The Romano-British Roadside Settlement at Wilcote, Oxfordshire III.: Excavations 1997-2000 9781841716121, 9781407320137

Table of contents :
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Figures
Part I: The Site
Introduction
Wilcote
The economy of Wilcote
Summary
Part II: The Excavations 1996-99
Area north of the road in Field 5651
F.83 and F.85
Features in Field 0040
Part III: The Finds
The Coins
The Brooches
Other Bronze Objects
Iron Objects
Lead Objects
Stone Objects
Brick, Tile and Fired Clay
The Pottery
The Glass
Bone Objects
The Animal Bones
Marine Mollusca
General Bibliography

Citation preview

The Romano-British Roadside Settlement at Wilcote, Oxfordshire III. Excavations 1997-2000

A. R. Hands and Cotswold Archaeology

BAR British Series 370 2004

122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, UK

BAR 370 The Romano-Br itish Roadside Settlement at Wilcote, Oxfor dshir e, IlI

Parts I & III:© A.R.Hands, 2004 Part II: © Cotswold Archaeology, 2004

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781841716121 paperback ISBN 9781407320137 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841716121 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

Contents

Page Part I:

Excavations 1997-2000 in Fields 5651 and 0040, by A.R.Hands

Part ii:

Excavations in 2000 on the line of the Thames Water north-west Oxfordshire supply improvement pipeline by Cotswold Archaeology

Part iii: Excavations 2000 in Field 3949, by A.R.Hands

1 261

343

P ref ace T h is v o lume i sc ompo sed o ft h ree s epa ra te e xcava t ion r e po r t s c on ta ined w i th in as i ng le v o lume . T ha t w h ich f o rm s P a r t Iw a s o r ig ina l ly i n tended t o s t and a l one a s a BAR v o lume , b u tn ow a ppea r s t wo y ea r s l a te d u e t ot h e i lne s s o ft h e a u tho r ( A . H and s ) . w ho i sa wa r e o ft h e m any i n adequa c ie s o fe d i t ing a nd p r e sen ta t ion . H oweve r , i ts e em s t oh im t h a t i ti sp r ef e rab le t oh ave av e ry i mpe rf ec t p ub l ica t ion t h an t or i sk h av ing n one a ta l s hou ld h i sm ed ica lp rob lem sr e cu r . I n s umme r 2 000 T hame s Wa te r r a n ap i pe l ine a c ro s s t h e s i te , a nd t h e C o t swo ld A r cha eo log ica l T ru s t u nde r took t o e xcava te t h e a f f ec ted a r ea w i th in t h e R oman s i t e , e xcep t f o r as ma l l a r ea w h ich w a s t oh ave b een e xcava ted b y A . H and s b u t i nt h e e ven t h ad t o b e d ug b y p a id a s s is tan t s u nde r h i s s upe rv i s ion . T he se e xcava t ion s a r e h e r e p ub l i shed a sP a r t Ia nd P a r t I I r e spec t ive ly . A t temp t s h ave b een m ade t oi n teg ra te t h e s e pa ra te P a r t s . T hu s , t h e f i nd s a r e n umbe r ed c on secu t ive ly t h roughou t t h e v a r iou s r e por t s . T he c oa r se p o t te ry , f o r e xamp le , w a s n umbe r ed 1 1172 i n W i lco t e I , 173 -2824 i n W i lco t e I , 2 825 -40 16 i n P a r t Io f t h i s v o lume ,4 0 17 -4076 i nP a r ti ,a nd 4 077 -4 127 i nP a r ti i .

A .R .Hand sa nd A nne t te H ancock s2 004 .

Part i

Excavations 1997-2000 Fields 5651 and 0040

A. R. Hands

A cknow ledgement s

T he W i lco te e xcava t ion s a r e o n ly m ade p o s s ib le b y t h e k i ndne s s o f many p eop le , a nd f i r s t a mong t h e se i ti s my p l ea su r e t ot h ank S i r Ma rk N o rman o fW i lco te Mano r , o n w ho se l a nd t h e e n t i re s e t t lemen ti sl o ca ted . T he d i s tu rbance a nd i n conven ien ce c au sed b y a r cha eo log ica l e xcava t ion s i sc on s ide rab le , a nd c anno t b e w e lcomed b y a ny l a ndowne r , b u t Ih ave m e to n ly w i th e ncou ragemen ta nd i n te r e s t i nt h ew o rk . N o a r chaeo log i s tc ou ld a sk f o rm o r e . My t h ank s a r e a l so d ue t ot h e H on . C ha r le s C ec i l o fW i lco te H ou se , w ho , t h rough W i lco te F a rm s ,c u l t iva te st h el a nd . Ia l so w i sh t oe xp re s s my g r a t i tude t ot h o se w ho h ave c on t r ibu ted s pec ia l i s t r e por t s t ot h i s v o lume : D r . H .E .M .Coo l ; M is s B r enda D ick in son ; M s V ane s sa F e l l ; D r . K ev in G r eene ; M r . J .Hamshaw -Thoma s a nd h i s c o -au tho r s V . Isaak idou , I . Sm i th , C .V .Tho rn ton a nd D . Wa t son ; M r s . K ay H a r t ley ; D r . C h r is tophe r H owgego a nd D r . C a thy K ing ; M r . D .F . Ma ck re th ; Ms .J .M .M i l l s ; D r . R .P .Symond s ; a nd D r . D .F .W i l l iam s . Ia m p a r t icu la r ly i n deb ted t oM r . P au l B oo th , o ft h e O xf o rd A r chaeo log ica l U n i t , w ho h a s o n n ume rou s o cca s ion sa s s is ted m e w i th h i s g r ea tk now ledge o fR oman p o t te ry . Ia l so t h ank D r . G ra ce S imp son f o r h e r c ommen t s o n much o ft h e d eco ra ted s am ian : t h e se a r e n o t i n c luded i n t h e p ub l i shed r e po r t , b u t w e re o fg r ea t a s s i s tance i ni n te rp re t ing t h e m a te r ia l w h i le t h e e xcava t ion sw e r e i np rog re s s . T he R oman R e sea r ch T ru s t g ave m e av e ry g ene rou s g ran t o f£ 1000 t owa rd s t h e c o s t s o fc a r ry ing o u t m agne tome te r s u rvey s o f F i e ld s 3 949 a nd 7 862 , f o r w h ich Ia m m o s tg r a tef u l . T he se s u rveys , a nd t h a to fF i e ld 0 040 , w e r e c a r r ied o u t my M r . A . B a r t le t t . T he c onven t iona l s u rveys o ft h e f i e ld s w e re c a r r ied o u t b y M r . I .C ampbe l l o fS u rvey ing D eve lopmen t s . T hank s a r e a l so d ue t o M r . N icho la s G r iff i th s f o r t h e d r aw ing s o f t h e d eco ra ted s am ian p o t te ry i nP a r t I I , t oD r . H i la ry C oo l f o r F ig . 7 8 i nP a r t Io ft h is v o lume , a nd t o M r . P au l H ughe s f o r F ig . 6 8 n o . 3 730 , a nd F i g .73 n o . 3 9 15 . Ia m r e spon s ib le f o r a l t h e o t he rd r aw ing s i nP a r t s Ia nd I I .

A n thony H and s O xf o rd , 2 004 .

C on ten t s A cknow ledgemen t s L is to fF igu re s

P ar tI :T he S i te I n t roduc t ion T he l o ca t ion o fW i lco te R oad s ide S e t t lemen t s

1 1

W i lco te T he p lan o ft h e s e t t lemen t T he e xcava t ion s 1 990 -96 T he o r ig in sa nd d eve lopmen to ft h e s e t t lemen t W i lco te a nd i t sn e ighbou r s

3 5 6 9

T he e conomy o fW i lco te 1 .W i lco te a s ap r ima ry p roduc t ion s i te 2 . Wi lco te a s as e conda ry p roduc t ion s i te 3 .W i lco te a s at e r t ia ry p roduc t ion s i te S ea sona l i ty An ' open ' o r' c losed ' e conomy ' ? Money v e r su sb a r te r Who owned w ha t?

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P ar tI : T he E xcava t ions 1 990 -99 A rea n or th o ft h er oad i nF i e ld 5 651 F . 83 a nd F . 85 A rea s [ A ] [F ] s ou th o ft h er oad i nF i e ld 5 651 F ea tu res i nF i e ld 0 040 P . 100 F / 102 F . 103 F . 106 F . 104 , F . 107 a nd F . 108 F . 109

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P ar t I I : The F inds T he C o in s ,b y C h r is tophe rH owgego a nd C a thy K ing T he B rooche s ,b y D .F . Mack re th O the rB ronze O b jec t s I r on O b jec t s L ead O b jec t s S tone O b jec t s B r ick ,T i le a nd F i red C lay T he P o t te ry T he S am ian P o t te ry ,b y J .M .M i l ls T he S am ian P o t te r s ' S t amp s , b y B renda D ick in son T he C oa r se P o t te ry : F ab r ic L i s t C a ta logue o fC oa r se P o t te ry No te so nc e r ta in F o rm sa nd F ab r ics 1 .' Cook ing p o t s ' 2 .S eve rn V a l ley Wa re ( Fab r ic 1 9 ) C ommen sa l i ty T he S t amped Mo r ta r ia ,b y K ay H a r t ley T he Ampho rae ,b y D av id W i l l iams T he G la s s ,b y H .E .M .Coo l B one O b jec t s T he An ima l B one s T he A n ima l B one sf r om F .77 l e ve l 1a nd S ou th o fF .90 ,b y J . F .Hamshaw T homa s ,V . Isaak idou , I . Sm i th , C .V .Thorn ton a nd D . Wa t son Ma r ine Mo l lu sca G ene ra l B ib l iog raphy

3 9 4 1 5 0 5 4 5 9 6 0 . 6 3 . 6 5 6 6 10 13 18 . 1 92 1 93 1 92 1 94 1 97 2 00 2 04 2 10 2 11 2 12 . 2 56 2 57

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F igure 1 .R oman S i te si n We s tO xf o rd sh i re 2 .T he L oca t ion o fW i lco te S e t t lemen t 2 a . S i te P lan : W i lco te 1 997 -2000 3 .W i lco te : c on tou rm ap 4 .W i lco te : magne tome te rs u rveys 5 .F ea tu re sF . 83 , F . 84 a nd F . 85 . S ec t ion F . 84 6 .S ec t ion sa c ros sF .90 a nd F .9 1 . 7 .L oca t ion so fe xcava ted f e a tu re s ,F i e ld 0 040 8 .F . 100 s e c t ion 9 .F . 102 s e c t ion 1 0 . F . 103 s e c t ion 1 . P lan o fF . 106 1 2a ,b .F . 106 s e c t ion s 1 3 . D eg rada t ion o fp o t te ry , F . 106 : f a b r ics 1 3 a nd 4 -6 1 4 . D eg rada t ion o fp o t te ry , F . 106 : f a br ic s 1 0 , 5 1 a nd 5 0 ,a nd 1 1 5 . D eg rada t ion o fp o t te ry , F . 106 : r e duced f a b r ic sc omb ined 1 6 . D eg rada t ion o fp o t te ry , F . 106 : s am ian 1 7 . P o t te ry f r om F . 106 1 8 . B rooche s 1 9 -2 1 . B ronze O b jec t sn os . 1 08 14 1 2 2 -25 . I r on O b jec t sn o s . 1 46 -227 2 6 . L ead O b jec t s ,n os . 7a nd 8 2 7 ,2 8 . S tone O b jec t s ,n os . 2 9 -4 1 2 9 -45 . S am ian ,n os . 4 40 -680 4 1b is -45b is ,4 6 -76 . P o t te ry n o s . 2 825 -40 15 7 6b is . Mo r ta r ium s t amp s 7 7 . Ampho ra s t am s 7 8 . G la ss 7 9 . B one O b jec t s ,n os . 4 9 -58

P age f a c ing p age 1 2 f o l low ing p age 1 8 f o l low ing p age 1 8 f o l low ing p age 1 8 2 0 2 3 2 5 2 6 2 6 . 2 6 . 3 0 3 0 3 2 3 2 3 . 3 3 4 4 6 5 1-53 5-59 5 0 6 1-62 9 8 109 . 19 19 1 1 99 2 03 2 09 2 10

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I n troduc t ion T he l o ca t ion o f Wi lco te T he m a jo rR oman r o ad k nown t o day b y i t sA ng lo -Saxon n ame o fA keman S t ree tr un s f r om S t . A lban s ( V eru lam ium ) i n t h e e a s t t o C i r en ce s te r ( Cor in ium ) a pp rox ima te ly 16km t ot h ew e s t , w i th t h e ' sma l l t own ' o fA lche s te rn ea rt h em id -po in t , w he r et h er o ad f r om S i lche s te r ( Ca l l eva ) t o T ow ce s te r ( Lac todurum ) c r o s se s i t . F ou r ' r oad s ide s e t t lemen t s ' l i e b e tween S t . A lban s a nd A lche s te r , a nd a no the r f ou r b e tween A lche s te r a nd C i rence s te r , f r om e a s t t ow e s t : S an som s P l a t t , W i lco te , A s tha l l a nd Q uen ing ton ( F ig . 1 ) .T he R oman s e t t lemen to ft h ea r ea i sd i scu s sed i nW i lco t eI ,p p . 9 f f .

R oad s ide S e t t lemen t s T he t e rm ' r oad s ide s e t t lemen t ' i su sed h e re t o d e s igna te a s pec if ic c a tego ry o f s e t t lemen t . F i r s t ly , i tr e f e r st oo ccupa t ion s i t e sw h ich l i e a l ong s ide m a jo rR oman r o ad s , a s o ppo sed t ot h o se w h ich d o n o t . S econd ly , i ti mp l ie s ad i s t inc t ion b e tween t h e se s i te s a nd ' sma l l t own s ' , ad i s t inc t ion b a sed n o t o n t h e a r ea o f t h e o ccupa t ion , w h ich m ay b e c on s ide rab le , b u t b y as imp le m o rpho logy . I ti sn o t s ugge s ted t h a t r o ad s ide s e t t lemen t s a nd s ma l l t own sc on s t i tu te t wo d i s t inc tc a tego r ie s , f o rt h e r e i sc l ea r ly av e ry c on s ide rab le a r ea o f o ve r lap . B u t t h e a pp rop r ia tene s s o ft h e l a t te r t e rm t o t h e s e t t lemen t s b e tween A lche s te r a nd C i rence s te r s e em s t ot h e w r i te rt ob e q ue s t ionab le . I tm ay b e t h e c a se t h a t t h e s e t t lemen t a t A s tha l l f u lf i l ls m any , t h ough n o t a l , o f t h e c r i te r ia s ugge s ted b y B u rnham a nd Wa che ra sd ef in ing a' sma l lt own ' ( Bu rnham & Wa che r 1 990 , p .5 f . ; B oo th 1 997 , t i le a nd p .1 58 ) , b u t i nt h e c a se o fW i lco te t h et e rm s e ems p l a in ly i n app l icab le . O n t h e o t he r h and , W i lco te a nd i t s n e ighbou r s , A s tha l l a nd S an som s P l a t t , w ou ld a ppea r t o b e c on s ide rab ly d i f f e r en t m embe r s o ft h e s ame c l a s s o f s i t e . I ti sp ropo sed b e low t h a t t h e se d i f f e r en ce sm ay b ee s sen t ia l ly c h rono log ica l . T he p l an o fS an som s P l a t t h a s b een r e vea led b y a e r ia l p ho tog raphy ( RCHME , NMR 1 5456 / 16 , 1 5 .7 .1996 ; H en ig & B oo th 2 000 , F ig . 3 . 5 ) , a tl e a s t i nr e spec to fs t one -f ounded f e a tu re s , b u t n o s i gn if ican t e xcava t ion s h ave t a ken p l a ce t h e re . T ha t o f A s tha l l i sl e s s c l ea r , a nd a l though e xcava t ion s h ave r e vea led s ome f e a tu re s o ft h e s i te , t h i s h a s b een i n a r ea s d e te rm ined b y t h e v aga r ie s o f p i pe l ine c on s t ruc t ion r a the r t h an b y a ny a r chaeo log ica l c on s ide ra t ion s ( Boo th 1 997 ) . Mu ch o ft h e o ve ra l l p l an o fW i lco te i sn ow a va i lab le i n b r oad o u t l ine ( F ig . 4 ) , a nd i s d i scu s sed b e low . T he r e a r e s ub s tan t ia l d i f f e r ence sb e tween W i lco te a nd i t sn e ighbou r s , a nd o ne o ft h em o s tp r e s s ing p rob lem s i s t od ef ine a nd e xp la in t h e se . O n t h e l i m i ted e v idence a va i lab le , t h e d i f f e rence s m ay b e r o o ted i n t h e c h rono log ie s o f t h e s i te s r a the r t h an a ny f undamen ta l d i f f e r ence i n ' c a tego ry ' .

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F ig . 2 .T he L oca t ion o fW i lco te S e t t lemen t

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W i lco te T he p l an o ft h es e t t lemen t P l an sa r en ow a va i lab le s how ing t h ec on tou r sa nd s ome o ft h ea r cha eo log ica lf e a tu re s o f much o ft h eW i lco te s e t t lemen t( F ig s . 3 ,4 ) , a nd w h i le t h eg eophys ica l( magne tome te r ) s u rvey s r e vea l p i t s a nd d i tch e s b u t n o t s t one s t ru c tu re s s u ch a st h e r o ad i t se lf , t h e b r oad o u t l ine s o ft h e s e t t lemen t i nt h e v i c in i ty o ft h e r o ad a r e r e a sonab ly c l ea r . S u rf a ce f i nd s i n d ica te t h a t t h e o ccupa t ion s t a r t s a tt h e e a s ter n e nd i n F i e ld 7 862 , p r obab ly i n t h e v i c in i ty o ft h e R oman c i s te rn i nt h e e x t r eme e a s t e rn c or n e r o ft h e f i e ld , a sd e sc r ibed i n W i l co t e I , p . 3 7 , f i g . 1 6 . Wood land p r even t s t h e e xam ina t ion o f t h e n ex t 1 50m e a s twa rd s ,b u tt h en ex to pen f i e ld , F i e ld 2 169 ( W i lco t eI ,p p . 3 7f , F ig . 1 6 ) , w a sc e r ta in ly o u t s ide t h el i m i t so ft h eR oman s e t t lemen t . A t t h e w e s ter n e nd t h e s i tua t ion i sl e s s c l ea r . T he g eophys ica l s u rvey i n d ica te s t h a t a c t iv i ty c on t inue st ot h e s ou th -we s ter nc or n e ro fF i e ld 0 040 , a nd as ma l l n umbe ro fp r e f o u r th c en tu ry R oman c o in sh ave a leged ly b een f o und b y m e ta l -de tec to r s i nt h a tg ene ra l a r ea . A keman s t ree t d i sappea r s u nde r t h e p r e sen t -day W i lco te L ane a nd t h e a d jo in ing h ou se s a nd g a rden s , d own t ot h e c r o s s road s i nt h e c en t re o fR am sden v i l lage , a nd t h en c on t inue s w e s twa rd s a s am oder n r o ad . R epo r t s o ft h e f i nd ing o f c o in s i ng a rden s i n W i lco te L ane a nd e l sewhe re i nR am sden ( t he a u tho rh a sn eve rs e en a ny o ft h e se h im se lf , b u tt h ed e sc r ip t ion si n d ica te t h em t ob eo fl a te d a te )s hou ld b et r ea ted w i th c au t ion .T he se m ay w e l l h ave b een p i cked u p i nF i e ld 3 949 a nd r e depo s i ted i n m ode rn t ime s .* T he R oman o ccupa t ion m ay r e a sonab ly b er e ga rded a se nd ing n o t f a rf r om t h e s ou th -w e s te rn c or n e ro fF i e ld 0 040 . I mmed ia te ly e a s to ft h eb ounda ry b e tw een F i e ld s0 040 a nd 3 949 t h er o ad t a ke s an ew a l ignmen t ( F ig . 2 ) . A t 1 50m a bove OD , t h is i st h e h i ghe s t p o in t f o r s ome m i le s a r ound , a nd t h eJ ohn R adc l if f eH o sp i ta l , o nt h ee a s ter ns i de o fO xf o rd a nd s ome 1 6km d i s tan t , i s *I n 1 996 , e x t en s ion s c a r r ied o u t b y M r . Ma rk H emswo r th t o R o sedene C o t tage , S choo l R oad , i nt h e v i l lage o fF i n s tock l km n o r th o fW i lco te , i n vo lved c u t t ing i n to a2 m -h igh b ank t ot h er e a ro ft h eh ou se . M r . H emswo r th n o t iced an umbe ro fc o in s a mong t h e s po i l , b u tn ob one s , p o t t e ry o ro t he ra r t ef a c t s . T he w r i te r b r ief ly e xam ined s ome 1 00 o ft h e se c o in s , r e p r e sen t ing m o s to ft h o se f o und b u tc e r ta in ly o n ly av e ry s ma l l p r opo r t ion o ft h o se p r e sen t . A l l d a ted f r om A .D . 2 60 -360 a nd w e r e o fc oppe r a loy a nd i n av e ry p oo r c ond i t ion . O f t h o se i d en t if iab le b y t h e w r i t e r , a bou t 1 0% w e r e r a d ia t e s a nd t h e r ema inde r H ou se o f C on s tan t ine ,c o r r e spond ing e xa c t ly t ot h e g r oup f r om F i e ld 3 949 d e s c r ibed i nW i lco te 1 ,p . 46 , T ab le 1 0 . I n t h e 1 960 s , w h i le e xcava t ing t h en ea rby S hak enoak v i l la ,t h ew r i te rw a st o ld b ya ne l de r ly v i s i to r ,t h a ta tt h e t u r n o ft h e c en tu ry t h e c h i ld r en f r om F i n s tock P r ima ry s c hoo l ( o fw hom h e w a s o ne ) w e r e s ome t ime s s e n t o u t b y t h e i r t e a che r s w i th ab ucke t t o c o l lec t t h e c o in s f r om t h e s u rf a ce o f F i e ld 3 949 . T he b ank , t h e e xcava t ion o fw h ich i n1 996 p roduced t h ec o in s , w a st h ee a s ter nb ounda ry o ft h ep l ay ing f i e ld so ft h i ss ame s c hoo l . A ny f i nd s o fc o in s i nt h e v i c in i ty o fW i lco te n eed t ob e t r ea t ed w i th c au t ion , e s pec ia l ly i ft h ey a r e p oo r ly -p r e se rved l a t ei s sue s —b e t te r -p r e se rved c o in st e nd t ob ek ep to rs o ld b yt h e f i nde r s .

3

c l ea r ly v i s ib le f r om h e re . T he l a nd r i se sq u i te s t eep ly u pt ot h i sp o in tf r om t h ec r o s s road s i nt h e c en t r e o f R am sden , a nd t h en f a l l s a c ro s s F i e ld 3 949 b ef o r e c on t inu ing a s ag en t le s l ope a c ro s s F i e ld 5 651 a nd n ea r ly l e ve l f r om t h e r e t ot h e e a s te rn e dge o fF i e ld 7 862 , a d i s tance o fa lmo s te xa c t ly l km . T he g eophys ica l s u rveys* c a r r ied o u ta c ro s st h e e n t i r e l e ng th o ft h e s i te a l ong t h e l i ne o fA keman S t r ee t( F ig .4 ) s how r o ad s ide d i tche s , i ns ome p l a ce sr e cu t , t h roughou tm o s to f t h i s d i s tance , a nd a l so m any p i t s o n a pp rox ima te ly t h e s ame a l ignmen t s a s t h e d i tche s . T h e r e i s ac l ea rc on cen t ra t ion o fa c t iv i ty o n t h e w e s te rn s i de o fF i e ld 7 862 , c onf i rmed b y t h e magne t ic s u scep t ib i l i ty s u rvey , w h ich p r e sumab ly r e p re sen t s t h e c on t inua t ion o ft h e c o re o ft h e o r ig ina l s e t t lemen t , t h e e xcava t ion o ft h e w e s te rn p a r t o fw h ich w a s d e sc r ibed i n W i lco t e II ti sr e g r e t tab le t h a t t h e se s u rveys c ou ld n o t , f o r r e a son s o f e xp en se , b e e x tended f u r the rf r om t h e l i ne o ft h e r o ad , b u ta ne x ten s ive s u rvey o ft h e s ou the rn h a lf o f F i e ld 5 651 a nd a d ja cen ta r ea si nt h en e ighbou r ing f i e ld si sp l anned . T he l im i ted e v idence f r om t h e e a s te rn s i de o fF i e ld 3 949 s how s ag r ea t d ea l o fa c t iv i ty i nt h is a r ea , a nd t h e e xcava t ion o ft h e se f e a tu re s i sr e po r ted i nt h i s v o lume , P a r t I , b e low . I ti sp robab le t h a t t h e r e i sa n a r ea o f p r ima r i ly i n du s t r ia l a c t iv i ty e x tend ing o ve r a t l e a s t l ha , p e rhap s a s soc ia ted w i th as e conda ry r o ad r unn ing s ou th f r om A keman S t ree t . I nt h e s ou th -ea s te rn c o rne r o fF i e ld 0 040 t h e re i s ac l ea r l i ne o fp i t s r unn ing a tr i gh t a ng le s t ot h e r oad f o r ad i s tance o f4 4m f r om t h e c en t re o ft h e l a rge p i t F . 106 . T h i s l i ne t u rn s 9 0 'and c on t inue s w e s twa rd s b ef o r e d i sappea r ing i n to t h e a d ja cen t u nde rg row th a nd t r ee s . T he w e s te rn s i de o ft h is f e a tu r em ay b e f a in t ly v i s ib le ( on t h eo r ig ina l s u rvey , i fn o t o n t h e p ub l ished r e p roduc t ion ) 4 4m t ot h e w e s t ,m ak ing i te xac t ly s qua re . T h i s f e a tu re , ' F . 107 , i sd i scu s sed b e low . T he l im i t s o ft h e o ccupa t ion a r e n o t e a s i ly d e te rm ined . I n p a r t t h i s i s ap rob lem o f d ef in i t ion . T he ' a rea ' o f am oder n v i l lage w ou ld i n c lude t h e d we l l ing s a nd p ub l ic b u i ld ing s , a nd v a r iou s g a rage s , o u thou se s a nd s h ed s . I tw ou ld a l so i n c lude p ub l ic s pa ce s s u ch a s t h e g r een , r o adway s a nd f o o tpa th s . P re sumab ly g a rden s m igh t b e a dd ed , b u t o r cha rd s , p addock s a nd f i e ld s , e ven i fp a r to ft h e a d ja cen tp rope r t ie s , m igh t n o t . I tw ou ld b e v e ry d i ff icu l t t o d r aw a l i ne w h ich w a s t h e ' l im i t o f t h e v i l lage ' , a nd a ny s u ch b ounda ry w ou ld b ed ef ined b y f e a tu re ss u ch a sh edge s o rf e nce st h a tw ou ld l e ave l i t t le i f a ny a r cha eo log ica l t r a ce s . AR oman s e t t lemen t s how s af e a tu r e w h ich amode rn v i l lage d oe s n o t , s i nce r ubb i sh a c cumu la ted o n t h e s i te a nd a ppea r s t o day a s as u rf a ce s c a t t e r , p r ima r i ly o f p o t te ry . W i lco t e I , F ig . 2 , a t temp t s t o d ef ine t h i s a r ea . H oweve r , s u ch s u rf a ce s c a t te r s o fa r tef a c t s a l so r e f lec t f a c to r s s u ch a st h e a b i l i ty o ft h e p l ough t or e a ch a r chaeo log ica l d epo s i t s , a nd t h e d r if t ing o ft o p so i l d ownh i l l , a nd i na ny c a se r ubb i sh i s n o t n ece s sa r i ly d epo s i ted i n' o ccup ied ' a r ea s : s u ch a r ea s m ay b e k ep t c l ean , w h i le r e f u se m ay b eu sed t om anu re f i e ld sq u i te d i s tan tf r om a ny o ccupa t ion .

*T he a u tho rw i shes t ot h ank t h e R oman R e sea r ch T ru s tf o r av e ry g ene rous g ran to f£ 1000 t owa rd st h e c o s to ft h e s u rveys p a ra l le l t ot h e l i ne o ft h er oad i nF i e ld s 3 949 a nd 7 862 . H e a l so t h ank sT hames Wa t e r f o rp erm is s ion t or ep roduce t h er e su l t so ft h e i rs u rvey a l ong t h e e a s ter n s i de o fF i e ld 3 949 .

4

T he e v idence a tW i lco te i sv e ry d i ff icu l t t o i n te rp r e t w i th a ny p r ec is ion , b u t i ti s p r obab le t h a tR oman f e a tu r e s a r et ob e f o und i n as t r ip e x tend ing f o ra tl e a s t 3 0 -40m o n e i the r s i de o ft h e r o ad t h roughou t t h e 1 km l e ng th s u rveyed , t h ough h ow m any o ft h e se f e a tu re s r e p re sen t ' o ccupa t ion ' i sa no the rm a t te r . T he e x ten s ion o ft h e se a c t iv i t ie st ot h e s ou th i nF i e ld s3 949 a nd 5 651 i sd i scu s sed a bove .T he s i tua t ion i nt h en o r ther nt wo th i rd s o fF i e ld 3 949 i se ven l e s sc l ea r :t h e re a r er o ad s ide p i t sa nd d i tche s( F ig .4 )b u tt h es u rf ace f i nd s a r e a lmo s t a l c o in s w i th v e ry f ew s h e rd s i n deed , a nd t h e re c anno t h ave b een a n i n t en s ive d ome s t ic o ccupa t ion . W i th a l t h e se p rov iso s , a n ' o ccup ied ' a r ea i nt h e r e g ion o f 5h am ay b e ar e a sonab le g ue s s . T he g eophys ica l s u rvey w a s e x tended s ou thwa rd s o nt h e w e s ter ns i de o fF i e ld 3 949 , t oi n c lude t h ec r e s to ft h e h i l l , i nc a se a ny d i tche s a s soc ia ted w i th ap o s s ib le c amp m igh t b er e vea led . H oweve r ,t h e r ew e re n oi n d ica t ion so fa ny f e a tu re si nt h is a r ea . T he R oad T he l i ne o fA keman S t ree tt h rough t h e s e t t lemen t i sn ow f i rm ly e s tab l ished . T he re i s ar e a l ignmen t a t ap o in t a pp rox ima te ly 1 0m e a s t o ft h e b ounda ry b e tw een F i e ld s 0 040 a nd 3 949 , t h e r o ad t ur n ing t h rough 1 7 ° . A no the r r e a l ignmen t o f a bou t 8 ° o ccu r s i mmed ia te ly s ou th o ft h e R oman c i s te rn ( n ow ap ond ) n ea r S P370 156 i na n a r ea w he re t r ee s a nd u nde rg row th p r even t s u rvey ing . I nt h e f o rme r c a se , t h e a l ignmen t s m ee t a ta s h a rp a ng le w i th n or ound ing o f fo ft h er e su l t ing b end ( Ho lb rook 1 998 ,p . 14 ) . T he l i ne o ft h e r o ad h a s b een e xcava ted f o r ad i s tance o f 5m w e s twa rd s f r om t h e e a s t er nb ounda ry o fF i e ld 5 651 ,b u tt h roughou tt h i sd i s tance i th ad e i the rb een c omp le te ly p l oughed a way , a tt h e e a s ter ne nd , o rh ad b een v e ry s e ve re ly d amaged b y p l ough ing , a t t h ew e s ter ne nd . I nF i e ld 0 040 , o n ly as t r ip 1 m w ide w a s e xcava ted a c ro s s t h e s u rf a ce o ft h e r o ad , w h ich a ppea r ed t ob e w e l l -p re se rved , a nd 7 8m w ide . . A s e c t ion w i l l b e p ub l ished i n W i l co t eI V . I nF i e ld 2 169 i ts u rv ived o n ly a s ab and o fs t one p i tch ing a bou t 5 m w ide ( W i lco t e p .3 0 ,F ig . 1 7a ) . T he e x cava t ion s 1 990 -96 T hese e xcava t ion sw e r ec oncen t ra ted i nt h en o r ther nh a lf o fF i e ld 5 651 ,t o ge the rw i th t h e e xcava t ion o f t h e R oman c i s ter n a nd m ode rn p ond n ea r S P370 156 a nd a s ma l l e xcava t ion c a r r ied o u ti nF i e ld 2 169 ( W i lco t eI ,p . 37 ) . F i e ld 5 651 h a sb een s c ou red b y p l ough ing ,a nd s i nce t h et o p so i lh a sp r oduced p o t te ry a se a r ly a s t h e m id / la t e 1 3 th c en tu ry ( W i lco t e I , p .2 39 ) i tm ay b e a s sumed t h a t t h is e r o s ion o ft h e R oman l e v e ls h a sc on t inued f o rt h ep a s ts e ven c en tu r ie s . T he f i e ld s u rf a ce o nt h ee a s ter ns i de o fF i e ld 5 651 i s0 . 3 -0 .4m l owe rt h an t h a to nt h eo t he rs i de o ft h e f i e ld b ounda ry , o n t h e w e s ter n e dge o fF i e ld 7 862 . S o f a r t h e s u rf ace o ft h e l a t te r f i e ld h a s 5

p r oduced o n ly 1 9 th a nd 2 0 th c en tu ry s h e rd s , p e rhap s i n d ica t ive o f amu ch m o re r e cen t c l ea r ance w i th c on sequen t ly l e s s l o s s o ft o p so i l .T o t h e s e o b serva t ion s t h e r e m ay b e a dded t h et o ta ld e s t ruc t ion o ft h eR oman r o ad o nt h ee a s t e rn s i de o fF i e ld 5 651 , T he r o ad w a sf l anked o nt h en o r ther ns i de b y ad i tch ,F . 26 ,p r e sumab ly ac on t inua t ion o ft h e d i tch v i s ib le i nt h e g eophy s ica l s u rvey o fF i e ld 7 862 ( F ig . 4 ) , w h ich p roved t ob e o fC laud ian d a te ( W i lco t eI ,p .1 3 )a nd p r e sumab ly d a ted f r om t h eo r ig ina lc on s t ru c t ion o f t h er o ad .A no the rl e ng th o fd i tch t ot h e s ou th o ft h er o ad , F . 72 ( W i lco t eI ,p .2 7 ) , w a so f s im i la rd a te ,b u th ad ad i f f e ren tp r of i le a nd w a sn o te xa c t ly a l igned t ot h er oad . T he m o s t s t r ik ing f e a tu r e o ft h i s a r ea w a s t h e q ua r r ie s , F . 17 , F . 18 , F . 19 , F . 75 , F . 77 , F . 79 a nd F . 82 . O ft h e se , F . 17 , F . 18 , F . 19 a nd p a r t o fF . 79 w e re a l o fC laud ian d a te a nd v e ry p r obab ly p roduced c l ay a nd s t one f o rt h ei n i t ia lc on s t ruc t ion o fA keman S t ree t . F . 75 a nd m o s t o ft h e l owe r d epo s i t s i nF . 77 , F . 79 a nd F . 82 w e r e o fs e cond -cen tu ry d a te . A n umbe r o f s ma l le r p i t s m ay a l so h ave a c ted a s q ua r r ie s , o r a s t e s t p i t s f o r p o ten t ia l q ua r r ie s . Ar ema rkab le f e a tu re o ft h e s i te i st h e s ma l l n umbe r o fb u i ld ing s s o f a r r e vea led : t h ree , a nd af o u r th p o s s ib le s t ru c tu r e ( W i l co t e I , p .2 3 ) , o fw h ich o n ly o ne , F . 73 , w a s s t one -f ounded . T h i s i sd i f f icu l t t or e conc i le w i th t h e g r ea t q uan t i ty o ff i nd s , e s pec ia l ly p o t te ry , f r om t h e s i t e H oweve r , t h e p i c tu r e m ay b e s e r iou s ly d i s to r ted b y t h e e r o s ion d i scu s sed a bove , ap o in tw h ich m ay b e e l uc ida ted b y e xcava t ion s o nt h e w e s t er ns i de o f F i e ld 7 862 . T he c h rono logy o f t h e a r ea s e xcava ted i n 1 990 -96 i n d ica ted t h a t t h e o ccupa t ion b egan i nt h ec onque s tp e r iod a nd f l ou r i shed u pt ot h em idd le o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry , a f te r w h ich i tc on t inued o n ar e duced s c a le u p t o t h e e nd o ft h a t c en tu ry . O n ly o n e s ma l l d epo s i t , F . 77 l e ve l 3 b c ou ld b e d a ted t ot h e f i r s t h a lf o ft h e t h i rd c en tu ry ( W i lco t e I , p . 3 0 , F i g . 1 0 ) . L a te r R oman o ccupa t ion w a s r e p r e sen ted b y o n ly t wo d epo s i t s , t h e v e ry s ma l l F . 55 ( W i lco t e I ,p .2 1 ) a nd t h e v e ry l a rge F . 77 l e v e l 1( W i lco t e I , p p . 3 0f f . ) , b o th d a ted t oA .D . 3 15 -360 . T he o r ig in s a nd d eve lopmen to ft h es e t t lemen t T he r e h ave s of a rb een n o i n d ica t ion s o fa ny p r e -Roman o ccupa t ion a tW i lco t e . T h i s i sn o t s u rp r i s ing , s i nce t h e l o ca t ion o f t h e s e t t lem en t w a s d ependen t o n t h e s i t ing o f A keman S t ree t , w h ich w a s i nt u rn d e te rm ined b y s t ra t eg ic m i l i ta ry c on s ide ra t ion s i nt h e i mmed ia te ly p o s t -conque s tp e r iod . T h i si sn o tt os a yt h a tt h e r ei sn o ts ome s i gn if icance i n t h e l o ca t ion o ft h e s e t t lemen t v e ry c l o se t oo ne o ft h e g ap s i nt h e L a te I r on A ge G r im 's D i t ch . H oweve r ,t h e re i sg ood r e a son t os uppo se t h a tt h e s e t t lemen th ad i t so r ig in s i nt h e y ea r s i mmed ia te ly s ub sequen t t ot h e c onque s t , a nd t h a t i tw a s c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e c on s t ru c t ion o ft h e r o ad ( W i lco t e I ,p .1 f . ; W i lco t e I , p .1 f . ) . T he p r ec ise l o ca t ion o ft h e s e t t lemen t a l ong t h e l i ne o ft h e r o ad i si n te r e s t ing . T he re i sn o m a jo r r o ad j un c t ion o r c r o s s road sa nd n or i ve rc r o s s ing ; i n deed ,t h ew a te rs upp ly mu s ta lways h ave p r e sen ted a p r ob lem f o rt h e i n hab i tan t s . T he m o s t p l au s ib le e xp lana t ion i st h e s t one w h ich o u t c rop s i nF i e ld 5 651 ,a nd i ss u i tab le f o rr o ad -bu i ld ing . I tm ay w e l lb et h a tW i lco t eh ad i t so r ig in s

a s as t one -qua r ry a nd r o ad -bu i lde r s ' c amp , a nd t h a t a c t iv i ty t h e re m ay h ave n a r row ly p r eceded t h ec omp le t ion o ft h er o ad i t se lf . H oweve r , o nce t h e r o ad w a s b u i l t , n ew n eed s w ou ld h ave a r i sen . T he t r af f ic o n t h e r o ad , i n i t ia l ly l a rge ly o r e ven e n t i re ly m i l i ta ry , w ou ld h ave r e qu i red r e gu la r s t opp ing p l a ce s f o rm en a nd a n ima l s . I np a r t icu la r , t h e o x -ca r t s w h ich mu s t h ave c a r r ied s upp l ie s t ot h e f o r t s a tC i r ence s te r , A lche s te r a nd S t . A lban s , w ou ld h ave t r ave l led q u i te as ho r t d i s tance i n ad ay , d epend ing o n t h e l o ad s a nd t h e c ond i t ion s o ft h e r o ad . O xen t o day ( a t l e a s t i ns ou th -ea s t A s ia ) d r aw l o ad s f o r o n ly h a lf o ft h e d ay , a nd n eed t og r az e a nd r e s t f o rt h eo the rh a lf . E igh to rt e nm i le sm igh tr e p r e sen t ad ay 's j ou rney . I tw ou ld h ave b een n e ce s sa ry t o p r ov ide s u i tab le r e s t ing -p la ce s w h ich w e r e s e cu re f r om p i lf e r ing a nd p r ov ided f o r t h e n eed s o fo xen a nd d r ive r s . S o ld ie r s t r ave l l ing b y f o o t w ou ld a l so h ave n eeded s u s tenance , a s —p e rhap sa t as omewha tl a te rd a te —w ou ld c i v i l ian p ede s t r ian sa nd s l ow -mov ing p a ck -an ima l s ,d onkey s( W i lco t eI ,p .1 7 3 )a nd h o r se s . ' . . the f o r t [ a t C i r en ce s te r ] c an h a rd ly h ave c on t inued i ne x i s tence f o r l o ng a f te r A .D . 7 0 . . . ' ( Wa che r &M c Wh i r r 1 982 ,p .5 9 ) ,w h ich i sw i th in t h ed a te r a nge p r opo sed b y t h ee xcava to r sf o rt h ec on s t ruc t ion o ft h e e a r l ie s tv i l la a tS hakenoak . T hu s ,t h ed ec l ine i n m i l i ta ry t r a ff i c o nt h er o ad w h ich c o inc ided w i th t h e d eve lopmen to fc i v i l ian s e t t lemen t s i n to n a scen tt own s , a l so t o ok p l a ce s imu l taneou s ly w i th t h e d eve lopmen t o ft h e W i lco te h i n t e r land a s v i l la e s ta t e s . I tm ay a l so b e e xpec ted t h a t t h e v o lume o f c i v i l ian t r aff i c w ou ld h ave r i sen s t ead i ly i n to t h e s e cond c en tu ry , s u rpa s s ing t h e m i l i ta ry u s e f o r w h ich t h er o ad w a so r ig ina l ly b u i l t . T h is d om inan ce o fc i v i lo ve rm i l i ta ry a c t iv i ty w ou ld h ave o pened u pn ew p o s s ib i l i t ie s f o rt h e i n hab i tan t so fW i lco te . Mo s to bv iou s ly ,t h e s i t ec ou ld b ecome a ne n t r epo t , a lmo s t l i ke as e apo r t ,w i th l o ng ,m ed ium - a nd s ho r t -d i s tan ce t r af f ic b r ing ing g ood si n to t h es i te , a nd l o ca l p r odu ce b e ing s h ipped o u t . I n a dd i t ion , t h e .s i t e c ou ld f o rm a f o cu s f o r t h e s u r round ing a r ea , p r ov id ing s ha red f a c i l i t ie s . T h i s i s d i scu s sed b e low i n t e rm s o f s l augh te r ing a nd t h ep r oce s s ing o fa n ima lc a rca se s , a nd b r ick a nd t i l em anuf ac tu r e . O the r p o s s ib le c onnec t ion s b e tween W i lco te a nd t h e s u r round ing d en se c oncen t ra t ion o fv i l la s ( W i l co t e I , p . 1 4 ) i n c lude t h e p rov i s ion o f l a bou r . T he e v idence f r om t h e q ua r r ie s , e s pec ia l ly F . 79 a nd F . 82 , s how st h a ts t one c on t inued t ob e e x t ra c ted w e l l i n to t h e s e cond c e n tu ry , n o d oub t f o r t h e r e pa i r o ft h e r o ad ( t he q ua l i ty w a s n o t g ood e nough f o r w a l l b u i ld ing ) . I n deed , t h e s ma l l d epo s i t i n F . 77 l e ve l 3 b i n d ica ted a c t iv i ty a s l a te a s t h e s e cond q ua r te ro ft h et h i rd c en tu ry ( W i lco t eI ,p .3 0 ) . H oweve r ,o nce t h er o ad w a sb u i l t ,t h es i t e —a s sum ing i ta l ready e x i s ted —w ou ld h ave c hanged i t s f u nc t ion t om ee tt h e n eed so ft h em i l i ta ry t r af f ic u s ing t h e r o ad ( W i lco t eI ,p . 1 f . ) . Whe the r t h i s p r ov is ion o f s e rv ice s w a s a c tua l ly t h e p r ima ry c au se o f t h e e s tab l ishmen t o ft h e s e t t lemen t , o rw he the r i tw a s s ub sequen t t oa n e a r l ie rr o ad -bu i ld ing p ha se , i sp e rhap sn o t av e ry i mpor tan tq ue s t ion . I ne i the rc a se t h eo ccupa t ion w ou ld h ave b e en e s tab l i shed i nt h ei mmed ia te ly p o s t -conque s ty ea r s . T he d eve lopmen to ft h e s e t t lemen tt h rough t h el a te rf i r s tc en tu ry a nd u p t ot h em idd le o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry a ppea r s t oi n d ica t e c on t inuou s g r ow th . T h i s i sn o t s u rp r is ing , f o r 7

t h e g r ow th o ft own s a nd s e t t lemen t s a l ong A keman S t r ee t w ou ld h ave l e d t oi n c rea sed t r aff i c o n t h e r o ad , w i th i n c rea sed o ppo r tun i t ie s f o r t r ade a nd t h e s upp ly o fs e r v ice s t o t r ave l le r s , w h i le t h e e s tab l i shmen t a nd g r ow th o ft h e l o ca l v i l la s w ou ld h ave m ean t a n i n c r ea se o ft r ade a nd w ea l th i nt h e r u ra l h i n te r land . H oweve r , w ha t i ss u rp r i s ing i st h e d ec l ine w h ich a ppa ren t ly b egan i nt h e m idd le o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry , l e av ing t h e c en t ra l a r ea o f t h e s e t t lemen t i n F i e ld 5 651 a lmo s t u noccup ied b y AD 2 00 , t h ough a c t iv i ty c on t inued al i t t le l o nge ri nF i e ld 0 040 . T he i mpo r ta t ion o fs a rn ian i nF i e ld 5 651 a ppea r s t oh ave c ea sed b ef o r et h ee nd o ft h es e cond c en tu ry , i n d ica t ing ad ec l ine i nw ea l th e ven i f t h eo ccupa t ion c on t inued f o r al i t t le l o nge r . L ook ing a tt h e R oman o ccupa t ion i n aw ide r p e r spe c t ive : t h e e xcava to r s o f t h e S hakenoak v i l la , w h ich l i e s o n ly 1 . 8km t o t h e s ou th -ea s t , w e r e i n n o d oub t t h a t a f u ndamen ta l c hange i nt h e n a tu re o ft h e o ccupa t ion a nd e conomy o ft h a t e s tab l i shmen t t o ok p l a ce c .A .D .200 ( S hak enoak V ,p . 202f . ) , a nd s ugge s ted t h a t as im i la rp henomenon m ay h ave o ccu r red a tt h e D i tch ley v i l la , 5 . 5km t ot h e n o r thea s t o fW i lco te ( S hak enoak p .1 400 . I tw a s s ugge s ted t h a tt h e se c hange s c ou ld h ave b een d u et ot h ec hange f r om o wne r -occupa t ion t o at e nan t - o rb a i l if f run f a rm , p e rhap s r e su l t ing f r om t h e a b so rp t ion i n to t h e n e ighbou r ing N or th le igh e s ta te . U nf or tuna t e ly t h e re i sn o e v idence f r om a ny o f t h eo t he rl o ca lv i l la st oe nab le u st os e ei ft h is i s am o r eg ene ra lp henomenon . I n r e cen t y ea r s t h e re h a s b een a g r ea t i n c rea se i no u r u nde r s tand ing o ft h e l ow e r s t a tu s L a te I r on A ge a nd R oman s e t t lemen t s i nt h e r e g ion , t h ank s t o t h e w o rk o ft h e O xf o rd A r cha eo log ica l U n i t . I th a s b een p o in ted o u t t h a t t h e re a ppea r s t ob e am a jo r p e r iod o f d i scon t inu i ty o n s i t e s o f t h i s t y pe i nt h e l a t e f i r s t a nd s e cond c en tu ry A .D . ( Boo th & H en ig 2 000 , p p .106f f . ) . S i te s s u ch a s R oughg round F a rm , B a r ton C ou r t , C laydon P ike a nd O ld S h if f o rd ( A l len e ta l . 1 993 , M i le s 1 986 , M i le s 1 984 , A l len 1 989 ) a r e c l ea r c a se s o fs e t t lemen t s h if tw i th in t h i s p e r iod . T h e r e a r e c a se s o fa bandonmen t o r d r a s t ic s e t t lemen t s h if t s o f l o ca t ion a ts e ve ra l o f t h e S t an ton H a r cour t s i t e s i n c lud ing G rave l ly G uy ( Lamb r ick 1 986 ) . I nt h is a r ea t h e re i se v idence o fm a jo r s e cond c en tu ry a nd l a te r s e t t lemen t s b e ing e s tab l i shed o n t h e l ow e r g r ound a tN o r thmoo r a nd G i l l M i l l ( Wa l l is & L amb r ick 1 989 ) . T he d i v i s ion o fs i te s o n t h e T hame s g r ave ls i n to e a r ly a nd l a te R oman h a sb een d i scu s sed ( Fu lf o rd 1 992 ;L imb r ick 1 992 ,f i g .27 ) . I tt h e r ef o re a ppea r s t h a t t h e s e cond c en tu ry w a s ap e r iod o fd i scon t inu i ty a nd w e l l d ef ined c hange o nt h ree c a tego r ie so fs i t e : ar o ad s ide s e t t lemen t , t wo v i l la sa nd an umbe r o fl ow s ta tu s r u ra l s e t t lemen t s . T he e v idence i sa l t h e m o re i mp re s s ive s i n ce t h ese s i te s r e p r e sen tt h em a jo r i ty o ft h o se o ft h e i rc a tego r ie si nt h ei mmed ia t ev i c in i ty o fW i lco te f o r w h ich a ny s ub s tan t ia l b ody o fe v idence e x is t s . Whe the r t h i s p henomenon r e p re sen t s a r e a l i ty o r i sp r oduced b y t h e i n adequa cy o ft h e d a ta -ba se , a nd h ow l o ca l i sed i ti s , a r e q ue s t ion sb eyond t h es c ope o ft h i sr e po r t . A c t iv i ty a tW i lco t e a ppea r s t oh ave r e v ived i nt h e e a r ly y ea r s o ft h e f o u r th c en tu ry , t h ough o n amu ch r e duced s c a le a nd l a rge ly c onf ined t os p ec if i ca r ea s . Av e ry t h in s c a t t e r o fc o in s a nd s ma l l , d eg raded s h e rd s o fr e d c o lou r -coa ted O xf o rd w a re ( o th e rl a t e f a b r ic s a r ed oub t le s sp r e sen t ,b u tt o od eg raded a nd e r oded f o ri d en t if i ca t ion )o ccu ri nm o s to ft h e a r ea s e xcava ted , b u t i ti sc l ea rt h a t a ny s u ch o ccupa t ion w a s v e ry t e nuou s e xcep t f o rt h e d epo s i t si nF . 55 a nd F . 77 l e ve l 1 . 8

T he t e rm ina l d a te f o r t h e o ccupa t ion w ou ld a ppea r t ob e c l o se t oA .D . 3 60 , o n t h e b a s is o ft h e c o in f i nd s f r om F i e ld 3 949 a nd f r om a l t h e e xcava ted a r ea s . I tm igh t b e t h ough t s t range t h a t W i lco te s hou ld c ome t oa ne nd a tt h ev e ry l e a s th a lf ac en tu ry —a nd p r obab ly e ven l o nge r -b ef o re t h e n e ighbou r ing S hakenoak v i l la , w h ich w a s o ccup ied w e l l i n to t h ef i f th c en tu ry . T h ee conomy o ft h ev i l la w a sc l o se ly b ound u pw i th t h ew ide r e c onomy a nd s o m igh t h ave b een e xpec ted t o h ave b een m o r e s e n s i t ive t o a ny d i s tu rbance s i nt h e w o r ld o u t s ide , w he rea s as ma l l r u ra l s e t t lemen t s hou ld b e a b le t ob e s e lf -suppo r t ing a nd a lmo s ti n dependen to fi t sw ide rs u r round ing s H oweve r , t h e r e a r e r e a son s w hy t h e o ppo s i te m igh t b e t r ue . Mo s t v i l la s p r obab ly e x is ted d u e t ot h e i r a b i l i ty t op roduce a nd s e l l a g r icu l tu ra l s u rp lu se s . I ft h i s a b i l i ty w a s c u r ta i led ,t h en t h ey c ou ld r e ad i ly f a l lb a ck o n as ub s is tence l e ve lo fp r odu c t ion a nd c ea se t o i mpo r t l u xu ry g ood s . T h i s w ou ld r e p re sen t ad ec l ine i n l i v ing s t anda rd s f o r t h e o c cupan t s , b u t c e r ta in ly w ou ld n o t n ece s sa r i ly t e rm ina te t h e o ccupa t ion o ft h e s i t e . O n t h e o t he r h and , i fW i lco te w a s a c tua l ly o n t h e o ne h and am a rke t , a nd o n t h e o t he r a ' c en t ra lp l a ce ' f o rt h el o ca lv i l la s ,t h en i ft h ev i l la st ur n ed i no nt h em se lve se conom ica l ly , t h ee conom ic b a s is o fW i lco t ew ou ld c o l lap se . T h i s c o l lap se , c .A .D . 3 60 , m ay t h e ref o re b ee v idence f o rt h e d ependency o fW i lco te o nt h e v i l la e conomy . T h is c ou ld a ccoun t f o r h e a ppa ren t i n c rea se i na c t iv i ty a tS hakenoak i nt h e l a te r f ou r th c en tu ry , i fi ti nf a c t r e p r e sen ted a n o ve ra l l d e c l ine c oncea led b y t h e c on so l ida t ion o fa c t iv i t ie s w i th in t h e v i l la e nc lo su r e . W i lco te a nd i t s n e ighbour s W i lco te a ppea r st od i f f e rc on s ide rab ly f r om i t sn e ighbou r so nA keman S t ree t ,A s tha l l t ot h e w e s t a nd S an soms P l a t t t ot h e e a s t , i nt h a t i tl a ck s t h e s i de r o ad s a nd b u i l t -up c en t ra la r ea so ft h o se s i t e s . W i lco te f l ou r i sh ed f r om t h ec onque s tt ot h em idd le o ft h es e cond c en tu ry ,t h ec en t ra l a r ea i nF i e ld 5 651 t h en d ec l in ing t o av e ry l ow l e ve lo fa c t iv i ty i fn o ta c tua le x t inc t ion b y t h e e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry , w i th a p a r t ia l r e v iva l i n t h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e f o u r th c en tu ry . A c t iv i ty c on t inued al i t t le l o nge r , i n to t h e e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry , i nF i e ld 0 040 I nc on t ra s t , t h eo ccupa t ion a tA s tha l lw a sc on t inuou sf r om t h em id -f i r s tt ot h el a t te rp a r to ft h ef ou r th c e n tu ry . T he s e t t lemen t a t S an som s P l a t t i s e f f ec t ive ly u nda ted . A s tha l l s how s a d eve lopmen to fs i de r o ad so nb o th s i de so ft h em a in r o ad ( Boo th 1 997 , F ig . 1 . 3 ) , a nd t h e m a in o ccupa t ion a tS an som s P l a t t l i e so n ar o ad b r an ch ing o f ff r om A keman S t ree t . I ti s r e a sonab le t os uppo se t h a t t h e se s i de r o ad s w e re c on s t ruc ted a f t e r A keman S t r ee t i t s e lf , a nd t h a t t h ey r e p r e sen t al a te r d eve lopmen t o f t h e o r ig ina l s e t t lemen t . N o s u ch d eve lopmen t a ppea r s t oh ave t a ken p l ace a tW i lco t e , a l though e xcava t ion s r e por ted i n t h i s v o lume , P a r t I , i n d ica te t h e p r e sence o f am ino r r o ad r unn ing s ou thwa rd s f r om A keman S t r ee ti nF i e ld 3 949 ( n o te a l so S hak enoak V .1 84 a nd F i g . 5 4 ) . T he e xcava t ion s a t A s tha l l s howed t h a t b eam s lo t c on s t ru c t ion , p o s s ib ly s u pp lemen ted b y p o s t -ho le s , w a s i nu se i nt h e f i r s ta nd s e cond c en tu r ie s , a nd t h a tw i th in t h em a jo ra r ea o fe xcava t ion ' t imbe rb u i ld ing sw e r e g ene ra l ly r e p laced b y s t one -f ounded 9

s t ruc tu re s . . b y t h e m id -second c en tu ry o r al i t t le l a te r . . . ' ( Boo th 1 997 , p . 1 52 ) . T he se ' b u i ld ing s w e re g ene ra l ly s t r ip -hou se s w i th t h e n a r row e nd s a l igned t oA keman S t r ee t . Wh i le t h e b u i ld ing s v i s ib le i na e r ia l p ho tog raph s o fS an som s P l a t t a r e u nexcava t ed a nd s o u nda ted , m o s t a r e c l ea r ly s t r ip -hou se s a l igned e nd -on t o t h e r o ad a nd w i th s t one f o unda t ion s . I n c on t ra s t , o ft h e f o u r b u i ld ing s a tW i lco t e , B u i ld ing 1w a s o fp o s t -ho le c on s t ru c t ion , p r e sen ted i t s l o ng s i de p a ra l le l t o t h e r o ad , a nd p r obab ly p r e -da t ed t h e p r edom inan t ly s e cond -cen tu ry d epo s i t s i ni t s v i c in i ty ( W i lco te I ,p . 25 ) . B u i ld ing 2 ,i fi t w a s ab u i ld ing , w a sa ga in ap o s t -ho le c on s t ruc t ion w i th i t sl o ng s i de f a c ing t h e r o ad ,a nd w a sp robab ly d emo l i shed b yt h el a te rf i r s tc en tu ry ( ac o in o fV e spa s ian c ame f r om o ne o f t h ep o s tho le s )( i b id . ) . B u i ld ing 3( i b id . ,p . 2 1) a ppea r st oh ave b een as t r ip h ou se o fb eam s l o t c on s t ruc t ion w i th i t s n a r row e nd a l igned t ot h e r o ad , a nd w a s d e sc r ibed a s ' l a te ' b ) t h e e xcava to r . H oweve r , t h e r e la t ion sh ip o ft h e b eam s lo t , F . 20 i nF i g .5b , W i lco le I ,t i t h ev a r iou sd epo s i t s( F .22 , F . 18 l e ve l 1a nd F . 17 l e ve l 1 )w a s u n c lea r , a nd i ti sp r obab l i t h a t t h ey p o s t -da ted t h i s b u i ld ing , f o r t h ey a ppea red c on t inuou s o n e i the r s i de o fwhat mu s th ave b een i t so u te rw a l lw i th n o s i gn so ff l oo r so rf i rm s u rf ace se i the r i n s ide o ro u t . I ts e em sm o re p r obab le t h a tl e ve l2 ,F i g .6 ,w a st h ef l oo r , w h ich w a sd a ted t oc .A .D . 1 00 10 (W i lco t eI ,p . 12 ) . B u i ld ing 4d a ted f r om t h em id second c en tu ry ( W i lco t eI ,p . 27f . ) . I tw a sp robab ly t h e e a s t w a l l o f as t one -f ounded s t r ip b u i ld ing a l igned w i th t h e n a r row e nd p a ra l le l t o A keman S t r ee t , a nd s o i st h e o n ly e xamp le s o f a r f o und a tW i lco te w h ich r e semb le s t h e m a jo r i ty o ft h eb u i ld ing sa tt h en e ighbou r ing r o ad s ide s e t t lemen t s . T he o bv iou sc onc lu s ion t ob e d r awn f r om t h e se o b se rva t ion s i st h a t W i lco te , w h i le i t m ay h ave h ad s omewha t e a r l ie r o r ig in s t h an i t s n e ighbou r s o n t h e r o ad , d eve lop ed a sa s c a t t e ro fp o s t -ho le o rb eam s lo tb u i ld ing s i nt h e f i r s t a nd e a r ly s e cond c en tu r ie s , a nd b y t h e m idd le o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry w a s b eg inn ing t o a c qu i re s t one -f ounded b u i ld ing s . H oweve r , i tt h en w en t i n to a s h a rp d ec l ine , a nd c on sequen t ly n eve r d eve loped t h e n ume rou s s t one -f ounded s t ruc tu re s a nd s i de road s w h ich c ha ra c te r ise A s tha l l a nd S an som 's P l a t t . A l though W i lco te u nde rwen t s ome th ing o f ßr e v iva l i n t h e f o u r th c en tu ry , a si ss hown b y F . 55 ( W i lco t e I ,p .2 1 ) , F . 77 l e ve l 1( W i lco t e I , p . 30f . ) a nd t h e c o in s f r om f i e ld 3 949 ( W i l co te I . p . 46f . ) , n o s t ruc tu re s o f t h is d a te h ave s o f a r b een f ound ,a nd t h i sl a t ea c t iv i ty s e em st oh ave b een v e ry r e s t r ic ted i na r ea . T h i s l e ad s t oa no the r q ue s t ion : w hy d o t h e h i s to r ie s o f W i lco t e a nd i t s n e ighbou r s a ppea r t od i ve rge a r ound t h e l a t te r p a r t o ft h e s e cond c e n tu ry? T h is m ay b e l o oked a t f r om t wo p e r spec t ive s :t h es t r ic t ly l o ca l , s e ek ing a na n sw e rw i th in W i lco te i t se lf ,o rm o re w ide ly ,c on s ide r ing a l so t h ed eve lopmen to fn e ighbou r ing s i t e s . T he re i sn o o bv iou s r e a son w hy W i lco te s hou ld h ave f a i led t owa rd s t h e e nd o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry . T he re w a s s t i l l p l en ty o f s t one t ob e q ua r r ied a nd b r ick a nd t i l e w e re p r e sumab ly s t i l l i nd emand , t h ough i tm ay b e n o ted t h a t t h e t h i rd a nd f ou r th c en tu ry b u i ld ing s a t t h e S hakenoak v i l la w e re r o of ed i n s t one s l a te s ( S hakenoak I ,p . 3 6 ) , r e p la c ing t h e s e cond c en tu ry t i l e s ( S hak enoak I , p . 52 ) . H oweve r , b r ick s w e r e s t i l l u s ed f o r t h e f ou r th -cen tu ry h ypocau s t p i lae ( S hak enoak I ,p .20 , 2 4 ) . T he d emand f o r c l ay r o of t i le s m ay h ave b een r e duced b y c ompe t i t ion f r om t h e S t one sf ie ld s l a te i n du s t ry , b u t 1 0

t h e r e i sn o r e a son t os u ppo se t h a t b r ick c ea sed t ob e r e qu i red . T he a ba t to i r a nd m ea t p r oce s s ing f u nc t ion s l i k ew i se m igh t h ave b een e xpec ted t oc on t inue , b u t t h ey a ppea r t o h ave b een r e sumed o n ly a f t e r ab r eak o f ac en tu ry . T he re w a s n o e v iden ce f r om S hakenoak t o i n d ica te a s h if t o f t h e se a c t iv i t ie s t o t h e v i l la e nc lo su r e i n t h e t h i rd c en tu ry . . A s t ot h e t r aff i c o n t h e r o ad , t h e re i sn o r e a son t o s uppo se i tu nde rwen t a ny d ec l ine a tt h i s t ime , o rt h a t s e rv ice s t ot r ave l le r s w e re l e s s i nd emand . o rt h a t m a rk e t s c e a sed t ob en eeded . T he i mmed ia te r o ad s ide n e ighbou r s o fW i lco t e m ay h ave o w ed t h e i r e s tab l ishmen t a nd s u rv iva l t o s p ec if ic f e a tu re s , s u ch a s ar i ve r c r o s s ing o r am a jo r . r oad j un c t ion . W i lco te h ad n e i the ro ft h e se f e a tu re s . L a ck o f ap e rmanen tw a te rs upp ly mu s th ave b een a s e r iou sd i sadvan tage . T h es i ng le w e l ls of a rl o ca ted ,F . 47 ( W i lco t eI ,p .1 3 ) ,w a sp r obab ly o f C laud ian d a te a nd o u t o f u s e b y t h e F l av ian p e r iod . T he R oman c i s ter n b e low t h e m ode rn p ond S P370 156 ( W i l co t eI ,p . 37 , f i g .16 ) . d r ied u p i ns umme r 1 994 , a nd t h e re i s n o r e a son t os uppo se i tw ou ld n o t h ave d one s oo n o cca s ion i nR oman t ime s . T he r e a r e m any s ma l l s p r ing s a nd s e a sona l p ond s i nt h e v i c in i ty , m o s t ly a s ar e su l t o fs p r ing l ine s a tt h e m ee t ing s o fl i me s tone a nd c l ay d epo s i t s o n t h e h i l l s l ope s , b u t a l d r y u p i nt h e s umme r , w i th t h e e x cep t ion o ft h e p ond n ea r S P374 155 w i th in t h e d e se r ted m ed ieva l v i l lage s i te . T he R ive r E ven lode r u n s a bou t l km e a s t o ft h e e a s te rn e nd o ft h e R oman s e t t lemen t . H oweve r , t h ep rov i s ion o fa n a dequa te w a te r s upp ly f o r as ub s tan t ia l n umbe r o fp eop le a nd a n ima l s m u s t h ave b een as e r iou s p r ob lem i n ad r y s umme r . T he p o s i t ive f a c to r d i c ta t ing t h e l o ca t ion o f t h e s e t t lemen t w a s p r e sumab ly t h e o u t c ropp ing o f c o rnb ra sh l i me s tone i nt h e f o rm o f s h a t te red b l ock s s u i tab le f o r r o ad -bu i ld ing . O the r a c t iv i t ie s , s u ch a s t h e p r ov i s ion o f s e rv ice s t ot r ave l le r s a nd am a rke t f u n c t ion , m igh t h ave b een e xpec ted t oc on t inue t h roughou t t h e R oman p e r iod . T o s um u p , t h e r e w e re d i sadvan tage s t o t h e l o ca t ion o f W i lco te a s as ub s tan t ia l s e t t lemen t , a nd t h e se m ay p e rhap s h ave r e s t r ic ted i t s g r ow th a ta l t ime s , b u t t h e r e i sn o o bv iou s r e a son w hy t h ey s h ou ld s udden ly h ave p r oved f a ta lc .A .D . 2 00 .

T he e conomy o f Wi lco te T he e conomy o f W i lco te w i l l h ave b een c on s ide rab ly d i f f e r en t i n i t s e a r ly , r o ad c on s t ruc t ion a nd ' m i l i ta ry ' p ha se s , f r om t h a t i ni t s l a te r d eve lopmen t i n to a m a rke t c en t re . T he e a r l ie rf u nc t ion s , p o s tu la ted i nt h e p r eced ing s e c t ion , a r e d i ff icu l tt od i scu s s i ne conom ic t e rm s ,t h e r eb e ing l i t t le u s ef u le v idence . T he re i s much m o r ei n f o rma t ion f o r t h e p e r iod f r om c .A .D . 7 0 t ot h e l a te r s e cond c en tu ry . T he m a t te rc an b e a pp roach ed i n s e ve ra l w ay s : t h e p r oduc t ion , p r oce s s ing a nd m a rke t ing o f g ood s ( t ang ib le s ) ; t h e p r ov i s ion o f s e rv ice s ( i n tang ib le s ) ; t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e m oney a nd b a r te r 1

e conom ie s ; a nd t h e w ho le q ue s t ion o f w ho o wned w ha t a nd w he re t h e p rof i t s o f t h e o pe ra t ion sw h ich t o ok p l ace a tW i lco te a c tua l ly e nded u p ;t on ame o n ly f ou r . W i lco te c an b e s e en a s ap r ima ry , s e conda ry a nd t e r t ia ry s upp l ie ro fg ood s ( t ang ib le s ) a nd s e rv ice s ( i n tang ib le s ) . P r ima ry a c t iv i t ie s a r e t h o se w h ich y i e ld am a rke tab le p r oduc t f r om r aw m a te r ia l s a va i lab le o n t h e s i t e , f o r e xamp le t a ng ib le s s u ch a s s t one -qua r ry ing a nd b r ick -mak ing , a nd i n tang ib le s s u ch a s l a bou r . S econda ry a r e t h o se w h ich i mpo r t m a t e r ia l so rp roduc t s a nd c onver tt h em i n to o t he rp roduc t s f o rr e sa le ,t h e s o r to fa c t iv i t ie s w h ich t o day a t t ra c t VAT . T e r t ia ry a c t iv i t ie s a r et h o se w h ich i mpor t ap roduc ta nd r e se l l i t u nchanged , t h ough p o s s ib ly b ough t w ho le sa le a nd s o ld r e ta i l , w h ich i sw ha t o ccu r s i na m a rke t . .T h i s s ub jec t h a s b een a dd r e s sed b r ie f ly ' in W i lco t e I( p . 2 1 , F i g . 5 ) . Mo re e v iden ce i s n ow a va i lab le , a nd w h i le i ti si n adequa te f o ra na t temp ta t as yn the s i s , i ti sp o s s ib le t ol i s t an umbe r o f e l emen t s i nt h e e conomy , t h ough w i thou t t r y ing t o e s t ima te t h e i r r e la t ive i mpo r tance . 1 . W i lco te a s ap r imary p roduc t ion s i te . I ti su n l ike ly t h a t W i lco te p r oduced a ny o ve ra l l s u rp lu s o f a g r icu l tu ra l p r oduc t s , t h ough i tm ay h ave b een s e lf suppo r t ing i nf o od p r odu c t ion . . T he a s sump t ion t h a t t h e o n ly l a nd a va i lab le t ot h e i n hab i tan t s w a s an a r row s t r ip a l ong s ide t h e r o ad ( W i lco t e I ,p . 7 )w ou ld m ake s i gn if i can ta g r icu l tu ra l s u rp lu se si mpo s s ib le . T he r e i sg ood e v idence f o r ab r ick - a nd t i l e -k i ln a tt h e w e s te rn e nd o ft h e s i t e i no r v e ry n ea r F i e ld 0 040 . T he n ea re s t c u s tome r s w ou ld h ave b een t h e n ew v i l la s i n t h e v i c in i ty . A s soc ia ted w i th t h i sa c t iv i ty w a s l i me -bu rn ing , p e rhap so n al i m i ted s c a le . A no the r p r ima ry p roduc t w a s t h e s t one f r om t h e q ua r r ie s i nF i e ld 5 651 , u s ed f o r t h e c on s t ruc t ion a nd m a in tenance o f t h e r o ad . T he s t on e u s ed i n t h e b u i ld ing o f t h e S hakenoak v i l la w a s o f ah i ghe r q ua l i ty t h an t h a t f r om t h e e xcava ted q ua r r ie s , b u t i ti s v e ry p r obab le t h a tt h e r e a r eo t he ru nexcava ted q ua r r ie s a tW i lco te . T he r e i sa s y e t n o e v idence f o r p o t t e ry p r odu c t ion a t W i lco te , b u t i tw i l l n o t b e p o s s ib le t o m ake a ny d ef in i te s t a temen t u n t i l amu ch l a rge r p ropo r t ion o f t h e s i t e h a s b een i n ve s t iga ted . T he s i te h a s p r odu ced a lmo s t n o w a s te r s , a nd t h e o n ly ' s econd s ' a r e t h e v e ry c ommon e a r ly s e cond -cen tu ry f a b r ic 6' c ook ing p o t s ' d i scu s sed b e low ( p . 1 92 ) , m any o fw h ich s how s ome d i s to r t ion d ue t oo ve r -f i r ing . I ti sa l so p robab le t h a t s ome i f n o t a l o ft h e p oo r ly -f i r ed c a lc i te - a nd s h e l l -g r i t ted f a b r ic 1 0 v e s se ls w e r e m ade o n t h e s i t e . O the rw ise a l t h e p o t te ry c an b e a c coun ted f o r a s t h e p r oduc t s o fr e a sonab ly l o ca l i n du s t r ie so r mo r er a re ly a sl o nge r -d i s tance i mpo r t s . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tW i lco te h ad a n i mpor tan t i n tang ib le e xpo r t i nl a bou r . I ti sa tp r e sen t i mpos s ib le t oe s t ima te t h e p opu la t ion o ft h e s e t t lemen t o rt h e p r ec ise a r ea o fo ccupa t ion ( wha teve rm ean ing m igh tb e a t ta ched t ot h a tp h ra se ) . B u tt h e a lmo s t c omp le te e xcava t ion o f t h e v i l la e nc lo su re a t n ea rby S hakenoak r e vea led n o a c commoda t ion f o r t h e a g r icu l tu ra l w o rke r s a nd t h e i r f am i l ie s n eeded t or u n t h e e s ta te . B u i ld ing A i n co rpo ra ted 1 2

b a th s i nt h e f o u r th c en tu ry , a nd p robab ly h ou sed t h e f a rm m anage r o r o wne r a nd h i s f am i ly , b u t t h e r e w a s i n suff ic ien t a c commoda t ion t oh ou se t h e l a bou r e r s r e qu i red t or un t h e v i l la e s ta te , a nd t h e c e r ta in c onc lu s ion w a s t h a t t h e f i e ld w o rke r s l i ved e l sewhe r e . I n deed ;i tmay w e l l b e t h a t t h e c oncep t o ft h e r o ad s ide s e t t lemen t o n t h e o ne h and , a nd t h e n e ighbou r ing v i l la s o n t h e o t he r , a st wo s e pa ra te e conom ic e n t i t ie s , i sa c tua l ly f a lse . T he i n hab i tan t s o fW i lco te m ay h ave b een ' t i ed ' i n to t h e v i l la e conomy , e i the r l e ga l ly o r d ef ac to , a tl e a s t f o rt h o s e p a r t s o ft h e y ea r w hen t h e f i e ld s n eeded a t ten t ion : p l ough ing , s ow ing , o r h a rve s t ing . T h is s ymb io s i s o f aw ea l thy f a rme r 's h ou se a nd an ea rby f a rm w o rke r s ' v i l lage i so rh a sb een ac ommon f e a tu re i nm any p a r t so ft h ew o r ld , f o re xamp le m ed ieva l E ng land , R u s s ia b ef o r e ( a nd , o n ad i f f e ren t l e ga l b a s is , a f t e r ) 1 86 1 , o r K enya b ef o r e a nd a f t e r i n dependen ce . A t o t he r t ime s o ft h e a g r icu l tu ra l y ea r t h e s ame w o rke r s m ay h ave b een i nd emand a tW i lco te , f o r e xamp le s l augh te r ing a n ima l s a nd p roce s s ing c a r ca se s i nt h e a u tumn . T he e conom ie s o fW i lco te a nd t h e n ea rby v i l la s m ay h ave b een i n te rdependen tt ot h ep o in to fi n sepa rab i l i ty , a nd t oh ave r e l ied o nt h es ame l a bou rf o r ce .

A no the r p o ten t ia l e mp loye r o f W i lco te l a bou r m ay h ave b een t h e a u tho r i t ie s r e spon s ib le f o r t h e m a in tenance o f t h e r o ad . T he q ua r r ie s w e re u s ed , p r obab ly i n te rm i t ten t ly , f r om t h e c onque s t p e r iod t ot h e e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry . T he o pe ra t ion o ft h e q ua r r ie s a nd r e pa i r s t ot h e r o ad m ay h ave b een ac o rve , o rt h e q ua r r ie s m ay h ave b een o wned b y s ome b ody w h ich e mp loyed t h e l o ca l i n hab i tan t st ow o rk t h em . 2 . W i lco te a s as e condary p roduc t ion s i te . W i lco te a l so p roce s sed t h e p r ima ry p rodu c t s o f o t he r s i te s a nd r e so ld t h em i n m od if ied f o rm . T he r e i sc l ea r e v idence t h a t a n a ba t to i r f u nc t ioned a t t h e s i t e i n t h e s e cond , a nd a ga in i nt h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e f ou r th , c en tu ry ( t h i s v o lume , p .2 12f . ) . T he a n ima l s w e r e c e r ta in ly n o tr e a r ed o nt h e s i t e , b u t r e p r e sen tt h e a g r icu l tu ra l s u rp lu s o ft h e v i l la e conomy , a nd p o s s ib ly p r oduce f r om t h e l e s s R oman ised f a rm s o f t h e T hame s V a l ley . T he m ea t w a s p robab ly p r e se rved b y s mok ing ( W i lco t e I ,p . 1 74 , P l a te 1 ;t h is v o lume , p . 2 16 , P l a te 3 ) a nd t h en e xpo r ted . O nce a ga in , t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tw een v i l la /p roduce r a nd s e t t lemen t /p roce s so r i su nc lea r : d i d t h ey t r ade w i th e a ch o t he r a s s e pa ra te e conom ic e n t i t ie s ,o rw a st h e a ba t to i ro pe ra ted b y t h e s ame m en w ho w o rked t h e v i l la e s ta te? Wa s W i lco te j u s t ac onven ien t r o ad s ide c en t re w h ich t h e l o ca l v i l la -owne r s c ou ld u se a sa n e x ten s ion o ft h e i rp rope r t ie s , w i th t h e a ba t to i r r u n a s av i l la -owne r s ' c o o pe ra t ive a c t iv i ty? S heep w e r e a l so i mpo r ted a nd s l augh te red , a nd ' t he s h eep a tW i lco te w e r e p a r t o fa w ide re conom ic s y s tem ' ( b e low ,p .2 19 ) . Woo lw a sc e r ta in ly ap roduc to ft h e l o ca l v i l la s , b u t t h e s l ende r e v idence f o r s p inn ing a nd l a ck o fe v idence f o r w eav ing a r e i n d ica t ive o f o n ly av e ry s ma l l sca le c l o th -mak ing a c t iv i ty a tm o s t . O n t h e o t he r h and , t h e s i t e h a s p rodu ced c on s ide rab le n umbe r s o f n eed le s o f b one , i r on a nd e s pec ia l ly b ronze . . T he n umbe ro fq u i te l a rge b r onz en eed le sm ay i n d ica te s ome a c t iv i ty o n amo r et h an d ome s t ic s c a le .

1 3

The provision of services to travellers on the road may be included under this heading. These services can be seen as something resembling modern motorway services (though one might hope at a higher gastronomic standard) or the clusters of businesses which congregate at the turnoffs from US Interstate highways. These commonly include: meals in a restaurant, takeaway food and groceries; petrol and car servicing; and motel accommodation. In Romano-British terms: taberna, market, provision for draught oxen and horses, perhaps a mutatio, possibly a mansio. However, no buildings which could conceivably have fulfilled any of these functions have so far been revealed at Wilcote. On the other hand, the considerable quantities of fine wares, amphorae and glass vessels present on the site indicate considerably more than a low-status rural settlement. 3. Wilcote as a tertiary economic site. Wilcote surely had a market function, here designated as 'tertiary' economic activity, that is one where goods are imported and exported again without any modification except perhaps a transition from wholesale to retail. Substantial activity in this area can be inferred, but on present evidence the details remain elusive. Since agricultural produce was the mainstay of the Romano-British economy, and Wilcote is situated within an area of intensive (villa-based) agricultural activity, with the equally intensive but probably less surplus-productive rural economy of the Thames Valley settlements just a few kilometets to the south, agricultural produce must certainly have been traded through the site. The hypothetical Wilcote market would have been a nett exporter of foodstuffs of all kinds: meat and grain, but also fish (note the Shakenoak fishponds less than 2km distant: Shakenoak IV); cheese (Wilcote II, p. 230, 7; below, pot no. 2855), poultry, game and other minor constituents. Possibly timber was exported, either unworked or worked (for example, the planks and laths described in Shakenoak IV). The list of products of a rural economy that would have disappeared without trace under the conditions at Wilcote is endless: see, for example, Kolchin 1989. It is tempting to emphasise the market potential of the local villas at the expense of that of the lower-status sites to the south, on the Thames gravels. The former certainly possessed more disposable income per site and produced larger agricultural surpluses per site than the latter, but the latter greatly outnumbered the former and so the relative potential flows of goods, money and agricultural produce to the two categories of site is not easily determined. We can only guess which was the larger market. It should also be borne in mind that while Wilcote obviously benefited from the east-west and west-east trade flow along the road, the Thames lay only 10km to the south-east, providing direct transit to London, and that river transport was far cheaper per mile than that by road. Thus the movement of goods along this north-south axis to the river may have been of considerable importance to the Wilcote market for two reasons: it connected with a group of customers who made up in numbers wh�t they lacked in individual wealth, and it gave cheap access to more distant markets including London. No major north-south road has been identified in the immediate vicinity of Wilcote, but it may be that communication was through the network of minor roads and tracks which certainly existed in the area, and may have been located on the eastern side of Field 3949 ( excavations reported in this volume, Part II), confirming the connection of the Shakenoak villa to Akeman Street 14

a l ong t h e l i n e t e n ta t ive ly p r opo sed ( S hak enoak V , p . 184 , f i g .54 ) . A n a c ce s s r o ad c e r ta in ly r a n n o r th -ea s twa rd s f r om t h e v i l la e nc lo su re , a nd as u rf aced t r a ck l e d a way t o t h es ou th . S uch m ino rr o ad sa r en o te a s i ly t r a ced ,f o rt h ey w i l lh ave s uf f e red g r ea t ly f r om l a te r a g r icu l tu ra l a c t iv i t ie s . T he re a r e u n l ike ly t oh ave b een a ny s e r iou s d i f f icu l t ie s o f c ommun ica t ion b e tw een W i lco te a nd t h eT hame s . Am a rke ta tW i lco te w ou ld a l so h ave h and led a n i nwa rd f l ow o fg ood s , o pe ra t ing a s a n e n t r epo t . Two i t em s s t and o u t i n t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd , t h ough o t h e r s l e s s a r chaeo log ica l ly v i s ib le m ay h ave b een o fe qua lo rg r ea te ri mpo r tance . T he se a r ep o t te ry , a nd g ood s i mpo r ted i na mpho ra e a nd c e r ta in o t he r l a rge c on ta ine r s . T he se mu s t h ave t r ave l led u p t h e r o ad a nd e n te red t h e h i n te r land t h rough r o ad s ide s e t t lemen t s s u ch a s W i lco te . T h e m e thod s o ft r an spo r t w ou ld h ave b een o x -ca r t s , s l ow -mov ing b u t s u i tab le f o rh eavy , s ho r te r -d i s tan ce l o ad s , a nd h o r se - o rd onkey -ba ck ( W i lco t e I ,p . 173 , 4 . v ) f o r l i gh te r , l o nge r -d i s tan ce l o ad s . T he l a rge s t q uan t i t ie s o f p o t s c ame f r om t h e n ea r e s t s ou r ce s , a s w ou ld h ave b een e xpec ted , w i th t h e O xf o rd . S eve rn V a l ley a nd p robab ly N o r th W i l t sh i re i n du s t r ie s a s t h e m a jo r s upp l ie r s . T he f i ne w a re s w e re d om ina ted b y s am ian , b u t w i th o t he r o cca s iona l G au l i sh a nd R h ine land i mpo r t s . Mo r ta r ia a l so c ame f r om n o r the rn G au l ,a sw e l la sf r om Mance t te r -Ha r t sh i l lt ot h en o r th a nd t h eV e ru lam ium r e g ion t ot h ee a s t . T he c oa r se w a re sa nd al i m i ted a moun to ft h es am ian w ou ld h ave b een i ng ene ra l d emand , b u t p r e sumab ly t h e f i ne w a r e s w e r e m o s t ly d e s t ined f o r t h e v i l la s . H oweve r ,t h e r ei s ap r ob lem i nt h i si n t e rp r e ta t ion o ft h ef u nc t ion so fW i lco te . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t w i th t h e e x cep t ion o f s am ian a nd a f ew s h e rd s o f g l o s sy b l a ck s l ipped ' Rhen i sh ' b eake r s , t h e f i ne w a re s f o und a tW i lco te w e r e n o t f ound a tS hakenoak v i l la ( t he r eh a sb een t o o l i t t le e xcava t ion a to t he rl o ca l v i l la s f o ra ny c onc lu s ion st ob e d r awn c on ce rn ing t h em ) . I fW i lco te w a s m e r e ly at r an s i tp o in t f o r s u ch w a re s , t h en o ne w ou ld e xpec tt of i nd o n ly o cca s iona l b r eakage s aW i lco te a nd t h e g r ea t b u lk o ft h ep o t s a tt h e v i l la s i t e s . A l so , as i gn if ican t a moun to ft h e s am ian a nd g l a s s f ound a tW i lco t ep r e -da te s t h ee a r l ie s tv i l la s . T he c ommon o ccu r r ence o fD r e s se l 2 0 , a nd l e s s c ommon ly G au lo ise 4 ,a mpho ra e , t o ge th e r w i th af ew s h e rd s o f ' c a r ro t ' a mpho ra e ( P eacock & W i l l iam s C la s s 1 2 ) , m ay i n d ica te a no the r m a rke t f unc t ion , t h e c hange f r om w ho le sa le t o r e ta i l t r ade . A f u l l a mpho ra o f o i l o r w ine m ay h ave b een a n i n conven ien t ly l a rge q uan t i ty f o r as i ng le c u s tome r , s o t r an sf e r t o s ma l le r c on ta in e r s a nd r e sa le i n s ma l le r q uan t i t ie s m ay h ave t a k en p l a ce . O nt h eo t he rh and , t h e S hakenoak v i l la p r oduced s h e rd so fa l t h e se t y pe so f a mpho ra ,i n c lud ing P ea cock & W i l l iam s 1 2 . T he o n ly o t he rv e s se ls w h ich c an b ei d en t if ied w i th r e a sonab le c e r ta in ty a sc on ta in e r s a r et h es ma l lg l obu la ra mpho ra f r om t h eB rock ley H i l lk i ln s( W i lco t eI ,F i g . 9 2 ,n o .2545 ) a nd t h e l a rge ' p ink g r ogged w a re ' ( f ab r ic 6 1 )j a r s ( i b id . , f i g . 7 1 , n o s . 1 807 182 1 ; p .2 29 , 3 ) . I nn e i th e rc a se a r et h ec on ten t sk nown . I tm ay b et h a tF i e ld 3 949 a c commoda ted am a rke t , a tl e a s tb e tween c .A .D . 2 60 -360 , i nv i ew o ft h e l a rge n umbe r s o fc o in s f ound i nt h et o p so i l a nd t h e l a ck o fo t he ra r tef a c t s ( W i lco t eI ,p .5 ;W i lco t eI ,p .4 6 ,T ab le 1 0 )i nt h em a in a r ea o ft h ef i e lf . 1 5

S ea sona l i ty Many , i fn o t a l , o ft h e e conom ic a c t iv i t ie s d i scu s sed a bove w ou ld h ave b een t os ome e x ten t d ependen t o n t h e s e a son . T he r e w e re a lways , a st h e r e s t i l l a r e t o day , t h e p eak s o f a c t iv i ty i nt h e f a rme r 's y ea r , p l ough ing a nd s ow ing , h a r ve s t ing o fc r op s , c u t t ing o fh ay , a nd b r eed ing a nd c u l l ing o fs t ock . T he r o ad m ay n o t h ave b een u sab le b y h eavy o x -ca r t s i nt h ew e t te r mon th s , m ak ing i ti mpo s s ib le t oe xpor ts t one o rb r ick . T rave l t h roughou tt h e w in te r m ay h ave p r e sen ted s uff ic ien t d i ff icu l t ie s a st od i scou rage t r ade a l ong t h e r o ad s , e ven f o r g ood s c a r r ied b y h o r se - o rd onkey -back , a nd t h e s i t e m ay h ave f u nc t ioned a sa m a rke t c en t re o n ly a tc e r ta in t ime s i nt h e y ea r . At r ave l le r p a s s ing t h rough W i lco te i n J a nua ry w ou ld h ave r e ce ived av e ry d i f f e r en t i mp re s s ion o ft h e s e t t lemen t f r om t h a t h e w ou ld h ave r e ce ived i nt h e s umme ro re a r ly a u tumn . A n ' open ' o r' c lo sed ' e conomy? I ft h e re i sa ny s ub s tance i nt h e a bove d i scu s s ion s , t h en W i lco te h ad a r ema rkab ly ' o pen ' e conomy , t h a t i so ne w he re t h e c i r cu la t ion o f money , s e rv ice s a nd g ood s w i th o t he r c en t re s g r ea t ly e xceeded t h e c i r cu la t ion o f t h e se w i th in t h e s i t e i t s e lf , t h i s l a s t d ef in ing a' c lo sed ' e conomy . T he a ve rage v i l la h ad a n o pen e conomy , w i th t h e m a jo r i ty o ft h e a g r icu l tu ra l p rodu ce b e ing e xpo r ted , a nd m any l u xu ry g ood s a nd s e rv ice s b e ing i mpo r ted . O nt h eo t he rh and ,t h e s ma l l f a rm s tead so ft h e T hame sV a l ley w ou ld h ave b een • m o r e c l o sed , w i th o n ly s ma l l e xpo r tab le a g r icu l tu ra l s u rp lu se s a nd h ence l e s s w ea l th a va i lab le f o r e xpend i tu r e o n i mpo r ted g ood s . I t m ay b e a s sumed t h a t s ma l l sca le a g r icu l tu ra lp roduc t ion r e nde r ed W i lco te m o re o rl e s s s e lf suppo r t ing , i nf o od a tl e a s t , b u t i nt r u th t h e re i sl i t t le a r chaeo log ica l e v idence t os uppo r t t h is v i ew . I ti sq u i te p o s s ib le t o p r opo se a n e conom ic s t ru c tu re b a sed a lmo s t w ho l ly o n t h e p r ima ry , s e conda ry a nd t e r t ia ry a c t iv i t ie s l i s ted a bove , w i th a lmo s t n o p r ima ry p roduc t ion w i th in t h e s i t e o fa ny o ft h eg ood sc on sumed w i th in i t ,l e ad ing t o at o ta l ly ' o pen ' e conomy . Money v e r su sB ar ter T h is s ub jec t h a s b een t o u ched u pon i nW i lco t e H . p .2 1 , F i g . 5 ,a nd l i t t le mo re c an b e a dded a tt h is s t age . I ti ss t r ik ing t h a t i fc o in s f r om t h e moder n p l ough so i l , a nd t h e l a rge f o u r th -cen tu ry g roup f r om F . 77 l e ve l 1 ,a r e e xc luded , t h en o ft h e 4 3 r ema in ing s t ra t if ied c o in s f r om F i e ld 5 65 1 , 2 6 a r e f i r s t -cen tu ry , 6a r e s e cond -cen tu ry , t wo e a r ly t h i rd -c en tu ry , a nd n i ne d a te f r om t h e p e r iod A .D . 2 60 -360 . T h i s i n d ica te s t h a t c o in s w e r e i nu s e f r om t h ec onque s tp e r iod t h rough t ot h e e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry , w h ich i sv e r y u nu sua l f o r as ma l l r u ra l s i te a nd w ou ld o n ly b ep o s s ib le o n as i t e w i th a n ' o pen ' e conomy . Who o wned wha t? T h is i sa tf i r s t s i gh t a n u nan swe rab le q ue s t ion . H ow eve r , i tn eed s t o b e a s k ed f o r w h i le o n mo s t v i l la s t h e w ea l th p r oduced b y a g r icu l tu re c an b e s e en r e appea r ing i nt h e 1 6

a r cha eo log ica l r e co rd a sf i ne b u i ld ing s , c a rved s t onewo rk , w a l l p a in t ing s , m o sa ic s , f i ne p o t te ry ,g l a s s ,m e ta lwo rk ,a nd l u xu ry g ood ss u ch a so l ive o i l a nd w ine ,n o s u ch a n swe ri s a va i lab le f o r W i lco t e . I ti sc l ea r t h a t t h e s i t e p r oduced w ea l th , f o r t h e re w a s al o t o f e conom ic a c t iv i ty o nt h es i te ,w h ich i s ac l ea ri n d ica t ion t h a ts u ch a c t iv i ty w a sp r of i tab le . A l so , m any l u xu ry g ood s w e re p r e sen t , a nd am oney e conomy f l ou r i shed f r om t h e f i r s t . L i t t le o f t h e r e su l t ing w ea l th s e em s t o h ave e nded u p o n t h e s i te i n s t ruc tu ra l f o rm , h ow eve r . L iv ing c ond i t ion s t h e re a ppea r a ta l t ime s t oh ave b een s qua l id a nd h ou s ing p r im i t ive i nt h e e x t reme . I f ,t h en , t h e w ea l th p r odu ced w a s e nd ing u p e l sewhe re , w he re w a s t h a t p l a ce a nd w ho se w ea l th w a s i t ? I ti s n o t p os s ib le t o s e e W i lco te a s a n e c onom ica l ly a u tonomou ss e t t lemen t . T he r e a r e s e ve ra l p o s s ib i l i t ie s . F i r s t ly , ' Th e A u tho r i t ie s ' , t h a t i st os a y s ome f o rm o f g ove rnmen t , l o ca l , r e g iona l o r c en t ra l , c ou ld h ave e xe r c i sed c on t ro l l ing p ow e r . P r e sumab ly t h e c on s t ru c t ion a nd m a in tenance o f t h e r oad s y s tem w a s a lways ' t he i r ' r e spon s ib i l i ty , o r ig ina l ly m i l i ta ry , l a te r c i v i l ian . T he q ua r r ie s a t W i lco te i n d ica te a c on t inu ing c once rn w i th s t one e x t ra c t ion , a nd c once ivab ly t h i s c ou ld a lway s h ave r ema ined t h e c o r e e conom ic a c t iv i ty , a l e l se b e ing s ub s id ia ry t o i t . I n o t he r w o rd s , W i lco te m ay a lways h ave b een u nde rs ome f o rm o f' g ove rnmen ta l ' c on t ro l . H oweve r , t h i s s e em s i n adequa te t o a c coun t f o r a l t h e l a te r a c t iv i t ie s . A no the r p o s s ib i l i ty i st h a t W i lco te w a s e f f ec t ive ly ac oope ra t ive v en tu re r un b y t h e l o ca l v i l la o wne r s . Many o ft h e a c t iv i t ie s o n t h e s i t e , s u ch a sb r ick -mak ing , w e re r e la ted t ot h e i r i mmed ia te n eed s , a sw a s t h e e xpo r t impo r t m a rke t ing . T he a ba t to i r a nd m ea t -p roce s s ing w a s s imp ly a n e x ten s ion o ft h e e conomy o ft h e i r e s ta te s . W i lco te a s as ou r ce o fl a bou r h a sb een d i scu s sed a bove . S pecu la t ion i s p r obab ly p r of i t le s s , b u t i ts hou ld b e e mpha s ised t h a t s omeone , s omewhe re , p r ov ided t h e c ap i ta l f o r t h e e conom ic a c t iv i ty a t W i lco te , a nd t h a t t h i s ' s omewhe re ' w a sp r e sumab ly w he re t h ep r of i t se nded u p . F ina l ly , t h e r e la t ion sh ip o ft h e s e t t lemen t t ol o ca l o rc en t ra l g ove rnmen t w a s s u r e ly f i nanc ia l . T he l a nd i mmed ia te ly a l ong s ide t h e m a jo r R oman r o ad s w a s p r obab ly g ove rnmen t p r ope r ty , a nd i tw ou ld b e n a ive t os uppo se t h a t t h e a u tho r i t ie s w ou ld h ave p e rm i t ted w ha t w ou ld i ne f f ec t h ave b een s qua t te ro ccupa t ion t op e r s i s t f o r c en tu r ie s o n g ove rnmen tl a nd w i thou ta ny r e imbu r semen t . T h i sm igh th ave t a ken t h e f o rm o ft a xe s ,o r p o s s ib ly ar e spon s ib i l i ty f o rt h em a in tenance o ft h er o ad i nt h ev i c in i ty o ft h es e t t lemen t .

S ummary O nt h eb a s i so ft h er e su l t so b ta in ed f r om t h ee xcava t ion o fp e rhap s 1 0% o rl e s so ft h e a r ea o f t h e s i t e , i ti sp r ov i s iona l ly s ugge s ted t h a t W i lco te c anno t b e c on s ide red i n i s o la t ion a sa ni n dependen te n t i ty , b u t c an o n ly b e i n te rp re ted a sf o rm ing p a r to f al a rge r i n t eg ra ted e conom ic c ommun i ty . I tw a sp r obab ly p a r to ft h el o ca lv i l la e conomy ,p o s s ib ly a l so p a r t o ft h e e conomy o f t h e s ma l l f a rm s tead s o f t h e T hame s V a l ley . B ecau se w e e xcava te s i t e s i n d iv idua l ly , w e t e nd t ot h ink o ft h em a s h av ing i n dependen t s o c ia l a nd 1 7

e conom ic e x i s tence s , y e ti tc an b ea r gued t h a tW i lco te h ad n or e a l i n dependen te x is tence , a nd t h a t c on sequ en t ly w hen e x te rna l e conom ic e l emen t s c hanged i nt h e l a te r t h i rd a nd l a te rf ou r th c en tu r ie s ,i ts imp ly v an i shed . T h i s h ypo the s i s c omp l ica te s t h e i n te rp r e ta t ion o ft h e r e su l t s o fe xcava t ion , s i n ce t h e e conom ic f o rce s t h a t c on t ro l led t h e d eve lopmen t a nd o pe ra t ion o ft h e s i te d i d n o t c ome f r om w i th in t h e s i te i t se lf . W i lco te , i ti sa r gued , s e rved t wo p u rpo se s : i tw a s a n e x t ra m u ra l e x ten s ion o ft h e l o ca l v i l la s , a nd i tw a s am a rke t w he r e t h e f l ow o fg ood s w a s d e te rm ined b y p roduce r s a nd c on sume r s w ho w e re n o t r e s iden t o nt h e s i te . F u r th e rmo re , t h e c ap i ta l , a nd t h e ref o r et h e d i rec t ive f o r ce sb eh ind a l t h ea c t iv i t ie s w h ich t o ok p l a ce a t W i lco te ,w e r en o tb a sed t h e re .

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Area n or th o ft he r oad i n F ie ld 5 651

c o ins : 1 82** , 1 90 b rooche s : 5 , 5 9 , 6 1* , 6 2 , 6 6 , 6 8 o t he rb ronz e : 1 09 , 15* , 1 34** , 1 37* , 1 4 1 , 1 42 , 1 44* , 1 48* , 1 50** i r on : 1 67** , 1 87* , 1 94* , 1 96* ,2 15 ,2 17 s t one : 2 9 , 3 8 ,4 2 s am ian : 5 11-514* , 5 15 -523** ,6 57 -680 s am ian s t amp s : 8 9** , 9 6 ,9 8 , 1 05 p o t : 2 825 -2837* ,2 838 -2865** , 3 370 -3431 g l a s s : 1 28 , 1 29 , 1 32 , 1 5 1 , 1 53 , 1 54 b one : 5 1 *f r om f i l lo fF . 26 * f r om f i l lo fF . 84

A na r ea o fa pp rox ima te ly 1 80m 2w a se xcava ted t ot h en o r th o ft h er o ad i nF i e ld 5 651 , i mmed ia te ly t ot h ew e s to ft h e a r ea s a l r eady d i scu s sed i nW i lco t e Ia nd / ( p lan , F ig .2a ) . T h i s p roduced t h e f i nd s l i s ted a bove , a nd at o ta l o f 1 8 ,632 s h e rd s o fp o t te ry a nd 308 a n ima lb one s . Ar e c tangu la r a r ea , F . 89 , m ea su r ing a pp rox ima te ly 6 x 5 m , o ccup ied m uch o ft h i s a r ea n o r th o ft h e l i ne o ft h e d i tch F . 26 . T h i s h ad w e l l -def ined l i m i t s a nd c omp r i sed a l a ye r o fr e d c l ay l y ing d i rec t ly o n t h e n a tu ra l y e l low c l ay . N o f i nd s l a y b e low t h i s r e d c l ay a nd o n ly 2 9 s h e rd s , a l l w o rn a nd u nda ted , c ame f r om w i th in i t . T he m ode rn p l ough so i l l a y d i r ec t ly a bove . T he r e w e r e n o a s soc ia ted f e a tu re s , n o g u l l ie s o rp o s tho le s i no rb e s ide i t ,n o s i gn s o fa ny p av ing a bove o ra d jacen t t oi t ,a nd i ti su n l ike ly t h a t i t r e p re sen ted ab u i ld ing . T he d i t ch F . 26 , e x tended 9 m i n to t h e e xcava ted a r ea b ef o re t e rm ina t ing i n ar ounded e nd . An umbe r o fu ncu t l ime s tone b l ock s f i l led t h e f i na l 1 . 5m . T he f i l l o ft h i s d i tch f u r the rt ot h ee a s th ad c on ta ined t h r ee d i s t inc tl e ve ls ( W i lco t eI ,p .1 3 , F ig . 7 a ,b ) , b u tt h e e a r l ie s t , C laud ian , l e ve l w a s a b sen t a t t h e w e s te rn e nd , a nd t h e m idd le l e ve l n ow c on ta ined o n ly av e ry f ew b odyshe rd s . T he u ppe r l e ve l c on s i s ted o fb l ack e a r th a nd w a s c on t inuou sw i th t h ea d ja cen tu n sea led d epo s i t s . T he f i nd s f r om F . 26 a r e l i s ted s e pa ra te ly b u tm ay b ec on s ide r ed i nw i th t h o se f r om t h ea r ea g ene ra l ly . F . 84 w a s ar e c tangu la rp i t , m ea su r ing a pp rox ima te ly 1 . 7 x2 . 7m a nd 0 . 3m d eep ( F ig . 5 ) . T he f i l lo fb l a ck e a r th w a sc on t inuou sw i th t h es u r round ing l e ve l sa nd s h e rd sf r om t h e s ame s am ian v e s se l ( n o . 5 23 ) c ame f r om b o th d epo s i t s . T he f i nd s f r om F . 84 a r e a l so l i s ted s e pa ra te ly b u tf o rm p a r to ft h ed epo s i tc ove r ing t h ew ho le o ft h i sa r ea . Wh i le t h e b l ack e a r th w h ich c ove red t h e w ho le a r ea w i th t h e e xcep t ion o f F . 89 t o d ep th s v a ry ing f r om a 5 30cm c on ta ined a l a rge n umbe r o f s h e rd s , t h e m a te r ia l w a s m o s t ly d eg raded a nd i n a' t er t ia ry ' c ond i t ion , a sw a s t h e c a se w i th t h e s im i la r d epos i t s 1 9

F .83

F .85

t opso i l

1 . B lack e ar th 2 . D a rk g rey s i l t 3 . N a tu ra l y e l low c l ay

F ig . 5 .F ea tu re sF . 83 ,F .84 a nd F . 85 . S e c t ion F . 84 . A l l S c . 1 : 50 .

2 0

f u r the re a s t (W i lco t e I ,F ig . 3 6 ) . T he a s semb lage i n c lude s l a rge s t o rage j a r s , a' p lan tp o t ' , c a r ina ted b ow l s , a nd g ene ra l ly c on s is t s o fl a te f i r s t t om id second c en tu ry v e s se ls , w i th n o r e cogn i sab ly f ou r th -cen tu ry t y pe s o rf a b r ic s . T he l a te s t v e s se ls a r e f a b r ic s 5 1 a nd 6 0 b ow l s ( b la ck -bu rn i shed a nd c op ie s ) , b u t t h e se h ave o u t tu rned r im s r a the r t h an t h e p r onounced f l ange so rp l a in r im st y p ica lo ft h ef ou r th -cen tu ry . T he s am ian d a ted f r om t h e l a s tq ua r t e ro ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry t ot h ee nd o ft h es e cond c en tu ry . Ac o in o fD om i t ian ( n o . 1 82 ) c ame f r om t h es i de o fF . 84 i nl e ve l 2 .T h i sc onf i rm st h e e nd o f t h e f i r s t o r t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry a s t h e d a te o f t h e s t a r t o f t h e d epo s i t ion o ft h e b l a ck e a r th l a ye r . T he o t he r c o in f r om t h is a r ea , n o . 1 90 , i n d ica te s t h a t t h e re w a sa tl e a s ts ome s ma l l d eg ree o fa c t iv i ty i nt h ef ou r th c en tu ry . I tm ay b e c onc luded t h a t t h e s e t t lemen t f i r s t e xpanded o n to t h is a r ea a r ound t h e e nd o ft h e f i r s to rb eg inn ing o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry , a nd t h a t i tw a s v i r tua l ly a bandoned b y t h e e nd o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry . I ti sp robab le t h a t t h e R oman d epo s i t s a r e d w ind l ing t owa rd s t h e w es t , a s i si n d ica ted b y t h e r e su l t s o f t h e e xcava t ion s s ou th o f t h e r o ad d i scu s sed b e low , a nd b y t h e r e su l t s o ft h e g eophys ica l s u rvey a l ong t h e e a s ter n b ounda ry o fF i e ld 3 949 .

F . 83 a nd F . 85 F i g .5

F . 83 w a s ar ough ly c i rcu la rd ep r e s s ion 1 0 15cm d eep a nd a bou t0 . 5m i nd i ame te r , t h e n a tu ra l y e l low c l ay s u rf a ce b e ing f i re r eddened t o ad ep th o f 5 10cm . A n a r ea o f l e s s i n ten se b ur n ing e x tended l m s ou thwa rd s . F . 85 w a s as ub r ec tangu la r p i t , 0 . 95 x0 . 48m a nd 0 . 20 -0 .25 c m d eep , l i ned w i th f i r e r e ddened l i me s tone s l ab s . T he f i l l c on s is ted o fa sh a nd c ha r coa l . T he r ew e r en o f i nd sa s soc ia ted w i th e i the rf e a tu re .

A r ea s ( A l -I F I s ou th o ft he r oad i nF i e ld 5 651

c o ins : 1 80 , 1 8 1 , 1 83 -9 b rooche s : 5 1-54 , 5 6 -58 , 6 0 , 6 3 -65 o t he rb ronze : 1 08 , 1 1, 14 , 17 -119 , 1 22 124 , 1 25* , 1 26 , 1 28 133 , 1 35 , 1 36 , 1 38 140 , 1 4 3 , 1 45 , 1 47 , 1 49 , 1 5 1 i r on : l e ad :

1 46 164 , 1 66 , 1 68 170 , 1 72 , 1 73 , 1 76 , 1 77 , 1 79 182 , 1 88 190 , 1 95 199 ,2 04 -206 , 2 10 -214 , 2 16 , 2 19 , 2 20 , 2 22 -224 7

s t one : 3 7 , 3 9 ,4 0 s am ian : 5 24 -656

2 1

s am ian s t amps : 7 2 , 7 4 , 7 7 , 8 2 , 8 6 , 9 2 , 9 4 , 9 5 , 9 7 p o t : 2 866 —3 363 , 3 364 -3369* g l a s s : 1 25 -127 , 1 30* , 1 3 1 , 1 33 -150 , 1 52 , 1 55* , 1 56* , 1 57 167 b one : 4 9 , 5 0 , 5 2 , 5 4 -56 *f r om f i l l o fF . 86

T he a r ea e xcava ted s ou th o ft h e r o ad i sd i v ided i n to s i x b l ock s a s i n d ica ted i nt h e p l an ( F ig . 2 a ) . T he se d i v i s ion s a r e m ade f o r c onven ience o f h and l ing t h e f i nd s a nd r e vea l ing a ny c hange s i nt h e d epo s i t s a c ro s s t h e a r ea , r a the r t h an f o r a ny r e la t ion sh ip s t o a r chaeo log ica l f e a tu re s . T he a r ea a s aw ho le p roduced 4 0 ,516 s h e rd s o f p o t te ry a nd 1 4 ,090 a n ima l b one s , i na dd i t ion t ot h ei t em s l i s ted a bove . As t r ip a bou t 5 m w ide r unn ing d own t h e e a s te rn s i de o fa r ea s [ A ] a nd [ B ] r e vea led t h e n a tu ra l s t one i mmed ia te ly b e low t h e m ode rn p l ough so i l . T he f i r s t -cen tu ry d i tch F . 72 ( W i lco te I ,p .2 7 ) d i sappea r ed h e re a nd d i d n o t r e appea r f o r a tl e a s t 2 5m t ot h e w e s t . A d ep r e s s ion 2 m w ide a nd 1 0 -20cm d eep r a n f r om e a s t t ow e s t a nd p a ra l le l t ot h e r o ad , a ppea r ing 6 8m w e s t o ft h e e a s ter n l i m i t o f a r ea [ A ] a nd f a d ing o u t 6 8m e a s t o f t h e w e s te rn s i de o fa r ea [ C ] . I tw a s f i l led b y t h e b l a ck e a r th w h ich c ove r ed a l t h i sa r ea o ft h e s i te . T he c l ay b ank F . 9 1 w a s c l ea r ly af i r s t c en tu ry f e a tu re , a nd m ay h ave d ef ined s ome b ounda ry , p e rhap s t h e e dge o f ac u l t iva ted a r ea ( s ec t ion , F ig . 6 ) .Two f i nd s w e r e e mbedded i n t h e s u r f a ce o f t h e c l ay o n t h e n or th s l ope o f t h e b ank : c o in n o . 1 80 ( Ve spa s ian ) , a nd p o t n o . 351 , d a ted t oA .D . 4 0 -70 . Wh i le t h e a r ea p roduced s ome f i r s t c en tu ry s am ian , t h is w a s f r om t h e b l a ck e a r th l e ve l a nd n o t f r om t h e c l ay s u rf a ce . O n ly a f ew s ma l l s h e rd s o fc oa r se p o t te ry c ame f r om t h i s s u rf a ce . T he m a in d epo s i t t ot h e s ou th o f F . 9 1 c on s is ted o f al a ye r o f d a rk b r own e a r th s ome 2 0cm t h ick , c on ta in ing l a rge n umbe r s o f a n ima l b one s , d i scu s sed b e low ( p . 2 12f . ) . A rea [ C ] i np a r t icu la r , b u t a l so a r ea s [ D ] —[ F ] ,t ot h ee a s ta nd s ou th o fF . 90 , c on ta ined s ome s t o rage j a r s a nd r ema rkab ly h i gh n umbe r s o f ' l a rge j a r s ' , n o s . 2 932 — 2 969 . T he se v e s se ls , a l i nr e duced g r ogged f a b r ic s , a ppea r t o f o rm a d i s t inc t g roup a nd h ave n o t b een f o und i n s u ch n umbe r s e l sewhe re a t W i lco te . T he i r d i s t r ibu t ion m a tched t h a t o f t h e a n ima l b one s , a nd w a s c on cen t ra ted a r ound F . 90 . T hey , l i ke t h e b one s , w e r e f o und o n ly i nt h e b l a ck e a r th l e ve l , a nd s ow e r ec on tempo ra ry w i th F . 90 . F . 90 w a s ar ough p l a tf o rm c omp r ised o fl a rge b l ock s o fl ime s tone , t h e b i gge s t b e ing n ea r ly 1 ml o ng ( p lan , F i g . 2 a ; s e c t ion , F ig . 6 ) . T he se h ad b een d i s tu rbed b y p l ough ing , s ome b e ing v i s ib ly d i sp la ced a nd c a r ry ing d eep s c a r s f r om c on ta c t w i th p l ough sha r e s . T h is d amage w a sp robab ly moder n , f o r ah o r se -d rawn p l ough c ou ld n o th ave s h if ted s u ch l a rge s t one s . A lso , i ti sn ow c l ea r t h a t t h e e v idence f o r a' f a i r ly s ub s tan t ia l s t ruc tu re ' r e f e r r ed t oi nS hak enoak V ,p .1 85 , w a s i nf a c t t h e se p l oughed -up s t one s w i th f r agmen t s o f b r ick a nd t i l e f r om t h e ' f loo r ' i mmed ia te ly t o t h e e a s t . F . 90 m ay h ave h ad a l e ve l s u rf a ce , p e rhap s o f s ma l le r s t ones , b u t t h i s i fi te ve r e x i s ted h a s b een r emoved b y p l ough ing . B e low F . 90 a nd a d jacen ta r ea st h e r e w a s al a ye ro fy e l low s andy s ub so i l l y ing d i r ec t ly o n t h e n a tu ra l y e l low c l ay ( s ec t ion , F ig . 6 ) . T h i s c on ta ined a lmo s t n o a r tef ac t s , a nd a ppea r s t ob e n a tu ra l . I td i d n o t e x tend s ou th o ft h e c l ay b ank , F . 9 1 , p e rhap s b ecau se 2 2

e1 6 .3 /06%1 u opaa . s

2 3 F ig . 6 .S ec t ion sa c ro s sF . 90 a nd F . 9 1 . S c . 1 : 200 .

, I6.3 /06 ' A n o !pas •• . . 1

i th ad b een p l oughed i n to t h e t o p so i l i na n t iqu i ty . Ac o in o f D om i t ian ( no . 1 84 ) c ame f r om t h ej un c t ion o ft h i ss a ndy l e ve lw i th t h eb l a ck e a r th . T he s i gn if ican ce o fF . 90 a nd t h e a d ja cen t d epo s i t s i su n c lea r , b u t i ti sp r obab le t h a t t h e s l augh te r ing o fa n ima l s a nd t h e p roce s s ing o fc a r ca s s e s t o ok p l a ce h e re ( s ee a n ima l b one r e po r tb e low ,p . 2 12 ) ,a nd t h a tt h i sm a s s ive p l a tf o rm w a sn ece s sa ry f o rt h ep roce s s . T he c oa r se p o t te ry f r om a r ea s [ A ] —[ F ] g ene ra l ly a pp ea rt od a te f r om t h e l a t e f i r s tt o t h e m id second c en tu ry , a nd i sq u i t e s im i la r t ot h a t f r om n o r th o ft h e r oad . Among t h e e a r l ie r v e s se ls a r e t h e N o r th G au l i sh m o r ta r ium , n o . 362 ; t h e p l an t -po t s , n o s . 2 894 , 3 068 -307 1 a r e p r obab ly e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry ( W i lco t e I ,p . 1 53 , n o te 5 ) , a s a r e t h e c a r ina ted j a r s ,n o s . 2 970 , 2 97 1 ( i b id . , p . 152 , n o te 4 ) . T h e ' l a rge b ow ls ' n o s 3 076 -3085 a nd t h ec a r ina ted b ow l s , n o s . 3 128 -3130 a nd 3 226 -3232 , f i ti n to t h i s c h rono logy , a sd oe s t h e f i ne w a r e j a r n o . 349 . I d en t if iab ly f our th -cen tu ry v e s se ls a r e r a re , a nd i n va r iab ly c ome f r om t h e e x t reme t o p o ft h e b l a ck e a r th d epo s i t : t h e N ene V a l ley b ow l , n o . 348 , a nd t h e O xf o rd b ow l , n o . 347 , a r e e xamp le s . T he e n t i r e a r ea p roduced o n ly 1 7s h e rd so f r e d s l ipped O xf o rd w a r ev e s se l s . T h e s am ian f r om t h e se a r ea s d a ted f r om t h e p r e -F lav ian p e r iod t o t h e e nd o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry , b u t w i th a p eak i n t h e H ad r ian ic a nd e a r ly -An ton ine p e r iod s . T h is c onf i rm s t h e v i ew t h a t t h e o ccupa t ion o ft h i s c en t ra l a r ea o ft h e s i t e i nF i e ld 5 651 h ad e f f ec t ive ly c ea sed b y A .D , 2 00 , w h i le c a r ry ing o n f o r a _ qua r te r o f ac en tu ry l o nge r i n F i e ld 0 040 . T he c o in s f r om a r ea s [ A ] —[ F ] f a l l i n to t wo g r oup s : n o s . 1 80 , 1 8 1 , a nd 1 83 1 85 a r e a l l a te f i r s t c en tu ry i s sue s , a l f r om w i th in t h e b l a ck e a r th l e ve l ; a nd n o s . 1 86 — 1 89 , d a t ing f r om t h e l a te t h i rd t om id -f ou r th c en tu ry , a l f r om t h e t o pmos t l e ve l s o ft h e b l a ck e a r th . T h is c onf i rm s t h e e v idence f r om a l t h e e xcava ted a r ea s , t h a t t h e f o u r th c en tu ry o ccupa t ion w a sv e ry l o ca l i sed a nd e nded c .A .D . 3 60 .

2 4

1 55 .00 F .100

F . 102 E x t

e 9 " °

F ie ld 3 949

, 0 e A

F . 104

F . 108

F ie ld 0 040 F .107

f i e ld b oundary

1 54 .00

C o 4

F ig . 7 .L oca t ion so fe xcava ted f e a tu re s , F ie ld 0 040 . S c , 1 : 500 .

2 5

1 . B lack e a r th 2 . D a rk g rey s i l ty e ar th 3 . N a tu ra l y e l low c l ay

F ig . 8 .F . 100 s e c t ion . S c . 1 : 50 .

4 I . 2 . 3 . 3 .

D a rk b rown e a r th ,b ecom ing b l acke rw i th i n c rea s ing d ep th B rown e a r th a nd y e l low c l ay B lack e a r th N a tu ra l y e l low c l ay

F ig . 9 .F . 102 s e c t ion . S c . 1 : 50 .

I . B lack p ea ty e a r th 2 . D a rk g rey s i l ty e a r th 3 . N a tura l y e l low c l ay

F ig . 1 0 . F 103 s e c t ion . S c . 1 : 50 .

2 6

F ea ture s i nF ie ld 0 040

F . 100 b rooch : 6 7 o t he rb ronze : 1 20 i r on : 1 74 , 1 75 s t one : 3 2 s am ian : 4 39 -442 s am ian s t amps : 7 9 , 8 5 , 1 04 p o t : 3 432 —3 470 g l a ss : 1 68 — 1 70

F . 100 i st h eo n ly o ne o ft h e l i ne o fp i t sw h ich f l ank t h e r o ad t ot h e n o r th w h ich h a s s o f a r b een e xcava ted . I tc on ta ined af a i r ly l ow d en s i ty o ff i nd s ( Tab le 2 ) , a nd t h e p o t w a s n o t a na lysed s t a t i s t ica l ly , b u t i n c luded l i d s a nd t a nka rd s a s d i d a l t h e f e a tu re s s o f a r i n ve s t iga ted i nF i e ld 0 040 , a nd p robab ly d a ted f r om t h e l a te s e cond t oe a r ly o rm id th i rd c en tu ry . T he g l a s s w ou ld f i t w i th in t h is d a t ing . T he s am ian s t amp s w e r e a l s e cond c en tu ry ,a nd t h e s am ian g ene ra l ly A n ton ine . B rooch n o . 6 7 c ou ld h ave r ema ined i nu se a s l a t ea sc .A .D . 2 00 . T he l owe s t l e ve l o ft h e f i l l c on s i s ted o fd a rk g r ey s i l ty e a r th , a bove w h ich t h e m a in f i l l w a s b l a ck p ea ty e a r th ( F ig . 8 ) . T he r e w a s n o i n d ica t ion t h a t t h e f i nd s f r om t h e l owe r l e ve l d i f f e red f r om t h o se i n t h e m a in f i l l , h oweve r . T he t o p 1 0cm o f t h e u ppe r f i l l c on ta ined v e ry f ew f i nd s . T he se w e re c ha ra c te r is t ic s o fa l l t h e p i t s i n ve s t iga ted i nF i e ld 0 040 , a nd w e re p robab ly d ue t o ar ap id . i n i t ia l s i l t ing u p , f o l low ed b y as l owe r a c cumu la t ion o f l a rge ly o r gan ic m a te r ia l a t at ime w hen t h e re w a s o ccupa t ion i nt h e v i c in i ty , f o l lowed i nt u rn b y ap e r iod w hen t h e f e a tu re s c on t inued t of i l l u p t h ough t h e re w a sl i t t le h uman a c t iv i ty i nt h ei mmed ia te a r ea . T he p u rpo se o f t h i s a nd s im i la r s ho r t l e ng th s o f d i tch a nd p i t s i n t h i s f i e ld w a s o bv iou s ly a s soc ia ted w i th t h e r o ad . H oweve r , t h ey c anno t h ave p rov ided d r a inage , b e ing d i scon t inuou s a nd t o o f a r a way f r om t h e r oad . A lso , t h e i mpe rmeab le c l ay s ub so i l p r even t s a ny s i deways d r a inage , a nd s u rf a ce w a te r r un s o f fw e s twa rd s d own t h e s l ope p a ra l le l t ot h e r o ad . I ndeed , t h e se s e c t ion s o fd i tch w ou ld h ave b een a n i n conven ience a nd p e rhap s e ven ah aza rd t ot r aff ic u s ing t h e r o ad . I ti s mo r ep robab le t h a tt h ey r e la te t o t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e r o ad i t se lf , w h ich c omp r ised s t one s b edded i na nd b ound w i th c l ay . I nt h is c a se , w h i le t h e d i tch F . 26 i nF i e ld 5 651 ( W i lco te I ,p . 13 , F ig . 7 a , b ) , w a s o f C laud ian d a te a nd c o r r e sponded t ot h e i n i t ia l c on s t ruc t ion o fA keman S t ree t , F . 100 mu s t b e a s soc ia ted w i th al a te r r e pa i r i nt h e m idd le o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry . T he g eophys ica l s u rvey ( F ig . 4 ) s how s t h a t t h e re a r e mu l t ip le i n te r rup ted d i tche s f l ank ing t h e r o ad , e spec ia l ly i nF i e ld 7 862 , a nd i tw ou ld b e u nw i se t os pecu la te o n t h e d a te s o fa ny m a jo r r e pa i r su n t i l mo r ei sk nown a bou tt h e se . F . 100 a l so p roduced o ve r 1 00 p i ece s o f b r ick a nd t i l e , a s w e l l a s b a l ls o f l i me ( s ee B r ick ,T i le a nd F i red C lay s e c t ion b e low ) .

2 7

F . 102 c o in : 1 9 1 i r on : 1 65 , 1 83 , 2 08 , 2 18 s t one : 3 0 , 3 s am ian : 4 43-446 s am ian s t amp s : 7 3 , 8 1 , 1 03 p o t : 3 47 1 —3 519 g l a s s : 1 7 1 b one : 5 7

F . 10 . 2 w a s ar ough ly c i rcu la rp i ts i tua ted b e tween t h e l i ne o fp i t s a nd d i tche s o fw h ich F . 100 w a s o ne , a nd t h e r oad . T he f i l l c omp r i sed t h ree d i s t inc t d epo s i t ( s ec t ion , F i g . 9 ) , t h e u ppe rt wo , l e ve l s 1a nd 2 ,b e ing a lmo s t d evo id o fp o t o ro t he r a r tef ac t s , a l o fw h ich w e r e d en se ly c oncen t ra ted i nt h e d eepe s t , s i l ty b l a ck e a r th , l e ve l 3 .I ta ppea r ed t h a t e a r th a nd r ubb i sh h ad b een a l lowed t oa ccumu la te , b u t t h a t t h e p i t h ad t h en b een d e l ibe r a te ly b a ckf i l led , p o s s ib ly b ecau se i tw a s ah aza rd t o t r aff ic o n t h e r oad , a nd t h a t t h i s t h en c ompa c ted a nd s ub s ided , f i l l ing u p f i na l ly w i th e a r th a nd much o rgan ic ma t te r . T h is f i na l p ha se t o ok p l a ce a t at ime w hen t h e r e w a s n o o ccupa t ion i nt h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty . T ab le 2g i ve st h ec on cen t ra t ion so fp o ta nd b one , r e f e r r ing o n ly t ot h ev o lume o fl e ve l 3 . T he p o t te ry w a s n o t a na ly sed s t a t is t ica l ly , b u t c on ta ined a n umbe r o f l i d s a nd t a nka rd s , a nd a s aw ho le r e semb led t h a t f r om t h e o t he r p i t s e xcava ted i nF i e ld 0 040 . A c o in o f C ommodu s( no . 1 9 1) o nce a ga in i n d ica te s ad a t e w i th in t h er a nge A .D . 1 75 -250 p ropo sed f o r a l l t h e se f e a tu re s . T he s am ian w a s a l A n ton ine o r H ad r ian ic /An ton ine . • L eve l, a l so p roduced many f r agmen t so fb r ick a nd t i l e ,a nd l ump so fb u rned l ime . T he p u rpo se o fF . 102 i se ven l e s s c l ea rt h an t h o se o fi t s n e ighbou r s i nF i e ld 0 040 . I t w a sn o td r a inage . I ts e em s u n l ike ly t h a t i tw a s c onnec ted w i th r o ad b u i ld ing o rr e pa i r s . I t i so dd ly a nd i n conven ien t ly p l aced i fi tw a s m e r e ly ac l ayp i t , s i nce t h e w ho le u ppe rp a r t o ff i e ld 0 040 c on s i s t s o fi d en t ica l y e l low c l ay b enea th t h e t o p so i l , s o p i t s c ou ld b e d ug a nywhe re a nd d i dn o th ave t ob ed ange rou s ly c l o se t ot h er o ad .

F . 103 b ronze : 16 , 17 , 1 46 i r on : 1 78 , 1 85 , 1 9 1 , 1 93 , 1 98 ,2 00 , 2 03 s t one : 3 4 s am ian : 4 47 -466 s am ian s t amp s : 8 4 , 9 1 p o t : 3 520 -3649 g l a s s : 1 72 187 , 1 98 b one : 5 8

F . 103 w a s as ho r t l e ng th o f d i tch w h ich c an b e s e en f r om t h e g eophys ica l s u rvey ( F ig .4 ) t ob e o ne o f as e r ie sw h ich f l ank t h e r oad t ot h e s ou th , e xa c t ly a sd o F . 100 , F . 109 2 8

a nd t h e i rn e ighbou r s t ot h e n o r th . T he o n ly d i f f e r ence i nt h e s e c t ion w a st h a tt h e l e ve l o f s i l ty l owe rf i l l w a s l e s s t h ick a nd t h e p ea ty b l ack e a r th a bove c on ta ined f i nd s t h roughou t i t s d ep th , w i th n o n o t iceab le d im inu t ion t owa rd s t h e t o p . T h i s p a r t ly b u t n o t w ho l ly a c coun t s f o rt h e g r ea te rc oncen t ra t ion o fp o t a nd b one s i nF . 103 a sc ompa r ed w i th F . 100 ( Tab le 2 ) . T he c oncen t ra t ion s o f a r tef a c t s , p o t , b r ick a nd t i l e , a nd a n ima l b one s , w e r e h i ghe ri nF . 103 , w h ich m ay i n d ica te t h a tt h ec en t r eo fa c t iv i ty w hence t h ey o r ig ina ted l a y t ot h e s ou th r a the r t h an t ot h e n o r th o ft h e r o ad . T he s im i la r f i gu r e s f o r F . 109 ( b e low ) c onf i rm t h i st e n ta t ive c onc lu s ion . T he p o t c l o se ly r e semb led t h a t f r om F . 100 , F . 102 a nd F . 106 , a nd i n c luded t h e s ame h i gh p ropo r t ion s o f l i d s a nd t a nka rd s . I ta l so i n c luded t h r ee o f t h e Y oung T ype W54 b ow l s ( nos . 3 646 -3 648 ) i d en t ica l w i th t h o se f o und i nF . 102 ( no . 3 517 ) a nd F . 106 ( no s . 3 962 , 3 963 ) , c onf i rm ing b o th t h e d a t ing o ft h e se v e s se l s a tW i lco te a nd t h e s im i la r i t ie s b e tween t h e c on ten t s o ft h e se f e a tu r e s . I n a dd i t ion , F . 103 p roduced t h e f i r s t v e s se l s o f F ab r ic 7 1 , ' s ou th -we s te rn w h i te s l ip w a re ' ( n o s . 3 534 , 3 535 ) , af a b r ic n o t p r ev iou s ly f o und i tW i lco te . T he s am ian w a sa l H ad r ian ic /An ton ine o rA n ton ine .

F . 106

c o ins : 1 92 , 1 99 b rooch : 6 5 b ronze : 12 , 13 , 1 2 1 , 1 52 i r on : 1 7 1 , 1 84 , 1 86 , 2 01 , 2 07 , 2 69 , 2 21 , 2 25 -227 l e ad : 8 s t one : 3 5 , 3 6 ,4 1 ,4 3-45 s am ian : 4 67 -507 s am ian s t amp s : 7 1 , 7 5 , 7 6 , 7 8 , 8 0 , 8 3 , 8 7 , 8 8 , 9 0 , 9 3 , 1 00 102 p o t : 3 650 -3 982 g l a ss : 1 88 - 1 94 b one 5 3

F . 106 i so ne o ft h e l i ne o fp i t s w h ich c r o s s F i e ld 0 040 , s ou th o fa nd p a ra l le l t ot h e r o ad , o fw h ich F . 103 i sa no the re xamp le . H oweve r , i td i f f e red f r om F . 103 i n an umbe ro f r e spec t s . F . 106 h ad b een c a r ef u l ly m ade , h av ing a n a c cu ra te ly r e c tangu la r f o rm a nd n ea t ly c u t r ounded r i gh t -ang led c o rne r s , w i th a s ha l low e r t r iangu la r e x ten s ion r unn ing o f ft ot h e s ou th -ea s t ( F ig s . 1 , 1 2a a nd b ) . T he f i l l c on s i s ted o f ad a rk g r ey s i l t a tt h e b o t tom , m e rg ing i n to ab l ack , p ea ty s o i l , w i th n o c l ea r d i v i s ion b e tween . A t t h e t o p a nd i nt h e c en t r e t h e re w a s am a s s o fu ncu t s t one s , t h e l a rge s t u pt o8 0cm l o ng , s ome s e t e dgeway s o re ndways o n i n to t h e f i l l , a nd a bove t h i s w a s m o re p ea ty b l ack e a r th u p t ot h e m oder n p l ough so i l ( F ig . 1 2a a nd b ) . T he i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h i s w a s s imp le : t h e p i t h ad f i l led u p w i th e a r th a nd r ubb i sh ,w i th a ni n c r ea s ing c on ten to fo rgan ic ma te r ia l . A t s ome l a t e rd a te , am a s s o f s t one s h ad b een t i pped i n t op rov ide a f i rm s u rf ace , a f t e r w h ich e a r th a nd 2 9

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r ubb i sh h ad c on t inued t oc o l lec t ,t h ough o n al e s se rs c a le .T oday t h ef e a tu re i sc omp le te ly w a te r logged f o ra bou t 8m on th so ft h e y ea r , a nd t h i sw a sp r e sumab ly t h e c a se i nR oman t ime sa l so ,m ak ing i tah aza rd t ot r aff i co nt h en ea rby r o ad . F . 106 p r odu ced c on s ide rab le q uan t i t ie s o f p o t te ry ( Tab le 1 ) . T o p u t t h i s i n p e r spec t ive : F . 106 y i e lded 5 9 10 s h e rd s w e igh ing 1 32 .6 16kg ; t h e q u i te e x ten s i le e xcava t ion s a tA s tha l l , t h e n e ighbou r ing r o ad s ide s e t t lemen t t o W i lco te o n A keman S t ree t , p rodu ced 1 ,399 s h e rd s w e igh ing 1 44 .149kg ( Boo th 1 997 , p .1 05 ) . T he se f i gu r e s i n d ica te b o th t h e q uan t i t ie s o f p o t te ry p r e sen t a t W i lco te , a nd i t s g ood s t a te o f p r e se rva t ion ,t h ea ve rage s h e rd w e igh tb e ing a lmo s td oub le t h a ta tA s tha l l . T he p o t te ry i sa na ly sed i nT ab le 1 ,a nd t h ed eg rada t ion o fv a r iou s f a b r ic s i sd ep ic ted g r aph ica l ly i nf i g s . 1 3 16 ,a c co rd ing t ot h em e thodo logy d e sc r ibed i nW i lco t eI ,p p .80f f . I ti sc l ea rt h a tt h ed eg r ee o fd eg rada t ion o fa l t h er e duced c oa r se w a r e si s mu ch t h es ame , a nd i se s sen t ia l ly ' p r ima r y ' ( i b id . , F ig . 3 2a ) . T h e d i f f e r ence s b e tw een t h e r e duced w a re s a s aw ho le a nd f a b r ic s 1 0 , 5 1+60 , a nd 7 + 11 , a r e p robab ly d ue t ot h e r e la t ive ly s ma l l s amp le s i ze so ft h e l a t te rg r oup sa nd t h e c on sequen t ly r e du ced r e l iab i l i ty o ft h es t a t is t ic s . I n v i ew o ft h e se r e su l t s , t h e r e duced w a re s w i l l n o t i no t he r c a se s b e s ub -d iv ided i n to f a b r ic sf o rt h ed e te rm ina t ion o ft h e i rd eg rada t ion ,b u tw i l lb et r ea t ed a s as i ng le g r oup . I tc an a l so b e s e en t h a t t h e s am ian d oe s n o t d i f f e r s i gn if ican t ly i n i t s d eg r ee o f d eg rada t ion f r om t h ec oa r se w a re sg ene ra l ly ( s ee s am ian r e po r t b e low p .6 4f f ) . I ti si mpo s s ib le t od i v ide t h e f i l l o fF . 106 i n to ' e a r l ie r ' a nd ' l a te r ' d epo s i t s ' w i th a ny p r ec i s ion . T he s t one p i tch ing c e r ta in ly f o rmed ad i v is ion , a nd f i nd s f r om i na nd a bove i t c an b e c on s ide r ed a sb e long ing t ot h e l a te r p e r iod , b u t t h is s t on e c ove red o n ly a bou t a s i x th o ft h e a r ea o fF . 106 , a nd i nt h e u ncove r ed a r ea s t h e r e w a s n o d i sce rn ib le d i v i s ion . T he f i l l w a s g r eye r a nd m o re s i l ty a tt h e b o t tom , b ecom ing b l a cke r a nd m o r e p ea ty a t h i ghe r l e ve l s , b u t t h e p o t te ry f r om t h e s i l ty a nd l owe r p ea ty l e ve l s w a s v e ry s im i la r , t h ough t h e t o p 2 0cm o ft h e f i l l c on ta ined m any f ewe r s h e rd s t h an t h e l ow e r l e ve l , o n ly a bou t 2% o ft h et o ta lf r om F . 106 ,b u ta l t h ei d en t if iab ly f o u r th -cen tu ry s h e rd sc ame f r om t h is d epos i t . Ac e r ta in d eg ree o fc onf u s ion i nt h eu ppe rl e ve l so ft h e f i l l so fa l t h ep i t si n F i e ld 0 040 m ay b e e xpec ted , s i nce c u l t iva t ion w a s a bandoned i n t h e 1 970 s b ecau se t r a c to r s s ank s od eep ly i n to t h e se f e a tu r e s ( t he p r e sence o fw h ich w a st h en u n su spec ted ) , e s pec ia l ly i nw e t w ea the r , t h a t t h ey h ad t ob e t owed o u t . D is tu rban ce m ay t h e ref o re b e e xpec ted . H oweve r , t h e l owe s t 3 0cm o fF . 106 d i dp r oduce as ma l l g r oup o f 8s h e rd s o fS ou th G au l ish s am ian , r e p re sen t ing o n ly 2% o ft h e s am ian f r om t h i s f e a tu r e , o fp r e - o r e a r ly F l av ian d a te ( b e low , p .6 6 ) , b u t t h e se s h e rd s w e re m ixed i nw i th f a r l a rge r q uan t i t ie s o f s e cond -cen tu ry p o t te ry . T he se e a r ly s h e rd s w e re p r obab ly r e depo s i t ed , a nd d o n o t p r ov ide d a t ing f o rF . 106 . T he u ppe rl e ve l sp r odu ced at o ta l o f2 2 s h e rd so fO xf o rd r e d c o lou r -coa ted w a re , t h e i d en t if i ca t ion o f s ome b e ing u nce r ta in d ue t ow ea r a nd w ea the r ing . T h ree b ow ls ( n o s . 3 974 -6 ) a nd t wo m o r ta r ia ( n o . 3 977 , t h e s e cond r e p r e sen ted b y as ma l l w a l l she rd ) 3 1

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s co rched c l ay p a tche s m a rked t h e p o s i t ion o f f u r the r d ome s t ic o ven s o rh ea r th s r a the rt h an i d en t if y ing a r ea s o f i n du s t r ia l a c t iv i ty .

T imbe rb u i ld ing S ome 1 30m t ot h e s ou th -ea s t o fA keman S t r ee t s even f l a t l i me s tone p ad s a nd p o s tho le s , u pt o0 . 6m b y0 . 7m i ns i ze , m e rked t h e p o s i t ion o f as qua r e p o s t -bu i l tt imbe rb u i ld ing ( F ig . 4 ) . Two f u r the rp o s tpad s o rp o s tho le sw e re r e co rded w i th in a n a d jo in ing a r ea t o t h e w e s t u nde r i n ve s t iga t ion b y D r H and s . T he s t ruc tu re a ppea r s t oh ave b een a tl e a s t 7 m b y 8 m i n s i ze a nd w a s a s soc ia t ed w i th a n e x te rna l m e ta l l ing 1 245 , o n ly p a r t ia l ly e xpo sed b u t a tl e a s t 3 . 75m b y 4 . 25m i ne x ten t , i mmed ia te ly t o t h e n or th -ea s t . T h i s c ompac t , l e ve l , s u rf ace , 0 . 10-0 .25m i n t h ickne s s , w a s f o rmed f r om s ma l l p ebb le s s e t i nl o am w i th in as ha l low c u t 1 443 .

A n or th -ea s t / sou th -we s t a l igned d i tch 167 a nd g u l ly 1 069 r a n b road ly p a ra l le l w i th t h e p ro jec ted l i ne o f A keman S t r ee t , a nd t h e t imbe r b u i ld ing , a nd m ay r ep re sen te l emen t so fa na s soc ia ted e nc lo su re . A keman S t ree ta nd a s soc ia ted t r ackway No f ounda t ion m a te r ia l , m e ta l l ing o r a s soc ia t ed d ra inage d i tche s w e re e ncoun te red t o i d en t if y t h e P e r iod 2 r oad . T h i s s ugge s t s t h a tr a the rt h an h av ing h ad s ub s tan t ia l s t one f ounda t ion s A keman S t ree t m igh t h ave c on s i s ted o fo n ly at h in m e ta l l ing , w h ich t h rough r epea ted w ea r d eve loped i n to ah o l low w ay b yP e r iod 3 .

A l though t h ep o s tpad sa nd p o s tho le s i d en t if yt h ep re sence o f at imbe r b u i ld ing , o ne o fo n ly af ew s t ruc tu re s s o f a r r e co rded f r om W i lco te ( s ee W i l co te I , 2 3 ) , n o i n te rna l f e a tu r es o r f l oo r s s u rv ived a nd t h e f unc t ion o f t h e b u i ld ing i su ncer ta in . S u rf ace 1 245 mo s t l i ke ly f o rmed a n e x ter na l h a rd s t and ing a s soc ia ted w i th , a nd a bu t t ing , t h e p o s t -bu i l t s t ruc tu re . I th ad b een k ep tc l ean w i th n o d eb r i s p re sen tt o s ugge s t t h e n a tu r e o fa c t iv i ty t h a t h ad o ccu r red u pon i t . A n u ncompa c ted l o am a ccumu la t ion 185 w h ich s ea led m e ta l l ing 1 245 d id n o t a ppea r t o b e al a te r s u r f ace b u t r a the r a n a r tef a c t r ich d ump d epo s i t a s soc ia ted w i th d i su se o ft h es t ruc tu re . S eve ra l l a rge w a s te p i t s i mmed ia te ly n o r th a nd s ou th o f t h e b u i ld ing c on ta ined h eav i ly c ha rcoa l -f lecked f i l l s A bundan t d ome s t ic r e f u se w a s r e cove red f r om p i t s 1 071 a nd 1 073 ( s ec t ion F ig . 3 ) w h i le a s e t o f l o ng jawed m e ta lwo rk ing t o ng sw a sr e cove red f r om ap i t 1 009 b e s ide s u rf ace 1 245 . T o t h e s ou th o f t h e b u i ld ing a s e r ie s o f d i spe r sed p o s tho le s 1 344 , 1 350 a nd 1 355 , v a ry ing f r om 0 . 3-0 .6m i nd i ame te ra nd 0 . 05-0 .20m i nd ep th , m ay h ave f o rmed a na s soc ia ted f e nce l ine . A c t iv i ty t ot h en or th o ft h et i mbe rb u i ld ing L y ing b e tween t h e b u i ld ing a nd t h e a r ea o f q ua r ry ing f u r the r n or th w a s as e r ie s o f s ha l low s ubc i rcu la r p i t s t oge the rw i th d i spe r sed a nd t r unca ted p o s tho le sa nd a r ea s o f s co rched n a tu ra l c l ay . T he p i t s h ad h eav i ly c ha rcoa l f l ecked l o am f i l l s w h ich c on ta ined f r agmen t s o f b u rn t l i me s tone t oge the rw i th d ome s t ic r e f u se .

T he a b sence o ff l ank ing d i tche s a l ong s ide A k eman S t r ee t w i th in S i te A c an b e e xp la ined b y t h e p r e sence o f a j unc t ion w i th ap rev iou s ly u nknown s i de t r ack . A3 . 5m w ide t r a ckway 1 0 14 , w e l l b u i l t f r om s ub rounded c obb le s a nd f r agmen ta ry l i me s tone , w i th ad ra inage d i tch 1 005 o n i t s n o r th -ea s ter n s i de , r an o n an or th -we s t / sou th -ea s t a l ignmen t f r om A keman S t ree t f o r 3 5m b ef o re t u rn ing e a s twa rd t oa vo id t h e a r ea o fq ua r ry p i t s . I ti sn o t k nown w he re t h e t r ack h eaded . T rack 1 0 14 s u rv ived l a te r p l ough ing b ecau se i t h ad b een c on s t ruc ted w i th in a s ha l low c u t 1 0 13 o n s l op ing g round a nd w a s s ub sequen t ly c ove red b y aP e r iod 3d ump o fa r tef a c t r ich l o am ( F ig . 5 , s e c t ion 2 ) . T h ree n a r row d i tche s 1 203 , 1 206 a nd 1 240 r a n a l ong s ide t h ee a s twa rd t ur no ft r ack 1 0 14 . T h ree s t one -bu i l t c u lver t s 1 220 , 1 224 a nd 1 229 w i th i n te rna l w id th s o f 0 . 10m w e re s e a led b y , b u t m ay h ave b een i n teg ra lw i th , t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft r ack 1 0 14 ( F ig . 5 ) . T he se c u lver t s h ad b een c on s t ruc ted w i th in n a r row t r enche s a ve rag ing 0 . 35m i nw id th a nd 0 . 30m i nd ep th , w i thou t s l ab b a se s b u t w i th s i de s b u i l t u p f r om t wo c ou r se s o f u r uno r ta red l i me s tone . T he se s i de w a l l s s uppo r ted a s e r ie s o f i regu la r ly s haped l i me s tone c ove r ing s l ab s w h ich w e re i nt u rn s e a led b y a0 . 10m t h ick c app ing l a ye r o fc l ay ( F ig . 5 ,s e c t ion 3 ) . T he c u lver t s r a n o n v a ry ing a l ignmen t s d own s lope t oc onve rge b enea th t h e t r ack , w i th 1 224 a nd 1 229 c on t inu ing t o t h e n or th -ea s t b eyond t h e e xcava t ion a r ea . I ti su nc lea r w he the r t h ey w e re d e s igned t o d i rec t s u rf ace w a te r u nde r t r ack 1 0 14 f r om t h e h i l l s ide a bove , o rp e rhap s a c ted t oc hanne lw a te r u nde r p r e s su re t o a n a s y e t u n loca ted f e a tu r e o r a c t iv i ty f u r the rd own s lope .

As ma l l a s semb lage o fm e ta l lu rg ica lr e s idue s f r om S i te A , t o ge the r w i th t h e m e ta lwo rk ing t ong s r e cove red f r om p i t 1 009 n ex tt ot h et imbe rb u i ld ing , s ugge s ti r on a nd c oppe r a l loy w o rk ing i nt h e g ene ra l s i te v i c in i ty . T he s l ag a nd h ea r th l i n ing f r agmen t s r e cove red w e re r edepo s i t ed p i ece s , h oweve r , a nd n o d epo s i t s o r f e a tu re s f i rm ly i n d ica t ive o f i n s i tu m e ta lwo rk ing w e re e ncoun te red w i th in S i t e A . T he r ema in s o ft wo s t one -bu i l t o ven b a se s 1 426 a nd 1 427 , s e ti n to t h eu ppe rf i l l so fa ne a r l ie rq ua r ry p i t 1 065 , i n s t ead s ugge s ted t h a t t h e a d jacen t , e pheme ra l ,

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d i agno s t ic f o rm s o r f a b r ic s , w h ich c an b e t a ken a s c h rono log ica l m a rke r s . I t i s c l ea r f r om t h e l a rge r a s semb lage s t h a t ac on s ide rab le a moun t o f r edepo s i ted m a te r ia l i sp re sen t a nd t h a t t h e t e rm inu sp o s t q uem f o r a g roup i sp rov ided b y av e ry s ma l l n umbe r o f s he rd s , i n s ome c a se s j u s t as i ng le s he rd . I ti sa l so c l ea r t h a t a n umbe r o f t h e q ua r r ie s s pan q u i te a t ime p e r iod , w i th e a r l ie rm a te r ia li nt h e l owe rh o r izon ss ugge s t ing as pec if i c o r o ngo ing d ump ing o r l e ve l l ing u p o ft h e g round . O ne p rob lem i st h e d om inance o f t h e O xf o rd sh i r e g r eywa re f a b r ic s . A l though t h e d eve lopmen t a nd t y po log ie s o ft h e l a te r O xf o rd sh i re i n du s t ry h a s b een w e l l d ocumen ted t h e e a r l ie rc omponen t s a r e l e s sw e l l k nown .

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T h ree p i t s f r om S i te A c an b e s i ng led o u ta sb e ing e a r ly i n t h e P e r iod 2 s equence : 1 071 , 1 233 a nd 1 405 . P i t 1 071 c on ta ined e xc lu s ive ly l o ca l w a re s , a l i nr e duced f a b r ic s . Wa re s f r om p i t 1 233 i n c luded t wo s he rd s o f C en t ra l G au l i sh s am ian , t h e l a te s t d a t ing t ot h e H ad r ian ic p e r iod . P i t 1 405 c on ta ined C en t ra l G au l i sh s am ian o f m id— la te A n ton ine d a te . D i tch 1 09 1 , w h ich w a s d ug n ea r t h e e a s tern t u rn o ft h e t r ackway , p roduced c oa r sewa re s p r e sen t a r e c on s i s ten t w i th a n e a r l ie r t o m id 2 nd -cen tu ry d a te , w h i le t h e l a te s t s am ian d a te st ot h e H ad r ian ic /An ton ine p e r iod .

T he c h rono log ica l m a rke r s s e lec ted f o r d i sc r im ina t ing p o t te ry g roup s i n c luded s am ian w a re , D o r se t B la ck B u rn i shed w a re , M id land s p ink g rog tempe red w a re , a s w e l l a s av a r ie ty o f d i s t inc t f o rm s o r f o rm a t t r ibu te s a mong t h e l o ca l r educed a nd o x id i sed w a re s . T he b u lk o f t h e s am ian c on s i s ted o f C en t ra l G au l i sh p roduc t s o f H ad r ian ic / ea r l ie r A n ton ine a nd m id / la te A n ton ine d a te . A l so p r e sen tw e re a pp rec iab le q uan t i t ie so fS ou th G au l i sh s am ian i n c lud ing p o s s ib le p r e -F lav ian a nd e a r ly F l av ian p i ece s . T he e a r l ie r S ou th G au l i sh p roduc t s a r e p r e sumed f o r t h e mo s t p a r t t o r e p re sen t s u rv iva ls i nu se o r , mo re l i ke ly , r e s idua l m a te r ia l . As ma l l q uan t i ty o fE a s t G au l i sh s am ian e x tend s t h e d a te r a nge f o r t h i s c l a s s o f m a te r ia l i n to t h ee a r ly y ea r s o ft h e 3 rd c en tu ry .

s am ian . T he a ppa r en t c on t rad ic t ion w ou ld s e em t o l e nd w e igh t t o t h e s ugge s t ion t h a t m uch o f t h e l a te R oman p o t te ry a nd o t he r a r tef ac t s f r om t h e u ppe r f e a tu r e f i l l s a r e a s soc ia ted w i th t h e l a te s t r e ce ip t o f m a te r ia l i n to e s sen t ia l ly r e l ic tf e a tu re s .

U s ing t h e c h rono log ica l m a rke r s o u t l ined a bove , P e r iod 2 w a s d i v ided u p i n to t h ree C e ram ic P ha se s ( 2 i— i i i ) , w h ich a r e s e t o u t b e low a nd i n T ab le s 1 015 . I t mu s t b e a pp rec ia ted t h a tt h e re c ou ld b e s ome o ve r lap b e tween t h e C e ram ic P ha se s a nd i ti sc l ea r t h a t s ome o f t h e l a rge r q ua rr ie sp robab ly s panned a l lt h ree .

I tm ay b e n o ted t h a t al a rge n umbe r o fo t he r f e a tu r e s m ay a l so b e long t o t h i s g roup b u t h ave e i the r p roduced e xc lu s ive ly g r ey O xf o rd sh i r e w a re s , l e s s t h an 1 015 s he rd s o r n o f e a tu red s he rd s . I ft h e a b sence o fa ny l a te r s h e rd s c an b e r ega rded a s ab a s i s f o r d a t ing t h e se s ma l le r g roup s t h en i tw ou ld a ppea r t h a t a l t h e f e a tu re s f r om t h e

CERA M IC PHASE 2 1( EARLY 2 ND CENTURY ) ( Tab le s 1 011)

Q ua r ry 115 w a s o ne o f t h e m o s t p ro l if ic i n t e rm s o f p o t te ry a nd o t he r a r tef ac t s r e cove red . F i l ls 1 2 14 , 16 1 , 148 , 138 , 137 a nd 124 a ppea r l a rge ly t o c omp r i se w a re s o f l a te r i s t t o m id 2 nd -cen tu ry c u r rency ( F ig s 9 . 4030-7 ) , a nd t h e l a te s t s am ian i s as h e rd o ff o rm D r . 3 7 f r om 124 d a ted AD 1 35-70 ( F ig . 1 2 .698 ) . T he p r e sence o f as he rd o f M id land s g rog tempe r ed w a re ( PNK GT ) a nd a n O xf o rd sh i re m or ta r ium s he rd f r om u ppe rmo s t f i l l 1 17 s ugge s t t h a t t h e q ua r ry w a s s t i l l a ccumu la t ing m a te r ia l a f t e r t h e m id 3 rd c en tu ry a l though t h e re i sa c on s ide rab le a moun t o f r e s idua l m a te r ia l p r e sen t i nt h e u ppe r f i l l s . S im i la r ly , t h e p o t te ry f r om t h e l owe r f i l l s o f q ua r ry 1 065 , w h ich a ppea r s t ob e n o l a te r t h an t h e e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry , s ugge s t s t h a t t h i s q ua r ry w a s o pened u p a r ound t h i st ime ( s ee P e r iod 3b e low ) . Q ua r ry 1 0 15 c ou ld p o ten t ia l ly b e e a r l ie r t h an 115 a nd 1 065 a si tp roduced f ou rs he rd so fV e ru lam ium w h i tewa re

O ven 1 427 y i e lded s e cu re ly 2 nd -cen tu ry p o t te ry i ng ood c ond i t ion , y e t i tw a s c u t i n to q ua r ry 1 065 w h ich p roduced s ome l a te r 3 rd -cen tu ry s he rd s f r om i t s u ppe r f i l l s ( s ee P e r iod 3 ) . T he t wo f e a tu re g roup s a r e d i ff i cu l t t o r e conc i le . I ts hou ld b e n o ted , h oweve r , t h a tt h e l owe rf i l l s o f 1 065 p roduced a r e la t ive ly l a rge a nd d i sc re te 2 nd c en tu ry g roup ( s ee b e low ) , i n c lud ing H ad r ian ic /An ton ine

s ou the rn e nd o fS i te A ( i . e . s ou th o fq ua r ry 1 065 ) b e long t o t h e e a r l ie s t p ha se o f a c t iv i ty . T o t h e n o r th o f q ua r ry 1 065 t h e re i s ar a nge o ff e a tu res d a t ing f r om t h e l a te r i s t t h rough t ot h e l a te r3 rd c en tu ry . KEY GROUPS Q ua r ry p i t 1 0 33 : P o t t e ry ( 1 2 sh . / 162g ) . S am ian : CG , S G ; f o rms D r . 4 6 , 1 8 /31r o r3 1r , 3 7 ; m o t if F ron t inu s . O the r : DOR BB 1 , OXF GR2 , OXF R E 1 , 2 . Q ua r ry p i t 1 0 15 : P o t t e ry ( 3 5sh . /944g ) . S am ian : n a . O the r : OXF GR2 , 3 , OXF OX 1 , OXF R E 1 , 3 ,S AV GT , S V W OX , V ER WHM . T he s h e rd s f r om 1 0 15 a r e b e t t e rp r e se rved c ompa r ed t o1 033 w i th a n a ve rag es h e rd s i z e o f 2 1 .5g c ompa r ed t o 1 3 .5g . T he l owe r f i l l s o f q ua r ry 165 c on ta ined a l a rge r g r oup o f m a te r ia l , b u t i n c on s ide rab ly m o r e f r agmen ted c ond i t ion w i th a n a ve rage s h e rd s i z e o fj u s t 5 . 5g . T h i s g r oup i sa ga in h eav i ly d om ina t ed b y O xf o rd sh i r e g r eywa r e s a nd g r og t empe r ed g r eywa r e s , w i th as ma l l a moun t o f D o r se t B la ck -Bu r n i shed w a r e , s h e l ly w a re a nd s am ian . T he l a t t e r g i ve s H ad r ian ic /An ton ine t e rm inu s p o s t q uem . Among t h e g r eywa r e i s af l anged h em i sphe r ica l b ow l , Y oung f o rm R 48 , n o t ed a sb e ing q u i t er a r e( Young 1 977 , 2 22 ) . Q ua r ry p i t 1 065 , l owe r f i l l s : P o t te ry ( 1 13sh . /90 1g ) . S am ian : CG , S G ; f o rm s D r . 2 7 ; O the r : DOR BB , OXF GR 1 , 2 ,3 , OXF OX 1 , 3 OXF R E 1 , 3 ,4 ,6 , OXF WH , OXF WS , P NK GT , S AV GT , S HELL .

m or ta r ium . T he mo r ta r ium f o rm i st y p ica l o ft h e F l av ian p e r iod b u t t h e v e s se l h a s c l ea r ly s e en h eavy u se . T he

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P i t 1 07 1 : P o t t e r y ( 2 5sh . /6 15g ) . S am ian : n a . O the r : OXF GR2 , OXF R E 1 , 3 ,S AV G T . Among t h e v e s se ls p r e sen t w e r e t wo g r og tempe red s t o rage j a r s a nd t wo g r eywa r e b eake r s , o ne w i th r o u le t t ed d eco ra t ion . T he s he rd sw e r eq u i te w e l l p r e se rved w i th a n a v e rag es he rd s i z eo f2 0g . D i tch 1 09 1 : P o t te ry ( 24 sh . / 163g ) . S am ian : S G , CG ; f o rm s D r . 2 9 . O the r : OXF R E 1 ,3 ,4 ,6 v ; OXF OX 1 , 2 , OXF GR 1 ,2 ,3 ,S VW 17 . Q ua r ry p i t 1 15 : C o in s : V e spa s ian , AD 7 2-9 ( c o in n o . 2 0 1) . S ma l l f i nd s : h a i r p in C oo l t y pe 1 3 ( no . 1 54 ) , 2 nd c en tu ry . P o t t e ry ( 1 150 sh . / 16 .3kg ) : s am ian : CG , S G , EG ; f o rm s D r . 1 8 , 2 9 o r3 7 , 1 8 /31 , 1 5 / 17 , 3 0 , 2 7 , 3 7 ; O the r : OXF GR 1 , 2 ,3 , OXF OX 1 , 2 , OXF R E 1 , 2 ,3 , 4 ,6 ,1 0 , BAT AM , OXF WH , OXF WH 1 ,P NK GT , S AV GT , S HELL , S V W OX , V ER WH M . V e s se l s o fn o te i n c lud e aOXF R E 1 c opy o fa s am ian D r . 3 c up ( F ig . 9 . 4036 ) , af l anged d i sh w i th a b a rbo t ine d eco ra t ed f l ang e ( F ig . 9 . 4030 ) , t h e s ub s tan t ia l p a r t o f a n e ve r t ed r im , n ecked j a r ( F ig . 9 . 4034 ) , s ha l low d i she s , b eake r s w i th b a rbo t ine d o t d eco ra t ion a nd l i d s . T he a ve rag e s he rd s i z e f o r t h e p o t t e ry f r om t h i s f e a tu re , 1 4g , i si n te rmed ia te b e tween t h e p oo r e r a nd b e t t e r p r e se rved g r oup s . Q ua r ry p i t 165 : P o t t e ry ( 1 90 sh . / 1171g ) . S am ian : CG ; f o rm s D r . 1 8 / 31 o r3 1 , 3 7 . O the r : OXF GR3 , OXF OX 1 , OXF R E 1 , 3 ,4 .

h e r e . A l l o ft h e p o t te ry g roup s a s s igned t oC e ram ic P ha se 2 i i i a r e s ma l l , r a ng ing b e tween j u s t 3a nd 2 5 s he rd s . S am ian i sr a re ly r ep re sen ted a nd d a t ing p r e sen ted a s a t e rm inu s p o s t q uem i s mo s t o f t en p rov ided b y o ne o r m o re s he rd s o fM id land s g rog tempe red w a r e ( PNK GT ) . A s i ng le d a teab le s ma l l f i nd d e r ive s f r om a c on tex t a s s igned t oC e ram ic P ha se 2 i i i : ap ennanu la rc oppe r -a l loy f i nge r r i ng n o . 1 57 ( F ig . 6 . 157 ) , f r om c on tex t 1 022 , t h e s o le f i l l o f q ua r ry p i t 1 021 , a ppea r s t o h ave b een m ade f r om a c u t -down a rm le t o f at y pe d a teab le t o t h e l a te R oman p e r iod , c . AD 2 50-400 . KEY GROUPS Q ua r ry p i t 1 021 : Sma l l f i nd : f i nge rr i ng ( n o . 1 57 ) . P o t t e ry ( 20 sh . / 127g ) . S am ian : CG . O the r : BAT AM , DOR BB , OXF GR2 , 3 , OXF OX 1 , OXF R E 1 , 3 ,P NK GT . P i t 1 0 59 : P o t t e ry ( 5 sh . / 160g ) . S am ian : n a . O the r : OXF OX 1 , OXF R E9 , P NK GT . D i t ch 1 240 : P o t te ry ( 1 4 sh . /78g ) . S am ian : CG . O the r : DOR B B , OXF OX 1 , OXF R E 1 , P NK GT , S AV GT .

P i t 1 233 : P o t t e r y ( 9 5sh . /698g ) . S am ian : CG ; f o rm s D r . 2 7 , 3 5 . O the r : OXF GR 1 ,2 , OXF OX 1 , 2 , OXF R E 1 , 3 ,4 ,S AV GT .

D i tch 1 203 : P o t te ry ( 2 5sh . /204g ) . S am ian : n a . O the r : OXF GR2 , OXF OX 1 , OXF R E ! , 3 ,P NK GT , S AV GT , S O W WS . Q ua rr y P i t 1 2 15 : P o t t e ry ( 20 sh . / 149g ) . S am ian : n a . O the r : OXF GR2 , OXF R E ! , OX ID F L , P NK GT , S AV GT .

P i t 1 405 : P o t t e r y ( 69 sh . /440g ) . S am ian : CG , S G ; f o rm s D r . 3 1 , 3 8 , 2 7 , 3 7 . O the r : BAT AM , GLAZE , OXF GR 1 , 2 , OXF OX 1 , 2 , OXF R E 1 , 3 , 4 ,1 0 , S AV G T . T h is f e a tu r e c on ta ined o ne o ft h e t wo s h e rd s o fB r i t i sh g l a z ed w a r er e cove r ed f r om t h es i t e .

D i tch 1 2 17 : P o t te ry ( 1 1sh . /66g ) . S am ian : n a . O the r : OXF GR2 , OXF OX 1 , OXF R E ! , P NK GT .

O ven 1 427 : P o t t e ry ( 174 sh . /4880g ) . S am ian : n a . O the r : OXF GR 1 , 3 , OXF OX2 , OXF RE 1 , 3 , 4 , S AV GT , S HELL . T he a s semb lage w a s c ha rac t e r i sed b y f a i r ly l a rge , w e l l -p re se r ved s h e rd s a nd w a s d om ina ted b y OXF R E 1 w h ich a ccoun t s f o r 7 9% b ys h e rd c oun t . F o rm s i n c lude a n u nu sua l d e co ra t ed f l a sk ( F ig . 1 0 .4046 ) , af l ang ed d i sh ( Young 1 977 , R 70 ) , r u s t ica t ed w a re , aD o r se tB lack -Bu rn i shed w a r e f l a t r im b ow l a nd ad e l ibe ra t e ly h o led b a se i nf a b r ic OXF R E 1 .

P o s tho le 1 242 : P o t te ry ( 1 1sh . /46g ) . S am ian : n a . O the r : OXF GR2 , OXF OX2 , OXF R E 1 , OXF WH . P i t 1 308 : P o t t e ry ( 1 9 sh . / 1368g ) . S am ian : n a . O the r : BAT AM , DOR B B , OXF GR 1 , 2 , OXF OX2 , OXF R E 1 , 4 ,P NK G T , S HELL . D i tch 1 3 16 : P o t t e ry ( 3 sh . /42g ) . S am ian : n a . O the r : OXF OX2 , OXF R E ! , P NK GT .

CERA M IC PHASE 2 1 1( M ID-LATE 2 ND CENTURY )

Q ua r ry p i t 157 p roduced a s i zeab le a s semb lage w h ich i n c luded t wo s he rd s o f r oughca s t d eco ra ted C o logne c o lou r -coa t ed b eake r p robab ly o f2 nd -cen tu ry d a te . Two s ma l l s h e rd s o f a b raded O xf o rd sh i re c o lou r -coa ted w a re f r om t h i s g r oup a r e c l ea r ly i n t ru s ive . P i t 1 294 y i e lded a n a s semb lage o fm a in ly l o ca l w a re s , a sw e l l a se i gh t s h e rd s o fp r edom inan t ly C en t ra l G au l i sh s am ian , i n c lud ing aD r . 3 7 b ow lo fC a su r iu sd a t ing t oc . AD 1 60-90 .

P i t 1 422 : P o t t e ry ( 7 sh . /84g ) . S am ian : n a . O the r : OXF OX2 , OXF R E 1 , 4 ,P NK GT . GENERAL P ER IOD 2D ATED F EATURES

Sma l l q uan t i t ie s o fp o t te ry w e r e r e cove red f r om p ad s tone s e t t ing s 1 4 11 , 1 265 a nd 1 278 a s soc ia ted w i th t h e t imbe r b u i ld ing . T h i s m a te r ia l , c on s ide red t oge the r w i th ag roup o f 1 2 s he rd s f r om a d jacen t p o s tho le 1 242 ( a bove , C e ram ic P ha se 2 i i i ) , w h ich i n c luded a n O xf o rd sh i r e w h i tewa re r i ng -necked f l agon ( Young 1 977 , t y pe W3 ) , s ugge s t s am id t o l a te r 2 nd o r e a r ly 3 rd -cen tu ry d a te f o r t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e b u i ld ing . Me ta l l ing 1 245 , a s soc ia ted w i th t h i s s t ruc tu re , w a s s e a led b y al o am h o r izon 185 . T he l a te rd epo s i tp roduced ad i sc r e te g roup o fp o t te ry , i n c lud ing C en t ra l G au l i sh s am ian , a l o fw h ich p robab ly d a te s t o t h e l a te 2 nd c en tu ry . P o s tho le s t o t h e s ou th o f ap o s t -bu i l t s t ruc tu re p roduced s ma l l q uan t i t ie s o f i s t t o2 nd -cen tu ry p o t te ry . P o s tho le f i l l 1 306 i n c luded O xf o rd sh i re g r ey o r w h i tewa re s a nd a s c rap o f S ou th G au l i sh s am ian ; 1 332 p roduced a s i ng le s he rd o f H ad r ian ic o r e a r ly A n ton ine s am ian . P i t 1 089 p roduced o n ly a s i ng le s h e rd o f l o ca l g r eywa re ( OXF R E3 ) . A d ena r iu s o fS everu s A lexande r ( c o in n o . 2 05 ) , d a teab le t o

KEY GROUPS Q ua r ry p i t 157 : P o t te ry ( 2 58 sh . /2176g ) . S am ian : CG ; f o rm s D r . 3 . O the r : BAT AM , COL CC , OXF GR2 , OXF OX 1 , 2 , OXF R E ! , 3 ,4 , OXF WH2 , S AV GT , S HELL . N o tab le f o rm s i n c lude a f l a t r immed D o r se t B lack -Bur n i shed w a r e b ow l , a n O xf o rd sh i re w h i t ewa r e b ow l ( Young 1 9 77 , f o rm W54 ) , a n OXF R E 1 t a nka rd , a nd a n OXF GR2 b i f id r im j ug . P i t 1 294 : P o t t e ry ( 205sh . /2456g ) . S am ian : CG , S G ; f o rm s D r . 1 8 /31r , 1 8 /31r o r3 1r , 3 1 r , 3 7 ; m o t if C a su r iu s . O the r : DOR BB , OXF GR 1 , 2 , OXF OX 1 , 2 , OXF R E ! , 3 ,4 , 6 , S AV GT . F o rm s i n c lude a D o r se t B lack -Bu r n i sh ed w a r ej a ra nd l i d , a nd a n OXF OX 1 r e eded r im d i sh . CERA M IC PHASE 2 1 1 1( LATE 2 ND -M ID 3 RD CENTURY ) ( Tab le 1 3 )

T he p r e sen ce o f M id land s g rog tempe red w a re a nd /o r D o r se t B lack -Bu rn i shed w a re g r ooved r im b ow l s c omb in ed w i th a n a b sence o f O xf o rd sh i re l a te c o lou r c oa ted w a r e h a s b een u sed t od ef ine t h e f e a tu re s g rouped

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AD 2 2235 m ay i n d ica te a d a te f o r t h i s p i t i nC e ram ic P ha se 2 i i i .

( Cope land 2 002 , 7 9-81) . I ti sc on ce ivab le t h a tt h e s u rf ace o fA keman S t ree t a tW i lco te w a s a l so t h in ly m e ta l led a nd s u scep t ib le t o e ro s ion d u r ing u se , a nd t h a t aw or n a nd s l igh t ly s unken r ou te m igh t e ven tua l ly h ave d ev e loped . S uch a n e r oded , muddy r ou te i sl i ke ly t o h ave r e qu i red t h e p e r iod ic d ump ing o fs t one w i th in i tf o r c on so l ida t ion , p e rhap s a c coun t ing f o r t h e p re s ence o f r e s idua l 1 s t c en tu ry f i nd s w i th in 1 008 . T he s ha l low , s l igh t ly i regu la r , l i nea r d ep r e s s ion 1 007 , u p t o 0 . 12m d eep w i th i t s f i l l o f r ough s t one , t i l e a nd s o i l , m igh t t h u s r e p r e sen t t h e h i gh ly t r unca t ed r ema in s o f ah o l low w ay , p r e sen td u r ing P e r iod 2b u tw h ich a ccumu la ted m a te r ia l d u r ing P e r iod 3( F ig . 5 , s e c t ion 1 ) . S uch n eg lec to f ama jo ra r t e r ia lr ou te w ou ld b e s u rp r i s ing , a nd r a i se s q ue s t ion s a s t o t h e c ond i t ion o f A keman S t ree t i mmed ia te ly b eyond t h e s e t t lemen t d u r ing t h e l a te rR oman p e r iod .

E v idence f o r P e r iod 2 c on s t ruc t ion o r u se o f t r ackway 1 0 14 i sp rov ided b y s ma l l b u td i sc r e te g roup so fl a te r2 nd t om id 3 rd -cen tu ry p o t te ry . S am ian f r om t h i s f e a tu re a nd f r om p a ra l le l d i tch 1 005 i so f ( p robab ly l a te ) A n ton ine d a te . C o in ( c o in n o . 2 03 ) , as e s ter t iu s o fA n ton inu s P iu s , d a teab le t o AD 1 40-4 a nd ' T shaped ' b rooch n o . 7 3 ( F ig . 6 . 73 ) , d a teab le t o t h e l a te i s t t o m id 2 nd c en tu ry AD , s uppo r t t h e p ropo sed d a t ing . C o i led f i nge r r i ng n o . 1 56 ( F ig . 6 . 156 ) , w h ich i so fp robab le l a te r3 rd t o4 th -cen tu ry d a te i sh oweve ra tv a r iance w i th t h ed a te s ugge s ted f o rt h e p ha se . T he s ma l l s i ze o f t h i s o b jec t m ake s i te n t i re ly p o s s ib le t h a tt h i si t em r ep re sen t s al a te ri n t ru s ion . I ti sa l so c on s ide r ed t o b e s i gn if ican t t h a t t h e d i tche s r e spec t ing t r ackway 1 014 t o t h e e a s t ( 1005 ) a nd s ou th w e s t ( 1206 , 1 203 ) a r e f r ee f r om l a te r R oman m a te r ia l . D ra in s s e em ing ly a s soc ia ted w i th t h e t r ackway p rov ide s ome f u r the r e v idence f o r a2 nd -cen tu ry d a te f o r t h i s f e a tu r e . C lay c app ing 1 226-8 o ve r d ra in 1 224 p roduced s ma l l q uan t i t ie s o f e a r l ie r t y pe ( p robab ly 2 nd c en tu ry ) l o ca l g r eywa re s . D ra in 1 229 w a s c u t b y p i t 1 025 o f s e em ing ly e a r ly 4 t h -cen tu ry d a te , a nd b y p i t 1 0 17 w h ich p roduced a m ix tu re o f 2 nd -cen tu ry a nd 3 rd /4 th -cen tu ry m a te r ia l .

T he t r ackway AP e r iod 2o r ig in f o r t r ackway 1 0 14 h a s b een s ugge s ted b o th b y t h e r e cove ry o f2 nd t o 3 rd -cen tu ry p o t te ry f r om i t s c on s t ruc t ion m a te r ia l a nd , i n d i r ec t ly , b yt h e a b sence o f 4 th -cen tu ry p o t te ry f r om a s soc ia t ed d r a inage d i t ch 1 005 a nd f r om d i tche s 1 203 , 1 206 a nd 1 240 w h ich f l ank ed t h i s f e a tu re a s i tt u rned s ou th -ea s twa rd . As ma l l q uan t i ty o f L a te R oman s he rd s w a s r e cove red , h ow eve r , f r om w i th in t h e s u rf ace o f 1 0 14 b u t t h e se may b e i n t ru s ive , p e rhap s f i nd st r amp led i n to t h eu ppe r l e ve l so ft h et r ack . D i su se o f t h e t r ackway w i th in t h e 4 th c en tur y i sr ef lec ted i n as e r ie s o fp a tchy l o am d epo s i t s 127 , 134 a nd 144 , a ve rag ing 0 . 15m i nt h ickne s s , w i th in u n repa i r ed , w o rn a r ea s o ft r ack a nd b y l o am d ump 111 , u p t o0 . 20m t h ick , s e a l ing 1 0 14 ( F ig . 5 ,s e c t ion 2 ) .

P e r iod 3( l a te 3 rd-4 th c en tur y AD ) L im i t ed l a te R oman a c t iv i ty w a s i d en t if ied w i th in S i te A . T h i s c on s i s ted o f d epo s i t s a s soc ia ted w i th d i su se o f t r a ckway 1 0 14 , t h e i nf i l l ing o f ah o l low w ay 1 007 o n t h e l i ne o f A keman S t ree t , s ma l l sca le q ua r ry ing a nd t h e d epo s i t ion o f m a te r ia l i n to t h e u ppe r l e ve l s o f s eve ra l P e r iod 2q ua r ry p i t sa nd d i tche s .

O the rL a te R oman a c t iv i ty Two q ua r ry s coop s 1 0 17 a nd 1 025 w e r e c u t i n to ac l ay c app ing -depo s i t 1 231 o f t h e P e r iod 2 c u lver t 1 229 a nd i n d ica ted s ome c on t inued , t hough s ma l l sca le , c l ay e x t rac t ion o n t h e s i te i n to P e r iod 3 .Ap o s s ib le o ven b a se 1 388 a l so y i e lded L a te R oman p o t t e ry a nd s ugge s t s t h a t

A keman S t ree t A p l ough -damaged d epo s i t 1 008 , f o rmed f r om s ub r ounded c obb le s , l i me s tone f r agmen t s , l o am a nd f r agmen ta ry r oof t i l ew a sn o ted a tt h en or the rn e nd o fS i te A w i th in a s ha l low , i regu la r , l i nea r d ep re s s ion 1 007 s ome 4 . 7m i nw id th a nd 0 . 12m i nd ep th ( F ig s 2 ,5 ) . T h i s s t one s p r ead c o r re la ted w i th t h e p ro jec ted l i ne o fA keman S t ree ta sd ef ined b yt h e 1 999 g eophy s ica l s u rvey ( F ig . 1 ) . N o f l ank ing d i tche s w e re p r e sen t h e re , h oweve r , n o r h ad a ny r o ad f ounda t ion s o r r oad s ide d i t che s b een e ncoun te red w i th in t h e a r ea o f H and s ' 1 990-6 e xcava t ion st ot h ee a s t (W i l co te I ,3 7-9 ) .

l i m i ted a c t iv i ty w i th in t h e a r ea o f f i r e sco rched g r ound n o r th o ft h e t imbe r b u i ld ing may h ave c on t inued i n to t h e 4 th c en tu ry . P e r iod 2 q ua r ry p i t s 1 0 17 , 1 019 , 1 065 , 1 085 , 1 15 , p i t 1 063 , p o s tho le 1 061 a nd d i tch 167 a l c on ta ined p o t t e ry o f L a te R oman d a te w i th in t h e i r l a t e s t f i l l s , s ugge s t ing t h a t i n f i l l ing a nd l e ve l l ing a c t iv i ty c on t inued i n to P e r iod 3 . Da t ing e v id ence , b yE d McS loy a nd J an eT imby

T he a b sence o f r oad s ide d i t che s , s ub s tan t ia l r oad f ounda t ion so ra ny s u rv iv ing s equence o fr oad r e su rf ac ing

A s w i th C e ram ic P ha se 2 i i i , c on tex t g r oup s a t t r ibu ted t o P e r iod 3 w e re i n t h e m a in d om ina ted b y O xf o rd sh i re g r eywa re p o t te ry w i th s ma l le r q uan t i t ie s o f m o re d i agno s t ic t y pe s . L a te r 3 rd t o 4 t h -cen tu ry d a t ing o f c on tex t s w a s i n d ica ted b yt h e p resence o fc e r ta in f o rm so f O xf o rd sh i r e c o lou r -coa ted w a re , i n c lud ing mor ta r ia a nd

a t S i te A i s n o t ewo r thy . P rev iou s c u t t ing s t h rough A keman S t ree t i nt h e Wychwood l o ca l i ty h ave r e vea led c on s ide rab le v a r ia t ion i nt h e q ua l i ty o f i t s c on s t ruc t ion , w i th s ome s e c t ion s o f t h e r oad h av ing b een b u i l t u s ing o n ly as andy -c lay f ounda t ion o ve r la in b y at op -d re s s ing o f s ma l l p ebb le s o r as i ng le c ou r se o ft h in l i me s tone s l ab s

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D o r se t B lack -Bu rn ished w a re f o rm s i n c lud ing f l anged c on ica l b ow ls . T he a b sence o f a ny s t amp d eco ra ted O xf o rd sh i r e c o lou r -coa ted w a re , p a rchmen t w a r e , a nd s t ra t if ied l a te R oman s he l ly w a r e s t rong ly s ugge s t s a c t iv i ty h a sc ea sed i nt h i s a r ea b yt h ee a r ly 4 t hc en tu ry . O f t h e f e a tu res p roduc ing L a te R oman p o t te ry , a p ropor t ion d e r ive s f r om u ppe r( o rs i ng le ) f i l ls o fq ua r r ies , d i tche s a nd o t he r f e a tu re s w h ich o r ig ina ted e a r l ie r i nt h e R oman p e r iod . E v idence f o r t h e P e r iod 2 c on s t ruc t ion o ft r ackway 1 0 14 h a s b een d e ta i led a bove . L a te r R oman m a te r ia l f r om 1 0 14 c on s i s t so fm id 3 rd t o4 t h -cen tu ry w a re s , a nd o ne p o s s ib le s he rd o fL a te R oman s h e l ly w a re . I ft h e s he l ly w a r e i sn o t i n t ru s iv e i ti mp l ies ad a te a f t e r a r ound AD 3 60 . T ha tt h i s f e a tu r e h a s b een s ub jec t t o c on tam ina t ion i s h oweve r i n d ica ted b y t h e p r e sence o f as h e rd o f p o s t -med ieva l p o t te ry . F u r the r m a te r ia l d e r ived f r om l o am d epo s i t s o ve r ly ing t r ack 1 0 14 . T he se d epo s i t s i n c luded b ronze r a d ia t e s , n o s 2 10 a nd 2 08 ( c on tex t s 125 a nd 127 ) , d a teab le t o AD 2 70-90 a nd AD 2 70-4 r e spec t ive ly ,w h i le l o am 144 y i e lded t wo s h e rd s o fL a te R oman s h e l ly w a re , t wo s h e rd s o fc o lou r -coa ted mor ta r ium , a nd as ha le o rj e t a rm le t ( F ig . 8 . 2 ) d a teab le t ot h e p e r iod f r om t h e m id 3 rd c en tu ry o nwa rd s .

T rackway 1 0 14 : P o t te ry ( 2 10 sh . / 1867g) . S am ian : CG , E G rh ; f o rm s D r . 3 6 , 3 7 , W79 /80 , O the r : BAT AM , DOR BB , OXF GR 1 , 2 , 3 , OXF OX 1 , OXF R E ! , 4 , 6 , 7 , 1 0 , OXF R S , OXF R SM , OXF WH , OXF WHM , P NK GT , S HELL , ROBSH , PMGRE . F o rm s i n c lude O xf o rd c o lou r -coa t ed w a r e s i n c lud ing a m o r ta r ium a nd d i she s /bow l s , Y oung 1 977 f o rm s C 45 , C 48 a nd C 71 a nd a w h i t ewa r e m o r ta r ium ( Young f o rm M22 ) . T he g r oup a l so c on ta in s aD o r se t B la ck -Bu rn i shed w a r e c on ica l f l anged b ow l , s i x s h e rd s o fP NK GT a nd o ne p o s s ib le s h e rd o f L a te R oman s h e l ly w a r e . Q ua r ry 1 0 17 : P o t te ry ( 2 1sh . / 137g ) . S am ian : S G ; f o rm s D r . 2 9 o r 3 7 . O the r : BAT AM , OXF GR2 , OXF OX 1 , OXF R E 1 , OXF WHM . T he b u lk o ft h e p o t t e ry a ppea r s t ob e 2 nd c en tu ry i nd a t e , b u t i n c lude s a n O xf o rd sh i r e c o lou r -coa t ed f l ang ed b ow l ( Young 1 977 , t y pe C 51) a nd a w h i t ewa re m o r ta r ium s he rd . A dd i t iona l ly t h i s c on t ex t y i e lded a s haped ' b rooch n o . 7 1 ( F ig . 6 . 7 1) , d a t eab le t ot h e l a t e 1 s tc en tu ry o rt h e i s th a lf o ft h e2 nd c en tu ry .

Q ua r r y 1 0 19 , U ppe r f i l l : P o t te ry ( 2 9 sh . / 163g ) . S am ian : CG . O the r : DOR BB , OXF GR2 , 3 , OXF R E 1 , 4 ,6 , OXF R SM . Am id 3 r d t o4 t h c en tu ry d a t e i ss ugg e s t ed b y as i ng le s h e rd o fO xf o rd sh i r ec o lou r -coa t ed w a r e . P o s tho le 1 06 1 , U ppe r f i l l s : P o t t e ry ( 5 sh . / 130g ) . S am ian : n a . O the r : OXF R E ! , OXF R S /CC , OXF WHM . V e s se l s i n c lude p a r t o f a w h i t ewa r e m o r ta r ium , f o rm M 14 , w ho se p roduc t ion p e r iod i sp l a ced f r om a r ound AD 1 80 t o2 40 , a nd a nO xf o rd sh i r ec o lou r -coa t ed s h e rd . P i t 1 063 : C o in : r a d ia t e , c . AD 2 70-90 ( n o . 2 09 ) . P o t t e ry ( 9 3sh . /930g ) . S am ian : n a . O the r : CALC , CNGBS , DOR B B , OXF GR 1 , 2 , OXF OX 1 , 2 ,3 , OXF R E 1 , 4 ,6 , OXF R E 1 , 3 ,4 , OXF R SM , OXF WH2 , OXF WH M , S AV GT . T he a s semb lag e i n c luded an umbe r o ft y p ica l l a te 3 r d -cen tu ry s h e rd s i n c lud ing ag r ooved r immed d i sh a nd af l anged r immed c on ica l b ow l i nD o r se t B la ck -Bu rn i shed w a re , as he rd f r om a C en t ra l G au l i sh b l a ck s l ipped b eake r , aw h i tewa r e m o r ta r ium ( Young 1 977 , f o rm M22 ) a nd as h e rd o fc o lou r -coa ted m o r ta r ium . O fp a r t icu la r n o te i s af r agmen t o f n ozz le i n OXF R E 1 f r om a f e ed ing b o t t le o r s im i la r . U ppe r f i l l 1 3 11 o fp i t 1 063 y i e lded af u r the r r a d ia te c o in ( n o . 2 06 )d a teab le t ot h el a te 3 r d c en tu ry .

T he f i l l o ft h e h o l low w ay 1 008 o n t h e l i ne o fA keman S t ree t p roduced a r e la t ive ly s ma l l g roup , w h ich i n c luded s he rd s o fO xf o rd sh i re r e d s l ip w a re d a t ing t oa f t e rt h em id 3 rd c en tu ry a nd ar ad ia te c o in ( no . 2 07 ) d a teab le t oc . AD 2 70-90 .The re a r e t wo e xamp le s o f 4 t h -cen tu ry c o in s s t ra t if ied i n t h e u ppe r f i l ls o f e a r l ie r p i t s : a n i s sue o f C on s tan t ine I ( no . 2 13 ) , d a teab le t o AD 3 20-4 , c ame f r om t h e s e conda ry f i l l 1 026 o fq ua r ry 1 025 , a nd a no the r c o in ( no . 2 12 ) a l so d a teab le t o AD 3 20-4 f r om t h e u ppe r f i l l ( 1024 )o fq ua r ry p i t 1 023 . KEY GROUPS Q ua r ry 1 0 03 : Sma l l f i nd s : ' T shaped ' b r ooch ( no . 7 1 ) . P o t te ry ( 3 48 sh . /2348g ) . S am ian : CG , CG /EG , S G ; f o rm s D r . 3 1r , 3 7 , 2 7 , 2 9 . O the r : OXF GR2 , OXF OX 1 , OXF R E 1 , 3 ,4 ,5 ,6 , OXF R SM , OXF WH2 , OXF WH M , SAV GT . Q ua r ry 1 003 ( F ig . 3 ,s e c t ion ) p r oduced 3 96 s h e rd s o f w h ich 6 4% w e r e OXF R E 1 a nd 2 6% OXF GR2 . T he l a te s t s am ian f r om t h is f e a tu r e d a te s t ot h e l a t e 2 ndea r ly 3 r d c en tu ry , h ow eve r t h e p r e sence o f as i ng le s h e rd f r om a n O xf o rd sh i r e c o lou r c oa t ed m o r ta r ium ( Young 1 977 , t y pe 9 7 ) , i ft a ken a tf a ce v a lue a nd n o t c on s ide r ed a n i n t r u s ion , p u she s t h e g r oup i n to t h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e 3 r d c en tur y . T h i s v e s se l f e a tu re s r o u le t t ed d eco ra t ion o n t h e e x te r io r f a ce ( F ig . 1 .4074 ) . T he p o t te ry i sw e l l f r agmen ted s ugge s t ing i tc ou ld b e r e s idua l . L aye r 1 008 : C o in : r a d ia te , c . AD 2 70-90 ( n o . 2 07 ) . Sma l l f i nd : N auhe im d e r iva t ive b rooch ( n o . 6 9 ) . P o t te ry ( 3 8 sh . /239g ) . S am ia n : CG . O the r : OXF OX 1 , OXF R E 1 , 3 ,4 ,6 , OXF R S , OXF R SM , P NK GT . T he l a t e s t s h e rd s c omp r i se OXF R S b ow l s a nd m o r ta r ia o fm id 3 r d t o 4 t h -cen tur y d a t e . T he N auhe im d e r iva t ive b r ooch n o . 6 9 ( F ig . 6 . 69 ) i s d a teab le t ot h e m id I s t c en tu ry . Wh i le s e em ing ly r e s idua l i ni t sc on tex t , t h i s i t em h ad b e en m od if ied a nd m ay h ave r ema ined i nu s e l o ng a f t e r m anuf a c tu r e .

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Q ua r ry 1 065 , U ppe r f i l l : P o t t e ry ( 6 52 sh . /6948g ) . S am ian : CG , E G ; f o rm s D r . 1 8 /31 , 3 1r , 3 1 , 3 1r , 3 , 3 2 , 4 5 , C u r ie 2 3 ; O the r : BAT AM , GAL AM , DOR B B , OXF GR 1 , 2 ,3 , OXF OX 1 , 2 , OXF R E 1 , 3 ,4 ,6 , 1 0 , OXF WH , OXF WHF , OXF WHM , S AV GT , S HELL , S O W WS . Q ua r ry 1 065 p r oduced o ne o ft h e l a rg e r a s semb lag e s , m uch o fw h ich d e r ived f r om t h e u ppe rmo s t f i l l . T he a ve rag e s h e rd s i ze o f8 . 5g s how s t h i s t ob e q u i te f r agmen ted . T he 3 4 s h e rd s o fC en t ra l G au l i sh a nd o ne s h e rd o f E a s t G au l i sh s am ian g i ve at e rm inus p o s t q uem i nt h e l a te r 2 ndea r ly 3 r d c en tu ry . L owe r f i l l 177 p r oduced m a te r ia l c ommen su ra te w i th a n e a r ly 2 nd -cen tu ry d a t e ( s ee C e ram ic P ha se 2 i a bove ) w i th ac a r ina t ed s h e rd o fB r i t i sh g l az ed w a r e ( F ig . 1 0 .4072 ) , t h e o n ly m ica s l ipped s h e rd i n t h e a s semb lage , a s w e l l a s ar i ng -necked o x id i sed f l agon a nd v a r iou s g r eywa re s . T he m a in f i l l 1 066 p r oduced a s i ng le s h e rd s o fP NK GT a nd ac on ica l f l ang ed b ow l i nD o r se t B lack B urn i shed w a re , t h e l a t te r p e rhap s , i fn o t i n t ru s ive , p u sh ing t h e g r oup i n to t h e m idla t e r 3 r d c en tu ry a tt h e e a r l ie s t . S eve ra l g r ooved r immed b ow l s a nd p l a in r immed D o r se t B lack -Bur n i shed w a r e d i she s a r e a l so p r e sen t . Two s h e rd s c a r ry g r af f i t i ; aD o r se t B lack -Bur n i shed w a r e j a r b a se h a s i n c i sed r a d ia t ing l i ne s ( F ig . 1 0 .4070 ) a nd a g r eywa r e b ody she rd h a s p a r t o f w ha t a ppea r s t o b e a n i n c i sed n ame , a l though t h e re i si n su f i c ien t t o d e te rm ine w he the r i ti sl i t e ra t e o rj u s t am a rk ( F ig . 1 0 .4069 ) . Q ua r ry 1 085 , U ppe r f i l l : P o t t e ry ( 4 sh . / 18g ) . S am ian : CG . O the r : OXF R E ! , OXF R S , P NK GT . Q ua r ry 1 15 , U ppe r f i l l : P o t te ry ( 2 14 sh . /3047g ) . S am ia n : CG , S G ; f o rm s D r . 1 8 /31 , 1 5 / 17 , 3 0 . O the r : BAT AM , OXF GR 1 , 2 , OXF OX 1 , 2 , OXF R E 1 , 3 ,4 ,1 0 , OXF WH , OXF R SM , P NK G T , S AV GT , S VW OX .

A rea n o r th o fA keman S t ree t

L oam L ave r 144 : P o t t e ry ( 54 sh . /432g ) . S am ian : CG . O the r : BATAM , DOR BB , OXF GR2 , OXF OX ! , 1 0 , OXF R E 1 , 3 ,4 ,9 , 1 0 , OXF R S , OXF R . SM , PNK GT , ROBSH . N o tab le f o rm s i n c lude t wo s h e rd s o f L a t e R oman s h e l ly w a r e a nd t wo s he rd s o f c o lou r -coa t ed m o r ta r ium . S eve ra l r e s idua l s h e rd sw e r ea l so p r e sen t . As ha le o rj e ta rm le t( F ig . 8 . 2 ) o f af o rm m o s t c ommon ly s e en i nt h e l a te r R oman p e r iod , c . AD 2 504 00 ,w a sa l so r e cove red . D i tch 167 : P o t t e ry ( 3 25sh . /4358g ) . S am ian : CG ; f o rm s D r . 1 8 /31 . O the r : DOR B B , OXF GR 1 , 2 ,3 , OXF OX 1 , 2 , OXF R E 1 , 3 ,4 ,1 0 , 1 , OXF R SM , OXF WH , OXF WHM , S AV GT , S HELL , S O W OX . T h i s g r oup w a s d om ina ted b yg r eywa r e s a nd m any f o rm sw h ich a r ep robab ly 2 nd c en tu ry i n d a t e , i n c lud ing a w h i t ewa r e r i ng -necked f l agon , t a nka rd s , c or n ice r im a nd i n den ted b eake r s , a nd a s i ng le s he rd o f a c o lande r . T he d a t ing f o r t h e g roup i s p r ov ided b y aw h i t ewa r e m o r ta r ium ( Young 1 977 , f o rm M 17 ) , f i ve s he rd s o f c o lou r -coa ted m o r ta r ium a nd a 3 rd -cen tu ry D o r se t B la ck -Bu rn i shed w a r e j a r . A pp rox ima t e ly o ne -qua r t e ro f ap er f o ra t ed p o t te ry d i sc ( OXF GR2 ) w a s a l so p r e sen t i nt h eg r oup .

W i th in S i te D t wo n or th -ea s t / sou th -we s t a l igned d i tche s 4 003 a nd 4 002 r a n b road ly p a ra l le l w i th , a nd r e spec t ive ly 6 0m a nd 5 0m n or th o f , t h e l i ne o f A keman S t ree t . I ti s c once ivab le t h a t 4 002 m igh t b e t h e s am e d i tch a s F . 40 e xam ined b y H and s t ot h e e a s t , w h i le at h i rd d i tch 4 0 13 , w h ich e xh ib i ted ab road ly r i gh t -ang led t u rn , m igh tj u s tb e ac on t inua t ion o fF . 26 (W i l co te I , 115 ) . Two s ma l l p i t s w e re a l so n o ted . N o f u r the r f e a tu re s w e re e ncoun t e red d u r ing t h e s ub sequen tw a tch ing -b r ief t ot h e n o r th o fd i tch 4 003 , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e m a in f ocu s o fo ccupa t ion l a y t o t h es ou th o fA keman S t ree t .

P i t 1 384 : P o t t e ry ( 16 sh . /2 10g ) . S am ia n : n a . O the r DOR BB , OXF GR2 , OXF OX 1 , 2 , OXF R E ! , OXF WH M . T h i s f e a tu r e m ay a l so b e long w i th t h i s p e r iod a si tp r oduced aY oung ( 1 977 ) f o rm M22 m o r ta r ium .

A rea s ou th o fA keman S t ree t Ab u r ied s o i l h o r izon 2 068 w i th in S i te B , 2 0100mm i n t h ickne s s , w a s s e a led b y a n i regu la r ly s h aped a nd p oo r q ua l i ty l i me s tone s u rf ace 2 069 c on s t ruc t ed f r om as i ng le , l e ve l , c ompac ted , l a ye r o f i r regu la r l i me s tone p i ece s ( a ve rag ing 0 . 20m i nl e ng th , 0 . 15m w ide a nd 2 0mm t h ick ) , a nd s ma l l p ebb le s . T he s ou th -we s t e dge o ft h e s u rf ace l a y w i th in t h e p i pe t rench a nd , w he re e xpo sed , w a s w e l l d ef ined . T he s u rf ace w a s e xpo sed o ve r s ome 7 m o ft h e p i pe t r ench , a nd e x tended f o r a n u nknown d i s tance t ot h e n or th -ea s t . T he s t one s u rf ace w a s a tt h e s ame l e ve l a st h e n a tu ra l l i me s tone b ra sh i mmed ia te ly t ot h e n or th -we s ta nd t oge the r t h ey m ay h ave b een u t i l ised a s as u rf ace . N o a s soc ia ted s t ruc tu ra l r ema in s w e re e ncoun te red a nd t h e n a tu re o fa c t iv i ty c a r r ied o u t o n , o ra r ound s u rf ace 2 069 , r ema in s u nce r ta in . T he s t one s u rf ace w a s o ve r la in b y a 0 . 25-0 .35m t h ick a r tef ac t r ich s i l ty -c lay 2 004 . T h i s e x tended f o r ad i s tance o f s ome 1 30m a l ong t h e p i pe t r ench , a nd w a s i n ve s t iga ted b ym ean so f2 6h and -dug t e s t p i t s , e ach 1 m s qua re . T he se p i t s e xam ined t h e c ha rac te r a nd a r tef ac t c on ten t o f t h e l a ye r p r io r t o i t s m ach ine r emova l t o t h e u nde r ly ing s u rf ace 2 069 . T he o r ig ina l e x ten to fd epo s i t2 004 i su nknown , b u tt h e l a ye rm ay h ave b een m o re e x ten s ive s i nce t h e h o r izon o n ly s urv ived l a te r p l ough ing w he re i tl a y w i th in a s l igh t u ndu la t ion i nt h e n a tu ra l b ed rock . T he r e la t ive ly u nab raded n a tu r e o f p o t te ry r e cove red f r om d epo s i t 2 004 s ugg e s t s t h a t i tm ay

O ven 1 388 p r oduced f o u r s ub s tan t ia l f r agmen t s o fP NK GT ( a ve rage s h e rd w e igh t 17g ) , aD o r se t B lack -Bu rn i shed w a re c on ica l f l anged b ow l a nd a n o x id i sed s a ndy w a r e d i sh a s c o lou r -coa ted f o rm Y oung C 45 .

P e r iod 4 :P o s t -Roman N o A ng lo -Saxon o r m ed ieva l a r tef ac t s o r f e a tu re s w e re e ncoun te r ed . S eve ra l p o s t -med ieva l o r mode rn f i e ld d ra in s c r o s sed S i te A . P lough sca r r ing w a s a l so e v iden t a l though t h e e f ec t o f p o s t -Roman p l ough ing o n h o r izon ta l d epo s i t s w i th in S i te A w a s v a r iab le . P o s s ib le h o l lowway d epo s i t 1 008 a ppea red t oh ave b een t r unca ted a nd s p read b y p l ough ing w he rea s a d jacen t t r ackway 1 0 14 , a nd e x terna l h a rd s tand ing 1 245 f u r the r s ou th , h ad b o th s u rv ived p l ough ing d ue t o t h e i r c on s t ruc t ion i n s ha l low c u t s w h ich k ep t t h em b e low t h e l e ve l o f l a te r p l ough ing . T he re i sn o d i rec t e v idence f o r t h e d a te w hen A keman S t ree tw en to u to fu se . S i te s Bt oG S i te s Bt oGc omp r i se e xcava t ion o f a2m w ide s t r ip o n t h e l i ne o ft h e p i pe l ine t ot h e n o r th a nd s ou th o f S i te A ( F ig . 1 ) .

h ave b een a m idden s i tua ted w i th in a l ow ly ing a r ea b e low t h eh i l l s ide t ot h ew e s t .

P e r iod 1( 1 s tc en tur y AD ) N oP e r iod 1a c t iv i ty w a sr e cogn i sab le w i th in S i te s Bt oG . P e r iod 2( 2nd—m id / la te 3 rd c en tur y AD ) T he e xcava t ion e ncoun te red R omano -B r i t i sh f e a tu re s e x tend ing o n ly 6 0m n o r th , b u t a t l e a s t 6 00m s ou th , o f A keman S t r ee t . I n ten s ive e v idence o fo ccupa t ion , i nt h e f o rm o fr e f u se p i t s , as t one s u rf ace , ah ea r th , d i t che s a nd a p o s s ib le m idden d epo s i t w a s r e co rded w i th in S i te F a nd t h e n o r thern h a lf o f S i te B . Wh i le t h e s ma l l s ca le o f e xcava t ion o u t s ide o f S i te A h i nde red d e ta i led i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h i s a c t iv i ty , t h e d en s i ty a nd c ha rac te r o f f e a tu re s s ugge s t s a f o cu s o f P e r iod 2 o ccupa t ion e x tend ing a tl e a s t2 80m s ou th o fA keman S t ree t .

2 74

A s e r ie s o f b road ly n o r th -we s t / sou th -ea s t a nd n o r th e a s t / sou th -we s t a l igned i n te rcu t t ing d i t che s w i th in S i te s B , Ga nd C i n d ica te s eve ra l p ha se s o fP e r iod 2 a c t iv i ty . Wh i le t h e l i m i ted v i ew o ft h ese f e a tu r e s a f f o rded b y t h e p i pe l ine t r ench p r ec luded a d e ta i led a s se s smen t o f t h e i r f o rm a nd c ha rec te r , t h e d i tche s , u p t o 1 m i nw id th a nd 0 . 25m i n d ep th , c on ta ined c l ean g r ey -b rown s i l ty -c lay s s ugge s t ive o f g radua l s i l t ing r a the r t h an r a p id i n f i l l ing . T he se d i t che s b ounda r ie s s ugge s t l e s s i n t en s ive , p e rhap s a g r icu l tu ra l , a c t iv i ty 4 00-600m s ou th o fA keman S t r ee t . W i th in S i te B a s e r ie s o f s ubc i rcu la r p i t s w a s p a r t ia l ly r e vea led , v a ry ing f r om 1 -3m i nw id th a nd 0 . 20-0 .80m i n d ep th . S eve ra l p i t s , i n c lud ing p i t2 027 , h ad d a rk b rown t o

CC2 ; a n O xf o rd sh i r e w h i tewa re b ow l ; D o r se t B lack -Bu rn i shed w a r e , a nd D re s se l 2 0a mpho ra .

b l ack h um ic s i l ty -c lay f i l l s c on ta in ing a bundan t d ome s t ic r e f u se . T he se i n d ica te e i the r t h e p rox im i ty o f af o cu s o f o ccupa t ion t owa rd s t h e a ppa ren t s ou the rn l i m i t s o f t h e r oad s ide s e t t lemen t o r ( mo re l i ke ly ) t h a t t h i s a r ea w a s u t i l i sed f o rt h ed i spo sa l o fr ubb i sh .

D i tch 6 003 ( S i t e F ) : P o t t e ry ( 2 2 sh . / 14 1g ) . S am ian : S G ; f o rm s D r . 1 5 / 17 . O the r : OXF GR2 , OXF OX I ,2 , OXF R E 1 , 3 ,4 . CERA M IC PHASE 2 1 1( M ID-LATE 2ND CENTURY )

As t one l ined p i t 2 006 , 0 . 93m i nl e ng th , 0 . 52m i nw id th a nd 0 . 15m d eep , w a s r e co rded w i th in t h e n or the rn h a lf o f S i te B . S eve ra l o ft h e l i me s tone f r agmen t s l i n ing t h e p i t s i de s h ad b een s co rched i n s i tu , s ugge s t ing t h e f o rme r p r e sence o f ah ea r th . T he d a rk o range -b rown s i l ty -c lay p i t f i l l 2 007 c on ta ined a bundan t c ha rcoa l a nd f i red c l ay f r agmen t s .

KEY GROUPS D i tch 2 010 : P o t t e ry ( 1 89 sh . /607g ) . S am ian : CG ; f o rm s D r . 3 7 ; m o t if C innamu s? O the r : DOR BB , OXF GR 1 , 2 , OXF OX 1 , 2 , OXF R E 1 , 3 , 4 , S AV GT , S HELL . T h ree s he rd s o f s am ian p r ov ide a H ad r ian ic /An ton ine d a t e w h i l s t aD o r se t B lack -Bu rn ished w a r e p l a in r immed d i sh s ugge s t s ad a t e i nt h e l a te r2 nd o r3 r d c en tu r ie s . Ah and led OXF R E 1 g r eywa re j ug i sa l so p r e sen ta nd e i gh ts h e rd s o fs h e l ly w a r e . D i tch 3 005 : C o in : A r t ton inu s P iu s , AD 1 52-6 . P o t t e ry ( 1 8 sh . / 141g ) . S am ian : CG ; f o rm s D r . 1 8 /31 . O the r : DOR BB , L NV CC , OXF GR2 , OXF OX 2 , OXF R E 1 , 3 ,4 ,6 , OXF WH , S AV GT . D i tch 3 005 i sq u i t e s im i la r i nt e rm s o fc ompo s i t ion t oq ua r ry p i t 157 i nS i te A . I mpo r t s i n c lude C en t ra l G au l i sh s am ian , D o r se t B lack -Bur n i shed w a r e i n c lud ing al a te 2 nd -cen tu ry j a r d eco ra ted w i th a n a cu t e l a t t ice a nd s i x s h e rd s o fL ow e rN ene V a l ley c o lou r -coa ted w a r ep r obab ly o fl a te 2 nd t o 3 r d -cen tu ry d a t e . A lso p r e sen t i s a n O xf o rd sh i re w h i tewa r e b ow l ( Young 1 977 , f o rm W54 ) , a nd al o ca l g r eywa r e i m i ta t ion o f aD o r se t B lack -Burn i shed w a r e t a nka rd ( F ig . 1 0 .4051) . A d upond iu s o f A n ton inu sP i u s ( c o in n o . 2 03 )w a s i s sued b e tween AD 1 52 a nd 1 56 .

Da t ing e v id ence , b yE d McS loy a nd J ane T imby CERA M IC PHASE 2 1( EARLY 2 ND CENTURY ) KEY GROUPS P i t 2 014 : P o t te ry ( 7 5sh . /533g ) . S am ian : CG ; f o rm s D r . 2 7 , 3 7 , 1 8 /31 . O the r : OXF GR 1 , 2 , OXFOF 1 , 2 , 3 , OXF R E 1 , 3 , 9 , 1 0 , S AV GT , S HELL . T he a s semb lage h ad a n a ve rag e s h e rd s i z e o f 7 g , a nd c omp r i sed m a in ly l o ca l g rogg ed a nd g r ey s a ndy w a r e s i n c lud ing t wo s he rd s w i th r u s t ica t ed d eco ra t ion . T he C en t ra l G au l i sh s am ian p r ov ide s aH ad r ian icea r ly A n ton ine t e rm inus p o s tq uem .

CERA M IC PHASE 2 1 1 1( LATE 2 ND-EARLY /M ID 3 RD CENTURY )

L aye r 2 004 , t h e p robab le m idden d epo s i t s e a l ing m any o f t h e C e ram ic P ha se 2 ii i f e a tu re s o n S i te B , p roduced a v e ry l a rge a s semb lage o f s ome 1 383 s h e rd s ( Tab le 1 3 ) w h ich s ugge s t s t h a tt h e d epo s i tw a s s t i l l a ccumu la t ing i n to t h e 3 rd c en tu ry .

D i tch 2 023 : P o t te ry ( 3 2 sh . / 143g ) . S am ian : CG ; f o rm s D r . 3 3 . O the r : OXF GR2 , OXF OX2 , OXF R E 1 , 6 , S HELL . P o t t e ry i n c luded t wo C en t ra l G au l i sh s am ian s he rd s o fm idla te 2 nd -cen tu ry d a t e a l ong s ide O xf o rd sh i r e r e duced a nd o x id i sed w a r e s a nd as ma l l f r agmen t o fs h e l ly w a r e . P i t 2 027 : S ma l l f i nd s : u mbona t e b rooch ( n o . 7 4 ) ; C o lche s te r d e r iva t ive b rooch ( n o . 7 0 ) . P o t te ry ( 1 349 sh . /22 ,53 I g ) . S am ian : S G , CG Im ; f o rm s C u r ie 1 , D r . 1 8 , 2 7 , 3 7 , R i t t . 1 2o rD r .15 / 17 ; s t amp ' OF CRE T I ' ( n o . 1 08 ) ; m o t if F ron t inu s . O the r : GL T F24 , OXF R E 1 , OXF GR 1 , 2 , 3 , OXF OX 1 , 2 ,3 , OXF RE 1 , 3 ,4 ,6 ,8 , OXF WH , S AV GT , S HELL , S V W OX . T h i s p i t p r oduced o ne o ft h e l a rg e s t a s semb lage s f r om t h e w ho le s i te w i th s ome 1 349 s h e rd s ( 2 2 .5kg ) ( Tab le 1 )( F ig . 9 . 40 17-29 ) . I ta l so p r oduced t wo d a teab le b rooche s . I nc on t ra s tt om any o ft h eo t he r g r oup s t h e s h e rd s a r e l e s s f r agmen t ed w i th ag r oup a ve rag e o f 1 6 .7g s ugge s t ing al i ke l ihood o fl e s s r e depo s i t ed m a t e r ia l . T he l a te s t s am ian f r om 2 028 , w h ich i n c lude s S ou th G au l i sh a nd C en t ra l G au l i sh v e s se l s , i s p r obab ly T ra jan ic i n d a te . T he l owe r h o r izon 2 067 c on ta ined e xc lu s ive ly S ou th G au l ish s am ian s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e f e a tu r e m ay h ave b een o pen i nt h e N e ron ianea r ly F l av ian p e r iod . T he c oa r se w a r e s f r om 2 067 i n c lude f a b r ic s OXF R E1 -2 , OXF GR 1-3 , OXF OX I-2 , t wo s he l ly w a r e s a nd o ne w h i t e s a ndy w a r e . T he f o rm s i n c lude m a in ly n ecked o r s h a rp ly e ve r ted r im j a r s , s ome w i th r u s t ica t ed d eco ra t ion , h em isphe r ica l b ow ls , b ow ls ( Young 1 977 , t y pe s R 66 a nd R 70 ) a nd a b i f id r im j ug . R u s t ica ted d eco ra t ion i sg ene ra l ly af e a tu r e o ft h e F l av ian p e r iod t h rough t ot h e e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry a l though s ome s l igh t ly e a r l ie r p r e -F lav ian e xamp le s h ave b een d ocumen t ed e l sewhe r e . E name l led ` umbona t e ' b r ooch n o . 7 4 ( F ig . 6 . 74 ) , f r om 2 067 i s a2 nd -cen tu ry f o rm . F i l l 2 060 ( o f p i t 2 027 ) i n c lude s aw h i t ewa re r i ng -necked f l agon p robab ly o f 2 nd -cen tu ry d a t e a l ong w i th s t o rag e j a r s , n ecked b ow l s ( Young 1 977 , R 39 ) , f l a t r im b ow l s , l i d s a nd s t ra igh t s ided d i she s . F i l l 2 028 ( o fp i t2 027 ) c on ta in s as im i la rr a ng eo ff a b r ic s l a rge ly d om ina t ed b y e ve r ted , t h ickened r im , j a r s b u t a l so s e ve ra l s t ra igh t s ided , s ha l low d i she s , a n i n den t ed b eake r , l i d s , a tl e a s t o ne g r eywa r ej ug / f l agon a nd a s i ng le s h e rd o f o x id i sed f l agon o f C i rence s te r m i l i ta ry f a b r ic t y pe . C o lche s te rd e r iva t ive b r ooch n o . 7 0 ( F ig . 6 . 70 ) , o fl a te r 1 s t -cen tur yd a t e f r om t h i s h o r izon m ay b er e s idua l o rr e p r e sen t as u rv iva l i nu s e . D i tch 4 0 16 : P o t t e ry ( 4 0 sh . /577g ) . S am ian : n a . O the r : BAT AM , DOR BB , OXF C C , OXF GR2 , OXF R E 1 , 4 ,6 , OXF WH , S AV GT , S HELL , S O W OX . T he a s semb lage i n c luded ac o rn ice r im b eake ri nf a b r ic CNG

2 75

KEY GROUPS P o s tho le 2 0 12 : P o t te ry ( 1 4 sh . /90g ) . S am ian : CG ; f o rm s D r . 1 8 /31 . O the r : DOR BB , OXF GR2 , OXF OX 1 , 2 , OXF R E 1 , 3 ,4 ,S AV GT , S HELL . L aye r 2 004 : Sma l l f i nd s : t r umpe t f o rm b r ooch ( n o . 7 3 ) ; C oo l ( 1 990 ) G roup 6h a irp in ( n o . 1 55 ) . P o t t e ry ( 1 383sh . /84 100g ) . S am ian : S G , CG ; f o rm s D r . 2 9 , 1 5 / 17 , 1 8 , 1 8 /31 , 3 3 , 3 7 ; m o t if C innamu s? O the r BAT AM , DOR B B , OXFE 1 , OXF GR 1 , 2 ,3 , OXF OX 1 , 2 ,3 , OXF R E 1 , 3 , 4 ,6 , 1 0 , OXFRS , P NK GT , S AV GT , S HELL , S V W OX . F ab r ic OXF R E 1 ( Oxf o rd R 37 ) a c coun t s f o r 5 4% b y s h e rd c oun t , w i th f a b r ic OXF GR2 a c coun t ing f o r af u r the r 1 2 .5 % . Two m e ta l i t em s , t r umpe t f o rm b r ooch n o . 7 3 ( F ig . 6 . 73 ) a nd h a i rp in n o . 1 55 ( F ig . 6 . 155 ) o fC oo l 's ( 1 990 ) G roup 6 , a r e b o th b road ly d a teab le t o t h e l a t e i s t o r 2 nd c en tu r ie s . S am ian i sm ode ra t e ly w e l l r e p r e sen t ed i n t e rm s o f s h e rd c oun t , a l though i tc omp r i se s m a in ly s ma l l s h e rd s o fb r oad N e ron ian o r F l av ian t o m id t o l a t e A n ton ine d a t ing . Among t h e c oa r sewa r e s a r e e i gh t s h e rd s o fP NK GT , o ne s h e rd o f l a te O xf o rd sh i r e c o lou r -coa t ed w a r e , ad i sc r im w h i t e w a r e f l agon a nd ag r ooved r im D o r se t B lack B u r n i shed w a r e d i sh , a l o fw h ich w ou ld s ugg e s tt h a tt h i s l a y e rw a s s t i l l a c cumu la t ing m a t e r ia l i n to t h e3 rd c en tury . P i t 2 008 : P o t t e ry ( 1 8 sh . / 178g ) . S am ian : CG ; f o rm s D r . 3 7 ; m o t if C innamu s? . O the r : DOR BB , L NV CC , OXF GR2 , OXF OX2 , OXF R E 1 , 3 , 4 , 6 , OXF WH , S AV GT . A s i ng le s h e rd o f P NK G T w a s p r e sen ta l ong s ide l o ca l g r eywa r e sa nd s he l ly w a r e s . P i t 2 008 : P o t t e ry ( 1 6 sh . / 179g ) . S am ian : n a . O the r : OXF GR 1 , OXF R E I , 3 ,8 ,9 ,1 0 , P NK GT , S AV GT , S HELL . D i tch 2 0 12 : P o t t e ry ( 1 6 sh . /90g ) . S am ian : n a . O the r : DOR B B , OXF OX 1 , OXF R E 1 , 1 0 , OXFRS , P NK GT , S HELL . T he g r oup i n c lude s a s t ab -deco ra ted s h e l ly w a r e s he rd a nd aP NK GT . At i ny c h ip o fw ha t a ppea r s t ob e l a t eO xf o rd sh i re c o lou r -coa ted w a r e , i fn o ti n t ru s ive , h i n t s a t ad a t e a f t e rt h em id 3 r d -cen tu ry .

D i t ch 2 052 : P o t t e ry ( 2 17 sh . /2 111g ) . S am ian : CG ; f o rm s D r . 1 8 /31 o r 3 1r , ,31 , 3 , 3 6 , 0 +P LV 13 , W79 . O the r : DOR BB , L NV CC , OXF GR2 , OXF OX2 , OXF R E 1 , 2 ,3 ,4 , OXFRS , OXF WH , OXF WHM , P NK GT , ROBSH , S AV GT , S HELL , S O W WS . T he d i tch p r oduced a n u n typ ica l ly d i ve r se r a nge o fm a te r ia l . I mpo r t s i n c lude C en t ra l G au l i sh s am ian , D o r se t B lack -Bu rn i shed w a r e , o ne s h e rd o fL owe rN ene V a l ley c o lou r -coa t ed w a re a nd f o u r s h e rd s o f P NK GT f r om t h e u ppe r f i l l 2 032 . T he l ow e r f i l l 2 053 c omp r i sed a lmo s te xc lu s ive ly s h e rd s o f OXF R E 1 a nd OXF GR2 i nw h ich t h e re w e re a tl e a s t 7l i d s , 1 4j a r s a nd 2 t a nka rd s . Two s h e rd s o fa n e a r ly O xf o rd sh i r e c o lou r -coa t ed l i d a nd t wo s h e rd so fa nO xf o rd sh i re w h i tewa r em o r ta r ium a r ea l so p r e sen t . D i tch 2 064 : P o t t e ry ( 123sh . / 1786g ) . S am ian : CG , EG ; f o rm s D r . 1 8 / 31 o r 3 1r , 3 1? , 3 1r , 3 7 , 3 8 , 3 8 o r4 4 . O the r : DOR BB , GAL AM? , OXF GR2 , OXF R E ! , 3 ,4 , OX F RS , OXF WH , P NK GT , S HELL , S OW OX , S V W OX . T h i s d i tch p roduced q u i te ad i ve r se r a nge o fm a te r ia l , i n c lud ing 1 3 s h e rd s o f s am ian ( Cen t ra l a nd E a s t G au l i sh ) , 9c o lou r c oa t ed w a r e s ( OXF R S a nd OXF CC ) a nd as h e rd o fG a l l ic a mpho ra . I n a dd i t ion t h e re i s al a rge s h e rd o f P NK GT a nd ag r ooved r im D o r se t B la ck -Bu rn i shed w a re b ow l . T he s am ian d a te s t o t h e m id t o l a te A n ton ine p e r iod a nd i n c lude s as t amp ( s tamp n o . 1 1) d a t eab le t o AD 1 60 o r l a te r . T he c o lou r -coa t ed s he rd s s ugg e s t t h e g r oup d a t e s t ot h e m id 3 r d c en tu ry a t t h e e a r l ie s t . O ne s h e rd o f OXF R E 1 h ad b een f a sh ioned i n to ap e rf o ra t ed d i sc o fw h ich a bou th a lf s u rv ive s .

THE F INDS T he C o in s R icha rd R eece a nd P e te rG ue s t 2 0 1 .

V e spa s ian , AE I , 7 2-96 , C o r roded A s , a s R IC 7 47 . S f . 4 4 . S i te A , q ua r ry p i tf i l l 124 , P e r iod 2 .

2 02 .

V e spa s ian , A s , 7 7-9 , R IC 7 63 . S f . 6 . S i te A , p l ough so i l 1 00 1 , P e r iod 4 .

2 03 .

A n ton inu s P i u s , S e s ter t iu s , 1 40-4 , R IC 7 38 . S f . 1 05 . S i t eA , t r ack 1 0 14 , P e r iod 2 .

2 04 .

A n ton inu s P iu s , D upond iu s , 1 52-6 , R IC 9 08 o r 9 32 . D upond iu s o fs ma l l m odu le a nd r a i sed r im , ? ca s t c opy . S f . 3 02 . S i te C , d i tch f i l l 3 006 , P e r iod 2 .

2 05 .

S eve ru s A lexande r , P l a ted d ena r iu s , 2 22-35 , R IC a s 1 27 . D ena r iu s w i th s i lve r p l a te o n c oppe r c o re . S f . 2 5 . S i t e A , p i t f i l l 1 090 , P e r iod 2 . C laud iu s I ,R ad ia t e , 2 70 , R IC 2 66 . F u l l s i ze a nd f i ne s t y le . S f . 15 . S i t eA , q ua r ry p i tf i l l 1 3 11 , P e r iod 3 .

2 06 .

D i t ch 3 0 19 : P o t t er y ( 1 13sh . /878g ) . S am ian : CG ; f o rm s D r . 3 ; O the r DOR BB , OXF GR2 , ox FOX I,OXF R E 1 , 3 ,4 ,S AV GT . T h i s g r oup c on ta in s 2 nd -cen tu ry m a te r ia l b u t al a te r d a t e i ss ugge s t ed b y t h e p r e sence o f ad i sc -necked o x id i sed f l agon t r ad i t iona l ly d a t ed t ot h e m id 3 rd c en tu ry a nd l a t e r . D i t ch 6 005 : P o t t e ry ( 46 sh . /609g ) . S am ian : n a . O the r : OXF GR2 , OXF OX2 , OXF R E 1 , 3 ,4 ,P NK GT , S AV GT , S HELL , S V W OX . D i tch 6 009 : P o t te ry ( 6 5sh . / 1313g ) . S am ian : S G ; f o rm s D r . 2 9 o r 3 7 . O the r : DOR BB , OXF GR2 , OXF R E 1 , 3 , OXFRS , S HELL , S V W OX . T he g r oup c on ta ined e a r ly O xf o rd sh i r e c o lou r -coa ted w a r e , aC en t ra l G au l ish c o lou r -coa t ed w a r e b eake r , S eve rn V a l ley w a re , as ma l l c h ip o f S ou th G au l ish s am ian a nd t wo s h e rd s o fD o r se t B la ck -Bu rn i shed w a r e . A p o s s ib le d i sc -necked f l a sk ( Young 1 977 , t y pe 0 4 ) i n as a ndy o x id i sed w a r em ay p u sh t h i sg r oup i n to t h em idla t e r3 r d c en tu ry . D i tch 6 0 12 : P o t t e ry ( 3 sh . / 126g ) . S am ian : n a . O the r : BAT AM , P NK GT , S HELL . D i tch 7 006 : P o t t e ry ( 2 5sh . /47 1g ) . S am ian : n a . O the r : DOR B B , OXF GR2 , OXF OX 1 , ox FR E 1 , 2 ,9 ,P NK GT , S HELL , S VW 17 , S V W23 . T h i s g r oup c on ta ined t h e o n ly D o r se t B lack -Bur n i shed w a r e o va l f i sh d i sh i nt h e a s semb lage a l ong w i th as h e rd o fP NK GT a ga in s ugg e s t ive o f a3 r d -cen tu ry d a te .

P e r iod 3( l a te 3 rd t o4 th c en tur y ) N o d i s t inc t ive ly 4 th -cen tu ry f e a tu re s w e re e ncoun te r ed w i th in S i te s Bt oG .

2 07 .

C laud iu s I , R ad ia t e , 2 70-90 , c opy o fR IC 2 6 1 , s ma l l a nd ? ba rba rou s . S f . 4 2 . S i t e A , A l ceman S tr e bu i ld 1 008 , P e r iod 3 .

2 08 .

T e t r icu s I ,R ad ia te , 2 70-4 , R IC 7 9 . S f . 5 7 . S i te A , l o am d epo s i t 127 , P e r iod 3 .

2 09 .

T e t r icu s I , R ad ia te , 2 70-4 , R IC a s R IC 2 48 , d e ta i l s u nce r ta in . S f 10 . S i t eA , q ua r ry p i tf i l l 1 064 , P e r iod 3 .

2 10 .

B a rba rou s R ad ia te , 2 70-90 , R eve r se f r om P ax , d i ame t e r 7 mm . S f 4 0 . S i te A , p l ough so i l 125 , P e r iod 3 .

2 11 .

C on s tan t ine I ,AE2 , 3 1017 , R IC 6T r ie r 8 99 . S f . 2 11 . S i te B ,p i tf i l l 2 009 , P e r iod 3 .

2 12 .

C on s tan t ine .I , AE3 , 3 20-4 , R IC 7L ondon 2 87 . S f . 7 .S i te A ,q ua r ry p i tf i l l 1 024 , P e r iod 3 .

2 13 .

C on s tan t ine I , AE3 , 3 20-4 , R IC 7a sT r ie r4 4 1 . S f 6 5 . S i t e A , q ua r ry p i tf i l l 1 026 , P e r iod 3 .

2 14 .

C on s tan t ine 1 , AE3 , 3 30-5 , HK a s4 8 , m in t -ma rk i l eg ib le . S f 4 03 . S i te D , r e -cu td i tch f i l l 4 0 17 , P e r iod 3 .

2 15 .

L a te 1 s t / ea r ly 2 nd c en tury , AE3 , ,c o r roded a nd i l eg ib le . S f 3 03 . S i te C , u n s t ra t if ied .

F if t een c o in s , a l l o fR oman d a te , w e re r e cove red f r om t h e e xcava t ion s . T he e a r l ie s t c o in s a r e t wo b ronze s o fF l av ian e mpe ro r s ( AD 6 9-96 ) , o fw h ich o n ly o ne w a s s t ra t if ied ( no . 2 01) . T he 2 nd a nd e a r ly 3 rd c en tu r ie s a r er e p r e sen ted b y af u r the r t wo b ronze c o in s s t ruck f o r A n ton inu s P iu s ( AD 1 38-6 1) a nd ap l a ted d ena r iu s o fS ev eru s A lexande r ( AD 2 2235 ) . E xamp le s o f s uch f o rged s i lve r c o in s a r e n o t u ncommon f r om R oman B r i ta in a nd a ppea r a s s i te f i nd s a nd f r om h oa rd s . F ive c o in s d a t e t o t h e l a te r 3 rd c en tu ry ( AD 2 70-90 ) , i n c lud ing t h r ee c ommemo ra t ive i s sue s o f C laud iu s I ( AD 2 70 ) a nd a s ma l l b a rba rou s r a d ia te . T he 4 t h c en tu ry i sr ep re sen ted b y f ou r c o in s , t wo o fw h ich d a te t ot h e f i r s t q ua r te r o ft h a tc en tu ry , w h i le t h e

P e r iod 4( Po s t -Roman ) N o A ng lo -Saxon o r m ed ieva l a r tef ac t s o r f e a tu re s w e re e ncoun te red .

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l a tes t c o in f r om t h e e xcava t ion s i sn o . 2 14 , a GLOR IA EXERC ITUS b ronze s t ruck b e tween AD 3 30 a nd 35 . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e c o in st h roughou tt h e f ou rc en tu r ie s i su nu sua l i ns ma l l s e t t lemen t s i nB r i ta in . F ou r c o in s o f t h e 1s ta nd 2 nd c en tu r ie s o u t o f at o ta l o ff i f t een i sh igh c ompa r ed w i th o the r r u ra l s i te s ( Reece 1 991) , b u t i sw e l l i n l i ne w i th t h e o the r p ub l i shed c o in l i s t s f r om W i lco te (W i l co t e I ,W i l co te I ) . S i te s A —G l a ck c o in s o fC laud iu s a nd N e ro w h ich s ugge s t s t h a t t h e e xcava t ion s l i e a way f r om t h e e a r l ie s t a c t iv i ty a t W i lco te . T he m o s t u nu sua l a spec t i s as i ng le c o in o f3 30-5 , n o rma l ly ap eak p e r iod o fc o in u se , a nd t h e a b sence o fa ny l a te r c o in s . T he se d o o ccu ra sg ene ra lf i nd su pt o3 50 i nt h e 1 990-2 (W i l co te I ) a nd 1 993-6 (W i lco te I ) l i s t s , b u to n ly t h e q ua r ry d epo s i t i n1 993-6 g oe sb eyond , w i th o ne c o in o f3 64-78 .

Mo s t o ft h e o b jec t s d epo s i ted i nP e r iod 3c ame f r om t h e u se a nd d i su se o ft r ackway 1 0 14 , o n ly t h ree c ame f r om p i t s , a mode l s pea r , ac oppe r -a l loy f i nge r r i ng , a nd a s i ng le h obna i l . A l l t h e p i t s l a y i nt h e n or ther np a r t o fS i te A . T he s i gn if icance o f t h e f i r s t t wo f i nd s i sd i scu s sed f u r the rb e low , u nde rS i te A . N ine ty seven o ft h e 1 22 o b jec t s ( 80% ) c ame f r om P e r iod 2 .O ft h e se 9 7 , 3 8% c ame f r om p i t s , 1 4% f r om d i tche s , 2 6% f r om t h e t r ackway a nd r oad , 1 9% f r om t h e m idden h o r izon o n S i te B , a nd t h e r ema in ing f ew f r om o t he r c on tex t s ( 3% ) . Wh i le o n ly a l im i ted r a nge o f c on tex t t y pe s w a s f ound o n t h e s i te , i ti sn o t iceab le t h a t f ew f i nd s i n P e r iod 2 w e re g ene ra l ly d i s t r ibu ted b e tween t h em .

S ince W i lco te i sc l o se t o R yan 's O xf o rd—Co t swo ld a r ea i n w h ich l a te 4 th -cen tu ry c o in s a r e u nu sua l ly c ommon ( Ryan 1 988 , F ig . 4 . 13 , p .9 2 ) , t h i s a b sence o fl a te c o in s mu s t m ean t h a t a c t iv i ty o n t h e a r ea s o f t h e s i te s o f a r e xcava t ed i se i the r c o in le s s o rm in ima l . T h i s i si nd i rec t c on t rad ic t ion t o t h e u sua l p a t te rn i n w h ich r u ra l s e t t lemen t s i nt h e w e s t o f B r i ta in n o rma l ly s how r i s ing c o in l o s s t h roughou t t h e 4 th c en tu ry a nd f i n i sh s t rong ly ( Reece 1 993a , F ig . 1 ,8 63-9 ) . F u r the r c ommen t s hou ld a wa i t as t udy o ft h ec omp le te c o in l i s t s .

O n ly f oo twea r f i t t ing s ( hobna i l s a nd c l ea t s ) , t o o l s , a nd m i sce l laneou s f r agmen t s o f b o th c oppe r a l loy a nd i r on f o rm ' b a se l i ne s ' o fg ene ra ld epo s i t ion . I n t e rm s o f f unc t ion o r o b jec t t y pe , d r e s s a cce s so r ie s p redom ina te i nt h e a s semb lage , a st h ey d o o n mo s t s i te s .

T he Sma l lF ind s

T he l ow n umbe ro fa rm le t s i s ar e f lec t ion o ft h ed ec l ine i n a c t iv i ty i n t h e l a te R oman p e r iod . T he r e a r e v e ry f ew h ou seho ld i t em s , s ugge s t ing av e ry l ow l e ve l o fd ome s t ic

N ina C rummy T he a s semb lage ( Tab le s2 -3 ) T he a s semb lage i s n o t l a rge , 3 73 n a i l s o r n a i l s haf t f r agmen t s a nd 1 22 o t he r o b jec t s o f c oppe r a l loy , i r on , l e ad , a nd j e t / sha le . T he m a jo r i ty o ft h e i t em s d e r ive f r om P e r iod 2 . ( Hobna i l s a nd s eve ra l f r agmen t s o f , f o r e xamp le , c oppe r -a l loy s hee t f r om o ne c on tex ta r e c oun ted a s as i ng le o b jec t . )O n ly as i ng le n a i lf r agmen tc ame f r om aP e r iod 1c on tex t ,t hough s ome o ft h eb rooche sa r eo fi s t o r e a r ly 2 nd -cen tu ry d a te , a nd i n s ome c a se s w e re n o t r e s idua l b u td epo s i ted a f t e rp ro longed u se a nd s ome t ime s r e pa i r . T he r e a r e a l so v e ry f ew o b jec t s f r om P e r iod s 3o r 4 .S ome f r agmen t s o fm e ta lwo rk e xam ined a ta s se s smen t w e re p o s t -Roman . Among t h em w a s as ma l l g roup o f u n s t ra t if ied l e ad d r ip s a nd p udd le s w h ich w a s a s s igned a p o s t -Roman d a te a s t h e re w e re n o c ompa rab le o b jec t s i n R oman c on t ex t s . D e sp i te i t s s ma l l s i ze , t h e a s semb lage

T he c a ta logued o b jec t s ( i . e . e xc lud ing s t ruc tu ra l n a i l s ) a r e s hown i n T ab le 2 b y p e r iod , w i th P e r iod s 2 a nd 3 s ubd iv ided b y c on tex t t y pe . T he o b jec t s a r e r ough ly d i v ided b yf u nc t iona l g roup s ,t hough t h ed r e s sa cce s so r ie s a r e f u r the r b roken d own b y t y pe . Many o ft h e i t em s a r e f r agmen ta ry a nd n o t e a s i ly a t t r ibu ted t o a s pec if ic f unc t ion . T he l a t te ra r eg i ven u nde rt h e i rm a te r ia l .

i s o f m a jo r

i mpo r tance , i n t ha t i tc on ta in s a t l e a s t t h ree m in ia tu re o b jec t st h a ta low W i lco te t ob e c oun ted a mong t h em any t emp le s i t e s i n t h e a r ea . O n p r e sen t e v idence W i lco te a ppea r s t o b e as ma l l t own w i th at emp le r a the r t h an a m a jo rt emp le s im i la rt o Woodea ton .

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o ccupa t ion o n t h e s i te a nd i n t h e i mmed ia te a r ea . I n c on t ra s t , as e lec t ion o f c r af t t oo l s i sp r e sen t i n aw ide r a nge o fc on tex tt y pe s . T he o n ly p o s i t ive ly i d en t if ied t o o l i s ap a i ro fs m i th 's t ong s , t h eo t he r sa r e a l lf r agmen ta ry o r w o rn , b u t a ppea r t o b e ad r i l l b i t , aw oo l c omb t o o th , a g oad , a nd t h r ee s ma l l f r agmen t s t h a t m ay c ome f r om a g r icu l tu ra lt o o l s . T he a r tef ac t s s how f i ve c ha ra c te r i s t ic s , w h ich , i fn o t u nu sua l i nt h em se lve s , a r e u nu sua l ly c oncen t ra ted h e re . F i r s t , s eve ra l o f t h e c oppe r -a l loy a nd i r on o b jec t s w e r e d amaged , d e l ibe ra te ly i n s ome c a se s , p robab ly d e l ibe ra te ly i no t he r s . S econd , t wo o ft h e b rooche s h ad b een r epa i red i n a n t iqu i ty . T h i rd , s ome o f t h e o b jec t s w e re r ewo rked i n to o t he r f o rm s : o ne o ft h e c oppe r -a l loy f i nge r r i ng s w a s m ade f r om ac u t -down a rm le t , a nd b o th m ay h ave b een ; at weez e r sb l ade m ay h ave b een r ewo rked a s a s coop ; a nd a b rooch w a s c a ref u l ly r e shaped , p r e sumab ly t of u lf i l an ew f unc t ion . F ou r th , s ome c oppe r a l loy s hee t f r agmen t s h ad b een c u t o r c l ipped . T hey d o n o t a ppea r t ob e of cu t s , s o a r e p re sumab ly e v idence f o r t h e r e cyc l ing o f m e ta l , c o l lec ted s c rap c u t u p p r io r t o b e ing m e l ted d own . S eve ra l o ft h e w or n o r f r agmen ta ry i r on i t em s f r om t h e c en t ra l m e ta lwo rk ing a r ea o ft h e s i t e m ay a l so h ave b een c o l lec ted f o r r e cyc l ing . A s ma l l f o lded i r on b a r w i th s l ag a t ta ched i sp robab ly s m i th ing

d i s t inc t ive i ns ome w ay . I th a s b een n o ted a bove t h a t t h e a r tef ac t s i ng ene ra l e xh ib i ted f i ve d i s t inc t ive f e a tu r e s , a nd t wo o f t h em , m in ia tu r isa t ion a nd d e l ibe ra te d amage , a r e f o und i nt h e i t em s f r om t h e n o r the rn p i t s( Tab le 6 ) .

d eb r i s . T he f i f th d i s t inc t ive f e a tu re i st h e p re sence i nt h e a s semb lage o f a t l e a s t t h ree m ode l o b jec t s , as pea r , a n e ye , a nd ak n if eo rc l eave r . A ni r on r i ng w i th a ne xpanded t e rm ina l m ay b e as e cond s pea r , b u t i sp e rhap s m o re l i ke ly t ob e af i nge r r i ng , a nd ap i ece o fb en t w i re f r om t h es ame f e a tu re a st h e mode lk n if em ay b ea no the r .

D amaged o b jec t s a nd m ode l o b jec t s a r e b o th f o und o n t emp le s i te s , m ak ing i th igh ly l i ke ly t h a t at emp le l a y i n t h e i mmed ia te a r ea o f t h e r e cen t e xcava t ion s . A p a r t icu la r ly r i ch e xamp le o f at emp le a s semb lage i s Woodea ton , j u s t o ve r t e n m i le s a way . T he a s semb lage f r om Woodea ton a nd t h o se f r om o t he r t emp le s i t e s i n

T he p r e sence o f d amaged a nd mode l o b jec t s of e r s e v idence o fr i tua l a c t iv i ty a tW i lco te , n o d oub t a s soc ia ted w i th a n ea rby t emp le , w h i le r e pa i r , r e shap ing , a nd r e cyc l ing i s ar e f lec t ion o ft h e m e ta lwo rk ing a c t iv i ty o n t h e s i te . C on s ide rab le q uan t i t ie s o f s c rap c oppe r -a l loy s hee t w e re a l so f ound d u r ing e a r l ie r e xcava t ion s o n t h e s i te (W i l co te I ,3 8 ) . T he Woodea ton t emp le s i te h a s a l so p roduced e v idence o f m e ta lwo rk ing , t h e e nd p roduc t

O xf o rd sh i r e h ave b een e xam ined b y B agna l l -Sm i th ( 1995 ; 1 998 )a nd p rov ide s eve ra lp a ra l le ls f o rt h eW i lco te f i nd s . I n a dd i t ion , a l l t h e se t emp le s a r e s i tua ted c l o se t o t r ibu ta r ie s o f t h e T hame s , o r o n a d ja cen t h igh g r ound a bove t h e f l ood -zone , L owbu ry H i l l , Woodea ton , L ee s R e s t , G i l l M i l l a nd F r i lf o rd ( Bagna l l -Sm i th 1 995 , F i g . 1 ) . W i lco te l i e s i n as im i la r p o s i t ion , s i t ed o n Akeman S t r ee t c l o se t o t h e r i ve r E ven lode , a nd ap robab le s ma l l t own w i th a c i r cu la r t emp le h a s r e cen t ly b een l o ca ted i nt h e n ex t v a l ley t o t h e e a s t a tS ansom 's P l a t t , n ea r T a ck ley , w h ich l i e s a tt h e p o in t w he r e Akeman S t ree t c r o s se s t h e r i ve r G lyme (W in ton 2 001) . H ow eve r , e xcava t ion s i n 1 992 a tA s tha l l , as ma l l t own o n A keman S t ree t i nt h e n ex t v a l ley t o• t h e w e s t , t h a t o f t h e r i ve r W ind ru sh , p roduced a v e ry d if e r en t a s semb lage t o t h a t f r om W i lco te , b e ing d om ina ted b y i r on t o o l s a nd f i t t ing s , w i th p l en t if u l e v idence f o r i r onwo rk ing , w ood - a nd /o r s t onewo rk ing , l e a the rwo rk ing , a nd a g r icu l tu re ( L loyd Mo rgan 1 997 ; Mou ld 1 997 ) . No e v id ence h a s c ome t o l i gh t f o r at emp le a tA s tha l l ( a l though o n ly av e ry s ma l l a r ea o n t h e p e r iphe ry o f t h e s e t t lemen t h a s b een e xam ined ) , t h ough ab rooch i nt h e f o rm o f as anda l i so fa t y pe t h a t o ccu r s i n s ome n umbe r s a tN or nou r , I s le s o f S c i l ly ( Hu l l 1 968 , 5 8 , F ig . 2 3 , n o s 2 16-23 ; L loyd Mo rgan 1 997 , F ig . 4 . 1 ,4 ) .

p robab ly c on s i s t ing o f v o t ive o b jec t s s o ld t o v i s i t ing w o r sh ippe r s ( Bagna l l -Sm i th 1 998 , 1 79 ) , a nd i ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h e W i lco te s c rap m ay p rove t oh ave b een p a r t o ft h e s ame t r ad i t ion . T he s pec if i c d e ta i l s o f t h e a s semb lage a r e e xp lo red f u r the r b e low b y s i te , i n p a r t icu la r t h e l o ca t ion o f t h e d amaged a nd v o t ive o b jec t so n S i te A . T ab le

3 s how s t h e

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n a i l s

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s hank

f r agmen t s , w i th P e r iod s 2a nd 3d i v ided i nt h e s ame w ay a si nT ab le 2 .E ach f r agmen th a sb een c oun ted a s as i ng le o b jec t . Whe re t h e h ead r ema ined , a l l b u t o ne w a s o f Mann ing 's ( 1985 , 1 34 ) T ype l b . T he e xcep t ion i s al a rge T ype 3n a i l . A s w i th t h e o b jec t s s hown i nT ab le 2 , mo s t o ft h e n a i l s c ame f r om P e r iod 2 ( 88% ) . T he p ropor t ion f r om t h e p i t s ( 29% ) w a s e xceeded b y t h o se f r om t h e t r ackway a nd r oad ( 36% ) . I nP e r iod 3mo s tc ame f r om t h e t r a ckway , as im i la r p a t te rn t o t h e c a ta logued o b jec t s . T hey a ppea r f a i r ly e ven ly s p read , a ga in p rov id ing ab a se l i ne o fd epo s i t ion . S i te A ( Tab le s4 -6 ) R e f lec t ing t h e a s semb lage a s aw ho le , t h e m a jo r i ty o f s ma l l f i nd s f r om S i te A d e r ived f r om p i t s , mo s t d a ted t o P e r iod 2 , af ew t o P e r iod 3 . A d i s t inc t p a t ter n o f d epo s i t ion w a s a ppa ren t b e tween t h e c on ten t s o ft h e p i t s i nd if e ren ta r ea s o ft h e s i te . T he m a jo r i ty o fc oppe r -a l loy o b jec t s c ome f r om t h e n or th o ft h e s i te , a nd t h e m a jo r i ty o fi r on o b jec t s f r om t h e c en t ra l a r ea t o t h e n o r th o ft h e p o s t -bu i l t s t ruc tu r e . N o tab le e xcep t ion s t o t h e l a t te r g roup ing a r e am in ia tu re k n if e f r om t h en o r the rn a r ea , a nd ap a i r o ft o ng s a nd a f i nge r r i ng f r om t h e s ou the rn a r ea ( Tab le s 4 -5 ) . T he m i sce l laneou s c oppe r -a l loy o b jec t s a l so d if e r ed , w i th t h r ee o u t o ff i ve c om ing f r om t h e s ame l a rge p i t 1 073 i nt h e s ou th o ft h e s i te w h ich c on ta ined t h e i r on f i nge rr i ng . T he n a i l sw e re q u i te w ide ly s c a t te red ,b u t t h e m a jo r i ty i nt e rm s o fn umbe r s w e re f r om t h e c en t ra l a nd s ou ther na r ea s , o n ly 2 0c ame f r om p i t s i nt h en o r th . I ft h e p r ef e rence f o r d epo s i t ing c oppe r -a l loy o b jec t s i n t h en o r th o ft h es i te w a sr e a lr a the rt h an a cc iden ta l ,t h en i t m igh t b e e xpec ted t h a t t h e o b jec t s d epo s i ted w e re a l so

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A t l e a s t f i ve o b jec t s f r om W i lco te S i te A t h a t a ppea r t o h ave b een d e l ibe ra te ly d amaged c ome f r om p i t s i nt h e n o r the rn a r ea : c oppe r -a l loy h a irp in s f r om 1 019 , 1 075 , a nd 115 , a nd a c oppe r -a l loy mode l s p ea r f r om 1 025 ( no . 1 53 , S F2 0 , n o . 1 54 , a nd n o . 1 62 r e spec t ive ly ) . O the r o b jec t s f r om t h e p i t s i nt h e n o r th o fS i te A i n c lude a n i r on mode l k n if e o r c l eave r ( SF 8 1 ) f ound w i th a n e n igma t ic c u rved l e ng th o f w i re w i th p o in ted e nd s ( SF 8 4 ) , i np i t 1 238 . T he l a t te r may b e ar ud imen ta ry m ode l s pea r , a s p a r t ly f i n i shed w i re e xamp le s h ave b een f o und i n s ome n umbe r s a t Woodea ton ( Bagna l l -Sm i th 1 995 , 1 84 ) . A f i nge r r i ng f r om p i t 1 021 m ay h ave b een m ade f r om ac u t -down b race le t ( no . 1 57 ) . Wh i le t h i s i sf a rf r om c e r ta in , i fi ti s ar ewo rked f r agmen tf r om ab race le ti tm ay a l so b e i n te rp r e ted a s e i the r d e l ibe ra te d amage a nd /o r a t oken f r agmen t . A s ma l l f u rn i tu r e n a i l ( no . 1 64 ) w a s d epo s i ted w i th a h a i rp in ( no . 1 56 ) i n 1 019 . A s haf t f r agmen t f r om w ha t m ay b e al o ng -hand led t o i le t s poon ( SF 4 3 ) w a s f ound w i th t h e h a i rp in i np i t 115 , a sw e l l a s

l a t te r a r e f ew i nn umbe r a nd n o t c oncen t ra ted i na ny o ne a r ea .

al e ad p l ug f o r r e pa i r ing ap ipe o rt a nk ( no . 9 ) . T he s haf t f r agmen t m ay r e p re sen t f u r the r e v idence o f d e l ibe ra te d amag e . O the r p o s s ib le o b jec t s w i th v o t ive a s soc ia t ion s m ay b e t h e i t em s f r om p i t 1 003 : aT shaped b rooch ( no . 7 1) , o fa w e s t ern t y pe p o s s ib ly m ade a tC ha r te rhou se -on - Mend ip , S ome r se t , w i th c l o se p a ra l le l s f r om t h e t emp le s i te s o f Woodea ton a nd N o rnou r a nd f r om t h e s ma l l t own o f Wanbo rough , W i l t sh i re , w h ich w a s f ound t oge the rw i th a s ma l l s c rap o fi r on s hee t ( SF 1 39 ) a nd as ma l l b en t i r on b a r ( SF 1 26 ) . T he t wo l a t te r a r e mo r e l i ke ly , h oweve r , t o b e a s soc ia ted w i th i r on sm i th ing o nt h es i te . Ag oad f r om t h e t r ackway i si n ac on tex t s u i tab le f o r a n i t em u sed t ou rge o n l i ve s tock , b u t i ti si n te re s t ing t on o te t h a t f i ve g oad s w e r e f ound a t t h e s h r ine o f A po l lo a t N e t t le ton , W i l t sh i r e , a nd o ne f r om t h e s h r ine o fN oden s a t

A n o b jec t w h ich i se v idence o f b o th m e ta lwo rk ing a nd r i tua l b ehav iou r i st h e p a i r o f t ong s f r om t h e s ma l l p i t 1 009 n ea rt h ep o s t -bu i l ts t ruc tu re . T he se l o ng jawed t ong s w e re u sed t oh o ld l a rge p i ece s d u r ing f o rg ing , a nd a l so t o move o b jec t s i n to a nd o u t o ft h e f i re . T he t i p s o ft h ej aw s a r e n ow m i s s ing , a nd t h e e nd s o ft h e h and le s h ave b een d e l ibe ra t e ly b en t . Wh i le t h e t i p s o ft h e j aw s m igh t h ave b een d amaged b y u se o r c o r roded a way d u r ing d epo s i t ion , t h e b end ing o f t h e e nd s o f t h e h and le s i s c l ea r ly d e l ibe ra te , p robab ly r i tua l d amage o fa n of e r ing . T he f i ve p a i r s o ft o ng s f r om t h e Wa l tham A bbey h oa rd , E s sex w e re a l l d amaged b ef o re d epo s i t ion , e i the r b y b reak ing t h em a pa r t , o rb y b end ing t h e h and le s ( Mann ing 1 985 , 7 ,p l s2 -4 ) .

L ydney , G louce s te r sh i r e , a l l p r e sumab ly u sed t o d r ive a n ima l st os a c r if ice (Wed lake 1 982 ,4 9 , F ig . 9 9 ; Whee le r a nd Whee le r 1 932 , 1 89 , F ig . 2 3) . T he W i lco te g oad i s s ma l l , p e rhap s mo r es u i tab le f o rs heep o rg oa t st h an o xen . Wh i le t h e W i lco te a s semb lage i ss ma l l a nd t h e e v idence t h e r ef o r e o n ly s l igh t , i ts e em s p robab le f r om t h e p re sence o fa tl e a s t o ne m ode l s pea r a nd am ode l k n if e , a nd f r om t h e c oncen t ra t ion o f t h e se a nd d amaged o b jec t s i n o ne a r ea o ft h e s i te , t h a t t h ey w e re d epo s i ted a s ar e su l t o f r i tua l p r ac t ice a s soc ia ted w i th an ea rby t emp le . J ewe l le ry a nd t o i le t i n s t rumen t s a ppea r a l so t oh ave b een g i ven a s of e r ing s a t Woodea ton a nd H a r low , E s sex ( Bagna l l Sm i th 1 995 , 1 91-2 ; 1 998 , 1 69-76 ; F rance a nd G obe l 1 985 , 8 2-6 ) , a nd a t N o rnou r a nd H oc i cwo ld , No r f o lk , b rooche s w e re t h e m o s t n ume rou s i t em s d epo s i ted ( Hu l l 1 968 ; Mack re th 1 986 ) . A tl e a s ts ome o ft h e W i lco te d r e s s a cce s so r ie s a nd t o i le t i n s t rumen t s m ay t h e r ef o re a l so b e v o t ive , t h ough o n as i te o n ly t e n ta t ive ly i d en t if ied a s a t emp le , i ti sp a r t icu la r ly d if i cu l t t od i s t ingu i sh b e tween c a sua l l o s s a nd d e l ibe ra te d epo s i t ion . D re s s a cce s so r ie s u sua l ly f o rm t h e g r ea te r p a r t o f a ny a s semb lage a nd h a i rp in s s uf e r d amage i n u se . E ven s o , t h e e v idence s hown i nT ab le 6s e em st oo c on s i s ten tt ob ec o inc iden ta l . Two o f t h e o b jec t s f r om t h e t r a ck 1 014 a l so m a tch c ha rac t e r i s t ic s s hown b y t h e o b jec t s f r om t h e p i t s i nt h e n or the rn a r ea . O ne b l ade o n ap a i r o ft weeze r s a ppea r s t o h ave b een d e l ibe ra te ly b en t o u twa rd s ( no . 1 60 ) , a nd a f i ng e r r i ng w a s m ade f r om ac u t -down b race le t ( no . 1 56 ) . T he l a t t e ri sv e ry s ma l l , p e rhap st oo s ma l le ven f o rt h et op j o in t o f ac h i ld 's f i nge r , s ugge s t ing i tm ay b e i n tended t o b e am ode l .

T he d epo s i t ion o ft h e se t ong s m ay p e rhap s b e a s soc ia ted w i th t h e c l o su re o f as m i thy , o rp e rhap s s ome o t he rm a jo r e ven t i nt h e l i f e o f t h e s i te . S ome d epo s i t s o f c u r rency b a r s i nt h e d i tche s o fI r on A ge e nc lo su re s a nd i np i t s a t t h e r e a r o f t h e i r r ampa r t s m ay b e t e rm ina t ion d epo s i t s ( H ing ley 1 990 , 9 8103 , 1 07 ) . A l so i n t h e I r on A ge , a b l ack sm i th 's ' p oke r ' w a sb u r ied i n ap i tc u ti n to t h et op o f a B ronz e A ge d i tch a t B i l l ingbo rough , L inco ln sh i re ( Chown e ta l . 2 00 1 , 9 4 ) . I tm ay b e n o c o inc idence t h a t t h e se o b jec t s a nd t h e W i lco te t o ng s a r e a l l c onnec ted w i th i r on -wo rk ing . Two s t ee lya rd s a nd p a r to f ac au ld ron c ha in f r om D o rn , G louce s te r sh i re , m ay a l so h ave b een a t e rm ina t ion d epo s i t , t h ough t h e s t ra t ig raph ic i n f o rma t ion i sv ague ( O swa ld 1 964 , 2 1 ; Mann ing 1 985 , 1 8 1) . A l so o f n o te i s ac omp le te i r on b i l le t d epo s i ted i na n i r onwo rk ing h ea r th a tA s tha l l ( Boo th 1 997 , 5 0 ) . T h i s m igh t a l so h ave b een at e rm ina t ion d epo s i t( P . B oo th p e r s . c omm . ) . T he c on tex t s o ft h e n a i l s a nd h obna i l s f r om t h e s i te w e re e xam ined t o s e e i ft h ey t oo h ad b een u sed a s v o t ive of e r ing s , b u tt h i s s e em su n l ike ly . I n c on t ra s t t o t h e r i tua l d amage c au sed t o s ome o f t h e o b jec t s f r om S i te A , i ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t t h e h ead a nd o ne c o i lo ft h es p r ing o f aN auhe im d e r iva t ive b rooch ( no . 6 9 ) f r om t h e A keman S t ree t ' h o l low w ay ' 1 008 w e re c a ref u l ly r e shaped s o t h a t t h e u ppe r e nd f o rmed ac r ook s hape , a nd t h e c a tchp la te w a st r immed . T h i s o b jec ti sp re F lav ian i nd a te , s o w a s v e ry o ld w hen d epo s i ted . I nv i ew o f i t s r ewo rk ing , i tp robab ly s u rv ived i nu se i n i t s n ew f o rm , a nd i s n o t n ece s sa r i ly r e s idua l . T he f u nc t ion i t s e rved i ni t ss e conda ry f o rm i su nknown . S i te B T he m a jo r i ty o ft h e S i te B f i nd s c ame f r om t h e m idden h o r izon 2 004 , t h ough s eve ra lw e r e f ound i np i t2 027 . T he l a t te r i n c lude al a rge e name l led umbona te b rooch w i th a r e pa i red h i nge ( no . 7 4 ) , a nd a P o lden H i l l b rooch ( no . 7 0 ) . T he se a r e p e rhap s u n l ike ly t oh ave b een i nu se a tt h e

T he i r on , a nd p robab ly a l so c oppe r -a l loy , o b jec t s f r om t h e c en t ra l g roup o f p i t s c an a lmo s t c e r ta in ly b e a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e m e ta lwo rk ing i n t h a t a r ea . F u r the r e v idence o fm e ta lwo rk ing t a ke s t h e f o rm o fs c rap p i ece s o f c oppe r a l loy w h ich h ave b een c u t o r c l ipped . T he se

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s ame t ime , t h e l a t te r b e ing a w e l l -p re served l a te 1 s t c en tu ry t y pe , t h e f o rme r2 nd -cen tu ry a nd w e l lw o rn , b u t i t i si n te r e s t ing t on o te t h a tt h ey r ef lec tt h e l i m ina l n a tu re o f W i lco te . T he P o lden H i l l b rooch i s aw e s te rn t y pe , w h i le t h e m a jo r i ty o f l a rge e name l led umbona te b rooche s a r e f ound e a s to ft h eI c kn ie ld Way . T he r epa i r o f t h e umbona te b rooch a nd o f t h e s ma l l T rumpe t b rooch ( no . 7 3 ) f r om 2 004 c e r ta in ly s ugge s t s t h a t c oppe r -a l loy o b jec t s w e re v a lued a nd w e l l c a r ed f o r a tW i lco te . T h i s c ou ld b e a n i n d ica t ion o fl ow e conom ic s t a tu s , a sm ay b e at weeze r s b l ade r ewo rked i n to as ma l l s coop ( SF 2 08 ) . I t em s f r om S i te B w h ich s uppo r tt h e i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e r i tua l c ha rac te r o f s ome o f t h e S i te A o b jec t s a r e s ome t weeze r s w h ich h ad b een p u l led a pa r t a nd f l a t tened ( no . 1 61) , a nd a s ma l l c a s t c oppe r -a l loy e ye m ade o f s hee t m e ta l ( no . 1 6 3 ) . T h i s i sp robab ly a n e x v o to d epo s i ted i n t h e h ope o f ac u re f o r a n e ye d i sea se o r i n ju ry , a s w e re n ume rou s mode l e ye s f r om Wroxe te r ( Bagna l l -Sm i th 1 995 , 1 82 ) . A r i ng o f s t ou t i r on w i re w i th o ne e nd e xpanded m ay p o s s ib ly b e a no the r b en t s pea r , b u t t h i s i n te rp r e ta t ion i s v e ry d oub tf u l , a nd t h e o b jec t i s c a ta logued a s a f i nge r r i ng . T he o t he r t e rm ina l i s i n comp le te , b u t a ppea r s t o b e n a r row ing t o ap o in t , m ak ing t h eo b jec tt oo s ho r tt ob e ar ewo rked s pea r . Ar e -exam ina t ion o ft he a s semb lage sf rom t he 1 990-2 a nd 1 993-6 e xcava t ions ( Tab le 7 ) B o th a s semb lage s f r om D r H and s ' e xcava t ion s o f t h e 1 990s a r e r ema rkab le f o r t h e h igh n umbe r o f t o i le t i n s t rumen t s t h ey p roduced . Sma l l p e r sona l i t em s s uch a s t h e se h ave a l so s ome t ime s b een i d en t if ied a s p e r sona l ia d epo s i ted e x v o to ( e .g . B agna l l -Sm i th 1 998 , 1 74-6 ) , s o , i n t h e l i gh t o f t h e s ugge s t ion a bove t h a t d amaged a nd mode l o b jec t s f r om t h e mo re r e cen t e xcava t ion s a r e e v idence t h a tt h e re w a s at emp le a tW i lco te , an umbe r o f a s semb lage s w e re s amp led t os e e i fW i lco te c onf o rm s t o a ny p a r t icu la rp a t ter no fd epo s i t ion .

c o in s , a nd r e a sonab ly s o f o r b rooche s ( Reece 1 99 1 ; H a se lg rove 1 997 ) . T h i s i sn o t p o s s ib le f o r mo s t s ma l l f i nd s , w h ich a r e i nt h e f i r s t p l ace v e ry d i v e r se a nd , e ven w hen s pec if ic t y pe s c an b e i d en t if ied , r a r e ly n ume rou s e nough f o r am ean t o b e p roduced . E ven t a k ing o b jec t s s uch a s v o t ive m in ia tu re s n eed n o t n ece s sa r i ly p rov ide u sef u l d a ta . T he i r p re sence i n d ica te s at emp le , b u t t h e r e w e re t emp le s i nl a rge t own s a nd s ma l l t own s , a nd r u ra l t emp le s i te s v a ry f r om l a rge t o s ma l l a nd a l so e mb race s ma l l s h r ine s . N one the le s s , t h e p ropo r t ion o f m in ia tu re o b jec t s f r om t h e r e cen t e xcava t ion s a t W i lco te i s r ema rkab ly c on s i s ten t w i th t h a t f r om U ley a nd Woodea ton . I n a ny i n te r s i te s t udy d i f f e r ence s i n t h e p ropor t ion o f f i nd s a r e m o s t l i ke ly t ob e i n d ica t ive o fp eak s o fa c t iv i ty , r a the r t h an t y pe s o f a c t iv i ty , t h u s ah i gh n umbe r o f b rooche s m ay s how t h a t as i t e w a s u sed m o re h eav i ly i n t h e i s ta nd 2 nd c en tu r ie sw h i le ah igh n umbe ro fb ra ce le t s i sl i ke ly t ob e t h e r e su l t o fm o re a c t iv i ty i nt h e l a te r 3 rd a nd 4 th c en tu r ie s . S ubd iv id ing b y p e r iod m ay g e t r ound t h i s p rob lem , t h ough d a t ing i sn o t a lway s a va i lab le , a s w i th t h e Woodea ton a s semb lage u sed h e r e , w h ich w a s r e cove red b yf i e ldwa lk ing . Wha teve r t h e p rob lem s w i th s uch as t udy , i tc an b e s e en t h a t t h e n umbe r o f l o ng -hand led r ound -bow led t o i le t s poon s ( t ype B i nT ab le 7 )f r om D rH and s ' e xcava t ion s i s i n deed u nu sua l . N o o t he r s i te p roduced a ny th ing l i ke t h a t n umbe r . T he n umbe r o fn a i l -c leane r s i s ,h oweve r , s l igh t ly l owe r t h an a t Wanbo rough a nd A lce s te r , a nd t h e n umbe r o f t weeze r s i sa bou t a ve rage . T he n umbe r o f t weeze r s f r om t h e r e cen t W i lco te e xcava t ion s i ss u rp r i s ing ly h i gh . B y c omb in ing a l t h e W i lco te a s semb lage s t h e p eak o f t weeze r s i sl e ve l led o u t , b u t t h e 1mbe r o ft o i le t s poon s r ema in sh igh . T h i s h i gh p ropor t ion m ay s how t h a t t h ey , a nd p e rhap s o t he r t o i le t i n s t rumen t s , w e r e p roduced a tW i lco te o r , i n t h e c on tex t o f at emp le s i te , m ay b e as i gn o f t h e d e l ibe ra te s e lec t ion o f at y pe o f o b jec t i n s ome w ay a s soc ia ted w i th t h e p owe r s c r ed i ted t o ap a r t icu la r d e i ty . T he r e cove ry o f amode l e ye f r om t h e r e cen t e xcava t ion s

I n v i ew o f t h e s e lec t ive n a tu r e o f m any s ma l l f i nd s r epo rt s , a nd o fd if e rence s o fi d en t if i ca t ion , o n ly s pec if ic c oppe r -a l loy d r e s s a cce s so r ie s a nd t o i le ti n s t rumen t sw e re u sed , a l ong w i th m in ia tu r e o b jec t so fa ny m a te r ia l . Whe re e a r r ing s h ad b een i d en t if ied a s f i nge r r i ng s , t h e i d en t if ica t ion s a r e c o r rec ted i nT ab le 7 ,a nd a rm le t s c u t d own t o b e r eu sed a s f i nge r r i ng s a r e c on s ide r ed a s t h e l a t te r n o t t h e f o rme r . T he s e lec t ion o f o n ly a l i m i ted n umbe r o f o b jec t t ype s a nd r e iden t if ica t ion t o as i ng le

s ugge s t s t h a t t h e re m ay b e a n a s soc ia t ion b e tween t h e l o ng -hand led s poon s a nd e ye s a lve s , t h ough t h i s i sh i gh ly s pecu la t ive .

' i n te rp re ta t ion s t y le ' m ay t h u s p rov ide a l e ve l b a se l i ne a ga in s tw h ich q u i rk s i nt h ea s semb lage sm ay s how . C ompa r i son s o ft h i s t y pe a r e o fv e ry l i m i ted u se . Wh i le a m ean m ay b e p roduced f o r c o in s a nd b rooche s a nd t h en i n d iv idua l s i te s c ompa red t oi t ,t h e re t h e m a te r ia l e nab le s l i ke t ob e c ompa red w i th l i ke , c l o se ly d a ted i nt h e c a se o f

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T he i d io sync ra t ic n a tu re o ft emp le s i te s i sc l ea r ly s hown b y t h e N o rnou r a s semb lage , w h ich c on s i s t ed p r ima r i ly o f b rooche s a nd a l so p roduced , t hough n o t s hown i n t h i s t a b le , s i x p i pec lay p seudo -Venu s f i gu r ine s a nd s i x o ft h e D ea N u t r ix ( J enk in s 1 968 , 2 01) , w h i le a t G r ea t Wa l s ingham /W igh ton , N o rf o lk , b rooche s a nd s e a l -boxe s p r edom ina t ed ( Bagna l l -Sm i th 1 999 , 2 2 ) . I ti st emp t ing t o s e e N o rnou r a s as h r ine a t t rac t ing f ema le w o r sh ippe r s , t h ough B u t che r ( 1993 ) s ugge s t s i tw a s u s ed b y s a i lo r s o n t h e i r w ay b e tween t h e c on t inen ta l p o r t s a nd t h e B r i s to l

C hanne l , w h ich s e em s v e ry r e a sonab le , a nd t o s e e Wa l s ingham /W igh ton a s p e rhap s at emp le o f M ine rva , w ho w a s g odde s s o fl e a rn ing , a mong o t he r t h ing s , a nd i s r ep re sen ted o n t h e h and le s o f2 nd -cen tu ry w ax s pa tu lae ( Feuge re 1 995 ) . T he f i gu r ine s f r om Wa l s ingham /W igh ton d id i n c lude a M ine rva f i gu r ine a nd ab u s t , b u t Me rcu ry a nd J up i te r f i gu re s w e re a l so p re sen t ( Bagna l l -Sm i th 1 999 , 2 4-9 ) . B rooche s w e r e a l so v e ry n ume rou s a t H ockwo ld , N e t t le ton a nd U ley , t h ough t h e i r p ropor t ion s d o n o t e xceed t h a t a tt h e t own s o f Wanbo rough o rA lce s te r ( t he h igh n umbe ro fe a r ly b rooche s a t Wanbo rough , w h ich h a s s of a rp roduced l i t t le e v idence f o ro ccupa t ion a tt h a tt ime , r ema in s t o b e s a t isf ac to r i ly e xp la ined ) . H oweve r , t h e H ockwo ld a s semb lage i sd i s t inc t ive f o rc on ta in ing al a rge n umbe r o f h o r se -and r ide r b rooche s a nd Ad l o cu t io b rooche s ( Mac i c re th 1 986 ) , b o th o f w h ich c an b e d e sc r ibed a r e v o t ive i n c ha rac te r ( S imp son a nd B lance 1 998 ) . C a ta logue C opper -a l loy o b jec t s( F ig . 6 ) B ROOCHES 6 9 , S F 1 . 1 008 , ' h o l low w ay ' f i l l . P e r iod 3 . T he b ow o f a N auhe im d e r iva t ive b rooch . L eng th 4 8 .5mm . O n ly o ne c o i l o ft h e s p r ing r ema in s . T he h ead h a s b een b en t o ve r u n t i l i t t o uche s t h e b ack o ft h e b ow , f o rm ing , w i th t h e s i ng le c o i l , a c r ook s hape . T he t ur no ft h e c a tchp la te h a s b een r o ugh ly c u t a way . T he b ow h a s as i ng le c ur ve , a nd i sr o unded i ns e c t ion a tt h et o p , n a r row ing t o ak n if ee dg ea tt h e f o o t .

N auhe im d e r iva t ive s w e re i mpo r ted f r om t h e c on t inen t i n s ome n umbe r s a f t e r AD 4 3 , t h ough t h ey c an o ccu r i n B r i ta in b ef o re t h a t d a te , a nd a r e f ound i n s uf i c ien t n umbe r st os ugge s t t h ey c ou ld h ave b een m ade h e re a f t e r i t . T he a b sence o f p re -Roman m a te r ia l a t W i lco te s ugg e s t s t h i s e xamp le i sC laud io /Ne ron ian , a nd t h e f o rm i su n l ik e ly t or un i n to t h e F lav ian p e r iod . T he d e l ibe ra te r e shap ing o f t h i s p i ece , h oweve r , s ugge s t s r e u se a nd c on sequen t ly al a te rd epo s i t ion d a te . 7 0 .

S F 2 18 . 2 028 , f i l l o fp i t 2 027 . P e r iod 2 .Aw e l l -p r e se rved b r ooch , c omp le t e a pa r t f r om o ne s i de o ft h e c ho rd a nd o ne c o i l o ft h e s p r ing . L eng th 6 2mm . T he s p r ing m echan i sm i s t h e P o lden H i l l t y pe , w i th t h e c oppe r -a l loy a x ia l b a rf i xed i n t h e r e tur ned e nd s o ft h e c r o s sba r . T he c ho rd p a s se s t h rough ah o le i n ac r e s to nt h eh ead , av e s t ig eo ft h e f o rwa rd h ook o f C o lche s te r b rooche s . T he e nd s o ft h e c r o s sba rh ave ad oub le g r oove . T he b ow i ss t ra igh t , p l a in a pa r tf r om t h er i dge o nt h e h ead b e low t h e c r e s t , a nd D shaped i n s e c t ion . T he c a tchp la t eh a s as i ng le t r iangu la rp i e r c ing .

T he m e thod o fa t tach ing t h ec ho rd t h rough ap i e rced c r e s t i s a c ha ra c te r i s t ic o f w e s ter n B r i t i sh b rooche s ( e .g . Mack re th 1 994 , 1 63 , n o s 1 7-20 ) , w h i le t h e p rof i le , l e s s c u rved t h an mo s t P o lden H i l l s , t oge the r w i th t h e b ow s e c t ion a nd t h e r i dge r unn ing o n to t h e h ead b e low t h e c r e s t , i s c l o se t o t h a t o f l a te r 1 s tc en tu ry C o lche s te r

d e r iva t ive s . T he se f e a tu re s s ugge s t t h a t t h e b e long sw i th in t h e l a s tt h i rd o ft h e i s tc en tu ry . 7 1 .

b rooch

S F 4 . 1 004 , f i l l o f q ua r ry p i t 1 003 . P e r iod 2 . T shaped b rooch w i th f i xed h ead loop , c omp le t e a pa r tf r om m o s to ft h e p i n . L eng th 5 8mm ( i nc lud ing h ead loop ) . T he p i nw a sh i ng ed o n a n i r on a x ia l b a r p a s sed t h rough t h e t u bu la r c r o s sba r . T he r e i s at r ip le m ou ld ing a t e a ch e nd o f t h e b a r . T he h ead loop , u s ed t oa t ta ch ac ha in b e tw een ap a i ro fb rooche s , i ss l igh t ly w or n . I th a s t wo s l igh t n o tche s o n o ne s i de a nd o ne o n t h e o t he r , p r obab ly m ade b y ac l ench ing t o o l w hen t h e c ha in w a s a t ta ched . T he c a tchp la t e i ss t ou t a nd s o l id . T he r e c tangu la r b ow b ea r s t wo l o ng p ane l s o f y e l low e name l , m o s t n ow m i s s ing . Two l o ba te m ou ld ing s , e ach w i th ac en t ra l g r oove , a r e s e t a ta n a ng le a tt h ej unc t ion o f b ow a nd f o o t , a nd a r e v e s t ige s o f t h e a can thu s m ou lded b u t ton f o und o n t h e B ackwo r th s e r ie s . A c en t ra l d oub le g r oove r u n s d own t ot wo s ma l l h o r izon ta l s i de r i dge s , b e low w h ich t h e f o o t i ss ha rp ly t r iangu la r , a nd t e rm ina te s i n at o e k nob w i th c omp lex m ou ld ing s . T he w ho le f o o t c an b e s e en a sz oomo rph ic , a n e l onga ted a n ima l h ead w i th t wo s l an t ing e a r s , h o r izon ta l e y e s ( o r e yeb row s ) a nd as nou t , t h e w ho le r em in i scen t , t h ough c l ea r ly u nconnec ted e xcep t b y c hance , t ot h e a n ima l m a sk o n A ng lo -Saxon c r uc if o rm b rooche s . I n s uppo r to f az oomo rph ic i n t e rp r e ta t ion , ac en t ra l l i nea rd e ta i l i sa l so f o und o n t h e e a r s o fD ragone sque b rooche s , w h ich m ay h ave a s i ng le c en t ra l c e l l o f e name l , ac en t ra l l i ne d ef ined b yt wo c e l ls , o rs ome o t he rs hap ing o ft h em e ta l .

T h i s b rooch c an b e b road ly d a ted b yp a ra l le l sa tN o rnou r , I s le so fS c i l ly ,t ot h ee nd o ft h e I s tc en tu ry o rt h ef i r s th a lf o f t h e 2 nd c en tu ry ( Hu l l 1 968 , 2 9 ) . A s im i la r e xamp le f r om C ae r leon ,b u tl a ck ing t h e l owe rp a i ro fm ou ld ing so n t h e f oo t , w a s f ound w i th p o t te ry d a ted t oc . AD 1 30-60 (Whee le ra nd Whee le r 1 928 , F ig . 1 3 , 1 3 ) . T he f o rm b e long s t o w e s t a nd s ou th -we s t B r i ta in , w i th f ou r c l o se p a ra l le l s c om ing f r om N o rnou r , t h ough t h e i r ' e ye s ' a r e l o ba te l i ke t h e e a r s a nd s l an t i nwa rd s a nd d ownwa rd s a nd t h e f oo t s e c t ion m ay s ome t ime s d if e r ( Hu l l 1 968 , n o s 1 215 ) . T h i s e mpha s i se s t h e s t y l i s t ic l i nk b ack t ot h e a can thu s d eco ra ted B ackwo r th s a nd d e t rac t s f r om t h e z oomo rph ic e f ec t p e rce ived h e re , b u t o ne , n o . 1 4 , i ss uf i c ien t ly s im i la r i n a l l o t he r r e spec t s t o h ave c ome f r om t h e s ame mou ld a st h e W i lco te b rooch . At h i rd c ome s f r om C ha r te rhou se -on - Mend ip ( Hu l l f o r thcom ing , n o . 8 190 , i nT ype 11) . As im i la r e xamp le , t h ough w i th a ngu la rh ead loop a nd ag roove d own t h e f u l l l e ng th o ft h e f oo t , c ome s f r om Woodea ton ( no te i n A n t iqua r ie s J ourna l 1 5 ( 1935 ) , 1 99-200 ) . T he re i sa l so o ne f r om t h e s ma l l t own o f Wanbo rough , w h ich h a s s qua re s o fe name l i n t h e l o ng p ane l s , a l ter na te ly t u rquo i se a nd a no the r c o lou r ( Bu tche r 2 001 , 5 7 , n o . 1 06 ) . B u tche rs ugge s t s t h a t C ha r te rhou se -on -Mend ip m ay b e t h e p roduc t ion c en t re . T he r e cove ry o f t h e t y pe f r om t emp le s i t e s ( No rnou r , Woodea ton )a nd as ma l lt own (Wanbo rough )e mpha s i s i t s n a t ive d eve lopmen ta nd m anuf ac tu re . H oweve r , o t he r e xamp le s o ft h e f o rm l a ck t h e s i de r i dge s o n t h e f oo t , h ave a much w ide r r a nge o f e name l l ing p a t te rn s , a nd t h e m ou ld ing s a tt h e j unc t ion o f b ow a nd f oo t d if e r ( Hu l l f o r thcom ing , T ype 11) . T he re i sa l so a

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s p rung v e r s ion ( Type 10 ) . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e se t y pe s i s much w ide rt h an t ho se w i th t h e e x t ra l o ba te f e a tu re o n t h e f oo t , w i th m any e xamp le s a ga in c om ing f r om C ha r te rhou se -on - Mend ip a nd N o rnou r , b u t a l so r e ach ing a c ro s s t oL owe r Ma i l ing , K en t , a nd C o lche s te r , E s sex , i n t h e e a s t a nd a s f a r n o r th a s H o l t , C he sh i re . T he w ide r d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e s p rung t y pe i sm a tched i nt h e g r ea te r d i ve r s i ty o f t h e t y pe o f s i te f r om w h ich i th a s b een r e cove red . 7 2 .

a no the r f r om E l sf ie ld , w h ich m ay a l so o r ig ina l ly h ave c ome f r om Woodea ton ( Hu l l f o r thcom ing , T ype 1 54 ) . 7 4 .

S F 8 8 . 1 0 14 , t r ack . P e r iod 2 . T he h ead o f aT shaped L ambe r ton Moo r b rooch w i th f i xed h ead loop . S ur v iv ing l e ng th 1 6mm , i n c lud ing l o op . O n ly t h e l u g f o r t h e h i nge r ema in s o ft h e p i n . I tw a s h i nged o n ac oppe r -a l loy a x ia l b a r s e t i n at u be h i dden b eh ind s ho r t s i de -w ing s . A s o n a no the r b r ooch f r om W i lco te , t h e s l o t i nt h e t u be f o r t h e p i n i ss e t o f -cen t r e ( Ma ck r e th 1 993 , F ig . 2 4 , 9 ) . E ach a rm b ea r s t r an sve r se m ou ld ing s o n e i the r s i de o f ap ane l w i th s i x e name l t r iang le s ( s e t t h ree e ach s i de ) f r am ing t wo c en t ra l l o zeng e s o ft h e b a se m e ta l . T he s ho r t s t ump o ft h e h ead i s h o l low . T he h ead s tud i sm i s s ing .

T he f o rm i s B r i t i sh -made a nd h a s a v e ry w ide d i s t r ibu t ion . C lo se p a ra l le l s a r e o ne f r om t h e Wa lb rook , L ondon , w h ich a l so h a s ah o l low h ead ( Mu seum o f L ondon 1 9 .925 ) , a nd o ne f r om C ae rwen t ( Newpor t Mu seum 4 0 ) . T he L ambe r ton Moo r f r om e a r l ie r e xcava t ion s a t W i lco te m en t ioned a bove c ame f r om a c on tex t d a ted c . AD 1 00110 , a nd t h i s b rooch i sa l so l i ke ly t od a te t ot h ev e ry l a te i s to re a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . 7 3 .

S F 2 0 1 . 2 004 , m idden h o r izon . P e r iod 2 . Sma l l T rumpe t b rooch o ft h e C he s te r t y pe , l e ng th 4 0mm , c omp le te e xcep t f o rt h el o o se w i re h ead loop , a nd f o rp a r to ft h es p r ing ,w h ich i sw ound a r ound a f l a t a x ia l b a r o f c oppe r a loy . I ts e em s t h a tt h eo r ig ina l s p r ing b r oke a nd w a sr ewound u s ing u pp a r t o ft h e l e ng th o ft h e p i n , w h ich i sn ow t o o s ho r tt oe ngage i n t h e c a tchp la t e . T he t r umpe t h ead i sm a rked b y as t rong e dg e m ou ld ing o rc o l la r , w h ich t a pe r s u pwa rd s t ot h e c en t r e . T he h ead , b ow a nd f o o t a r e t r iangu la r i ns e c t ion . T he b u t ton i s h a lf round a nd p l a in , w i th as l igh t l owe r m ou ld ing , a nd i s f l anked b y d eep g roove s . T he a can thu s d e s ign o f f u l ly d eve loped T rumpe t b rooche s i sd e tec tab le i nt h e m ou ld ing s a bove a nd b e low t h e g r oove s . T he t o p o ne h a s aV shaped u ppe rl i ne a nd t wo t i ny r o und i n den ta t ion sf l ank ing t h ep o in t o f t h e V . A s im i la r b u t n a r rowe r m ou ld ing , r e ve r sed a nd l a ck ing t h e i n den ta t ion s , i sb e low t h e l ow e rg roove . T he f o o t i sl o ng a nd h a s as ma l lt o e -knob . T he c a tchp la t e i ss o l id .

T he re a r e a tl e a s t s i x e xamp le s o ft h i s B r i t i sh -made t y pe

S F 2 28 . 2 067 , f i l l o f p i t 2 027 . P e r iod 2 . E nam e l led u mbona t e d i sc b rooch w i th s c a l loped e dg e , ar o unded l u g o ve r t h e c a tchp la te a nd ap e r f o ra ted a nd w or n r o unded l u g f o r ac ha in a tt h e h i nge e nd . T he b a se m e ta l i sc oppe r w i th s ome t i n a nd l e ad a nd at r ace o fz i nc . T he f r on tw a s t i nned , t h ough l i t t le n ow r ema in s e xcep t o n t h e r im a nd u np ie r ced l u g . T he b ack o ft h e u mbo i sh o l low . T he d i sc i s3 2mm i n d i ame te r ; t h e d i ame te r i n c lud ing t h e c ha in l o op a nd t h e l u g o ve r t h e c a tchp la t e i s 4 0mm . C omp le t e , b u t t h e h i ng e m echan i sm h a s b een r e pa i red . I n s t ead o f ac i r cu la r a x ia l b a r h o ld ing t h e p i n b e tween t h e t w in l u g s t h e r e i s aD sec t ion r o d , b o th e nd s o fw h ich p ro t r ude b eyond t h e l u g s a nd h ave b een c u tb u tn o tf i l ed s moo th .

T he u mbo c a r r ie s t wo b and s o f e name l led t r iang le s , a l te rna t ive ly b l ue a nd g r een w i th t h e a p ice sp o in t ing u pt o ac en t ra l e name l led e ye , ar i ng o f? g reen a r ound ad o t o f ? b lue . T he re i s ab road g roove a tt h e b a se o ft h e u mbo , s epa ra t ing i tf r om t h e r im w h ich h a s ab and o fa l t er na t e b l ue a nd g r een t r iang le s , s e t w i th t h e a p ice s p o in t ing i nwa rd s . E name l led u mbona te b rooche s a r e a2 nd -cen tu ry B r i t i sh f o rm a nd H a t ta t t s how s t h em t oh ave aw ide d i s t r ibu t ion , t h ough l a rge e xamp le s w i th e name l t r iang le s s uch a st h i s b rooch a r e c oncen t ra ted t ot h e e a s t o ft h e I c kn ie ld Way , w i th a n o u t l ie r i n Nor th Wa le s , a nd o ne e ach i ns ou th L inco ln sh i re a nd L e ice s te r sh i re ( Ha t ta t t 1 987 , F ig . 5 8 ) . T he r e cove ry o f w ha t i se s sen t ia l ly a w e s ter n f o rm ( SF 7 0 ) a nd a n e a s ter n f o rm ( SF 7 4 ) t o ge the r i n o ne p i t e mpha s i se s t h e l o ca t ion o fW i lco t e n ea r t h e l i m i t s o ft h e t wo d i s t r ibu t ion s , a nd i n deed p o s s ib ly n ea r at e r r i to r ia l b ounda ry a s w e l l ( Bagna l l -Sm i th 1 995 , 2 02 ; W in ton 2 001 , 3 04 ) . N o t i l u s t ra ted . S F 2 03 . 2 004 I ,m idden h o r izon . P e r iod 2 .S ho r t w i r e p i n s l igh t ly b en t t owa rd s o ne e nd , w h ich i sf l a t t ened a nd s qua r ed of . L eng th 2 8mm . P robab ly ab r ooch p i n ( c ompa r e w i th B u tche r 2 00 1 , F ig . 2 7 , n o . 1 6 3 ) , b u t , i fs o , i ti s e v idence f o rm anuf ac tu r e , o ra tl e a s t , r e pa i r , o n t h es i t e , a si t i su npe r f o ra t ed a nd t h e ref o r e u nu sed . HAIRP INS 1 53 . S F 1 7 . 1 076 , f i l l o f q ua r ry p i t 1 075 . P e r iod 2 .H a i rp in o f C oo l 's ( 1990 , 1 57 , F ig . 4 ,n o . 6 )G roup 5 ,s ub -g roup D .T he p i n i sb en t a nd t h e t i p i sm i s s ing . L eng th 7 1mm . T he u ppe r e l emen t o f t h e h ead i sp y ram ida l a nd b ea r s r o ugh a ng led s c o r ing a bove t h r ee t r an sve r se g roove s . B e low t h i s i sa f a ce ted c ubo id b ead , a nd t h en a t a pe r ing s qua r e sec t ion e l emen t w i th t h r ee t r an sver se g r oove s , e cho ing t h e d e s ign a bove t h e b ead . T he t y pe i sc ommone s t i nt h e 2 nd c e n tu ry ( Coo l 1 990 , 1 57 ) .

f r om C i rence s te r i nt h e C o r in ium Mu seum , a nd t wo f r om B o l l i t ree i nG louce s te r Mu seum . T he re i sa l so ac l u s te ro f f i ve f r om C he s te r a nd o ne f r om H o l t . T hey e x tend i n to Wa le s a nd s t re tch a c ro s s s ou the rn B r i ta in f r om No rnou r i nt h e e x t r eme s ou th -we s t t o R ichbo rough , K en t , i nt h e e a s t . O ne o ft h e C he s te r b rooche s c ame f r om a d epo s i t d a ted f r om t h e l a te i s t t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry ( Hu l l 1 968 , 4 2 ) .

1 54 , S F 4 6 . 124 , f i l l o f q ua r ry p i t 115 . P e r iod 2 .H a i rp in o f C oo l 's G roup 1 3( 1990 , 1 64 , F ig . 8 ,n o s6 -7 a nd 1-3 ) ,w i th af l a t tened g l obu la rh ead d eep ly c u tb yr a d ia t ing g r oove s ,s e t a bove a n a r row c oncave mou ld ing , p o lygona l i n s e c t ion . B e low t h i s t h e s t em h a s b een t r immed t of o rm t wo i n ve r t ed V shaped p endan t s . T he s haf ti sb en tn ea rt h e c en t re a nd t h e t i p i sm i s s ing . L eng th 7 5mm .

W i th in O xf o rd sh i re t h e re i s av e ry s im i la r e xamp le f r om F i lk in s , t h ough t h e b u t ton a nd mou ld ing s a r e s e t l owe r d own t h e b ow ( Ake rman 1 857 , 1 42 , t op r i gh t i n t h e f i gu re ) , t h r ee f r om t h e Woodea ton t emp le s i te , a nd

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OTHER DRESS ACCESSOR IES 1 58 . S F 2 15 . 2 053 , f i l l o f d i tch 2 052 . P e r iod 2 . T h in b a ck ing p l a te f r om ab r a s s f i t t ing , p r obab ly ab e l t s t if f ene r . T he p l a t e i s r e c tangu la r w i th r o unded e nd s a nd h a s t wo l a rg e p er f o ra t ion s f o r s t ou t r i ve t s , b u r red o n t h e i n s ide . T he e dge i sv e ry w o rn . L eng th 2 8mm ,w id th 1 0 .5mm .

T h is t ype i sa ga in 2 nd -cen tu ry i nd a te , a nd h a s aw e s te rn d i s t r ibu t ion c en t red o n C i rence s te r . T h i s e xamp le m ay , h owever , b e a n e a r l ie r a nd l o ca l s ub type . T he i n c i s ion s i n to t h e h ead a r e s paced t o p roduce a t r i loba te e f ec t , w h ich a l so o ccu r s o n ah a i rp in f r om a m id 1 s tc en tu ry c on tex t f r om t h e 1 990-2 e xcava t ion s o nt h e s i te (W i l co te I ,F ig . 2 6 , n o . 9 ) . T he l a t te r p i n h a s ap ane l o f l a t t ice d eco ra t ion b enea th t h ec oncave mou ld ing . 1 5 5 .

T O ILET I NSTRUMENTS 1 59 . S F 6 8 . 171 , f i l lo fq ua r ry p i t 1 065 . P e r iod 2 .C omp le t en a i l c l eane r , t h e s haf t l o ng a nd s l igh t ly w a i s t ed . L eng th 6 7mm . T he f l a t r o und p i e rced t o p i sp i e rced f o r s u spen s ion , b e low t h i s t h e s e c t ion i sr ounded , b ecom ing f l a t a s i ta pp roache s t h e p o in t s . T he t o p o ft h e s haf ti sd eco ra t ed w i th t wo b and s o f d i agona l g r oove s , c u t t o l i e i n o ppo s i te d i r ec t ion s . T he l owe rb and i sd ef ined b yt r an sve r se g roove s .

S F 2 27 . 2 067 , f i l l o fp i t 2 027 . P e r iod 2 .H a i rp in o fC oo l 's G roup 6 ,w i th f l a t tened b u t ton h ead a bove as i ng le c o rdon ( 1 990 , 1 57 , F ig . 5 ,n o s 3 -4 , 6a nd 8 ) . T he l ow e r p a r t o ft h e s haf t i sm i s s ing . T he b roken e dge i si regu la r b u t u nwor n . T he b a se m e ta l i sm a in ly c oppe r a nd l e ad , w i th s ome t i n . T he r e i s ap a tch o fw h i te m e ta l p l a t ing ( t in ) o nt h es haf tj u s t a bove t h eb r eak . L eng th 4 5mm .

A s im i la r b u t s l igh t ly s ho r te r e xamp le o f t h i s t y pe w a s f ound i n a 2 nd -cen tu ry c on tex t d u r ing t h e W i lco te e xcava t ion s o f 1 990-2 (W i lco te I ,F ig . 2 6 , n o . 2 2 ) , a nd o ne w i th t h ree b and s o fd eco ra t ion d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion s

G roup 6h a i rp in s d a te f r om t h e m id i s tc en tu ry t ot h em id 2 nd , a nd h ave a m a in ly e a s ter n d i s t r ibu t ion , b e ing p a r t icu la r ly w e l l r ep r e sen ted i n H e r tf o rd sh i re : f o r e xamp le , G adeb r idge P a rk ( Nea l a nd B u tche r 1 974 , F ig . 6 4 , n os 2 203 ) ; No r thchu rch , H eme l H emp s tead ( Nea l 1 977 , F ig . 1 2 , n o . 1 7 ; F ig . 6 3 , n o . 1 ) ; P ucke r idge B raugh ing ( Po t te r a nd T row 1 988 , F ig . 2 5 , n o s 4 6-7 ) ; G o rhambu ry (Wa rd le 1 990 , F ig . 1 23 ,n o s 8 7-9 ) ; B a ldock ( S tead a nd R igby 1 986 , F ig . 5 4 , n o s 2 11-5 ) ; S ke le ton G r een ( Pa r t r idge 1 981 , F ig . 5 5 , n o . 1 9 ) ; a nd K ing H a r ry L ane , V eru lam ium ( S tead a nd R igby 1 989 , F ig . 1 3 , n o s 6 5-70 ) . H oweve r , t h e t y pe i s n o t w ho l ly a b sen t f r om mo re w e s te r ly s i te s , a s t h e re a r e e xamp le s f r om Wanbo rough_ ( Hoo ley 2 00 1 , F ig . 4 0 , n o . 1 50 ) a nd Woodea ton ( Bagna l l -Sm i th 1 998 , f i g . 9 . 6-9 .8 ) . N o t i l u s t ra ted . S F 2 0 . 1 020 , f i l l o f q ua r ry p i t 1 0 19 . P e r iod 2 . S em ic i rcu la r p i n h ead , a lmo s t c e r ta in ly f r om a G roup 6 h a i rp in . T he s hank h a s b een c u t c l o se b enea th t h e h ead . T he r e i s ad en t o n t h e t o p . S u rv iv ing l e ng th 7 mm , d i ame te r 8 mm . F INGER R INGS 1 56 . S F 1 02 . 1 0 14 , t r ack . P e r iod 2 .Af i nge r r i ng o fo n ly 1l mm d i ame t e r , m ade f r om o ne e nd o f as t r ip b race le t f o rmed i n to t wo c o i l s . T he s t r ip i sr e c tangu la r i ns e c t ion , w i th r ounded e dg e s , h e igh t 3 mm , t h ickne s s 1 . 5mm . T he t e rm ina l i s d eco ra ted w i th ad eba sed s nake 's h ead d e s ign , w i th s ha l low a ng led g r oove s r unn ing o n to t h e h oop f o r s ome d i s tance b eh ind t h e h ead . T he n a r row w id th o f t h e s t r ip a nd t h e d eba sed d e s ign o ft h e h ead s ugge s t s ad a te i nt h e l a t e 3 rd o r e a r ly 4 t h c en tu ry f o r t h i s p i ece . T he s ma l l d i ame t e r o ft h i s o b jec t s ugge s t s i tm ay b e av o t ive i t em , a s i ti ss ma l l e ven f o rt h et o pj o in to f ac h i ld 's f i ng e r . 1 57 .

S F 1 2 . 1 022 , f i l l o f q ua r ry p i t 1 021 . P e r iod 3 . As imp le p enannu la r f i nge r r i ng m ade f r om as t ou t s t r ip , r e c tangu la r i ns e c t ion w i th r o unded e dge s . Max imum i n t e rna l d i ame t e r 1 6 .5mm , h e igh t 3mm , t h ickne s s 2mm . O ne e nd i ss l igh t ly f l a t t e ra nd w ide rt h an t h e r e s to ft h es t r ip ,s ugge s t ing t h a tt h e r i ng m ay h ave b een m ade f r om a c u t -down b r ace le t . T he h oop i ss p l i t s l igh t ly o n o ne e dge . P robab ly l a te 3 r d o r4 t h c en tu ry i nd a t e .

o f 1 993-6 w a s d a ted c . AD 1 50-75 (W i l co te I , F ig . 2 1 , n o . 7 8 ) . T he f o rm i sw e s te rn , w i th o t he re xamp le sc om ing f r om C hew V a l ley L ake , A von ( Rah tz a nd G reenf ie ld 1 977 , F ig . 12 , n o . 3 0 ; t wo b and s ) , Ma r shf ie ld , A von ( Ba rf o rd a nd H ughe s 1 985 , F ig . 5 0 , n o . 4 7 ; t wo b and s ) , N e t t le ton (Wed lake 1 982 , F ig . 9 4 , n o s 5 -6 ; t wo b and s ) , U ley (Woodwa rd a nd L each 1 993 , F ig . 1 35 , n o . 5 ) ; Wanbo rough ( Hoo ley 2 001 , F ig . 4 4 , n o . 1 98 ; t wo b and s ) a nd A lce s te r , Wa rw ick sh i re ( C rackne l la nd Mahany 1 994 , F ig . 8 6 , n o . 9 4 ; t wo b and s ) . Av a r ian t f r om Wanbo rough h a s ap l a in e l onga ted b ead b e tween t wo g rooved b and s ( Hoo ley 2 00 1 , F ig . 4 4 , n o . 1 99 ) . A r e la ted g roup h ave c r o s s -ha tched p ane l s s epa ra ted b y aw ide s ha l low g roove a nd a s wo l len s haf t : Ma r shf ie ld ( Ba rf o rd a nd H ughe s 1 985 , F ig . 5 0 , n o . 4 8 ) , N ea tham , H amp sh i re ( Redknap 1 986 , F ig . 7 1 , n o . 5 3 ) , a nd Wanbo rough ( Hoo ley 2 00 1 , F ig . 4 4 ,n o s 1 95 a nd 1 97 ;t wo b and s ) . T he d a t ing f r om N e t t le ton a nd Wanbo rough s ugge s t s t h a t t h e t y pe c on t inued i nu se t h roughou t t h e 3 rd a nd i n to t h e 4 th c en tu ry . T he A lce s te r n a i l -c leane r w a s i n ac on tex t d a ted t oa f t e r AD 3 53 b u tw h ich c on ta ined much r e s idua l m a te r ia l . T hough d eco ra ted b ead l ike p ane l s a r e f ound o n t h e u ppe r s hank s o f h a i rp in s o f C oo l 's ( 1990 ) G roup s 5 ,9 a nd 1 , n one b ea r s d i agona l g roove s s e t i n a l ter na te d i rec t ion s l i ke t h e se . T h i s s ugge s t s t h a tt h e m ake r s o ft h e o ne t y pe o fa r tef ac td i dn o ta l so m ake t h eo t he r . H oweve r , t h e v a r ian t f o rm w i th c ro s s -ha t ched p ane l s r e semb le s h a i rp in s o f G roup 1 , w h ich a l so h ave a w ide s ha l low g roove b e tween t h e d eco ra t ive e l emen t s o ft h e h ead , b u t t h e s im i la r i ty i sn o t c l o se , n o r d oe s t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e h a i rp in sm a tch t h a to ft h en a i l -c leane r s . 1 60 .

2 83

S F 9 7 . 1 0 14 , t r a ck . P e r iod 2 . D amag ed t w eez e r s , i n t wo p i ece s , a nd w i th t h e l owe r p a r t o fo ne b l ade b en t o u twa rd s . T he s p r ing i sw ide r t h an t h e u ppe r p a r t o ft h e f l a r ed b l ade s . L eng th 5 9mm . T he s hape i su nu sua l , b u t i sm a tched b y t weez e r s f r om E xe te r , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h i s i s aw e s t er n t o s ou th -we s t e rn v a r ian t f o rm ( Ho lb rook a nd B idwe l l 1 99 1 , F ig . 17 , n o . 15 ; F i g . 18 , n o s 18-9 ) . T he l o op so ft wo o f

t h e E xe t e r t weez e r s w e re p a s sed o ve r t h e b a r o fc ha t e la ine s w i th b a r -and sha ck le s u spen s ion f i t t ing s . 1 6 1 .

S ee a l so ab en tp iece o fw i re ( no . 1 80 ) c a ta logued u nd e r ' O ther o b jec t s ' .

S F 2 04 . 2 004 , m idden h o r izon . P e r iod 2 . Tweez e r s , c omp le te b u tw i th t h e f l a r ed b l ade s p u l led a pa r ta tt h e s p r ing a nd t h ew ho le o b jec tp r e s sed f l a t . L eng th 5 0mm . T he a ng led g r ip sm ay h ave b een f l a t tened b ef o r et h er e s to ft h eo b jec t .

HOUSEHOLD I TEMS 1 64 . S F 1 5 . 1 020 , f i l l o fq ua r ry p i t 1 0 19 . P e r iod 2 .C omp le te n a i l , w i th s ho r t p o lygona l / rounded s hank a nd m o r e o r l e s s s em ic i r cu la r h ead . L eng th 2 5mm . T he h ead s o fn a i l s o ft h i s t y pe w e re d e s igned t o p ro jec t a bove t h e s u r f a ce t h ey w e r e f i xed i n to , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h ey w e re u s ed o n w ooden f ur n i tu r e .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 2 08 . 2 004 , m idden h o r izon . P e r iod 2 . P a r t o ft h e s p r ing l o op a nd o ne f l a red b l ade f r om t weeze r s . T he l o op h a s b een s t ra igh tened o u t a nd h a s j u s t as l igh t r i gh t -ang led r e tur na tt h ev e ry e nd . T he g r ip i sm i s s ing , a nd t h ee nd o ft h e b l ade i sb en t i n to a n i regu la r U sec t ion , p o in t ing o u twa rd s . T h i s m ay b e d e l ibe ra te r e shap ing f o r r e u se a s as coop . L eng th 5 8 .5mm .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F7 0 . 1 0 14 ,t r ack . P e r iod 2 .N a i ls im i la rt on o . 1 64 , b u t w i th d amag ed f a ce ted h ead . L eng th 2 2mm . N o t i l u s t ra ted . S F 2 02 . 2 004 , m idden h o r izon . P e r iod 2 .F r agmen t o f t h e s haf to f as poon , w i th as ma l l p a r t o ft h e b ow l . P robab ly t h ee a r ly R oman r o und -bow led f o rm . L eng th 5 1mm .

N o t i l u s t ra ted . S F 2 8 . 100 , t r ack 1 098 . P e r iod 3 .T he s p r ing l o op a nd o ne b l ade f r om t weez e r s . T he a ng led g r ip o ft h e f l a r ed b l ade h a s b een d e l ibe ra te ly s t ra igh t ened , a nd t h e b l ade i sb en t m idway a l ong i t sl e ng th . L eng th 5 0mm . N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 2 19 . 2 055 , f i l l o fp i t 2 054 . P e r iod 2 .F r agmen t o fa s haf tw i th o ne e nd f l a t tened a nd w iden ing o u t . E i the r f r om a t o i le t s poon w i th s l igh t ly a ngu la r s coop a s W i lco t e I , F i g . 2 0 , n o . 6 3 , o r as t y lu s a s W i lco te I ,F i g . 2 6 , n o . 1 6 . L eng th 2 5mm . N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 4 3 . 1 16 , f i l l o fq ua r ry p i t 115 . P e r iod 2 .F ragmen t o f as ha f t w i th o ne e nd f l a t t ened a nd s l igh t ly c onvex . P robab ly f r om al o ng -hand led t o i le ts poon a sW i lco t e I ,F ig . 2 0 , n o . 6 1 . MODEL OBJECTS 1 62 . S F 9 . 1 026 , f i l l o fq ua r ry p i t 1 025 . P e r iod 3 .C omp le te b u t b en t m ode l s p ea r , p robab ly o f t i n b r onz e . L eng th ( b en t ) 17 .5mm . T he h ead i sn a r row a nd t a pe r ing , s c a rce ly w ide r t h an t h e s ha f t . T he m id p o in t o f t h e s ha f t h a s a n i n c i sed b and o fo pen l a t t ice -wo rk b e tween p a i r ed g roove s .

1 66 .

S F 2 16 . 2 028 , f i l l o f p i t 2 027 . F ragmen t o f s h e e t c oppe r a loy w i th a d a rk r e f lec t ive s u r f a ce o n e ach s i de . A na ly s i s s howed c oppe r , t i n a nd l e ad p r e sen t , b u tw i th n op a r t icu la r ly h i gh l e ve l o f t i n . Max imum d imen s ions 5 0mm b y 2 2mm . O ne e dge i ss t ra igh t b u t q u i t e r a gg ed , a s i fc l ipped . T he o t he r e dge s s e em t ob e n a tu ra l b r eak s . T he p i ec e i sc u rved b o th a l ong i t s l o ng a x i s a nd , v a r iab ly , a l ong t h e s ho r t a x i s . B o th s u r f ace s s how s t r ia t ion s w h ich m ay h ave b een f o rmed d u r ing m anuf a c tu r e , p e rhap s i ft h e o b jec t w a s s pun . T he c l ipped e dg er u n sa ta n a ng le a c ro s st h em .

T he c l ipped e dge s ugge s t s t h a t t h i s p i ece i ss c rap m e ta l f r om ah igh q ua l i ty o b jec t , p robab ly av e sse l . T he l a ck o f ah igh t i n c on ten t m i l i ta t e s a ga in s t i d en t if ica t ion o f i ta s d e r iv ing f r om am i r ro r .

T he h ead s o n mode l s pea r s , t h ough v a ry ing i nf o rm , a r e u sua l ly m uch mo re c l ea r ly d e f ined t h an o n t h i s e xamp le ( e .g . K i rk 1 949 , n o s 4 01 ; G reen 1 976 , n o . 1 77 ; B agna l l Sm i th 1 995 ,n o . 1 84 ; B agna l l -Sm i th 1 998 , n o . 1 52 ; H en ig 1 993 , F ig s 101 ; Wed la l ce 1 982 , F ig . 9 6 , n o . 1 3 ) . Many h ave b een b en t , o r s napped . A mode l s pea r f r om t h e H a r low t emp le s i te m ay h ave b een h e ld b y aw a r r io r f i gu r e , a s as ma l ll ump o fm e ta lo nt h es haf tm igh tb e s e en a s ah and ( F rance a nd G obe l 1 985 , F ig . 4 4 ,n o . 6 2 ) .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 9 1 . 1 074 , f i l l o fp i t 1 073 . P e r iod 2 .F r agmen t o fa t h in p o in t ed s haf t , p robab ly f r om an eed le . L eng th 5 0mm . N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 2 17 . 2 028 , f i l l o f p i t 2 027 . P e r iod 2 . S shaped f r agmen t o fs t ou tw i r e , p o s s ib ly f r om ac ha in l i nk o rp a r t o f ab rooch h ead loop o rs p r ing m echan i sm . B o th e nd s a ppea r t oh ave b een c u t , n o tw or no rb r oken . L eng th 1 3mm .

T he re i s e v idence i n t h e f o rm o f u nf in i shed o r r ud imen ta ry w i re s pea r s a t Woodea ton t h a t t h ey w e r e m ade o n t h e s i te t o s e l l t o w o r sh ippe r s ( Bagna l l -Sm i th 1 995 ,n o . 1 84 ) . 1 63 .

OTHER OBJECTS 1 65 . S F 6 1 . 1 008 , ' h o l low w ay ' f i l l . P e r iod 3 .N a r row s t r ip o f m e ta l f o lded i n to a f l a t -bo t tomed U s hape . W id th 8 . 5mm , h e igh t 7 mm . T he o u te r s u r f ace i sd eco ra ted w i th g r oup s o f d i agona l g r oove s f o rm ing c hev ron s . T oo n a r row t ob e as t r ip b ang le , a nd o ft o oe a r ly ad a te .

2 14 . 2 004 , m idden h o r izon . P e r iod 2 . Mode l e y e , ac onvex c a s t p i ece o fs hee t m e ta l . B o th e dge s a r e q u i t e u neven , b u t a r e o r ig ina l . T he s u r f ace b ea r s ag roove d ef in ing t h e i r s a nd ad o t , s e t o n t h e u ppe r e dge , f o r t h e p up i l . L eng th 2 2mm , m ax imum h e igh t 9mm . T h i s o b jec t m ay b e c ompa r ed t o a r o und s i lve r e ye , p ia no -convex i n s e c t ion w i th a s ma l l h o l low i nt h e b a ck , w h ich w a s f o und d u r ing e xcava t ion s b y M r s K .C a r le s sa tB ox , W i l t sh i r e( pub l ica t ion f o r thcom ing i n W i l t sA rchaeo l Mag ; i n f o rma t ion f r om D rM . H en ig a nd D r P . R ob in son ) , a nd t o m e ta l a nd p l a s te r v o t ive e ye s f r om W roxe t e r ( Ba rke r e t a l . 1 997 , 2 13-6 ) , w h ich w e r e p r e sumab ly of e r ed i nt h e h ope o f ac u r e f o r a n e ye d i sea se o ri n ju ry .

2 84

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 7 8 . 1 074 , f i l l o fp i t 1 073 . P e r iod 2 .F ou r f r agmen t s o fs h ee tm e ta l . 1 )At r unca ted t r iang le , w i th t h e b o t tom e dg e f o lded o ve r . L eng th o fb o t tom e dge 1 7mm , h e igh t 1 0mm . 2 ) Av e ry s ho r t p a r t o f o ne e dg e , f o lded o ve r , r ema in s . T he r e i s al ow m ou ld ing j u s t i n s ide i t . A l l o t he r e dge s a r e i r egu la r . Max imum d imen s ion s3 2mm b y2 2mm . 3 ) Mo r e o rl e s s s em ic i rcu la r , t h es t ra igh ts i de s l igh t ly t u rned u p . 2 0mm b y 1 2mm . 4 ) Mo r eo rl e s ss qua r e , b u ta l e dg e sb r oken . 9 mm b y 1 0mm . N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 1 33 . 1 429 , f i l l o fo ven 1 427 . P e r iod 2 .F e r ru le o rc ap w i th s l igh tr im . S e t of -cen t r e i sa n i regu la r ly s haped c en t ra l

7 0

0

5 0mm 7 4

7 3

• B LUE 3 GREEN

1 65 1 60

F ig . 6 : Sma l l f i nd s o fc oppe ra loy ( s ca le 1 : 1)

2 85

p e rf o ra t ion f o r a n a t tachmen t n a i l , b u r r ed o n t h e i n s ide . D iame t e r 2 2mm .

a nd t o o t h in f o r a n o b jec t s haf t . L eng th ( a s i fs t ra igh t ) a pp rox ima te ly 7 3mm , m ax imum d i ame te r 1 . 5mm .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 8 3 . 188 , f i l l o fd i tch 126 . P e r iod 2 .F r agmen to fa c a s t o b jec t w i th s t em a nd l o z enge shaped s c oop . P robab ly f r om as poon o fu nu sua l f o rm . T he s coop h a s b een c u t o n o ne s i de a nd a l ong t h e l owe re dge , a nd t h e r e i sa l so ac u tu p f r om t h e l owe r e dge i nt owa rd s t h e c en t r e . L eng th 4 8mm , w id th 2 2mm .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 3 2 . 100 , t r ack 1 098 . P e r iod 3 .I regu la r ly s haped c a s t ing , p o s s ib ly w a s te f r om m e ta lwo rk ing . T he s e c t ion i s m o r e o r l e s s D shaped a t o ne e nd , w iden ing o u t a nd f l a t t en ing t o a n i regu la r t h ick V a tt h e o t he r . I ti sc u rved a l ong t h eo t he ra x i s . L eng th 2 4mm , w id th 8 . 5mm t o1 2mm . N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 5 . 100 , t r a ck 1 098 . P e r iod 3 .N a r row b en t o f cu t o fs h ee tm e ta l , w i th o ne o r ig ina l e dge r ema in ing . T he s e c t ion t a pe r s f r om 2mm a tt h i s e dge t o 1 mm a tt h e o ppo s i t e , v e ry r a gg ed ,e dge . L eng th ( a s i fs t ra igh t ) a pp rox ima t e ly 6 7mm .

N o t i l u s t ra ted . S F 8 9 . 1 074 , f i l l o f p i t 1 073 . P e r iod 2 .F r agmen t o f s h ee tm e ta l , o ne e dge o r ig ina l , t h eo t he r s c u t . L eng th 2 8mm , w id th 8 . 5mm .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 5 4 . 127 , l o am o ve r t r ack 1 0 13 . P e r iod 3 . S ho r t l e ng th o fb en tw i re ,2 7mm l o ng , 1 . 5mm i nd i ame t e r .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 8 4 . 189 , f i l l o f p i t 1 238 . P e r iod 2 . W i r e o b jec t , p o in ted a t e ach e nd , s l igh t ly c u rved . L eng th 2 4mm . T h i s m ay p o s s ib ly b e ar ud imen ta ry m ode l s pea r .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 5 8 . 127 , l o am o ve r t r ack 1 0 13 . P e r iod 3 . Sma l l f r agmen t o f s h ee t m e ta l , o ne e dge s t ra igh t , p o s s ib ly c u t . Max imum d imen s ion s 1 6 .5mm b y5 mm .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 7 4 . 1 066 , f i l l o fq ua r ry p i t 1 065 . P e r iod 2 .F ragmen t o fs h ee tm e ta l . Max imum d imen s ion s 1 8mm b y7 mm .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 5 9 . 127 , l o am o ve r t r a ck 1 0 13 . P e r iod 3 .F r agmen t o f t h in c o r roded w i r e , p o s s ib ly f r om a p i n s ha f t . L eng th 1 2mm .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 1 06 . 1 2 18 , f i l l o fd i tch 1 2 17 . P e r iod 2 .F r agmen t o f s h ee tm e ta l . Max imum d imen s ion s 1 5mm b y8 mm . N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 6 9 . 1 0 14 ,t r ack . P e r iod 2 . Sma l l r e c tangu la rf r agmen t o fs hee tm e ta l . 1 5mm b y 1 0 .5mm .

N o t i l u s t ra ted . S F 7 5 . 127 , l o am o ve r t r ack 1 0 13 . P e r iod 3 . S hee t f r agmen t w i th t wo s u rv iv ing e dge s m ee t ing a t a n a cu t e a ng le . Max imum d imen s ion s2 9mm b y 1 5mm .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 7 1 . 1 0 14 , t r a ck . P e r iod 2 . B en t f r agmen t o f t h in c o r roded w i r e . L eng th ( b en t )2 0mm .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 5 2 . 1 00 1 , p l ough so i l . P e r iod 4 . F r agmen t o f a r o ugh ly s em ic i rcu la r p l aque , t h e o u te re dg e s l igh t ly a ngu la r . Max imum d imen s ion s 1 7mm b y 1 5mm ,3 . 5mm t h ick .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 7 3 . 1 0 14 , t r ack . P e r iod 2 .F r agmen to f ar e c tangu la r s h ee t m e ta l s t r ip , w i th o ne e nd c l ipped a nd s ma l l c u t s i n to t h e m e ta l a t b o th s ho r t e nd s . L eng th 2 0 .5mm , w id th 1 3 .5mm .

I r on o b jec t s( F ig . 7 )

N o t i l u s t ra ted . S F 7 6 . 1 0 14 , t r ack . P e r iod 2 .N a r row s t r ip , f o lded b a ck o n i t s e lf a ta n a ng le n ea r o ne e nd . Max imum l e ng th ( b en t ) 5 0mm ,w id th 5 . 5mm .

F INGER R INGS 2 28 . S F9 2 . 1 074 , f i l l o fp i t 1 073 . P e r iod 2 .L a rg e f i ng e rr i ng w i th t h e r ema in s o f av e ry d ecayed o va l g l a s s s e t t ing , p e rhap s a n i n tag l io , t h ough n o i mage n ow r ema in s . P a r t o ft h e h oop i s m i s s ing . I n ter na l d i ame te r2 2mm .

N o t i l u s t ra ted . S F 8 5 . 1 0 14 , t r ack . P e r iod 2 .I regu la rf r agmen to fs h ee t m e ta l , o ne s t ra igh te dg e m ay b e o r ig ina l b u t i sq u i te u neven . Max imum d imen s ion s 3 2mm b y 1 7mm . N o t i l u s t ra ted . S F 1 04 . 1 0 14 , t r ack . P e r iod 2 . Sma l l g l obu la rp e l le tw i th f l a t b a se . P o s s ib ly a n i n se t f r om j ew e l le ry . D iame t e r 6 mm , h e igh t 4mm .

2 29 .

S F 2 13 . 2 004 W , m idden h o r izon . P e r iod 2 .F i nge rr i ng w i th e mp ty o va l s e t t ing . P a r t o f t h e h oop i sm i s s ing . I n t er na l d i ame t e r 1 8mm .

2 30 .

S F 2 09 . 2 004 , m idden h o r izon . P e r iod 2 . P enannu la r r i ng w i th o ve r lapp ing t e rm ina l s . I n ter na l d i am e t e r 2 0mm . T he h oop i so fc i rcu la r s e c t ion , 4 . 5mm t o5 mm i nd i ame te r . O ne t e rm ina l i se xpanded , t h e o t he rn a r row s t o ap o in t . T h i s m ay b e af i ng e rr i ng w i th as i ng le d eba sed s nak e 's h ead t e rm ina l , o r p e rhap s a n i r on v o t ive s pea r , b en t i n to a c i r c le b ef o r e b e ing d epo s i ted . I ti s ,h oweve r , s ho r tf o r as p ea r .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 2 31 . 2 004 , m idden h o r izon . P e r iod 2 .P i ece o fs t ou t w i re , s ha rp ly b en t a nd p a r t ly b r oken c l o se t ot h e m id p o in t . L eng th ( a s i fs t ra igh t ) 3 4mm . N o t i l u s t ra ted . S F 2 35 . 2 004 S , m idden h o r izon . P e r iod 2 . Sma l l d r op le tf r om c oppe r -a l loy w o rk ing .

FOOTWEAR

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 2 20 . 2 004 U , m idden h o r izon . P e r iod 2 . T iny d r op le t , p robab ly f r om c oppe r -a l loy w o rk ing .

Two c l ea t s a nd 6 6 h obna i l s f r om n a i led s hoe s w e r e f o und s c a t te red a bou t t h e s i te . T he 2 5 h obna i l s f r om d i tch 167 a nd t h e 2 0 f r om t h e m idden h o r izon 2 004 m ay b e f r om o ne o f mo r e l o s t o rd i sca rded s hoe s , b u tt h e o t he r s , f ound o n ly i nl ow n umbe r s , p r e sumab ly r e p re sen t c a sua l l o s s . I t i sn o t iceab le t h a t i nP e r iod 3t h e o b jec t s a r e c oncen t ra ted o nt h et r ackway .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 2 06 . 2 004 X , m idden h o r izon . P e r iod 2 .F r agmen to f s h ee t m e ta l b i nd ing s t r ip , w i th o ne e dg e t u rned o ve r . Max imum d imen s ion s3 4mm b y8 mm . N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 2 29 . 2 068 , l a ye r . P e r iod 2 . S ho r t l e ng th o f ap i n , n eed le , s poon , o rt o i le ti n s t rumen ts haf t . L eng th 1 8mm . N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 5 1 . 1 0 14 , t r ack . P e r iod 2 .C a s t s t r ip , t a pe r ing a to ne e nd . L eng th 3 5mm , w id th t a pe r ing f r om 6 mm t o3 mm , 2 mm t h ick .

2 31 .

S F 2 10 . 2 004 Z , m idden h o r izon . P e r iod 2 .D i s to r t ed c l ea t , w i th l o ng h ead a nd o ne a rm p u l led o u t a nd b en t u pwa rd s . L eng th i fn o td i s to r t ed 4 6mm .

N o t i l u s t ra ted . S F 3 0 . 100 , t r a ck 1 098 . P e r iod 3 .B en t l e ng th o fw i r e , t a pe r ing t o ap o in t a to ne e nd . I ti st o o l o ng f o r ab r ooch p i n

2 32 .

S F 1 4 1 . 100 , t r ack 1 098 . P e r iod 3 .C lea t w i th o va l h ead , t h ee nd so fe ach a rm m i s s ing . L eng th 2 3 .5mm .

2 86

HOBNAILS P e r iod 2 :

N o t i l u s t ra ted . S F 3 8 . 125 , t r ack 1 098 . P e r iod 3 . Sma l l f r agmen to fa s t r ip w i th p a r t o f an a i l u s ed f o r a t ta ch ing i tt o w ood . P robab ly f r om ah i ng eo rt h e s ocke to f al a rge t o o l , s uch a sa b i l l -hook . L eng th 4 2mm , m ax imum w id th 2 4mm .

1 288 , p o s tho le 1 287 . Two . 168 , d i t ch 167 . Tw en ty -f ive . S F6 4 . 1 20 1 , d i tch 1 203 . O ne . 1 204 , d i t ch 1 206 . O ne . 2 011 . d i tch 2 0 10 . O ne . 2 024 . d i tch 2 023 . Two . 1 066 , q ua r ry p i t 1 065 . Two . 1 084 (? ) , q ua r ry p i t 1 2 15 . O ne . S F2 4 . 1 008 , c obb led s u rf ace . O n e . 1 0 14 , t r a ck . Two . 2 004 , m idden h o r izon . Tw en ty .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 5 0 . 145 , l o am d epo s i t 144 . P e r iod 3 .F l a tf r agmen t w i th o ne c ur ved o r ig ina l e dg e , a nd o ne , o ppo s i t e , s l igh t ly i r egu la r . T he s e c t ion i st r i angu la r , t a pe r ing f r om 5 mm o n t h e e dge t o a bou t 3 . 5mm , t o o t h ick f o r ak n if e b l ade , b u t p o s s ib ly f r om a n a g r icu l tu ra l t o o l . L eng th 4 5mm , w id th 2 8mm . L INCH P INS 2 38 . S F 4 1 . 1 044 , f i l l o f q ua r ry p i t 1 043 . P e r iod 2 . H ead o f a l i nch p i n o f Ma nn ing 's T ype 2 b w i th al o op r i s ing f r om t h e t o p o ft h e o va l h ead . Mo s t o ft h e s t em i sm i s s ing . L eng th 5 0mm . S im i la r l i nch p i n s f r om V e ru lam ium c ame f r om a c on t ex t d a t ed c . AD 1 40-50 ( Mann ing 1 972 , F i g . 6 4 , n o s 3 4-5 ) .

P e r iod 3 : 1 093 , 122 , 127 , 100 ,

q ua r ry p i t 1 0 17 . O ne . S F2 9 . t r a ck 1 0 13 . T h r ee . l o am o ve rt r ack 1 0 13 . O ne . t r a ck 1 098 . T h r ee .

2 39 .

MODEL OBJECT 2 33 . S F 8 1 . 189 , f i l l o f p i t 1 238 . P e r iod 2 . Mode l k n if e o r c l eave r w i th a n i n teg ra l h and le w h ich w iden s o u t i n t h e o ppo s i te p l ane t ot h e b l ade . T he b ack o ft h e b l ade i ss t ra igh t , t h e e dg e , n ow d amaged , i sa l so s t ra igh t a nd a ng le s s ha rp ly u pwa rd s t ot h e t i p , w h ich i sm i s s ing . L eng th i n c lud ing t a ng 6mm .

FERRULES

B o th a r e f r om t h e s ame c on tex t a nd a r e o f t h e s ame s imp le s p i ra l f o rm . N o . 2 40 h a sj u s to ve ro ne c o i l , n o . 2 41 l e s s , b u t i sa lmo s t c e r ta in ly b roken a to ne e nd . T he f o rm o r ig ina ted i n t h e L a te I r on A ge , c on t inu ing i n to t h e R oman p e r iod . T he e xamp le s f r om H od H i l l , D o r se t , i n t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum r a nge i n d i ame te r f r om 1 4mm t o 3 8mm ( Mann ing 1 985 , 1 4 1-2 ) , a nd t h e W i lco te e xamp le s f a l l a tt h en a r rowe s te nd o ft h a tr a nge .

T he re i sa tl e a s t o ne mode l k n if e , p o s s ib ly t wo , f r om t h e s h r ine o fA po l lo a tN e t t le ton (Wed lak e 1 982 , F ig . 9 9 , n o s 3 6 a nd 3 8 ) , a s w e l l a s a mode l s wo rd a nd a s pea r ( Wed lak e 1 982 , F ig . 9 9 , n o . 4 1 , F ig . 9 6 ,n o . 1 3 ) . S ee a l so a p o s s ib le b en t s pea r , c a ta logued a mong t h e f i nge rr i ng s . T OOLS 2 34 .

2 35 .

S F 5 . 1 0 10 , f i l l o f p i t 1 009 . P e r iod 2 . P a i r o f l a rge l o ng j aw ed m e ta lwo rk ing t o ng s , u s ed f o r m ov ing o b jec t s i na nd o u t o f t h e f i re , a nd f o r h o ld ing l a rge i t em s s t eady d u r ing f o rg ing . T he t i p s o ft h ej aw s a r em i s s ing , a nd t h ee nd s o ft h e h and le s h ave b een b en t u pwa rd s . B o th h and le s a nd j aw s a r e r e c tangu la r t os qua re i ns e c t ion . L eng th ( i fs t ra igh t ) 3 45mm . T he f i ve p a i r s o ft o ng s f r om t h e Wa l tham A bbey h oa rd w e re a l so d amaged b ef o re b e ing d epo s i t ed ( Mann ing 1 985 , 7 ,p l s 2 -4 ) .

1 0 14 , t r ack . P e r iod 2 .Ar o und s e c t ion s haf t , b r oken a tb o th e nd s , a nd b en t o ve r a to ne . P robab ly a t o o th f r om aw oo l c omb . L eng th ( b en t )6 3mm .

2 37 .

S F 4 7 . 1 0 14 , t r ack . P e r iod 2 .As ma l l g oad , ac o i led s t r ip w i th o ne e nd p ro jec t ing a s at a pe r ing s p ike . D iame t e r I lmm , l e ng th 2 9mm . T h i s i ss ma l le r t h a n t h e g oad s i d en t if ied a s u s ed o n o xen , e . g . Mann ing 1 972 , F i g . 6 2 , n o . 2 1 , b u t m ay h ave b een u sed o n s ma l le r a n ima l s , s uch a ss heep o rg oa t s . F i ve g oad s w e r e f o und a tt h e t emp le s i te o fN e t t le ton , a nd o ne f r om L ydney , G louce s te rh i r e ( Wed lake 1 982 , F i g . 9 9 , n o . 4 9 ; Whee le ra nd Whee le r 1 932 , F i g . 2 3 , n o . 1 89 ) .

2 40 .

S F 12 . 1 295 , f i l l o fp i t 1 294 . P e r iod 2 .F e r r u le made f r om a c o i led s t r ip . D iame te r 1 4mm .

2 4 1 .

S F 13 . 1 295 , f i l l o f p i t 1 294 . P e r iod 2 . S im i la r f e r ru le . D iame t e r 1 4mm .

COLLAR 2 42 . S F 2 25 . 2 065 , f i l l o fd i tch 2 064 . P e r iod 2 .S t ou t c o l la r , t h e w a l l s 5 mm t h ick a nd 1 617mm h i gh , w i th a n i n te rna l d i ame te ro f1 7mm .

S F 3 5 . 120 , f i l l o fd i tch 118 . P e r iod 2 .S t ou t b a r , r e duced t o ab l un t p o in t a t e ach e nd , w i th o ne a rm t h u s f o rmed s ho r te rt h an t h e o t he r . P robab ly aw o rn b i t -head f r om ad r i l l , a s Mann ing 1 985 , P l . 1 2 , B 69-71 .

2 36 .

S F 1 . 1 00 1 , p l ough so i l . P e r iod 4 .C omp le te T ype 2 b l i nch p i n , w i th t h e l o op r i s ing f r om t h e t o p o ft h e D shaped h ead . T he l ow e r p a r t o f t h e s t em i sr e duced i nt h ickne s s a tt h e b ack , b u t d oe s n o t a ppea r t oh ave as t epped r e ba te . L eng th 1 72mm .

H INGE 2 43 .

S F 7 2 . U n s t ra t if ied . F ragmen t o f al a rge d rop -h inge , w i th p ar t o f t h e u pp er a rm a nd a l t h e l owe r a rm m i s s ing . T he c ur ved r e turn b e tween t h e t wo h a s b een f o rced u pwa rd s . O n e n a i l r ema in s i nt h e u pp e r a rm c l o se t ot h e p o in t w her e i tn a r row s t o t h e c ur ve . L eng th 1 50mm ; w id th o f u pp e r a rm 2 0mm , w id th o f b end 1 2mm . S im i la r ly l a rge h i nge s w er e f o und w i th t h e L akenh ea th , S u f f o lk h oa rd ( Mann ing 1 985 , P l . 5 8 , R 8-9 ; 1 8 3 ) .

S TRUCTURAL N AILS

T he m a jo r i ty o fn a i l s r e cove red w e re o f Mann ing 's T ype l b ( 1985 , 1 34 ) . T he o n ly o t he r f o rm p r e sen t , a par t f r om t h e h obna i l s d i scu s sed a bove , i s al a rge T shaped T ype 3 n a i l( Mann ing 1 985 , 1 35 ) .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 6 7 . 1 008 , ' h o l low w ay ' f i l l . P e r iod 3 .F ragmen tw i th o ne s l igh t ly c urved f l anged s i de . P r obab ly f r om at o o l w i th a w ide s ha l low o pen s o cke t , s uch a s ab i l l -hook , r e ap ing -hook , o rp l ough sha re . L eng th 4 5mm , m ax imum w id th 2 0mm .

2 87

N o n a i l s c ame f r om aP e r iod 1c on tex t s . Mo s t w e re d a ted t o P e r iod 2 a nd w e re s c a t te red w ide ly a c ro s s t h e s i te , d e r iv ing f r om f e a tu re s a nd s u rf ace s o f a l l t y pe s . I n

c on t ra s t , t h e f ew f r om P e r iod 3 c ame f r om t h e t r ackway ( Tab le 3 ) .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 9 4 . 1 0 14 , t r ack . P e r iod 2 .F r agmen t o f ar i ng , a bou t 2 3mm i n d i ame t e r . S ec t ion p r obab ly c i rcu la r , 3 4mm i n d i ame t e r .

M ISCELLANEOUS F RAG MENTS 2 44 . S F 8 6 . 1 0 14 , t r ack . P e r iod 2 .As ma l l l o op -ended b a r , t h e s hank t a pe r ing t o ab l un t p o in t . P robab ly u s ed a s ac oup l ing , i n as im i la rw ay t o al i nch p i n b u t p o s s ib ly ab uck le t o ngue . L eng th 7 Imm .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 1 34 . 1 0 14 , t r ack . P e r iod 2 . S ho r t f r agmen t o f a n a r row b a r . L eng th 3 0mm , w id th I lmm , 6 mm t h ick .

2 45 .

2 46 .

2 47 .

S F 2 6 . 1 004 , f i l l o fq ua r ry p i t 1 003 . P e r iod 2 .As ho r t b a r w i th t h e e nd s f o lded i nwa rd s a nd c r o s sed o ve r . O ne s i de i s c ove r ed w i th ad epo s i t o fi r on s l ag . L eng th 3 9mm . T hough d e l ibe ra te ly f o lded , t h e c l o se a s soc ia t ion o ft h i s p i ece w i th s l ag s ugg e s t s t h a t i th a s n o t b een r i tua l ly d amag ed , b u t i s a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e i r on sm i th ing t h a tt o ok p l ace o nt h es i t e .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 1 35 . 1 0 14 , t r ack . P e r iod 2 .S l igh t ly c u rved f r agmen t , t r i angu la r i ns e c t ion . T he f l a t u nde r s ide h a s b r oken f r om a l a rge r p i ece . L eng th 4 1 mm , max imum w id th 1 7mm , h e igh t 1 3mm . N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 2 38 . 2 0 13 , f i l l o f? p i t 2 0 12 . P e r iod 2 .S ho r t n a r row b a r , r o unded a t o ne e nd , b r oken a t t h e o t he r , w h ich i s s l igh t ly d i shed o n o ne f a ce . L eng th 3 1mm , w id th 8 mm . N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 2 23 . 2 0 11 , f i l l o f d i t ch 2 0 10 . P e r iod 2 . S t r ip f r agmen t , 5 9mm l o ng , 1 8 .5mm w ide .

S F 3 .1 0 14 , t r a ck . P e r iod 2 .As t rap f i t t ing w i th o ne r o unded e nd , b roken a c ro s s an a i l h o le , t h e o t he r s t ra igh t -ended , p o s s ib ly c u t , a ga in a c ro s s an a i l h o le . T he s t rap t a pe r s t owa rd s t h e s t ra igh t e nd b ef o r e f l a r ing o u twa rd s . L eng th 7 3mm , m ax imum w id th 3 0mm .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 2 24 . 2 0 11 , f i l l o f d i tch 2 010 . P e r iod 2 . Two f r agmen t s o f i regu la r s hape , p r obab ly f r om s t r ip s o fb a r s . L eng th s 3 8 a nd 4 7mm , max imum w id th s 1 8mm a nd 1 9mm r e spec t ive ly .

S F 9 5 . 1 066 , f i l l o fq ua r ry p i t 1 065 . P e r iod 2 .F l a t n a r row s t r ip i nt wo f r agmen t s . B o th e nd s a r e b r oken . T he r e a r e n o h o le sf o ra t ta chmen tn a i l s . L eng th 1 20mm , w id th 1 0mm .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 2 4 1 . 2 066 , f i l l o f d i tch 2 064 . P e r iod 2 . S ma l l f r agmen to f at a pe r ing b a ro rs t r ip . L eng th 2 9mm .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 1 39 . 1 004 , f i l l o fq ua r ry p i t 1 003 . P e r iod 2 . Sma l l f r agmen t o fs h ee t m e ta l , p r obab ly t h e c o rne r o f ap l aque o r s t r ip . 2 9mm b y2 2mm .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 2 36 . 2 004 A , m idden h o r izon . P e r iod 2 .D i sc w i th c e n t ra l p e rf o ra t ion f o r a t tachmen t . P o s s ib ly d eco ra t ive r a the r t h an f u nc t iona l . D iame te r3 6mm .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 1 08 . 1 064 , f i l l o fp i t 1 063 . P e r iod 2 .F r agmen t o fa t h ick b a r , b o th e nd s b r oken . L eng th 5 7mm , m ax imum w id th 2 1 mm . P a r t s o ft h e s i de s h ave b r oken a way , g i v ing t h ep i ece aw a i s ted a ppea rance , b u t t h i s d oe s n o t a ppea r t o b e t h e o r ig ina l f o rm .

N o t i l u s t ra ted . S F 4 8 . 127 , l o am o ve r t r a ck 1 0 13 . P e r iod 3 .S ma l l l ump o f d en se i r on , p robab ly f r om ap a r t ly f o rg ed b l oom . 1 O mm t h ick , w id th t a pe r s f r om 1 9mm t o 1 3mm , w i th a s l igh tr e tur no nt h en a r rowe s ts i de . We igh t 1 7g .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 1 09 . 1 064 , f i l l o f p i t 1 063 . P e r iod 2 . I regu la r ly s haped f r agmen t w i th m o s t o ft h e s u r f ace b roken ; p r obab ly p a r to fS F 1 08 . L eng th 2 3mm , m ax imum w id th 5 mm .

N o t i l u s t ra ted . S F 5 6 . 127 , l o am o ve r t r a ck 1 0 13 . P e r iod 3 . F l a t f r agmen t w i th a s l igh t r i dge a l ong o ne s i de . O ne e nd i s b r oken , t h e o t he r t a pe r s t o ap o in t . T oo t h ick t ob e f r om a b l ade . L eng th 4 9mm , m ax imum w id th 1 6mm .

N o t i l u s t ra ted . S F 8 2 . 1 066 , f i l l o fq ua r ry p i t 1 065 . P e r iod 2 .I regu la r ly s haped f r agmen t . Max imum d imen s ion s 2 9mm b y 2 7mm , t h ickne s sv a r ie s f r om 3 mm t o1 5mm .

N o t i l u s t ra ted . S F 6 0 . 127 , l o am o ve r t r a ck 1 0 13 . P e r iod 3 .F r agmen t o f a? s ocke t , w i th r ema in s o f af l ang e a to ne e nd . L eng th 3 2mm , m ax imum w id th 2 3mm .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 1 00 . 1 066 , f i l l o f q ua r ry p i t 1 065 . P e r iod 2 . F l a t f r agmen t w i th t h e w ide r e nd b roken a nd q u i t e t h ick , t h e o t he r t a pe r ing t o as ha rp , s l igh t ly h ooked , p o in t . L eng th 4 7mm .

N o t i l u s t ra ted . S F 9 8 . 127 , l o am o ve r t r ack 1 0 13 . P e r iod 3 . S t r ip f r agmen t , b roken a te ach e nd . L eng th 3 4mm , w id th 1 7mm .

L ead ( F ig . 8 )

N o t i l u s t ra ted . S F 1 37 . 1 074 , f i l l o fp i t 1 073 . P e r iod 2 . Sma l l f r agmen t o f? f u rnace l i n ing . We igh t4 8g . N o t i l u s t ra ted . S F 9 3 . f r agmen t s , f r om l a rge 4 0mm , a nd

9 .

S F 3 4 . 1 16 , f i l l o f q ua r ry p i t 1 15 . P e r iod 2 .Ap l ug f o r r e pa i r ing ah o le i n ap i pe o r t a nk ; 2 nda ry p a t ch ing h a s a l so b een a pp l ied . T he c omp lex i ty o f t h e f o rm o f t h i s r e pa i r m ak e s i tu n l ike ly t oh ave b een u s ed o n av e s se l . I n s t ead o f t wo d i sc s i regu la rj o ined b y at h ick c e n t ra l s e c t ion t h e s i z e a nd s hape o ft h e h o le , i tc ons i s t s o f at h ick d i sc w i th a no n ly s l igh t ly r e ce s sed c i rcumf e r ence , a nd w i th al o ng t a b o n t h e u nd e r s ide a t tached b y aw e l l -f o rmed s ho r t r o und s h ank . T he r e a r e t wo s mea r s o fl e ad , o f ad if e r en tc o lou rt ot h e r e s t o f t h e o b jec t , o n e i the r s i de o f t h e t a b , a pp l ied e i the r t o r e inf o r ce t h e i n i t ia l r e pa i r , o r t o p a tch a s l igh t s ub sequen t l e ak . T hough t h e r e ce s sed c i rcumf e r ence o f t h e d i sc i s s im i la r t ot h a t o n o t he r r e pa i r s , b o th t h e t o p a nd , e s pe c ia l ly , t h e s ma l l f l ange o n t h e u nde r s ide o f t h e d i sc a ppea r t o o s l igh t t o h ave b een e f ec t ive . Max imum d i ame t e r o f d i sc 1 9mm , t h ickne s sw i th t a b 9 . 5mm , l e ng th o ft a b2 1mm .

1 0 .

S F 1 2 3 . 1 008 , ' h o l low w ay ' f i l l . P e r iod 3 .T he l e ad f i l l ing o f ac ompo s i te w e igh t , c on s i s t ing o f ar o ugh ly s haped p l ano c onv ex l ump o fl e ad , w i th t r ace s o fc oppe r -a l loy c o r ro s ion o nt h es u rf ace . T he o r ig ina l f o rm o ft h ec omp le t ew e igh t i s

193 , f i l l o fq ua r ry p i t 192 . P e r iod 2 . Two f l a t o ne w i th a n a i l h o le f o r a t tachmen t . P robab ly s t rap -f i t t ing s . Max imum d imen s ion s 4 2mm b y 4 0mm b y3 6mm .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 1 03 . 1 239 , f i l l o f d i tch 1 240 . P e r iod 2 . F r agmen t p r obab ly f r om o ne e nd o f al o ck -bo l t : r e c tangu la r , w i th a s ho r t f l a t t e rm ina l f r om w h ich p ro jec t t wo b a r s f r am ing r e c tangu la r p e rf o ra t ion s , s e pa ra ted b y at h in s t r ip , n ow m a in ly m i s s ing . T he r e i s af l ang e b e tween t h e t e rm ina l a nd t h ef i r s th o le . L eng th 3 7mm ,w id th 2 0mm . N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 8 7 . 1 0 14 , t r ack . P e r iod 2 .S t r ip f r agmen t , o ne e nd s l igh t ly r ounded , t h e o t he r b roken . L eng th 3 4mm , w id th l Omm .

2 88

u nce r ta in ; i tm ay h ave b een a h uman b u s t . D iame te r 3 0mm , h e igh t 1 7mm ' . We igh t3 6g .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . Q ua r ry p i t f i l l 166 ; P e r iod 2 B roken f l i n t f l ake . P o s s ib ly b ur n t . We igh t2 g .

J e t / sha le ( F ig . 8 )

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S o i l h o r izon 2 004 ; P e r iod 2 . R e touched f l i n t f l ake . B roken s c rape r ? We igh t3 g .

1 .

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S F 2 05 . 2 004 V , m idden h o r izon . P e r iod 2 .Af r agmen t o fa f i nge r r i ng o f ad a rk h a rd g r i t ty s t one w i th w h i t e i n c lu s ion s . T he o u t s ide f a ce h a s aw ide c en t ra l g r oove . I n t er na l d i ame t e r

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . U n s t ra t if i ed ( S i t eA ) . B roken f l i n tf l ake . We igh t4 g .

2 2mm , h e igh t 4mm , 3 mm t h ick .

N o t i l u s t ra t ed . U n s t ra t if ied ( S i te B ) . F l in ts c rape r . We igh t4 g .

S F 4 9 . 145 , l o am d epo s i t . P e r iod 3 . A f r agmen t o f a j e t / sha le a rm le t , b l a ck i n c o lou r , d eco ra ted w i th m a rg ina l a nd c en t ra l m ou ld ing s . I n te rna l d i ame te r a pp rox ima t e ly 6 4mm , h e igh t7 mm ,4 . 5mm t h ick .

S tone Ob jec t s Emma H a r r i son w i th i d en t if ica t ion s b yF iona R oe N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 1 8 . P i t f i l l 1 074 . P e r iod 2 .F l a t , r o ugh ly r e c tangu la r f r agmen t o f l o ca l l i me s tone w i th b eve l led p e r f o ra t ion . T he t h ree u nb roken e dg e s a r e s qua r ed a nd r o ugh ly s moo thed . U se a ss ome f o rm o fh ang ing w e igh t i ss ugge s ted . N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F 19 . F i l l o f o ven 1 428 . P e r iod 2 . F r agmen t o f m i l l s tone g r i t r o ta ry q ue rn . U ppe r s t one . T he g r ind ing s u rf ace i sm a rked w i th c oncen t r ic r i ng s . T he u ppe rs u r f ace i s r o ugh ly p ecked a nd f e a tu r e s as l igh t ly r a i sed r im d e l inea t ed b y ar o ugh g r oove . N o t i l u s t ra t ed . S F4 0 1 . D i tch f i l l 4 0 17 . P e r iod 3 .F r agmen to fm i l ls tone g r i t r o ta ry q ue rn . T h i s i sa n u nu sua l f r agmen t w i th o ppo sed c oncave s u rf ace s . T he t h ickne s s ( 8 2mm m ax imum ) i sa l so u nu sua l a nd i ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t t h i s p i ece s t a r t ed l i f e a s a m i l l s tone a nd w a s l a t e rr e u sed a s am o r ta r .

B u i ld ing S tone Emma H a r r i son w i th i d en t if ica t ion sb yF iona R oe N o t i l u s t ra t ed . Q ua r ry p i t f i l l 166 . P e r iod 2 .B roken s l ab o fP u rbeck s t one . S u rv iv ing l e ng th 9 5mm ; t h ickne s s 1 415mm . O ne s u r f ace i sh i gh ly p o l i shed . P r e sumab ly p a r t o f af ur n i sh ing o ra r ch i tec tu ra l c l add ing .

Af u r the r 1 6 i t em s o fs t one a r e r e co rded b u t n o t d eemed t ob e o fs uff ic ien t i n te re s t t om e r i t i n d iv idua l d e sc r ip t ion . A l l a r e o ft h e l o ca l l i me s tone a nd d e r ive p r edom inan t ly f r om P e r iod 2 c on tex t s . T h ir teen p i ece s a r e f l a t ( a pp rox ima te ly 1 5mm-25mm t h ick ) a nd m ay h ave s e rved a s r oof ing m a te r ia l , a l though n one r e ta in f i x ing h o le s . T h ree r ough ly s qua red p i ece s h ave b een t e n ta t ive ly i d en t if i ed a s b u i ld ing s t one f r agmen t s . T he r ema in ing p i ece h a sb een i d en t if ied a s ap o s s ib le t e s se ra .

Worked F l in t Ma r t in T ing le F ou r p i ece s o fw o rked f l in t w e re r e cove red . Two p i ece s d e r ive f r om s t ra t if ied c on tex t s ( b e low ) , a l though b o th a r e c l ea r ly r e s idua l . T he r ema in ing p i ece s , c omp r i s ing a s c rape ra nd b roken f l ake , a r eu n s t ra t if ied .

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8

T he P o t tery C oar seware s J ane T imby I n t roduc t ion T he e xcava t ion s r e su l ted i nt h e r e cove ry o fi ne xce s s o f 1 2 ,493 s he rd s o f R oman p o t te ry w e igh ing 1 3 1 .74kg , 1 2 ,890 e s t ima ted v e s se l ( r im ) e qu iva len t s . T he c oa r sewa re a s semb lage f o r t h e mos t p a r t r ange s i nd a te f r om t h e F lav ian p e r iod t h rough t o t h e m id t o l a te 4 t h c en tu ry w i th t h e b u lk o ft h e m a te r ia l a ppea r ing t od a te t o t h e 2 nd-3rd c en tu r ie s . I n a dd i t ion t o t h e R oman a s semb lage a r e t wo s he rd s o f p o s t -med ieva l p o t te ry r e cove red f r om t r ack 1 0 14 , b o th p robab ly i n t ru s ive , a nd a s i ng le p r eh is to r ic s he rd . T he a s semb lage i s o f v a r iab le c ond i t ion w i th s ome e xcep t iona l ly w e l l -p re served m a te r ia l , e nab l ing t h e r e con s t ruc t ion o fv e s se l p rof i le s , b u t a l so w i th an umbe r o f v e ry f r agmen ta ry g roups w h ich a ppea r t o c on ta in d ump s o fr e depo s i ted m a te r ia l . T he o ve ra l l a ve rage s he rd s i ze f o rt h e a s semb lage i sa r ound 1 0 .5g w h ich i sq u i te l ow f o r R oman w a re s w h ich t e nd t o b e w e l l f i red a nd t h u s q u i te r o bu s t . T h is s ugge s t s t h a t much o ft h e m a te r ia l i s q u i te w e l l b roken u p . S u rf ace p re se rva t ion i s n o t p a r t icu la r ly g ood a nd i ti se v iden tt h a t mos to ft h ec o lou r c oa ted w a re s , p a r t icu la r ly t h e l a te r o ne s , h ave l o s t t h e i r s u rf ace s . T he a s semb lage i sr ema rkab le i n t e rm s o f i t s e x t reme ly l i m i ted r e per to i re o ff o rm s a nd f a b r ic s , ap o in t w h ich w i l l b ed i scu s sed f u r the rb e low . P o t te ry w a s r e cove red f r om s ome 2 50 i n d iv idua l c on tex t s ( 1 46 i n d iv idua l f e a tu re s ) . A q uan t i ty o f u n s t ra t if ied m a te r ia l w a s a l so c o l lec ted a ccoun t ing f o r s ome 1 % o f t h e t o ta l r e co rded a s semb lage b y c oun t , 7% b y w e igh t . T he s i ze o ft h e i n d iv idua l g roup s v a r ie s c on s ide rab ly . O f t h e2 50 c on tex t sw i th p o t te ry ,4 7% p roduced b e tween o ne a nd t e ns he rd s b u t 1 3% p roduced i ne xce s s o f1 00 s he rd s .

r e f e renced t o t h e d e sc r ip t ion s p ub l ished b y H and s f r om w o rk o n o t he r a s semb lage s e xam ined f r om W i lco te (W i lco te I , W i lco te I ) ( s ee T ab le 8 ) . F ea tu red s he rd s w e re r e co rded s epa ra te ly a nd r im s c oded a cco rd ing t o v e sse l f o rm . V e s se l t y po logy i sa r ranged h i e ra rch ica l ly w i th m a jo r c l a s se s s ubd iv ided i n to g roup s a cco rd ing t o v e s se l o r r im morpho logy . R ef e rence i s m ade t o e s tab l ished t y po log ie s f o r Oxf o rdsh i re ( Young 1 977 ; 2 000 ) a nd s am ian w a re s . O the r t r a i t s w e re n o ted w he re r e levan t s uch a se v idence o fv e s se l u se ( s oo t ing , b u rn ing , c a lca reou sc onc re t ion s )a nd d eco ra t ion . A s he rd c oun t a nd w e igh t w a s m ade f o r e ach r e co rded c on tex t . R im s w e re m ea su red f o r e s t ima ted v e s se l ( r im ) e qu iva len t s ( EVE s ) t o a l low t h e p ropo r t ion s o fd if e ren t f o rm s t o b e c ompa red . T he d a ta w e re e n te red o n to a n E xce l s p readshee t , ac opy o fw h ich i sd epo s i ted w i th t h e s i te a r ch ive . F u l l q uan t if ica t ion w a s r e ga rded a s a n e s sen t ia l p a r t o ft h e e xe rc ise t o r e co rd a nd d e sc r ibe t h is a s semb lage . N o t o n ly a r e o t he r q uan t if ied a s semb lage s r a re i nt h e l o ca l i ty , b u tn o f o rm o fq uan t if ica t ion h a s b een c a r r ied o u t o n a s semb lage s p r ev iou s ly p ub l ished f r om t h e s i te . T h is n o t o n ly p rec lude s a n a pp rec ia t ion o f t h e r e la t ive i mpo r tance o fd if e ren tw a re s f o r , a nd w i th in , t h e s i te a nd t h es t udy o fs i te f o rma t ion p roce s se s , b u td oe sn o t p rov ide a f i rm b a s is f o r c ompa r ing a s semb lage s f r om d if e ren t s i te s . I ti so n ly t h rough t h e l a t te r e xe rc ise t h a t a g ene ra l o ve rv iew o f t r ade a nd s upp ly a nd r e g iona l e conom ic s c an s t a r tt ob ed eve loped . I tw a st h u sr ega rded a s i mpor tan t a t t h is s t age t o d ef ine t h e s i te 's c e ram ic c ha rac te r . A s ac on sequence o ft h e r a the r c on se rva t ive n a tu re o ft h e a s semb lage a nd t h e f a c t t h a t mo s t o ft h e r a nge o fv e s se l f o rm s e ncoun te red h ave a l ready b een e x ten s ive ly p ub l ished i np r ev iou s W i lco te r epor t s , d r aw ing h a s b een k ep t t o am in imum . Af ew a s soc ia ted g roup s h ave b een i l u s t ra ted t o p or t ray t h e g ene ra l c ha rac te r o f t h e a s semb lage a l ong w i th p i ece so fi n t r in s ic i n te re s t . T he t o ta l q uan t i t ie s o fp o t te ry b y s i te p e r iod a r e s hown i n

W i th t h e e xcep t ion o f 1 383 s he rd s f r om m idden h o r izon 2 004 , m os t o ft h e p o t te ry w a s r e cove red f r om n ega t ive f e a tu re s , p i t s , q ua r r ie s a nd d i tche s . P ar t icu la r ly l a rge g r oup s w e re r e cove red f r om p i t s 1 073 a nd 2 027 , a nd q ua r ry 1 065 .

T ab le 9 .T h is d emon s t ra te s v e ry c l ea r ly t h a t mo s t o ft h e p o t te ry c ome s f r om P e r iod 2 d epos i t s . I n t h e f o l low ing r e po r t t h e f a b r ic s a nd f o rm s a r e d i scu s sed f i r s t , f o l lowed

M e thod o l ogy T he p o t te ry w a s s o r ted i n to f a b r ic s b a sed o n m ac ro scop ic o b se rva t ion f o r e ach c on tex t . We l l -known o r n amed f a b r ic s w e re c oded f o l low ing t h e N a t iona l R oman R ef e rence C o l lec t ion ( NRFC ) ( Tombe r a nd D o re 1 998 ) . O the r l e sse r k nown o r l o ca l w a re s w e re c oded u s ing a s im i la r s y s tem t ot h a t f ound i nt h e NRFC . Ac onco rdance w a s m ade b e tween t h e d ef ined f a b r ic s a nd t h e f a b r ic s e r ie s u sed b y O xf o rd A rchaeo logy t o t r y a nd a l low a g r ea te r c on s is tency o fa pp roach w i th in t h e O xf o rd r e g ion ( Boo th n . d . ) . Whe re p o s s ib le f a b r ic s w e re c r o s s -

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b y as umma ry o ft h e p o t te ry b y c e ram ic p e r iod f r om t h e d if e ren t f e a tu re s . T he s am ian i sd i scu ssed s epa ra te ly b y J . M i l ls b e low b u t h a s b een i n c luded i n t h e o ve ra l l a s semb lage q uan t if ica t ion . T he f abr ic s T ab le 8 s umma r ise s t h e d ef ined f a b r ic s a nd p rov ide s a c onco rdance w i th t h e O xf o rd f a b r ic s e r ie s ( c f . B oo th 1 997 ; E van s2 002 ) ,t h eW i lco te s e r ie s (W i lco te I ,W i lco te I ) a nd w he re r e levan tw i th p ub l ished r e f e rence s . T ab le 9 p rov ide s aq uan t if ica t ion o ft h et o ta l a s semb lage b y c oun t a nd w e igh t b y p e r iod . A s a l t h e p o t te ry h a s b een w e l l

d ocumen ted e l sewhe re i th a s n o t b een d eemed n ece s sa ry t op rov ide d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion sh e re .

p a t ter n w ou ld s ugge s t t h a t t h is i sn o t S ave rnake w a re b u t al o ca l ised c l one o ft h e i n du s t ry .

D ISCUSS ION OF F ABRICS I mpo r ted f i newa re s a r e l im i ted t o s ome 3 09 s h e rd s o f s am ian , t wo s he rds o fC en t ra l G au l ish b l ack s l ipped w a re , t wo s he rd so fC en t ra l G au l ish c o lou r -coa ted w a re a nd t wo s h e rds o fC o logne c o lou r -coa ted w a re , s ome 2 . 5% o ft h e t o ta l a s semb lage . I n a dd i t ion t h e re a r e 8 7 s he rd s o f D re s se l 2 0 a mpho rae a nd t h ree s he rds o f G au l ish a mpho ra (e ) w h ich a ccoun t f o r af u r the r 0 . 8% b y s he rd c oun t , 3 . 6% b y w e igh t . B r i t ish f i newa re s i n c lude l a rge ly l o ca lc o lou r -coa ted w a re sa ccompan ied b y af ew s he rds o f N ene V a l ley c o lou r -coa ted w a re . Two s he rds o fB r i t ish g l azed w a re a r e p r e sen t a l ong w i th as i ng le s h e rd f r om a m ica -du s ted v e s se l . Mor ta r ium s upp ly t o t h e s i te i s s im i la r ly d om ina ted b y l o ca l O xf o rd sh i re t y pe s a ccompan ied b y e i gh t s he rd s f r om V e ru lam ium w h i tewa re e xamp le s . O f t h e 5 8 s he rds o f m or ta r ia r e co rded 5 2% w e re O xf o rdsh i re w h i tewa re , 3 4 .5 % O xf o rd sh i re c o lou r -coa ted w a re a nd 1 3 .5% f r om V e ru lam ium . T he o n ly o t he r f i newa re o fn o te i s as he rd f r om a f l agon i n a n o x id ised f a b r ic n o t d i s s im i la r t o C i rence s te r f a b r ic 2 9 ( R igby 1 982 , 1 57 ) . S uch w a re s g ene ra l ly h ave a m i l i ta ry a s soc ia t ion b u t l i t t le c an b e s u rm ised o no ne i s o la ted s he rd .

A f u r the r d i s t inc t ive i n du s t ry p r e sen t a nd o ne t h a t h a s b een u sed a s ac h rono log ica l m a rke r ( s ee s e c t ion s o n d a t ing e v idence a bove ) i sp ink g rogged w a re ( PNK GT , O xf o rd 0 81) . T hough t t o c ome f r om a s ou rce i n t h e M id land s a r ea , n or th B uck ingham sh i r e o r s ou th N or thamp ton sh i re , i ti sm os t c ommon ly f o und a way f r om i t ss ou rce r eg ion i nt h e f o rm o fl a rge s t o rage type j a r s . A t l e a s t o ne 2 nd -cen tu ry k i ln i sn ow k nown a tS t owe P a rk , B uck s( Boo th 1 999 ) .

Many o ft h e O xf o rdsh i re c o lou r -coa ted w a re s a r e n o t t h e t y p ica l p roduc t s o ft h e l a te r O xf o rdsh ire i n du s t ry b u t o f a n e a r l ie rv a r ian t o fu nknown s ou rce w i th am uch s and ie r f a b r ic , O xf o rd f a b r ic c ode F 65 , a nd w hose m anuf ac tu re p robab ly d a te s b ack i n to a tl e a s t t h e l a te 2 nd c en tu ry i f n o t e a r l ie r . T he l a te r c o lou r -coa ted w a re s w e re m a in ly r e s t r ic ted t os he rd so f mo r ta r ium . T he c oa r sewa re a s semb lage i so ve rwhe lm ing ly d om ina ted b y l o ca l p roduc t s , m a in ly g rey r e duced w a re s , w i th in w h ich o ne f a b r ic i np a r t icu la r w a s p a r t icu la r ly p r eva len t , OXF R E 1 , O xf o rd f a b r ic R 37 . A t p re sen t t h e s ou rce o f t h is w a re i su nknown b u t o n t h e b a s is o fi t s d i s t r ibu t ion m u s t b e l o ca l t o t h e A s tha l l / W i lco te a r ea ( c f . B oo th 1 997 , 1 33 ; E vans 2 002 ) . T he n a tu re o ft h e f a b r ic i sn o t d i s s im i la r t o t h a t p roduced b y t h e Nor th W i l t sh i re i n du s t r ie s a nd i sd i s t inc t f r om t h e s t anda rd O xf o rdsh i re g r eywa re s . T h is f a b r ic a ccoun t s f o r 5 2% b y s he rd c oun t , 4 6% b y w e igh t , o ft h e t o ta l r e cove red a s semb lage a nd i t f o rmed a m a jo r c omponen t i n n ea r ly a l t h e f e a tu re s i n ve s t iga ted . T he e v idence a tA s tha l l s ugge s t sR 37 w a s i n p roduc t ion b y t h e F lav ian p e r iod i fn o t s l igh t ly e a r l ie r ( Boo th 1 997 , 17 ) a nd i t p robab ly c on t inued t o b e p roduced w e l l i n to t h e 3 rd c en tu ry . A l l ied t of a b r ic R 37 i s O xf o rd f a b r ic R 38 ( OXF GR 1-3 ) w h ich i st h e s e cond c ommone s tf a b r ic p r esen ta tW i lco te , a ccoun t ing f o r 1 7% b y c oun t ( 27% b y w e igh t ) . T h is r a nge o ff a b r ic s c on ta in s g rog t empe r ing r a ng ing f r om q u i te s pa r se t o c ommon ( OXF GR 1-3 ) . OXF GR3 i np a r t icu la r i sv i sua l ly a lmo s t i n d is t ingu ishab le f r om S ave rnake w a re . T he d i s t r ibu t ion

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O x id ised w a res c on s t i tu te j u s t 7% o f t h e a s semb lage . S ome o f t h e se m ay h ave b een c o lou r -coa ted , a l t r ace s h av ing b een r emoved . Mo s t , i fn o t a l l , t h e w h i tewa re s a l so a ppea r t o b e l o ca l O xf o rdsh ire p roduc t s b u t t h e se f o rm o n ly am ino r c omponen t o ft h e a s semb lage a t0 . 7% b yc oun t . S he l ly w a re s a r e p r esen t t h roughou t t h e a s semb lage , a ccoun t ing f o r 1 . 7% b y c oun t . Mo s t o ft h e se a ppea rt ob e l o ca l w a re s d a t ing t o t h e 2 nd c en tu ry a s o ppo sed t ot h e d i s t inc t ive l a te R oman s he l ly w a re f ound t h roughou t t h e r e g ion . O cca s iona l s he rds o ft h el a t te ra r ep r e sen tb u to n ly f r om t h e u n s t ra t if ied m a te r ia l o r P e r iod 3 c on tex t s . A t l e a s t t wo o ft h e s he l ly w a re j a r s a r e d eco ra t ed w i th s t ab m a rk so rs l a she s( e .g . F ig . 1 .4075 ) . O the r r e g iona l c oa r sewa re s i n c lude a f ew p i ece s o f S ever n V a l ley w a re ( SV W OX ) a mong s t w h ich w e re s he rd sw i th o rgan ic ( ? cha rcoa l ) t empe r ing , g ene ra l ly s e en a s a n e a r l ie r v a r ian t w i th in t h e i n du s t ry , a nd D o r se t B lack -Bur n ished w a re ( DOR BB1) . T he l a t te r w a re a ccoun t s f o r2 . 5% b y c oun ta nd o n ly as i ng le s h e rd o ft h e s ou th -we s ter nv a r ian tw a sn o ted . T he f orm s T he a s semb lage , n o t u n typ ica l ly f o r aR omano -B r i t ish a s semb lage , i s d om ina ted b y j a r s ( 7 1 .5% o f EVE s ) f o l lowed b y b ow ls / d i shes ( 1 3 .7% ) a nd l i d s ( 7% ) w i th a l o t he r f o rm s i n d iv idua l ly c on s t i tu t ing l e s s t h an 3% . T he r a nge o f f o rm s a nd t h e r e la t ive p ropo r t ion s a r e c l o se ly m ir ro red b yt h e a s semb lage a na lysed f r om A s tha l l ( Boo th 1 997 , 19 ) w he re j a r s w e re a ga in t h e d om inan t f o rm a t 6 0 .7% , b ow ls /d i she s a t1 5 .6% a nd l i ds a t5 . 8% . A l lo t he r t y pe sa tA s tha l l f e l l b e low 5% . W i th in t h e j a r c a tego ry a t W i lco te , e ve r ted , r o l led o r t h ickened r im f o rm s a r e b y f a r t h e m o s t c ommon , a ccoun t ing f o r 4 1% o f t h e g roup , f o l lowed b y n ecked , e ver ted j a r s ( 30% ) . S t o rage j a r s d ef ined o n t h e b a s is o f s i ze , a nd g ene ra l ly w i th t h ickened e ve r t ed r im s o n ly c on s t i tu te 5% o f t h e j a r g roup . T he m a jo r i ty o f t h e se o ccu r i n f a b r ic OXF GR3 . T yp ica l l a te r f o rm s s uch a s h ooked r im o r b if id r im t y pe s a r e o n ly p r esen t i n v e ry m ino r q uan t i t ie s . Mo s t o f t h e j a r s o ccu r i n t h e

f r om r i ng -necked f l agon s i n e i the r w h i te o r o x id ised o r ange f a b r ic s ( e .g . F ig s 9 . 4028 a nd 9 . 4068 ) . A s i ng le d i sc -necked o x id ised e xamp le c ame f r om d i tch 3 0 19 .

O xf o rdsh i re g r ey o r g rogged g r eywa re r a nge . A l l t h e s h e l ly w a re s a nd M id lands g rog tempe red s he rds w e re f r om j a r s a nd mo s t o ft h e S eve rn V a l ley w a re f o rm s w e re s im i la r ly j a ro rj a r /bow lt y pe s , a sw e re s ome o ft h eD o r se t B lack -Bu rn i shed w a re f o rm s .

O the rf o rm s i nm ino ra moun t s i n c lude p l a t te r s( 0 .3 % ) a nd m o r ta r ia ( 0 .8% ) . T he l a t te r c omp r ised O xf o rd sh i re w h i tewa re ( Young 1 977 , f o rm s M2 , M14 , M17 a nd M22 ) , O xf o rd sh i re c o lou r -coa ted w a re ( i b id f o rm s C 97 a nd C 100 )a nd t wo V e ru lam ium w h i tewa re v e s se ls .

B ow l s a nd d i she s t oge the r a ccoun t f o r 1 3 .7% b y EVE o f t h e t o ta l a s semb lage c ompa red t o 1 5 .6% a tA s tha l l . T he c ommone s t f o rm , a nd o ne t y p ica l o ft h e 2 nd -cen tu ry , i s t h e f l a t r im b ow l , e i the r s t ra igh t -s ided o r h em isphe r ica l , f ound i n b o th t h e l o ca l g r eywa re f a b r ic s a nd D o r se t B lack -Bu rn i shed w a re . T he se a ccoun t f o r 2 5% o f t h is c a tegory w i th g rooved r im b ow ls /d ishe s a ccoun t ing f o r l e ss t h an 1 % a nd f l anged r im b ow ls /d ishe s f o r 5% . P l a in r immed d i she s , mos t c ommon ly f o und i n D o r se t B lack B u rn ished w a re a nd OXF RE 1 , a ccoun t f o r 1 4 .3 % o ft h e g roup . As i ng le o va l f i sh d i sh i nD o r se t B lack -Bu rn ished w a re w a s p r e sen t a nd t wo O xf o rd sh i re w h i tewa re b ow ls c opy ing s am ian D ragendo rf f3 7 t y pe s ( Young 1 977 , t y pe W54 )( F ig . 1 0 .4053 ) . As i ng le o x id ised f l anged b ow l w i th b a rbo t ine d eco ra t ion o n t h e f l ange c ame f r om q ua r ry 115 ( F ig . 9 . 4030 ) . O ne f e a tu re o f t h e D o r se t B lack B u rn ished w a re r e per to i re i s t h e h i ghe r i n c idence o f b ow ls a nd d i shes c ompa red t oj a r s , ap henomenon a l so

C hrono logy D e ta i led d i scu s s ion o f f e a tu re a nd c on tex t g roup s w i th r e f e rence t o c e ram ic p ha se s i s i n c luded i n t h e ' d a t ing e v idence ' s e c t ion sa ccompany ing t h es i te n a r ra t ive . T he e a r l ie s t s he rd p r e sen t i s ah andmade f l in t tempe red p r eh is to r ic s h e rd a mong s tt h eu n s t ra t if ied s h e rd sc o l lec ted f r om S i te E . O the r t h an t h is s i ng le p i ece t h e re w a s n o o t he rp re -Roman o rn a t ive o r ig in m a te r ia l .

n o ted a t A lche s te r ( Evan s 2 002 , 3 64 ) w he re i t i s s ugges ted t h a tj a r s w e re b e ing s upp l ied b y l o ca l g r eywa re p roduce r s . L id s a r e m ode ra te ly w e l l r ep re sen ted a nd c l ea r ly f o rmed a n i mpor tan t c omponen t o f t h e l o ca l g r ey s andy w a re i n du s t ry . T hey a ccoun t f o r 7% o f t h e a s semb lage c ompa red t o 5 . 8% a tA s tha l l . A pa r t f r om t h ree o x id ised e xamp le s a nd t wo c o lou r -coa ted t y pe s ( F65 ) a l t h er e co rded t y pe sw e re i n OXF RE1 o r OXF GR 1-3 . D r ink ing v e s se ls , c up s , b eake r s a nd t a nka rds a r e p r e sen t i ns ma l l q uan t i t ie s . T he c ups a r e , w i th as i ng le e xcep t ion , s am ian . As i ng le g r eywa re c opy o f as am ian D ragendo rf f 3 3 f o rm c ame f r om q ua r ry 115 ( F ig . 9 . 4036 ) . B eake r s f e a tu re b o th a s f i newa re s a nd c oa r sewa re s . A l l t h e n on s am ian c on t inen ta l i mpor t s a r e f r om b eake r s . W i th in t h e g roup a r e t h ree c orn ice r im t y pe s , t wo i mpor ted C en t ra l G au l i sh v e sse ls , o ne w i th r oughca s t d eco ra t ion , o ne w i th b a rbo t ine d eco ra t ion a nd o ne o f u nknown p rovenance , p robab ly l o ca l ( F ig . 9 . 4041) . T he b eake r s o ccu r i n a m ix tu re o f r e duced a nd o x id ised f a b r ics . O n ly f ou r t a nka rd s w e re r e co rded , o ne i n S V W OX a nd t h ree i n OXF R E 1 ( e .g . F ig . 9 . 4039 ) . F l agon s a r e s u rp r is ing ly s c a rce g i ven t h e e a r l ie re mpha s is t o t h e a s semb lage . T he se a ccoun t f o r j u s t 2 . 6% o f t h e t o ta l a s semb lage w i th j ug s c on t r ibu t ing a f u r the r 0 . 5% , i n c iden ta l ly a lmos t i d en t ica l f i gu re s t o A s tha l l ( Boo th 1 997 ) . O f p a r t icu la r n o te i sa n O xf o rdsh i re w h i tewa re v e s se l ( Young 1 977 , t y pe W18 ) w i th a n o range s andy w a re h and le w h ich o n i t s o wn w ou ld b e c l a s s if ied a s f a b r ic OXF OX2 . F i ve o ft h e t we lve v e sse ls r e co rded a r e

2 97

D e sp i te t h e p r e sence o f af ew p r e -F lav ian S ou th G au l ish s am ian s he rds t h e re i s n o th ing i n t h e c oa r sewa re a s semb lage w h ich i sc a tego r ica l ly p r e -F lav ian . Among s t t h ee a r l ie rr e cogn ised r e g iona l w a re s a r et wo V e ru lam ium m or ta r ia f r om q ua r r ie s 1 015 a nd 115 w h ich a r ep robab ly F l av ian . A t A s tha l l , w he re t h e s equence e x tend s f r om t h e p r e -F lav ian p e r iod , l a te I r on A ge—ea r ly R oman g rog t empe red w a re s s t i l l f o rmed as i gn if ican t p a r t o ft h e e a r ly a s semb lage ( Boo th 1 997 , 1 32 ) . T he a b sence o f s u ch w a re s i n t h e W i lco te a s semb lage s t rong ly s uppor t s a s l igh t ly l a te r s t a r tt ot h e a c t iv i ty h e re . C o inc iden tw i th t h e e a r l ie s t a c t iv i ty o n t h e s i te i st h e a ppea rance o f l a rge q uan t i t ie s o fg r ey r e duced w a re , c l ea r ly t h e p roduc t o fa l o ca l i n du s t ry o r i n du s t r ies . A l though o ne o r t wo o ft h e v e sse ls c ou ld b e c l a s s if ied a s u seab le s e conds t h e a s semb lage d i d n o t p roduce a ny w a s te r m a te r ia l s o t h e l a rge d umps o fp o t te ry c anno t b e d i rec t ly l i nked t o k i ln p roduc t ion b u tm u s tr e p re sen td ome s t ic w a s te . L i t t le i sk nown a bou t t h e e a r ly p ha se s o ft h e O xf o rd sh i re p o t te ry i n du s t r ie s . E v idence f r om A s tha l l w ou ld s ugge s t t h a tt h eg r eywa re sa r eu n l ike ly t oh ave b een i np roduc t ion p r io r t ot h e e a r ly F l av ian p e r iod . T he i n du s t ry a ppea r s t o h ave c on t inued u naba ted w e l l i n to t h e 3 rd c en tu ry . A s t h e se g r eywa re s c o l lec t ive ly a ccoun t f o r o ve r 8 0% o ft h e s t ra t if ied a s semb lage t h e re i sv e ry l i t t le o t he r m a te r ia l a ga in s t w h ich t o e va lua te t h e c h rono logy . Much o f t h e d a t ing u sed t og roup f e a tu re s i sb a sed o n t h e p re sence o f c on t inen ta l o rr e g iona l i mpo r ted t y pe s s uch a ss am ian a nd D o r se t B lack -Bur n ished w a re . I n m any c a se s t h is h a s r e l ied o n s i ng le s he rd s o r v e ry s ma l l g roup s o fm a te r ia l , w h ich i s n o t p a r t icu la r ly r e l iab le . T he re i s q u i te a d i sc repancy b e tween f e a tu re s i n t h e d eg ree o f f r agmen ta t ion o f t h e p o t te ry w h ich m ay r ef lec t a c on s ide rab le a moun t o fr edepo s i t ion , i n deed t h e i nf i l l ing o f t h e q ua r r ie s m igh t i mp ly t h e i mpor ta t ion o f m a te r ia l f r om e l sewhe re . T he p o t te ry e v idence w ou ld s ugge s t t h a t

t h e q ua r r ie sw e re n o tb ack f i l led a s as i ng le a c t , a s mo s to f t h e l a rge r o ne s a ppea r t o h ave d i s t inc t ive ly e a r l ie r m a te r ia l i nt h e l owe rf i l ls c ompa red t ot h eu ppe rf i l ls . T he q uan t i ty o f O xf o rd sh ire c o lou r -coa ted w a re s i s s u rp r is ing ly l ow s ugge s t ing a d ef in i te f a l l ing -of f i n a c t iv i ty i nt h is l o ca l i ty f r om t h e m id 3 rd c en tu ry o nwa rds . T he re a r e n o s t amped w a re s t yp ica l o f t h e 4 t h c en tu ry o nwa rd s a nd n o e xamp le s o fO xf o rd sh i re p a rchmen tw a re w e re n o ted . T he l a te s tc h rono log ica l i n d ica to ri sM id land s s he l l tempe red w a re , a l though i n s ome c a se s t h is i s d if i cu l t t o d i s t ingu ish f r om a n e a r l ie r s he l l tempe red w a re p r e sen t o n t h e s i te f r om t h e 2 nd c en tu ry . D ef in i te l a te c on tex t s i n c lude t h e l a ye r s o fm e ta l l ing f o rm ing t h e l a te r m ake -up o f t r ackway 1 0 14 , a nd l o amy d epos i t s o ve r ly ing t h is f e a tu re . W i th in s uch c on tex t s t h e re i sa s l igh t ly h i ghe r i n c idence o fc o lou r -coa ted w a re s a nd l a te s he l ly w a re . D i scu s s ion I n t e rm s o f g ene ra l f o rm a nd f a b r ic c ompos i t ion t h e a s semb lage a ppea r s t o m ir ro r q u i te c l o se ly t h e p o t te ry a l ready p ub l ished f r om t h e s i te (W i lco te I ,W i lco te I ) . T he d om inance o f f a b r ic OXF RE1 ( Oxf o rd R 37 ) a nd r e la ted f a b r ic s i n t h e a s semb lage i s m i r ro red b y t h e a s semb lage r e cen t ly p ub l ished f r om A s tha l l ,w h ich l e dt h e a u tho ro ft h e r e po r tt op o s tu la te as ou rce i nt h e i mmed ia te l o ca l i ty ( Boo th 1 997 , 17 ) . A t A s tha l l t h e r educed w a re s a ccoun ted f o r a r ound 5 8% o f t h e a s semb lage b y c oun t c ompa red t o 7 0 .5 % a tW i lco te . T he q uan t i ty o fm a te r ia l a na ly sed a tt h e t wo s i te s i sv er y s im i la r , a s i st h e d a te r a nge , a l though t h e re i sp robab ly ag r ea te ra moun to fl a te r R oman m a te r ia l a t A s tha l l c ompa red t o W i lco te . T he w a re i s s im i la r ly q u i te w e l l r e p resen ted a t A lche s te r a l though p ropor t iona te ly l e s s t h an A s tha l l ( Evan s 2 002 , 3 54 ) . T h is m igh t s ugge s t ak i ln s ou rce c l ose r t oW i lco te w i th m a te r ia l m ov ing u p a nd d own A l ceman S t ree t . O the r s i gn if i can t a s semb lage s f r om t h e i mmed ia te l o ca l i ty i n c lude S hakenoak F a rm w he re s i te s Aa nd C c o l lec t ive ly p roduced i ne xce s s o f7 8 ,000 s he rd s o fp o t te ry ( Brod r ibb e ta l . 1 973 , 5 0 ) . T he r e per to i re o ff a b r ic s h e re , p e rhap s n o ts u rp r is ing ly , a ppea r st ob eq u i te s im i la rt oA s tha l l a nd W i lco te a l though a ga in t h e re i s ag r ea te r p rom inence o f l a te r R oman w a re s n o t p r e sen t i nt h e p r e sen t a s semb lage a t W i lco te . G rey s andy w a re OXF RE 1 ( Oxf o rd f a b r ic R 37 ) a l so f o rmed a s i gn if ican t c omponen t o f t h e a s semb lage a t Y am ton , a pp rox ima te ly 1 0km e a s t o f W i lco te , w he re i tc omp r ised s ome 2 0% o ft h e L a te I r on

R eg iona l t r aded w a re s a r e s l igh t ly l e s s p rom inen t a t W i lco te c ompa red t o A s tha l l t o t h e s ou th -we s t . D o r se t B lack -Bu rn ished w a re ( DOR BB1) a ccoun t s f o r 1 3 .7% o f t h e a s semb lage a t A s tha l l c ompa red t o j u s t 2 . 5% a t W i lco te . T h is c an b ep a r t ly e xp la ined a ga in b yt h eg r ea te r a moun t o fl a te r R oman o ccupa t ion a tt h e f o rme r a s DOR BB1 t e nd s t o i n c rea se i no ccu r rence i nt h e l a te r R oman p e r iod i nt h is a r ea . I n t h e 2 nd c en tu ry DOR BB1 o n ly a ccoun t s f o r 1 . 4% a tA s tha l l , r i s ing t o2 . 9% i nt h e l a te r 2 nd-3rd c en tu r ie s a nd e ven tua l ly p eak ing a t1 9 .9% i nt h e 4 t h c en tu ry ( Boo th 1 997 , T ab le 5 . 16 ) . A t A lche s te r D o r se t B lack -Bu rn ished w a re d i d n o t a ppea r o n t h e s i te u n t i l t h e m id— la te r2 nd c en tu ry ( Evan s2 002 , 3 64 )w hen i t a ccoun t sf o rs ome 3 . 5% o ft h ea s semb lage . S am ian i sa l so b e t te rr ep re sen ted a tA s tha l l a ccoun t ing f o r a r ound 6 . 2% b y c oun t c ompa red t oj u s t2 . 4% a tW i lco te . T he d a ta f r om A lche s te rs ugge s tt h a tt h e f i newa re l e ve l i n t h e 2 nd c en tu ry i sb e low t h e 2% l e ve l m ak ing i tm o re c l o se ly c ompa rab le t o r u ra l s i te s i n t h e M id land s t h an m igh t b e e xpec ted f r om a n u rban s i te ( i b id . , 3 75 ) . T he l e ve ls r i se i nt h e4 th c en tu ry w i th t h ec o lou r -coa ted w a re s t ob ecome m o re t y p ica l o fa n u rban a s semb lage , af e a tu re n o to bservab le i nt h e W i lco te a s semb lage , w h ich c on ta in s v e ry l i t t le l a te m a te r ia l . A s i st h e c a se w i th t h e A s tha l l a s semb lage ( Boo th 1 997 , 1 32 ) t h e re i s n o th ing p re sen t i n t h e a s semb lage h e re w h ich w ou ld s ugge s t a n e a r ly m i l i ta ry o r ig in . I ft h is w e re t h e c a se t h e a s semb lage w ou ld b e f a r m o re d ive r se w i th a much g rea t e r r a nge o f i mpor ts i n t e rm s o f f i newa re s , m o r ta r ia a nd a mpho rae . T he r epe r to i re o ff o rm s s im i la r ly d oe s n o t a r gue f o r am i l i ta ry p re sence . O n a na logy w i th a s semb lage s f r om e l sewhe re , p o t te ry a s soc ia ted w i th 1 s t c en tu ry m i l i ta ry s i te sg ene ra l ly s how s am uch w ide rr a nge o fv e s se l t y pe s , f o r e xamp le , f l agon s , h oney j a r s , l amp s a nd mor ta r ia ,w h ich a r es c a rce o ra b sen th e re . C ompa r ing W i lco te w i th o t he r q uan t if ied a s semb lage s f r om t h e r e g ion a nd f u r the r a f ie ld t h e p o t te ry a s semb lage c anno t b e s e en a s ap a r t icu la r ly h igh s t a tu s g roup , f a l l ing w e l l b e low t h e r a nge o fm a t e r ia l f ound i nu rban c on tex t s s uch a st ho se a tC i rence s te r o r G louce s te r a nd i n deed o n m any o ft h e v i l la c omp lexe s . T he p e rcen tage o ff i newa re w i th in t h e a s semb lage i sa ga in c ompa rab le t oA s tha l l a nd i ti sc l ea r t h a t t h e t wo s i te s f e l l w i th in t h e s ame m a rke t

A ge—Roman a s semb lage ( Boo th 1 997 , 1 33 ) . C a s s ing ton

a r ea . T he o ve rwhe lm ing d om inance o f as i ng le f a b r ic t y pe i sc l ea r ly s upp re s s ing a ny o t he r t r end s , p e rhap s m ak ing t h e a s semb lage s s l igh t ly a t yp ica l i nt e rm s o ft h e s t a tu s o f

h a sb een a i red a so ne p o ss ib le s ou rce f o rt h i sf a b r ic ( i b id . ) w h ich i ss e en a s h av ing i t s r oo t s i nt h e Nor th W i l t sh i re

t h e s i te s b u t c l ea r ly s ugge s t ive o f al o ca l p roduc t ion s ou rce .

s andy a nd g rogged w a re t r ad i t ion s . H oweve r ,t h ea ppa ren t d ec l ine i n t h e i n c idence o f t h e w a re a t A lche s te r c ompa red t o A s tha l l a nd , i n p a r t icu la r , W i lco te , w ou ld

T he g ene ra l p auc i ty o fe v idence f o r 4 t h -cen tu ry o r l a te r a c t iv i ty i s a l so a c omp le te c on t ra s t w i th n ea rby S hakenoak v i l la w he re l a te 4 th -cen tu ry o ccupa t ion i sw e l l d ocumen ted i nt h e p o t te ry a s semb lage a s e v idenced b y t h e s i gn if ican t q uan t i t ies o f L a te R oman s h e l l tempe red

s t rong ly s uppor t a mo re l o ca l s ou rce i mmed ia te t o W i lco te i t se lf .

2 98

P ER IOD 2 1 1 4 048 . N e cked , c o rdoned w ide -mou thed j a r . F ab r ic : OXF R E 1 ( R37 ) . D i t ch 3 005 ( 3006 ) . 4 049 . N ecked j a r w i th s l igh t ly r o unded , t h ickened r im . F ab r ic : OXF R E ! ( R37 ) . D i tch 3 005 ( 3006 ) . 4 050 . R o l led r im j a r . F ab r ic : OXF OR ! . D i tch 3 005 ( 3006 ) . 4 05 1 . H and led m ug i n aw hee lmade b l a ck s andy f a b r ic i m i ta t ing a D o r se t B la ck -Bu rn ished w a r e f o rm . F ab r ic : OXF R E3 ( R37 ) . D i t ch 3 005 ( 3006 ) . 4 052 . O pen b ow l w i th e xpanded , t h ickene d r im . F ab r ic : OXF R E ! ( R37 ) . D i t ch 3 005 ( 3006 ) . 4 053 . S ma l l h em i sphe r ica l b ow l a sY oung 1 977 , f o rm 5 4 . F ab r ic : OXF WH (W22 ) . D i t ch 3 005 ( 3042 ) .

w a re ( e r roneou s ly l a be l led c a lc i t ic g r i t ted w a re ) ( B rod r ibb e ta l . 1 97 1 , 6 8 , F ig . 2 2 ; 1 973 , 6 9-73 , F ig s 3 56 ) . C a ta logu eo fi lu s t ra t ed s herd s ( F ig s 9 -1 1 ) NOS 4 0 17-29 P IT 2 027 , PER IOD 2 1 4 0 17 . N a r row -mou thed j a r . D e co ra ted w i th i n c ised d i agona l l i ne s . F ab r ic : OXF R E ! ( R37 ) . ( 2060 ) . 4 0 18 . J a r w i th r u s t ica ted d eco ra t ion . F ab r ic : OXF R E ! ( R37 ) . ( 2 060 ) . 4 0 19 . J a r /bow l w i th c on s t r ic t ed g i r th a nd b u lged s hou lde r . F ab r ic : OXF RE ! ( R37 ) . ( 2060 ) . 4 020 . J a r w i th t h ickened , b eve l led , r im . F ab r ic : OX F RE 1 ( R37 ) . ( 2060 ) . 4 02 1 . S t o rage j a r w i th r o unded t h ickened r im . F ab r ic : OXF GR3 ( R 38 ) . ( 2060 ) . 4 022 . S ha rp ly e ve r ted r im b eake r . O r ang e t o g r ey s andy f a b r ic . F ab r ic : OXF R E 1 ( R37 ) . ( 2060 ) . 4 023 . T anka rd . F ab r ic : S V W OX ( 040 ) v a r ian t w i th f r equen t o rgan ic v o id s . ( 2060 ) . 4 024 . S ma l l r ound -bod ied b ow l , f i ne o rang e s a ndy w a r e . F ab r ic : OXF OX 1 . ( 2060 ) . 4 025 . C a r ina ted f l a r ed b ow l . F ab r ic : OXF R E 1 ( R37 ) . ( 2060 ) . 4 026 . D i sh w i th i n te rna l r i dg e . F ab r ic : OXF R E3 ( R37 ) . ( 2060 ) . 4 027 . F l anged d i sh . F ab r ic : OXF RE ! ( R37 ) . ( 2067 ) . 4 028 . R ing -ne cke d f l agon w i th a n e xpanded u ppe r r i ng . F ab r ic : OXF WH ( W22 ) . ( 2060 ) 4 029 . B if id r im f l agon w i th a b ur n i shed e x te r io r s u rf a ce . F ab r ic : OXF R E ! ( R37 ) . ( 2067 ) .

PER IOD 2 1 1 1 4 054 . B ow l w i th h ooked r im . O range s a ndy , m icaceou s w a r e . F ab r ic : OXF OX . D i t ch 6 005 ( 60 10 ) . 4 055 . L id . F ab r ic : OXF CC ( F59 ) . D i tch 2 052 ( 2053 ) . 4 056 . L id . F ab r ic : OXF R E ! ( R37 ) . P i t 1 073 ( 1074 ) . 4 057 . L id . F ab r ic : OXF RE 1 ( R37 ) . P i t 1 073 ( 1074 ) . 4 058 . L id . F abr ic : OXF RE 1 ( R37 ) . P i t 1 073 ( 1074 ) . 4 059 . L id . F abr ic : OXF RE ! ( R 37 ) . P i t 1 073 ( 1074 ) . 4 060 . B eaded r im j a r . F ab r ic : OXF R E ! ( R37 ) . P i t 1 073 ( 1074 ) . 4 06 1 . S ha l low d i sh . F ab r ic : OXF GR2 ( R 38 ) . P i t 1 073 ( 1074 ) . 4 062 . N e cked , c o rdoned j a r . F abr ic : OXF R E 1 ( R37 ) . P i t 1 073 ( 1074 ) . 4 063 . J a r . F ab r ic : OX F GR2 ( R 38 ) . P i t 1 073 ( 1074 ) . 4 064 . N e cked j a r . F ab r ic : OXF R E ! ( R37 ) . P i t 1 073 ( 1074 ) . 4 065 . N e cked j a r . F ab r ic : OXF R E3 ( R37 ) . P i t 1 073 ( 1074 ) . 4 066 . F l a t r im b ow l , c hampf e red t ow a rd s t h e b a se . F ab r ic : OXF R E ! ( R37 ) . P i t 1 073 ( 1074 ) . 4 067 . F l a tr im j a r . F ab r ic : OXF RE ! ( R37 ) . P i t 1 073 ( 1074 )

NOS 4 030-37 : QUARRY 115 , P ER IOD 2 1 4 030 . F l anged b ow l i n ap i nk s andy f a b r ic w i th r e d i r on s pe ck s . T he f l anged i s d eco ra ted w i th w o rn , o r ange b a rbo t ine s em ic i r c le s . F abr ic : OXF OX2 ( 02 1) . ( 1 124 ) . 4 03 1 . B ow l w i th r ounded , r o l led r im . F abr ic : OXF R E ! ( R37 ) . ( 1 124 ) . 4 032 . W ide -mou thed , n ecked , c a r ina ta l j a r o r b ow l . F ab r ic OXF R E ! ( R37 ) . ( 1 124 ) . 4 033 . L id sea ted j a r . F ab r ic OXF R E 1 ( R 37 ) . ( 1 124 ) . 4 034 . N a r row m ou the d , n ecked c o rdoned j a r . F ab r ic OXF R E 1 ( R 37 ) . ( 1 124 ) . 4 035 . S ma l l , s ha l low d i sh w i th a n i n t e rna l m ou ld ing . F ab r ic : OXF R E ! ( R37 ) . ( 11 24 ) . 4 036 . S ma l l c up , p e rhap s i m i ta t ing a s am ian f o rm . F ab r ic : OXF R E ! ( R37 ) . ( 1 124 ) . 4 037 . L id . F ab r ic : OXF R E ! ( R37 ) . ( 1 124 ) .

P ER IOD 3 4 068 . R ing -necked f l agon . F abr ic : OXF OX ! ( 0 11) . Q ua r ry 1 065 ( 1 177 ) . 4 069 . B ody she rd w i th a l i gh t ly s c ra tched g r af f i t i . F ab r ic : OXF R E 1 ( R37 ) . Q ua r ry 1 065 ( 1066 ) . 4 070 . B a se she rd f r om ac l o sed f o rm w i th i n c i sed r a d ia t ing l i ne so n t h eu nde r s ide . F ab r ic : OXF R E ! ( R37 ) . Q ua r ry 1 065 ( 1066 ) . 4 07 1 . B ow l w i th a n S shaped c u rve a nd a n i n t er na l l i d s e a t ing g r oove . F ab r ic : OXF R E ! ( R37 ) . Q ua r r y 1 065 ( 1 177 ) . 4 072 . C a r ina ted b ody she rd . H a rd g r e y ,w e l l -f i r ed ,f i ne s andy f a b r ic w i th s p la she s o f o l ive -g r een g l az e o n t h e e x t e r io r . Q ua r ry 1 065 ( 1 177 ) . 4 073 . B ow lw i th b ur n i she d l a t t ice d e co ra t ion o nt h ei n ne rr im f a ce . F ab r ic : OXF RE ! ( R37 ) . Q ua r ry 1 065 ( 1 177 ) . 4 074 . O xf o rd sh i r e c o lou r -coa ted m o r ta r ium w i th c oa r se r ou le t ted d eco ra t ion o n t h e o u te r w a l l . F ab r ic : OXF R SM ( M4 1) . Q ua r ry 1 003 ( 1004 ) . 4 075 . S he l ly w a r ej a rd e co r a ted w i th s ho r ts l a she s o n t h e r im e dge a nd a l i ne o f s t ab m a rk s o n t h e i n ne r r im f a ce . F ab r ic : SHELL ( C 10 ) . T ra ck 1 0 14 . 4 076 . J a r , F ab r ic : OXF R E3 ( R37 ) . Q ua r ry 1 025 ( 1026 ) .

OTHER P ER IOD 2 1 SHERDS 4 038 . C o rn ice r im b eake r w i th a d a rk b rown c o lou r -coa t a nd r oughca s td eco r a t ion . F abr ic : CNG CC2 . D i t ch 4 0 16 ( 40 17 ) . 4 039 . T anka rd d e co ra ted w i th s paced v e r t ica l b u rn ished l i ne s . F ab r ic : OXF R E ! . O ven 1 427 ( 1 163 ) . 4 040 . J a r . F ab r ic : OXF R E ! ( R37 ) . O ven 1 427 ( 1429 ) . 4 04 1 . C o rn ice r im b eake r w i th t r ace s o f r oughca s t d eco r a t ion . F ab r ic : M ISC . V e ry h a rd f i r ed g r eywa r e w i th a r e d c o r e . O ven 1 427 ( 1 163 ) . 4 042 . J a r . F ab r ic : OXF R E3 ( R37 ) . O ven 1 427 ( 1429 ) . 4 043 . N e cked , c o rdoned j a r w i th as l igh t l i d s e a t ing . F ab r ic : OXF R E ! ( R37 ) . S ome s oo t ing o nt h el i p . O ven 1 427 ( 1429 ) . 4 044 . F l ang ed , h em isphe r ica l b ow l . F ab r ic : OXF F R ( R 11) . O ven 1 427 ( 1429 ) . 4 045 . D omed l i d . F ab r ic : OXF RE 1 ( R 37 ) . O ven 1 427 ( 1429 ) . 4 046 . B if id r im f l a sk d e co ra ted w i th a n o t ched c o rdon , i n c ised w avy l i ne a nd s pa ced v e r t ica l b ur n ished l i ne s . F ab r ic : OXF R E ! . ( R37 )O ven 1 427 ( 1429 ) . 4 047 . S ha l low f l anged d i sh . F ab r ic : OXF RE ! ( R37 ) . Q ua r ry 165 ( 1 178 ) .

T he S am ian J .M . M i l ls S umma ry T he s am ian f r om t h e p r e sen t e xcava t ion c ompa re s w e l l w i th t h e a s semb lage s f r om p rev iou s i n ve s t iga t ion s o n t h e s i te (W i lco te I ,W i lco te I , a nd M i l ls t h is v o lume ) . T he m a jo r i ty o ft h e m a te r ia l c ome s f r om t h e k i ln s o f S ou th a nd C en t ra l G au l , L a G rauf e senque a nd L ezoux r e spec t ive ly . L e s se rq uan t i t ie sc ame f r om L e s Ma r t re s -de V ey re a nd t h e E a s t G au l ish k i ln s o f R he inzabe rn a nd

2 99

af o rm 3 1R b ow l ( S i te A , 1 066 ) w i th g r af f i to BV s c ra tched i n to t h ee x ter na l s u rf ace w a sr e co rded .

B l ickwe i le r . P roduc t s f r om t h e B l ickwe i le r k i ln s a r e n o t c ommon i n B r i ta in a nd t h is v e s se l i s u n ique i n t h e W i lco te a s semb lage . S am ian w a s c l ea r ly s upp l ied c on t inuou s ly t o t h e s i te , a l though a tv a ry ing r a te s , f r om t h e p r e -F lav ian p e r iod t h rough t o t h e e a r ly 3 rd c en tu ry AD . A l though a n e a r ly , p os s ib ly m i l i ta ry , f ounda t ion f o r t h e R oman o ccupa t ion a tW i lco te h a s b een s ugge s ted n o C laud ian o r C laud io—Ne ron ian v e s se ls w e re i d en t if ied w i th in t h is g r oup o fm a te r ia l , a nd i ti sl i ke ly t h a tt h e e a r ly f o cu st ot h ea c t iv i ty i sf u r the rt ot h ee a s t . O ne o ft h e a r ea s i n ve s t iga ted ( S i te A ) i sa d jacen t t o t h e e a r l ie r e xcava t ion s i n F i e ld 3 949 r e por ted o n i n t h is v o lume . T he s am ian f r om t h a t e xcava t ion w a s p r edom inan t ly H ad r ian ic t o e a r ly A n ton ine i nd a te . T he m a te r ia l f r om t h e s u r round ing f e a tu re s d oe s n o t s ha re t h is p eak i nt h e e a r ly p a r t o ft h e 2 nd c en tu ry a nd i ti sl i ke ly t h a t t h e i n te rp re ta t ion o f t h a t f i r s t g roup o f m a te r ia l i s e r roneou s , t h e p eak i ns am ian s upp ly i n s tead b e ing f r om t h e m id t ol a te 2 nd c en tu ry f o rt h e m a te r ia l f r om t h is a r ea o ft h es i te . I n t roduc t ion S am ian w a s r e cove red f r om f i ve o ft h e s even a r ea s ( S i te s A , B , C , D a nd F ) e xam ined . S i te A e x tends a l ong t h e e a s te rn e dge o f f i e ld 3 949 a round t h e a r ea e xcava ted u nde r t h e d i rec t ion o f D r A n thony H ands d u r ing t h e s umme r o f 2 000 . T he s am ian f r om t h is a r ea h a s b een r e por ted o n s e pa ra te ly b y t h e a u tho r ( M i l ls 2 004 , 6 6 ) . I n t h e f o l low ing t e x t a l f o rm s a r e D ragendo rf ( D r . ) f o rm s u n le s s o t herw ise s t a ted . A s e lec t ion o f t h e d eco ra ted w a re s i si lu s t ra ted ( F ig s 1 2 .695-703 ) . A t o ta l o f 3 45 s he rds ( 2 382g ) o f s am ian p o t te ry , r e p re sen t ing a tl e a s t 1 66 v e s se ls , a nd ap o s s ib le m ax imum o f 2 99 v e s se ls , w a s r e cove red . V e s se ls f r om a l o f t h e m a in c en t re s o f s am ian p roduc t ion , S ou th G au l ( La G rauf e senque ) , C en t ra l G au l ( Le s Ma r t re s -de -Vey re a nd L ezoux ) a nd E a s t G au l ( Rhe inzabe rn a nd B l ickwe i le r ) , a r e p r e sen t . T he q uan t i ty o f s am ian r e cove red i s s umma r ised b y p roduc t ion c en t re ( f ab r ic ) i nT ab le 1 6 . B y f a rt h e g r ea te s tq uan t i ty w a s r e cove red f r om S i te A w he re t h ed en se s tc oncen t ra t ion o ff e a tu re sw a se ncoun te red a nd t h e l a rge s t a r ea i n ve s t iga ted . T he q uan t i ty o fs am ian f r om S i te B i s , h oweve r , g r ea te r i n p ropor t ion t o t h e a r ea i n ve s t iga ted . C ond i t ion T he m a jo r i ty o f t h e s am ian w a s f ound t o b e i n g ood c ond i t ion . N o u nu sed v e s se ls w e re n o ted , n o r w e re a ny d i sp lay ing s i gn s o f p ro longed u se . O n ly s i x s he rd s e xh ib i ted h o le s c u t f o r r i ve ted r e pa ir s , o ft h e se f i ve w e re d r i l led r ound h o le s a nd o ne X -shaped . F ew s he rd s w e re b u rn t . As i ng le s h e rd , ac omp le te s t amped b a se f r om a f o rm 3 1 b ow l ( S i te A 1 074 , S t amp n o . 1 09 ) h ad b een c h ipped a r ound t h e b a se a si ff o r r e u se a s as ma l l d i sh o r , m o re l i ke ly , al i d ( Ma r sh 1 981 , 2 29 ) . T he r im s he rd f r om

3 00

Much o ft h e a s semb lage i sc omp r ised o fv e ry s ma l l c h ip s ( 108 s he rd s w e igh 2 g o r l e s s , a nd o n ly 4 8 w e igh mo re t h an 1 0g ) a nd t h is f a c t a l one a ccoun t s f o r t h e h i gh p ropor t ion ( 4 5% ) o fu n iden t if ied v e s se l f o rm s ( s ee T ab le 1 7 ) . T he m ean s he rd s i ze f o r t h e e n t i re a s semb lage i s a bou t 7 g . T he re a r e s eve ra l g roup s o fm a te r ia l t h a t h ave s i gn if ican t ly l a rge r o r s ma l le r m ean s h e rd s i ze s t h an t h is . Sma l l m ean s he rd s i ze i se spec ia l ly n o tab le f o r S ou ther n G au l ish m a te r ia l f r om S i te A a nd C en t ra l G au l ish s am ian f r om S i te B . T he f r agmen ta ry n a tu re o ft h e a s semb lage s ugge s t s t h a t t h e s am ian h a s b een s ub jec ted t o c on s ide rab le r ewo rk ing b ef o re i t sf i na l d epo s i t ion .

423

7

4 019

4 024

4 020

4 021

4 028

• \

4 029

4 026

4 027

4 030

4 03 1

Li

4 035

4 032

4 036

0 33 4 034

4 067 4 038 0 40 4 042

4 043

4 04 1 4 039

0

l o omm

F ig . 9 :R oman p o t tery . N o s4 0 17 -4043 ( s ca le 1 : 4 )

3 0 1

)

4 047 4 044

4 048

4 045

4 046 4 050

z 4 049

4 051

4 053

4 054 4 059

4 064

4 055 4 060 4 065

4 056

t o go.'

4 057

4 06 1

1

(1 E 4 069

4 068

4 058

4 062

1

1

4 066

4 067

4 070

4 072

4 063 4 07 1

F ig . 1 0 : R oman p o t te ry . N o s4 044 -4072 ( s ca le 1 : 4 )

3 02

0

1 00mm

4 075

4 073

4 074

4 076

F ig . 1 : R oman p o t te ry . No s 4 073 -4076 ( s ca le 1 : 4 )

3 03

0

1 00mm

T ab le 8 :F ab r ic ss umma ry w i th c onco rdance a ga in s tO xf o rd a nd W i lco te f ab r ic s e r ie s lco te F abr ic c ode OA c ode Wi I mpor t s S G S AM CG S AM EG S AM CG /EG S AM CNG B S CNG CC2 KOL CC BAT AM GAL AM

D e scr ip t ion / n ame

R ef erence

S 20 S 30 S 40 S 30 /40

-

S ou th G au l ish s am ian C en t ra l G au l ish s am ian E a s tG au l ish s am ian C en t ra l /Ea s tG au l ish s am ian

F 43 F 42 F 45 A ll A 13

-

C en t ra l G au l ish b l ack s l ipped w a re C en t ra l G au l ish c o lou r -coa ted w a r e C o logne c o lou r -coa t B ae t ic ian a mpho rae ( D re s se l 2 0 ) G a l l ic a mpho rae

T ombe r T ombe r T ombe r T ombe r T ombe r

R eg iona l DOR BB 1 SO W BB 1 PNK GT LNV CC ROB S H SO W OX SO W WS SV W OX SV W VAR VER WH M

B 10 B 12 0 8 1 F 52 C 11 0 30 Q 22 0 40 R 60 M2 1

5 1 -

D o r se tb l ack b urn ished w a r e S ou th -we s t b l ack b u rn ished w a re M id lands p i nk g rogged w a re L owe rN ene V a l ley c o lou r -coa ted w a r e

T ombe r &D o r e 1 998 , 1 27 T ombe r&D o r e 1 998 , 1 29 T ombe r &D o r e 1 998 , 2 10

L oca l OXF RE 1 OXF RE2 OXF RE3 OXF RE4 OXF RE5 OXF RE6 OXF F R OXF OX 1 OXF OX2 OXF OX3 OXF OX OXF GR 1 OXF GR2 OXF GR3 OXF R S OXF R SM OXF CC OXF BWH OXF WH OXF WH 1 OXF WH2 OXF WHF OXF W I IM OXF WS S HELL LOC CC L IME OX IDFL GLAZE M ICA M ISC

R 37 R 37 R 37 R 37 n p R 30 R 11 0 10 0 37 0 30 0 20 R 38 R 38 R 38 /R95 F 51 M4 1 F 65 W23 W22 W12 W22 W12 / 13 M22 Q 2 1 C IO F 60 E 50 F 23 F 34 -7 -

1 2 4 -5 4 -5 6 4 2 4 5 1 5 1 5 /31 3 1 1 3 /35 3 2 /36 4 9 1 0 4 4 -

4 3 1 9 -

-

M id lands l a te R oman s he l ly w a re S ou th -we s to x id ised w a r e S ou th -we s tw h i te s l ipped w a re S eve rn V a l ley w a re S eve rn V a l ley w a re v a r ian t s V eru lam ium w h i tewa r e m o r ta r ia l o ca l f i ne l i gh tg r eywa r e l o ca l g r ey s andy w a re , g r i t ty t e x tu r e l o ca l b l ack s a ndy w a re w i th b rown c o r e l o ca l h a rd f i red p imp ly g r eywa re l o ca l g r ey s andy w a re w i th s pa r se l i me s tone g r ey m ed ium s andy w a r e O xon f i ne g r ey s andy w a r e O xon f i ne o x id ised w a r e O xon s a ndy t e x tu red w a re N o r th W i l t sh i re s andy w a r e o t he rO xon o x id ised w a re s O xon g r ey g rog tempe r ed w a re O xon g r ey g rog tempe r ed w a re S avemake type O xon r e d -s l ipped w a re ( l a te R oman ) O xon r e d -s l ipped mo r ta r ia l o ca l c o lou r -coa ted w a re ( 2 nd -3rd ) O xon b l ackened w h i tewa r e O xon w h i te w a re O xon f i ne s andy O xon s a ndy w h i te w a re O xon f i ne w h i te w a re O xon w h i te w a re mor ta r ia O xon w h i te s l ipped w a re s he l l tempe red w a re l o ca l c o lou r -coa ted w a r e l i me s tone tempe red w a re o x id ised f l agon f a b r ic s im i la rt oC i rT F2 9 g l azed w a r e m ica -du s ted o x id ised w a re o t he ru nc la s s if ied s he rds

3 04

&D o re &D o re &D o re &D o re &D o re

1 998 , 1 998 , 1 998 , 1 998 , 1 998 ,

5 0 5 4 5 7 8 4 9 3

T ombe r&D o r e 1 998 , 18 T ombe r&D o r e 1 998 , 2 12 a sT ombe r&D o re 1 998 , 1 92 T ombe r&D o r e 1 998 , 1 92 T ombe r&D o r e 1 998 , 1 48 T ombe r&D o r e 1 998 , 1 54

Y oung 2 000 , 2 02 Y oung 2 000 , 1 85 Y oung 2 000 , 1 85 Y oung 2 000 , 1 85 B oo th 1 997 , 18 T ombe r&D o re 1 998 , 1 76 Y oung 2 000 , 1 73 B oo th 1 997 , 113 Y oung 2 000 , 13 T ombe r&D o r e 1 998 , 1 74 Y oung 2 000 , 9 3 Y oung 2 000 , 9 3 Y oung 2 000 , 9 3 Y oung 2 000 , 5 6 T ombe ra nd D o re 1 998 , 1 76

R igby 1 982 , f a b r ic 2 9

T ab le 9 :Q uan t if ica t ion o ff a b r ic sb y s t ra t ig raph ic p e r iod

I mpor ts

R eg iona l

L oca l

M isc

N o .

S G S AM CO S AM EG S AM CG /EG SA M CNG B S CNG CC2 KOL CC BAT AM GAL AM AMP DOR BB 1 SO W BB 1 P NK GT LNV CC SO W OX S O W WS S V W OX S V W VAR VER WH M OXF RE 1 OXF RE2 OXF RE3 OXF RE4 OXF RE5 OXF RE6 OXF OX 1 OXF OX 2 OXF OX3 OXF OX OXF GR 1 OXF GR2 OXF GR3 OXF /SAV GT OXF R S OXF R SM OXF CC OXF BWH OXF WH OXF WH I OXF WH2 OXF WHF OXF WH M OXF WS S HELL LOC CC L I ME OX IDFL GLAZE GREYF M ICA M ISC

TOTAL

P er iod 3

P er iod 2

P er iod 1 F abr ic

W t 5 4 6 1 1 2 6 8 1 5 1 2 1 6 -

Wt

N o ,

N o .

-

6 1 2 13 4 1 2 2 2

„

7 7 3 1

3 699 2 3 1

.

2 80 1 6 7

-

7 2 0 2 3 0 4 8

2 49 1 4 2 569 3 6 1 53 3 2 4 48 8 8 5 31

1 2 -

9 0 2 73 8 7 2 9 „ 9 4 17 7 2 9 7 -

6 136 2 17 6 6 4 3 5 9 2 64 4 74 4 0 1 7 9 0 1 240 4 4 6 14 2 0 1 7 1 9 1 7 5 1 8 1 2 4 4 2 0 1 1

4 13 1 636 1 33 1 7 1 3 7

5 8752 2 358 4 19 4 1 7 5 06 1 062 3 112 2 57 2 40 2 9 16 1 4870 9 98 1 5629 2 63 1 35 8 7 3 5 53 7 5 7 4 6 68 3 1 050 4

-

3

1 8

-

1 2

7 1 0

2 1 8

7

-

-

1 30

7 90

1 0442

3 05

7 4 7 16422

P er iod 4 N o .

W t 4 1 4 2

W t 2 -

3 -

3

4 60

-

-

1 -

2 _

-

-

1 8 1 -

-

1 96 9 4 -

1 408 6 4 1 7 -

1 3 1 -

1 1 5 6 8 1 0 _

1 8 1 44

1 1 6 1 8 7 " 2 1 .

4 1 4 2 6 5 2 0 3 " 2 " 5 1 " _ 4 58

4 3 5 5 6 I 1 0 1 7 1 1 49 8 6

-

6 7 8 -

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