The Romano-British Roadside Settlement at Wilcote, Oxfordshire: I. Excavations 1990-92 9780860547570, 9781407318585

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
List of Figures
INTRODUCTION
THE EXCAVATIONS 1990-92
CONCLUSIONS: Interpretation and Speculation
THE FINDS
The Brooches
Other Bronze Objects
Iron Objects
Lead
Stone objects
The Pottery
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

Citation preview

The Romano-British Roadside Settlement at Wilcote, Oxfordshire I. Excavations 1990-92

A. R. Hands

BAR British Series 232 1993

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR British Series 232

The Romano-British Roadside Settlement at Wilcote, Oxfordshire © A. R. Hands and the Publisher 1993 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860547570 paperback ISBN 9781407318585 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547570 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Tempvs Reparatvm in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1993. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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CONTENTS

P age A ck now ledgemen t s L i s to ff i gu re s I n t roduc t ion R oad s ide S e t t lemen t s T h ea r chaeo logy o ft h eW i lco te a r ea T h er oad s ide s e t t lemen ta tW i lco te

1 1 3 5

T he E xcava t ion s 1 990-2 A keman S t r ee t ,t h eq ua r r ie sa nd t h er o ad s ide d i tch T he We l l T he b ounda ry d i t ch F .2 1 a nd F .22 B u i ld ing s 1a nd 2 P i t ss ou th o ft h er oad F .44 ,F .4 5 a nd F .48 F . 35 M i sce l laneou ss e cond— cen tu ry f e a tu r e ss ou th o ft h er o ad M i sce l laneou ss e cond— cen tu ry f e a tu r e sn o r th o ft h er o ad V a r iou sf e a tu r e so fL a te R oman d a te T he p aved a r ea s

1 1 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 9 1 9 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3

C on c lu s ion s

2 4

T he F ind s T he C o in sb yC h r i s tophe rH owgego T he B roo che sb yD .F . Ma ck r e th B ronze O b jec t s I r on O b jec t s L ead S t one T he P o t te ry 1 .I n t roduc t ion 2 .O rgan i sa t ion o ft h ep o t t e ry r e po r t 3 .T h eF un c t ion so fv e s se l s T he S am ian b yG ra ce S imp son a nd A n thony H and s T he S am ian P o t t e r s 'S t amp sb yB r enda D ick in son T he C oa r se p o t te ry F ab r ic l i s t

2 6 2 6 2 7 3 8 4 2 4 6 4 7 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 5 4 7 4 7 7 7 7

Mo r ta r ium s t amp s G ra f f i t i C a ta logue o fC oa r se P o t te ry S ome c a tego r ie so fP o tf r om W i lco te T he Ampho rae Two Ampho ra ef r om W i lco te b yD .F .W i l l iam s T h eG la s sa nd F r i tb yH .E .M .C oo l B one O b je c t s H uman R ema in sb yS ue E n so r F auna lR ema in sb yJ . F .H am shaw—Thoma s P lan tR ema in sb yJ . F . H am shaw—Thoma s G en e ra lB ib l iog raphy

7 9 7 9 8 0 1 50 1 56 1 57 1 58 1 64 1 65 1 67 2 11 2 12

A cknow ledgmen t s

I ti s ap l ea su re t ob e a b le t ot h ank S i r Ma rk No rman , B a r t . , o fW i lco te Mano r , f o rg i v ing p e rm iss ion f o r t h ee xcava t ion s t ob ec a r r ied o u to nh i s l a nd . A r chaeo logy a nd a g r icu l tu r e make u nea sy b ed f e l low s a tt h e b e s t o f t ime s , a nd p ro longed a nd e x ten s ive e xcava t ion s m u s t s eve re ly t e s t t h e f o rbea rance o f a ny l a ndowne r . T o s u f f e r s uch a n i n t ru s ion f o r t h ree y ea r s a nd s t i l l e xp re ss i n te re s t a nd e n thu s ia sm f o r t h e w o rk i sr ema rkab le ,a nd Iw i sh t oe xp re s sm yg ra t i tude a nd a pp rec ia t ion f o rh i sk i ndne ss . Ia l so w i sh t ot h ank t h eH on . C ha r le sC ec i l ,o fW i lco te H ou se , f o rh i sk i nd a g reemen tt ot h ee xcava t ion s . T hank s a r e d ue t oa l l t h o se w ho h ave c on t r ibu ted s pe c ia l i s t r epo r t s t ot h i s v o lume : H i la ry C oo l , B renda D ick in son , S ue E n so r , J ohn H am shaw—Thoma s , C h r is tophe r H owgego , D ona ld Mack re th , G race S imp son a nd D av id W i l l iam s . Iw ou ld l i ke t oe xp r e ss m y s pec ia l t h ank s t oD r . G rac e S imp son , w ho h a s n o to n ly g i ven f r ee ly a nd g ene rou s ly o fh e r t ime , b u th a s a l so l e n tm eb ook s f r om h e rl i b ra ry o fw o rk so n t e r ra s i g i l la ta . Ia l so w ish t ot h ank P au l B oo th o ft h e O xfo rd A r chaeo log ica l U n i t , a nd V a le r ie R igby o f t h eB r i t i sh Mu seum ,f o ru sefu ld i scu ss ion so nt h eW i lco te p o t tery .

A n thony H and s O xfo rd , 1 993 .

T h i sv o lume i sd ed ica ted t ot h em emo ry o fD av id Wa lke r .

L i s to fF igure s F igu r e 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 a . 5 b . 6 . 7 a ,b . 8 . 9 . 1 0 . 1 . 1 2 . 1 3 . 1 4 . 1 5 . 1 6 . 1 7 . 1 8 . 1 9 . 2 0 . 2 1 2 2 . 2 3 . 2 4 . 2 5 2 6 . 2 7 . 2 8 . 2 9 . 3 0 . 3 1 . 3 2 . 3 . 3a . 3 4 . 3 5 . 3 6 . 3 7 . 3 8 . 3 9 . 4 0 . 4 1 . 4 2 . 4 3 . 4 4 . 4 5a . 4 5b . 4 6 . 4 7 . 4 8 . 4 9 . 5 0 . 5 1 . 5 2 . 5 3 . 5 4 .

P age R oman R oad s ide O ccupa t ion S i te si nL ow land B r i ta in . R oman S i te si nN o r th O x fo rd sh i r e . W i lco te R oad s ide S e t t lemen t . L oca t ion o ft h e 1 9901992 E xcava t ion s . P lan o ft h e 1 9901992 E xcava t ion s :N o r the rn A r ea . P lan o ft h e 1 9901992 E xcava t ion s : S ou ther nA r ea . T he Q ua r r ie sF . 17 ,F . 18 a nd F . 19 : s e c t ion a -a . T he R oad s ide D i t ch F . 26 : s e c t ion sb -b a nd c c . T he We l lF .47 : s e c t ion d -d . T he B ounda ry D i tch F .40 : s e c t ion e -e . Q ua r r ie s( ? )F .2 1 a nd F . 22 : s e c t ion f f . B u i ld ing 1 . B u i ld ing 2 . P i tF . 7 : s e c t ion g -g . P i tF . 15 : s e c t ion h -h . P i tF . 16 : s e c t ion i i . P i tF .44 : s e c t ion j j . P i tF .45 : s e c t ion k -k . P i tF .48 : s e c t ion 1 1 . D i tch F . 35 : s e c t ion m-m . P i tF .42 : s e c t ion n -n . B ounda ry D i tche sF . 2a nd F . 4 : s e c t ion o -o . P aved a r ea ss ou th o ft h eR oad . B roo che s 1 -8 . B roo che s9 -16 . B roo che s 1 7-27 . B ronze O b jec t s 1 -22 . B ron ze O b je c t s2 3-41 . B ronze O b jec t s4 2-46 . I r on O b je c t s 1 17 . I r on O b je c t s 1 8-26 . L ead O b jec t . S t one O b jec t s . T he U se so fR oman P o t te ry v e s se l s . Ag roup o f moder nv e s se l si nr e gu la rd ome s t ic u s e . S am ian n o s . 1 12 . S am ian n o s . 1 3-35 . S am ian n o s . 3 6-64 . S am ian n o s .6 5-97 . S am ian n o s .9 8128 . S am ian n o s . 1 29137 . S am ian n o s . 1 38153 . S am ian n o s . 1 54182 . S am ian n o s . 1 83-210 . S am ian n o s . 2 11-239 . S am ian v e s se l sw i th s t amp s . Mo r ta r ium s t amp . G ra f f i to . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s . 1 -24 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s . 2 5-6 1 . C oa r se p o t te r yn o s .6 2-84 ,86 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s . 8 5 ,87116 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s . 17163 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s . 1 64-214 . C oa r se p o t t e ry n o s .2 15-253 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s .2 54-294 . C oa r se p o t t e ry n o s . 2 95-329 .

f a c ing p age 1 2 4 6 8 9 1 0 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 7 1 7 1 8 1 8 1 8 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 8 3 0 3 2 3 8 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 4 4 6 4 8 5 0 5 1 5 5 7 5 9 6 1 6 3 6 5 6 7 6 9 7 1 7 3 7 6 7 9 7 9 8 1 8 3 8 5 8 7 8 9 9 1 9 3 9 5 9 7

F igu re 5 . 5 6 . 5 7 . 5 8 . 5 9 . 6 0 . 6 1 . 6 2 . 6 3 . 6 4 . 6 5 . 6 6 . 6 7 . 6 8 . 6 9 . 7 0 . 7 1 . 7 2 . 7 3 . 7 4 . 7 5 . 7 6 . 7 7 . 7 8 . 7 9 . 8 0 . 8 1 . 8 2 . 8 3 .

P age C oa r se p o t te ry n o s . 30-360 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s . 3 6 1-387 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s .3 88-424 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s .4 25-465 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s .4 66-512 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s .5 13-552 . C oa r se p o t t e ry n o s . 53-588 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s .5 89-6 16 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s .6 17-658 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s .6 59-696 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s .6 97-731 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s .7 32-762 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s : 7 63-794 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s .7 95-835 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s .8 36-865 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s . 8 66-896 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s . 8 97-935 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s .9 36-973 . C oa r se p o t t e ry n o s .9 741006 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s . 1 0071030 ,1032 ,1035 ,1036 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s . 1 031 ,1033 ,1034 ,10371058 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s . 1 0 591072 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s . 1 073-110 5 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s . 1061131 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s . 132-1164 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s . 1651172 . Ampho ra s t amp s . G la s sa nd F r i tO b jec t s . B on eO b jec t s .

9 9 1 0 1 1 03 1 05 1 07 1 09 11 13 15 17 19 1 2 1 1 23 1 25 1 27 1 29 1 31 1 33 1 35 1 37 1 39 1 41 1 43 1 45 1 47 1 49 1 56 1 6 1 1 64

T he t a b le s ,f i gu re sa nd p l a te sf o rt h es e c t ion o nF auna lR ema in sa r en umbe r ed s epa ra te ly a nd a r el i s ted o np age 1 66 . 3 4 .

L inco ln C he s ter

L e ices ter

Wroxe ter

C a is tor Wa ter N ew ton

C o lche s ter

G louces ter S t A lbans

C irences ter

S i lches ter C an terbury

W inches ter Ch iche s ter

D orches ter

F ig . 1 . R oman R oad s ide O c cupa t ion S i t e si nL ow land B r i ta in .

I NTRODUCT ION R oad s ide S e t t lemen t s T he r e gu la ro c cu r ren ce o fs e t t lemen t si s af e a tu r ec ommon t o a l lt h em a jo rR oman r oad so fl ow land B r i ta in ( F ig . 1 ) .T he se s e t t lemen t s f a l l i n to v a r iou s c a tego r ie s : s ome a r e c i v i ta s c ap i ta l s ,o t he r s a r e' sma l l t own s 'c ha ra c t e r i sed b ya ne l emen t o f m un ic ipa l p l ann ing i n t h e i r l a you t a nd s ome t ime s p o sse s s ing d e f ence s , a nd o t he r s a ga in — t h e m o s t n ume rou s g r oup — h ave b een c a l led s imp ly ' r oad s ide s e t t lemen t s ' . T he se l a s tf o rm ag roup w h ich i sa tp r e sen tl a rge ly d ef ined i n n ega t ive t e rm s : t h ey a r e s i te s w h ich a r e n e i the r c i v i ta s c ap i ta l s ,n o rt own s ,n o r' sma l lt own s ' ,n o rv i l la s , a l lo fw h ich a r e f a i r ly w e l l—defmed c a tego r ie s . T hey a r e n o rma l ly u nde f ended . T hey s how l i t t le o r n o s i gn o f a ny o ve ra l l p l ann ing o r m un ic ipa l o r gan i sa t ion . T he o n ly e v iden ce f o r t h e i re x i s t enc e i su sua l ly as c a t te ro fR oman m a te r ia l s p r ead o ve ra n a r ea o fs e ve ra lh e c ta r e s . A e r ia l p ho tog raphy u sua l ly r e vea l sf ew i fa ny s ub s tan t ia lb u i ld ing so rf e a tu re so fn o te . T h e i n f o rma t ion a va i lab le i n 1 986 o n r oad s id e s e t t lemen t s h a sb een s umma r i sed b yR .F . Sm i th ( Sm i th 1 987 ) , a nd F ig . 1 i sb a sed o n h i s w o rk . I nh i s g aze t tee r , Sm i th l i s t s 1 58 s u ch s i te s , a nd a l though s ome o f h i s i d en t i f ica t ion s m ay b e c ha l lenged ( f o r e xamp le , s ome c e r ta in ly b e long i nt h e ' sma l l t own ' c a t ego ry ) , h i s a na ly s i s i sg ene ra l ly a cc ep ted b y t h e p r e sen t a u tho r . Two n o tab le f e a tu r e s e me rge f r om Sm i th ' s s t udy . F i r s t ly , i ti sc l ea r t h a t t h e se s i te s o c cu r w i th r ema rkab le r e gu la r i ty o ve r t h e w ho le c i v i l ian a r ea o f R oman B r i ta in , r e ga rd le s s o f t h e g eo logy , t o pog raphy , p edo logy , e co logy , p opu la t ion , a g r icu l tu ra l e xp lo i ta t ion o r a ny o t h e r f e a tu r e o f t h e s u r round ing c oun t ry s id e . F u r the rmo r e , m o s t o f t h e s i te s a r e n o t l o ca ted a tr oad j u nc t ion s o r r i ve r c r o s s ing s o ro t he r s i te so fo bv iou ss i gn if i canc e ,b u tl i k eW i lco te t h ey l i ei no p en c oun t ry s ide . S econd ly , e xa c t ly h a l f o f t h e 1 58 s i t e s i nh i s g az e t tee r a r e s a id t oh ave p roduced f i r s t—cen tu ry m a te r ia l , a nd o ne f i f th ( 3 2 s i te s ) a r e c l a imed t oh ave y i e lded f i nd s o f C laud ian d a te . T he se f i gu r e s a r e c e r ta in ly n o tv e ry a c cu ra te : t h e e v id enc e i si nm any c a se s u n r e l iab le a nd i no t he r c a se s t h e re i se f f ec t ive ly n o d a t ing e v idenc e a ta l l , b u t t h e r e i sn o d oub tt h a tr oad s ide s e t t lemen t s f r equen t ly h ave f i r s t—cen tu ry o r ig in s .

v a r iou s ly i d en t if i ed a s d we l l ing s . b y re s a nd b a rn s . L iv ing s t anda rd s , a tl e a s t w hen d ef ined i nt e rm s o f' Roman iza t ion ' , w e r ec l ea r ly n o th i gh , a nd t h e r ew a sn os i gn o fa ny m un ic ipa l o r gan i sa t ion e xc ep t i n so fa r a s t h e p l o t s a ppea red t o b e o f r o ugh ly s im i la r s i ze . T he ' Roman iza t ion ' o f t h e i n hab i tan t s m ay n o tb e aq uan t i f iab le e n t i ty , b u t t h ey w e re s u r e ly l i v ing w i th in t h e R omano—B r i t i sh e conom ic s y s tem a nd , s o f a r a s t h e i rr e sou r ce sp e rm i t ted ,w e re u s ing t h em a te r ia lp roduc t so f t h a t e conomy s u ch a s c o in s , p o t te ry a nd o t he r a r t e fa c t s . A t l e a s t t h r ee o ft h e u n i t s w e re e s tab l i shed e a r ly i nt h e s e cond c en tu ry a nd c on t inued i n o ccupa t ion i n to t h e l a te f ou r th c en tu ry . H iba ld s tow ( Sm i th 1 987 , 1 89198 ) w a s b road ly s im i la r i n c ha ra c t e r . E xcava t ion s a ga in r e vea led a s e r ie s o f u n i t s o r s ma l l—ho ldi ng s s t rung o u t a l ong E rm ine S t ree t . T he d a te s o b ta ined w e r e s im i la r t o t h o se a t C a t sgo r e , t h ough t h e p r e sen ce o f s ome F lav ian s am ian i n d ica ted f i r s t—cen tu ry o ccupa t ion . I ti sp robab le t h a ts im i la r ly e x ten s ive e xcava t ion so nm any o f t h e o t he r r oad s ide s e t t lemen t s i te s w ou ld p roduc e s im i la r r e su l t s : ar i bbon d eve lopmen t o f s ma l l—ho ld ing s f o rm ing a n on—nuc lea ted s e t t lemen t o f s e cond t o f ou r th c en tu ry d a te a nd o fn og r ea tw ea l th .T h eq ue s t ion o ft h er e la t ion sh ip o ft h e s u r face s c a t te r o f m a te r ia l t o t h e u nde r ly ing r ema in s i s d i scu s sed b e low i nc onne c t ion w i th W i lco te , b u t i ts e em s p robab le t h a tt h e se s i te sm ay h ave t y p ica l ly e x tended f o r 1 -2 k ma l ong t h er oad a nd c ove r ed 5 -10ha . T h i s p i c tu r e , r e vea led b y e xcava t ion a nd b y f i e ld—wa lk ing , f a i l s t oe xp la in t h e t wo s t r ik ing f e a tu re s o ft h e se s i te s : t h e i r r e gu la r o c cu r r ence a nd t h e i r e a r ly d a te , a nd t h e e xcava t ion s a tW i lco te a r e s pec if ica l ly d e s igned t oa dd re s s t h e se m a t te r s b y l o ca t ing a nd e xp lo r ing a s f u l ly a s p o s s ib le t h e o r ig ina l c o r eo ft h er o ad s ide s e t t lemen t . AP o s s ib le Mode lf o rt h eO r ig in so fR oad s ide S e t t lemen t s I ft h e o r ig in s o ft h e r oad s ide s e t t lemen t s c an b e s hown t ob e e f fe c t ive ly c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e a d jac en t r oad s , a nd i fb o th c an b e a t t r ibu ted t o t h e y ea r s i mmed ia te ly f o l low ing t h ec onque s t , t h en t h e s e t t lemen t s c an b es e en i n an ew l i gh t . S i n ce t h er oad sw e re p re sumab ly b u i l t b y t h e a rmy f o r s t ra teg ic r e a son s , p r ima r i ly t o p rov ide m ob i l i ty f o r t h e l e g ion s a nd c ommun ica t ion s f o r t h e f o r t s , i t b ecome s p o s s ib le t o s e e t h e s e t t lemen t s a s h av ing s ome m i l i ta ry o r ig in a nd p u rpo se . T hey c ou ld h ave f u n c t ioned a s r oad—bu i ld e r s ' c amp s , o r a s b a se s f o r t h o se w ho w e r e r e spon s ib le f o r t h e m a in tenan ce o f t h e r oad s , o r a s s t ag ing p o s t s f o r m i l i ta ry t r a f f ic u s ing t h e r oad s , a l l o f t h e se a c t iv i t ie sb e ing u nde rm i l i ta ry c on t ro ld u r ing t h ec onque s ta nd t h e i mmed ia te ly p o s t—conque s t p e r iod . S uch s i t e s w ou ld p robab ly n o t b e w o r th d e f end ing . T hey w ou ld b e r e qu i red a t u n i fo rm d i s tan ce s ,d e t e rm in ed b yt h ed i s tance as o ld ie rc ou ld m a r ch i n ad ay o r h a l f d ay , o r p e rhap s mo re p robab ly t h e d a i ly j ou rney o f a n o x—ca r t , a nd t h i s d i s t r ibu t ion w ou ld b e mo r e o r l e s s i n dep enden t o f t h e s u r round ing t e r ra in o r i t s

T he r e su l t s o fe xcava t ion h ave g ene ra l ly b een d i sappo in t ing . T yp ica l ly , t r en che s h ave b een d ug , s c a t te r ed ' f l oo r s ' , ' h ea r th s ' , s ma l l d i t che s o rd ub iou s w a l l s h ave b een r e vea led , a nd t h e e xcava to r s h ave r e t r ea ted , b a ff l ed . T he d i t ch e s a nd s t ruc tu r e sa r eg ene ra l ly t o os l igh tt os how u pc l ea r ly i na e r ia l p ho tog raph s . I n t wo c a se s s ub s tan t ia l a r ea s h ave b e en e xcava ted : a tC a t sgo r e ( Som . ) a nd H iba ld s tow ( S . H umb s . ) , a nd a l though t h e se s i te s a r e a s w ide ly s epa ra ted a s t h ey c ou ld b e i nt h e p rov ince , t h e r e su l t s h ave b een r ema rkab ly s im i la r . A t C a t sgo r e ( Leech 1 982 ) , t h e e xcava t ion o f s ome 4 ha r e vea led ad eve lopmen to fp ea san ts ma l l—ho ld ing s e x tend ing f o ra tl e a s t3 00m a l ong b o th s i de so ft h eI l che s t e rr oad . E a ch u n i t i n c luded s ma l l b u i ld ing s w i th s t one f o unda t ion s , 1

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F ig .2 . R oman S i te si nN o r th O x fo rd sh i re .

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o c cupa t ion .T h es i te sw ou ld a ppea rt ob e' R oman 'r a the rt h an n a t ive f r om t h e i re a r l ie s to r ig in s . T he d eve lopmen t o f s u ch a s i te i n to a s e em ing ly n on— n u c lea ted v i l lage s u ch a s C a t sgo re o r H iba ld s tow m igh t b e e xp la ined b yt h ea dvanc eo ft h e a rmy t oi t sf i na lp o s i t ion si n Wa le sa nd t h en o r th o fE ng land ,f o l low ing w h ich t h em i l i ta ry w ou ld p r e sumab ly l o se i n te r e s t i n t h e s i te s , w h ich w ou ld a s sume a c i v i l ian c ha ra c te r . T he f u n c t ion o f p r ov id ing s e r v ic e s t ot r ave l le r s w ou ld r ema in , b u t w i th c i v i l ian r a the r t h an m i l i ta ry t r a f f ic a s t h e c u s tome r , a nd a n e n t repo t m igh t d eve lop w i th l o ca l g ood s b e ing s o ld t o t r ave l le r s a nd t r ave l l ing m e r chan t s s el ing t h e i r g ood s t o t h e l o ca l i n hab i tan t s .T he se f u n c t ion sw ou ld p rov ide a ne conom ic b a s i s f o rt h ed eve lopmen to ft h ef i na le x ten s ive v i l lage . T h i s m ode l i sp u t f o rwa rd b ecau se i ta pp ea r s t o f i t t h e e v idenc e f r om W i lco te a nd d oe s n o t c onf l ic t w i th t h a t f r om o t h e rs i t e s , a nd b e cau se i ti se a s ie r t ow o rk w i th s ome s u ch m ode l i nm ind . T h i s i se mpha t ica l ly n o t t ou nde r take t h e e xcava t ion i n o r de r t o p r ove a t h eo ry : t h e mode l w il c e r ta in ly r e qu i r e m od if i ca t ion a nd p e rhap s a bandonmen t a s w o rk p r oc eed s a tW i lco te , w he r e o n ly o ne p e r c en t o f t h e t o ta l a r ea o f t h e s e t t lemen t h a s s o f a r b een e xcava ted . F u r th e rmo re , n o a moun t o f e xcava t ion o n o ne s i t e c an c onv in c ing ly b ee x tended t oi n te rp r e tt h eo t he r 1 57 w h ich a r e o n ly p r e sumed t ob eg ene ra l ly s im i la r .

e xp lo i ta t ion o f t h e t wo a r ea s . T he T hame s V a l ley g r ave l s c on t inued t o b e c u l t iva ted a s s ma l l a nd r e la t ive ly p oo r f a rm s tead s , w h i le t h e h i ghe r l a nd t ot h e n o r th w a s e n t i r e ly a nd s o le ly o c cup ied b yv i l la e s ta te s ,w i th t h ee xcep t ion o ft h e r o ad s ide s e t t lemen t sa l ong A keman S t re e t . T h i s p i c tu re i sn o t i n va l ida ted b y t h e ' v i l la ' a tB a r ton c ou r t F a rm , 2 3km s o u th—ea s t o f W i lco te ( M i le s 1 984 ) . T h i s e s tab l i shmen t ,u n l ike t h ev i l la st ot h en o r th ,d eve loped f r om a L a t e l i on A ge f a rm s t ead , a nd r e p r e sen t s t h e s ame g ene ra l c on t inu i ty a si so b se r ved i nl e s s w ea l thy a nd l e s sR oman ized s i t e si nt h eT hame sV a l ley . T h e m a in R oman f e a tu r e i nt h e a r ea w a s A keman S t ree t i t se l f , b u i l t t op r ov id e c ommun ica t ion b e tween t h e f o r t a t C i r en ce s t e r ( Co r in ium ) , t h e p r obab le f o r t a tA lche s te r , a nd t h e f o r t a tS t . A lban s ( Ve ru lam ium ) . T he r e i sn o r e a son t o d oub tt h a t t h i sr o ad w a s c on s t ru c ted a tt h e s ame t i me a st h e f o r t s ,s i nc et h er o ad w ou ld h ave b een p u rpo se le s sw i thou tt h e f o r t sa nd t h ef o r t sw ou ld h ave b een u n su s ta inab le w i thou tt h e r o ad , w h ich w a s a l so n eeded t og i ve t h e a rmy t h e n e ce s sa ry m ob i l i ty i nt h ei mmed ia te ly p o s t—conque s tp e r iod . T h es i te so nA k eman S t re e ta r e ,a c co rd ing t oS m i th ( 1 987 ) :

T h e r ei sa l so t h eq ue s t ion o ft h er e la t ion sh ip o ft h es e t t lemen t t o t h e s u r round ing c oun t ry s ide . O r ig ina l ly t h i s m igh t h ave b e en c u l tu ra l a sm uch a s e conom ic , f o r W i lco t e i n t roduced t h e R oman w ay o f l i f e t oi t s r u ra l v i c in i ty . W i lco te w a s a f l ou r i sh ing a nd f u l ly R oman s i te a f u l l g en e ra t ion b e fo r e S hakenoa l c o ra ny o ft h e o t h e r l o ca l v i l la s h ad t h e i r m od e s t b eg inn ing s . H oweve r , a s t h e se v i l la s d eve lop ed , a nd a s W i lco te i t se l f e xpanded , s o an ew r e la t ion sh ip m u s t h ave b een e s tab l i shed . A ny d i scu s s ion m u s tb eh i gh ly s p ecu la t ive s i n ce a lmo s t n o th ing i sk nown o f t h i s e x tended s e t t lemen t . H oweve r , t h e v e ry e x ten s ive e xcava t ion o f t h e S hak enoak v i l la e n c lo su r e s h owed t h a t t h e re w a s l i t t le o r n o a c commoda t ion w i th in t h e e n c lo su re f o r t h e n umbe r s o f a g r icu l tu ra l l a bou r e r s n eeded t o w o rk a f a i r ly e x ten s ive e s ta t e .I tm ay b et h a tt h ei n hab i tan t so fW i lco te l i ved o nt h e i r r o ad s ide s ma l l—ho ld ing s a nd h i red t h em se lve s o u t t o t h e a d ja cen t v i l la e s ta te s . U n t i l m u ch m o r e i sk nown b o th o f W i lco te i n i t s F lav ian a nd l a te r p ha se s , a nd o f t h e s u r round ing v i l la s ,a ny s u ch h ypo the s i sm u s tr ema in u n te s ted . T he A rchaeo logy o ft h eW i lco te A rea N o r th—we s t O x fo rd sh i re c an b e d i v ided i n to t wo a r ea s g eo log ica l ly a nd a r chaeo log ica l ly : t h e T hame s v a l ley t ot h e s o u th a nd t h e l i me s tone C o t swo ld h i l l s t ot h en o r th ( F ig . 2 ) . T h e T hame s v a l ley w i th i t s w e l l—d ra ined g r ave l s h a s b een o c cup ied a tl e a s t f r om N eo l i th ic t i me s w he r ea s f a r f ewe r p r eh i s to r ic o c cupa t ion s i te sh ave b een i d en t if i ed o nt h eh i ghe r g r ound t ot h en o r th .I ti sp robab le t h a tt h i sh i ghe rg r ound w i th i t s c l ay s o i l s w a s h eav i ly w ooded i n p r e—Roman t i me s , a l though t h e h i gh p ropo r t ion o f s h eep b one s i n t h e e a r ly d epo s i t s a tW i lco te s e em s t oi n d ica t e c on s ide rab le a r ea s o f g r az ing . T h e g eo log ica l d i f f e r enc e i sr ef l ec ted i nt h eR oman 3

S t .A lban s( f o r t ) 1 8 .2 k m N o r th C hu r ch ( r oad s ide s e t t lemen t ) 5 . 8k m D ray ton B eauchamp ( r oad s ide s e t t lemen t ) 1 2 .4 k m F le e t Ma r s ton ( r oad s ide s e t t lemen ta ta s t r eam c r o s s ing ) 9 . 6k m G r endon U nde rwood ( r oad s ide s e t t lemen t ) 1 .9 k m A lche s te r( sma l lt own ,p r obab le f o r t ) 1 2 .1 k m S an som ' sP la t t( r oad s ide s e t t lemen t ) 1 0 .1 k m W i lco te ( r oad s ide s e t t lemen t ) 8 . 0k m A s tha l l( r oad s ide s e t t lemen t ) 1 6 .5 k m Q uen ing ton ( r oad s ide s e t t lemen t ) 1 .5 k m C i renc e s t e r( f o r t ) T he p o s t—Roman h i s to ry o fA k eman S t r ee ti su nu sua l , s i n ce i nm ed iaeva l t i me s C i r enc e s t e r s h rank t o as ma l l m a rke t t own , a nd t h e s i te o fA lche s te r w a s a bandoned i nf a vou r o f B i ce s te r , 2 . 5km t ot h e n o r th . I nc on sequence t h e i mpo r tance o f A keman S t r ee t d w ind led t o s u ch a d eg r ee t h a t s ome s t r e tche s ,i n c lud ing t h a ta r ound W i lco te ,i su n encumb e red b y a ny m odem r o ad o ri n deed b y p o s t—Roman f e a tu r e s o fa ny k i nd ,e xcep ta tt h ew e s te rn e x t r em i ty .T h i sc on t ra s t sw i th t h e f a r c ommone r s i tua t ion w he reby R oman r o ad s j o in m odem c i t ie s a nd s o l i e b enea th m odem t r unk r oad s w i th t h e i r a s so c ia ted d eve lopmen t s . T he l a nd t o t h e n o r th a nd s ou th o f A keman S t ree t w a s

4 W i lco te R oad s ide S e t t lemen t .

o c cup ied b y v i l la e s ta te s . L i t t le i sk nown w i th a ny c e r ta in ty o f m o s t o f t h e t wen ty s uppo sed v i l la s i n t h e v i c in i ty o f W i lco te ( F ig . 2 ) , a nd i ti sv e ry p o s s ib le t h a t s ome w i l lp r ove t ob e m i s— iden t if ica t ion s . T he v i l la a tN o r th le igh , 3 1 cm t ot h e e a s t o f W i lco te , g r ew t o ag r ea t s i ze i n t h e l a te r r oman p e r iod , b u t i t s o r ig in s l a y i nt h e f i r s t c en tu ry ( W i l son a nd S h e r lock 1 980 ) . T he e a r l ie s t p ha se o f t h e D i t ch ley v i l la 5 . 5km t o t h e n o r thea s t o f W i lco te d a ted f r om t h e 7 0 s ( Rad fo rd 1 936 ;S hak enoak I I , 1 40 ) .T he v i l la a tS hak enoak , 1 . 8 Ian t ot h e s ou thea s t , w a s c omp le te ly e xcava ted i n1 9607 6 a nd h ad F lav ian o r ig in s ( Shak enoak I —V ) . ( F r equen t

t h e r e w i th in l i v ing m emo r y . T he s i tua t ion f u r the r w e s t a ga in i su n c lea r a s t h e f i e ld h a s b een u nde r g r a s s f o r m any y ea r s , b u t t h e r e a r e r e po r t s o fc o in s a nd p o t te ry b e ing f o und t h e re a nd i nt h e g a rden s o fh ou se s o n t h e l i ne o fA keman S t r ee t t o t h ee a s t o ft h e R am sden c r o s s— road s , b u t n o t t ot h e w e s t . A t t h e e a s te rn e nd t h e s c a t te r o fp o t te ry t h in s o u t c on s ide rab ly , b u t s ma l l t r ia l e xcava t ion s i n t h e a r ea o f t h e p ond a t S P 3 70 156 h ave p r oduced f ou r th— cen tu ry p o t te ry i n c lud ing r e d c o lou r— coa ted O x fo rd w a re .* L a t et h i rd— cen tu ry s i lve rc o in s , s ma l ll ump s o ff u sed s i lve ra nd as i lve rc o in o fA n ton ia h ave a l b een f o und i nt h i sv i c in i ty i nr e cen ty ea r s .T he a r ea f u r the r e a s t a ga in i sc ove red i nt r ee s a nd s o i si n acc e s s ib le a nd t h e n ex t f i e ld t ot h e e a s t i sp e rmanen t ly u nde rg r a s s . S ou th— ea s t o ft h ec r o s s— road sn ea rS P3 74 154 l i e st h ed e ser ted m ed ieva l t i l lage ( DMV )o fW i lco t e .

r e f e r ence st oS hakenoak a r ed i c ta ted n o tb yh ub r i s ,b u tb yt h e c onven ience o f h av ing a f u l ly e xcava ted s i t e s o c l o se f o r c ompa r i son . A l so m uch o ft h e m a te r ia l f r om S hakenoak w a s f o und b y t h e a u tho r a nd a l l o fi th and led b y h im , f a c i l i ta t ing d i r ec tc ompa r i son w i th t h a tf r om W i lco te . ) N one o ft h e e i gh tr o ad s ide s e t t lemen t s o nA keman S t r ee th a s b een i n ve s t iga ted i n a ny d e ta i l . O f t h e f o u r b e tween A lche s te r a nd C i r enc e s te r , S an som ' s P la t t p roduced s t one w a l l s ,d eco ra ted w a l l—p la s te ra nd f r agmen t s o ff l ue— t i le , t h e r ema in s b e ing d e sc r ibed b y t h e e xcava to r a st h o se o f av i l la . P o t te r y o f t h e f i r s t t o f o u r th c en tu r ie s w a s r e po r ted ( Chambe r s 1 978 ) . A n e xcava t ion c a r r ied o u t i na dvanc e o f h ou se—bu i ld ing a t A s tha l lr e vea led ad ry s tone w a l l ,t wo w e l l sa nd ar u bb i sh p i t , a nd t h e e xcava to rc on s ide r ed t h a tt h es i te w a so ccup ied ' s oon a f te r t h e m idd le o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry ' , t h ough t h e c o in s e r ie s s t a r t s w i th V e spa s ian a nd t h eu npub l i shed p o t te ry s ugge s t s a l a t e f i r s t t o e a r ly s e cond c en tu r y d a te ( Cook 1 9 55 ) . E l sewhe r e ,c r opma rk sh ave b een i n te rp r e ted a s' l i ne so fs t one b u i ld ing s ' ( Tay lo r a nd C o l l ingwood 1 921 ) . Mo r e r e cen t ly , r e scue w o rk c a r r ied o u t i n 1 992 i n a dvan ce o f aw a te r p i pe l ine r e vea led t h e b eam— s lo t s o f s e ve ra l s ma l l t i mbe r b u i ld ing s s ugge s t ive o f as e t t lemen t r em in i sc en t o fC a t sgo r e a nd H iba l s tow ( P .B oo th ,p e r s .c omm . ) . Q uen ing ton h a s p roduced p r edom inan t ly f o u r th—cen tu ry p o t te r y , c o in s o f w h ich t h e e a r l ie s t w a s o f G a l l ienu s , a nd l i me s ton e b u i ld ing b l ock s . As h e rd o fs am ian f o rm 2 9 c ou ld h ave b een F lav ian o r e a r l ie r ( O 'Ne i l 1 9 57 ) . A e r ia l p ho tog raphy r e vea led ar e c tangu la r d i t ched e n c lo su r e c .2 5 x 4 0m a nd d i t che s r u nn ing p a ra l le l w i th a nd e i the r s i de o f t h e r o ad a t ad i s tan ce o fc .4 0-50m . T he R oad s ide S e t t lemen ta tW i lco te I ti sd i f f icu l t t od ef ine p r ec i se ly t h e e x t en t o f t h e r o ad s ide s e t t lemen ts i te a tW i lco te . T he m ap , f i g . 3 ,a t temp t s t od o s o i nt e rm s o fs u r fac e f i nd s a nd i sb a sed o n f i e ldwa lk ing s i n ce 1 960 .T he s t ipp led a r ea n o rma l ly p roduce s a tl e a s to ne s h e rd p e r s q .m . u nde r f a vou rab le c ond i t ion s , t h a t i s f o l low ing c u l t iva t ion a nd b e fo r e t h e c r op s p rou t s . F i f ty m e t r e s b eyond t h e e dge o ft h i s a r ea i ti su sua l ly d i ff i cu l t t of i nd a ny s h e rd s a ta l l , s o t h i s l i m i t i ss i gn i f ican t a nd i sr e la t ive ly c l o se ly d ef ined . T he f i e ld t ot h e w e s t o f t h a t c on ta in ing t h e p r e sen t e xcava t ion s p roduc e s a lmo s t n o p o t t e ry b u t h a s y i e lded t h ou sand s o f c o in s o f l a t e t h i rd t ol a te f o u r th c en tu ry d a t e . T he a u tho r k now s o f a t l e a s t 2 , 000 c o in s f o und i nr e cen t y ea r s a nd a c co rd ing t oh ea r say m any m o re h ave b een f o und

I ti ss u rp r i s ing ly d i f f icu l tt oa s s ig n ad a te t ot h ep o t te ry f o und o n t h e s u r face b e tween t h e p r e sen t e xcava t ion s a nd S P 3 70 156 . I f c e r ta in ly c omp r i se s v ery f ew s a nd— tempe r ed s h e r d s a nd a lmo s t n o c o lou r— coa ted O x fo rd w a re w ha t soeve r . G rog— temp e red f a b r ic s a r e c ommon a nd n on— t emp e r ed g r ey w a r e s p r edom ina te . T he a u tho r h a s n eve r f o und ac o in o rh ea rd o f o ne f o und i nt h i s a r ea , a l though a h oa rd o f 2 5 C laud ian s e s te r t i i i ss a id t o h ave b een f ound ' n o r th—w e s t o f W i lco te Mano r ' i n t h e n i ne teen th c en tu ry ( VCH O x fo rd sh i re ) . A n o u t s ide d a te r a nge o f A .D . 7 02 50 w ou ld s e em r e a sonab le , p e rhap s w i th t h e e mpha s i s o n t h es e cond c e n tu ry . T h ec o r r e la t ion b e tween s u r face f i nd sa nd u nde r ly ing f e a tu re s i s n o t o bv iou s . Mo s t o f t h e e xcava ted a r ea p roduced r ema rkab ly l i t t le o n t h e s u r face , e ven w hen t h e re w e re R oman f e a tu r e s i mmed ia t e ly b e low , ap henomenon a l so n o ted d u r ing r e c en t r e scue e xcava t ion s a tA s tha l l ( P . B oo th , p e r s . c omm . ) . O nt h e o t he rh and , t h e a r ea i mmed ia te ly t ot h e s ou th o f t h e e xcava t ion s h a s t h e d en se s t s u r face s c a t te r o f p o t te ry o f t h e w ho le o f W i lco te , a l though h e r e t h e p l ough— s o i l a pp ea r s t ol i e d i rec t ly o n t h e u nd i s tu rbed s ub so i l a nd n o R oman f e a tu r e s h ave b een n o ted . T h i s m ay b e d ue t o t h e d ownh i l ld r if t ing o ft h et o p so i ld u r ing c u l t iva t ion . A no the rf e a tu r e w h ich i sd i f f icu l t t oq uan t i fy i st h ec o lou r o f t h e t o p so i l . U nde rc e r ta in c ond i t ion s o fh um id i ty , c u l t iva t ion a nd l i gh t ing , as t r ip o f g r ey i sh e a r th s ome 1 00m w ide , c on t ra s t ing c l ea r ly w i th t h e n o rma l b rown , c an b e s e en t o e x t end w e s twa rd s f r om S P 3 70 156 a l ong t h e p r e sumed l i ne o fA keman S t r ee tt ot h ep r e sen te xcava t ion s . T h i s g r ey e a r th e x tend s o ve r a l l o f t h e f i e ld i nw h ich t h e e xcava t ion s a r e t a k ing p l ace a nd m uch o ft h e f i e ld t ot h e w e s t , c o r re spond ing t ot h ea r ea w h ich p rodu ce sc o in s . T he d i t che s s e en f r om t h e a i r a t Q uen ing ton ( s ee a bove ) , l o ca ted p a ra l le l t oa nd a bou t 4 0-50m d i s tan t f r om t h e r oad , p robab ly c o r r e spond t ot h e d i t ch F .40 a tW i lco te . T hey a r e t o of a ra way f r om t h er oad t oh ave a ny d ra inage f u n c t ion ,a nd a tW i lco te d i t ch F . 26 w a s c l ea r ly d e s igned f o r t h a t p u rpo se . T hey m ay d ef in e t h e l im i t s o f t h e p ub l ic l a nd o n w h ich t h e r o ad w a s b u i l t , as t r ip w h ich m ay w e l l h ave b een c l ea red

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t h rough t h e s u r round ing w ood land a nd u pon w h ich t h e o r ig ina l s t ag ing—po s t w ou ld h ave b een b u i l t . I f t h e s u r round ing l a nd w a s a l ready p a r t o f t h e e s ta te s o f t h e n e ighbou r ing v i l la s b y F lav ian t ime s , l a te r e xpan s ion o f t h e s e t t lemen t i n to av i l lage m igh t r ea sonab ly h ave t a ken p lace a s ar i bbon d eve lopmen t o n t h e p ub l ic l a nd b es ide t h e r oad . T he i n hab i tan t s m ay h ave h ad s ome o f f ic ia l ly r e cogn i sed t e nu r e o f t h i s l a nd , t h ey may h ave p a id r e n t o r t a xe s , o r s imp ly h ave b een t o le ra ted a s s qua t te r s . I n a ny c a se , t h e i r o c cupa t ion w ou ld h ave b een r e s t r ic ted t ot h er oad s ide v e rge s , w h ich w ou ld e xp la in t h e l i nea r n a tu re o f t h e s e t t lemen t . Whe the ro rn o tt h ey g razed o rc u l t iva ted t h e a d jacen t l a nd o r o n ly t h er oad s ide v e rge sw ec anno tk now . I n te rp re ta t ion s o f W i lco te m u s t b e v ery s pecu la t ive , b u t i t s e em sp robab le t h a tt h ep r e—F lav ian o c cupa t ion w a sn o tv e ry e x ten s ive , a nd t h a t t h e ma jo r e xpan s ion t o ok p lace i n t h e s e cond c en tu ry . T he a r ea t ot h e w es t o ft h e e xcava t ion s m ay h ave b een a ma rke t i n t h e l a te t h i rd a nd f ou r th c en tu r ie s , w h ich w ou ld e xp la in t h e n ume rou s c o in s a nd l a ck o fp o t te ry . I tm ay n o t b e c hanc e t h a t t h i s , a t ah e igh t o f a bou t 1 50m a bove s ea l e ve l , i s ah i gh p o in to n t h e l i ne o ft h e r oad , f r om

7

w h ich t h e J ohn R adc l if f e H o sp i ta l i nO xfo rd 2 0k rn a way t o t h e e a s t i sc l ea r ly v i s ib le . When t h i s a r ea i sp loughed , t h e u nd i s tu rbed c l ay s ub so i l i sr e vea led i mmed ia te ly b e low t h e p lough so i l a nd n owhe re h ave a ny t r ace s o f R oman f e a tu r es b een n o ted . I ti sp o ss ib le t h a t t h e a s so c ia ted l a te R oman o ccupa t ion l a y f u r the r w es t s t i l l , u p t o a nd b enea th t h e modem v i l lage o fR amsden . T he e x t reme e a s ter ne nd o ft h e s e t t lemen t a l so a ppea r s t o h ave s u r v ived i n to t h e f ou r th c en tu ry , t h ough t h e a r ea b e tween t h e se e x t rem i t ies s eem s t o h ave b een o ccup ied s pa r se ly i fa ta l l a f te r t h e m idd le o f t h e t h i rd c en tu ry . L ong—Term P lan sf o rt he W i lco te E xcava t ion s T he s e cond p ha se o f t h e e xcava t ion s i s i n p rog re s s a nd e x tend s t h e e xcava ted a r ea w e s twa rd s . I ti sh oped t h a t mo s t o f t h e f i e ld n o r th o f t h e O rdnance S u rvey g r id l i ne 3 65 w i l l e ven tua l ly b e e xam ined , t o ge the r w i th a s ma l l n umbe r o f o t he rl o ca t ion s w i th in t h e s e t t lemen t a r ea . T he r e su l t s w i l l b e r epo r ted i n as e r ie s o f p ub l ica t ion s o f w h ich t h e p re sen t v o lume i st h ef i r s t .

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THE EXCAVAT IONS 1 990-92 A keman S t ree ta nd a s soc ia ted f e a ture s : t h eq uar r ie sa nd t he r oad s ide d i tch . T he l i ne o f A keman S t ree t t o t h e w e s t i sd ef ined b y t h e a l ig nmen to ft h em oder nr oad i nt h ec en t r e o fR am sden ( F ig . 3 ) . T o t h e e a s t t h e re a r e v a r iou s b ounda r ie s w h ich a r e p r e sumed t op r e se r ve t h e l i ne o f t h e r oad o n a n a l ignmen t i n d ica ted b y t h e b r oken l i ne o n t h e m ap . I ti st h e r e fo r e c l ea r t h a t ac hange i na l ig nmen tm u s tt a ke p l ac e ,p e rhap s al i t t le t o t h ew e s to ft h ep r e sen te xcava t ion s , w h e r et h er oad c r o s se s a r i dge s ome 3 00m t o t h e w e s t n ea r S P 3 62 . H oweve r , t h e s i tua t ion i sc omp l ica ted b y t h e p r e senc e o f a n o ve rg rown h o l low w ay i nt h e n a r row s t r ip o fw ood land i mmed ia te ly t o t h e n o r th o ft h e R oman s e t t lemen t . T h i s i sp robab ly t h e l i ne o f am ed ieva l r oad w h ich r e p lac ed A keman S t re e t a tt h i s p o in t . A keman S t ree tc r o s se st h ee xcava ted a r ea f r om e a s tt ow e s t , b u t n o t r a ce s o f t h e r oad o ri t s f o unda t ion s w e r e s e en i nt h e a r ea e xcava ted ( F ig . 5 a ,b ) . T he s ame i st r ue o f t h e a r ea i mmed ia t e ly t o t h e w e s t w h ich w i l l b e d e sc r ibed i n t h e s e cond r e po r t . T h i s i sr e ad i ly e xp la ined b y t h e d i scove ry o f a t l e a s t t h r ee q ua r r ie s i mmed ia te ly t o t h e s ou th o f t h e p r e sumed l i ne o f t h e r oad . T he se m u s t h ave p roduced a s u f f ic ien tv o lume o fc l ay a nd s t one t or a i se t h er oad s u r fa ce s i gn i f ican t ly a bove t h e s u r round ing s . P lough ing h a s c omp le te ly d e s t royed a l l t r ac e o f t h i s e mbankmen t , a nd t h e a s so c ia ted s t one h a s e i the rb een s c a t te r ed b y p l ough ing o ve r t h ee n t i re s u r fa ce o ft h ef i e ld , o rw a sp e rhap su sed t os u r face t h es uppo sed m ed ieva lr oad s ome 1 00m t ot h en o r th . T he q ua r r ie s ( F ig . 5 b ; s e c t ion a —a , F ig . 6 ) w e r e s im i la r t o t h o se r e vea led b y t h e e xcava t ion s c a r r ied a tt h e K ing H a r ry L ane s i te i mmed ia te ly o u t s ide t h e s ou th g a te o fV e ru lam ium ( S tead a nd R igby 1 989 , f i g .4 ) , w h e re t h eS i lch e s te rr o ad w a s r e cogn i sed o n ly a s as t r ip d evo id o f a ny a r chaeo log ica l f e a tu re s f l anked b y t wo q ua r r ie s . R ow s o fs u ch q ua r r ie s c an b e s e en f r om t h e a i r l i n ing an umbe r o fR oman r oad s , a nd a n o tab le e xamp le i sp rov ided b y t h e r oad f r om C a r l i s le t o A nnan w h e r e : ' . .qua r ry—p i t so ccu r a ts ho r t i n te r va l s a ta bou t 1 3 y a rd s d i s tance f r om t h e w e s t s i de o f t h e r oad . T hey a r e o va lo rc i r cu la rh o l low s , 1 5t o2 0f e e ti nd i ame te ra nd [ t oday ] a bou t 1 /f 2 1 e e td eep ,o c ca s iona l ly m o r e ' . ( S t . J o seph 1 9 52 , 2 0 a nd p l .V I I I ) . T he W i lco te q ua r r ie s a r e o f g r ea t i n t e r e s t f o r t wo r e a son s . F i r s t ly , t h ey m u s t b e c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e c on s t r uc t ion o f t h e r oad : t h e l a ck o f f o unda t ion s a t R oman g round l e ve l s how s t h a tt h er oad w a s n o to r ig ina l ly a tt h a t l e ve l a nd l a te r e mbanked , a nd t h e e xcava t ion s d e sc r ibed h e r e h a rd ly a l low f o r a ny r e—a l ignmen t ; c on sequen t ly t h e r o ad w a s e mbanked a nd r a n a l ong t h e s ame l i ne f r om t h es t a r t . T h i sb e ing s o , t h e e a r l ie s t d epo s i t s i n t h e se q ua r r ie s s hou ld d a te f r om t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h er oad .T h i sw ou ld n o tb et r ue i ft h eq ua r r ie s c on t inued i nu s e a f te rt h e i n i t ia l c on s t ru c t ion , o ri ft h ey w e r e l a te rc l ea red o u ta nd r e—u sed . T he r ei se v iden ce t h a tt h i sw a s i n d eed t h e c a se w i th q ua r ry F . 18 a tl e a s t a bove t h e e a r l ie s t l e ve l ,b u td ef in i te ly w a sn o ts ow i th F . 17 o rF . 19 .T h es e cond r e a son f o rt h e i ri n te r e s ti st h a tt h ey a c ted a st r ap sf o rr u bb i sh , 1

a nd s o b o th i n d ica te t h e p r ox im i ty o f h uman a c t iv i ty a nd p rov ide m a t e r ia l st od a t et h a ta c t iv i ty . T he e a r l ie s t d epo s i t s i na l l t h r ee q ua r r ie s w e r e s im i la r , a nd c on s i s ted o fw ha ta ppea red a tf i r s tg l anc e t ob en a tu ra l c l ay . H oweve r , t h i s p roved t o c on ta in o c ca s iona l f l eck s o f c ha r coa l , a nd i ns ome p l ace s t ob e v e ry s l igh t ly d i sco lou r ed b r own o r g r ey t o ad ep th o f 1 0-20 cm . E xcava t ion o f t h i s l a ye r ( F ig . 6 ,s e c t ion a —a ; l e ve l 6i nF . 17 , F . 18 a nd F . 19 ) r e vea led i tt oc on ta in a c on s ide rab le a moun t o f p o t t e ry i n F . 17 l e ve l 6 , as ma l le r s moun t i n F . 19 l e ve l 6( p e rhap s b e cau se t h e c en t ra l a r ea o f t h e q ua r ry w a s n o t e xcava ted , l y ing a s i td o e s b enea th ah edge a nd i nt h e a d jac en t f i e ld ) , a nd o n ly o ne v e s se l i n F . 18 l e ve l 6 . T he s h e rd s w e r e g ene ra l ly l a rge , u nwea the r ed a nd u nwo rn , a nd i nm any c a se s m o s t o r a l l o ft h e v e s se l w a s p r e sen t . I na l l t h ree q ua r r ie s , u nd i s tu rbed n a tu ra lc l ay a nd s t one l a yb enea th l e ve l6 . T he o r ig in o ft h e se d epo s i t sw a sr e vea led w hen t h ee xcava t ed q ua r ry F . 17 w a se xpo sed t ow ea the r ing t h rough aw in te r .T he s u r fac e o ft h ec l ay c r umb led o ne xpo su r e t ot h e a i r , a nd w a s r e duced b y r a in a nd f r o s t t o af i ne s l u r ry t o ad ep th o f 1 02 0 cm . A ny o b je c t s f a l l ing i n to t h i s w ou ld h ave s unk d own b e low t h e s u r f a ce a nd b een c ove r ed m o r e d eep ly b y s im i la r m a te r ia l w a shed f r om t h e s i de s o f t h e q ua r ry . T he n ea r a b sence o fd i sco lou ra t ion i nt h i s l e ve l s how s t h a t t h e r e w a s i n su f f ic ien t t i me f o r t h e d eve lopmen t o f a ny s ub s tan t ia l a moun t o f v ege ta t ion , a nd t h e s h e rd s s howed n o s i gn s o f w ea the r ing . I ti s t h e r e fo r e r e a sonab le t o s uppo se t h a t t h e se l e ve l 6 d epo s i t sd a te f r om t h e f i r s tw in te ra f te rt h ee xcava t ion o ft h e q ua r r ie s , w h ich m u s tb e t h e w in te rf o l low ing t h ec on s t ruc t ion o ft h er oad . A sh a sb een s a id a bove , t h er oad a nd t h ef o r t s a t C i r en ce s te r ,S t .A lban s a nd p e rhap sA lche s t e rm u s th ave b een c on s t ruc t ed a tt h e s ame t i me . T he c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e f o r t s i s n o t a s y e t p r ec i se ly d a ted ; a t C i rence s te r t h e e a r l ie s t d e f en s ive s y s t em ,p e r iod IA ,w a sd a ted b yt h ee xcava to r st o ' n o tm uch e a r l ie rt h an c .A .D . 4 5 b u tp robab ly b e fo r ec .A .D . 5 0 '( Wach e ra nd Mc Wh i r r 1 982 ) .A sh a sb een p o in ted o u t ,b y A .D . 4 7 ' mo s t o f t h e l ow land z one o f B r i ta in h ad b een o ve r run a nd a f r on t ie r h ad b een c on s t ruc ted b a sed o n t h e F o s se Way '( F r e r e 1 967 ,7 5 ) . T he f i r s t a ppea rance o ft h e R oman a rmy i nt h e W i lco te a r ea m ay h ave b een - a s e a r ly a s A .D . 4 4 . T he c on s truc t ion o f A keman S t r ee ti su n l ike ly t oh ave b e en b egun b e fo r e4 5 a tt h e v e ry e a r l ie s t , a nd 4 6 o r4 7 i sp e rhap s m o r e p robab le . O nt h e o t he r h and , s i nce b y A .D . 4 7 t h e a rmy w a s a l ready m ov ing o u t w e s twa rd s a nd n o r thwa rd s , r educ ing t h e i mmed ia te s t ra teg ic n eed f o r t h e f o r t s a nd t h e r oad , ad a te m uch l a te r t h an 4 7 w ou ld s e em l e s s l i ke ly . Ad a t e o f ' c . A .D . 4 7 ' i s t h e r e fo r e a s s igned t o t h e e a r l ie s t , l e ve l 6 , d epo s i t s i n t h e r o ad s ide q ua r r ie sa yW i lco t e . T he m a t e r ia l f r om t h e se d epo s i t s c on s i s ted o f p o t te ry a nd a n ima l b on e s . T he r e w e r e n o c o in s , g l a s s , b roo che s o r

m e ta lwo rk o fa ny k i nd . T he p o t te ry c omp r i sed as i ng le f o rm 2 9 s am ian b ow l ( n o . 1 )a nd c oa r se w a r e v e s se l s n o s . 1 -51 ( F .17 l e ve l6 ) ,4 10-4 13 ( F .19 l e ve l6 )a nd 3 25 ( F .18 l e ve l6 ) .

L eve l 2w a s as u b s tan t ia ls t one p av ing w h ich e x tended a c ro s s b o th F . 17 a nd F . 19 s e a l ing i nt h e l e ve l 3d epo s i t s . I nF . 17 i t c on ta ined s am ian n o s . 3 6-43 ;p o t sn o s . 3 14-324 ; 1 27 s h e rd s o fD re s se l2 0a mpho rae i na mpho ra f a b r ic 1 ,t o ge the rw i th 1 7 s h e rd s p r obab ly f r om P ea cock a nd W i l l iam s C la s s 2 7 i n a mpho ra f a b r ic 4 ; a nd g l a s s n o s . 4 , 1 2 a nd 2 4 . I nF . 19 i t p r oduced b r oo ch n o . 9 .T he p av ing p robab ly d a t e s f r om c . A .D . 1 00110 , l a te r m a te r ia l b e ing i n t ru s ive f r om t h e l a ye r a bove .

T he s t ra t if i ca t ion o f t h e l a te r d epo s i t s i nq ua r ry F . 17 w a s c l o se ly s im i la r t ot h a t i nF . 19 , b u t t h a t i nF . 18 w a s q u i t e d i f f e ren t( F ig .6 ) .I nt h ef o rme rt h e r ew e re w e l l—de f ined l e ve l 5a nd l e ve l 3d epo s i t s , s e pa ra ted b y al e ve l o fr o ugh s t one p av ing ( l eve l4 ) ,a nd s e a led b ya no the rl e ve lo fr o ugh p av ing , l e ve l 2 . A n u n sea led d epo s i t o f b l a ck e a r th , l e ve l 1 ,r a n c on t inuou s ly a c ro s sa l lt h ree q ua r r ie s .

T he s e quen ce o fd epo s i t s i nt h e w e s te rnmo s t q ua r ry , F . 18 , w a s q u i te d i f f e r en t . T he e a r l ie s t d epo s i t , l e ve l 6 ,p robab ly c o r r e spond st ot h ee a r l ie s tl e ve l si nF . 17 a nd F . 19 ;t h es i ng le v e s se l , n o . 3 25 , b ea r s ac l o se r e semb lanc e t on o . 3 2 f r om F . 17 l e ve l 6 .T he d epo s i t o t he rw i se c on ta ined o n ly a f ew v e ry s ma l ls h e rd s ,n ea r ly h a l fo ft h em o fs a nd— t empe r ed g r ey f a b r ic s . L eve l 5c l ea r ly d i d n o t c o r r e spond t oF . 17 l e ve l 5 ; t h ep o t te ry ,n o s .3 26-366 ,h ad m o r ea f f in i t ie sw i th F . 17 l e ve l 3a nd a pp ea r ed t o d a te f r om t h e l a s t q ua r te r o f t h e f i r s t c e n tu ry . T he s am ian , n o s . 4 4-54 , wa s c on s i s ten t w i th s u ch a d a t e .

T h e l e ve l 5d epo s i t s i n F . 17 a nd F . 19 p roduc ed l a rge q uan t i t ie so fp o t te ry : s am ian n o s . 2 -20 , s am ian s t amp n o .25 ( A .D . 7 0-90 ) f r om t h e e x t reme t o p o ft h e d epo s i t , a nd p o t s n o s .5 2-226 f r om F . 17 ;s am ian n o . 7 3a nd p o t sn o s .4 14-420 f r om F . 19 ; a l so b r ooch e s n o s . 1 ,2 ,8 , 1 4 a nd 1 5 ( f ound t o ge the r ) , 1 6 , 1 7a nd 2 6 ; a nd ac o in o fC laud iu s ( n o . 2 )f r om F . 17 l e ve l5 .T he o n ly g l a s sc ame f r om t h ee x t r eme e dge so f t h eq ua r r ie s ,w he re t h es t ra t i f ica t ion w a su n c lea r .T he s am ian i su n i fo rm ly C laud ian i nd a t e , e xc ep t f o rn o . 6w h ich c ame f r om t h ee x t r eme t o po ft h ed epo s i ta nd b e long sw i th t h el e ve l 4p av ing i mmed ia te ly a bove . T h i s l e ve l o f s t one s , l e ve l 4 ,h a rd ly d e se rve s t ob e c a l led p av ing , b u t w ou ld h ave s e r ved t op r ov ide af i rm s u r face f o r m en o ra n ima l ss t ray ing f r om t h er o ad . I tw a sb e t te rd e f ined i nF . 17 ,w he r ei tc on ta in ed s am ian n o .21 a nd p o t s .n o s . 2 282 64 a s w e l l a s af r agmen t o f ac a r ro t a mpho ra d i scu s sed b e low ( p . 1 5 7 ) , a nd b r ooch n o 2 8 , t h an i nF . 19 w he r e n o v e s se l sc ou ld b e a s s igned t oi tw i th c onf idenc e , An umbe ro f p o t s , s am ian n o s . 7 4-82 a nd p o t s n o s . 4 21-444 , c ame f r om l e ve l s i nF . 19 w h ich w e r e s t ra t ig raph ica l ly i l—de f ined a nd c ou ld h ave b een 3 , 4o r 5 . N eve r the le s s , l e ve l 4d oe s r e p re sen t ad ef in i te d i scon t inu i ty i n t h e p o t te ry b e tween l e ve l s 3a nd 5 .T hu si nF . 17 ;t h ec a r ina ted j a r( n o s .2 89 ,2 90 , 2 95 )i sp r e sen ti nl e ve l 3b u ta b sen tf r om l e ve l5 ,w h i le l a rge s t o rage j a r s a r e c ommon i nl e ve l 5b u t r a r e i nl e ve l 3 .T he s am ian f r om F . 17 l e ve l 3c on ta in s n o C laud ian t y p e s , b u t n o .22 i sF l av ian a nd n o . 2 3 T ra jan ic , w he rea s a l lt h el e ve l5 s am ian e xcep tn o . 6i sC laud ian .T he e v idence d oe sn o tn ec e s sa r i ly l e ad u st oi n f e rt h a tt h e re w a s a ny d ec l ine i na c t iv i ty b e tween c .A .D . 5 a nd 7 0 , f o r t h ough t h e d epo s i t ion o fr u bb i sh i nF . 17 a nd F . 18 s e em s t o h ave b een m uch r e duc ed , t h i s m ay r ef l e c t ad ec i s ion t ok eep t h e a r ea c l ean r a the r t h an a ny l owe r ing o f t h e i n t en s i ty o f o ccupa t ion i nt h ea d jac en ta r ea s . F . 17 l e ve l 3c on ta ined t wo c o in s o fV e spa s ian ,n o s . 7a nd 9 ; b r oo che s n o s . 5a nd 1 2 ; s am ian n o s . 2 2-35 ; s t amp s n o s . 8 ( f rom l e ve l 3 / 5 ) a nd 1 7 ; a nd p o t s n o s . 2 65-313 . B rooch e s n o s . 6a nd 2 1 c ame f r om l e ve l3 / 5 .T h e s i tua t ion i nF . 19 w a s l e s s c l ea r o w ing t ot h e d i f f icu l ty i nd i f f e ren t ia t ing b e tween l e ve l s 3 , 4a nd 5 ,b u t t h i s d epo s i t ' l e ve l 3 / 4 / 5 ' p roduced s am ian n o s . 7 4-82 , a nd p o t s n o s . 4 2 1-444 ; p o t s n o s . 4 454 51 w e r e a s s igned s p e c if i ca l ly t o F . 19 l e ve l 3 w i th r e a sonab le c onf iden ce .T he l e ve l 3d epo s i t sc an b ed a ted t oc . A .D . 7 0-100 o r p o s s ib ly 10 , w i th t h e e mpha s i s o n t h e e a r l ie ry ea r so ft h i sp e r iod .

1 2

T h em ound o fy e l low c l ay f o und a tt h ew e s te rn s i de o fF . 17 , r e s t ing o n t h e l e ve l 4p av ing a nd w i th F . 17 l e ve l 3r u nn ing a bove i t ,p r obab ly c ame f r om F . 18 .T he s imp le s te xp lana t ion i st h a tF . 18 h ad C laud ian o r ig in s , b u te i the rc on t inued i nu se o rm o r ep r obab ly w a sr e—opened i nt h ee a r ly F lav ian p e r iod , f o rt h ee x t ra c t ion o fs t one f o rt h er e pa i ro ft h er oad ,u nwan ted c l ay b e ing t h rown i n to F . 17 o n t o p o f t h e l e ve l 4p av ing . L eve l 6r ema ined u nd i s tu rbed b ecau se i tl a yb e low t h e l e ve l o ft h e b and o fs t one . T he t o p o fF . 18 l e ve l 5 ,o rt h e l e ve l 4 p av ing a bove i t ,p r oduced s am ian s t amp sn o s . 3 ,1 5 , a nd 1 6 , a l d a t ing f r om w i th in t h ep e r iod A .D . 7 0-90 . L eve l 4i t se l f c on ta ined s am ian n o .5 65 a nd p o t sn o s . 3 67-372 . I tp r obab ly r e p r e sen t s a n a t temp t t o p r oduce a f i rm s u r face , b u t t h e m a te r ia lm ak ing u pl e ve l 5c l ea r ly s u b s ided v e ry g r ea t ly . I nl e ve l 3t h es am ian ,n o s .5 6-63 ,i n c lud ed af o rm 3 7b ow lo f L ax tuc i s sa , A .D . 1 50170 ( n o . 6 3 ) a nd a no the r p o s s ib ly o f A t t ianu s ,A .D . 1 30-160 ( n o . 6 0 ) . T he c oa r se p o t sn o s . 3 733 87 a r e a l so c on s i s ten t w i th am id— se cond c en tu ry d a te f o r t h i sd epo s i t , w h ich w a s i nt u rn s ea led i nb y a no the rl a ye ro f s t one s , l e ve l 2 ,w h ich c on ta ined s am ian n o s . 6 4-72 , s t amp s n o s . 4a nd 1 , a nd p o t s n o s . 3 88-408 . T h i s p av ing w a s t h ick e r ,a nd l a te ri nd a te ,t h an l e ve l 2i nF . 17 a nd F . 19 . A l l t h ree q ua r r ie s w e r e c ove r ed w i th al e ve l o fb l ack e a r th c on ta in ing c on s ide rab le a moun t s o f s t on e . T h i s l e ve l 1 d epo s i tc on ta ined m o s t ly s e cond—cen tu ry m a te r ia l ,i n c lud ing c o in so fH ad r ian ( n o . 1 ) a nd Ma r cu s A u re l iu s ( n o . 1 2 ) , a nd b r ooche s n o s . 2 5 a nd 2 5 . T he s am ian , n o s . 8 3-139 , a nd t h e s t amp s , n o s . 2 ,5 ,9 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 8 , 2 2 , 2 6 , 2 7 , 3 0 a nd 3 6 , i n d ica te t h e p r e sence o f af ew e a r l ie r s u r v iva l s , b u t t h e s t amp si np a r t icu la rc ome f r om t h es e cond h a l fo ft h es e cond c e n tu ry .T he p o t te ry ,n o s .4 52-539 ,s h owed as im i la rp a t te rn . W i th t h ee xcep t ion o fF . 55 a nd p o tn o . 5 38 ,d i scu ssed b e low , t h i s d epo s i t d i d n o t p roduc e a ny s i gn if i can t a moun t o f l a t e t h i rd— o r f o u r th—c en tu ry m a te r ia l , i n d ica t ing t h a t t h e l a te R oman o c cupa t ion w a s f a r l e s s i n ten se t h an t h a t w h ich h ad g one b e fo r e . C lea r ly t h e s e cond c en tu ry w a s at i me o f m a rked d e c l ine , w hen ( a s t ot h e n o r th o ft h e r oad ) d i r t a nd

r ubb i sh o fa l lk i nd s w e re a l lowed t oc o l lec t a bove t h e p aved s u r face s . I ti si mpor tan t n o t t oe qua te n umb e r s o ff i nd s w i th f l ou r ish ing a c t iv i ty : o n t h e c on t ra ry , t imes o f m ax imum a c t iv i ty a nd e xpan s ion a r e g ene ra l ly a s so c ia ted w i th ac l ean a nd o rde r ly s i te a nd h ence f ew f i nd s , w h i le d ec l ine m ean s a ccumu la t ing r ubb i sh a nd many f i nd s . B y t h e e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry t h e i n ten s i ty o f o ccupa t ion w a s d ra s t ica l ly r educed ,

c o l lec tr ubb i sh w e l li n to t h e s e cond c en tu ry .

T he We l l , F .47 ( F ig . 8 ,s e c t ion d —d ) . T he a r ea e xcava ted i s w e l l—d ra ined a nd n one o f t h e e xcava ted f e a tu r e s c o l lec t s w a te r f o r mo re t h an af ew h ou r s

a nd t h e o n ly r ad ia te c o in s f r om t h e l a t te r p a r t o f t h e c en tu ry c ame f r om t h et op so i l .

e ven i nt h ew e t te s tw ea the r . T he w a te rs upp ly m u s th ave b een ap rob lem a t a l l t ime s , a nd m ay e ven b e t h e c au se o f t h e a ppa ren t f a i lu re o f t h e s e t t lemen t i nt h e t h i rd c en tu ry . T he 1 : 2500 O rdnanc e S u r vey m ap o f t h e a r ea s how s n i ne teen s p r ing s o rp ond s w i th in l km o f t h e s i te , mo s t o f t h em t oday d r ied u p p e rmanen t ly a nd n one c on ta in ing w a te r t h roughou t t h e y ea r . T he n ea re s t p e rmanen t s ou rce s a r e t h e s t ream a t S hakenoak , 1 . 8km t ot h e s ou th—ea s t , a nd t h e r i ve r E ven lode , 1 . 5km t ot h e n o r th—ea s t . T he modem p ond a tt h e e a s t e nd o f t h e s i te ( SP 3 70156 )d r ie su pi ns umme r .

T he o t he r f e a tu re d i rec t ly c onnec ted w i th t h e r oad w a s t h e d i tch F .26 ( F ig . 5 a ; s e c t ion s b —b , c —c , F ig s . 7 a , b ) . T h i s w a s p robab ly i n tended t oi n te rcep t r a inwa te r r unn ing d own f r om t h e s l ope t o t h e n o r th , b u t i tw ou ld s oon h ave b ecome a ppa ren t t h a t t h e s ub so i l i nt h i s a r ea i ss u f f ic ien t ly p erv iou s t h a tn o s u r fac ew a te rc o l lec t se ven i nt h eh eav ie s tr a in ,s ot h a t t h e d i tch w a s i nf a c t s upe r f luou s . I ta l so c u t o f fd i rec t a cc es s f r om t h e r oad t o t h e w e l l F .47 , a nd t o b u i ld ing s 1a nd 2 . P robab ly i nc on sequence o ft h i s , t h e s e c t ion o fd i tch f r om t h e

T he w e l l , F .47 , w a s e xcava ted t o ad ep th o f5 . 2m , a tw h ich p o in t t h e re w a s n o s i gn o fs t and ing w a te r ; f u r the r e xcava t ion

moder n f i e ld b ounda ry t o ap o in t s ou th o f t h e w e l l w a s d e l ibe ra te ly f i l led i n w i th s t e r i le s ub so i l i n t h e C laud ian

i sp l anned f o r 1 994 a nd w i l l b e r epo r ted i nW i lco t eI . B e low 3 m , t h e s ha f th ad b een c u t t h rough s o l id l ime s tone ,b u t a bove l a y l e ve l s o f c l ay w h ich w e re e x treme ly u n s tab le a nd c o l lap sed i fu n suppo r ted . I ti sp robab le t h a t t h e o r ig ina l s ha f t w a s a bou t l m w ide a nd s uppo r ted b y t imbe r s , a nd w hen

p e r iod . T he l owe s t l e ve l o f t h e f i l l o f t h is d i tch p roduced a q u i te s u rp r i s ing a moun t o fC laud ian m a te r ia l b o th f r om b e low t h e

t h e se w e re d e l ibe ra te ly r emoved , o r p e rhap s r o t ted ( t hough n o t r ace s o f t imbe r s u r v ived ) , t h e u pp e r s i des w ou ld h ave f a l len i na lmo s ti mmed ia te ly .

b ack f i l led s ub so i l a nd f r om t h e mo re w e s te r ly l e ng th w he re t h e e a r l ie s td epo s i t w a s u n sea led . T he re w e r e t h r ee C laud ian c o in s ( no s . 1 , 3a nd 4 ) , b rooche s n o s . 3a nd 2 0 , s am ian n o s . 1 57162 a nd c oa r se p o t s n o s . 7 84-853 . T he se g roup si n c lude s ome v ery e a r ly v esse l s , n o tab ly t h e p robab le s am ian f o rm 1 k ra te r , n o . 1 57 , a nd t h e f o rm 2 4 /25 b ow l ,n o . 1 61 . Among

T he l owe s t l e ve l s o f a r e xcava ted , b e tween 3 . 0-5 .2m ,

t h e c oa r se p o t s , n o . 8 24 c l ea r ly d e r ive s f r om t h e p r e—

c on ta ined p a le y e l low c l ay a nd s t one s . I tp roduced o n ly a s ma l l a moun t o f p o t tery : s am ian n o . 2 05 , s t amp n o . 1 2 o f

c onques t t r ad i t ion , n o . 8 17 i sa l so e a r ly , a nd t h e s ma l l j a r s s u ch a s n o s . 7 85 a nd 7 92 h ave p a ra l le ls f r om t h e C laud ian d epo s i ts i nF . 17 b u tn o tf r om l a te rd epo s i t s . T he b u t t—beake r ,

A .D . 5-65 , a nd c oa r se p o t s n o s . 1 0691081 . O f t h e l a t te r , n o . 1 074 i sc e r ta in ly e a r ly , w i th a c l o se p a ra l le l i nn o . 5 1 f r om t h e e a r l ie s t l e ve l i n F . 17 ( ' c . A .D . 4 7 ' ) . O f t h e 1 97

n o . 8 52 , i s at ype c on f ined t o t h e C laud ian g roup s . T h is d epo s i t a l so p roduced t h e o n ly s h e rd o f m id— f i r s t c en tu ry g l a ss f r om t h e s i te , n o . 1 0 , a s w e l l a s af r agmen t o f p i l la r—

s he rd s f r om t h i s d epo s i t , 1 06 w e re s and— tempe red . T he s u rp r i s ing c onc lu s ion i st h a t t h e w e l l w a s f i l led i na ta ne a r ly d a te ,p robab ly n o tl o ng a f te rA .D . 5 .

m ou lded b ow l ,n o .2 . A bove t h e f i l l o f t h e s t one— s ided s ha f t w e re l e ve ls o f s and a nd c l ay t h a t h ad c l ea r ly f a l len i nf r om t h e s i de s a nd w h ich

T he b ack f i l led s ub so i l p roduced n o f i nd s , b u t a ts ome p o in t s a tt h ee a s te rn e nd , a nd g ene ra l ly a tt h ew e s te rn e nd ,t h e re w a s

c on ta ined a lmo s t n of i nd s . T he u ppe rmo s t s u r face o ft h e c l ay p roduced ac o in o fV e spa s ian ( n o . 8 ) . A bove t h i s w a s ama ss o f l o o se—pa cked b rown e a r th c on ta in ing s am ian n o s . 2 062 11 , s t amp n o . 2 4 , a nd c oa r se p o t s n o s . 1 082-1127 , w i th a p robab le d a te— range o fA .D . 7 0-150 . T h i s i nt u rn w a s s ea led b y t h eb l a ck e a r th l e ve l w h ich e x tended n o r th f r om F .26 .

ad a rk b rown e a r th l e ve l a bove t h e l owes t s i l t d epo s i t , a nd b e low t h e b l ack e a r th l e ve l w h ich f o rmed t h e t o p o f t h e f i l l . T h is r a the r i l—def ined ' m idd le l e ve l ' p roduced an umbe r o f c oa r se p o t s( n o s . 8 54-865 ) . T he b l ack e a r th w h ich f o rmed t h e u ppe r p a r t o f t h e f i l l o f F .26 a pp ea red t o b e c on t inuou s w i th t h e d epo s i t w h ich

Two f e a tu r e s w e re a lmo s tc e r ta in ly a s soc ia ted w i th t h e w e l l :

e x tended f o rs ome 1 0-15m t ot h en o r th . H oweve r , t h es am ian f r om t h i s l e ve l , n o s . 1 63-182 a nd s t amp s n o s . 2 9 a nd 3 2 ,

t h e s ma l l p i t F . 54 a nd p o tn o . 1 068 . T he f o rme rw a s c i r cu la r , e x tended w i th v er t ica l s i de s t o af l a t s t one b o t tom 0 . 60m

s howed i tt oc on ta in am ix tu re o f ma ter ia l f r om t h e F lav ian p e r iod t ot h em id— second c en tu ry .T he K no r r7 8 c up ,n o . 1 65 , i st yp ica l ly F lav ian , w h i le n o . 1 68 i sp robab ly T ra jan ic a nd

b e low t h e R oman s u r face , a nd h ad b een c a refu l ly c u t t h rough t h e n a tu ra l s ha t te red l ime s tone . I tm ay h ave b een c onnec ted w i th t h e m echan i sm u sed t or a ise a nd l owe rb ucke t s . T he f i l l

n o . 1 67 i sA n ton ine . T he c oa r se p o t tery ( n o s . 8 66-927 ) i s s im i la r ly m ixed .

c on ta ined o n ly a f ew s ma l l s h e rd s o f p la in s am ian a nd t h e s e cond— cen tu ry c oa r se p o t sn o s . 1 060-1067 .

T he c onc lu s ion i st h a t t h e d i t ch w a s c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e r oad , a nd i so ne o f t h e e a r l ie s t f e a tu re s s o f a r e xcava ted . I t w a s p a r t ia l ly f i l led i n a t a n e a r ly d a te , p robab ly a t o r

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t h e r im . I th ad b een r e pa i red i nt wo p l ac e s w i th p l ug s o f m e l ted l e ad . T he m o s tp robab le e xp lana t ion i st h a ti ts e r ved a s ad r ink ing-ve s se l f o ra n ima l s : w a te rc ou ld b er a i sed f r om t h ew e l la nd t i pp ed d i rec t ly i n to t h ep o t . I ft h i se xp lana t ion i s c o r rec t ,t h ev e sse lm u s tp r eda te t h e a bandonmen to ft h ew e l l , a nd s o m u s t b e C laud ian . S i nc e t h e r e a r e n o c l o se p a ra l le l s f r om t h es i t e ,t h i s i sn o te a s i ly v e r i f ied ,b u ti ti st h ec a se t h a t l a rge ' s to rage j a r s 'a r ec ommone s ti nt h eC laud ian l e ve l s . T he B oundary D i tch F .40 ( F ig .9 ,s e c t ion e -e ) T he d i tch r u nn ing p a ra l le l t oa nd s ome 3 5m n o r th o fA keman S t r ee tp robab ly d ef ined t h e s t r ip o fp ub l ic l a nd a l ong w h ich r a nt h er o ad . I tp r e sumab ly c o r r e spond st ot h ed i t ch e s s e en i n a e r ia lp ho tog raph s a tQ uen ing ton ( a bove ,p .5 ) . T h e r ew a sn o s im i la rd i t ch t ot h e s ou th o ft h er oad , a tl e a s t w i th in t h e 5m o rs oe xcava ted . T h i s d i t ch w a s s ha l low a nd p oo r ly p r e se r ved . I tc on ta ined b rooch n o . 4 ,s am ian n o s . 1 83187 ,c oa r se p o t sn o s .9 30-958 a nd g l a s s n o . 6 , ah e te rogeneou s b u t g ene ra l ly s e condc en tu ry g r oup . Wh i le t h i s d oe s n o t e n cou rage t h e v i ew t h a t F .40 h ad C laud ian o r ig in s ,t h ep robab i l i ty r ema in st h a ti tw a s c on tempo ra ry w i th t h ec on s t ruc t ion o ft h er oad .

A l lt h e se p o s tho le sw e re d ug d own t ot h es o l id s t one s u r fa ce . T he g ap b e tween F . 32 a nd F .28 i sp robab ly e xp la ined b yt h e f a c tt h a t a tt h i sp o in tt h e s t one r o se u pt ot h eR oman s u r fac e . T he p o s tho le s t o t h e e a s t o f F . 38 a nd F .36 w e re e i the r l o ca ted i n F . 35 , i n w h ich c a se t h ey w ou ld n o t h ave b een v i s ib le i nt h ed a rk g r ey e a r th f i l lo ft h a tf e a tu re , o rt h ey w e r e d e s t royed b y i t s c on s t ruc t ion . F u r the r e a s t s t i l l t h e h edge p r even ted f u r the r e xcava t ion .T h e s i ng le p o t f r om F . 38 ( n o . 1 058 )i sp robab ly s e cond-c en tu ry ; F . 32 p roduced s am ian n o . 2 04 ; F .4 1 p roduced g l a s s n o . 6 7 ; a nd F .37 c on ta ined i n fan t b u r ia lH 12 . T he d e s t ru c t ion o f b u i ld ing 1 p robab ly p receded t h e d epo s i t ion o ft h e b l a ck l e ve l w h ich e x t ended n o r th f r om t h e r oad s ide d i t ch F . 26 .A l though t h es t ra t i f ica t ion w a sn o tc l ea r , i td i d a pp ea r t h a t t h e f i l l o f t h e p o s tho le s w a s g ene ra l ly b r owne r a nd l e s s h a rd-pa cked , a nd s o d i s t in c t f r om , t h e b l a ck l e ve lw h ich r a na bove t h em . T he b u i ld ing w a sa l igned w i th i t sl o ng a x i sa lmo s te a s t-we s t , a ta n a pp re c iab le a ng le t ot h e r oad . I tm ea su r ed a bou t 5 . 8m n o r thsou th , i n c lud ing ac o r r ido r a l ong t h e n o r th s i de 1 . 8m w ide . F .41 i ss on ea r ly a l igned t ot h ew e s ter ne nd t h a ti tv e ry p robab ly f o rmed p a r t o f t h e s t ruc tu r e , p e rhap s c on ta in ing a b u t t r e s s .

F .21 a nd F .22 ( F ig . 1 0 ,s e c t ion f f ) T he se t wo f e a tu re s a r e i n te rp re ted a ss ma l lq ua r r ie s , l a te ri n d a te t h an F . 17 , F . 18 a nd F . 19 , u sed t oa cqu i r e m a t e r ia l f o r r e pa i r ing t h er oad r a the rt h an f o ri t so r ig ina lc on s t ruc t ion . F .2 1 w a s t h e e a r l ie r f e a tu re , a nd t h e u ppe r l e ve l s h ad b een d e s t royed b yt h ee xcava t ion o ft h e w ide rb u ts h a l lowe rF .22 . T he l owe rl e ve lo fb rown e a r th a nd s i l tc on ta ined c oa r se p o t s n o s . 7 32-739 , a nd ad a te o fc .A .D . 8 0120 i sp robab le . T he u ppe r l e ve l o f d a rk e a r th c on ta ined s am ian n o s . 1 47149 , s t amp n o . 3 5 a nd c oa r se p o t s n o s . 7 40-762 , w h ich d o n o t d i f f e r g r ea t ly f r om t h o se i nt h e l owe r l e ve l a nd t ow h ich a m idsecond c en tu ry d a te m ay b e a s s igned . F .22 p roduc ed s am ian n o s . 1 50-154 a nd c oa r se p o t s n o s . 7 63-778 , w i th a p robab le m idsecond c en tu ry d a te . B roo ch n o . 1c ame f r om t h ef i l l ,a nd n o . 7f r om t h ee x t r eme t o po ft h eR oman l e ve l s .

B u i ld ing 2 ( F ig . 1 2 ) i s af a r l e s s c onv inc ing s t ruc tu r e . H oweve r , p o s tho le s F . 53 , F . 52 , F . 51 , F . 50 , F . 34 a nd F . 33 a ppea r t o f o rm a s ymme t r ica l , i fp uz z l ing , f e a tu r e . T he i r d imen s ion sw e r e : P o s tho le EW w id th c m N S w id th c m F . 53 F . 52 F . 51 F . 50 F . 34 F . 33

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B u i ld ing s 1a nd 2 T he t imb e rb u i ld ing 1w a sr ep r e sen ted b yt h ep o s tho le sF .25 , F . 38 , F . 39 , F . 37 ,F .36 , F . 32 , F .28 , F .29 , F . 30 a nd p robab ly F .4 1 ( f ig s . 5 a a nd 1 ) . T h e d imen s ion s o f t h e se p o s tho le s w e r ea sf o l low s : p o s tho le EW w id th c m . NS w id th c m . d ep th b e low R oman s u r f a ce c m . F .25 2 0 2 0 1 5 F . 38 3 8 3 8 2 0 F . 39 3 7 4 0 2 2 F . 37 4 0 4 0 2 2 F . 36 4 0 4 2 2 5 F . 32 4 7 4 3 2 2 F .28 6 2 6 5 2 4 F .29 3 8 4 6 2 9 F . 30 5 0 4 0 1 5 F .4 1 7 0 10 2 2 1 5

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u nda ted b odysh e rd s . s am ian s t amp n o . 6( A .D .60-80 ) ; c oa r se p o t sn o s . 1 049 , 1 050 . u nda ted b odyshe rd s . c oa r se p o tn o . 1 048 ( A .D .70-100 ) . c o in n o . 1 0 ( Ve spa s ian ) ; c oa r se p o t s n o s . 1 056 , 1 0 57 . s am ian n o s . 2 30-234 o f F lav ian o r l a te r f i r s tc en tu ry d a te .

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e a s t—we s t a nd w a s c u t t h rough t h e s h a t te red l i me s ton e s u b so i l w i th v e r t ica l s i de s d own t o af l a t n a tu ra l s t one b a se ( F ig . 1 3 , s e c t ion g —g ; F ig . 1 4 , s e c t ion h —h ; F ig . 1 5 , s e c t ion i — i ) .T h ep u rpo se o ft h e se p i t sw a su n c lea r ,t h ough F . 7a nd F . 15 a pp ea red t oh ave f u n c t ioned o r ig ina l ly a sc e s s—p i t s . F . 7 a l so h ad a s h a l low c hanne l e n te r ing i t s n o r th—we s t c o r ne r ( F ig . 2 ) , w he r e al a ye r o fs t one h ad b een r emoved . T h i s c hanne l c on ta ined o n ly s t e r i le r e d c l ay . T h e w o rk r e qu i red f o r t h e i n i t ia l e xcava t ion o f t h i s f e a tu r e w a s v e ry c on s ide rab le , f o r t h e l owe r p a r t w a s c u t t h rough a lmo s t s o l id s t one . I ts e em s i mp robab le t h a ti tw a s aq ua r ry , s i nc et h ee v idenc ef r om F . 18 i st h a t s u ch q ua r r ie s h ad i reg u la r s h ape s a nd v e ry r o ugh s i de s . F . 7 c on ta ined s am ian n o s . 1 40143 , a nd c oa r se p o t s n o s . 53-570 , a l l o fw h ich p robab ly d a te f r om t h e f i r s tq ua r te ro f t h e s e cond c e n tu ry . T he q uan t i ty o fs h e rd s a nd o fb on e s w a s s ma l l i np ropo r t ion t ot h e v o lume o fe a r th i nt h e p i t , a tl e a s t w h en c ompa r ed w i th F . 15 a nd F . 16 . I ta l so p roduced g l a s s n o .9 .B roo ch n o . 1 9r e s ted o nt h es t one b o t tom o ft h ep i t ,a nd n o . 1 8c ame f r om t h ee x t r eme t o po ft h ef i l l . F . 15 a nd F . 16 w e re c on tempo ra ry , a s w a s s how n b y t h e f i nd ing o fp a r t so ft h es ame t wo p o t s i nb o th p i t s : t h e f l anged b ow l n o . 6 89 , a nd s am ian n o . 1 44 . B o th p i t s p roduced v e ry l a rge a moun t s o f c oa r se p o t te ry y e t l i t t le s am ian , a nd t h e r a t io o fp o t she rd s t oa n ima lb one s w a s a bou t8 : 1 i nF . 15 a nd 6 . 5 :1 i nF . 16 , a s a ga in s t 2 . 3 :1 f o r t h e s i t e a s aw ho le . F . 15 c on ta ined g l a s s n o s . 1 6 , 1 8 a nd 3 7 , a nd F . 16 g l a s s n o s . 2 7 a nd 3 . T he d a t e o ft h e se p i t s a pp ea r s t ob e v e ry s im i la r t o t h a to fF . 7 , a nd a l though s ome o ft h e s am ian m ay i n d ica te a r a the r l a te r d a te , t h i s m ay o n ly r ef l ec t t h e s ma l lne s s o f t h e s amp le f r om F . 7 . F . 15 c on ta ined t h e s ame f i ne g r een i sh—g ray f i l l a tt h eb o t tom a s d i d F . 7 , a nd t h i s w a s a ga in i n t e rp r e ted a s c e s s . I ti s u n l ike ly t h a t t h e se p i t s r e la te t os t ruc tu re s t ot h e e a s t o ft h e e xcava ted a r ea s i nce t h e p aved a r ea s f a de o u t i n t h a t d i rec t ion ( s ee b e low ) . I ti sm o r ep robab le t h a tb u i ld ing s l i et o t h e w e s t , i na n a r ea t ob e i n ve s t iga ted i nt h e s e cond p ha se o f t h e e x cava t ion . I ts hou ld a l so b e r ememb e red t h a t t h e f i l l o f t h e p i t s d a t e s f r om t h e i r a bandonmen t , a nd t h ey m ay h ave b een i nu se f o rm any y ea r sa nd p e r iod ica l ly c l ea red . F . 44 ,F .45 a nd F .48 ( F ig . 1 6 ,s e c t ion j — j ;F ig . 1 7 ,s e c t ion k — k ;F ig . 1 8 , s e c t ion 1 1 ) T he se t h r ee p i t s a ppea r ed t o f o rm a g r oup . E a ch w a s c u t t h roug ht h e s h a t te r ed l i me s tone w i th n ea t ly f i n i shed s i de s a nd b o t tom s o f s moo th , s o l id n a tu ra l l i me s tone . F . 44 a nd F . 45 w e r e c i r cu la r a nd w idened t owa rd s t h e b o t tom , w h i le F .48 w a sa pp rox ima te ly r e c tangu la rw i th v e r t ica ls i de s . T h ef i l lo f F .44 a nd F . 45 w a s u n i fo rm , b u t i nF .48 t h e f i l l w a s c l ea r ly d i v ided i n to t wo l e ve l ss epa ra ted b ys t e r i le c l ay a nd s t one . F .44 c on ta ined o n ly p o t sn o s . 9 87-992 , w h i le F . 45 p roduced n o s . 9 931002 , b o th g r oup s d a t ing f r om t h e f i r s t h a l fo ft h e s e cond c en tu r y . F .45 a l so c on ta in ed i n fan t b u r ia l H 9 a nd t h e c omp le te s k e le ton o f ap uppy . F . 48 p roduced as ma l l b u tr ema rkab le g r oup o fs i x teen p o t s f r om t h e l e ve l b e low t h e c l ay a nd s t on e f i l l , f o u r o f w h ich

w e r e t y p e s n o tr e co rded e l sewhe r e i nt h i s r e po r t ( n o s . 1 0031 0 18 ,a l so s am ian n o . 1 99 ) . O ne s h e rd o fn o . 1 0 18 c ame f r om F .45 . T h i s g r oup p robab ly d a te s f r om t h e f i r s t q ua r t e ro ft h e s e cond c en tu r y . T he c l ay a nd s t one l e ve l w a s s t e r i le , b u t t h e l e ve l a bove i tp roduced o n ly s am ian n o . 1 98 a nd c oa r se p o t s 1 0 18a10 18b ,o fs e cond— cen tu ry d a te . I ts e em s p robab le t h a t t h e se t h ree p i t s w e r e c on t empo ra ry a nd i ns ome w ay r e la ted , b u t t h e i rf u n c t ion i su nknown . F .44 p o s t—da ted t h eb ounda ry d i t ch F .40 . F . 35 ( F ig . 1 9 ,s e c t ion m—m ) T h e s ho r t l e ng th o f d i tch , F . 35 , i so ne o f t h e m o r e p uzz l ing f e a tu r e s o f t h e s i te . I t p roduced ma in ly s e cond— cen tu ry p o t te ry : s am ian n o s . 1 88194 ; s t amp s n o s . 1 0 , 1 9 a nd 2 0 ; c oa r se p o t s n o s . 9 60-986 , t h ough n o s . 9 81 a nd 9 83 c ou ld b e l a t e r ; a nd g l a s s n o s . 9 b a nd 1 . H oweve r , t h e f i l l o f t h i s f e a tu r e h ad b een d i s tu rb ed b y t h e b u r ia l o f t h e a du l t h uman H 3 , w h ich a c coun ted f o r t h e l a ck o f c l ea r s t ra t i f ica t ion . A l though t h eg r ave c anno th ave i n vo lved t h ee xcava t ion o fa l l t h e c on ten t s o f F . 35 , i t s l i m i t s c ou ld n o t b e d e tec ted w i th in t h e f i l l . T he s k e le ton l a y p rone o n t h e s t one b o t tom o f t h e d i t ch , a nd w a s u nac compan ied b y a ny g r ave—good s a nd s o w a s u nda ted . I ti sc l ea rf r om t h e s i ze o ft h e d i tch t h a t i tw a s n o to r ig ina l ly d e s igned a s ag r ave , a nd i tc anno t h ave s e r ved a ny d ra inage f u nc t ion . I th a s n o o bv iou s c onnec t ion w i th B u i ld ing 1 .I t sp u rpo se m ay b ecome c l ea r e rw hen t h e a r ea t o t h ee a s to ft h ef i e ld b ounda r yi si n ve s t iga ted . M i s ce l laneou ss e cond—cen tury f e a ture ss ou th o ft he r oad . F . 12 w a s a no va l s coop w i th s l op ing s i de s , 2 7cm d eep a tt h e c en t r e . T he b r own e a r th f i l l c on ta ined p o tn o . 5 76 a nd s h e rd s o fr u s t ica ted w a re a sw e l la so t he rm id— second c en tu ry t y p e s . F . 13 w a s as ma l l i regu la rh o l low o n ly 1 5 cm d eep b u t f i l led w i th am a s s o fp o t te ry ( n o s . 5 77-594 ) , t h ough n o s am ian . A d a te o f c .A .D . 1 00 i si n d ica ted b y t h e m o r ta r ium w i th t h e s t amp o f G . ATT IVS MAR INVS a nd i si na g reemen t w i th t h ed a t ing o ft h eo t he rv e s se l si nt h i sg r oup . F .23 a nd F . 24 w e r e p o s tho le s 5 3cm a nd 4 5cm d e ep r e spe c t ive ly . F .23 p roduced s am ian n o . 1 5 5 ( c . A .D . 7 5-85 ) a nd p o t s n o s . 7 79-781 , f o r w h ich a n e a r ly s e cond—c en tu ry d a te s e em s p robab le . F .24 p roduced s am ian n o . 1 56 a nd c oa r se p o t sn o s .7 82 a nd 7 83 . T he se p o s tho le s m ay b ep a r to f s ome s t r uc tu r el y ing t ot h ee a s to ft h ee xcava ted a r ea . M i s ce l laneou ss e cond—cen tury f e a ture sn or th o ft h er oad . F .27 w a s as ma l l c ook ing—hea r th p l a ced a bove t h e f i l l o ft h e r oad s ide d i tch F . 26 .T h eu ppe rb l a ck e a r th f i l lo ft h ed i t ch r a n b e low t h e h ea r th , a nd p o t sn o s . 1 0 511055 c ame f r om w i th in t h eh ea r th ,a sd i ds am ian s t amp s3 a nd 3 4 . F . 31 m ay h ave b een ap o s tho le ; i te x tended s ome 1 5c m i n to t h e s ub so i l a nd t h e f i l l a ppea r ed t ob e c on t inuou s w i th t h e u pp e rb l a ck e a r th f i l lo fF . 26 . F .42 ( F ig . 2 0 , s e c t ion n —n ) c on ta ined p o t s n o s . 1 025104 1

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F ig .2 0 . P i tF .42 :s e c t ion n —n . liOm

2 0

a nd b roo ch n o . 1 0 . A ne a r ly s e cond—cen tu ry d a te i sp robab le . T h i s f e a tu re m ay h ave b een aq ua r ry f o rm a te r ia l ,i nt h is c a se c l ay ,r equ i red f o rt h er epa i ro ft h er oad . F .43 w a s as ma l l d ep re ss ion s ome 1 0 cm d eep ; i tc on ta ined s am ian s t amp n o . 2 3 ( A .D . 10-140 ) . F .46 w a s ap o s tho le 2 2cm d eep , t h ef i l lb e ing c on t inuou s w i th t h eg ene ra lb l ack l e ve ln o r th o fF .26 . F .49 w a s ap i to fi r regu la ro u t l ine w i th a lmo s t v e r t ica l s i de s a nd 3 0 cm d eep . I tc on ta ined s am ian n o s . 2 00-203 a nd c oa r se p o t sn o s . 1 019-1024 . B rooch n o . 2 3 c ame f r om t h eb o t tom o f t h ef i l l . V ar iou sf e a ture so fL a te R oman d a te . T he a r ea s ou th o f t h e r oad p roduced a n umbe r o f f e a tu res w h ich d id n o t r e la te t o t h e f i r s t a nd s econd c en tu ry o ccupa t ion , b u t r ep re sen ted al a te r , p robab ly f ou r th—cen tu ry , p ha se o ft h e s i te . I ti sn o tewo r thy t h a t o ft h e e i gh teen t h i rd— o r f ou r th—cen tu ry c o in s f ound i nt h e t o p so i l , t e n c ame f r om s ou th o f t h e r oad a nd e ig h t f r om t h e a r ea a bove o r i mmed ia te ly n o r th o f t h e r oad , w h i le n o t as i ng le s uch c o in w a s f ound n o r th o f al i ne p a ra l le l w i th a nd 5 m n o r th o f t h e r oad s ide d i tch F .26 . T h i s m ay i n d ica te t h a t t h e l a te R oman

F . 55 w a s n o t r e cogn ised a s ad i s t inc t f e a tu re a tt h e t ime o f e xcava t ion ,b u ts t udy o ft h ef i nd s s howed t h a ta na r ea o fl i t t le mo re t h an 2 s q . m . h ad p roduced ac o l lec t ion o f m a te r ia l o f f ou r th c en tu ry d a te w h ich w a s q u i te d i s t inc t f r om t h e g ene ra l F . 17 a nd F . 18 l e ve l 1d epo s i t . T he f i nd s c ame f r om v a r ious d ep th s f r om t h e s u r face o f t h e b l ack e a r th l e ve l d own t o a max imum d ep th o f a bou t 5 0cm , a pp rox ima te ly t h e l e ve l 2 s u r fac e i nF . 17 a nd F . 18 . T h i s i si n te rp re ted a sh av ing b een a s ma l l p i t f i l led w i th b l ack e a r th a nd i n d i s t ingu i shab le s t ra t ig raph ica l ly f r om t h e s u r round ing s econd—cen tu ry b l ack l e ve l( F ig . 6 ,s e c t ion a —a ) . T he f i nd s f r om F . 55 i n c luded ac o in o fC on s tan t ine I( n o . 2 0 ) ; p o t s 163-1169 ; a nd a c o l lec t ion o f 2 5 o x h o rn—co re s ( b e low , p . 1 74 ) . A l so , p o t s n o s . 5 36-538 w e re s ca t te red o n t h e s u r face o ft h e l e ve l 1d epo s i t i nt h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty o f F .55 w e re s u re ly a s soc ia ted w i th t h a t f e a tu re , a s w e re p e rhap s t h eb l ack—bu rn ished b ow ls ,n o s .4 85-489 . T h i sg roup d a te s f r om t h e f ou r th c en tu ry , a nd o n t h e e v idence o f t h e c o in , p robab ly f r om t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h e c en tu ry . U n fo r tuna te ly t h e b eam— s lo t F .22 w a s n o t d i s t ingu ishab le i n t h e b l ack e a r th o f l e ve l 1a nd s o i t s r e la t ion sh ip t o F . 55 i s u nknown . T he p aved a rea s

o ccupa t ion w a sc oncen t ra ted s ou th o ft h er oad . F .2 a nd F .4 w e re t wo s ma l l b ounda ry d i tche s ( F ig . 2 4 , s e c t ion o —o ) o ff ou r th—cen tu ry d a te , a sw a s c l ea r ly i n d ica ted b yt h ep o t te ry ( n o s .5 41-551 ) .

No p av ing s u r v ived n o r th o f t h e r oad . P lough ing h ad d e s t royed t h e R oman s u r face o ve r t h e w ho le a r ea b eyond a l i ne s ome 1 0m n o r th o ft h e r oad s ide d i tch F .26 , b u t s ou th o f

F . 11 c on s i s ted o f t h ree s ma l l h ea r th s w h ich h ad b een c on s t ruc ted b y r emov ing s l ab s f r om t h e n a tu ra l l ime s tone

t h a t l i ne a b l ack e a r th l e ve l s u rv ived , a nd t h i s c on ta ined s am ian s t amp s n o s . 1 , 7a nd 2 8 , a nd p o t s n o s . 129-1162 . T h i s m a te r ia l ma in ly d a te s f r om t h e s econd c en tu ry b u t a l so c on ta in s s ome f i r s t—cen tu ry s u r v iva l s , a nd p o t n o . 162 i s

s u r face w h ich f o rmed t h eR oman g round s u r face a tt h i sp o in t ( F ig . 2 2 ) . T he s t one w a s f i re— reddened t o ad ep th o fs eve ra l c en t ime t r e s a nd t h e h ea r th s w e re f i l led w i th o ak c ha rcoa l . P o t s n o s . 5 71-575 c ame f r om t h e c ha r coa l d epo s i t b u t t h e s h e rd sw e re u nbu rned . F .20 w a s ab eam— s lo t 2 5-30cm w ide a nd 1 0-20 cm d eep . T he b l a ck e a r th f i l l w a s c on t inuou s w i th t h e L eve l 1d epo s i t a bove F . 17 a nd t h e u ppe r f i l l o fF .22 . I tp robab ly r ep re sen t s al a te t imbe rb u i ld ing ,B u i ld ing 3 .

2 1

f ou r th—cen tu ry . T he s ub so i l o ve r t h i s a r ea w a s u n su r faced , a nd t h e c onc lu s ion i st h a t e ven t h e v i c in i ty o f t h e w e l l w a s u npaved , o r t h a t p av ing w a s r emove f o r r e—u se e l sewhe re — a n u n l ike ly e ven t i nv i ew o f t h e p reva lence o f s t one o n t h e s i te . T he n a tu ra l s t one w a ss e ldom mo re t h an 2 0cm b e low t h e a ppa ren t R oman s u r face , a nd i ns ome p lace s r o se t o f o rm t h a ts u r face .

, F .2

t op so i l

F .4

g rey e a r th a nd s t ones n a tura l c l ay a nd s t one 0

0 .5

1 . 0m

F ig .2 1 . B ounda ry D i t che sF .2 a nd F .4 :s e c t ion o —o .

F ig .2 2 . S t one—paved A rea s a r ound F .7 a nd F . 11 . T he b u rned a r ea s d e f in ing t h e t h r ee h ea r th s f o rm ing F . 11 a r e h eav i ly o u t l ined . T he b l ank a r ea s o n t h e p l an w e re s u r fac e s f o rmed f r om t h e n a tu ra l y e l low c l ay a nd s ma l ls t one s ,u sua l ly a s al a ye r 1 0-30 cm t h ick a bove n a tu ra ll ime s tone .

2 2

CONCLUS IONS : I n terpre ta t ion a nd S pe cu la t ion T he i n fo rma t ion p r e sen t ly a va i lab le c ome s f r om f i e ldwa lk ing s i nce 1 960 a nd t h e e xcava t ion s o f 1 990-92 , t o ge the r w i th s ome a dd i t iona l r e su l t s t o b e p ub l i shed i n W i l co t e I L T he a r ea s o f a r e xcava ted i sa bou t 0 . 15ha , o f as i te w h ich c ove r s a bou t 1 5 ha . A l l i n te rp r e ta t ion s a tt h i s s t age a r e t h e r e f o re p rov i s iona l a nd m ay w e l ln eed r e v i s ion .

F ig s .5 a ,b

T he o c cupa t ion a pp ea r s t oh ave b egun i nt h e i mmed ia te ly p o s t— conque s tp e r iod a nd t oh ave t a ken t h e f o rm o f af a i r ly c ompa c t s t ag ing—po s t f o r m i l i ta ry t r a ff ic u s ing A k eman S t r ee t . T h i s t h en e xpanded , p r obab ly d u r ing t h e s e cond c en tu ry , i n to a r a the r d i f fu se o ccupa t ion c ove r ing a bou t 1 5ha . T he o c cupa t ion a ppea r s t oh ave b een r e duced i ne x ten t d u r ing t h e l a te r t h i rd a nd f o u r th c en tu r ie s , f i na l ly c on cen t ra t ing a tt h e e a s ter n a nd w e s te rn e nd s o f t h e s e t t lemen t . T h e r e i sa s y e t n o e v idence f o r a n A ng lo—Saxon p r e sence , t h ough t h e e a s te rn e nd o ft h e R oman s e t t lemen t h a s p roduced p o t te r y o ft h e t e n th t ot h i r teen th c en tu r ie s . Med ieva lv i l lage sd eve lop ed a tt h ee x t r eme e nd so ft h eR oman s i te .

p .1

T he f i r s t— cen tu ry o ccupa t ion b egan a tt h e t i me o ft h e c on s t r uc t ion o fA keman S t r ee t i nt h e l a te r4 0 s A .D . T h i s i si n te rp r e ted a s as t ag ing—po s t e s tab l i shed b y t h e a rmy t os e r ve m i l i ta ry t r a f f ic u s ing t h e r o ad .T h i s t r a f f ic w ou ld h ave i n c luded a rmy u n i t s m ov ing b e tween t h ef o r t s a tC o r in ium ( C i r ence s te r ) , V e ru lam ium ( S t . A lban s )a nd p e rhap sA lche s te r , a sw e l l a st h em i l i ta ry p o s t ,o f f ice r sa nd g ove rnmen t o f f ic ia l s ,b u tt h em a jo re l emen tw ou ld h ave b een s upp l ie s ,n o tab ly o ff o od , f o rt h e se f o r t s . T he t r oop s w ou ld m o s t ly h ave t r ave l led o nf oo t , t h eo f f ice r so nh o r seba ck ,a nd s upp l ie sp robab ly b yo x— ca r t .T he s i te w a s p robab ly n o t e x ten s ive a tt h i s t i me , i t s f u n c t ion b e ing t h e p rov i s ion o ff ood a nd l o dg ing t o t r ave l le r s . T he r e i sn or e a son t os uppo se t h a t a ny s ub s tan t ia l a g r icu l tu ra lc ommun i ty w a sp r e sen t , t h e ' n a t ive 'e l emen tp l ay ing n o g r ea tp a r t i nt h e o c cupa t ion , a nd t h e l a ck o fs e t t lemen t i nt h e s u r round ing c oun t r y s id e a r gue s a ga in s t a ny s ub s tan t ia l m a rke t f u nc t ion . S i nc e t h e c i v i l ian e conomy o ft h e t own s a nd v i l la s d i d n o t e x i s t a tt h i s e a r ly d a te , t h e f u n c t iona l b a s i s o ft h e s i te w a s m i l i ta ry , t h ough i tw a s a lmo s t c e r ta in ly u nde f ended a nd t h e r e i sn o r e a son t o s uppo se t h a t s o ld ie r s w e r e p e rmanen t ly s t a t ion ed t h e r e .

p .1 p .1 F ig . 1

T he m i l i ta ry t r a f f ic o n A keman S t r ee t w ou ld h ave d ec l ined m a rked ly a f te rc .A .D .50 , b y w h ich t i me t h e a rmy h ad l a rge ly m oved o n t ot h e w e s t a nd n o r th . T he f o r t a tC o r in ium w a s f i na l ly a bandoned i n t h e 7 0 s , a nd a tt h i s t ime t h e f o r tune s o fW i lco t e a ppea rt oh ave r e v ived , w i th ac on s id e rab le i n c rea se i na c t iv i ty o nt h e s i te . T h i s i si n te rp r e ted a s ar e deve lopmen to ft h e s i te i n ac i v i l ian r o le , s e r v ing t h e g r ow ing t r a f f ic b e tween t h e d eve lop ing t own s . A l so , t h e e v idenc e o fS hakenoak a nd D i t ch ley v i l la s , a nd p e rhap s N o r th le igh t o o , s how s t h a t t h e i n ten s ive d eve lopmen t o ft h e s u r round ing c oun t ry s ide a s v i l la e s ta te s b egan a tt h i s t i me . W i lco te c ou ld n ow h ave a cqu i r ed a n a dd i t iona l r o le a s am a rke t , a n e n t r epo t w he r e l o ca l p roduc e w a s s o ld a nd i mpo r ted g ood s b ough t . F o r e xamp le , t h e re i se v idenc e t h a t t h e t e s se rae u sed i n am o sa ic f l oo r a tt h e S hakenoak v i l la p a s sed t h rough W i lco te . T he t r a ff i c w ou ld h ave i n c luded p ede s t r ian s , o x— ca r t s ,t r ave l le r s o nh o r seba ck , p a ckho r se s a nd d onk ey sc a r ry ing g ood s , a nd p e rhap s f l ock s a nd h e rd s b e ing d r iven t om a rke t s i nt h e t own s . T h i s e xpan s ion o f t r ade s h ow su pi nt h e i n c rea sed s i ze o fm a rke t s i nt h e p o t te r y i n du s t ry . I ta l so m ake s i td i f f icu l tt oi n te rp re t t h e e v iden ce f r om a n ima l b one s , s i nce t h e a n ima l s w ho se b on e s e nded u p o n t h e s i te m ay w e l l n o t h ave b een r e a r ed t h e r e ,a nd a ny t h a tw e re r e a r ed a tW i lco t em igh tw e l lh ave e nd ed u pe l sewhe r e .

F ig . 3

p .1 50

Wa che ra nd Mc Wh i r r 1 982 S hakenoak I

p .4 7 p .1 73 p .4 9 p .1 77

T he s e cond c en tu ry f r om a bou t A .D . 1 20 o n w a s at i me o fd e c l ine w i th in t h e s ma l l a r ea e xcava ted . R ubb i sh a nd d i r tw e re a l lowed t oa c cumu la te , i n d ica t ing ar e du c t ion i ns t anda rd s i fn o ti np opu la t ion . H owe ve r , t h i s m ay w e l l h ave b een t h e t ime w hen t h e s e t t lemen te xpanded g r ea t ly i ns i ze , e ven tua l ly e x tend ing f o rs ome 1 . 3km a l ong t h e r o ad . O n t h e b a s i s o ff i e ld—wa lk ing t h i s i st h ough tt or e p re sen t a r i bbon d eve lopmen t o f p ea san t s ma l l—ho ld ing s e s tab l i shed o n t h e p ub l ic l a nd a l ong b o th s i de s o f A keman S t ree t . T h i s e n la rged c ommun i ty m ay h ave p rov id ed l a bou r f o r t h e a d jo in ing v i l la e s ta te s . B u r ia l so fa du l t s a nd i n f an t sm ay d e r ive f r om t h i sp e r iod .

p p . 1 ,12

T he i n ten s ive o ccupa t ion o ft h i se x tended a r ea p robab ly d i dn o tl a s tb eyond c .A .D . 2 60 , b a sed o n t h e n ega t ive e v idence t h a t c o in s a nd p o t te ry f r om 2 60 o n a r e n o t f o und e xc ep t i nr e s t r ic ted a r ea s . T he e a s t er ne x t r em i ty o ft h e s e t t lemen t h a s p roduced c o in s o ft h e l a t e r t h i rd c e n tu ry a nd f ou r th—cen tu ry p o t t e ry . T h e a r ea 1 00-250m t ot h e w e s to fT he 1 990-92 e xcava t ion sh a sp roduced m any t h ou sand so f c o in s , a nd t h o se t h e a u tho r h a s s e em h ave c omp r i sed a bou t 3 0% l a te r t h i rd— cen tu ry , 6 5% C on s tan t in ian ,5 % V a len t in ia rüc a nd n oT heodo s ian . T he a r ea w a sp e rhap s am a rke t . F u r the rw e s t ,i n t h ep r e sen t—day v i l lage o fR amsden ,c o in f i nd si n d ica te f o u r th— cen tu ry o c cupa t ion .

P .5

N oe v iden ce o fA ng lo—Saxon o ccupa t ion h a ss of a re me rged ( t hough w i th 9 9% o ft h es i t eu nexcava ted 2 3

P .5 P P - 3, 7 p .1 6 5

P .5

t h i s i sn o t c on c lu s ive ) , b u tt h e s t udy o fc ha r t e r s h a s l e d t ot h e s ugge s t ion t h a t t h e r e m ay h ave b een a s e t t lemen ti nt h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty , a nd S hakenoak v i l la ( 1 .8km f r om W i lco te a tt h en ea re s tp o in t ) p roduced m a t e r ia l f r om t h e f i f th t ot h ee i gh th c en tu r ie s . E xcava t ion s a tt h ee a s te rn e nd o ft h eR oman s e t t lemen t h ave y i e lded p o t te ry o f t h e t e n th t ot h i r teen th c en tu r ie s , a t ap o in t s ome 4 00m f r om t h e c en t r eo ft h ed e se r ted m ed ieva lv i l lage o fW i l c ,o te .

S hakenoak I I S hakenoak I I W i t co t eI , f o r thcom ing

2 4

THE F INDS

2 5

T he C o in s C h r i s tophe rH owgego*

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0 . 1 . 1 2 . 1 3 . 1 4 . 1 5 . 1 6 . 1 7 . 1 8 . 1 9 . 2 0 . 2 1 . 2 2 . 2 3 . 2 4 . 2 5 .

4 . 19g C laud iu s ,i m i ta t ion A s .M in e rva . F .26 ,b o t tom o ff i l l . 4 . 72g C laud iu s ,i m i ta t ion A s .M ine r va . F . 17 l e ve l5 . A n ton ia ,D upond iu s .C laud iu s .R IC 9 2 . 9 . 51g F .26 l owe rf i l l . A n ton ia ,i m i ta t ion ( ? )D upond iu s .C laud iu s . R eve r se c oun te rma rk ?=t i ' R IC 9 2 . 1 0 .60g F .26 ,b o t tom o ff i l l . 1 1 .38g N e ro ,A s .R ome .T emp le o fJ anu s .R IC 3 06 . S u r fa ce o fp av ing w e s to fF .2 . N e ro ,A s .L ugdunum .V ic to ry .R IC 5 44 . 9 . 07g S u r fac eo fp av ing s ou th o fF .7 . V e spa s ian ,D upond iu s .L ugdunum .F o r tuna . R IC 4 73 . 1 .97g F . 17 l e ve l3 . V e spa s ian ,D upond iu s .L ugdunum? P ax . 1 4 .45g R IC 4 75 ( l egend 3 ) ?C u tma rk . F .47 0 . 9m . V e spa s ian ,A s .R ome o rL ugdunum ?A l ta r . R IC 4 94 . 1 0 .6 1g F . 17 l e ve l3 . V e spa s ian ,A s .L ugdunum .A l ta r . R IC 4 94 v a r .( o bve r se 3 ) . 8 . 60g F . 34 . H ad r ian ,S e s t e r t iu s .N eme s i s .R IC 7 79 . 2 1 .32g F . 17 l e ve l 1 . M .A u r e l iu s ,S e s te r t iu s .V ic to ry s t g .r . , p l a c ing s h ie ld o np a lm t r e e .R IC ? 2 5 .66g F . 17 l e ve l 1 . G a l l ienu sj o in tr e ign ,A n ton in ianu s .G au l . V i r tu s .R IC 8 . 1 . 90g T op so i l . V ic to r inu s .A n ton in ianu s .V ic to ry? H a lved , 0 . 53g T op so i l . T e t r icu s ,A n ton in ianu s .P ax .R IC 1 00 . 1 . 96g T op so i l . T e t r icu s ,A n ton in ianu s .P ax .R IC 1 00 . 2 . 42g T op so i l . T e t r icu s ,A n ton in ianu s .S a lu s .R IC 1 27 . 3 . 29g T op so i l . B a rba rou sr ad ia t e . 2 . 02g T op so i l . C a rau s iu s ,A n ton in ianu s . [ P ]AX AV [G ]P ax .s t g . 1 . D oub le s t ruck ,b r oken ,i n comp le te . 1 . 36g T op so i l . C on s tan t ine , AE .L ondon .V ICTOR IAE LAETAE . R IC 1 57 . 2 . 30g F . 55 U rb sR oma , AE .M in t ? Wo l fa nd t w in s . 1 . 19g T op so i l . T heodo ra , AE .M in t ?P IETAS ROMANA . 1 . 20g T op so i l . Empe ro r ? , AE .M in t ? V ICToR IAEDDAVGGQNN . 1 . 58g T op so i l . C on s tan t iu sI , AE .M in t ? F EL T E MP REPARAT IO .G a l ley . 3 . 00g T op so i l . D ec en t iu s , AE .T r ie r ( TR [ P ] )V ICTOR IAE DD NN AVG E T CAE . R IC 3 14 . 4 . 31g T op so i l .

2 6 . 2 7 . 2 8 . 2 9 . 3 0 .

U n ce r ta in ,4 t hc en tu ry AE . L au r . ma le b u s tr . /Two f i gu re s . T op so i l . U n ce r ta in ,4 t hc en tu ry , AE . T op so i l . U n ce r ta in ,4 t hc en tu ry , AE . T op so i l . U n ce r ta in , AE . T op so i l . U nc e r ta in , AE . T op so i l .

1 . 00g 1 . 04g 0 . 57g 0 . 51g 2 . 60g

T he r e a r e f a r t o o f ew c o in s f o r a ny w o r thwh i le s t a t i s t ica l a na ly s i s . T he h i ghe r p ropo r t ion o fc o in s o ft h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD t h an i st y p ica l i nf md s f r om B r i ta in d o e s ,h oweve r , t e nd t oc on f i rm t h e e a r ly n a tu re o ft h e s i te . T h i s i ss uppo r ted b y t h e f a c t t h a t a l l t h e e a r ly c o in s w e r e f o und i n s t ra t if ied c on tex t s ,w he r ea s t h ec o in s l a te rt h an M . A u re l iu s , w h ich a r e f o und i ns ub s tan t ia l q uan t i t ie s i n a d jac en t a r ea s , w e r e n o t ( w i th t h ee xc ep t ion o fn o .20 ) . S ome o ft h ee a r ly c o in ss howed l i t t le w ea r ( n o s . 5 ,7 ,1 0 ) s ugge s t ing t h e t t h ey h ad n o th ad a l o ng l i f ei nc i r cu la t ion b e fo r eb e ing l o s t .

* Th eH eb red en C o in R oom ,A shmo lean Mu s eum ,O x fo rd .

2 6

T he B roo che s D .F . Ma ck r e th A l la r em ade f r om ac oppe ra l loy u n le s so t herw i se s t a ted . C o lche s ter 1

H a l f t h e s p r ing , w i th t h e c ho rd , i sm i s s ing a nd t h e h ook i sb roken . T h es u rv iv ing w ing i sf l a ta nd p l a in . T he b ow h a s ad eep r e c tangu la r s e c t ion a nd i sv e ry t h in w hen v i ewed f r om t h e f r on t . T he s t ra igh t p ro f i le h a s am a rked b end a tt h e t o p . T he b r oo ch i s t i nned o rs i lve r ed . T he b ow s e c t ion , p ro f i le a nd f i n i sh s how t h a t t h i s i sn o t a n o rd ina ry C o lche s te r . T he o n ly g ood B r i t i sh p a ra l le l s r e co rded b y t h e w r i te r c ome f r om S ou th S h ie ld s ( A l la son— J one s a nd M ik e t 1 984 , 3 . 72 ) a nd N e the rD en ton ' , s i t e s w e l l a way f r om t h e C o lche s te r ' s h ome land a nd p o in t ing t o ad a te a f t e rt h eB r i t i sh C o lche s te rh ad c ea sed t ob eu sed . T he f i n i sh a l one i n d ica t e s p o s t—conque s t m anu fa c tu re a nd t h e s t y le i s c omp le te ly u n l ike t h el a te s tf o rm so fB r i t i sh C o lche s te r( e .g . , F r e re a nd S t . Jo seph 1 974 , 4 4 , f i g .23 , 2 , 4 ,5 ) . A l though t h e w r i t e r i s d i s in c l ined t o b e l ieve i n s pec i f ica l ly " m i l i ta ry " b rooche s , t h e r e i s s ome e v idence t o s ugge s t t h a t av e ry c on se r va t ive e l emen t i n t h e p opu la t ion o f f i r s t—cen tu ry m i l i ta ry s i t e s p r e f e r red s t y le s w h ich w e r e l o ng p a s t . T he m o s t s t r ik ing i n s tanc e i so ne v a r ie ty o f L a T en e I( e .g . , B u she—Fox 1 949 , 1 07 , p 1 .25 ,1 ,2 ) . A l l B r i t i sh e xamp le s o f t h i s t y pe o c cu r o n R oman s i te s , n one i sd a ted t ob e fo r e t h e c onque s t a nd , d e sp i te t h e t y po log ica l a pp roa ch a dop t ed b y H u l l a nd H awke s ( 1 987 , 1 79180 ) , t h e d a t ing p e r ce ived b y F euge r e ( 1 985 , 1 96197 ) f i t s t h e i r o c cu r r enc e i n B r i ta in a dm i rab ly . A ga in s t s u ch a b a ck—g round , am idd le t o l a te f i r s tc en tu ry d a te w ou ld b es u i tab le f o rt h ep r e sen ti t em . B la ck l e ve l l mw e s to fF .47 . C o lche s ter D er iva t ive 2

T he c ho rd o ft h es p r ing i sh e ld b eh ind t h eh ead o ft h e b ow b y ac r e s tm ade u p o ft wo h ook s , t h e l o nge ro f w h ich c ome s u p f r om b e low . T he w ing s a r e p l a in . T he c r e s t c on t inue s d own t h e u pp e rp a r to ft h e b ow a s as ho r tc r o s s—cu tr i dge . T he b ow i sf a i r ly b r oad , w i th ag roove o n e ach b o rde r , a nd t a p e r s t owa rd s a t wo—pa r t f oo t—k nob w h ich r u n s a l l t h e w ay r ound b enea th t h ec a t ch—p la t e . T he s p r ing— f ix ing a r rangemen t i se xpe r imen ta l b e ing al o op m ade o u t o f h ook s t o h o ld t h e c ho rd o n ly : a l l s u cce s s f u l s y s tem s s e cu r e t h e s p r ing a s w e l l . T he R ea rhook ( s ee B rooch 3 ) , w h ich a ppea r s t or e ly o nt h eh ook w h ich g i ve s t h e t y p ei t sn ame ,a l so u sed ab l ob o fs o lde rb eh ind t h el e f t—hand w ing t o s e cu r e t h e s p r ing ( Ma cb et h 1 992a , 1 22 ) . T he " Ha r low " , i nw h ich ap l a te p ro jec t ing b eh ind t h e h ead o ft h e b ow h a st wo h o le sf o rt h ea x i sb a rt h ough t h ec o i l sa nd f o rt h e

1 Ia m g r a te fu l t oM r s . Ma rga re t S nape f o r a l low ing m e t o q uo te f r om h e rM .Ph i lt h e s i s .

2 7

c ho rd , a pp ea r s t o b e t h e c l o se s t i n d e s ign t o t h e p r e sen t e xamp le a nd t y po log ica l ly e a r l ie r s t age s o f t h a t f r equen t ly h ave h ook s w h ich w e r e c l o sed i n a s im i la r m anne r . E xpe r imen ta l t y p e s c ome i nm any f o rm s a nd s pe c imen s a r e r a r e a st h ey w e r er e p laced b y m o re e ff i c ien t s y s tem s . None i sd e f in i te ly p r e— conque s t a nd t h e e l abo ra te f oo t—knob h e re s hou ld g ua ran tee a d a t e l a te r t h an t h en . A s a l l t h e m a in s y s tem so fh o ld ing t h ep i nh ad c ome i n to b e ing b e fo r e4 5 / 50 , t h ep r e sen t b r oo ch s hou ld b e n o l a te rt h an 5 0-60 a tt h e v e ry l a te s t . F . 17 l e ve l5 . 3

T he s p r ing i sh e ld t ot h e b ody o f t h e b roo ch b y a r e a rwa rd— fa c ing h ook b eh ind t h e h ead o f t h e b ow . T he e nd o f t h e v i s ib le w ing h a s t wo b eaded m ou ld ing s s e t b e tween s i ng le r e e l s . T he b ow h a s a b a s ica l ly o c tagona l s e c t ion , t h e s i de f a c e s a t t h e f r on tb e ing c on cave . S unk i nt h ef r on ta r et wo w avy r i dge s f o rmed b yd i s to r t ing p l a in o ne s w i th ap unch . T h er e tu rn o ft h ev e ry f i ne ly f r e t ted c a t ch—p la te h a s ag r oove d own e a ch s i de w i th a n i n c i sed c hev ron b e tween . A l though t h e r e levan t p a r t s a r e b ad ly c o r roded , t h e re i sn o d oub ta bou tt h e w ay i nw h ich t h e s p r ing i sh e ld . T he c o re o f t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h i s t e chn ique i sN o r fo lk w i th a f r inge c ove r ing t h e w e s ter nm a rg in o ft h e F en s a s w e l l a sn o r ther n S u f fo lk . A ny d oub t s a bou tt h eo r ig in o ft h i sp a r t icu la rb rooch a r ed i sp e l led b yt h ed e ta i l so fi t sd e s ign : t h eb ow s e c t ion a nd d eco ra t ion a nd t h e b ead—and— ree l p a t ter n o n t h e w ing s a r e f o und m o s tf r equen t ly o nt h eR ea rhook , s om uch s ot h a tt h e i r a ppea ranc e o n h i nged—p in b r oo che s i se v idence f o rc opy ing , e spe c ia l ly a s t h e a r ea w he r e t h i s h appened w a s p a r t o f t h e m a rke t ing r e g ion o f t h e R ea rhook : t h e w e s te rn F en E dge f r om w he r e i ts p r ead g ene ra l ly t h rough t h e E a s t M id land s . T he d a t ing o ft h eR ea rhook i t se l fh a sr e cen t ly b een r e v iewed ( Ma cb et h i n J a ck son a nd P o t te r , f o r th com ing ) a nd t h e c on c lu s ion w a s t h a t b o th t h e p e r iod o fm anu fac tu r e a nd u se e nded i n6 0 /65 ,h a rd ly a ny c on t inu ing b eyond t h a tt ime . T h i s , c oup led w i th t h ed i s t r ibu t ion , s hou ld b e e nough t os how t h a t t h et e chn ique w a ss pec if i ca l ly I c en ian . F .26 l owe rl e ve l T he f o l low ing f o u r b roo che s a l l h ad o r h ave t h e i r s p r ing s m oun ted i nt h e P o lden H i l l m anne r : a n a x i s b a r t h rough t h e c o i l si sm oun ted i np i e r ced p l a te sa tt h ee nd so ft h ew ing s ,t h e c ho rd b e ing h e ld b y e i th e r ar e a rwa rd— fa c ing h ook , i n t h e c a se o f4 ,o r ap i e r ced c r e s tl i ke t h o se i nt h eo t he r s . 4

A l l t h e s e c t ion s a r e v e ry t h in a nd t h e re m ay h ave b een ag ood d ea l o ff o rg ing t oa ch ieve t h e f i n i shed b rooch . T he s i de s o f t h e b roken b road r e a rwa rd— f a c ing h ook a r ec on t inued v i sua l ly b yg roove sd own e ach s i de o ft h eh ead o ft h eb ow . E ach w ing h a s o n i t sf r on tt h ree s u nken v e r t ica lb ead— row s . T he u ppe r p a r t o f t h e b ow h a s , d own t h e m idd le , ac r ude ly f o rmed b eaded r i dge . T he c a tch—p la te h a s a

F ig . 2 3 . B rooche s 1 -8 . S c . 1 : 1 .

2 8

p i e r c ing i nt h ef o rm o f am i s— shapen h ea r t . A d i s t in c t ive p a t t e rn f o und m a in ly i n t h e L owe r S eve rn V a l ley , b u t w i th e xamp le s r u nn ing u p a s f a r a s D e rby . A r e cen td i scu s s ion o fi t so r ig in sa nd d eve lopmen t( Ma ck r e th i n L each e ta l . , f o r thcom ing ) c on c luded t h a t t h i s v a r ie ty s hou ld n o tb el a te rt h an 6 0 /70 . F .40 ,b o t tom o ff i l l . E a ch w ing h a s af l u te w i th at h in m ou ld ing o ne a ch s i de a nd af u r the r t wo a tt h e e nd . T he c r e s t s i t s i n t h e t o p o f am a rked f l u te r u nn ing b e tween g rooved b o rde r sd own t o ab l un tf o o t . T he c a t ch—p la t eh a s a t r iangu la rh o le . T he w r i te r h a s c ome a c ro s s f ew u se f u l p a ra l le l s f o r t h i s b roo ch . T he d eco ra t ion o n t h e w ing s i s ab o t ched v e r s ion o f t h e b ead—and— r ee l c ommon ly f o und o n t h e R ea rhook w h ich a l so o c ca s iona l ly h a s s im i la r f l u t ing o n t h e b ow . H oweve r , t h es p r ing s y s tem i sa th ome i nt h e w e s t . T he p i e r ced c a tch— p l a t ei sm o r e am a rk o f af i r s t— cen tu ry b rooch t h an as e cond— c en tu ry o ne . T h i s , c oup led w i th d e co ra t ive t r a i t s a s so c ia ted w i th a w o rk shop t r ad i t ion w h ich e nded r e la t ive ly s udden ly c . 60 /65 ( s ee B rooch 3 ) , s ugge s t s t h a t t h i s b rooch s hou ld b e e a r l ie rt h an 1 00 . F . 17 l e ve l3 ,w i th c o in n o . 9( Ve spa s ian )

b r ooch t ob e aC o lche s te r D e r iva t ive . T he mod em b r eak i n t h e p i n b eh ind s how s i tt o b e i r on : t h e b r ooch h ad b een r e pa i red i na n t iqu i ty . T he p a r t icu la r v a r ie ty o f C o lche s te r D e r iva t ive i sh i dden f r om v i ew :o n ly ag ene ra ld a te— range c an b ep ropo sed —f r om c . 50 t o 1 50 / 175 b y w h ich t ime a l l B r i t i sh b rooche s o f t h i s t y p eh ad c ea sed t ob em ade . F . 17 l e ve l5 .

5

6

E ach w ing h a s am a rked h o r izon ta l a r r i s a nd a m ou ld ing a t t h e e nd . T he c r e s t s i t s i n ac l e f t b e twe en t wo s e t s o f o u twa rd ly s p lay ing m ou ld ing s o n e a ch s i de . T he l o nge r , i n n e r s e t h a s ac en t ra l f l u t e a nd a b eaded i n ne r e dge , a nd s t ep s s ha rp ly b a ck t o t h e p l a in , t h in b ow . T he o u te r s e t h a s a b eaded r i dge d own t h e m idd le a nd s t ep s e qua l ly s h a rp ly b a ck , t h i st i me , t ot h e i n ne rs e t . T he f o o to f t h eb ow h a st h ree p ro je c t ing m ou ld ing s . F . 17 l e ve l3 / 5 7

E a ch w ing h a s am ou ld ing a ti t se nd . T h ec ho rd h e r e p a s se s t h rough t h e t o p o ft h e v e ry t h in b ow o ne a ch s i de o fw h ich a tt h et o p , a r eb r oad a dd ed m ou ld ing s , e a ch w i th ag roove d own t h e o u te re dge . T he p l a in b ow h a s as ma l l p ro jec t ing f o o t . T h e c a t ch—p la t e h a s ac r ude D — shap ed p i e r c ing . T h e m ou ld ing s o nt h e s i de so ft h eh ead o ft h eb ow s how t h a t t h e se t wo b rooche s w e r e m ade i nt h e s ou th—we s t a nd m any h ave h i nged p i n s . H ow t h e p i n w a s f i xed i s l a rge ly u n impo r tan t :t h eh i nge w a st h ep r e f e r red s y s t em i nt h es ou th— w e s tb e fo r e t h ec onque s ta nd t h eP o lden H i l l m anne rw a s t h e s p rung s y s tem a dop ted i n t h e w e s t g ene ra l ly . D a t ing i s m eag re a nd t h e r ei sl i t t le e v iden ce f o rs i gn i f ican ts ub—g roup s . T h e l i m i ted d a t ing h a s b een r e v iewed ( Ma ck r e th i nL ea ch e t a l . , f o r thcom ing ) : i ts e em s t h a t t h o se w i th t h e P o lden H i l l s y s tem b e long r ough ly t ot h ep e r iod c . 65-125 a nd t h o se w i th h i nged p i n s a r e l a te r f i r s t c en tu ry t o n ea r t h e e nd o f t h e s e cond , b u t , a s t h e se a r e c on f ined m o r e t ot h e d eep s ou th— w e s t , i tm ay b e t h a t t h e re a r e i n su f f ic ien t d a ted c on t ex t s f o r t h i sc on c lu s ion t ob ee n t i re ly r e l iab le . N o r th—we s te dge o fF .22 . 8

V e ry h eav i ly a c c r e ted w i th c o r ro s ion p roduc t s ,m o s t o fw h ich s e em t ob e d e r ived f r om i r on , t h e f o rm o f t h e b ow a nd w ha t c an b e s e en o ft h e h ead s how t h e 2 9

H ead s tud a nd U nc la s s i f ied 9

T h e a x i s b a ro ft h e h i nged p i n i s moun ted i n ah a l f c y l inde ra c ro s s t h e b a ck o ft h e w ing s e ach o fw h ich h a s f o u r s t ep s u p t ot h e b ow . T he c i r cu la rs t ud h a s a ne name l led c i r c le—and—do t o n t o p . T he b ow h a s , b e low t h e s t ud , ab o rde r ing g roove a nd a l i ne o f l o zenge— shaped c e l l s , w i th i n f i l l ing t r iang le s o n e ach s i d e ,f o re name l ,a l ls u r v iv ing r ema in so fw h ich a r e d i sco lou red . T he t wo—pa r t f oo t—knob i s s epa ra ted f r om t wo c r o s s—mou ld ing s a tt h e b a se o f t h eb ow b y ad e ep f l u te . A s t anda rd H ead s tud p a t ter n , m embe r s o f t h i s g roup a r e f o und m a in ly s ou th o ft h eP enn ine s a nd e a s t o ft h e Ma r che s . T he d a t ing i s : P r e s ta tyn , 7 0 s — 160 ( Mack re th 1 989 , 9 3-94 , f i g .38 ,16 ) ;D on ca s t e r ,8 0110 ( Buck land a nd Mag i l ton 1 986 , 8 4-85 , f i g .19 ,2 ) ; N ew s tead , 8 0— c .200 , t wo e xamp le s ( Cu r ie 1 9 11 , 3 23 ,p 1 .86 ,19 ,20 : H a r t ley 1 972 , 5 4 ) ; H a r low , 8 0-100 ? ( F ran ce a nd G obe l 1 985 , 7 9 , f i g .4 1 ,72 ) ; C ame lon , p r e-90 o r A n ton ine ( Ch r i s t i son 1 90 1 , 4 05-406 , p l .A ,5 : H a r t ley 1 972 , 1 3 , 4 2-44 ) ; N e t t le ton , l a te r f i r s t c en tu ry? (Wed lake 1 982 , 1 28 ,f i g .53 ,59 ) ; C o logn e ,w i th ac o in o fT ra jan a nd s am ian o f t h e s e cond h a l f o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry ( Exne r 1 939 , 7 3 , T af .1 . 1 .1 ) ; H a r low , a f te r 2 00 ? ( F rance a nd G obe l 1 985 , 7 9 , f i g .4 1 ,71 ) . E xamp le s l a t e r t h en t h e t h i rd c en tu ry h ave b e en o m i t ted a s t h ey m u s t h ave b een r e s idua l i n t h e i r c on tex t s . T he o p t imum d a te— r a nge r u n sf r om c . 80 t o1 50 / 175 b yw h ich t i me a l l B r i t i sh b ow b rooche s h ad c ea sed t o b e m ade . H oweve r , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a ta l l o ft h i s s t y le o fH ead s tud h ad p a s sed o u to fu s eb y 1 50 . F . 19 l e ve l2 . 1 0

A nu p tu rned h ook b eh ind t h eh ead h o ld s t h ea x i sb a r t h rough t h e c o i l s . T he f o rwa rd— fa c ing h ook g r a sp ing t h e c ho rd h a s ab road e nd w i th t wo f l u te s d i v ided b y ag r oove a c ro s si t . E a ch w ing i ss t epped u p t o t h e D — sec t ioned b ow . A f a in t t r ace o f a b o rd e r ing r i dge a l ong e a ch s i de o f t h e h ead i sn o t c l ea re nough f o ri tt ob e c e r ta in t h a t i tw a s i n tended t ob ea no r namen ta lf e a tu re . Ap eg a tt h ef oo to ft h e b ow o n ce h ad a s epa ra te ly—made f oo t—knob m oun t ed o n i t . T he c a t ch—p la te h a s t wo c i r cu la r p i e r c ing si nt h er e tu rn . A l though t h e r e i sn o s t ud , t h e s t y le o f t h e w ing s s how s t h a t t h i s b roo ch i s r e la ted t o s ome e a r ly H ead s tud s ( e .g . , A l la son— Jone s a nd M ike t 1 984 , 9 8 , 3 . 19 ) a nd t h e s epa ra te ly—made f oo t—knob i sa l so f o und o n t y po log ica l ly e a r ly H ead s tud s ( e .g . , R ead ing Mu seum , 0 3190 ; L e ice s te r Mu seum s , 16 .1962 /966 ) . O the r H ead s tud s , s im i la r t ot h e p r e sen t p i ece , h ave C o lche s te r s p r ing s y s tem s a nd s epa ra te ly—made f o o t—knob s ( e .g . , A lce s te r , e xcava t ion s , C , Mahany , t o b e p ub l i sh ed ) . D a t ing i s , a s a lway s , a t a

1 3

1 6

F ig . 2 4 . B roo che s9 16 . S c . 1 : 1 .

3 0

p rem ium : H on ley , Y o rk s , i n ac o in h oa rd n o l a te rt h an 7 2 /73 ( R ichmond 1 925 , 1 4 , f i g s .2 a nd 2 a ) ; C o rb r idge , 7 5-90 , t wo

b yt h ef i r s tt wo . l mn o r th o fF .22 .

e xamp les ( Han son e ta l . 1 979 , 6 1-62 , f i g .21 ,1) . T he l a s t t h i r ty y ea r s o ft h e f i r s tc en tury w ou ld c ove r a l l t h ree , b u t a s t h e re i sn of u l ly c a s tl oop u nde rt h e f o rwa rd— fac ing h ook , t h e d a te i sp robab ly b e fo re 7 5 . F .42 .

L a te L aT ene A l l t h e se h ave o r h ad a f ou r—co i l— in te rna l—cho rd i n teg ra l s p r ing s y s tem . 1 4

1

T he h ead i sl o s t . T he f l a t a nd b road b ow h a s a g roove d own e ach s i de a nd t a pe r s t o ad i sc— l ike f oo t—knob w i th t r ip le mou ld ing sr ound i t se dge . T he p ro je c t ion u nder nea th m ay b e as keuomo rph o f a p eg l i ke t h a to nB rooch 1 0 .

T h i s f r agmen t i sp e rhap s mo re c l o se ly r e la ted t o t h e l a s t b rooch a nd o t he r s l i ke i tt h an t oa ny o t he r . H e re t h e f oo t— k nob i sc a s ti nw i th t h e b ow a nd , t ypo log ica l ly s peak ing , t h i s m ay p o in t t o t h e l a te r f i r s t c en tu ry i n to t h e s e cond , b u t w i thou tt h eh ead t h e re c an b en oc er ta in ty . F .22 .

c u t s . F . 17 , l e ve l 5w i th n o . 1 5 . 1 5

V ery l i ke t h e l a s t , t h e s i de s o ft h e u ppe r b ow t ape r s l igh t ly t owa rd s t h et o pa nd t h eb ow i sp la in . F . 17 l e ve l5 ,w i th n o . 1 4 . 1 6

Ar epea t o f t h e l a s t , t h e s i de s o f t h e b ow a r e l e ss s t ra igh t— s i ded t h an t h o se o ft h ep rev iou s t wo . F . 17 l e ve l5 .

U nc las s if ied 1 2

T he b ow i ss t ra igh t— s ided d own t on ea r t h e t op o f t h e c a tch—p la te a nd t h en t h e s i de s s weep i n t o a p o in ted f oo t . T he u pp e r b ow h a s o n e a ch s i de t wo r ow s o f s qua re s t amp s m ade b y at o o l w i th c r o s s—

T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fb rooche s w i th s qua re s t amp s s u ch a st h o se o n 1 4 i sm a in ly i nH amp sh i re s p read ing o u t i n to s ou the rn B e rk sh i re , t h rough W i l t sh i re a nd i n to s ou ther n G louce s te r sh i re . O n ly af ew o ccu ro u t s ide t h i s c o re a r ea a nd s ome h ave w i th d oub t fu l s t amp ing h ave b een e xc luded . D a t ing i s r e la t ive ly s pa r se a nd m uch d epend s o n t h e

T he f ou r—co i l— in ter na l— cho rd s pr ing i s moun ted o n a n a x i s b a r w h ich p a sse s t h rough ap i e rced l u g b eh ind t h es ha l low t r ump e th ead o ft h eb ow . T he b ow i t se l f i sa lmo s t s t ra igh t— s ided a nd d i v ided i n to t wo p a r t s . T he u ppe r i sr ounded b eh ind a nd h a s ac l ef t d own t h ef r on tw i th ap eak a tt h e t o pd y ing a way i n to t h a t . T he l owe r b ow h a s am ed ian r i dge w h ich a l so d i e s

p ub l ica t ion o fe xcava t ion s a t Ow le sbu ry ( J .Co l l i s ) a nd o nt h e f o r um s i te a tS i lche s te r ( M .G .Fu lfo rd ) : F i shbour n e , 4 3— c .75 , t wo e xamp le s ( Cun l if f e 1 971 , 1 00 , f i g .36 ,6 ,13 ) ; Hod H i l l ,

o u ti n to t h ec l ef ta nd e nd sb e low i n at wo—pa r tf oo t— k nob .

b efo re 5 0 ( B ra i lsfo rd 1 962 , 7 ,f i g .7 ,C25 ) : R ichmond 1 968 ,

T he h ead p o in t s t o t h e T rumpe t t ype , b u t t h e p rof i le t o a g roup f r equen t ly f i t ted w i th ab o ss o rs t ud o nt h e f r on t a tt h e p o in t o f i nf lec t ion i nt h e p ro f i le ( e .g . , Web s te r a nd D an ie l s 1 970 , 1 8-19 , f i g .4 ,3 ) . T he l a t te r g roup i se c lec t ic a nd h a s a

17119 ) ; S i lche s te r , n o t l a te r t h an 6 0 ( Boon 1 969 , 4 7 , f i g .6 ,3 ) ; V e ru lam ium , 2 00-225 ( F re re 1 984 , 2 1 , f i g .5 ,16 ) . T he d a te— range s hou ld b e f r om t h e c onque s t t o7 5 , i fn o t 6 0 . T he t y pe m ay h ave c ome i n to b e ing b efo re t h e c onque s t a nd ,

f ew s e cu re s ub—g roup s , t h e o ve ra l l i mp ress ion b e ing t h a t m o s t f o rm s m e rge o ne i n to a no the r . H e re , t h e n a r rowne ss o f t h e h ead i nf r on t o ft h e s umma ry t r umpe t , t h ep rof i le a nd t h e r ounded b ack o f t h e u ppe r b ow i n d ica te t h a t t h is b rooch b e long s t o t h e s e cond g roup . D a t ing i s d i f f icu l t , i f a ny

i na ny c a se , m ay w e l l h ave b een t h e A t reba t ic b roo ch t ype . D e s ign s a r e v ery l im i ted a nd d e r ive f r om t h e n a r row r ange f ound o n t h e N auhe im a nd , h ad t h e s hap e o f t h e b ow b een m o r e t r iangu la r , i tc ou ld b e a r gued t h a t t h is t ype w a s t h e d i rec t s ucce sso r o f t h a t . H oweve r , i tm u s t b e r e la ted a to ne r emove . A s t h eN auhe im h ad p a ssed o u to fu se b y t h ee nd o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . , t h e p r esen t t yp e s hou ld f a l l i nt h e f i r s t c en tu ry A .D . ,b u tn o tn ece s sa r i ly c l o se t ot h eb eg inn ing .

p a r t icu la r s egmen t i sb e ing d ea l t w i th , b u t t h e o ve ra l l d a te— r a nge r un s f r om t h el a te rp a r to ft h e f i r s tc en tu ry t oc . 150 / 175 w i th af ew r unn ing o nt oa bou t2 00 . F . 17 l e ve l3 .

T he s hap e s o f B rooches 1 5 a nd 1 6 r e ca l l t h o se o f b rooches w i th s qua red s t amp s a nd t h e re a r e r ema rkab ly f ew s im i la r ly p la in o ne s , b u t a s t h ey c ou ld b e e a s i ly c on fu sed w i th o t he r s

S tr ip 1 3

s l igh t ly l e s s c l o se , i ti sh a rd t o d raw a h a rd a nd f a s t l i ne b e tween w ha t m ay b e ap la in m embe r o f t h e g roup t ow h ich 1 4b e long s a nd o t he r s w h ich h ave n o m o re i nc ommon t h an a

I r on . T he r o l led—ove rh ead o ft h eb road b ow h ou se s t h e a x i s b a r o f t h e h i nged p i n . T he b ow h a s at h in r e c tangu la rs e c t ion a nd t a pe r st o ap o in ted f oo t .

v ague s im i la r i ty . H oweve r , as ma l l g roup w h ich , w h i le l a ck ing t h e s t amp s , h ave g roove s d own e ach s i de o f s im i la r b ow s ( e .g . , Mack re th 1 978 , 2 80 , f i g .10 .26 ,14 ) may w e l l b e long t ot h e s t amped g roup , e spec ia l ly a s t h e i r d i s t r ibu t ion i ss im i la r . I nt h e p r e sen t c a se s , t h e d a t ing may b e t h e s ame

V i r tua l ly a l l i r on S t r ip b rooche s h ave r o l led—unde r h ead s t o h o ld t h e a x i s b a r o f t h e h i nged p i n , f ewe r t h an o ne i n s i x h av ing ar o l led—ove rh ead l i ke t h i s e xamp le . T he p ropo r t ion o f c oppe r a l loy S t r ip b rooche s w i th r o l led—ove r h ead s t o t h o se w i th r o l led—unde ro ne s i su nde ro ne i n ah und red . W i th s of ew , d a t ing i sd i f f icu l t : B a ldock , 5 0-70 ( S tead a nd R igby 1 986 , 1 20 , f i g .48 ,129 ) ; S i lche s te r , p re—F lav ian p i t ( Fu l fo rd 1 989 , 15 , f i g .37 ,7 ) ; B a ldock , w i th a f oo t—knob , 1 20-150 ( S tead a nd R igby 1 986 , 1 20 , f i g .48 ,127 ) . T he se t h ree

a sf o rt h es t amped v a r ie ty . 1 7

T he b ow h a s ab a s ica l ly s qua re s e c t ion a nd t a pe r s t o ap o in ted f oo t . H a lf w ay b e tween t h e t o p o f t h e c a tch—p la te a nd t h e s t a r t o f t h e s p r ing a r e t wo

s ugge s t ad a te b efo re 1 50 a tt h e l a tes t a nd p o ss ib ly , a s i r on w a s mo re ama rk o fI r on A ge t ime s , b efo re 7 5 , a s i n d ica ted

c r o ss—g rooves . 3 1

2 0

1 8

2 1 2 2

2 5 2 7

F ig .2 5 . B roo che s 1 72 7 . S c . 1 : 1 .

3 2

G roove s a c ro s s t h e b ow a r e n o t p a r t icu la r ly c ommon a nd m ay o c cu ri ng roup so rs i ng ly o ra sh e re ,b u ta nywh e re u pa nd d own t h e l e ng th o f t h e b ow a bove t h e c a t ch—p la te . T he d e r iva t ion o f t h e d eco ra t ion h e r e i so b scu r e : t h e L a T ene I c o l la r ? , t h e m ou ld ing s o n t h e L a te L a T ene B roo che s d i scu s sed b y S t ead ( 1 976 , e . g . , 4 04 , f i g .1 ,3 )? T he f o rme ri s u n l ik e ly a sn a t ive L aT ene I b rooche sh ad c ea sed t ob e s e en l o ng b e fo r e D e r iva t ive so fe i the rt h e N auhe im o rt h eD rah t— f i be lh ad e vo lved . T he l a t te ri s ,i na ny c a se ,n o to n ly r emo te b u tu se le s sf o rd a t ing b rooche sl i ke t h ep r e sen tp i ec ew h ich i s l i ke ly t ob ef i r s tc en tu ry A .D . ,p o s s ib ly n o ti nt h el a s td ecade . F . 17 l e ve l5 . 1 8

T he s p r ing i sm i s s ing , b u t i t s s t a r t i sp r e sen t . T he b ow h a s t h in r e c tangu la r s e c t ion a nd t a pe r s t o a p o in ted f oo t . T he b ow i sn e i the r at h in r e c t ang le n o r ar od , t h e r e fo r e , i t s p a r en tage i so b scu r e a nd , a l though i t s s i ze a nd i t s p rof i le c ou ld p o in t t o ap r e—conque s t d a te , t h i s s hou ld n o t b e p r e s sed :t h ed a te— range g i ven t o1 7i sa pp l icab le h e re . F .7 ,t o po ff i l l . A uc is sa—Hod H i l ls e r ie s A l t h e se h ave o r h ad t h e a x i s b a r s o f t h e i r h i nged p i n s m oun t ed i nt h er o l led—ove rh ead o ft h eb ow . 1 9

T he h ead—p la te i sp a r t ly o b scu red b y c o r ro s ion , b u t h a s ac en t ra l f l u te a nd a s unken b ead— row n ex t t o t h e u pp e rb ow w h ich h a s t h e u sua l A uc i s sa s e c t ion : ab o rde r ing r i dge a nd as unken b ead— row d own t h e m idd le o ft h es we l led f r on tf a ce . T h el owe rb ow h a s s i gn s o fp oo r ly e xecu ted m ou ld ing s a tt h e t o p a nd a s l igh tt a pe rt ot h ep eg o nw h ich i sm oun ted as imp le s epa ra te ly—mad ef oo t—knob . F . 7 ,o nf l oo ro fp i t . 2 0

L ike t h e l a s t , i ti sd i s to r ted a nd h a s l o s t b o th h ead a nd f oo t . F .26 ,l owe rl e ve l . 2 1

T he r e i sn o h ead—p la te a s s u ch . T he b ow h a s a s l igh tt a p e rt o as qua red—o f ff oo t . T h e b ow s e c t ion i st h a t o f a n A uc i s sa , e xcep t f o r t h e p r e sence o f a p l a in c en t ra lr i dge . F . 17 l e ve l3 / 5 . 2 2

T he u pp e r b ow h a s f o u r v e r t ica l b eaded r i dge s d i v ided b y d eep f l u te s . O n e a ch l owe r c o rne r i sa w ing w i th ab o s s a ti t s e nd . T he l owe r b ow h a s a c r o s s—mou ld ing a tt h e t o p o f af l a t l o zenge— shaped p l a te w h ich h a s ac en t ra l l i ne o fp unched d o t s w i th o ne o ne a ch s i de s p lay ing o u tf r om t h et o p . T he r ei s t h e u sua l t wo—pa r t f oo t—knob . T h e b rooch w a s t i nned o rs i lve red . 2 me a s to fF . 15 2 3

T he u ppe rb ow r e pea t s t h a to ft h e l a s t , e xcep t f o ra s p lay o u twa rd st owa rd st h et o pw he r e ab o s sed w ing s u r v ive so nt h el e f t . O n ly t h eu ppe rp a r to ft h el owe r b ow i sp r e sen t . S epa ra t ed f r om t h e u ppe r b y t wo 3

c r o s s—mou ld ing s , i th a s ag r oove d own e ach s i de a nd as l igh tt a pe rt owa rd st h em i s s ing f oo t . F .49 ,b o t tom o ff i l l . 2 4

Mo s t o f t h e u ppe r b ow s u r v ive s a nd i sl i ke t h a t o f B rooch 2 2 , b u t h a s ab eaded r i dge a c ro s s t h e t o p . T h e re a r e s i gn s t h a t t i nn ing o r s i lve r ing h ad b een a pp l ied d i f f e r en t ia l ly : o n t h e t o p b eaded r i dge a nd d own t h ec en t ra lf l u te .

T op so i l . 2 5

T he u pp e rb ow h a s d amaged e dge s a nd t h ree r i dge s o n e a ch s i de r e l ieved b y ac on cave f a ce o n t h e o u t s ide . T he o u te r r i dge s a r e f i ne ly c r o s s— cu t , t h e c en t ra lo ne i sw avy a nd f o rmed b yu s ing ap un ch . A d eep f l u te a c ro s s t h e f r on t a nd s i de s s epa ra te s t h i s p a r t f r om t h e l owe r b ow w h ich h a s am ou ld ing a c ro s s t h e t o p a nd af l a t f a c e t a pe r ing t owa rd s t h e m i s s ing f o o t . F . 17 l e ve l 1 . B roo ch e s 1 9 a nd 2 0 a r e A uc i s sa s i na l l t h ing s e xcep t n ame . T hey h ave t h e s ame b ow s e c t ion a nd 1 9 h a s t h e s ame s imp l i f ied h ead—p la te f o und o nt h eb rooche sb e long ing t ot h e e nd o ft h e ma in d eve lopmen t f r om t h e A le s ia ( Duva l 1 974 ) . A l though t h e A uc i s sa i st h e m o s tc ommon ly f o und b roo ch i n t h e s equence i mmed ia te ly b e fo r e t h e e me rgen ce o ft h e m any v a r ie t ie s o fH od H i l l , n one r e co rded b y t h e w r i te rh a s c ome f r om a nu nequ ivoca lp r e—conque s tc on tex t . A s t h e H od H i l l i st h e l i nea rd e scendan to ft h e A uc i s sa , i ti sw o r th r e v iew ing a l l t h e b roo che s o f t h i s s equen ce i nt h e K ing H a r ry L ane C eme t e ry ( S tead a nd R igby 1 989 ) : t h i s s hou ld p rov ide v a luab le p o in te r s t o t h e g ene ra l c h rono logy o f b o th t y pe s . G 153 .2 ( Pha se 3 )i sp robab ly t h e p r e cu r so r o ft h e o n ly H od H i l lt oh ave ac i r cu la rp l a te a nd a l so t h eo n ly o ne w h ich c ou ld b e d e sc r ibed a s as t anda rd p a t ter n . G 158 .2 ( u npha sed ) i s p r e—Hod H i l l i ni t s f o rm a nd o f at y p e r u nn ing p a ra l le l w i th t h em a in A uc i s sa s equence . G 205 .3 ( Pha se 3 )i ft h ed raw ing c an b e r e l ied o n , h a s ar o l led—unde rh ead w h ich w ou ld p l ac e t h i s b r oo ch b e fo r e c . 20 / 30 a tt h e l a te s t . G 233 .3 ( Pha se 3 ) b e long s t ot h e g r oup o fb r oo che s w h ich h ad i r on r od s d r iven t h rough t h em a nd ,a ss u ch ,h a s ap roven p r e— conque s tr e co rd : B agendon ,2 0 /25-43 /45 , t h ree e xamp le s ( C l i f fo rd 1 961 , 1 77 , f i g .33 ,2 ,4 ,7 ) ; P uck e r idge , H e r t s . , c . 25—C laud ian ( Ma ck re th 1 979 , 3 9 , f i g .6 ,12 ) . I n a b so lu te t e rm s , t h e e xamp le s f r om B agendon c ou ld b eC laud ian i nd a te ,b u tt h e re w e re n op rope r H od H i l l s i nt h e c o l lec t ion w h ich s hou ld p o in t t ot h e a r r iva l o f a t l e a s t o n e o f t h e se b roo che s b e fo r e t h e R oman a rmy l a nded . G 362 .2 ( u npha sed ) l o ok s l i ke a s t anda rd A uc i s sa a nd a s s u ch s hou ld b e p r e— conque s t i nm anu fa c tu r e . T he r e v iew s how s t h a tt h e r e i sn one w h ich c an b ec a l led ap rope r H od H i l l , t h e n ea re s t b e ing G 153 .2 w h ich s e em s t ob e a n e a r ly v e r s ion o f as t anda rd H od H i l l a nd s o c ou ld j u s t b e a l lowed ,b u tt h e re i sn op rob lem i na ny c a se a bou ti t sd a te , i f i tr e a l ly b e long s t o P ha se 4 ( S t ead a nd R igby 1 989 , 8 4 , f i g .47 ) a nd n o t 3( i b id . , 3 14 ) . T he u p sho t i st h a t , a t t h e c l o su re o ft h e c eme te ry , t h e A uc i s sa w a s h a rd ly i nc ommon u se i nt h ea r ea ,l e ta l one i t sp rogeny . T h e l a te r s t age s o f t h e A uc i s sa a nd i t s p a ra l le l s , a nd t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e H od H i l l , a s d ef ined b y t h e c a s t ing o f a f oo t—knob o n t h e b ow , i sa n o b scu re o ne . N o H od H i l l h a s

b e en p ub l i shed f r om ac onv in c ing ly p r e-conque s t c on tex t i n B r i ta in : o ne f r om B a ldo ck d a ted t o t h e f i r s t q ua r te r o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry A .D . m u s t h ave b een w rong ly a s s igned ( S tead a nd R igby 1 986 , 1 20 ,f i g .47 ,112 )a si tw ou ld t h en p r eda t ei t s p a r en t . A no the r f r om S ke le ton G reen w a s n o t s e cu re ly s ea led u nde rt h e f l ood w h ich m ean s t h a t , w h i le i tc ou ld h ave b een e a r l ie r t h an t h e c onque s t , t h i s c anno t b e g ua ran teed ( Ma ck re th 1 981 , 1 4 1- 1 42 , f i g .72 ,53 ) . I tw a s t h e o n ly H od H i l lf r om t h a te xcava t ion a nd i s as i gn o fh ow s oon a f t e rt h e c onque s t t h e w ho le s equenc e m u s t c l o se d own : h a rd ly l a te r t h an 4 5 . T h e g ene ra l d a terange f o r t h e w ho le o f t h e m a in H od H il f am i ly i sg i ven b y i t s d i s t r ibu t ion i nB r i ta in . I t a r r ive s i ng r ea tn umbe r s w i th t h e a rmy i n4 3 . T he r e a r e f ew s i te s n o r th-we s t o ft h e F o s se Way p roduc ing t h em , a nd t h e b u lk o ft h o se t h a td oh ave o ccupa t ion d a t ing t ob e fo re 6 0 . A s t h e t y pe i sl a rge ly a b sen t f r om t h e n o r ther nl a nd s t a k en i n to t h e p rov ince i nt h e e a r l ie s t 7 0 s , i tw a s p a s s ing o u t o f u se b e twe en 6 0a nd 7 0a nd b yt h el a t te rd a te m o s th ad e n t e red t h e g r ound . T he r ei sn on eed t os e ek d a t ing o nt h ec on t inen ta si t i st h e B r i t i sh e v iden ce p a re x ce l l en ce w h ich d a te s t h e w ho le , e xcep t f o r t h e v e ry f ew p a t te rn s , t ow h ich B rooch 2 5 m igh t b e long , g i v ing r i se t o e name l led v e r s ion s i n t h e l a te f i r s t c en tu ry a nd t h ee a r ly s e cond .

h o l low s , H ad r ian ic-An ton ine ( Whee le r a nd Whee le r 1 928 , 1 66 , f i g .14 ,23 ) ; S hakenoak F a rm , W i lco te , 2h o l low s , l a te r t h i rd c en tu ry ( B rod r ibb e ta l .1971 , 10 , f i g .47 ,71 ) ; B rad ley H i l l , S ome r ton , f o u r th c en tu ry ( Leech 1 981 , 2 14 , f i g .16 ,7 ) . I nt h e c a se o f B roo ch 2 7 , i ti se i the r s uppo sed t oh ave o n e g roove a c ro s st h et e rm ina l , i nw h ich c a se i th a sb een c ove red b y t h e d a t ing a bove , o r i tw a s i n tended t o h ave p rope r c on cave f a ce t s o n e a ch s i de , i n w h ich c a se t h e d a t ing i s : Wo r ce s t e r , 1 50-200 ( Ma ck r e th 1 992b , 7 7 , f i g .38 ,6 ) . T he f i r s tp o in tt ob e m ade i st h a to n ly o ne d a ted s pe c imen l i ke 2 7 h a s b een r e co rded b y t h e w r i te r w ho o n ly k now s o f o n e u nda ted e xamp le ( B rad ley 1 975 , 6 7 , f i g .20 ,4 ) . T h e c on c lu s ion i st h a t , i ft h e re i sn og roove a te i the re nd o fe i the r aw id e f l u t e o r c on cave f a ce t s , i ts hou ld b e c oun ted a s a n e xamp le o ft h e g ene ra l g roup t ow h ich 2 6 b e long s . T u rn ing n ow t ot h em a in d a t ing l i s t , f i r s t ly , t h eb u lk o fe xamp le sh ad e n t e red t h e g r ound b y 6 5 a nd t wo m o r e c ou ld h ave b een l a t e s u r v ivo r si n7 5 ,t h e r eb e ing n og ood g round s f o ri n s i s t ing t h a t a ny s hou ld b e s e cond c en tu ry i n m anu fa c tu r e o r u se . S econd ly , a s f a r a s d a t ing g oe s , t h e n umbe r o f h o l low s o r g r oove s i si mma te r ia l a nd t wo s e em s t ob e t h e c ommone s t n umb e r w i th t h o se w i th o n ly o n e c l o se b eh ind , i f a l l s pe c imen so fb o th " s ty le s " a r et a ken i n to a c coun t .

P enannu lar s

F ragmen t 2 8

B o th h ave r i ng sw i th c i r cu la rs e c t ion s . 2 6

T he s u r v iv ing t e rm ina l i sf o lded b a ck a l ong t h e t o p o f t h e r i ng a nd h a s t wo c r o s s-f lu te s . T he p i n i s s t ra igh t . F . 17 l e ve l5 . 2 7

E a ch t e rm ina l i sf o lded b a ck a l ong t h e t o p o f t h e r i ng a nd h a s as l igh t d i p i nt h e t o p s u r fac e a nd a s ugge s t ion o f ac oncave f a ce o ne a ch s i de . T he p i n i sa lmo s t s t ra igh t . F o rged f r om f o lded o r r o l led s h ee tm e ta l . N o r th e dge o fF . 17 ,l e ve l 1 ? B o th b rooche s i lu s t ra te s ome o f t h e d i lemma s a t t end ing i t em s w h ich a r e e a sy t o m ake , u se l i t t le m e ta l a nd a r e t h e r e fo r ec heap : w ha tr e l iance c an b ep l a ced o nt h en umbe ro f g roove s o rh o l low s a c ro s s at e rm ina l? ; w ha t t r u s t s hou ld b e p l ac ed o n w ha tm igh t b e t h ough t t ob e t h e i n tended f o rm o f t h e t e rm ina l ? I n t h e f o l low ing l i s t ing , a l l t h e r i ng s h ave c i r cu la r s e c t ion s a nd t h e c h rono log ica l s equence h a s p r io r i ty o ve ra ny g r oup ing b yt h en umbe ro fg r oove so rh o l low sw h ich i s , i na ny c a se , n o ted i nt h e l i s t : Hod H i l l , 1h o l low , b e fo r e 5 0 , t wo e xamp le s ( B ra i l sfo rd 1 962 , 1 2 , f i g .11 ,E 11 ,E 16 : R ichmond 1 968 , 17- 19 ) ; L ong tho rpe , C amb s , o ne w i th 2 h o l low s , a no the r w i th 3 ,c . 43 /44-65 ( F r e r e a nd S t . J o seph 1 974 , 4 6 , f i g .24 ,15 ; D anne l l a nd W i ld 1 987 , 8 7 , f i g .2 1 ,12 ) ; B agendon , 2h o l low s , 4 3 /45-47 / 52 ( C l i f fo rd 1 96 1 , 1 84 , f i g .36 ,9 ) ; Waddon H i l l , S toke A bbo t t , 2h o l low s , c . 50-60 , t h r ee e xamp le s ( Web s te r 1 960 , 9 7 , f i g .7 ,21 ,22 ; Web s t e r 1 981 , 6 2 , f i g .59 ,13 ) ; N o r th C er n ey , G lo s . , 1h olow , C laud ian-Ne ron ian ( Mack re th 1 988 , 5 1 , f i g .24 ,26 ) ; P r e s ta tyn , 2 h o l low s , 7 0 s- 1 60 ( Ma ck r e th 1 989 , 9 8 , f i g .40 ,28 ) ; V e ru lam ium , 2h o l low s , 8 0-150 ( Whe e le r a nd Whe e le r 1 936 , 2 10 , f i g .45 ,39 ) ; C a r l i s le , 3h o l low s , l a t e f i r s t c en tu ry - 1 05 / 115 ( Ma ck re th 1 990 , 13 ,N o .28 ) ;C a e r leon , 2 3 4

T h ree c o i l s a nd p i nf r om af ou r-co i lin te rna lcho rd s p r ing s y s tem . T he b roo ch t y pe w a s a lmo s t aL a te L a T ene o ne , r a the r t h an a T rumpe t . ( No t i l u s t ra ted . ) F . 17 l e ve l4 / 5 .

B IBL IOGRAPHY C l i f fo rd 1 961 A l la son— Jone sa nd M ike t 1 984 T he C a ta logue o f s ma l l f i nd s f r om S ou th S h ie ld s R oman F o r t , L ind say A l la son— Jone s a nd R oge r M ike t , Monog raph 2o ft h e S o c ie ty o fA n t iqua r ie s o f N ewca s t le u pon T yne , 1 984 . B lo ck ley 1 989 P r e s ta tyn 1 984-5 , A n I r on A ge F a rm s t ead a nd R omano—Br i t i sh I ndu s t r ia lS e t t lemen ti nN o r th W a l e s , K ev in B lock ley , B r i t i sh A r chaeo log ica l R epo r t s B r i t i sh S e r ie s ,2 10 ,O xfo rd , 1 989 . B oon 1 969 B e lg ic a nd R oman S i lche s te r : t h e E xcava t ion s o f 1 9 54-8 , w i th a n e xcu r su s o n t h e E a r ly H i s to ry o f C a l leva ,G eo rge C .B oon ,A r chaeo log ia 1 02 , 1 969 , 1 8 1 .

B agendon : A B e lg i c O pp idum , A r e co rd o f t h e e x cava t ion s o f 1 954-56 , E l s ie M . C l i f fo rd , C amb r idge , 1 961 . C un l i f f e 1 971 E x cava t ion s a t F i shbou rne , 1 96 1-1969 , V o lume I , T h e F ind s , B a r ry C un l i f f e , R epo r t s o f t h e R e sea r ch C omm i t tee o f t h e S o c ie ty o f A n t iqua r ie s o f L ondon , N o .27 ,L eed s , 1 971 . C u r ie 1 9 11 AR oman F ron t ie r P o s t a nd i t s P eop l e , T he F o r t o f N ew s t ead i n t h e P a r i sh o f M e l ro se , J ame s C u r ie , G la sgow , 1 9 11 . D anne l la nd W i ld 1 987 L ong tho rpe I ,T he M i l i ta ry W o rk s—Depo t :a ne p i sod e i n L and s cape H i s to ry , G .B .Danne l l a nd J . P .W i ld , B r i tann ia Monog raph S e r ie s ,8 ,L ondon , 1 987 .

B rad ley 1 975 Maumbu ry R ing s , D o r che s te r : T he E xcava t ion s o f 1 908-1913 , R icha rd B rad ley , A r chaeo log ia 1 0 5 , 1 975 , 1 -97 . B ra i l s fo rd 1 962 H od H i l l , v o lume o ne ,A n t iqu i t ie sf r om H od H i l li nt h e D u rd en C o l l e c t ion ,J .W .B ra i l s fo rd ,L ondon , 1 962 .

D a r l ing ton a nd E van s 1 992 R oman S i dbu ry , Wo r ce s te r : E xcava t ion s 1 959-1989 , J ohn D a r l ing ton a nd J ane E van s , T ran sa c t ion s o ft h e W o r ce s te r sh i r e A r chaeo log i ca l S o c ie ty 3 , 1 992 , 5 1 04 . D own 1 978

B rod r ibb ,H and sa nd Wa lke r 1 971 C h i che s t e r E x cava t ion s , I I , A le c D own , C h iche s te r , E x cava t ion s a t S hak enoak F a rm , n ea r W i l co t e , O xf o rd sh i r e , P a r t I : S i t e s Ba nd H , A .C .C .B rod r ibb , A .R .Hand sa nd D .R . Wa lke r ,p r iva te ly p r in ted , 1 971 . B uck land a nd Mag i l ton 1 986 T h e A r chaeo logy o fD on ca s t e r , I ,T he R oman C iv i l S e t t l emen t , P .C .Buck land a nd J . R . Mag i l ton , B r i t i sh A r chaeo log ica l R epo r t s B r i t i sh S e r ie s , 1 48 , O x fo rd , 1 986 .

1 978 . D uva l 1 974 U n t y pe p a r t icu l ie r d e f i bu le g a l lo— roma ine p r e , co ce : l a f i bu le " d 'A le s ia " , A la in D uva l , A n t iqu i te sN a t iona l e s 6 , 1 974 ,6 7-76 . E xn e r 1 939 D ie p rov in z ia l röm i schen Ema i l f ib e ln d e r R he in lande , K .Exne r , B e r i ch t d e s R öm i s che—Ge rman i sche K omm i ss ion 2 9 , 1 939 , 3121 .

B u she—Fox 1 949 F ou r th R epo r t o n t h e E x cava t ion s o ft h e R oman F o r t a tR i chbo rough , K en t , J . P .Bu sh e—Fox , R epo r t s o ft h e R e sea r ch C omm i t tee o ft h e S o c ie ty o fA n t iqua r ie s o f L ondon ,N o .16 ,O x fo rd , 1 949 . C h r i s t i son 1 901 A ccoun t o f t h e e xcava t ion o f t h e R oman s t a t ion o f C ame lon n ea rF alü rk , S t i r l ing sh i r e ,u nde r taken b yt h e S o c ie ty i n 1 900 , D . C h r i s t i son , P ro ceed ing s o f t h e S o c ie ty o fA n t iquar ie s o fS co t land 3 5 , 1 900— 1 90 1 , 3 29-4 17 . 3 5

F euge r e 1 985 L e sF ibu l e s e nG au l e Me r id iona l e d e l ac onqui te al a f i n d u V ' s i è c l e a p r e s J .C . , M iche l F euge r e , R evue A r cheo log ique d e N a rbonna i se S upp lemen t 1 2 , P a r i s , 1 985 . F ran ce a nd G ob e l 1 985 T he R omano—Br i t i sh T emp l e a tH a r low , N .E .F ranc e a nd B .M .Gobe l ,G louc e s te r , 1 985 .

F r e r e 1 984

2 77-287 .

V e ru lam ium E x cava t ion s , V o lum eI I , S heppa rd F r e r e , O x fo rd U n ive r s i ty C omm i t te e f o r A r chaeo logy , Monog raph 1 ,O x fo rd , 1 984 . F re r ea nd S t .J o seph 1 974

Ma cb e th 1 979 B roo che s ,D . Mack r e th ,i nP a r t r idge 1 979 ,3 4-40 . Ma ck r et h1 981

T h e R oman F o r t r e s s a t L ong tho rpe , S . S .F r e r e a nd J .K .S t . Jo seph ,B r i tann ia 5 ,1 974 , 1 -129 . F u l fo rd 1 989

T h e B roo che s , D ona ld Ma cbe th , i nP a r t r idge 1 981 , 1 30-151 . Mack r e th 1 988

T he S i l che s t e r Amph i thea t r e ,E x cava t ion so f1 979-85 , M ichae l F u l fo rd , B r i tann ia Monog raph S e r ie s , 1 0 , L ondon , 1 989 . G rego ry 1 992

T he B rooch e s ,D .F . Ma ck r e th ,i nT row 1 988 ,4 351 . Ma cbe th 1 989 B rooche s ,D .F . Ma ck r e th ,i nB lo ck ley 1 989 ,8 7-99 .

E x cava t ion s i nT he tf o rd , 1 980-1982 , T ony G rego ry , E a s t A ng l ian A r chaeo logy R epo r t , 5 3 , G re s senha l l , 1 992 .

Ma cbe th 1 990 B rooche s , D .F . Ma ck r e th , i n McCa r thy 1 990 , 1 0513 .

H an son e ta l . 1 979 Ma ck r e th 1 992a T he A g r ico lan S upp ly B a se a tR ed H ou se ,C o rb r idge , W .S .Han son , C .M .Dan ie l s , J .N .Do r e a nd J . P .G i l lam , A r chaeo log ia A e l iana 5 s ,7 ,1 —8 8 . H a r t ley 1 972

B roo che s o fc oppe r a l loy a nd i r on , D .F . Ma ck re th , i n G r ego ry 1 992 , 1 20128 . Ma ck r e th 1 992b

T he R oman O ccupa t ion so fS co t land :T he E v iden ce o f S am ian Wa r e , B r ian H a r t ley , B r i tann ia 3 , 1 972 , 1 5 .

T h eB rooche s ,D .F . Ma ck re th ,i nD a r l ing ton a nd E van s 1 992 ,7 3-77 . P a r t r idge 1 979

H u l la nd H awk e s 1 987 P r e—Roman B ow B roo che s , M .R .Hu l l ( t 1976 ) a nd C .F .C .Hawke s , w i th t h e c o—au tho r ' s r e v i s ion s a nd a dd i t ion s ( 1 977-85 ) , C o rpu s o f A n c ien t B rooch e s i n B r i ta in , t h e l a t e Ma rk R eg ina ld H u l l , B r i t i sh A r chaeo log ica l R epo r t s B r i t i sh S e r ie s , 1 68 , O x fo rd , 1 987 . L e ech 1 981 T he E xcava t ion o f aR omano—B r i t i sh F a rm s tead a nd C eme t e ry o n B rad ley H i l l , S ome r ton , S ome r se t , R oge rL ee ch ,B r i tann ia 1 2 , 1 981 , 1 77-252 . McCa r thy 1 990 AR oman , A ng l ian a nd Med ieva l S i te a tB lackf r ia r s S t r ee t ,C a r l i s l eE x cava t ion s , 1 977-9 , M .R . McCa r thy , C umbe r land a nd We s tmo r land A n t iqua r ian a nd A r chaeo log ica l S oc ie ty , R e sea r ch S e r ie s , 4 ,K enda l , 1 990 . Ma ck r e th 1 978

E xcava t ion s a tP ucke r idge a nd B raugh ing , 1 975-79 , C l ive P a r t r idge , H e r tf o rd sh i r e A r chaeo logy 7 , 1 979 , 2 8132 . P a r t r idge 1 981 S k e l e ton G r een , aL a te I r on A ge a nd R omano—Br i t i sh S i t e , C l ive P a r t r idge , B r i tann ia Monog raph S e r ie s , 2 , 1 981 . R ichmond 1 925 H udd e r sf i e ld i nR oman T ime s , T he T o l son Memo r ia l Mu seum P ub l ica t ion s , H andbook I V , I a n A .R ichmond ,H udde r sf i e ld , 1 925 . R ichmond 1 968 H od H i l l , v o lume t wo , E x cava t ion s c a r r ied o u t b e tween 1 951 a nd 1 958 f o rt h eT ru s t ee so ft h eB r i t i sh Mu seum ,S i rI a nR ichmond ,L ondon , 1 968 . S i evek ing e ta l . 1 976

T h e R oman B roo che s , D .F . Mack re th , i nD own 1 978 , 3 6

P rob l em s i nE conom i c a nd S o c ia lA r chaeo logy , G . d e

G . S i evek ing , I .H .Longwor th a nd K .E ,W i l son ( ed s ) , L ondon , 1 976 S t ead 1 976 T he e a r l ie s t b u r ia ls o f t h e A y le sfo rd C u l tu re , I a n S t ead ,i nS i evek ing e ta l . 1 976 ,4 01-416 . S t ead a nd R igby 1 986

Web s te r 1 981 F ina l R epo r to nt h e E xcava t ion s o ft h e R oman F o r t a t Waddon H i l l , S toke A bbo t t , 1 963-69 , G raham Web s te r , P ro ceed ing s o ft h e D or se t N a tura l H i s to ry a nd A r chaeo log ica lS o c ie ty 1 01 , 1 981 ,5 1-90 . Web s te ra nd D an ie l s 1 970

B a ldock , T he E x cava t ion o f aR oman a nd P r e—Roman S e t t l emen t , 1 968-72 , I .M .S tead a nd V a lery R igby , B r i tann ia Monog raph S e r ie s ,7 ,L ondon , 1 986 . S t ead a nd R igby 1 989

A S t ree t S ec t ion a t Wroxe te r , G raham Web s te r a nd C ha r le s D an ie ls , T ran sac t ion s o f t h e S hrop sh ire A r chaeo log i ca lS o c ie ty 6 9 , 1 969-70 ,p t .1 , 1 5-23 . Wed lake 1 982

V eru lam ium : t h eK ing Har ry L ane s i te , I .M .S tead a nd V .R igby ,E ng l ish H er i tage A r chaeo log ica lR epo r t , 1 2 , L ondon , 1 989 .

T he E x cava t ion s o f aS hr ine o fA po l lo a t N e t t l e ton , W i l t sh i r e , 1 956-197 1 , W .J . Wed lake , R epo r t s o f t h e R esea r ch C omm i t tee o ft h e S oc ie ty o f A n t iqua r ie s o f L ondon , No .40 , D o rk ing , 1 982 .

T row 1 988 Whee le ra nd Whee le r 1 928 E xcava t ion s

a t

D i tche s

h i l lfo r t ,

No r th

C er n ey ,

G louce s te r sh i re , 1 982-3 , S .D .T row , T ran sac t ion s o f t h eB r i s to la nd G lou ce s te r sh ir eA r chaeo log i ca lS o c ie ty 1 06 , 1 988 , 1 9-85 .

T he

R oman

Amph i thea t re

a t

C ae r leon ,

Monmou th sh i re , R .E .M . Whee le r a nd T .V , Whee le r , A r chaeo log ia 7 8 , 1 928 , 11-218 .

Web s te r 1 960 Whee le ra nd Whee le r 1 936 T he d i scove ry o f aR oman f o r ta t Waddon H i l l , S toke A bbo t t , 1 959 , G . Web s te r , P ro ceed ings o ft h e D o r se t N a tura l H is to ry a nd A r chaeo log ica l S o c ie ty 8 2m 1 960 ,8 8-108 .

V e ru lam iwn , a B e lg ic a nd t wo R oman C i t ie s , R .E .M . Whee le r a nd T .V . Whee le r , R epo r t s o f t h e R e sea rch C omm i t tee o ft h e S oc ie ty o f A n t iqua r ie s o f L ondon ,N o .11 ,O xfo rd , 1 936 .

3 7

O the rB ronze Ob je c t s I na dd i t ion t ot h eb roo ch e s ,t h ee xcava t ion sp roduced t h e .4 6o b jec t sl i s ted b e low ,a sw e l la s 7f r agmen t sf r om t h es ha f t so fp i n s a nd 3 6m i sce l laneou ss c rap s , mo s t ly c l ipp ing sf r om t h in b ron ze s h e e t .

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0 . 1 . 1 2 . 1 3 . 1 4 . 1 5 . 1 6 . 1 7 . 1 8 . 1 9 . 2 0 . 2 1 . 2 2 . 2 3 . 2 4 . 2 5 . 2 6 . 2 7 .

2 8 . 2 9 .

P in .F 48 ,l owe rl e ve l , P in .F . 17 ,l e ve l5 . P in .F . 50 . P in .F . 17 l e ve l 1 . P in .F . 18 l e ve l 1 . P in .F . 15 . P in .F . 17 l e ve l3 . P in .F .21 l e ve l 1 . P in .F .47 3 . 0m . L igu la .F . 18 l e ve l 1 . L igu la .F .26 u ppe rl e ve l . L igu la .D epo s i tn o r th o fF .26 . L igu la .F . 15 . L igu la .F . 18 l e ve l5 . L igu la . F . 18 l e ve l 1 . S t y lu s .C f .S hakenoak I ,F ig .4 9 ,n o .9 1 .F .48 . N eed le .F . 17 l e ve l 1 . U nc e r ta in .F .22 . N a i l-c leane r .F . 18 l e ve l 1 . N a i lc leane r .F . 19 l e ve l2 / 3 . N a i l-c leane r .F .26 u ppe rl e ve l . N a i lc leane r .F .45 . N a i l-c leane r .F . 17 l e ve l1 . N a i lc leane r .F . 17 l e ve l 1 . Tweeze r s .F .26 l owe rl e ve l . Tweeze r s .F .26 u ppe rl e ve l . Tweeze r s .F . 17 l e ve l 1 .

3 0 . 3 1 . 3 2 . 3 . 3 4 . 3 5 . 3 6 . 3 7 . 3 8 . 3 9 . 4 0 .

4 1 . 4 2 . 4 3 . 4 4 . 4 5 . 4 6 .

3 8

A rm o ft weeze r s .F .35 . B race le t m ade f r om a s i ng le s t rand o f w i r e b en t b a ck o ni t se l fa nd t w i s ted .F .47 3 . 0m . B ra ce le t ?F .26 u pp e rl e ve l . B rac e le tm ade o ff o u rs t rand so ff l a t tened w i r e . D epo s i tn o r th o fF .26 . B ra ce le t .F . 18 l e ve l 1 . F ragmen to fb r ac e le t .F .26 u ppe rl e ve l . S poon .F .26 u ppe rl e ve l . P in f r om b roo ch .F . 17 l e ve l 1 . S p r ing f r om b r ooch ?F . 18 l e ve l3 . N a i l ,h ead h eav i ly c o r roded a nd i n comp le te .F . 17 l e ve l 1 . U pho l s t e ry n a i l .3 mw e s to fF .7 o nR oman s u r fa ce . B a rw i th t wo r i ve t s ,p o s s ib ly f o ra t tachmen tt o l e a the r .F . 17 l e ve l 1 . L oop .S hakenoak I ,F ig . 3 1 ,n o .4 4 ;S hakenoak I V , F ig .5 ,n o .2 11 ;S hakenoak V .F ig .4 0 ,n o .2 24 . F . 18 l e ve l 1 . R ing w i th b l ue-g reen g l a s s' g em 'i nb eze l .F . 17 l e ve l 1 . R ing .F . 7 . R ing .M i l led o u t e re dge .F .26 u ppe rl e ve l . R ing .M i l led o u te re dge .F .26 u ppe rl e ve l . R ing .F . 17 l e ve l 1 . U pho l s te ry n a i lw i th c on cave h ead .F . 26 u ppe r l e ve l .

1 2

2

1 3

3

4

6

7

1 6 9

1 0

1 1 9

1 8

f- 3== I MO

2 0

2 1

2 2 F ig .2 6 . B ronze O b je c t s 1 -22 .S c . 1 : 1 .

3 9

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z 2 4 2 3

2 5

2 6 2 7

2 8

3 3

=1 / 1 1 /Z112

3 4

3 2

3 8 3 5

3 7 ( M I

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)

4 0

f F ig .2 7 . B ronz eO b jec t s2 34 1 . S c . 1 : 1 .

4 0

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4 4

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4 3 4 5

F ig . 2 8 B ronze O b jec t s4 2-26 . S c . 1 : 1 .

4 1

4 6

I ron Ob je c t s

T he e xcava t ion p roduced 9 54 i r on o b jec t s , o fw h ich 8 64 w e re n a i ls t y p ica l ly 5 -10cm l o ng . T he re w e r e a l so t wo n a i l s 1 . 3 a nd 1 . 5cm l o ng r e spec t ive ly , a nd o ne h obna i l ( Shakenoak I ,F ig . 5 2 ,n o . 1 36 ) a nd 6 1 p i ec e so fi r on t o oc o r roded f o ri d en t if ica t ion . Af u r the r2 6o b jec t sa r ed esc r ib ed b e low .

1 .

H and le o f f i re s hove l . F o r a n i d en t ica l p i ece s e e S hakenoak I ,F ig . 6 5 ,n o . 5 14 ; 4 t hc en tu ry . Mann ing 1 985 , A 42 . Mann ing 1 972 , F ig . 6 0 , n o . 6i lu s t ra te s a na lmo s tc omp le te e xamp le f r om V e ru lam ium . F .26 ,u ppe rl e ve l .

2 .

L oop—headed s p ike . F . 17 l e ve l 1 .

1 .

D oub le— sp iked l oop . Mann ing 1 985 , R 39-47 . S hakenoak I ,F ig . 3 5 , n o s . 4 1 , 4 2 , 4 4 ( w i th r i ng s ) , 4 3 , 4 5 , 5 9 , 6 0 ; S hakenoak I , F ig . 5 1 , n o . 13 ; S hakenoak I V , F ig . 6 0 , n o . 4 32 ; S hakenoak V . F ig .

E nd o fb l ade o f l a rge k n if e , t h e b a ck t h ickened a nd b end ing d own t owa rd s t h e t i p . S hakenoak I V , F ig 5 7 ,n o . 3 78 i ss im i la r . F rom t h e s t one s u r fa ce 6m s ou th o f F . 15 . P o ss ib ly p o s t—Roman .

3 .

1 0 .

4 4 ,n o . 53 . No r th o fF .26 . 1 2 .

D oub le— sp iked

l o op .

Mann ing

1 985 ,

R 49 ,

5 0 .

S hakenoak V ,F ig . 6 4 ,n o . 4 86 . F . 18 l e ve l 1 .

K n if e . F . 15 .

4 .

1 3 .

L a rge n a i l . F 18 l e ve l 1 .

1 4 .

C lea t ,p e rhap s f o rf a s ten ing wood . S ee a l so n o . 1 9 . F . 17 l e ve l2 .

1 5 .

J o ine r 's d og . Mann ing 1 985 , R 52 . S hakenoak I V , F ig . 6 2 ,n o . 4 52 ;S hakenoak V .F ig . 4 4 ,n o . 5 37 .

1 6 .

U ncer ta in . T he h ead h a sb e en s p read b yh ammer ing . F .47 , 1 . 5m .

1 7 .

U nce r ta in . F .47 , 2 . 0m .

K n if e—b lade f o lded i nt h ree . F . 15 .

5 .

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T he e xcava t ion s p roduced 1 8p i e ce so fl e ad w i th ac omb ined w e igh to f6 50g , f r om d epo s i t so fa l l p e r iod s . T he se i n c luded t h et wo l e ad p l ug s i np o tn o . 1 068 a nd t h eo b jec ti l u s t ra ted i n F ig . 3 1 ,a sw e l la s1f r agmen t so ft h in l e ad s h ee t ing a nd f o u r l ump so ff u sed l e ad .

L ead o b jec t 1 .

T he o b jec t i sb r oken a t t h e t o p b u t i so t he rw i se c omp le te .T he d e s ign i sc r ude ly a nd h eav i ly p unched d own o ne s i de a nd l i gh t ly i mp re s sed o n t h e o t he r t wo s i d e s .T he f o u r th s i de i ss moo th . F . 18 l e ve l2 / 3 .

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4 8

T he P o t tery

1 .I n troduc t ion P o t t e ry u sua l ly f o rm st h e l a rge s ts i ng le b ody o fd a ta , a tl e a s t i nt e rm so fn umbe r so ff i nd s , o na ny R omano—B r i t i sh s i te . I t i s t h e r e fo r e s u rp r i s ing t h a t s o l i t t le u se fu l i n fo rma t ion i s e x t ra c ted f r om i t . A n ima l b on e s c an , b y c on t ra s t , y i e ld a g r ea t d ea l o f i n fo rma t ion o n h u sband ry , l a nd u se , e co logy , h un t ing , e conomy , t r ade , b u t ch e ry t e chn ique s , d i e t , s o c ia l s t a tu s a nd s o o n . P o t t e ry , h oweve r , i ss e ldom c on s ide r ed e xc ep ti nt e rm so fc h rono logy a nd t r ade . T h i s a u tho r m u s t c on f e s s t o s c ep t ic i sm r e ga rd ing t h e u se fu lne s s o f m o s t o f t h e s t a t i s t ic s o b ta ined b y a pp ly ing c oun t ing o rw e igh ing o rb o th t op o t te ry . T ha t s u ch n ume r ica l d a ta i s o m i t ted f r om t h i s r e po r t i s n o t d ue t o i d lene s s , i g no ranc e o r i n adve r tan ce , b u t i s ad e l ib e ra te p o l icy . T h e a c tua ls i gn i f icance ,u s ing t h a tw o rd i nt h es t a t i s t ica ls e n se ,o f t h e f i gu r e s o b ta ined b y c oun t ing a nd w e igh ing s h e rd s i s u n ce r ta in , i n deed u nknowab le , b u t i sc e r tan ly l ow . E ven i f s amp l e s a r e l a rge , t h e f i gu re s w i l l i n ev i tab ly b e s kewed i n v a ry ing d eg ree s a nd i nd i f f e r en t d i rec t ion s b y an umbe r o f f a c to r s . T h e r e m ay n eve r the le s s b e f r u i t f u l l i ne s o f i n ve s t iga t ion w h ich c an b ea pp l ied t ot h em a s so fp o t te ry f r om as i t e ,e ven t h ough t h e se m ay i n vo lve as ub jec t ive e l emen t w h ich i sl e s s a t t ra c t ive t h an t h e i lu so ry c om fo r t f o und i n u n r e l iab le n ume r ica l d a ta . F o r e xamp le , i tm ay b e p o s s ib le t o m ake c u l tu ra lo rs o c io log ica l i n f e ren ce s a bou tt h ep eop le w ho u s ed t h ep o t s . 2 .O rgan i sa t ion o ft h ep o t tery r epor t T he p o t t e ry i sd e sc r ibed i nt h r ee s e c t ion s : s am ian , a mpho rae a nd o t he rw a r e s . T h e s am ian a nd c oa r se p o t te ry s e c t ion s a r e d i v id ed i n t h e s ame w ay a c co rd ing t o t h e f e a tu re s a nd d epo s i t s , s o t h a t t h e s am ian a nd t h e o t he r p o t te ry f r om a ny o n ed epo s i tc an r e ad i ly b ep a i r ed a nd s e en a s aw ho le . T h ep o t t e ry i si l u s t ra ted a sf u l ly a si sp ra c t icab le w i th in t h e c on s t ra in t s o f p ub l ica t ion . M ic ro f iche , w h ich i s f a r l e s s c onven ien t t o u se t h an t h e p r in ted p age , h a s n o t b een e mp loyed . T h i s p o l icy l e ad s t or e pe t i t ion , b u t g i ve s at r ue r i mp r e s s ion o f t h e g r oup s a c tua l ly f o und t h an d oe s m o r e s e le c t ive i lu s t ra t ion . F u r the rmo r e , t o q uo t e L ieu t .—Gene ra l P i t t—R ive r s ( P i t t—R ive r s 1 898 , x v i i ) : ' E xcava to r s , a s ar u le , r e co rd o n ly t h o se t h ing s w h ich a ppea r t ot h em i mpo r tan t a t t h e t i me , b u t f r e sh p rob lem s i n A r chaeo logy a nd A n th ropo logy a r ec on s tan t ly a r i s ing , a nd . . t h ep o in t s w h ich w ou ld h ave b een m o s t v a luab le h ave b een p a s sed o ve r f r om b e ing t h ough t u n in te r e s t ing a tt h e t ime . E ve ry d e ta i l s hou ld , t h e r e f o r e , b e r e po r ted i n t h e m anne r m o s t c onduc ive t o f a c i l i ty o fr e f e r en ce . . . ' . T he d i v i s ion o ft h e p o t te ry i sf i r s t ly i n to g r oup s a c co rd ing t o t h ef e a tu r e s a nd t h ed epo s i t sw i th in t h em .T h en ex td i v i s ion i s b yf a b r i c . T h i sa pp roa ch h a sb een u sed b e cau se o ft h ev a r ie ty a nd r a p id c hange so ff a b r ic w i th in t h ep e r iod A .D .5 0100 , 4 9

v a r ia t ion s w h ich m ay b e a t t r ibu ted t oe conom ic c hange s i n t h e p o t te ry i n du s t ry i n t h a t p e r iod . I nt h e i mmed ia te p o s t— c onque s t p e r iod w e f i nd m any s ou rc e s o f p o t te ry , a l l p robab ly v e ry l o ca l .T he i rp roduc t sa r ev e ry v a r iab le i nf o rm , f a b r ic , q ua l i ty , f i n i sh a nd f i r ing . T h i s r e f le c t s t h e p r e— c onque s t s i tua t ion , w he r e l a ck o f t r an spo r t r e s t r ic ted d i s t r ibu t ion , a nd t h e r e su l t ing s ma l l m a rke t s c ou ld o n ly s uppo r t s ma l l , p e rhap s f am i ly , i n du s t r ie s . I tm ay a l so h ave b e en t h e c a se t h a t p o t te r s w e r e a tt h i s t i me i t ne ran t . Many f o rm sa r er em in i scen to ft h e i rp r e—Roman a n teceden t s ; b l ack v e s se l s ,o f ten b u rn i shed ,a r ep opu la r , a sa r es and— a nd g rog— t emp e r ed f a b r ic s . B yA .D . 7 0t h ef i nd sf r om W i lco te i n d ica te a3 0-50 m i le r ad iu s f o rs ome i n du s t r ie s a tl e a s t ; w h i le r i ve r t r an spo r tm ay b e i mpo r tan t , t h i s m u s t a l so r ef le c t t h e i mpac t o ft h en ew s y s tem o fr oad s . T h i s i n c r ea sed ma rke t a r ea m u s t h ave b een f e d b y a n e xpanded p rodu c t ion b y i n du s t r ie s o f i n c r ea sed s i ze u s ing i mp roved t e chn ique s . T he n ew f o rm s s how n o B e lg ic i n f luence , a nd t h e u b iqu i tou s g r ey u n— t empe r ed f a b r ic s a r e t a k ing o ve r . T h i s a n t ic ipa te s t h e l a te r d eve lopmen t o f h uge p o t t er y i n du s t r ie s w i th u n i fo rm m a s s— p roduced p roduc t s s u ch a s t h e O x fo rd i n du s t ry w h ich d om ina ted t h ea r ea i nt h et h i rd a nd f ou r th c en tu r ie s . F ab r ic s a r e r a the rb road ly d e f ined . I nt h eC laud ian p e r iod , i t i sq u i te r a re t of i nd t wo v e s se l s o fi d en t ica l f a b r ic ,b u tm any d i f f e r en ce s a r e e i the r t h e r e su l t o f v a r ia t ion s i n f i r ing , o r r a the r s ma l l d i f f e ren ce s i nt h e p ropo r t ion o f s and o r o t he r m a t e r ia l . T he m ica c on ten t i se spec ia l ly v a r iab le i nm any c a se s . T h e n on—un i fo rm i ty o f t h e se e a r ly w a r e s m ake s t h e i d en t i f ica t ion o f s pec i f ic s ou rc e s d i f f icu l t , b u t s i n ce i ti s p o s s ib le t h a t t h e p o t t e r s i nt h i s e a r ly p e r iod w e r e i t ne ran t , t h i s u n ce r tan ty m ay r ef lec t t h e t r ue s i tua t ion . T he d i f f e ren t ia t ion o f g r og— tempe r ed f a b r ic i n to t h ree a c co rd ing t o t h e g r og c on t en t , a nd o f u n temp e r ed f a b r ic i n to t h ree a c co rd ing t oc oa r sene s s i sa r b i t ra ry a nd s ub je c t ive , b u t t h e e me rgen ce o f c l ea r t r end s i n d ica te s t h a t t h e se a r e u se fu l d i s t in c t ion s . I ts hou ld b e e mpha s i sed t h a t t h i s r e po r t i so n ly t h e f i r s t o f s e ve ra l , a nd t h a t t h e c on c lu s ion s d rawn a r e p rov i s iona l , a nd s hou ld b e r e ga rded a s w o rk ing h ypo the se s r a the r t h an a s d e f in i t ive s t a temen t s . 3 .T he f unc t ion so fv e s se l s We m ay a t temp tt ol i s tt h e p o s s ib le u se s o fR omano—Br i t i sh p o t t e ry v e s se l s s y s tema t ica l ly , a s i nF ig . 3 . T he m a jo r u s e i si nc onne c t ion w i th f ood a nd d r ink , a nd t h e re t h ree d i s t in c t d ome s t ic f u n c t ion s , a s soc ia t ed w i th t h re e d i f f e ren t l o ca t ion s i n ab u i ld ing , c an b e d i sce rned : s t o rage i n t h e l a rde r , p r epa ra t ion i n t h e k i tchen , a nd c on sump t ion a t t a b le . T he t a b le u se c an b e d i v ided f u r the r i n to ' c ommuna l ' u se , t h a t i s v e s se l s w h ich a r ep l aced i nt h e c en t r e o ft h e t a b le f o ru se b y a l l t h o se e a t ing a nd d r ink ing , a nd ' i nd iv idua l ' v e s se l s w h ich a r e p l a ced b e fo re e a ch p e r son f o r t h e i r u se a l one . F o r s imp l ic i ty , m u l t ip le u se ( a ' k i t ch en ' v e s se l m ay b e u sed t o c ook f o od a nd t h en b e b rough t t ot h e t a b le ) o r ' s e r ia l ' u se ( a c ook ing p o t m ay b e m od i f ied a nd r e—u sed a s af l owe r p o t )

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a r e i g no red . I nf a c t , ' mu l t ip le ' u se , m ean ing v e s se l s i nw h ich f ood w a s f i r s t c ooked a nd t h en b rough t t o t h e t a b le , w a s s u r e ly u sed b y t h e R oman s , b l a ck—bu rn i shed b ow l s b e ing a c a se i n p o in t . T h e ' mu l t ip le ' u se o f s u ch v e s se l s i s i n c rea s ing ly c ommon t o day , p a r t ly b e cau se w e h ave d eve lop ed h ea t— r e s i s tan tf a b r ic s a nd f i n i she s , a nd p a r t ly a sa l a bou r— sav ing d ev ic e i na n a ge w i thou t s e rvan t s , n e i the r o f w h ich c on s ide ra t ion sa pp l ied i nR oman t i me s . When a t temp t ing t o a s s ign u se s t o t h e m any f o rm s o f R oman—B r i t i sh p o t te ry v e s se l s , i t i s u se f u l t o m ake c ompa r i son s w i th modem v e s se l s o f k nown f u n c t ion . F ig . 3a i lu s t ra te s ag roup o fv e s se l s w h ich a r e i nr e gu la ru se i n t h e a u tho r ' s h ome . I td oe s n o t p r e tend t ob e r e p r e sen ta t ive , b u t h a s b een r a ndom ly c ho sen , j u s t a s t h e p o t te ry f r om a n a r cha e log ica l d epo s i t i s ar a ndom s e le c t ion p roduc ed b y t h e a c c iden t o f b r eakage . G la s s v e s se l s a r e i n c luded , b ecau se modem p o t te ry ,g l a s sa nd p l a s t ic h ave p rope r t ie sq u i t eu n l ike R oman p o t te ry a nd g l a s s , s o i ti s m i s lead ing t o c on f ine a t ten t ion t o m odem p o t te ry a l one . S ome c ommon modem v e s se l s ( t ea cup s a nd t e apo t s f o r e xamp le ) a r e om i t ted b ecau se t h ey a r e u sed f o r p u rpo se s w h ich d i d n o t e x i s t i n R oman t i me s . Me ta lv e s se l sa r e om i t ted f o rs impl i c i ty .

d .V e s se l s f o rc ommuna l u s e a r e g ene ra l ly l a rge r t h an t h o se f o ri n d iv idua lu se . e .V e s se l s i n tended e xc lu s ive ly f o rk i t ch en u se w i l l t y p ica l ly b e l a rge r , p l a ine ra nd l e s s w e l l— f in i shed t h an t h o se f o r t a b le u s e . f .V e s se l s i nt h e a s semb lage v a ry g r ea t ly i na ge , t h e m o s t v a luab le b e ing t h eo l d e s t . g .T he v e s se l sf o rt a b le u s ea r en o tn ece s sa r i ly u sed t o ge the r . S ome a r e u s ed d a i ly w h i le o t he r s a r e r e se r ved f o r m o r e f o rma lo cca s ion s . T he se o b se r va t ion sm ay b eb ana l ,b u tc an r e a sonab ly b eu sed a s ab a s i sf o rc on s ide ra t ion o ft h eR oman v e s se l s . We m ay a l so c on s ide rw h ich t y p e s a r ep r e sen ti nt h em odem a s semb lage b u ta b sen tf r om t h eW i lco t eR oman o n e ,a nd v i ce v e r sa . i . Modern v e s s e l s w i th n o o bv iou s R oman p o t tery e qu iva len t s .

S t r ik ing s im i la r i t ie s a nd d i f f e rence s b e tween t h e R oman a nd T he p l a te s , aa nd b ,h ave n o c l o se p a ra l le l s a tW i lco te . T he m odem g r oup s a r e i mmed ia te ly a ppa ren t . T h e modem s ha l low b ow l ( n o s . 1 025 e t c . , s e e b e low ) i sa n u ncommon a s semb lage i n c lud e s al o ca lp roduc t ,b ow l d ,m ade s ome t e n t y pe p o s s ib ly o fC laud ian d a t e . T he i l i te ra te s t amp o n o ne m i le s a way , a nd o ne l o ng—d i s tance i mpo r t , t h eb ow l cw h ich s u ch v e s se l ( n o . 129 ) m ay i n d ica te t a b le u s e . T h e f o rm m ay w a sm ade i nC h ina . T he r em inde ra r e m ade i nB r i ta in b u tn o t d e r ive f r om B e lg ic t e r ra r u b ra a nd t e r ra n i g ra p l a t te r s , o r w i th in 3 0 m i le s o f t h e i r p o in t o f p u r cha se ( Ox fo rd ) . T h i s f r om s am ian f o rm s 1 6 o r 1 7 . H oweve r , t h e m od em p l a te i s d i s t r ibu t ion i s r em in i scen t o f t h a t o f t h e t a b le w a re s a t u sed f o r s o l id f o od , a nd i nc on jun c t ion w i th ak n i f e a nd f o rk W i lco te a f te r c .A .D . 7 0 b u t b e fo r e t h e r i se o f t h e O x fo rd o r s poon a nd f o rk . D ry f ood s u ch a s m ea t a nd v ege tab le s i n du s t ry .T he m o s te l abo ra te ly d eco ra ted v e s se l , ga nd i t sl i d c ou ld e qua l ly w e l lb es e rved i n ab ow l ,b u tc ou ld n o tt h en b e h ,a r e a' c ommuna l ' t a b le s e t ; ' i nd iv idua l ' t a b le v e s se l s a r e c u tu p a ta l le a s i ly w i th ak n i f e a nd f o rk . I tm ay t h e re fo r eb e t h e c a se t h a t t h e m odem p l a te r ef le c t s t h e m ode rn u se o ft h e m o r e s imp ly d eco ra ted ( c , da nd i )o ru ndeco ra ted ( a , ba nd j ) . T he s i ng le k i t chen v e s se l , f ,i sp oo r ly g l a zed a nd f a r t a b le k n i f e . i n f e r io r i n f i n i sh t o t h e o t he r i t em s . T he s ma l le r c apa c i ty ome s im i la r i t ie s m ay b e m i s lead ing . F o r e xamp le , t h e t a b le v e s se l s , a , b( d e sp i te i t s w id th , i ti sv e ry s ha l low ) , c ,i S a nd j ,a r e f o r i n d iv idua l u se a nd t h e v e s se l o f i n te rmed ia te e l abo ra te ly d eco ra ted l i d , h ,h a s v e ry c l o se R oman p a ra l le l s s i ze , d , i su sed b o th c ommuna l ly a nd i n d iv idua l ly . A l l t h e i nf o rm , b u tn one i nd eco ra t ion . T he m odem l i d i sd eco ra ted p a t te rned v e s se l s ,c , da nd g +h ,c a r ry t h e make r ' sn ame o nt h e b e cau se i ti sp a r to f as e tw i th t h eb ow lg ,a nd i si n tended a sa b a se ( a s d o aa nd b ) . O n ly v e s se l s i n t end ed t oh o ld l i qu id s c ommuna l t a b le v e s se l . L id s a tW i lco te a r en eve rd eco ra ted , h ave h and le s ( ja nd k ) . T he v e s se l s f o rk i t chen u s e ( fa nd o n a nd t h e k nob i n p a r t icu la r i s o f ten p oo r ly f i n i shed . T he o cca s ion e ) a r e l a rge r i nc apa c i ty t h an t h o se f o r t a b le u se . v e s se l s w i th d i sh ed r im s , w h ich p r e sumab ly p o s se s sed l i d s , T he m o s te l abo ra te ly d eco ra ted ( a nd v a luab le )v e s se l ,g +h ,i s a r e a lmo s t a lway s b e t te r m ad e i n af i ne r f a b r ic t h an t h e l i d s f r om t h e s ame d epo s i t . V e s se l s w h ich h ave d i shed r im s t o a bou t 1 00 y ea r s o l d ; t h e r e s t a r e 1 -20 y ea r s o l d ; i ti sn o ti n d a i ly u se ,b u ti sr e se rved f o r mo re f o rma lo cca s ion s . a ccomoda te l i d sa r ea bou ta sc ommon a st h el i d s t h em se lve s , a nd t h e c ommone s t s i ng le t y pe w i th in t h e g roup i s t h e F rom t h e se o b se rva t ion s w e may p ropo se s ome p r in c ip le s r u s t i ca ted p o t , t y p ica l ly i n af a i r ly f i n e g r ey f a b r ic , w h ich t h a tm igh tb ea pp l ied t ot h eR oman p o t te ry a s semb lage s . o c cu r s f r om A .D . 5 0-150 . I tt h e re fo r e a ppea r s t h a t t h e se r u s t ica ted p o t s m ay h ave b een t a b le w a r e s , b u tt h a tt h e f ood a .T ab le w a r e s w i l l g en e ra l ly s how ab e t te r f i n i sh a nd a r e w a sa l so p r epa r ed i nt h em i nt h ek i tch en a nd t h el i d sr emoved m o r e l i ke ly t o b e d e co ra ted t h an v e s se l s i n tended f o r t h e b e fo r e t h ey w e r e b rough t t ot h e t a b le . We m ay t e n ta t ive ly k i t chen o rl a rde r . c on c lude t h a t t h eu se o fl i d s w a s c on f ined t ot h e k i t ch en a nd p o s s ib ly t h e l a rde r . T h e t r ue p a ra l le l f o rt h e R oman l i dm ay b .T ab le v e s se l s f o r c ommuna l u se a r e m o re l i ke ly t o b e n o tb et h em odem v e s se l ha ta l l ,b u tt h em e ta ls aucepan— l id . d eco ra ted t h an t h o se f o ri n d iv idua lu se . T he w in e—g la s s , j ,h a s R oman p a ra l le l s i n s ma l l p o t te ry c .O n ly t a b le v e s se l sa r es t amped w i th t h em ake r ' sn ame , a nd d r ink ing c up s , a s i s d i scu s sed b e low . T h e s im i la r i ty i s t h i s f e a tu r e i s g ene ra l ly a s so c ia ted w i th b e t te r q ua l i ty m a sked b yt h es t em o ft h eg l a s s ,w h ich i sa ni n nova t ion m ade v e s se l s . p o s s ib le b yt h ei mp roved p rope r t ie so fm odem g l a s s . 5 2

i .R oman v e s s e l sf r om W i lco te w i th n o modern p ara l le l s .

We m ay a sk q ue s t ion s s u ch a s t h e c on s id e r ing t h ep o t te ry a s semb lage s :

T he t h re em a in g r oup so fv e s se l st of a l li n to t h i sc a t ego ry a r e m ed ium— s ized j a r s w i th c apa c i t ie s f r om a bou t0 . 5-5 .0 l i t r e s , w h ich f o rm p e rhap s h a l ft h e v e s se l s f r om a l l d epo s i t s ; l a rge ' s t o rage 'j a r s ; a nd s pe c ia l i sed v e s se l ss u ch a sm o r ta r ia . I ti sr ema rkab le t h a t m ed ium— s ized j a r s s hou ld b e w i thou t o bv iou sm ode rn p a ra l le l s ,e xcep tp e rhap st h e' ma rm i te ' . S u ch j a r s a r e u ndeco ra ted a nd a r e m o s t c ommon ly f o und i nt h e c oa r se r f a b r ic s . T h e f o rm o ccu r s i ns am ian o n ly a s t h e l a t e a nd r e la t ive ly u n common D ich e le t te f o rm 7 2 a nd D ragendo r f f f o rm 5 4 v e s se l s d eco ra ted i n ' c u t g l a s s ' o r b a rbo t ine t e chn ique s . T he c on c lu s ion i s t h a t j a r s w e r e g en e ra l ly c onf ined t ot h ek i t ch en o rl a rde r ,a nd w e r eu sed f o r t h ep r epa ra t ion a nd p o s s ib ly s t o rage o ff ood . T hey h ave b e en r e p la ced i nt h em ode rn k i t chen b yt h em e ta ls aucepan . I ft h el a ck o fd e co ra t ion o nj a r s i n d ica te s t h a tt h ey w e re n o t b rough tt ot h e t a b le , t h en t h ef ood w h ich w a sc ooked i nt h em w a st r an s f e r red t ot a b le—wa r ev e s se l sf r om w h ich i tw a st h en e i th e r e a ten d i r ec t ly o r w a s r ed i s t r ibu ted t o s ma l le r i n d iv idua l b ow l s . I tm ay a l so b e t h e c a se t h a t d eco ra ted v e s se l s w ou ld h ave b een mo r e e a s i ly d amaged b y e xpo su r e t ot h ef i re . T he t e rm ' s t o rage j a r ' h a s b een u sed i nt h i s r e po r tt or e f e rt o l a rge j a r s ,u ndeco ra ted a nd o f ten r a the rr ough ly f i n i sh e d , a nd a lmo s t a lway s m ade i ng r og— temp e red f a b r ic s . T hey m ay h ave b een u sed f o ro t h e rp u rpo se ss u ch a sb r ew ing ,b u ti tw i l l b e p rov i s iona l ly a s sumed h e r e t h a t s t o rage w a s a tl e a s to n e o ft h e i r f u n c t ion s . T hey h ave n o t b een r e p la ced i n t h e m ode rn l a rde r f i r s t ly b ecau se t h e r e f r ige ra to r i st h e mod em l a rd e r , a nd s e cond ly b e cau se s t o rage i sn o l o nge r i mpo r tan t d ue t ot h e e a se w i th w h ich s ma l l q uan t i t ie s o ff ood ( a lmo s t a lway si np a ckage s )c an b ep u r cha sed .T he R oman h ou sew i f e o b ta ined s upp l ie s i n f requen t ly a nd c on sequen t ly h ad t os t o r e l a rge q uan t i t ie so fb a s ic f ood s tu f f s . S pe c ia l i sed v e s se l s s u ch a s m o r ta r ia , w in e— s t ra ine r s a nd ' s t ra ine r s ' ( p robab ly c hee se—p r e s se s ) , h ave n o modem e qu iva len t sb ecau se t h ef i r s ti sr e p la ced b yt h ee l ec t r ic m ixe r , moder nw ine d o e sn o tr e qu i r ef i l t ra t ion a nd c hee se i nm ade i n f a c to r ie s .

5 3

f o l low ing

w hen

1 .I st h e g roup h e te rogeneou s o r d o t h e v e s se l s r e vea l a ny s pe c if i cf u n c t ion ( s to rage ,c ook ing ,e a t ing )? 2 .I fi tc on ta in s t a b le w a re s , w ha t w ea l th o rs oc ia l s t a tu s d o t h ey i n d ica te ? F o r e xamp le , w ha t a r e t h e p ropo r t ion s o f s am ian ( h igh— c la s st a b le w a r e ,p e rhap sa s soc ia ted w i th g l a ss o rm e ta lv e s se l s )a nd c ommon t a b le w a r e s? 3 .C an w es ay a ny th ing a bou tt h es o c ia l h ab i t so ft h eu se r so f t h e t a b le—wa r e s i n ag roup o f p o t te ry? ( P re sumab ly t h e c ook ing a nd s t o rage v e s se l sw i l lb em uch t h es ame r e ga rd le s s o ft h es t a tu so ft h o se e a t ing t h ef ood . ) F o re xamp le ,t h eC laud ian d epo s i t sw h ich p roduced s h e rd so f d eco ra ted f o rm 2 9b ow l s a l so p roduced u ndeco ra ted f o rm 2 7 c up s , a nd as im i la r r e la t ion sh ip m ay e x i s t b e tween f o rm 3 7 b ow l sa nd f o rm 3 c up s .P e rhap sw ine w a sm ixed w i th w a te r o r s p ice s i n av e s se l s u ch a s n o . 2 26 , t h i s o pe ra t ion t a k ing p l ac ea way f r om t h et a b le s i nc ev e s se l so ft h et y pe o fn o .2 26 a r e u ndeco ra ted a nd i nc ommon f a b r ic s ; t h e s t ra ined w ine w a st h en p ou red i n to ad eco ra ted s am ian f o rm 2 9b ow lw h ich h ad ap l ac e o f h onou r i nt h e c en t re o f t h e t a b le . I n d iv idua l s am ian f o rm 2 7 u ndeco ra ted c up s w e r e t h en f i l led f r om t h i s b ow l . O ne f o rm 2 9 b ow l m igh t f i l l f r om t e n t ot wen ty o ft h e s ma l l f o rm 2 7 c up s c ommon i nt h e C laud ian p e r iod . Wh i le t h i s m ake s g r ea ta s sump t ion s ( t h e f o rm 2 7b ow l s m igh th ave b een u s ed f o rr e l i she s s u ch a sg anun r a the rt h an a sd r ink ing— c up s ) ,i fi ti sg i ven a ny c r edence t h en i ti n d ica te s ah i g h— c la s s s o c ia l r i tua l . W in e—d r ink ing u s ing t h e se v e s se l s ( m ixe r / s t ra ine r , b ow l , c up s ) w ou ld h ave b een a s a c t iv i ty a t t r ibu tab le t o aw ea l thy a nd f a i r ly l a rge a sw e l la s as oc ia l ly c ohe ren t g r oup , f o r e xamp le a rmy of i ce r s o r g ove rnmen t o f f ic ia l s . 4 .C an w e d raw a ny c on c lu s ion s r e ga rd ing d i e t o r c u l ina ry p ra c t ic e s , p e rhap s c omb in ing t h e d a ta f r om t h e p o t te ry w i th t h a tf r om t h ea n ima lb one sa nd o t he re nv i ronmen ta ld a ta ?

T he S am ian G race S imp son a nd A n thony H and s T he e xcava t ion p roduced s ome 1 900 s he rd s o fs am ian p o t te ry , i na dd i t ion t oa bou t 5 00 v e ry s ma l l s h e rd s a nd f l akes . O ft h e 3 18 p a t ter n ed s h e rd s , 2 09 a r e i lu s t ra ted ( many i lu s t ra t ion s s how ing t wo o r mo re j o in ing s he rd s ) , t h e r ema inde r b e ing t o o s ma l lt ob ei n fo rma t ive . T he p la in s am ian c omp r i sed a bou t 1 600 s he rd s , a nd a l lt h ev e sse l sw h ich c ou ld b ed rawn a r ei n c luded i nt h ei lu s t ra t ion s . A bb rev ia t ion s :

D =D eche le t te 1 904 0 =O swa ld 1 936-7 H e rme t =H e rme t 1 934 R oge r s =R oge r s 1 974 S tan f ie ld a nd S imp son =S tan f ie ld a nd S imp son 1 958 a nd 1 990

F .1 7l e ve l6 . 1 .

F o rm 2 9 .P robab ly C laud ian .

4 .

F o rm 2 9 . C f . O swa ld 1 948 , p l . I , 3( Ma rg idunum : C laud ian ) .

5 .

F o rm u nce r ta in . S ou th G au l i sh .

F o rm 2 9 . Two s he rd s f r om t h i s d epo s i t c omp r i se a lmo s to ne f i f th o ft h e d eco ra ted a r ea o ft h e v e s se l ; f u r the r s h e rd s f r om F . 19 l e ve l 6 , F . 19 l e ve l 5a nd F . 17 l e ve l 2 / 3 . H e rme t p l . 5 0 , n o . 4 8 h a s s ame r o se t te sa nd r a re ma sk i nr ounde l .

F .17 l e ve l5 . 2 .

3 .

F o rm 2 9 . 1 5 s he rd s , 7f r om t h is d epo s i t , 1 0 f r om F . 17 l e ve l s 3 / 4 / 5 , 3f r om F . 19 l e ve l s 3 / 5 , 2f r om F . 19 l e ve l 1 . 6s ma l l s he rd s w h ich r epea t d e ta i l s i n t h e f i gu re a r e n o t i lu s t ra ted . B ronze r i ve t . Av e ry s ma l l b i rd t op s ar od o n as ma l l r o se t te w i th in a w ide f e s toon i nt h ef r ieze . L ezoux .

6 .

x t reme t op o f F o rm 3 7 . S ou th G au l i sh . F rom e d epo s i t .

7 ,8 .

R i t te r l ing 1 2 . C laud ian .

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R i t te r l i ng 9 .C laud ian .

1 .

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2 4 .

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1 3 .

R i t t e r l ing 9 .

2 5 .

F o rm 3 7 . S ou th G au l i sh .

1 416 .

F o rm 1 8 .C laud ian .

2 6 .

F o rm 3 7 .Q u in t i l ianu sG roup ?H ad r ian ic ?

1 7-20 .

F o rm 2 7 . A l so s h e rd s f r om a t l e a s t 1 s im i la r v e s se l s .

2 7-29 .F o rm 1 5 / 17 . 3 0 ,3 1 .

F o rm 1 8 .N o .3 0i sd r i l led f o r ar i ve t .

3 2 .

F o rm 1 8 /31 .

3 .

F o rm 2 7 .

3 4 .

F o rm 2 7 .

3 5 .

S t oppe r o r g ame-p iece ? R ough ly c h ipp ed f r om l owe rp a r to f av e s se lo u t s ide t h ef oo t r ing ,p robab ly f o rm 1 8 .

F . 17 l e ve l s4 / 5 2 1 .

F o rm 3 7 .

F .17 l e ve l3 . 2 2 .

2 3 .

F o rm 3 7 . B ron ze r i ve t s . S ou th G au l i sh . T he c r ouch ing d og i s0 .1963 = D .918 = H e rme t p 1 .26 , n o .2 0 ;i to ccu r so nn o .2 28 b e low .F lav ian . F o rm 3 7 . A l so s h e rd s f r om F 18 l e ve l 3a nd F 19 l e ve l 3 . S e e S t anf ie ld & S imp son 1 990 , p 1 .45 , n o .517 , f o r av e ry c l o se ly s im i la rv e s se l . P o t te rX 1 3 .A .D . 1 00-120 .

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5 7

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F . 18 l e ve l3 .

3 6-39 .

F o rm 3 0 . N o s . 3 8 a md 3 9 f r om F . 18 l e ve l 2 .S t amp o fD o eccu s( o nn o . 3 7 ) . A .D . 1 60190 .

5 6 .

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T he r a r e f i gu r eo nt h er .i s0 .883 =D .510 =H e rme t 1 33 : K no r r 1 907 , T a f . X I I , n o s . 1 ,2 ;K no r r 1 9 19 , T a f . 9 9 , B ( Ka s t e l l B u r lad ingen ) . T he l e f t-hand f i gu r ei sH e rme tp l . 8 , 7( 0 .635 h a s w rong ly d r aw n f e e t ) . S ou th G au l i sh .

4 1 .

F o rm 3 7? 5 7 .

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4 2 .

D e s ig nu nce r ta in . 5 8 .

F o rm 3 0 .

4 3 .

F o rm 1 8 . F lav ian . 5 9 .

F o rm 3 7 .

F . 18 l e ve l5 . 6 0 . F o rm 2 9 . F o r as im i la rc o lumn a nd r o u le t t ing o nt h e c en t ra lm ou ld ing ,s e eH awke sa nd H u l l 1 947 ,p l .2 2 , 9 a-d .A nu nu sua ld e s ig n .

F o rm 3 7 . P robab ly t h e s ame v e s se l a sn o . 1 67 , q . v . C a rya t id 0 .1199B .

6 1 .

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6 3 .

4 7 .

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4 8-51 .

F o rm 1 8 .

5 2 ,5 3 .

F o rm 2 7 .

5 4 .

F o rm 3 6 .

4 4 .

F . 18 l e ve l2 . 6 4 ,6 5 .

F . 18 l e ve l4 . 5 .

F o rm 3 7 .S ou th G au l i sh .

5 8

S ame v e s se l , F o rm 3 7 . N o . 6 5 o vo lo , s e e S t an f ie ld a nd S imp son p l . 7 5 , n o . 1 4 . N o . 6 4 r . h . f i gu r e i s A bundan t ia , 0 .80 1 , s e e S t an f ie ld a nd S imp son p l . 7 4 , n o . 1 ; c en t ra l f i gu r e i s0 .677 =D .385 . F o r t h e p a lm o n b o th s h e rd s s e e S t an f ie ld a nd S imp son p l . 7 4 ,n o . 1 .P o t te rX -6 ( Ca tu l i ) .C .A .D . 1 25150 .

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F . 18 l e ve l 2( c on td . )

8 0 .

S ou th G au l i sh .

6 5 .

S ee p r ec ed ing p age .

8 1 .

F o rm 1 8 .S ou th G au l i sh . i s tc en tu ry .

6 6 .

F o rm 3 7 . B u t r io . S e e S t anf ie ld a nd S imp son p l . 5 7 , n o . 6 51 f o rr . h . f i gu r e ; i b id . f i g . 1 3 , n o . 2f o ro vo lo a nd b o rde r ,a l so n o . 7 .A .D . 1 20145 .

8 2 .

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F . 17 ,F . 18 a nd F . 19 l e ve l1 .

6 7 .

F o rm 3 7 .C en t ra lG au l i sh .

8 3 .

F o rm 3 7S ou th G au l i sh .

6 8 .

F o rm 3 0 ?B i r ran tu ss t y le w i th v e ry r u le b o rd e r s .

8 4 .

6 9 .

L ax tuc i s sa . N o t t h e s ame v e s se l a s n o . 6 3 a bove . S ee S t anf ie ld a nd S imp son p l . 9 7 , n o . 5 f o r

F o rm 3 7 . I g oca tu s =P o t te r X-4 . Mo re o ft h i sv e sse l h a s b een f o und af ew m . t ot h e w e s t o ft h e se s h e rd s a nd w i l lb er epo r t ed i nW i l co t eI .A .D . 1 00-120 .

8 5 .

F o rm 3 7 .T he r . h .f i gu re i s0 .999 .

8 6 .

F o rm 3 7 .S ou th G au l i sh .

8 7 ,9 6 .

F o rm 3 7 .S ou th G au l i sh .

8 8 ,9 5 .

F o rm 3 7 .P robab ly S ou th G au l i sh .

8 9 ,9 0 .

J u l iu s Io fR h e in zaber n . R icken ( a nd F i sch e r ) 1 942 ( a nd 1 963 ) T a f . 1 53 , n o s . 1 -6 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 2 1 , 2 nd h a lf o f2 nd c en tu ry .

9 1 .

F o rm 3 7 .P robab ly S ou th G au l i sh .

a s t raga lu s b o rd e r ; i b id . 1 50180 . 7 0 .

U nce r ta in s t y le .

7 1 .

U n ce r ta in s t y le .

7 2 .

F o rm 3 .

P 1 .

9 8 , n o . 8f o r l e a f . A .D .

F . 19 l e ve lS . 7 3 .

F o rm 1 8 .C laud ian .

F . 19 l e ve l s3 / 4 /5 . 9 2 .

F o rm 3 7 . S ou th G au l i sh .

F o rm 3 7 . E igh t s h e rd s , 5f r om t h i s l e ve l , 2f r om F . 19 l e ve l 1 / 2 , 1f r om F . 18 l e ve l2 .S ou th G au l i sh .

9 3 .

F o rm 3 7 .P robab ly C en t ra lG au l i sh .

7 5 ,7 9 .

F o rm 3 7 . S ou th G au l i sh .

9 4 .

F o rm 3 7 .C en t ra lG au l i sh .

7 6 .

F o rm 3 7 . S ou th G au l i sh .

9 5 .

S ee n o .8 8a bove .

7 7 .

F o rm 2 9 .S ty l i sed l e a f .S ou th G au l i sh .

9 6 .

S ee n o . 8 7a bove .

7 8 .

F o rm 3 7 . S ou th G au l i sh .

9 7 .

L ezoux ?F i r s tc en tu ry ?

7 9 .

S ee n o .7 5 a bove .

7 4 .

6 0

6 8

7 0

6 9

7 1

7 9

/

8 0

8 5 8 3

9 1 8 8

F ig .3 7 . S am ian n o s .6 5-97 . S ou th ,C en t ra la nd E a s tG au l i sh s am ian . S c . 1 : 2 .

6 1

F . 17 ,F . 18 a nd F . 19 l e ve l 1( c on td . ) a nd

11 .

F o rm 3 7 .S ou th G au l i sh .

12 .

F i gu r eu nc e r ta in .

13 .

N o tt h es ame v e s se la sn o . 1

9 8 .

F o rm 3 7 . C innamu s? C ompa r e S t anf ie ld S imp son p l . 1 62 ,n o s .5 7-6 1 .A .D . 1 3 5-170 .

9 9 .

N o . 1 02 b e low m ay b e f r om t h e s ame v e s se l . T he 1 . h . o r namen t i sS t anf ie ld a nd S imp son f i g . 4 7 , n o . 3 9 ( o n s i de ) ; t h e f i gu r e i s0 .348 . C innamu s? A .D . 1 3 5-170 .

14 .

F o rm 3 7 .L e s Ma r t r e sd eV ey re t r e e .T ra jan ic .

15 .

U nc e r ta in .

1 00 .

F o rm 3 7 .S ou th G au l i sh .

16 .

C en t ra lG au l i sh .

1 0 1 .

F o rm 3 7 .O vo lo a nd w avy l i ne b o rde r ,S t anf ie ld a nd S imp son p l . 3 ,n o . 2 0e t c . ; 1 . h . Ama zon , i b id . P l . 6 , n o s . 6 0 , 6 2 , 6 5 ; r . h . Amazon , i b id . P l . 6 ,n o . 6 2 . P o t te rX -2 .A .D . 1 00120 .

17 .

U nc e r ta in .

18 , 19 . F o rm 1 8 . 1 20 .

C ompa re O swa ld a nd P ryc ep l .L IV ,n o .2 A .

1 2 1 .

F o rm 3 5 / 36 .E a s tG au l i sh .

1 22 .

F o rm 4 6 v a r ian t ? C ompa r e O swa ld a nd P r ice p l . LV ,n o .2 5 .L ezoux .

1 02 .

S ee n o .9 9a bove .

1 0 3 .

T he o vo lo s a r e f a in t ly i mp re s sed a nd b l u r red . T he g r oove b e low t h em i sd eep ly i n c i sed . T he v e s se l a ppea r s t oh ave h ad n ea r ly s t ra igh t , v e r t ica l s i de s , w i th n o d e co ra t ion f o r a t l e a s t 4 cm b e low t h e o vo lo s .

1 23 , 1 24 . F o rm 1 5 / 17 .

1 04 .

F o rm 2 9 .S ou th G au l i sh .

1 2 5 , 1 26 . F o rm 2 7 .

1 0 5 .

F o rm 3 7 .C en t ra lG au l i sh .

1 27 .

F o rm 3 8 .I n te r io rs l ip w o rn a way b e low a r row .A .D . 1 50 + .

1 06 .

F o rm 3 7 .C en t ra lG au l i sh . 1 28 .

F o rm 3 .

1 07 .

F o rm 3 7 . P ugnu s . S ee S t anf i e ld a nd S imp son p l . 1 5 5 , n o . 2 6 . T he f l owe r i sR oge r s C 2 . A .D . 1 401 70 .

1 08 , 1 09 . A n ton ine .C en t ra lG au l i sh . 10 .

F o rm 3 7 .S ou th G au l i sh .

6 2

9 8

1 04

1 05

14

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1 21

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1 25

1 26

1 28 F ig .3 8 . S am ian n o s .9 8128 .S ou th ,C en t ra la nd E a s tG au l i sh s am ia n .S c . 1 : 2 .

6 3

1

F . 17 ,F . 18 a nd F . 19 l e ve l 1( c on td . ) 1 29 .

F o rm 3 .

1 30 .

F o rm 3 8 .A .D . 1 50+ .

1 3 1137 . F o rm 3 1 .

6 4

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1 35

1 36

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1 37

F ig .3 9 . S am ian n o s . 1 29137 .P la in s am ian f o rm s .S c . 1 : 2 .

6 5

F . 17 ,F .18 a nd F . 19 l e ve l 1( c on td . )

F . 16 .

1 38 , 1 39 . F o rm 3 1 .

1 46 .

F .7 . 1 40 .

F o rm 3 7 . S ou th G au l i sh .

1 4 1 .

F o rm 3 7 .S ou th G au l i sh .

1 42 .

F o rm 3 7 . F o rb eaded r i ng b o rde r s ,s e eS t anf i e ld a nd S imp son p l . 3 5 ,n o . 4 13 ; p l . 4 0 ,n o . 4 61 e t c . ; p l . 4 1 , n o .4 75 e t c .I o ena l i ss t y le .A .D . 1 00-120 .

F o rm 3 7 . T he l i on , 0 .1450 = D .766 , i sf r equen t ly u sed i nf r ee s ty le h un t ing s c ene sb yC r ic i ro : S t anf i e ld a nd S imp son p l . 17 ,n o s . 1 ,1 ;p l . 18 ,n o s . 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 7 , 2 0 . T he s ma l le r l i on , 0 .142 1 =D .753 , a l so o c cu r s , i b id . P l . 17 , n o s . 4 ,5 ;p l . 18 ,n o s . 1 2 , 1 5 . H ad r ian ic—An ton ine .

F .21 l e ve l 1 .

1 43 .

1 47 .

P o s s ib ly t h es ame v e s se la sn o . 1 5 5b e low .

1 48 .

P robab ly S ou th G au l i sh .

1 49 .

P robab ly S ou th G au l i sh .

F o rm 1 8 / 31 .

F . 15 . F .22 . 1 44 .

1 45 .

F o rm 3 7 . N ine s h e rd s , 8f r om F . 15 , 1f r om F . 16 . O ne v e ry s ma l l s h e rd w i th a r o se t te i s n o t i lu s t ra ted . I o ena l i s s t y le . T he v i ne l e a f i sR oge r s Ml . S ee S t anf ie ld a nd S imp son , p l . 4 1 , n o s . 4 77 , 4 83 ;f i g . 1 0 ,n o . 3 9f o rt r ipod ; c ock , i b id . P l . 3 9 ,n o . 4 54 .A .D . 1 00120 . F o rm 3 7 .P o s s ib ly A t t ianu s? C .A .D . 1 20145 .

1 50 .

1 5 1 , 1 52 .P robab ly t h es ame v e s se l .F o rm 3 7 . 1 53 .

6 6

T he b eaded b o rde r s m ee t ing a tr i ng s a r e u sed b y D iv ix tu s : S t anf ie ld a nd S imp son , p l . 15 , 16 . T h e h a re i s0 .2136 .A n ton ine .

F o rm 1 8 / 31 .

1 38

1 41

1 42

I

5 F ig .4 0 . S am ian n o s . 1 38-153 . S ou th a nd C en t ra lG au l i sh s am ian . S c . 1 : 2 .

6 7

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F .22 ( c on td . )

F .26 u pper l e ve l .

1 54 .

1 63 .

F o rm 2 9 .

1 64 .

F o rm 2 9 .

1 65 .

K no r r7 8 .0 .436 =D .280 .F lav ian .

1 66 .

S ou th G au l i sh . T he H a r tl ip j u g i n Ma id s tone Mu seum h a st h i sl e a f ;s e eS t anf i e ld 1 937 .

1 67 .

F o rm 3 7 . P robab ly t h e s ame v e s se l a s n o . 6 0 . C a rya t id s 0 .1199B . t h e 0 b enea th t h e d eco ra ted a r ea m ay b e 0 [F .ATT ] . R ing s : s e e S t anf ie ld a nd S imp son f i g .2 3 ,n o .9 ,A t t ianu s .A .D . 1 20145 .

1 68 .

F o rm 3 7 . F igu r e 0 .776 , s e e S t anf ie ld a nd S imp son P l . 1 0 , n o s . 1 2 1 , 1 25 . P o s s ib ly p o t t e r X-3 . A .D . 1 00120 ?

1 69 .

P robab ly S ou th G au l i sh .

1 70 .

S e eH e rme tp l .6 7 ,n o . 1 3 .

F o rm 1 8 /31 .

F .23 . 1 5 5 .

P o s s ib ly t h e s ame v e s se l a s n o . 1 47 a bove . F o rm 3 7 . T he g l ad ia to ri s0 .1008 =D .589 =H e rme t 1 40 ; H e rme tp l . 8 4 ,n o . 1 0 ; p l . 2 1 ,n o . 1 40 ; p l . 1 26 ,n o . 8 ( f rom L e R oz ie r ) ; K no r r 1 9 19 , T a f . 2 9 , C rucu ro B ( f rom G ünzbu rg ) ; T a f . 9 4 , H ( f rom R o t twe i l ) . C . A .D .7 5-85 .

F .24 . 1 56 .

I n kwe l l ,R i t t e r l ing 1 3 .

F .26 l owe s tl e ve l . 1 57 .

P robab ly f o rm 1 . C ompa r e O x6 1 934 , T a f . X , n o . 4 0 :T ibe r ian-C laud ian .

1 58 .

F o rm 2 9 . T end r i l-b ind ing i nt h ef r ieze . L a rge b ead s o ne i the rs i de o ft h ec en t ra lm ou ld ing .

1 59 .

F o rm 2 9 . Az one o fl e a ft ip s , a nd as pe c ia l r o se t te i n as i ng le l o op b e tween s i x b ead s w h ich f o rm a s t raga l i . B e low i s ab i rd :c f . K no r r 1 919 ,T a f . 1 0 ,9 a nd 5 1K .

1 77 - 1 80 . F o rm 2 7 .

1 60 .

F o rm 2 9 .

1 8 1 .

F o rm 1 8 .

1 6 1 .

F o rm 2 4 /25 .P robab ly C laud ian .

1 82 .

F o rm 3 5 .

1 62 .

F o rm 2 7w i th f l a tt o pt or im ,a ne a r ly v a r ie ty .

1 7 1 -1 75 . S ou th G au l i sh .

6 8

1 76 .

F o rm 2 4 /25 .

1 56

1 60

1 61

1 57

1 63

0 . 0 . t e i / I 1 64

1 66

1 65

1 72

1 71 1 70

ME W 1 76

1 82

F ig .4 1 . S am ian n o s . 1 54182 .S ou th a nd C en t ra lG au l i sh s am ian .S c . 1 : 2 .

6 9

1 74

F . 40

F . 48 b e low c l ay f i l l .

1 8 3 .

F o rm 2 9 .

1 99 .

1 84 .

R e s t ing s t ag , 0 .1697 = D .844 ; S t an f ie ld a nd S imp son p l .8 9 ,n o . 1 2 .D ru su sH .A .D . 1 2 5-150 .

F . 49 .

1 8 5 .

H e r cu le sa nd b oa r ,0 .790 =D .470 .H ad r ian ic .

1 86 .

C innamu s .A .D . 1 3 5170 .

1 87 .

D e s ign u nce r ta in .

F o rm 2 7 .

2 00 .

F o rm 3 7 .N o ti d en t if iab le .

2 0 1 .

F o rm 3 7 .S ou th G au l i sh .

2 02 .

F o rm 3 7 .N o ti d en t if iab le .

2 03 .

F o rm 3 7 .N o ti d en t i f iab le .

F . 35 . F . 32 . 1 88 .

1 89 .

F o rm 3 7 . H o r seman t or i gh t . S i ng le-bo rde r ed o vo lo R oge r sB 77 a nd b o ld w avy l i ne .C en t ra lG au l i sh . D iana , 0 .104B = D .63 = H e rme t 7 ;H e rme t p 1 .86 , n o . 1 ;K no r r1 9 12 ,T a f . XXV I I I ,n o . 1 ;K no r r1 9 52 , T a f . 3 0 , N a ta l i s ( Ro t twe i l ) ; i b id . , T a f . 2 7 , Ma scu s ( Can r i s tad t ) .F lav ian .

2 04 .

F o rm 3 5 /36 .

F . 47 3 . 0-5 .0m . 2 0 5 .

F o rm 2 9 .S ou th G au l i sh .

F . 47 0 . 3-3 .0m . 1 90 .

P o s s ib ly f r om t h es ame v e s se la sn o .4 5a bove ,q . v .

1 9 1 .

S ou th G au l i sh .

1 92 .

D iv ix tu s . F o r l i on , b i rd a nd r i ng s e e S t anf ie ld a nd S imp son ,p l . 16 ,n o . 1 4 .A .D . 1 40-160 .

1 9 3 .

F o rm 3 1 v a r ian t . C ompa r e O swa ld a nd P ryce p l .XL I I I ,n o .43 .

2 06 .

C ha r io t : s e e S t anf i e ld a nd S imp son p l . 6 1 , n o . 6 86 . S t and ing f i gu r e 0 .538 , s e e S t anf ie ld a nd S imp son p l s . 5 8-6 1 , n o s . 6 59 , 6 6 1 ,6 65 , 6 68 , 6 78 ,6 79 ,6 87 . B u t r io .A .D . 1 20-145 .

2 07 .

F o rm 2 9 . T he b o t tom o f t h e s h e rd t o uche s t h e c a r ina t ion .

2 08 .

N o ti d en t i f iab le .

2 09 .

F o rm 1 8 .

2 10 .

F o rm 2 7 .

1 94197 . F o rm 1 8 /31 . F .48 a bove c l ay f i l l . 1 98 .

F o rm 3 6 .

7 0

1 83 1 87

1 91

1 89

1 90

1 92

I 1

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1 96

1 1 98

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2 03

2 01

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F ig .4 2 . S am ian n o s . 1 82-210 .S ou th a nd C en t ra lG au l i sh s am ian .S c . 1 : 2 . 7 1

1 1L

-2

F . 47 0 . 3-3 .0m ( c on td . )

2 27 .

2 11 .

F . 20 .

F o rm 2 7 .

F . 47 0 -0 .3m . 2 12 .

F o rm 1 8 / 31 .

2 13 .

F o rm 3 .

F o rm 3 .

2 28 .

F o rm 3 7 .T he c r ouch ing d og a nd w r ea th o c cu ro nn o . 2 2a bove . C ompa r e Whee le r 1 926 ,f i g .6 9 , S 31 , a nd p p . 1 37-9 .L a t eN e ron ian-F lav ian .C .A .D .6 5-79 .

2 29 .

F o rm 3 7 .C lo se t ot h es t y le o fC a su r iu so rD oeccu s ; c .A .D . 1 60190 .

B lack l e ve ln or th o fF .26 . F . 33 . 2 14 .

F o rm 2 9 .D e ta i l si nH e rme t 1 9 34 ,p l . 3 7 , 1 9a nd 4 1 , 1 2 .G ad roon sb e low .

2 30 .

F o rm 3 7 .S ou th G au l i sh .

2 31 .

F o rm 3 7 . T h e s p i ra l s o c cu ro n n o . 2 17 a bove . T he h a re s a r e p e rhap s 0 .2049 o r 0 .2050 ; s e e K no r r 1 9 12 ,T a f . XX I ,n o .5 ,a nd T a f . XXV I I ,n o .4 .B e low t h e h a re s a r e s ma l l g ad roon s . S e e n o . 2 17 a bove . F l av ian .

2 15 .

F o rm 3 7 . G oa t 0 .1849 = D .892 ; S t an f ie ld a nd S imp son , p l . 1 48 , n o . 2 1 d ep ic t s t h i s f i gu r e w i th a d og s im i la rt ot h a to nt h i ss h e rd .T he o vo lo a nd b ead r ow i si b id .f i g4 4 ,n o .2 .D oe ccu s .A .D . 1 60190 .

2 16 .

F o rm 3 7 .S ou th G au l i sh . 2 32 .

F o rm 1 8 /31 .

2 17 .

T he s p i ra l o c cu r s o n n o . 2 31 b e low , q . v . S t y le o f F e l ix ,K no r r1 9 19 ,T a f .3 2a nd T ex tb i ld 1 9 .

2 33 .

F o rm u nce r ta in .

2 18 .

N o ti d en t if iab le .

2 34 .

F o rm 2 7 .

2 19 .

S ou th G au l i sh .

T opso i l .

2 20 .

C en t ra lG au l i sh .

2 35 .

F o rm 3 7 . N ames tamp o f L ax tuc i s sa . A .D . 1 501 80 .

2 21 .

N o ti d en t if iab le . 2 36 .

C en t ra lG au l i sh v i ne l e a f .

2 22 .

P robab ly C en t ra lG au l i sh . 2 37 .

P robab ly S ou th G au l i sh .

2 23 .

T h e o vo lo a nd t o ngue r e semb le n o . 1 5 5 a bove . C . A .D .7 5-85?

2 38 .

T he c h e rub i s0 .408 =D .249 .S t an f ie ld a nd S imp son P l .9 1 ,n o . 1 ,D o c i l i s .H ad r ian ic-An ton ine .

2 39 .

P robab ly P o t t e rX -6 .H ad r ian ic .

2 24 .

F o rm 1 8 /31 .

2 25 .

F o rm 2 7 .

2 26 .

F o rm 1 8 / 31 .

7 2

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2 27

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2 31

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I 2 38

2 36 2 39

F ig .4 3 . S am ian n o s .2 11-239 .S ou th a nd C en t ra lG au l i sh s am ian .S c . 1 : 2 .

7 3

T he S am ian P o t ter s 'S tamp s B renda D ick in son E a ch e n t ry g i ve s :p o t te r( i ,i ,e t c . ,w he re h omonym sa r ei n vo lved ) ,d i en umbe r ,f o rm ,r e ad ing o ft h es t amp ,p ub l i shed e xamp le , p o t te ry o fo r ig in ,d a te ,l o ca t ion . ( a ) ,( b ) ,a nd ( c )i n d ica t e : ( a ) S t amp a t te s ted a tt h ep o t te ry i nq ue s t ion . ( b ) P o t te r ,b u tn o tt h ep a r t icu la rs t amp ,a t te s ted a tt h ep o t t e ry i nq ue s t ion . ( c ) A s s igned t ot h ep o t te ry o nt h ee v iden ce o ff a b r ic ,d i s t r ibu t ion a nd ,o r ,f o rm . L iga tu red l e t te r sa r eu nde r l ined . 1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 , 10 .

1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 .

1 5 .

A nn iu s i2 a 3 Af r l I .F ( Ha r t ley 1 972 ,S 91 ) L ezoux ( a ) .c .A .D . 1 30150 .F i g .4 4 ,n o . 1 . F .47 .0 . 30 m . A n t iquu s2 a3 ( b u rn t ) ANT ICV IL ezoux ( b ) .c . A .D . 1 50170 . F . 17 l e ve l 1 . C a lvu s i2 a2 7g OH ALV I( S te ine r1 9 11 ,n o .6 0 ) L aG rau f e senque ( a ) .c .A .D .7 0-90 . F . 18 l e ve l4 / 5 C en so r i2 c ' 1 5 / 17 o r1 8 OFC NN L a G rau f e senque ( b ) .F rom ad i eo r ig inaly g i v ing OFCENS .c .A .D .7 5100 . F . 18 l e ve l2 . C oca tu s l a ' 1 5 / 17 o r1 8[ CO ]C A TV ,i n af r ame w i th s wa l lowta i le nd s ,L aG rau f e senque ( b ) .F rom ad i ew h ich o r ig ina l ly g ave COCA TVS .c .A .D .6 57 5 . F . 17 l e ve l 1 . C Y i spu s i1 2a 2 9( 2 ) CR I 2P V X( He rme t 1 9 34 , n o .4 5 ,b u tw i th X a tt h ee nd )L aG rau f e senque ( a ) . c .A .D .6 0-80 . F . 52 ,b o t tom o ff i lL G e rmanu s i2 7d '2 9 GERMAN I I( i n af r ame w i th s wa l lowta i le nd s )L aG rau f e senque ( b ) .T he d i e o r ig ina l ly h ad af r ame w i th r o unded e nd s .c .A .D . 6 5-85 . D epo s i tn o r th o fF . 26 . G iam i l lu si / G iam i lo l a2 7g OF .G IAM L ezoux ( a ) . c .A .D .50-60 .F ig .4 4 ,n o .2 F . 17 l e ve l3 / 5 . H ab i l i s5 d3 8o r4 4 , 3 HAB IL IS •F , ] SF ( Du rand-Le f ebv r e 1 963 ,n o . 32 )L ezoux ( a ) .c . A .D . 1 60-180 . F . 17 l e ve l 1a nd F . 35 . I n de r c i l lu s2 a3 I NDERC ILL IL ezoux ( c ) . H ad r ian ic o re a r ly-An ton ine? F . 18 l e ve l 2a nd F . 21 l e ve l 1 . L ab io 7 a1 5 / 17 o r1 8[ OF .L Y e t '] BE ( He rme t 1 9 34 , n o .7 2b )L aG rau f e senque (a ) .c .A .D . 5-6 5 . F .47 4 . 5m . Ma c r ianu s l a3 1 ( ? )[ MeCR I ]A N IA L ezoux ( c ) . B u rn t .c .A .D . 1 60-190 . F . 17 l e ve l 1 . Ma tem ianu s i3 a7 9o rT g MATERA I A IA I ( D ick in son 1 986 ,3 . 113 )L ezoux ( a ) .c .A .D . 1 602 00 . F . 18 l e ve l 1 . Memo r3 a1 8[ MEMOR I ]S M ( Laubenhe ime r1 979 ,

1 6 .

1 7 .

1 8 .

1 9 .

2 0 .

2

2 1 .

2 2 .

2 3 .

2 4 .

2 5 .

2 6 .

2 7 .

2 8 .

7 4

n o . 1 2 1 )L aG rau f e senque ( a ) .c .A .D .7 0-80 . F . 18 l e ve l4 / 5 . Mon tanu s il a1 8[ OFMO A ITAN I( Ha r t ley 1 972 , S 18 )L aG rau f e senque ( b ) .c .A .D .7 0-90 . F . 18 l e ve l4 / 5 . P a s s ( i )enu s9 a ' 1 5 / 17 O r1 8 W FPASS [E ]( S imon 1 978 ,2 50 ,C 770 )L aG rau f e senque ( b ) .c .A .D .6 58 0 . F . 17 l e ve l3 . P a te r c l inu s l a3 1 [ P IA T ERCL IN IOF L ezoux ( a ) . c .A .D . 1 50180 . F . 19 l e ve l 1 . P a t e r c lu s i1 2a o r1 2a ' 1 8 / 31 [ PATE ]RCL [VSF ]o r [ PATE ]RCL [Y e ]( Te r r i s se 1 968 ,p l .L IM L e s Ma r t r e s-de-Vey r e( a ) .c .A .D . 1 00125 . F . 35 . P a t r ic iu s i4 c 1 5 / 17 o r1 8 OFPATR IC ( Laub enhe ime r1 979 ,n o . 1 7 1 )L aG rau f e senque ( a ) . c .A .D .7 0-90 . F . 17 l e ve l3 . P au l lu si v5 a 3 PA WL IM ( Wa lk e 1 965 ,n o s .2 178 ,b u tw i th d i agona ls t roke b e tween A a nd V ) L ezoux ( a ) .c .A .D . 1 40-170 . F . 35 P r imanu si i6 f3 8o r4 4( h eav i ly b u rn t )[ PR IM ]/ \N I L ezoux ( a ) .c .A .D . 1 60-200 . F . 17 l e ve l 1 . R oppu s il a1 8 / 31 [ RO ]PPVSFE ( Ha r t ley 1 970 , 2 6 ,5 6 )L e s Ma r t r e s-de-Vey re ( b ) .c .A .D . 101 40 . F . 43 . R u f inu si i3 a 1 5 / 17 o r1 8 OF .RVFN I ( Laubenhe ime r1 979 ,n o . 1 90 )L aG rau f e senque ( b ) . c .A .D .7 0-90 . F . 47 1 . 5m . S eve ru si i-Pud (en s? )3 a ' 1 5 / 17 o r1 8 OF .SEVER+ ] L aG rau f e senque ( b ) .F rom ad i eo r ig ina l ly g i v ing OF .SEVER c .A .D .7 0-90 . F . 17 l e ve l5 ,t o po fd epo s i t . S i lv inu si i6 a 1 8 / 31 [ S ILV I ]NVS IF 'Le s Ma r t re s-deV ey r e( b ) .c .A .D . 10125 . F . 18 l e ve l 1 . T au ru s v3 c3 1 TAVR W - r e t r .( Ludow ic i 1 927 , 2 23 ,c )R h e in zab er n( a ) .L a t es e cond- o rf i r s th a l fo f t h et h i rd c e n tu ry . F . 18 l e ve l 1 . V ene randu s5 a 3 VE 4ERA /Y [D ]( Du randL e f ebv r e 1 963 ,n o .7 51 )L ezoux ( a ) .c .A .D . 1 60-

2 9 .

3 0 .

1 90 . D epo s i tn o r th o fF .26 . V ir tu s i8 a 1 5 / 17 o r 1 8 [ V ]IRTVT IS L a G rau f e senque ( a ) . c .A .D . 7 0-90 . F .26 u ppe rl e ve l . U n icu s l a3 3 ( s l igh t ly b u rn t ) ( c ) .c .A .D . 1 60-190 . N or th e dge o fF . 18 ,l e ve l 1 .

\ I V \ IC1 IS

3 3 .

L ezoux

3 5 .

U n iden t i f ied 3 1 .

3 2 .

3 4 .

] . AN [r e t r . o nf o rm 2 7( ? ) , S ou th G au l ish , p robab ly f r om Mon tan sa nd p re-F lav ian . F . 18 l e ve l3 .

3 6 .

P R IM (? )o nf o rm 1 5 / 17 o r 1 8 , S ou th G au l i sh . F i r s t-

c en tu ry . F .26 u ppe rl e ve l . c 1R I MA . . I IV . .E o r . . .F o nf o rm 1 8 /31 ,C en t ra l G au l i sh . H ad r ian ic . F .27 . T •E MA [o nf o rm 3 1 ( h eav i ly b u rn t ) . E i the rC en t ra l G au l i sh o rf r om t h eE a s tG au l i sh f a c to ry o fL a Made le ine . H ad r ian ic-An ton ine . F .27 ] I 'M o nf o rm 7 9o rT g ,C en t ra lG au l ish . M id- t o l a te-An ton ine . F .21 l e ve l 1 . * 1 > rV II \ 1 1 Aon f o rm 3 1R ,C en t ra lG au l ish . M idt ol a te-An ton ine . F . 18 l e ve l 1 .

B IBL IOGRAPHY D ick in son

1 986

B renda D ick in son , ' P o t te r s '

s t amp s a nd s i gna tu re s o n s a rn ian , ' i nL . M i l le r , J .S cho f ie ld & M . R hode s , T he R oman Q uay a t S t Magnus H ou se , L ondon , L ondon & M idd le sex A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty S pec ia l P ape r No . 8 ,L ondon 1 986 . D u rand-Lef ebv re 1 963 M . D u rand-Le f ebv re , Marques d e P o t ie r s g a l lo-roma in s t r ouvie s äP ar i s . P a r i s 1 963 . H a r t ley 1 970 B .R . H a r t ley , ' T he d a t ing e v idence f o r t h e e nd o f t h e S aa lbu rg E rdka s te l l , ' i n H an s S chönbe rge r , ' D ie N amen s tempe l a u f g l a t te r S ig i l la ta a u s d em E rdka s te l l d e rS aa lbu rg . " ,S aa lburg J ahrbuch 2 7( 1970 ) ,2 8-30 . Ha r t ley 1 972 B .R . H a r t ley , ' T he S am ian Wa r e ', i n S heppa rd F re re , V e ru lam ium E x cava t ion s , V o l . ! . R epo r t s o f t h e R e sea rch C omm i t tee o f t h e S oc ie ty o f A n t iqua r ie s o f L ondon No . XXV I I I , 2 16-262 . O x fo rd 1 972 . H e r rne t 1 934 F . H e rme t , L a G rauf e senque ( Conda tomago ) .P a r i s 1 934 . L aubenhe ime r 1 979 F . L aubenhe ime r , ' La C o l lec t ion d e c 6 ram ique s s i g i l l6e s g a l loroma ine s e s tamp i lMe s d u Mu s6e d eR aba t . 'A n t iqu i te sa f r ica ine s 1 3 ( 1979 ) ,9 9-225 .

7 5

L udow ic i 1 927 W . L udow ic i , S t empe l-Namen u nd B i ld er r öm i scher T öpf e r , L eg ion sZ iege l-S tempe l , F ormen v on S ig i l la tau nd a nde ren G ef äs sen a us m e inen A u sgrabungen i n R he in zabern 1 9011 914 , 1 927 . S imon 1 978 H-G . S imon , ' F undka ta log C : T e r ra S ig i l la ta , ' i nH an s S chönbe rge r , K a s te l l O be r s t imm . D ie G rabungen v on 1 968 b i s 1 97 1 . L ime sfo r schungen 1 8 ( 1978 ) , 2 27-258 . S t e ine r 1 911 P .S t e ine r ,X an ten . K a ta loge w e s tu nd s üddeu t sche r A l te r tum s samm lungen I .F rank fu r ta . Ma in 1 911 . T e r r i s se 1 968 J -R . T e r r isse , L e s C i ram ique s s i g i l lie s g a l lo-roma ine s d es Mar t re sd e-V ey re ( Puy-d e-Döme ) . G a l l ia S upp l . X IX ,P a r i s 1 968 . Wa lke 1 965 N . Wa lke ,D as r öm ische D onaukas te l lS t raub ing-Sor v iodurum . L ime sfo r schungen 3 ,B e r l in 1 965 .

v; 7 4 F ig .44 . S am ian v e s se l sw i th s t amp s .S c . 1 : 2 . 1 .S tamp n o . 1 ,A nn iu s 2 . S t amp n o . 8 ,G iam i l l iu s

7 6

T he C oar se P o t tery F abr ic l i s t

F ab r ic 1 . N ontempe red , f i ne-g ra ined , c apab le o ft a k ing a g l o s sy b u rn i sh . Smoo th f e e l . F ab r ic l a . Nontempe red , v e ry f i ne-g ra ined , w i th a v e ry h i gh s u r fac e b u rn i sh a nd g l azed a ppea rance . R educ ed ,b l u i sh-g rey . F ab r ic 2 . Nontempe red , m ed ium-g ra ined , s l igh t ly s andy f e e l . F ab r ic 3 . Nontempe red , f e e l .

c oa r se-g ra ined ,

r ough

F ab r ic 2 1 .A s f a b r ic 2o r2 / 3 . w i th s ome w h i te i n c lu s ion s u p t o l mm l o ng , o x id ised , f a i r ly h a rd o rangered t h roughou t , s andy f e e l . Wh i te , c r eam o r b u f f e x te r io rs l ip . F lagon so n ly . F ab r ic 2 2 .A pp rox ima te ly a s f ab r ic 2 .O x id i sed , h a rd r edo range t h roughou t . A f i ne r a nd s moo the r f ab r ic t h an f a b r ic 2 1 , w i th n o i n c lu s ion s . Wh i te , c r eam o rb u f fe x ter io rs l ip . F lagon so n ly . F ab r ic 2 3 .A s f a b r ic 2 .O x id ised d u l l r ed-b rown w i th h a rd ,

s andy

s moo th s u r faces . No e xc lu s ive ly f l agon s .

s l ip .

Mo s t ly

b u t

n o t

F ab r ic 4 . A sf a b r ic 2 ,w i th s ome g rogg ing . F ab r ic 2 4 .A s f a b r ic 2 .B lue-g rey c o re w i th o range s u r face s . T h ick w h i te e x te r io rs l ip . F lagon so n ly .

F ab r ic 5 . A sf a b r ic 2 ,w i th m ed ium g rogg ing . F ab r ic 6 . A sf a b r ic 2 / 3 . w i th h eavy g rogg ing .

F ab r ic 2 5 . A s f a b r ic 2 . O x id ised , o range t h roughou t , w i th e x te r io r s u r face r ed , p o ss ib ly a s l ip . No i n c lu s ion s . F lagon so n ly .

F ab r ic 7 . A sf a b r ic 4b u tw i th s ome s and . F ab r ic 8 . A s f a b r ic 1 / 2 w i th w h i te q ua r tz s and i n c lu s ion s . C ommon ly o x id i sed r ed-b rown .

F ab r ic 2 6 .A s f a b r ic 3 ,v ery s andy f e e l . Ah a rd c r eam t ob u f f e x ter io r ,p i nk i shc ream i n te r io r . No s l ip . F lagon s o n ly .

F ab r ic 9 . A s f a b r ic 1 / 2 , s l igh t ly g rogged , w i th s ome w h i te F ab r ic 2 7 .A s f a b r ic 1 / 2 . v ery s moo th e x ter io r s u r face . Wh i te f ab r ic , n o s l ip . F lagon s o n ly . P robab ly a

i n c lu s ion s a nd c av i t ie s . F ab r ic 1 0 .S he l l-g r i t ted .

p roduc to ft h eO xfo rd k i ln s . F ab r ic 2 8 .A s f a b r ic 2 1 , b u t w i th many w h i te i n c lu s ion s u p

F ab r ic 1 .A sf a b r ic 2 ,w i th s and a nd s ome m ica .

t o2 mm l o ng . E x te r io rw h i te s l ip . F lagon so n ly . F ab r ic 1 2 .A s f a b r ic 2 ,w i th s ome q ua r tz s and a nd t r ace s o f f i ne g rogg ing . F ab r ic 1 3 .V e ry f i ne ,d ead w h i te ,f ab r ic .

F ab r ic 2 9 .A s f a b r ic 1 / 2 . v ery h a rd w i th v ery s moo th e x te r io r s u r face . B u f f t op a le o range , t e nd ing t o b e f a r p a le r o n t h e e x te r io r t h an o n t h e i n te r io r . F lagon so n ly .

F ab r ic 1 4 .V e ry p a le b u f ft op i nk i sh-wh i te s andy f a b r ic . F ab r ic 3 0 .A s o f t , p oo r lyf i red f a b r ic w i th a h i gh s and c on ten t , g i v ing v ery r ough s u r face s . U sua l ly

F ab r ic 1 5 .A sf a b r ic 1 3b u tc oa r se ra nd w i th as andy f e e l .

c r eam . Mo r ta r ia . F ab r ic 1 6 .A sf a b r ic 2b u tw i th ah i gh s and c on ten t . F ab r ic 3 1 . Ac oa r se , s andy , w h i te , c r eam o rb uf ff a b r ic , w i th ap ink i sh t i nge a nd o f ten w i th ap i nk c o re . O x fo rd

F ab r ic 1 7 .A s f a b r ic 2 w i th m ed ium g rogg ing a nd f a i r ly

k i ln s .

l a rge ( 1mm )w h i te i n c lu s ion s . No c av i t ie s . F ab r ic 1 8 .F ab r ic 2 / 3 w i th s ome g rogg ing , s ome m ica a nd

F ab r ic 3 2 .A f i ne , v ery h a rd , c r eam-wh i te o r s l igh t ly y e l low ish f ab r ic . A f ew l a rge ( up t o 2 x4mm )

c av i t ie s .

d a rk r ed i n c lu s ion s . A f a b r ic w i th t h e s ame t e x tu re a nd i n c lu s ion s , b u t p i nk ish-wh i te , i s c on s ide red t o b e av a r ian t o f t h e s ame f a b r ic .

F ab r ic 1 9 .F ine f a b r ic w i th as oapy f e e l . F i red w i th ag r ey c o re a nd o range s u r faces . S ever nV a l ley w a r e .

Mo r ta r ia . F ab r ic 2 0 .S im i la rt of a b r ic 2 ,b u to x id i sed o range-bu f f . T he b e s t-p re ser ved s h e rd s s how ag la zel ike e x ter io r b u rn i sh ing . A lmo s t w ho l ly c on f ined t o s ma l l b ow l so fs im i la rs hape a nd s i ze . 7 7

F ab r ic 3 . Av ery c oa r se f a br ic w i th ah i gh s and c on ten t a nd c a lc i te i n c lu s ion s u p t o 2 mm l o ng . B u f f . Mo r ta r ia .

F ab r ic 3 4 .F ine , h a rd f a b r ic w i th a h i gh s and c on ten t . A lway sr educed ,g r ey . F ab r ic 3 5 .F ine , h a rd w h i te f ab r ic w i th o range b a rbo t ine d eco ra t ion . F ab r ic 3 6 .A f a i r ly f i ne , h a rd , w h i te o r b uf f—wh i te f a b r ic .

F ab r ic 4 5 . S im i la r t o f a b r ic 2 5 , r a the r s of t a nd o range t h roughou t . T he e x te r io r i sr o l led i n f i ne g rog . D u l l r ed s l ip . A p roduc t o f t h e k i ln s a t L owe r F a rm ,N uneham C ou r tney ,O x fo rd sh i r e . F ab r ic 4 6 . Av ery c oa r se , s andy ,p i nk f a b r ic w i th l a rge w h i te i n c lu s ion s . Mo r ta r ia .

O x fo rd k i ln s . Mo r ta r ia . F ab r ic 3 7 . Av ery f i ne , s moo th f ab r ic , a lway sr educed ,g r ey . P robab ly f r om t h e No r th W i l t sh i re k i ln s .

F ab r ic 4 7 .A v e ry c oa r se , g r i t ty w a re c on ta in ing much q ua r tz i te s and . C ream—bu f f . F lagon so n ly . F ab r ic 4 8 .A f i ne t e x tu red , v ery h a rd , p a le o range f ab r ic

F ab r ic 3 8 .Ac oa r se , s andy f ab r ic w i th s ome m ica a nd d u l l r ed i n c lu s ion s 1 -2mm l o ng . O range , s ome t ime s w i th ag r ey c o re . F ab r ic 3 9 .A s f ab r ic 3 8 b u t w i th a f a r f i ne r a nd s moo the r

w i th s moo th s u r face s . F ab r ic 4 9 . Af i ne , h a rd c r eam—wh i te f a b r ic w i th ag r ey c o re , v e ry s moo th s u r face s . O range s l ip . Mo r ta r ia o n ly .

t e x tu re . F ab r ic 4 0 .A bou t a s f a b r ic 3 w i th a s andy f e e l ; w h i te a nd

F ab r ic 5 0 .T h i s h a s b een r e—de s igna ted a s Ampho ra F ab r ic 1 .

d a rk r ed i n c lu s ion s . B rown ish—bu f f . F ab r ic 5 1 .B lack—bu rn i shed w a re . F ab r ic 4 1 .A sf ab r ic 2 ,s of t ,o x id i sed ,o range— red . Mo r ta r ia . F ab r ic 5 2 .A f i ne o range f ab r ic w i th b uf f b a rbo t ine d eco ra t ion a nd a d a rk b rown c o lou r—coa t . O x fo rd k i ln s .

F ab r ic 4 2 .F ine o range t o r ed f a b r ic w i th a b r ick— red c o lou r—coa t . O xfo rd k i ln s .

F ab r ic 5 3 .Ac oa r se f a b r ic w i th s ome w h i te s and a nd f a i r ly n ume rou s h a rd c r eam i n c lu s ion s u p t o 6mm l o ng .

F ab r ic 4 3 .A f i ne b uf f o r g r ey f ab r ic w i th a g l o s sy b l ack c o lou r—coa t .C a s to rk i ln s .

O range w i th ag r ey c o r e . F ab r ic 4 4 .Av e ry h a rd , s andy f ab r ic , r educed , g r ey , w i th a r ed—b rown s l ip .

N o te : w hen t wo c o lou r s a r e h yphena ted , t h e a c tua l c o lou r d esc r ibed i sm id—way b e tween t h e se e x t remes ; e . g . ' r ed—b rown ' i n d ica te s au n i fo rm r edd i sh—b rown c o lou r . When t wo o r mo re c o lou r s a r e s epa ra ted b y a no b l ique l i ne , t h e v es se l i su neven ly f i red w i th s ome a r ea si ne ach c o lou r ;e . g . ' r ed /b rown 'i n d ica te st h a ts ome a r ea so ft h es u r face a r er ed w h i le o t he r s a r eb rown .

7 8

T he Mor tar ium S tamps Two mo r ta r ium s t amp sw e re r e cove red . 1 .

G ATT IVS MAR INVS . I lu s t ra ted a sc oa r se p o tn o . 5 79 , f i g . 6 1 .

2 .

I lu s t ra ted b e low .T he f a b r ic i sv e ry h a rd ,c r eam w h i te a nd h a s m any b r ick— red o rr ed—b rown i n c lu s ion s . T he g r i t s a r ed u l lr ed .

F ig .4 5a . Mo r ta r ium s t amp . S c . 1 : 2 .

T he G raf i t i 1 .

FMV o rp o ss ib ly FMV I . I lu s t ra ted a sc oa r se p o tn o . 4 53 , F ig . 5 8 .

2 .

X I . I lu s t ra ted a sc oa r se p o tn o . 128 ,F ig . 7 8 .

3 .

1 SS I IN [o n as h e rd o f af ab r ic 2 5 f l agon . F . 17 l e ve l3 .I lu s t ra ted b e low .

J P \ F ig .4 5b . G ra f f i to . S c . 1 : 1 .

7 9

C a ta logue o fC oar se P o t tery

F . 17 l e ve l6 U rn s : I . S andtempe red f a b r ic s . a . F ab r ic 8 . J ar s : 1 . G rey . 2 . 3 . 4 .

b .

c .

F ab r ic J ar s : 5 . 6 . B ow l : 7 .

1 . 1 2 .

D a rk g r ey . G r ey . T h ef a b r ic a nd f o rm a r ei d en t ica l w i th n o .6 7 . B ow lo rl i d : 1 3 . G r ey c o r e ,b l a ck s u r fac e s .

G r ey c o re ,b l a ck s u r fa ce s .E x te r io rr o ugh ly b u rn i shed ,p oo r ly f i n i shed . G rey c o r e ,b l ack s u r face s . G r ey c o r e ,b l a ck e x te r io rs u r fa ce s ,p a t chy r ed a nd b l ack i n te r io r .

e .

1 . B lack . B la ck .

F ab r ic 1 2 . B ow l : 1 4 . U neven ly f i r ed ,o range-b rown ,w i th d a rk g r ey p a t che s . F ab r ic i d en t ica lw i th t h a to f n o s .3 5a nd 4 11 . J ar s : 1 5 . D a rk g r ey . 1 6 . D a rk g r ey . 1 7 . G r ey .

G rey c o re ,b l a ck s u r fac e s . V e ry h a rd f a b r ic . I I .G rogt empe red f a b r ic s . f . F ab r ic s4 -6 . S torage j ar s . 1 8 . F ab r ic 5 . G r ey ,w i th af ew s ma l lw h i te i n c lu s ion s . 1 9 . F ab r ic 6 . G r ey e x te r io r ,d a rk g r ey i n t e r io r . 2 0 . F ab r ic 5 .G r ey /bu f f . 2 1 . F ab r ic 6 . D a rk g r ey /b la ck .A nu nu sua l ly t a l l ,n a r row f o rm . 2 2 . F ab r ic 6 . G r ey . 2 3 . F ab r ic 6 . G r ey . J ar s : 2 4 . F ab r ic 6 . G r ey .

F ab r ic 1 6 . J ar s : 8 . G rey . H igh s and c on t en t . 9 . B la ck .

I . S and- a nd g rogtempe r ed f a b r ic s . d . F ab r ic 7 . S torag ej ar : 1 0 . G rey c o re ,b l a ck e x te r io rs u r fac e .

8 0

4

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6

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1 6

1 8

1 9

2 0

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2 3

2 1

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F ig .4 6 . C oa r se p o t te ry n o s . 1 -2 4 . S c . 1 : 4 .

8 1

F . 17 l e ve l 6( c on td . ) 2 5 . 2 6 . 2 7 . 2 8 . 2 9 . 3 0 . 3 1 . 3 2 . 3 . 3 4 .

B ow l s : 4 8 . F ab r ic 1 .G r ey . 4 9 . F ab r ic 1 / 2 . G r ey c o r e ,b l ack i n te r io r s u r fa ce .

F ab r ic 6 . G r ey ,b l a ck e x te r io rs u r fac e . F ab r ic 5 .G r ey c o r e ,b l a ck s u r fac e s . V e ry h a rd a nd w e l lf i red ,b u tp oo r ly f i n i shed . F ab r ic 6 . G r ey . F ab r ic 6 . G r ey . F ab r ic 6 . G r ey . F ab r ic 4 . U neven ly f i red ,b u f f-b rown ,g r ey a nd b l a ck . F ab r ic 5 . G r ey . F ab r ic 5 . B la ck . V e ry w e l lf i n i shed a nd e ven ly f i red . F ab r ic 5 ,w i th s ome w h i te i n c lu s ion s . D a rk g r ey . F ab r ic 5 ,w i th l a rge w h i t ei n c lu s ion s . P a le g r ey c o r e ,d a rk g r ey s u r face s .

V . N o r th G au l i sh w a r e . B u t tb eaker : 5 0 . H a rd w h i te f a b r ic ,f a in tg r een i sh t i nge . S t ead a nd R igby 1 989 ,p .1 37 ,t y pe? 3 E6 . N .G au l . V I .C o lou r-coa ted . J ar : 5 1 . H a rd o r ange-bu f ff a b r ic , t empe red w i th c oa r se s and . H eav i ly w ea the r ed . T rac e so f r e dc o lou rcoa tb e low r im a nd i mmed ia te ly a bove u ppe rc o rdon .

B ow l s : 3 5 . F ab r ic 5 . U neven ly f i red ,r e d-b rown ,g r ey a nd b l a ck .C f .n o s . 1 4a nd 4 11 . 3 6 . F ab r ic 5 . H a rd ,e ven ly f i red . P a le g r ey . L id : 3 7 . F ab r ic 6 . E x te r io rb u f f-b rown ,d a rk r im , b l a ck i n t e r io r . g .

h .

F . 17 l e ve l5 I . S andt empe red f a b r ic s . a . F ab r ic 8 . J ar s : 5 2 . B lack ,w e l lf i red a nd v e ry h a rd . E x te r io r s moo thed a nd p a r t ly b u rn i shed . 5 3 . B la ck ,w e l lf i r ed a nd v ery h a rd .

F ab r ic 9 . J ar : 3 8 . D a rk g r ey .

b .

F ab r ic 1 7 . J ar : 3 9 . P a le g r ey .

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F ab r ic 2 . G rey . C fn o s .3 74 ,567 a nd 1 007 . F ab r ic 2 . G rey . V e ry r o ugh ly f i n i shed .

V . M i sc e l laneou sf a b r ic s . i . F ab r ic 3 5 . J ar s : 2 22 . O range b a rbo t ine d eco ra t ion . C f .n o .7 35 . 2 23 . O ranger ed b a rbo t in ed eco ra t ion . F ab r ic 1 5 . F lagon : 2 24 . F rom t o po fd epo s i t . k .

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V I .C o lou r-coa te d f a b r ic . 2 27 .

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I I .N ontemp e r ed f a b r ic s . g . F ab r ic 1 . J ar s : 2 82 . D a rk g r ey . M ica ceou s . 2 83 . V e ry l i gh tg r ey . 2 84 . H a rd l i gh tb u f ff a b r i c ,e x t e rna lb u rn i sh ing . S im i la rt of a b r ic 2 0 . 2 85 . G r ey . 2 86 . G rey ,v e ry h a rd a nd w e l lf i r ed . P robab ly r u s t ica ted . 2 87 . D a rk g r ey . C f .n o s .2 88 ,2 94 b e low . 2 88 . B lack ,s ome m ica . 2 89 . G r ey . 2 90 . B la ck ,e x t e r io rb u rn i shed . V e ry h a rd f a b r ic . C f .n o s .2 95 ,950 b e low . B ow l s : 2 91 . G r ey . V e r ys moo th e x te r io r . 2 92 . G r ey-bu f fc o r e ,b l a ck s u r face s . H a rd , w e l lf i r ed f a b r ic . 2 93 . G r ey .

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I I . Nontemp e red f a b r ic s . J ar s : 3 18 . S l igh t ly m icac eou s . B la ck . H eavy e x te rna l s oo td epo s i t . 3 19 . O range-bu f f ,t r ace so fb r ickred s u r fac eo n i n te r io r . 3 20 . L igh to r ange-b rown ,e x t e r io rb u rn i shed . V e ry s im i la rt of a b r ic 2 0 . 3 2 1 . G r ey c o r e ,d a rk g r ey s u r f ace s . F a in t b u rn i shed d i agona ll i ne s . C f .Y oung 1 977 , f i g .7 8n o s2 6 .5 ,2 6 .7 . F ab r ic i d en t ica lw i th n o . 3 23 b e low . C f . a l so n o . 3 6 1 b e low . B ow l s : H a rd g r ey f a b r ic ,i n t e r io rr ough ly b u rn i shed . 3 22 . G r ey c o r e ,d a rk g r ey s u r f a ce s . F a in t 3 23 . b u rn i sh ed d eco ra t ion . F ab r ic i d en t ica lw i th n o . 3 2 1 a bove . L id : 3 24 . G r ey u nde r s ide ,d a rk g r ey /b la ck u ppe rs i de . F . 18 l e ve l6 I . N ontempe r ed f a b r ic . a . F ab r ic 1 . J ar : 3 25 . D a rk g r ey .

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F ab r ic 3 . B ow l : 5 21 . G rey ,b u rn i shed d eco ra t ion . F lagon : 5 22 . G rey ,b u rn i shed d e co ra t ion .

5 37 .

B eaker : 5 38 . Wo rn a nd w ea the red s h e rd ss c a t te red o ve r5 s q .m .a tt h ee x t r eme t o po ft h es u r v iv ing R omano-B r i t i sh d epo s i ta bove F . 17 . B r ickred c o lou r-coa to nr e df a b r ic ,w i th t r ac e so fr o u le t t ing a nd o fw h i te p a in t , e spec ia l ly a r ound t h eg i r th . C f .Y oung 1 977 ,p . 152 f ,t y pe sC 23 a nd C 23 ,b o th c . AD 2 70-400+ . r .

F ab r ic 2 0 . J ar : 5 23 . B u f f ,e x t e r io rb u rn i shed .

F ab r ic 2 4 . F lagon : 5 30 . D u l lr e df a b r ic ,t h ick w h i te e x t e rna ls l ip .

n .

F ab r ic 3 1 . Mor tar ium : 5 31 . C oa r se p a le c r eam-wh i t ef a b r ic w i th a s a ndy f e e l ,p i nk a nd w h i te g r i t s 1 -2mm i n d i ame te r .E xa c t ly a sn o .3 12 a bove .

C a s to rw a r e . B eaker : 5 39 . B la ck m e ta l l ic s l ip o nr e d-bu f fc o re . R ou le t t ing b e low f i gu r eo fh a re i nr e l ie f . S tone s ur face s ou th o fF . 7

I . N ont empe red f a b r ic . a .F ab r ic 2 . J ar : 5 40 . G r ey .

F ab r ic 2 3 . B ow l s : 5 24-526 . O range . F lagon s : 5 27 . G r ey c o re ,s a ndy o r ange s u r face s . 5 28-529 .O range ,d u l lr e ds u r f ac e .

m .

5 8 ,t y pe C 45 ,g i ve s ar a nge o fC . AD 2 704 00+ . R ed c o lou r-coa t ed O x fo rd w a re . S ee n o . 5 36 a bove f o rc ompa ra t ive m a te r ia l .

F . 2a nd F .4 I . S he l ltempe red f a b r ic . a . F ab r ic 1 0 . J ar : 5 4 1 . B la ck / red ,p oo r ly f i r ed . C a r efu l ly i n c i sed d eco ra t ion . B ow l s : 5 42-543 .B la ck /b rown ,p oo r ly f i red . I mp r e s sed d eco ra t ion o nr im . I . N ontemp e r ed f a b r ic s . b . F ab r ic 1 . J ar : 5 44 . H a rd ,o r ange f a b r ic ,s moo th s u r fac e s . B ow l s : 5 45 ,546 .H a rd b l ack-bu rn i shed f a b r ic ,m icaceou s . 5 47 . H a rd b l a ck-bu rn i shed f a b r ic ,w ea the red . B eaker : 5 48 . P i nk f a b r ic ,t r ace so fd u l lr e ds l ip o n e x te r io r .

o .

F ab r i c3 2 . Mor tar ia : 5 32 . F i n e ,h a rd ,s l igh t ly y e l low i sh-wh i t ef a b r ic , d u l lr e da nd w h i t eg r i t s . 5 33 . N ea r ly w h i te f a b r ic . Mo s t ly p i nk g r i t s , s ome c o lou r le s so ro paque w h i te . 5 34 . H a rd p i nk i sh-wh i te f a b r ic ,w i th p i nk ,w h i te a nd c o lou r le s sg r i t s .

p .

F ab r ic 3 7 . B ow l : 5 35 . G r ey .

q .

F ab r ic 3 8 . B ow l : 5 36 . R ed c o lou rcoa ted O x fo rd w a r e ,h eav i ly b u rned a nd o n ly t r ace so fc o lou rcoa t r ema in ing . F rom e x t r eme t o po fd epo s i t . C f .S hakenoak I ,f i g .3 6 ,n o s .3 18-328 , f r om ad epo s i tp r edom inan t ly AD 2 50-300 ; S hakenoak I V ,f i g .4 0 ,n o s .7 19-738 ,f r om a d epo s i to f AD 3 65-390 . Y oung 1 977 ,F i g , 1 08

c .

F ab r ic 2 . J ar o ru rn : 5 49 . G rey c o r e ,r e ds u r fa ce s . B ow l s : 50 . F a in t ly g r ey i sh-wh i t ef a b r ic ,s andy f e e l . 51 . O range . Wea the red .

d .

F ab r ic 4 2 . Mor tar ium : 52 . O x fo rd w a r e ,r e d-b rown f a b r ic ,h eav i ly b u rned a nd n os u rv iv ing c o lou r-coa t . D eco ra t ion d eep ly i mp re s sed . Y oung 1 977 , T ype 9 7 . C f .d eco ra t ion o fn o . 52 .

5 14

5 15

5 19 5 2)

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5 26

5 28

5 36 5 35 5 3

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F ig .6 0 .C oa r se p o t te ry n o s .5 13-552 . S c . 1 : 4e xc ep tf o rn o s .5 39 a nd 52 ,S c . 1 : 2 .

1 09

F . 7

F . 11

I . G rogtemp e r ed f a b r ic s . a . F ab r ic 5 . J ar s : 53 . G r ey ,e x t e r io rv e ry s moo th . 54 . G r ey ,s oo to ne x te r io r . B ow l : 55 . b .

I . G rogtemp e r ed f a b r ic s . a . F ab r ic 4 . J ar : 5 71 . L igh tg r ey . b . F ab r ic 5 . J ar : 5 72 . B u f f-p ink . Wea the r ed . c . F ab r ic 6 . J ar s : 5 73 . G r ey . 5 74 . I n te r io rg r ey ,e x te r io rb l ack .

G r ey ,m icaceou s . S oo to ne x t e r io r .

F ab r ic 6 . J ar : 56 . L id : 57 .

G r ey . S oo to ne x te r io r . D a rk g r ey /b la ck .

I . N ontempe r ed f a b r ic . d . F ab r ic 1 . 5 75 . B u f fc o r e ,b l a ck s u r face s . M ica ceou s .

I . N ont emp e r ed f a b r ic s . c . F ab r ic 1 . J ar : 58 . P inkr ed c o r e ,b l a ck s u r f a ce s . d .

e .

F . 12

F ab r ic 2 . J ar s : 59 . P ink f a b r ic ,g r ey p a r t ic le se mbedded i n e x te r io rs u r f ac e . 5 60 . B la ck . 5 61 . B u f ff a b r ic ,d a rk g r ey e x te r io rs u r face . 5 62 . P ink-b rown c o r e ,b l a ck s u r fa ce s ,e x ter io r b u rn i shed . 5 63 . I n t e r io rb u f f ,e x te r io ro range-b rown w i th p a t che so fb l a ck . P o s s ib ly b u rned . 5 64 . B la ck ,e x te r io rb u rn i shed . 5 65 . G r ey f a b r ic ,e xac t ly a sn o .5 68 b e low . B ow l : 5 66 . F i ne ,h a rd ,g r ey ,m ica ceou sf a b r ic ,e xa c t ly a sn o .5 67 b e low . J ug : 5 67 . G rey f a b r ic e xa c t ly a sn o .5 66 a bove . T h e f o rm i st h es ame a sn o s .2 20 a nd 3 74 a bove . T he n eck w a si n comp le te b u ta lmo s t c e r ta in ly h ad ah and le . S ee a l so n o . 1 007 b e low . L id s : 5 68 . F in e ,h a rd ,g r ey ,m icaceou sf a b r ic ,e xa c t ly a sn o .5 65 a bove . 5 69 . B la ck .

I . N ont empe r ed f a b r ic . a . F ab r ic 2 . 5 76 . G r ey . H eav i ly w ea the r ed . F . 13 I . S andtemp e r ed f a b r ic s . a . F ab r ic 1 . B eaker : 5 77 . B la ck . b . F ab r ic 1 4 . B ow l : 5 78 . H a rd ,b u f f-p ink f a b r ic ,e xa c t ly a sn o .4 27 a bove . c . Mor tar ium : 5 79 . C oa r se ,b u f f ,s a ndy f a b r ic w i th a nu mbe r s l ip .C oa r se m ixed g r i t . R e t rog rade s t amp o fGA U !V S MARINVS . T h i sp o t te rw a s a c t ive a tR ad le t t ,H er t s . ,c .9 5-105 . H i s m o r ta r ia w e r ef o und a tV e ru lam ium ( F r e re 1 984 ,p . 280 )i nc on t enx t sv a r iou s ly d a ted t o 1 00-110 ( t w ice ) ,9 0-100 a nd 10130 . T he s t amp f r om L e ice s te r( Kenyon 1 948 , p . 215 n o .2 a nd f i g .5 8 )w a sd a ted t o8 01 00 . I . G rogt emp e r ed f a b r ic s . d . F ab r ic 4 . J ar s : 5 80 . H a rd g r ey f a b r ic ,t r a ce so fm ica . 5 81 . G r ey . B and so fb u rn i sh ing o ne x te r io r . B ow l : 5 82 . I n te r io rb rown i sh g r ey ,e x te r io rb l a ck . H igh m ica c on ten t . Ab ody s h e rd f r om a n i d en t ica lv e s se lc ame f r om F . 17 l e ve l3 / 5 , a nd c f .n o .6 20 b e low . C f . a l so S hakenoak I V ,f i g . 2 5 ,n o .4 27 a nd S hak enoak I ,f i g . 5 6n o . 1 50 ; f i g . 3 0n o . 2 15 . A l lt h e se d a ted f r om t h ee a r ly s e cond c en tu ry . L id : 5 83 . B rown /da rk g r ey .

F ab r ic 1 9 . 5 70 . G r ey c o r e ,o r ange s u r fac e s .f o und w i th f r agmen t so fa tl e a s tt h ree s im i la rv e s se l s . C f .S hakenoak I ,p . 54 a nd f i g .17 :110 ; d a t ed A .D . 1 20180 . T h i sf a b r ic w a s a b sen t f r om t h eB .V I I I .2b d epo s i ta t S hakenoak ,d a ted t oc .A .D . 1 40 ( Shakenoak I ,p . 71 ) . C f . a l so n o .7 6 1 b e low .

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F ab r ic 5 . B ow l : 5 84 . L igh tg r ey . F rom e x t reme t o po ff i l l .

I I .N ontempe red f a b r ic s . f . F ab r ic 1 . J ar : 5 85 . I n te r io rg r ey ,e x te r io rb l a ck . H igh m ica c on ten t . B ow l s : 5 86 . H a rd g r ey f a b r ic ,t r ac e so fm ica . 5 87 . L igh tg r ey c o r e ,o range s u r fac e s .

g .

F ab r ic J ar s : 5 88 . 5 89 . 5 90 . 5 91 . 5 92 . 5 93 . 5 94 .

2 . H a rd g r ey f a b r ic . G r ey . D a rk g r ey ,s ome m ica . G r ey . G r ey ,h i gh m ica c on ten t . G rey . G r ey i n te r io r ,d a rk g r ey e x t e r io r , m icac eou s . F . 15

I . G rogtempe red f a b r ic s . a . F ab r ic 4 . S torage j ar : 5 95 . G r ey . 5 96 . G r ey .T rac e so fs oo tb e low r im . 5 97 . G r ey . 5 98 . G r ey . 5 99 . D a rk g r ey . 6 00 . L igh tg r ey . 6 0 1 . I n te r io rg r ey ,e x te r io rd a rk g r ey . 6 02 . G rey . 6 03 . G rey .

12

G r ey . L igh tg r ey .C i r cu la rh o le c h ipped i nb a se . L igh tg r ey . G r ey . G r ey .

b .

F ab r ic 5 . B ow l s : 6 09 . G r ey . 6 10 . G r ey . S oo to ne x t e r io r . 6 11 . G rey .

c .

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6 36 . 6 37 .

I . N ontemp e red f a b r ic s . e . F ab r ic 1 . J ar s : 6 19 . F in e ,w e l lf i r ed f a b r ic . 6 20 . D a rk g r ey c o r e ,i n te r io rs u r face d u l lr e db r own ,e x te r io rs u r face d a rk g r ey . C f .n o . 5 82 a bove . 6 2 1 . G r ey f a b r ic ,d a rk g r ey s u r fa ce s . 6 22 . G r ey f a b r ic ,d a rk g r ey s u r face s . U rn : 6 23 . G r ey f a b r ic ,b l a ck s u r fac e s . B ow l : 6 24 . G r ey f a b r ic ,b l a ck s u r face s . V e ry w e l lf i r ed a nd f i n i shed . f . F ab r ic 2 . J ar s : 6 25 . U n even ly f i red p i nk / b rown /g r ey /b la ck , m icac eou s . C f .n o s .6 26 ,627 b e low ,w h ich a r ei d en t ica li nf a b r ic . 6 26 . S ee n o .625 a bove . 6 27 . S ee n o .625 a bove . 6 28 . G r ey . 6 29 . L igh tb u f f-g rey c o r e ,i n te r io rg r ey ,e x te r io r b l a ck . M icaceou s . L igh t ly i n c i sed d e co ra t ion . 6 30 . G r ey c o r e ,b l ack s u r fac e s . 6 31 . G r ey ,r a th e ru neven ly f i r ed .

14

6 38 . 6 39 . 6 40 . 6 4 1 . 6 42 . 6 43 . 6 44 . 6 45 . 6 46 . 6 47 . 6 48 . 6 49 . 6 50 . 6 51 . 6 52 . 6 53 . 6 54 . 6 55 . 6 56 . 6 57 . 6 58 .

G r ey ,s ome m ica . L igh tg r ey . D a rk g r ey , s ome m ica P ink i sh g r ey c o r e ,b l ack s u r fac e s . M icac eou s . D a rk g r ey . I n te r io rb u f fb rown ,e x t e r io rd a rk g r ey . M icac eou s . R ed-b rown c o r e ,d a rk g r ey s u r face s . H igh m ica c on t en t . G r ey . G r ey . S ome s oo to ne x te r io r . G r ey ,p a t chy f i r ing . G r ey . T ra ce so fs oo to ni n te r io ra nd e x t e r io r . G r ey . G r ey ,s ome m ica . G r ey c o r e ,d a rk g r ey s u r f ace s . G r ey . G r ey ,s ome m ica . S oo to nr im a nd e x te r io r . U neven ly f i red g r ey ,s ome m ica . G r ey . G r ey . S oo to ni n s id eo fr im . G rey . G r ey . G r ey . G r ey . B rown i sh g r ey ,m ica ceou s ,f a b r ic ,e xa c t ly a sn o .6 91 b e low . L igh tg r ey . G r ey . H o le c h ipped i nb a se . G r ey .

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A ppend ix

I

D e ta i ls o fS pec ies /E lemen tT aphonomy .

S pec ies/E lemen t P hase 1S heep/Goa t Scap . H um .p . H um .d . R ad .p . R ad .d . M tc .p . M tc .d . F em .p . F em .d . T lb .p . M t t .p . M t t .d . U lna . C a lc . A t t . n i l P h .I . P h .2 . r Ph .3 . Mand . Ho rn . 2

4

8

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S pec ies/E lemen t P hase 1C a t t le S cap . H um .p . H um .d . R ad .p . R ad .d . M tc .p . M tc .d . pe iv . F em .p . F em .d . T lb .p . T lb .d . M t t .d . U lna . C a lc . A im P h . l . P h .2 . P h .3 . Mand . H o rn .

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A ppend ix I D e ta i ls o fs pec ia l a n ima l d epos i t s . 1 .C omp le t e a r t icu la ted s ke le ton s . ( i ) S heep /Goa t . U ppe rf i l l o fd i tch F .26 . P ha se 3 F ragmen ta ry r ema in s o fc r an ia l v au l t Mand ib le L ,R S capu la L ,R H ume ru s L ,R R ad iu s L ,R U lna L ,R Me taca rpa l L ,R P e lv is F emu r L ,R T ib ia L ,R Me ta ta r sa l L ,R P ha lanx 1 . 4 S em i -comp le te v e r teb ra l c o lumn . Mand ibu la rw ea r . L .d p 2w , d p 3 w , d p 4 EO ,M I7 2 R . d p 2 w , d p 3 w , d p 4 7 1 . MI =

3 12 mon th s

A ge a s se ssmen tb a sed o n t h e f u s ion o ft h e l imb b ones i sb e tween 8 10 mon th s . ( i ) D og P i tF .44 P ha se 2 S em i -comp le te c r an ia l v au l t . Max i l la ry f r agmen t s Mand ib le S capu la H ume rus R ad iu s U lna P e lv is ( i l ium & i s ch ium ) F emu r T ib ia F ibu la A sso r ted m e tapod ia V e r teb ra lf r agmen t s R ib f r agmen t s

L ,R L ,R L ,R L ,R L ,R L ,R L ,R L ,R L ,R 8 8 2 3

A ge b a sed o n t h e p r esence o fa l mand ibu la r d ec iduous t e e th , g rea te rt h an o ne m on th . A l lp os t -c ran ia l e l emen t su nfu sed , t h e r efo re y ounge rt h an 6mon th s ( Amo ros i 1 989 ) .

2 06

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L ,R

Sma l l g roup o fa ppa r en t ly a r t icu la t ed b ones a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e c omp le te s heep /goa t f r om t h es ame c on tex t .T h is a n ima li sa pp rox ima t e ly 6 12 mon th so l d . ( i i ) S heep /Goa t U ppe rf i l lo fd i tch F . 26 . P ha se 3 . A r t icu la t ed l e f ta nd r i gh tp a i ro ff emu ra nd t i b ia . A l l e p iphy ses a r e u nfu sed , i n d ica t ing a na ge o fl e s st h an 2y ea r s . ( i v )H o r se P i tF .44 P ha se 2 A x i s C erv ica lv e r teb ra P e lv i s F emu r S capu la

4

T he n eck b one s a r e a l l u nfu sed a nd w e re f ound i n a n a r t icu la t ed p os i t ion . T he a s soc ia t ion o f t h e l imb b ones i sp robab le b u t n o t b eyond d oub t . T he i r c l ose s pa t ia l r e la t ion sh ip c l ea r ly s e t st h em a pa r tf r om t h eo t he re qu id m a te r ia lr e cove red .

2 0 7

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P la te 1 .

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C a t t le s c apu la i lu s t ra t ing h o le ,p o s s ib ly m ad eb y ah ang ing h ook .

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2 08

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S heep /goa tm e ta ta r s iw i th d r i l led h o le si np rox ima la r t icu la rf a ce ts .

2 09

P l a te 4 . D og m and ib le a nd s ku l ls how ing a b sen tm and ibu la r p a , c av i ty i nr i gh t m and ibu la rM i . a nd h eavy w ea ro nl e f tm ax i l l ia ry t e e th .

P la t e5 .

D og c r an ium .F .44 .

2 10

AN o te o nt h eP lan tR ema in s

As ma l l p i lo t s t udy h a s b een i n i t ia ted b y J .F . H am shaw— T homa si no rde rt oa s ce r ta in t h ep o ten t ia lo fp r e se r ved f l o ra l m a te r ia l . As ma l l ( c . 2 . 5 l i t r e ) s amp le t a ken f r om ad ep th o f2 -3m i n t h e w e l l F .47 , w a s p ro ce s sed u s ing a s imp le f l o ta t ion t e chn ique . Ar ap id e va lua t ion o ft h es amp le ( b yR u th P e l l ing ) i n d ica ted as ma l lb u tw e l l—p r e se r ved s amp le o fc ha r r ed p l an t r ema in s . T h i s i n c luded b o th c u l t iva ted c r op s ( b a r ley s p . , s p e l t , e mme r / e inko rn w hea t ) a nd w eed s ( g ramanea e a nd r umex ) ,t o ge the rw i th c ha f f( po s s ib ly e mme r ) .

R ef e renc e : B adham , K . a nd J one s , G . ( 1 985 ) A n e xpe r imen t i nm anua l p roce s s ing o f s o i l s amp le s f o r p l an t r ema in s C i r caea 3 ( i ) , 1 5-26 .

2 11

F o l low ing t h e se r e su l t s , i ti si n tended t os ub— samp le aw ide r a nge o f d i f f e r en t d epo s i t s i no rd e r t oe s tab l i sh f i rm ly t h e q ua l i ty a nd q uan t i ty o ft h ep r e se rved p l an tr ema in s ( Badham a nd J one s 1 985 :16 ) . T h i s w i l l f o rm t h e b a s i s o f t h e f u tu r e a r chaeobo tan ica li n ve s t iga t ion sa tW i lco te .

GENERAL B IBL IOGRAPHY

A l len e ta l .f o r th com ing A l len ,T .G . ,D a r v i l l ,T . ,G r een ,S . , a nd J one s ,M .E x cava t ions a tR ough G round s F arm ,L echd a l e ,G louce s t er sh i r e . B rod r ibb ,H and sa nd Wa lke r 1 968 B rod r ibb ,A .C .C . ,H and s . A .R .a nd Wa lke r ,D .R .E x cava t ions a tS hak enoak F arm ,n ear W i l co t e ,O xf ord sh i r e .P a r tI ,O xfo rd . I d em 1 971 .P a r tI . I d em 1 972 .P a r tI I .

L eech 1 982 L eech ,R . , E x cava t ions a tC a t sgor e ,1 9701 97 3 ,. Mann ing 1 972 Mann ing ,W .H . , T he I r on O b j ec t si nF r e re 1 972 . Mann ing 1 985 Mann ing ,W .H . , C a ta logue o ft h eR omanoB r i t i sh I r on T oo l s ,F i t t ing sa nd W eapons i nt h e B r i t i sh Museum ,L ondon . M i le s 1 984 M i le s ,D . ( e d . ) , A r chaeo logy a tB ar ton C our t F arm ,A b ingd on ,O xon . ,O x fo rd

I d em 1 973 .P a r tI V . M i l le r 1 9 52 M i l le r ,S .N . ( e d . ) , T he R oman O ccupa t ion o f S ou th- W e s t ern S co t land ,G la sgow .

I d em 1 978 .P a r tV . C a l lende r 1 965 C a l lende r ,M .H . , R oman Ampho rae , L ondon .

O 'Ne i l 1 9 57 O 'Ne i l ,H . ,' Akeman S t ree t ,Q uen ing ton , G louce s te r sh i r e ' , T ransac t ions o ft h eB r i s to la nd G louce s t er sh i r eA r chaeo log i ca lS oc i e t y , LXXV I , 3-43 .

C hambe r s 1 978 C hambe r s ,R .A . ,' T he A r chaeo logy o ft h e C ha r lbu ry t o Am co t tP ipe l ine ' ,O xon i ens ia XL I I I , 4 0-7 .

O swa ld 1 948 O swa ld ,F . ,T he T er ra S ig i l la ta ( s am ian w ar e )o f Marg idunum ,N o t t ingham .

C ook 1 955 C ook ,P .P .M . ,' AR oman S i te a tA s tha l l , O x fo rd sh i re ' ,O xon i ens ia XX ,2 9-39 .

O swa ld 1 936-7 O swa ld ,F . , I nd ex o fF igur e-T ype so n T e rra S i g i l la ta ,L ondon .

C un l i f f e 1 987 C un l i f f e ,B .W . , H eng i s tbur yH ead ,D or se t , v o l . 1 ,O x fo rd .

O swa ld a nd P ryce 1 920 O swa ld ,F .a nd P ryce ,T .D . , An I n t roduc t ion t ot h eS tud yo fT er ra S ig i l la ta , L ondon .

D e , che le t te 1 904 D 6che le t te ,J . , L e sV a se sc d ram ique s o rnd sd el aG au l er oma ine ,P a r i s .

0 3 (6 1 934 ( 1 968 )O xd ,R . , Ma t er ia l en z ur r öm i schg erman i schen K eram ik ,H ef t6 ,F rühga l l i sche R e l i ef g ef ä s se v om R he in ,F rank fu r ta .M . ( Bonn ) .

F r e r e 1 967 F re r e ,S . S . , B r i tann ia ,L ondon . F re r e 1 972 F r e r e ,S . S . , V eru lam ium E x cava t ions I ,R epo r t s o ft h eR e sea r ch C omm i t tee o ft h eS oc ie ty o f A n t iqua r ie so fL ondon , XXV I I I .

P ea co ck a nd W i l l iam s 1 986 P ea cock ,D .P .S .a nd W i l l iam s , D .F . , Amphorae a nd t h eR oman E conomy ,L ondon .

F re r e 1 984 F r e r e ,S . S . V eru lam ium E x cava t ions I I , O x fo rd .

P i t t-R ive r s 1 898 P i t t-R ive r s ,A .H .L .-F . , E xcava t ions i n C ranbo rne C ha se ,L ondon .

H awke sa nd H u l l 1 947 H awk e s ,C .F .C .a nd H u l l ,M .R . , C amu lodunum ,R epo r t so ft h eR e sea r ch C omm i t tee o ft h eS o c ie ty o fA n t iqua r ie so fL ondon ,X IV .

R ad fo rd 1 936 R ad fo rd ,C .A .R . ,T he R oman V i l la a t D i t ch ley ,O xon . ,O xon i ens ia I ,2 4-69 . R icken ( a nd F i sch e r ) 1 942 ( a nd 1 963 ) R icken ,H . ( a nd F i sche r ,C . ) ,D i eB i ld e r s chüs s e ln d er r öm i schen T öpf e rv on R he inzab ern ,D a rm s tad ta nd B onn .

H e rme t 1 934 H e rme t ,F . , L aG rauf e senque ( Conda tomago ) ,P a r i s . K enyon 1 948 K enyon ,K .M . , E x cava t ions a tt h eJ ewr y Wa l lS i t e ,L e i ce s t er ,R epo r t so ft h eR e sea r ch C omm i t tee o ft h eS o c ie ty o fA n t iqua r ie so fL ondon , XV .

R oge r s 1 974 R oge r s ,G .B . ,P o t er i e ss i g i l ld e sd el aG au l e c en t ra l e .I .-L e sm o t if sn on f i gure s ,P a r i s . S t .J o seph 1 9 52 S t .J o seph ,J .K . ,' Road s :f r om C a r l i s le t ot h e A r u m 'i nM i l le r 1 952 .

K no r r 1 9 12 K no r r ,R . , D i ev e r z i er t en T er ra-S ig i l la taG ef ä s s ev on R o t twe i l ,S t u t tga r t

S hak enoak I-V :s e eB rod r ibb ,H and sa nd Wa lke r 1 968 , 1 971 ,1972 ,1973 ,1978 .

K no r r 1 9 19 K no r r ,R . , T öpf e ru nd F abr iken v e rz i er t er T er ra-S ig i l la ta d e se r s t en J ahrhund er t s ,S t u t tga r t . 2 12

Sm i th 1 987 S m i th ,R .F . ,R oad s id eS e t t l emen t si nL ow land

B r i ta in , B r i t ish A rchaeo log ica lR epo r t s 1 57 , O xfo rd .

T ay lo ra nd C o l l ingwood 1 922 T ay lo r , M .V . a nd C o l l ingwood ,R .G . , ' Roman B r i ta in i n1 923 ' , J ourna lo fR oman S tud ies X I I ,2 40-87 .

S tan f ie ld 1 937 S tan f ie ld ,J .A . , ' Romano—Gau l i sh d eco ra ted j ug sa nd t h ew o rk o ft h ep o t te rS ab inv s ' ,J ourna lo f R oman S tud ies XXV I I , 1 68-179 .

VCH O xfo rd sh i re T he V ic to r ia C oun ty H i s to ry o ft h e C oun ty o fO xfo rd , I .L ondon , 1 939 .

S tan f ie ld a nd S imp son 1 958 S tan f ie ld ,J .A . a nd S imp son ,G . , C en t ra lG au l i sh P o t t er s ,L ondon .

Wache ra nd Mc Wh i r r 1 982 Wache r ,J .a nd Mc Wh i r r ,A . , E ar l yR oman O ccupa t ion a tC i r ences t er , C i rence s te r .

S tan f ie ld a nd S imp son 1 990 S tan f ie ld ,J .A . , a nd S imp son ,G . L es p o t ier sd el aG au l eC en t ra l e ,G on fa ron .

Whee le r 1 926 Whee le r ,R .E .M . , T he R oman F or tn ear B r econ , L ondon .

S t ead a nd R igby 1 986 S t ead ,I .M . a nd R igby , V . ,B a ldock , L ondon .

W i l son a nd S he r lo ck 1 980 W i l son , D .R . a nd S he r lock , D .A . N or th L e igh R oman V i l la , HMSO , L ondon .

S t ead a nd R igby 1 989 S t ead ,I .M . a nd R igby ,V . , V eru lam ium :t h eK ing Harr yL ane s i t e ,L ondon . T ay lo ra nd C o l l ingwood 1 921 T ay lo r ,M .V . a nd C o l l ingwood ,R .G . ,' Roman B r i ta in i n1 921 a nd 1 922 ' ,J ourna lo fR oman S tud ies X I ,2 00-44 .

2 13