs ) 6 8 (wide r 8 2 1 5 4 1 9 8 1 3 9 7 0 7 5 9 7 6 4 7 3

1 0 2 1 -102 1 0 5 1 4 3-296 1 4 0 4 8 -245 3 0 0 8 1 -219 2 0 0 1 2 6-195 8 0 2 0 2-276 6 0 1 8 1-277 7 5 9 5 1 0 0 9 0 4 8 1 5 6 5 1 6 0-224 9 5 6 3 1 5 3-215 9 0 5 8 1 7 1-228 5 0 6 0 2 4-283 7 5 5 6 7 5 8 0 -135 6 0 3 8 -97 1 4 0 1 0 7 1 3 7-243 1 5 1 1+c50 1 3 7-247(c295 ) 1 5 0 1 5 0 1 2 8-277 1 8 0 1 4 6-186 4 1 6 5 1 3 4 1 4 7-280 1 2 0 1 5 1 3 1-245 1 2 0 9 8 1 4 6-243 9 5 8 9 9 5 3 6 -124 5 9 1 4 -72 8 0 7 1 +c20 2 0 7-277(c295 ) 9 5 n a rrow r i ngs 1 4 0 9 6 +c 15 1 9 0-285 (c300 ) 1 0 5 1 1 4 0 3 1 3 5 8 2 6 3 -144 2 0 0 1 4 6 9 2 4 1-386 1 2 0 1 0 9 8 5 -193 1 3 5 5 8 -145 8 1 9 0 1 5 7 6 9 -225 2 4 0 3 4 1 0 1 9-248 1 3 0 1 2 0 1 9 1 2 9-247 1 3 0 5 7 1 0 2 5 6-371 1 6 1 5 2 5 0 5 3 6 0 5 2 3 2 -83 6 5 6 3 1 2 0 1 9 7 4 5 -241 3 4 0 2 1 1 3-333 2 0 1 5 2 8 -239 1 3 0 1 2 0-324 2 0 5 2 1 0 5 1 1 6 6-216 6 0 2 0 5 1 3 3-337 2 0 0 5 6 9 3 -148 9 0 6 0 1 6 3-222 1 0 0 2 8 -111 8 4 1 0 6 9 1 0 -78 9 0 6 4 1 5 3-216 9 5 9 3 1 5 5-247 1 3 0 1 3 3 1 0 4-236 1 2 0

1 85

2 5 1 0 12 0 I2 0 -50 x2 5 x1 0 -35 1 5 5 20 3 5 z2 0 -45 1 0 11 0 14 0

5 0

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1 . 24 0 . 88 1 . 6 1 . 41 1 . 1 0 . 78 0 . 77 1 , 37 1 . 33

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r 1 15 0 30

1 . 24

2 2 0 0 -40

:2 90 0 35 1 0 2 4 0 2 50 -5 3 : 2 5 1 5 z4 0

20 5 55 r3 0 3 0 1 5 -55 x7 0 2 5 I9 0 7 5 4 0 -100 I6 0 z5 4 0 5 0 3 5 z 540 3 0

4 1,84411 0

2 . 43 0 . 86 1 . 23 2 . 27 1 . 43 0 . 93 1 . 09 1 . 92 1 . 29 1 . 1 1 . 17 1 . 79 1 . 75 0 . 99 0 . 88 0 . 95 1 . 72 0 . 88 1 . 7 1 . 64 1 . 33 1 . 35 1 . 53 0 . 91

g imuund wo i ii .4;; ; 14 \ 1 T. m o issreet e i n .41 11 111111 18 iiiii .t ‘ 311188

9 911! Milit /.

o i l imm !4 e

g lI l lll I IU d1 4 1 10 0 11 1 11,

9 5 1 0 0 1 1 1 5 1 8 1 2 2 1 2 4 1 5 5

8 0 tc20 5 0 7 3 5 9 5 0 4 9 5 3 8 0

2 4 8-327(c347) 1 5 0 9 2 -141 8 0 1 3 8-210 1 3 0 1 9 5-253 9 0 2 0 1-250 7 0 4 3 -91 9 0 4 0 -92 9 5 9 2 -171 8 0

1 86

z3 5 z3 0 -40 x5 x3 0 r6 5 r2 5 z2 5 15

1 . 23 1 . 64 1 . 81 1 . 57 1 . 6 1 . 87 1 . 81 1 . 06

A ppendix 2 : R ing-width v alues f or e ach o ak s ample f rom t he S weet t n, l isted i n s ite o rder f rom s outh t o n orth ( sites C -D-Q-R-TG-WA). F ormat f or e ach d ata s et : s ite c ode F irst l ine s ample n umber S econd l ine n umber o f r ings m easured T hird l ine r ing w idths i n 0 .1mm , 2 5 t o a l ine F ourth a nd s ubsequent l ines

SWEET COVER 23 7 1 1 5 1 3 1 5 1 6 1 5 1 4 9 1 . 3 1 0 1 1 9 11 SWEET COVER 1 20 1 40 1 2 1 5 1 4 1 5

6 1 2 1 1 2 1 5 1 3 9 1 9 1 3 1 6 3 9 7 1 2

13 1 4 1 9 23 1 . 5 1 3 9 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 5 7 9 7 9 9 1 1

1 7 1 8 1 1 7 10 7 1 9 4 6 8 8 6 7 7 28 33 48 36 32 72 33 1 9 10 1 5 0 1 2 9 7 1 1 9 1 0 7 6 8 1 9 8 9 7 9 6 7 7 7 7 6 5 6 5 9 5 ß J 4 SWEET DROVE 66 86 1 9 70 17 1 7 1 3 1 8 20 1 6 15 1 4 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 1 8 9 1 0 1 8 7 1 0 7 i l 7 SWEET DROVE 95 90

1 0

9

7 1 0

1 2 1 . 4

1 1 1 3 1 2

1 1

1 1 .

1 1

1 3 1 0 1 0

1 3 1 6 1 7 9 9 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 6

1 6 1 2 1 0

9 9 8 8 6 7 8 9 12 10 10 8 9 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 9 9 9 1 2 1 0 7 7 7 8 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 8 9 1 1 8 9 8 8 8 1 1 9 1 2 9 9 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 8 8 5 7 5 6 6 7 1 0 8 9 6 6 6 7 7 SWEET DROVE 1 45 95 1 4 1 6 1 2 1 3 1 3 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 6 8 8 7 8 8 1 0 1 5 SWEET DROVE 1 58 6 1 33 29 20 2 7 35 32 23 24 2 1 29 29 26 23 1 8 30 SWEET DROVE 1 69 1 10 1 8 2 1 1 8 2 3 1 6 23 22 22 1 4 1 0 1 3 22 23 1 4 1 5 1 8 9 9 7 9 9 6 9 7 6 SWEET 1 86 63

0 1 4 1 7 9 7 9 9 1 0

33 23

25 24 1 6

27 22 37

1 . 6 1 . 2

1 . 2 1 . 2 E 3 1 . 0

1 1 1 5 1 4 1 . 2 1 3

26 43 4 1

32

24

22

22 40

28 23

26 3 1

30

26

25 1 9

50 3 1

6 1 1 3 1 6 24 26 22 1 2 1 2 1 7 1 3 1 3 9 . 2 6 9 1 . 1 1 0 9 5 7 7 7 5 7 SWEET DROVE 1 91 32 34 1 3

6

7 1 1

1 1

1 0

32 1 . 9 24

7

8

1 9 8

7

1 1 1 0 1 0 12 15 1 6 16 20 1 6 1 0 1 4 1 1 9 1 4 12 1 2 9 8 8 9 1 0 9 1 0 9

9 6

7 8

9

8

23 1 . 7 29

3 1 1 7

24 25

35 1 9

42 20

35 29

9 1 8 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 . 1 . ß 8 9 9 1 4 1 1 1 0 7 1 5 9 9 9 9 1 3 9 1 . 2

1 9 1 2 1 4 20

1 4 1 2 7 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 . 3 9

22

nn

2 1 37

25 38

25 43

27 1 9

30 26

7 7 7 9

25 27

1 0 1 5 1 6

7 9

9 1 1 1 1 13 1 1 1 2 7 7 9 8 9 7 8 10 1 3 9 1 0

35 1 7

33 1 8

27 1 7

29 24

9 1 2 1 3 9 7 1 8 1 6

25 29

29 24

9 1 6 1 2 1 2 1 1 3 1 0 4 7 7 6 2 7 1 3 8 1 7 9 10 1 2 1 1 1 . 7 6 1 6 7 a 7 6 8

34 29

1 2 1 1 22 1 4

DROVE

34 26 3 1 2 1 30 24 24 24 3 1 25 26 23 SWEET DROVE 1 89

36 1 . 2

6

1 3 1 2 1 8 12 1 3 1 4 8 9 1 1 1 2 1 9 1 5 0 9 1 0 9 7 9 8 1 5 24 35 1 4 1 4 1 7 1 9 1 7 1 0 9 8 7 5 8 7 9 1 0 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 5 7 6 1 . 0 1 0 6 7 7 6 8 9 9 7 7 6 6 7

32 27

1 2 1 4

24 1 8 1 7 1 3 1 2 9 9 1 6 1 . 2 9 9 1 0 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 0 7 1 0 7 6 7

1 1 1 0 1 2 1 6 1 9 1 6 31 1 9 1 6 23 37 39 59 32 48 1 9 13 1 4 1 1 1 0 8 9 1 1 0 9 1 0 9 10 9 9 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 8 7 7 9 8 6 7 0 9 7 6 6 8 6 7 6 6 6 5 5 j 6 5 1 0 9 6 4 5

1 8 25 9 1 0 1 4 1 4

18 1 2 1 2 2 7 1

9

20 1 4 1 0

33 1 8

33 1 5

32 20

22 1 8 9 9

2 1

28 22 30

7 1 1 1 5 9 7 6 1 0 7

24

26

32

9 7

32

9 ß

23

7 9

20

9 1 3

1 5

25 23

30 52

26 30

9 1 0 1 2 1 0

1 1 7

23

32

20

25 2 1

9 7

20

77 25

36 24

8 1 0 5 6

2 1

1 5

3 1 1 9

20 nn

0 1 4 7 5

2 1

1 3

22 35

24 28

1 3 6

12 6

9

9

SWEET D ROVE 1 93 4 7 32 3 3 3 1 30 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 7 SWEET D ROVE

28 1 8

1 9 1 7 9 1 0

2 0 1 7

2 4 1 4

2 4 2 4

30 1 5

33 1 2

1 6 2 2 1 7 20

1 4 1 4

2 3 1 3

1 9 37 9 1 4

28 1 4

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20

22

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7

7

7

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10

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6 1 12

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1 1. 12

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i l 1 1 1 3 1 5 5

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9 1 0 1 . 9 27

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19

25

22

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22

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10

22

39

29

1 5

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8 19

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20

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6

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18

1 46 125 10

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13

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8

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15

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10

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RAILWAY

1 3

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SWEET RAILWAY A62 51 2 1 1 1 24 20 1 7

23

22

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1 2 1 6 1 3 10 SWEET RAILWAY A65 99

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99

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29

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40

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1 0

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29 20

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RAILWAY

1 5

16

1 1 1 4 9 9 7 6 7 8 11

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7 1 2 10 7 1 7 SWEET RAILWAY B39 1 72 1 3 1 5 20 1 4 13 15 16 10

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12 1 1 15 10

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SWEET

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16

6

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8 6 7

9 8 4

8 7 5

1 4

20

13

10 12 12 1 4

13 18 1 1 13

1 1 1 1 9 10

6

6

7

7

RAILWAY

B45 88 1 4

1 2

1 0

9

13 1 2 9 1 2

12

1 2

1 4

1 5

1 4

1 5

1 4

1 8

1 1

1 2

1 4

1 2

1 4

1 4

15

8 1 1

1 7

1 3

1 6

1 4

1 0

1 1

12

1 8

1 7

1 3

1 2

1 3

1 5

1 6

1 4

12 1 3

1 2 1 8

1 7 1 4

1 3 1 . 2

1 0 2 1

13 1 4

9 9 1 1 20 1 3 1 8

8 1 0

10

1 4

1 3

1 0

1 3 15

1 2 t 3

8 12

1 91

12

1 2

6 1 0 1 1

1 9

10

1 1

12

1 4

9 15

12

1 1

13

1 4

1 1

12

SWEET RATLWAY 8 48 106 6 7 6 7 5 7 10 1 1 1 . 0 1 2

1 0 1 4

6

5

6

7

6

9

9

8 9 7 8 1 2 1 0

9 7

6 9 10 8 1 0 8

8 9

6 7

9 10 7 10

5 11 1 1 1 6

9 1 .1 1 2 1 2

SWEET RAILWAY 850 1 62 10 1 1 1 4 23 20 1 . 4 1 7 1 8 1 . 4 1 7 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 8 23 1 8 8 7 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 8 1 4 1 3 1 7 1 1 8 1 . 2 9 9 6 7 7 SWEET RAILWAY 851 1 10 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 7 1 . 3 1 2 1 7 1 2 1 0 7 7 7 1 0 1 0 6 7 6 7 8 1 0 1 1 9 7 1 1 SWEET 855 1 1 .4 1 5 1 2

1 6 1 . 3 2 1 1 3 9 1 1 E l

7

9 1 2

1 4 9 1 5 1 8 2 3 1 3 7 8 1 1 1 7 1 1 6 7 6

9 1 6

1 4 27 1 3 8 1 4 7 7

1 2 1 4 8 1 . 3 1 2 1 1 . 5

6

7

6

8 9 7 1 2

1 . 1

1 3

17

1 . 5 18

1 5 1 9 1 2 1 . 7 1 3 1 3 7

17 12 1 3 8 1 2 1 . 2 10

1 8 1 7 24 9 1 1 7

1 0 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 7

6

5

9 5 8 1 0 1 6

1 9 27' 1 . 2 1 3 1 2 9 1 7 1 2 1 2 9 7 9

9

9

9

7 9 9 7 8 1 0 1 4 1 1

8

9

7

7 8

8 1 1 7 .1 2

7

9 1 1 8

1 3

1 3

1 . 1

1 0

1 . 5

1 2

1 1

1 2

1 4

1 3 1 1 9 1 2 1 0 8 .

1 4 1 4 1 3 1 7 B F 3

1 4 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 1 8

1 1 1 9 1 7 1 0 8 7

1 7 1 5 1 6 1 3 7 6

7 1 2 1 2 1 0 1 2 6

1 2 1 3 1 0 1 1 1 . 0 7

1 8 1 6 20 1 6 1 6 75 8 8 1 4 1 . 0 7 8

1 9 1 5 1 2 1 2 1 0 1 0 8 1 . 0 6 7 7 8 1 0 1 . 0 1 0 1 1 1 4 9 8 9

1 6 20 1 4 1 4 1 5 0 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 0 9 9 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 2 7 9 9 9 1 . 0 7 9 8 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 1 0 8 8 9 7 7 7 8 . 10 9 1 0 1 0 8 . 8 1 1 1 0 7 1 2 1 1 1 0 6 1 3 9 1 2 1 0 7 8 9 1 0 ' 1 0 1 0

1 6 1 6 1 3 B 9 1 . 0

20 7 1 1 2 9 1 1 17

RAILWAY

1 6 1 6 1 1 8 9 1 0

1 3 1 0

6 6 8 8 8 8 9 6 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 3 9 1 1 . 1 2 SWEET RAILWAY B79 1 25 1 4 1 3 1 7 1 1 1 4 8 8 1 1 1 . 3 1 8 1 0 1 8 1 9 1 5 1 0 1 0 1 0 8 1 3 1 5 9 8 10 8 7 SWEET RAILWAY 887 58 1 0 7 5 7 8 7 1 3 1 . 7 20 1 . 2 8 9 1 0 1 3 1 2 SWEET RAILWAY C4J 1 54 1 4 1 5 1 2 1 2 1 8 1 4 1 5 1 4 1 . 2 8 1 5 1 2 1 7 1 3 8 9 6 9 1 2 41 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 6 1 5 1 1 1 . 2 1 2 1 3 9 8 1 2 B SWEET RAILWAY C4B 46 20 23 23 29 23 27 1 7 20 1 9 1 1

1 2 1 1

1 1 15

1 1 1 . 0

8 1 1 1 3 1 0 1 0 9 9 B 6 6

7 7 8 E l 9 9 9 8 7 7 1 5 1 1 1 . 5 1 7 1 1 1 . 2 9 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 4 1 4 1 . 2

9 7

7 7 7 9 1 1 6 1 3 1 3 1 7 1 3

9 7

8 1 1 1 1 1 4 7 8 6 6

9 1 0

9 8 9 1 2 8 1 .1 1 3 1 1

1 . 2 1 8 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 10 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 6 1 5 7 8 1 7 1 2 1 5 1 3 1 . 1 1 3 20 1 3 9 1 . 9 13 1 1 1 5 1 7 1 2 9 8 1 3 1 5 1 0 9 1 1 8 8 1 7 9 1 1 8 7 7 1 1 1 0 8 1 3 1 4 1 3 1 1 1 4 1 7 9 P 1 . 6 1 3 1 3 8 7 8 1 3 1 2 1 . 0 6 6 1 2 8 7 9 7 8 7 8 9 6 8 6 7 7 6 8 8 6 6 6 8 8 9 8 5 6 6 8 10 7

8

8

1 1 1 . 4 9 1 0

1 . 7

1 1

6

• 6

1 4 1 . 3 7

9 1 8

5 1 0

7 1 2

18

7 1 2

5 1 3

1 1

5

1 . 8

1 3

1 4

1 . 3

1 . 0 1 . 2 1 3 1 1 1 1

1 3 1 4 1 1 1 . 1 1 1

9 1 . 1 9 1 3 1 . 1

1 . 2 1 0 7 1 4 1 1

1 . 2 1 2 1 1 1 6 1 0

1 3 9 9 1 2 9

1 5 1 1 1 0 7 8 6 1 3 J O 1 . 4 1 0

1 2 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 3

9 7 1 0 1 0 9 1 3 1 2 1 . 4 9 9

1 9 1 . 4

20 1 . 6

2 9 1 . 7

23 1 6

1 . 0 1 5

1 3 1 5

1 9 1 2

24 1 0

1 3 1 3

2 1 1 2

1 92

8 1 5

6

7 1 . 2

1 0 9 9 8 1 1 1 3 7 7 1 3 1 1

1 5 1 2

1 1

9 1 2

1 9 2 0

1 4

1 1

5 1 5

9 7 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0

1 6 2 1 9 1 4

8 1 1

7 1 0

8 1 0

8 1 1

8

9 1 0

9 1 1

8 1 0

1 2

1 5

1 . 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 9 7 8 8 8 1 0 1 2 1 1 9 1 3 1 7 1 0 9 7 9

1 0 1 1 1 0 1 3 9

I t 6 1 2 1 8 1 3

24 1 7 9 1 4

1 0

1 5

1 0

7

SWEET C61 9 2

RAILWAY

9 1 0 1 4 7 8 5 9 1 0 1 3 1 4 1 9 1 3 1 1 1 2 9 1 5 1 3 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 9 1 5 1 2 1 2 SWEET RAILWAY C78 121 1 4 1 5

1 9 1 7

20 2 1

25 2 7

1 0 1 6 1 4 1 0

1 4 1 2 23 1 0

1 2 1 2 1 9 1 7

1 4 1 0 1 0 t h 6 8 1 2 8

1 1 1 3 1 8 23 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 2

1 0 1 2 1 3 1 6 1 1 20 1 6 2 1 1 0 1 3 7 1 0 1 3 9 7 7 1 2 18 9 1 2 1 4

1 1 1 4 1 2 20 1 5 1 9

16 10 10

1 1 9 9 1 8 1 3

20 1 5

1 8 1 5

2 1 1 . 4

23 1 5

1 7 1 6

1 9 2 4

1 4 29

1 5 28

1 7 1 5

1 3 1 2

22 1 2

1 7 1 4

23 1 7

1 4 1 1

1 5 2. 1 9 1 6

18 15

73

1 4 1 7 1 4 2 2 1 9 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 6 1 2 1 2 1 7 1 0 1 3 SWEET RAILWAY C83 1 46

1 0 1 4 1 9

1 1 1 4 1 3

1 6 1 . 2 1 3

20 1 8 1 3

1 5 1 4 1 2

1 0 1 3 1 6

9 1 2 1 7 1 8 1 8 1 7 1 0 9 1 1

20 1 5 1 2

1 0 1 1 1 2

9 1 2 20 1 3 1 4 1 1 1 6 1 2 1 0 7 8 13

9 1 5 1 3 1 3 1 1

1 1 10

9 1 4 1 0 8

1 0 9 8 9 9 8 7 1 1 1 3 9 9 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 8 1 0 1 4 1 2 1 5 1 0 7 9 1 3 1 4 1 1 9 9 1 1 8 SWEET RAILWAY C87 4 2 1 3 2 1 4 9 3 1 4 3 2 1 3 0 1 7 1 8 3 0 SWEET RAILWAY D10 39 1 7 2 2 1 6 1 7 1 2 1 8 2 2 1 6 1 3 1 6 SWEET RAILWAY D11 58 1 4 1 2 1 6 1 4 1 3 1 9 1 9 22 2 8 2 1 1 2 1 7 1 5 1 8 20 SWEET RAILWAY D22 47

1 4 1 2 8 6 1 2 9 1 6 1 1 1 1 8 7 1 2

1 6 9 1 1 1 1 1 0 9

1 0 9 1 3 17 1 1 1 5 1 3 1 5 6 9 1 5 8

9 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 0 1 4

8 1 2 1 0 1 0 7 1 5

1 2 1 2 1 1 9 9 1 0

1 4 1 1 1 2 1 0 8 7

1 0 1 0 1 3 .8 1 1 1 3

1 0 8 1 6 8 1 0 1 2

1 1 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 4 1 1 8 7 1 0 8 1 2 8

1 0 7 9 9 6 1 2 1 2 9 8 1 1 1 0 1 4 1 0 8 8 9 1 1 1 5

9 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1

1 1 13 14 1 1 1 3

1 0 1 1 1 0 9 9

9 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 2

34 39

1 4 3 1

2 0 28

4 2 2 7

4 1 37

32 37

24 26

35 22

26 23

22 1 7

20 1 8

1 2 28

1 8

1 7

2 1

25

nt -

23

38

36

1 3 1 3

1 6 1 9 1 4 23

1 2 1 . 3

1 7 1 2

1 6 1 1

22 1 1

26 1 7

1 4

1 3

1 1

1 5

1 4

25

1 5

1 4

1 6

17

1 1 22 20

1 2 1 . 8 23

22 1 4 20

1 9 2 1

1 3 1 7

1 2 1 4

1 5 1 6

1 6 1 7

1 8 1 4

1 1 1 5

9 1 4 1 3 1 4 2 1 15

1 9 1 4 5

1 4 1 4

1 3 25

1 6 1 5

7

1 5 1 5

1 8 1 8

1 9 1 5

1 9 1 . 7

25 1 9

22 1 6

1 7 1 4

1 5 1 5

23 1 3

25 1 4

22 2 1

2 1 1 7

23 1 4

2 4 1 5

1 7 1 5

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 9 1 2

1 0 9 1 3 1 1 1 0 8

9 1 1 1 8 1 4 1 1 1 0

1 7 1 0 1 3 . 9 1 4

20 1 2 1 1 1 0 9 9 1 2 1 2 9 9 7 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 6

1 4 8 1 1 7 8 7 1 0 8 1 2 1 2 9 6 1 0 1 3 8

8 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 0 8 9 8

1 6 1 0 1 4 1 . 2 1 6

9 1 2 1 2 1 . 3 27

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 3 26

1 0 1 0 1 3 1 1 28

8 8 1 1 8 1 6

1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 28

8 1 3 1 6 22

1

1 4 1 6

1 0 10 22 20

1 2 1 3

25 1 8 27 2 4 27 1 . 3 2 4 1 8 1 7 i 8 SWEET RAILWAY D27 1 33 1 4 1 3 1 3 1 7 1 8 1 2 1 3 1 1 8 9 1 1 1 7 1 3 1 1 1 1 7 7 8 1 1 1 2 1 1 9 1 0 1 1 1 7 1 0 9 9 1 4 1 3 SWEET RAILWAY 135 1 17 1 4 2 0 1 9 1 2 1 1 6 1 0 1 0 1 0 9 1 0 7 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 0 8 8 1 0 1 1 1 9 1 6 1 7 1 1 1 2 SWEET RAILWAY 147 39 2 1 2 4 1 7 1 3 1 0 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 4 1 5

1 3 1 6 2 1 9

1 93

23 1 4

1 8 1 3

1 8

73 20

9 1 7

15 1 2 2 1 6

1 3 1 4

15

1 4

1 5

1 2 1 0 1 2 9 9 7 9 7 6 6 9 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 2 9 9 9 9 7 1 2 9 1 2. 1 3 9 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 4 9 10 7 9

1 1 1 0 9 1 2 10

1 2 1 0 8 1 1 1 2

1 2 1 0 7 1 2 1 1

1 3 1 1 8 1 . 7 7 8 1 0 1 3 1 7 73

1 2 1 2 9 1 4 28

1 2 1 6 1 1 1 1 40

2 0 1 9 1 7 9 1 2 9 8 1 3 8 7 6 7 1 3 1 1 1 2 7

1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0

1 7 1 3 10 1 4

1 1 1 1 1 6 1 2

7 1 1 1 4 1 5

1 6 1 4

1 4

1 2

2 1

1 2

1 0

1 8

1 8 1 6

2 0 1 5

1 4

1 4

1 6

8 1 2

SWEET RAILWAY 151 102 1 0 1 2 9 1 0 1 2

9 1 6

9 8 71 .0 8 1 . 0 6 6 7 6 5 9 8 7 7 9 7 8 9 SWEET RAILWAY P57 182 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 2 9 8 1 2 6 7 6 8 8 9 9 1 0 1 0 1 1 6 1 2 1 . 0 1 3 1 2 8 10 1 0 1 2 1 5 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 4 9 7 7 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 0 1 3 8 1 0 8 8 9 1 . 0 SWEET RAILWAY 163 133 17 1 9 1 1 1 2 8 9 1 6 7 7 1 1 1 2 1 . 7 1 1 1 2 1 7 1 2 1 5 9 1 2 7 8 7 71 .4 10 8 5 9 9 7 1 1 1 4 1 1 9 1 2 1 . 0 SWEET RAILWAY P85 76 12 1 6 1 3 1 6 1 4 7 8 1 . 2 1 . 6 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 7 1 4 1 1 10 SWEET RAILWAY E12 105 15 1 5 1 8 1 9 2 1 25 1 . 6 1 4 1 7 1 7 22 1 6 1 0 1 1 1 3 9 1 2 1 1 1 . 2 1 0 8 9 8 1 2 1 2 SWEET RAILWAY E 14 1 29 10 9 1 2 1 5 1 9 1 6 8 8 1 5 1 5 13 1 5 9 1 0 1 6 1 2 1 . 5 1 . 0 8 1 3 7 6 8 7 7 8 6 9 7 SWEET RAILWAY E21 64 35 1 9 2 9 23 32 30 27 20 2 2 1 . 0 1 2 1 2 1 5 1 9 SWEET RAILWAY E24 93 1 2 9 1 5 1 5 1 3 8 8 7 6 1 1 7 6 6 1 0 6 8 7 1 . 0 1 . 0 7

1 7

1 5

1 2

1 . 2 1 2 1 . 4 1 1 6 6 9 7 8 6 8 1 0

9 8 9 7 1 1 8 8 1 . 0 7 1 0 7 9 1 8 1 4 1 2

1 1 7 7 1 2 1 6 1 1 1 3

1 1 5 9 1 0 1 3 1 4 1 4

1 9 8 7 9

1 1 6 8 1 2 1 4 1 7 1 2

1 9

1 5

1 3

9 1 7

91 .0 6 7 9 6 7 1 1 9 1 . 0 1 2 9

1 2

1 4 6 8 6 1 4 1 0 1 3 1 0 1 . 4 1 . 3 9 1 5

1 1 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 9 1 8

1 0 6 1 1 1 7 1 9 1 1 12

1

3 1 5 7 8 8 9 7 1 . 1

1 1 . 7 1 0 9 1 7 1 5 2 1

1 4 8 E t 9

1 7

1 1

1 6

1 0 7 9 7 8 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 8 9 9 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 1 8 9 1 7 9 9

8 9 9 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

9 1 0 1 3 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 0

9 1 4 1 1 8 1 0 7 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 3 22 1 6 1 0 8 1 0 1 . 9 1 2 9 20 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 9 1 0 1 9 9 1 4 1 1 . 1 2 9 9 9 8 9 1 3 1 0 1 4 9 1 2 1 5 1 3 7 7 7 1 . 0 1 . 0 9 .9 8 6 8 7 7 6 6 9 7 J 5 8 8 10 8 7 B 7 8 8 5 7 1 0 1 0

7 9 8 7 7

8 9 8 6 7

8

1 0

1 0

1 2

1 8

1 7

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 0

1 2

1 5 1 8

1 5 1 2

1 0 20

1 0 1 4

1 5 1 9

1 2 1 7

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 0

1 2 1 4

1 3 1 4

1 3 1 0

9 20 1 2 1 4 9 1 0

1 2 1 4 1 7 8 8 7

2 2 1 4 1 4

1 3 1 5 1 6 21 2 7 1 . 6 1 3 9 8 1 4 1 . 3 1 2

1 9 1 . 4 1 2 1 . 4

1 0 1 0 1 4 1 . 0

22 1 3 1 8 1 1

1 5 1 1 9 1 0

2 1 1 9 1 0 1 . 2

22 1 3 1 1 1 1

1 4 1 0 1 6 1 3

1 1 1 4 8 8 1 1 1 0 7 1 0

1 7 1 4 1 3 1 2

2 3 1 . 4 1 2 1 1 7

1 5 1 7 1 1 1 . 3 1 0

"

n 22 1 . 5 3 0

1 3

1 1 1 1 7 9 1 0 1 . 4 1 6 1 0 1 4 1 6 1 5 1 2 9 8 2 1 1 . 7 1 0 8 7 7

1 4

1 1

9

9 9 1 1 1 2 12 10 6

1 3 6 9 7

9 8 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 5 7

16 1 1 1 1 1 4 10 1 2 6 7 12 7

9

8

9 1 4 1 8 8 9 1 0

2 1 21 1 6 1 4 1 6 1 4 8 1 2 1 0 7 8 9

1 4 1 4 1 2 1 1

2 1 1 2 1 0 1 4

1 0 1 7 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 5 1 1 . 1 5 1 5 1 1 1 2 1 3 7' 3 1 0 - 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 4 1 0 1 4 1 0 9 1 3 1 1 1 2 9 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 4 8 1 0 9 9 9 7 1 4 1 2 15 9 1 5 7 7 8 1 3 9 8 5 J 8 7 8 7 7 6 8 8 9 7 7 7 9 7 10 8 12 9 7

^ I')

28

1 7

20

30

20

24

2 8 37

ni

26 2 4 23 1 2 23 23

1 . 8 1 . 6

1 4 1 7

1 . 8 2 1

1 0 1 7

1 7 1 4

1 5

2 4

1 3

' lc '

9 1 1

1 8 1 3 1 3 1 . 1

1 2

7 9 10 7 6 9 6 9 8 7 9 1 4 1 0 1 2 1 0

8 8 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 5

9 1 3

1 4 7 9 1 . 0 1 . 1 1 5 1 0

7 8 9

2 3

1 1

1 1 9 1 8 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 7 1 1 8 1 5 1 5 1 4 1 1 9 1 3 7 1 1 1 3 1 . 2 7 1 4 1 1 1 1 9 8 1 2 1 1 6 7 6 6 6 8 7 7 7 8 8 6 7 9 11 7 9 7 8 10 8 9 1 0 1 0 917

1 94

4 0 33 22 32 1 5 32 32 2 1

B 1 2 1 1 6 J 7

27 1 6

9 1 0 9 7 7 1 0 7 8 6

29 2 6

8 7 7

SWEET

RAILWAY

E45 60 1 0 7 15 9 20 1 7 1 1 9 1 2 29 25 17' 9 1 4 15 1 0 1 4 1 9 1 4 8 1 3 1 7 9 8 1 1 10 9 7 9 7 9 8 SWEET RAILWAY

1 3 1 4

1 2 1 3

25 15

1 5 1 0

1 6 1 4 9 1 1

7 9 16 1 7 1 9 1 2

1 7 1 1

1 0 1 0

2 1 1 9

1 7 1 1

1 9 1 2

1 5

1 7

1 7

29

20

29

29

1 2

1 3

1 2

1 5

10

1 7

25

1 7

1 5

22

12

1 4

1 9

7 1 0 1 3 9 1 4 2 1 1 6 1 4 1 5 1 6 2 1 1 0 12 12 7 8 1 0 9 9 9 7

E46 35 1 1 27 15 1 9 28 2 1 1 2 24 24 20 SWEET RAILWAY

24 18

32 2 1 8 1 3

1 7 20

nn

22

1 6

1 7

1 2

1 1

27

E58 1 01 1 4

1 3

2 1

1 4 15

1 7 1 1

1 1 12 9 10

8 8

8 1 1

SWEET E59

15

7

1 0

13 12 8 8 . 5

7

12

12

8 20 1 3 1 9 6 6 7 1 0

1 2

1 2 1 0 7 6

8 1 0 1 1 12 1 4 6 6 8 _ 9 10

1 3 1 1

6 1 1

1 0

1 0

6

1 9 1 3

8 1 0

9 1 0

10

9

8

8 1 0

1 0

7 1 0

8

7

1 7 1 1 9 1 2

16 1 7 25 8 7 12

1 7 1 1

1 6 1 2

1 2 1 4

1 6 1 2

1 6 1 3

1 1 1 2

1 1 9

7

7

22 1 0 1 5

15 15 19

1 4 13 10

1 1 1 6 20

10 1 8 1 3

9 20 12 1 6 15 1 6

1 6 1 6 1 2

1 5 20 1 0

1 5 1 1 1 0

1 3 1 5 1 3 24 15 15

1 5 1 7 20

1 2 20 1 4

8 1 8 9 1 4

13 12

16 12

1 6 1 3

12 1 1

12 12

1 4 25 9 1 1

1 0 1 5

9 1 1 1 3 1 3

1 4 1 7

17 1 5

1 1

1 4

9 12

1 4

RAILWAY

48 19 1 7 1 7 16 23 6 1 2 1 1 13 1 2 SWEET RAILWAY E78 78 24 1 5 13 1 7

24 1 3 1 7 1 7

SWEET E79 100

15 12 2 1 16

14 12 20

1 7 1 1

20 1 0

20 1 2

1 3 1 1

1 8 1 6

23 1 1 13

3 1 1 1 16

25 1 5 1 9

1 6 26 1 4 1 . 4 13 1 2

1 0 26 1 3 1 3 9 1 1

13 1 9 9 1 1

1 1 1 2

1 3 20

1 1 1 5

1 1

1 4

1 0

RAILWAY

30 1 1

1 5 12 8 1 2

10 15

1 1 22

1 3

1 5

16

1 2

10

12

1 2 9 9 1 . 2 1 3 SWEET RAILWAY

12

7

12

8

9 1 2

1 1 8

9

9

9

6 1 1

9

7

8

7

7

7

8

9 1 1 7

7

1 3 7

1 0

1 5 1 3

8

7

8

8

EGO 32 9 1 2 1 4 1 5 SWEET E93 52 1 9

10 3 1

26 24

20 35

27

1 9

25

30

1 9

20

12

34

40

39

32

29

27

30

26

19

19

1 4

RAILWAY

1 1

1 2

1 1

1 6

20

16

21

nn

20 1 4 12 12 15 1 1 1 1 SWEET RAILWAY F15 53

1 4

22

1 5

1 3

1 5

"

25

16

1 2

1 3

15 1 7

19 1 6 1 6 22 20 25

22 1 2

2 1 1 2

1 5 23 7 10

13 1 4

2 1 23

' 12 1 4 1 4 10

1 4 1 2

22 1 2

23 2 1

1 4 1 8

1 9 13

1 5 1 2

1 7 16

24 1 4

2 1 1 8

23 1 2

16 10

1 6 1 4

20 1 8

1 7 1 5

25 1 3

1 3 13

1 1 1 7

12 1 2

1 0 1 4 9 1 8

1 4 1 1

10 1 1

1 0 15 8 1 0

12 16

9 1 2

7 7

9 1 1 9 1 9

1 5 1 3

12 20

1 3 1 1

9 1 1

12

1 2

8

7

9

8

1 9 13 16 7 7 10

1 0 15

9

9 1 2

9

9 20

1 6 1 0 1 1

27

7 12 27 20

1 2 1 2 1 6

SWEET F 19

26

1 6 12 15

12

20 1 . 6

9

7 1 3

1 2 1 2

RAILWAY

8 1 15 1 0 9 1 0

1 4 10

9 1 0 8 1 3

1 1 9 12 1 1 1 0 15 1 2 10 8 1 4 SWEET RAILWAY F25 43 1 1 27

7 9 10 1 . 9 10 28

1 3 1 7

10 7

9 7

9 10 1 1 7 8 1 1

1 4 1 4 7

1 1

1 2 12

1 2 8

1 0 1 1

1 2

7 8

1 6

1 3

9 1 1 7 1 2

1 95

9

7 1 3

1 4 15 7 7 15 20

9

8 7

8 12

1 7

SWEET RAILWAY F38 67 1 0 2 2 1 4 1 5 1 2 1 3 1 . 4 1 2 1 0 1 1 9 7 1 1 9 1 0 SWEET RAILWAY F63 77 7 1 2 1 1 1 5 1 3 1 1 1 5 1 6 1 3 1 5 8 7 1 1 9 8 9 7 SWEET R AILWAY F80 34 24 2 8 3 6 27 1 8 1 6 2 8 3 2 34 3 4 SWEET RAILWAY F83 79 1 8 1 5 2 0 13 1 6 2 1 20 1 1 2 1 1 5 16 1 4 9 9 1 5 6 7 1 3 1 7 SWEET RAILWAY F86

9 9 1 2 1 4 1 5 2 0 1 3 1 2 8 7 9 1 2

1 0 1 7 1 2

1 1 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 0 1 2 1 7 1 0 1 . 2 8 9 7 7 7 9

9 1 3 23 1 8 1 6 9 1 1 7? 7 1 0 8 1 0

38

9 1 7 1 7 1 3 8 7 1 0 1 0 7 9 7

1 5 1 4 1 6 9 1 0 1 7 7 9 9 1 1 7 1 0

1 4 1 4

1 0 1 6 1 2

9 22 1 4 1 1 1 3 1 2 7 7 1 2

1 6 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1 3

7 1 0 1 1 1 5 20 1 2 8 7 1 0

1 8 1 1 1 2

1 5 1 9 1 8 2 1 1 0 9 1 8 9 1 1 9 8 7 7 9 8

28

1 9

1 5

1 1

1 0

1 4

1 6

2 4

2 1

22

1 5

3 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 5

1 0 1 4 1 8

1 5 1 7 1 9

9 1 2 1 6 1 0 8 1 1

1 6 1 3 1 4

1 5 1 8 1 8

1 8 20 33

1 7 1 5 1 8

15 9 3 1 5 2 1 1 4 1 8 1 4 1 5 1 7 22 2 0 2 0 9 7 1 5 1 2 1 6 1 2

1 0 1 0

1 4 1 8

1 5 1 3

1 6 20

1 3 1 3

1 1 1 0

1 3 1 2

1 9 1 9 1 8 2 9

1 3 20

1 2 1 0

1 3 1 7 9 1 5

2 1 1 2

20 1 7 22 - 1 9

27 1 9

2 7 1 3

4 0 1 8

3 2 2 4

/ 1 4

1 9 1 9

1 5 1 3

2 1 1 2

2 1 1 2

25 1 5

1 2 2 4 1 2

1 2 1 3 1 1

1 9 2 1 1 5 1 1 1 4 2 4 9 7 1 1

95 3 8 2 0 22

95

9

2 6 22 7

1 9 1 8 2 5

1 7 1 6 1 2

1 7 1 2 1 2

2 4 1 2 1 2

1 7 1 4

1 9 25

1 8 1 2

1 3 1 3

2 4 1 4

39 1 4

35 1 4

2 4 25 2 1 9 7 1 3

1 1 23 9 1 2

1 0 1 1 1 2 25 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 8

1 3 1 3 1 0 9 1 3 2 1 1 5 1 0 1 3 1 0 8 7 6 6 1 0 1 4 1 3 1 2

1 3 1 1 1 0

1 1 1 4 1 2

1 1 1 2 1 2

7 1 5 1 0 1 3 1 1 1 5 9 9 1 2

2 7

36

29

2 7

9

2 3

2 1

1 7

1 9

49 16 1 7 2 0 1 4 2 1 22 1 5 1 3 9 9 SWEET RAILWAY 616 1 37 46 65 5 7 43 2 6 23 2 0 2 7 32 3 3

1 4 1 8 1 4 9 7 9 20 9 1 5 1 4 1 2 6 18 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 1 9 1 8 1 4 1 4 7 9 9 SWEET R AILWAY GlhA 97 40 55 4 8 35 25 2 4

1 4 1 0

32

35

2 4

23

1 7 1 6 1 1 1 2 7 1 7

1 5 1 0 1 5

1 1 1 4 27

9 1 5 2 1 2 1 1 9 1 1 1 1 9 1 1 7 1 2 1 2 1 7 1 4 8 1 1 9 1 0

4 9

= 7

38

25 30

30 3 7 2 9 26 2 0 2 7 SWEET RAILWAY 649 37 30 4 3 3 7 3 1 2 4 23 20 1 7 2 0 25 32 1 2 SWEET RAILWAY 670 29

1 9

1 3

1 2

30 1 1

1 7

1 9 1 7 2 2 27 32 16 1 7 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 2 SWEET RAILWAY 624 30 35 1 8 2 3 1 6 2 8

1 9

1 9

1 6

27

2 4 1 5

1 8

2 7 7

7

2 4

1 9

1 5

1 9

1 6

20

2 3

1 3 1 8 1 4 1 6 9 8 7 1 3 1 1 9 1 3 1 1

1 7 1 2 1 4

1 3 1 2 1 9

1 1 1 4 1 2

1 2 1 7

1 5 1 9

2 0 1 4

3 1

25

1 6

40

35

2 1

20

1 7

1 8

1 6

34

30

38

33

35

8 1 2

1 3

29

26

2 7

2 1

32

24

1 3

1 7

1 3

' 13

32 1 4

25 22 22 22 8 8 1 5 23

20

32

25 2 9

26

27

29

27

1 9

n n , ,

1 8

1 9

2 0

1 5

1 5

3 1

26

33

34

30

1 6

40

37

2 4

35 32

3 1

23 2 3 2 0 29 2 4 SWEET RAILWAY 642

28 1 7

2 6 1 6

3 0 1 8

35 20

26

1 1

1 6

1 7

1 96

2 2

SWEET RAILWAY H 1 7 4 22 1 8 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 9 27 1 7 1 3 7 5 7 o 6 SWEET RAILWAY H7 64 39 38 22 2 1 2 1 1 8 22 2 4 1 6 1 7 1 4 1 0 1 3 1 4 1 3 SWEET RAILWAY H8 46 20 1 8 24 1 7 2 9 35 2 4 1 4 2 2 1 4 SWEET RAILWAY H I4 34 24 1 9 26 1 5 1 0 8 6 7 1 3 1 6 SWEET RAILWAY H 17 9 1 20 1 7 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 4 23 22 1 8 28 8 1 3 2 1 1 5 1 7 1 3 9 1 1 9 1 0 SWEET RAILWAY H 18 85 25 25 24 1 6 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 7 1 1 1 1

33

n.

11

1 5 2 0 1 4 7 6 6

1 1 2 1 1 8 28 1 6 1 0 1 4 1 6 20 2 3 20 2 1 2 1 1 7 1 4 20 '3 7 8 9 7 8 1 4 1 8 1 4 1 2 1 0 1 6 6 6 5 5 6 7 5 7 7 7 9 9 7 8 9 7 9 1 2 6 9 7

2' 1 4 1 0

1 9 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 3 20 8 8 1 6 2 4 1 8 1 9 9 8 8 9 8 1 0

1 8 '7 '3 1 1 1 5 1 8 1 0 9

24 1 5

'3 2 1 2 1 2 0

1 5 1 4

2 0 1 2

1 7 1 2

1 5 1 9 1 2 20

1 6 1 5

1 5 22

3 1 1 9

2 8 3 8

1 6 21

1 3 1 1

1 4 1 2

1 7 1 7 9 1 4

1 6 2 4 1 2 1 4

1 9 3 6 1 5 9

2 9 33 2 2 1 0

26 29 1 5 7

1 6 1 0

1 6 1 1

20 1 6

1 4 1 2

1 4 1 4

7 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 9 1 6 1 7 1 1 SWEET RAILWAY H33 45

1 9 2 0 9 1 0

1 4 1 6

1 7 1 6

9 1 5

22 24 30 32 2 7 2 1 1 6 1 3 1 . 3 1 0 SWEET RAILWAY H50 78 23 1 7 15 1 4 1 6 1 2 8 7 1 2 2 2 8 1 0 8 8 8 1 7 1 7 1 4 SWEET RAILWAY J 13 56

22 1 3

1 7 22 1 3 2 1

22 1 6

2 2 1 5

3 1 37

1 6 39 2 4 2 1

37 34

23 25

25 1 4 1 8 20

1 2 27

1 1 3 7 4 7 4 2

2 1 34

"

22 1 5

23

20

28

1 8

1 9

1 6

1 9

1 6

1 2

n.

1 3

25

1 6

1 1

1 1

1 4

1 2

1 3

2 1

1 9

2 4 '3 38 33 1 9 23 23 4 3 4 7 3 9 4 0 27 28 35 38 27 22 17 22 18 18 21 21 18 20 22 32 15 11 15 1 5 1 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 4 2 1 1 9 1 7 1 7 1 2 1 5 1 4 1 4 1 3 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 8 1 8

1 4 1 0

1 7 2 1 1 0 7- 9 1 1

1 2 1 1

1 1 9 1 6

9 1 1

1 2

8 1 9

3" . 3 1 1 6 "

1 8 2 1

1 3 1 9 1 7 1 7 1 9 t ö 7 8 1 0

22 20 22 1 6 1 3 1 4 1 4 1 7 8 7 = 1 2

20 1 9

30 22 23 27 1 9 26 2 1 1 4 1 5 1 1 15 1 7 1 5 t 2 2 2 SWEET RAILWAY J29 6 1 16 1 7 1 9 3 7 38

1 8 1 3 2 1

1 8 2 1 2 1 22

35

2 9

32 27 34 2 5 35 1 7 22 32 2 1 36 SWEET RAILWAY J39 77 1 5 1 1 1 2 1 6 1 2

22 n.

3 9 3 6 1 8 n.

1 0 1 0 7 5 7 8

9 1 1 1 1 7 8 1 0

1 5 2 2 1 6 25

30

1 0

7 1 5

9 1 2

9 7

28

1 9

2 1 1 7

6 6 1 4 9 1 2 1 3

8

1 0 1 3

9 1 1

1 3 1 4 9 9

1 4

1 3

1 1

9 1 1 1 5 1 9

15 1 3 2 1 1 3 2 4 35

25 3 1

1 9 2 9

1 9

25

27

1 5 1 4

1 5 1 2

1 5 1 0

1 7 1 2

1 8 1 8

1 7 1 3

1 5 1 8

1 9 1 4

' 3 1 0

22 1 3 1 5 9 9 9

9 1 0

1 0

1 4

20

1 4

1 6

9 1 0

1 1

1 0

1 3 1 8 1 7 2 1

3 1 1 3

1 5 ' 9 26 20 2 3 35 38 3 4

26 3 1 20 26

30 28

20 1 4 3 1 22

2 0

1 6 1 4 1 6 9 7 1 0

23 7 8

1 4

1 1

1 9

1 5

6 1 5

22 26

1 9 20

2 9

26

'5

26 24

24

26

nn

25

2 9

30

27

35

25

1 9

26

2 6 28 1 9 2 7

2 4 22

1 5

20

33

38

26

35

2 6

23

26

35

37

37

25

24

1 6

1 3

1 5

1 9

1 8

n.

7 10

1 2 8

1 4

9 1 5 1 8 1 1 9 9 7 7

1 . 97

1 4 1 3 1 0 1 4 1 2 1 0 1 6 1 2.15 7 9 8 6 6

7 1 6 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 2 8 7 8 1 2 1 0 8 8 1 0 8 7 9 8

SWEET RAILWAY J 47 53 1 8 1 3 20 28 25 3 0 3 5 1 9 27 1 6 1 7 2 0 22 SWEET RAILWAY K5 7 2 2 7 2 3 32 20 33 2 5 2 0 2 7 2 4 1 7 2 3 30 1 9 22 1 7 SWEET RAILWAY K6 7 8 30 2 8 2 7 75 3 4 1 3 2 5 1 9 7 9 75 25 2 6 26 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 27 SWEET RAILWAY K 14 92 1 8 55 50. 43 35 3 1 2 2 2 5 7 1 75 35 2 0 35 22 1 6 3 8 _ 30 4 0 1 7 25 SWEET RAILWAY

4 0 26

4 0 35

2 1 1 26

nc ,

20 24

2 1 28

75 1 2 3 1 3' 2 23 9 1 6 1 6 0 25 3 23 2 1 30 3 40 35 24 2 2 22 1 32 1 8 1 8 30 20 1 8 20

nn

2 4 20 1 6

3 1 2 4 20

30 2 7 24 22 1 7 26 27 3 5 1 8

24 30 2 4 2 1

nc-

2 5 23 1 . 3 8 9 3 25 2 1 30 4 1 9 3 0 25 2 7

2 1 1 8 2 1

2 5 2 2

24 75

3 0 2 4

20 1 9

1 1 6 2 2 9 38 1 5 2 1

26 nn

1 4 20

29 35 2' 47 36 2 4 20 1 1 1 9

1 2 2 0

2 1 77

1 9

1 0

27

29

75

25

34

2 4

23 18

1 2 1 5 3 1 2 1 3

1 7 1 8

1 9 2 4

24 2 9 1 2

28 1 4 22

20 7 6 25 20 30 2 6 25 20 2 4

25 1 7 28 20 1 9 1 8

20 23 1 2

23 1 4 22

27

33 27 27 30 1 2 20

2 3 2 8

1 8 1 9 26

20 nn

1 7 22

3 1

25 2 1

nc

28 1 7 25

2 7 24 2 7 26 2 0 28

nn

1 6

1 3

nc-

1 7 2 1

20 30

1 3 nc

1 0 26 25

7 .1 6 22 1 8 20 1 1 1 8 1 7 20 27 2 38 3 1 25 20 29 77 1 8 2 1 23 27 "

27 1 3 32 1 8

20 1 9

30 20 26

1 6 1 1

1 7 1 2

20 1 6

23 1 4

1 5

2 4 1 1

1 4 1 0

1 9 1 3 9 1 2

20 1 7

3 1 4

1 2

1 1

1 0

1 4

1 3

1 7

1 4

1 5 1 2 1 0 1 3

1 1 1 3

K 17 59 1 2 1 0 2 3 1 6 1 7 1 5 2 2 1 5 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 5 1 3 SWEET RAILWAY K 18 4 1 1 6 1 4 20 20 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 3 22 1 8 SWEET RAILWAY K41 1 00 1 0 1 0 7 22 1 8 1 0 1 5 2 1 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 2 9 1 2 1 2 8 1 6 1 1 8 8 SWEET RAILWAY K42 7 0 2 2 2 3 1 6 1 6 1 2 1 5 1 9 2 0 1 8 1 9 1 5 1 6 1 1 1 4 2 2 SWEET RAILWAY K47 1 04 1 5 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 3 5 1 5 9 1 1 4 1 5 7 9 1 0 8 1 2 4 1 2 1 2 1 0 1 8 1 1 0 8 9 8 SWEET RAILWAY K57 1 19 2 4 2 3 26 22 nn 2 8 3 2 22 28 25 4 0 3 7 23 22 30 1 9 1 5 2 3 2 1 25 1 1 1 3 8 1 3 1 4

8 2 1 1 3 9 1 1 0 1 2

1 7 1 4 1 6

2 2 1 7 1 4

20 1 3

1 3 1 3

1 7 1 7

72

1 8 1 6

1 3 1 4

1 9 20 1 0 1 7 1 3 1 5 9 8

1 5

1 8 1 2 1 . 9 1 5 1 7 2 1 1 . 0 1 . 4

1 6

1 2

77

1 2

2 1 3 1 5 1 2 9 1 2

7

1 3 1 5 7 1 0 1 9 30 1 1 9 8 7 6

1 9 1 2 2 0 20

1 7 1 2

1 3 1 4

1 5 1 2

1 7 1 8

7

5 20 1 20 23 1 6 1 2 1 0 1 0

1 7 27 1 3 17 1 3 6 1 7 1 0 8 9

6 1 7 1 6 20 1 1 0 6 1 0 2 1 1 2 8 1 4 6 1 9 7 7

‚C 1 8 1 9 1 1 1 7 9 9 1 0

20 1 5

2 4 1 7

1 7

2 0 20 1 4 20 1 0 9 1 5 9

27 1 6 1 4

30 1 3 20

0 nc 24 2 1 5 2 0 20 1 5 9 1 2

2 1 1 7 1 0

1 8 1 6 1 3

20 1 2 1 1

1 8 1 0 1 4

1 6 15 9 1 8 1 4 ?2

1 7 20 1 7

2 1 19 1 2

1 6 1 6 1 4

1 2 2 1 1 0 1 0

1 0 1 5 1 4 1 4

7 1 1 2 1 6 1 4 2 0 20 1 5 1 2 1 5 2 9 1 5 1

1 8 1 7 1 6 1 2

20 1 3 1 1 1 1

1 5 1 2 1 1 9

20 20 1 8 1 0

1 2 1 7 1 1 1 0

1 6 1 6 1 0 1 2

1 5 2 1 1 2 1 1

1 4 1 4 1 5 1 2

8 19 3 1 8 1 1 9 1 1 2 1 1

33

32 2 3 2 6 33 1 8

3 4 30 20 1 8 27 3 0 75 2 32 3 1 5 2 0 30 2 6 1 5 2 4 2 2 23 1 32 3 23 1 0 20 23 1 7

30 29 30 27 1 4 1 5 27 20 20 29 28 29 1 9 20 2 8 25 1 2 75 25 20

36 3 4 1 0 3 1 1 5

28 28 1 7 26 1 5

40 22 1 8 20 77

2 1 20 22 1 8

1 9 1 5 1 0

3 1 23 26 1 9

1 6 1 1 1 0

2 4 2 0 30 1 3

nc

3 7 2 0

20 27 1 9 2 1

6 9

1 9 1 8

SWEET L21 4 0

RAILWAY

1 6 2 4 1 9 22 20 1 8 1 1 1 3 2 4 1 8 SWEET RAILWAY 1 .32 1 04

2 4 22

2 1 2 0

28 1 4

4 7 37 22 27 7 1 1 8 2 4 1 6 25 2 9 1 7 1 4 24 37 3 4 2 1 20 t 8 1 8 1 8 1 1 1 7 1 3 1 6 SWEET RAILWAY L33 6 2 1 1 1 6 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 7 1 5 1 5 1 2 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 6 1 9 1 6 SWEET RAILWAY L39 5 1 23 1 8 2 1 1 7 20 1 2 1 1 1 8 1 2 1 8 20

20 2 0 2 9 25

3 7 27 2 4 2 7 1 9 2 1 2 2 t 3

1 8 1 3

1 7 1 4

30 32 33 33 24 25 1 6 1 4

2 1 1 8

1 9 1 7

1 6 1 8

1 3 2 0

23 22

26

2 1

2 1

1 9

1 7

20

20

25

2 0

20

29 3 9 23 1 5 1 8 , J 20 1 5 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 5 1 0 1 4 1 . 8 2 1

3 1 1 8 1 1 1 7

27 1 3 1 8 1 8

23 1 5 1 7 1 3

1 9 25 26 1 4 28 20 73 : 7 :! 1 8. 11

23 2 1 20 25

23 20 1 8 20 1 8 1 4 1 6 1 3

1 6 1 9 1 6 1 0

12 1 3 1 6 1 3

, 1

1 0 -9 1 0 1 6 1 6 1 2

1 2 73 1 9 1 6 24 20 1 3 1 5 1 4

1 8 1 9 1 8

1 6 1 8 1 4

2 1 1 . 7

1 8 1 2

1 4 1 2

1 6 1 4

1 2 1 7

1 6 1 7

24 1 7

24 1 6

25 1 9 1 8 2 4

22

2 3 1 2

75 1 7

20 1 6

1 9 1 4

1 2 1 7

2 4 1 3

SWEET RAILWAY L55 4 1 8 1 1 1 0 28 2 2 2 1 1 8 2 7 1 9 1 9 25 2 0 2 0 1 9 1 8 1 3 SWEET RAILWAY M8 72 1 5 2 1 1 7 2 9 25 22 26 1 4 30 30 20 2 2 2 1 30 29 1 4 3 1 26 1 8 1 3 23 20 20 SWEET RAILWAY M9 6 3 20 1 4 34 30 2 4 30 1 8 23 36 35 26 2 4 2 4 28 3 1 3 2 1 3 33 29 22 1 7 33 n. 2 7 SWEET RAILWAY M 12 1 05 75 1 3 23 1 3 1 5 1 3 2 0 20 8 6 7 1 0 9 1 0 9 6 7 9 9 8 1 0 5 8 1 5 9 9 1 1 1 3 1 6 1 5 1 3 1 0 1 7 5 6 9 9 SWEET RAILWAY M 13 83 28 2 7 23 29 4 0 43 1 9 33 1 . 6 1 4 1 7 1 5 9 1 8 25 1 4 1 5 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 1 9 2 3 1 4 1 3 8 1 2 1 1 9 7 SWEET RAILWAY M21 74 20 24 36 4 3 1 7 3 1 1 6 1 1 1 9 1 5 1 0 2 1 2 3 1 4 1 4 1 1 15 1 6 1 4 1 5 1 2 2 7 1 5 2 1

nn

1 7 1 0

1 9 1 2

1 5 1 5

1 1 1 8

1 7 2 4

23 1 8

20 1 3

1 9 1 6

20 1 9

1 6 1 4

1 8 1 9

20 1 2

22 1 5

20 23

1 7 1 9

1 8 1 4

2 1 1 6

1 4 1 5

1 9 1 5 24 1 7 2 1 1 7

32 1 . 7

32 1 8

28 2 1

2 1

23

27

25

20

20

1 9

1 6

1 2

22 27 1 6

2 1 2 1 1 4

1 9 1 8 20

1 4 25 1 7 1 7 22 24 1 3 20 2 1

1 8 23 1 7

20 22 1 9

1 5 1 4 22

1 3 1 5 1 6

24 1 1 1 6

1 3 1 8 1 6 1 6 77 2 5

24 22 20

26 2 1

l b 1 5

1 7 1 2

22 30 1 8

27 26 2 25 1 4 20

3 3 20 2 1 1 8 23 28 1 2 24 27

27 28

2 1 2 1

1 4 1 5

75

7

1 8 1 2

25 1 8

23

76 2 4 23 1 6

1 2

9 1 0 1 1 8 7 7 1 0 6 1 7 1 1 .7 8

1 8 13 1 5

8 9 1 7 1 7 1 4 1 2 1 0 7 7 1 2 1 1 9 6 4 7 9 9 7 5 8 1 0 6 1 1 7 1 0 8 7 1 0

1 3 8 2 1 29 1 7 1 2 22 2 3 20 1 2 1 9 1 5 9 8 1 1

7 1 4 26 30 22 1 1

1 6

2 1 1 7 23 1 4 9 1 3

1 5 1 2 1 . 9 26 1 1 1 5

1 99

1 7 1 5 1 5 2 4 9 1 4

1 9 1 3 1 3

1 7 1 1 1 2

1 7 2 6 7 1 4 1 1 1 6

23 1 1 1 5

2 8 1 1 1 4

2 ' 1 7

nn

1 2 15 1 1 1 1 1 0 8 9 7 4 7 5 7 9 1 1 8 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 3 1 5 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 6 5 5 8 1 9

1 9 28 7 1 2 1 2 1 5

1 5 1 4 2 1

1 4 1 5 1 7

1 7 1 0 1 6

1 3 1 0 12 2 1 1 2 1 1

1 1 1 3 1 2

1 7 1 6 9 1 3 20 1 2

1 0 22 1 2

1 1 1 4 1 4

1 5 16

1 6 1 7 1 8

SWEET RAILWAY M23 1 03 1 6 20 1 7 25 27 1 .6 1 9 2 1 1 6 1 7 9 1 3 1 2 9 1 0 6 ß 9 9 9 1 0 9 9 SWEET RAILWAY M24 79 1 8 22 20 1 6 24 1 . 4 27 29 1 7 24 1 2 1 4 30 2 4 1 6 20 1 6 1 5 22 SWEET RAILWAY M65 1 18 9 1 6 8 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 5 1 2 8 8 9 9 1 9 16 1 5 1 3 1 3 8 9 6 9 9 1 1 8 8 SWEET RAILWAY N 14 57 1 7 1 4 1 3 1 0 1 2 1 8 1 3 1 3 1 6 9 1 7 20 1 9 12 1 2 SWEET RAILWAY N 15 35 9 1 6 1 2 1 1 1 0 26 1 9 22 25 8 SWEET RAILWAY N 1ß 37 ' 15 1 3 1 5 1 7 25 25 1 6 22 2 0 25 SWEET RAILWAY N33 45 1 7 1 5 1 8 2 3 20 1 3 1 1 1 5 1 4 1 4 SWEET RAILWAY N44 36 1 4 15 22 2 1 15 1 0 1 3 1 4 1 8 1 9 SWEET RAILWAY N49 44 25 15 1 5 2 2 1 8 1 7 1 2 1 2 9 12 SWEET RAILWAY N53 4 0 20 22 22 1 7 22 20 1 7 1 4 1 3 1 2 SWEET RAILWAY P3 43 24 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 1 1 4 23 1 . 7 1 5 23

1 5 20 2 0 2 1 1 9 1 5 1 4 1 3 1 1 1 7 1 6 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 3 1 7 1 8 23 7 3 1 6 2 1 2 1 1 6 1 4 1 1 1 8 1 . 9 8 8 6 6 7 1 3 1 2 1 6 1 4 1 1 7 1 0 1 0 7 1 1 8 7 9 7 9 6 5 8 8 1 1 9 8 6 9 1 3 8 6 1 0 1 1 6 6 6 6 9 7 6 1 0 8 1 2 1 4 1 1 8 6 5 7 1 0 1 3

' 12 1 8 2 4 20 24 30 1 2 20 1 8

1 5 1 9 2 7 2 4 20 1 5

1 2 1 6 1 6 1 4 1 0 tO 9 8 1 5 7 6 6 5 8 9

1 2 1 6 1 4 1 4 26 1 5 1 0 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 8 26 1 0 1 0 9 1 6 1 3 1 1 1 0 11 1 9 1 8 6 7 1 6 9 1 0 7 6 7 1 0 1 4 9 1 1 1 5 1 0 8 9 5 .8 1 0 8 8 7 7 o 5 7 8 7 7 6 6 5 8 10 7 6 8 6 5 8 9 8 10 8 7 1 1 8 7 5 5 7 1 0 9 6 6

1 2 1 1 1 6

1 3 1 2 1 4

1 5 1 2

1 1 1 3

1 0 2 3

1 2 2 0

1 7 1 6

1 4 1 6

20 1 4

22 1 8

1 4 22

1 2 1 6

1 0 23

1 5 1 1

1 2 1 0

1 7 1 0 9 1 4

9 1 5 1 9 1 1

1 9 1 9

1 4 1 1

23 1 . 3

26 1 6

2 9 27

3 1 1 7

1 9

2 1

nn

nz

1 7

nn

2 1

1 2

1 6

1 4

1 4

1 6

1 4

24

23

22 2 1

2 4 28

20 2 0

2 4 1 4

? 7 1 7

1 8 20

23 1 9

1 6

30

3 1

29

nn

nn

23

2 1

1 9

"

1 6

1 9

1 9

1 9 1 1

1 5 1 6 8 1 2

1 2 1 2

1 7 1 5

1 5 1 4

25 1 3

1 7 1 2

1 0 1 6

1 2 1 4

1 0 1 2

1 2 1 7

1 3 1 4

1 6 20

1 6 23

1 1

n

. , . _ n

1 7

1 4 1 4

1 4 1 2

20 2 0

2 3 1 4

2 9 1 7

28 1 6

1 6

20

1 5

23

2 1

26

1 7

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 6

1 1

1 5

1 6

2 1 1 2

24 2 1

29 2 1

1 7 1 4

1 7 1 2

29 30 24 1 4 27 2 4

1 9 1 9

1 7 2 1 1 2 23

2 4 20

22 1 8

2 1 1 8

1 7

1 9

1 3

1 6

nn

1 7

1 2 1 8 9 1 2

2 4 1 2

1 8 1 7

1 7 1 4

1 1 1 4

1 2 1 1

9 1 2 1 2 22

1 2 2 1

1 9

1 6

1 1

0 1 2

23

nn

1 4

1 0 22

1 5 2 4

2

1 9 1 7

1 3 1 8

1 3 1 7

1 2 1 2 1 3 23

1 4 1 5

1 6 1 7

1 8 1 9

23 1 5

1 3

1 9

1 3

1 9 1 8

7

1 4

1 8 1 8 1 2

1 9 1 9 1 7

1 5 1 6 1 3

2 00

22 23 20

1 4 20 22

1 6 23 1 8

20 1 7 1 9

1 4 1 6 22

1 4 1 8 1 6

1 9

1 8 1 2 1 9

1 3

1 2 1 6 1 5 1 4 28 24

nn

1 8 25

9 1 2

. , . . 1 7 nn

1 5 1 2 20

8 24

1 6

9

SWEET P41 6 1

RAILWAY

35 24 1 5 1 3 20 27 20 3 3 30 20 25 2 2 1 6 22 1 4 25 32 38 23 1 7 22 2 1 22 2 3 1 9 2 3 2 1 SWEET RAILWAY P60 7 1 20 1 9 1 7 2 1 1 5 1 6 2 3 2 2 23 2 9 33 2 6 1 8 1 7 2 6 1 3 1 6 1 9 1 5 2 1 32 1 7 1 4 22 22 1 3 1 4 SWEET RAILWAY P79 5 8 1 3 2 1 1 7 1 9 23 2 6 1 0 9 11 1 5 1 4.1 2 1 2 1 2 1 7 1 9 1 4 1 8 S WEET RAILWAY P95 9 0 1 8 1 4 1 2 1 9 23 1 1 9 8 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 4 5 5 5 7 7 1 0 9 9 8 1 2 1 1 1 0 SWEET RAILWAY 0 1 9 0 1 4 9 9 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 0 1 0 1 5 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 7 1 0 8 7 8 6 SWEET RAILWAY 02

22 1 1 20

23 36 27

30 30 32 27 7 5 27 28

20 28 25 1 9 20 2 1 2 4 27 72 77 23 28

2 1 30 29 7 9 1 6 1 8

2 2 1 7

1 6 1 5

1 7 1 2

2 4 2 4

2 1 1 8

26 1 9

2 1 20

1 4 1 6

1 6 1 6 1 3 24

" I n 2 7

1 8 1 5 1 5 1 2 1 9 27 2 1 -,20 1 8 1 7 1 8 2 1

1 8 23 24 '7 1 6 25 25 20 25 7 3 25 2 1

29 1 7

26 1 7

20 1 6

20 1 4

22 t 9

1 7 1 1

1 9 1 7

1 7 1 2

1 2 1 6

1 5 1 6

2 1 1 8

l e 1 7

23 1 5

1 8 1 2

1 2 1 1

1 2 7 1 1 1 3 1 0 1 3 1 9 1 6 1 5 1 5 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 9 27 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 5 1 4 9 1 3 1 2 9 9 7 8 8 1 0 9 9 6 7 8 9 7 7 6 1 0 9 1 1 9 6 9 7 6 6

9 1 2 1 0 1 5 1 2 8 1 6 1 0 1 1 7 1 2 7 7 7 1 1 7 6 7 8 6

1 8 1 7 27 2 1 20 2 5 3 5 25

9 1 5 1 2 8 7 9 9 9 6 6 7

9 1 5 1 3 1 3 9 9 7 1 2 1 0 1 4 = 1 2 7 9 8 6

1 7 1 5

8 1 9 1 3 1 7 1 4 5 5 6 7 7 1 0 9 8 1 0

8 1 2 1 0 9 1 1 1 2 9 1 2 1 5 1 1 8 1 5 8 7 6 7 6 6

c-c •

25

1 4

1 7

22

1 9

1 6

1 6 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 3 1 2 1 5 1 3 1 1 1 5 SWEET RAILWAY 03

1 8

1 6

22

1 . 2

1 7

1 0

1 1

22 20 1 8 1 4

1 3 1 9 22 28 1 5 1 7

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8 1 1 1 6 1 2 8 1 4 1 5 1 0 1 3 9 1 0 9 1 3 8 7 6 1 1 1 0 7 7 7 7 6 7 SWEET RAILWAY 0 12 1 23 9 9 1 7 1 0 43 8 1 2 1 2 1 1 20 1 0 9 7 6 5 6 7 6 9 8 6 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 6 SWEET RAILWAY 053 53 77 32 24 23 36 r n 22 2 1 1 7 27 7 7 25

1 3

1 6

35

1 5

1 3

20

20

1 4

1 5

1 6

2 1

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30 29 20 22

2 01

9

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20

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SWEET RAILWAY 062 57 3 1 3 4 37 3 2 26 1 9 26 2 5 1 2 29 23 27 3 0 2 5 1 8 SWEET RAILWAY 064 64 22 23 2 6 2 8 23 2 1 2 2 2 5 20 1 7 1 7 2 4 1 9 1 3 1 0 SWEET RAILWAY 065 56 1 1 1 4 1 3 2 1 20 9 1 7 1 7 1 2 1 2 8 6 1 2 8 6 SWEET RAILWAY 070 1 33 1 1 1 1 1 9 1 0 1 7 1 2 1 2 22 9 9 7 6 6 7 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 6 6 6 6 10 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 6 e SWEET RAILWAY R 14 158 23 1 4 1 7 1 1 2 4 1 4 1 8 1 7 1 8 1 8 1 3

2 1

1 4

1 7

1 7

1 0 1 1 1 2 1 8 1 2 1 2 1 8 9 1 0 1 2 1 3 1 1 8 1 6 1 0 1 2 1 7 1 6 1 2 8 SWEET RAILWAY R25 56 1 8 24 2 6 22 1 6 20 20 1 6 1 6 20 2 1 1 4 1 2 1 2 1 0 SWEET RAILWAY R33 1 00 1 1 1 2 1 6 1 2 1 4 1 8 1 8 1 4 1 8 22 15 1 8 1 8 1 7 1 6 1 7 1 5 1 2 1 4 1 5 SWEET RAILWAY R42 102 15 1 7 1 8 20 20 1 5 1 7 1 6 1 0 1 2 23 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 8 1 9 29 1 7 20 1 4 1 7 SWEET R AILWAY R45 238 1 2

20

1 3

1 2 1 4 4 4 5 6 7 9

8 3 9

1 2

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13 1 0 8 1 0 8 7 9 1 0 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 9 10 91 .2

22 35 1 7 3 3 36 4 4 1 6 1 5

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SWEET RAILWAY R 46 32 1 4 1 8 9 1 6 23 2 1 1 8 1 6 1 . 7 2 0 SWEET RAILWAY R 53 83

22 2 1

1 4 1 4

9 1 0 6 6 6 6 7 7 1 1 1 0 1 3 1 0 9 7 7 1 2 9 9 1 1 1 1 SWEET RAILWAY R54 72 20 20 2 1 1 7 2 4 1 2 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 7 20 1 6 1 7 1 5 1 5 S WEET RAILWAY R60 54 1 2 8 1 1 1 2 1 2 8 7 7 . 7 1 0 6 7 7 7 SWEET RAILWAY R85 66 20 1 4 1 5 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 4 8 8 6 1 1 1 0 8 7 9 SWEET RAILWAY R93 4 1 50 4 8 22 2 3 1 9 1 7 25 20 1 5 SWEET RAILWAY RX15 78 33 3 8 35 4 1 4 7

6 1 0 1 4 8 1 1 6 6

2 2 4 2 40 30 1 2 1 6 1 2 28 30 24 2 5 2 0 33 SWEET RAILWAY V8 1 57 1 6 1 4 1 4 9 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 6 1 3 1 5 1 4 1 6 1 5 1 7 1 9 1 4 1 . 3 1 0 9 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 1 8 9 8 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 12 1 0 SWEET RAILWAY V 101

7 7

1 7 1 1 1 8

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8 7 1 0

20 1 7 1 3

2 1

2 1

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7 9 8

1 9 1 . 3 20

1 8 1 3 1 3

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23

1 1

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26 1 7 1 7

9 1 4 1 5 1 3 7 7 7 7

22 1 6 1 8 1 2 23 23

6 6 8 1 2 7 8

1 6 1 7 1 9

9 7

7 7

8 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 4 5 8 1 0 9 1 2 7 8 6 9 1 3

1 0 1 4 1 3

1 0 1 1 1 2

1 6 20

1 8 1 2

1 3 1 8

1 8

1 8

1 2

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nn

2 1

2 1

1 5

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20

1 7

20

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1 7 24 1 8 1 2 1 5 2 4 2 1 2 2 1 5

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1 9 1 6 1 4

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7 7

7 7

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35

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9 1 9 2 1 1 1 1 2 9

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23

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24

37

45

45

30

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27 39

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J ,

n .1

1 6 2 1 25 1 4 1 6 1 5 1 9 18 2 . 6 20 2 1 1 6 SWEET RAILWAY V 107 4 9 1 4 1 9 1 3 10 2 1 1 8 6 1 0 9 13 1 2 1 9 SWEET RAILWAY V 120 53 nn 1 0 1 9 22 1 2 24 1 8 1 3

2 0 1 1

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20

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24

nn

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20

6

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20

32

32

23

27

23

26

nn

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33

28

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SWEET

RAILWAY

V 141 4 4 22 2 6 1 5 23 2 5 2 7 2 4 20 2 4 2 1 1 4 1 7 2 8 30 SWEET RAILWAY

36 32 2 1 3 3 38 2 1

25 2 7 2 6 2 4 26 30 25 28

1 6 1 2 1 0 1 . 2 1 . 2 1 1 7 6 1 2

1 0 1 5 1 6 8 1 0 1 1 1 0 9 1 1

33 24

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nn

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30

32

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27

22

V 151 8 1 1 8 1 2 1 9 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 2 9 9 1 5 1 2 1 0 1 1 6 7 7 1 0 7 8 6 7 6 7 7 6 8 SWEET RAILWAY W52 1 39 7 7 6 1 0 1 1 9 1 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 0 1 3 9 9 1 4 9 8 1 1 1 0 1 1 9 6 7 1 0 7 1 2 9 7 6 7 8 8 7 6 o 4 5 5 6 7 6 5 SWEET RAILWAY_ W 134 26 nr

.o

1 7

22

1 7

2 4

24 SWEET RAILWAY W151 64 2 1 1 6 1 7 1 4 1 9

1 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 9 1 0

1 0 5 6 9 1 0 1 6 9 9 1 0 1 6 1 1 8 9 1 4 1 1 9 1 0 1 4 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 5 1 3 1 6 2 5 1 3 1 0 1 0 23 1 5 1 7 1 1 9 9 1 5 1 6 9 6 2 1 1 2 1 3 7 6 9 1 0 1 1 8 9 7 1 1 1 0 7 7 5 7 8 6 8 9 8 6 6 6 6 6 1 0 1 3 8 8 7 8 9 8 6 7 6 6 6 7 7 8 7 7 7 6 8 6 6 6 6 65 5 5 5

3 0 32

32

1 9

2 4

26

1 8

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1 4 1 0 20 1 4 1 5 1 4 1 4 1 6 9 9 o 1 6

26 1 3 1 8

37 32 8 1 0 1 0

nr

1 4 22 23 1 6 1 8 1 5 1 1 5 5 5 9 1 2 8 7 SWEET RAILWAY W 152 96 7 1 7 1 4 9 1 5 2 0 1 5 1 4 1 5 2 1 2 0 2 1 nr 1 5 1 2 1 1 7 9 1 0 7 8 6 9 1 0 1 0 7 8 7 SWEET RAILWAY W153 4 9 23 20 26 22 2 1 2 7 1 4 28 2 4 22 2 7 2 1 2 0 1 9 SWEET RAILWAY W 157 73 15 1 5 1 0 7 1 4 1 2 1 1 7 7 9 8 8 1 2 1 3 7 7 8 1 3 1 2 1 9 1 7 SWEET RAILWAY W 166 62 7 1 3 1 4 1 4 1 0 1 1 1 0 8 8 8 9 7 1 3 23 7 7 1 4 7 6 7 6 SWEET RAILWAY W 170 1 33 1 4 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 2 1 2 9 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 . 2 1 1 1 5 1 0 8 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 4 1 0 1 1 1 3 t 3 1 1 7 9 9 1 0 7 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 7 8 9 9 1 2 1 3

1 0 9 9 1 5 9 1 0 7 1 5 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 4 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 3 1 4 9 9 1 0 7 7 7 7 1 0 9 7 9 1 2 8

32

37

38

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24

34

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30

7

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32

30

26

28

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20 1 8

2 4 1 9

22 20

25 1 9

2 4 2 5

6 8 1 2 8 1 0 1 2 1 1 9 1 4

1 2 1 4 1 5

1 1 1 4 1 5 1 3 7 8 1 0 1 1 1 5 1 0 8 12

22 1 5 1 3 1 1 9 7

9 8 6

6 7 4

1 2 9 1 . 2 1 2 1 2 1 4 9 8 1 5 1 2 1 3

1 4 1 . 3 9 1 1 1 4

9 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3

32 35 2 25

7

8 20 1 2 ß 9 1 2 4

1 3 1 4 9 1 3 1 1

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2 04

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25 10

23 35 32 2 1 20 1 8 1 7 26

1 0 1 3 1 0

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1 9 1 9

1 6 2 1

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. n r o 3 4 1 7 1 9

31 1 7

24

1 2 11 8 1 7 1 3 1 0 7 9 8 8 8 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 2

10 8

1 1 1 3 1 3 6 1 0 1 0 8 7 9 1 0 8 7

12 1 3 1 4 1 7 13 9 10 1 3 9 9

1 2 1 6 1 4 1 2 23 1 4 1 0 7 7

1 3 1 0 7 1 3 1 0

1 5 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 2

7 1 1 1 4 7 6

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 5 1 3 1 5 1 5 1 3 1 2 9 9 7 7 9

1 5 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 2

1 2 9

1 1 9 1 4 1 0 10

SWEET RAILWAY W 172 1 92 4 6 5 6 3 1 1 9 1 2 1 1 7 7 7 8 9 5 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 0 1 1 1 4 1 0 1 1 1 7 8 7 7 1 0 1 1 6 7 7 9 7 6 5 5 5 6 SWEET RAILWAY W 174 1 54 1 0 1 7 1 5 1 9 9 1 7 1 5 1 7 20 22 1 8 2 2 1 5 1 4 1 7 1 1 1 6 1 . 7 1 3 1 5 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 3 1 0 9 9 9 7 9 9 7 6 9 SWEET RAILWAY W 185

7 1 0 6 1 5 1 4 1 5 6 7

7 1 . 2 1 1 9 1 3 1 ? 6 4

8 6 6 9 7 11 1 4 9 8 9 1 3 1 . 3 1 3 1 1 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 6 1 . 3 8 1 2 1 3 1 5 22 23 1 2 1 2 32 9 8 7 8 9 8 6 7 8 8 7 7

6 1 1 1 7 1 4 1 5 8 7

6 9 8 5 12 7 1 1 9 1 1 • 7 8 8 9 5 1 0 9 1 6 7 1 2 1 3 1 9 1 9 1 6 1 4 1 7 9 7 1 3 1 5 1 5 1 1 9 7 7 7 8 6 8 8 6 9 7

1 2 1 3 1 5 1 8 1 2 9

1 2 1 3 1 6 1 . 3 1 3 7

1 5 1 6 1 6 1 3 1 5 8

72 1 9 2 3 1 3 8 9 1 2 1 7 1 3 1 7 3 1 1 9 1 2 9 9 1 8 1 . 7 1 8 2 1 1 9 27 1 6 1 4 20 25 SWEET RAILWAY W 194 92 1 5 2 3 23 1 1 9 7 9 1 3 1 6 1 2 9 1 0 7 9 1 0 8 7 6 6 6 9 7 6 7 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 SWEET RAILWAY W 195 2 7 1 6 1 4 1 6 1 3 1 0 1 4 1 8 20 22 2 7 SWEET RAILWAY SMALL F IND 80.3 1 05 1 8 1 2 1 8 1 4 1 0 7 6 8 8 8 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 6 6 6 6 8 6 6 5 6 8 1 0 1 0 1 2 8 6 7 8 1 0 1 0 7 6 7 8 SWEET RAILWAY SMALL F IND 80.7 1 68 1 9 1 5 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 5 1 3 2 1 1 4 1 5 1 5 1 3 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 9 1 7 1 9 1 6 2 1 24 1 3 ,1 1 0 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 5 1 0 1 0 1 2 9 8 9 9 9 1 0 8 1 0 1 0 9 9 8 1 0 7 9 8 9 1 5 8 7 1 5

1 7 1 4 1 7 1 6 8 9

10 1 5 8 22 1 0 7 6

8 7 8 5 7 6 1 1 1 7 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 7 1 1 9 1 0 9 13 1 2 1 1 1 5 9 9 6 8 4

1 7 1 5 1 5 1 4 1 1 7

1 8 1 5 1 9 1 2 1 2 8

1 3 1 9 1 8 1 2 1 2 1 1

1 3 1 6 20 8 9 1 0

1 3 1 8 1 5 1 2 8 1 0

1 3 20 15 1 3 10 1 2

1 3 1 5 1 6 1 5 1 1 1 0

1 7 20 2 1 1 2 1 3 1 4

1 2 1 5 1 7 1 3 1 2 8

1 1 2 0 20 1 2 1 4 9

1 4 1 3 1 5 1 2 1 3 9

1 3 1 4 1 5 1 3 1 2 7

1 6 1 7 1 7 1 4 0 1 0

1 5 1 7 1 8 9 1 2 5

27 1 6 1 6 9 10 8

2 1 1 5 1 3 1 6 1 2 9

7 1 3 2 1 1 5 1 8 1 9

1 2 1 4

1 3 1 1 22

24 1 9 1 7 30 20 1 6

15 32 18

1 2 1 7 1 7

1 5 1 3 1 3

23 22 1 4

1 7 1 7 2 1 20 1 4 1 7

23 1 8 20

1 4 1 3 1 8

1 7 1 0

13 15

1 5 27

n= "

1 4 1 7 1 1 1 0 1 . 4 1 1 6 6 7 4 6 7

22

23

1 3

7 1 4 1 3 15 8 8 7 8 7 7 8 7 6 5 8 9

1 5

1 8

5 1 0 5 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 7 8 6 6 1 2 9 9 6

9 1 5 1 8 1 1 1 2 8 1 2

1 1 1 5 1 5 1 1 1 1 9 1 7

1 4 1 4 1 8 1 0 9 9 1 0

1 5 1 7 1 6 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 0

19

1 7

8 9 9 1 2 1 2 1 0 8 1 1 1 3 9 1 0 6 7 5 6 6 6 6 8

15

9 1 0 1 3 6 6 8 5 7 4 8 9 7 6 1 1 1 . 2 1 6

1 1 1 9 1 2 9 1 1 1 0 1 5

2 05

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8 1 8 1 6 7 1 2 7 1 6

1 7

1 9

1 7

23

2 9

6 6 1 1 8 1 0 7 6 7 6

2 1

2 1

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9 7 6

1 9

7 1 3 1 2 1 3 8 7 1 4 9 9 5 6 8 7 7 6 J 6 4 9 6 8 5 9 5 6 1 6 8 7 7 7 8 1 5 1 1 9 1 1 1 2

7 6 1 7 1 9 1 3 1 2 6 6 9 9 1 1 9 1 1 1 0

8 1 0 1 4 1 7 1 4 1 6 1 7 1 5 20 1 9 9 9 1 5 1 0 8 8 6 8 9 1 0 1 0 8 9 0 9 1 0 8 8 8 9 1 1

1 2 1 8 1 4 1 0 1 0 8

10 1 7 1 5 1 1 1 1 7

1 3 1 1 1 0 1 0 9 8

SWEC7

SA

9 7 7 1 7 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 5 8 8 9 8 10 9 6 6 6 6 SWEET SA 1 2 2 43 36 1 5

27 1 7

6

5

1 8 1 3

20 1 3

7' 2

1 2 9 1 0 9 1 3 1 0 1 4 1 4 1 0

1 2 1 2 1 4

1 3 1 3 1 5

9

9 1 0 1 1 7 7 8

9 1 0 1 0 1 4 1 2 1 1 8 8 7 7 6 8

9 1 0 1 3 7 8 1 4

9 10

9

8

7

7

7 1 3

1 4 1 0 9 1 3

1 5 20 1 9 9 8 7

9 5

8 1 2 9 1 2

1 5 1 0

1 3 1 1

20 1 1

1 4 1 0 1 3 9 0 1 1

1 6 1 2 1 4

1 0 1 2 1 2

1 5 1 6 1 3 1 3 1 1 9 8 1 0 9 1 0 9 7 6 1 3 1 7

1 7 1 0 1 4

1 8 1 3 1 4

1 3 1 3 1 4

1 4 1 3 1 0

1 4 1 4 1 9

1 4

1 0 1 0 1 8 9 1 3 7 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 0 1 4 1 4 1 5 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 0 1 4 1 6 1 0 1 2 1 2 1 3 9 1 4 1 2 1 4 1 3 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 ß 9 3 9 7 7 9 7 8 6 7 6 8 6 7 6 8 1 1 9 7 1 0 9 7 6 1 1 1 1 7 7 SWEET SA

8

5

9 1 0 1 2 1 0 10

1 5 1 2 1 2

1 2

8 1 0 9 E 7

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8

9 7

6 9

1 7

1 5

1 3

1 3

1 0

1 6

1 2

1 6

20

23

27

1 9

1 2

1 3

1 9

1 4

1 2

9 10

6

6

6

8

9

7 9 7 1 1

6 6

8 4

6 1 0 7 8

8 6

1 4

1 0

1 1

9

9 1 4

1 1 1 0 1 1 8 6 1 3

1 5 1 1

23 1 3

9 1 4

8 8

6 8

7 8 6 6 8 SWEET WA 45 56 23 25 22 20 23 1 7 20

22

9 1 0

8 6 1 1 1 2

1 0 1 2 8 1 0 8 7 13 1 1

8

1 2

7 1 3

9

6 8

7 8

8 5

9

1 0 20 1 3 8 6 1 3 6 8

6 6

9

9 10

1 8

30

23

20

1 4

1 5

22

20

23

9 10

1 6

20

15

13

1 7

17

1 3

6

&

5

5

7 8 9 12

8 9

6 8

7 9

9

8

4

7 1 1

3

4 6

4 6

5 9

1 6

1 3

1 2 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 4 1 1 9 9 G 7 9 1 1

5 6 8 16

6 6 9 12

8 9

8 9

9 8

7 1 3 1 1 1 1 6 S

1 1

8 1 1

13

7 1 0

8 8

7 8 10 5 1 2 5

7 6

6 5

8 5

6 5

6 8

1 3 8 1 2 6 8

1 5

1 3

2 1

1 6

20

1 9

27

20

27

1 9

1 3

1 8

1 4

1 5

1 9

1 3

1 6

13

24

1 6

1 6

1 5

1 5

1 6

1 2

1 7

1 8

1 6 20

1 6

1 6

12

12

20

1 2

1 9

18

1 2

1 7

2 17

SWEET

WA

47 60 1 8

28

1 3

1 7

1 7

1 7

1 3

20

1 6

2 1

2 1

1 4

1 4

20

1 4

1 5

20

22

1 4

1 6

2 1

24

1 7

1 3

I G

1 9 1 9 ' 7 ,0 1 7

2 1 1 6

24 1 2

1 4 10

20 1 4

1 0 1 1

26 1 3

1 8 1 5

20 1 4

1 4

1 2

1 1

1 1

is

1 1

1 8

1 4

10

10

16 2 1

20

1 3

1 2

6 1 1 1 7 1 3 6 1 4

1 6 1 6

1 3 1 2

1 8 1 2

1 6 16

10 8

1 8 12

1 6 1 1

1 5 1 1

1 1 10

1 7 1 6 9 13

12 10

1 1 1 1

1 6 1 3

1 8 1 2

1 2 1 4

7 13

1 9

15

1 4

9 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 4

12

15

1 4

1 0

1 2

1 2

28 1 3

24 1 0

21 1 1

27 23 9 1 2

1 7 1 0

1 7 1 0

23 20 8 1 2

16 12

1 3 1 1

1 7 10

1 1 8

9

7

6

SWEET

WA

48 84 33 1 4

26 1 7

1 6 28

1 4 1 1

1 6 1 5

1 2 1 4

1 2 1 0

1 2 1 3

1 3 1 4

1 1 1 6

1 0 1 3

9 1 0 1 3 1 0

1 7 1 4

25 1 4

20 1 2

1 6 14

4 7 12 SWEET WA

10

10

12

1 4 22

1 0 1 3

1 3 1 4

16 2 1

1 6 20

1 0 1 8

1 4 1 7

1 4 15

1 4 1 8

1 5 25

1 1 2 1

15 23

1 3 16 18 SWEET WA

1 3

10

1 3

22

2 1

1 5

1 0

1 5

1 3

15

9

SWEET

8 9

8 8

WA

58 69 24 1 2

24 1 7

1 8 1 2

1 6 1 4

1 8 1 1

8 10

13

1 3 12

1 8 1 2

8 1 1

7 1 1

8 10

9

8

59 64 20 1 5

1 1 1 4

16 1 8

1 2 1 8

10 13

1 8 18

13 17

1 8 20

16 17

1 3 12

1 1 1 4

1 7 1 1

1 4 1 3

1 1

13

1 8

1 5

1 4

20

8 9 13 13 1 2 15

1 1 1 3

1 2 1 5

1 1

10

76 93 1 3

7 1 2

1 6

15

12

1 5

1 8

15

20

1 2

1 4

1 5

13

1 0

20

15

l e

1 5

1 4 10

1 8 1 3

22 1 8

1 4 14

1 1 1 0

1 2 1 0

1 8 1 3

1 6 15

1 6 1 2

22 1 0

1 3 1 0

19 9

1 1 1 8 8 1 3

16 12

24 14

1 4 1 0 9 16

1 5

1 2

1 0

12

7 1 0

8

12

1 2

1 2

1 3

18

1 3

13

1 7

15

1 6

10

9 1 1

13

9 1 1

8

8 11

1 4

1 2

1 0

6 8 7 10

8 12

1 9 1 2

1 8 1 1

1 2

1 1

SWEET

1 9

WA

78 1 33 8 10 9

6 9 11 9

5 7

8 10

7

1 3 13 9 1 2 SWEET WA

9 1 1

8 12

1 1 8 7 9

1 1

15

7

9 12

7

9 7

9 8 9 1 1

8 1 0

6

6 13

8

10

1 1

1 5

1 1

21

12

15

16

9 11

7

9

7

7 7 9 10

6 8

9 9

4 12 6 7

8

6 10

6

-9

8

9

6

9

7 7

9 10 9 7

8 6

7 6

8 7

7 8

9

9

25

2 1

1 8

1 6

1 6

1 3

1 4

1 8

1 6

1 8

1 7

23

1 4

1 2

18

1 4

13

10

1 1

1 1

1 0

7

7

1 0

1 0

1 4

1 6

1 4

13

1 1

14

1 1

9

1 1

13

1 6 7

16

1 4 1 3 1 1 14 7 • 7

1 3

16

20

1 4

10

12 2 1

13 25

20 2 1

1 7 1 8

1 3 1 9

1 4 1 8

18 19

20 20

1 0 1 6 8 1 2

SWEET

5

a

5

1 1 6

9

9

12

9 10

95 80 1 8

8 1 1

7 12

9 10

8 1 1

9 1 1 •

8 6 10

8 1 1 1 1 7

8 1 5

1 1

12

1 5

1 0

7 12

1 4

1 4

9 1 1

9

5

5

9

26 20 23 18

1 8 15

15 15

16 14

16 17

20 22

1 4 12

1 5 1 4

1 5 1 3

18 17

1 8 1 7

12 28

20 ' 7 ' 3

1 2 26

1 8 24

19 24

34 2 1

3 1 15

39 1 0

30 1 1

9 19

1 2

17

13

15

13

1 7

22

22

9 1 4

1 2

WA

100 50 1 2 23

10 22

1 1 1 5

1 4 1 1

13 1 1

1 1 1 4

18 1 6

25 23

2 1 30

12 20

1 1 1 4 7 25

9 18 2 1 2 1

1 4 20

1 4 1 5

1 9 1 7 15 SWEET WA

24

18

24

10

14

15

27

1 1

8

SWEET

12 14 WA

1 11 73 1 4 24

20 3 1

9

1 15 59 28

2 1

27

1 5

12

1 1

1 0

1 6

13

15

1 3

1 1

12

1 9

19

1 7

12

13

1 8

2 1

15

1 4

1 7

1 6

1 6

1 4

1 8

1 8

1 5

1 8

1 6

23

1 9

1 8

19

13

14

1 3

14

1 1

1 1

14

10

1 6

1 7

1 3

19

1 7

17

14

16

1 4

16

2 18

1 5

22

1 6

SWEET

WA

1 18 50 1 3 1 7 13 1 5 20 1 4 SWEET WA

1 6 2 1

1 1 20

1 3 1 7

1 2 1 8

1 8 20 1 3 1 3

1 6 1 3

1 1 1 1

1 2 1 1

1 7

23

22

1 3

2 1

22

24 25 25 SWEET WA 1 24

1 7

1 9

9 1 7

1 3

26

1 7

1 3

1 7

1 7

1 4

1 3 2 1

1 5 23

1 9 28

1 4 24

26 22 1 6 1 8

1 3 1 2

2 1 20 1 2 1 3

13

1 5

1 6

1 8

1 3

8 1 2

1 7 10

1 7 1 1

1 4 1 1

1 7

1 4 1 3

1 0 1 3

1 4 20

1 2 1 4

16 19

1 7 1 1

1 8 2 1

1 3 1 5

18 16

19 1 4

30

20

1 22 49 1 6

1 7

1 1

1 7

1 3

1 4

1 1

1 3

29

1 7

28

22

20 24

1 3

20

1 9

1 3

1 5

16

22 39 24

23

1 8 1 4

20 1 1

1 6 1 1

22 1 8

23 1 7

1 3 1 9

20 1 5

1 5 1 6

15 15

9 1 4 30 13 14 13

22 20

16

10

1 1

1 3

1 4

1 2

1 1

9

9

1 1 1 2 1 2 1 5 1 2 7 9 6 7 1 1

1 5 10

9 10 8 10

53 1 7 1 7 2 1 32 1 9 24 2 1 20 1 2 SWEET WA 1 55 80 1 9

1 0

1 4

1 0 8 6 1 1 1 3 9 7 1 3 1 6

6 8 9 9 9 1 1

1 7

9 8 1 4 1 3 9 10 9 9

7 1 1 7 8 7 1 1

2 19

8

8

9

32 3 1

8 12

12 1 7 1 1 17 8 7 9 6

1 2 6

A PPENDII 3 :

S i te

S VD

S VF S VGB

S VGZ S V I ID S VQD

S VQV

S INS S VQZ

S ample n o .

N o . o f r i ngs

2 0 2* 2 0 51 2 0 7* 2 6 5 4 1 9* 5 0 0* 1 3 u n id . 1 *

2 6 4 7 1 5

D eta ils a n d r i ng-w idths o f a l l h ie p lanks e x amined f r om t h e S weet t r ack t r ine m easured D i tensions

7 4 3 1 1 4 c 2 0 c 4 4 ( m eas .29 ) 4 7 * 3 4 2 * 4 8 3 * 5 2 0 1 3 1 1 0 1 2 7 2 * 5 1 3 * 6 1 ( w ith b r eaks) 4 3 5

6 * 7 * ( w ith 8 * 9 * 1 5 1 9 * 2 0 2 4 2 6 2 7 2 8 s t ray* 1 3 1 0 1 4 1 9 * 2 2 7 * 2 9 5 7 1 * 2 * 1 4 4* 2 0 * 3 0 *

4 2 5 7 b r eaks) 5 9 5 3 3 9 1 3 1 0 6 4 8 1 5 + c 4 0 4 7 5 ( 0 c 2 0 3 6 + 2 1 5 1 3 4 7

3 3

r a dius 6 5 r a dius 9 5 1 4 0 z2 0 -35 5 0 r3 0 1 5 0 z2 0 5 0 z3 0 4 5 z1 0 0 5 z1 7 0 1 0 0 r2 0 7 0 1 3 0 1 4 0 7 0 1 0 0 1 0 5 1 0 5

z3 5 z6 0 z2 0 x1 5 -40 x5 z8 0 z6 5

S k etch ( n ot t o s c ale )

E ee

e i t e W M)

r a il? ( 8 -511 s t ray 5 0 1 p l ank p a rallel t o r a il 4 6 -49c s t ray 5 1 8 r a il 3 4 -39a

ff l E gg 3M e i le

p l ank r a il

i f i g u n i k

e t *

0 1 5 0 z6 8 0 z5 0 1 0 0 z5 0 1 0 0 r6 0 8 5 z6 2 0 z3 5 7 0 z2 5 6 0 x2 5 2 0 z3 5 5 0 z2 5 2 0 z1 5 1 5 r3 0 1 0 5 x7 0 9 0 4 0 9 5 z3 5 7 0 z2 0 4 0 z6 5 1 4 0 z2 5 5 0 z2 5 1 8 0 z3 5 1 3 0 x4 0 r a dius 6 0 6 5 x3 0 7 0 z2 5 1 7 0 x3 5 1 9 0 z3 0 -70 2 0 x7 0

F u nction

c o m a c ü r )

s t ray p l ank p l ank s t ray p l ank p l ank p l ank

u n der r a il t o w e st o f S w eet t o w e st o f S w eet

p l ank p l ank p l ank p l ank

t o t o t o t o

p a rallel t o r a il p a rallel t o r a il

w e st w e st w e st w e st

o f o f o f o f

S w eet ( w ide r i ngs S w eet S w eet S w eet

p l ank t o w e st o f S w eet p l ank t o w e st o f S w eet

1W4

( 5 0 6

w i de r i ngs

MD »

?r o undwood

. 1 1 / 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 / 101

• ( 1 1 1 1 1 i t am o i r

s l at t o w e st o f S w eet s l at t o w e st , w i de r i ngs t r ansverse s l at t o w e st p l ank on Sweet l i ne s l at t o w e st p l ank/rail , w i de r i ngs p l ank/rail , w i de r i ngs d e cayed f r agment t o w e st

p l ank t o w e st p l ank t o e a st o f S w eet p l ank t o e a st o f S w eet

2 20

S WEET L IME M EAN M EAN 9 7 2 6 26 2 4 3 3 3 1 3 0 2 8 1 9 2 3 1 9 2 3 22 1 4 1 8 2 2 1 8 2 0 2 2 1 0 1 6 1 5 2 3 1 1 1 6 SWEET O D L IME M EAN 6 4 32 5 6 5 3 56 58 6 2 7 1 4 1 6 1 6 2 4 1 1 9 2 9 1 2 4 5 1 1 S WEET D ROVE L IME M EAN 7 9 30 3 9 3 9 35 3 3 1 7 2 2 1 3 1 3 1 5 1 8 1 4 2 8 2 . 1 1 4 1 7 1 2 9 1 8 30 1 4 26 SWEET D ROVE L IME 2 02 2 6 . _30 22_17 _ 1 7 . 15 15 1 6 S WEET D ROVE L IME

2 6 1 7 1 9 2 3 2 1 25 1 5 1 4 1 3 1 1 5 9

2 3 1 9 1 7 1 3 9 1 2 8 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 5 2 7 3 2 32 28 30 2 8 2 7 2 1 2 4 1 9 1 4 1 5 1 7 1 4 6 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 7 2 9 1 2 4 5 1 1 1 5 5 4 9 8

5 4 3 7 4 0 2 8 4 2 4 0 2 9 5 7 8 1 . 3 1 2 8 1 6 1 5 5 4 9 8 1 3 1 9

2 4 2 0 1 7

1 3 1 4

1 3 1 7 1 5 1 6 7 6 8 1 5

1 2 1 1 2 9 3 1 24 23 2 3 2 1 1 9 1 5 1 5 1 8 1 2 1 3 1 7 1 4 8 1 0 1 3 1 9 1 7

1 9 1 1

1 7 1 6 2 2 1 3 9 5 7 1 1

7 5

1 9 2 3 2 0 1 6 1 2 9 1 1 8 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 8 1 4 22 2 4 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 4 3 1 2 4 2 2 23 1 4 2 1 1 6 1 3 1 2 1 1 5 1 4 2 8 1 5 1 8 1 5

1 2 7 1 1 7 1 2 20 1 2 1 5 2 1 1 7 22 2 3 1 5 2 8 1 4 1 7 1 3 5 7 6 1 6

1 9

2 1

1 6

1 6

1 2.

1 8 1 5 l e 1 , 1 4 3 1 2 6 26 20 2 4

1 6 1 5

1 3 1 4

1 5 2 1 1 3

2 05" 4 7 1 8 1 3 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 3 1 4 1 7 1 7 1 5 2 5 2 3 2 1 ,u SWEET D ROVE L IME 2 07 75 30 39 3 9 3 5 3 3 2 2 13 2 5 1 5 1 4 1 3 2 0 1 6 2 0 2 9 1 7 1 4 1 8 1 2 7 1 1 S WEET D ROVE L IME 4 19 . 7 4 1 3 1 5 1 9 2 0 1 5 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 6 1 3 2 1 2 6 2 3 2 4 1 2 1 8 2 4 1 8 1 5 1 5 1 1 S WEET D ROVE L IME 5 00 3 1 2 6 26 1 7 2 7 2 2 2 3 1 9 1 1 8 1 8 1 7 1 3 1 4 SWEET GB L IME

1 5

1 7

1 7

1 9

1 6

1 7 33

1 9 1 4 2 2 2 0

1 1 1 5

1 7 1 5

1 7 1 9

1 9 1 2

. 1 ),

nr

1 4

2 8 2 0 1 7 1 4 9 1 3 8 1 4 1 5 2 4 2 3 2 3 1 9 2 1 26 3 1 1 9 1 4 1 1 1 0 1 1 4 1 4 2 9

1 0 8 8 7 10 1 4 2 4 2 3 3 2 2 3 23 2 4 5 1 3 2 7 1 8 2 0 1 6

1 2 1 4 1 4

1 6

1 9

1 6

1 4

1 0 1 2 2 1 22 1 3 1 6 1 5

nr , u

9

9 1 3

1 4

1 9

20

1 2 6 1 1 8 9 2 1 1 1 1 6 23 1 7 2 3 22 1 5 3 1 1 4 1 4 4 3 4 10

9 1 2 7 15 ' 1 8 1 4 1 9 1 1 1 9 1 8 2 1 2 4 1 6 2 6 2 7 25 20 23 8 1 0 1 0 2 2 1 8 30

9 1 4

7 1 3

1 7

1 9

2 1

1 8

1 9

1 4

1 9

1 9

1 8

1 7

1 9

1 6

1 7

2 1

1 3

1 9

26

1 6 2 2 20 1 5 4 2 1 5

1 6

1 8

1 9

1 6

2 9

1 4

23 25

28

2 4 3 1 2 3

2 9 1 9

2 8 1 4

n 1 a 7 -• -•

35 2 9 22 1 1

1 3 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 4 2 8

3 1 2 9 3 2 4 1

18

1 2 1 5 1 4

9 1 0

1 6 1 6 26

4

1 6 1 3

1 3

1 1

1 0

7

2 7

1 6

28

1 3

1 5

2 1

20

5 2 1

20

1 0 2 2

1 6

1 2

1

2 9 4 0 30 2 9 3 8 2 8 2 3 1 6 2 1 20 3 1 SWEET G B L IME 4 7 3 4 1 3 8 1 1 1 7 1 6 1 0 2 6 1 0 8 1 1 9 1 0 SWEET G Z L IME 4 8 28 3 9 4 8 3 2 3 2 3 0 35 2 3 2 9 2 4 SWEET G Z L IME 3 C

1 9

2 6 2 3

2 2 2 6 2 1 1 7 3 1 3 8

2 8 1 9

1 5 2 5 3 9 3 9 2 7 36 32 23 1 3 2 6 3 1 nr , u 2 7 2 7 2 9 23

nr , u

nn

1 5 20 1 9 3 1 1 3 1 5 20 2 6

1 6

C

J J

20 1 5 15 2 1 3 0 1 4 2 1 2 2 1 8 3 0 26 1 3 1 9 2 3.29

2 21

3 1

35 3 3 29 ' 15 1 7 1 3

24 1 8

35 2 8 1 8 1 1

26 1 0

1 4 22

SWEET KD L IME 20 3 1 I 25 35 36 2 1 33 1 5 48 2 1 6 1 6 SWEET KD L IME 30 27

36

29

4 1

28

2 4

1 4

1 0

20 1 1

1 3

20

1 5

1 7

36 33 1 6 1 0

24 1 6

1 6 1 3

7 6

36 32 32 29 1 4 4 4 8 9

1 4

1 8

1 3

26 30 1 6 1 3 1 5 1 2 1 9 4 1 34 23 " z1 2 9 2 1 46 32 1 4 u 3 J 7 7 4 7 35 SWEET OD L IME 7 36 66 34 2 1 3 6 2 1 56 55 35 3 1 1 7 20 1 4 1 0 6 4 4 5 9 1 6 1 3 36 45 30 1 2 SWEET OD L IME 8 59

1 2 1 0

1 4 1 1 1 5 1 4 4 3 8

4 1 37 57 52 34 3 1 29 40 46 3 1 1 8 25 1 3 5 5 6 9 1 3 7 1 4 4 5 1 2 1 9 6 6 7 1 5 SWEET OD L IME 9 53

1 0 1 7 4 1 0

26 30 25 1 9 1 0 20 1 7 SWEET Q s LIME 1 36 40

25 1 8 25 3 1 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 1 SWEET OD L IME 2 5 1 77

33 1 1

60 1 1

47 1 1

56 63 1 2 23

SWEET OD L IME 3 36 59 64 59 56 4 4 1 8 23 1 3 5 1 1 SWEET OD L IME 6 42

39 1 9

25

30

1 3

1 6

23

28

1 9

26

1 7 26 8 1 3

1 9 1 0

20 22

26 1 3

50 1 1

4 2 1

4 2 39 30 23 5 9 9 2 1

54 32 9 1 2

1 9 2 1

1 9 1 3

1 7 1 0

28

23

1 6

23

40

nn

24

34

2 3

1 3

1 9

9 1 9

1 8

1 2

1 7

1 6

1 4

1 0

1 5 2 9

2 1

23

1 2

20

1 4

8

1 7

5 1 9 1 7 1 8 u 4 7 1 5

1 7

8 27 27

1 3

27

1 9 3 1 9 1 0

1 7

25

1 1

8

1 4

8 1 3

9

1 3 1 2 1 2 29 23 9 9 3 6 1 2

1 2 9

1 5

20

4 1 0 20

4

8 1 2

2 4

36

1 8

8

6 1 9

1 9

1 7

1 9

7 5 1 9 4 1 4 4 1

1 8 1 7

24 27 22 9 7 7

59 44 3 1 2 9 1 2 1 5 25 25 1 8 1 0 1 5 1 7 23 1 6 9 1 0 1 4 23 8 8 1 . 3 25 20 1 1 9 1 1 1 . 9 1 7 1 0 5 4 9 3 7 3 4 1 4 8 1 9 6 SWEET OD L IME 19 39 5 1 20 25 1 9 26 1 9 23 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 20 20 1 8 1 5 9 1 2 1 3 1 1 8 8 6 5 3 3 6 8 5 3 SWEET OD L IME STRAY 48

1 3

9

9 8

28 36 1 9 6 7 6 5 6 21 2 9

2 1

52 60 67 70 76 86 50 49 36 22 32 2 4 1 . 9 1 1 7 1 8 6 1 4 1 3 7 4 20 6 3 3 3 1 7 6 5 6 1 . 1 t h 1 4 6 6 9 3 3 11 1 2 1 9 1 1 1 0 3 8 1 5 SWEET OV L IME 1 9 47 49 27 35 27 3 1 35 3 4 27 23 2 9 3 1 32 38 24 26 2 4 29 2 4 2 1 20 3 1 33 2 9 1 8

4

22

2 1

15

1 9

25

20

1 2

1 1

1 0

1 6

1 2

27

2 22

1 2

1 6

1 4

1 6

9 1 7

23

15

2 1

28

1 2

1 8

2 7

9 2

1 8

1 6

1 1

6 9

24

SWEET D V L IME 27 55 50 5 1 4 3 4 1 64 33 2 3 2 9 1 5 27 2 1 2 4 1 4 1 3 1 0 1 6 1 1 SWEET LT . ME 1 . 44 5 1 1 8 1 5 20 1 9 22 2 4 4 7 9 1 5 1 9 1 3 SWEET RAILWAY L IME SX 20 33 6 7 9 25 2 1 30 3 1 2 4 1 5 1 4 9 SWEET RAILWAY LIM E SX 30 4 7 1 1 '8 1 5 1 8 1 7 2 1 1 3 2 1 3 1 2 4 20 1 7

36 30

28 2 1

4 1 26 1 . 5 20

4 3 36 1 5 2 1

38 20

35 27

30 1 2

34 1 3

34 1 7 7 1 . 7

20 1 2

2 1 1 0

23 20

1 6 28 35 1 9 1 8 1 4 9 4 4 8 7 1 6

25 28 1 9 9 14

19 18

1 7 1 5 5 1 0

1 9 1 4

27 1 7

1 7

1 9

1 2

2 7

4 1

28

1 2

9 1 5 26 23

24 1 2

20 1 0

1 6 1 _ 9

25

2 23

37 4 1 1 . 7 21

4 2 1 7

33 29 1 1 1 0

32 1 2

3 1 1 7

32 35 1 1 22

26 1 7

24 1 5

2 1

22

32 30

24

1 4

1 4

29

33

2 1

29

26 24 1. 6 1 8

23 22

1 9 2 2

1 1 1 7

3 4 1 6

24 1 1

1 7 1 3

27

1 5

1 9

1 4 1 7

APPENDIX 4 :

Deta i ls a nd r ing-w idths o f a l l a sh p lanks a nd r oundwood e xam ined f ro m t he Sweet t rack

*r ing s measured

S i te

S a mp le

No . o f

S pan i n a sh

D i mens ions

n o .

r ing s

c hrono logy

mm

S ketch

Average

Con tex t

r ing-

o n s i te

w idth

SWEET ASH PLANKS

SWC

2 5*

5 2

7 9-130

6 4 1 02

1 6

4 22*

7 1

7 4-144

9 0 x5 0

1 . 58

5 0 x1 15

d istor ted

4 0 x7 0

w ide

1 60 x 7 0

1 .65

l ay p ara l le l t o W.

r a i l

r ad ius 1 10

SWD

4 33

3 2

3 12*

4 5

3 37

3 0

9 0 x6 0 6 9-113

8 0 x2 5-40

w ide

d I U

1 .64

p ara l le l t o E /Post t rack?

9 0 x5 0

5 58*

3 6+c30

7 0 x3 5

n arrow

6 04*

4 8

6 0-107

8 5 x1 20

1 . 55

t ransver se

5 8

5 1-108

1 40 x 8 0

1 .77

a t a ng le/Post t rack?

1 .42

s tray t ransver se

SWQV 2 *

r ad ius 1 00 SWQZ 1 05*

5 7

SWR

E 105

c 75

7 3-129

JX5*

6 8

1 75 x 1 0-85

1 .76

Pos t t rack

JX6*

1 22+c30-40 2 3-144+

2 05 x 3 0-80

1 . 51

Post t rack

V5*

1 23

1 -123

2 00 x 4 0-80

1 .08

On Swee t l i ne

V12*

6 6

6 2-127

1 60 x 9 0-110

1 .66

b e low V5 a t a ng le

W189*

5 6

9 5-150

8 0 x3 0-70

1 . 51

a t a ng le o n l i ne

2 3-90

SWTG 1 47 3 82*

1 20 x 8 0 2 00 x 1 5-45

1 20 x 2 0 7 0+

6 4-133+

1 00 x 3 0-45

4 '

maw

d ecayed 0 .87

p ara l le l b e low 3 83 p ara l le l , b e low o ak p lank

mea s 6 5 3 83*

1 06

6 2-167

1 45 x 4 0-60

1 .04

3 89*

8 4

7 0-153

9 0 x6 0

0 .88

a t a ng le

3 98*

9 0

7 1-160

9 5 x3 0-60

0 .99

t ransver se

4 33*

1 09

8 6-164

1 25 x 6 5

1 . 12

p ara l le l o n l i ne

4 39*

8 8

7 0-157

1 10 x 4 5

1 . 24

f rag ment o n l i ne

4 49*

1 01

5 9-159

1 20 x 9 0

1 .03

p ara l le l t o W

SWEET ASH ROUND W OOD

SWD

1 70

1 . 16

SWQV 3 2*

3 40*

7 0 5 7

1 04-160

9 0

0 .84

p eg

3 7*

5 3

1 08-160

8 0

0 .82

p eg

SWQZ 8

c 50

SWR

D21*

5 0

7 0 7 0

0 .67

F 58*

5 4

8 0

0 .76

8 0

F89*

5 4

M2*

c 50

6 0

V104*

5 1

7 5

W149*

4 6

4 5

W X*

6 5

6 5-129

7 0

1 . 13

5 8

1 03-160

8 0

0 .65

r a i l

1 05

0 .68

r a i l

SWTG 4 43 1 030

7 6

0 .9

224

s tray

S WEET • ) 7 ,

C ASH

52 2 1 2 1 nn 2 2 1 4 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 8 1 7 SWEET C ASH 4 22 7 1 25 22 23 2 0 2 0.13 1 2 1 4 20 1 6 8 1 0 SWEET D A SH 73 3 4 23 2 5 1 5 3 3 6 7 8 9 SWEET D A SH 86 3 2 2 7 45 42 3 9 7 6 5 5 SWEET P A SH 273 2 7 7 20 1 5 1 1 1 8 1 1 SWEET D ASH 3 12 4 5 3 1 2 4 26 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 6 1 8 SWEET D A SH 3 40 7 0

1 7 1 3

1 3 1 5

1 5 1 5 1 6 1 9

1 3 1 8

1 0 1 1 1 7 2 2

1 8 1 6 1 5

1 7 1 7 1 1

1 8 1 6 1 7

1 7 1 3 1 3

1 8 1 9 1 4

2 3 1 2

. J

7

1 1

1

1 9 1 4 1 4

2 1 6 2 0 8 6 1 1

3 6 2 7 6 8

8

, o 2 2 1 9 1 7

6

1 3 1 2

nc •

6

1 9 1 3

4 1 4 0 1 7 1 6 23 1 8 2 1 1 4 1 3 3 5 4 4 3 3 4 4 1 0 7 E t 6 7 1 0 1 4 1 3 1 0 SWEET D A SH 4 02 3 3

1 8 1 8

1 4 1 2

8 2 7 1 5 1 1

3 20 8 1 3

1 2 1 1

1 4

2 2 1 7

1 8 1 9

1 3 1 7

9 1 2 1 0 1 2

1 3 1 5

1 2 1 1 9 1 1 1 8 2 1 1 9 1 7 1 9 1 8 2 0 1 8

1 2 1 9 1 8

1 6 1 7 1 6 2 0 1 6

1 5 1 9 26 22

1 4 1 6

1 9

30

1 7

1 5

9

8

2 5 2 4

30

32

20

1 7

1 3

1 4 1 0

1 1 9 9

1 7 1 0

1 5 1 3

7

4

5

1 8 23 nn 9 8 1.

4

1 6 1 7

4

1 2

8

6 2 4

6

7 1 2

8

8

9

6

5

6

7

6

2 0

2 0 20

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 3

9 1 1

1 2

2 8 2 1

1 9 2 7 2 1 9 1 2 1 3

2

5

1 7 1 3

= •

8 1 1 7 7 7 7 4 3 4 4 4 4 9 1 2 1 4 1 5 2 7 2 3 1 8 1 7 2 1 1 8 2 0 2 7 2 0 9 9 ; 9 9 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 0 9

7 1 1 1 0 1 1 8 7 4 9 8 1 4 1 5 1 0 2 4 29 32 2 9 20 1 4 2 5 25 SWEET D A SH 558 . 3 6 1 0 9 5 6 4 4 5 8 1 2 1 0 6 9 8 5 4 6 4 5 7 1 1 9 9 6 SWEET D A SH 6 04 4 8 1 8 1 5 1 9 1 2 1 2 1 2 20 1 4 SWEET 67 _ A SH

1 6 1 3

1 8 1 6 1 4

7

1 5 1 6 1 7

1 3 2 0 1 9 2 3

21 1 8 1 3

8

1 5 1 1

1 2 1 4 1 6 2 3

1 5 2 1 1 6 1 4 1 6 1 8

2 6 1 8 5

1 8

8 6 1 0 2 3 2 6 1 9

9 1 0

5

1 8 20 1 1 1 3 1 2 20

2 7 3 3

2 7 1 8 2. 1 1 8 9 5 6

2 1

6

23 1 4

1 8

8

1 7

1 6 2 4

7

6

23 2 3 1 6 1 7

2 4 1 5

9 2 1

1 1

1 2 1 0

1 6

1 8

5

1 0

5

6 1 5

6

8

7 2 0

3 1 3

2 7 33

8 1 0

1 7 1 7 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 6 9 8 5 5 5

1 2

1

3 6 7 1 0 8 1 1

3 1 3

1 9 2 2

2 25

6

8

9

6

7

6

8 1 4

1 2

SWEET ( I V ASH 2 59 25 1 9 20 2 1 . ' 13 2 0 1 3 1 . 9 2 0 1 8 22 29 1 . 8 1 2 1 . 3 1 . 6 1 8 1 5 1 8 1 9 1 7 2 4 2 1 2 1 1 0 7 1 0 1 0 1 0 8 7 7 SWEET tw ASH 57 25 1 6 1 3 1 4 3 1 0 1 2 1 1 8 6 1 5 1 0 SWEET OZ ASH 1 05 57 26 25 2 4 2 0 20 1 5 1 3 1 2 9 1 1 1 3 1 2 SWEET R ASH E i 02 3 1 1 2 22 1 8 _ 42 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 SWEET R ASH

1 5 9 6

8 9 6

9 20 1 0 8 6 7 7

7 7

4 6

20 1 6

27 1 2

9

8

8

2 1 1 1

0 5

1 7 23 3 1 34 3 1 9 9 9 9 1 . 2

7 1 1 6 7

7 7

6 6

4 6

29 1 4

4 6

1 4 1 1 1 7

1 2 1 . 0 1 2

2 1 . 20 1 . 1 1 . 1 7

1 5 1 0

2 4 22 2 1 29 8 8 7 1 1

28 1 4

29 1 2

1 7 1 1

1 4 1 1

1 1 1 0 9 1 0

2 1 2 4

28 24

1 8

1 6

2 3

2 4

2 3

29

26

2 4

1 2

1 4

9 1 2

2 7 25 1 1

1 8 2 1 1 3

1 5 1 8 1 6 20 1 4 1 2

2 1 1 5 1 6

1 7 25 24 1 6 20 1 6 1 3 9 1 0

1 6 27 13

22 20 1 3

26 1 7 1 3

20 25 1 1

1 3 1 5 1 0

2 4 1 4

) ` ; 1 9 1 1 2 1

1 7 4 5

1 2 3 1

20 1 7 1 7 25

1 0 23 1 4 1 3 1 8 23

1 2 1 2

20 27

27 1 6

2 ') 2 5 3 4 2 0

22 1 6

20

35 1 9

26 1 . 8

25 1 2

5 6 8 1 . 6

6 9

2 4 1 1

4 9

9 1 3 1 3 1 2 20 22 1 0 8 7 7 8 8

6

9 1 6

22

1 4

9

1 4 1 7

20 1 9

20 1 5

1 7 20

1 5 20 '5 30 4 1 3 1

22 22

20 25

7 7 8 1 0 7 8

8 7 7 9 1 1 1 0 8 7

7 1 0 8 7

6

7 1 2

7

J X5 68 22 20 22 1 8 2 1 2 2 20 1 6 20 1 6 1 4 13 22 1 4 1 4 SWEET R ASH J X6 1 22 1 7 29 25 2 9 3 7 20 t8 1 5 2 3 30

22 30 33 24 1 0 8 1 0 8 1 0 1 . 2 1 0 1 1 2 0 1 6 1 7 1 0 9 8 7 7 7 7 8 9 SWEET R ASH N5 3 4

25 1 8

8 1 0 1 2 7 1 0 1 2 9 9 9 1 2 1 2 1 2 10 1 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 9

26 22 2 1 23 1 7 2 1 1 2 1 7 1 9 1 2 8 7 6 5 7 5 6 6 5 SWEET R ASH R30 26

1 1

1 2

1 1

30 30 1 7 7 5 8 1 0 1 5 20 1 2 1 4 1 2 9 1 1 SWEET R ASH V5 1 23 1 3 8 6 7 6 7 8 9 7 1 0 5 5 1 0 8 9 7 6 6 6 7 9 8 7 6 8 1 . 0 1 5 1 1 20 22 2 2 2 4 1 5 1 . 2 1 9 1 6 1 9 22 1 6

9

1 7 1 6 2 1

1 9 1 . 7 1 3

1 0 22 22 2 4 ß 7 5

1 8 6

9 7

29 23 1 6 22 1 0 1 1

2 1 1 . 3 2 4

7 . 8 1 3 8 1 1 . 1 . 2

1 7 1 6 1 6 22 1 . 3 1 1

1 4 1 6 1 9 2. 7 9 1 0

1 4 22 1 2 7 8 6

2 26

7

4

1 0 1 . 0 25

1 4 1 2 1 0 1 1 9 1 2 1 4 1 0 1 1 9 8 1 3

23 27 1 0

1 6

9 8 8

1 5

1 2

1 6

1 4

7

20

1 7 1 4 1 0

1 3 1 5 1 6 23 9

9 4

7 6

n n ' 1 7 "

5 6

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1.2 10 9 7 8 9 9 1 . 3 1 3 13 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 2 1 4

3

6 5

1 1

1 1

7

1 3

0 12 1 1 2 1 0

1 0

8

20

8 1 0 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 9 10 9 8 1 3

6 10 1 3 6 4 3

6

6 7 9

15

1 2 1 . 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 . 0 20 1 . 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 5 1 1 8 9 ' 8 9 9 8 8 9 8 8 9 9 7 9 SWEET R ASH V 12 6 6 30 22 50 32 2 9 25 1 3 1 . 2 1 . 2 9 8 1 1 SWEET R ASH V 104 5 1

6

7 9 8

1 9 1 4

1 2 1 0

1 3 1 0

1 5 1 2 8

1 0

1 2 1 1

9 9 1 6 1 9 1 1 1 2

24 1 0

6 7 7 6 1 2 s i 1 0 1 2 1 . 0 1 0

SWEET R ASH W 189 56 20 1 2 7 8 l e 1 5 1 5 1 1 3 1 3 1 29 2 1 SWEET R ASH WX 65 1 7 1 2 1 3 1 4 9 7 7 9 7 1 2 9 9 SWEET TG ASH 302 70 16 26 9 20 6 3 3 4 13 9 9 3 SWEET T G ASH 387 1 06 1 9 1 3 2 1 32 8 7 6 4 9 7 6 1 3 1 0 9 9 1 0 1 7 1 6 1 5 1 5 SWEET IG ASH 399 84 20 1 8 1 5 1 4 7 8 9 6 12 1 0 1 0 7 1 8 1 2 9 1 2 SWEET TG ASH 398 90 20 1 5 1 2 8 1 2 9 6 6 12 1 3 7 1 5 20 1 4 1 6 1 1 SWEET TG ASH 433 109 29 32 24 23 5 6 1 0

7 6 8

5 8 7

5 4 8

6 1 2 1 6 1 6 2 9 28

9 9 1 3 1 4 1 3 1 9

1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 E t 1 4

8 5 6 8 1 1 1 2 9 1 4 1 3 1 5 1 5 1 4 1 2 9 1 0 1 0 1 1 9 8 7 8 8 1 3 1 0

I . , J 30 2 2 2 0 1 2 4 5 7 9 1 1 5

1 5 3 1 5 9 1 2

5

5

4

1 3 1 6

1 1 1 0

4

J

1 6 2 4 15 1 5 4 6 6 8 20 1 6 1 7 28 1 3 1 5 1 5 1 3 1 1

1 4 1 1 . . _ 1 6

.

1 6 1 4

9 6 1 2 1 5 l e 1 3

8 1 1 1 0

7 8 1 1 1 9 1 5 1 4

1 0 1 6

1 0 24

1 2 1 8

12 1 9 1 2 1 4 7

1 5 1 0

1 1 1 2

1 1 1 5 9 1 1

1 4 1 2

6 0 1 1 7 1 0 8

9 6

8 7

8 7

6

8

9

6

7

7 1 0

4 5 4 5 5 8 8 8 6 7 1 2 30

5 . J 6

5 J 7

5

1 2 1 2 8 1 3 1 0 1 0 6 1 0 5 4 4 4 5 8 7 5 6 . J 1 6 1 3 1 6 1 7 1 0 1 0 1 4 1 3 1 0 8 1 1 9 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 5 9 8

7 5 9 5

5 6 9 5

6 6 7

c 8 8 7 . J J 7 5 7 1 2 1 1 8 1 5 1 2 1 7 1 7

7 z J , , 2 7 7 8 7 5 7 6

1 2 1 0 9 7 1 2 1 5 1 0 SWEET TG ASH 439 88 28 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 9 1 1 8 6 6 J

7 6 7

6 1 5 1 2 7 1 0 8 J 4 4 J 6 5 9 1 2 1 3 9 1 1 1 0 9 1 0

1 3 J

1 3 1 9

1 7 1 6 9 6 6 1 0 1 3 1 6 15 , J 1 7 1 7 ) . -

8 5

6 7 6 6 7 1 0

TG

8 7

7 6

6 4 5 4 6 8 6 1 0 1 1 1 3 7 1 1 8 1 0 1 4 1 2 1 6 1 4

4 7 7 7 1 4 1 2 8 1 3 1 6 1 6 1 8 2 1

1 4 9 9 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 1 2 1 2 8 7 7 4 J 6 9 1 0 1 2 7 1 4 1 7 1 7 24 1 9 1 0 1 1 . , p J , 2 4 1 4 8 1 0 9 9 9 9

9 1 0

9 6

9 1 2 7 1 5

1 1 1 1

7 8

8 7

6 9

6 9

8 6 1 0 8 1 1 1 1

9 6 3 5 4 4 4 1 0 1 3 1 4 20 1 9 1 5 1 6

22 1 9 1 9 1 2 33 22 1 8 1 8 2 1 1 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 5 1 3 1 2 22 1 8 2 1 1 6 2 1 1 6 1 0 1 7 1 3 1 4 9 1 1. 13 1 1 SWEET TG ASH 443 50 15 1 8 1 2 6 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 7 2 1 9 4 4 6 1 1 5 4 5 1 5 1 1 4 J 4 6 3 3 4 3 5 4 8 7 6 5 5 5 4 6 1 0 5 4 5 4 4 5 . J 4 SWEET 449

1 0

5 6 9 9

5 8 7

6 6 7

1 4 1 5 6 5

13

9 7 1 0 7 9 5 9 1 1 1 0 6 8 1 6 1 2 8 8 6 6 9 1 1 8 7 5 1 5 1 1 1 2 1 3 13 1 2 1 0 1 0 8 9 1 0 1 4 1 6 1 5 9 1 2 9 1 1 9 1 1 1 5 9

7

8 5 8

30

2 1 1 2

5 8

8

6 6

1 4 1 6 1 9 20

5 7

1 3 1 2 1 2 9 1 1 1 0 1 1 6 4 J 4 7 1 0 8 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 7 7 8 J 7 7 5

9 5

9 1 3 1 9 1 7

5 c J

7

e

1 1 1 5

1 6

7 6

1 7

4 4

1 3

3 4

1 6

J 7 3

1 9

3 4

1 7

3 3

ASH

j ot

29 35 3 1.24 6 1 2 1 2 9 1 0 1 2 4 5 6 R 1 0 7 3 3 J c J 7 8 7 7 J 6 9 7 1 0 9 1 0 8 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 6 6 SWEET TG ASH 1030 76 1 0 3 3 3 2 2 4 9 5 8 1 4 1 8 1 2 1 2 1 0 1 2 6 6 5 1 1 4 5 4 7 J 4 J 7 t o . J • c -

1 4 1 8 1 0 1 3 1 2 6 6 1 0 1 2 1 1 8 1 3 8 9 6 1 3 1 9 1 8 1 4 1 9

8 E t 1 4 1 3 o8 7

3

2 27

6 7 . o

2 8 = J

4 7 4

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 2

5 9 3

1 2 9 8 7 9 8 6 7 4 8 6 5 8 1 0 1 0 8 7 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 7 1 0 7 1 2 8 1 0 8 7 1 0 6 9

7 7 4 1 0 5 4

8 1 2 1 2 1 8 . 7 6 8 . 7 3 4 4 4

8 1 1 1 7 4 4 5 J 4 J

A P PENDII 5 : Y e ar s a mpled/ S RIple

n o.

N o . o f r i ngs

D e tails o f a l l o a k p l anks e nticed f r om t h e H earn H e ath t r ack

N o . o f s a pwood r i ngs

A v e . r i ng w i dth

T r ee g r oup

i l l

1 9 74 1 . 17 1 . 18 1 . 20 1 . 22 1 . 23 1 . 24 1 . 26 1 9 74/5 1 . 45 1 . 47 1 . 56 1 . 96 1 . 98 1 . 125 1 . 126 1 . 140 1 . 147 1 . 148 1 . 150 1 . 151 1 . 152 1 . 154 1 . 164 1 , 165 1 . 174 1 . 175 1 . 178 1 . 184 1 . 187 1 9 75 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 7 2 . 8 2 . 16 2 . 21 2 . 22 2 . 23 2 , 24 2 . 26 2 . 28 2 . 29 2 . 30 2 . 32 2 . 34 2 . 35 2 . 36 2 . 37

6 5 3 6 + 2 0 3 9 8 1 6 9 6 4 6 4 8 0 4 3 9 3 8 2 7 4 7 1 0 8 2 8 9 7 5 6 4 0 7 4 4 7 3 1 3 7 6 4 i 3 0 6 3 7 5 2 9 5 7 4 3 4 6 + 3 6 7 2 9 3 1 4 6 3 0 7 9 4 6 5 1 5 1 2 3 3 0 1 0 1(w ith b r eaks ) 9 5

2 . 19 2 . 45

2 2

1 . 55 1 . 34 1 . 64 2 . 53

6 6 6

1 . 89 1 . 98 1 . 22 1 . 22 1 . 67 1 . 26 2 . 05 1 . 64 1 . 58 1 . 59 2 . 34 1 . 62 1 , 4 1 . 93 1 . 42 1 . 94 3 . 88 1 . 44 1 . 35 1 . 81

F u nction T z transv e rse L Iongit . S sta ke

L L T T T

r L

6 -130 8 9 -124 94-132 49-129 65-133 4 5 -108 1 2 -75 3 5 -114 6 4 -107 7 -115 4 -8 1

6

2 3 5 1 2 6 2 6

S p an i n f l oating c h ronology

? T ? T ? T ? T ? L

6 2 1 1 2

6 5 -111 7 114 5 0 -77 1 7 -113 1 7 -72 7 2 -111 4 -117 6 4 -110 4 2 -72 7 0 -106 1 9 -82+ 7 36 4 8 -110 3 7 -111 4 3 -71

1 . 15

4

L ?

4 6 -102

1 . 86 1 . 24 1 . 19 1 . 51

2 6 2 2

L ? S L ? S

5 0 -95+ 5 0 -85 4 9 -125 8 3 -111

2 . 04

2

L ? S T T S S T S S T

4 5 -90

2 . 03 1 . 05 1 . 67 1 . 65 1 , 49 1 . 09 1 . 8 1

6 4

2 2

2 28

r

r

2 8 -106 4 8 -93 3 5 -85 5 2 -102 4 1 -70 1 4 -114 2 4 -118

D i mensions i s

S k etch c r osss e ction

1 8 0 z6 0 2 0 0 x3 0 1 7 0 x5 0 -85 9 5 r7 0 150 x 45-65 190 r 6 5 1 7 0 x4 0 -80 1 2 0 1 5 5 1 5 0 5 9 0 7 0 6 0 2 4 0 1 8 5 1 5 0 2 1 0 1 9 0 1 8 0 1 6 0 6 0 5 1 3 0 1 0 8 0 1 0 0 5 0

x3 0 x3 0 x5 0 z2 0 r5 r4 0 i2 5 x7 0 x4 5 4 0 r6 5 8 0 r5 0 16 0 r6 5 x2 5 x3 5 z3 0 6 0 r7 0 z2 5 z2 0 r4 0

8 5 7 0 9 0 4 5 1 0 0 4 0 1 4 0 1 3 0 8 0 1 9 0 1 7 0 4 5 9 0 2 3 0 4 5 4 5 1 0 1 9 0

z5 x2 0 x6 5 x3 0 x3 0 r5 0 r3 0 r4 0 x3 0 17 0 17 0 r2 5 x4 0 x7 0 x3 5 r5 0 r4 5 r9 0

OMMEgge

«MO >

4 1. 1 1 1 1i. I I

„ hr (I de f tW ;e : ;

d i tun t emve

eejej e

2 . 38 2 . 39 2 . 40 2 . 42 2 . 43 2 . 46 2 . 52 2 . 55 2 . 60 2 . 61 2 . 62 2 . 63 2 . 64 2 . 66 2 . 72 2 . 78 2 . 81 2 . 87 2 . 88 2 . 91 2 . 98 2 . 99 2 . 102 2 . 108 3 . 1 3 . 2 4 . 3 4 . 5 4 . 6 1 9 76 7 . 1 7 . 2 7 . 3 2 0 3 .2 0 5 .8 0 5 .9 1 9 77 4 5 9 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 . 23 1 . 50 1 . 55 1 . 70 1 . 88 1 . 90 1 . 96 1 . 100 1 . 108 1 . 119 1 . 129 1 . 139 1 . 152

4 5 2 8

8 0 z3 0 4 0 /4 0 5 2

4 8 -71 8 -132 3 8 -98 8 9 -124 5 7 -94 3 2 -112 1 7 -129 3 6 -125

2 9 0 z1 0 1 5 0 x4 0 6 5 z2 5 2 0 0 z2 0 1 4 0 x5 0 1 0 0 x6 0 6 0 z2 5 5 z4 0 3 5 x4 0 d i am . 3 2 5 0 /5 0 4 0 z6 0 7 0 x2 5 5 0 z4 0 1 0 0 z2 5 7 5 z4 5 5 0 z4 0 5 0 z4 0 5 0 x4 0 40 x 4 0 1 0 0 x4 0 9 0 z5 0 4 0 z6 0 4 0 I4 0 1 9 0 z1 0 0 1 4 0 x3 5 1 3 0 x2 5 -50

3 2 -99+ 4 3 -99 4 9 -98 5 7 -100+ 4 0 -83 6 -123 7 5 -106

r a dius 8 5 1 4 0 z7 0 1 3 0 x4 0 8 0 z8 0 8 0 x3 8 9 5 x5 2 1 0 0 z4 5

1 3 -65 4 7 -108 5 9 -107 3 0 -108 6 3 -100 2 4 -87+ 7 9 -142 3 5 -64 5 9 -116

8 0 7 0 1 5 1 2 0 5 1 6 0 1 5 0 6 0 1 4 0 9 0 6 5 1 0 1 0 1 3 0 1 5 0 1 0 8 0 1 0 1 6 0 1 0 0

2 3 6

1 . 9 1 . 85

6 9

1 . 79

5 3 -121

3 5 2 6 2 4 1 5 2 6 5 4 3 6 2 6 6 3 4 2 1 3 1 8 2 4 4 5 6 1 3 6 3 8 8 1 1 3 9 0

1 . 55 1 . 66

4 3 -77 3 9 -64

2 . 0 0 . 99 2 . 08 1 . 55 1 . 28 1 . 7

c 4 5 3 5 c 4 5 1 6 3 4

3

9 7 -122 5 9 -112 9 2 -127 2 4 -49 5 8 -120 3 6 -79

3 2 4

1 . 37 1 . 62 1 . 65 1 . 42 1 . 26 1 . 1 2 . 4 1 . 34 1 . 48

6 8 + 5 7 5 0 4 +c 1 0 4 5 8 3 2 5 3 6 2 4 9 7 9 3 8 6 4 +c30 6 4 3 0 5 8 c 3 0 c 5 0+43 8 1 5 9 3 5

3 8 -59 2 7 -62

0 . 98 1 . 66 2 . 41 1 . 63 1 . 86 1 . 57 1 . 55

2 0

1 . 44 1 . 04 2 . 28 1 . 54 1 . 42 1 . 91 1 . 2 1 . 52 1 . 02 0 . 95 1 . 15 0 . 78

5 8 -90

2 1 2 6 1 2 3 5 2 6 3 2 6

6 6

5

1

2 . 06 2 3

1 . 37 3 . 2 1

? T

+ 6 3-105 2 7 -107 4 -102

7 6 -110 5 3

2 29

3 7 -152 1 34

5 0 6 0 r7 0 4 5 :4 1 2 0 7 0 I5 0 x6 0 x7 5 4 0 r6 0 5 0 r6 0

4 ! :

I n man

I i I I i t

f ew , i r p ot e i%

•

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g e ef igb

d f ieuy .e2 , 7 1 1P ;

e qum33 page

1 0 -20 : 35 0 60 2 5

1 . 160 2 . 32 2 . 33 2 . 40 2 . 50 2 . 56 2 . 68 2 . 74 2 . 78 D 1 D 1 OC 0 1 3 0 1 5 0 2 1 T A ! T A 5 T A 6 T A 10A

0 8 ,

1 108 A

1 9 78 9 . 1 9 . 2 2 8 3 1 1 9 79 6 8 .2 6 8 .4 6 8 .5 6 8 .7 6 8 .9 6 8 .10 6 8 .12 6 8 .14 6 8 .17 6 8 .18 6 8 .19 6 8 .20 9 1 A

1 9 80 2 A 2 8 2 C 1 9 84 0 3 0

c 5 0 4 8 1 2 9 c 3 0 8 9 2 8 c 3 5 + 8 8 9 3 5 8 7 9 1 4 3 7 4 6 3 0 3 6 5 9 6 3 9 4 5 1 5 6 1 5 9 4 6 3 7 7 3 6 7 4 9

3 4

2 4

2

1 9

8 0 8 0 + 4 8 3 6 4 4 5 1 2 6 3 2 6 0 6 3 9 8 4 3 2 8 3 0 4 7 5 0 3 0 3 2 3 1 i 4 5 6 5 7 5 9 4

7 4

1

8 2 -148 2 1 -69

8 5 1 2 0 1 3 5 1 7 0 1 2 0 7 0 3 0 0 2 7 0 2 6 0 1 3 0 1 3 0 2 1 5 6 5 2 7 0 2 0 0 8 0 6 0 7 5 1 2 0 9 0 1 0 5 1 4 0 7 0 1 3 0 6 5 1 4 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 7 0

4 7 -126 5 0 -129+

1 8 0 / 50_80 1 7 0 x 5 0 _ 7 0

6 5 -112

1 6 5 /8 0 6 0 /4 5

9 1 -134

1 4 -44

5 0 7 0 1 7 5 1 4 0 7 0 1 2 5 7 0 8 0 1 2 5 6 0 1 3 5 4 0 8 0 1 0 5 6 0 5 0 4 5

6 5 /5 9 0 /7 0 1 8 0 /2 5 _40 1 6 0 x1 0

2 . 08 0 . 97

2 4 -152

1 . 31 2 . 03

2 3 -111 3 8 -65

1 . 0 2 . 68 2 . 05 1 . 62 2 . 2 1 . 19 2 . 23 1 . 9 1 . 44 1 . 58 1 . 38 1 . 8 2 . 42 2 . 26 1 . 16 1 . 11 1 , 34

4 2 -89

? T

2 4 2 5 4 4 2

5 9 -146 1 99 4 6 -103 3 8 -114 3 4 -124 8 2 -124 9 82 5 0 -115 6 0 -89 2 8 -63 6 8 -126 5 6 -121 5 4 -92 2 1 -65 9 123

8 G 1 4 6

2 0 -78

1 . 48 3 . 64 1 . 7 1 . 49 1 . 26

2 6 6

2 . 05 1 . 89 1 . 75

4 4 6

1 . 17 1 . 42 1 . 56 1 . 83 2 . 18 2 . 03 1 . 04 1 . 83 1 , 42 1 . 83 1 . 45 1 . 27 1 . 63 1 . 98 2 . 01 1 . 59 1 . 28

2 6 2

2 2 3 2 2 6

2 3 1 1

8 7 -132 9 0 -126 3 6 -98

5 9 -103 2 8 -139 2 4 -89 6 0 -9 1 3 5 -94 5 120 7 8 -116 3 9 -122 7 8 -109 3 5 -122 5 3 -82 3 -79 2 0 -69 3 5 -64 4 3 -74

1 . 34 1 . 32 2 . 17

2 2

1 6 -60 7 0 -134 3 7 -111

1 . 65

3

2 6 119

d yp-

I5 0 I6 5 8 0 5 0 -9 0 I1 0 0 3 5 I1 0 0 r1 7 0 8 0 4 0

. n e «W .

L.f e / a . O in

9 5 5 9 0 r a d 1 7 0 8 0 I3 5 -50 4 5 6 5 3 5 6 0 -80 8 0 2 0 1 0 -30

: Zee : f a re

7

Ah

q ph

ü l je

I9 5

1 0 1 1 0 0 16 1 9 4 5 1 2 0 1 0

:1 10 1 0 6 0 4 0 3 0 5 0 I8 5 I4 5 I6 5 I5 0 8 0 I4 5 I5 0 I3 5 I7 0 I5 4 5

J ig"»

er . 172 2. >

MO de . 43

. 1 , 12 1 1 ! . 4-

m oo .

-

e t c,

a u . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 .

•. 111111

f el le r _ _

0 3 2 0 3 4 0 3 5 0 3 7 0 3 9 0 4 8 0 4 9 0 5 0 0 5 1 0 5 2 0 5 3 0 5 5 0 5 7 0 6 2 0 6 7

6 8 6 1 7 +c25 9 5 4 1 8 6 9 4 9 4 4 7 7 4 5 4 6 5 6 5 6 8 4 7

1 4

2 . 14 1 . 18 2 . 79 0 . 71 1 . 46 1 . 63 1 . 83 1 . 89 1 . 56 1 . 84 1 . 58 1 . 07 1 . 44 2 . 03 1 . 8

3 3 5 1 1 4 4 4 4 2 4 6

1 4 -81 9 -52? 2 1 -97+ 4 9 -143 7 3 -113 3 7 -122 3 0 -123 3 0 -123 7 9 -125 5 0 -123 7 2 -125 4 0 -104 3 -97 4 6 - 1 3 3 7 -83

I T O T O 2 4 0 T O 6 5 1 6 0

x6 0 /9 0 /1 0 0 /6 0 /6 5 /7 5

1 9 0 r7 0 -100 1 9 0 /8 0 -105 7 0 1 2 0 1 4 5 /8 0 9 5 1 4 0 7 0 /5 0 1 0 5 /5 0 1 4 5 /3 0 9 0 x6 0

A ppendix 6 : R ing-width v alues f or e ach o ak s ample f rom t he M eare H eath t rack , i n o rder o f y ear e xcavated ( 19741984). F ormat - s ee A ppendix 2 .

MEARE HEATH 74 1 .17 65 22 27 26 2 3 2 9 3 0 1 9 2? 1 9 26 23 2 6 1 5 2 4 23 2 2 2 1 1 9 2 3 2 3 24 MEARE HEATH 74 1 .18 36 31 30 27 2 3 2 7 2 3 25 17 1 5 1 9 20 2 0 22 22 MEARE F itATH 74 1 .20 20 3 1 3 1 4 1 4 2 2 9 4 0 27 MEARE HEATH 7 4 1 .22 39 10 8 . -9 1 1 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 7 1 4 1 4 1 8 1 7 MEARE HEATH 7 4 1 .23 8 1

1 9 2 4 28

33 22 24

25 23 32

1 0 1 9 1 9

MEARE HEATH 74 1 .45 64 26 4 0 33 1 3 35 30 2 4 3 1 1 9 1 4 9 22 1 2 1 5 2 2 MEARE HEATH 7 4 1 .47 80 45

1 8 2 1 1 9 22 29 1 6

20 33 40 1 7 1 0 24 22 2 1 1 9

28 23 1 8 1 7 1 9 32 3 4 42 1 7 1 2

1 9 2 3

1 6 20

1 7 20

20 22

1 5 1 9

1 0 1? 2 0 20

24 1 5

1 9 1 9

24 27

25 25 3 2 1 7 23

23

1 3

30

2 9

32

3 8

50

27

22

26

2 5

1?

1 7

2 1

22

1 9 33

2 8

23

2 4

35

1 8

23

2 6

20

1 7

7 1 3

2

6 7 1 3 1 0 ? 2 0 29 2 8

1 3 20

1 4 27

7 1 3

1 5

1 3

23

2 4

2 7

34

29

9 1 2

-

13 8 1 2 1 1 7 5 8 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 5 2 4 7 5 7 8 1 5 MEARE HEATH 7 4 1 .24 69 10 1 2 7 8 1 2 1 6 1 4 1 6 1 8 1 7 9 1 4 1 6 1 1 5 MEARE HEATH 7 4 1 .26 64 13 1 5 30

2 1 1 9 1 9

8 6 8 8 8 1 2 2 4 2 1 2 1 1 6 1 7 1 6 6 6 5 1 1 6 1 3

1 6 1 3 2 1

1 5 25 4 4

1 2 1 2 1 5

1 2 1 7 1 4

9 9 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 5 ' 29

1 3 2 5 4 2

8 9 9 20 1 8 22 2 5 1 5 56 30 4 2 34

1 7 28 32 24 2 4 32 2 4 25 22 23 1 4 27

2 0 1 6 2 1 3 1 1 7 1 5 25 32 2 9

29 25 3 -; : 3 1 ' , . 7 , . . ; c , J

2 2 24 3 8 35

3 4

1 8

1 8

1 9

2 1

33

30

20

1 4

8 20 1 2 1 7

1 7 1 4

1 7 1 4

1 4 20x23 1 3 1 4 7 7 0 7

2 4

2 8

1 0

1 7 15 9 12

1 6

1 0

1 5

1 5

27

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

2 9

1 6

25

1 1

2 4 1 6 8 2 1

1 6 1 4

1 5 1 5

8 1 1 8

1 3

1 5

2 2

20

1 8

1 5

1 5

35

27

2 3

24 20

24 1 8

1 9 1 4

1 3 1 9

1 8 1 7

1 7 1 5

1 3 2 1

1 1 1 2

2 4 2 1 1 3 1 4

9 1 7 8 1 1

1 2 1 0

1 2 1 3 1 4 7 7 1 1

1 2 1 4

1 4 1 1 1 2 1 0 6 9 9 1 . 3

2 32

28 1 2

28

1 7

1 1 1 4

25 1 4

8 1 8

2 1 1 9

1 4 1 2

1 8 20

2 9 3 4 32 3 0

1 2 2 0

1 7 1 8

9 9 4 6 7 7 1 9 1 9 32 2 6 19 20 9 6 7 7 6 6

27 2 0 20 24 2 6 27 - 33 35

2 2

26 1 2

4 3

9 9 9 1 6 1 8 2 4 30 1 8 20 1 9 1 4 1 2

3 9

1 7 1 4

37

1 0 25

1 4 2 3 1 5

24 24 22 1 3 1 6 1 7 2 1 20 1 6 23 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 6 MEARE HEATH 74 1 .56 44 1 6 1 2

38

1 0 8 9 1 5 7 7 7 1 2 2 4 20 26 29 1 7

25

8 9

1 8 1 1

30 24

2 1 20

2 7

40

28

9 2 2

14

1 2

28 3 1

20

24

1 3 22

1 4 2 2

23 10

1 6 10

1 6

1 7

13

1 2-

MEARE 1 .96

HEATH

74

39 1 4 15 22 20 1 3 8 15 9 1 5 1 4 MEARE HEATH 74 1 .99 39 1 8 1 7 1 6 1 8 32 1 7 1 2 1 3 1 5 1 7 MEARE HEATH 74 1 .125 27 23 22 2 4 1 9 30 23 2 1 MEARE HEATH 74 1 .126 4 7 22 1 4 2 4 1 5 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 MEARE HEATH 74 1 .140 1 08 34 34 36 1 8 37 24 34 28 38 35 1 9 1 7 1 6 27 25 1 4 2 1 22 1 9 24 9 5 6 7 7 MEARE HEATH 74 1 .147 28 20 1 9 23 1 4 20 1 2 20 1 3 MEARE HEATH 74

1 4 20

2 1 1 0

23 1 9 1 6 1 2 1 0 9 7 8 9 1 5

22 1 5

1 7 1 7

2 9 1 7

20 1 1

1 6 1 1

1 9 1 4 1 2 1 7 9 6 8

1 7

1 4

1 9

1 9

2 6

2 1

29

1 9

30

30

2 9

20

1 7

1 4

2 1

2 1

1 4

1 4

1 4

nn

nn

23

1 5

1 0

1 6

1 3

5

1 4

1 4

1 0

1 0

1 1

1 3

1 2

9

1 4

1 6

1 6

1 6

nn

1 6

1 8

2 9

25

18

nn

30

28

4 2

35

28

1 9

2 1

1 6

1 2

1 5

1 9

1 2

1 0

1 3

9 1 2

5

6

5

38 4 5 30 28 32 26 22 7 5 9 7

35 38 29 35 7

1 9 3 4 20 20

32 1 6 28 1 8

33 1 7 75 26

37 39 1 9 1 6 1 7 1 7 1 2 1 . 0

45 43 37 8 7 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 4 6 7

42 39 39 24 2 6 40 43 27 1 3 9 7 7 6 7 1 2 9 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 6 1 7 1 7 1 2 5 7 -7 8 6 6 8 1 0

24 12 1 1 1 0

1 3

1 7

22

1 4

1 7

1 4

1 2

1 0

1 3

1 4

6 1 2

9 1 2

5

1 5

6

2 1 2 4 1 3 9 8

2 1

8 1 0

1 9

7

2 1

9

1 5

7

1 8

9

1 2

1 5

1 7

1 5

1 .148 97 22 24 26 29 32 1 4 1 6 1 4 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 0 9 1 0 1 0 1 4 1 4 1 2 1 4 1 5 MEARE HEATH 74 1 .150 56 25 22 20 1 8 1 7 1 3 1 9 1 6 1 0 6 1 5 1 5 20 30 2 4 MEARE HEATH 74 1 .151 40 1 9 1 6 1 2 22 28 27 27 1 9 2 1 2 1 MEARE HEATH 74 1 .152 74 ‚7 1 1 4 1 4 20 30

35 33 25 30 ?2 24 32 24 26 1 7 1 7 22 1 7 30 25 30 32 24 1 5 1 8 1 6 1 5 1 8 1 5 1 4 1 7 1 3 1 8 1 7 1 2 1 1 1 5 1 3 1 7 1 4 1 2 9 9 8 7 9 7 8 8 6 7 9 8 8 8 7 6 7 10 1 2 1 6 1 4 1 3 1 6 1 2 1 5 1 8 20 1 8 2 4 1 5 2 1 1 8 1 7 1 6 1 8

1 8 1 2 1 2 1 7 9 9

1 4 1 6 1 9 2 7 1 5 7 8 7 5 7 1 6

30 1 3

2 1 29

2 4 1 7

9 1 7 6 1 2

9 1 4 9 1 2

9 1 7 22 25

1 7 22

1 3 27

1 9 36

26 2 1

7 3 7 9 37 32 29 29

26

1 8

20

1 3

1 4

32 20

28 1 9

20 1 5

27 1 3

1 9 1 3

2 2 1 6

7 1 7

22

1

3 28

25

25

23

nn

24

20

28

, nJ "

nn

23

1 9

J J

3 7

2 4

1 7

1 6

1 9

1 4

1 6

1 6

1 5 1 0

1 7 1 5

1 6

1 5 1 3 1 5 1 2 12 7 o 6 8 1 2

1 6 1 9 1 4 7 9 1 1

2 1 1 6

32 1 5

23 1 9

1 3 24 1 5 1 3

7 9 1 0 1 2 1 0 8

16 9 1 6 1 6 1 7 1 7 1 8 1 4 1 4 1 8 MEARE HEATH 75 1 .164 3 1

1 2 1 2

1 0 1 9

1 4 1 4

1 2 1 4

7 7 1 7 1 7 1 2 1 3

1 7 1 1

2 1 13 7 26

1 6 1 6

1 1 1 9

9 1 1 1 9 23

1 4 1 1

1 1 1 2

1 3 1 3

1 2

1 8

1 7

1 9

1 3

1 5

nn 13

1 0

1 3

1 2

2 4

1 8 25

28 1 8

1 9 20

1 3 1 2

1 9 16

24 52 15

1 9

1 5

3 9

2 33

25

20 1 8

22 1 7 1 5 1 9 1 8 8 1 6 1 0 1 2 1 2 MEARE HEATH 74 1 .154 47

J

1 6

1 9 1 3

1 2

1 5

8

1 0

1 0

23

20

MEARE 1 .165 37

HEATH

9 1 2

1 0

75

9

9 24

21 20 1 4 1 8 12 MEARE HEATH 75

1 5

16 1 4

1 9

13

1 4

1 0

1 1

7 22

1 7

22

23

13

1 6

12

1 6

1 2

9 1 0

1 6

17

1 2

1 3

1 1

10

1 .174 64 40 39 35 4 6 30 24 20 1 1 1 4 2 1 10 1 1 1 0 1 6 1 1 MEARE HEATH 75 1 .175 30

5 1 35 23 1 3 8 1 3

26 1 4 1 7

23 1 6 15

20 1 4 16

28 1 6 1 4

24 1 2 1 0

23 1 1 12

20 1 4 1 3

25 15

20 1 1

35 1 2

24 1 2

2 1 1 2

21 1 ;

32 15

26 1 4

1 4 1 6

1 7 15

1 8 13

50 47 45 2 1 44 1 . 9 33 33 48 44 MEARE HEATH 75 1 .178

44

38

32

28

49

42

35

43

53

47

37

42

29

4 7

7' ;

27

50

43 27

32

1 6

15

1 2

1 7

1 7

13

1 4

1 5

13

1 3

9 1 6

15

1 6

1 7

22

1 7

1 8

19

1 4

63 1 3

1 5

1 7

12

17

19

1 7

1 5

1 7

1 7

1 8

1 1 9 1 0 1 2 10 17 1 9 1 1 1 6 12 MEARE HEATH 75

19

1 7

1 7 . 18

1 0 1 3

12 13

9 1 0 1 7 16

1 0

8 15

9

8

1 • 1

9 10 1 4 1 9

1 4 1 3 1 9

13 1 1 20

1 3 1 2 1 4

1 2 1 2 14

17 1 2 1 6

1 7 1 0 1 3

1 7 1 0 15

14 1 5 16 9 9 1 1 12 1 3 1 5

40

38

1 7

22

2 1

1 1

13

1 4

1 1

13

9

9 1 1

15

13

1 9

10 10 9

10

9

9 10

12

1 2

1 4

1 .184 75 25 29 27 1 9 12 1 7 13 1 2 1 3 17 9 8 1 2 1 2 14 MEARE HEATH 75 1 .187 29 1 4 24 26 32 23 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 6 MEARE HEATH 75

8

9 1 4

1 5 1 0 1 2

15 1 0 1 3

16 1 2 1 2

1 0 1 3 13 7 9 1 1 15 1 5 17

1 2 1 1 1 0

1 2 1 0 1 3

1 7 1 0 14

1 5 9 1 0

1 6

13

22

J O

15

1 6

1 5

1 4

27

1 2

1 3

1 2

1 3

1 1

12

1 5

1 3

10

8 1 2

1 0

10

10

1 3

2 .2 57 15

15

25

1 9

15

1 9

7 1 0 9 7 9 1 1 8 9 7 9 10 1 0 MEARE HEATH 75 2 .3 43

9 10 8 1 0 8 7 7 1 1 30 18 22 22 18 1 . 7 1 . 2 1 . 2 MEARE HEATH 75

12 1 4 8 15

1 6 l e

1 0 17 22 22 1 9 9 8 9 8 1 0

19 26

1 2 10 2 4 39

15 22

1 1 25

1 1 28

1 4

1 0

1 4

9 1 1

9 1 1

9

1 2

1 1

28 1 7 9 1 2

1 7

15

2 1

20

25

26

1 4 27

20 25

1 9 24

18 1 8

17 15 1 2 9 6

1 6

13

1 3

1 1

1 2

1 4

10

10

8

8

2 .7 46 19 1 4 20 1 8 16 1 4 13 1 4 1 4 15 MEARE HEATH 75 2 .8 36 14

1 7

1 6

1 0

16

10 1 4 1 5 1 3 1 1 MEARE HEATH 75 2 .16 77 17

12

1 2

1 4

10

7 1 1

1 2

1 3

13

16 1 0

1 9 13

MEARE 2 .21 29 13 1 0

10 1 2

1 0

7

HEATH

1 5 1 2

5

1 7 25

1 9 34

10

10

1 3

1 6

1 0

1 9

9 12

1 0

16

18

2 1

9 1 0

15

13

1 1

12

12

1 1

1 1

1 5

1 3

1 4

1 2

9 12

17

1 5

27

23

1 6

1 3

22

17

1 4

1 6

7 10

1 4

8 1 0 6

8

32 30

7 1 3

7

1 1 24

8

1 2

7

8

6

9

6

5

9 1 8

8

8

7

7

7

15

1 8

1 7

6 1 1

1 2

1 3

8 1 9 7

8

9 25 7

75

1 5 10 9

1 0

13

8 1 1

14

1 5

26

20

2 34

23

30

24

24

32

32

10

7

7

8

7 1 1

M EARE H EATH 7 5 2 .23 4 6 2 0 2 0 2 ? ? 5 3 2 6 2 2 3 1 6 1 9 1 8 1 6 2 1 2 4 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 7 1 3 1 7 1 9 1 7 2 1 1 8 2 0 3 2 2 5 2 3 1 7 1 2 1 2 1 8 2 7 2 0 1 0 1 7 1 7 2 8 2 8 1 9 1 9 1 5 1 8 1 3 1 5 1 9 M EARE H EATH 7 5 2 .24 3 0 2 0 1 5 1 8 2 0 1 6 1 5 1 2 1 5 1 7 2 3 1 4 1 7 1 2 1 7 1 6 1 3 1 3 1 7 1 4 1 7 1 8 2 6 1 9 2 0 2 0 2 4 1 9 1 9 1 7 M EARE H EATH 7 5 2 .28 7 9 7 0 1 5 1 4 1 2 5 1 6 1 7 1 4 1 2 2 1 2 9 3 2 2 8 3 8 3 2 3 1 nr, 1 4 1 5 1 2 1 5 1 8 7? 1 2 4 9 0 3 5 1 6 2 2 1 1 5 1 3 1 1 1 . 6 1 5 2 4 7 3 7 2 0 1 6 1 8 1 7 2 4 1 7 nr 3 2 1 7 1 5 2 3 1 3 1 3 1 5 2 0 1 7 2 1 2 3 2 8 1 7 1 7 2 0 1 0 1 9 2 0 1 3 1 5 1 8 2 4 2 4 2 4 3 0 3 2 1 5 2 1 nn 1 2 4 2 0 1 7 1 M EARE H EATH 7 5 2 .29 4 6 91 2 1 5 1 2 1 2 1 1 0 5 5 61 8 2 0 1 8 1 5 1 1 7 61 0 1 4 1 7 2 1 1 3 9 0 1 5 1 91 9 9 91 7 7 91 7 7 7 5 6 81 1 0 1 M EARE AE ATH 7 5 2 .30 5 1 3 4 3 0 3 4 3 8 2 9 2 0 2 0 1 8 1 5 1 1 2 1 7 2 0 1 6 1 2 1 0 1 9 7 7 6 7 7 7 . 7 1 5 0 1 7 1 5 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 6 1 4 1 9 1 7 2 1 2 9 1 9 1 7 1 4 1 5 2 1 1 7 1 2 1 5 2 4 2 1 2 1 6 M EARE H EATH 7 5 2 .3? 5 1 2 7 1 3 2 0 1 7 2 5 3 5 2 3 1 4 1 7 4 0 4 0 4 0 2 8 3 0 2 0 1 6 1 5 1 4 1 4 1 6 1 2 1 0 91 3 1 5 1 1 3 1 2 9 81 0 1 9 1 8 2 5 2 6 1 4 1 0 1 4 1 2 91 0 9 91 4 1 3 91 0 9 8 9 1 M EARE H EATH 7 5 2 .34 2 3 1 7 1 2 1 9 1 8 1 3 1 4 1 5 2 0 2 1 1 6 1 2 91 1 5 1 6 1 9 91 7 1 2 1 3 1 1 0 M EARE H EATH 7 5 2 .35 3 0 1 2 1 5 1 2 1 9 2 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 9 1 8 2 1 1 5 91 3 1 6 1 2 1 2 1 5 1 4 1 9 1 5 1 9 1 2 1 9 1 3 1 6 1 8 9 71 2 M EARE H EATH 7 5 2 .36 5 3 0 2 5 1 7 3 5 2 4 2 2 7 2 8 2 8 2 0 1 9 2 0 1 2 81 3 9 8 5 71 91 6 9 8 9 8 5 7 6 5 5 5 6 9 7 5 6 7 6 6 5 4 6 6 5 6 5 8 6 7 5 5 7 5 M EARE H EATH 7 5 2 .37 9 5 1 5 2 0 1 9 2 5 4 0 3 2 1 7 7 1 3 1 5 1 3 1 4 1 7 1 8 2 1 5 1 9 1 2 4 0 3 7 3 9 3 9 3 5 3 1 9 3 22 2 0 1 2 12 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 5 1 4 1 6 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 6 2 0 2 0 1 6 2 0 1 7 1 9 1 4 1 3 1 3 3 20 2 6 2 3 2 1 2 6 2 6 2 2 8 1 0 1 2 1 5 13 13 12 9 1 0 1 2 1 9 1 9 3 2 3 9 2 0 2 3 5 2 9 7 7 1 7 1 9 1 0 1 0 8 9 91 2 5 6 7 91 0 1 3 1 4 M EARE H EATH 7 5 2 .38 4 5 1 3 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 5 1 3 1 4 1 1 2 1 8 1 5 1 2 1 5 1 8 1 7 1 2 1 9 1 2 1 4 1 5 1 7 1 8 1 8 1 7 1 7 1 5 1 7 1 4 1 9 1 4 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 3 1 5 1 5 1 9 1 8 1 8 2 9 2 6 1 9 2 0 2 4 2 M EARE H EATH 7 5 2 .39 2 8 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 8 1 6 1 7 1 91 0 91 3 1 4 1 4 2 0 1 5 1 4 1 8 1 5 1 4 1 4 1 5 1 5 1 6 1 2 1 4 1 9 1 6 1 8 M EARE H EATH 7 5 2 .42 2 3 0 3 2 2 5 1 8 1 7 1 919 1 4 1 5 1 9 2 4 2 0 1 2 2 1 2 0 1 3 1 8 1 3 1 3 1 7 2 3 1 8 nr

7?

nr

2 35

MEARE HEATH 75 2 .43 36 1 5 30 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 9 1 0 1 . 3 9 1 2 MEARE HEATH 75 1 . 51 69 1 3 1 4 1 4 22 35 20 1 8 1 .2 1 1 1 5 9 9 1 1 23 8 MEARE HEATH 75 2 .60 35 1 8 1 5 1 2 7 1 1 1 9 1 . 2 8 1 0 1 0 MEARE HEA1H 75 2 .61 26 28 2 1 1 9 1 5 2 0 1 8 MEARE HEATH 75 2 .62 24 1 8 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 2 MEARE HEATH 75 2 .64 26 1 3 1 7 2 MEARE 2 .66 54

1 4

1 4

1 7

1 0 1 4 1 8 20

20 1 4

34 1 9

2 8 1 7

29 1 7

33

3 1

26

1 2

1 2

1 3

1 7

1 5

1 5

1 6

22

25

1 7

20 25

1 5 1 9

1 6 20

23 1 8 7 5

26 1 9 25 29 30 1 8 24 2 4 33 35 2 1 92 6 7 0 1 1 1 6 1 4

20 1 8 30 2 4 8 1 2

24 2 0 1 9 20 1 8 1 3 1 9 1 9 2 7 25 1 9 25 25 22 7 7 7 1 4 1 6 1 5

1 7 1 5

1 4 1 5

1 2 1 5

1 9 20

2 0 1 5

1 3

1 9

1 7

nn

13

20

1 7

1 5

1 5

1 4

2 9

2 4

1 5

1 4

1 7

1 4

1 5

1 4

1 8

1 9

20

1 4

1 5

22

1 4

1 3

1 5

1 2

1 3

1 3

27

2 1

1 9

2 7

25

2 1

2 3

nn

1 7

1 5

26

1 5

1 7

1 4

1 7

20

1 4

1 4

1 2

20

1 9

9 1 4

1 6

1 8

1 3

1 4

1 2

1 4

1 3

1 3

1 0

1 1

1 8

1 7

1 5

1 6

2 0

1 5 20

25

nn

2 4

nn

nn

1

HEATH

75

9 1 2 9 1 0 9 1 6 1 4 1 5 1 7 1 2 1 0 9 1 0 1 3 9 9 1 2 1 6 1 7 1 7 9 9 6 1 0 1 4 1 4 7 8 7 1 1 1 4 1 3 1 2 8 6 5 6 6 7 8 9 8 9 7 8 8 9 6 6 6 6 7 9 1 1 MEARE HEATH . 75 2 .72 36 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 5 1 4 1 4 1 8 1 8 1 5 1 6 1 5 n- 2 4 20 25 28 20 1 3 2 4 1 8 1 6 25 2 3 1 6 22 27 22 24 23 22 21 27 32 21 2425 MEARE HEATH 75 2 .78 26 1 1 20 1 5 1 1 1 5 1 5 1 1 1 0 8 1 2 1 4 1 8 1 7 22 1 5 11 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 3 9 1 0 2 1 24 nn

MEARE HEATH 75 2 .81 63 1 4 9 1 0 1 2 1 3 1 9 1 5 2 4 23 1 4 5 6 8 1 2 1 8 MEARE HEATH 75 2 .87 4 4

1 2 1 4 1 2 1 . 5 2 4 2 1 1 6 8 1 2

35 27 4 0 42 2 9 1 9 1 2 1 2 9 1 2 1 0 1 1 MEARE HEATH 75 2 .88 2 1 25 22 20 25 2 5 22 MEARE HEATH 75 2 .91 33 22 1 6 1 5 20 2 5 1 9 1 0 1 0 1 5 1 9 1 5 1 4 MEARE HEATH 75 2 .99 2 4 23 20 20 20 1 9 1 0

1 2 1 2 9 8 7 7 9 7 7 9 1 3 1 5 1 4 1 1 1 6 - 1 9 1 7 1 7 23 1 9 2 1 2 4 1 9 2 0 7 5 9 8 7 7 7 1 4 1 3

1 7 1 5

1 4 1 3

1 8 1 2

1 2 1 0

1 4 1 0

1 6 1 2

2 1 1 3

20 1 2

1 4 1 9

1 5 2 1

2 1

20

1 9

1 9

1 8

24

1 6

1 9

1 8

1 7

1 6 1 3

1 2 1 1

1 3

1 5

1 2

1 6

1 1

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 1

1 2

1 6

1 3

1 2

1 5

1 7

1 7

1 2

1 6

1 5

20

1 7

24

1 6

24

1 6

1 9

1 5

8

2 36

1 6 1 7

7

1 7 1 7 1 8 22

8

7

1 2

1 0

1 6

9 9 1 1 9 1 6 7

1 8

1 6

1 3

7

9

8 1 2

1 0

6

6 1 0

1 1

MEARE HEATH 75 2 .102 4 5 20 34 24 1 9 2 7 1 9 35 ‘ ; 4 4 MEARE HEATH 75 2 .108 6 1 25 32 27 2 0 1 4 2 2 1 8 1 9 1 9 1 6 9 9 1 2 1 0 1 0

26 25 3 6 6 1 0 2 0

3 3 3 1 38 24 7 7 8 1 3

32 2 1

6 2 7

5 5

1 4 1 2 1 2

1 2 1 3 1 3

1 2 2 0 1 2

1 2 1 4 1 2

1 3 1 6

1 4 1 5

1 4 1 0

2 5 1 9 7

2 9 6

30 2 7 20 8 9

MEARE HEATH 75 3 .1 36 1 8 1 5 1 8 1 5 1 8 1 1 7 6 6 9 9 1 1 MEARE HEATH 75 3 .2 38 1 1 1 4 1 0 8 1 0 1 0 9 1 4 1 3 1 5 1 5 MEARE HEATH 75 . 4.3 8 1 • 25 28 32 4 0 59 32

32

23

3 1

29

1 5 1 6 1 4 1 8 2 1 2 5 1 4 1 7 1 8 1 8 MEARE HEATH 75 4 .5 1 13 33 2 4 32 4 3 4 0 1 5 1 7 1 5 1 3 1 3 1 0 1 0 9 6 7 1 9 1 4 9 1 1 8 6 7 9 9 5 MEARE HEATH 75 4 .6 9 0 4 0 36 34 37 25 1 6 1 9 1 6 1 9 1 2 24 1 7 1 4 23 25 5 7 9 5 5 MEARE HEATH 76 03.2 4 4 22 1 6 1 5 1 6 1 9 20 27 30 22 1 8 MEARE HEATH 76 05.8 58 29 1 8 1 8 1 7 1 3

1 7 1 1 1 2

7

9

1 0

1 2

4 5 38

62

56

34

30 2 6

1 8 12

1 6 25

3 1 39 30 1 1 1 6 1 . 3 9 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 5 6 6

1 6

1 9

1 5

20 1 1

2 4 1 2

1 7 1 1

1 8 1 0

1 9 1 2

25

9 1 0 1 5

1 4

n c?

1 1 2 1 26 1 6 1 2 7 7 9 9 1 2

1 4 1 1

1 0 1 3

6 1 1

1 2

J

/

1 3

30

8 1 3 9 1 2

9

6

4

6

7 1 3

1 2

1 0

9

8

1 0

1 0

1 3

1 4

1 5 32

1 9

22

1 2

6

6 1 0

1 2

1 2

7 1 0

1 2

1 2

7

3 1 0

1

1 4

9

-n

1 9

2 4

1 9

1 9

29

4 0

39

3 1

34

35

32

27

25

2 1

25

20

22

1 7

1 4

1 7

2 1

2 1

1 8

2 1

7 ) ?

1 8

2 1

1 9

1 3

1 1

1 7

1 8

1 5

1 7

20

1 8

1 7

1 8

1 7

1 5

1 4

1 1

1 8

20

1 7

1 8

2 9 2 0 1 8 35 30 2 2 1 2 1 2 20 20 28 24 2 2 2 7 7' 7 1 7 1 3 1 0 7 1 0 1 2 8 8 8 1 2 1 4 7 9 7 8 7 1 1 1 0 9 1 1 1 3 9 9 8 8 9 9 1 1 1 5 1 9 25 1 7 1 4 1 9 25 20 1 2 ß 6 6 6 6 7 7 5 5 5 5 7 5 5 1 3 7 7 7 9

20 1 7 nn 1 7 1 6 1 5 8 5 5

1 5 18

23 23 1 8 2 2

33 1 5

20

20

22 29 1 8

1 5

8 2 1

1 4

1 7

1 6

1 3

1 2 1 2 1 5 1 5 1 8 9 1 8 MEARE HEATH 76 7 .1 68 1 9 1 8 2 1 3 4 3 0 25 28 1 8 1 0 8 9 8 7 1 0 9 9 5 6 6 8 9 7 5 7 MEARE HEATH 76 7 .2 57 20 1 9 1 7 1 7 1 4

1 7

1 5 1 2

6

J

. 8

1 3 1 5 1 9 1 7 1 6 1 3 1 8 3 2 2 7 2 1 25 27 1 5 20 1 3 1 4 1 8 20 2 5 1 8 1 4 9 1 7 1 6 1 7 1 4 20 20 1 9 1 5 1 9 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 9 1 7 8 6 7 5 6 5 6 6 6 5 7 6 6 7 1 1 6 8 1 2 5 6 6 9 1 0 1 2 9

1 8 20 26 42 3 1 2 1 27 2 0 7 8 1 3 1 0 6 1 2 7 20 MEARE HEATH 76 05.9 32 1 3 1 1

7

1 3

1 4 11 1 1

5

J

7

nn

8 7

9 1 8 1 3 1 7

1 9 1 5

1 9 1 5

1 9 1 8

1 9 20

1 3 1 2

1 5 1 9 9 1 6

27

23

1 8

1 1

1 3

1 6

22

1 4

1 1

9

5

6

8

7 1 2

1 1

7

5

6

20

22

27

20

1 5

1 4

1 5

1 0

1 0

1

1 6 1 5 1 1 1 0 8 8 7 5 7 7 7 5

1 4 6

7 4 6

2 1

1 5

0 / 1 1 2 5 5 5 5 5 5

?I

1 2

1 9

1 3

20

1 3

1

1

1 8

1 1

1 1

2 1

20

20

6 2 1

8

5

1 8

1 3

1 7

1 4

9 1 2 1 4 5 7 7

1 7

1 3

8 8

8 5

9 5

9 5

2 1

1 7

1 3

2 1

1 5

1 7

20

20

1 9

22

1 4

1 8

1 4

1 5

1 6

20

20

nn

:

1 7 15 1 1 1 0

1 9

1 8

1 8

1 9

1 9

1 3

1 6

1 7

1 6

20

1 8

20

1 4

1 2

1 4

1 4

1 ;

1 ) . 2 ? _

1 5

2 37

MEARE HEATH 76 7 .3 50 32 23 22 2 6 1 9 1 7 1 4 1 . 8 27 44 4 8 48 37 32 MEARE HEATH 76 76.22 44 18 1 9 1 0 8 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 9 20 1 6 1 . 9 2 4 1 6 1 2 MEARE HEATH 7 7 1 .23 30 38 34 3 1 3 1 28 1 0 1 5 1 0 1 0 10 MEARE HEATH 77 1 .50 58 6 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 6 1 6 20 1 2 9 8 9 1 3 1 1 1 4 MEARE HEATH 7 7 1 .70 43 8 7 7 8 1 7 1 1 ' 7 ' 5 5 5 5 MEARE HEATH 77 1 .89 9 1 38 52 46 22 1 6 1 2 8 9 6 7 6 5 7 4 5 6 7 6 8 7 MEARE HEATH 77 1 .90 59 17 9 1 2 1 5 1 3 7 6 5 8 5 4 4 4 6 6 MEARE HEATH 77 1 .119 35 30 27 23 30 1 8 20 1 3 1 6 1 4 1 7 MEARE HEATH 77 1 .139 1 16 3 1 32 37 2 4 1 8 1 9 1 6 1 9 1 9 1 8 1 4 1 8 1 7 2 1 1 7 7 8 1 0 9 6 6 7 4 6 4 MEARE HEATH 77 1 .152 34 49 4 7 38 2 6 29 20 23 28 3 1 1 7 MEARE HEATH 77 2 .32 48 1 9 23 27 2 4 1 9 34 2 1 22 1 8 23 MEARE HEATH 77 2 .33 1 29 26 29 23 2 6 34 1 1 8 1 1 1 0 8 5 7 9 6 7 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 0 1 7 8 8 7 5 6 , J 4 4 4

1 6

1 7 2 8

2 1 35

2 6 1 4

1 2 1 7

1 4 1 9

1 5 2 0 1 5 2 1

1 0

8 1 4

1 0

28 3 2 30 32 7 8 9 1 1

1 1 1 8

9 1 1

27 1 5

29 1 6

29 1 5

45 1 5

40 1 5

28 1 5

30 25 3 2 3 5 35 9 7 6 1 0 1 5

1 0 1 0 2 1 22

1 1 20

1 2 2 0

1 0 27

1 2 1 6

1 7 1 2

23

20

1 3

2 1

9 1 7

1 1

1 1

1 5

6

1 6 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 7 1 2 1 0 7 6 7 6 7 9 6 7

4 8

1 4 =

6 1 7 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 2 6 7 4 5 7 7 9 1 1

7 1 0 5 1 0

1 2 22 1 2 9 9 8 8 1 5

1 1

nz 3

7 1 0

1 2 1 2 1 0 1 0 4 7 4 6 6 m 6

20 20 1 8 2 1

1 9

7 7 9 1 2 1 0 1 1

1 9

9 7

25

9 1 0 9 7

9 9

22 39 43 28 1 0 1 1 7 9 6 6 8 8 9 1 0 1 2 1 1 6 9

9 6

8 1 1 1 1 5 4 4

9 7

7 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 2 8 8 6 9 1 0

8 1 1 7 5 9 9

8 1 0 9 8

9 1 2 1 0 9 9 7 7 1 1

1 8

29

20

1 4

1 8

20

1 6

1 7

1 8

20

26

20

1 7

2 1

' 13 1 7

1 0

1 3

23 1 9 1 8 1 3 1 4 1 9 1 6 1 4 1 8 1 9 1 8 2 1 1 8 1 3 1 9 9 8 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 0 1 4 1 2 9 7 0 1 0 6 6 5 9 10 1 1 1 4 7 8 8 1 2 1 2 7 1 0 8 6 6 6 6 7 5 6 7

5 1 1 8

20 1 9 25 20

2 1 1 8

1 5 1 6 27 3 1

n c -

5 1 0

9

9

9 1 0 1 1 9 9 1 3

1 0

1 5

1 9

1 4 1 2

9 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 0 1 2 4 4 5 4 4 7 7 9 6 8 6 6

23

40 1 9

1 3

7 6 8

30

1 9 66 8 1 0

1 6

7 1 2

1 8 20 1 8 23

1 9

23

6

1 . 4

73

23

8

8 1 0 1 0 1 0 5 4 4 4

20

2 1

2 1

26

1 9

23

1 6

1 7

1 7

1 7

1 4

1 9

1 3 1 4 1 5 1 2 20 20 0 1 3 1 5 1 8 1 0 6 7 8 6 6 6

38

38

57

30

2 1

4 1

38

35 34 35

32

3 1

33

25

25

1 8 28

1 4 22

1 1 28

1 2 20

1 6 1 7

1 9 1 2

27 1 9

1 8 1 9

1 5 28

1 9 1 9

1 9 25

1 9

22

23 1 7 20 30

1 6 22 8 1 7 1 4 1 9 27 1 7 26 2 6 20 1 8 1 3 1 2 1 1 9 9 5 1 0 1 6 9 6 9 9 5 7 6 8 6 7 8 ß 8 8 7 6 5 5 5 7 5 5 6 1 0 8 1 2 1 2 1 0 6 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 7 1 6 15 1 7 1 3 1 2 1 5 1 9 1 1 1 2 1 1 6 5 6 6 5 5 6 7 7 7 5 8 8 6 4 S 6 8 9 5 5 8 5 4 8 5 5 4 5 5 6 6 7

2 38

MEARE H EATH 77 2 .50 89 1 7 1 7 26 1 8 1 7 1 9 1 7 1 2 1 3 1 7 6 9 1 0 1 3 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 5 1 0 MEARE HEATH 77 2 .56 28 37 42 4 2 1 7 1 2 1 6 1 8 20 MEARE HEATH 77 2 .74 88 2 1

29

2 1

2 7

2 8

7 8 1 3 8 6 9 6 7 1 9 9 J 1 1 6 7 1 0

25

9 1 4

1 6

1 8

1 8

21

1 5

1 2

1 2

1 1

1 0 1 2 8 1 1 1 8 1 4

9 9 1 1 6 7 1 0 1 5 1 6 2 1

1 3 1 3 1 3

9 8 9 1 1 1 2 1 5 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 5 6

1 0 1 0 7 1 0

1 0 10

1 2 1 1

1 1 1 0

1 2 1 0

8 7 5 7 1 1 1 8 1 6 1 3

2 4

1 8

2 1

22

20

1 9

24

1 7

20

1 7

22

22

1 8

1 3

1 5

7 9 4

1 9

6 7 6 9 1 2 1 0 4 7 8

MEARE HEATH 77 2 .78 93 39 40 3 4 2 1 39 3 9 36 2 4 30 34 32 33 27 4 1 23 29 2 4 22 1 4 1 5 1 4 1 8 2 4 2 1 1 9 30 ,J 22 MEARE HEATH 77-A 48 27 4 3 45 28 25 33 38 42 1 9 MEARE HEATH 77 77.B 73 28 4 9 2 9 22 1 7 1 8 1 4 J 1 1 7

2 1

MEARE 77.4

20 1 1

HEATH

1 8

1 8

1 7

1 2

1 2

1 1

1 4

9 1 1

1 6

1 3

1 2

1 4

1 2

1 0

7 8 7 9 6 9 1 0 1 1 7 1 0 4 5 7 1 0

5 8

9

ß 7 7 1 2

1 0

2 1

7 1 2

1 5

6 1 1

15

9

8

7

9 1 0 1 2 6 7 8

8 9

8 1 2 6 7

9 9 9 1 1

8

4 1 3 3 2 1 1 8 33 4 2 20 30

2 1 37 77 2 1

2 7 23 23 22 3 1 25 2 0 2 3

26 23 33 28

2 1 1 5 2 1 36

26 25 20 ,J 16 1 4 43 32

39 1 6 1 9

,J 32 4 4 32 1 4 1 9 20 3 4 30 32 42 33

2 1 2 1 1 4 2 1 30 2 1

34

39

40

2 4

40

43

43

973 9 1 1 1 8 1 6 7A 8 5 ß 1 3

1 0 1 2

44 2 1

36 43

4 9 38

32 49

39 32

32 37

1 8

4 9

2 1 1 1

28 1 1

30 1 3

39 36 9 1 3

2 4 1 1

1 6 1 2

1 7 1 5

n n 1 4

1 7 1 1

22

1 6

36 26

2 7 1 8 8 1 1

1 6

27 1 6 45 35 23 22 3 4 1 8

13 9 8 9 1 2 1 8 1 5 1 9 25 MEARE HEATH 77 77.0 67 26 27 22 1 5 23 1 3 7 2 23 2 9 7 1 0 1 0 4 5 • 4 3 3 1 7 6 5 5 7 20 1 5 25 MEARE HEATH 77 77.1 I 49 34 25 20 5 9 1 4

20

24 1 4 8 1 0

49

32

35

39

2 1 4 1 6 1 1 8 1 5

1 7 1 2 8

1 8

35

2 9

25

27 33 1 5 22 30 1 6 6 6 1 0 4 5 3 6 6 9 1 4 1 2 1 0 26 2 1 2 9 1 4 1 1 1 8 26 2 1

1 1 1 0

1 6 9 6 5 4 6 8 1 0 1 6 3 1 33 33

1 4

1 6 6

1 5 ,5 20

8 1 4 1 4 • 8 1 1

' 1 3

7

27

2 1

1 5 22 1 7 1 2 1 7 1 5 1 7 8 6 5 6 6 9 9

32

9 9 1 1 1 0 9 1 0 9 8

8

77

43 1 9 8 22 1 6 28 1 8 1 7 8 8 5 9 5 MEARE HEATH 77 77.5 62 10 1 1 9 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 16 1 9 1 6 1 9 1 6 MEARE HEATH 77 77.9 49 27 23 1 7 1 7 1 5 22 33 43 20 2 1

1 3 1 5 1 8 23 23 23 9 7 6 4 6 1 2

20 1 1

6 1 3 1 3 9 5 1 0 1 4 3 1 1 9

8 7 5 6 5 3 7 1 1 23 30 25 9

32 22

37 1 7

24 23

30 2 1

2 1 1 7

1 7 1 4

1 6 1 4 20 38 30 2 1 1 5 1 2 1 6 1 7 27 29 22 6 7 9 5 8 5 5 8 9 7 4 9 7

5 4 7 9 6 1 0 1 6 1 0

1 5 20 1 5 28 2 4 2 1

2 39

1 4 3 1

1 3 1 7

6 5 6 8 1 4 1 5

1 9 16

23 20

2 5 1 3

7 9

25 36

4 9

38 1 6

8 6 6 8 7 1 3 1 8 1 7

23 27

1 8 23 20 4 1

29

MEARE HEATH 77 77-11 79 24 24 1 7 2 1 2 0 1 0 1 9

9 1 5 2 0 1 5 1 7 1 6 1 6 1 2 1 . 4 1 1 1 6 MEARE H EATH 77 77.13 38 1 1 1 6 1 2 1 2 1 6 1 5 2 1 22 2 0 1 4 MEARE HEATH 77 77.15 64 25 33 1 8 26 40 24 1 6 1 6 1 4 1 0 1 1 1 7 23 24 2 1 MEARE HEATH 77 77.17 64 17 1 7 1 6 1 3 2 1 6 5 9 1 2 1 3 5 6 6 1 3 9 MEARE HEATH 77 D 1 58 12 1 7 2 7 2 0 27 26 2 1 22 1 9 22 1 8 1 7 22 1 5 1 9 MEARE HEATH 77 D 10C 77 26 27 26 20 22 18 1 3 1 7 22 23 16 1 9 23 2 1 1 6 3 8 MEARE HEATH 77 D 13 9 1 40 54 4 4 59 3 8 24 3 1 34 32 24 22 28 3 1 27 23 1 6 26 1 9 1 1 1 4 MEARE HEATH 7 7 D 15 43 7 7 3 3 3 25 1 4 4 5 1 0 MEARE HEATH 77 D21 74 46 3 1 66 45 40 19 29 2 4 2 4 23 15 22 22 2 1 1 7 MEARE HEATH 77 TA 1 66 16 1 8 1 6 20 1 9 21 24 2 4 22 15 1 7 1 1 22 MEARE HEATH TA 5 30 28 1 5 1 6 1 4 1 2 1 5 1 4 1 2

23 1 1

1 7 1 4

1 7

1 6

1 4 22

1 7 1 3 1 6 2 1

1 1

1 2 1 4 1 9 1 8 25 2 4 2 4 7 6 4 5 5 5

1 6 23 2 3 2 1 1 5 6 9 9 9 1 1

1 9 2 1 24 20 1 8 7 8 6 5 1 0

1 4 1 1

1 6 1 3

1 0 1 . 2

1 3 1 3

1 1 1 5

1 1 1 3

1 2 1 7

1 6

1 5

1 3

1 4

1 1

1 1

1 5

1 3

1 3

1 7

1 0

1 8

37 1 1 24

1 9 2 0 1 3 9 9 1 5 1 2 1 2 1 7

20 1 8 30

1 5 1 4 20

30 20 24

30 18 32

25 20 1 9

29 1 4

25 2 1 2 0 1 4

1 1 1 2

1 4 25

1 6 1 6

1 7 1 8

1 6 1 2

1 2 1 6

1 3 1 6

2 1 1 5

1 4 1 3

1 8 1 5

1 1 2 1 24 5 7 1 3

22 1 2

24 33 1 2 6 9 1 1

5 1 0

1 0 29

20 1 3 3 1 3 8

1 4 22

1 8 1 4

2 1 22

2 7 1 9

1 9 2 1 1 6

2 4 1 5 1 3

1 2 1 5

1 6

23

20

1 7

1 6

1 4

22

1 6 1 4 1 3 1 4 1 3 1 9 1 8 1 7 23 1 4 8 5 3 6 7 10 9 5 6 1 1 6 7 8 1 5 7 7 1 0 1 4 1 1

1 2

1 9 30

1 8 23

1 5 1 7

1 5 1 4 1 6 29

1 8 27

23 28 1 7

1 8 23 1 0

, J

1 1 1 9 2 1

1 0 1 2 1 8

9 8 2 0 1 5 20 2 1 2 6 1 9 1 9

35 20 30 1 1

4 2 7 5 23 22 24 20 7 5 3 1 33 3 6 22 20 2 0 30 1 6 1 3 1 7 1 7 1 9 1 5 1 5 20 28 1 8 1 7 1 8 1 7 23 22 1 4 2 1 1 5 1 2 9 1 5 9 5 5 5 7 8 7 7

7

0

3 23 1 3 1 4 20 1 0 7

1 9 1 0 1 5

77 3 4 2 1 1 5 1 7 1 3

3 1 27 1 4

35 36 1 9 1 6 1 8 28

1 7

1 9 1 2

1 6 30

2 1

1 5

1 2

1 9 2 1

1 0

1 4

25 n n 1 8 25

1 9 1 6 1 2 1 7 2 1 24 1 5 1 6 n- 1 7 1 8 1 7 2 0 1 5 1 9 1 9 1 8 1 8 1 9 1 3 6 6 7 7 6 8 7 8 9 8

1 7 1 4 1 7 1 6 1 7 1 4 32 1 9 2 6 3 1 32 7 5 4 6 9 9 6 6 4 8 1 3

35 1 5 1 9

34 1 0 1 4

3 1 32 27 32 8 9 1 3 2 4 1 3 1 3 1 4 1 5

23 2 4 1 7

1 9 1 9 1 8

24

1 2

5

5

26 1 6 1 5

25 23 1 8 1 7 2 1 20

24 1 6 1 6

nn

:

7

1 5

2 2

27

1 8

23

2 1

23

1 5

20

1 9

1 8

2 3 2 6

22 1 7

1 9 1 7

24 22

2 6 2 1

1 8 22

2 4 27

2 4 20

1 7 1 6

1 1

1 3

2 0

1 6

1 9

1 7

1 9

1 4

1 0

2 40

27 2 1 20

36 1 7 1 8

1 7 2 4

7'1

3 28

20

9 1 5 1 1 1 5

1 8 20 1 5

7

8 1 0

1 'g

1 2

1 1

7

5

3 1 7

9 1 0

1 2

29 1 5 1 7

1 9

' 12 3 0 33 1 6 2 4 3 1 2 1 1 9 1 5

5

1 7 1 2 1 7

1 4 1 5 1 4

6 1 2

1 9 1 8

28 2 1

nn

1 8

26

1 7

1 5

1 2

1 1

1 4

1 3

1 1

1 6

1 1

1 0

1 3

1 3

MEARE

HEATH

TA 6 36 28 2 1

1 1

77

1 2

n . 1 0

3 5 32 27 1 0 22 28

29 1 4

1 7

1 1 8 8 4 1 0 1 0 MEARE HEATH 77 TA 1 0A 59 20 1 4 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 3 9 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 7 6 9 9 1 0 1 1 MEARE HEATH 77 TA 1 08 66 12 1 3 20 1 6 2 1 1 2 13 1 0 1 7 1 5 1 7 23

8 1 1

1 3 1 2 1 0

1 5 1 8 1 5 1 8 1 0 1 1 7 8

1 8 1 2

1 9 1 2 9 1 0

1 1 1 0

1 1 1 1

1 5 1 7

1 8 1 7

20 2 1 1 8 1 2

1 6 1 5

20 1 4

20 2 4 1 6 1 5 2 4 3 9

1 0

9 1 2

1 6

1 1

1 0

1 1

1 3

1 5

1 5

1 3

23 29

2 9 2 1 35 3 4

24 2 4

1 5 34

2 3 4 4

1 6 29

1 9

1 8 32

1 8

2 1

2 5

23 20

7 1 6

3 6 38 20 1 2 1 .2 11

1 7 1 0

1 7 1 7

29 1 2

36 1 3

35 20

4 3 39 1 2 23

13 1 2 1 4 9 1 1 MEARE HEATH 77 TA10 C 39 17 1 3 1 9 3 2 30 33 2 1 28 4 0 MEARE HEATH 77 TA 1 08 45 30 2 3 31 29 2 9 13 1 3 t 2 29 2 3 MEARE HEATH 77 TA10E 1 15 26 26 1 8 1 7 1 9 9 8 1 1 1 0 9 9 8 8 1 6 8 5 6 6 5 6 9 9 7 7 7 MEARE HEATH 77 TA 1 OF 61 20 1 3 1 3 1 6 1 3 1 1 1 0 1 7 9 1 3 7 9 7 1 2 1 2 MEARE HEATH 77 TA 1 06 59 53 53 44 47 4 0

2 e

19 25 20 22 2 5 8 1 0 1 0 9 1 4 MEARE HEATH 77 TA 1 0H 46 21 20 23 25 23 5 3 5 4 6 MEARE HEATH 78 78.9 1 80 2 1 28 26 23 1 9 15 1 4 1 1 1 3 1 8 26 35 24 22 2 4 20 1 9 20 15 1 6 MEARE HEATH 78 78.9 2 80 15 13

1 7 2 1

n on

n. : I

13

1 6

1 5 1 2 1 9 30 15 27 1 4 1 3

20 23 2 7 28 9 1 1 1 3 1 . 3 9 5 1 0 1 1 7 6 7 9 4

1 0

1 2

1 9

1 9

22

1 4

1 2 1 4 9 1 2

1 8 1 0

1 9 1 4

2 1 "7 9 1 0

1 8 1 9 20 1 7 7 9 9 1 0

1 5 1 8 6 6

1 4 4 2

1 1 1 9

1 5 1 8

1 7 1 9

1 9 15 1 3 20

n.

1 2

1 9 1 3

1 9 22

1 7

1 2

1 8

27

25

24

33 33 23 1 7 20 23

1 6

1 6

"7

nn

1 6

1 4

6

24 3 1 30 22 1 7 27 2 0 1 8 1 5 22 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 5 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 9 1 3 1 1 7 9 9 6 5 1 0 1 0 7 7 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 8 6 6

6 1 3

1 5

1 7 1 5 1 0 1 3 1 3 1 0 8 9 4 5 4 6

2 1

7 7 5 8

1 2

8 7 8 5

9

8 7 7 8

1 3 1 3 1 6

1 4 1 3 1 1

1 2 1 4 1 7 1 3 1 3 1 3 9 7 1 0

1 3 1 2 1 3

1 0 1 3

1 0 1 0

1 4 1 6

1 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 2 15 1 8 1 1 1 2 1 4 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 4 5 4 5

32

2 0

2 1

1 4 1 6

1 3 2 4

1 5 9 1 0 1 8 2 1

1 7 1 1

1 4 1 4

1 2 1 4

1 5 1 2

1 7 1 2

32 3 7 2 5 39 22 9 7 9 9 1 4

28 "7 6 1 2

1 0 1 2

8 1 8

1 8 22 1 3

1 5 1 5 "5

22 1 0 1 7 2" 20 1 9

"3 1 9 1 7

1 9 30 1 6

1 3 1 9 1 3

1 7 1 6 1 5 1 6 20 nn 1 7 1 8 1 8 1 4 1 1 27 33 33 2 8 2 8 26 25 3 0 28 33 3 1 1 6 1 5 22 1 8 1 4 1 3 1 5 1 3 1 8 1 3 20

1 5 1 3 2 7 20 23 29 1 3

34

n.

1 4 1 4 1 2 2 1 2 4 20 26 2 7 38

1 1 1 4 35

1 2 1 5 1 2 1 3 2 8 2 1

1 4 1 8 1 3 1 9 20 2 6 1 6 1 7 1 6

1 8 1 7 1 6

1 6 20 1 1

2 1 i .1

30 23 1 0 1 0

6 8 1 1

2 3 2 2 1 3

5 1 2

2 1 1 2

"3 1 1

24 1 1

nn

6 20 i () - 1 1 ( ) 1 8

5 7 5 8 1 0 1 7 23 3 4 47

1 6 2 1 20 "3 1 8 2 7 2 5 25 1 5 1 7 1 8 "5

26 27 2 1

7

1 7

24

8 1 1

7

2 2 25 1 8 2 0 22 23 20 1 2 1 3

6

1 7 2 4 1 1

MEARE HEATH 78 78.28 48 9 1 7 1 0 9 9 1 6 1 4 8 9 1 3 MEARE HEATH 78 78.31 36 20 24 34 1 5 20 1 5 1 6 1 7 2 0 1 7 MEARE HEATH 79 79.68 2 4 4 22 24 2 4 2 2 26 1 0 9 5 9 7 MEARE HEATH 79 79.68 4 45 1 7 1 5 20 33 22 1 4 1 7 2 1 1 5 1 2 MEARE HEATH 79 79.68 5 1 12 26 20 1 3 1 4 1 4 1 6 1 4 1 1 1 3 1 6 1 8 1 8 1 0 1 0 1 7 5 , 37 1 1 7 1 5 22 4 4 MEARE HEATH 79 79.68 7 66 18 1 7 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 6 1 7 1 6 8 9 1 6 27 34 3 1 4 0 MEARE HEATH 79 79.68 9 32 1 9 1 9 24 1 8 22 27 3 1 26 2 3 34 MEARE HEATH 79 79.68 10 60 44 40 50

9 1 0 9 1 1 2 6 30 23 33

8 8 1 1 2 6 3 9 35

1 0 4 5 3 5 6 8 9 1 0 1 4 1 7 3 1 2 9 25 26 40 20 28 30 30

1 4 27

1 9

79

1 9 1 5

2 2 1 7

2 1

1 9

1 6

1 6

1 4

8 1 0

1 4

24 1 6

2 1

2 1 1 9

77

1 9 1 7

2 7

2 1

23

1 7

1 3

1 7

1 8

1 6

1 4

2 5

nn

1 0

1 1

7 7 1 0

1 9 2 4 4 5 6 9 1 2 1 1

2 6 1 4

20 1 3

2 1 1 0

1 8 1 0

1 4 1 1

1 3 1 3

1 2 1 4

1 6 1 2

1 4 1 0

1 1 1 0 1 4 1 9 1 2 1 3 9 9 8 8 9 1 2

1 3

1 9 1 9 2 4

1 7 1 1 24

23 27 1 4 1 4 38 3 4

30 1 5 22

28 1 1 ?5

2 9 1 6 30

22 1 6 1 5

1 4 1 6 20

1 3 1 7 2 9

2 2 1 8 32

23 1 1 1 8

1 9 1 7 30

, J 6 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 5

2 0 2 1

7

8

8 1 2

1 9

5

1 3 7

1 8 1 0 4 1

u 8 1 4

1 9 1 0 ?5

1 8 2 1 36 38

7 7

4

6 6

9 1 4 1 5 0 7 7

1 3 1 6

1 0 1 4

nn 2

7 8

1 0 1 0 3 4 6

6 6

6

8 1 1 1 0 1 7 26 28 6

9

5 1 0

9 1 0

1 7

2 0 1 9 2 3 23 7 5 4

5

1 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 7 3 1 ?2 _ 27

1 9 1 2 2 4

28 1 5 32

30 1 6 33

2 0 1 7 1 0

2 2 1 5 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 7 7 9

1 2 7 8 8 6 7 9 1 4 2 3 39 44 26 1 6 1 . 2 1 7 1 3

37

1 5

1 6

23

2 0

1 3

2 1

1 8

1 6

26

1 6

24

1 8

1 2

1 3

1 4

2 1

1 9

1 6 2 1

38

3 6

1 8

1 7

1 5

1 4

1 3

1 3

2 1

2 1

74

1 5

20

2 1

1 5

1 3

1 3

nn

27

nn

2 1 1 8 22 1 8 2 1 32 30 25 25 2 9 MEARE HEATH 79 79.68 1 2 66 1 4 1 8 1 7 1 6 1 4 9 1 0 1 4 1 2 8 4 5 4 5 4 MEARE HEATH 79 79.68 1 4 39 • 1 8 26 20 20 35 4 7 8 1 0 1 3 MEARE HEATH 79 79.68 1 7 94

1 8 2 0

1 9 1 1

20 1 8

1 5 1 8

1 3 20

1 2

1 3

1 0

1 1

1 0

1 2 2 1

1 6

1 4

1 5

1 0

1 1

1 6

2 1

1 5 22 23 1 6 1 9 1 4 1 7 1 8 7 7 8 8 8 18 9 1 2 5 7 1 3 9 7 5 6

20 1 0 1 0

1 7 1 8 1 6 1 5 6 8 9 6 9 6

2 2 1 5

3 4 1 . 2

75

2 1

25

2 2

1 6

20

2 1 2 1 1 4 1 6 1 5 1 6 5 =

1 3 1 5

1 2 1 7 1 0 1 1 8 1 5

1 9 1 2 1 6

1 8 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 6 23 28 1 7 1 4 5 5 6 8 8 1 1

36 1 3 30

4 7

1 8 23

2 1 1 4 30 33 8 6 9 1 7

30 1 6 1 8 1 4 1 5 1 1 8 1 3 2 4 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 2 1 0 9 1 4 1 5 1 2 20 1 9 2 4 23 2 0 26 2 4 1 8 2 6 5 5 6 7 5 5 6 8

2 4 1 1 1 4

33 3 1 9 1 3

1 9 t O 2 1

2 1 +2

9 1 0 7 4

8 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 0 5 4 4 3 4

2 4

1 8

26

4

5

MEARE HEATH 7 9 79.68 1 8 32 20 1 7 1 4 1 1 1 2 20 1 5 16 20 39 MEARE HEATH 7 9 79.68 1 . 9 88 32 30 37 35 32 1 3 1 2 12 t O 1 . 3 24 2 9 1 9 1 6 3 2 7 8 1 0 7 6 MEARE HEATH 7 9 79.68 20 30 13 1 3 1 0 1 4 1 5 1 7 11 9 6 1 1 MEARE HEATH 7 9 79.91

A

1 8

1 9

1 9

1 9

1 7

25

2 1 1 1 1 4 1 0 1 3 1 4 1 2 1 0 22 1 9 2 4 22 8 8 6

1 6

1 0

1 1

34 1 0

39 1 4

2 4 1 2

1 3 1 4

25 1 2

25 1 1

2 1 1 4

2 1

1 3

29 1 0

1 9 24

24

1 4 9 1 0 9 1 0 1 1 1 8 29 22 9 7

9 1 2

1 6

1 2

1 2

1 1 1 4 1 8 1 2

2 4 22 1 5 1 4 8 1 . 2 22 1 5 1 9

1 7

1 6

1 1

1 5

23

24

1 3

1 8

20 1 9 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 4 1 5 1 5 1 0 6 6 7 6 1 2

1 3 1 0 1 5

1 7 1 6 1 0 1 1 1 7 1 4 5 5 6

1 1

20

1 3

1 6

1 2

7 1 2

1 5 1 5

1 4 1 4

1 5 1 1

1 2 1 1 1 4 1 5 9 9 9 1 0

1 5 1 0

1 2 1 4

1 1 1 9

37 1 1

38 1 6

2 7 1 0

20 1 2

2 1 1 2

29 1 1

32 49 34 9 9 1 0

1 3

1 8

1 8

1 2

1 3

1 2

32

25

1 4

22 1 2

1 5

1 7

1 3

1 2

22

1 2

9 20

22

1 9 2 1 4

1 4

9 1 5

1 5

20

8 1 0

1 1

1 8

nn

22

1 4

1 4

1 0

1 0

1 2

1 7

1 0

1 3 1 5

1 0 1 9

1 4 1 3

1 1

1 1

1 2

27 17

29 30 9 1 3

2 1 1 3

1 2 1 2

1 3 1 5

1 4 1 2

1 3 1 1

20

1 3

1 2

26

1 3

1 0

2 1

29

1 5

1 4

1 6

1 1

1 4

1 4

1 8

1 3

77

1 9

8 1 2

1 0

1 9

1 5

1 1

1 5

•

47 33 37 4 9 37 2 8 1 0 1 0 1 0 9 1 3 MEARE HEATH 79 79.91 B 50 45 4 1 28 30 33 9 1 1 1 2 1 6 1 6 MEARE HEATH 79 79.91 C 30 49 33 39 32 3 1 1 6 1 3 1 4 1 1 1 6 MEARE HEATH 7 9 79.91 F 32 2 1 1 7 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 7 1 4 1 3 1 5 1 3 MEARE HEATH 7 9 79.91 G 3 1 22 1 7 29 22 1 4 1 2 6 , J 6 6 MEARE HEATH 9 0 80.2A 45 1 9 1 7 1 9 2 2 2 1 7 6 8 8 7 MEARE HEATH 8 0 80.2 B

1 8 1 6 1 5 1 5 1 9 1 9 8 9 9 8 9 1 2

65 18

1 7

1 9

1 4

1 0

1 2

20

23

1 6

1 6

2 9

2 0

2 1

20

8 6 6 9 6 MEARE HEATH 80 80.2 C 75 55 5 1 40 28 1 3 1 5 1 2 1 5 1 3 20 39 46 33 3 1 2 8 MEARE HEATH 84 030 94 1 9 29 33 23 1 7 . 3 7 8 9 6 12 1 6 1 0 1 0 6 2 1 1 5 27 2 0 22

20

1 5 2 1 24

5

1 4 6 7

1 5 1 3 1 . 7 2 1 2 1 2 2

24 20 4 8 5 9 27 27

2 7 1 1 1 5 1 4

1 6

1 5

1 3

m -

5 9 1 2

1 5 1 1 1 8 2 4 30 3 1

26 8 1 2 22

9

.

9

7

5

1 5 20 1 1 1 1

1 4 1 0

1 6 20 1 4 1 9 8 8 8 t O

1 7 20 1 8 7 7

20

1 3

1 4

9 1 7

2 1

1 6

1 8

nn

1 6

1 3

1 7

2 1

20

9 1 4 9 1 6

1 3

1 3

8

7

6 10 7 1 3

1 2 20 28

1 8 1 8 4 1

1 7 1 3 29

9 1 0 1 9 24 30 1 5

37 32 1 2 1 1 1 3 24 2 1 29

27 1 2 1 1 27

39 37 29 1 3 1 1 1 0 23 23 7 2 3 1 1 7 1 3

2 43

1 1 1 0 28 27 8 1 0

1 0 1 7 1 7 1 6

2 1 6

20

81 .5

7 7 8 1 4 33 25 2 6 28 1 0 1 3 20 3 1

1 3 7 . 23

6

1 2 7 . 26

8

1 8

6 12

1 6 28 29

1 5 43 27

1 2 1 2 9 5 8 8 1 2 9 5 1 6 1 4 1 1 8 1 1 7 6 5 1 0 1 9 26 22 28 25 22 30 1 8 ,J 5 5

MEARE HEATH 84 032 69 39 1 6 44 40 50 27 27 1 . 9 1 . 7 22 10 9 1 5 20 9 MEARE HEATH 04 034 6 1 1 1 7 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 . 7 8 9 7 8 3 4 8 1 0 8 MEARE HEATH 84 035 77 98 69 66 62 67 1 3 24 27 37 23 20 1 8 1 5 1 4 23 1 4 1 1 MEARE HEATH 84 037 95 9 8 8 6 6 7 9 10 6 7 10 1 1 7 5 5 6 e MEARE HEATH 84 039 4 1 13 1 4 1 2 1 5 1 2 1 9 1 . 5 1 . 5 1 3 1 3 MEARE HEATH 84 048 86 36 28 30 30 1 9 17 1 6 16 21 1 8 17 1 5 1 2 13 1 2 1 4 2 1 1 7 1 4 1 5 MEARE HEATH 84 049 94 18 30 20 25 n= " 1 5 1 6 1 6 1 . 8 1 7 18 1 3 1 2 1 6 1 4 25 26 29 2 1 22 MEARE HEATH 84 050 94 18 33 1 9 26 22 1 2 1 5 1 . 6 1 9 1 . 6 16 1 2 10 1 4 1 5 1 7 22 2 1 1 6 1 4 MEARE HEATH 8 4 051 47 1 9 1 5 9 1 1 1 5 1 5 22 2 1 26 1 . 7 MEARE HEATH 84 052 74 27 2 1 22 1 6 1 8 1 . 3 20 21 24 22 21 1 9 1 4 23 1 6

47 38 3 2 37 1 6 1 0 8 1 1 8 0 1 3 1 1

29 1 . 6 1 0

25 36 1 . 8 1 5 9 1 2

1 3 1 6 1 4 1 9 1 2 8 7 5 6 6 1 2 2 4 1 5 20

1 4 1 3

52

5 37 42 65 1 3 9 6 1 4 1 3 1 0 1 1 1 0

7

4 2 34 20 36 7 1 0 1 1 1 3 8 6

1 0 1 6 9 10

1 4 1 3 7 1 0 5 6 1 3 1 7

1 0 1 6

4 1 1 3

53 34 1 3 1 2

5 1 4 2 1 22

15

1 8

20 1 3 2 1 20

23

22 23

24

1 5

27 36 20 22 30 1 1

1 . 9 1 4

1 . 7 1 5

4 6

6 3

4 4

39

33

26

34

27

47

4 0

35

4 2

42

22 23 25 2 3

1 7 2 4

1 8 2 0

1 5 1 5

1 8 1 3

20 1 5

1 9 1 9

2 4 --

28 18

2 4 20

2 9 1 7

20 1 6

2 4 23 ' 76 2 4

6 6 4

1 5 1 2

5 6 4 6

1 4 1 3

7 5 4 7

1 2 1 1

7 8 6 7

1 1 1 1

4 2

7 6 8 9 6 7 7 6 7 1 1 1 . 9 1 8 1 4 1 3 1 6 1 9 1 5 1 5 1 0 4 5 4 4 4 6 7 5 5 6 5 3 6 6 7 7 6 6 7 6 6

1 4 1 6

1 7 1 3 9 1 2

1 3 1 1

1 8 1 1

1 6 1 0

1 5 1 4

2 1

' 13 1 9

1 5 1 0 1 0

1 9

7 4 4

1 8

1 9 1 2

2 9 8

6 1 5 6 5

J

J

J

J

9 4

7 7

9 8

7 6

1 5

1 9

20

1 5

1 8 1 0 1 3 1 0 9 1 9

20 1 5 1 6 1 6 9 8 1 . 1 2 1 1 3 1 0 8 1 4

1 6 20 1 5

25 22 34 2 4 23 1 3 1 3 1 4 1 . 5 1 4 1 0

29 26 1 5 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 5 20

20 25 1 6 1 4

1 8 20 16

1 8 1 7 1 4

1 7 1 9 1 1

1 9 1 1 1 1

2 3 1 4 1 0

1 4 1 3 1 3

32

2 1 20 1 7 1 4 1 6 20 1 6 23

23 1 3 22 1 8

22 1 2 1 6

20 1 1 1 8

1 8 20 20

1 5 1 8 1 4

1 3 2 1 22

1 5 1 7 1 7

3 1 5 1 4 1 . 2

26 1 4 1 8 1 6

24 1 3 22 1 4

26 1 0 1 6

7' 2

1 0 1 5

1 8 1 3 1 3

' 13 1 5 1 8 20 1 1 1 7

1 4 1 7 1 4

d - J

1 9 25

1 8 1 6 1 6 1 8

27 1 6 1 4 1 6

27 1 1 1 4 1 7

25 1 7 1 6 1 . 7

2 7 1 . 6 20 1 4

1 6 1 . 3 1 4 1 . 8

1 4 1 8 1 . 3 1 5 1 5 1 7 1 . 7 20

1 9 1 9 1 7 1 5

20 1 . 5 1 7 1 6

3 4 1 . 8 1 7 2 1

2 6 1 . 8 1 6 1 . 7

2 9 2 3 1 3 1 . 5

4 3 1 2 1 2 1 6

45 1 . 2 1 9 1 . 8

4 4 1 . 0 2 1 1 . 3

34 1 . 2 15 1 . 6

4 6 1 5 1 6 1 7

39 1 0 1 7 1 . 4

37 1 9 1 7 1 . 3

2 6 1 6 1 5 1 . 5

1 5 2 0 1 5 1 7

1 9 1 . 7

1 6 1 . 3

1 0 1 . 6

1 5 1 . 7

1 6 1 3

1 3 1 . 8

1 3 1 6

1 3 1 4

1 3 1 4

1 6 1 3

1 3 1 3

1 7 1 7

1 9 1 5

1 6 1 4

1 7 1 . 0

1 9

1 2

1 9

1 4 1 . 9 22

1 9 1 2

20 1 7 1 7

23 1 . 9 22

1 8 2 1 1 7

1 7 1 6 1 5

20 20 15

1 8 23 1 1

1 7 1 7 1 5

22 1 7 1 6

1 7 1 9 1 8

22 1 7 1 6

1 8 1 7 1 5

20 1 7 1 2

1 8 23 1 6

1 6 23 15

1 3 1 7

ne r -• J

1 9 1 5 2 6

nc •

. 7 1

1 7 1 9

77

1 6 1 4

2 1 + 1 +

‚

MEARE

HEATH

04

053 54 5 1 4

1 1

1 1

1 5

16

21

1 9

18

12

1 7

15

18

2

22

1 5

1 4

1 5

1 8

1 5

17

1 6

15

1 6

17

20 18

1 6 1 9

1 . 6 1 1

1 . 8

12

18

1 4

1 . 8

1 . 9

20

15

1 4

1 4

15

1 2

1 . 3

1 9

1 2

20

1 7

1 5

1 3

14

13

8 12

12

13

8

5

9 10 8 1 1

16 14

22 1 2

MEARE 055 65 16 15

HEATH

9 1 2 1 2

1 . 3

84

10

10

1 1

1 1

7 5 7 5 5 MEARE HEATH 84

8 12

7 1 1 . 1 . 3

1 1

16

1 4

13

16

1 1

10

1 . 0

1 1

1 4

1 7

1 3

1 . 7

7 10

15

8

8

23 1 . 6

22 1 1

18 1 . 4

1 1 15 9 15

71

1 4 1 . 3

1 5 1 1

15 1 1 .

15 1 0

16 17

16 1 2 12 15 1 3 MEARE HEATH 84 062 68

10

1 4

1 3

1 2

10

1 0

10

1 4

1 1

12

1 3

26

057 65 24 15

1 9 1 5

33 1 . 2

3 1 1 4

8

17 10

24

30

34

32

20

27

21

20

1 . 6

1 . 8

1 . 5

26

34

30

1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 15 ME-ARE HEATH 84 067 47

18

1 1

24

1 7 25

1 2 34

1 1 25

20 31

20 22

1 3 24

2 1 25

1 3 29

7

8

1 8

9

6

1 2

1 2

1 6

8 1 1 1 3

1 4

1 6

1 4

9 1 1 7

6

1 4 1 3

1 3 1 1

1 1 1 4

1 0 24

1 2 1 8

1 3 1 6

1 1 1 2

46

1 1

20

29

32

2 1

35

22

20

2 1

28

32

27

26

1 9

1 2

24

1 9

28

32

13

1 1

1 5

2 1

1 6

13

1 4

25

1 8

1 2

1 4

8 1 3

1 1

1 2

10 23

10 19

1 7 23

20 t7

1 4 1 . 5

1 4 1 . 7

1 4 1 4

1 1 18

1 1 1 3

13 1 3

2 1 1 2

2 45

15 18

2 1 1 8

5

16

9 1 0

15 1 7

1 4

20

12

6 14

23

24

A PPENDIX 7 :

D e tails o f a l l o ak p lanks e x atined ( r ot t h e T i nney 's t r acks A a n d D

S a tple n o .

T rack

N o . o f R i ngs

A

A A A

6 7 1 6 2 6 2 4 7 7 2

0 . 84

A A A A A

2 1 1 1 9 4 1 3 9 7 9 + 5 2

1 . 53 1 . 57 1 . 67 1 . 29 1 . 84

1 7 .5; 1 8 .7 3 3 7 8 9 9 0 9 2 9 3 9 4 9 5

A A A A A A A A

6 2 5 1 2 6 3 6

0 . 89 1 . 75

9 6 9 7 9 8 1 0 8 1 0 A

A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 0 0 D A A A

1 9 75 1 . 2 ; 1 . 2 ; 1 . 3; 1 . 3 ; 1 . 7;

2 . 4 2 . 4 2 . 1 2 . 1 2 . 6

9 E 7 1 0 4/6

1 . 7 ; 1 . 7 ; 5 . 1; 5 . 1; 5 . 1;

2 . 6 2 . 6 6 . 3 6 . 3 6 . 3

2 4 2 5 2 4 1 2 /1 4

B C

D 1 0 8 F

C

E l 1 3 1 3 1 2 0 0 1 7 Z R ead 2 s e ction 7 6 . 1 . 29 7 6 . 3 2 8 7 6 . 3 2 C 7 8 .1 7 8 .3 7 8 .8 7 8 .17 7 8 .19 1 1 9 3

A

1 4 1 1 2 7 1 6 1 0 2 1 4 6 5 4 3 7 3 8 4 0 4 3 4 3 4 5 2 9 2 0 4 5 2 1 2 9 4 8 8 0 c 4 0 1 6 8 1 5 3 6 9 8 3 7 2 3 9 2 6 5 + 3 2 3 6

A v e . R i ngw i dth

0 . 95 1 . 45 0 . 69

D i tensions t o .

6 0 i1 0 -50 2 4 0 i5 0 1 9 0 14 0 1 5 14 0 3 5 13 0 7 0 r2 0 -50 3 2 5 r5 3 1 0 x2 0 -60 2 3 0 r3 0 -60 1 4 0 r1 0 -35 1 0 0 12 5 8 5 12 0 6 0 11 0 -20 1 0 0 I3 5 2 8 0 r5 0 2 0 I6 5 2 1 0 x6 5 1 7 0 14 0 2 5 0 i2 5 -55 1 3 0 x7 0

1 . 2 1 . 83 1 . 02 ( + c .50 ) 1 , 05 1 4 5 1 . 4 2 6 0 1 9 0 2 . 49 1 5 0 4 0 6 0 5 5 0 4 7 1 . 24 5 6 4 8 2 7 7 0 0 . 84 5 0 1 . 51 2 1 0 9 0 1 . 46 1 2 0 1 5 1 . 45 2 4 0 1 . 61 2 5 0 2 . 22 1 7 0 1 . 6 1 7 0 1 . 52 1 7 0 1 . 46 8 5 1 . 55 4 0 1 . 4 9 5 1 . 3 5 0 2 . 05 9 0

2 46

r2 0 -45 r5 0 r4 0 15 0 r2 0 12 0 12 0 '1 7 r0 8 11 4 13 2 r2 5 17 0 15 r6 0 x3 0 r5 0 r3 r7 0 12 0 -70 r4 0 16 0 r2 5 -40 15 x3 0 r1 5 -20 r4 0 12 5

S k etch s e ction

2

i 11811 11811 1 11 1 11... •

1P 09 ! =c !, - s e, -

41 1 1 1P l if i fi mem

f ieeP h.

' Wee ; WNW . nn u r

J i Me a ! A gne f le e4

w i m p . . I / 10 5;

••••• re.. . ...... •

:MC E ND 0 3 12 1 3

MB E / W i t f ga . + NO

. 3

' HM O

i r eh ir t inem ; " ) . 7 1 . . . . N.

•••• •••

f i ll

T n

» !.

Me !'

•

1 9 1 9 1 9 7 8 .39 4 8 4 9 6 7 6 9 7 2 7 8 .73 7 9 .19 7 9 .61 6 1 6 1 7 9 .95

4 5 6

A A A

A

E A

5 0 i(c 15) 3 6 1 6

2 . 15 3 . 42 0 , 52 2 . 6

3 8 4 + 1 7 7+(c20 ) 3 4 5 0 6 0 1 3 3 7 3 1

0 . 91 1 . 29 1 . 69 2 . 39 0 . 84 2 . 14 0 . 96 1 . 38 1 . 09

5 1

4 8

t 1 . 5 1 . 45

2 47

1 2 5 1 2 0 5 0 1 7 0 4 5 9 5 3 2 0 9 0 4 0

x4 5 x6 0 x3 0 r3 0 x3 5 x2 0 -35 x4 0 -65 z1 5 -45 /1 5

1 3 0 1 6 0 6 0 3 5 1 4 0 6 0

x4 0 x5 0 -70 z2 0 x5 0 x4 5 z8 5

ä llif ilitt l

1 0 1 3 ;m i le gn . : ; .

r •A eZ ze• 4 1 :2 1

•

A PPENDII 8 : R a diocarbon d ates b a sed o n p e at , y o ung r o undwood a n d t r ee-ring s a mples f r om m a ture t r ees f r om t h e t h ree p l ank-built t r acks , S w eet , hare R eath a n d T i nney 's . A f ter O ne 1 9 82 S V EET T RACK Q -963 Q 966 Q 962 Q 991 Q 1102 Q 1103 Q 968 Q 967 S RR-883 S R R-882

S w eet t r ack S w eet t r ack S w eet t r ack S w eet t r ack S w eet t r ack S w eet t r ack S w eet t r ack S w eet t r ack ) ) p e at m o nolith-base )

h a zel p e g 3 2 5 h a zel s l at 1 8 0 h a zel p e g 3 0 3 h a zel a n d a s h p e gs p e at b e neath r a ils p e at p a cking p e at o n p lank p e at o n p l ank

D a ting p rogramme f o r 4 1 0 y e ar t r ee-ring s e quence H AR-1379 a n nual r i ngs 9 0 -105 H A R-1472 3 0-145* a n nual r i ngs 1 H AR-1473 H AR-1475

5 2 18+75 b p 5 1 59 .00 b p 5 1 50+65 b p 4 8 87+90 b p 5 1 40i 100 b p 5 1 03+100 b p 5 2 24+75 b p 5 1 08+65 b p 4 8 48+45 b p

3 2 68 3 2 09 3 2 00 2 9 37 3 1 90 3 1 53 3 2 74 3 1 58 2 8 98

b e b c b e b c b c b c b e b c b e

4 7 49 . 45 b p

2 7 94 b c

4 5 50+70 b p 5 0 70+80 b p

2 6 00 b c 3 1 20 b e

4 9 40+150 b p

2 9 90 b c

5 0 20+100 b p

3 0 70 b e

5 1 10+90 b p

3 1 60 b e

3 9 40+90 b p

1 9 90 b e

4 8 00+90 b p

2 8 50 b e

5 0 30 .00 b p

3 0 80 b e

5 1 101 90 b p

3 1 60 b e

4 7 101 , 100 b p

2 7 E0 b e

4 8 70+8f b p

2 9 20 b e

4 5 80+60 b p 5 1 80+70 b p 3 2 90+70 b p 2 9 80+70 b p 2 8 40+110 b p 3 2 301 110 b p

2 6 30 b e 3 2 30 b e 1 3 40 b e 1 0 30 b e 8 9 0 b e 1 2 80 b e

2 9 00+80 b p

9 5 0 b e

3 2 20+80 b p

1 2 70 b e

3 2 00+80 b p 3 0 00+80 b p 3 0 60+80 t p

1 2 50 b e 1 0 50 b e 1 10 b c

7 0-185* a n nual r i ngs 1 H A R-1476 H A R-1477 a n nual r i ngs 2 1 0-225* H AR-1478 H AR-1384 5 0-265 a n nual r i ngs 2 H A R-I469 H AR-1479 a n nual r i ngs 2 9 0 -3 0 51 H AR-1480 o ted ) ( * rootlet a n d i n sect c o ntamination n H EARS H EATH T R ACK H AR-2428 N e nne H e ath H AR-3195 M e are H e ath H AR-683 M eare H e ath e ath H A R-943 M eare H M e a r e H e ath Q 52 e ath Q 53 M eare H H AR-2619

M eare H e ath

H AR 6 606

M eare H e ath

F i eld F i eld t r ack t r ack t r ack t r ack

b o goak b o goak , o u ter 3 0 r i ngs o a k p lank a l der a n d h a zel b r ushwood o a k s t a ke p e at i m mediately b e low t r ack b u rnt h o rizon i m mediately a b ove t r ack w o od i m mediately b e low t r ack

o r 1 5 0 y e ar t r ee-ring s e quence D a ting p r ogramme f H AR-1489 a n nual r i ngs 4 -64 a n nual r i ngs 7 4 -94 H AR-1627 H AR-1494 a n nua l r i ngs 1 0 4-124

2 1 +8

T I NNET 'S T R ACKS H A R-68 1 T i nney 's H A R-945 T i nney 's H A R-684 T i nney 's H A R-946 T i nney 's H A R-948 T i nney 's H A R-947 T i nney 's H A R-2429 T i nney 's H A R-2773 T i nney 's H A R-2243 T i nney 's

T r ack T r ack T r ack T r ack T r ack T r ack T r ack D T r ack

A A A A 8 1 3 8 A

b ' wood , b e ad 1 8 .7 b ' wood , h e ad 1 . 7-2 .6 b ' wood , b e ad 1 7 .7 b ' wood , h e ad 1 . 6-2 .3 b ' wood , h e ad 9 . 3-10 .3 b ' wood , h e ad 1 . 3-2 .1 b r ushwood b r ushwood p e at b e low t r ack

D a ting p r ograste f o r 2 5 0 y e ar t r ee-ring s e quence H A R2 538 a n nual r i ngs 1 2 0-140 H A R2 544 a n nual r i ngs 2 0-240

2 49

3 0 10+70 3 0 40i 70 3 0 20+70 2 9 50+80 3 0 20 -0 0 2 9 601 70 2 9 20+60 2 9 60+70 3 4 80+90

b p b p b p b p b p b p b p b p b p

3 0 501 70 b p 2 9 90+60 b p

1 0 90 1 0 90 1 0 70 1 0 00 1 0 70 1 0 10 9 7 0 1 0 10 1 5 30

b e b c b c b e b c b c b c b e b e

1 00 b e 1 0 40 b e