The Deya Conference of Prehistory, Parts i - iv: Early Settlement in the Western Mediterranean Islands and their Peripheral Areas 9781407392165, 9781407392172, 9781407392189, 9781407392196, 9780860542988, 9781407338606

Table of contents :
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
PREFACE
SECTION ONE: MAN AND ENVIRONMENT
THE INITIAL COLONISATION OF THE WEST MEDITERRANEAN ISLANDS IN THE LIGHT OF ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY AND PALAEOGEOGRAPHY
FIRST REPORT ON A PALEOLITHIC CULTURE IN SARDINIA
CANET CAVE ESPORLES, MALLORCA
THE POPULATION STRUCTURE OF MYOTRA GUS BALEARICUS FROM THE CAVE OF MULETA, MALLORCA
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE ANIMAL REMAINS FROM FERRANDELL-OLEZA WITH COMMENTS ON THE EXTINCTION OF MYOTRA GUS BALEARICUS AND ON THE INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC LIVESTOCK TO MALLORCA
THE INFLUENCE OF PREHISTORIC AND ROMAN MIGRATIONS ON THE VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF MENORCA (SPAIN)
THE NATURAL FLORA OF MALLORCA, MYOTRAGUS AND ITS POSSIBLE EFFECTS, AND THE COMING OF MAN TO THE BALEARICS
CHARCOAL ANALYSIS AND THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN PREHISTORIC FLORA
SETTLEMENT AND SUBSISTENCE DURING THE MESOLITHIC AND NEOLITHIC IN THE AUDE RIVER VALLEY (FRANCE)
REFLEXIONES SOBRE ALGUNOS ASPECTOS DE LOS COMPLEJOS FAUNISTICOS DE MALLORCAY LA PENINSULA IBERICA
RECONSIDERATION DU PROBLEME DU BOS IBERICUS AU MAGHREB
ORIGINE NEOLITHIQUE DE LA TRANSHUMANCE OVINE DANS LE MAGHREB ORIENTAL
PASTORE, PADRONE: THE SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF PASTORALISM IN PRENURAGIC SARDINIA
PART II
Cover Page
Copyright Page
VOLUME II Table of Contents
SECTION TWO CULTURES, CHRONOLOGIES AND SETTLEMENT: AN INTRODUCTION
RADIO CARBON DATES FOR THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION
EARLY SETTLEMENT AND THE CALIBRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGES
NATURAL URANIUM IN THE CAVE OF SON MULETA, MALLORCA - A BACKGROUND STUDY FOR URANIUM SERIES DATING OF BONES
LE NEOLITHIQUE ANCIEN DU LANGUEDOC
TRANSITION ENTRE LE NEOLITHIQUE FINAL ET LE BRONZE ANCIEN DANS TROIS REGIONS GEOGRAPHIQUES DU MIDI DE LA FRANCE: Basse Ard che-Alpilles-Region côtiére et lagunaire de SETE
LES ENCEINTES DU NEOLITHIQUE A L'AGE DU BRONZEDANS LE SUD-EST DE LA FRANCE
LES CAMPANIFORMES DANS LE MIDI DE LA FRANCE
EARLY FARMING COMMUNITIES AND SHORT-RANGE TRANSHUMANCE IN THE COTTIAN ALPS (CHISONE VALLEY, TURIN) IN THE LATE THIRD MILLENNIUM BC
I 'CASTELLARI'DELLA LUNIGIANA
ASPETTI DEL POPOLAMENTO DELLA LIGURIA ORIENTALE NELL'ETA DEL BRONZE: GLI INSEDIAMENTI D'ALTURA
ALCUNI ASPETTI DELLA ETA DEL RAME DELL'ITALIA SETTENTRIONALE
IL RITO DELLA SEPOLTURA AD INUMAZIONE ENTRO VASO ('ENCI NTRISMOS') NELLA SICILIA NORD-ORIENTALE (ANTICA ETA DEL BRONZO-TARDA ETA DEL FERRO)
MALTESE PREHISTORY - A REAPPRAISAL
THE BONU IGHINU PROJECT… RESULTS AND PROSPECTS
I RISULTATI DEGLI SCAVI 1981 NELLA NECROPOLI PRENURAGICA DI SERRA CRABILES, SENNORI (SASSARI).
LA COLLINA DI MARRAS - DORGALI (NUORO)
CULTURA CALCOLITICA DI MONTE CLARO NEL SITO DE BIRIAI (OLIENA-NUORO-SARDEGNA)
MONTE D'ACCODDI-SASSARI PROBLEMATICHE DI STUDIO E DI RICERCA DI UN SINGOLARE MONUMENT  PREISTORICO
LE CULTURE DI MONTE CLARO E DI BONNANARO IN ALCUNE GROTTE DELLE CODULE DI ILUNE E DI SISINE, NELLA COSTA ORIENTALE DELLA SARDEGNA
I PROTONURAGHI... (CUOVI DATI PER L’ORISTANESE)
IL NURAGHE MONTE 'IDDA DI POSADA E LA CERAMICA A PETTINE IN SARDEGNA
PART III
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
PER UNA RILETTURA DEL COMPLESSO NURAGICO DI S'URAKI, LOC. SU PARDU, S. VERO MILIS-ORISTANO (SARDEGNA)
UN EDIFICIO NURAGICO DI TIPOLOGIA INEDITA DAL SINIS SETTENTRIONALE (San Vero Mills, Sardegna-Italia)
LA STATION AGRICOLE NEOLITHIQUE DU MONTE LAZZU A CASAGLIONE ET SON ENVIRONNEMENT CORSE
PREHISTORIC ACTIVITIES IN THE PITIUSSAE ISLANDS
LA PREMIERE PERIODE DE LA COLONISATION PUNIQUE A IBIZA
FORMAS DE POBLACION DURANTE EL SEGUNDO Y PRIMERO MILENIO BC EN MENORCA SON MERCER DE BAIX TRANSICION ENTRE LA CULTURA PRETALAYOTICA Y TALAYOTICA.
HALLAZGO DE UN YACIMIENTO ARQUEOLOGICO EN LA ISLA DEL AIRE (MENORCA)
LES INDUSTRIES LITIQUES DEL JACIMENTS A L' AIRE LLIURE DE LA ZONA DE SANTANYI (MALLORCA)
THE LITHIC INDUSTRY OF THE BALEARIC ISLANDS…. Its Olezian Tradition of Tabular Flint Blades
CHALCOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND BEAKER CONNECTIONS IN THE BALEARIC ISLANDS
LOS NUCLEOS ARQUEOLOGICOS DE VALLDEMOSSA (MALLORCA) EN EL CONTEXTO DE LOS PRIMEROS ASENTAMIENTOS CXE LA ISLA Y SUS CORRESPONDENCIAS CON LAS AREAS DE INFLUENCIA INMEDIATA EN EL AMBITO DEL MEDITERRANEO OCCIDENTAL
METALURGIA BALEAR DE LA EDAD DEL BRONCE: HACHAS DE CUBO, DE TALON Y DE APENDICES LATERALES
CUEVAS MALLORQUINAS EXCAVADAS EN LA ROCA Y SU PROBLEMATICA
THE LATEST EXCAVATIONS OF THE COPPER AGE SETTLEMENT OF LOS MILLARES, ALMERIA, SPAIN
NUEVOS DATOS PARA UNA DEFINICION DEL BRONCE ANTIGUO Y PLENO EN EL BAJO GUADALQUIVIR
NEW ASPECTS OF THE BRONZE AGE IN ARAGON: Excavations at Moncin, Borja (Prov. Zaragoza), Spain
PART IV
Cover Page
Copyright Page
SECTION THREE: TOWARDS SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DYNAMICS
SOCIAL ORGANISATION IN THE NEOLITHIC OF SOUTHEAST ITALY
EARLY METALLURGY IN IBERIA AND THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN: Innovation, Adoption and Production
'LINEAR REGRESSION', INFLATION AND PRESTIGE COMPETITION: SECOND MILLENNIUM TRANSFORMATIONS IN SOUTHEAST SPAIN
A NEW ASSESSMENT OF ARGARIC SOCIETY AND CULTURE
ESTUDIO COMPARATIVO DE LOS TALAIOTS NO. 1 Y 2 DE SON FORNES (MONTUIRI-MALLORCA)
LA HABITACION NO. 5 DE SON FORNES (MONTUIRI-MALLORCA): MODELO DE UNA VIVENDA TALAYOTICA
LA FASE POSTALAYOTICA MALLORQUINA: PERIODIZACION Y DINAMICA ECONOMICO-SOCIAL
ANALISIS FUNCIONAL DE TRES COMPLEJOS INDUSTRIALES DEL POSTGLACIAR EN CATALUNYA
TRANSITION ENTRE LE NEOLITHIQUE FINAL ET LE BRONZE ANCIEN DANS TROIS REGIONS GEOGRAPHIQUES DU MIDI DE LA FRANCE: Basse Ard che-A1pi11es-R4gion c tiere et lagunaire de SETE

Citation preview

The Deya Conference of Prehistory Early Settlement in the Western Mediterranean Islands and their Peripheral Areas Part i

edited by William H. Waldren, Robert Chapman, James Lewthwaite and Rex-Claire Kennard

BAR International Series 229(i) 1984

B.A.R.

122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, UK

GENERAL EDITOR A.R Hands, B. Se., M.A., D.Phil. D.R Walker, M.A.

B.A.R.-S229(i), 1984: 'The Deya Conference of P rehistory', Part i

©

The Individual Authors, 1984

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407392165 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407392172 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9781407392189 (Volume III) paperback ISBN 9781407392196 (Volume IV) paperback ISBN 9780860542988 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407338606 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860542988 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS

P REFACE ,

b y W illiam H . W aldren

S ec tion One I NTRODUCTION , THE

Man a nd

b y J ames G .

L ewthwaite

1

I NITIAL COLONISATION OF THE WEST MEDITERRANEAN I N

THE

L IGHT

PALAEOGEOGRAPHY, F IRST

REPORT

Paul

Y .

E su and

ON

Poppe

A L .

F .

I SLANDS

B IOGEOGRAPHY

7

AND

Cherry.

PALAEOLITHIC

CULTURE Tassos

I N

SARDINIA,

Kotsakis,

by

2 9

D aniela

de Boer. MALLORCA,

STRUCTURE

THE CAVE OF SON MULETA, P RELIMINARY

I SLAND

Mario Sanges,

ESPORLES,

' POPULATION'

OF

by John

S ondaar,

CANET CAVE, T HE

E nv iron ment

REPORT

FERRANDELL-OLEZA

by John

OF

ON

Kopper.

MYOTRAGUS

MALLORCA,

W ITH

S .

THE

BALEARICUS

by Julie ANIMAL

COMMENTS

ON

BALEARICUS

AND

ON

DOMESTIC

L IVESTOCK

TO

MALLORCA,

THE

FROM

7 1

F ROM

9 9

Hamilton. REMAINS

THE

MYOTRAGUS

6 1

EXTINCTION OF

INTRODUCTION by

OF

Juliet

C lutton - B rock. T HE

I NFLUF"CE

OF

VERTEBRATE S anders T HE

P REHISTORIC AND ROMAN . MIGRATIONS ON THE

FAUNA

OF

MENORCA

and Jelle W .F.

NATURAL

AND

B arrie

Juniper.

E .

C HARCOAL

THE

COMING

A NALYSIS

AND

PREHISTORIC

FLORA,

B adal

E lena Grau

Garcia,

S ETTLEMENT

AND

NEOLITHIC

THE

MYOTRAGUS AND

OF

MAN TO THE

THE

by

1 19

E dward A .C.

THE

AUDE R IVER VALLEY

POSSIBLE

1 45

by

MEDITERRANEAN

Vernet,

A lmero and Teresa DURING

ITS

BALEARICS,

WESTERN

Jean-Louis

SUBSISTENCE

I N

by

Reumer.

FLORA OF MALLORCA,

EFFECTS,

( SPAIN),

1 65

E rnestina

Ros Mora.

MESOLITHIC

( FRANCE),

by

AND

1 79

D avid

Geddes. REFLEXIONES

SOBRE

FAUNISTICOS Jordi

DE

ALGUNOS MALLORCA

ASPECTOS Y

LA

DE

LOS

PENINSULA

COMPLEJOS I BERICA,

by

IBERICUS AU MAGHREB,

by

1 93

E stevez.

RECONSIDERATION

DU

A lfred Muzzolini.

P ROBLEME DU BOS

2 11

ORIGINE

NEOLITHIQUE

DE

MAGHREB ORIENTAL, PASTORE,

PADRONE:

TRANSHUMANCE

OVINE

DANS

LE

by James

G .

2 39

and P atrick Carter.

THE SOCIAL D IMENSIONS OF PASTORALISM

PRENURAGIC SARDINIA,

S ec tion Two

LA

by Colette Roubet

I N

L ewthwaite.

2 51

Cultures , Chrono log ies & S ettlement

I NTRODUCTION , b y R obert a nd W illiam H . W aldren.

W .

C hapman, J ames G .

L ewthwaite

2 69

A BSOLUTE D ATING : RADIOCARBON Richard EARLY

DATES

FOR THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION,

SETTLEMENT

by Minze NATURAL

2 77

URANIUM M .

AND THE CALIBRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGES,

2 91

Stuiver.

BACKGROUND Angela

by

Burleigh.

IN

THE

CAVE OF SON MULETA,

STUDY FOR URANIUM SERIES Rae,

Miro

MALLORCA

- A

DATING OF BONES,

I vanovich and Marjorie M .

2 95

by

Sweeting.

S OUTHERN F RANCE : LE NEOLITHIQUE ANCIEN DU LANGUEDOC, TRANSITION DANS BASSE SETE, LES

ENTRE

TROIS

ARDECHE-ALPILLES - REGION

DU

NEOLITHIQUE

DE LA FRANCE,

Colomer,

Jacques

D 'Anna and

CAMPANIFORMES Arnal,

3 13

NEOLITHIQUE F INAL ET LE BRONZE ACIEN

REGIONS GEOGRAPHIQUES

ENCEINTES

LES

Arnal.

DU M IDI

COTIERE

3 37

DE LA FRANCE:

ET LAGUNAIRE DE

by Raymond Monjardin.

SUD - EST Andre

LE

by Gaston B .

by

Coularou, Xavier

DANS

Sylvie Arnal

A

L 'AGE DU BRONZE DANS

Henriette Jean

Camps-Fabrer, Courtin,

LE

3 39

A lbert

Rene Coutel,

Gutherz.

LE

MIDI

and Jean

L .

DE

LA

FRANCE,

by Jean

3 67

Vayssette.

I TALY a nd S ICILY : EARLY

FARMING

THE

COMMUNITIES AND SHORT-RANGE TRANSHUMANCE

COTTIAN

THIRD

ALPS

MILLENNIUM

( CHISONE BC,

by

VALLEY,

P aolo B iagi,

TURIN)

I N

3 95

IN THE LATE

R ichard Macphail,

Renato N isbet and Robert Scaife. I ' CASTELLARI' ASPETTI DEL Maggi.

DEL

DELLA LUNIGIANA, POPOLAMENTO

BRONZO:

GLI

by Romolo F ormentini.

DELLA L IGURIA ORIENTALE NELL' ETA

I NSEDIAMENTI

D 'ALTURA,

by

Roberto

4 14 4 23

QUELQUES

ASPECTS

TIONALE, I L

by

R ITO

DE

L 'ENEOLITHIQUE

DE

L I ITALIE SEPTEN-

4 37

Bernardino Bagolini.

DELLA

S EPOLTURA

( 'ENCHYTRISMOS')

NELLA

AD

I NUMAZIONE

S ICILIA

ENTRO

NORD - ORIENTALE

ETA DEL BRONZO-TARDA ETA DEL FERRO),

by

VASO

4 65

( ANTICA

P ietro V illari.

M ALTA: MALTESE

PREHISTORY

- A REAPPRAISAL,

by John

D .

Evans.

4 89

S ARDINIA: THE

BONU

I GHINU

PROJECT...RESULTS AND PROSPECTS,

by David

5 11

PRENURAGICA

5 33

Trump. I

RISULTATI

DEGLI

D I

CRABILES,

SERRA

S CAVI

1981

NELLA NECROPOLI

SENNORI

( SASSARI),

by A lba

Foschi

N ieddu. LA

COLLINA

DI

MARRAS

- DORGALI

( NUORO),

by Maria Rosaria

5 53

Manunza. LA

CULTURA

CALCOLITICA

D I

( OLIENA-NUORO-SARDEGNA), MONTE

D ' ACCODDI-SASSARI

RICERCA Ercole LE

CULTURA DELLA

D I

MONTE

SARDEGNA,

NURAGHE

UNA SU

PROBLEMATICHE

MONTE

CLARO

LUNA E DI

5 67

MONUMENTO

D I

STUDIO E D I

591

PREISTORICO,

by

E BONNANARO S ISINE,

I N ALCUNE GROTTE

DATI

PER

L 'ORISTANESE),

by Lucia

6 29

and S ebastiano Demurtas. ' IDDA D I

POSADA EL LA CERAMICA A PETTINE

by Maria Ausilia

6 71

Fadda.

RILETTURA DEL COMPLESSO NURAGICO DI

PARDU S .

6 11

NELLA COSTA ORIENTALE

by Mario Sanges.

( NUOVI

Demurtas

I N SARDEGNA, PER

-

S INGOLARE

CODULE DI

PROTONURAGHI Manca

I L

UN

B IRIAI

Editta C astaldi.

Contu.

DELLE

I

DI

MONTE CLARO NEL S ITO D I by

VERO M ILIS-ORISTANO

S 'URAKI,

( SARDEGNA),

LOC.

7 03

by G iovanni

Tore. UN

EDIFICIO

NURAGICO

SETTENTRIONALE A lfonso LA

STATION

( SAN

D I VERO

T IPOLOGIA MILIS,

I NEDITA

DAL

S INIS

SARDEGNA - ITALIA),

7 25

by

S tiglitz. AGRICOLE

NEOLITHIQUE

DU

GLIONE ET SON ENVIRONNEMENT CORSE,

MONTE LAZZU A CASA-

by Michel - C laude Weiss.

7 45

B ALEARIC G ROUP:

PREHISTORIC H . LA

ACTIVITIES

I N THE

P ITIUSSAE

I SLANDS,

by Jorge

PREMIERE PERIODE DE LA COLONISATION PUNIQUE A IBIZA, Jorge

H .

Gurrea

Barricarte.

FORMAS BC

DE

Fernandez,

POBLACION

EN

MENORCA.

CULTURA

HALLAZGO

Coll

L ITHIC

Margarita

SANTANYI

TRANSICION by L uis

7 85

7 97

ENTRE LA

P lantalamor

Pons

I SLA DEL AIRE and

8 27

Guillermo

TABULAR

Edward A .C.

BALEARIC NUCLEOS

by Joan

Pons-Moya

DE

8 41

and

AND

CON DEL

F ederico Argente

8 59

H .

Conesa.

CONNECTIONS

I N

THE

9 11

EL

967

Waldren.

DE VALLDEMOSSA

LAS AREAS

DE

MEDITERRANEO

DE

( MALLORCA) DE LA

EN

I SLA Y SUS

INFLUENCIA

I NMEDIATA

OCCIDENTAL,

LA EDAD DEL BRONCE:

TALON Y DE APENDICES

Castro and Manuel

by

Jose

LATERALES,

HACHAS

by G erman

DE CUBO,

Delibes

9 98

de

Fernandez-Miranda.

MALLORQUINAS by

BEAKER

C oll

William

Sanchez.

BALEAR

PROBLEMATICA,

and Jaume

by

PRIMEROS ASENTAMIENTOS

CORRESPONDENCIAS AMBITO

I SLANDS... . ITS OLEZIAN

BLADES,

by William H .

ARQUEOLOGICOS DE LOS

METALURGIA

FLINT

Sanders

SETTLEMENT I SLANDS,

CONTEXTO EL

( MALLORCA),

Conesa.

OF

CHALCOLITHIC

CUEVAS

Orfila

INDUSTRY OF THE BALEARIC

Waldren,

DE

DURANTE EL SEGUNDO Y P RIMERO MILENIO

L ITIQUES DELS JACIMENTS A L 'AIRE LLIURE

DE

TRADITION

EN

by

Rosa

E spasa.

ZONA

Jaume

and

R ita.

by

INDUSTRIES

LOS

B ellard

DE UN YACIMIENTO ARQUEOLOGICO EN LA

S intes

THE

Gomez

SON MERCER DE BAIX,

Cristina

( MENORCA),

LA

Carlos

PRETALAYOTICA Y TALAYOTICA,

y Maria

LES

7 63

Fernandez and Celia Topp.

E XCAVADAS

EN

LA

ROCA

Y

SU

1 027

by Antonio Arribas

1 029

Guillermo Rossello Bordoy.

I BERIA: THE

NEW

EXCAVATIONS

OF

and Fernando Molina. NUEVOS

DATOS

PLENO Jose NEW

EN Luis

ASPECTS MONCIN, H arrison,

PARA

LOS MILLARES, ( Insert ARRIBAS)

UNA

DEFINTCION

EL BAJO GUADALQUIvIR, E scacena OF

THE

BORJA G .

and Maria

E ugenia

BRONZE A (T

( PROVINCIA

DEL

BRONCE ANTIGUO Y

1 051

by Maria Remedio Serna, Aubet.

I N ARAGON:

: U iRAGOZA),

Moreno Lopez and A .J.

EXCAVATIONS

SPAIN,

Legge.

by

R .

AT J .

. 1085

S ec tion T hree I NTRODUCTION , S OCIAL

D .

S oc ia l &E conom ic D ynam ics

b y R obert W . C hapman

ORGANIZATION

by Ruth E ARLY

T owards

I N

1 101

THE NEOLITHIC OF SOUTHEAST

I TALY,

1 109

THE WEST MEDITERRANEAN:

1 139

Whitehouse.

METALLURGY

I NNOVATION,

I N

I BERIA

ADOPTION

AND

AND

PRODUCTION,

by

Robert

W .

Chapman. ' LINEAR

REGRESSION',

SECOND

I NFLATION

MILLENNIUM

AND PRESTIGE COMPETITION:

TRANSFORMATIONS

I N SOUTH - EAST

1 167

SPAIN,

by Clay Mathers. A

NEW

ASSESSMENT

Vicente E STUDIO

COMPARATIVO

FORNES Lull L A

L A

ARGARIC

SOCIETY

DE

LOS

TALAIOTS

( MONTUIRI-MALLORCA),

and Maria

HABITACION MODELO

DE

Vicente

Lull

FASE

OF

E ncarna

NO. UNA

ECONOMY,

by

1 197

5

DE

and M aria

by

SON

1

Y 2 DE SON

1 239

Gasull,

FORNES

Vicente

( MONTUIRI-MALLORCA):

TALAYOTICA,

Encarna

POSTALAYOTIC MALLORQUINA:

FUNCIONAL

NO.

P epa

Sanahuja.

V IVIENDA

ECONOMICO-SOCIAL, ANALISIS

AND

L ull.

by

P epa

S anahuja. PERIODIZACION Y D INAMICA

by F lorencio Mayoral

Franco.

DE

I NDUSTRIALES

TRES

POSTGLACIAR EN CATALUNYA,

COMPLEJOS by A .

1 269

Gasull,

DEL

1 299

1 315

V ila Mitja.

a ddendum:

T RANSITION DANS BAS E SETE,

ENTRE

TROIS

LE

NEOLITHIQUE F INAL ET LE BRONZE ACIFN

REGIONS GEOGRAPHIQUES

ARDECHE-ALPILLES-REGION by

R aymond Monjardin.

DU MIDI

COTIERE

DE LA FRANCE:

ET LAGUNAIRE DE

1 321

PREFACE

A s

o ne

o f

t he

e ditors

o f t he p resent p ublication a nd a t t he s ame

t ime t he c hief ' instigator' o r o rganiser o f t he D eya C onference o f P rehistory , i t h as b efallen m e t o p resent, i f a t a ll p ossible, a b rief h istory o f t he e vents l eading u p t o t he D eya C onference. I s ay a b rief h istory o n t he b asis o f o ptimism f or t he o rganisation a nd p reparation o f t he D eya C onference h as t aken t he b etter p art o f a y ear a nd e ntailed s ome f ormidable o bstacles a nd i ndeed a s eemingly e ndless a mount o f s mall d etails. P erhaps, i t i s r ather u nfair f or m e t o l ay c laim t o b eing " head h oncho" f or t hese e vents o n t he b asis o f o riginating t he i dea a lone, m ainly , b ecause a s i t h as t urned o ut, i ts f inal r ealisation h as b een d ue t o t he e fforts o f a n umber o f g ood p eople; a ll o f w hom w ere i n t heir o wn r ight i ndispensable a nd t o w hom , i n t he f inal a nalysis, t hanks, r ecognition a nd a cknowledgement o f t heir s pecial r oles a nd s pecific e fforts w ill h ave t o b e f orthcoming i n d ue c ourse. I n a ll e vents, t here h as t o h ave b een a b eginning a nd , i f t he c onference's h istory i s t o b e t old a t a ll, i t h as t o b e d one b y s omeone c lose f rom t he s tart t o a ll t he h appenings a nd f acts T his t hen i s m y p ersonal t ask. W hen i t w as f irst c onceived , ' Early S ettlement i n t he W estern M editerranean I slands a nd t heir P eripheral A reas', w as e nvisioned a s a s mall i nformal m eeting o f i nterested p arties. T he e vent, i nitially , w as t o c ommemorate a n umber o f i ndividual l andmarks o f v arying r ank o f i mportance. F irst, a s a m atter o f h istorical r ecord , t he c onference w as t o c elebrate t he 2 0th A nniversary o f t he D eya A rchaeological M useum a nd c onjointly t he 1 0th A nniversary o f t he m useum's R esearch C enter. S econdly , o n a m ore p ersonal n ote, i t w as t o c elebrate t he 3 0th A nniversary o f m y f irst a rrival o n t he i sland o f M allorca i n 1 952. A nd p enultimately , c uriously e nough, t here h ad n ot b een a n i nternational c onference o f t his k ind i n t his g eographic a rea s ince t he f irst h alf o f t he 1 930's, s ome f ifty y ears a go a nd b ecause o f w orld p olitical c onditions o f t hat d ecade t hat w as n ot v ery s uccessful. H owever, w ithout a d oubt, m ost i mportant o f a ll, w hile k nown w orld-wide a s a n i nternational h aven f or s un s eeking t ourists, t he B alearics a re m uch m ore t han t his. T o m ost h istorians, p rehistorians a nd o ther s cientists a nd s cholars i n g eneral c oncerned w ith e vents i n t he W estern M editerranean, t he B alearic I slands a re i ndeed e xceptionally r ich s ources a s w ell a s r are w arehouses o f p rehistoric a nd h istoric d ata a nd i nformation. T he l imestone g eology l ends

i tself t o t he f ormation o f i nnumerable c aves a nd r ock s helters m any o f w hich h ave b een u sed b y p rehistoric m an, a s w ell a s a l imestone g eology s upplying p ermanent b uilding m aterials f or t he c onstruction o f h is e arliest o pen-air s ettlements. T here a re l iterally m any t housands o f s uch p rehistoric a nd h istoric s tations t hroughout t he B alearics. A nd w hile s ome a re w ell k nown t o i nvestigators t hrough t he s cientific l iterature , f ew c ontinental s cholars h ave a ctually v isited t he i slands. A t t he s ame t ime, t he r ecognition o f t he i mportance o f i nsular s tudies b y a s mall b ut g radually i ncreasing n umber o f r esearchers h as g rown o ver t he l ast t wo d ecades, a s w ell a s t heir h aving s ignif icantly i nitiated a n i ncrease i n t he n umber a nd q uality o f e xcavations d edicated t o s uch i nsular s tudy a nd r esearch. T his i s e specially s o i n t he B alearics w here n ew a nd s ignificant f indings a re e merging a nd b ecoming i ncreasingly c apable o f i ncorporation i n t he w ider c ontexts o f W estern E uropean p rehistory a nd a re a ctually m aking s ignificant c ontributions t oward a c learer i nterpretation o f p rehistory a s w ell a s p roving i mportant t esting g rounds f or a llied s cientific d isciplines i n g eneral. H ence, i t i s t his l ast f actor, r egarding t he w ealth a nd i mportance o f i nsular s tudies w hich h as b een t he ' cause c elebre l a nd p rime m otive b ehind t he c onference; q uite a part f rom t he c ommemorations i n g eneral. T his w ill b e e nlarged o n s ubsequently i n t his p ublication c oncerning t he p resent s tatus a nd d evelopment o f B alearic p rehistory i n p articular; a s w ell a s d emonstrating t he s imilar i mportance o f r esearch i n o ther i nsular a nd p eripheral g eographic a reas o f t he W estern M editerranean o ver t he l ast f ew d ecades o r s o. A t t he o utset, s ome t wenty c onference n otices w ere s ent o ut, s oliciting p articipation i n s uch a c onference, w ith t he h ope t hat f rom t welve t o f ifteen a ffirmative r esponses e ventually w ould b e r eturned. W ithin t he f irst m onth o f t hese i nitial n otices, h owever, i t b ecame e vident t hat i nterest w as m ore t han o riginally t hought. A nd , i n e qually s hort o rder o ver t he e nsuing t wo m onths, t he n umber o f i nterested c ontributors g rew t o t he p resent 6 9 a uthors a nd t he 5 6 p apers p ublished i n t hese v olumes. O f c ourse, s uch a r esponse o f i nterest a nd e nthusiastic w illingness t o p articipate, w hile g ratifying, s ignificantly c omplicated m atters i n o rganisational p roblems

t hat t hey i nvolved .

e nlarged t he l ogistical T o f ully a ppreciate

a nd t his

a mplification, b oth, i n l ogistics a nd o rganisation o f w hat, b y t his t ime, w as b ecoming a f ull-fledged i nternational a ffair, o ne m ust c onsider c ertain f actors. T hat i s t o s ay , p roblems t hat w ere r elated t o t he p articular g eographic a rea w here t he c onference w as t o b e h eld a nd t he a vailable h ousing a nd f acilities t o a ccomodate a l arge n umber o f p articipants; b oth t hose d elivering p apers a nd t he o bservers. T he o riginal p lan w as t o h old a ll t he a ctivities w ithin t he c onfines o f a r elatively i solated a nd s mall m ountain v illage. A p lan w hich, a t t he t ime, s eemed t o b ecome m ore a nd m ore l ogistically c omplicated a s p lanning w ent f arther a head . F or a w hile, p lans w ere e ntertaineds imply f rom t he e nsuing s tandpoint o f p articipant n umbers- t o h old t he c onference i n t he n ew M useum o f M allorca i n t he i slands' c apital o f P alma. B ut, b ecause o f c onstruction p lans, t he m useum w as n ot a s y et r eady f or s uch u se. T herefore, a fter s ome d eliberation, i t w as f inally d ecided t o g o

a head w ith t he o riginal p lan o f h olding t he e vent i n t he v illage o f D eya o n M allorca, s olving t he l ogistical p roblems l ocally a s b est a s p ossible. A d ecision o f g eographic a rea w hich, a s i t t urned o ut, w as a ctually t o e nhanced t he D eya C onference's u ltimate s uccess. T he s mall p icturesque v illage o f D eya, k nown i nternationally a s a r etreat f or a rtists , w riters, p oets, m usicians a nd o ther c reative p eople, o verlooks t he b lue o f t he M editerranean t o t he n orthwest a nd i s e mbraced i n a ll o ther d irections b y t he t he i sland's h igh n orthern J urassic l imestone m ountains o f t he T eix r ange. H ere, t he v illage o f D eya i s b uilt o n a p innacle o f r ock a nd f ramed b y t he s urrounding t erraced o live g roves a bruptly d escending t o t he s ea. T he c oastal r egions t o t he n orth a nd s outh c ontain t he p rehistoric a rchaeological s ites o f M uleta, M arroig, M uertos G allard , F errandell-Oleza a nd M atge w hich h ave a nd a re c ontinuing t o c ontribute s uch r ich s ource o f a rchaeological d ata a nd w idening o ur p erspective o f b oth l ocal a nd E uropean p rehistory . H istorically , t his s ection o f M allorca's n orth c oast, a part f rom i ts s heer b eauty o f m ountains a nd s ea, i s w ell k nown a s a n a ncient s eat o f l earning. B ordered t o t he s out w est b y t he l arger m unicipality a nd v illage o f V alldemosa a nd t o t he n ortheast b y t he m arket t own o f S oller, t he s mall m unicipality o f D eya w as t he h ome o f t he 1 1th c entury C atalan m ystic p oet, p hilosopher a nd s cholar, R amon L lull, w ho w ithin t he p recincts o f t he m unicipality f ounded t he f irst M editerranean c ollege o f o riental l anguages a nd s et u p a G utenberg p ress t o d isperse k nowledge h ere; s ome t wenty y ears a fter t he p ress w as i nvented . T he a rea h as e ven p roduced i ts o wn l ocal s aint, S anta C atalina T omas, w ho a s a n ovice r oamed t he o live g roved t erraces b earing w ater a nd f ood t o f ield w orkers. T he A ustrian H apsburg A rchduke L uis S alvador, a ' r enaissance m an' i n h is o wn r ight a s a s cholar, a rtist, n aturalist, w riter, a rtist, a rchitect, e ngineer, b uilt a h ome a nd c enter o f l earning a nd s pent 4 0 y ears i n i t; b etween h is t ravel t hroughout t he M editerranean w riting h is s ome 6 5 v olumes o f l earned, d iverse s tudies, u ntil t he b eginning o f W orld W ar I . H e b ought u p l arge a reas o f t he m agnificent c oast t o p reserve t hem a s' g reen z ones' o f b eauty , b uilding h is p alacial r esidence o f S on M arroig. M ost r ecently , t he B ritish P oet a nd W riter R obert G raves s ettled h ere, c arrying o ut m ost o f h is c reative w ork f or t he l ast 4 5 y ears . I t w as i n t he p alatial r esidence o f t he L ate A rchiduke L uis S alavador, S on M arroig, p oised o n t he h igh c liffs a nd o verlooking w hat i s c ertainly o ne o f t he m ost b reathtaking c oastal p anoramas i n t he w orld , w here t he w orking s essions o f t he D eya C onference w ere u ltimately h eld. H ere, t he w ork s esssions w ere c arried o ut i n t he m ost b eautiful o f s urroundings, u nder s pacious a nd c onfortable c ircumstances f or t he p eriod o f s even d ays a nd w ith m ore t han a mple t ime o f 4 5 m inutes f or e ach c onference p aper, i ncluding s essions f or p ertinent d iscussion; a s w ell a s o ff-work s ession c ommunications c arried o n i n t he ' bonhommerie' o f t erraced c afes. I n t he w ay o f f irst a cknowledgements, t hanks h as t o b e g iven t o t he l ocal M allorcan g overnment, t he C ommunidad A utonomo d e l as B aleares, t he M inisterio d e C ultura d e l as B aleares, t he C onsejo I nsular a nd F oment° d e T ourism° w ho m ost g enerously c ontributed c onference t ransport t hroughout t he D eya C onference, i ncluding m aps, i sland l iterature a nd v isitor's s ouvenirs a s w ell a s am agnificent r eception a nd d inner. W e a re m ost g rateful t o t he l ocal A lcaldie,

S r. D on A pesteguia a nd t he A yuntamiento o f t he v illage o f D eya f or t heir g enerous h elp i n m aking a vailable c onference p articipants n ame t ags, t he p remises o f t he D eya M unicipal P ark f or t he i nauguration c eremonies a nd a p erfect r eception o n r egistration d ay . T he A lcaldies a nd A yuntamientos o f t he m unicipalities o f V alldemosa a nd M anacor v ery k indly m ade u s w elcome w ith r eceptions d uring f ield t rips, p resenting u s w ith s mall s ample s pecialities o f t heir r egions. T o t he t own o f S oller a nd i ts A lcaldie a nd Ayuntamiento, w e a lso e xtend o ur t hanks f or t heir f ine r eception a nd e xhibition o f f olk d ancing i n o ur h onour. T he M useum o f M allorca, u nder t he d irection o f D r. G uillermo R ossello B ordoy w ere a lso v ery k ind i n g iving a c losing r eception a nd o ffering u s t heir f acility f or t he c losing c eremonies. S pecial t hanks m ust b e g iven h ere t o D r. S eville, D ona S y lvia a nd J ose S eville, p roprietors o f t he a ncient r esidence o f t he A rchiduke L uis S alavdore, S on M arroig, f or t heir c ooperation, g enerousity i n o ffering u p t heir s pacious a nd m agnificent f acility f or t he c onference: i ndeed m aking t he w hole a ffair p ossible. O f t he l ong l ist o f i ndividuals o ffering t heir t ime, r esources, g enerosity a nd i nterest, D r. J aime E nsenat f or t his h elp i n a ny n umber o f w ays h ave o ur p articular g ratitude. T o J ose ( Pepe) E nsenat f or h is p atience a nd g eneral h elp i n a n umber o f w ays t oo m uch a ppreciation c annot b e s hown. F or t he s taff a nd f riends o f t he D eya A rchaeological M useum a nd R esearch C enter ( DAMARC) t here i s a lso s pecial t hanks f or s ticking t he w hole a ffair o ut t o t he e nd . T his l ist i s l ong a nd i ndividual t hanks c ould m ake t his P reface m any p ages l onger. H owever, t he f ollowing n ames w ill g ive a t oken a cknowledgement t o t he g reat j ob t hey h ave d one. L ogistics, J acqueline D ee W aldren; my d aughters, T alis, D eia, T ana a nd M ya W aldren, T ana W aldren f or l ots a nd l ots o f s mall, s eemingly e ndless t asks; E dward A .C . S anders f or p rojection d uties; L ouise M aciejewski a nd R obert R aisch a s g irl a nd b oy f ridays. O f c ourse, l ast b ut n ot l east m y c olleague D AMARC a dministrative s ecretary , R ex C . K ennard , w ho h as s tayed r ight o n t op o f t he s ubject o f t he c onference f or t wo w hole y ears. T hanks m ust b e e xtended a lso t o o ther " c olleagues R obert W . C hapman a nd J ames G . L ewthwaite f or t heir c ounsel, i nterest a nd ' stick-to-it-ness'. W hile o n t he s ubject o f t hanks t o c olleagues, I p ersonally w ish t o o ffer m y d eepest g ratitude t o a ll t he c onference c ontributors f or t heir p articipation, w arm e nthusiasm, i nterest a nd f riendliness. I a m s ure l asting f riendships a nd f uture c ollaboration w ill r esult f rom m any q uarters; t he p resent m anifestation o f w hich i s i n t he f act t hat t hese c urrent v olumes h ave r esulted . A ppreciation i s e qually g iven t o D r. A nthony R . H ands a nd M r. D avid R . W alker o f t he B ritish A rchaeological R eports f or r ecognising i ts i mportance a nd t imeliness a nd w ho h ave m ade p ossible t he p ublication o f t hese v olumes, w hen I a m p ersonally s ure t hat a ll o ther p ublishers w ould h ave n ever a ccepted t o p ublish i t i n a ny w ay n ear t he e ntirety i n w hich w e s ee i t t oday .... f or n o l imit o r r estriction a s t o l ength w as s pecified . F inally , t hanks m ust b e g iven t o t he D AMARC F OUNDATION I NC ., M r. G eorge N . B arrie, P resident, f or t he f inancial a ssistance n ecessary t o r ealise t he D eya C onference i n t he f irst p lace a s w ell a s t his p ublication i n p art.

S ECTION

ONE

M AN AND ENVIRONMENT T he

p apers

i n

p rehistoric I n

s ome

t his

c ases

t his

f ocus

o f,

e nvironmental

s ection a ll r elate t o t he a daptation o f

t o d ifferent W est M editerranean e nvironments.

t hey

i nterpretation c entre

f irst

c ultures

s pecifically

i sland

r econstruction

o f a ttention. introduction

o r

A s s uch,

a ims

t o

o n

t he e vidence f or,

c olonisation,

w hile

s ubsistence

i n

s trategies

a nd

o thers f orm

t he

t hey c over a w ide r ange o f t opics a nd

p lace

t hem w ithin t he w ider c ontext o f

c ontemporary r esearch i n t he W est M editerranean. A

p aper

o n

M editerranean

t he

p attern

a nd p rocess o f t he c olonization o f t he

i slands e stablished J ohn C herry

g eneral

a rgument t hat t he p attern o f s ettlement c losely a pproximates

t hat

s ubject.

a s t he f oremost

o n

t o

t he

( 1981)

t hinker

p redictable

I n h is p aper i n t his volume h e r evises h is

f rom

t he

t heory

o f

i sland

b iogeography.

C herry's p aper d eservedly s tands a t t he h ead o f t his s ection b ecause i t d irects a ttention a t t he t heoretical p erspective w hich i ntegrates t he

r esearch

c arried

p apers

f ollow.

w hose

h ighlights i slands

i n a n umber o f f ields b y t he s pecialists

T he

' puzzle'

w hich

t he i ntroductory p aper

i s t hat o f t he p recocity o f t he s ettlement o f t he w estern

a nd o f t he p articipation o f t he i slands a nd t heir p eripheral

a reas

i n

a

i nteraction C herry

w idespread,

s phere,

r ules

w atercraft s heer

o ut

o ut

t he

h ave

s trategy.

T he d id

s lowness

o f

t he

m ost

r esources

p aper's t he

a

l evel

t he

i sland e nvironments, a

v egetation

open-ended,

t hough

s helves a nd t he a lleged

t o e arly p ostglacial c limatic

l ife'

w hich

w hich

p recarious

t he

o f t he c ontinental m esolithic o f

t he i slands

a v iable o r a t l east t olerable a lternative?

O r h ad s uch

p opulations

a lready

s ettlement

d eveloped s ubsistence s trategies which r endered

mainland-island

i ntensified

a t

p articuarly

a re

o f m ajor c oastal

o f

- t he d evelopment o f

- e mphasizing i n c ontrast t he

s ettlement

' quality o f

h omogeneous

c ulture g roup.

r epresented t he

t o

o f

h ighly W are

v ariable

c onclusions

l oss

t he

a nd

I mpressed

o bvious

p ermanent

r esponse

d epress

p opulation

i n

made

s uggestive: c hange

l onglasting o f

a nd t wo-way v oyaging s kills

d eficiency

w ould

t hat

c ontrast

i rrelevant:

f or e xample f ishing,

t he

c ollection o f v egetal r esources o r e ven t he p reneolithic

h orticulture

w hich

h as b een p ostulated i n a s outhern F rench c ontext

( Vaguer a nd B arbaza i n p ress)? T he J ohn

p apers Kopper

e arliest o n

t he

p resented c onsider

h uman

b y

t he

P aul r elated

S ondaar a nd h is c olleagues a nd b y q uestions

o f

t he

d ate o f t he

s ettlement a nd o f t he p ossibility o f h uman p redation

n ow e xtinct e ndemic m ammalian f auna o f I n

i ndirect e mphasize

c ontroversial, a lthough t he c onclusions merely a ntiquity o f p ermanent s ettlement o n t he w estern

a nd t he

b oth

c ases

t he

S ardinia a nd .Mallorca

r espectively.

1

e vidence a dduced i s n ecessarily

i slands.

T he

s uggested

b y

a ccepted o f

f or

t he

n ow

l evels

i n

t he b c

l owest

v oyaging

c ave o f

A egean,

o f

t he o f o f

( perhaps

' hunting c arnivore a bsence J ulie

o nly ,

t he

o f

M uleta

f ocuses

e xploitation

M yotragus

b y

m an,

s ite

S on

u nintentional a ttempted

e ffects

o ffer

a

b ase-line

p rehistorians o n

t he

c an

f rom w hich J uliet

b etween

t he

i ts e xtinction)

a nd

i ntroduced i nto t he i sland

o n

E dward

t he

S anders

m icrofauna t hrough

a nd

o f

J elle

M enorca

t he

R eumer

o f

h uman

o ften-overlooked,

i ntroduction o f c ommensal a nd s ymbiotic s pecies. o f

t he

p rehistoric

v egetation

o f M allorca a re

i n c omplementary a nd c ontrasting p apers b y B arrie J uniper,

b otanist,

a nd

J uniper

r ich

l ow,

i n

p ressure)

-

o f i n

d ense

d eciduous

a nd

p eriod,

r egards

i n

p rominence

n o a s

f avour

M editerranean

d uring

i n

t o

u nforested l andscape

w ithstand

t o m an? t rees

s evere

f orest

J uniper a lso emphasizes t he n ecessary

V ernet,

t o c omplete a d iet

b y c ontrast,

i nfers t hat a

w ould h ave s urvived u ntil a t l east t he

a nalogy

w ith t he n eighbouring and c omparable

C atalunya,

d isagreement M allorcan

t he h interland o f V alencia).

o ver t he a ntquity o f t he o live.

' wild

o live'

( ullastre)

o f

t he

t he

o rigin

o f

p ostglacial,

t he

o live

i n t he w estern

a lthough a dmitting t hat i ts

t he more r ecent l andscape d erives

f rom i ts

t o h uman i nterference w ith t he n ative o ak f orest.

v iew

b orne

e nvironment

o f

t he

a s a m ere

p roof o f t he p resence o f t his s pecies p rior t o a d omesticate. V ernet s tresses t he g rowing

r esponse

o ut

b rowsing i mportance

o f t he M editerranean m acchia o r

v itamins

l egumes.

b y

t he

f eral a nd h ence i ts i ntroduction

t he

( Languedoc,

p articular

e vidence

( able

p erhaps

a nd o ak

r egions

b y t he a nthracologist J ean-Louis

b ulbs a nd c orms s easonally o f c ritical

c ereals

i s

l ed

b ushes

p roviding

o n

S ubboreal

t eam

f ruit-bearing

b ased

m ainland

a

p ostulates a r elatively open,

i n

M yotragus

m atorral

b y

s piny

a nd

i mportance

i s

l ead t o

work.

i nterface

t o t he p oint o f

p articularly

V ernet.

J uniper

h ave m ade a

t he e arly p ostglacial

r ange o f d omesticates,

R econstructions

T here

( up

F errandell-Oleza.

t he

i nterference,

t o

t o

o f t he o nly e ndemic

a s r epresented b y t he a ssembage f rom t he v ery i mportant o pen

o f

c onsider

a

e nough

c ycles o f M yotragus o r P rolagus?

p aper

t he u sual

s ardus a lone

D id r apid p opulation g rowth i n t he

C lutton-Brock's o f

h ow c ould

m inimal b reeding u nits o f a

l arge

d uring

e conomic

t hat

w ith

T yrrhenian i slands i s l eft

( i.e.

s pecies

a nd

o f

o r

c ompared

s ubsistence b ase o f t he

i nvestigations i nto t he p opulation s tructure o f c ave

z ooarchaeologists

S ardinia

i nception o f f or p ermanent

b alearicus o r P rolagus

s ardous?

' boom a nd b ust' i n

o f

a nd p erhaps t hereby

p redators

H amilton's

M yotragus

T he t welfth

t he e xcavated e vidence a lone:

f easible)

n ative

u ncontolled

S ardinia.

e arly h unters c ause t he e xtinction o f M egaceros

C ynotherium o f

L ewthwaite

i ntermediate

i n a ccordance w ith t he

p opulations

t he

e conomy'

e astern

B alearic

b y

M yotragus

D id

1 981;

g iven t he g reater p otential

t he

h uman

h undred)?

c azioti

i n

q uestion o f t he r eal

u nresolved

v iable

( Cherry

S ardinia p roposed o n t he t estimony o f

' mini-mainland'

T he

s ettlers

C orsica

S ondaar's d iscoveries i n t he

C orbeddu

e xploitation

f ew

b c f or t he o ccupation o f M allorca

s outhern b y

s ettlement

M elos.

e ssentially s upport

7 000

s ettlement o f t he T yrrhenian i slands o n t he b asis f rom

t he

s ettlement e arliest

c .

l evel o f C otbeddu i s

i n

m inuscule

o f

c onfirmed

m illennium

t he

t he

e vidence

1 983),

t he

d ate

t he C anet c ave f inds i s i n a greement w ith t hat a lready

b y

r ecent G rotta

yernet's

r esearch i nto t he e arly p ostglacial d ell'Uzzo

2

f avourable

i n

northwestern

S icily

( Costantini V err iet

1 981).

c annot

a nthracological a ffects c onfirms

d ata

t hat

d isturbance

o f

d ecline

d eductions

o f

J uniper a nd

o f

t he

B aleares,

f eature

a

d eficiency w hich a lso

o f t he v egetational h istory o f t he

w hich

V ernet's

a nthracological

r esearch

t he e xtent a nd a ntiquity o f t he a nthropogenic

t he

c limactic

d eciduous o ak f orest d emonstrated b y

o f t he o ak a nd t he r ise i n t he f requency o f p ine,

a nd b oxwood a ctivities. T he

f rom O ne

m ainland

i s

t he

u p f or t he c ontinuing l ack o f p alynological a nd

S ardinia.

M editerranean

t he

N evertheless,

m ake

b rought

c ore

o f

a bout

D avid

z ooarchaeological

b y

G eddes'

r esearches

c utting,

p aper

b urning

a nd

o live

g razing

c onsists o f a s ummary o f h is

a t a n umber o f k ey s tratified c ave a nd

s helter

s ites s trung a long t he A ude r iver v alley i n s outhern F rance.

G eddes

a dvances

m esolithic

d isplacements s heep

c eramics a s

a

o n

a nd

t he

o ther

a ttributes

t hat

z ones:

s econdly,

t hat d omestic

o f t he N eolithic;

i n a dvance o f

t hirdly,

t hat t he f ourthly,

t o e ffective s edentary v illage-farming l ocated o f

G eddes'

v illage t he

t he

w ere i ntroduced i n s uccession r ather t han

t erraces

N eolithic.

m ixed-farming

m ajor r ivers d id n ot o ccur u ntil t he

p aper

p oses

a m ajor p roblem: c an t he c onfidently e xcluded f rom t he e arlier r egions o f t he w estern M editerranean ( as

b e

s o

p eriods

i n

o pposed

t o t he A ude v alley),

t he

f irstly,

o ver t he c ourse o f t he N eolithic p eriod:

t ransition a lluvial

M iddle

a ltitudinal

d omesticates

' package', t he

p ropositions:

s ettlement a nd s ubsistence i nvolved s easonal

i ntroduced i nto F inal M esolithic c ontexts,

m ajor

t hat

m ajor

o f

b etween

w ere

o ther

f our

p attern

c oastal

t hrough

' hich t he p rimary d ispersion o f i n v iew o f t he k nown c hanges

d omesticates m ust h ave t aken p lace,

i n

t he morphology o f t he l ittoral z one b rought a bout b y t he e ustatic

s ea-level,

b y

l agoon

f ormation

a nd

i nfilling

a nd

b y

d eltaic

p rogradation? J ordi

E stevez's

M allorcan

s ites,

p aper

C ardessar),

c ompared

s panning

a

p eriod

p eriod.

A nalysis

f rom

a

s tand

l ocated

t hat o f s everal e xtends

t he o f

t he

a nimal h usbandry o f t wo

a nd S 'Illot

f rom

( Sant L lorenc d es

s ites i n m ainland S pain,

t he N eolithic t o t he R oman

m ainland s ites r eveals a c onistent t rend o vicaprine 's t owards o ne o f b ovines,

i n

t he

L ate

B ronze A ge.

w ith a

T he M allorcan s ites

apart f rom t his p attern i n t hat t he o vicaprine p redominance i s

m aintained i n

w hich o f

w ith

( Montuiri)

w ith

p redominance

s addlepoint

d eals

S on F ornes

t he

t hroughout,

c ase

a lthough t he p ercentage o f b ovines d oes r ise

o f S 'Illot.

d omesticates,

w ith

c onsistently

t he

T he p ostcranial s ignificant

s keleton o f t he M allorcan

e xception

o f

t he

s maller t han t hat o f t he m ainland s pecimens,

g oat,

i s

s uggesting

a daptation t o t he e xigencies o f t he i sland e nvironment. A

s imilar

v ariation o f

t he

o ne

p eriphery

o f

m agisterial

o f

a fter B os t he

c lose

o f

t he

t he

f ashion

t he

i nterpretation

o f

m orphological

p ervades A lfredo M uzzolini's r eappraisal

s exual

t he

s pecies

p roximity

T herefore,

h e

t wo p apers t o d eal w ith t he M aghrebine M editerranean.

h istory

M uzzolini

H aving

r eviewed

i n

o f t he c ontroversy a nd e liminated

e xplanations d imorphism,

b rachyceros, two

o nly w estern

a nother

v ariability, w ith

w ith

r egions

v ery e xistence o f t he s upposed s mall p reneolithic b ovine B os

i bericus,

o ne

c oncern

b etween

i n

t emporal

t erms

o f

i ntraspecific

v ariation

a nd c onfusion

p oints o ut t he g enetic i mpossibiity

B os p rimigenius a nd B os

i bericus c oexisting i n

t hroughout t he P leistocene a nd t he e arly H olocene. c oncludes,

' Bos

3

i bericus'

c an

b e

n o

m ore t han a

p henotype o f The P at

B os p rimigenius a dapted t o a rid e nvironments.

s econd

C arter,

p urely

p aper t o deal w ith t he M aghreb,

r econsiders t he v exed question o f

a rchaeological

t ranshumance, r esult

o f

p rehistory

t he

g ained

o f

t hat

o f

d ate

o f

f ifth

p astoral t he

i s

C apeletti

t he

i n

B ritish

C ambridge

o f

p rehistory a s a

s chool

o f

dominated b y t he l ate E .S. t ranshumance w as

f rom

p astoral e conomic

H iggs.

T he

p ractised f rom t he very t he M aghreb i n

i n t he c ontext o f t he N eolithic o f C apsian

t ested a gainst f aunal and e nvironmental d ata f rom t he

c ave

c onclude

p henomenon

a rrival o f t he domestic s heep i n

millennium b c,

t radition,

t he

p rominence

i nfluence

( ' palaeoeconomy')

p roposition e arly

which the

data

b y C olette Roubet a nd t he demonstration

i n

t he

A ures

t hat t he a nnual

mountains

o f

A lgeria.

T he a uthors

t erritory exploited by t he occupants o f

t he

c ave must h ave d isposed o f winter p asture e lsewhere. I n

t he f inal

r ole

o f

p aper o f t he s ection,

p astoralism

o rthodox

i n

a ccounts

a nachronistically

o f

i nto

t he

t ranshumant

ovicaprine h erding,

t he

d imensions

by

p astoral

s ector

w ider

1 981),

S ardinia

a s a whole)

argues

while

would

i ntuitively d isplay an a wareness I n

( and,

a

f actor consistently

e ffect,

t he

g rowth

G ilman

i ndicates

t hat

work-oxen

a re

H aving

t estify

( 1981),

l arge-scale i mcompatible

b ased on c ereal

o f

t he

by e xtrapolation o f t he w estern

during t he C opper a nd B ronze Ages,

i ndirectly

by

t he that

p rojecting

p henomenon o f t he S econdary P roducts R evolution

p ostulated

t o

o f

Age,

p astoralism,

p alaeoeconomists.

M editerranean t he

o f

H e

h istorically c ontingent p atterns

o f

overlooked

p rehistory.

B ronze

p rehistory

o f

s ocial

J ames L ewthwaite d iscusses

S ardinian

t o

t he

s ocial

p art o f

( Sherratt

d ifferentation

s ince h istorical-ethnographic e vidence o vicaprine h usbandry and t he r earing o f w ith

t he

domestic

mode o f

p roduction

c ultivation.

c onsidered

p ass

o n

t o

a

f rontier

i n

t he

e ach p aper i n r eflection

various

i ts own r ight,

on t he

i t

i s appropriate

c urrent s tate o f the r esearch

f ields covered,

noting l acunae a s w ell

a s

p rogress.

S ETTLEMENT F or

a

h as

s tood

l ong

t ime i n

M allorcan

t he h igh a ntiquity o f t he c olonization o f C orsica

i solation.

p rehistory,

d iscoveries

f rom

h aving

o f

h ave

b een s ettled by F inal

f or

t he

f rom

t he

c lear t hat t he t erminus a quo o f been

7 000 b c while S ardinia,

c olonization

anomalous,

s ettlers

i s

would

s hifted

2 000 t o n early 5 000 b c,

date

more

c .

I t

o f

t he

b een

by

W aldren's

l argest o f the i slands,

may

Upper P alaeolithic g roups.

T he l ow dates

M enorca and E ivissa

s eem m ore and

p articularly i n v iew o f h ave

b ack

i s c onverging on a s imilar

( Ibiza)

t he g reater e ase w ith which

a ble t o r each Mallorca by way o f E ivissa

C ap N au r egion o f t he mainland r ather t han by a d irect

s ea

c rossing f rom t he C atalan coast.

P AL Y NOLOGY , P ALAEOBOTANY A ND A NTHRACOLOGY T he

f act

t hat

Mallorca

p rior

wrought

by

both o f t he p apers which d eal w ith t he vegetation o f t o t he

human

s ettlement

prehistoric

4

h uman

a nd

t he

i mpact s ubsequently

p opulation

are

e ssentially

d eductive

e ssays

r eflection m any

o f

r egions

M alta.

( without d ecrying t he a uthors'

t he -

T his

s erious t hat

t he

i s a s ad

S ardinia,

b ecause

s outhern I taly,

S icily,

i t i mplies t hat t he f lood o f

d ata w hich h as b een g enerated i n t he h umid n orthern

c annot

b e

d istortion.

o f

S pain,

u nfortunate

p alaeoecological

c ompetence)

o f p alaeoecological r esearch w hich a ffects

s outhern

i s

M editerranean

l ack

e xtrapolated

t o t he s outh w ithout c ausing

T he most o bvious i nstance o f t his i mbalance i s

g rowing a greement t hat d eciduous r ather t han e vergreen

o ak f ormed t he c limactic z onal v egetational a ssociation i n l owland r egions: i s t his a s t rue o f A ndalusia, t he P ithyusae o r S icily a s o f P rovence

o r

e vergreen t he

t he

P o

p lain?

c limax

i s

t o

i mplications

I f

t he

o lder

h ypotheses o f a z onal

b e r etained f or s ome r egions a t l east t hen

r equire

i nvestigation:

t he

d istinct

p atterns o f c ultural o r e conomic a daptation?

h ypothesis

d eciduous o f

r e-examined,

t he

a nd

e vergreen

w as t here a ny c orrelation

b etween

c atalytic

r ole

o f

f orests t he

r espectively

a nd

M ust C larke's

e vergreen

f orest

b e

p articuarly i n t he l ight o f d iscoveries i n t he s outhern

M editerranean, ( Lewthwaite

f or

i n

e xample

p ress).

a t

t he

G rotta

d el

' Uzzo

i n

S icily

V ernet's a nthracological t echniques m ay b e

a ble t o r esolve t his i ssue e ven i n r egions i n w hich p ollen s amples w ill a lways r emain s carce. T here

i s

c ontribution E arly t he a

l ack

o f

B alma

p opulations, d e

t hat

p rogress

i n

e stimating

t he

p roduce t o t he s ubsistence o f M esolithic a nd b oth

f or w hich p alaeobotanical

i ndicate o n

s imilar p lant

N eolithic

i slands, o f

a o f

l 'Abeurador

o n

t he

m ainland

a nd

r esearch i s e ssential.

i n

s outhern

o n

t he

T he f inds

F rance m ay b e t aken t o

t he d ispersal o f p reneolithic d omesticates t ook p lace

c onsiderable

s cale,

a d evelopment which s hould o ccasion l ess

s urprise a s t he e vidence f or e arly v oyaging i ncreases.

P ALAEONTOLOGY AND ZOOARCHAEOLOGY T he

s ame

t hat

d isturbing

o f

r egional

p alaeoecology.

F rance,

n orthern

C atalunya

a re

S pain

a w hole b enefitting f rom t he n umerous,

a s

f avoured

a symmetry o ccurs i n t his f ield a s

S outhern

c onservative, s cholars. t he

A mong

h usbandry

i n a nd

b y a r elative p rofusion o f f aunal a nalyses, i f m ethodologically

f aunal a nalyses o f t he S FTIH s eries p roduced b y G erman

p otential

r evolutionize

I taly

t he

i slands,

o f t he

a nd

e ven s tate

o ne o f

C orsica p rovides a n object l esson i n h ard-working

u nderstanding

o f

z ooarchaeoiogist p rehistoric

o f t he d ispersion o f t he e arliest d omesticates

t o

a nimal ( Vigne

1 983). I n o f

c omparison,

a ttention

e quivalent f aunal

t here

i ntegral

a n i s

e ffect,

e ssential o nly

i s

n ot

m atched

b y a n

c ontinue o f

C orsican

s cholarship o f

c omponent o f a ny e xcavation;

i n b oth

p rojects

u nder

' foreign',

i ncluding

d irection.

a uthorities r esponsible f or p olicy-formation a nd

t eaching

t he

o f

I talian,

t he

c oncerns c onception

w hich

a n oticeable t endency f or z ooarchaeology t o b e a n

f eature

m ainland Spanish o r I n

B aleares a nd S ardinia h ave r eceived a w ealth

p alaeontologists

c oncern o n t he p art o f p rehistoric a rchaeologists t o m ake

a nalyses

r egions

t he

f rom

t o

r egard a rtefacts a nd a rchitecture a s t he s ole

a rchaeologist

s ensu s tricto.

T he e xtent to w hich

h as p rogressed b eyond s uch a ttitudes t owards a

a rchaeology

a s

t he s tudy o f t he i nteraction b etween

5

man

a nd

r ecent

t he

B utser

H ill

a daptation V echju

i n

t owards t emporal

o f

a n

p roject,

t o

( Lanfranchi

a

over

t he

f irst

specifically

t he

c ommune

p ers.

c omm.

d ivisions a nd

B rigaglia

t he

i s

l ong

e xperimental

o f

t o

L ivia

d eal ( Levie)

i ndicated by t he

a long t he w ith

t he

l ines o f t he p roblem

e nvironment i n

s outhern

o f

a t C ampu C orsica

I n t he c ase o f S ardinia t he drive

p rojects b eing

h istorical

t erm i s

f arm,

Mediterranean

1 984).

multi-disciplinary

s ociologists ( e.g.

e nvironment

f ounding

w hich

i nstigated

i gnore by

t raditional

anthropologists,

geographers r ather t han archaeologists

1 982).

6

T HE I NITIAL C OLONISATION O F T HE W EST M EDITERRANEAN I SLANDS I N T HE L IGHT O F I SLAND B IOGEOGRAPHY A ND P ALAEOGEOGRAPHY

D r. J ohn F . C herry M useum of

C lassical

C ambridge,

A rchaeology,

E ngland.

A BSTRACT T his

p aper t ackles t he p roblem o f a ccounting f or t he d ates, r ates a nd

g eographical

p attern

M editerranean

i slands.

c ontext

o f

o f

o ur

k nowledge

s horelines,

a nd

t he

l ate

Q uaternary.

r esulted 1 8000

i n

B P)

r ise

i n

a nd

p resent n ot

o nly

o ther o f

i n

t he

W est

t he

p rogression

a nd r ecession o f

w ork

b y

v an

A ndel

a nd

S hackleton

h as

( c. 9 000 8 P) w hen p alaeogeography a pproached t he I t i s c lear t hat t races o f l ate p alaeolithic o n w hat a re n ow i slands m ust b e u nderstood

t erms o f w hich i slands w ere j oined t o o r s eparated f rom

i slands

c onstituted

3 22

o f

m aps o f t he a rea a t t he g lacial m aximum ( c.

a ctivity

a nd/or t he m ainland, b ut a lso o f t he e mergence o r l oss

s ubstantial

a pparent

c olonisation

t owards t he e nd o f t he r apid p art o f t he p ost-glacial

c onfiguration.

m esolithic

a bout

R ecent

l evel

a nd

h uman

p roblems m ust o bviously b e t aken i n t he

m aking a nd b reaking o f l and b ridges, d uring t he

g eneralized

s ea

t he

T he

p lains

a

t hat

t he

i slands,

a long

s ignificant

t he

c ontinental

e nvironmental

l ittoral,

r esource.

I t

i s

w hich a lso

i nitial s ettlement o f s ome o f t he l arger i slands,

i s

r oughly c orrelated w ith t he e nd o f t he r apid p hase

o f s ea l evel r ise. I n

a

1 98 1, d evice, a ny

c onsider

b iogeography, s uccessful

W est,

r ates

t he P rehistoric S ociety 4 7, i t

i s u seful, a s ah euristic

t he h uman c olonisation o f t he M editerranean ( or

m illennia

a nd

t hey

v ariables,

t he

s ize

I n t he

o f a n i sland a nd i ts

o f a n i sland 's f irst p ermanent o ccupation. I n t he p attern

v ery i s

m odel w hich h as b een s hown t o b e

f or t he c olonisation, e xtinction a nd

t he n earest m ainland, p rove t o b e g ood p redictors o f

t he

b c

m ight

t wo

t he

s ome

a p redictive a ccounting

d ate

h owever,

e xpected

t hat

o f

t hat

o f n on-human s pecies o n i nsular l and-masses.

f rom

r elative

i ncluding

w hich

i n

M editerranean,

s eparation t he

( Proceedings

I s uggested

o ther) i slands a s as pecific e xemplification o f t he p rinciples o f

t urn-over E ast

p aper

4 1-68),

t o

i sland v ery

r ecent

p p.

s mall

g eneral f aster

i s

l ess

c lear-cut:

c ertain

i slands,

o nes, a re o ccupied e arlier t han m ight b e r ate

o f

c olonisation i n t he f ifth-third

i n t he W est t han t he E ast.

V arious f actors

a ccount f or t hese d ifferences a re d iscussed, i n t he h ope m ay

s hed

s ome

l ight

o n

t he n ature o f t he c olonisation

p rocess i tself.

7

C onsidering a nd

h ow m uch e mphasis h as b een p laced o n m aritime m igrations

d iffusion

W est

i n

m ost p revious w ork o n t he e arly s ettlement o f t he

M editerranean

t hat s o f or t he i nitial

c olonisation

g eneralize

h as

d iscovery v ery

I slands

a nd

t heir

p eripheral a reas,

i t i s o dd

l ittle a ttention h as b een p aid t o t he p roblem o f a ccounting a bsolute d ates, r ates a nd g eoylaphical p atterns o f t he n o

o f

t he

d oubt

i slands.

A

c ertain

r eluctance

t o

b een o ccasioned b y t he v ery r apid p ace o f

i n r ecent t imes:

o ne m ust r emember,

f or e xample,

t hat t he

e xistence a nd s uccessive p hases o f t he S ardinian N eolithic h ave

b een d ocumented o nly w ithin t he l ast 1 4 y ears, a nd t hat p rehistoric s ites i n t he B alearic P itiussae i slands f irst c ame t o l ight o nly i n t he l ate r eviewed a dd t he

1 970s. T hese a nd y et m ore r ecent f inds a re p resented a nd i n o ther p apers i n t his v olume. M y p urpose h ere i s n ot t o

t o t his d ata b ase, b ut r ather t o m ake s ome g eneral r emarks o n p alaeogeographical a nd c omparative b iogeographical f ramework

w ithin

w hich

t he

f irst

c onsidered.

o ne's

b ack

l ocal

l evel

t his

o n

h ere

c ontext

t han

e arth's f inal

e ach

c olonisation

t he

i s

o ften

( 1982,

s urface

e mpirical

p .

t he

c ase

3 16)

i slands o f

p opulations

n ot

b efore h ard

o ffer

o ffer

l east, t he

t o

' fresh

r emarked,

M y

i nsights.

' all

A s

p arts o f t he

c onclusions'.

t hat t he u tilisation a nd c olonisation o f

a v ery r ecent f eature i n c ultural a t

h uman

o bviously,

f or w hat f ollows.

b ut i t i s b y e xamining t he r egularities t hat

w orld-wide

e vidence, m uch

b e

i s n ot t o t urn

a nd a ll p rehistoric s ituations a re obviously i n t he

t rue i s

b asis

m ay

r ecently

w e a re l ikely t o r each n on-trivial i s

i n m y v iew,

s imply t hat v iewing t hese d ata i n a more g eneralised

a nalysis u nique,

I t

s hould,

o f t he W est M editerranean i slands;

p rovides

i s

L ewthwaite

o f

I t s hould b e e mphasized t hat t his

t he p articularities o f t he e vidence a vailable a t t he

o n

e vidence

c laim

p roblem

t here w ould a ppear t o b e s uccessfully

e nd

s ee.

e volution:

e stablished i n i nsular s ettings

o f t he P leistocene.

W hy t his

s hould b e s o i s

E xcept f or s ome v ery l arge e xamples,

i nherently

r isky

o n p resent

f ew c lear-cut e xamples

e nvironments

w hich,

b y

a ll

i slands

c omparison

w ith

c ontinental l and-masses o f e quivalent s ize, s upport a n i mpoverished f auna a nd f lora ( Williamson 1 981) a nd w hich - i n t he c ase o f m an, i f n ot o nly

o ther o rganisms w ith

o ther

t he

words,

a ttractions,

f or a re

d ifficut

l ong-term

s urvival. t hus

a

o f

m an

a ppearance o ffshore

i slands

v isible

a bove

M editerranean,

p p.

e arly p opulations

t here

i s

( Gorman 1 979,

8 -21)

- c an u sually b e r eached

h elp o f s ome e ffective m eans o f w ater t ransport.

I n m ajor o n

t he

a s

i n

t o a

g et t o,

n umber

I n

i slands p rovide f ew d iscernable a nd i mpose m any o bstacles t o

o f d ifferent a reas o f t he w orld

c hronologicl

g ulf

s eparating

t he

f irst

t he c ontinental m ainland f rom h is a rrival o n m any c ases

h orizon. c urrently

T he

i slands n ot f ar away a nd c learly a rchaeological

u nderstood,

8

r ecord

i s n o e xception.

o f

t he

I f s ites

s uch a s L a R oche L ambert a nd V allonet i n S outhern F rance, I sernia i n I taly, a nd S andalja I i n Y ugoslavia g ive u s n o m ore t han a f leeting g limpse y ears

o f

h ominoids i n S outhern E urope b etween

a go,

E urope

w as

5 00,000

1 .6 a nd 0 .7 m illion

t here i s n onetheless c ompelling e vidence t o s uggest t hat c olonised

o n

a

p ermanent

a nd 2 00,000 y ears a go

M editerranean r estricted

i sland

a lmost

( Dennell

b asis i n t he p eriod b etween 1 983,

'c olonisation

i s

p p.

3 3-35,

a pparently

4 0-58). a

Y et

p henomenon

e ntirely t o t he l ast 1 0,000 y ears o r s o a nd i n b y

f ar t he m ajority o f c ases, t ook p lace e ven more r ecently. D espite t he f act t hat h e was e mphasizing t he a ntiquity o f i sland s ettlement, J ohn E vans' s ummary o f t he p osition i llustrates t he p oint: P resent

i ndications a re o verwhelmingly t hat most M editerranean

i slands w ere n eolithic b y a lready

f irst s ettled a t a f airly e arly s tage i n t he c ommunities i n whose e conomy f ood p roduction w as

p laying

r ole

M any

a n

i mportant

o f t he i nitial

a nd

u sually

d ominant

s ettlements t ook p lace d uring t he

p eriod c haracterised b y t he s low s pread a nd d evelopment o f f arming t hroughout t he a rea ( Evans 1 977, p . 1 4). L ike

many

p resent i t w as h alf

g eneralisations,

i ncluding

t hose

s uggested

t he W est M editerranean i slands w ere o ccupied,

l ater

i n

t he

p aper, t his i s o nly p artly t rue: a s I s hall d iscuss b elow, n ot i n f act u ntil t he f ourth m illennium b c t hat m ore t han s till

i n

v arious

c laims

i slands

a nd

t he

A egean.

f or

O ne

s ubstantially

t hese

a re

worth

p re-empt t heir c itation s uggestions t hat f ollow

m ust e arlier

b riefly

a f igure a ttained

a lso t ake s ome a ccount o f s ettlement

r eviewing

o n

h ere,

c ertain

i f o nly t o

a s c ases a pparently r unning c ounter t o t he ( see C herry 1 981, p p. 4 3-44 f or f uller

d ocumentation). I n k nown

t he E ast Mediterranean,

i ndisputably p re-Neolithic m aterial

f rom

1 970),

C orfu

S arantea-Micha 2 76-279). n ot t he

w as

i nto

t he

i s

1 980;

( Theochares 1 970,

i nteresting i n i ts own r ight,

t he p resent e nquiry,

i n

q uestion

w as d eposited.

f inds o n C rete,

f or

v arious

a rgument

p referably

( Sarantea-Micha

a nd H alonnisos

t hough

t o

E uboia

p p. i s

s ince e ach o f t hese

l inked b y d ry l and t o m ainland G reece a t t he t imes w hen

m aterial a ll,

e vidence,

r elevant

P alaeolithic i s

a nd M ishra 1 983)

T his

s trictly

i slands

( Sordinas

w ith

C yprus,

r easons,

u ntil

T he a lleged e vidence f or

K ephallenia,

K ythnos a nd S kyros

e quivocal a nd s hould n ot b e b rought

f urther i nvestigated a nd f ully p ublished,

d emonstrably

s ecure

c ommunities

t hat r eached C rete a nd C yprus b y b oat i n t he s eventh a nd

t he

p ermanent

s tatement

P erles

b e i n

o f

t empered

M elos

C ave

1 979),

i slands

c olonisation

m ust f rom

F ranchthi

i n G reece

t estifying

s ea-faring

abilities

i s

a p uzzle

a nd

i n t he E ast,

Upper

( 14C

P alaeolithic

d ated

l evels

a t 1 0,800 ± 1 60 b c,

i ndirectly t o m an's

a t

t he

1 -6129;

p resence a mongst t he

T his t ime-lag b etween t he f irst s ign

a nd

t he f irst d iffusion o f

i n i ts own r ight,

W eiss

f or

a lthough s uch a

b y t he i mplications o f t he p resence o f

e lsewhere ( Cherry 1 981; 1 984). I n t he W est M editerranean, ( Lanfranchi

i slands

l ate

s ubstantially e arlier.

c ommunities

E lba

I t i s t hus t he e arly f arming

m illenia b c t hat c onstitute o ur e arliest c lear i ndications

o bsidian

o f

( 1).

c ontexts a nd

a ge

s ixth

d eterminations

g eomorphological

r adiometric

l ikewise,

1 973,

9

p .

1 6)

o ne t hat

f ood-producing

I h ave d iscussed

t he Mousterian m aterial o n a nd t he m any P alaeolithic

s ites

i n S icily a nd even o n t he o ffshore E gadi

1 966,

p .

2 5;

c olonisation, I taly a nd

a t

s ince

t he

Maltese

dotted

G raziosi

g roups,

t he

dated

S ardinia,

however,

not

nor a ny o f t he

before

t he

t he

p osition

( Bernabo B rea

p roof

o f

i sland

i slands to p eninsular

N either

West M editerranean

c learly

i slands

p rovide

l inked t hese

( see F igure 1 A).

i sland

m aterial

do

l and-bridges

t ime

a round

1 953)

t he A eolian,

B alearic

s mall o ff-shore i slands

l ittoral

h ave

N eolithic.

s o f ar p roduced On

i s more c omplex.

C orsica

a nd

The t wo i slands

h ave n ever been j oined t o t he mainland i n g eologically r ecent t imes ( Conchon 1 976), but were l inked t o e ach o ther at t he g lacial m aximum a nd, moreover, s eparated f rom t he p rograded I talian s hore by a n arrow

s eaway

whose

U nfortunately, i s

i n

t his On

was

i n f act e xploited:

to e stablish a c learer p icture o f C orsica,

t he

north

d ate,

s everal o f

t he

f alling

p roblem.

o f e arly C orsican and S ardinian p rehistory

a s tate o f r apid f lux which p recludes potential

n eed

c rossing may n ot h ave p osed a ny r eal

knowledge

p re-Neolithic

c ertainty about w hether

t here i s a p ressing r esearch t he e arly s ites

s urface

i n t his a rea.

s catters are k nown f rom

i sland and a re p robably s eventh m illennium b c i n

roughly

i n

l ine w ith t he 1 4C dates

f rom p re-pottery

c ontexts a t Araguina-Sennola a nd C uracchiaghiu ( Lanfranchi a nd W eiss 1 972; 1 973; P hillips 1 975, p . 3 2). These two s ites, p lus B asi a nd F iltosa

Abri

r adiocarbon 4 7-48;

C amps

E arly

h ave i n

1 976a,

Neolithic

R ifugio, S u

D ', dates

a lso t he

pp.

y ielded c ardium-impressed p ottery a nd

s ixth

1 72-173).

i mpressed-ware

G rotta dell'Inferno,

C arroppu

( Figure

m illennium bc

2 ),

O n S ardinia, s ites

a t

( Phillips

p p.

t here are well-known

l ocations

L a Maddalena

1 975,

s uch a s G rotta

( Cala d i Vela M arina)

a nd

i n s ome c ases w ith n ow-extinct e ndemic f auna

( see, most r ecently, A tzeni e t a l. 1 981; T anda 1 982). S ardinian obsidian f rom s ixth m illennium b c l evels i n Corsica i mplies c ommensurately which

i s

i slands E lban

w ith

the

wrote

( Camps t hat

s till

t he

c ase

i n

Corbeddu

1 3,590

±

a l. 1 40

been

i f

i s

s imilar

B P

C ave p .

1 976),

f rom Tuscany v ia t he

t he

A d ecade a go,

f irst

s ettlement o f

L illiu

( 1972,

p .

f rom trial

t renches

man's p resence

i n t hat l evel

t he

i ndirect

s omewhat

s eems to

e vidence

t he

a rea s tone,

t ypologically i nspire

g eomorphic

of

a n i n

a t

w ill

overlap i sland

C ueva

r equire m eticulous documentation,

i ndeterminacy t hat s urrounds o ther r ather o f

man

s ettings

d e

a nd -

now-extinct,

f or

i nstance,

S on M atge i n Mallorca o r Megaloceros

( Tzedakis

4 74-476;

1 970,

pp.

e ndemic M yotragus

( Waldren 1 982;

c retensis

J arman n .d.;

a t G erani

C herry 1 981,

Much more s tartling a re r eports o f P alaeolithic m aterial

c hipped

2 1)

whether t hat

r ecent d iscoveries.

C lutton-Brock 1 980)

antiquity

A nglona

c annot

a l.

w ith an e arliest r adiocarbon d ate o f

C );

s uggestion o f

B ate a nd

4 3).

e t

p roximity o f t he

a nd t he o ccurrence o f modified M eQaceros b ones.

f auna

i n C rete

g reat

5 0km, i n

p resent a s equence

f rom

avoid

c laims

B urleigh

. t he

u nclear -i n v iew o f

( Oliena)

( Level

data

t o

P leistocene b alearicus

1 24).

s eems

C ave

t antalizing i t

p erhaps i nvolved

( this volume)

i nferred

s edimentation T his

o f

was p .

( Hallam

nothing e arlier i s y et k nown f rom S ardinia:

e t

h ave

t hat

c ontact

when one c ompares

c rossing

1 976b,

S ondaar t he

i nter-island

s urprising

archipelago,

C orsica i s

e arly

h ardly

a t

h alf

( Martini a ll

a nd

f rom

C lactonian, t otal

c ontexts.

a

dozen

l ocalities n ear P erfugas

P itzalis s urface but

c onfidence

p urely w ithout

U nfortunately,

1 0

1 981;

Arca e t a l.

c ontexts,

o f

i n t he

1 982).

T he

h as b een p ublished a s

m orphological s ecure

t hese a re

a ssessments

s tatigraphic a nd

l acking:

t wo o f t he

l ocalities a nd

( Rio

A ltana

w ater-rolled

w hile

t he

M alteddu)

r emainder a re

a nd

f inds

I nteriscias)

i n

r ecent

( Codrovulos,

i solated

r epresent h eavily a braded

a lluvium a long s tream c hannels, L aerru,

P reideru

a nd

G ivanne

r elict a lluvial t erraces w hose R issian d ate

i s

d erived s olely f rom c omparison w ith C onchon's r elative c hronology

o f

f luvial

t erraces

i n C orsica

s ee

n o

r eal

o ld

a s

h as b een c laimed,

b ecause t hey M editerranean y ears). T his s erve

t o

s how

s ome i nitial c aution i s

o ccupation i n b c, t he t ime

-

p .

1 0).

W hile

I

i ndicated,

i f o nly

i t

r eview

o f t he p resent e vidence s hould

w ith o ne o r t wo e xceptions, i s

a t m ost,

t o t he

d ifficult t o f ind a ny e xamples o f

i sland

e ither t he E ast o r W est M editerranean b efore c . 7 ,000 o f t he t erminal s tages o f t he l ast d eglaciation ( c.

1 6,000-6,000

bp);

s ubstantially

l ater

q uestion

c olonisation

c ursory

t hat

p attern

o bvious

1 982,

would b e t he e arliest i sland s ites a nywhere i n t he b y a v ery s ubstantial m argin i ndeed ( at l east 1 00,000

n ecessarily

g eneral

( Arca e t a l.

r eason t o d oubt t hat t he P erfugas s ites a re i n f act a s

m ost

i slands

t han

m ust '

a ppear

t hat.

b e

t o

h ave

b een

I f t hat i s a ccepted,

c olonised

t hen t he n ext

w hether t his r elative l ateness o f

i s m ore a pparent t han r eal.

i sland

H ere opinion s eems t o f all

i nto t wo f airly s harply d ivided c amps: P essimists a nd Optimists. T he P essimists a rgue t hat g eneralisation a nd model-building b ased o n s uch a u nwise.

s mall a nd b iased s ample o f e arly s ites i s p remature a nd T he w ay i n w hich t he a rchaeological r ecord o n s o. m any

M editerranean i slands h as b een c onsiderably l engthened b y a ccidental d iscoveries o r f ocused r esearch i n r ecent y ears i s c onsidered a s a n i ndication b e p ushed

t hat b ack.

b een

t o

l ost

m aximum

( a

t he a ntiquity o f i sland s ettlement w ill c ontinue t o T hey e mphasize, m oreover, h ow m any s ites m ay h ave

t he

m assive

p robable

s ea

m arine l evel

t ransgression s ince t he g lacial

r ise

o f

1 30m)

a nd t o a ccompanying

l andscape c hanges s uch a s f loodplain a lluviation, c oastal s edimentation, deltaic p rogradation a nd l agoon f ormation; i ndeed t here

i s

a

s trong l ikelihood o f d isproportionate s usceptibility t o

a ttrition

o f t he c oastal a nd r iverine s ites,

l ittoral

a nd

o n

u nderstanding O ptimists, a ll

m yself

more

i mpressed

p articular, o f

t he

l ast

we

f actors

a nd

by

t he

r elevant

f ailure

f or T he

a gree

t hat

t here

m ust

B ut t hey a re

s trong c hronological a nd g eographical t o

f ind

d eglaciation

d espite

m any

a nd

d ecades

( Cherry 1 981; c lear

1 984)

e vidence

t he

s pread

o f

o f s earching.

s hould n ot b ecome t oo o bsessed,

f ashion,

o f

a nd,

i n

i slands

f ood-producing T hey would a rgue

i n G uinness-Book - o f -R ecords

w ith t he q uest f or t he e arliest i sland s ite,

s eeking

c olonisaton m ore

m ost

i sland c olonisation.

a cknowledge t he c onsiderable i mpact o f

e xist a lready i n t he d ata

b y

c ommunities,

o f

b oth a long t he m ainland a re

i n t he M editerranean t hat w ere o ccupied m uch b efore t he e nd

t he

t hat

w hich

r emain m any e arly s ites t o b e d iscovered.

t hat

a nywhere

i ncluded,

l ast-mentioned

n evertheless p atterns

i slands,

t he c hronology a nd p rocess o f

t hese

m uch

t he

d ata

t o

u nderstand

i tself.

t he

p attern

a nd

T o i magine t hat t ruth w ill

a re i n h and

i s n aive:

i t

a t t he e xpense

p rocess

o f

i sland

s omehow e merge w hen

i s b etter t o g et o n w ith t he

j ob

o f t rying t o m ake s ense o f w hat w e n ow k now. T hat i sland a lmost m ust

k nowledge

i ncludes

s ettlement e ntirely s eem

a ll

i n t o

t he

a

s trong e mpirical g eneralization t hat

M editerranean i s a p henomenon r estricted

t he p eriod a fter c .

t he m ore s urprising

1 1

7 ,000 b c.

Y et,

i f t rue,

i t

i n v iew o f t he i mpressive b ody o f

e vidence c ases o f

f or l ate P leistocene a nd e arly H olocene s ea-faring,

i nvolving

o bsidian

c ited n ow

a s

f rom

t he

appears

i nto

r eturn

v oyages o n a r egular b asis.

M elos a lready b y t he e leventh m illennium b c,

e arliest e vidence o f l ess

e xtraordinary,

A ustralasia

a t

l east

open w ater ( Hallam 1 977; o f m any p revious w riters w ater

c rossings

M esolithic c hauvinism. i n

o nce

i n t he w orld,

g iven t he e vidence f or m an's e ntry

4 0,000 y ears a go a cross 8 0 t o 1 00 k m o f J ones 1 979; P erles 1 979). T he r eluctance t o a ccept t he p ossibility o f d eliberate

t he M editerranean d uring U pper P alaeolithic a nd

w as a n i ntegral

t he c oastal

1 983, t hat

i n

s ea-going a nywhere

t imes s tands r evealed a s W e m ust a lso r ecall t he

s eafaring

i n s ome

T he c ollection

a n i nstance o f t emporal p lentiful i ndications t hat

p art o f M esolithic l ife i n N orthern E urope

r egions o f t he B ritish I sles a nd S candinavia

( Dennell

p . 1 85): a t a bout t he s ame t ime ( c. s eventh m illennium bc) b oats t ook t he f irst s ettlers a nd t heir l ivestock a cross . more

t han 5 0km t he f irst

o f s ea t o C yprus a nd C rete, t ime b y s ea. T here i s

I reland t oo w as c olonised f or n o c hoice b ut t o a dmit t hat

m aritime m igration o ver s ubstantial d istances i s n ot a p ost-glacial a chievement a nd t hat e arly p opulations a round t he M editerranean w ere n ot c onstrained b y w hat J ohn E vans ( 1977, p . 1 4) c alled ' adequate means o f t ransport'. B ut t o a gree t hat t hey c ould p ut t o s ea i n b oats i s n ot t o s ay t hat t hey d id s o, w ith c olonisation i n m ind. I ndeed, t he g eneral a bsence o f l ater P leistocene s ites i n t he M editerranean a voidance

i slands

t han

o f

b egins

t o

i gnorance

l ook

a nd

m ore

l ike

i nability.

t he

r esult

o f

H ow c an t hat b est b e

e xplained? T he

p roblem

m ust

o bviously

b e

t aken

i n

t he

c ontext

o f o ur

k nowledge a bout t he p rogression a nd r ecession o f s horelines a nd t he m aking a nd b reaking o f l and-bridges d uring t he l ate Q uaternary, a s a r esult a t

evel s ea l

o f

l owest

( 1976),

s ea

t he

l acks

p alaeogeographic M editerranean, a reas

h ave o n

1 978)

a nd

r ise

o ur

t he

w ork

( e.g.

w ith

I n

a n

l ocal v an

m aps

o f

e arlier

p resented a t

b een

a

t he

l evel

e ffects a nd,

o f t he

A ndel

a nd

L ianos

t he

g lacial M editerranean

d iscussion

c rude

1 983).

m ap

o f

o f

i sland

t his

c olonisation

s ort

( Cherry 1 981,

( Thiede

s ea l evel

s howing

F igure 1 ).

t he T his

amended i n d etail b y t he u seful p alaeogeographic m aps

a nd l A

i n

t hat a re s till q uite g eneral,

t he g lacial m aximum

A ndel a nd S hackleton

E ast

F igures

t he

s uch a s t hat b y C LIMAP

a ssess

l eading t o a ccurate m aps o f s pecific s maller

u nderstanding

I

n ow

t o

t he c ombined u se o f b athymetric d ata a nd g lobal

c urves.

v an

a t

b egun

m ust

M editerranean o f

A g eneralised m ap o f world c oastlines n ecessary

c hanges s tudies

w e

p atterns, h as

d etail

s carcely

M eanwhile, b ased

c hanges.

l evel a bout 1 8,000 y ears a go,

W est

a nd

( 1982)

a nd S hackleton e t a l.

M editerranean,

1 B,

t hey

r espectively

( 2).

( 1984)

f or

A s s hown i n

p resent g eneralised p ictures o f

t he W est

M editerranean

a rea f or t he l ate g lacial maximum a round 1 8,0000 y ears

a go

t he

a nd

f or

p eriod a bout 9 ,000 y ears a go,

r apid p ost-glacial r ise o f t he s ea. T he 1 8,000 B P m ap ( Figure 1 A) r adically t hat

d ifferent

v arious

F ormentera Maltese

a nd

p eninsular, a ttention,

i slands

t o

w ere

I biza, E gadi

a s

w as

h owever,

i ndicates

f rom t he p resent. e nlarged

I t i s, a nd

E lba). i s

t o

S icily A

f eature

1 2

p alaeogeography w ell k nown

S ardinia t o C orsica,

( itself

t he e mergence o f

a

o f c ourse,

l inked b y l and-bridges

M inorca t o M allorca,

g roups

n ear t he e nd o f t he

w hich

-

t he

j oined t o t he,Italian h as

r eceived

l arge c oastal

p lains,

l ess s ome

o f

t hem

l ong,

w ell w atered,

o ff

l arger

E astern

p lains

1 982,

e xisted

F igure

b etween i slets

4 )

a nd

S outhern F rance a nd N orth-West

i n

t he

e ast

A driatic

o f T unisia,

I taly;

y et

( van A ndel a nd S hackleton t he l atter r educing t he g ap

A frica a nd E urope t o a m ere s ixty k ms o r s o, w ith s everal i n b etween. T hese s pacious p lains c onstituted a n

e nvironmental t he

up t o e ighty k ms w ide a nd s everal h undred kms

S pain,

l ate

c omplex

w hich must h ave b een o f m ajor s ignificance t o

P alaeolithic

a nd

M esolithic h unter-gatherers a long t hose

p ortions o f t he M editerranean l ittoral. M oreover, i f t here i s n o p roblem i n i magining d eliberate w ater c rossings a t t he t ime r epresented b y t his m ap, t he n arrow g aps s uch a s t hat b etween C orsica/Sardinia r epeatedly B inford s uch

a nd

t he

I talian

m ainland m ay h ave b een t raversed

i n t he c ourse o f s pace-extensive r esource m onitoring

1 983,

p p.

s poradic

1 09-192),

v isits,

a lso b e t rue 9 0,000-100,000

p erhaps

b ut n ot o f

p ermanent o ccupation.

f or e arlier c old B P a nd 1 15,000 B P,

( cf.

l eaving a rchaeological t races o f T his c ould

i ntervals a t c . 5 0,000-60,000 B P, w hen t he p alaeogeography w ould b e

q uite s imilar t o t hat a t c . 1 8,000 B P ( Shackleton e t a l. 1 984). I f s uch c rossings d id o ccur, w e h ave a lmost n o h ard e vidence f or t hem ( except, p erhaps, f or d iscussed a bove?). W hat i s m illennia

o f

d rastically m ore A ll

o r

r ising

a ltered

l ess i ts

t he

t he e arly m aterial f rom S ardinia, c ertain, h owever, i s t hat s everal

s ea-levels

W est

d uring

t he

p resent c onfiguration b y c .

l and-bridges

l ast

d eglaciation

M editerranean g eography a nd b rought i t t o 9 ,000 B P

( Figure 1 B).

j ust m entioned w ere s evered a nd t he m ajority o f

t he p lains d isappeared u nder w ater; t he o nly s ignificant d ifference f rom c ontemporary g eography i s t he e xistence o f n umerous s mall i slets b etween S icily s maller c oastal p lain h owever,

i s

l ess

g eographical

a ppear

f rom

t he

s ettle

f oregoing

p ermanently

i n

c ounter-intuitively, d eglaciation a ffair

s ettlement

a t

t he

a nd

t hemselves

t he

c hronological,

t he

s hould

v ery

t ime a lso

i t would

p lace,

s omewhat

a nd a fter,

r emembered,

t en t housand y ears).

p erhaps

t ook

v ery e nd o f, b e

f or

f irst s uccessful a ttempts t o

e nvironments

a t

i t

s ome

t han

t hat

i sland

o nly

( which,

l asting

d ifficult

a nd t he A frican c oast a nd t he r etention o f a e ast o f T unisia. T he p oint t o b e s tressed,

W hat,

t he l ast

w as a p rotracted t hen p rompted s uch

w hen i t w as b ecoming d istinctly m ore l ess

a ttractive

-

w hen

t he i slands

h ad b ecome s maller a nd t he c rossings t o t hem g reater t han

t hey h ad b een f or m any t housands o f y ears? T he

a nswer

e nvironmental d uring h as

t he

o f

t he

t his

up

H amond

1 981),

t he a

v ast

f or w hich D ennell

1 6,000 t o 6 ,000 bp ( 1983,

by

w ake

f aster s carcely

t han a ny

1 03-128)

C ontinuity

i s t he h allmark

i n

t emperature a t c .

1 0,000 b p.

T his

c olonisation

( cf.

p articularly i n t he A lps a nd P yrenees w ith t he r etreat

t he o f

r ise

a nd

i n S candinavia a nd B ritain,

m illion s quare k ms b ecame a vailable

M editerranean.

p p.

T he f inal d emise o f t he i ce s heets c ame

t racts o f n ew l ands f or p otential

g laciers, h alf

c ourse, t he

i n t he s equence o f

i n b oth e nvironment a nd c ulture, p eriod.

c onsiderable

o pened o f

a t l east i n p art,

i n S outhern E urope f rom c .

l ast d eglaciation,

t han c hange,

m ost

w ith

a nd

b e s ought,

r ecently p rovided a n i lluminating s ynthetic s ummary.

r ather o f

m ust c hanges

m assive M ajor

t he

l ate

c oastal d rownings a ll

c hanges

i n

o f

r ound E urope a nd t he

v egetation a nd f auna

f ollowed i n

w arming,

b ut t emperaturea c hanged

t he v egetation c ould r espond.

P ollen e vidence s uggests

w oodland

g lacial

w here n early o ne

- t hough o ffset,

i n

S outh

1 3

a nd

C entral

I taly,

G reece

a nd

South-West c old t o

T urkey u ntil

and

a rid

a warmer c limate,

g rowth

was

1 974;

more

1 978).

f ood

e nough. This

animals

s helter

l oss

i n

d ied

t he

t hat would e courage t ree

by h igher e vaporation r ates

o ut,

r eplace

o n

which

s uggests

p ost - g lacial

Mediterranean t he

o ffset

n ot

s cenario

e arly

p erhaps b ecause w hen the

l ast d eglaciation f inally g ave way

t he i ncreased r ainfall

t han

c ould

a nd

1 0,000 bp,

( Bottema

The most i mportant c onsequence s eems t o h ave b een that

c old-adapted c onditions

a fter c .

c onditions o f t he

but o thers b etter s uited t o w armer t hem

i mmediately,

b ecause t he p lant

t hey d epended h ad not y et m igrated f ar

( though

i t i s d ifficult t o document)

h unter-forager

c ommunities

a round

that

t he

West

l ittoral would h ave b een s queezed a nd s tressed b oth by

o f t he r esources o f r eplacement

o f

t he c oastal

g lacial

by

p lains a nd by t he t ime-lag

p ost-glacial

p lant a nd a nimal

species. O ne r esponse was t he d evelopment o f s ubsistence s trategies which i ntegrated a f ar w ider r ange o f t errestrial a nd a quatic f oodstuffs

i nto

1 978).

T he

c ereals,

f ruit

H olocene;

a

d iversified

e xploitation a nd

l ater,

n üt

i n

but

o f

t rees,

t he

s table

l ocally l egumes)

s eventh

r esource

a vailable b egan

m illennium b e,

b ase

( Clarke

p lants

( native

v ery e arly i n the t here

i s a m arked

i ncrease i n t he u se o f maritime r esources, f ollowed a lmost i mmediately by t he a ddition o f t he ' novel r esources' ( Dennell 1 983) o f

s heep a nd c ereals

t hat

t he

v aried

( but

a doption On

n ot t o

Adaptations' l ate

f ifth

s uccess

o f

t he

f or

i sland

move, of s ome

e leventh

b asis t hat

A t t he

t he t he

to a ssume t hat t he r elatively

s ome e xtent a r eflection o f

t he

j ump-off

l east p ressure o r

l ocations

i nclination to t he r esources

c .

t he

i nsular

i ndicated by t he I

S uch

would

i n t he E ast

p robably by mainland g roups,

i t i s

by

( Cherry a nd T orrence

7 000

t o c .

g enerally t he

a nd

1 982;

C herry

i mportant not t o p lay down t he f act

E ast a nd W est,

4 000 b c was t he g reat a ge o f t hroughout b oth N orthern and

i nitial

c olonisation

makes most

c hronological

u nlikelihood s ettlements

f inds a s

t hemselves.

y et not w idely s ettled on a p ermanent

U ltimately,

g eographical

i ncrease

i slands

t he c ase w ith t he C yclades

v isited,

c olonisation

t his

l arger

t he

b c,

i slands,

f ar

i s p art o f

' Post-Pleistocene

A nd t hat v ery s uccess may h ave m eant

b e

and

f rom

E urope.

t he

t o

f ourth millennium

S outhern

S o

h as

o f c ourse,

f amous

i ncreased e xploitation o f

o f

Mediterrnean

t o

i s

f elt

s ame t ime,

p eriod

o f

t his,

in t he most c onvenient

t o

known

a nd

n umbers

One

f act t hat

a lso

e xpansion

i tself

r egions t han i t d id i n o ther p arts

B inford's

quo.

m illennium

u ntil

1 984).

- which i n any

- met r ather more

( c.

knowledge

s eem

M editerranean: t he

M editerranean

h ad g iven t hem f amiliarity w ith s ea-faring and p erhaps

a ctual

c ertainly

i mmediate

t he

s tatus

t he

f oster t he

b c)

c olonisation

s eas

h owever,

a dapted to a

c utivation a round t he West M editerranean

' populations

despite

t he

i n

( 1968).

m illennium

c oastal

t he

i n c oastal

c ereal

i nteresting,

b ase d id n ot

a nd Western E urope:

p aper

a doption o f

i s

A siatic c rop c omplex

t o

c ontained

l ate

I t

p opulations w ell

t he o ther t raits o f t he N eolithic.

Western

s uited

c hange

a rgument

t hat

r esource

t he

well

i nterior C entral

t he

d ense c oastal

dwindling)

c ontrary,

i s

r esistance o f

o f

o f domesticates a nd a ll

t he

c ase

f rom Western A sia.

e xistence

o f

our

p re-dating

o f

t he

s ense when v iewed c ontext,

which

i n

must

d iscovering s ignificant t he

7 000

bc

h orizon

t hey s tand a t p resent.

h ave c oncentrated o n a c hain o f a rgument which r elates

absolute

d ate o f t he b eginnings o f

1 4

i sland c olonisation a s

a

p henomenon a nd

a nd

w hich,

mutatis m utandis,

t he W est M editerranean.

T here i s,

a pplies e qually t o t he E ast

h owever,

a r elated q uestion -

o ne t o which good a nswers d o n ot y et s eem t o e xist - t hat w e s hould a lso c onsider b riefly. I t c oncerns t he apparent d ifferences i n t he r elative

r ate

a nd

i sland h abitats A s

noted

a bout

t he

g eographical

p attern

o f

h uman e xpansion i nto

i n t he E ast a nd W est M editerranean.

a bove,

p resent d ata s uggest t hat c olonisation b egan a t

s ame t ime

( roughly 7 000 b c)

i n b oth t he e ast a nd w est a nd

o n t he v ery l arge i slands ( Cyprus, C rete, C orfu; C orsica). T hereafter, t here a re t wo d ivergences: 1 .

S icily,

S ardinia,

I f w e p lot t he c umulative p ercentage o f a ll t he i slands

( 3)

i n e ither a rea c oming i nto o ccupation m illennium b y m illennium ( Figure 3 ), i t c an b e s een t hat t he r ate o f o ccupation i s f aster t he

i n

t he W est t han i n t he E ast d uring t he p eriod b etween

s ixth

a nd

f ourth m illenia b c;

t he E ast

i n t he

l ate f ourth a nd t hird m illenia.

2 .

m ap

A

s ettlement

r eveals

a n

a re

p lotted

i nteresting

t hree l argest m illennium b c), v ery

o nly

o f t he E ast M editerranean i slands o n w hich d ates o f

i nitial

m ainland

' catches u p'

o f

i slands t hat a re t hen t he l arger

G reece

r apid

( Cherry

c hronological

o r T urkey

1 981,

F igure 4 )

p rogression.

( 4)

I t i s t he

f irst o ccupied i slands c losest

( 7th/6th t o t he

( 5th/4th m illennium b c),

t hen a

e xpansion i nto s maller i slands m uch f urther o ut t o

s ea, i ncluding m ost o f 4 th/3rä m illennium b c),

t he s maller C ycladic i slands ( late a nd f inally a m ore g radual i nfilling

o f t he t iniest, r emotest i slands, i n s ome c ases a s l ate a s R oman o r B yzantine t imes. I n •o ther w ords, a n i sland's p hysical

a rea

m ainland

a re

p ower I

a bout

h ave

w ith t he

r elative

r emoteness

( Cherry 1 981;

e cological

u s

t o e xpect

1 984),

p rinciples

o f

a s

o ther

s pecies).

M editerranean

r elationship F or a nd

l ie

t he

v olume), w ere

4 )

o f

i f

s eems

t o

S econd

s how

t hat

s uch a

i t c an b e s aid t o h old a t a ll.

i n s ize

f rom 3 t o 3 ,740 s quare kms

5 a nd 2 50 k ms o ffshore;

i sland,

y et

s election i n t he s ame

t he i slands w ere f irst o ccupied i n t he

t hese r ange

b etween

M editerranean b efore

( Figure

4 0%

b ut

i sland b iogeography

T his s ame e xercise a pplied t o t he

i s m uch w eaker,

i nstance,

N eolithic,

A s

t his i s i n l ine

( although o ne n eed n ot r egard m an a s

p assive v ictim o f c hance a nd n atural

W est

f rom t he n earest

w hich o ffer s ome d egree o f p redictive

e lsewhere

t he

l ead

m anner

My

i ts

t he l ikelihood o f s ettlement b y a g iven d ate.

a rgued

w hat

w ould

a nd

v ariables

s o

f ar

m illennium

t iny i slets

s hows b c

n o

I biza,

s ixth l argest

s igns o f o ccupation

( Fernandez

a nd T opp,

l ike P anaraea o r t he T remiti

t his

i slands

i n u se e arly i n t he N eolithic. question,

d isparities

i n

S atisfactory t he

f ourth

o r

i solates, c ultural

A s E ast

I

i s a nd

a nswers

d ifferences. 1 984),

t hen, r ates

h ow w e s hould a ccount f or t hese a pparent p atterns b etween t he t wo m acro-regions.

w ill a lso h ave t o i ncorporate a f urther s et o f h ave a rgued i n d etail

M editerranean

i sland

i n a r ecent p aper

( Cherry

s ettlements b efore t he l ate

e arlier t hird m illennium b c w ere d emographic a nd . c ultural w ith

h ighly

i ndividualised

c ontact a nd i nteraction;

1 5

a ssemblages a nd f ew s igns o f

i ndeed,

i n s ome c ases c olonisation

s eems

n ot

t o

h ave

l ocally

e xtinct,

P acific

i slands

h omogeneity s eparated t he

m ust

( Black

o f b y

b een s uccessful a nd t he i nitial

a s

t hat

i s

w ith

l ater

-

m ixed

p arts 4 5-74;

o f t he r egion G uilaine 1 976; n ot,

which

B y

c ulture

s ubstantial

i slands,

h ave

1 979).

m aterial

r apidity

s hould

a lso

c ontrast, a nd

d istances,

s ettlers b ecame

b een t he c ase o n a n umber o f i t i s

e conomy

t he r emarkable

s hared

b oth a long t he

b y

p laces

l ittoral a nd i n

c haracterstic o f t he W est a t t his t ime. i mpressed-ware

f arming

p ottery,

s heep,

T he

a nd - a l ittle

v illages b ecame e stablished t hroughout m any i s v ery w ell k nown ( e.g. P hillips 1 975, p p. 1 979; L ewthwaite 1 981; 1 982). T he c ontrast

p erhaps,

b e

p ushed

t oo

f ar.

L ewthwaite , ( 1981,

p p.

2 93-296) h as u rged c aution i n r egarding a n ' Impressed W are c ulture' a s a d istinct, d efinable e ntity. W e a lso n eed t o b e c areful t o a void

v italist

d ynamism

o r

p ackage

o f

d ecorated), a nimals a nd s o

a rguments

W anderlust.

a ppealing O ne

f eatures

-

a

f arming

m ixed

t o

o bvious

s edentism,

s ome

i nherent

p roblem

i s

c ultural

t hat a s imilar

t he u se o f p ottery

( often h ighly

e conomy b ased o n c ereals a nd d omestic

( especially s heep), i ntensified u se o f m aritime r esources, o n - i n a n o stensibly s imilar i sland s etting i n t he E ast a t

a bout t he s ame t ime d id n ot l ead t o a nything r emotely l ike t he s ame e nd r esult. N onetheless, t here i s a c ontrast t o b e d rawn: t he W est M editerranean

i slanders

o f

t he

i nitial c olonisation p hases a ppear

p recocious a s a r esult o f i nteraction, T his

i s

n ot

e xpansion,

t he

n or

a m

u nlike t hose i n t he E ast.

p lace t o e mbark o n a d iscussion o f t he c ardial I

t he p erson t o do s o:

L ewthwaite's t wo r ecent

p apers ( 1981; 1 982) p oint o ut m any o f t he i nterpretive p roblems a nd I a gree w ith h im t hat w e a re d ealing w ith a l ess u nitary p henomenon t han t hat

h as o ften b een s upposed. M y p urpose h ere i s m erely t o s uggest b iogeography a nd e cology b e a llowed t o p lay s ome r ole i n

e xplanations i ncorporate E ast

a nd

w hich s ome

t he

d eterminist

a re c ouched i n s ufficiently c omparative t erms t o o f

t he

W est.

t o

i n t erms T he W est

a nd

h igher

m uch

e ntirely

t o

w hich

p redictions

i n

l arge

i slands

o nes;

s econd, i s

a nd c ase

o verly

but

t his

i s d ue a lmost i slands

( the

s uch

c ircumstances.

t o

s ome

r ough

F irst,

p opulations c olonising

more

l ikely t o b e s uccessful t han t hose o n s mall

t he

r ate

o f i mmigration b etween t he mainland a nd a n

c onsiderably i slands;

c olonisation

t he

a llow

T he

o ught

i ncreased a nd

1 981,

l arger

i f

t hird,

e xist

i ntermediate i slands

i n t heir o wn r ight a nd t hey g reatly

p otential o f p p.

t here

l arge s tepping-stone

i slands y et f arther o ff-shore ( MacArthur a nd W ilson 1 967,

5 7-126).

T his,

s urely,

W est M editerranean i slands:

t hem b e

a ppear

S icily,

C orsica b ut

o ther m uch s maller a nd l ess a ccessible/attractive i slands

a ttained. t o

p .

h as b een t he

S ardinia a re a ll r eachable a cross modest s tretches o f w ater,

f rom c an

n ot

a re

W illiamson w ith

s ize,

b iogeography

o f t heir o wn i sland a rchipelagoes

2 7-33; a nd

i sland

a ct a lmost a s m ini-mainlands t he

i s

m ake u p 9 9% o f t he l and a rea); t here i s t hus a v ery l arge a nd v ery s mall i slands, u nlike t he

i sland

' stepping-stone' a ffect

i t

h as more i slands w ith a s moother s ize d istribution. o f

c an

t hink

t he e xistence o f a f ew e xceptionally l arge

p rinciples

i sland

a nd d ifferences b etween t he I

o f i sland s ize d istribution ( Cherry 1 981, h as b y f ar t he l arger t otal i sland l and a rea

a verage

s ix l argest i slands s harp s eparation o f E ast

i nstance,

t ake c ognizance o f t he m arked d ifference b etween t he

t wo r egions F igure 6 ). a

s imilarities

F or

b e

A s

E vans

( 1977)

h as a rgued,

t his d oes

i n f act

t he c olonisation p ath f ollowed i n p rehistoric t imes.

1 6

I t

i s

a lso

v ery

u npromising f irst

a re

w onders t heir

s triking

e nvironments i nvolved

w hether s ettlement,

( Cherry

1 984) w ere

T he

f actors

i slands o ffer r isky a nd p urposes,

r egional

y et

f rom t he

i nteraction s ystems;

o ne

n ot t heir r ole i n e xchange w hich p ermitted

r ather s ome

mostly

s ubsistence

e mergent

w as

f or

h owever, t wo

i n

i t

t hat s uch s mall

f or

t han v ice v ersa, o f

t he

s ettled

a s

I h ave a lso s uggested

v ery s mall A egean i slands

( which,

a t a l ater s tage t han i n t he W est).

t ogether m ight h elp e xplain t he p recociously e arly

p ermanent o ccuption o f, f or e xample t he A eolian i slands. P urely l ocal f actors n aturally, a lso, p lay a p art: s oil f ertility, w ater a vailability, d iversity o f w ild s pecies, c rucial r aw m aterials, a nd s o

o n.

T hese a nd o ther a spects w ill b ecome i mportant a s w e f ocus o n

t he e xplanation o f p articular c ases. M uch o f t he f oregoing w ill b ecome o bsolete a s e xploration a nd d iscovery c ontinue: b ut m y e mphasis h ere i s m ethodological r ather t han

empirical.

T he

p rinciple

a re

o f t he W est u nderstood,

M editerranean i slands i s a n p roblem; t he i mplications

r econstructions t here

a re

t he f ollowing.

p oints

c onsideration

h ave

n ot

a dvantages

i n

s o

f ar

F irstly,

b een

c omparing

I

h ave

p roposed

t he i nitial

i mportant, y et p oorly o f p alaeogeographic

f ully r ealised.

t he

f or

c olonisation

r ates

a nd

S econdly,

g eographical

p atterns o f i sland d evelopments i n t he E ast ä nd W est M editerranean, i n o rder t o h ighlight d ifferences a nd s imilarities d etectable a t t he m acro-regional

l evel

f or

t hem.

L astly,

t o

apply

s imple

c olonisation

a nd t o s uggest s ome o f t he f actors r esponsible i t i s u seful p rinciples

o f

a s a n i nitial e xploratory s trategy b iogeography

o f t he i slands b y a gricultural

i n

modelling

c ommunities:

m an,

t he a fter

a ll i s a n a nimal a nd w e do k now s omething o f t he w ays i n w hich i nsularity a ffects t he d istribution a nd a daptation o f a nimals ( 5).

1 7

N OTES 1 .

T he

s upposedly

r eferences 2 .

I

s hould

J udith

e arly s ites on t hese i slands a re d iscussed,

t o t he p rimary s ources,

i n C herry

( 1981,

p p.

w ith

4 3-44).

l ike t o r ecord my g ratitude t o T jeerd v an Andel

a nd t o

S hackleton f or t heir g enerosity i n a llowing m e to s ee a nd u se

t he

r esults

a nd

W est

o f

t heir s tudies o f

M editerranean

( 1982;

l ate Q uaternary c oasts o f t he E ast 1 984)

i n a dvance o f

p ublication a nd

f or much h elpful d iscussion. 3 .

' All

a rea. 1 17

t he i slands' T his

h ere means t hose over about t hree

n ecessarily e xcludes many v ery s mall

o ff-shore m ini-islands,

t heir

own a rchipelagoes

B aleares); H yeres ( see

t here

n ear

t he

H ouston

i slets which

c lose

a lso p .

a nd t he

m inor

T hese,

whose

g enerally

M any s uch i slets

3 5 o ff

l arger

i nsularity

known

f rom

i n

i slands h ave

i sland g roups

h owever,

k ms

I taly h as

S ardinia,

c oast a nd t he C olumbretes

6 11).

o n-shore, i s

other

P rovencal

1 964,

l ittle

v iew.

a re

f or e xample,

( 43 o ff C orsica,

s quare

i slets:

1 6 o ff t he s uch a s t he

o ff

C astellön

a re mostly very m inor

i s

n ot marked a nd a bout

t he archaeologcal

p oint o f

i n t he A egean appear t o h ave no s ites b efore

t he B yzantine p eriods. 4 .

T his m ap now s tands

D odecanese h as

a s

r eported

N eolithic

N eolithic

a nd

G iali,

T ilos,

B ronze

a ge

E arly S yme,

w ith

i ndicated

t he

O n

P atmos,

A limnia,

f rom

N isyros a nd K asos;

K asos

Melas

K os,

a nd E arly

N one o f t his material

documentation.

H e b oth

L eros,

R hodes a nd K arpathos;

Kalymnos.

s upporting

i n t he

( 1983).

( 1979;

i s y et

1 983)

h as

o f N eolithic a nd E arly B ronze a ge material

a nd

S aria.

U npublished c hance

f inds o f E arly

a ge d ate f rom I karia h ave a lso b een b rought t o my a ttention.

t he

whole,

s uggested

i n

s pecifically

t hese my

1 981

s ingled

f inds c ould b e e xpected 5 .

I am v ery g rateful

t o

my

my

absence

D ennell

e specially

B ronze a ge material o n A stypalaia,

e xistence

K arpathos,

B ronze

material on

C halki,

material

p ublished o n

i n n eed o f m inor r evisions,

a r esult o f r ecent s urvey w ork by S ampson

n ew

f inds

p aper: o ut

a s

f urther i ndeed,

s upport

t he

K arpathos

and

i slands on w hich

( Cherry

1 981,

pp.

t o J im L ewthwaite

D eya

a nd

i n

a nd F ulvia L o S chiavo

B oston;

5 6).

f or bringing u seful material a lso

t his

p aper

to P at P hillips,

f or p apers a nd i nformation.

1 8

I

s ignificantly e arlier

5 2 a nd

a ttention and f or r eading a n e arlier v ersion o f a t

p atterns

I karia w ere

i n

R obin

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( 4),

p p.

3 03-324. Waldren,

W .H.,

1 982.

E xcavation

a nd

S ettlements,

B .A.R.

W illiamson,

M .,

B alearic S tudy

1 981.

I nt.

P rehistory,

o f

C ertain

S eries

I sland

1 49,

2 2

and C ulture:

R ock

S helters

T he a nd

Oxford.

P opulations,

O xford.

E cology C aves,

Oxford

U niversity P ress,

L IST O F I LLUSTRATIONS F igures: F igure

1 .

The palaeogeographical t erranean: B .P.

( B)

B .P.

( A)

c onfiguration o f the West Medi-

a t the l ast g lacial maximum,

F igure

2 .

1 8,000 c .

9 ,000

The a reas s hown i n s olid b lack r epresent emerged

l and at t he t ime i n question F igure

c .

n ear the end of t he l ast deglaciation, ( After C herry 1 981,

1 a nd S hackleton e t a l.

1 984,

F igures

1 a nd 4 ).

T he location of s ome e arly i sland s ites i n Corsica a nd S ardinia m entioned i n t he t ext.

F igure

3 .

A p lot o f t he cumulative percentage o f a ll i slands i n t he E ast and W est Mediterranean c oming i nto occupation b etween the s eventh and t he f irst millennia bc 1 981,

F igure 4 .

( From Cherry

F igure 5 ).

T he West M editerranean,

s howing the r elative dates o f

t he earliest known occupation on each i sland.

( N.B.

Material d eposited on i slands at t imes when they were l inked

t o t he mainland during t he l ast g lacial period h as

b een omitted). Symbols: S tar w ithin c ircle - 7 th or 6 th millenium bc. C ircle

- L ater Neolithic

S tar - C halcolithic o r B ronze age Small s quare - H istoric P - P alaeolithic f inds.

2 3

( Punic,

G reek,

Roman)

ES MI PA • f igure

1

ES M I PA • f igure

2

M i l e n i u m

r e

N.

0 0

i t ) r .

0 i n

l e e s

e p t io ; sea l ; e p e 1dn330 s pue is ! J o e 6e lue3 Jed a nge inwno

, 1 1

1 ,•••• • • •

•

U M W aw m

ES MI PA

f igure

3

ES M I PA • f igure

4

F IRST R EPORT O N A P ALEOLITHIC C ULTURE I N S ARDINIA

D r. P aul Y . S ondaar D r.Poppe L . d e B oer I nstitute of

E arth

B udapestlaan

4

U trecht,

S ciences

The Netherlands

D r. M ario S anges Museo Divicio Speleo-Archeologico N uoro,

I talia

D r. T assos K otsakis D r. D aniela E su I nstituto di Geologia e P aleonttologia C itta Universitaria R oma,

I talia

A BSTRACT E xcavations

i n

u ndertaken f aunal a nd

t he

g roups:

t he

C orbeddu

C ave

( Oliena)

S ardinia

i n 1 983 w ere

t o b etter u nderstand r elationships b etween t wo P leistocene a

h are

s ignificance

y ounger

P rolagus o f

w hich

T yrrhenicola o ne w ith t he d eer, M egaceros

a nd

a n

a re

d iscussed

o lder o ne w ith N esogoral f auna; t he i n

d etail

i n

t his

p aper,

p articularly i n r egard t o s ubsequent f indings i n t he c ave. O f o f

m ajor

t he

p art t he

i mportance a re t he r esults o f t rial t renches a t t he r ear

C orbeddu C ave d emonstrating h uman r elationship o ccurring w ith

o f t his e ndemic f aunal s tructure o f t he P leistocene b elonging t o y ounger

w hich

T yrrhenicola

a ppear

f auna,

e specially M egaceros a nd P rolagus;

f rom t he e vidence t o h ave c oexisted w ith m an, f orming a

b asis f or h is e arly s ubsistence o n t he i slands. E arlier 1 955)

d iscoveries o f t wo P leistocene s uperimposed h earths ( Blanc

o n

t he

P leistocene c harcoal h unter

S ardinian

M an

a nd

a re

t hought

( Maxie

1 966).

C ave

f irmly

C orbeddu a ssociates

D orgali

a ssociated

c oast

w ith t o

H owever p laces

h ave

e ndemic

h ave

f auna

e vidence o f a s w ell a s

b een t he a bode o f aN eanderthal

t his m an

p roduced

f ossil

i n

n ew r ange o f e vidence f rom t he S ardinia, c irca 1 3 ,000 b c a nd

h im i n t erms o f a bsolute d ates w ith t he T yrrhenicola f auna

o f t he i sland.

INTRODUCTION T he

i slands o f t he M editerranean a re w ell k nown f or t heir u nbalanced

e ndemic P leistocene m ammalian f aunal s tructures. D uring t he p ast t wo d ecades e xtensive f ieldwork a nd s tudies o f e xtinct i sland f aunal s pecies

h ave

d evelopment

l ed

t o

a mong

s uch

c reatures

h ave

b een

a

t he

a s

b etter

' dwarfs'

d eveloped

u nderstanding

o f t he e volutionary

m ammalian p opulation o f i slands a nd

' giants'.

e xplaining

i n r egard t o

A t t he s ame t ime,

m odels

t he p arallel e volutionary p atterns

u ndergone b y s uch o ddly e volved i nsular s pecies ( Sondaar 1 977). T he p rehistoric e nvironment a nd e volutionary f actors o n i slands, e specially q uite t hat w ere

t hose

s imilar

w ithin

t he

M editerranean

f or l ong p eriods.

A lso,

i t i s

B asin,

must h ave b een

i nteresting t o c onsider

i n t he o verwhelming n umber o f c ases l arge c arnivores o n i slands c ompletely a bsent, a nd a lthough i n s ome i nstances q uite l arge

m ammals s uch a s d eer, e lephant a nd h ippo e volutionary t endency w as t oward dwarfism. A s

a

c ommon c haracteristic,

p resent,

a re

s urprising t hat

i n

v ery

p resent,

s uch n ormally l arge a nimals,

t heir e ven a t

a pt s wimmers a nd a re c apable o f t raversing q uite

d istances t he

d iverse

w ere

o f

s pecial

m ammalian

open

w ater.

p rehistoric

g enera

I t i s a lso a n a ccepted f act

e nvironments

o f

i slands

f ollowed r emarkably p arallel

t hese

e volutionary

l ines. H owever,

n ot i n e very c ase a re t hese b road r estrictions

g eological m any

o r

g eographical

f actors)

p resent.

( based o n

A nd i n s ome i nstances

o f t he e volutionary c hanges w ith r espect t o t he e nvironment a nd

e volutionary

d evelopments

f ound i n i nsular m ammals c an b e e xplained

i n t erms o f a daptational p rocesses; p redators a mong o ther f actors. A s

a n

c hanges, t he

e xample w e

s ee

o f a

d evelopment

i nteresting l ines

t o

t he

o utcome

s uch a s t he l ack o f c arnivorous o f

i nsularity a nd e volutionary

t endency t owards a d ecrease i n s ize,

o f n ote

l ow

g ear

l ocomotion;

a nd

J apan,

a long w ith i s

f urther

t hat s imilar e volutionary p atterns a long t hese

a re f ound n ot o nly o n M editerranean i slands,

s eparated

i t

g eographically

t hroughout

t he I ndonesian A rchipelago,

t he

w orld;

t he C hannel

b ut o thers w idely i slands

I slands

s uch

a s

( California),

e tc H owever, b e

f ound

q uite i n

i nteresting

a spects

o n

t he

O n f rom

S ardinia, t he

c ontrarly,

dwarfed.

I n

e specially

w ith

m odels

o ther

o f

e xception t o t he g eneral

t he c ase o f t he i sland o f S ardinia,

u nbalanced.

m any

t hat,

a n i n

t he i ts

t he d eer M egaceros c azioti d iffers

d eer t hey

c ase f ossil

o f

r ule a bove c an

w here t he f auna i s

o f o ther M editerranean i slands d o

S ardinia, d eer,

d oes

t he

e volutionary

n ot

f it t he e volutionary

i slands where l arge c arnivores a re absent

3 0

i n

n ot h ave s hort l egs a nd a re n ot t rend, ( Sondaar

1 977). O n M .

S ardinia,

c azioti

a s mall P leistocene c anid w as p resent t ogether w ith

a nd

T yrrhenicola.

I t i s l ogical t o p roject t hat t he

P leistocene e ndemic dog w as r esponsible f or t he d ifference i n t he a ccepted n ormal e volutionary p attern. I n

o rder

w ork

h as

t o

c ollaboration N uoro.

s tudy

b een

w ith

T he

r emains

a im

o f

b een

t o

e ndemic f rom

r ich

i n C orbeddu C ave

S oprintendenza

h as

w hich

e xceptionally

o ut

t he

t he

s uccession,

t his p henomenon i n more d etail,

c arried

f rom

p revious

c ave's

e xcavations

s ardus

S ardinia)

i n

more e vidence a nd m aterial t he

h as

d eposits o f P leistocene m ammals,

s pecies a s o chotonid P rolagus

r ecent f ield

A rcheologica o f S assari a nd

c ollect

d eer

( Oliena,

s tratigraphical s hown

t o

h ave

e specially s uch

( Dawson 1 969).

T HE CORBEDDU C AVE AND THE STRATIGRAPHY IN THE M AIN H ALL T he

g eographic

4 0 01 5'07" t he

N

N E.

n umber

t he

S ardinian

m ore

s maller

o f t he

( Plate

C ave

a re

m inor openings a re p resent a nd i n t he p ast, a nd

e ven

l arger

e ntrances,

n ow

c overed

a o r

m ay h ave b een p resent. i n a l arge c hamber a t t he

t he p resent c ave s ystem a nd b elow t he p resent i nferior l evel c ave

1 :1)

L ayer

C orbeddu

I ts m ain e ntrance f aces t o

t rial t rench w as d ug t o a bout 1 20 c m.

b ack o f

o f

2° 5 7'59" W ( Figure 1 ).

O ther o f

c ollapsed, A

c oordinates

a nd

( Figure

2 ).

T he

s tratigraphical p rofile s uccession

f rom t he u pper most s tratum t o t he l owest i s a s f ollows:

1 .

3 5 cm.

o f b rown c lay w ith a ngular l imestone p ebbles,

b ones o f d omesticated a nimals a nd s ome c eramic f ragments. L ayer

2 .

5 0 c m.

o f r ed c lay w ith a bundant r emains o f P rolagus

s ardus. L ayer

3 .

4 0 c m.

o f r ed c lay w ith s mall q uartz p ebbles a nd f ossils

o f M egaceros c azioti. T owards l imestone i tself, t he

t he

w ide

were f ound.

T his

t he

c ave

w hich

w all, a re

i ncreasing a mounts o f

p roducts o f t he c ave w all

A s t o t he l evels t hemselves,

T hese

S eptember, w as

s tratigraphical

1 982

d ug

w hen

r esulting

d etails o f w hich a re a s a .

o f

f ragments,

t he t hicknesses o f

d ifferent l ayers w ere v aried a nd t he i nterfaces b etween t hem n ot

p arallel. i n

s urface

b reccia

L ower

l evel

s tratum

c onsisting d iameter t o

t he

o f

g ravel

p resent r emnants

S E,

i n

t rench

i s

f ormed o f

b y

a n

r ounded

a pparently c ontinuous g ravel q uartz

t he

T he g ravel

p robably

f loor

l evel,

c omparable

e xisted a s

t o

3 1

i n

s hows a v ague b edding i nclined a

i ndicated

l ithology

l ayer

p ebbles u p t o a bout 1 c m.

a nd t owards t he n earest c ave w all

w ith

d eep a nd 2 .25 m .

f ollows:

c oarse s and.

f ill

c ave

1 m .

a s imilar s tratigraphical p rofile,

( Layer 3 )

m ainly a nd

c onditions w ere f urther s upported

a s ubsequent

3 ).

T his k ind

d epth o f 1 .5 m .

a bove t he

b y

a ttached

( Figure t he t o

p oorly c emented t he

c ave w all.

However, d epth

e rosion

o f

9 0

f ragments l ocated

must

cm.,

h ave

t o

t he

r emoved

most o f t his gravel down t o a

p resent

d ay

l evel.

T he c onglomerate

a re coarsest n ear t he c ave w alls a nd a s t he i n c arbonate r ock,

t he q uartz p ebbles a s

c ave

i tself

t he g ravel

l ayer must h ave originated f rom o utside t he c ave.

b .

l evel

M iddle

T hree

c onditions

c onglomeratic t he

c ave

a re

d egrees. ( 60-70

T o

t he

walls i t

c lay,

a re

t here

n orthwest

f rom

i t

c reated

T he p ebbles

s ediment. T he

o f I t

T he o f

upper r ed

c arbonate

a

i s well

bounded

i s

( Figure

3 0% of

t herefore,

c onsolidation or

f ull o f t races o f b urrowing

T owards t he c entre o f t he c ave, i solated

occurs w ithin t he c layey p art o f t he c lay a nd i t i s

c emented by c arbonate. i n d ifferent d irections

3 ).

1 )

l ayer o f t his s ection i s

1 9 t o 3 0 cm.

w ith admixed c harcoal r emains,

f ragments

r ed

no s uch s teep

p resent w ithin t he s ection and an 3 0%

b y

c emented s teeply

w hich c ontains over

i s bounded by s teep s lopes

( Layer

c lay

b y

a fter n atural

c lay

gravel

c ontains

a ccumulation

T op l evel

s ilty

a re

s andy

o f over 5 0 d egrees c .

r ed

e ither

were p robably worms.

s mall

i ncrease t o a bout 2 0

U nder n atural c onditions

a rtificially. s ome

a n

u nit

s andy i nterval,

a nimals

a ccumulation

i s

a nother

i n f resh a nd u nconsolidated s ediments,

b een

which

s outheast

approaching t he maximum a ngle

t op

s eparated

f ormed h ave

t he

i n t he d irection o f

t he a ngle o f t he accretionary

c alcium-carbonate.

m ust

To

a re i nclined

3 0 d egrees,

t he

d ipping

p resent.

which

A t t he base,

over

t oward

d egrees)

s econdary

wall.

a nd

b ioturbated

a re

o ccur

s lightly

r epose

2 )

( units)

l ayers

n earest

l ayers o f

( Layer

i s

t hey are p resent i n

t hick.

I t c onsists

a nd , a s tring o f a ngular

i n t he m iddle.

A BSOLUTE D ATING 1 4C

d ating c arried o ut i n t he

1 4C l aboratory o f G roningen U niversity

g ave t he f ollowing r esults: L ayer

1 .

C harcoal,

d epth

L ayer

2 .

C harcoal,

d epth 6 0-85

2 5-30 cm.

L ayer

3 .

D eerbone,

depth

c m.

1 10 cm.

( GR N -11433):

6 260

( GR N -11434):

9 120

± 1 80 b p. ± 3 80 bp.

( GR N- 1 1435):

1 3590

± 1 40 bp.

P ALAEONTOLOGY a .

F aunal

A s

observed

t he

e volution o n S ardinia by

e xtinct

u nbalanced f aunas

R hagamys

i n

( 1981),

v ertebrate

c haracter.

a n

c azioti, o lder m inor

P rolagus one,

a nd

t he

P rolagus

( 1)

l ike o ther Mediterranean f auna

W ithin

c an b e d istinguished:

Me9aceros ( 2)and

Kotsakis

e ndemic

t he

o f

P leistocene

a y ounger

s ardus

P leistocene

a nd

o f

I slands,

S ardinia

i s

S ardinia two

Tyrrhenicola Tyrrhenicola

f auna w ith h enseli,

N esogoral

f auna w ith N esogoral m elonii,

f igaro.

S o f ar T yrrhenicola h as not

3 2

b een

f ound

f rom

t he

v ole

o f

t he

o f

o f

l ow s ea

w ith

A llophaiomys t o t he e ndemic

der

Meulen

1 973).

a rrived

l evel

T his s uggests t hat t he

o n S ardinia

t he M iddle P leistocene; during a cold p hase,

Mediterranean,

h igher

demand

s ometime d uring t he

h aving b een m ade p ossible by

p robably t he E buronian.

r eaching

s imply o n t he b asis o f

f or f ood t han murids,

overseas

f ar

( van

N esogoral m elonii.

i s t hought t o b e a ncestral

a re not commonly f ound i n e ndemic P leistocene

t he

f or

B iharian

Tyrrhenicola

part

Voles o f

a ssociation

S ardinia

a ncestor e arly

i n l ower

d ispersal.

a n

F or

t hus,

e xample,

making t hem l ess

t he

m ainland.

T his

s uitable

i f v oles were s uccessful

i sland b y drifting o r swimming,

f rom

i sland f aunas

f act t hat t hey h ave a

w as

i n

t he i sland could n ot b e

p robably

t he

c ase

w ith

S ardinia-Corsica during t he E buronian. I n

other

c annot

be

w hich

i s

M iddle

s o

P leistocene a lso

s uch

t he a rrival o f o ther v ertebrates o n S ardinia a ccurately.

a ccredited

p ossibly t hat

i nstances d ated

a

mammals

s pecies; C apo

( Caloi

i t

i s

a nd

A

M alatesta

1 973;

A zzaroli

1 979)

may

I t m ay p ossibly b e

i n t he N esogoral

f auna.

i nteresting t o n ote t hat i t appears t hat t he

P rolagus a nd Rhagamys a re e ach r epresented by d ifferent

a s d emonstrated i n two f issure f illings o f d ifferent a ge o n

F igari.

H ere,

o ne f issure c ontained a N esogoral

o ther a Tyrrhenicola, b .

f or e xample,

n ew m igration w as t he c ause o f t he e xtinction a nd s ome

addition,

t wo

c azioti,

h ave a rrived during t he E buronian.

o f t he evolutionary e lements I n

Megaceros

t o b e r elated t o m ainland s pecies o f t he L ower

f auna

( De B ruijn p ers.

f auna a nd t he

c omm.)

L arge Mammals p reliminary

s uggest

f rom l ayer

3 i n Corbeddu c ave

t he p resence o f a c ervid o f average s ize;

s tudy

p ossibly M egaceros

c azioti.

H owever,

a lthough,

t he

v ariation

o f

( 1974)

i n

r epresented. 1 ,

r ibs

a s

l ower

f ar

no

d iagnostic a ntlers h ave been f ound;

m easurements

o f

t he

Megaceros

numbers

g iven

T able

s o

the material

l ong

bones

f all

w ithin

t he

c azioti a s d escribed by C aloi a nd M alatesta

f rom D ragonara.

T he a re

o f

o f I n

t he well

p ostcranial

T able

1 .

l ayer

e lements

f ound during t he

S ome e lements

3 i n l ocality T o f

l ong bones are mostly b roken. s harply

broken

s mall

j aws o f t he v arious d eer s amples

1 982 s urvey

l ike t he p halanges a re u nder H all

3 ,

a s

s hown a lso i n

T here a re s ome c omplete

f ragments.

E xamination o f t he

f rom l ayer

3 s hows t hat t here

g iven

c omparison

i s a p redoninance o f young animals. I n

F igure

p opulation t he

o f

mortality

a grees l ayer

4 ,

age

c urve

r ate

i s

3 ,

i s

f rom C rete.

h igh i n

w ith o ur e xpectations.

w ith a

l atter s pecies,

j uveniles a s w ell a s t he o ld;

w hich

c ombination o f c omplete bones a nd

s uggests an e xceptional

T he M icrovertebrates o f

i n

I n t his

T he age d istribution o f t he d eer f rom

together w ith t he unusual

f ragments of r ibs c .

t he

t he e ndemic deer

t aphonomy.

t he Corbeddu C ave

T he m icrovertebrates r ecovered f rom t he d ifferent

3 3

l evels a re:

L ayer

3 :

( The n umber o f

f ossils e xcavated w as

l imited to 2 ( ?)). Q uantity

H ydromantes

sp.n.

D iscoglossus

( see L anza

1 983)

1

s ardus T schudi

E mys o rbicularis P odarcis c fr. C oluber c fr.

1

( Linnaeus)

t illiguerta v iridiflavus

1

( Gmelin)

r are

( Lacepede)

r are

N atrix s p.

1

N esiotites s imilis

( Hensel)

T yrrhenicola h enseli R hagamys o rthodon L ayer 2 :

( Here,

1

( Major)

1

( Hensel)

common

t he f ossils r emains a re more abundant t han t hose

i n l ayer 3 ). H ydromantes

sp.n.

D iscoglossus P odarcis c fr. C oluber d fr. N esiotites

( see L anza

t illiguerta v iridiflavus

s imilis

R hinolophus

g en.

T yrrhenicola h enseli R hagamys o rthodon 1 :

( Lacepede)

c ommon 1

( Schreber)

1

( Major)

r are

( Hensel)

abundant

f ossil r emains

t o t hat o f L ayer

s p.n.

1

i ndet.

s tudied . i s more or

l ess

2 .)

( see L anza 1 983)

common

s ardus T schudi

r are

B ufo v iridis

L aurenti

r are

H emidactylus

t urcicus

c fr.

C oluber c fr. N esiotites

v iridiflavus

s ylvaticus

f auna

f ound

s uggests

more

a lthough

sparse,

i ndicates

f ossil

h umid

r eptiles

o f

f ound t o

( Lacepede)

c ommon 1

note

v ery r are

( Major)

1

( Linnaeus)

very r are

( Hensel)

common

i n t he t hird

l ayer,

c onditions D iscoglossus

adjacent

m icromammals

i nteresting

common

( Linnaeus)

R hagamys o rthodon

T he

1

( Gmelin)

( Hensel)

T yrrhenicola h enseli Apodemus

( Linnaeus)

t illiquerta

s imilis

Myoxus 91is

and

common

D iscoglossus

P odarcis

s p.

1

( Gmelin)

e t sp.

( The n umber o f e qual

H ydromantes

common

( Hensel)

f errumequinum

V espertilionidae

L ayer

1 983)

s ardus T schudi

s ardus,

b rooklets

o nly s till t hat

w hen c ompared w ith

during d eposition.

E mys orbicularis a nd N atrix

a nd/or s wamps.

F urthermore,

r epresent P leistocene species; e xisting

on

t his

t he

i s

H ydromantes h as b een f ound f ossilized

3 4

l ayer 2 ,

The p resence,

t he

i sland.

f irst

( Kotsakis

I t

o ccasion

1 981,

t he

amphibians ' is a lso on w hich

i n p ress).

I n

l ayer 2 ,

i mportant

i s

t he f act t hat two o f t he

a re

c onfined t o aquatic e nvironments a re m issing.

t he

conditions

t hose

during

i ndicated

i n

deposition

l ayer

3 .

o f t his

Apart

3 species which

I t

i s

l ikely t hat

i nterval w ere drier t han

f rom

t he

c hiropteres,

a ll

m icromammals a gain b elong t o e ndemic P leistocene species. I n

t he

f auna

uppermost

appear,

c ase

o f Nesioties

d isappeared. p resent

The

T he

l arge t hat

t heir

number

bones

two o f

o nly

i s

a lso

k nown

Myoxus g lis

a re t he

a s well a s

while i n t he

t hey h ave n early l argest o f t he

Myoxus g lis

i talicus

1 978). s alamander l ived

r emains

c an b e e xplained b y t he

i n t he c ave.

D ue t o t he f ragility o f

f ew r emains o f t his animal

l ives

t he

but

e ntered

S ardinia

s imilis

e xtinct d .

t he p resent i sland

Myoxus g lis;

i n

C orbeddu,

h ave b een c ollected

a nd a ctually w e h ave c aught

i nteresting t hat Myoxus g lis a nd Apodemus

f rom

N uoro), N .

o f

S ardinia,

o f

a

s till

m ammals o f a nd

t hem).

I t a re

o n

( Storch

two

a nd Tyrrhenicola h enseli,

s pecimens

H ydromantes

( Hydromantes

( 1)

s ylvaticus

s imilis

s ub-species

B arrett-Hamilton f act

l ayer

Apodemus

t here i s

o ldest t hey

a re

a ssociated

w ith

l ater during t he H olocene; m issing

a lready,

( Sanges a nd A lcover

s ylvaticus

l evels o f t he G rotta S u G uanu whereas

p robably

( Oliena,

o ther m ammals which i n C orbeddu C ave

b ecause

i t w as a lready

1 980).

M alacofauna

T he f ollowing m alacofauna was c ollected f rom t he d ifferent

L ayer

l evels:

3 :

A s ingle

f ragment o f

H elicidae

L ayer 2 : C ochlostoma

s ardoum W esterlund

P yramidula r upestris

common

e ndemic

( Draparnaud)

e uromediterranean/ r are

horth-african Chondrina

avenacea

Oxychilus

oppressus

( Shuttleworth)

Cochlodina k uesteri

( Rossmaessler)

Marmorana

( Brugiäre)

( Tyrrheniberus)

Archip d e T oscane

r are

endemic

abundant

v illica

1 :

Cochlostoma Hypnophila Oxychilus Cochlodina

T he

c ommon

e ndemic S ardinia-Corsica

( Paulucci) L ayer

1 s pecimen

c entral-south e uropean

s ardoum W esterlund b isacchii G iusti

oppressus s p.

r emains

Mesogastropoda

( Shuttleworth)

e ndemic

abundant

e ndemic

1 s pecimen

endemic

r are r are

( fragments)

c onsist

o f

t errestrial

( Prosobranchia)

a nd

3 5

molluscs

S tylommatophora

o f

t he

.o rders

( Pulmonata).

M ost

o f

t he

t ransport. 3

i s

t he

a s C .

s upplied o nly o ne f ragment o f

p oorest

s upplied h and

s pecimens a re w ell p reserved a nd do n ot s how t races o f H aving

most

o ne

w ith

s pecimens

r espect

a s

H elicidae,

t o t he m alacofauna.

w ell a s s pecies.

L evel

l ayer L evel

2

1 o n t he o ther

s hows a p oor f aunal c ount w hich s eems t o i ndicate a d ry c limate

c ompared t o t he l evel b elow. I ndeed, t here i s a p redominance o f s ardoum, w hich i s k nown t o p refer d ry a nd w arm c onditions. C ertain

a nd

s pecies

t hermophiles

v egetation.

f rom a nd

T his

r epresented

i n

l ayers

t hey

1 a nd 2 a re c alciphiles,

l ive

i n

v egetational

l ayer

1 ,

a nd

a reas

w ith

c haracter

l ogically

a

s eems

i t

s eems

A ll

m ollusc

s pecies

( Giusti

a nd

e ndemic; o thers d istribution, a nd i sland

m ust

a venacea S u

( P.

i n

o f

t hese l evels 1 983),

r upestris

a re

h ave

i s

f ound

C astagnolo

a nd

E uropean

o ccurred

during

t he

( Nuoro)

( Esu

1 978).

T ertiary,

w ider t he

w hile t hat o f

F or b iogeography C .

i mportant,

b eing

a rea.

a re

t o h ave c olonized S ardinia,

k nown

a

C .

l evels o f t he N uraghe

p articularly T hey

h ave

T heir i nvasion o f

f ound i n t he L ower V illafranchian

C asteddu

best

f our o f t hem a re

a venacea)

o rigin.

b e

l ive o n S ardinia a t

a lthough

C .

t o

a boreal

t o i ndicate a n l evel 2 t o 1 .

i ncrease o f d ry t emporal c onditions s preading t hrough p resent

x erophiles

p oor

k uesteri

i s

a c ommon s pecies f rom t he T yrrhenian C orsica a nd t he

T uscan A rchipelago.

ARCHAEOLOGY a .

P alaeolithic

A t

t his

m eaning w ill

s tage o f r esearch, o f

t he t aphonomy f ound i n l ayer

c onfine

m arkings

i t i s n ot p ossible t o i nterpret t he real

t he

f ound

i nterpretation

o n

t he

b ones

t o

a nd

3 o f t he C orbeddu C ave.

W e

p resenting a rguments t hat

t he

t heir

p osition

i n t he d eposit

i ndicate h uman a ctivity. D uring w ere p art i t

t he

t wice

e xcavation

i n

S eptember

f ound c lose t o e ach o ther,

1 982,

o f t he t ibia w as p ointing t o t he p elvis, ( Plate

1 :3).

p henomenon

w as

p lace

a gain

a nd

T he

O ften

a

1 :2,

s imilar

i n

r ight

w hile

o ther

b oth

c ases.

t o

This

1 983 e xcavation n ear t he s ame

i nstances.

T he

t ibiae

s howed w orking

s ide.

a nd t he

a t a d istinct a ngle i n

l eft o ther

b one o f t he s ame i ndividual w ere f ound b ones

o f t he a nimal m issing.

O n P late

t wo h umeri o f a y oung i ndividual a re s hown.

O n e ach

w as

f ound a gain d uring t he

t races o n t he p roximal t ogether,

a ngle

a p elvis a nd a t ibia

i n s uch a w ay t hat t he d istal

P late

2 ,

o ther,

t hree p ieces, I n

a

t wo f ront

d eposit

d iscovered

w hich

a nd

w as

a djacent

s hows

c lear

l ayer 2 ,

t o

l ayer

b roken o n t he d istal

s ide.

( Plate

3 a,

f ound n ext t o s eparated i nto

s capulae t o b e f ound. 3 ,

a

t races o f a rtifical

f ound i n t he r iver c onglomerate I n

T hey w ere

T his s capula w as

n ot a v ery c ommon w ay f or f ossil

r iver

w hich

l imbs a re s hown.

w ith a s capula o n t op.

T his w as

metatarsal ( human)

w as

w orking,

t he o nly f ossil

3 b).

o nly a f ew f ossils o f d eer w ere

f ound a nd a ll o f them

w ere f ragmentary a nd c learly worked o n. M ost s urface r est

o f

t ibia ( Plate t he

f ound s howed working t races o n t he p roximal a rticular 5 :1-3), b one.

s eparating t he t ubercle o f t he t ibia f rom t he I n

l ayer

3 6

3

s uch a t uber w as

f ound s eparated

( Plate

5 ).

O n t he b ones, v arious k inds o f w ork t races w ere f ound, s uch a s d eep g rooves, a s o n t he l ower j aw o n P late 4 ( 3b). A l ower j aw w as f ound

w ith

b roken b een

a

o ff

c lear

f rom

u sed

a s

a

s ome w ith s mall T he

c ut b elow t he D P4

t he

t eeth,

k ind

( Plate

7 ).

S mall p ieces a re

g iving t he i mpression t hat t he

o f t ool.

j aw h as

M any i solated i ncisors w ere f ound,

p ieces o f e namel b roken o ff.

u nusual

a ge

d istribution o f t he

j aws does s uggest t hat o nly

t he y oung s pecimens w ith s harp c usps w ere u sed a s a t ool. A

d eep

g roove

o ften f ound o n t he d istal p art o f t he f emur,

t his

4 :1).

F iner s cratches a re a lso f ound o n m any b ones.

S ome

i s

w as

w hile

p arts

e specially 3 :1,2). w hich h as

p resent o f

i n

b een

D uring

t he p resence o f a m ale s kull

p art

1 983

h all

h as b een b roken.

e xcavation,

s ide

o f

T he f ractures o f t he s kull ( Plate

) .

more m ale s kulls w ere f ound b roken a nd

s ame w ay.

w ere

h ere

( Plate

( Plate 6 :1)

3 o f C orbeddu more d eer m aterial w as c ollected,

f ossils

f ound

i s

( Plate

T his w as f ound

p olished a nd p eculiar s cratches a re v isibile

p olished i n t he t he

t he b ones a re . polished a nd b urnt.

f ront

t he

I n

t he p roximal p art o f t he h umerus

t he c ase o f t he m etatarsals o n t he d istal

N oteworthy t he

o n

w as

m uch

m ore

f ragmentary.

r emarkable;

w hile

b ut h ere

T he n umber o f p halanges

i n l ayer

3 t hey w ere r elatively

s carce. b .

N eolithic

B oth

t he

l arge

p reliminary e xplorations a nd s ubsequent e xcavations i n t he

h all

o ccupation s ystem, f orm

o f

a rchitectural

r emnants

a rtefacts

o f

c onical

e arseptum-like f ragmentary w hich

p ettine

h ave

h uts

o f

r evealed

a re

( ?).

p resent,

m illstones,

h uman

w hich m ay p ossibly

f ragments

M oreover,

o f

p ans,

c ups a nd

s ometimes,

h aving

n umerous o ther f inds w ere m ade o f

o f N uragic a ge,

v ariable

d istinguished b y t heir s ee

o f

S urface c ollection h as p roduced

p ots o f t he B onnanaro C ulture,

p ottery ( e.g.

e vidence

A nd i n t he f ront s ections o f t he c ave

s tructures

h andles.

a re

s)

C ave

s mall

c onsisting

t runcated

o f

C orbeddu

o ver a l ong p eriod.

i n f orm a nd s ize,

' comb'-decoration

F adda t his v olume).

s ome

( 'ceramica a

A lso s ome b one a wls a nd a

b ronze c hisel w ere f ound. E xcavation d ifferent s talagmitic T he

t he

i nterior

I n

f loor,

o ccupation; m ixed

i n

l evels.

l evel

e xcavations

uppermost a nd

l ayer

a nd

f ishes

w ell

A mong

p artly b urned b y f ire.

k nown

a lready

I ghinu

t wo

w ith

( Trump, t he

a s

a t t imes c overed b y a d istinct

w ere

i ncluding b ones

e lements

a re

p erforated s p.

o f

o f

P rolagus

T he v arious f rom

e pisodes

o f

f ood r emains,

T he s oils c ontained t he

r emains

d omestic s ardus,

w hich

t his p ublication).

c haracteristic

a nd

w ere

O ther

n ecklace

p erforated

3 7

w as

i ndustries r epresented

B onu

T here a re f ragments I ghinu

d ecoration,

f inely w orked b one awls

n ecklaces c onsisting o f C olumbella r ustica, l aterally.

o f

a nd w ild

t he M iddle N eolithic o f t he

b lades a nd m icroliths o f o bsidian,

a nd

G lycimeris

r emains

t ypologically

C ulture

c eramics

i ncluding

t hese

m olluscs, a s

s ometimes B onu

s howed

f rom h earths z ones.

a nimals.

o f

t he c ave y ielded s till

w as

c ontained a l arge q uantity o f

t errestrial

c rustaceans

a re

o f

w hich

a n E arly a nd M iddle N eolithic h orizon.

w ith a sh a nd c harcoal

m arine

s ectors 1 ,

a t

e lements t he

u mbo.

w ere

w hich m ade o f

A lso a l arge

amount

o f

m icroliths

u nequivocally s hows I n t he

t he

b ones

o f

obsidian

w ere

f ound;

e vidence

w hich

t hat t he working o f t he t ools w as done i n s itu.

u nderlying

r emains

o f l ayer,

o f h earths.

P rolaQus

f ood r emains were

H ere t oo,

s ardus

a nd

f ound t ogether w ith

t here w ere f ound marine molluscs,

o ther w ild a nimals;

i ndicative o f a

c ulture b ased e ssentially on h unting a nd g athering. A lthough

t he

c ultural

c learly

d emonstrate t heir o rigin a s

quite

s mall

c lear

i mpressions obsidian,

a nd

f rom

materials

w ere

e xcavated,

the

E arly N eolithic.

c eramic

m icroliths,

l evels

i s

s o f ar

This a ssessment

w ith

a nd

l ithic i ndustry o f

t he

A n

i ts

b urins,

a bundance

t ypical

b lades a nd

obsidian

r epresenting k napping d ebris.

o f t hese

f inds

e vidence s crappers,

a rrowheads.

f ound,

d ating f or both

y et

d ecorations,

o f

t ranchet

a s

t he

c ardial

c onsisting

t ransverse

a reas

f ound a re not p articuarly abundant

o f

i s

t he

e lements

b ecause

f lake

The r adiocarbon

s till p ending.

T APHONOMY a .

P alaeoecology

T here

i s

a

i ndividual c ontinental ( 1).

f at

domesticated a nimals G u s g lis,

I n

t urn,

f ragment o f

b eing

b ones

T he

d eer

r emains a s

c ontents

t he t he

f ound i n t he uppermost l ayer i n t his

H olocene

were

f ound

by

a nd

( tuberositas t ibiae,

o f

p artly

P rolagus

l ayer r esemble t he S anges

a nd A lcover

P rolagus

burnt,

I nterestingly o nly

a

P late

p erfectly p reserved

5 :2).

s ardus were f ound.

A lso,

a n umber

T hey s howed s igns

s trongly i ndicating t hat man cooked a nd ate

s ardus.

o ther

d iffer

f ossil

w as

f aunal

S u G uanu.

o f

o f a t ibia

b urned

dormouse,

t he

l ayer 2 i s r ich i n P rolagus r emains.

p halanges

o f

t he

d escribed

f rom t he G rotta

f ew

t he

b etween

Among t he

c omposition

( 1980)

d ifference

e dible

F urthermore,

f aunal

a

c lear

l ayers.

s maller

v ertebrates

f rom o ne a nother,

f ound

i n

but t he molluscs

l ayers

1 and 2 d o n ot

b etween t hese

l evels

s eem

t he t axa

f rom

t o i ndicate a n i ncrease o f d ryness. I n t his

l ayer l evel

3 ,

d eer bones were p redominant.

p oint t o a more humid b iotope,

Moreover,

e specially s ince

f rogs a re

p resent. I n

s ummary,

d eposited

a s

t he s ediments o f dust,

i ntermittently

wet,

a lthough b ased

T he A t

a ppears

to h ave b een d isturbed by man.

a long

t he

s pot,

c ave

l ayer

5 0 cm.

w all

F inally, t he

3 , other

t he

s hows

was

e xamination

T he

e vidence

S edimentological l ower

been

3 w as

l argely

n ot

l evel,

l east

t he gravel a nd c lay

T he g ravel

f ossiliferous,

s ediment o f l ayer apart

3 ,

f rom

t he

o f a d eer.

o f t he d eer b ones

d emonstrating l ayer

a t

i nfluenced b y f lowing

i n t he

f iner s oil o f

t hat t hese could h ave been m odified by man.

during t he d eposition o f b .

h ave

b elow t he s urface,

d iscovery o f a worked h alf metatarsal l ayer

m ust

t he b ioturbations p robably c aused by

worms.

o ne

o f

on

1 a nd 2 w ere p robably m ainly

2

w ater. 3

f ormation

l ayers

l ayer

t he

makes

T hat and

p resence o f man i n t he c ave t he e vent most

c ertain.

observations

a s w ell

a s t he

3 8

l eft s ection o f t he conglomeratic o f

t he

m iddle

t o

a

l evel,

g ravel

l atter.

T he b y

a

i ndicated

b y

t he

t he

r esult

b ody

S ince o f

t o t he l ateral a ccretion o f t he t he

m iddle

( intermittently)

l evel

w as p robably

s tanding w ater.

a

T his

s eems q uite e vident a s

t he

p resence

p ermanent

t he c ave's A t

t he

c ertainly

b ody

w ater,

T his i s p robably

f or worms t o l ive

o xygen a nd f ood a re

o f w ater would h ave l ed t o t he a n i ntemittent p ool w ith

o f t he s ediment s urface a t l east m ust

s ame

i n

o f

s upply o f o xygen,

d essication

o ccurred.

r epresent

o f

e xtensive b ioturbation w hich t ook p lace;

i ntermittent

h ave

d ue

c lay

o f

s ediment

e xhaustion

w as

s ilty

o f worms.

s uch

n ecessary. i ts

w hich

r ed

d eposited

w ithin

s eem t o b e t he r esult o f a p eriodic p ool a djacent

b ar,

t ime,

p art

t he

t he a nimal r emains

n ecessary

f ound m ust

f ood r equired f or t he

b urrowing o rganisms. T he a n

t opmost

a dmixture

f ormed

l ayer c onsists m ainly o f r ed c lay w ith s ome s ilt a nd o f

c harcoal

r emains.

T his

l evel p robably h as b een

s ubaerially a nd t he c lay a nd s ilt w ind d eposited.

o f

a ngular

o f

s orts

f ragments a nd

T he s tring

i n t he m iddle s eems t o r epresent a c ave f loor

t he c harcoal

f ragments a re i ndicative o f

( sub)

r ecent

h uman a ctivity d uring t he f ormation o f t he u pper i nterval. S o

f ar,

t here

s tratigraphical H owever,

t his

s teeply w ith

i s

d ipping

t he

a re

n o

p roblems

s uccession n ot

a ll

a s

i nterfaces

i solated

g ravel

i n

t he

i nterpretation o f t he

a s b eing a n atural s imple

b etween h ump

a s

t he

s edimentary p rocess.

i t s eems.

T here a re t he

g ravel a nd t he c lay a long

i n t he m iddle l evel.

T he w alls o f

b oth t hese o ccurrences a re f ar t oo s teep t o h ave b een f ormed b y a n atural d epositional p rocess. T hey m ust h ave b een f ormed a fterwards. p resent, t he

T he

t hat

c ohesion

e rosion

w all a s w ell

t he

t he

h and,

a s

a p ossible c ause,

g ravel u nits

i s

s o l ow,

e ven a t

w ater w ould h ave l ed t o a c ollapse o f

a s a d ecrease o f

O n t he

o ther

o f

u nder

i ts a ngle t o a m uch l ower d egree.

s ubaerial e rosion b y w ind c an a lso b e r uled o ut a s t his e rosional

f orce i s . too s mall.

M oreover,

p ebble l ag w hich o ne would e xpect i n t he c ase o f n atural e rosion

i s

a bsent.

I n

( more

t han

u nit)

c annot

i t

i s

w hile

a ddition,

6 0

d egrees) h ave

t he

s and w hich i s a ttached t o t he s teep

s ides

o f t he w all

( left h and c onglomerate

b een d eposited b y n atural p rocesses.

T herefore,

r easonable t o a ssume t hat t he - w alls w ere c reated a rtificially t he

c aused

s ediment w as m oist,

i t

t o

b e

s o t hat t rapped w ater i n t he s ediment

s ufficiently c ohesive t o a llow t he f ormation o f a

s teep w all. A ssuming t he

i dea

w ater. w hich t he

a n o f

T hese t hey

w all

a ctivity

a rtificial o rigin o f t he f ormations,

o ne c an p roject

a nimals o r m an d igging a h ole i n o rder t o r each g round f ormations

a re r ather w ell o rganized,

a nd t he s and o f

a re c omposed s eems t o h ave b een a ttached a rtificially t o o f

t he

s eems

( left-hand)

u nlikely

c onglomerate.

a nd

O n

t he w hole,

a n a nthropogenic c ause i s

a nimal

l eft a s t he

m ost p lausible e xplanation. c .

R econstruction o f t he i nferred h uman a ctivity

B ased

o n

t he

p oint

t o

a

c onglomerate r each s uch w ater

g round a

h ole

t hrough

p resent h ole a nd

d ata,

h aving t he

w ater.

t he most l ogical e xplanation s eems t o

b een

c lay-like

d ug

a t

t he

m iddle l evel

I t a lso s eems

b oundary

b etween t he

i nterface i n o rder t o

l ikely t hat a ny w ater t aken f rom

w ould b e n aturally r eplenished f rom p ercolating g round t he p orous a nd p ermeable c onglomerate.

3 9

A lso i n s uch a

c ase,

t he

g ravel

m aterial n oted i s

above,

f ar

h ad

f rom s uch a n a rtificially made h ole.

t he

t oo

s ome

a ngle o f t he s andy mass

s teep t o b e o f n atural

a dmixture

c ohesive

n ature

c onsolidation t he

hump i n t he m iddle o f t he deposit would c onsist of

e xcavated

a nd

o f

i nterface

s imilar

o f

S amples

a nd

2

w ithin t hat

t he

o f

i n i ts i n t he

t han

b oth

f rom

s ides

b etter F igure

l ater

s equence. o f

s hows

s uch a c ase,

I n a ll

s amples

t hat t he

e vents,

a a

( Figure 5 ,

s and i nterface

T he c omposition o f

5 ,

S ample

b een

3 ).

t he l atter,

t he

I n

l eft-hand

s hort,

i t i s

e xcavation t he g ravel was w ashed by

a ccumulated i n t he p ool. h ave

I n

w ith t he s andy p art o f

i nitial

c ould

b e c ontinuous w ith t he

demonstrates a s maller m ean grainsize t han

( cf.

water

l ayer

s and r esponsible f or

b e e xpected.

d istribution

both

t hat during i ts

p articles h ump,

c ompare

t he

l ikely

would

g rainsize

5 ),

e xtenuating

O therwise,

c onglomerate

o f

comglomerate

c onglomerate

r emoved

I n t urn,

a nd

t he

c oarser s and

u sed t o c reate t he g ravel

while t he s andy p art w as u sed i n t he c onsolidation o f t he l eft

h and

wall.

c ombined

I ndeed,

( Figure

c onglomerate c rusty

( Samples

5 ),

7

o f

a nd

T

r efuse

w as

l ayer

3

p attern s imilar t o the o ne o f t he

c arbonate

( 20 t o

3 0%)

a re

f ound o nly i n

T his m ight b e t he r esult o f e vaporation a bove o f

c arbonate-containing w ater p ercolating

c oarse g rained s ediment. t he c ave,

t hrown.

T he

n ot

Apart

5 a nd 7 a re

c ontexts which a re t hought to b e man-made

j uvenile),

were

n atural.

o f

s urface o f

( mostly

s amples

would r esult. t he

8 ).

g roundwater L ocality

a p olymodel

3 )

a mounts

p art

upwards t hrough t he bones

i f t he s ize d istributions o f

( Sample

C onsiderable

t he

f actor

more

t he

a n

W hether o r n ot t he s and

i t m ight h ave b een i nstrumental

w all.

would

t he

does

p ossible

t he

s o

o rigin.

b een

a ttached t o t he a rtifical wall.

h owever,

t he

i f

c omposition

c omparison

h ave

h ole's

c onsolidation

s andy

m ay

A s a lready

s tuck t o t he c onglomerate

i n

f rom

t hemselves

( of

w hich

s ystematic

w ay

i n

which c ontained mainly f ragmentary l ong

i ndicates

t he

p lace i nto which the b one

d eposition o f t he bones t hat were t he

p osition one would e xpect

t races t here

which

o f

h uman

a re

t hey

f ound i n

i f d eath w ere

i ntervention

o n t he b ones

d ifferent k inds o f markings),

t he

w ere d eposited l eads one t o b elieve

t hey were p urposely a rranged. D uring p oints T he

d eposited

s ort

k nown

o f

f rom

during

c oncluded

observations. v arious

a h uman t emporal

The o f

s uggests

a re c onsidered

l ocations

a nd a ccumulation of d eer b ones

f ound i n H all

e lsewhere.

f ound w hich

C orbeddu.

H ere,

l ayer

2 i n

1 983

3 s eems

i s

u nique

t o h ave b een

r ather wet e nvironment n ear o r i n a s mall p ond, s edimentological

c ondition

o f

t he

a nd

bones

b eing worked a nd others

p alaeofaunistical

( some c omplete s howing

s mall a nd s harply broken)

s ome f orm o f h uman a ctivity.

T he f ollowing o rigins

:

B utchered

a ltogether

a

b one was

t he G rotta d i

d eposition

f rom

s igns

s trongly

1 .

c ampaign,

t he C orbeddu c ave s ediments

not

a s

1 983

special

w ithin a nd

t he

t o t he P aleolithic c ulture o f

r efuse:

l ikely o f

T his

a s

i s

n ot

o ne would e xpect more b roken bones;

i s

o ne

p ossibility

b ut

t he

t he markings o n t he bones a nd t eeth do not point

p articularly t o b utchering. 2 .

C eremonial

worked

m ight

p lace: p oint

T he manner t o

i n w hich t he m ale

t his p ossibility,

4 0

s kull

w as

but c omplete s kulls

TABLE 1 :

N umber o f

D ifferent B ones

f ound i n t wo p arts o f

t he

C orbeddu C ave. Layer

3

Locality T ( Complete)

3

S capula H umerus

1 3

( Fragments) 3 1

3

2 3

Radius

8

1 6

4 2

Metacarpus

8

2 0

6 5

Femur

8

2

5

T ibia

1 0

3

1 2

Metacarsus

1 4

7

5 8

Astragolus

3

8 3

1 6

Calcaneum

4

3 5

1 5

P halanx

1

8

3 02

P halanx

2

4

3 08

Phalanx

3

2

2 22

4 1

w ere

f ound t oo,

a nd t he worked b ones d o n ot f ully s uggest t his

p ossibility. 3 .

W orkshop:

o r

r epresent t his

t he

a ssess

t here i s a p ossibility t hat t he bones

p reparation o f

c ase,

e lsewhere

w e

i n

s hould

t he

f inished

C orbeddu

i mplements.

o f

d id

c ommand

f ind

c ave.

I t

f rom t he

O ne e xample,

f inished

a ttention

s eparated t he

f or f rom

a s

a

e xactly t he

i s i ndeed t empting t o

a t uber o f a t ibia f ound o n

t ool

h ow

a s

t he

w e

2 ;

t uber

c ould

t ibia b y a n atural b reak.

t echnique

r esulted

h ave

T he

i n

t he

u sed

i n

i mplement

b y a nd l arge,

c ould

w as

b roken

a t

p articularly r ich,

r iver

d istal

m arks

g ravel

p ossible

t han

w hich

v isible. w as

j ust a bove t he b reak t wo

o therwise m ight

b e

u se a nd d iscarded,

n on - f ossiliferous.

s peculate,

a nd

a n

s ophisticated i s

a s

w eapons

n ecessary

s ubsisted

I f

w e

i mplements, S ardinian

t o

t heir b eing u sed a s

t hat

o f

k ill d eer.

t heir

c onclusion

A g reat d eal m ore

p ain t he

w as

o nly

m anufacture

I n

o f t hese s imple

o ther e xplanation i s t hat p erhaps w hiling

e xplanation i s

t he

s imply

r emains

w hich

i n

i s

n ot

a way

t ime

v ery

s haping t hese

c onvincing

a nd

t hat t hey w ere m ost l ikely i mplements, n ot

y et

c lear.

O ne

m ust n ot

p ossibilty

t hat i nsular s urvival r equirements a re d ifferent

w ere

l ived.

a ccept t he p ossibility t hat t hese w ere

c ompletely n ot

b eing

i n o rder t o u nderstand h ow S ardinian m an

c annot

t hen m an

T his

o f

u sed

a s

t he f ew e xamples d iscussed s how t hat S ardinian m an

c onsiderable

b ones.

v alid

w e c an d o l ittle m ore

o f

a nd t he p articular e nvironment i n w hich h e

e vents,

t ools.

e xplanation

p erhaps

O ne

b eing t hrown i nto t he r iver. A s

o f t he i mplements,

i s

f ound i n

t hat t he w orked metatarsal

u se

s tudy

A nother

T his b one f ossil was

s pecial

t oothpicks

t ook

e nd a nd where

a re

i nterpretation

b roken t he

i nterest,

l ayer).

t he f ind o f a m etatarsal l ongitudinally s plit a nd t he

c ut

h ave

2 ( Plate 5 :2).

t he h uman t emporal b ones c ame f rom t his

e xample

u se

n ot,

b one

l ayer

l ayer

a ll

w as

t he

i n

t hat w hich w as f ound w as u sually o f s pecial

t o

2

w orking f ound

a lthough

w as

b een

l ater f ind

A lthough

c lear

t his b one

c ould n ot f ind a n

t ibiae w orked o n t he p roximal a rticular s urface s howed

t he

( e.g.

I n

p roducts

l ayers w hich m ight b e t he

t he f irst d ays o f t he e xcavation i n l ayer

e xplanation

t hat

i mplements n ot y et f inished.

e ventually

s ome o f t he e xamples

o ne

o f

C onsidering t his e xplanation o f a workshop a rea

t he p roximity o f o ne,

t he t he

f orget t he

i n m any w ays

f rom t hose o f t he m ainland.

S o i t would

b e s urprising t o f ind t hat t he t ools u sed b y S ardinian m an d ifferent a nd n ot e specially c omparable w ith t hose o f t he

m ainland,

a nd

r emembering

i mportant

a nd

p erhaps

t hat

s pecial

d eer r ole

w ould i n

t he

h ave

p layed a n

c ulture o f t he

P leistocene m an o f S ardinia.

C ONCLUSIONS T races

o f

w orking

s edimentological t he

G rotta

o ccupation.

d i T he

o n

t he

o ccurrences C orbeddu

o n

a nd

b ones

o f

f ossil

d eer,

a nomalous

s uch f inds a s a h uman t emporal

S ardinia

p oint

i n

t o p alaeolithic h uman

h uman i ndividuals m aking u p t his c ulture must h ave

4 2

been

adapted to special

deer

and

h ares

possible o f

s ubsistence r equirements,

a s f ood r esources.

T hus

o ther

however,

better

n ot

be

k nown

p alaeolithic

s urprising,

has

b een

deer

i sland's m ight

e arly

a lso

o ffered t he

revealed

a s

d eer,

must

deer

w ith

h ave

b een

f ood

f urthermore

s tock

s uch

mammals, t he

would

was

o ther

T imor, have

f rom

t he

m any

M an

e tc.,

must

t he

p rey h ave

a s

r easons t hat t his i sland P leistocene

i slands S ulawesi

h ad

s ufficient marine

f or

e arly

m an,

e xhausted

murid,

t o b e o f

( Cherry 1 981).

l ocomotion on a n i sland l ike a nd h ence a ny

r ather f ast.

And

a lthough c oexisting w ith

i nterest t o P alaeolithic man

where a nd

P alaeolithic

t he

a cted a s

S ardinia.

p ossible

man w as

P hilippiine

o ffered t he main f ood s upply. o f

s ettlement o f

b ut no mammals o f t he s ize

h ave

b een

t he

t oo s mall

l ife o f t he

p resence o n S ardinia

O ther M editerranean i slands h ave

' low g ear'

e asy

s ardus a long

i n t he

s ource.

e vidence,

i nhabitants t hat

a nimals'

t he

e lephants,

a nimals

a s a p otential meat O n

T hese

r ole

t o man i n h is

must

s hould,

l ived.

i mportant

o f

i ts

T his

o chotonid P rolagus

t o r each many o f t he M editerranean i slands

potential

F lores,

o ne

appeal

P alaeolithic

dwarfed

other

a n

a h unter-gatherer.

dwarfed

t echnology C rete,

b een

s uitable

P rolagus.

The

p layed

t he

i nhabitants.

h ave

a

i sland

o f

d emonstrated,

p robably

c ulture a nd a ny

c ultures.

e specially i f we c onsider t he i nsular

e nvironment i n which e arly S ardinia man w ith

w ith p ossibly only i s n ot p articularly

t o draw a nalogies o r p arallels between t his

t he

A s

f ar i t

l iving,

i slands,

P rolagus

l ike

g iant r ats

s ardus,

i t s eems

s uch a f ood s ource f or t he P aleolithic

I t i s a lso n ot t oo p resumptous t o s uppose

downfall o f a ny P alaeolithic c ulture o n S ardinia

would have t aken p lace w ith t he a rrival o f N eolithic man. A s

a

f inal

p resence

o f

excavation o f

a lso

added o f

t he c urrent e vidence d emonstrating t he

S ardinia

d istribution

during

c ardial

t he

s olid base

o f

t he

L ate

P leistocene i n t he I t h as

t he N eolithic P eriod i tself w ith

c eramic which c arries well

e astern c oast o f t he

f or

t he

e nlarged s ignificantly t he k nown

E arly P alaeolithic c ultures.

t o our u nderstanding o f

impressed

p art

o n

i n t he C orbeddu C ave h as

a rea i ts

c ontribution,

Man

i sland,

i nto t he i nternal

o ffering s imultaneously a

f uture r esearch i n b oth c hronological a reas.

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS T he

a uthors a re g rateful

h elped w hom

to must

S assari t he

m ake b e

and

t he n amed

N uoro;

Speleoclub

E isemann,

P rofessor a ssistance ' group'

D r. t he

O liena,

t echnical

t o a n umber o f p ersons a nd i nstitutions w ho

e xcavations

i n C orbeddu C ave s uccessful;

F ulvia

L o S chiavo,

t own o f O liena, D rs.

among

t he S oprintendenza o f

t he G ruppo G rotto N uorese,

L ouise v an W ijgaarden-Bakker a nd V era

Mook

f or

t he C 14 d ates,

a nd

t he

s killful

Mr.

J .

B rinkerink f or

p reparation o f t he f ossils,

a nd

t he

o f g raduate s tudents.

M r.

J aap L uteyn a nd M r.

d en

H artog m ade t he p lates a nd f igures.

M r.

H .

g rainsize a nd c hemical F inancial S tichting N etherlands U trecht

s upport

N ederlands

a nalyses w as

f or w hich w e a re g rateful.

obtained

f rom

t he L eakey F oundation,

Museum voor Anthropologie e n P raehistorie,

Organization

f or

P ure

S tate U niversity.

4 3

W il

Oude N ijhuis d id t he

S cientific R esearch

( Z.W.0.)

D e T he a nd

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A .,

M egaceros 7 1,

p p.

B iskop,

1 979. owen)

" Critical f rom

r emarks

o f

s ome

G iant

t he P leistocene o f E urope:

D eer

( genus

P alaeontograph

I t.

5 -16.

A .,

i n

p ress.

' The a ge d istribution i n a n endemic P lesitocene

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A .,

1 974.

I nstituto

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1 981.

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' La

e

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2 ,

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P rolagus

pp.

s ardus

a

4 7,

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o rientale)

s ue

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a nd

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8 ,

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e

d i

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i n

p ress.

1 983.

dolce,

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n ello

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I

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2 27 - 2 49.

' Osservazioni

( Oliena,

S cienze N aturali

d ella

1 983.

s ui

B ollettino S ocietä G eologica

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L anza,

L .,

t errestri

d ell'isola

B iegeografica n .s.

S u

P roceedings

P alaeovertebrata

f ormazione p p.

' Pattern a nd p rocess

Mediterranean',

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S ardegna

v ertebrati

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della

1 51-165.

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o rientale)',

B olletino

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S arda

2 2. ' Ipotesi

S ardegna',

s ulle o rigini d el

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S ocieta

p opolamento e rpetologico

I taliana B iogeografica n .s.

8 ,

pp.

7 23-744. Meulen, t he

A .J., Monte

v an P eglia

p hylogeny

der,

1 973.

' Middle P leistocene s maller m ammals

( Orvieto,

o f

M icrotus

a nd

A lcover,

I taly),

w ith special

( Arvicolidae,

R odentia),

J .A.,

' Noticia

f rom

r eference t o the

Quaternaria 1 7,

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1 -144. S anges,

M .

v ertebrada

h olocenica

S ardegna)',

E ndins

7 ,

d e p p.

1 980.

l a 5 7-61.

4 4

s obre

l a m icrofauna

g rotta S u G uanu o Gonagosula

( Oliena,

S ondaar, M .K.

P .Y.,

1 977.

H echt,

P .O.

V ertebrate

' Insularity a nd i ts e ffect o n mammal G oody

E volution,

pp.

a nd

B .M.

6 71-707,

H echt

( eds.),

e volution',in

M ajor P atterns

i n

P lenum P ublishing C orporation,

N ew Y ork. S torch, p p.

G .,

1 978.

' Familie

G liridae',

2 01-280.

4 5

H andbuch S äugetiere E uropas

1 ,

L IST OF

I LLUSTRATIONS:

F igures: F igure 1 . , igure

2 .

T he g eographic p osition o f C orbeddu C ave o n S ardinia. P lan o f

H all

2 i n C orbeddu c ave w ith

e xcavations c arried o ut i n

F igure

3 .

F igure 4 .

E xcavated p rofile; a .

i ndications o f

1 982 a nd 1 983.

c oordinates C D/9

i n F igure

2 .

A ge d istribution d iagram o f C andiacervus r opalophorus a t

l ocality G erani

4 ( Crete)

( after

B iskop i n p ress). b .

A ge d istribution o f d eer f ossils

i n L ayer

3 o f C or-

b eddu C ave. F igure

5 .

G rainsize d istribution o f

s elected s ample on a

c arbonate-free b asis.

S ee F igure

3 f or

s ample

1 .

E xcavated p rofile,

l ocation c oordinates B 8.

2 .

L ocation B ,

l ocations.

P lates: P late

1 .

C 8 dept

T hree h umeri

1 10 c m.

A f emale s kull

a nd s ome f ragments.

i n s itu.

T he two humeri n ext

t o e ach o ther o n t he r ight s ide a re from the

s ame

i ndividual. 3 .

U nusual d epth

P late

2 .

U nusual

p osition o f t ibia a nd p elvis

p osition o f

L ocation C 2,

d epth

s capula a nd t wo f ront l egs. 1 .20 c m.

T he t wo f ront

s ituated n ext t o e ach o ther.

S ome o f

t hird p halanges were m issing. t op o f

P late

3 .

T he b roken s capula w as on

S capula

b .

R ight

C .

L eft

f ront f ront

Metatarsals

l eg l eg ( Cat.

n o.

C B82-008 a nd C B82-007)

a nd p olished p arts above t he d istal f ace a t t he p osterior

s ide

( layer

3 ).

A l ongitudinal

3 b.

C learly worked a nd b roken a t t he d istal ( ribs

( Cat.

no.

CB82-002).

p art.

i n c onglomerate).

A l ongitudinal ( Layer

s plit metatarsal

b urnt

a rticulation s ur-

3 a.

4 .

P late 4 .

l egs w ere

t he s econd a nd

i t.

a .

1 ,2.

l ocation C 1,2

1 .40 c m.

s plit metatarsal

( Cat.

n o.

C B82041)

3 ).

1 .

F emur

( Cat.

2 .

P roximal

n o.

8 20013),

c learly worked on t he d istal

s ide p art o f a h umerus

4 6

( Cat.

no.

C B82052)

w ith

3 .

P late

5 .

1 .

working t races.

( Layer

L ower

n o.

j aw

( Layer

T ibia

( Cat.

8 20009,

v iew;

( b)

p roximally worked:

p roximal v iew

( Layer

S eparated t uber o f a t ibia

3 .

P roximal v iew o f a t ibia

1 .

P artial ( Layer

2 .

w ith c lear working

3 ).

2 .

( Cat.

( Cat.

s kull ( b)

l ateral

n o.

n o.

8 2.036).

CB 8 2 -0 36)

( Cat.

n o.

C B 8 2-022):

( a)

f racture

e nlargement o f s cratches on t he s kull

3 ).

F ine g rooves o n a r ib f ragment

L ower

( a)

3 ).

3 ).

p olished;

P late 7 .

n o.

3 ).

CB82-013)

s howing g rooves

( Layer P late 6 .

( Cat.

j aw o f a y oung

i ndividual

s howing a c lear c ut below t he D P

( Layer

( Cat.

3 ).

n o.

( Layer

C B82-070)

3 ).

T ables: T able

1 .

N umber o f d ifferent bones C orbeddu c ave.

4 7

f ound i n t wo p arts o f

t he

E I NA IIPA f igure

1

ES MI PA f i g ur e

2

, „„ , I ! m i ; , , , 1 : ; , 1 1 , ,, , , 1 , 1 , , , . „, i ,1 , 1 1 , 1 , I i , ; 1 ,. , , , , 7 , „ ; 1 1 1, , . , I l i t — , 1 1 l ' , 1 .1 ! 1 ! I, ' ' • e , , , , , „ i l 'I l i , 1 « , s ' e ,1 1 , [ , . 1 0 , i , , , i 1, H i p ,; 1 , I . 1 , 1 , , , c p . I 1 , t , 1 - , , 1 , 1 0 , ( 1 1 , ,, ,1 1

C . ,

I I 11il 1 11 1 11Ii ri lI , i 1 # ,1 , .

0

I Il i , 1% 1 1 1 1 : 1 1 : 1

i

11 1 1

1 1/ C4 12 I I I II IIi t

111 » ?; I l l

i li K2 , 09i

1! li

0

i

1, , I I I II 17

i101 1 ' 1

» II

-

i l ii , 1 III I

. ° l i o l i fY i 1 6 0 : 1° °1

00 1 0 1 4 5 69 1

I

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1

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I

i

0

0 °\ 0 \

.

. ° V o c y

l

I I 10 \ 0 0

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( ) 0

i

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o \ o 'o ,* ( ) 0 \ ' u

1

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1 / 1 , 12 1f l i

01 .0 1

o

II 1 11 11

11 1

i °

j o/ ° /

11

1

II 1 1 I14"1 Il

lk i

1; 1 / 1" 1

/' 01

I9

öo

5

1

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a 0° °o o° 6

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0 0 0 z. / 0 00

i r 1 11

• i l l l i

ii ll

1 1

i

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4 1. 1r ot J 1 /1 ,J

1 bo o -o o 0 H il 1 ° °

III 1

1 11 ,i ii a llil lii r l i l Ilt ;3 1 a) 1 I I! ' 2 1 111

0

I

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0\ g\ c ' \°

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c ,se\ ° \9 2 \0( )0\°2

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00

„ ° . ( 4\ ° ‘ c )

.

0

Q

C i t : ° \ü ‘( \ Qc ,\ A ° •

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B i o t u r b a t e d s a n d y c l a y

11°o \ ' \. . ° 0\ \° , , . \ c ) : 0 . , o e0 ° ° \ °\ ° ° . . \ . °° , , \ c , ‹° \ g ( . ,0 ° . 0 .0f \ 0 \ 1IiIII0 \ 0 \0 0 \0 .\° 0r 0 e : : ° 0 . , „ , I I 1 ' II1 1 I I 1 0 1c . ) \ . 7 0' ( , \ ° 0 c ' \ 0 , 9? . °) . , ; °0° 0 °\ ° , . ° , ;\0° , 2og0 2 ,2 °0 :ö0000‘ . u . i

. a ö ä , , , 9a ° 0 : i l lI 1, 1/ i II 1 . 0 i c . ; ' 6 . 3 \ , o ° \ 0 0 _ \ ° ° ! oF „ ° \ \ o ° \\ ° 9 ; °f i k : . ° I l I ,:l i °°0 \ . o° o \\ Qo '°0 \2 \ u ‘ a. Z ,° ‘ °‘ : 0 '0 \ ' ' 0, ; ° 2 ;° . , " . , \ °0 °, , ‘ i1 1 , 1 1Id cltdtc)\°a_\let ° \O\, 0 ,Q,;\0 ,;' ,0°\,:;0\0 c \0\ik0 \0\9 :)ö \ 'b (>°0cd`0D°'zi0 0 ' I ' \o 9 I00

0

g

c v

, ‘ -0

0 I ! )

ES MIPA f igure

3

4 0-

3 0-

2 0-

1 0-

1 5

r

1 0

t 1 1

r 1 2

Y ears

H 1 0

1 1

i 1 2

Y ears

a

1 0-

E 2

3

-1 -1 5 6

4

h

ES MIPA f igure

4

0

2 000

I 1 400

8 50

6 00

4 20

1 3 00

2 10

1 50

1 05

7 5

5 0

3 2

1 6

ES MI PA f igure

5

P late 1

P late 2

P late 3

P late 4

P late 5

P late 6

C ANET C AVE E SPORLES , M ALLORCA

D r. J ohn S . K opper D epartment o f S ociology a nd A nthropology, L ong I sland u niversity, G reenvale, N ew Y ork, USA.

A BSTRACT T he

c ave

o f C anet i s l ocated o n M allorca a pproximately 1km n orth o f

t he

c ity

o f

g roup w ell

o f

P alma o n t he f inca o f C a'n C anet.

s ediments

a s

w ell

d ated

P lio-Pleistocene b utchered c ave.

b one

A n

o ther

w hich

I t c ontains a u nique

s how e vidence o f e arly m an o n M allorca a s

o ccurences o f t he a ntelope g enus M yotragus i n a

c ontext. T he s ame g enus i s r epresented a s a pparently i n

t he

c ultural

l ayers

i n t he m ain c hamber o f t he

u nexplained a nomaly e xists i n t he m ode o f e ntry b y m an a nd

a nimals,

f or

t he

o nly e ntrance d uring t he p rehistoric p eriod

w as a 1 7m d eep s inkhole. D espite

t he

a ctivity

i s

e xtending 2 .55

d ifficulties d ocumented

d own

t o

i n

o n

e ntry

e xtensive

p rehistoric

h uman

as eries o f l ayers o f c harcoal w ith b one

a t l east 4 .5 m .

R adiocarbon d ates o n c harcoal a t

m . s how t he p resence o f m an i n t he c ave i n t he s eventh m illenium

b c

a nd

a t

2

a t 1m . d uring t he f ourth m illenium b c. O ther c ultural l ayers a nd

1 .8 m . r emain u ndated b ut p robably r ecord v isits b y h umans

d uring t he i ntervening t hree m illennia.

6 1

The

C ave

N orth

o f

C anet

l atitude

P alma-Valldemosa I t

i s

o f

r oad

1 60

Norte.

l imestone

m .

1 1 km. 1 00 m .

m .

A bout

l ocated at 6 .32 ° E ast

3 00

approximately

e levation d el

i s

about

m .

c onglomerate

°

f rom P alma o n t he

I sland o f M allorca.

s outheast o f t he f inca C a'n C anet a t an

above s ea l evel

3 00

l ongitude a nd 3 9.65

s outh of t he E sporles turnoff o f t he

l ong

i n t he f oothills o f t he S ierra

a nd

d eveloped o n two l evels i n a

o f Jurrasic p eriod a ge,

t he c ave c ontains an

e xtraordinary g roup o f s ediments. I n

t he

main

c ontinued bc.

A

p lan

e xcavated

v iew

to

s inkhole

a s

o f

b efore

t hese

s amples

r adiocarbon 7 500

4 420

3 20

n ot

c ave

i ndicate

t he

e arly

and

a t

l evels

l ayers 4 .5 m . b e

i s

±

t he

5 87

b c

y et a nd

5 730

b een

were e ncountered and t hese are s hown i n F igure 2 .

The

n ext

( P-2408)

The

y ear

h alf

l owest at 2 .55 m . was

u sing t he

u sing

t he

t he

c ultural

5 568 y ear h alf

l ife i s u tilized t he d ate

T he c ultural l evel

t hat

1 w ith a reas

r emains undated a s t he t rench c ollapsed

( Beta-6948)

Note

i n F igure

w ith bone a s

t aken.

b c.

s hown

I n t he excavations u nder t he original

c ultural

I f

r adiocarbon. s eventh

t he

could

1 4C.

±

d eposits

d ated at 7 220 ± 5 70 bc

b ecomes

h ave

o f

c harcoal

l owest

o f

these

d ate i ndicated.

e ntrance,

i ndicated

l ife

c hamber

p resence of humans on M allorca f rom the s eventh m illennium

5 568

a t 1 .0 m . y ear

i s dated at

half

l evels a t 2 .0 m .

l ife

of

and 1 .8 m .

d ated b ut p resumably t hey w ill f all b etween t he

f ourth m illennia bc and i ndicate t he c ontinued presence

o f humans on Mallorca during t hat i nterval. O f

p rime importance i n a ny c onsideration o f the p rehistoric u se of

C anet

C ave

man-made

i s

t he

s urface

was

c onstructed

R amon

w ith

access

s inkhole. n atural m eans

o f

t o

entry

Among

w as

c utting

i n 1 899.

°,

a

c onnecting

This e ntrance S r.

I t w as m ade to a llow a 1 7 m . d eep o r s econd

a t l east n ine thousand years t he o nly

t hrough t he v ertical s inkhole. s how

t hat

t his

w ithout r opes or l adders.

E xperiments by

s inkhole could not h ave One must a sk why a nd f or

a re n ot e asily a nswered.

a

c learance

s tairway

e levations s oft

During c onstruction of

a lterations were made i n t he main c hamber i tself.

w ere

e levation

e xcavated

f or

o f

a

f airly l evel w alkway t hough the

f rom t he b ase o f t he t unnel o f

2 1

was t his d ifficult-to-enter c ave u sed? many

t hese

At p resent t here i s

e vidence o f a ny k ind o f a nother,

T hus

questions

s ediments

n o

speleologists

t unnel

t o i t.

t he c ave than t he original entrance, i s

n egotiated

These

f rom

entry

t he n orth e nd o f t he m ain c hamber.

e ntrance.

what p urpose,

t hese

o f

l ong descending a t a n angle o f

by t he f ormer owner o f t he f inca o f Ca'n C anet,

T here

experienced

t he

m eans

2 6 m .

G ual de Torrella d e V illalonga,

e asier

b een

the

t unnel

p oint but a nd

f rom 1 77 d oes

h ard

to e levation p oint 1 74 m .,

t here to e levation 1 78 m .

m .

t o

n ot

e levation i ndicate

s ediments

6 2

( 10-20

1 89 m .

the

a nd a nother

F igure

1 s hows

t he l arge spoil p iles of m3)

b anked b eside the

t unnel

entrance.

I t i s not k nown where t hese s ediments c ame f rom i n

t he c ave. O ne t he

r esult

s urface

i t.

o f t his a ctivity i s a more or l ess

T alayotic,

m ixed a t

e quids, b e

Roman a nd Moorish c eramic f ragments h ave been f ound,

together,

l east

o ne

i nferred

to a d epth o f 4 0 cm. h uman,

Equus

sp.

p urposes

c ultural

l ayers

o r

v isited t his

t hrown W e

t he

c ave's

b ut,

s inkhole

h as

s imply

a nd two I t c ould

b een u sed f or

while t his may h ave b een t rue a t t imes,

t he

o ccurrence

The most obvious p roof

o f s tratified c ultural materials a t a n T rash

l ayers at a h igher l evel. r emarked

t hat

t he

c ultural

l evels i n t he e xcavations

the s inkhole b ear c onvincing e vidence t hat t hey were d eposited

m an

and

not

2

l ayers

occur

a re,

i t

by

s ome o ther,

c an b e s een that, only

i n general,

w ith

n atural a gent.

w ashed

i nto

c arry

bone a nd t hat t hese bones o f

c onfined t o t hese

t he

c ave

l ayers a lone.

u noccupied,

F urther,

t he c harcoal l arge mammals

T his

C harcoal

t hrough t he s inkhole,

l arge mammal b ones with i t. r ear,

R eferring a gain t o

i n t hese t est t renches,

b est explained b y t he actions of man.

no

sp.,

h igher t han t hat o f t he s urface below t he s inkhole.

Figure

t he

The r emains o f

C anis

o f t he prehistoric p eriod s how t hat i t was o ccupied

t he

have

u nder

i s

many dogs,

r andomly i nto a h ole i n t he g round does n ot r eassemble i tself

i nto n eat

by

i n s ome p laces.

s apiens,

by humans f or prolonged p eriods.

i s

e levation

H omo

w ere e ncountered i n t he m ixed deposit.

t hat

d isposal

o f

c omplete m ixing o f

l ayer i n t he main c hamber a nd i n s ome p laces well b elow

j ustaposition

f rom f orest f ires

f or e xample,

would n ot

e xtensive e xcavations

i n

p art o f t he c ave c ontain no c harcoal a nd t hus

i ndication of f ires o f any k ind a t t he s urface over a 3 5,000 y ear

p eriod. Amplifying were a t

t he

deposited

c onclusion

t hat

b oth t he bones a nd t he c harcoal

by m an i s t he a dditional

f act t hat t he bone m aterial

l east down to 2 .0m c ontains t he r emains o f Myotragus b alearicus.

This

i ndigenous

man

on

d eposit

s how

r epresented k nown

a nimal

Mallorca. c ut

b y

o f

t hat

d eeper

i n

d epths

p reservation

t he

o f

l ower

b utchering.

t he d eposit,

f ragmentary

t hese

where

s everal o f t his a ntelope's bones i n t he

i ndicative

t heir

a t

e xcavations r eveal

m arks

bones

because

p reservation

h as b een c onclusively a ssociated w ith e arly

I n f act,

c ondition,

u nder

t he

c onditions

c ultural

T he

b elow 2 .0 m ., a

i s not

r esult o f poor

s inkhole. s hould

g enera

b e

P rojected better

may

l evels a lso c ontain t he r emains o f

Myotragus. A

n umber

p articular r ecord.

o ther t he

S everal

method t he

o f a nd

i ndicate

c hamber(s), t unnel 2 5

a nd

about t he main c hamber deposits

g eneral

b ear

on

c hamber deposit i s

t hat

t he

c ave

9 to 1 0 m .

p robably

t o

t he

h as

a n

r esistivity d eep u nder additional

e xtending u nder t he

main c hamber but a t a l ower

With k nown s edimentation r ates

i n

i ts a rchaeological

s urveys by t he e lectrical

m ain

now c ompletely f illed w ith s ediment,

connected

1 972).

i n

g eophysical t he

s inkhole

c omments

c ave

l evel

( Kopper

i n t he m ain c hamber o f a round

c m/1000 y r t he d eposit i s p otentially c apable o f r ecording e vents

t here f orm

b ack o f

t o 3 0,000 t o 3 5,000 y ears ago.

wall

i nterruption s ediment

f ill

s tains s how t hat

a nd

t hat w as

c ommon t he

l evels

m ain

washed

c hamber

o ut,

Abundant e vidence i n t he o f

s talagmite-stalactite c ontained

a n

e arlier

p resumably i nto t he i nferred

c hamber under t he t unnel. T he

l arge

boulders

u nder

t he

6 3

s inkhole

e xtending f rom 1 .0 m .

downward

( see

e nlarging a n

F igure

i n

e arlier

the

2 )

are

e vidence

p rehistoric p eriod.

configuration

o f

t he

t hat t his f eature h as b een I t c an not be ruled o ut t han

s inkhole may h ave made e ntry a nd

e xit t hrough i t e asier i n t he p ast t hen i t i s at present. T he

s ediments

s ilts

and

boulders. t he 1 74

m .

A s

c obbles l ayer

t rue

c an

be

s een

i n

b ed

of p ebbles,

c obbles a nd

t aken p lace w ith t he r esult t hat

e ra.

T his

2 t his t rench also e xposed a

S ince t his b ed i s c apped by a c ultural

a ssigned T he

F igure

o f b roken travertine m ixed with l imestone

a nd s ome whole bone.

C hristian

admixtures h as

o f t he t rench on t he s lope by e levation p oint

a nomalous

t entatively

s heet

v arying

i nduration

a re v ery u nstable when e xposed i n vertical c uts.

p articularly

c ompletely

t he main c hamber c onsist mainly of t erra r ossa

w ith

L ittle

deposits

i s

i n

c lays

t o t he Roman p eriod i t must p redate t he

o rigin o f t he broken t ravertine i s a f lowstone

adjacent t o t he t rench on t he s outh a nd we c an not i magine a ny

n atural

p rocess

d eposit

m ay

t hat

c ould

p rovide

a

p roduce

c lue

t o

s uch

a

b ed i n a c ave.

T his

t he appeal and u se of t he c ave i n

p rehistoric t imes. I nvestigations a rchaeological b ecame

obvious

u nderstood

t hat

t he

o f

n oted

t he a t

a re

C onsequently b egun

s howed

deposition

f ormer

t he

work

while

a stonishing

was

which

t he

bottom

b ack

c ave o f

c ould

i ts

n ot be

geology

a nd

t aken over t he l ength

t wo s edimentary f acie a re t he o ther.

I t h as b een

r ates

1 91.5 m . o f

a round

cm/1000

t hose

i n

t he

2 5

r ear

m .

t renches

i s

3 ,400,000

dug

we

y ears.

i n t he d eep

t o

obtain

paleomagnetic, s ediments

u ntil 1 980 a nd p roduced a number i n prep;

Kopper a nd

now u nderstood t hat t he s mall c hamber i n

w ere

d eposits

y r

t he c ave

l and s urface.

f rom t hese u nique

( Creer a nd Kopper 1 976,

I t

o f

s ame o rder e s t hose

1 87

c ontinued

r esults

p rep).

whose

f irst

i n t he m ain c hamber and e xcavations

point

i nvestigations i n

t he

r ate o f o nly 0 .1 t o 1 mm/1000 y r.

s topped

e levation

i nteresting

C reer,

t he

t hat

p aleontological a nd p aleoclimatic d ata o f

and

s ome o f t he s lowest e ver r ecorded on t he

n ear

T hese

o f

k nowledge

s edimentation rates are o f t he and

1 970

S oon a fter b eginning i t

main c hamber r epresents one f acies a nd the e ntire b ack

i n

a ccumulated

i n

e nd t he g eophysical work d escribed e arlier

l atter

s ediment

p revailed

s ea

archaeology

c ave beyond e levation p oint t hat

T hese

b egan

a number o f s ediment c ores

T he

t he

t he

C ave

t horough

t his

a nd

c ave.

present:

t he a

T o

p erformed

o f

C anet

w as done a t t hat t ime.

w ithout

s edimentology. w as

i n

work

c ontained

obtained

T his

3 m .

a n i ntermittent l ake f rom

p aleomagnetic h istories d ating

deep s ection contained a wealth o f

i nformation which u nfortunately i s n ot g ermane here. A

f ew

s kulls i n .

p oints

a re o f

i nterest i n a n a rchaeological

and

d ate

o ccurences

o f

p aleomagneticlly t his

s pecies

3 ,500,000

B P.

Appearance

w ithin

c ave

i ndicate

a

Myotragus A s y r)

f ar

f requented u ndergone

i ndicated 3 5,000 wetter

b y

B P to

t o

about

appeared o f

a t

t hese

t hat

e ven

3 ,2000,000 2 .6

s pecimens e arly

m . i n

e xamples

B P.

and

T he

t he

a d eposit d eep o f

t he g enus

c aves and may even h ave been s pelean a nimals. two

t housand

f looding

s ubstantial a

O ther

d ate a bout

a s c limate i s c oncerned M allorca i n t he r ecent past

h as

down

c ontext.

o f two Myotragus a ntiquus w ere d iscovered a t t he depth o f 1 .9

o f

y ear

(

, . . o „ , 3

. o

. C -

E =

0 3 p 5

r ,

. V

.e . e .r.n e , . ,' 2 • . ;

2 :

t .

E

P A I S V A L E N C I A N O

E

N . .

9 ,t

0

E ' . c -

.

,

. 4

3

. . .

. _ : 1 0 . . c c .i t , 1 1 . . • : " . a . ; 2 , . 1 , e .: 2

e

-

c

c w

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at

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. 2 2 ' . ,

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M A L O R C A

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0

.

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1 2 . ' . N . ' e .

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D IH1 1103N

3 1H1 11 0D1VHD r

1 k t3 t iosans

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•

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8

D IINV11V

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0 0

0 0

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Xxx rx x l mm o • ••••I

M 1 11 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 •

1V3d 0 1 1

0

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ES MI PA f igure

3

S ETTLEMENT A ND S UBSISTENCE D URING T HE M ESOLITHIC AND N EOLITHIC I N T HE A UDE R IVER V ALLEY ( FRANCE)

D r. D avid G eddes C entre d 'Anthropologie des Societeg Rurales, C entre National d e l a R echerche S cientifique, 5 6,

rue du Tour,

3 1000 Toulouse,

F rance.

A BSTRACT T he

M esolithic

s outhern

a nd

N eolithic

s ites

o f

t he

A ude

r iver v alley i n

F rance a llow d etailed i nvestigation o f t he m odes o f r esource

e xploitation

d uring

t he

p eriod i mmediately b efore t he a ppearance o f

d omesticated

p lants

a nd

a nimals,

s edentary, v arious s ites,

d omestic

a nd

t he

s ubsequent e mergence o f

s ocieties i n t he w estern M editerranean.

T he

a nimals a nd p lants f irst a ppear s eparately a t t hese

a nd e ach r equires a l ong p eriod o f a daptation b efore t aking a n

i mportant E arly

a gricultural

p lace

i n

N eolithic.

h usbandry

a nd

o rientations

t he T he

p lant d uring

s ubsistence

e conomy o ver t he c ourse o f t he

i ntensification a nd d iversification o f a nimal c ultivation

l ead p rogressively t o n ew e conomic

t he M iddle N eolithic, v isible i n t he d evelopment

o f l arge a gricultural v illages o n a lluvial t erraces.

1 79

INTRODUCTION T he

M esolithic

b y

g athering-hunting

c onditions,

a nd

t he

A

r esearch

o f

s outhern

q uestion

o f

t he

i nto f ood

e nvironmental

a nimal domesticates f rom

E urope, a nd t hen t he f ull p roduction i nto p rehistoric

i n

t he

F rance

emergence

A ude

r iver

( Figure 1 ),

v alley a nd t he e astern

h as b een i nvestigating t he

o f e arly a gricultural s ocieties a nd t he

( Guilaine

e t a l.

1 979;

1 983;

G eddes

1 980;

1 981a;

V anquer e t a l.in p ress). C oncerning t he s ubsistence e conomy, p articularly a nimal e xploitation, t he o bjectives o f t his

r esearch

p rogram

i ndigenous, w ild

a re

s pecies;

r esources

s ubsistence appeared

t o

i dentify

( 1)

t he modes o f e xploitation o f

w ild p lant a nd a nimal r esources b efore t he appearance o f

d omesticated o f

p ostglacial a nd

a nd e cological t ransformations which a ccompanied t his

d evelopment

1 983; a nd

t o

p lant

p rogram c onducted f or a n umber o f y ears b y a n

t eam

P yrenees

s ocio-economic

o f

nuclear z ones a gricultural

i nterdisciplinary

m ajor

s ocieties

d iffusion

s outhwest A sian i ntegration o f s ociety.

N eolithic p eriods i n E urope span t he a daptation

( 2)

e conomy;

i n

t his

r elationships

( 3)

d uring

t o

t he

r egion

between

c ultivating,

t he p eriod d uring w hich t he e xploitation

c ontinued

p lay

s ignificant

i n

a nd

emergence

r ole i n t he

w hich domestic a nimals

o f t he western Mediterranean; h unting

t he

a

s equence

h erding,

a nd

( 4)

t he

g athering

a nd

o f t he f irst f ully a gricultural

e conomy.

FROM THE L ATE MESOLITHIC TO THE E ARLY NEOLITHIC S everal B oreal

Mesolithic

s ites

( 6,500-5,500

b c)

s ubsistence f ruits

( Vaguer

m ammals

a s

s easonal t he

a l.

i n

p ress),

v alley

( Balma

S acchi

1 976;

G eddes

P yrenean h igher

a nd t he

e xistence

o f a

f ishing

a nd hunting f or l arge

T hese a ctivities were u ndertaken a t

1 980,

pp.

Abeurador, Abri

8 5-102;

V aguer e t a l.

d e D ourgne, Grotte

r emains),

i bex

p rogessively

a ltitudes,

c limatic

r ed d eer

a nd

G azel,

G eddes 1 980,

T here

e xploitation

p ostglacial.

i s

r eplaced

a nd a urochs

t he

( 27%-53% o f

( 3%-21%).

' temperate'

i n p p. T he

s pecies

a t

d uring t he e arlier p hases o f t he p ostglacial

amelioration,

A beurador.

( 15%-30%),

i n p ress;

G uilaine e t a l.

H unting w as p rimarily o riented t owards t he b oar

f aunal

f aunal

e t

w ell a s s mall g ame. r iver

4 9-84). t he

t he

w hich i ncludes t he g athering o f w ild p lants a nd

d 'Arques,

p ress,

( 8,000-6,000 b c)

d emonstrate

h abitats d istributed a mong t he v arious m icroenvironments o f

A ude

C auna

e conomy

o f t he P reboreal p eriods

a t n o

D ourgne,

e vidence

p atterns

f or

C auna a n

d 'Arques,

a nd

B alma

a brupt modification o f

d uring t he l ate g lacial a nd t he e arly

T he c omposition o f t he m ammalian f auna

1 80

f ollows,

i n i ts

g eneral

f eatures,

t he

i ndividual

s ite.

w here

H olocene

the

s lopes

o f

t he

e cological

T his

p rocess

c onditions i s

v egetational

P yrenees

( Jalut

p articular

p articularly

s uccession 1 977)

t o

e ach

c lear a t D ourgne

o n

t he

n ortheastern

f inds i ts c ounterpart i n t he

r egression o f t he i bex i n f ace o f t he e xtension o f d eer a nd boar. I n

this

l evels

e conomic

i n

S heep

are

( F9;

F 6

i n

l evels 8 a nd 7 ( 4860 ± 1 00 b c,

which

c ontain o f

b asin,

a nd

t heir

absolute

s heep

a lone

t he

a re

r ecently t he

i n

c an t ook i n

d omestic pp.

i s a lso t he c ase

aS

; Ducos

1 977),

B asi

questions

o f

p aleontology,

d omestic s heep i n

( Poplin 1 . 79;

P oplin a nd V igne i n p ress; I t i s n ecessary h ere o nly

o f a p rimitive b reed o f domestic s heep,

E urope,

s ystem.

i n

t he o f

t he

c ircumstances

v alley,

n ew

f or

t heir

t o

t heir

e xisting s ubsistence

a nd t he g athering o f w ild v egetal r esources. t hat

t heir b y

t hey s easonal

t he

w ere

movements,

f orm

s mall-scale h usbandry,

o f

g athering

w hose

i ndigenous

p attern

w as

s till

r esources.

T his

a nd h unting a ssociated w ith s ome

d evelops p rogressively over a p eriod

s pans t he t raditional M esolithic-Neolithic b oundary, appearance

a nd

p ig

o f

w ere

h ypothesis l ittoral

p resent

i n

t he

A ude

m arked b y

I f domestic c attle

v alley,

f ollowing

t he

o f t he a ppearace o f f ully a gricultural c ommunities i n t he z one,

t hese

g atherer-hunters. a nd

M esolithic a nimals,

t he f irst i mpressed p ottery.

a lso

W e c an

a ble t o b ring a long s mall h erds o f

e xploitation

c onfiguration,

t he

i nitial

M esolithic c ommunities a dapted t he

r esource

e conomic o f

( Geddes

1 981b i n p ress)

b een

A ude

t he

b oar,

d etermined

c ommunities i mplanted

h usbandry was apparently c ompatible w ith t he h unting

s peculate o n

1 26-132; h ave

S heep

d eer,

T his

or e lse a s t he l ocal s pread o f

z one a fter a c oastal a nd m aritime d iffusion

m ay

e xploitation

whose

b e t raced b ack t o s outhwestern A sia.

p lace e ither a s p art o f a d iffusion among M esolithic

1 21-123,

a ppearance

c attle

d omestic

N guyen a nd B unch 1 980 .

M editerranean

c oastal

W hatever

w hich

t he

a re

w estern

S everal a uthors h ave

a nimals o ut o f s edentary a gr cultural

t he

s heep

t he

i ndustries c oherent w ith

( Poola_n 1 971).

d etail

u ltimately

s ocieties

o nly

F rance

i n

t he b asi, o f c urrent e vidence,

M editerranean

d iffusion

o f

s outhern

s tratigraphy a nd g enetics o f t he e arly

M editerranean

a ncestry

1 980,

1 thic

a nd a t

T he M esolithic

t hat t he v arious a uthors e nvisage t he i ntroduction i nto t he

w estern

i n

i n

M esolithic

C hateauneuf-les -M artigues i n

G rN-6704),

M C-1107).

s heep l ate

c ontain

a nd G ramari

p ress;

n ote

t he O n

a t

d iscussed

western

t o

( Geddes i n p ress).

p resent during t he m esolithic,

p ress)

c hronology, V igne

d ates.

M esolithic i n

d omestic

t ypical

M editerranean

( Vigne

s heep a ppear i n M esolithic

p resent a t G azel b eginning i n t he f irst M esolithic h earth

o ccupations

i n

d omestic

h as one r adiocarbon d ate o f 5 930 ± 7 5 b c,

D ourgne s ites

c ontext,

t he c ourse o f t he s ixth m illennium b c

p ig

T his

s pecies w ere o f no i nterest t o t he M esolithic p ossibility

- t he n on-adoption o f domestic

- u nderlines t he d ecisive r ole p layed by i ndigenous

c ommunities i n t he l ocal d iffusion o f domestic p lants a nd a nd

i n t he e mergence o f a nimal h usbandry d uring t he c ourse

o f a l ong p eriod.

T HE E ARLY NEOLITHIC T he

f irst

( 5,000-4,500

E arly b c)

N eolithic

o ccupations

i n

t he

A ude r iver v alley

m anifest a n i ntensified a gricultural a ctivity w hen

1 81

compared with the late Mesolithic: increased frequencies of domestic sheep1 appearance of domestic goat, cattle, and later, pig1 appearance of the first cultivated plants. Nevertheless, indigenous resources still play a major role in the subsistence during the formative stages of the agricultural economy. The boar is abundant at all the Aude valley sites, although it seems to be declining in frequency in the face. of rising ovicaprid husbandry. Wild cattle equal or surpass domestic cattle in number throughout the Early Neolithic. The cervids, in contrast, only persist in significant numbers at the site of Jean Cros, despite ecologial conditions favorable to their extension at middle and low altitudes. The frequency of the domestic ovicaprines increases in a regular curve from the Mesolithic, where they appear in small numbers, up to the middle levels of the Early Neolithic around 4400 be. Even in the first Early Neolithic levels, domestic sheep and goat together make up less than 50% of the fauna. They only attain their maximal frequencies at Gaze! (60%-80%), and their predominance in comparison with the suids, after the middle levels of the Early Neolithic, that is nearly a millennium after their initial appearance in the Aude valley. Around 5,000 be domestic cattle, and around 4,700 be domestic pig, appear alongside the domestic sheep and goat, but these species do not radically transform the animal economy, which is oriented primarily towards the domestic ovicaprines on the one hand and, and the wild boar on the other. This contrast between the early adoption of the domestic ovicaprines, and the late ad.option of the cattle · and the pig, underscores again the need for a long-term perspective on the development of animal husbandry during the Neolithic. The Grotte Gaze! represents one pole of the Early Neolithic subsistence economy. The southern half of its site catchment (Figure 2) is formed by a small basin of arable land, today used for vineyards, at an altitud·e betwe�n 200m and 300m. To the north, the irregular calcareous relief rapidly rises to 80m at a distance of 5km from the site. Sheep and goat make up 50% to 60% of the mammalian fauna during the first part of the Eari'y Neolithic. The boar is frequent, but the cervids (red and roe · deer), well represented in the Mesolithic levels, sharply decrease in frequency in the first Neolithic level . Approximately 60% of the sheep/goat were slaughtered before the age of 2 years, but no seasonal pattern was observed. The site was certainly occupied during the winter, the lambing period, and the spring. The proximity of arable land suggests that the site was occupied throughout the year for both cultivation and animal herding. The Abri Jean-Cros (Guilaine et al. 1979), located at 600m altitude among the wooded ridges and plateaux of the Corbi�res (Figure 3), lies on one of the sole �outes of movement between the lower valley of the Aude on the one hand, at the limit between the mediterranean and submediterranean veget�tional zones, and on the other hand the elevated 'plateaux in the middle of the Corbi�res (Plateau de Lacamp, 500-700m1 Massif du Mouthournet, 800-l00Orn), where submediterranean and montane vegetational associations develop. Specifically, the site is located ha�f-way between the Val de Dagne and the Plateau de Lacamp. This small alluviated depression (250-300m), today covered by vineyards, connects in turn with the Aude valley itself. The sedimentology (Brochier in

182

G uilaine

e t

a l.

1 979)

a nd

G uilaine

e t

a l.

1 979)

s uggest

f all

a nd,

r emains,

p erhaps, a re

r are,

and

b oar

( over

i n

t he

m acrobotanic

r emains

( Gasco

t he s pring.

T he o vicaprines,

3 4% o f t he f aunal

t he m ajority a nimals a ged o ver 2 y ears.

n ewborns 2 0%)

a re

a bsent.

p ersist

i n

i n

o ccupations o f t he s ite d uring t he

R ed d eer

l arge

( 16%),

L ambs a re

r oe d eer

( 7%)

a nd

n umbers a longside t he d omestic

s tock during t he E arly N eolithic a t J ean C ros. I n a l.

t he i n

u pper

p ress)

m iddle

a nd

i mportant t he

l ower

r egions t he

o f

a bri

g ives

access, both i n

c ourse

a nd

s everal

t he

Q uerigut-Mijanes p lateau

( 1200m),

E scouloubre

a ltitudes a nd

R oquefort-de-Sault,

a nd t he C apcir

a nd

does

n ot

n evertheless, t o

t he

t he

a nd

b elow

( 1600-1700m).

5 00m

t he

C ol

d e

T he s ite c atchment

c ontain

a ny a rable l and.

T he s ite

t o h igh a ltitude p astures on more g entle

n orth

a nd t o t he s outh.

E arly N eolithic.

g oat

N eolithic E arly

a t

D omestic o vicaprines

f requency f rom 2 7% t o 3 2% o f t he m ammalian f auna d uring t he o f

s heep

( Guilane e t

d e D ourgne i s p rimarily c omposed o f s teep s lopes above

a ltitude,

s lopes

t he a bri d e D ourgne

r egions:

( 2000m),

1 300m

r ise

v alley

m ountain

P ailheres o f

A ude r iver v alley,

l ies o n a n ecessary p assage f or movements b etween t he

s tand

l evels

a t

Neolithic

r emains

apart

T hese moderate f requencies f or t he

f rom

t hose

t his s ame s ite,

l evels

a t

t he

observed

i n

t he M iddle

o r f rom t hose i n c ontemporary,

g rotte

G azel

( 56-60%).

A lthough

o f domestic c attle a nd p ig do appear i n t he f irst l evel w ith

p ottery, d ated a round s ubsistence a ctivities t he s uids, domestic r egularly t hroughout c ervids

a nd

4 600 b c, t hey t ake up l ittle s pace i n t he u ndertaken a t t his s ite. T he f requency o f p ig a nd w ild b oar t aken t ogether, d iminishes b oth t he E arly a nd t he M iddle N eolithic. T he

t he P yrenean i bex t aken t ogether m ake up 1 1% a nd 1 6% o f

t he l arge m ammalian f auna. g roups

i n

p assage

D ourgne

b etween t he m iddle o r l ower A ude v alley o n t he o ne h and,

w as

a nd

c ertain

mountain

c ultivation d iagram

i n

e nvironments w ild

a nd, r hythm

o vicaprines f irst

t he

a brupt

doubt,

N eolithic

i n

t he

c ervids,

a t

G azel.

p ersist g oat

a nd

i n

a ll

a urochs,

( Jalut 1 977, v alley,

p .

5 9).

d uring t he E arly

s mall g ame,

T hese movements,

w hose

o f r esource u tilisation d ocumented i n

t he s ites

f requencies

g rotte

f or t he e xploitation

P yrenean i bex,

M esolithic.

G azel,

T he

s tudied.

t hen t he w ild boar,

c ervid

t he

f requency

o f

t he

Over t he s ame p eriod,

d iminish i n f requency.

T he

a t t he v ery s tart o f t he E arly

l eads

a ssociated

t o t he c onclusion t hat t he w ith

t he

f irst s heep/goat

c ereal c ultivation l eft l ittle p lace f or d eer h unting v alley

t o

A ude

by t he e xploitation o f i ndigenous w ild

t he

modifications

A ude

t he

p lant r esources.

p attern

a t

a nd

c ontinues

a

r ises

a t

h usbandry

w ild

s ince

s ocioeconomic

T he pollen

l ocated a bout 5 km s outh o f

e xtensive f orest c learance b eginning

i n

d etermined

i n

f or both s mall-scale

m iddle a nd h igh a ltitude,

b asin

d rop

o ther,

a s w ell a s h unting.

F ournas,

r ed a nd r oe d eer,

f ollow

A ude

t he

N eolithic

c ontext o f s easonal movement a mong h eterogeneous

l ow,

s till

r esources, t he

d evelops

t he

b oar, i s

d e

d emonstrates

a t

w ithout

o n

E arly

a nd t he c ultivation o f wheat

h erding

N eolithic, o f

R uisseau

c learly

A nimal

b y

o vicaprine h erding,

t he

b efore 4 300 b c,

o ccupied

e nvironments

a nd

f rom

D ourgne,

p robably

l owlands.

I n

s tark

c ontrast,

b oar h unting

o ccupy a n i mportant p art o f t he s ubsistence a ctivities A t

t he

a bri

i mportant c attle.

J ean C ros,

n umbers

h owever,

r ed a nd r oe d eer b oth

a longside w ild b oar,

domestic s heep,

N o c ultivation i s s uggested f or t his s ite,

1 83

e ither

by

t he

macrobotanic

s hows,

i n

movement

t o o n

persistence J ean s tudy

t aken

t o

a nimal

C ros,

a nd

and

s easonal

w ith

a nd

a ctivities.

Dourgne

o f

a ssociated

p lateaux,

w heat

a gain,

T aken

t he

together,

o ther A ude v alley s ites c urrently

B alma Abeurador,

gradual

by

L eucate-Correge)

i ntensification

a gricultural

t heir

e xistence

p astures,

h unting

Dourgne, t he

t he

mountain

( Font Juvenal,

h usbandry

C ros,

mountain

d iversified

r eflect

l owlands,

J ean

f avorable

of

under

w ith

h igh

c ultivation G azel,

remains or by i ts g eographic context.

c ontrast

s ocieties

p enetration

i nto

e stablished

m iddle

c an be

of a griculture a nd and

i n

h igh

t he

a ltitude

e nvironments o f t he Corbieres and t he P yrenees.

F ROM T HE E ARLY N EOLITHIC T O T HE M IDDLE N EOLITHIC The

i ntensification

a lmost n ew

e conomic

during Just

t he a s

a nalysis

r egional

t he

o f

a nimal

a t

7 0%-80%

together)

e nd

s hown

o f

among

M iddle

t he

S ubsequently,

t hat

1 981a;

t he

d iffering

N eolithic

At

f auna t o

G azel

f irst, a t

D omestic

t ime

a fter

4 300

4 000

bc,

P hillips

1 982).

Mesolithic and E arly

l ocal

s heep/goat

a nd

s igns

environments, herding

while t he s uids

t he

I t

s eems

t o

S heep a nd goat m ake

c attle

( pig and b oar

remain b elow 1 0%.

o f a d iversificaton o f t he a nimal

p ig husbandry s eems to b egin

bc.

t he

p eriod must b e s een i n t heir

Gazel,

0 %-15%, s hows

h usbandry.

a nd

of t he Early N eolithic a nd

1 980,

t he e xpense n ow o f boar h unting.

decline

h usbandry,

l ead p rogressively to

e conomies must b e s tudied i n t erms o f various

perspective.

i ntensify,

t he

( Geddes

h as

d istributed

during

at

N eolithic

subsistence

t ypes

c hanges

up

d iversification

orientations M iddle

t his

Neolithic s ite

a nd

c ertainly of p lant cultivation a s well,

s eriously at s ome

i s not u ntil t he M iddle Neolithic,

a fter

t hat domestic c attle r eplace t he aurochs a lmost t otally at

D ourgne,

Font

Juvenal

and Abeurador,

i n continuation o f a tendency

which began a t G azel during t he E arly N eolithic. Domestic a ltitude i n

s heep

s ites

on

t he P yrenees

s ites

s eem

and

t o

h ave

o f

s edentary

v illages

l arger

D uring

w ith

t he

c onditions

Abeurador)

s heep

a nd

g oat,

a nd

are

of

a rable

1 983;

l and

B rochier

c hanges a

a nd

T hese

d ependent

l ocated on l ow a ltitude r iver t erraces,

t racts

E nvironmental

( Font J uvenal,

w ith l ittle a ssociated wild f auna.

become s pecialized s ites u tilized f or s easonal

domestic

B eeching and Moulin a ssociated

l argely a lone at m iddle and h igh

t he Montagne N oire

( Dourgne),

p asturing to

goat appear

during

corresponding

A tlantic,

deer

and

upon

adjacent

( Auriac-Guilaine and V aguer

1 973;

1 983). t he

A tlantic p eriod a re no l onger

c hange boar

t hroughout t he Aude valley.

i n would

t he h ave

animal e conomy. f ound

optimal

T hey m ay well h ave b een a ble

t o

profit f rom r egenerating f orest on a bandoned f ields.

i s

j ust a t t hat t ime t hat the domestic o vicaprines b egin t o p lay t he

determining t he

l ocation

valley

role o f

i n t he

e nvironments

t he

emergence o f t he agricultural

habitation s tands

s ites.

H owever,

i t

e conomy a nd

The d iversity o f the A ude

i n s tark c ontrast t o the h omogeneity o f

t he modes o f exploitation.

1 84

CONCLUSIONS I f

w e c an c onsider t he s ites o f t he A ude v alley a s r epresentative o f

t he

f irst

r egion n ot

s tages

i n t he t ransition t o a n a gricultural e conomy i n a

where d omestic a nimals a nd c ultivated p lants w ere i ntroduced,

n ative,

t hen

i mmediately

t o

l ocation.

i t

I t

i s

t o

t hat i n

p ossible e arly

o f

e nvironments M esolithic

s ites

t o

f ood

a nd

e xplain

d id

t he

n ot l ead

t ransition

e conomies

s ystem

s uccessive

h ave

s ystem

5 00

c ase o f s heep,

G azel,

o f

c hanges

t he A ude v alley s ites d emonstrates t hat

N ext,

when

when

uplands,

i n

t he

h usbandry,

s pecialized

a nd

s tations

i mportant

t he

b eginning

c an

b e

f or

t he

d escribed,

s hows

e vidence

a round 4 600 b c,

o f

t he

t he a bri J ean

a

l ocal

r egion

p attern

o f

r esource

f or more t han 2 000 y ears.

j oin t he s heep a nd goat i n a more

t he

upland

h unting s ites a ppear t o

c ertain

upland

s ites

s eem

t o

b ecome

s easonal t ranshumance o f d omestic h erds.

c hanges

o f

s uch a s t he

s easonal h unting f or d eer a nd b oar i n

f ollowing

d ocumented

a bandoned,

G azel

h erding

domesic p ig a nd c attle

b een

F inally,

f irst,

o vicaprine

a nimal

e ven t hose w ith

r eflect t hese i mportant c ontinuities

t he p ersistence o f

d iversified

I solated s ites,

a r ich a rchaeological m aterial

p artially

A t o f

e xploitation

t he

o f s ettlement a nd s ubsistence a re v isible

a nd

o nly

c hanges. s hows

a nd

r equired a l ong p eriod o f t ime:

s tratigraphies

a djacent

p ottery,

a ddition,

but a s l ong a s a m illennium i n t he

c learly a t t he r egional l evel.

t he

I n

h ave

t o

l ong

C ros

d omestic p lants,

c attle a nd p ig i nto t he e xisting

t he p ig,

a nalysis a nd

e stablishment

l ate

g oat,

m ost g rotte

l ocal

t he

D omestic a nimals appear i n t he

s ettlements.

f or

S easonal

d iverse

t hroughout

o f

p ermanent

f rom

i n s outhern

goat a nd c attle.

C omparative c ontinuities

c ontinued

i ndependently

s eems

y ears

among

o f

a doption o f s heep,

s ubsistence p erhaps

t o

w idely

t he E arly N eolithic.

e stablishment

h ave

p rocess

p roducing

d istributed

appears

s ubsistence

a nd

t his

t he s ubsistence e conomy a nd s ite

by t he i nfluences o f d iffusion a nd m igration a lone.

o ccupation

t he

c lear

c hanges

n ot

g athering-hunting F rance

i s

s harp

i n

e conomy a nd s ociety c ome t o p ass a t

M iddle N eolithic.

w hich

f inds

i ts

A n ew s ocioeconomic o rder

f orm

i n

l arge

a gricultural

v illages on t he r ich a lluvial t erraces o f L anguedoc.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS T his

c ontribution

f inancial e xtremely N ational t he

i s

s upport

o f

g rateful: d e

l a

C ommission

b ased s everal

t he

R echerche

upon

r esearch

c onducted

w ith

t he

o rganizations t o w hich t he a uthor i s

N ational

S cience

S cientifique,

F ranco-Americaine

C ulturels.

1 85

F oundation,

t he C entre

a nd a F ulbright g rant f rom

d 'Echanges

U niversitaires

e t

R EFERENCES B eeching,

A .

and

coprolithes problemes?', pp.

Moulin,

B .,

animaux:

1 983.

modestes

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d e l a

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anthropiques

c ontributions

a

d e

e t

g rands

S ociete P rehistorique F ran aise 8 0,

7 2-74.

B rochier,

J .-E.,

domestiques.

L e

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' Combustion

point

de vue s edimentologique',

Societe Prehistorique Française' D ucos,

P .,

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L 'Elevage

e n

' Le

mouton

8 0,

d e

Mediterranee

e t

parcage

pp.

d es

h erbivores

B ulletin d e l a

1 43-145.

C häteauneuf-les-Martigues',

Occidentale,

pp.

7 7-85,

i n

C .N.R.S.,

P aris. G eddes,

D .,

Debuts

1 980.

De

P rehistorique 5 , G eddes,

l a

Chasse au T roupeau e n Mediterran e:

de l 'Elevage dans

D .,

l 'Aude,

l e B assin d e l 'Audej

L es

Archives d 'Ecologie

Toulouse.

1 981a.

' Les

Bulletin

de

debuts l a

de

l 'elevage

dans

l a v allee d e

S ociete P rehistorique Franiaise 7 8,

pp.

3 70-378. G eddes,

D .,

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France:

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moutons

Implications

p our

Mediterran e

occidentale',

Francaise 7 8,

p .

G eddes,

D .,

G eddes,

' Neolithic

i n

press.

Mediterranean Europe', G uilaine, commune

J .

and

de

J .

J .

Ancien

e t a l.,

et a l.,

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des

J .

e t

c ultures

vallee Courtin,

e n

a l., du

montagnarde J .

l 'elevage

e n

i n

the

J .,

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domestic

' Le

( Aude)'• pp.

M editerranean

5 1-66.

s ite

B ulletin

s heep

i n

w est

Science.

c hasseen d 'Auriac, de

l a S ociete P re-

3 67-384.

L 'abri Jean C ros,

C entre d 'Anthropologie

Toulouse.

1 983.

C ardial

pp.

L eucate-Correge: Mediterranee

d 'Anthropologie des S ocietes Rurales, Guilaine,

l e M idi de l a

l a S ociete P rehistorique

t ranshumance

' Mesolithic

Vaguer

des S ocietes R urales, G uilaine,

de

journal of A rchaeological

C arcassonne

h istorique F rangaise' Guilaine,

B ulletin de

World Archaeology 1 5,

D .,

o rigines

2 27.

1 983.

Pyrenees',

mesolithiques dans l es

i n press.

Vernet

d e

l 'Est,

( eds.),

P aysannes en Mediterranee Occidentale.

1 86

C entre

E cologie

et d u N eolithique ancien d ans u ne

Pyrenees

Ro t idil a nd J .-L.

Occidentale.

T oulouse.

' L'abri du Roc d e dourgne:

Mesolithique d es

S ite Noye du Neolithique

i n J .

Guilaine,

J .

P remieres C ommunautes

C .N.R.S.,

P aris.

J alut,

G .,

depuis

1 977.

Vegetation e t C limat d es P yrenees Mediterraneennes

Quinze

M ille

Ans,

Archives

d 'Ecologie P rehistorique

C entre d 'Anthropologie des S ocietes Rurales, N 'Guyen,

T .

and

B unch,

r elationships ( Capra

A oudad

( Ovis musimon)',

Animale 1 2, P hillips,

pp.

P .,

Chasseen

1 980.

' Blood groups a nd evolutionary

a mong domestic s heep

h ircus),

Mouflon

T .,

2 ,

Toulouse.

( Ovis a ries),

( Ammotragus

domestic goat

l ervia)

a nd

E uropean

Annales d e G enetique e t d e l a

S election

1 69-180.

1 982.

F arming

The a nd

M iddle

Neolithic

C ulture P rocess,

i n

S outhern

B .A.R.,

I nt.

F rance:

S eries

1 42,

Oxford. P oplin,

F .,

1 979.

perspective

' Origine

du

mouflon de Corse dans une n ouvelle

p aleontologique:

par

marronnage',

Genetique e t de l a S election Animale 1 1, P oplin

F .

des

a nd Vigne,

ovins

France' P oulain,

en

T .,

1 971.

Prehistoire 1 4, D ., Lumley

1 390-97, V aguer, l es

en

J .

and

Annales

de

1 33-143.

' Observations s ur l es origines X XIeme Congres P rehistorique de

.

f aune',

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ä

C .

Dumas

Methamis

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a l.

' Le

( Vaucluse)',

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4 7-137.

' Les

c ivilisations

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( ed.),

C .N.R.S.,

du

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Gramari

pp.

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Mesolithique de

' La

d e

i n press.

A ctes

C ahors-Montauban,

mesolithique

S acchi,

j .-D.,

C orse,

pp.

de l 'Epipaleolithique e t du

occidental

( bassin de l 'Aude)',

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vol.

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tome 2 ,

pp.

P aris.

B arbaza,

M .,

i n press.

' La B alma de l 'Abeurador et

debuts de l 'horticulture d ans

l e M idi mediterraneen f rangais'

i n J . G uilaine, J . Courtin, J . P remi res Communaute 's P aysannes

Roudil and J .-L. Vernet ( eds.). e n Mediterranee O ccidentale,

C .N.R.S., V igne, du

P aris.

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I nt.

' Premieres donnees s ur l e debut de l ' elevage

de l a c hevre e t du porc d ans l e S ud de l a Corse, and S eries,

C .

Grigson

Oxford.

1 87

( eds.),

i n J .

Animals a nd Archaeology,

L IST O F I LLUSTRATIONS F igures: F igure 1 .

Map o f a .

s ite l ocations i n the A ude Valley.

Grotte Gazel

2 .

Abri J ean C ros

3 .

Abri de D ourgne

F igure 2 .

S ite c atchment o f t he Grotte G azel.

F igure

S ite c atchment o f t he Abri J ean Cros.

3 .

F igure 4 .

S ite c atchment o f t he Abri d e Dourgne,

with arrows

i ndicating modern and h istoric r outes o f movement.

1 88

ES MIPA

f igure

1

I MM I P IRK

ESP

PA

f igure

ES MIPA

f i gur i

ES MIPA

f igure

4

R EFLEXIONES S OBRE A LGUNOS A SPECTOS D E L OS C OMPLEJOS F AUNISTICOS D E M ALLORCA YL A P ENINSULA I BERICA

D r. J ordi E stevez U niversidad Autönoma, B arcelona,

E spana

A BSTRACTO H e

d esarrollado

a punte

e n

c on

o casiön d e e sta c onferencia d os a spectos q ue y a

u n a nterior t rabajo s obre l os r estos f aunisticos d el n ivel

t alayötico d el p oblado d e S on F ornes ( Estevez 1 984). A qui

h e

f aunisticos ( Estevez

q uerido

m is

o bservaciones

a o tros c omplejos

P ara e llo, a demes d e a lgün t rabajo p ropio

1 977 , 1 983) h e e scogido l a m agnifica o bra d e A ltuna s obre l a

d omesticaciön

e n

S tudien

f rühe

h aciendo

e xtender

p eninsulares.

ü ber

e special

E uskadi

( Altuna

1 980 )

T ierknochenfunde h incapie

e n

l os

yl os t rabajos d e l a s erie

v on d er I berischen H albinsel, y acimientos

H ierro y p osteriores.

1 93

d el

B ronce F inal,

H e

d esarrollado

a punt4

c on ocasiön d e e sta c onferencia dos a spectos que y a

e n u n anterior trabajo sobre los restos faunisticos del nivel

t alayotico del poblado d e S on F ornes Aqui

h e

querido

f aunisticos ( Estevez l a

e xtender

p eninsulares.

1 977,

1 983),

über

h aciendo

f rühe

e special

observaciones

P ara e llo,

a o tros complejos

a demäs d e a lgun t rabajo propio

h e e scogido l a m agnifica obra de A ltuna s obre

domesticaciön e n E uskadi

S tudien

( Estevez e n p rensa).

m is

( Altuna

1 980)

T ierknochenfunde h incapie

e n

y l os t rabajos d e

von d er

l os

l a s erie

I berischen H albinsel,

y acimientos

del

B ronce

f inal,

H ierro y posteriores. D e

l a

E dad

p rimera h e t or nado l os d atos d e P ehas de Oro I I

de H ierro;

s iglo

C astro d el C astillo d e H enayo

V III-III b c; de

s egunda

h e e scogido:

l a

L a

C astro d e B erbeia V -IV

poblado

Hoya

s ubdivisiön:

B

( LHO),

C erro d el R eal d e G ranada

postargärico

( CR1)

R edondo

( Driesch y B oessneck

B ronce

a ntiguo

( CAR);

b e;

( SAL)

Toscanos

( T01)

y

( CEE)

d e

d e

( T02);

Granada

Concepcion

d el

( VAC)

V alencia

C abezo

A licante

( Uerpmann

romano

del

d e

R eal); be

y

C ädiz);

( LPA), S acaojos

Munigua

( todos

e llos

V irgen

d e

( Driesch 1 980)

1 972).

d el

( ineditos), I bero

B ronce f inal E n

de

l a

( SE3)

( Hain

E ncina

V alencina d e l a

1 982),

l os d e S arsa e n

P arralejo

C ueva de

l a

B ronce

de

D ehesilla ( DE1)

C adiz 1 2-7,

( estas d os

Motillas

d e

e ntre

Azuer

h e

( AZU)

1 500-1200 b e B ronce

s iglo

f inal

I -II

y L os

( de C iudad s iglo X I-VI

d e n uestra e ra

1 980);

C erro d e l a

n iveles d esde e neoliticos a argäricos t or nado

a ntiguo.

C ova del Or de A licante

( Perez

P or ü ltimo h e u tilizao l os datos d e

S etefilla ( Estevez

( Estevez e ntre

y

f enicio

y C erro d e l a

del

a tribuido a l

c on

e n

S evilla

1 983)

y l a

s iglo

V III

( SE1),

F onollera e n G erona

S VI

( FON)

1 977).

p rimer l ugar t ratare m anada

( CAP)

1 976);

por D riesch y B oessneck

Ademäs

n eolitico

( SE2) d el

L as

d atados

de L eön,

( CV)

E mpuries e

b e

C ueva

y acimiento r omano d el

e studiados

G ranada

H uelva

c ueva de N erja d e Mälaga n iveles n eoliticos

y acimientos ( SAC)

de

( CR2);

a tribuido a l

d atados e ntre 7 00 y 2 00

( Lauk

y 4 -5, • edad del

( NE2);

( MUN),

d e A licante,

P edro

y P A2=iberorromano); l a

P alacios

2 100 b e;

D e l a

s iguiendo

( CUN)

f inal

M ilenio

e neoliticos

( Boessneck)

C uesta d el N egro

u ltimas

de

S an

be y e l

preiberico-iberico

1 969)

( Driesch 1 973)

B ronce

( DE2),

y

de

y

s iglo V I

d e l a H ierro

I X-VIII b e.

c on dos conjuntos:

n eolitico-eneolitico ( NE1)

del

( PEO)

e dad d el

y U erpmann 1 973)

d atados 5°

( PAl=neo-eneolltico

( BER)

i ndoeuropeo s iglo

C abezo

S aladares

( HEN),

l os

l a d iferencia observada e n c omplejos

l a c omposici6n

f aunisticos mallorquines y o tros

aproximadamente s incrönicos. E fectivamente e conömicamente Ovicapridos, u nidad

de

e n

S on

p rincipales s eguidos

medida

d e

F ornes d a

l a como

r elaciön g rupo

l os

s uidos

y

c onsiderada

( peso,

N R

1 94

de

l as t res

p redominante bovinos, o

NMI).

e species e l

de l os

s ea c ual

s ea l a

E n

c ambio y a

demostramos

que

e n l a Fonollera e l buey t enia mayor i mportancia que

l os

s uidos y que e n S 'Illot

era

tambien menor q ue

con mucho, Los del

d e

nos

m uestra t iene

primer

grupo.

H ierro

y

que

s e

observa

D e

d e

l a

e dad

d e

peso con

NR

y

u n c omportamiento e stadistico opuesto

opuesta

d e

l os

n iveles

d el

H ierro

f actorial d e c omponentes p rincipales e l g anado bovino,

l a c lasificaciön a utomätica

aunque e n m enor

( Altuna

1 980;

F igura

l a e dad d el

a l a de otros n iveles a nteriores e n

ovicäpridos

e s

m äs r ecientes,

d e B ovinos h asta

l a oscilaciön d el

E n

c erdo

l a t endencia a oponerse a l comportamiento d el

p osteriores, e l

f recuencia

m ayor.

E n

t odos

s e observa u n a umento e n

l os l a

l a r omanizaci & e xcepto en HEN,

% n o t iene s ignificaciön e stadistica.

Setefilla s e o bserva t ambien u n a umento del buey p aralela a l a

d isminuciön

d e

Toscanos

P arralejo.

o

l os O C.

geogräficamente n i U n

primer

tres

hemos

Edad

del

E stamos p ues a nte u n de

( Tabla

omitido

diferencia

e ntre

l a

1 )

f enömeno no l ocalizado

l a t abla de f requencias e laborada c on l as d e B ovinos,

f recuencia

l os

B ronce,

L o m ismo p uede s enalarse e n C erro del R eal,

r estringido c ulturalmente.

analisis

categorias

que

n iveles

una t endencia a l a a grupaciön de n iveles d e

yacimientos donde

l a i mportancia d el

l a d e ovicäpridos s upera,

demuestran u na considerable i mportancia l os

e l anälisis

t ambien

r esulta

l os

E n

e n

ovicapridos y c erdo/caballo;

grado, 1 5)

A ltuna

vacuno

Vasco-romanos. entre

1 970)

bovino a unque

a l as dos.

analisis ganado

que

( Uerpmann

l a d el

del

Ovicäpridos y S uidos C aballo),

( en l a

y a n os muestra

l a

y acimientos N eoliticos y l os posteriores a l a

r eafirmando l a t endencia p articular que h e s ehalado

en a lgunos y acimientos con s ecuencia e stratigräfica. E l

analisis

C entro

de

f actorial de c orrespondencias

C alculo

Barcelona)

d el

i nstituto

muestra

nos

l a

Jaime

( que he r ealizado e n e l

A lmera

i mportancia

del d e

C .S.I.C. l a

de

oposiciön

Ovicaprido-Bos: FACTOR

1 ( valor p ropio 6 3.05%)

F ACTOR

2 ( v.p.

0 .994

0.063

Bovinos

0.855

0 .512

Suidos

0.413

0 .909

Ovicaprinos

A si

l a

c orrespondencia

d ivide

en

y acimientos

valores

n egativos,

r espectivamente,

d e

l os

con

v alores

s egün

t engan

y acimientos a l p ositivos m äs

o

y

3 6.44%)

f actor

1 n os

y acimientos

m enos

abundancia,

de • Ovicäpridos. b aja c orresp.

± 0.3

I LP

P EO H ierro

ronce f inal + FON B

I LR

HEN s s.

+ CR2

P reiberco

T01

F enicio ?

CR1

B ronce

B ER S .

CAR

B ronce antiguo

s. LHO s

V III-III V I I X-VIII

S E1

s .

V III

N eo-eneolltico

SE2

s .

V I

Bronce

8 E3

I bero

NE1

Neolitico

00-200 B C CAP 7

NE2

E neolitico

00-350 B C S AL 7

1 500-1200 b c

TO2 Romano

SAR Neolitico DE1 DE2

A ZU

1 95

ronce f inal CUN B + CEE B ronce f inal PA1

N eo-eneolitico

ronce SAC B SOF

l os c on

f inal

TABLA 1 :

F recuencias r elativas del

c onjunto de n r.

de Ovicapridos,

B ovinos y S uidos.

P EO

. 267

. 325

HEN

. 410

. 311

. 366 . 275

BER

. 298

. 561

. 126

LHO

. 315

. 356

. 191

FON

. 530

. 350

. 13

S E1

. 410

. 33

. 26

S E2

. 360

. 36

. 28

SE3

. 230

. 51

. 20

CR1

. 760

. 16

. 05

CR2

. 58

. 37

. 05

CAR

. 86

. 08

. 04

CAP

. 43

. 36

. 17

S AL

. 30

. 63

. 06

TO1

. 50

. 44

. 06

T02

. 35

. 53

. 10

CUN

. 49

. 35

. 16

CEE

. 53

. 25

. 12

VAC

. 38

. 24

. 38

SAR

. 60

. 23

. 14

PA1

. 44

. 23

. 32

P A2

. 27

. 61

. 08

DE1

. 75

. 08

. 17

DE2

. 58

. 09

. 33

NE1

. 73

. 09

. 18

NE2

. 60

. 10

. 30

AZU

. 71

. 13

. 11

LPA

. 67

. 22

. 09

S AC

. 51

. 37

. 10

MUN

. 19

. 41

. 40

CEE

. 59

. 27

. 13

OR

. 77

. 03

. 20

SOF

. 45

. 24

. 30

OVICAPRIDOS

B OVINOS

I LP

. 72

. 18

I LT

. 75

. 15

. 09

I LR

. 60

. 27

. 09

1 96

SUIDOS . 10

L PA

1 500-1200 b c

VAC N eolitico

C OR N eolitico

P A2

I bero-romano

MUN s s. E sta

c lasificaciön

a bundantes' B ronce.

s olo

E n

( VAC) e s

' sin

en

en

e species,

aün

cociente l os

N R

ovicapridos

o vicäpridos'

y con bovinos:

c on

d el

t odos

l os

l a e xcepciön d e V alencina

l a e scasez de ovicäpridos p ero que

a

f actor

d e

l a

2 =1.112,

t odos

d e

d e

e levada).

l os y acimientos del

d iagrama

m ejor

p roporciön

l a m as

s ubstituciön

u n

OC

l os s uidos

F inalmente,

e n

B ronce f inal.

por

t riangular

B OS

p uede p lasmarse

e laborado

p ara

l as t res

e n u n d iagrama de barras r ealizado s obre e l

OVICAPRIDOS/NR BOVINOS,

y acimientos

c orrespondan)

' con

e levada

d inämica

g raficamente

g rupo

N eoliticos-hasta-Edad

i ncluido aqui p or

con e l

y

e l

r ealidad,

t ercer g rupo t enemos E sta

e n

a ntiguos:

H ierro y p osteriores,

que s e h a

( correlaciön e l

g rupo

del

d ebida,

d eja

y acimientos

e l

y acimientos

nos

I -II AD

( prescindiendo

p osteriores

a l

e n e l que

del

1 000

ä rea

b c

s e observa c omo t odos g eogräfica

a

t ienen u n i ndice

l a

que

i nferior a

1. 5. S ölo dos

dos

y acimietos s e apartan de e sta conducta mayoritaria:

y acimientos

l a

t endencia

q ue

h e

a l

e stän

No

voy

a umento

a

d e

d esarrollo

c on

e xplotados

por

e xtensiön l os

e structuraciön

i ndice

f aunisticos

b ien d iferente

s eguir u na d irecciön s imilar a l a de d e

l a

e n

l a

e structura mäs g eneralmente

l a p roblemätica de a tribuible o a u n

l as t ecnicas g anaderas, u nos e l

del

e spacios g anado

v acuno

i nterpretaciön de e se

o b ien a u n mäs

f actor e col6gico:

adecuados

( en e se s entido a rece ämbito del

c ulturales).

a lternativas c on

l a

f actor s ocio-econömico d e

v egetales

f enömeno a t odo e l

d iferenciantes

h ipOtesis

l os c omplejos

l os

y a marque

c ontinente. e ntrar

de de

u na

S 'Illot,

P ero ambos s uperan e l

e vidente q ue

a lejados

l os bovinos,

d esarrollo

a nälisis,

H abrä

l os p ertinentes

q ue

p ara

l a

p rescindiendo

c ontrastar

e studios

s er

s ehalar

e stas

p aleoecol6gicos,

f altan a i m ne n e ste p ais. E n

e l

h emos

c aso e n

a limentario d escartar

l a

a cumulaciön

t ratamiento ( como

F am es,

P ero

e l

t rabajo:

l a

e l

l a

e special

d el q ue

d e

f undamentalmente

p roducciön. s uponer

T alayot

l a c onfiere.

I y ,

T ales

p esar

d e

manera

c onjunto

C oncretamente, p or t anto e l

c oncentraciönes

b astion a rgärico de C erro de

p ueden

N o p odemos

p ara e l

l as e species.

c erdo e n e l s e

p eculiares q ue

p eculiaridades y a

destino

d esviaciön que p uede

r eparticiön d esigual

s ingulares e n

c aracteristicas

s e d a a l a m ayor p arte d e

d iferencial

c omposiciön de

l as

c orresponderse c on otras

a nterior

l a d e c aballo e n e l

l ugares

s ölo

u n

que

S on

p odrian

t ampoco

f aunistico l a

d e

c omentado

s ef ialadas

d e

a un

m uy

E n u no de e ilos,

de bovinos.

p ues

a nalizados,

observada e n e l

q ue

E s

e llos y a unque p odrian

p eninsula,

d e

a umento

s enalado.

i nsulares e ntre

m allorquines.

l a e ncina)

definitiva

e n

e n l a

l a m uestra. c aso c oncreto q ue nos

l os r estos d e l as h abitaciones,

o cupa a unque t engamos e n c uenta l a r epresentacion

s igue a lejada

l o observado T alayot

H abiticiones

S US

0 .32

0 .21

B OS

0 .25

0 .19

1 97

e n

l a

c ual

O C.

0 .42

0 .60

OC/BOS

1 .66

3 .07

mayoria s igue,

d e y acimientos a e xcepciön de S 'Illot p rerromano d el

por

o tra

p arte,

d iferiendo

c onsiderablemente

e n l a

f recuencia d e s uidos. P robablemente a

l a

h abrä q ue e xplicar e stas peculiaridades e n r elaciön

p articular

F orn4s,

t al

e structura

c omo

e xponen

e conömica d e l a f ase t alayötica d e S on s us e xcavadores

( Gasull,

L ull y S anahuja

e sta c onferencia). E l

s egundo a specto que p retendo d esarrollar a qui y q ue podria s er

c onsecuencia d e l a m isma c ausa q ue e l f enömeno d iscutido a rriba, e l del t amano d e e stas e species domesticas. E n

e fecto,

r educido

y a

t amano

c omente d e

l os

c oincidia

c on

a hora

c omparaciön

l a

l as

e n

o tro

a nimales

e fectuadas a

t rabajo d e

p or

o tros

S on

( Estevez e n p rensa) F ornes,

U erpmann

e l

observacion q ue

e n S 'Illot.

y acimientos

e s

E xtiendo

c ontemporäneos

d e

l a

p eninsula. H e

s eleccionado

observaciones 1 0%

d e

poder

t ransversal

a lgunas

d e

a ceptarse

d el

r adio

c omo

d el

M 3

d el

c erdo,

l ongitud

d el

M 3

d el

b uey,

l ateral d el t alus, h umero d istal. P ara t

5 %.

m edidas

n ormal.

p roximal,

l ongitud

t est

l as

c on

mayor

E n

c oncreto

d e

e l

d iämetro

l a l ongitud l ateral d el t alus y l a

l a

l ongitud

p ara

l a

l ateral

d el t alus y l a

o veja y l a c abra l a l ongitud

l ongitud d el metacarpo y d iämetro t ransversal d el

e stablecer

l as

d e S tudent,

t omando c omo u mbral d e l a s ignificaciön u na P d e

c omparaciones

e stadisticas h e u tilizado e l

H e e stablecido t ambien u na v ariabilidad t eörica,

l ey

n ümero d e

y c uya d istribuciön t uviera u na p robabilidad d e ms d e

d istribucion

d erivada d e l a

n ormal q ue t oma c omo l imite s ignificativo l a P

d e 5 % s egun l a f örmula:

L imites v ariacion t eorica = + _ t

s_ X

\// n + 1 S iendo y

l a

t e l v alor e legido d e l a t abla d e S tudent p ara e l n observado P e legida,

( Tabla C omo

s e puede o bservar e n l a t abla d el r esumen e stadistico d e l as

m edidas

m as

o bservaciones d eben

s l a d esviaciön s tandard y X l a m edia d e l a muestra

2 ). s ignificativas,

( Tabla

s obre

l o

t odo

e n

q ue

2 ),

e l

n umero

r educido

d e

r especta a l b uey y a l c erdo,

h acernos v er l as c onclusiones q ue e xtraere m s c omo s ugestivas

q ue c omo d efinitivas. L as

c omparaciön

e ntre

O vis

i C apra n os d a a l a s egunda c omo d e

mayor t ama i io e n l os y acimientos d e M allorca. L a l as d e

c abra

mallorquina

peninsulares. T oscanos,

t iene

u n h umero d istal

i gual d e a ncho q ue

S in e mbargo e l t alus e s m enor que l os e jemplares

S acaojos,

l os

S aladares a unque n o que e l d e l a m edia

v asca c uya muestra e s p oco r epresentativa. E n

c uanto

a

n ivel

r omano

p uede a tribuirse a u na d iferencia d ebida a l a gar d e l a

muestra.

l a

l ongitud

d el

M c,

l a r educciön d e t amano e n e l

L a media e s menor q ue l a d el p ais v asco o S acaojos p ero l a

v ariabilidad

s ölo

i ncluye

a nimales

1 98

mayores,

e n

e ste

ü ltimo

TABLA 2 :

Resumen e stadistico de

l os parametros m s empleados;

S 'Illot y S on Fornes. _ CAPRA D IAM.

TRANSV.

HUMERO

x = 29.44

s=2.52

LONG.

TALUIS

LAT.

X = 26.91 LONG.

s =0.97

DISTAL n=33

Var.

te6rica=24.22-

3 4.66

n=11

Var.

te6rica=24.68-

2 9.14

METACARPO

x= 99.87

s=7.24

n=30

Var.

tedrica=84.86-114.88

x=100.33

s=6.63

n=24

Var.

te6rica=86.39-114.27

x = 98

s =9.81

n= 6

Prerommano Romano

OVIS D IAM.

TRANSV.

HUMERO D ISTAL

x= 2 3.89

s=1.30

LONG.

TALUS

LAT.

x = 2 4.06 LONG.

s=2.61

n=77

Var.

te6rica=21.27-

2 6.51

n=17

Var.

teör1ca=18.39-

2 9.73

Var.

t eörica=88.21-114.25

METACARPO

x =101.23

s=6.37

n=42

x=100.08

s=4.90

n=36

Prerromano

x=108.08

s=9.94

n= 6

Romano

x = 3 4.05

s=2.34

n=10

Prerromano

x = 3 1.25

s=2.25

n= 4

Romano

x = 3 3.25

s=2.59

n=14

LONG.

TALUS

B OS L ONG.

M3

LAT.

Var.

te6rica=27.51-

3 8.99

x = 5 2.08

s=3

n=12

P rerromano

x= 5 3.42

s=1.63

n= 6

Romano

x = 5 2.53

s=2.65

n=18

Var.

teörica=47.01 -

5 8.05

s=1.21

n= 8

Var.

te6rica=27.10-

3 3.02

n=17

Var.

te6r1ca=20.32-

2 7.92

n=12

Var.

teörica=30.78-

4 2.26

S US L ONG. x -

M3

3 0.06

D IAM.

TRANS.

RADIUS PROXIMAL

x = 2 4.12

s=1.75

LONG.

TALUS

LAT.

x = 3 6.52

x=2.53

1 99

y acimiento. L a

a ltura

m allorquines s ehalamos, s emejante

c alculada

p ara

e sta

e stä e ntre 6 4.9 y 5 2.9,

l a a l a

e specie

e n

l os

y acimientos

c on u na m edia e n 5 8.3.

C omo y a

v ariabilidad d e e stos a nimales e s m uy g rande, d e l os a nimales p eninsulares, p ero l a p redominancia

d e v alores b ajos h ace que l a m edia t enga u na t endencia, n o s iempre s ignificativa, h acia v alores m enores q ue l as p eninsulares. L os

v alores

E dad

d el

p ara

y acimientos d e l a v ertiente mediterranea d e l a

B ronce

mallorquines

y

a nalizados, c alculada

l a c on

( CR1, e l

o veja l os

4 1.6-54.2),

m etacarpianos ( n

1 3,

obtenidas

p arecen E n

( n

2 8,

x=50.71 v ar.

i ntermedios:

l os

y acimientos

p odia t ener u na i ndices d e H aak

m etatarsiano medias

C AR)

r esto.

e ntre

l os

m allorquines

a ltura d esde 4 1.6 a 5 6, p ara r adio ( x=47.5 v ar. x=48.8,

4 3.9-58).

v ar.

4 4.5-54.7)

y

E sto c ontrasta c on l as

e n y acimientos p eninsulaes d onde p or e jemplo e n C R

s e e stima u na m edia d e 5 6 p ara l a h embra y 6 0 p ara e l macho. D e

l a

t ama i io

c omparaciön

d e

l a

s ignificativamente

l ongitud d e l os M c r esulta s iempre u n

m ayor

p or

p arte

d e l os a nimales p enin-

s ulares. Tambien t ransversal

s e

o bserva

d el

h umero,

l a y

m isma e l

d iferencia

t alus

para

e l

d iämetro

s olo t iene u na d iferencia n o

s ignificatiava e n E uskadi. E n

e l

c aso d e l a oveja l a p robabilidad d e q ue l as d iferencias s e

d eban a l a zar t amaho e n l os

s on m enores d el 1 %. E s d ecir q ue l a r educciön d e a nimales i nsulares e s m as o stensible e n l a o veja q ue

e n l a c abra. E n l a

e l

c aso d e l a c abra s e d an medidas e n l as que s e a precia c omo

v ariabilidad

c abria

e stä

e sperar

s ueltas

d e

c orrida

h acia

v alores m s a ltos q ue l os q ue

d e u na d istribuciön n ormal,

g ran

t amano.

N o

s e

p uede

e s d ecir,

que h ay p iezas

d ecir que l a v ariabilidad

observada s ea p equeha o m enor q ue e n l os c onjuntos peninsulares. E n

M allorca

i gualmente a tribuibles s exo. l a

e l

marcado a

d imorfismo que

e n

l a

s exual

d el

P eninsula:

g anado

b ovino

e sta

E l t amaho d e l as p iezas

h embras e quivalen e ntre e l 7 2-83% d el d e l as d el o tro

E ste h echo n o q uedaba r eflejado e n S 'Illot por l o r educido d e muestra

p rerromano

( Uerpmann

1 970).

L as

d iferencias

e ntre

e l

bovino

y e l r omano n o s on s uficientemente s ignificativas y e sta-

d isticamente pueden s er d ebidas a l a zar. E n u n

l a

b iometria

f enömeno

t ienden

a

p rimeros c uanto

m uy v alores

molares, a

c omparada c on l os a nimales p eninsulares destaca

i nteresante:

l a

T oscanos

E mpuries

p ueden

L as

o

l a

d eberse

n etamente m ayores. P ar e l c ontrario, p ostcraneal c ontinente L a F ornes

d el

d iferencias v ariabilidad a l

a zar.

d e d e

C R1 t odo

m edias C erro y e l

S AC

c on d e

r esto

e s

a

d e d el

e sta B ronce

r espect° a

l a

s on,

T ortuga y e n

e l

t alus

y

m enor

q ue c ualquiera d e e stas p iezas d el

l a

8 7.2

e squeleto

1 %).

c ruz q ue s e p uede o btener p ara e l b ovino de S on c m.

C R o 5 1 cm.

s iempre

del

c ambio,

n etamente

( la p robabilidad e sta s iempre p or d ebajo d e

a ltura

p equehos c aso

e s

s i b ien

s abre t odo en l os

n o p resentan s iempre d iferencias s ignificativas e n

media.

E uskadi,

L as m edidas d e l a d enticiön,

i nferiores a l os p eninsulares,

l o

que

p or d ebajo d e

medio-final

i mplica

1 3 c m. m enos q ue l os m as

q ue e l g ran e jemplar d e S acaojos. d e G ranada

( 109.9-108.6 a m.)

d e l a E dad d el H ierro y posteriores d e E uskadi

2 00

E n t odo

l os b ovinos r elativamente p equenos e n P urullena o

( X=110.4).

A lgo

p arecido

s e

c erdos.

L as

t endencia

a

n etamente

m enores

d el

t ercer

t amano

observa

m edidas l os

d el

a unque m ucho m a 's c laramente e ntre l os c raneo

v alores b ajos)

s on

i guales

q ue l as d e l os o tros c erdos.

molar

( con

u na

l igera

y l as d el e squeleto p ostcraneal s on I ncluso l a l ongitud

e s m ayor e n M allorca q ue e n l os c erdos d e C AR,

r elativamente

p equeno,

o

s emejantes

a

l a

d e

d e l os g randes

e jemplares d e S acaojos. Todo

e ste

a nalisis

b iometrico

n os

p ermite

s ehalar

a lgunas

c onclusiones: E n primer l ugar h ay que d estacar e l p equeho tamano g eneral d e l os animales i nsulares r especto a s us c oetaneos p eninsulares. E n

s eguno

o bserva

l ugar:

b ien

m anifiesta

e ste

e n

mucho

d enticiön

f enömeno

ovejas, m a 's

( parte

e n

mucho

d e

b ovino e l

r educciön

y

s uidos

d e t amano s e

y e n c oncreto s e

e squeleto p ostcraneal que e n l a

m as c onservadora a nte

l as c ondiciones

d e i nsularidad). E l

h echo

f endmeno

d e

q ue

c omo

i ndicaciön f avoreciö

del e sta

l a c abra n o h aya s ido t an a fectada p or e ste

l as

o tras

e species

c itadas

p odria

s er

u na

t ipo d e p resiön e cologica q ue s e e jerci6 y q ue d inämica

e n

l as

c ondiciones

d e a islamiento

i nsulares. O tra

m anifestacion

e xistencia

de

a

r etener

p iezas

d e

e stas

e sporädicas

d e

observaciones e s

l a

t amano s uperior a l

u n

e sperado e n una d istribucidn normal c on u n 5 % d e P . H abra

q ue

t amano

d e

e studiar

p eninsula

p ara

m inim°

y

v erificar

m ismas

q ue

l a

c ausa

e n

v er

e cologico

p rofundamente

l as

o scilaciones

d e

e n q ue momento c oncreto e stos a lcanzan u n s i

l as

l a i sla.

d el

e l

g eneral e uropeo

e species

d e

l os

o

a fectadas s on l as

a nimales

a islamiento

q ue

m as

E sto n os p ermitiria matizar s obre s i

e nanismo

f undamentalmente o ccidental

m a 's

l os a nimales d omesticos p re-y p rotohistöricos d e l a

a fecta

g enetico

a

t odo

m allorquines o

e s

u n

e s

c ambio

e l a mbito d el e xtremo

mediterraneo y d e f orma p articularmente

a cusada a l as p oblaciones i nsulares. E sta c ausas

i nvestigacion d e

l a

n os

a yudarä

p articularidad

t ambien

a

a cercarnos a l as

d e l a b ase s ubsistencial d e l os

p obladores t alay6ticos.

2 01

R EFERENCIAS A ltura,

J .,

1 980.

' Historia de l a domesticaciön a nimal

desde s us origenes hasta l a r omanizaciön', Boesseneck,

J .

y

Driesch,

A .

von

der,

1 980.

T ierknochenfunde von der I berischen H albinsel Driesch,

A .

von der,

I berischen

1 972.

H albinsel',

I berischen H albinsel Driesch,

A .

von der,

t artesischen i n

S üdspanien',

J .,

4 ,

1 983.

y acimiento

d e

S etefilla,

L era

J .,

F auna',

no.

i n

' La f auna del del

f rühe

1 984.

i n

R io

' Estudio

E .

de

f ase

C orte

3 :

A ubet

una

Mallorcaj

I nt.

S eries

1 982.

H .D.,

1 976.

Monachil

l os

R ipoll,

l 'Or,

a l.,

L a

M esa

pp.

1 58-167,

pp.

1 -184,

P urullena

1 980.

I I,

r estos V .

a limentarios Lull y M .E.

e nsayo

de

p rehistorica

f rühe

d el n ivel

S anahuja S on

r econstrucciön de

l a

i sla

d e

l a

T ierknochenfunde v on der

Munchen. aus b ronzezeitlischen S iedlungen

( Provinz G ranada)", 6 ,

de T rabajos Varios,

6 5,

S tudien über f rühe

pp.

' La F auna d e Vertebrados',

S erie

d e

Oxford.

über

' Tierknochenfunde

und

M .,

vol.

L a F onollera,

M adrid.

G asull,

2 09,

e t

T ierknochenfunde von d er I berischen H albinsel P erez

a l.,

aproximacion a l a f auna d el

1 22,

c omunidad

S tudien

I berischen H albinsel 8 ,

bei

d er

' Kupferzeitliche T ierknochenfunde a us V alencina de

Concepciön/Sevilla',

L auk,

e t

C ampana d e 1 979,

t alayötica:

de

F .W.,

P ons

M .E.

e n P .

s ocio-econömica B .A.R.,

von

I nvestigacions A rqueologiques de l a

( Sevilla),

d e S on F ornes', L a

T ierknochenfunde

1 .

S etefilla',

F ornes

H ain,

f ruhe

Munchen.

Excavaciones Arqueologicas en E spana

t alayötico

M unchen.

1 89,

Munchen.

über 9 -31,

S ervei T ecnic de

D iputacio de G irona,

E stevez,

u ber

pp.

' Nahrungereste t ierischer H erkunft a us e iner

pp.

' La

del

J .,

S tudien

Über f rühe T ierknochenfunde v on d er

1 -267,

S tudien

1 977.

Monografias

E stevez,

1 -163.

u nd e iner s pätbronzezeitlischen b is i berischen S iedlung

I berischen H albinsel E stevez,

pp.

1 973.

7 ,

pp.

' Osteoarchäologische U ntersuchungen a uf der S tudien

3 ,

e n e l p als vasco

Munibe 3 2,

1 -117,

i n A . pp.

Munchen.

Marti C ova d e

1 93-256,

S .I.P.,

Valencia. U erpmann,

H .P.,

S 'Illot

1 970.

( San

' Die T ierknochenfunde aus der T alayotsiedlung von Lorenzo,

Mallorca)',

S tudien

T ierknochenfunde von der I berischen H albinsel Uerpmann,

H .P.

phönizischen beeinflussten uber

f ruhe

3 5-100,

y

Uerpmann,

F aktorei

von

Fundorten

der

T ierknochenfunde

M .,

1 973.

Toscanos

Munchen.

2 02

der

p .

1 11,

über

und

a nderen

f rühe

Munchen.

' Tierknochenfunde

P rovinz M alaga von

2 ,

a us

d er

p hönizischen

i n S üdspanien', • S tudien

I berischen

H albinsel

4 ,

pp.

L ISTA D E I LLUSTRACIONES F i9uras: F igura

1 .

Localizaciön de 1 .

2 .

HEN

3 .

BER - Berbeia

- H enaya

4 .

LHO - La Hoya

5 .

FON - Fonollera S 'Illot

7 .

SE

- S etefilla

8 .

CR

- C erro del Real

9 .

CAR - Cabezo Redondo

1 0.

CAP

- C abezo de S an P edro

1 1.

SAL

- S aladares

1 2.

TO

- Toscanos

1 3.

CUN - Cuesta del

1 4.

CEE

1 5.

VAC - Valencina de la Concepciön

- C erro de

SAR

- S arsa

1 7.

PA

- P arralejo

1 8.

DE

- D ehesilla

1 9.

NE

- Nerja

2 0.

AZU

- A zuer

2 1.

LPA

- Los Palacios

2 2.

SAC

- S acaojos

2 3.

MUN

- Munigua

2 4.

SOF

- S on Fornes

2 5.

OR

- Cova de

2 6.

CV

- C erro de

l 'Or l a V irgen

Graf i co triangular con l as

l as

c ategorias

en l os distintos 3 .

Negro

l a Encina

1 6.

conjunto de

F igura

considerados:

PEO - P ei ias de Oro

2 .

6 .

F igura

los yacimientos

frecuencias BOVINO,

complejox f aunisticos

D iagrama de b arras

con

los

cocientes de

CAPRIDOS/BOS EN LOS D ISTINTOS

relativas del

OVICAPRIDOS y SUIDOS tratados. l a relaciön OVI-

YACIMIENTOS agrupados por

epocas. F igura

F igura

4 .

5 .

Graf i cos de c omparaciön de

l a medias y variabilidadaes:

1 .

Long.

t alus

2 .

Long.

Metacarpo en CAPRA

l at.

3 .

Long.

talus

4 .

D iam.

transv.

l at.

5 .

Long.

Metacarpo en OVIS

Humero dist.

Graf i cos de c omparaciön de bovinos:

1 .

l a medias y variabilides de

T ercer molar i nferior,

l ateral del T alus;

de suidos:

2 03

3 .

l ong.,

2 .

Longitud

Diametro transversal del

r adio proximal,

4 .

Long l ateral d el t alus y 5 .

Longitud

del t ercermolar i nferior.

T ablas: T abla 1 .

F recuencias r elativas d el

c onjunto de nr. de Ovicapridos,

Bovinos y S uidos. Tabla 2 .

R esumen e stadistico de l os parametros m s empleados; S 'Illot y S on F ornes.

2 04

ES MIPA

f igure

1

1• 1 13 1 1 1• 1 1 1• 1 1 1, M MO Mmum m im

ES MIPA

. . . . . . . .

f igure

2

C AR c RA ? Ai f V P .CS AR

1 E/ N EI, N E4 C V

ES MI PA

f igure

3

•

30

4-

$ O

1

1

‚USK

4 00

1 10

2

CR S uSK

c AR 11 •

SAC

S AC

CR

SAL

3. 0

s Ac

30

I B M

4

E US 4 ‚MP C A TO CAR S E

10

1 10

A" V )

5 U SK CA CAR TO / SAC -) . 1 35 ,S

VAR . OSSERVAPA

MALLORCA

VAR. TEOR . CA VAR. C OMPARAPAS M D IO AS

A lb L A MS

c Om P ARA P AS

ES MIPA

f igure

ES MIPA

f igure

R ECONSIDERATION D U P ROBLEME D U B OS I BERICUS A U M AGHREB

D r . A lfredo M uzzolini I ngenieur-Geologue I .G.N., 7 r ue J .

de R esseguier,

3 1000 Toulouse,

France.

R ESUME D es d e

' petits

N ubie,

e t

m gme,

a ffirmation P omel

e st

a u

p arallele

1

c elle

l e s

t aille, l e

q ue

e t a ux

l es

d escendance n 'emergent

a tlantigue.

p rghistorique,

d 'une

l ignee

d e

U ne d epuis

" petits

g rand

b oeuf

B .

p rimigenius

( appele a ussi

d e

B .ibericus

u tilisent

l es

i dentifies

r eferences

e ssentiellement

q u'il

c onvient

d e

d ans

p ar l a

l 'argument

d iscuter

P omel,

l i tterature d e l a p etite

e n

f onction

d es

r eelles d e l a t aille c hez l es a urochs; l es r epresentations

p opulations a dapte

l 'existence

d ifficile ;

f igurations

"g rand"

S ahara

L es a rguments a ppuyant c ette a ffirmation s ont i ci

a rgument

v ariations

l a

l 'archeologie

d ans l a v allee d u N il, B . i bericus , l ignge

c ranes

q u i

d ans

d e d e

e t d u

) .

d 'interpretation

u l terieure ,

c elle

M aghreb

B .opisthonomus

a n alyse s :

r d cemment,

t raditionnelle

( 1894)

b oeufs",

s ur

e t e f requemment d ecrits d ans l es t rouvailles

b oeufs' o nt

f ouilles e n A frique d u N ord, 1 H aua F teah, ä K or n O mbo ( Egypte), e n

d u

r upestres.

" petit"

a menent

ä

b oeuf

b rachyceros

d u B . i bericus q u 'e

l 'ere

l e

p lan

d e

l a

g enetique

d es

i nterpreter l e B . i bericus c omme u n p henotype

e nvironnements B .

L es c onditions d 'une c oexistence d u s u

p lus

a rides.

L a t hese c ouramment a dmise

r epre sentent l a p a ra t c ontestable: e n f ait c es b rachycros m aghrebins

h istorique

e t

m odernes

p euvent

n e

r eflgter q ue d es

i mportations a p artir d 'autres c ontrees m editerraneennes.

INTRODUCTION N ous

n ous

p roposons

r encontrees

d ans

i ci

l e

G eographiquement,

d e decrire l es d iverses v arietes d e boeuf

N ord

n otre

d e

l 'Afrique,

d omaine

a ux a ges p rdhistoriques.

d 'etude

c omprend

l 'Egypte

e t l a

v allee d u N il, l e M aghreb, l e S ahara e t l 'Afrique t ropicale. C hronologiquement, n ous c ouvrirons l e P leistocene e t l es d ebuts d e j usqu'ä

l a

d omestication

b anal, p rehiggsien, l 'animal.

l 'Holocene,

d u

t erme,

L e

b oeuf

N il,

l a

d u

b oeuf - e ntendue a u s ens

d 'un c ontröle e troit d e l 'homme s ur

s auvage - l 'auroch - n 'a p as d epasse ,

N ubie

s oudanaise.

d ans l a v allee d u

M ais i l e st c ommun d ans t ous l es e tages

p rehistoriques e n E gypte e t a u M aghreb, e t i l a e te s ignal ea u S ahara c entral. S a p r4sence e st p lus d outeuse a u S ahel, e t i nconnue d ans l es p ays d e f or2t c omme d ans l e S oudan e t l 'Afrique d e l 'Est ( les

recentes

l es

h autes

r etenues). l es

decouvertes d e t erres

P ar

p lus

d u

c ontre,

a nciennes

' boeufs' t res a nciens,

K enya,

n e

p araissent

p ar N elson,

p as

p ouvoir

s ur e tre

l a d omestication d u b oeuf - d ont l es d ates

r emonteraient,

ä

N abta

d 'apres

m illenaire

b c

s 'accompagnera d 'une e xpansion r emarquable d e

l 'espece, t rouve d e

v ers

a lors

l a l e

M auritanie,

l 'Ethiopie, n 'est

f in d e l 'Holocene.

d e

e t

l a

l es a u

t outefois

q ue

n on

e tude

ä

c hoisie

d omestiquee,

l 'autre,

B ien i l

l ac

T urkana, a vec

E n f ait,

N ous

o n

d e l 'Air,

d ans t oute l a s avane C e

l 'expansion b antoue, qu'il

c onsacree ä l 'auroch a fricain,

l a q uestion e n f iligrane d erriere

a ffirme

l 'Europe

u ne s eule,

d eiiberement s uite.

' Neolithique'

d e l 'auroch e st b ien c elle d e l a d omestication.

c ontrairement

i bericus

d u

e n p rincipe,

t raditionnelle

d 'aurochs:

S ous s a f orme d omestique,

7 e

v ers l a R hodesie e t l 'Afrique d u S ud.

a u b oeuf d omestique.

c ette

a u

s ur l es f ranges d e l a f or t t ropicale.

t ardivement,

p resent e tude e st,

t heorie

( 1982),

b ande s ahelienne d epuis l 'Atlantique j usqu'ä r ives

mom s

depassera l 'Equateur, L a

S child

b oeuf e n a bondance d ans l e

s ur

t ropicale,

-

e t

( dans l e D esert

d 'Egypte), ( 1)

W endorf

P laya

o ccidental

e t

ä

c elle d u p ar

c ontestons

l 'Asie,

B .

a u

i ci

c ette

C ar l a

e xistaient,

d eux l ignees i ndependantes B .ibericus,

M aghreb

p rimigenius,

n 'est q u'une v ariete,

A frique

' petit b oeuf',

l 'homme,

l e

q u'en

t hese,

a urait

p rincipalement,

e t

s e s erait e teinte p ar l a e t

e xposons q ue l e B .

d e p etite t aille, d u B . p rimigenius.

q ue n ous e vitions d 'aborder i ci l e p robleme d e l a d omestication e st

d onnees

e vident

q ue

n otre

t hese

( 2).

2 12

e n

t ransforme

r adicalement l es

I . L 'AUROCH ' PRIMIGENIUS' Tout

au

l ong

d u

Quaternaire,

P liocene,

l 'auroch c ommun,

Nord

l 'Afrique,

de

d 'Europe. a u

I l

M aghreb E l

en

K ab,

Pomel

1 974,

L ibye

e n

a

p .

( Haua

l e F ayoum,

( 1894)

primigenius

c omme

peut-etre

meme

d es

primigenius s auvage, de

r egions

nombreuses

l a f in du

v ivait c l ans l e d 'Asie

e t

r epere c l ans d e nombreux g isements p aleolithiques

( Camps

T ihodaine), I sna,

e st

e t

l e B .

4 4)

e t meme au S ahara

F teah),

e tc.),

en E gypte

( ainsi,

( Kor n Ombo,

ä l 'Erg E l K ilh,

e n Nubie.

t outefois decrit un auroch q ui

d 'Europe e n Berberiel:

i i

' represente l e B .

l 'a appele B .

o2isthonomus

( du

g rec opisthen, e n arriere, p arce qu'l a cru y r econnaitre l e b oeuf ' libyen' de . crit p ar H erodote, qui paissait a r eculons). U ne

c aracteristique d es a

com es, t rouve

u n

c rane

H ilzheimer). specifiees

q u 'il C es

i mportante

L es

s 'agisse

l ä

wurmiennes

e lles

communes

sont

s ignale

a ussi

c entrale

( Bökönyi 1 900,

c hez

l es

1 972,

i i

Teyjat

a

trait

vers

de

Boule,

a urait

l 'avant,

e n

l 'originalite

l a

r ace,

a fricanus

des

1 910,

c et opisthonomus

l a c ontestait a ussi.

l a

qu'une

d enomination

e ile

d e

v aleur

L '

Comme i l a aussi

n 'apparait p as c aracteristique,

a p eut-etre,

toutefois,

mais p as au n iveau du t ype. non p lus,

s auvage:

s ahariennes,

gravures.

P our

qui n e presentent p as c ette

( 2).

c ette theorie, avec

l es

qui

emise p ar Joleaud

s erait ( 1933),

l 'äge p aleolithique des

i ncontestables B .

a fricanus d es

l e f ondement de l a d istinction de J oleaud

u n a utre a uroch a a ussi

c l ans l a vallee du N il:

l e B .

C e

Nous n e p arlerons

a fricanus n 'etant qu'une v ariete d e primigenius,

l 'interet n i

e t

quelque valeur au

u ne autre v ariete d 'auroch,

s ans doute d 'accorder s es t heses de

f igurations

Mais

de

l a n ecessite de m aintenir l a d istinction.

avant'

n 'existe pas,

volt p as

et

On l es

pour Epstein e t pour l a p lupart des p aleontologues

v olt donc p as

e ssayait

b abylonien.

r angeons s ans h esitation a c et avis.

' com es

B .

l es

2 3).

donc i ci que de B . primigenius I i

ou

depuis

p ar e xemple),

e t non b iologique.

n ous

n iveau

Lascaux,

s umerien

et rouve a u Maghreb d 'autres c ornages,

d isposition

un

o u

l 'art

c ontestait

n 'y

g eographique,

ne

et l es d ifferences

aurochs preneolithiques holocenes d 'Europe

p .

l e h aut).

c omme

actuels,

l 'on

O n

c aracteristiques, p our p ouvoir a ssurer

s ont e n e ffet c onnues e n E urope, ( ä

d ans

D i irst

v ers

Nous

l e bas.

( le B . 2rimigenius hani d e

meme d es c ranes o ü l 'une de c om es s e d in ge v ers l e bas,

A rambourg,

e t

l 'avant e t vers

au F ayoum

d 'une s ous-espece d ifferente du B . primigenius. l e b as

f igurations

l 'autre

opisthonomus e tait l a d irection

r estes s ont t rop p eu nombreux,

vers

( decrivant

c et

s imilaire

p ar P omel t rop p eu

c om es

D es

de

c ompletement r etournees vers

s ignale au Maghreb,

o n n e ( 3).

a u S ahara e t

i bericus.

I I . L E P ROBLEME D U ' BOS I BERICUS'. Ce

B .

avait,

( p)

i bericus s auvage pose un probleme p lus

s ous

designait

c e

n om,

l 'ensemble

c omplexe.

S anson

decrit l 'une de s es

' races specifiques'.

des

a ctuellement e n A frique du

r aces

Nord.

2 13

v ivant

E lle

P omel

attribua a c e B .

l 'Oued

S eguin

p leistocenes.

O n

p aleolithiques, decrit

l e

de

de

d e

e t

par

dans

j usqu'ä

m ineurs mais

e xhume a

provenant d e s trates des

n eolithiques,

T ernifine

primigenius,

t aille

' petit boeuf'

e t

e galement

o steologiques

( p.)

B .

d ifference

r econnut

l 'Acheuleen

c aracteres

b oeuf'

l e c rane d 'un a lgeriens)

epipaleo /l i thiques

depuis

Q uelques

i bericus

( Hauts-plateaux

g isements

e n f ait on

d istinguaient c e

c 'est

l 'a

l ' epoque m oderne. ' petit

e ssentiellement

r apport a u primigenius qui

l a

j ustifiait l a

d istinction. C e

B .ibericul,

r etrouv4 e n

ou

du

en Cyrenalque

Nubie,

A frique

mais

n oire

r ien a ux

mom s

u n

' petit boeuf'

( Haua F teah), de

e n E gypte

c omparable

epoques

D es du

' petits

B ronze,

d es

aurochs

a nimaux

boeufs',

e te

ont

preneolithiques

de

Neolithique a ncien,

O n

connait

petite

K nossos,

e n

Anatolie,

e tre

abandonne),

L eur

s ystematique

v ariete

a du

B .

d isputee.

g enetique

d 'esr ;ece,

ou au mom s de s ous-espece

debat

c aractere d e

de

l e

u ne

d es

n 'est

l a

t aille r eduite.

e n

e n

r egle

t heses f ait

c ritere

g enetique

u suelles

e xcipe

a E rteb011e,

a

( mais c elui de S hanidar doit f rangais

ou

b ien

( Ducos 1 976). - i ls u ne s imple

montrent

- u s une

pour q u'on l eur a ttribue r ang e t nom ( = t ype),

e ssentiellement

c onstituer

e noncerons e xamen

t ourne

de primigenius.

s uisses,

R epresentent

primigenius,

s uffisante

l 'Age

C e s ont soit

s oit du m om s d es

c onstitues

l 'Epipaleolithique e te

d istance L e

t aille,

d ans l es l acs

au Moyen-Orient

dans

r aciale

i l v ient d 'etre

l es p remiers t roupeaux domestiques

t roupeaux t oujours

' petit boeufs'

e te

1 981).

a utres que l es b rachyceros u suels d e

a normalement petits parmi c es

Au S ahara,

( Bouchud e t a l.

s ignales a illeurs q u'en A frique.

d u

a

p eut-etre

n 'est a ttests au S oudan n i e n

a nciennes.

s ignale s ur u n s ite d 'age neolithique

equivalent,

( Kor n Ombo),

a utour

d ifferentes? d e l 'interpretation du

Nous e xaminerons

s i

specifique

j ustifiee,

c apitale

s ur l e B .

e st

pour

l a pr kention

notre

puis

propos.

U n

i bericus n ous montrera qu'il

que de c e c ritere d e

l a t aille,

i nsuffisant:

n ous pourrons a lors proposer n otre i nterpretation. L es

d ifferentes

d 'une

e spece,

' probleme'

que

P aleolithique e t

a u

du

venue des

l es

e galement,

B .

v ers

d iverses

phenomene

Neolithique

p etite

a ncien,

l es

p ourraient

primigenius,

de

emerge,

moyen. e n

c e

m arge

a ncetres d es B .

L e d u

qu'une

e n Europe

L 'hypothese

' petits boeufs'

e tre,

l es

courant.

' petit b oeufs'

p rovient

b rachyceros,

l 'Holocene

v arietes r aciales

z oologique

dans l e c as de

l e B .

ä l 'esprit que

epipaleolithiques

' normale'

dans u n

phenomene c ree,

Moyen-Orient,

n ormalement e t

c e ou

s ous-espece,

t ailles,

c onstituent

e st

p aleolithiques de

l a

l ignee

brachyceros d e

l 'Age du B ronze.

I II . Nous c ar

D IVERSES C AUSES P OSSIBLES P OUR L ES D IFFERENCES D E T AILLE . s outenons i ci, l a

c ompte,

d iversite d es

pour l '

i bericus,

d es t ailles,

ibericus

s eul

a fricains,

l a t hese qu'il n 'en e st r ien, c ritere d iscriminant,

c onstitue

u n

e n f in d e

c ritere de d iffer-

e nciation s pecifique i nsuffisant. C ette d iversite peut e n e ffet s 'expliquer p ar d 'autres c auses.

2 1 14

1 .

L a g rande v ariabilite d e

L es

r uiminants

l a t aille

e n g eneral

s e c aracterisent p ar u ne g rande v ariation

d es t ailles. M me d ans u ne r ace d omestique a ctuelle, a ux t raits / / / g enetiques b ien f ixes, d es v ariations d e l 'ordre d e ± 1 0 c m. d e l a h auteur

s ous

v ariabilite

g arrot e st

s ont

e ncore

c ourantes.

C hez

p lus g rande.

l e

b oeuf s auvage,

l a

D ejä e n 1 889 N ehring p ubliait

u ne e tude s ur l es c as d e n anisme e t d e g igantisme c hez l es a urochs. L a

t aille

' grande' depend

d es

m ammiferes

n on

d 'un

p olymeres'

g ene

o u

' oppositifs', c ouple

i sole,

qui

' inoppositifs', n ettement

d ependent p our

t ranchees

M me

p eut

d ans

d 'isolats

p resenter

u ne

C ontrairement t aille

( dit a ussi

a ppartient

p lus o u mom s a rbitraire

c onditions

o rdinaires c ette

v ariabilite c ontinue,

T ous

s exes

l es

a u

a ux

c aracteres c ategories

( Gallien 1 950,

1 918)

j usqu'aux

p .

s ein d 'une e spece

d erniere

d oit

n ormalement

e ntre c ertaines l imites.

C 'est

4 t 4

i ndiques

s ous g arrot d e l 'auroch v ont d e 2 10 c m.

( Joleaud

c onfondus,

h auteurs

' genes

d e

b ien c e que l 'on c onstate. p our

o u

a ux

l 'etablissement

n otamment),

' petite'

C ar l a t aille

c aracteres / d u m ecanisme m endelien d u

d irectement

l esquels

d es

( absence

c oncevoir g enetique.

m ais d 'un polygene

l a

e st

s e

' loterie'

l additifs').

a llelomorphique,

4 8).

n e

s uivant l a h asard d e l a

t ailles

e xtremes q ui o nt

l es c hiffres d es

' petits

b oeufs'

- e nviron 1 00cm c hez

c ertains - d ont n ous d ebattons. C hez l es p rimigenius a ctuels a fricains, l es v aleurs m oyennes d es t ailles v ont d e 9 5-120 c m. p our l es

t roupeaux

C hez

l es

A frican d ans

d e N 'dama ä 1 50 cm.

b rachyceros S horthorn,

c ertaines

p our l es t aureaux K ori du T chad.

a ctuels a fricains,

d e 9 0-105 c m.

o u 8 0-115 c m. d ans l a r ace k abyle,

r aces

' Brune

d e l 'Atlas'

m arocaines

p our l e W est ä 1 20-140 c m.

( Epstein 1 971;

J oleaud 1 918). S i

donc

c m.,

l a v aleur moyenne p our l es a urochs e st d e l 'ordre d e 1 50

d es

e carts

d omestiques c oncevoir d ans

q ue

l e

d e

n on

M me

' petite'

l a de

p our

l a

d e Damas 2 .

e gaux

l 'ordre

ä

v ariabilite

d es

s ous-espece, p ar

e xemple,

c hiffres

c eux

d es

t ypes

d e ± 1 5 a ± 2 0 c m.,

t eratologiques).

K erry

a tteignant

d e

d es a urochs d e 1 30 c m.

d omaine

' nains', c elle

s eulement

u suels,

d e

b oeufs

amenent d ejä a

d e h auteur s ous g arrot e ntrent

n ormale C 'est

d e l 'espece

b ien

( aurochs n on

c e que l 'on c onstate.

l e b rachyceros

( dont c ertaines r aces,

n e d epassent p as l m)

i nclut d es r aces

s uperieurs a ux m inimums d es a urochs:

r ace d e D oukkala

( Joleaud 1 918),

1 30 a 1 60 c m.

1 40cm

p our l a r ace

( Epstein 1 971).

L e d imorphisme s exuel

I ndependamment d imorphisme e xhumes,

p our

p opulations d istinction c 'est

d e

l a

v ariabilite

p ropre

ä

l 'espece,

l esquels d 'aurochs

e ntre

l e s exe e st r arement determinable. p reneolithiques

t aureaux

s auvages

d 'Europe

D ans l es

c entrale,

l a

l 'intersection d es e nsembles d e v aches s auvages e t d e t aureaux l es

v ariabilite v aches,

s imple

e t v aches s auvages e st n ette,

d omestiques q ui pose s eule d es p roblemes ( Figures P our

l e

s exuel e xplique d ejä d es v ariations n otables d ans l es o s

boeufs d e

s auvages,

1 68-177

c m.

B oessneck

( 1957)

p our l es t aureaux,

s oit u ne s eparation n ette,

2 15

1 a nd 2 ). i ndique u n c hamp d e 1 55-164 c m. . pour l es

a vec u ne d ifference m oyenne d e 1 3

cm.

On

constate

domestiques ( ou

de

mais

l e

modernes;

Damas),

j usqu'ä

ou

1 8

m&me

d imorphisme

e xemple: dans

cm.

1 0 cm.

l a r ace

c hez

s exuel

d ans

dans

l es

( brachyceros e galement)

l es Kori

r aces

l a r ace brachyceros S hami

( primigenius)

l ibyenne,

du Tchad

( Epstein

1 971). Pomel e t

note

b ien

( p.

2 5)

' quelques v ariations dans

l es proportions de nos d ivers

d ifferences s e

borne

aussi

d e ä

des

des

c om es

males,

ne

a utres,

mom s

de c ette n ature.

I l s ignale

appartenant s ans d oute ä

f ortes,

ayant

appartenu

ä

des

a ssez ' sentimentale', d 'autant que, d ans d e

a ctuelles,

d isposait

c erner

aurochs c ette

p lus epaisses,

r aces

nombreux

pour

generales

' les u nes,

l es

f emelles

o nt

l es

c om es

p lus

et a ussi epaisses ä l a base que c elles d es t aureaux.

P omel a ssez

Mais s a p rise e n c ompte d u dimorphisme s exuel

a ppreciation

f emelles':

l es d imensions

e lles s ont a ttribuables aux

r emarques

l es

n ombreuses l ongues,

s exe'.

des

s ujets;

( et

manifestement

p ersonne

Maghreb.

l acune.

p as

d e c ranes e t d e c ornages

a n on p lus d ispose d epuis l ors)

e carts dus au dimorphisme sexuel c hez l es

l 'ampleur des

du

n 'en

C e n 'est p as d iminuer s on merite que d e noter

Nous

devons

d ire s ans d etours que l a v aleur de

s es

a ttributions e n r essort s erieusement c ompromise. 3 .

L 'evolution des t ailles au cours du t emps

L es

t ailles d es mammiferes,

et p lus generalement l eur phenotype,

ont

v arie a u cours des temps ( Figure 3 ). L es

g raphiques de Kurten

d es

c arnivores

du

u ne

d iminution

generale

des

t emps

montre

f inal

l e

P our

J ewell

a u

( 1967)

n ote

A Jericho, d es

boeuf,

Moyen

( 1962)

l oups

D egerb01

l e

meme

de

que

l a

mgme

f ait

Mme C lutton-Brock de

a u

( 1979)

P alestine ä l a f in du

( 1963;

Grigson

i llustrent

D egerb01 e t F redskild

( 1969)

a u D anemark,

l 'a

d iminution

du

c ontestee,

mais

t ailles

e n

des

du Neolithique au Mayen Age.

A frique,

o ssements

Age.

n ote

Grande-Bretagne,

p arce

s oudain

l 'Holocene,

l e d ebut ou ä l 'approche

a r eleve u ne d iminution r eguliere d es t ailles,

Mesolithique

E n

E dwards

l e

r esumant l 'evolution des t ailles

au c ours de

t ailles v ers

d 'Amerique.

' nanisme'

P leistocene. 1 970)

des

h olocenes.

P leistocene

( 1965),

Moyen-Orient,

l e

probleme

' petits

petits

e st

b oeufs'

-

p lus

-

c omplique,

denommes

s ont mentionees d epuis

du f ait que des

p ar principe

' ibericus'

l e C helleen,

e t s ur u ne

z one t res vaste. On

l es

a

Mansourah des

s ignal s d ans

( Constantine),

g alets

amenages

l 'Acheuleen l 'Aterien d 'Ali l a

de des

B acha

l es s ables v illafranchiens du P lateau d e

proches e t v raisemblablement c ontemporains

d e

l 'Ain

Ternifine g rottes

e t

de

Constantine,

( pres de Bougie)

grotte

de

T aza

( Tunisie),

de

l 'Oued

H anech.

( Maroc); S eguin

On

d 'Aboukir;

l es

dans

dans

Mousterien

( grotte des P igeons,

ou de P ointe P escade dans

mentionne

l e

( pres d 'Alger),

l 'Epipaleolithique

( pres d e Telergma),

d e

o u

e tc.), d e

R edeyef

de Mechta-el-Arbi

( pres d e Chäteaudun) de Medjez I I e t d e T ebessa; e t dans l es c ouches " n eolithiques d es g rottes d 'Oran, du G rand R ocher ( pres d 'Alger), d 'Ali

B acha

( pres

d 'Ain-Mlila)

1 955,

et du P ic des S inges ( v.

( pres de Bougie),

l istes i n Joleaud 1 918,

de B ou Z abaouine

B alout 1 955,

e t mise a j our r ecente pour l e P aleolithique i n C amps

H iggs

( 1976a,

1 976b)

e n

s ignale

2 16

ä

H aua

F teah

V aufrey

1 974).

( Cyrenalque),

G autier

( 1968)

a tlantique, F light

e n

( 1972)

l 'Holocene ( 1934)

N ubie,

C arter ä

e t

B ouchud

C lark

K intampo

m oyen

o u

e t

( 1976)

( Ghana)

i nferieur.

a l.

( 1981)

a l 'Adrar B ous -

t ous

U ne

l e m entionne d ans l e S ebilien

c es

e tude

d ans l e S ahara ( Air),

s ites

C arter e t s ont

d ans

a ncienne

d e G aillard

( Epipaleolithique)

d e K or n Ombo,

e n E gypte. O r, s ur c ette e norme duree, e t a t ravers c es a ires i mmenses, d e l 'Atlantique a u N il, t outes e n z ones a ride e t s emi aride, l es c hangements

c limatiques

a mples

d ans

que

v egetation

l es

e t

l a

l 'extermination

d e

L 'apparition l e

n 'ont

P u

d 'une

r ester

d es

M oyen-Orient,

p lus

e speces

e t

a tteste, s ans

a nimaux.

e spece,

s ont

us o nt s urtout e te p lus l eurs

c onsequences s ur l a

d rastiques a ux

-

j usqu'ä

b ouleversements d es

o u l a d isparition d e c ertaines a ssociations

deplacement,

c omportements s ein

y

c ertaines

v egetales,

n ombreux.

t emperees,

f aune

b iotopes. s avane,

e te

o nt z ones

d es

i nfluence

z ones s ur

d e

s teppe

l es

d ietes

e t d e e t l es

D es c ycles d e v ariation d es t ailles a u

c omme

c eux

t ranscriront

s ignal s

c hez

i nevitablement

l es

c arnivores d u

c es

v icissitudes

c limatiques. L a s eule e tude d ont n ous d isposions, v ariation d es t ailles e n f onction du t emps, S mith

( 1980):

d iminution j usqu'aux

e ile

c onclut,

appreciable s ites

c omme

d es

D egerb01

t ailles,

n eolithiques

d e

p our l 'Afrique, s ur l a e st u ne e tude r ecente d e pour l 'Europe, h u ne

d epuis

l 'Adrar

B ous

l e

P aleolithique

e t d 'Arlit

( Niger)

( Figure 4). 4 .

L es

t ailles reduites,

e n z one s emi aride,

a ride o u t ropicale.

L e

d imorphisme d e l 'auroch p rimigenius L es

e speces

d eveloppent

u niquement l eur

g eographiquement s emi aride, z one

d ispers es,

a ride

o u

L a

petitesse

e spece

d es

d e

p lus

1 972). L es A insi,

l a

d es

d es

c ompar e

a l a t aille c ourante e n

t ailles

i llustre i di u ne r egle b ien c onnue e n

( 'Regle

d e

B ergmann'):

d ans

u ne m eme

l es r aces d es c limats c hauds s ont g eneralement

p etites q ue c elles d es c limats f roids

( Jarman e t W ilkinson

L a d ifference d es t ailles p out a ller d u s imple a u d ouble. e xemples s ur

n eanmoins G autier

d 'un

l e

n 'admettait

t el

s ite

q u'une d es

d e

b oeufs.

( 1982),

d imorphisme geographique s ont n ombreux. N abta

f aune

q uatre

P laya,

s auvage S ur

u ne

v ariete

i nferieure

a ux

moyennes

d ans

u n

appauvrie, e lles

d e c hevre)

q ue

p etitesse

d es

p rimigenius p etit

c omme

d e

t ailles

s auvage

q ue

l 'espece

H at,

m ais m om s

e xemple e n

( le herisson, o u

ä

ä

z one

c e e n

s ujet,

d e

s 'il e st r eel,

c ette

mgme

s emi aride

f ait

t rapu'

e uropeen. l es

P omel

l e l ievre,

l e

l a v ariete e uropeenne

p reneolithique a e n e ffet

c ongenere

s on

h abituellement, lb eaucoup

u n

q ui s upportait

s ont decrites c omme d 'une t aille

c ommune. L e d imorphisme d u B . primigenius a fricain, s 'entendre

e nvironnement q ui

mais

1 5 e speces d e m ammiferes r ecensees p ar

d 'entre

p orc-epic,

T amar

s auvages

r aces d ans l a z one

u n p henomene general.

p opulations

V ertebres,

e speces

M ais p our l es

p etitesse

t ropicale,

t emp r e , c onstitue

g enetique ( 4)

a daptees a ux b iotopes a rides o u t ropicaux y

o ptimum a daptatif.

L a

o u

e te

t endance a ride.

n e p eut ä L e

l a B .

d ecrit c omme p lus l itterature

c ite

i ndications d 'Arambourg ( 1934) a ,‘ avait dj ea i ndique c e c aractere

e t u ne t aille l egerement i nferieure p our s on

2 17

opisthonomus. N ous s ont

c oncluons,

c ourantes

f emelles.

Q ue

1 25-130

c m.

o ccupee

p ar

e n

c es

d ivers

d es

h auteurs

q ue d es t ailles r eduites notamment c hez l es

s ous g arrot p ouvant d escendre j usqu'ä

d es

boeufs domestiques c ourants - y s ont c onnues,

Q ue

l e t ype b rachyceros e st s tatistiquement p lus p etit

cm.

e n moyenne)

que l e primigenius

1 20-125 c m.), mais l e ' petit' s 'elevent j usqu'ä 1 40-150 c m. l e c m.

f aits,

- c 'est-ä-dire d ans u ne p lage d e v ariabilite n ormalement

E urope.

( 110-115

d e

c hez l es B . primigenius s auvages,

m6me

( moyenne d e c e d ernier:

c omporte d es r aces dont l es m oyennes ( race d e D amas, r aces m arocaines) e t

' grand' i nclut d es r aces d ont l es m oyennes d escendent ä 1 00-110 ( le N 'dama, p ar e xemple).

E t z ones

l ion s 'attendra que d es r aces d 'aurochs r abougries, d ans l es s emi arides e t a rides, c orrespondent t res n ormalement a ux

m emes

p lages,

a u

mom s

p endant

l es

e pisodes a rides,

o u d ans d es

i solats. D es ' c arts de ± 15 a 2 0 c m. d e l a t aille m oyenne n e p araissent p as e normes p our l es h auteurs s ous g arrot. N ous

p ouvons

t out

d 'identification d es

d omaines

s exuel

d e

a u

moins

p ar l a t aille,

d e

v ariabilite,

l 'ordre

d e

1 0

a

c onclure

que

l e

c ritere

d ans c es c onditions d e c hevauchement e ncore 1 5

c omplique p ar u n d imorphisme

c m.,

e st d ejä d ifficile ä m anier

l orsqu'on d ispose d e d onnees s ur d es p opulations e ntieres. I l e st a bsolument i rrecevable c omme c ritere u niques - ou e ssentiel - d e d ifferenciation d e

e ntre

l es

q uelques i ndividus:

c hiffre

i sole,

t ypes,

i l e st a p eu p res t oujours possible d evant u n

de l a r attacher ä p lusieurs d es v aleurs moyennes d es

p opulations s exuees a insi d 'indecision d e ± 1 5 a 2 0 c m.

IV .

l orsqu'on n e d ispose q ue d e u n o u

e nchevetrees,

a ssorties

d 'une

b ande

L 'ESPACE GENETIQUE

,

M e n d e l a v i t c o m e n c e

R utimeyer

e t

a p ublier s es e crits v ers l a m eme e poque q ue

S anson.

M ais

i l

r esta

i gnore

d e

s on v ivant,

s es

t heories n e s e repandirent q ue v ers l es d ebuts d u 2 0e s iecle. C e

q u'ignorait P omel,

t ypes

( ou

v arietes)

d istincts

s ur

t erritoire l es

u n

d e u n

i ndividuelles

u niformisees

s euil

p ar

l e

e spece,

f lux

A p artir d u moment o u,

mgme

d u t ype, r esultant

g enetique)

p our d eux

d e s e maintenir l ongtemps

d es g enes

d 'une

s ous-espece,

c ertain

i mpossibilite g enetique,

mgme

t erritoire. l e

populations

l a

d ifferences p as

m eme

e cologique,

d iverses

n iveau

c 'est

d 'une

e spece,

d e l a r ace d e s ont

j eu d e l a d ominance,

s ur u n

s 'ecoule l ibrement e ntre l es

d ifferences a u

( et meme a c elui d es

mutations qui n e d epassent c onstamment

r eprises

e t

d e l a s election n aturelle,

e t d e l a v aleur a daptative. L e

mode

/ s p e ciation c elle

' presque c hez

qui

a

americanus

l es

p ar

e t

l e

d ifferenciation d ifferencies.

e xclusif'

( Petit

e t

Z uckerkandl

1 976)

a nimaux e st l a s peciation g eographique.

e xemple

s par

el es

b onasus e uropeen. d es

t ypes,

Q uels

a utres

o u

d eux

v arietes d e B ison:

C 'est a ussi d u

m ecanismes

d e

C 'est

maintien

l e m ode d e

l '

g eneral de t ypes

deja

i ci

e tre

i l e st v rai,

f aire

p ourraient-ils

i nvoques? C elui

d e

a pparaitre e ventuellement

l a o u

d erive

g enetique

d isparaitre e ntretenir

p eut p arfois,

f ortuitement

u ne

2 18

v aleur

u n

c aractere,

d 'equilibre

e ntre

o u deux

g enotypes, f aible l a

mais

i i

e ffectif,

t aille,

n 'est

e t

i mportant

q ue

d ans

l es p opulations d e

d evient p lus i mprobable s ur l e l ong t erme.

E t

e n r aison d e s on c aractere p olygenique e st mom s s ensible

a l a d erive g enetique q ue l es t raits dependant d 'un s eul g ene. U ne

a utre

p ossibilite

s usceptibles

d ' tre

d isruptive p ostule

( Thoday

q ue

l a

p artiellement g enes e n

s election

l 'une

r endre

p eut

d u

a daptees

a ux

d isruptive r etour

d e c hamps p oursuivant

L a

d e

l a

r ecent

p oursuivre e ile

d 'elles.

c elle

n otion,

ä

f avorise

l a d onc

a

g enetique,

f ois

' normalisante' s election

s election

e n

d eux buts

d eux s eries d e u suelle o pterait

P u

a insi,

s ur d es

dominants c ertains c aracteres qui n e l 'etaient p as.

s election

e xemple,

o pposes

s erait

C ette

l esquelles l a s election

e liminant

L a

1 964).

c ontradictoires:

e ntre

p oules,

d e c oexistence d e d eux g enotypes v oisins,

i nvoquee,

d e

f acteurs

e st

v raisemblablement

f ormes

r esponsable,

p ar

' sauvages' d e s orgho a fricain, m ieux

e daphiques o u a u b iotope n aturel,

e n bordure

d e v arietes c ultivees - l a s election p ar l 'homme i ci d es c aracteres ( peau p lus f ine p our l a g raine, e tc.)

ä

c eux q ui f ävorise l a s election

' normalisante'

( Hutchinson

1 972). M ais

c es

h umaine,

p ossibilites d e c oexistence i mpliquent u ne i ntervention

e t

n ous

l 'exclurons

p ar p rincipe,

i ci,

a u mom s p our l es

i bericus p aleOlithiques. L es r egles d e l a s election s tabilisatrice n e f avorisent d onc, u n t erritoire donne, q ue l e p henotype l e p lus a dapte, ä l 'uniformisation d e l 'espece, s ur l e l ong t erme. O r,

l es

p retendu

t rouvailles d 'un

u ne

s ouvent d 'Ali H aua

s

s ur

a u b as m ot,

p ar

c on : 3tituer

d e

e cologiques,

q ue

c e d ernier

a u P ic d e S inges,

s ont t res ( ainsi a u

Al a

g rotte

o n

p eut

d 'isolement

d e

e noncer q ue m2Me s i q uelque

c es

d eux

t ypes

a vait

j oue,

s pe 'ciation s ympatrique o u ä une d iff4renciation mghe n iche, i l a urait i nevitablement a bouti a

n ouvelles

p opulations

d ar ts

d e

n ouve:les

n iches

a vec i solement r eproductif d e c es d ernieres p ar r apport

a ux

p opulations

q ue

l 'on

o riginelles:

p retend

l es

e n c e c as,

l es b rachyceros m aghrebins,

d escendants d e l '

i bericus p aleolithique,

d onc l 'hypothese e st ä a bandonner.

c onclusion, g enetique

l es o u

l ibrement,

r egles l a

genetiques

c oexistence

d e

c i-dessus d efinissent u n p rimigenius

e t i bericus,

ä l 'echelle d u c ontinent e t d u Q uaternaire,

i mpensable.

V .

LES THESES USUELLES SUR LE BOS I BERICUS

L es t heses t raditionnelles s ur a .

i bericus l e decrivent:

S oit d ifferent d u primigenius e t d ifferent d u b rachyceros.

C 'est

n e

p lus c roiser a vec l es p rimigenius e uropeens n i a fricains.

C e q ui n 'est p as,

c roisant

ä A boukir,

l 'absurde,

o bscur

a boutissant ä u ne d es t ypes d ans l a

e space

s ites

s ur u n m illion d 'annees a u m om s.

m ecanisme

p ourraient

m Pmes

ä l a M ouilah, A l a g rotte d e T aza, ä M echta-el - A rbi, ä ä C hami, ä K or n O mbo, e n N ubie, e tc.) e t e lles s '4 t alent

R aisonnant

E n

l es

ä l 'Oued S eguin,

B acha, F teah,

i bericus o u b rachyceros,

e spece o u u n t ype d ifferents d e primigenius,

s ignal

M ansourah,

' petit b oeuf',

s ur

c e q ui a boutit

l a p osition d e S anson

( 1896),

2 19

p ar e xemple.

E lle r evient

e st

.

a

a ffirmer

q u'une

b arriere

e t

p retend-on,

b arriere s uffisante p our

d eux

l e

gengtique s 'est e tablie e ntre l e

B .ibericus n oms.

C ette

monophyletisme e tabli;

d u

t ous

r elevent

B .brachyceros

l es

d e

l a

e nvisager

n on

p ersonne

n 'a

p osition

s ous-genre . B os,

e s ece d eux

e st

a vatars

l eurs

d e

n oms

l a

d e

c reation

l atins

c inquantaine

d e

-

a u

' types'

c onserve q ue d eux,

c ar

l e

c roisent e ntre e ux, e t sp.

O n

n e p eut

( = s ous-especes) d ifferentes: d emontrer

d ifferenciation e ntre i bericus r eellement d ans l es t rouvailles. d es

' descendraite,

i nacceptable,

B .primigenius

t ypes

e ntrepris

e n

B os e st u n f ait maintenant b ien

m gme l es z ebus,

m eme p lus

q ui

j ustifier l e m aintien d es

q u'une

e ventuelle

e t b rachyceros e xistät I i n e s 'agit i ci q ue d e l 'un

p roliferante c ours

d u

d e

1 9e

' types'

s iecle:

p retendus d ifferents,

-a vec

s ur

u ne

n ous n 'en a vons

p rimigenius e t b rachyceros.

b . S oit d ifferent d u p rimigenius e t i dentique a u b rachyceros. Moins c onfusionniste, c ette t hese s 'exprime p ar l 'equation, s ouvent f ormulae, ' B.ibericus = b rachyceros'. N ous d e

r econnaissons

Owen e t N auman,

s auvage

d u

i ci,

e tendue a l 'Afrique,

q ui a ffirmait e n E urope u n

' brachyceros

d es t ourbieres'

l a v ieille t heorie

' petit b oeuf', a ncetre

l acustres.

E n E urope,

c es

i dees o nt v ite a te a bandonnees, f aute d e d ocuments d ans t rouvailles. L e b rachyceros n 'y e merge q u'ä l 'Holocene moyen. L a

t hese

e st

c onvergence

e galement i nsoutenable e n A frique.

a pparait

i ncroyable,

d 'une

l es

D 'une p art,

l ignee

d e

l a

b rachyceros

a fricains q ui s erait r estge s table t out a u l ong d u Q uaternaire, e t a urait s oudain donne, ä l 'Holocene, u n p roduit e xactement s emblable ä

c elui

q ui

s e

l 'archeologie i bericus c omme

f ait

j our e n E urope a u m eme m oment.

D 'autre p art

a fricaine n 'a n ulle p art montrg u ne l ente e mergence d '

b rachyceros d omestiques a u s ein d es f aunes ä p rimigenius,

o n

l a

c onstate

b rachyceros

e n

m aghrebins

m editerraneenne

o u

d e

E urope. ä

L a t hese d 'une i ntroduction d es

p artir

l 'Egypte,

d e

l 'Asie,

s e p resente,

d e

l 'Europe

ä p riori,

n i p lus n i

m om s p robable. E nfin

e t

t hese

a vec

a vait

e xist

l ocale,

eu n i bericus

s ur

l 'epoque i ci

i l apparalt u ne c ontradiction m ajeure d e c ette

l es f igurations r upestres.

q uasi h istorique,

d outeux, q ue

l e

n ous

B .brachyceros' c onfusion,

s ur

l e

O r,

p ratiquement a ucun

e mpechent

m ention,

S 'il

b rachyceros a nterieur ä l a d omestication

e t q ui a urait e te d omestique d e p reference,

p ercevoir t ous

s urtout,

l es f igurations r upestres d u S ahara e t d u M aghreb.

n ous d evrions l e

o n n 'en r eleve,

a vant

( quelques e xemplaires,

s euls d 'ecrire:

' aucun').

P recisons

f requente d ans l a l itterature s aharienne, de l es

f igurations

B .primigenius

ä

r upestres,

c om es

r esulte

e n a vant l ui

'

d 'une

t ant i ndüment

a ttribug ( Muzzolini 1 980). D ans s ignale

l es

i nventaires

l e t ype primigenius, T outefois, i l

d e

f ouille

e galement,

l e

b oeuf

c ommun

d urant t out l 'Holocene e t l a f in d u P leistocene a fricain e st

e st

l a

v rai

p aleolithiques, ' relecture'

d e

domestique o u s auvage.

l ittgrature s ignale

d u

a ncienne, ' petit

epipaleolithiques c ette

l itterature

2 20

s urtout c elle d u M aghreb,

b oeuf' c omme

s ur

c ertaing

n eolithiques.

( Muzzolini 1 982)

a

s ites, L a

n ous a a mend a ux

c onclusions s uivantes: 1 .

A

l 'origine

d e

1"affaire'

d e l '

i bericus

o n t rouve l es

d eterminations d e P omel ( 1894). C e d ernier a i dentifie, s ur t rois f ragments d e c ranes, l 'un neolithique ( Grand R ocher), u n a utre

c apsien

b ase

d u

ä nterieurement

u n t roisieme, ( Oued

f ragments s ont d 'äge i ncertain, m ais

e ntre

p rimigenius

d elicate, e n

m ais

f ait

e t

m elange E n

j eunes

d ate d e l a

l e

B .ibericus

t raits

n ous

c hez

j eune:

l a d istinction

s ur d es v eaux,

e st n on p as

U ne e tude d etai nee n ous a montre

d e

f ait,

b oeufs',

r eduction f ragments

b rachyceros,

i mpossible.

u n

b rachz9eros. ' petits

s urtout,

S eguin),

defini p ar S anson c omme e tant c elui d es r aces ( c'est 2ä -dire l e t ype b rachyceros) d 'Algerie. O r,

a ctuelles c es

( Ain M e nla), P leistocene

apparents

n 'avons

q ui,

c ompte

i ci

primigenius q ue

t enu

d u

e t

d e p robables j eune

a ge,

l a

d e t aille n e p arait t out d e mgme p as e xcessive. C es d e c rane p euvent f ort b ien n e r epresenter q ue d e

a urochs p rimigenius,

d ans l a p lage d e v ariabilite - q ue

n ous s avons t res l arge - d u p rimigenius d u n ord d e l 'Afrique ( lequel, r appelons-le, a d 'ailleurs e te d ecrit c omme r elativement p etit) Quelques c es

c ranes,

m ais

n e

( Muzzolini 1 982b).

i ndeniables e t

' traits

b rachyceros a pparaissant s ur

l a p etite t aille,

r equigrent u ne e xplication,

s uffisent p as ä j ustifier l 'attribution d e c es c ranes

a u meme t ype que l e B .brachyceros moderne. 2 .

Quant

ä

c ritique d e

l itteräture

l a

g isements

d e B .ibericus,

l 'affirmation

d e

p ratiquement

l a

t oujours

c rit re q ue n ous a vons C 'est-ä-dire t oujours f aible,

ä

b asee

u n

o n

' petit

e t q ue

b oeuf'

e st

l a t aille -

S i n ous a dmettons

( et c e n 'est p as

q ue l a d imension d e l 'os s oit a normalement

o u

' petits boeufs',

ä i bericus d e t out

c 'est t out.

' petit b oeuf',

O n p eut depouiller m inutieusement

a ncienne,

n ain'

u n e xamen

r ecuse . meme

c ercle v icieux.

' primigenius

d 'un

s ur u n s eul c ritere,

p ar p rincipe,

l itterature

P omel,

d ans l es m entions

s ont p ratiquement a bsents,

p re sence

n ous a vons a ffaire ä d es

d evient

c omme

q ue,

deMontre)

L 'attribution, c ette

p oste rieure

n ous a m ontre q ue l es m ensurations,

o n

d e

n 'y

r encontrera

' primigenius

d e

j amais d e

p etite t aille',

e n a t rouve e n E urope d anubienne o u s eptentrionale.

E n A frique,

o n l es a a ppeles

' ibericus'.

V I. NOTRE INTERPRETATION DE L 'IBERICUS N ous r etiendrons d e c ette d iscussion q ue: 1 .

g enetique i mpose , t oute a utres c onsiderations m ineures en regard, que tous l es b oeufs, n ormaux o u

L 'argument

p araissant ' petits'

d urant

l e m illion d 'annees

d ans

l e N ord d e l 'Afrique,

p ar

P omel

opisthonomus,

a ient

e te

m ais

c e

( au m om s) d u Q uaternaire d es p rimigenius s ont

l es

( denommes

m emes).

L es

p retendus i bericus s ont d onc d es p rimigenius e ux a ussi. 2 .

L es

documents

d e

b ase

2 21

d e

P omel

s ont

d ifficiles

a

i nterpreter,

p arce

appartiennent B .ibericus,

ä

qu'il des

e ntendu

s 'agit

s ujets

c omme

d e

f ragments,

j eunes.

L es

e t

qu'ils

attributions

a

u n t ype i dentique au B .brachyceros

moderne n e nous paraissent p as p ossible. M ais d e

c es c ranes de P omel montrent v raisemblablement,

t raits

primigenius,

quelques

t raits

modernes:

notamment

qui

qui

s ont

l a

L a

c on j onction

a ccidentelle, general,

de

l es

l s

de

c or n es

f aibles

C e

qui

r otation c rane, s ur

p lus e t

du

i ntercornes

une

c hez 3 .

du

e n

u sage,

O n

s oupconne

poids des c ornages

mais

que

o u

ou

s ans

l e

a ride

d es

e t

p our

p our n ous, 4 .

N ous

p ar

u ne

e t

d es l a

P omel

a

epouse,

s ans l a

s tratigraphies ä

e t

c ertaines

r econsiderer, des

a ussi

e t que l e

e speces d es zones

e xpliquer

c ertaines

i bericus, c ertains

q ui

r este

l 'existence d e q uelques e ile,

modernes,

a f aire,

' traits b rachyceros'

c ertaine. s 'agisse d es m emes a nimaux q ue

e uropeens ou maghrebins,

a utant, e t c es

n ous

r esisteront a

' petits boeufs'

' petits boeufs'

n 'est p as

n e p euvent etre,

que des primigenius. e xpliquons a

l a t aille reduite de c es

C es de

s ignale

r aces a ctuelles d ans

a daptations l a

u n

' petits boeufs'

a ux e nvironnements a rides e t

c elle des

a ride.

a daptative d ejä

c onnu ' compenses

s ous reserve d 'une e tude o steologique

d '

que

a daptation

analogue

b ien

e t

c rete

Q uant a l a

c entral

r achitisme

demonstration qu'il

b rachyceros

a pportee

( 6).

l a c onfirmer a utrement que p ar

doivent

r estes aussi

l a

s ur l e

f orme d u neurocräne,

( il e st e ncore p lus p rononce

s eraient

Neanmoins,

c ritique, M ais

d iämetre p lus

e rronee de B .ibericus = brachyceros.

a u l ong d u Q uaternaire e st, l es

d e

f ait

ä

c ertaines

s exuel

s oupconnons

l a

p osterieure

anciennes

e stimations. c omplete

E n

primigenius,

s ans c om es).

d eterminations t ropicale

u n

bourrelet

c ette notion

d imorphisme

l es

e t

p rincipalement l e

c ause,

s on

i nterdependants.

c hez

l ongueur

c 'est

que

l itterature

r emettre

p eu

i nfluence s ur l a

ondulee,

l es r aces L a

d e

l a

f ines.

e ntraine u n p oids e t donc u n m oment d e

f rontal

z ootechniciens d iminution

b rachyceros

f aible a u p oint d 'insertion d es c hevilles

donc

c elle

l es

l e f ront c oncave,

t raits n 'est p eut-etre p as

u n

reduites,

s 'accompagnent ( 5).

quatre s ont

t aille

s ur

t aille,

l es com es r elativement

c es

c ar

f requents

p etite

c rate i ntercornes s inueuse,

ä c ote

n e n ous e tonnent evidemment p as,

u tilisent

l a

s ous-espece primigenius, possible

d imorphisme

s emi arides,

l es zones t ropicale

de

r eaction

n orme d e p our l a

l aquelle on a

f orme

' normale'

e uropeenne. L es a daptations s e p roduisent p ar r ecurrence, n otamment l ors d es o scillations c limatiques r amenant d es Arides m arques, - t els que l ''Hyperaride p ostaterien' v ers 1 6,000-10,000 b c, ou l e a fricaine,

' Grand

p lus

A ride'

p rovoquent o u

des

que

s aharien

c ertainement

p opulations, d 'eau

p etit

s uivie

de

l a

s ous-espece

v ers u ne

5 500-4500

nombreux

z ones p lus h umides.

notion d e r ecurrence.

2 22

b c.

f ragmentation i solats

C es

a utour

N ous devons

Arides

t emporaire

d es

d es points

p reciser cette

'

L 'influence e speces

de

p eut

m eme

p henoMene

5 cm

a

l a

S teffensen

v allee

q ue

e t

a ux

d e

h umide,

a u

m ieux

s auvage,

n e

F rance

I i

s 'agit du

1 960,

d 'ajouter

( Hiernaux

1 977).

e ntre l es t ailles d es

H ominides

e t,

d ans

D ans

moyen

B alkans, e t

des

d e

c orrespondent

s implement

e nvironnements

d ifferents

d es

( et

t aille,

d ans d u

a

d e

e ncore,

( Bökönyi,

q ue

o u

d e

a dapt s

f acteurs,

p etites

i l

d ans

ä l e

1 972).

l es t ailles e ntre

p henotypes p lus

modifie

t andis

D anemark

d 'autres

t ailles

d es

p henomenes

l e p orc,

s tatures n am es

H ongrie, ä

d es

d e

c onstatees

l a

l a p hase

recent,

d es

j ouent q u'un r ole m ineur,

a cquiert

d epuis d ans

l 'evolution

l es

i ndependamment a ugmente

c ombien,

apparaissent e galement

c limatiques,

regionales

r eleve

s ouligne

N eolithique

B alkans,

( 1968)

( 1975)

e t

a dapte,

defavorise ,

d ifferences

D ucos

l es t ailles d es

1 880 e t

r elation

t ailles.

f orestier,

d emi

d e

C oppens

l eurs

qui

a urochs

e ntre e n

u ne

M ammiferes

d omestication,

L es

c onscrits,

e venements

e t

l 'environnement

m outon,

qui v ient,

demontre

V ikings.

s ous-especes a tlantique

d es ä

l 'Omo,

s ensibles

e t d u c limat s ur

l es a nnees d e f amine a ttestees h istoriquement,

d es d e

c elui

t aille ( 1958)

I slandais, r epoque

l 'environnement

etre i llustree p ar de nombreux e xemples.

l es

S uisse a

d es

e st vrai). l es

s ites de

P alestine l es p lus a rides. L e

p henotype

c onditions

d e

d e

' normal'

l 'espece,

l 'environnement

d e

e nsemble

d e phenotypes optimum,

conditions

( eh e

depend

' selection

c onditions: e xternes

i l

s econd

e n

de

ordre',

C ette c e

g enes,

communes

O r,

1 976;

l a

l a

r eunion

l es

a dditifs

q ui

l e

-

q ui adapte

v ariabilite

d es

e speces

( Petit

e t

1 972).

c ontre-coups

p rogressive

l a

l es modificateurs

c onstitue l 'une d e c auses

u n c aractere a v ariabilite continue,

r apidement

d ans

genetique appelle

f requence des g enes e ux-memes),

de

B inder

mais u n

s election d irectionnelle

que

population ä d es c onditions v ariables, p lus

non p as u n,

c elle q ui a git s ur

u ne

Z uckerkandl

l es

p eut donc v arier e n

decoule,

d es l es

et n on s ur l a

l orsque

c orrespondant a u meme g enotype,

d iverses.

e ssentiellement

de

s table

n e c hangent p as,

f onction d es

c es

t res

o u

de

t el que

l a t aille,

s ubit

c ette s election d irectionnelle:

l 'elimination

c ontrölent s eront p lus

p rogressive

-

l a

d es g enes

f acilement r ealisees que l a

f ixation o u l 'elimination d 'un g ene unique.

m 4canisme

L e

s uspecter b rachyceros' d 'un

P eut" 6-t re

s oit

oü

o n

c omme

nous

avons

e chappe. denomme

l a t aille,

s ous

q ue

c onsiderations,

l a d ependance

h e c aractere c om e

d es

c as,

e n

l a c om e l ongue genetique

n ous

d es

t res

p recis

i nciterait ä l 'ajouter a ux a utres n 'en

a vons

l ie

de b rachzceros apparu e n

i l

e st

v rai

' traits

a ucune

p reuve

l es t rouvailles e n A frique.

soit

p our

doit

' traits

a t ransforms u n c aractere r ecessif e n

modele

ä l 'Holocene moyen,

p eremptoire d ans

O n

L e f ait que c e c aractere c om e c ourte e tait

h e

mais

l es

c aracteres ä v ariabilite c ontinue.

c onnait

l 'adaptation

dans

b rachyceros',

i ci

m ais

d ominant.

a utres

Q uel

a ussi,

qui determine d es

1 950),

c aractere

optimum

l ui

n ous

meme d evrions-nous a jouter 'a c es t raits

p opulations,

E urope

l 'adaptation que

c e c aractere e st normalement recessif d evant

( Gallien

a ux

d e

l 'ensemble

, polygene

c ourte:

e xact

que

l es e n

s on

mecanisme,

n ouvelles f ait

l 'adaptation realise

c onditions

l iees,

de

D eux

s uggerent que n ous pouvons a ttendre

u ne g rande variabilite au c ours d es t emps:

2 23

h e p henotype

l 'environnement.

a .

D 'une

p art,

h abitats

o n

a

c onstate

des t erritoires u niformes b .

q ue l es e speces c ouvrant d es

heterogenes s ont p lus p olymorphes q ue c elles o ccupant

P ar

a illeurs,

( Petit e t Z uckerkandl

l es

c onditions

1 976). ^ e xtremes

c limatiques

e xterminent p eriodiquement u ne f raction n otable d e l 'esPece, appauvrissant l e s tock g ametique: l es h omozygotes, d ans d es p opulations l a

a ppauvries e t f ragmentees,

c onjonction

t ailles

d es

g enes

d iminueront).

r eoccupation

d e

A u

l a

r esiduelles,

a ppauvries e t

f acteur s ein

r etour

s 'effectuera

d es

p ar

genetiquement,

l 'echange

genique

( et d onc m al,

l es

c onditions optima,

e cologique

n iche

p rovisoires,

s ont f avorises

a dditifs

l es

l a

p opulations

p rovoquera d es i solats

s e f era m al.

C 'est l ä u n

ä l a f ois d e d iversite e t d e d iminution d es t ailles a u

d 'une

e s ece,

s on i nfluence p eut s 'etaler a u-delä d e

l a

d uree d e l 'ePisode a ride declencheur d u p henomene. O n p eut donc s 'attendre, e n A frique, ä d es v ariations d es a urochs e ncore p lus i mportantes q ue c hez l 'auroch e uropeen, c hez q ui e lles s ont

d ejä

d es

n otables.

t ailles,

M aghreb, l es

o u

C eci e xplique s ans doute l a g rande d ispersion

l es p rimigenius d omestiques a ctuels d e S ahel e t d u

l es n iches e cologiques s ont d iverses e t c ontrastees,

e t

a rtificiels c rees p ar l es e leveurs ( qui n e m elangent r aces) p lus f requents q u'en z one t emp r e: d e 9 5-120 c m.

i solats

j amais

d ans

l es

p our l es N 'dama d e G uinee, 1 05 c m. p our l es N amji d u C ameroun, ä 1 30-150 c m. p our l es K ori d u T chad ( tout primigenius), o u e ncore 1 10-120 c m. p our l es r aces a ctuelles d e L ibye l 'Atlas m arocain, c hez l es b rachyceros. O r

c es

l 'avons s 'agit

v ariations

i ndique,

d e

t aille

p araissent

j usqu'ä

1 40 c m. d ans

v aguement l i es,

a ux v ariations morphologiques c onstatees.

n ous

C omme i l

b ien d 'une a daptation resultant d 'une r eaction de l 'organisme g ehetiquement, i l n 'est p as e tonnant d e r etrouver d es

d eterminee

r ecurrences d es

d es m emes p henotypes,

memes

' petites t ailles'

S oulignons

b ien

q u'il

a ccidentelle

d e

e nvironnement

( les

e nvironnement,

C ette

r elation,

b rachyceros' l aquelle

e t

d e

o nt

d ans

p articularites

m aladies,

l a

m anifester r efleter d iverses D ans

q ui

p roduction

u ne q ue

o rigine

d evenir

c onditions

d e

l 'acquisition'

a dapt s

a u

m ais d e

l 'utilisation,

e t q ui

s ont

l e

g enetique,

e st

d e

meme

l es r aces b ovines: s anguines, l eur

s ont

e ntre

l es

' traits

n ature

q ue

c elle ä

c ommune,

c orrelativement d ans

d e l ait,

m ais

s anguins e t s ur

l es g enes r esponsables d e

e t l iees

d e v iande,

l a

d es

r esistance

d e b eurre e tc.

p euvent

s ouvent

a ussi ( v.

a ux

p euvent n e

e tudes

1 963)

m eme d e c ourte d uree,

p henotype

c limatiques

d ans l e

' ecosensibles'.

m ecanisme

f ractions d e l a p opulation a insi

l 'Aride,

n ouvel

m inimes q u'elle s e r eproduise

c aracteres d ejä i nscrits d ans l e g enotype

i n M ourant e t Z euner d e

m ieux

d es e nvironnements o u d es d ietes s imilaires

c ertaines

r ecurrence

e t n otamment

' traits b rachyceros'.

abouti d iverses e tudes s ur l es g roupes

c aracteristiques

v a

ä

i dentiques,

n ullement

s eraient

l 'environnement

h emoglobines

c es

s 'agit

c aracteres

c hances

d e l 'espece p rimigenius,

l es

n e

n ouveaux

a c haque r ecurrence aride),

i dentique n ouvel

v aguement

a ccompagnees d es

' normal

r esteron

2 24

'

d e

f ragmentee p ar l a

l e p henotype r ecurrent

l 'espece

i nchangees.

t ant

' c lue

l es

D es c onditions mom s

a rides

r evenant,

l e p henotype g rande t aille r edeviendra l e p henotype

' normal'.

D ans

c ompliquees

p ar l 'etalement,

l e

d isparition d u t ype t ype a nterieurement

d etail,

l es

v ariations

d ans

l e t emps,

s eront

d e l a

c ertainement

f ormation o u d e l a

recurrent, p ar d es p ersistances p rovisoires d u ' normal' - n otamment d ans l es i solats - e t p ar

d es melanges c omportant d es p henotypes t ransitionnels d e t ailles i ntermediaires. C es d erniers s ont p ostules p ar l e f ait q ue n ous c onstatons

q ue

l 'isolement

n 'est

j amais

t el q u'il aboutisse h l a

s peciation o u ä l a d ifferenciation i rreversible d 'un n ouveau t ype. C e

n 'est

p euvent l a

q ue

d ans

l es

e ventuellement

derive

c onnatt

genetique)

n otamment

i solats a bsolus q ue l es f aunes r elictes

e voluer v ers

( essentiellement p ar l e mecanisme d e

d es f ormes n ouvelles i rreversibles.

l es e xemples i nsulaires,

O n

q ui r ealisent s urtout l es

f ormes n aines ( par e xemple, l 'antilope M yotragus d es B aleares, l es h ippopotames e t e lephants n ains d e C hypre o u d e C rete, e tc. a u P leistocene

f inal).

l 'isolement

n 'est

g enes c ontinue, N ous

l e

c as

a ussi

d u

M aghreb,

a bsolu,

r epondre

genetiques,

a

u ne

o bjection

c onditions

n ormales,

d e d uree u tile

r elativement

r apides.

m ais

d es

i i

s 'agit

c onditions

d 'efficacite . r eliees, l a

d e

C hez

l e

( Bökönyi

l es

d ans d es

b oeuf,

3 0

1 50 a 2 00 a ns

-

1 976).

c hiffres o btenus e xperimentalement,

d 'echanges

A vec derive

s ont,

5 a 6 a ns - s oit a u t otal

s uffisent p our a cquerir o u p erdre u n g ene C ertes,

e ventuelle:

c hez l es G rands M ammiferes,

g enerations

d ans

e t m eme d u S ahara,

u n c ertain e coulement d es

q ui n oUs e stompe l es e volutions.

d evons

modifications

D ans j amais

d e g enes c analises p our l e m aximum

d es p opulations f ragmentees, o u d ifficilement , g enetique o u l 'echange g enique s 'effectueront

p lus l entement. S urtout,

n os

m illenaires, m ineures C es

c omposent

c ourts:

b on

d e

l 'ordre t res

c limatiques', f ait

d e

m ettre

d e

3 0

u n

m illenaire,

l e

l a

d u

d e

d es

l 'echange d e

l 'optimum

t erme:

d ans

a ccompagnee

g enes.

T outefois,

c ertains

f ragments

c orrespondant

l e c as d 'un A ride,

d e

( fut-ce d e

' pluvieuses'

d ans

c onditions d 'isolement,

d es

c onstatons.

v ers

l ong

t aille,

o nt p ermis ä F aure e t G ac

u n . cycle c limatique H umide-Aride d e

r elächement

p henotype

neanmoins

c limatique

l 'Humide o u l 'Aride.

l es d ebits d u f leuve Senegal

a 2 a nnees a normalement

n ous

e n

o scillations

C es r etours f requents d e l 'humidite 1

a md lioration q ue

l e S ahel,

.ees e xprim

n ombreuses

s uivant d es c ycles b eaucoup

c limat regional e vidence

a ns.

d uree,

s peciation t endra

d u e n

p ermettent

c ertaine

s 'ordonnent

p ar e xemple d ans

c ourte

c ycle)

d e

m ineures

s ynthetiseur

( 1981)

e n

s eule l a t endance generale v a v ers

o scillations

p lus -

' oscillations

s e

' traits

l e u ne

D 'ou l 'absence d e 1

l ' echelle

d u

d e l a p opulation a

l a

t endance

a u ne d iminution

b rachyceros',

c hez

n os

E rimigenius.

V II. A

CONCLUSION.

c e

L 'EMERGENCE D ES V RAIS B RACHYCER°S.

p oint d e l 'expose,

r ecusions

l e

d6tes

q uelques

a

„ e te

o u

e n

d e

i l

s emblera a c ertains b ien s ubtil q ue n ous

t erme d e b rachyceros

( = i bericus)

' traits b rachyceros'.

p our d es p rimigenius

C 'est q ue l e B .brachyceros

defini s un d es b oeufs h istoriquement p recis, A natolie

v ers

l es

debuts

2 25

d u Neolithique.

s urgis e n E urope C es b rachyceros

, e uropeens s uite

ou

anatoliens

s oit

p rovoquee

d 'une

p ar

. a l a

der / i vent c ertainement du primigenius,

adaptation

a rtificielle,

pourrait-on

l es p remieres t echniques de domestication,

d ire,

s oit d 'une

a daptation

n aturelle a nalogue ä c elle q ue nous a vons decrite pour l '

i bericus:

m ais

e n

c e

c as

e ile

quasi-irreversiblement,

g räce

a ux

q ui

c ette

e poque .

s 'amplifient

h ypothese l es

e st

deux c as,

a u

moyen

d ans

e te

p iegee

p ar

l a

qui

v iolence

e t

p rimigenius

Nous p ensons que

l a p remiere

mais n 'en d ebattrons p as d u

e t

c ontröle

l 'homme

de l a domestication,

c 'est s eulement a p artir d e c e moment-lä,

de

l 'homme,

v ers

l a p lus p robable,

a

t echniques

d es

i ci.

D ans

e t s eulement

g enes e xerces p ar

b rachyceros o nt p u coexister,

p arfois

l es i n4mes b iotopes.

C es b rachyceros holocänes o u modernes s ont donc, e n u n s ens, d es p roduits artificiels: s ans l 'intervention d e l 'homme, us s e s eraient

r apidement

primigenius. d e

' petits

d ' kre

boeufs',

l e

c as

i dentiques. s ur

c es

r efuse,

L e

c ar

meme

q ue

i l

n 'y de

exclus

a

de

c elui

d es

c e qui e st l oin

e te morphologiquement

a nalogues,

mais

l a mime e tiquette

l e

p rehistorien

p as de f iliation e ntre e lles: mais

s 'y

l a r ecente n e

d 'un p henotype i ntercale e ntre

p artir d u Moyen e t du Nouvel

C ette

i ntroduction p our

b rachyceros

s ur

l 'Atlas

l es

s aharien

P redynastique a nnonces

e t

t aille,

M aroc

d ans

d ans

l e

b c.

' descendent' n 'est

Neolithique

l 'epoque

u ne C ela

p as

p as

u ne

L es

l 'Holocene,

j usque

coeur

d u

a u

B ous,

U an

que p ar

' ibericus'

mais

d u

l es boeufs

( Adrar

i ci e ncore,

v rais

o n

o nt

n 'a p as

qu'ils s oient d es

brachyceros

s 'y

du p remiere

i bericus c apsiens ou a nterieurs, i bericus qui a urait

M aghreb

e t

1 000-1500bc,

s ont

e teints,

l es domestiques

y

a urait

s ont

c omme

e te

donne

l e nord de l es

de

e t

r aces

d ans

a

- l es

l es t emps

1 983). l '

i bericus

l 'interpretation t raditionnelle c omme u n

l 'acquit mendelien.

P omel

, les

l 'Afrique,

p rimigenius

e n E urope,

( Muzzolini

q ue

domestiquee ä

l a d ivergence e ntre n otre d escription de

s e s itue e t

l es

v ers

p rimigenius,

b rachyceros,

d e N ubie,

' brachyceros'

Q uelques

t ype

( jusqua'a

f ouille,

Maghreb,

s euls boeufs qui o nt p euple

puis de

S ahara

c ompris),

)d es

du

n ous s uffit p our a ttester que c es d erniers n e

l ignee d es

h istorique

( qui

d u

n e sont

r ecuse.

' ibericus'

l 'absence

e t

p as d es

periode d 'au m om s q uelques m illenaires s ans p recede

des pretendus

a ctuelles.

h istoriques),

y

l 'Egypte,

l es i nterpretons donc t ous c omme des primigenius.

a fricains

m illenaire

e st

l 'Holocene

H aua F teah ' ou N ubie)

d efinitive,

S anson

d u

de v rais

' descendent'

l es t rouvailles d e

a utrement que p ar l a t aille,

b rachyceros

e n

r upestres

c ritere q ue n ous a vons

brachyceros n ous

u n

s ud D ans

- que n ous

e ux,

pour

us n e

( appeles a t ort

f igurations a u

c ertaine

p reuve

b rachyceros

C hami,

s ignal s

s auvages

e st

E mpire

s ont b ien,

d 'ou i ls ont s ans d oute e .t e

Maghreb. L a

e gyptien.

c omme

M uhuggiag,

demontre,

l e

ä t raits d e brachyceros a nterieurs.

de

deMontre a ient

l a d iscussion c i-dessus

r ecurrences

Au

p rincipal,

l es boeufs d u Maghreb a u p remiere m ill4naire b c, ä

p robable

primigenius

c omme

e tait

du t ype d 'Europe e t d 'Asie,

i mport4s. h autement

c e

s tock

dernieres

l 'ancienne,

d 'Egypte

b rachyceros,

E n

l e

z oologiste s erait t ente de mettre

p articulier,

avons

l eur

s 'il

c es

morphologies

p as

c eux

e te

d ans

e t q ui p eut etre s ensiblement d ifferent d e t outes d eux.

E n e t

-

deux

' descend' e lles,

d ilues

I ls n 'ont r ien ä v oir a vec d es r ecurrences a nter /ieures

s ur

i bericus,

2 26

S i nous

epousons.les v ues

nous a doptons u n mode d e

p ensee

p reMendelien,

i ntenable. s iecle,

a

l 'espece l a

c hange ' .

o u

d e

s ystematique

c aracteres a dopter d es

i bericus,

s 'avere

N ous

a ujourd'hui n on p as d esuet,

q u'une ä

p remendelienne b ase

D e

p lus,

d ans

l a d efinition d e

l 'importance d ecisive q ue d onnaient e t n os

b iologique;

l eur t res

' normaux',

m ais

d epuis u n

l a

p aleOntologie c lassique a ux

j ours, l es

c ette definition n e p eut

t raits

o steologiques

l a d etermination d u g enotype c ommun - p rouve,

p rimigenius p ar

n 'attachons

l a s ous-esPece,

o steologiques.

s ubordonnes c as

q ui

C 'est n otre f aqon d e r egarder l e d ocument q ui,

e t

d es

' petits b oeufs'

l ongue d e c ohabitation.

2 27

s ont

d ans

l e

p retendus

NOTES 1 .

L es

c es

r estes,

auteurs,

l es

c riteres

opinion, p eu

l e p al eontologiste G autier

apres

qui a e tudie

r eserves,

l a d omestication qu'avec

s 'averent

domestication

t ardive,

( 1982)

7

u tilises

l a

p lus

e t

n 'affirment t outefois

e n e ffet d isputables.

D ans notre

d u boeuf n 'est c ertaine qu'ä u ne d ate u n 5 200 b c,

contemporaine d e

l a domestication

d es ovicaprines du me 'me s ite. 2 . n ous

N ous adoptons a vons

i ci

d4fini

' primigenius'

M uzzolini

contrairement

p rehistoriens,

mais

' primigenius '

n 'est l e

que

d u

ä

u n -

on n otera u sage

t ype

specialement que

f requent

s 'entend

a ussi

a fricaine

" com es e n a vant"

c hez

b ien

' primigenius'

v arigte

q u'une

boeuf

( 1982):

ä

c riticable

s auvage

B .africanus domestique;

l e vocabulaire z oologique r elatif a u b oeuf que

i n

l es

d u

t ype

domestique. du

L e

B .primigenius

n 'est qu'un primigenius,

n on u n b rachyceros. 3 .

Joleaud

a nterieur B . mais

e st

p articulierement

( 1918),

t aurus

l e B .

b rachyceros

' le

z ebu

c onfus ä c e s ujet.

t aurus a fricanus a fricanus

a fricaint

B rehm)

( domestique).

B rehm

D ans u n t ext

( qu'il denomme aussi

designe non p as u n a uroch, C e t erme de

' zebu ',

l ui

a ussi,

s emble

s e r apporter a ux boeufs ä bosse des P euls,

l ui

donne

aussi

l e n om d e

l e

t ype

r epandu

i ssu

de c roisement:

e n A frique d e

p osterite

' race d e

du

B .t.

l a S anga' ,

l aquelle e st e n

p rimigenius x vrais

l 'Est e t d u S ud

b rachyceros',

c onfus m ais

z ebu a siatique,

( et qui n 'est donc e n r ien

c omme i i

l 'ecrit).

i i

f ait e t " la

N ous c oncluons

q u'il n 'y ä r ien a r etenir d e t out c e c onfusionnisme. 4 .

C es

s ortes

s tatistique. d u

Tchad

5 .

r aces

L es

h umaines

e n f ait v aleur q ue d e t endance

f requentes:

l 'avons d u S ahel

d it,

a insi

l es K ori a ctuels

l es t ailles d es a urochs.

p resentent d es

c om es e normes des Kori d u T chad n e c 'est

f avorisees.

s tatures m oyennes

d es

C ette

c om es d es N 'dama,

h auteurs

s ous

i nfluence d 'abord

R equate

( 1957). i ci,

g arrot

p ar

p ar c ontre,

d e

l 'homme,

q ui

l es a

verifient l a r egle:

9 5-120 c m.,

e lles n e d epassent

3 0-60 c m.

f rontal, s eulement,

s ont p as reellement u ne

u ne s election a rtificielle,

L es

generalement p as 6 .

n ous

n 'ont s ont

e tc.

e xception: p our

" regles"

a tteignent,

C ertaines l evees,

de

L es exceptions

d irecte

decrite L a

p ar

des

d imensions

D ürst,

c orrelation

qu'elle e xiste.

2 28

d es

a t outefois

n 'est

p as

c om es

e te

s ur

l e

d iscutee p ar

e troite.

R etenons

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P rehistory o f t he E astern

L ISTE D 'ILLUSTRATIONS

F igures: F igure

1 .

( Haut)

D imensions d es a stragales des B os d u Neo-

l ithique d e H ongrie e t Y ougoslavie. ( contour p lein) 2 50 mesures). a urochs

renferme

F igure

2A.

( environ 9 0 mesures).

f emelles,

( Bas)

2B.

F igure

3 .

c orrespondent a ux s ix a urochs,

D imensions d es bases d es c hevilles o sseusses

e t des m etacarpes s ur

l es B os

1 50 m esures),

( 'Domestigues'=environ

de Obre

( d'apres B ökönyi

E volution des t ailles des

1 75 mesures)

1 976).

c arnivores d u Moyen-Orient

( d'apres K urten). F igure

4 .

l es

U ne z one c ommune apparait.

d 'Obre.

( ' Domestiques 1= environ Figure

( environ

L e n uage ä c ontour t irete r enferme

L es s ix c ercles p leins t ous

L e n uage e n g rise

l es b oeufs domestiques

D iminution de

l a t aille de B os,

P aleolithique a u Neolithique

2 33

e n A frique,

( d'apres S mith

d u 1 980).

ESP A IMA f igure

U

0

o

• 0 2

•

0

0

4

•

0 ( D

C H E V I L E S

0

O S E U S E

3 a u r o c h s

o

•N .

AM

IM M .

M M• Inu mmu n

n

0

0

0

I ESP AIPA f igure

I ESP AIPA f igure

ES M IPA

f igure

4

O RIGINE N EOLITHIQUE D E L A T RANSHUMANCE O VINE D ANS L E M AGHREB O RIENTAL

D r. C olette Roubet L aboratoire de

P rehistoire,

Mus e National

d 'Histoire N aturelle,

I nstitut de 1 rue Rene 7 5013,

P aleontologie Humaine, P anhard,

P aris,

France.

D r. P atrick C arter A ssistant Curator, Downing College, C ambridge,

E ngland.

A BSTRACT T ranshumance,

a s as ubsidiary p henomenon o f a nimal h usbandry h as b een

o bserved i n t he E astern M aghreb f rom t he f ifth m illenium b c. O vine e conomy

h usbandry

( sheep

o f

s hepherds

t he

c haracterized h ave s tudy

b een o n

b y

i ts

e xcavated,

a nd

C apsian

g oats) o f

t he

i s

t he

N eolithic

t radition.

m ain f eature o f t he p eriod

w hich

i s

C aves a nd s helters w hich

p rovided t his r esult. T he m ost c omplete r ecent

t his p roblem w as i nitiated w ith t he e xcavation o f C apeletti

C ave, l ocated i n t he A ures m ountains. T he i nformation r elevant t o t ranshumance c an b e s orted o ut f rom : 1 . F auna c onsumed. 2 . E nvironment p artially r econstructed f rom h uman a ctivities. 3 . A nimal a nd h uman b ehaviour: s hepherds a nd t heir s heep. 4 . I nterrrelationship b etween s hepherds' r equirements a nd t heir n atural e nvironment. 5 . V ertical a nd s easonal m igrations w hich h ave e ntailed a r egul ar s ystem c alled t ranshumance.

I NTRODUCTION C ette

e tude

1 968

d ans

r egrette

e st l e

P r.

resultat

Eric

C lutton-Brock l es

l e

Maghreb

de nombreux t ravaux e ntrepris d epuis

o riental.

H iggs

S ans l a c ollaboration decisive d u

( University

( British M useum),

o f

C ambridge)

nous n e s erions p as

conclusions que n ous p resentons i ci e t qui o nt

u n

o uvrage de s ynthese

c onsideree a nimaux bc

comme l e

B alout

e te publiees dans

1 976).

e n e ffet d es

oriental

J .

L a t ranshumance,

s econdaire de l 'elevage d e c ertains

s 'impose

Maghreb

o rientale.

1 979;

p henomene

domestiques,

dans

du

u n

( Roubet

e t d u D r.

p arvenus ä t irer

e t,

l e c inquieme m illenaire

p lus p articulierement,

e n A lgerie

L es auteurs de c ette p ratique s ont l es p remiers p asteurs

NEOLITHIQUE

de

( Camps

1 982)

p lus

o riginale

TRADITIONAL

( 1)

o u

CAPSIENNE.

q u'on l e n ie,

d es

Q u'on omette d e l e d ire

l e f ait e st l ä,

i nformations

recentes

e t c onstitue

l a

c oncernant

l a

n eolithisation en A frique du N ord. R appelons modele, d e

b rievement

p uis

c es

s electionnons

l a t ranshumance,

- e n c ertains q ui a ttestent l a p ratique

des l e c inquieme m ill enaire b c.

I . M ODELE D U M AGHREB O RIENTAL G rottes

e t

abris

g roupes

de

p asteurs

d 'un a

heritage

defini

d e

1 .

e st

neolithises

epipaleolithique,

de

q uelques

f acies,

( Planche 1 ).

s ous r oche s ont occupds e n montagne p ar d e p etits

( Roubet

Neolithique

p resentant s ous f orme d 'un

f aits e n l es

1 968;

1 978)

t radition

C aprins,

dont

apres R .

c apsienne

q ui

l a c ulture porte t emoignage

C apsien.

C 'est ce que

V aufrey

( 1933)

l 'un d e nous

comme

t ant

L ' elevage d 'Ovins e t

r epresente l e t rait

l e p lus t ypique de c e

c aracterise p ar:

U ne i ndependance t otale v is-ä-vis de

l 'agriculture,

q ui e st

i nconnue d es p asteurs. 2 .

U ne

a daptation

c onstitues

p ar

ä

d es

l 'interieur

z ones

3 .

U ne

l imitation e n

e nvironnantes 4 .

U ne

c as

( climat,

c onditions

e n

n aturels

c lairieres,

ä

f rais.

c e c heptel notables

l 'habitat e n grotte,

a ltitude

c limatiques

d e

p our m ieux

l e

des c onditions

t ribus e tc,).

s aisonnalite de

l ocalisation

d e

modifications

p gturages

e t

humide e t

quantitative de

d e

d 'alpages

p roximite d 'un m ilieu f orestier,

maltriser

l e

( N.T.C.).

( 1300

ä

1 500m)

qui r egnent d es

2 40

l a

compte t enu d e e t

f in de

d es

l a

s veres

l 'automne e t

s e

m aintiennent

j usqu'au

p rintemps

t arissement d e t outes l es r essources, 5 .

U ne

t ranshumance

p rintaniere, Q uelles

s ont

L a

m aintenant

l es

c aracteristiques,

p uis

n ormale

s aisonniere

o u

d es

i nverse

( 2),

t roupeaux,

o riental,

h abitats

s alt

g rottes

e t

l 'existence d e d eux

p eu

p res

b ranchages)

o u

S aharien.

E n

s urface,

r ien

d es

u tilises e ffet,

a bris

s ous

r oche

h abitats s econdaires,

s ur

l es

D ans

l e

r epresentent l es

s itues e n m oyenne m ontagne , m ais o n n e

p rincipaux d u N .T.C.

ä

l es

p henomene b ien c onnu d e

s uppose

d e s ejours a vant e t apres u n deplacement e n m ontagne.

M aghreb

e te

e xclusivement.

d u p henomene d e T RANSHUMANCE d ans l e M aghreb o riental?

t ranshumance

l ieux

e nneigement,

e ngendrant u ne f requentation

e stivale e t a utomnale,

c onsequences, m igration

i nevitable

( long

n otamment).

l e

v ersant

v estiges

c rees

meridional

s poradiques,

a u p ied d e s ecteurs r ocheux,

( huttes o u d e

l 'Atlas

decouverts,

e n

s ouvent o rnes d e g ravures,

o nt

a ttribues ä c e f acies n eölithique s ans q u'aucune e vidence s olide

d 'identite d oit

ä

neolithisation T outefois, p enser

t res

R .

V aufrey

d es

t enu

ä

p art, a vec

r essort a bris g rotte

p rincipal s aisons

e n

c e

n 'etait

D e

c ette

S ud

e t

d e

l 'Atlas.

d es

o bservations

i l

y a t out l ieu

s ur l e t errain,

q ue

l es

h ommes

d u

N .T.C.

d urent

l eurs m igrations v ers l e S ud.

e tudes

multidisciplinaires

D 'autre

c onduites

g rottes d e c e f acies e t n otamment d ans

C apeletti, u n

quatre).

q ue l ieu

l a

s aisonnalite

d e

d ans

l 'Aures

c et

h abitat

d e l ong s ejour o u d 'estivage

( trois

Q uant ä l 'habitat s econdaire c omplementaire,

q u'un l ieu d e c ourt

s e jour

o u d 'hivernage

( une s aison).

o bservation decoule e ncore u ne a utre i nformation i mportant a l a

t ranshumance N ous

d es o u

f aisant

s ur

r elative

c elles

e t o ccuper l ors d e

i l l a

( C.R.)

d u

r e serve

c ette

O n

a busive c oncernant l a

t itre d 'hypothese - q ue l es z ones d e p iemont f urent

v raisemblablement

d ifferents

v alablement e tablie.

a ssertion

m ontagneux

d e

d e l 'un d e n ous -

r echercher

c ette

c hainons

c ompte

p ersonnelles d e

e te

c ulturelle e t e conomique a it

e ncore

c aracte risation du type de t ranshumance a dopte . e st

q ualifiee

d '

h ivernale,

C ette

d escendante o u i nverse.

r appelons q ue l a t ranshumance i nverse c onsiste e n u ne m igration

s aisonniere

des t roupeaux,

d e l a h aute m ontagne v ers

l e p iemont.

O n

s alt q ue c ette p ratique e st t ypique d ans l es montagnes p eri-mediterraneennes, d ont l e m ode d e v ie r este t raditionnel. M ais l 'on

h esite

i nverse e n

s ur

f aveur d e

q ualifie o utre

d e

l ongs

a

r econnaitre l 'anteriorite d e l a t ranshumance

l a t ranshumance n ormale. " remues" e n P rovence.

e ncore, d eroules

e t

q ue l 'on

C e m odele d e t ranshumance e st e n

l e m ieux a u c limat q ui r egnait a lors e t q ui

q uoique

( 300km e nviron)

c ertaines

L 'Aures apporte d es a rguments

l 'origine neolithique d es m igrations i nverses,

c elui q ui c onvient

s ubsiste s 'etre

e ncore

a ttenue.

P ar a illeurs,

c es deplacements

e t i ncertains e n region m ontagneuse n e p euvent m aintenus

p endant

d es

m illenaires,

q ue s ous

c onditions d e m aintenance d es t roupeaux e t d e s ecurite d es

l ieux d e p arcours: a .

L a

m aintenance

l e Neolithique - d ut a vec o u s ans c hien

d ans

l e domaine d e l 'elevage - meme d urant

j ouer u n r ole c apital. O vins e t C aprins, d omestique, d urent e tre p laces s ous l a

v igilante a utorite d e b ergers dont l e s ouci f ut d e v eiller a u m aintien ä p eu p res c onstant d u n ombre d es b ates. D urant l es

2 41

pdriodes

de

e troite q ue

r emues

r elation,

e t de sejour,

p ratiquerent

t emperant

l es

L a

l a

h aute montagne v ers

s ecurite

l 'autre,

j oua

l e p iemont,

s outenue.

L e p aysage

l es a nimaux

l es r ivalites e ntre c ommunautes p astorales,

d‘fini

l e

d e p arcours

p iture

e t de s ecurite)

l 'autre

( par

t errain

modele

r eunies.

q u'offre

c elui

d e

l e p lus

f urent

f ut p eu ä p eu

f avorable

( en t erme d e

l e p lus d irect d 'un l ieu d e s ejour ä

d 'une

contenues

c elui

e t

A insi

l es v allees). p resente

i mplicitement a vons

( soit d e

e xigea des b ergers

f orestier,

m enagant c et e levage.

( assez

r egulateur,

s oit d 'une a ire de p acage ä

d 'obstacles

n ous

r ole

s oit de l a r iviere ä l 'abri e tc.),

p redateurs,

C e

c onsommation m od r e u n

ä l 'occasion d es deplacements d ivers

s urveillance

autant

p asteurs

e t b ates veCurent e n

l a

l 'accroissement n aturel du c heptel.

b .

u ne

h ommes

c omme e n c ommunion;

f a on

d ans P our

l es

t ies

l 'etayer,

e n A lgerie o rientale

T ebessa

s chematique

i nformations n ous

d es notions

archeologiques q ue

p rendrons c o me e xemple

l e m assif d e

l 'Aures,

q ui

apres

f ournit ä s on tour u ne s orte d 'isolat g eographique

c omplexe

e t

b ien

t ype)

nous

p ermettant

d 'apprendre

l e

p henomene d e t ranshumance.

I I.

L 'AURES: E XEMPLE D E L A G ROTTE C APELETTI .

L a

g rotte

d 'altitude v ersant p ar e n

( Roubet f alaises

l es

s eptentrional

d e

f orme

C apeletti d ans

t res

h autes

d eux e ndroits, L es

l 'Aures.

p arois,

durant

( Roubet

a u

p roches

1 979,

pp.

c haotique.

U n t orrent p erenne,

d efile

e ncaisse ' .

p an e ffondre, r iviere:

d iaclase,

c 'est L eurs

s ont

E lle

l argeur qui, 3 m e nviron d e

c lairs

e t s ous c ertaines

e t

me ime

i ncidences d u

L e r este d u couloir b aigne d ans

e t r este d 'acce ' s mal

l e B erbaga,

p rend s a

c ommode voire

s ource non

l oin

de c e dernier,

c ultivent

f ixes e n

( grenadiers,

j ours

s ur

c ereales n oyers,

c es

T amagoult e t a u

ä p lus de 8 0m a u d essus d e h umide e t f roid.

l e p aysans C haouia

m igrent v ers

s ahariennes.

L es

h autes

abricotiers,

l e

S ud,

C haouia t erres

( orge e t b le)

a u n s ysteme de t errasses

de p ierres

l e D jebel

L a g rotte C apeletti occupe

l e v ersant o riente ä l 'ubac, t roupeaux

desertiques

a ujourd'hui

L es

l 'entree

O n d istingue au S ud Est

e n h iver b loque d e nos

M ars.

g race

d e

l e K hanguet S i Mohamed T ahar.

l a

z ones

s ommet d 'un c one d 'eboulis.

p lupart du t emps,

u n

e t

s ur l e

e ncadree

muraille c alcaire e t coule de c ascade e n c ascade a u f ond d 'un

Nord-Ouest

n eige

e st s ituee ä 1 540m

M aestrichtien,

l ongueur e t d '1.50m de

5 21-546).

l a

l a

du

E lle s 'ouvre ä l 'Est,

q uelques m inutes

l 'obscurite de

1 05-546)

s 'elargit pour f ormer d eux s alles de

s ecteurs

e nsoleilles

p p.

c alcaires

u n c ouloir noyau d e 2 1m de

l arge. s oleil

d e

1 979,

s ans a tteindre

s ont

a ssez

d es

a mandiers,

i rriguees,

qu'ils

p etits v ergers

c itronniers,

maintenues

l es

p asteurs,

i ngrates

e t amenagent e n

L a

e ntre D ecembre

e tc.),

p ar d es murets

s ches.

f ouilles

l 'interieur c hronologique, i nformations

c onduites de

e n

c adres

p alynologique a rcheologiques

1 968

d ans

c ette grotte o nt

s tratigraphique, e t q ui

2 42

a nthracologique, o nt

p ermis

l ivre a

sedimentologique, d e

d 'innombrables m ieux

s aisir

l 'importance l e

m ilieu

d e d u

l 'evolution c ulturelle q ui

s 'est p roduite l a,

e ntre

c inquieme m illenaire e t c elui d u t roisieme m illenaire

b c. A .

L 'elevage ovin e t b ovin.

L a

c onstitution

C aprins

e st

r ecueillis

d 'un

p etit

i ndirectement

c heptel c ompose d 'Ovins e t d e q uelques a ttestee

p ar

l es

r estes

d ans l es d ifferents d epöts a rcheologiques,

a limentaires r epartis e ntre

l es q uatre p rincipales s eries d 'occupation d e l a g rotte: D urant

l a p remiere f requentation d e l a g rotte

c onsommes

8 9.7% d es r estes D urant 3 800

l a

s econd

± 1 40 b c),

D urant

s erie

d 'occupation

( entre

s erie

l a t roisieme

d 'occupation

( entre 3 450 ± 1 40 b c e t

9 0.4% d es r estes o sseux s ont c eux d 'Ovines.

l a q uatrieme s erie d 'occupation

2 390 ± 2 00 b c), L ' elevage p asteurs

3 950 ± 1 50 b c e t

8 4.7%s d es r estes o sseux s ont c eux d 'Ovines.

3 430 ± 1 40 b c), D urant

( 4580 ± 2 50 b c),

appartiennent'ä d es ° vines.

( entre 2 720 ± 1 30 b c e t

7 0% s ont e ncore d es r estes d 'Ovines.

p robable d e B ovines p ourrait m arquer a ussi

d ans

l a

g rotte

l 'entree d es

d es l a p remi 'ere f requentation.

E n e ffet,

7 .3%

d es r estes o sseux appartiennent ä d es i ndividus d e f orte t aille

( Bos

p rimigenius

g rands,

B oj.)

d esignes

q u'aucune

m ontre

d iagnose

A .

C arter,

o u a d es s ujets b eaucoup m om s p uissants e t

j usqu'a s olide

M uzzolini d ocuments

p re sent s ous a it e te

d ans

c e

l e v ocable B os

c e

S ymposium,

i nedits)

i l

e st

i bericus,

j our e tablie. apres d 'autres

t emps

q ue

n os

s ans

C omme

l 'a

( Roubet e t e tudes

s e

d ebarrassent d e c e f antöme p aleontologique. L a

derniere

B ovines,

s erie d 'occupation a l ivre 2 4.7% d e r estes o sseux d e

d ont

o n n e d oute p lus q u'ils a ient a ppartenu ä d es a nimaux

d omestiques. C 'est

e n

l 'un

d e

q ue

n ous

Neolithique d evint

s 'appuyant

n ous

( P.C.)

a vons d e

s ur

c es

r econsidere

t radition

p astoral,

d onnees s tatistiques e tablies p ar

e t c ontrölees p ar l e P r. e t

C apsienne.

p reagricole,

t ourne

p risonnier d 'une t radition c ulturelle, L 'elevage

E .

r edefini L e v ers

l a

H iggs,

ä C ambridge,

p roblematique

f ondement

d e

d u

c e f acies

u n d evenir e t n on p lus

f ut-elle c apsienne.

ovin e t b ovin defini d onc c e f acies,

e t l a t ranshumance

s aisonniere r egit a s on t our l e m ode d e v ie d es p asteurs d e N .T.C. B . L a t ranshumance. L es

m anifestations

t ranshumance

e n

t angibles

q ui

m ettent

l e

p henomene

p reuves i ndirectes o u d irectes. L es p reuves

d e

e vidence s ont d iversifiees e t c onstituent u n l ot d e

i ndirects p roviennent d e l a p rise e n c ompte d e:

2 43

L a

c onfiguration

c ouloir; , g enerale

-

d e

l a

g rotte

b oyau - g alerie,

n e

p reäisposent

e lle-meme:

i i

d ont l 'exiguite e t

p as

ä

u n

r epli

s 'agit

d 'un

l a t opographie

d e

l ongue d uree

p endant l 'hiver, p our l es p asteurs. L e m anque d e c larte e t d 'espace c ondamnent c e l ieu ä n 'etre q u'un r efuge. D 'autre p art,

r ien

a lentour

n 'est

p revu

p our

a briter l e t roupeau:

a ucun e nclos, a ucune a nfractuosite , d ans c es p arois v erticales q ui s urplombent l a r iviere n 'a P u e tre amenage p our p roteger l es moutons e t l es c hevres p endant d e r udes h ivers. L 'exceptionnelle ( caracterise p aralyse

r igueur

p ar

t out

r essources

u n

l e

m assif),

d 'origine

c onduisent

d u

c limat

e nneigement u n

vegetale

i nevitablement

d e

h ivernal

e n

D ecembre

a

t arissement s urtout,

a u

u n

d e

a ltitude M ars

qui

t outes

l es

i solement t otal,

r epliement

o u

a

l 'abandon

t emporaire d u l ieu. L es

p reuves

e ux-mgmes. d e

l a

d irectes

I i

s 'agit

g rotte

p roviennent

d es

documents a rcheologiques

d e r estes e xogenes i nclus d ans

e t m l's a u mobilier,

l es s ediments

q ui t rouvent t out n aturellement

l eur o rigine s ur l e p ieMont meridional d u m assif d e l 'Aures: D ocuments

l ithiques

p resentes

d ans

l e

p rovenant s ud:

s ilex

d e

f ormations

n oir,

g eologiques

m inerai d e g alene,

s ei,

f ossiles u tilises c omme p endentifs. M acro-restes p ieges p eaux

v egetaux

d ans

l es

z ones d es

s emi arides

a nimaux,

A triplex

d uction

d e

t ant

p rincipales p arait

a

e n

documents

e xogenes

t res d e

L ygeum

L 'intro-

a u c ours d es q uatre

d ifficile i c , tes e t g ens. s ens

q ui

s 'ils

d 'un g enre d e v ie p astoral.

e n

( outres):

l a 'grotte.

m ais

l 'occasion d e p ejoration c limatique s aisonniere n 'ont

l 'interieur

d ans

d e deplacements e ntre l e N ord e t l e S ud

s ituation

deplacements

r apportes

d 'occupation n e r efeve p as du h asard,

r esulter

m assif,

p renne

d e

s eries

b ien

m ettant

e tc.,

meridionales,

o u c onserves d ans l es

t ransformees e n v etements o u recipients

s partum,

d u

d e

t oisons

c onsideration

t ous

D e t els

s 'inscrivent

ä

L a s eule s olution q ui

l es a spects q ue n ous v enons d e

s oulever e st l a t ranshumance. E n

c onclusion,

i nstauree m illenaire o vin

e t

l a

t ranshumance

d ans

l e

M aghreb

p ar l e N eolithique d e t radition C apsienne d es b c.

C 'est

u ne

c aprin q ui r egit

o riental e st l e c inquilme

c omposante c aracteristique d e l 'elevage

l a v ie q uotidienne d es P asteurs,

r est s e n

m arge d e t oute a ctivite a gricole. C ette

t ranshumance

c omprend

u n

p iemont

meridional

p roximite ( pendant

d 'un t rois

d 'habitat,

e st

i nverse,

c 'est-ä-dire

( pour

refuge, s aisons).

r enouvelle

u ne

d e a u

s aison),

p elouses, L e

d e

d eplacement

r ythme

d es

l 'autre

v ie

C haouia,

a rchaique

B erberes b ien

d e

l 'Aures,

e n

c lairieres e ntre

s aisons,

l 'origine d 'un c omportement d 'appropriation d es L es

e stivale;

deplacement e ntre d eux l ieux d e s ejours s itues:

l es e st

e ile

l 'un a u

a ltitude,

ä

e t d e f or ts d eux s ans

z ones d oute ä

l ieux d e p arcours.

p resentent d ans

l eur mode d e

d es t raits q ui p euvent a ssurer l a l iaison e ntre

l e p euplement p rehistorique e t l e p euplement a ctuel.

2 44

N OTES 1 .

Omission

connu

de

CAPELETTI, e ile

se

5 99,

' It

s ans i s

e t

a lso S i

/ d e velopment'.

notre

r ecent A .

work

at

t he

of Adrar

Grotte

i nformation of 2 .

Une

l es 1 975;

r iche

p lus

B ous,

p age

5 99

med., d 'un

l e

at

P r.

The

c hapter

1 974;

s tage o f

l a c iter

l a l a

1 971).

C .

Thurston S haw qui dans un H istory o f

A frica d isait

' There a re no r eferences nor

to

S utton's

nor to C lark a nd Smith's

to Roubet's magnificent work at i s

a

very

u seful

s ource o f

( 1982).

World

( diverses

occidentale,

1 5,

s cientifique

2 45

1 983;

Actes

C .N.R.S.). 1 975).

nous ne

auteurs dans

Archaeology

i nteret

e t Monod

s ans

( Roubet

K akarichinkat,

nor above a ll

S enanque, g rand

Jebel Marshel

t o t his

echappe ä l a perspicacite

' aqualithic',

Mediterran e

r eferences

B aticle

l a

n 'avait p as

1 The C ambridge

t ravaux

1 975;

R echerche 1 977;

belong

b ibliographie existe s ur c e t heme,

recents en

Z abaouine,

l evel),

l 'article de Camps,

evidence...'

Laurans

L ' elevage

s ujet de

African

Capeletti.

l ieu oü

e xemple p .

i i omet volontairement de designer

e xcavations

t he

at Jebel

( upper

britannique de

pourtant l a g rotte

l e nom du

S i Mohamed T ahar,

son nom mais encore exploite

r endu du Tome

Smith's

e xposition

c aves

omission

propos

( 1979)

at Ouled Zouia and at K hanguet s i Mohamed

' The

t raite du

collegue ä

l e Khanguet

s eulement

cette

compte

notamment t o

found

p ar

Roubet

en u tilisant s eulement

Mohamed Tahar

C apeletti

D 'ailleurs

l 'ouvrage de C .

C amps n 'hesite p as ä f aire e tat de

l oin,

Non

p ublication qui d e

G .

l a nommer,

p lus

Khanguet

g rotte

c itation de

s itue c 'est-ä-dire

Tahar.' a nd

de

l 'auteur.

c iterons que

P ujol

e t L aurans

e t dans

du Colloque

A joutons ( Porteres

a ussi 1 948;

l e

l ivre

I ntern. quelques L efebure

L ISTE D 'I LLUSTRATIONS

P lanches: P lanche

1 .

Transhumance actuelle d ans

2 46

l e M aghreb.

C l.

M .

B ovis.

R EFERENCES B alout,

L .,

1 976.

maghrebine' 9 9-113, B aticle,

en

' Orientations

I n

Memoriam,

Y .,

1 973.

G .,

1 982.

North-West

L ' elevage

' Beginnings

H istory

1 500 B .C.,

pp.

R .,

of

( ed.)

C .,

Oudadem).

P rehistoire

1 891 - 1 974,

' Des

p resaharien',

Actes

du

C .N.R.S.,

P ays

p astoralism

S ahara:

pp.

E uropeens de

and

Vol.

I ,

F rom t he

l a

4 7.

c ultivation

o rigins of t he B erbers:, E arliest

i n

en T he

t imes

to

Aspects

de

l a

Transhumance,

numero special. poissons

aux mollusques

et cohesion s ocial

e n

Colloque

of

l e

l 'Universite de D ijon,

Quelques

p astorale

Maroc

Monod,

l a

Cambridge University P ress.

1 977.

1 977. V ie

dans

de

Africa,

5 48-623,

Societe d 'Ethnozootechnie, L efebure,

Ovin

Publ.

Africa and t he

Cambridge

L aurans,

de

Mexico.

Mediterranee Occidentale, C amps,

nouvelles

P edro Bosch-Gimpera

l 'Elevage

I ntern.

en

chez

( Seg s elman Ar l es Ayt A ttu du

Mediterranee Occidentale,

Recherche med.

S enanque,

pp.

1 95-205,

P aris.

T .,

1 975.

P astoralism i n Tropical

A frica,

Oxford University

Press. P orteres,

R .,

culture

ä

Conferences

1 948.

' Nouvelle

t ravers des

de

Sols

l a

s ystematisation notion

GOMA,

K IVU,

des

types d 'agri -

de c limax de domestication', Congo

Beige,

8 -16 Novembre,

1 948. P ujol,

R .,

( eds)

1 975.

Colloque d 'Ethnozoologie,

I nst.

I nter.

Roubet,

R .

et

C .,

L aurans,

1 968.

Neolithique A .M.G., Roubet,

L e G isement du

de

Tradition

D amous

L 'homme e t

l 'animal,

d 'Ethnosciences, e l

A hmar e t

Capsienne,

T ravaux

s a

P remier

C .N.R.S.

P lace dans

de

l e

C .R.A.P.E.,

P aris. C .,

Neolithique

1 971. du

' Sur

l a

t radition

definition

c apsienne',

et

l a

c hronologie

L 'Anthropologie

7 5,

du pp.

5 53-574. Roubet,

C .,

Orientale. l 'Aures, Roubet,

1 979. Le

Economie Neolithique

C .N.R.S.,

C .,

orientale.

' Economie

N eolithique

L 'Anthropologie 8 2, S haw,

C .T.,

S upplement,

1 982. June

de

P reagricole

Tradition

e n

C apsienne.

A lgerie E xemple:

P aris.

1 978. L e

P astorale

pp.

' From 1 0th,

p astorale de

p reagricole

t radition

c apsienne

e n

A lgerie

( resume)'.

5 83 - 5 87. hominids pp.

to P haroahs',

6 73 - 6 74.

2 47

The T imes

L iterary

V aufrey,

R .,

1 9833.

' Notes s ur l e c apsien',

4 57-483.

2 48

L 'Anthropologie 4 3,

p p.

P ASTORE,

P ADRONE:

T HE S OCIAL D IMENSIONS O F P ASTORALISM I N P RENURAGIC S ARDINIA

Mr. James L ewthwaite Undergraduate

School of

B radford

U niversity,

B radford

BD7

1 D,

S tudies

i n Archaeological

Sciences,

England.

A BSTRACT T he

r eceived

i n

S ardinia

b c

i s

b ias t he

i nterpretation o f t he s ocio-economic d evelopments d uring

c riticised i s

p astoral

s ector T he

b y,

T he

T his

t o

w ith i n

o f

S ardinia

o nto

d ata, s ince t his

s ocial t ransformations a re

p alaeoeconomic i n

c ertain

i ndicates

e vidence

P roducts

a nd

t he t raditional a pproaches w hich c ompares

t he

a pproach q uarters.

t hat

t o

p astoralism

H istorical

a nd

t he i ntroduction o f t he

a nd t he u se o f a nimal t raction ( Sherratt:

( scratch-plough)

S econdary

m odern

i nextricably i nterwoven i s w elcomed a s a

f avour

e thnographic

a nd

a rchaeozoological)

e conomic

b een

f eature

f ormerly

m edieval

( e.g.

t hat

h ave

f avourably

i n

.

p remise

p ositive

a rd

g rounds o f i ts p astoral b ias.

r eceived m odel n either d epends o n, n or c an b e

d irect

h ardly e xists.

l ikely

t he

a scribed t o t he p rojection o f ad istorted s terotype o f

p rehistory. t ested

t he l ater t hird a nd e arly s econd m illennia o n

R evolution)

i s l ikely t o h ave f avoured t he

e mergence o f s ocial r anking. I n

g eneral

e conomic

r ather

p rehistory,

a nd

h istorical

a nd

t erms, t he p aper i nvites a ttention t o s ocial a nd t han i n

p urely

m aterial-cultural

p articular,

e thnographic

q uestions

i n

a dvocates t he r easoned u se o f d ata

i n

a lternative h ypotheses.

2 51

t he

g eneration

o f

INTRODUCTION T he

c onventional

S ardinia

( 1),

e xemplify

t he

D avid

C larke

model

o f

l imitations i n

t he

a ccepted

i nterpretation

t he

o f

l inear

e conomic

b asis

i nterpretations

o f

m esolithic E urope:

1 (n...w idely

f ramework f or

d iscussion a nd r esearch, t raditional...(i n...the

a re

o f

a ny

a nd

t he w ill

i nterpretative o f

s ources...'

d ata,

w ith

( Clarke 1 978,

PRENURAGIC S ARDINIA: c onventional

t hat

b y

a nalyses

f undamental u sually

i nherent

( traditional

d ifficulty

t hat

t he

f it a v ery l arge n umber o f

models...(iii)...there

i s

t he

n eed

t o

t he i nterpretative models t hat a rise a s a c onsequence o f t he

a nalysis

T he

i nterpretation

a nalysis a nd i nterpretation o f a ny

c onstrained a nd d istorted b y m issing i nformation,

d ifferent c ompare

a nd t he c onventional

s ampling a berrations a nd p ersistent s tereotypes

m isinterpretations) r esults

l ogic c riticised b y t he l ate

t hen b ecome t he c onventional

f urther

b iases,

t he p renuragic d evelopments i n

p rologue t o h is f ormulation o f a n a lternative

b ecomes d ata

o f

a s m ore g enerally w ithin t he w est M editerranean b asin,

o f

e conomic

t he

models p .

o f

THE ECONOMIC B ASIS?

i nterpretation

P renuragic

a s

a

w hich p eriod

a nd s ocial t ransformation,

f actors,

e xpectation d erived f rom o ther

1 ).

d ynamically

n eolithic

a nd

P renuragic

' explains'

r esolving

b ronze

a ge

d eserves r econsideration i s o f

r evolutionary c ultural,

l argely a s a r esult o f e xogenous t he

g enres

d e

b inary v ie.

opposition

o f

t he

Specifically,

t he

t he t ransformation o f t he O zieri

( San M ichele)

N eolithic i nto t he N uragic B ronze A ge:

O zieri

Nura gl #

E conomy:

A gricultural

P astoral

S ettlement:

V illages,

D ispersed N uraghi

D istribution:

Coastal

S ocial O rganisation:

E galitarian

R anked

I deology:

M atriarchal

P atriarchal

2 52

C aves

P lains

H interland P lateaux

L illiu, t he d i

i n

a p opular s ummary o f h is m ajor work

f ormer s uggestively a s: v illaggio...comunieh

i nteressi a rcato

.. ..cultura

r istrette n el n umero,

r eciproci...popolazioni

r appresentasse

s ociale

d ella

l atter:

' ...una

u na

s erene

c omponente

c ultura...'

( 1975b,

( 1975a)

d escribes

r urale e c ontadina...societä e

m a t uttavia l egate d a p acifiche...il

n otevole

p p.

d ella

1 2-17).

m atri-

i mpalcatura

W hereas

o f

t he

c onversione q uasi t otale d alla p recedente s truttura

d i c ivilth c ontadina a u no s tato d i s ocietä p astorale e g uerriera...una s truttura s ociale a ccentrata e g erarchica...una f orma

d i

d urezza

g overno e

l a

t eocratico...il

l inearith

s evera

p astori-guerrieri...prepotere ( 1975b, p p. 1 9-30). S ince S ardinian

h istory

a daptations t he

t opic

a s

h as

s ocial

d ata

a s

a

p alaeobotany,

' meat

f ixation'

t he

B arbaricini r epresent 1 981,

o f

i nto

a ssumption

a

p rehistory

a .

p urest

5 -7). c ircular

s urvivals

r easoning,

b een

b ias:

c arried

s pecies

r einforce

' sampling

S ince

o f

1 978,

b iased p .

6 )

i n t erms o f a

o ut,

t he

p rehistoric S ardinia s uch

s ince

myths

e ncourage

t he p opular w orks o f

i ntrinsic appeal o f i solated,

a berrations

b ones n o

o f

( technical b iases)'

( Clarke

f ixation w ith t he s hepherd. a re

s imply

more v isible t han p lant

s ystematic a rchaeozoological

r esearch h as

i t i s p ointless t o d iscuss t he question o f

p roportions,

a lthough t here i s n o p ositive p roof o f a

p redominance o f o vicaprines. b .

S ite

s ample

s ubordinate, a ttractive t han t he s uch

b ias:

t o

e xcavators

c ontexts f or

e ntirely

o f

( Atzeni a

r ock

a re

n omadic

u sed f or

o r

p urely

t o d iscover a nd m ore

( promising s tratigraphic s equences)

f or

i nstance,

1 980,

p articular

s uch c ases

s helters, t ransit

e asier

T he e arly p renuragic

S ulcis-Iglesiente,

e vidence

a nd

s pecialised,

a ctivities,

open s ites.

l acking

c aves

s easonal,

n on-subsistence

s o

t he t ranshumant

e xplicable

U nfortunately,

e ncourage t his

F aunal

r esidue.

u nconsciously ( Clarke

i mage

i s

c ommunities t o a nthropologists. o f

h ave

c ertain

p rehistorians

7 -8)

o f r esearch i s a s u rgently

M esolithic

p astoral pp.

s ettlement-subsistence

s ite c atchment a nalysis),

t hat t he mountain f olk o f t he N uorese a nd t he

t he

p p.

m ay

E uropean

p rojection

n umber

a rchitectural a nd

( Harrison 1 984).

e minent A

2 8-30)

( intra-settlement s patial a nalysis,

a ' second g eneration'

o f

i nter-disciplinary

1 978,

s ocial

p p.

t he w ider c ommunity o f

g eomorphology),

( archaeozoology,

c onstant

( Ortu

o f

a nd

( 1975b,

m ulti-disciplinary r esearch i nto p rehistoric

( palynology,

i nterpretations

B arbagia

e cological

s o t hat w hole c lasses o f i nformation a re m issing,

a nalysis);

w idespread

l a

s ocieta d i

1 977).

o rganization a nd i deology

pastori

t he

a ttached t o a rtefactual,

r equired i n S ardinia a s i n S pain

t he

o f

i nterest

( Tangheroni

objective

a daptations

J ust

s tesso...ha u na

h as e ncouraged a s peculative approach t o e conomic a nd

e nvironments s ocial

t he

w eight

p rehistory

p articularly

m ortuary

s e d i

d 'un t ipo s ociologico p atriarcale...' L illiu e xplicitly r egards s ubsequent

f unction

a ttracted

e xcessive

a rtistic

i n

i ndomabile

e volved d uring t he N uragic B ronze A ge

S ardinian s cholarship T he

a

n uraghe e

p .

1 6,

( Monte C laro)

p eriod i n

c onsists e xclusively o f F igure

1 ).

W hen t he

p eriod o r c ulture c onsists a lmost

- w hen open s ites appear t o b e e ntirely p astoralism

2 53

p rovides

a

c onvenient

e xplanation. ( 1975a, c erte

T hus

p .

1 67)

z one

b en

o bserves c ultura

d iventando

d istinta

S ardegna:

L illiu ' ...La

p er

i l

e tnologica

e

l a

s perduti p ratica

d el

S ud-ovest

s trumenti

i n

modo d a e ssere a tti a s postamenti

u n

l uogo

N el

S ulcis

d inamica. a nche

l 'assenza

s upporre c apanne u na

d i

p iccoli i

c ultura

montagne,

u na

i mprovvisi e

c ultura

mobile

- I glesiente ± 1 p aesaggio d i p astori c entri

d i

v ita s tabile,

a gglomerati

f rasche

i n

1 77-179).

n on n umerosi m a

f unzionali,

a ll'altro,

f ra l e p iü

p p.

r apidi

d a

d ella

dove s i t rova...un'area

( 1975a, s u

l imita a

d i u na r egione,

f ra l e m ontagne,

N azione...' v ita

' tipo'

f isici,

l 'Iglesiente,

p astori,

d ella

' Organizzare

c ultura

c aratteri

S ulcis

d i

d isperate

l a

o f t he B onnänaro c ulture

d i B unnännaro...si

q uali n ei

t ransumante

a d

a bitazione

' medaus' c he

mentre p ossiamo t emporanea

d i o ggi),

p redilige

e ( ma d i

s uggeriscono

l uoghi,

c ome

l e

a tti n aturalmente a lla d ifesa o ltre c he a ll'economia

p astorale.' c .

A rtefact

b ias:

P articular

a rtefacts a re a ssociated w ith

p astoral a ctivities, e .g. d airy p rocessing ( lbollitoi' t ' scrematoi') o r t extile m anufacture ( fusaruole, pesi d i t elaio)

a nd

a re

g iven

u ndue

a ssemblages.

' Da

f unzionalmente

' pastorali'

t egami

e

s piane

c onservazione

r ilevare p er

d ella

' gallurese',

o riginatasi

M ädugui...Si p .

h as

r ecently

c eramics

a lcune

s volta

t rovano

o f

f orme,

s crematoio,

f ornello,

t estimonianti

l a r igida

d ella c ultura

n ei p iu a ntichi t empi d el f orme

l itiche

a scendenze

n ei

e c eramiche m ateriali d el

l o s tesso d elle f usaruole f ittili H owever,

s uch

a rtefacts

c an

t he p rocessing o f p lant p roducts; i nterpreted

a

c ertain

c lass

( Lilliu b e

u sed

t hus C amps

o f

p erforated

f ound b oth i n t he C halcolithic o f C orsica a nd i n s ome

S ardinian t he

i n

d escription

d i

s ocio-economica

P arecchie

2 05).

i ndifferently

e

i n

c onoscono p ure n eu e c ulture B onnännaro e

C laro...Dicasi

1 975a,

e cc.),

s truttura

t egame) B runku

( 'bollitoio',

f ocacce

n eolitico-calcolitico.

Monte

e mphasis l 'interesse

c ontexts

l eaching

g hiande'

o f

( Camps

L ewthwaite

( Ozieri; a corn a nd

1 982).

M onte

f lour, R ostan

C laro)

a s appropriate f or

a nd t he c ooking o f 1 980,

F urthermore,

p .

1 0;

e focacce d i

1 982,

p .

2 47;

i t i s i llogical t o u se e ither

t he p resence/absence o r t he p roportions o f s uch a rtefacts a s i ndices o f p astoral a ctivity s ince t he l ack o f s uch a rtefacts does

n ot

o rganic

i mply t he a bsence o f s uch a ctivities, m aterial

a re

p urposes.

A ngioni's

m unsrozhu,

s a

c ork

o r

4 09)

l,

a s o r

b rokka, s u'isku

b eing

a nything m ore appropriate f or t hese

l ist

metal d evices

' bollitoio c ribed

i f s a

o f

d airy-processing e quipment

m ürgia,

( 1975, o r

p .

e tc.)

4 04-405).

s a p ischedda,

( Le

L annou

1 941,

( su

c onsists o f w ooden, I n p articular,

t he

i s s pecifically d es-

t raditionally o f c hestnut-

p ear-wood

f or o bjects o f

p .

( Angioni 1 82).

1 975,

p .

E ven w here

p astoral a ctivities a re u ndeniably i ndicated, i t i s i mpossible t o u se t he p roportion o f ' agricultural' o r ' sylvicultural' t o ' pastoral'

a rtefacts a s a n i ndex o f t he r elative c ontributions

o f t hese s ectors t o t he t otal e conomy. d .

M ethod

a nd

t echnique b ias:

2 54

I n t he a bsence o f s cientific

s tudies

o n

s ampling, b asis

t he

p rehistoric

r ecovery

o f

a nd

a rtistic

s oprattutto,

l e

c ultura

( Bunnännaro),

g usti

s even i

e d

r ivedere ( Lilliu

c i

p .

n uraghi,

m a,

d a

p osata.

p opulation

e

e ( i

g uerriero,

i l

' bollitoi'),

i l

p rimo s econdo l a

p ure

t he

p .

d al

r itorno a lla g razia

1 99).

p ersistent

f ixation

w ith

t he

n omadic

S ardinian p rehistory r ests o n p ersistent s tereotypes

f rom,

o f

t he

s hepherd.

T he most g rave

z one;

( 2)

t he

p ower,

t he v alues o f S uch

' authority',

a nd

a

h omogeneous

' functionalist')

f unctions b enefited h as i ndeed i mplied d iversity

r esources, o f

a

t his

h ow

o f

s ociety, i s

d espite t he

p olyculture,

i rrigation

c ommunity

o f

a s

n ascent

a ggrandizing

f laws,

t he

s uggested

s ignificance

s ince

t he

s tratification i n

f luctuations

( described a s

i n

s ubsistence

c ontext f or r edistributive

r ejecting s uch a llegedly s purious

d ifferentiation, t heir

a sks

u s

t o c onsider

m anifest l ack o f b enefit t o t he

p rogressive

o f

f ishing,

l abour

t erraces

s pecifically

e lements.

s erious

b eing

1 981.

p .

i ntensification

7 ),

t echnological

m astery

H is o f

t echniques s uch a s a rd a griculture,

t he t hat

r elative

a ll o f w hich i nvolved

i nto o r

f ixed

a ssets,

o rchards,

d eprived

i .e. t he

t he a bility t o m ove away f rom

G ilman's

o f h is s pecific m odel;

( Gilman

s ubsistence

t o

a nd d eep-sea

f ields,

mobility,

t ests

t o

a rose b ecause t heir m anagerial

s uitable

i ntensive

c onversion

most

' bandana',

c ould e ver h ave s eized a nd m aintained p ower.

t hrough

s uch

a nd t he

O rthodox models

e lites

G ilman,

s ocial

s ubsistence,

f acilities

( 1981).

l iability

t hat

c umulative

p articular

p articularly

e lites,

s uggestion

' faida'

t he majority o f t he p opulation; R enfrew ( 1972) t hat t he M editerranean e nvironment, b ecause o f

t ype.

r ationalisations

oppressive

b een v igorously c riticised b y t he American t hat

a nd

i s

o f

G ilman

i mply

t he

o f t he f oreign i mperial o r

t he d evelopment o f s ocial

h ave

A .

t he o ther i n

1b alentia'.

a re o f

E urope

s cholar

r igorous

f orming

p articularly

a uthority

m uch a ttached t o t he

models

A ge

o f

c ategory

t he s tereotype o f t he s hepherd a s a utonomous,

s tereotypes

s ystems

o ne

o ppressive

' ominia'

c onventional M arxian

i ndeed c ompeting a nd i n c onflict w ith,

t he

r esisting o f

c olonial

o f

d i

S i

d i p astori- g uerrieri...'

i n t he p lateaux o f t he N uorese a nd B arbagia,

a uthority

t hat

p rovato

( Lilliu 1 975a,

d istinct

l owland

t he

s ono

q uale

' Anche l a c ultura d i M onte

p astorale

m isinterpretations)

c onstantly

m ass

c eramiche

i l d inamismo t rasumante s eminomadico s ono

a griculturalists;

r ather

i n d i

t he a ssumption t hat s hepherds h ave a lways b een s patially a nd

e conomically

i ts

c ultura

f orme d i v ase

c he

a ll

i n

( traditional

B ronze

s epolcro...e, mostrano,

c erti c edimenti d i c iviltä a gricola p iü morbida

I i

a bove

p astoralist

t he

d i

a l c onfronto c on l a c ultura d i B unnannaro,

d ell'ornamento...'

t he

L e

W hereas:

umore

c erte

b ellicosa,

s temperati

( 1)

t ipi

i mpressionante,

u na

1 77).

u n

d a

vocazione

a re

' I

a rcheologiche

e lementari.

s embra

r ivela

d imostrato

B ut

s ystematic

u n c arattere r ude e ssenziale,

s trutturale

1 975a,

C laro

e

o n

i n c ulture d i p astori-guerrieri...Anche l a c ultura d i

B unnännaro

d ai

b ased

j udgements a re m ade o n t he

i nference:

s uppellettili

q uesta

u n'asciuttezza

e conomy

a nalysis,

model

i s

d ifficulty

f ull o f o bvious o f

c onstructing

t he t wo v erificatory c riteria o f a t emporal p recedence o f t o s ocial

s tratification,

a nd

a s patial c orrelation i n t he s trength o f t he t wo v ariables,

2 55

a re

i nadequate,

s ince

s uch e ventualities c ould h ave b een p redicted

f rom a ny n umber o f operational models. N onetheless, h as s timulated a p reviously dormant d omain.

T HE PRENURAGIC ECONOMY: T he

c onnection

s tereotype' r elationship

h as

b etween

G ilman's

a pproach

a nd

t he

' persistent

G ilman

g ives

p eculiarly

l ittle

a ttention t o t he

o f t he S econdary P roducts P astoral R evolution which S herratt

l ocated

( 1981),

p recisely

a nd

s till

a nthropologists, p astoralism. I ngold, t o

THE SOCIAL B ASIS?

o f t he p astore-guerriere i s t he q uestion o f t he i n a rchaeological t heory b etween p astoralism a nd s ocial

s tratification. c oncept

G ilman's p aper

i n

l ess

t he t o

l ater t hird m illennium b c i n E urope

t he

p articularly

s timulated

v aluable i n

t he

r ecent

b oreal

work

z one

b y P aine's d ifferentiation o f

b y s ocial

o f

r eindeer

' herding'

( 'day

d ay w ork w ith t he h erd o n s easonal p astures a nd o n t he s pring a nd

a utumn

m igrations'

c apital

a nd

s uggestion t hat

1 964,

t he t hat

p .

8 3)

f ormation

o f

p astoralism

l ivestock

f orms

' a

a nd

' husbandry'

p rofit'

i s

p er

( 'the g rowth o f h erd

1 971,

p .

1 61)

a nd by h is

s e a nalogous t o c apitalism i n

r esource i n r espect o f which o ne c ontrols

i ts

r eproductive

t he

whole e difice o f a rchaeo-anthropological t hinking o n t he g enesis

o f

p astoralism

e cological.

p .

c oncluding

m akes

c annot

b e

t he

1 58),

h as r adically r e-examined

t hat s ocial

f ollowing

r egarded a s a n

o verall e cological

t he

l evel

c ontention t he

o f

f actors o utweigh t he

p oint:

' I c onclude t hat

' intensification'

o f h unting,

t he

p articularistic o f

W est

1 948), D 'Anna

d es

A ltopiano ( 1981)

a gricultural

( Lilliu

n iches;

e ver

r ejects t he

' sedentary

s tock

t o

b ovine

a ssumption a

t he

h erds b een

l ike G ilman's,

t hat

( 1975)

p astoral

a nd a nd

o ccupying d istinct f ocuses o n

c ommunities.

I ngold

o vicaprines a nd b ovines

m ight

f or

i nitial

i ncorporation i nto

d ifferentiation o f

p rimarily

m aterials o f

l ater

e xchange a

t hat

d irect t ransformation f rom h unting t o

c ultivators

s upplement r aw

a nd

B arker

s uggested

i ndividual

( Louis

a nd t he P rima

1 79).

I ngold's m odel,

o f

s ystems,

T hus:

a lready

1 959)

p .

d ifferentiated,

w ithin

t he

object

i nvolving

a dditional

( Puglisi

p roposing a t wo-stage model:

a gricultural s ystems

o f t he L anguedoc g arrigues

1 975a,

b ecame

d ifferentiation

p astoralism,

t he ( 1980,

b e r egarded s imply a s a n e cological

i ndependently

c ommunities

s pecifically

t hrough l abour'

f or a griculture a s i mplied b y t he model

P lateaux'

h ave

c omplementary

s ocial w ere

c annot

t o a reas m arginal

' Pasteurs d i

e stablished

d omestic d ivision o f

t he C iviltä Appenninica

S arda

a nd

b onds

i nto

t his i mplies t hat t he u ndeniable e xpansion o f t he d uring t he l ater t hird a nd s econd m illennia b c i n

M editerranean

a daptation t he

r elations o f p roduction...My c entral

s ocial

a nimals

I f c orrect, p astoral s ector t he

i nstability w hose r ationale must b e s ought

s ocial

i s t hat t he s ource o f p astoral p roperty r elations l ies i n

i ncorporation p . 2 3).

o f

( 1971,

t hat t he t ransformation f rom h unting t o p astoralism m arks a s tep

t oward o n

( 1980)

I ngold

p astoralism a nd

v alue'

p astoral t ame

w ithin

c omplex

a nd o ther p roducts.

a nd b reed s mall h erds o f

v egetable

d iet

a nd

d omestic u se.. . the ovine,

t o p rovide c aprine a d-

p astoralists w ere c onstituted f rom s tock w hich h ad

domesticated

( author's e mphasis)

2 56

i n t he morphological

s ense,

a s

a

a gricultural p astoralism o f

r esult

i tself

a griculture

s outhwest

I ngold's n either a vailable

t he t o

r e-examined

t he

f rom

I ngold:

' The

s ystem

e arliest d omestic s urpluses,

r ainfall.

T he

permit

i n a nd

1 941,

c attle,

p .

w ith

o f

f amine

o f

1 8%,

o f

i ntra-regional

m utally ( 1980,

p .

i nterdependent 1 88).

p resence o f a ll

w est

d iffusionist

1 976,

i n

t he

m anner

o f

t he

N ear

b ut b y t he

g oats

a s

a

e nvisaged E ast

m eans

m ay

o f

b y h ave

' banking'

i n o rder t o e ven o ut t he e ffects o f e rratic r ate

o f

i ncrease o f o vine a nd c aprine h erds

o f d rought

a s a s upplementary meat r esource, i. ..(1980,

p .

1 37).

D rought o ccurs

p .

l ow r ate o f h erd g rowth

1 46),

( Le

which e xcludes

( 3.4-11%)

f rom t he r ole

s heep a nd g oats h owever w ith a nnual g rowth r ates a re a much more l ogical c hoice d espite

s usceptibility t o n atural p .

f rom

p erspective,

f unctioned

a nd 3 3% r espectively,

H jort

w here

s pecies w ere m odel m ust b e

i t i s v ery l ikely t hat t he

d ry-farmers a nd

t he r elevant

M editerranean b asin,

P ernet a nd L enclud 1 977,

t heir

g reater

3 07,

3 1;

o f t hat

S ardinia approximately o nce i n e very f our y ears

r eserve;

t heir G reece

l ocal

e xploitation

t ime

i mply

o f p astoralism i n

p rocess a nd

t he

s heep

r apid t heir

p articularly C orsica

o f

d ynamic,

i ncorporated

L annou

e volution

a

( fourth m illennium b c),

a gricultural

i n

o f

s pecialised

c ase

a

N eolithic

s ystems

w ould

c ereals n or t he a ppropriate a nimal E arly H olocene p opulations ( 2), t he

c ereal-ovicaprine

w ould

1 37)...the

p art

model p resupposes t he I n

i nto

1 41)...this

h ave e merged a s a c onsequence o f t he r ise

p .

i nto

i ncorporation

p .

a gricultural a nd u rban s ectors'

v ariables.

M iddle

m ight w as

d ifferentiation

t heir

( 1980,

( 1980,

A sia

p astoral,

o f

p roduction

2 31).

S uch

a

i lls

( epizootics)

( Dahl a nd

s ystem m ay h ave b een i ntroduced t o

t he v ery b eginning o f t he N eolithic

( Halstead 1 981,

pp.

3 19-324).

T he

e cological

e vident,

b ut

r ationale

what,

s ocial

a ttributes

s mall

s tock

t he o f

h usbanded

e ither

p roperty

r ights

v illages

o f

t he

c ereal-ovicaprine m ust

p astoral a ctivities?

h erded,

r elationships,

o f

a rchaeologist

o f

o ver

a nd

a ssociation

f locks

i s

w ere t he

I n p articular,

h ow w ere

u sed o r

s ystem

a sk h imself, t o

e xpress

s ubordination?

s ocial H ow w ere

a nd t heir p roducts d istributed i n t he

t he O zieri c ulture?

I f o n a ' family'

b asis,

w ere s mall

s tock h erded by m embers o f t he f amily, a s i n n ineteenth c entury B astelica i n C orsica ( Bigot 1 889) o r r ecent F ormentera ( Vilä V alenti 1 950,

p .

4 25)

1 974;

B runhes-Delamarre

s mall

s tock

h usbandry

p eriodic

n atural

g reater

r emain,

a nd

w ealth'

( 1980,

o f

e arly

t he

F or

c ereal would

c rops

a nd

1 978)?

( Kaiser-Guyot

I f

t he r ole o f

i nstability,

c ommunity-wide

b asis

s o

h ow w as t he t hat

t he

f amily g roups d id n ot d isturb t he s ystem? s tock a re t hemselves p articularly v ulnerable

d isasters

h ence p .

m arks 8 0).

o vicaprine p roduct

p lots

I ngold

( e.g.

e pizootics)

h ow

c ould

t he

o bserves:

' Every

s uch r eduction

f or s ubsequent a ccumulation b y t hose t hat a

p rocess

o f monopolisation o f p astoral

S ince t he wool-and m ilk-yielding p roperties h erds o f

w ould h ave b een i nsignificant,

s mall

( Halstead 1 981;

l argely o f

a s

l atitude

d ay-to-day

t asks

B risebarre

a

o f

s mall

c ontrolled?

t he

f ull-time s hepherds

opportunities f or i ndividuals o r g roups t o t hereby p rofit

a ffords

o nly

1 970;

o n

c ycles

s ince

s tochastic

t o

w as t o d amp d own e nvironmental

d evelopmental

b e

e ntrusted

a rranged

Moreover, t o

o r

s tock would h ave b een m anure

L ewthwaite

1 981);

t he f or

p astoral h erding

h ave b een t hat o f p reventing d amage t o g rowing

c ourse l osses t o c arnivores o r t hrough f eralisation.

2 57

T herefore

e arly

' carnivorous' r ather

t han

e quality

t he

i n

( Ingold

h usbandry

t han

' wide

t he

p .

f or

m ay h ave approximated t o t he

i milch'

p astoral models o f I ngold:

s ocial

i nvolvement a nd c omparative

r ange o f

s tock-holding

1 980,

p astoral

o vicaprine

r ather

w hich m ilch p astoralists a re n oted'

1 84)...'we would e xpect e very h erd i n a c arnivorous

e conomy

t o

b e

t he e xclusive p roperty o f

t he h ousehold o r

t he s um o f t he p roperty o f i ts i ndividual m embers t ogether w ith a ny h erding a ssistants i n i ts e mploy' ( Ingold 1 980, p . 1 85). C laims f or t he e xpansion a nd d ifferentiation o f t he p astoral s ector, p articularly t hose which e nvisage a d uality o f e conomic n iches o f s edentary f armer a nd t ranshumant p astoralist ( Barker 1 975; D 'Anna t he

1 981;

l inks

G usi

J ener 1 974)

b etween

t he

i mply a n a lmost t otal d issolution o f

f ormerly

i ntegrated

a rable

a nd

p astoral

s ectors o f t he e conomy. I f t his w ere i ndeed t he c ase, t hen w e m ight e xpect m any o f t he s ocial r elationships t ypical o f t he A frican s avannah 1 76-200).

m u ch-pastoral s ocietes t o h ave o ccurred ( Ingold 1 980, p p. I f ind t his e cologically i mplausible s ince ' pure'

o vicaprine h umid

p astoralism

M editerranean

i s e ssentially i ll-adapted t o t he r elatively

e nvironment

M editerranean

v egetation

b urning

g razing

a nd

t heoretically t ransient i nstance, t he

o f

p ermettent d avantage

o f

p astoralists

p ure

t o

p astoralism

h as

l e

d ynamisme

b iologique

c omment

u ne

r egression

q u'une

( Pernet

G allura

( Le

L annou

C orsica

( Santarelli pp.

a nd

t he

r e-cutting,

( 3).

A lthough

b een

r emarkably

i n

d u

m aquis

e volution 1 977,

s ingularly d e

l a

d e l iactivite a gricole

lri mperialisme

L enclud

b een

t ransitoire d 'autre

d es

p art

b ergers e st

p ositive d e l a s ociete p .

1 9).

M ilch s heep a re

i n c ontexts o f a utarkic s ubsistence s uch a s t he 1 941, 1 974,

2 24-225).

f unctioned

h as

c aractere

r etrecissement

c omprendre

s carce

p . pp.

2 48), 1 9,

G oats,

r ugged,

t he O rtolu V alley o f s outhern

2 7)

o r t he A leria m acchia

( Renucci

c attle a nd p igs a re f ar m ore r ational

f orested

l andscape.

P lateaux

h ave

i ndeed

a s e xcellent s heep t errain i n t he c ontext o f t he m edieval

r ecent

m arket

e vidence

p astures;

e conomy

o f

e ven

s upported

L e

s ector

l e

d e

p articularly

c hoices

a gricultural

s 'explique

p astorale.

t raditionelle'

u ntil

a ctivities

t he

' On

r e-emergence d 'une p art,

l ittle

r espond

a s a n e conomic s ystem, e ven i n m arket c ontexts: f or i n t he c ase o f C orsica, t he t riumph o f t he s hepherds a fter

c ollapse

a nd

t o t he a ggressive c apacity o f

t o

p ossible,

s hort-lived:

1 974,

a nd

s pecies

t he

t he

d eciduous

( Baticle

d irect C ampeda

1 974,

p p.

c onversion p lateau

1 5-16)

b ut t here i s

o f c limactic f orest t o

o f

w est-central

o ak f orests i nto t he l ast c entury

S ardinia

( Asole 1 950),

t he r ailway s peculators m ade v ast i nroads i nto t he w oods,

f rom

which p astoralists p rofited. T herefore, appears a s

a

h ighly

c omplete

d issolution

i mprobable,

t he G arrigues o f L anguedoc,

h ave

b een

G asco

( 1976;

r ather S uch

s maller

t han a

a nd

1 979)

t he a gro-pastoral

s uggest

s imply

i nto

c onsisted

s maller

a nd

h amlets,

l ocated

H owever,

t he o rganisational

s ystem

a reas

s uch

w here a reas o f p otential a rable would

more w idely s paced. a

D elano S mith

( 1972)

a nd

modification o f t he s ystem,

i ts c omplete r eplacement b y p ure,

modification

p opulation

o f

e ven i n t he c ase o f m arginal

n omadic p astoralism.

e ventually o f t he d ispersion o f t he more

w idely

s paced

h omesteads

a nd

a djacent t o t he s mall b asins o f arable p otential. p roblems o f s uch a t ransformatiön d o n ot

appear t o h ave b een f ully c onsidered. T he

h istorian

D elille

( 1977:104-4)

2 58

q uotes

a nthropological

r esearch

t o

t he e ffect t hat t he n uclear f amily o f s ubsistence m ilch

p astoralists s ome

8 0

m an-year

f aces

d ilemma; o n

o f

l abour.

s hepherd

a ggregation

i nto

d evelopment

o f

s ame

a

o vicaprines; l arge

o n t he o ne h and,

t he

o ther S uch

u nits,

a s olution i s i mpossible,

e ither

a n e xtended p astoral

man-year

a n eed t o m aintain

t o f ind w ithin t heir n umber a b y

a ssociation

f amily,

o r

i s n ecessary,

a nd

b y t he

s ince t he

o f l abour c an c ope w ith t he a gglomerated f lock o f t he

w hole

population.

m odel

nuclear

D elille

a lso n otes t he d ifficulties o f t he s ame

f amily r elying o n v arious f orms o f a griculture

( 1977,

p p. 1 25-133): h oe a nd p lough, w ith o r w ithout o vicaprines. H oe a griculture w ith o vicaprines i mposed s uch h eavy l abour c onstraints, e ven

w ith

a dults c ereal w ould

t hree

w orking g rowth

b ut

s uch

o f

t hat

t he f amily c ould s carcely s urvive, v ictim

f ailure,

t o

a ny

s tock

i s i ncomplete,

c risis

l oss)

( loss o f

( Delille

h ardly

a fford

r endeva

i mpossibile

p roprietä'

a

c ow,

t he p lough-oxen.

t he

g razing

p p. 1 28);

T he m odel

t he model p easant

d emands o f o vines

a nother 1 0-12 f or a n o x). l 'allevamento

( Delille

p roprietä l a v anga

p .

t o m aintain a n u ncastrated m ale i n a ddition t o

g iven

f or

1 977,

( 1977,

a nd

l abour

s ince t here i s n o a llowance f or t he

a n e xternal s ource o f t rained b ovines:

p lough-team,

a nd t he

2 00 d ays p ossible r elevant t o t he

t hose v ital c omponents,

g razing

1 977,

p .

b ovino

1 35).

( 3-4 h a.

o f

' Una s uperficie c he

n el q uadro d ella p iccola

D elille c oncludes:

' La p iccola

n on p uö a llevare g rosso b estiame, e l avorando l a t erra c on n on p uö c oltivare a ltro c he u na s uperficie c he l a p one a i

l imiti

d ella

q uesto

l imite,

i l

d ella

s opravvivenza.

c oltura

( aratura,

f eudatario...non S icilia, c 'e

t he

f allen

c rop

a model

p resupposes t he

o f

O x-drawn p loughs d oubled t he p roductivity

r eproduction c ould

h ave

i njury,

1 30-131).

o f f ive c hildren a cting a s s hepherds, a ll

s eason,

c learly

t hrough

o ut f or

i l

s tato,

p ossessori

N ei

c ontadino

a

f atti,

s emina,

c aso,

p er a llontanarsi u n P ol

dovrä p er f orza, s cognatura),

c hiedere

b uoi

r innovamento g rosso

r apporto

d i

s cambio

r apporto

a l

q uale

d ella c lasse f eudale,

b estiame.

L a

e stremamente n on

a l

c ome appare a ncora p iü c hiaramente p er l a q uando r innovamento

s i e f atto a p artire d alla c lasse d ei g abelotti, d i

d a

n ei momenti c apitali

s i

pp.

a i

c ontadini m a u n

p urtroppo...opporre

1 35-136).

c ioe d ei

d i b estiame c rea u n

s favorevole

p oteva,

1 977,

m ancanza

c he p oche

a lternative'

( Delille

S imilarly i n S ardinia,

O rtu n otes: a ffidarli i n

' 1 g rossi p roprietari...sono s oliti d omare i b uoi...e g ioghi m ediante c ontratti d i s otzaria o d i l ocazione

s tazionale s urprising

p er l e a rature e i t rasporti' ( 1981, p . 2 5). H ardly a lso, t hat p ossession o f a p air o f p lough-oxen a fter

p ossession

o f

r ecent

r ural

s outhern t he

S ardinia,

messaieddus

p ossessing

b e

a

w ith

e

own

p lough

t he

c oncludes

e nvironments a

r esult

r eliance

o n

l atifundist t he

s uffer o f

t he

m anual

d istinguishing c haracteristic o f i n

t he

T rexenta

e lsewhere i n t he M editerranean, K arru

t eam) ( full

( Angioni t hat

s haring

more

a ffinity

( large l and-owners) t ime a nd o ccasional

1 976,

p p.

f rom c hronically l ow p roductivity, d eficiency

o f

s ector,

a nd

t han w ith l abourers)

i n M editerranean p articularly

c attle p asture a nd c onsequent

a s hortcoming r emedied f or m illennia b y

s ystems d eploying l abour t o m aximum e ffect,

p astoral

o f

2 3-24).

p alaeotechnical s ystems

l abour,

r egion

t he r anks o f

( tenant f armers a nd s harecroppers

m essäius m annus

s erbidöris/giorronaderis D elille

i n

m ajor

g iu

d ependent o n t heir h oes

a s

a

s tratification: a s

t heir

s olidarity t he

l and, s ocial

t hrough

2 59

e conomies

o f

s cale

p articularly ( 1977,

p p.

1 36-138). a nd

L atifundism

dormitory

1 978)

t o

S icily

r ather

t han

( 1978)

a nd

i n

( Monheim 1 969)

t he r ole

( cf.

d iscipline g razing

o f

pp.

s ecurity

p ari

t hrough

d ichotomy.

t he grazier e mploys

2 9-31). a s

t he

o r

e ven

c halcolithic

Age

F errarese C eruti i s

o f

( Delano

B ronze n ot

s ettlement s uperficial

o f

p p.

T he

o f

o f

t he

i ssue

material

z ones

t o

1 2,

1 5).

t o

l ook

1 976;

l atter b eyond

a nd

t he

1 979);

( Lilliu S ardinia

s o ephemeral

a rchaeologist

( Day

1 975,

e xample

only

o f

w idespread

p .

during

b ut

R oman

and

( Day

1 975,

p .

D ay

l 'insediamento t urn-over o f

h as

s ites

i n

c hosen

1 975,

p .

1 67;

t o l eave l ittle e ven

c reated t he m odern

1 5th C enturies, ( Day

w hen

1 976a,

p .

a ffected t he c erealicultural

t he r elatively d ispersed s ettlement o f E arly

6 91;

M edieval Z accagnini

c ommented

r urale

1 4th a nd

t he Bonnänaro

o ccupation

s outhern S ardinia s urvives

t he

F urthermore,

t he

p articularly

6 86),

r egion o f

i nvolving

f or e xamples o f

a s

t hat

c oncentration o f p opulation which

abandonments

Marmilla

l atifundism

T he Fontbuxien

p reviously e xisting v illages w ere abandoned

t he

i s t herefore

culture

occurred

T he

von T hunen

r eality o f

h alf 2 29).

s altus

a s w ell a s

a s u nderlying much o f t he

a grotowns t he

s occida

s harecropping,

h as a s ocial

l ogic

G ascd t he

d ispersed

e vidence

o ccurred.

1 972;

S ardinia

n ecessary s o

f rom t he

t he g arrigues o f L anguedoc would r epresent

S mith

1 978,

both

o f

l ong-term

o f t he

apparently i nvisible s ettlement.

c ulture

f ormer

i n t he

s hepherds

a rchaeological

p atterns

I ngold's

T he s ystem o f a ger,

s uspected

The

f locks.

speculates i n t he

b ut i nvests

h e

i t i s p ossible t o e nvisage t he s ocial

d ispersed

l arge homogeneous

' unequal p artnership'

b e

o f

a p astoral

t he H ungarian A lfold o r

s ector,

j ust

m ay

o f

l abour-efficient

f orest p roducts?)

d imension,

s ystem

m ay h ave b een manipulated

pp.

i n

u nfamiliar

I t

l arge,

o ne,

t he

1 976,

l and-use

T he

f ace

( Angioni

i n

E arly

t he

p easants o n t he b asis

e xpressed

t he

i n

n omad,

t he

a nd whose r ole

not h ave b een f ully

f or t he o ther,

p lains/plateau w hether

may

7 00-702).

( 1941)

o f

p astoral F or

( speculation o f

B ut S ilbert

h ave emphasised t he k ey

s o a s t o m ake available

p easant

r isky

e cological

z onation

( Silbert

s o f ar f rom i ndicating p easant

s olidarity

B asseri

l and.

1 981); s ilva

a n

a nd

( 1974)

p erhaps

mes'a

a nd

p p.

paberili,

i nterests

but o f

p lateaux, a

f ield

1 965,

a nd

1 35-136)

profitable

( Ortu

open

s tubble a nd f allow f or t he

V incze's

( 1980,

2 39-256)

a s e nvisaged b y L e L annou

t he

L ike

t he

F ernandez

c ommunity

a reas

p p.

moved b etween t hese z ones,

o f

( vidazzoni)

' threat',

( 1979,

f locks

bidatsoni

b y

P ortugal

i ncluding t he S ardinian C ampidano -

o f t he e ntrepreneurial g razier o r g razier-landlord,

organisation

appreciated

l andscape o f v ast open f ields

p astoral p lateaux o f t he h interlands.

t ranshumant

t he

t he

s tretching f rom s outhern

D elano Smith

c onnecting whose

s uggests

a grotowns

o n

S ardegna'

' il

1 975;

f ormerly more

P uxeddu

c arattere

( 1976a,

f or s ettlement

t o t his day a s a n

p atterns

1 975).

p recario

1 976b)

i .e.

d el-

t he r apid

( 4).

C ONCLUSIONS T here

are

p oints on t he

g ood r easons

apply

t he

' pastoral

P yrenees

i solation

amid

f or a ccepting t hat C larke's

t o t his c ontext: or

hypothesis' t he

t he

o f

p lateaux c ork-oaks

f irst and s econd

w idely a ccepted i nterpretations b ased t ranshumant s hepherds a rriving f rom o f o f

2 60

t he M idi t he

o r e volving i n splendid

G allura

have

c eased t o b e

c redible, ( Harrison, v arious

b ut n onetheless i mpede t he ' second g eneration' o f r esearch 1 984). T he a vailable d ata i s u ndeniably d istorted b y

e rrors

e xpectation t hird

a nd

point, o f o f

( 1976)

p ermit

r ecent a s o r

more

w ork

o f

1 .

T he

t ransition t he

o f

I ngold

M iddle

a t

b est

f orces

p artly

o f

o f

( 1980).

T he

i nadequate a s i t i s.

a

c onsequence

G ilman,

a rd

o f

t he

p articularly

t he

a t c irca 2 700 b c,

I n p articular,

t he

N eolithic s hould n ot b e r egarded a s

i n

appropriation

M iddle

N eolithic

( were

s ystems,

f locks

s ort

p robably

r ationale

o f

' tool'

h ave

o f

2 .

F rom

' pastoral

t he

N eolithic

t he

b egun

h ave e xisted t o

i ntroduction

o f

f or

p lough-oxen n ecessary F ission

were

a ble

e ach

a nd

f amily

t o

s ince i t b ecame i ncreasingly m aintain

a nd

r ange

o f

s ubsistence

a nd

n on-subsistence t asks.

i t,

a s e nvisaged b y G ilman

( 1981,

w hich

h ave

t he

f ixed a ssets e nvisaged b y G ilman

b een

i rrigation

b oats

o r

r eproduction

a rds

h ands 1 58)

a s

o f h as

s uch, a nd

p olycultural b ut

a f ew e ntrepreneurs. n oted,

' a

t han

s tatus,

t he

c apacity

t o

l arge

A ge a nd u nits

b onding p articular

b eing

h ave

i ts

a

p erson

o f

( 1971,

w hich o ne

i s a f orm o f c apital.

t he

t he

( Ryder

s uitability 1 04)

1 78).

2 ( 31

w ool, 1 981;

g rowing a s t he 1 983a;

f or e xploitation i n

r elying o n t he i nter-animal

' taming'

c haracteristic

s heep's

p articularly

d ispersed

p .

t he

i nnovation o f s ervile

o f

g oods,

p articular t han

a s P aine

r espect

p renuragic

s heep

( Delille 1 977,

r ather

i n

c onsequence

l uxury

S oay-type

pp.5-6)

s ea-going

a f iercely i ndependent p ersonage,

b een

n egative y ield

( 1981,

o rchards,

I n s hort,

r esource

3 .

m ay

T he

r ather t he a ccess t o l ivestock

r eproductive v alue'

R ather

5 ).

p ossibly d ay-to-day m anagement l ay i n

c ontrols i ts

s hepherd

p .

r ather

a ccess m ay h ave b een i mportant m ight n ot

s ystems,

w here

1 983b),

r eproduce

m ay t hus h ave e ncouraged t he r ise o f t he e lite, t o

B ronze

t o

t o f ind t he r equisite l abour t o c arry o ut t he

r etarding

t he

t he

t o d isperse a nd t o c olonise

f acilities

p .

t he a rd,

t o g ive w ay a s t he l arger M iddle

a nd t o d ifferentiate,

d ifficult

i .e.

w ould b ut n o

a reas p reviously b elow t he t hreshold o f e ffective h oe

a griculture

t han

p roperty'

w ould

o f

T ools a nd

f ood r eserve?)

' private

a ccumulation'

o f

h ave

c ommunities

m arginal

b een

a lready e .g.

s peculation.

m oment

m ay

a nd a f amilial

a lready

e ncourage i ndividual

e quilibrium

' absolute'

' Big M en'

e xchange

and s ocial p ressures t owards c onformity.

( a

b ut n ot

' egalitarianism'

o bsidian?) v ery

p receding

a s a n e quilibrium m aintained b etween t he opposed

i ndividual

i nvolved

a s

b y

t he

a s h e s uggests.

t he

1 976a;

e xplicit f ormulation o f a t l east o ne

n oted

i ntroduction

p recisely b ut

a dvance

( 1975;

e galitarian t o r anked s ociety b egan

P renuragic,

t echnological p robable

f rom

D ay

a nd b eyond t o t he s timulating

m odel which c an b e t ested a gainst c urrent d ata,

d uring

' models o f

a s s uggested b y C larke's

a dvances i n t he h istory a nd

t he

( 1981)

( 1981) t he

s ources'

t he s uch

a nd O rtu

G ilman

o bservations

T herefore w e must t urn t o

o ther

S ardinia

A ngioni

t heories

f rom

p articularly

e thnography 1 976b),

omission.

d erived

o f

o r

f amiliarity

c attle

w ith

( Ingold 1 980,

a p .

T here a ge

may t herefore h ave been,

Norway

emergence r ock

( Valldalen)

o f

s helters'

h igh

f or

i mmediate

t he

P renuragic

t he

e ntrepreneurial

t he

i nterstitial

f rom,

I n

e xample,

t he

i n c aves a nd m anagement

c ould obtain a

many o f t he e cological n iches t hat existed

t erritory

c oncrete may

' The

s trategic l ocation o f s erfs,

when

6 46-7).

r eason:

i ron

f amily h ave t hereby been c ommented u pon'...'a

pp.

s ame

a s

e xactly

t he

t he

h abitation

i n

b etween

f or

y ield

h is

r elationship

one

t hrough

e nergy

w ithin

i n P renuragic S ardinia,

f unctional

c hieftains a nd t he i ncrease o f

d ifficulties c hieftain,

' a

were f ully e xploited'

t erms,

h ave

c onsisted o f t he

e lite,

s outhern C orsica

1 972,

t ripartite t rajectory o f

t he d ependent agricultural

s ervile s hepherd,

( Odner

t he s ocial d ifferentiation during p easant,

a nd

a s ocio-economic pattern f amiliar

( Comiti

1 933)

i n r ecent t imes.

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS I who

would h ave

Chapman, T .

l ike

A .

J .

D .H.

F adda

e rrors

i n

r emain

a re

t yped

t he

warmest

p rovided b ooks a nd o ffprints quoted h ere:

M .

f amily

f or

h is

c ircumstances; p rivate

a re

D .

A rnaud, J .D.

V igne,

S anges

c ourse

n umerous

t heir

G ascö,

Morais

e arlier

o f

me

J .

T rump,

and an

t hanks

advancing

m any

e xpress my appreciation t o t he many c olleagues

D 'Anna,

I ngold,

S herratt, M .A.

t o

g enerously

who

draft

a nd

Geddes, M .J.

A .

G ilman,

R yder,

due

w ith

to

P aul

i n

t he paper as r ead - a ll

h er u sual M iddleton

s kill and p atience. o f

T imes

f or

t heir h ospitality a nd f orbearing; t o

t he

i ndividuals

made t he conference

2 62

M y f or

i n

to R ex K ennard, very

d ifficult

a nd municipal authorities a nd

who sponsored t he

s uch a s uccess.

B ooks,

t o B ill a nd Jackie W aldren a nd

c raftsmanship, r egional

t hat

Robin G ould-Zvelebil

n ecessary f inance;

a nd

A .G.

C astaldi,

took t he t rouble to p oint out many

t he

organisational

R .W.

H arrison,

S hennan,

and i n particular t o E .

my own r esponsibility.

d rafts

S .J.

R .J.

s ocial

activities which

NOTES 1 .

T he

p eriod

c lassic

i n

d ecorated

S ardinian

p rehistory b etween t he d emise o f t he

f acies o f t he O zieri c ulture

2 800-2700

b c

i nception

o f t he N uragic B ronze A ge

o f

i n

t he

e vidence

a bedlam o f p oorly d efined

o f

( perhaps a s e arly a s

t he e xisting 1 4C d ates) ( at c irca

' cultures',

1 500-1400 b c)

a nd t he c onsists

r evealing h itherto u nusual

r egional v ariations, t he c hronological o rdering a nd c ultural-historical i nterpretation o f which h ave n ot b een a dequately r esolved

( Lewthwaite

c onference i nterim t he

t hat

m easure,

B aleares

i n

t he

p ress b ).

t erm

D r.

T rump h as s uggested a t t his

' Prenuragic'

b e e mployed a t l east a s a n

b y a nalogy w ith t he c ontemporary

( Trump,

t his

v olume).

T he

' Pretalaiotic'

a uthor

o f

o f t his a rticle

c oncurs. 2 .

The d ispersion o f t he s heep i n P re-neolithic a nd E arly N eolithic

c ontexts

i n t he s eventh a nd s ixth m illennia b c i s t he o bject o f m uch

d ebate:

m any

d isperson s upported ( Geddes

a uthors

p ropose

( Guilaine b y

n ew

1 983);

1 976;

e vidence

o n

t he

s ampling

a berration

c ompared

w ith

a

f rom

o ther

o f

p re-agricultural,

U erpmann

t he

1 979);

C orsica

h and

t his

s ites,

a s

p urely p astoral a ppears

( Vigne 1 984) m ay

d ifferential

a gricultural

t his

t o

b e

a nd t he A ude

s imply

r eflect t he

p reservation o f p astoral

n oted

a bove

( Lewthwaite i n

p ress a ). 3 .

I n

p articular,

v egetative s econdary t he

a utumn

s et

o f

a t

a

t he

y ear, l evel t he

t he

p .

2 6)

m aximum

i s

b e

c onsistent

w ill

1 981;

1 984).

e nsure

t o

u ngrazed

which t o

1 974,

s pring h ave

a nd

f ound

e ventually

t he

w ith a reas

u p

t o 8 5% o f i nto

a

f orces a d ilemma o nto f ully e xploited t hen d uring

l ocal w ill

e xclude

o f

r emainder

b ut i f i t i s n ot e xploited,

l ower

( Lewthwaite

c oncentration

s pring,

( Baticle

t hen

v egetation, n ecessary

i f

t he

r esources

t he

c apacity,

s easonal

i nto p eak

p astoralist:

c omplementary m onths

t he

g rowth

t he o ther n ine

a nd s tock d ensity y ear-round g razing

r evert t he

t o

l igneous

f lock a ltogether!

T ranshumnce a nd s upplementary f orage a re s uccess

o f

t he

f irst t actic,

e xtensive

f iring t he s urvival o f t he s econd. 4 .

D uring

s ettlement g rappolo') 1 976b, s mall

p .

t he

2 26)

domus,

t he

l arger

G iudicati

s ystem a nd

a nd

t hirteenth

c enturies

t he

t ypical

c omparable t o t hose o f r ecent S ulcis o r G allura.

T he

donnicalias a nd d omesticas c an b e t raced b ack a longside

t he

r elatively

t welfth

p attern o f c ereal g rowing a reas c onsisted o f c lusters ( 'a o f h amlets, e ach o f a f ew h earths ( Day 1 976a, p p. 2 33-4);

b iddas i nto t he e arliest h istorically a ttested p eriod o f ( Boscolo 1 965).

p rosperous

p eriod

T his t ook p lace o f c ourse d uring t he o f

d ominance,

w hen t he s ocial

c an h ardly b e d escribed a s o ther t han f eudal,

e ntrepreneurial

l atifundist.

2 63

P isan

R EFERENCES A ngioni,

G .,

1 975.

D ocumentaria 3 55-442. A ngioni,

G .,

' I

P astori

dell'Ergologia

1 976.

S a

L aurera.

E ditrice D emocratica S arda, A sole,

A .,

1 950.

Quercia

e

' Le

del

Atzeni,

E .,

K ultur pp.

1 980.

1 5-44,

B arker,

1 975. i n

2 3,

p p.

,

A ree

d i

1 ,

D iffusione A ntiche e Recenti i n

p p.

S ardegna.'

A tti

XV

della

C ongresso

2 91-298. i n J .

T himme

( ed.)

K unst u nd

vom N eolithikum b is z um E nde der N uraghenzeit,

Müller,

G .,

I taly',

D escrizione S ardi

I i L avoro Contadino i n S ardegna

' Vornuraghenzeit',

S ardiniens

S tudi

C agliari.

C astagno

G eografico I taliano Vol.

d ell'Ogliastra.

T radizionale,'

K arlsruhe.

' Prehistoric T erritories and E conomies

E .S.

H iggs

( ed.),

P alaeoeconomy,

i n Central

pp.

1 11-175,

C ambridge U niversity P ress. B aticle,

Y .,

1 974.

Mediterranee,

L 'Elevage

( Publication

d e B elles L ettres, B igot,

M .,

1 889.

A .,

P eriodo

1 965.

R eprinted

1 971,

' Aspetti

della

V ita i l

I n Onore d i A ntonio S egni,

p p.

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i n

U M untese,

F ra

B risebarre,

l es P ays

' Paysans Corses e n C ommunaute',

A lto-Giudicale',

S torici

d ans

E uropeens de l a

l 'Universite d e D ijon 4 7)

Societe

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D eux Mondes S 2:18, B oscolo,

Ovin de

1 978.

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L es Ouvriers d es

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The Deya Conference of Prehistory Early Settlement in the Western Mediterranean Islands and their Peripheral Areas Part ii

edited by William H. Waldren, Robert Chapman, James Lewthwaite and Rex-Claire Kennard

BAR International Series 229(ii) 1984

B.A.R.

122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, UK

GENERAL EDITORS A.R Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R Walker, M.A.

n.A.R.-S229(ii), 1984: 'The Deya Conference of Prehistory', Part ii

@

The Ind1 vidual Authors, 198l1:

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407392165 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407392172 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9781407392189 (Volume III) paperback ISBN 9781407392196 (Volume IV) paperback ISBN 9780860542988 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407338606 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860542988 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

V olu me I

C on tents

S ection Two

Cultures , Chrono log ies & S ettle ment

I NTRODUCTION , b y R obert a nd W illiam H . W aldren.

W .

C hapman, J ames G . L ewthwaite

2 69

A BSOLUTE D ATING : RADIOCARBON

DATES

FOR THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION,

by

2 77

Richard Burleigh. EARLY

SETTLEMENT

by Minze NATURAL

AND THE CALIBRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGES,

URANIUM

BACKGROUND Angela M .

2 91

Stuiver. I N

THE

CAVE OF SON MULETA,

STUDY FOR URANIUM S ERIES Rae,

Miro

MALLORCA

DATING OF BONES,

I vanovich and Marjorie M .

- A

2 95

by

Sweeting.

S OUTHERN F RANCE: LE NEOLITHIQUE ANCIEN DU LANGUEDOC, TRANSITION DANS BASSE SETE, LES

ENTRE

TROIS

DU

NEOLITHIQUE

DE LA FRANCE,

Colomer,

Jacques

D 'Anna

and

CAMPANIFORMES Arnal,

B .

Arnal.

3 13

ET LE BRONZE ACIEN

DU MIDI

COTIERE

3 37

DE LA FRANCE:

ET LAGUNAIRE DE

Raymond Monjardin.

ENCEINTES

LES

NEOLITHIQUE F INAL

REGIONS GEOGRAPHIQUES

ARDECHE-ALPILLES - REGION by

SUD - EST Andre

LE

by Gaston

by

Coularou, X avier

DANS

Sylvie Arnal

A

W AGE DU BRONZE DANS LE

Henriette Jean

Camps-Fabrer, Courtin,

3 39

A lbert

Rene Coutel,

Gutherz.

LE

M IDI

and Jean

L .

DE

LA

FRANCE,

by Jean

3 67

Vayssette.

I TALY a nd S ICILY: EARLY

FARMING

THE

COMMUNITIES

COTTIAN

THIRD

ALPS

MILLENNIUM

Renato N isbet I ' CASTELLARI' ASPETTI DEL Maggi.

DEL

AND SHORT-RANGE TRANSHUMANCE

( CHISONE BC,

by

and Robert

P aolo B iagi,

POPOLAMENTO GLI

TURIN)

I N

3 95

I N THE LATE

R ichard Macphail,

Scaife.

DELLA LUNIGIANA,

BRONZO:

VALLEY,

by Romolo Formentini.

DELLA L IGURIA ORIENTALE NELL'ETA

I NSEDIAMENTI

D 'ALTURA,

by

Roberto

4 14 4 23

QUELQUES

ASPECTS

TIONALE, I L

DE

L 'ENEOLITHIQUE

DE

L 'ITALIE SEPTEN-

4 37

by Bernardino Bagolini.

R ITO

DELLA

SEPOLTURA

( 'ENCHYTRISMOS')

NELLA

AD

INUMAZIONE

S ICILIA

ENTRO

NORD-ORIENTALE

ETA DEL BRONZO-TARDA gTA DEL FERRO),

VASO

4 65

( ANTICA

by P ietro Villari,

M ALTA: MALTESE

PREHISTORY

- A REAPPRAISAL,

by John

D .

Evans.

4 89

S ARDINIA: THE

BONU

IGHINU PROJECT...RESULTS AND PROSPECTS,

by David

5 11

PRENURAGICA

5 33

Trump. I

RISULTATI

DEGLI

D I

CRABILES,

SERRA

SCAVI

1 981

NELLA NECROPOLI

SENNORI

( SASSARI),

by A lba

Foschi

N ieddu. LA

COLLINA

DI

MARRAS

DORGALI

( NUORO),

by Maria Rosaria

5 53

Manunza. LA

CULTURA

CALCOLITICA

D I MONTE CLARO NEL S ITO D I

( OLIENA - NUORO - SARDEGNA), MONTE

D ' ACCODDI-SASSARI

RICERCA Ercole LE

DI

DI

PROTONURAGHI Manca

I L

PROBLEMATICHE

S INGOLARE

MONTE

CODULE DI

DELLA SARDEGNA, I

567

MONUMENTO

D I

STUDIO E DI

591

PREISTORICO,

by

Contu.

CULTURA DELLE

UN

BIRIAI

by Editta Castaldi.

by Mario

( NUOVI

Demurtas and

NURAGHE

MONTE

I N SARDEGNA,

CLARO

LUNA E DI

E BONNANARO IN ALCUNE GROTTE S ISINE,

6 11

NELLA COSTA ORIENTALE

S anges.

DATI

PER

L ' ORISTANESE),

by Lucia

6 29

S ebastiano Demurtas.

' IDDA D I

POSADA EL LA CERAMICA A PETTINE

by Maria Ausilia

Fadda.

6 71

S ECTION

TWO

C ULTURES , C HRONOLOGIES A ND S ETTLEMENT : A N I NTRODUCTION T he

p apers contained

n ew

evidence

f or

M editerranean. p apers

h as

W hile

p roved

overlap

i n

t ake

r elevant

a

s ection.

e xample,

organisation

t he r eader w ill

o f

t he conference

r ealise t hat t here

I n

s everal p apers c ontained i n t he

a re

o f

t urn

import

w ith

p apers

t he

i n

g rouped

d irect r elevance to t opics

t he

t o

o ther

t his

by

absolute o f

t hematic

desirable,

Mediterranean

T his

r elate t o

t he

r esearch

r eported

h ere

i s T o

' Man a nd

covered i n i s

a lso o f

i ssues u nder d iscussion i n s ection 3 on

a nd e conomic dynamics.

A s W est

a

s ection

c onsiderable s ocial

s ection o f t he conference a ll

c hronologies a nd s ettlement i n t he West

t he c ontents o f t he p apers between d ifferent t hemes.

E nvironment' t his

i n t his

c ultures,

two

t hemes,

prehistory

major p rogress h as b een made

d uring

t he

p ast

two d ecades.

s ection p rovide a s ample o f t his p rogress.

i sland/country,

d ating,

w hich a re

i ntroduction h as

w ith

t he

T hey a re

e xception o f t hree p apers on

i ncluded a t t he beginning o f

t wo main a ims:

i n T he

t he

s ection.

f irst t o s ummarise t he c ontents

t he p apers a nd s econdly t o p lace t hem w ithin t he context o f o ther

r esearch

not

s ections

h ave

I beria b y

by

R .W.C.,

J .G.L.

t ogether

r epresented b een

and a s

P enisular

o f

o f

I II.

Volume

B alearic

f ollows:

b eginning

t he

c onference.

a s f ollows:

I taly a nd S icily,

t he

I taly

i n

written

Absolute

a nd

V olume

S icily, I I;

S ardinia,

i slands

T he

by

Malta a nd

C orsica a nd S .

W .H.W.

S ardinia,

B alearic G roup a nd

F rance

T hey are g rouped

D ating and S outhern F rance M alta,

( below);

Corsica

a t

t he

I beria a t t he b eginning

R eferences are g iven i n t he E ditorial

t he e nd o f Volume

i ntroductory

Absolute D ating,

B ibliography a t

I V.

A BSOLUTE D ATING Methods

o f

absolute

M editerranean d ating m any

h as

been t he

e xamples

volume. t hough

o f

a re

i ncreasing role

t he

1 960s.

i n West

R adiocarbon

a nd t he r eader w ill

c ontained i n t he p apers

s ee

i n t his

b eing i ncreasingly r efined by t he

d ating o f well-stratified o ccupation deposits,

p roblems

however,

s ince

application

s equences

absolute

m any i s,

h ave p layed a n

s tudies

f oremost method i n u se,

i ts

C ultural

i ndependent h ere

d ating

p rehistoric

r emain.

T he

more w ith p roblems

f ocus o f

t he p apers

i ntroduced

p osed by t he application t han

by t he r esults o f a bsolute d ating methods. The c alendar

r adiocarbon y ears,

i s

method,

a nd

p articularly

s ummarised i n t he

i ts

c alibration i nto

f irst p aper by M inze S tuiver.

B ut

what h as been a chieved by 1 4C d ating i n t he West M editerranean?

C an

we

h ighlight

p roblem

a reas

2 60

f or

f uture

r esearch?

T hese are

questions d ates

addressed

f rom

t hose

a ddition

o f

W aldren)

f or

t hat b y

t he 1 4C

t he

f or

p eriod c .

a s

who

R adiocarbon t he

a nalyses a vailable

volumes

B alearic

1 -16

i slands

3 0,000-2500 bp.

worst.

I t

between

p eninsula

s till

p eninsula.

i s

w ith

worth

t he

t he

behind

p art

t his

f acilities.

T he

t o

t his

W ithin t he

S icily a nd M alta

t hat t here i s

areas t hemselves,

w ith t he

s outhern

a nd

r eflects d ates

b y

p oorly c overed

m ainland a reas.

a dding

mainland

l agging

I n

l aboratory

c ompared

( with t he

p ublished

H is main c onclusion i s

B alearics emerge a s t he b est c overed,

v ariation

( e.g.

B urleigh,

i n

i slands o f t he W est M editerranean are s till t he

t he

R ichard

s eries

t he

d ating

i slands, a s

by

p ublised

F rance

t he

s ome

I berian

t he I talian

availability

o f

l ocal

a lso c luster by area a nd p eriod

note t he absence o f a f ifth to t hird m illennia b c s equence f or

s outhern

P ortugal)

r esolution:

t his

a nd

i s

l eave

s ome

p roblems

a

l ong

w ay

a p oint made below about t he origin o f

f rom

I berian

metallurgy and megalithic t ombs. R ae,

I vanovich

d ifferent t hey

a nd Sweeting p resent t he p reliminary r esults o f a

dating method,

t est on bone

The

a im

o f

u ranium s eries d isequilibrium d ating,

s amples

t heir

which

f rom t he Muleta c ave i n northern M allorca.

r esearch

i n t his p aper

i s t o c ompare t he method

w ith r adiocarbon dating f rom t he s ame s ite.

I nitial

r esults encourage optimism.

T HE S OUTH O F P RANCE T here

a re

F rance o f

f ewer

t han

t he date

b eing

i n

c ontributions t o t his c onference f rom t he S outh o f

m ight

be e xpected or desired,

( many e xcavators,

t he

f ield)

l argely a s a c onsequence

amateur a s w ell a s p rofessional,

a nd t he n umerous opportunities

v entilation

o f

p rovided

a s uccession o f n ational a nd i nternational

h eld e t

b y

during a l.

t here t he

t he

i n are O f

( seen

very

I n

t erms

while

d isparate

o f

t hat

t hrough

t hemes

Once

o f

a gain,

l argely a nd

a s

i gnored;

f unction

o f

p erhaps

Neolithic

model

o f

r egions

o f

t he

t he

e astern

s ocial

s ocial

o f

t o

t he

others i s

p atterning

f rom

E arly

t o o f

L anguedoc t o ( and t o a

t he

B ronze

Age

occupies t he

C amps-Fabrer e t a l.). t he M iddle N eolithic i s

i nfer t hat t his t he

A rnal,

F inal N eolithic

s ettlement,

C hasseen

a nd

i s l argely a s ubsistence t he

model

e galitarian s edentary v illagers e ngaged over

I n s o f ar a s e volution

a nd

G arrigues.

i s d iscussed by G .B.

( Arnal e t a l.;

t empting

o f

while

L anguedoc t he

t he E arly N eolithic

s tretching

h omogeneous

c ustom.

e t

e astern P rovence o r t he Cote d 'Azur.

i n t he p receding s ections, i t

( Arnal

s traddle t he R hone a nd

z ones

Mesolithic)

p eriod

c onfiguration and

c overage p rovided by

i ts upper p rovince)

t he c lose c ongruence betwen t he

m ixed-farming,

c ulture

F inal

C halcolithic a ll

G uilaine

A s a r esult

i n i ts e ntirety

w hich

t emporal d imension,

t he

c onferences,

1 984:

a re n o c ommunications o n Rousillon,

confused

t he

a nd t emporal

p articularly

t he

extent

a ttention

i n

a nd

t here

( Daugas

p ropositions

M ontjardin 1 982).

t he p erspective o f d iscuss

west o f t he H‘rault r iver,

c ertain

t heoretical

G .B Arnal's c ontribution c oncerns t he L anguedoc

f rom

P rovence,

R egrettably,

p ress;

g roup

d iscrete

western

a nd

o ne d eals w ith the M idi

t he others, much

i n

i n t he spatial

o nly

Camps-Fabrer's

t he

J alut

l acunae

a l.).

d iscoveries

immediately p roceding p eriod

p ress:

p apers;

u nite

r ecent

s till

f or a t horough

h as

2 70

w ide r egions

i n t heir m aterial

t he s tages o f t he been

more

o r

S ahlins-Service l ess

e xplicitly

_ orrelated E arly

w ith

s ubdivisions

N eolithic

' bands'

t o

d ebate

' tribes',

t hat

t he

t he E uropean T hree-Age S ystem,

o f the

w ith t he t ransformation f rom G .B.

o f

f ocuses v ery l argely o n t he t ransition

A rnal p erforms t he

L ate N eolithic- E arly B ronze Age

' tribes'

r ole o f

t he f rom

i nto

' chiefdoms'.

a dvocatus d iaboli

w ith r egard t o

conventional w isdom c oncerning t he t ransition t o f ood p roduction

i n t he western Mediterranean. F irstly, c hange

A rnal

i mplied

N eolithic, t he

p roposes by

T estart

a nd

t he

o f

t raditional

l egumes

1 982,

a doption

d omesticates,

f alls

f latten

a ssigning t o t he F inal

c ultivation

( cf.

t he

T he p aper t o

i nto t hree s ections.

t he s udden p eak o f c ultural

c oncept o f t he

i nception o f t he

Mesolithic t he s torage a nd p erhaps

documented

a t t he B alma d e

l 'Abeurado

f or a d iscussion o f t he s ignificance o f s torage) o f

while

ovicaprine

h usbandry,

b ased

o n

i ntroduced

d isplacing t o t he onset o f t he M iddle N eolithic

t he d efinitive t ransition t o s edentary v illage f arming. S econdly,

Arnal

i tself,

b ased

P oujade

( Millau,

p ostulates a d ualist model o f t he E arly N eolithic

l argely

on

h is

own

A veyron)

a nd

t hose

( Ferrieres-Poussarou, W hile

not

r eality

o f a

C ardial

c ulture)

l ife

t o

t he

P rimary

f ully-formed, o f

H erault)

p ursuing

( Arnal

o rigin

d enies

m ontane

o f

C ausses

p rimary

a nd

b ased

Arnal

r eplacement

e ssentially e arlier

P yrenees

i n

debate

w ithin

Avant-Monts

would

h ave

d eveloped

a

l ocal m ilieu,

a

t hat t he c ommonly-accepted s cheme o f t he

o n

C ardial b y Epicardial t he

s tratigraphy

i nvalid,

o f

c eramic i ndustries t he

G rotte

G azel

t he Epicardial a ttributes developing

t he Spanish L evant a nd c onsequently t raversing t he a s i t i s,

over

t he

t he R hone.

A rnal's paper h ighlights t he volatility of

t ransition

f rom

f oraging t o f ood-production

t he w estern M editerranean generally a nd F rance i n p articualr;

w hereas

i n

h ypotheses i n

s econdary

T he F inal M esolithic p opulations

t o a ffect t he r egions t o t he west o f

C ontroversial

( corresponding t o t he

N eolithic.

o f

i s

i n p ress).

r eaching t he c oast o f t he M idi

t he p eculiarities o f t he

s uggests

( Salleles-Cabardes)

t he

to

P aramediterranean

u biquitous

m uch

t he

adaptation

F inally,

R odriguez

t hat t he e xtension o f t he N eolithic w ay

i n i ts P iggottian s ense.

the

1 980;

L a

a t C amprafaud

h interland t ook t he f orm o f a

N eolithic d istinctive

a t t he s ite o f

R odriguez

p olygenic model t o t he p oint o f denying t he

e xotic

A rnal

o f

Mediterranean N eolithic

o f

t he

e xcavations

t his

p roposed

o ther h as

r egions

b een,

or

o f

E urope

i s b eing,

t he

r ange

o f

e xplanatory

n arrowed t o a c onsensus

p osition,

i nstance r adically o riginal h ypotheses a re c ontinually b eing ( Lewthwaite

i n

p resse);

R oussot-Larroque

a nd

T hevenin

1 984). R aymond

Montjardin's,

magisterial

t he

N eolithic-Bronze

t he

l imestone p lateaux o f

A lpilles t he

i n

S etoise.

western

A ge

i n

t ransition

s urveys t he

p eriod o f

i n t hree r egions o f

l ength,

t he M idi:

t he B asse-Ardeche,

P rovence

a nd t he

t he r ugged r ange o f

t he

l ittle-known l agoon c oast o f

Montjardin p resents h is d etailed r egional

s tudies w ith

a j ustification o f h is t hree p remises: ( 1) i n

a

s uch

Verazien,

r ejection o f t he u tility o f t he normative c oncepts multiregional i n

f avour

g roupings o f

among well-defined f acies ( 2)

a

w idening

o f

a

model

a s

t he F errierien,

e mbodied

F ontbuxien o r

e mphasing t he r ole o f

i nteraction

( cluster-interaction s pheres);

t he

data-base

2 71

f rom

which

s uch goupings

a re

derived, t ools,

s o

a s

f urthermore but

to

i nclude not o nly t he c eramics but

s ettlement,

o f

b eing

t he

an

s tudied

b urial

and

i n t erms n ot o nly o f

b one

t he c eramics

f orm and d ecoration

w hich a re o ften b lurred

a

p riori

e xternal

A lthough

o f

t he

f actors

i n

i nvolvement o f b oth t he

p rocess

Monjardin's detailed r egional

t he

d ifferences

t he

s tate

t he

s imilarities which deserve a ttention i n t his

o f

l ithics,

c ustoms,

i mprecisions;

a cceptance

d evelopmental e xchange.

a nd

motifs a nd t echniques employed,

by t erminological ( 3)

s ubsistence

which e xist a t t he r esearch

i n e ach o f

l evel o f

o f

s tudies b ring o ut

t he c ultural

t he s everal

l ocal

c ultural

r egions,

i dioms a nd

i t i s

r ather

i ntroduction.

T hese

i nclude: ( a) n umbers t he

o verwhelming during

evidence

t he p eriod

e xtension o f

o f

a

m assive

r ise

2 ,600-2000 o r 1 800 b c,

i n s ettlement

manifested both i n

s ettlement t o marginal r egions a nd i n r estructuring

o f t he M iddle N eolithic v illage i nto s cattered h amlets; ( b)

a

r ejection

N eolithic-Early p lateaux

( Garrigues),

l owland o nly i f

B ronze

a nd

c oastal

o f Age

t he

c ommon

s ites

were

a ssumption

confined

t hat

l ate

t o t he l imestone

on t he grounds t hat s ites a re c ertainly t o b e r egions

( of which t he

S eto's

i s a n e xample)

b ut

s ystematically s ought by s urvey;

( c)

a n

meagalithic

a scription o f c hamber

p roliferation

t he construction o f t he vast m ajority o f

t ombs

( over

6 00

( dolmens) i n

t o

t he L ate N eolithic,

t he Ardeche a lone)

t heir

p aralleling t hat o f

t he h amlets; ( d)

a

' Pasteurs

d efinitive

d es

z ooarchaeological t he

c orrelation

t errain

r ejection

P lateaux'.

which

a nalyses o f

whenever

s ites

pockmark

w ith

t he

e xistence o f a n a gricultural ( e) g reat A ge, a s

i mmediately e videnced

w ith

a t

t he

t he

a t ransformation w as due t o t he

A lbert

C olomer,

i n

i nvestigation

t heir

country

p aper

c onstitutes

S ardinian were

t he

E arly B ronze

t raditions

however,

i nherited

e nvisage

t hat

) .

C olarou,

R ene

c ollaborated s ince

e nclosures

o f

F inal

1 980

N eolithic,

a nd E arly B ronze Age d ate w hich h ave been d iscovered i n

l imestone

r eflection

c ertain

t he

J acques

A ndre D 'Anna a nd X avier Gutherz h ave

t he

a rable

t he B eaker P henomenon,

(v ide i nfra

Coutel,

C halcolithic

o f

i mplies

i rruption o f a lien E arly B ronze

a s do t he A rnals a nd Vaysette

o f

o f

t ransformation o f

i nception o f

c ollapse o f t he b urial

s uch

t he

r esults

p oints o ut t hat

p ockets

s ort o f cultural

Montjardin does n ot,

C amps-Fabrer,

b ut

g arrigues

t he manifestation o f

C halcolithic.

c ioncept o f t he t he

s cattered

t he

t he

H enriette

a vailable, o f

f rom

Age i nvaders,

f ormer notes

s ector;

o ccurred a fter

t he

t he

f ace

a r ecognition t hat s ome

s ignificance

o f

Montjardin

o f

e astern t he

f irst

L anguedoc a nd western P rovence; f ull-length

upon t he r esults obtained s o f ar. a nd

r ecognised

even

A egean a ffinities o f t his

when

( St-Martin-de - T r viers)

t he w as

very

f irst

d efinitively

2 72

t o

r elation

T he I berian, b e

c lass o f

o f

c onstruction

d iscovered,

p ublished

by

a nd

B alearic,

J .

L ebous Arnal;

u nique

i n

s everal o nce t o

1 954,

o thers

t his

s ite w as

constituted

t han

at

t he i t

t he e t

f ive a l.

a cquisition o f m aterials

i llustrative o f

a t t he e xpense o f q uick r esults.

Rove)

a nd

notice

north

( Argelliers)

i s

/ Le

s ites

( Istres)

c onform

t o

no

l 'Etoile above M arseilles: ( St-Savournin).

t opography,

t here

i s

a

outcrops;

w hich

p rofitably

b e

( eg.

A rribas

I t

I n

l ies o n L a B arre

i s c lear t hat

s ubsistence,

F our g eneral

t ripartite

defensible

r egions

L e C amp d e

c ommon p attern i n r espect t o t heir s ize,

s tructures,

( naturally may

( Vauvenargues),

i n t he B ouches-du-Rh8ne.

a ffiliations o r duration o f o ccupation. F irstly,

( Gutherz

L es L auzieres

g iven o f a n ewly d iscovered s ite which

R ocher d 'Amalbert

i nternal

i n t he F . I rault,

L a C itadelle

M iouvin

f ace o f t he C hafne d e

P ommier

p lan,

b riefly s ummarised i n a n e arlier n ote

B oussargues

i n t he V aucluse,

( Le

a ddition,

t he

i t d ecided

' cultures'.

e nclosures

1 982):

( Lourmarin)

t he

F irstly,

bulk o f t he p resentation c onsists o f a d etailed d escription o f

L aure

d u

1 960 a nd b y

d ecided t o c arry o ut e xcavations w ith t he m aximum o f

c are and c ontrol, T he

i n

T he r esearch g roup,

t oward t he e lucidation o f a ctivities r ather

conventional normative

S econdly,

t he s eventies.

m ade two i mportant d ecisions.

orient t he r esearches

h omogeneous,

j oined b y B oussargues

i n t he c ourse o f

t ypology

p lateau

o f

e dges;

c ultural

p oints emerge. s ite

l ocation

b locked-off

applied t o s imilar c onstructions

a nd

Molina;

C astaldi;

s purs)

i n o ther

D emurtas a nd D emurtas;

W eiss and p erhaps F ormentini a nd M aggi). S econdly, t erritories m ore

a rable

z onation

i s

basins

o f

a t ripartite t ypology o f s ite e xploitation

t he

c ontact

w ithin

a rable,

c omplements g leaned

t here

( hill-plains

p asture

n ecessarily

w ithin

2

s ingle

km.

d eveloped t he

I n

e ffect,

i n

space

t here

kms

o f

o f

L es

t he

a nd

a

c oncentric

a round t he s ite) u nquantifiable

which

e vidence

i s a multi-level

s ite h ierarchy:

5 h amlets e xist

L auzieres.

L ebous a nd L es moreover,

L auzieres appear t o h ave

t he duration o f o ccupation

l arger e nclosures appear t o f unction a s s erving

e nclosures

i n e astern S ardinia t here

r emain

i s

f unctions

u nclear,

i nternal

s tructures

i s

c olleagues

r efuse

her

' castle'

o r

' kraal'

c lass.

w ithin

2 500-1500

bc

c omplexity. M ontjardin

( cf.

a nd

t ewthwaite

t he

Nothing

during t he

t he

c ontradicts

t he

more obscure; i n

C amps-Fabrer

s implistic

l et a lone t o t he e nclosures

p attern d egree t he

o f o f

t he

m illennium

s ocial

a nd

p roposition

p eriod

B eakers.

E arly

B ronze

i s

a dvanced

b y

i nteraction i .e t he

W hat f ollows

u nusual Age.

c .

e conomic

s ensu s tricto

t he C amp d e L aure

2 73

n otions a s

f unctional d ifferentiation o f t he

i nternational t he

v arious

e xistence o f

p opulation g rowth a nd c ultural

C halcolithic

f alls

s uch

s ites,

h igh

i ntroduction o f

e lsewhere,

occupation

apply

s ettlement a

o f

o ne w ay o r t he o ther.

t o

c lear t hat t he

r eflects

M anunza). f unction

e ven w hen t he h ypothetical

p roved

t hat a p eak o f

o f

p recise

t o i ndividual

I t i s

e nclosures

( Castaldi;

t he

a nd

o ccurred

s pecialised

f ixed p oints

s hort-lived h amlets

A s imilar r elationship appears t o obtain b etween B iriai a nd

Fourthly,

a s

b iassed

c lose t o o ne o r

both t he C amp d e L aure a nd M iouvin a nd 2 w ithin a

e nclosures

1 981-2).

i ts

woodland

a nd t ime w ithin a c onstellation o f

P unta Marras

i s,

l ocation l andscape;

s ites appear t o b e c orrelated s ignificantly w ith t heir s ize.

s maller

h orizon

a nd

out o f open v illages;

o f

a

z ones; p astoral

f rom animal and p lant r emains on-site.

Thirdly,

a s

a

i n t hat

D oes

t he

s ophistication s tructure A s

i n

n et

a nd s ize o f t his

d eveloping

t he c ase o f

d ecline

i n

s ite m anifest

a ' primate'

o ut o f t he c ollapse o f a more

E arly B ronze A ge S ardinia,

s ite

n umbers

a nd,

r ank-size

c omplex system?

i s t he

i mpression o f a

b y e xtrapolation,

o f p opulation

more apparent t han r eal? J ean

A rnal,

c onference

S ylvia

u niversally, r esearch

t hat

i nto

l argely

o f

t he

p rior

B eakers

o f

motifs

B ois

a s

e xemplified s uch

t he

a nd o ther amateur

i ntrusion o f

c ord-and-comb

s tyle,

documented a t t he

s ite o f

i n v arious

a lle s

t he

n ew

i ncorporated

r esponsible

N evertheless,

i t

u nfashionable; p henomenon

a t

i deological evidence

t he on

and 1 500 bc o f a n d ecoration

p itchers)

t he

t omba

d i g iganti o f

a nd P adru Jossu

a nd

t he

o f

n ortheastern

h ypothesis

t hat

( Sanluri).

a nd

i nterest

r egion

during

M ancha,

t oo,

t hese t here

a cts a nd t he

o f o f

' wave o f i nvaders'

t hose

o f

s ince

i t

p opulation r egions

e nclosures

o f

t he

P etit

( Aosta).

movement o ut of west e xplains

t hose

d efensible v ery

C eltic

a ntagonists.

( in

t he

t he

of mass

M idi

of C amp de 2 000 b c,

f rom t he

a nd L aure

however

i nteraction

s hores

of t he

i n t he

l atter

( Demurtas a nd D emurtas.)

I n L a

r ecent e vidence t hat

2 74

G ermanic

I n a ny c ase,

p eriod 1 850-1500 bc i s o f

p rotonuraghi

s ame c enturies

a nd

T he evidence o f

t he

B eaker

l ocations, b oth

r amparts

( located o nly 6 km, during

t he

i nteraction o r

e vidence. s ite

v iolence

a

i ntellectually

t hose o f e lite

i s h istorical

t he

i s

s ecurity p revailed a round

S ardinia

i s

a s

t hat

a nticipating

t he C amp d e L aure

M editerranean)

o f

domus d e Much more

S t-Martin-de-Corleans

a s a dequately a s

a l evel o f

e xtraneous

s uch

p eripheral

i ncreasingly

I beria)

A iodda

f ragments

c ulture c hange d eployed by t he

g rounds

f or which t here o f

) .

b e u nscientific t o r eject any hypothesis t he

i nto l east

which i s

( v ide s upra

f acies c an a lso b e detected

a ccount

s tatue-menhirs

would

f ollowing

p articular

j ugs,

t hat o f a n E arly B ronze Age

d iffusion,

f olk-movements

or

' Laun en"

( Alghero)

o n

E urope

s uggests

1 850

' barbed w ire'

t ripartite s cheme o f B eaker c ultural d evelopment

a nd

s imply

b urials

S on

w ithin i ts s tructure- and t he

( Sion-Valais)

c entral

o f

t he M allorcan s ite o f

f or t he destruction o f C halcolithic v illages,

C hasseur priori

t his

t he C amp de L aure

h istoricising models o f

L ebous

The s ite s tage

b etween ( cups,

a s

l ocal

W aldren);

f orms

f amous

p articuarly

a s

( cf.

c ontexts

C uguttu

t he emergence o f

e xcision and s tamping o f

i llustrates

t he M idi,

p ersistence

o f

t han t his

t he

b etween

o f

developmental

i ncision,

outside

c hiefly

o f

a uthors,

o f

( Valldemosa)

S ardinian

d ebatable

l ocal

t he

h istory

t ripartite

f acies d efined b y s o-called

s tatue-menhirs

t he

t he

F rance- a h istory v ery

2 000 a nd 1 850 bc,

s uggest t hat t his

( Nurallao)-

s uch

2 000 b c,

b y t he a ssemblages o f

authors

a re

t he o nly

f illed t riangles a nd s olar designs.

does,

i nventory

j anas

o f

a

( St-Come-et-Maruejols)

E picampaniform'

i n

t o

b etween

t hirdly,

T he

outlined

s outh

p ostulate

t echniques

F errandell- O leza

a n

H aving t he

i nternational

s uch a s

S acre

d evelopment,

a nd

p resent

; s econdly,

o f

Vaysette

a nd f rom s econdary d epositions

employing

v arious

i n

a uthors

( Mailhac)

s tyles

J ean

by t he a ctivities o f J ean Arnal

t he

f irstly, d ecorated c ouvertes

a nd

B eakers.

t opic

dominated

r esearcherss equence:

E mbusco

Arnal

p aper to d eal e xplicitly with a p henomenon which obtrudes

developed

t he d evelopment of

t he

m otillas

b egan

( Martin l ate,

M orales r egional,

B aleares

a

1 983).

c ultural

c ontext

I n e ffect,

' Epicampaniform'

i n

w hich

B eakers

f igure '

t he g radual d issolution o f t hese f acies

o n

t he

m ainand,

i n t he

a nd i n S ardinia o ught l ogically t o a ttract a t l east a s m uch

a ttention s everal

i n

a s

t he

c enturies

i ntroduction

o f

l ater. .

2 75

t he e arliest m aritime e xemplars

R ADIO C ARBON D ATES F OR T HE W ESTERN M EDITERRANEAN R EGION

M r. R ichard Burleigh R esearch L aboratory, T he B ritish M useum, L ondon w C1B 3 DG,

E ngland.

A BSTRACT R adiocarbon 3 0,000-2500

d ates b p

f or

t he

w estern

M editerranean

b asin

f rom

h ave b een a bstracted f rom t he j ournal R adiocarbon a nd

g rouped

i nto c ategories a ccording t o f ields o f a pplication, m aterials

d ated,

a nd

d ates

r espectively. p articular

t he

a rchaeologically n eighbouring

r elating

P lots

o f

t he

t o

m ainland

d istribution

d isproportionately i mportant

m ainland

a reas.

i slands T he

o f

s parse i n

a reas

a nd

t hese

d ates s how i n

c overage

c omparison

i slands, o f

t he

w ith

t he

n eed t o b alance t his s ituation i s

e mphasized a nd s ome n ew w ays o f d oing s o a re s uggested.

2 77

I NTRODUCTION T he

p rovision

o f

M editerranean t he

B ritish

p aper,

r adiocarbon d ates f or a rchaeological

M useum

h owever,

r adiocarbon

i s

r adiocarbon

l aboratory.

t o

a

p resent

c hronology

i ndicating

h ow

m any

o f

h ave

c hronology r elation c hange h as

b oth ( see,

C amps

p arts

i n t he

t o

1 976;

h ave

c ultural e vidence,

a

t he

b asin,

b een

i n

l ie.

w hich

t he

b een d iscussed i n

a nd c limatic a nd e nvironmental

A lmagro-Gorbea a nd F ernandez-Miranda 1 978; a nd W aldren 1 979)

c omprehensive

a nd W aldren

r adiocarbon d ates

I slands.

a

w hole, i n

t he

f or

a ccessible

t o

o therwise t he

a nyone

r eadily

( 1981,

n eeds t o b e d one.

p ublished

a nd

a re

o f w ho

i n

R adiocarbon v olumes 1 -24

p resented

c omparison. c ares

t o

h ere

a s

T hese

u sefulness 4 3-44,

o f

F igure

a

d ates

a bstract

t hem,

a vailable i n a s ummarized f orm.

p p.

W ith

s eries a re

b ut

a re n ot

A s a n i ndication

s uch p atterns o f d ates,

1 )

o f

f reely

Vogel a nd

h ave s hown t hat a s ignificant g ap

t he d istribution o f a rchaeological d ates f rom t he w estern p art o f

s outhern o f

l ists

e ase

p otential

V isser i n

d ate

w hat s till

t o h ave a n o verall

r adiocarbon d ates h ave b een a bstracted f rom

( 1959-1982),

h istograms

b roadly,

r elevant

l aboratory

i nclusive

o f

a nd t o s ee,

m ind

n evertheless,

( 1980) f or t he

w hat h as b een a chieved b y r adiocarbon d ating f or t he r egion

t his

u seful,

o f

v iew a s

i s

l ist

B alearic o f

I t

p ublications

r egion

F ernandez-Miranda

p ublished

o f

M editerranean

h ow t he d ates a re d istributed

r ecent

t he

f or e xample,

p urpose o f t his p icture

a nd w here t he s ignificant g aps

s everal o f

T he

g eneral

w estern

' dates t here a re,

b een

o f

m ore

t he

t emporally a nd g eographically, T here

s ites

r egion i s o ne o f t he c ontinuing r esearch p rogrammes o f

A frica

h uman

b p).

o ccupation

A s

V ogel

p atterns

m ay

e cology o f,

d oes n ot a rise b y c hance, t here

t he p eriod i n q uestion

a nd V isser s tate,

h elp

t owards

i n a g iven r egion.

s pecific

o ver

s ets

o f

b ut r eflects t he

s parsity

( 5100-2300

i nquiry i nto t he r easons

f or s uch

a n u nderstanding o f t he r ecord o f h uman R eady a ccess t o, r adiocarbon

i mportant a s m ore d ates a re p ublished

a nd c ritical a ssessment

d ates

b ecomes

i ncreasingly

( Moffett a nd W ebb 1 983).

M ETHODS T he

f irst

w hich

t he

p ublished 2 0°

E

w as t o s et g eographic a nd t ime l imits w ithin

s earch

r elevant

would

f or

b e m ade.

b etween l atitudes

c orresponds p articular t hese

r equirement

a pproximately

d ates

a mong

t he

5 0,000 or

s o n ow

A c o-ordinate b ox e xtending f rom 1 0° W t o 3 5° a nd 4 5 w ith

°

t he

N ( less m ain

Y ugoslavia a nd . Albania) a rea o f

i nterest o f t his

m eeting a nd o nly d ates f rom 3 2,000-2500 bp f alling w ithin

g eographic

l imits

w ere

c onsidered.

2 73

T he

t ime

l imits w ere

c hosen f rom

o n

t he

t he

a ppropriate n umerical s et

a n

2 500

a rbitrary

a rea

o f

u pper

b ound

i ntervals a ctual

bp

b asis t hat t here a re r elatively f ew d ates

i nterest

o lder

f or

o f

t he

2 000

l imit o f

t han

3 0,000

b p

( to p rovide a n

h istograms w hich w ere p lotted i n

r adiocarbon y ears i t w as n ecessary t o

3 2,000 b p),

a nd m ost o f t he d ates

l ess t han

r elate t o h istorical r ather t han p rehistoric c hronologies.

T hese

a re

d ates

does n ot s eriously a ffect t he b road p icture o btained.

g eneralizaions,

d ates

f alling

w ithin

w ere

r etrieved

1 -16

( 1959-1974)

p ublished

t he

i nclusive

s tored

R adiocarbon

i nclusive, f ile.

s ince

w ere

t he

m ain

h is

l ist m entioned a bove,

i ncluded.

a re

n ot

b een

r egion

f ew

f or t he B alearic

t hese

i s,

A ll t he l imits

i n

e xceptions,

a nd t he d ates v olumes

1 7-24

s earch a nd a dded

I slands g iven b y W aldren

w hich a re o f e special

p ublished

i ncluded.

r elatively

t hat

i nterest t o t his

n ot a ll p ublished i n R adiocarbon,

W ith

M editerranean

D ates

o n m agnetic t ape, t hen,

r etrieved b y a v isual

i n

b ut

e xclusion o f e arlier a nd l ater

p redetermined g eographic a nd t ime

t o

m eeting,

t he

b y c omputer f rom t he c ontents o f R adiocarbon v olumes

i n

( 1975-1982)

b ut

d ates

h ave a lso b een

f or

t he

w estern

e lsewhere t han i n R adiocarbon

h ave

A lthough t hese a re o bviously i mportant t hey a re n umber

a nd t heir omission s hould n ot a ffect t he

p attern a s a whole. T he a nd

d ates

t hat w ere r etrieved w ere s orted b y f ields

g eology),

m aterials), F igures b ut

b y m aterials

a nd

( antler,

b y c ountries,

1 A-6B.

b one,

c harcoal,

( archaeology

w ood,

a ll o ther

a nd p lotted a s h istograms a s s hown i n

O ther c ombinations o f t hese d ata would b e p ossible,

t he m ain p atterns t hat e merged a re s hown i n t he h istograms g iven

h ere,

i n

f alling

w hich f or e very s elected c ategory t he f requencies o f d ates w ith

f ifteen s uccessive i ntervals o f t wo m illennia e ach a re

p lotted.

RESULTS W ithin t he l imits d efined a bove, a t otal o f 2 192 d ates w as r etrieved. T ables 1 -3 s how t he n umerical b reakdown o f t hese d ates i nto

f ields o f a pplication

g eology, h ere

w ere

( only t wo m ain d ivisions,

d istinguished,

a rchaeology

a nd t he g eological t otal

h ydrology

a nd

( western

c ircum-Mediterranean m ore

d etail

i n

d istributional s hould

b e

s elected

i slands

w ith

a nd

t he

c ountries

c orresponding

R epresentative d ata a re p lotted i n

1 A-6B

v ariations

m aterials,

c ompared

m ainland).

F igures

a rchaeology a nd

t he more r elevant

i ncludes s ome m easurements r elating t o

o ceanography),

M editerranean

b eing

a nd

( in

t hese

c omparing

m ade f or d ifferences i n v ertical

s how t he

s ome

i nteresting

h istograms a llowance

s cale b etween o ne f igure

a nd a nother). T he d ates a re u ncorrected f or n atural 1 4C v ariations ( all a re e xpressed i n r adiocarbon y ears b efore 1 950 ( bp) b ased o n t he

c onventional

m easurement

c ontamination o f A bout

y ears

s amples,

a nd

d istribution t he

a ssociation,

t hree-fifths

a rchaeology f ollows

5 570 y ear h alf-life f or 1 4C)

o r

o ver

s imilar

t wo i n

r elatively

f ields, e ither f ew

t ime

t he o f

t otal

m ight

a rise

f rom

n umber

o f

d ates

r elate

t o

t he a rchaeological a nd g eological d ates T hus,

t here i s

l ittle o r n o b ias b etween

r elatively f ew d ates o lder t han,

i nstance, d ates

a nd p ossible e rrors o f

t hat

1 A a nd 1 B s how t hat t he o verall p attern o f

t rends. w ith

t hose

h ave n ot b een c onsidered.

o f

F igures

a nd

f or

a nd

a s t he

7 )

m ight i slands

b e

s ay,

e xpected ( Table

3 ),

1 5,000

f rom

t he

m ainland

a rchaeological

d ates

d istribution m aterials a ntler

b one

s amples

2 A-3B)

m uch

t he

i s

a lso

3 A),

t he s ame d istribution.

s elected

c ategories

s imilar,

o f

h as

b een

w ith t he e xception o f

more c oncentrated

a rchaeological;

T he

s ample

w hich s how a c lustering o f d ates t hat

c ultural p eriods o f g reater a rchaeologicl

w ork

a re

s how

f or

( Figure

r eflects

w hich

a lone

d ates

( Figures

a nd

p erhaps u pon

o f

s ee

T able 2 ).

i nterest

( most a ntler a nd b one T here

i s,

o n t he o ther

h and, n o e vidence o f c lustering i n a ny o f t hese p atterns t hat m ight b e t he r esult o f n atural 1 4C v ariations. I n

T able

a lso

2

t he

n oteworthy.

s amples

d ivision o f m aterials b etween t he t wo f ields M ost

c harcoal

s amples

a re a rchaeological,

i s

w ood

a re r oughly e qually d ivided b etween a rchaeology a nd g eology,

a ntler

a nd

b one s amples a re p redominantly a rchaeological a s a lready

n oted, g yttja

a nd a nd

" other m aterials" o ther o rganic m uds,

g eological m ainly

( the a rchaeological

s hells,

( mostly s edimentary, t hat i s, p eat, a nd c alcareous m aterials) a re m ainly c omponent i n t his c ategory c omprising

a nd s ome p lant m aterials o ther t han c harcoal o r w ood,

s uch a s g rain). T he

m ost

d ates a nd

s triking

d ifferences

f or t he i slands S icily)

e xception

a re

o f

i ntensively o verall i slands

( Baleares,

c onsidered

t he

B alearic

s tudied

u p

a ppear

C orsica,

( Table

w hen

t he a rchaeological

S ardinia,

3 a nd F igures

M altese 4 A-6B).

I slands, W ith t he

I slands w hich h ave b een a mongst t he m ost

t ill

n ow,

i t

i s e vident a t o nce t hat t he

c overage b y r adiocarbon d ating o f t he w estern M editerranean i s e xceptionally p oor i n r elation t o t heir t otal a rea a nd

a rchaeological

i nterest

a nd

i mportance.

F or

S icily

t his

i s

o utstandingly s o a nd e ven f or t he B aleares m ore d ates a re n eeded.

C ONCLUSIONS L ists

a nd

d iagramatic

c onsidered

h ere

p articularly f acies

c an

w hen

r epresentations

p rovide

v iewed

i n

t o w hich t hey r elate.

n o

m ore

I t

i s

c overage

o f

o f

t he

e specially

a nd

i nteresting u se

c ontexts.

T hus, f or

n eeded.

T he o f

4 A-6B)

s imple

t hat t he

t o

f ully d eveloped d irect t ime

i slands a re m ost c ertainly n eeded a s w ell.

n ote,

f or e xample,

t he M altese I slands, i t

t he

t hat i n h is m ajor w ork o n

E vans

( 1971)

w as o nly a ble t o

f rom s trictly M altese

i s e vident t hat m uch m ore i ntensive p rogrammes w estern

p resent

t he q uestion o f t he

a re t aken i nto a ccount.

o f 1 0 r adiocarbon d ates f or m aterial

d ating

f rom t his

c hronological c omparisons w ith r elated p arts

i ndividual

o f

s amples

a nd

c ultural

p rehistory o f

r esult

i nterest,

m ainland a re o bviously p ossible,

I t m ake

h owever,

3 a nd F igures

o f m an i n t hese i slands,

f or t he

i s

f rom t he c ultural o r o ther

p resence

s cales t he

s uch

p articularly w hen t heir o utstanding a rchaeological

b iogeographical

A lthough

d ates

t he w estern M editerranean i slands b y r adiocarbon d ating

v ery s poradic,

e arliest

t hose i ndex,

l ear,

( and i n p articular f rom T able

a nd

o f

i solation

a nalysis i s

a s

t han a c hronological

p aucity

t he s carcity,

M editerranean o f

d ates

i slands

a s a w hole a re

m ay b e t o s ome e xtent t he

o r m ore p articularly t he s mall

t hat

a re

a vailable

s mall-counter

a nd

a ccelerator

f or

d ating

t echniques

i mportant c ontribution t o m ake.

720

a nd i f t his w ill

h ave

s ize,

o f t he

i s s o t he n ew a nother v ery

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks R esearch r etrieval

are

due

t o

L aboratory,

M r.

K eith

T he

B ritish

a nd p lotting o f d ata.

2 81

Matthews Museum,

and f or

D r.

Morven L eese,

a ssistance

w ith

TABLE 1 :

F ields o f

application o f d ates.

Archaeological dates

Geological dates

1 251

TABLE 2 :

R elative

Material

T otal

9 41

2 192

importance o f d ifferent s ample materials. Archaeological

G eological

d ates C harcoal

T otal

dates

7 51

2 2

9 7

1 02

1 99

Antler a nd bone

2 53

4 1

2 94

O ther materials

1 50

7 76

9 26

1 251

9 41

2 192

Wood

Total

TABLE 3 :

G eographic d istribution o f d ates Number o f a rchaeological

Area

d ates B alearic

I slands

5 9

Corsica

3 8

S ardinia

3 1

Maltese

I slands

1 4

S icily Mediterranean i slands

7 ( total)

1 49

Mediterranean m ainland

1 102

2 82

7 73

R EFERENCES A lmagro-Gorbea, Prehistoria

M .

a nd

d e

l a

F ernändez-Miranda, P eninsula

Fundacron Juan M arch, C amps,

G .

( ed.),

h istoire

I bgrica

M .

( eds.),

1 978.

C -14 y

( Serie U niversitaria 7 7),

Madrid.

1 976.

Chronologie

C ircum-Mediterraneene

e t

S ynchronisme dans

( UISPP,

I Xe Congres,

l a P re-

Colloque

I I),

Nice. E vans,

J .D.,

I slands:

1 971. A

The

S urvey,

P rehistoric University

Antiquities

o f

L ondon,

o f

T he

t he

Maltese

A thlone P ress,

London. F ernandez-Miranda, tural

y

M .

a nd

Chronologia

Trabajos d e Prehistoria Moffett,

J .C.

and

Waldren,

Absoluta

Webb,

3 6,

pp.

R .E.,

Radiocarbon and A rchaeology', Vogel,

J .C.

and

V isser,

Radiocarbon 2 3, W aldren,

W .H.,

I slands:

an

p p.

1 980.

E .,

W .,

e n

1 979.

l a

' Periodificaciön Cul-

P rehistoria de M allorca',

3 49-377.

1 983.

' Database Management S ystems,

R adiocarbon 2 5,

1 981.

pp.

6 67-668.

' Pretoria Radiocarbon D ates

I I',

4 3-80. R adiocarbon

I nventory,

D etermination

i n

t he

B alearic

B aden-Powell Q uaternary Research C entre,

Oxford.

2 83

L IST O F I LLUSTRATIONS F igures: F igures

1 A-1B.

Archaeological c arbon d ates

F igures

2 A-3B.

( left)

a nd geological

( right)

r adio-

f or the western Mediterranean a rea.

R adiocarbon dates f or c harcoal ( top r ight),

antler a nd b one

other materials

( top l eft),

( bottom l eft)

( bottom r ight)

wood a nd

f rom t he western

M editerranean r egion. F igures

F igures

4 A-4B.

5 A-6B.

Archaeological

r adiocarbon dates f or t he B alearic

I slands

a nd Corsica

( left)

A rchaeological ( top l eft),

r adiocarbon dates f or S ardinia

t he Maltese I slands

( bottom l eft) a s a whole

( right).

( top r ight),

S icily

and t he w estern Mediterranean i slands

( bottom r ight).

T ables: T able

1 .

F ields o f application a nd dates.

T able

2 .

Relative importance of d ifferent s ample materials.

T able

3 .

G eographic d istribution o f dates.

2 34

3 00 . 0

0 2 .0

1 2 . 0

2 2 . 0

3 2 . 0

A se y r b p x 1 000

A

1 00 .0

_ r-

8 0 . 0

2 0 .0

2 .0

1 2 .0

2 2 .0

3 2 . 0

A se y r b p x 1 000

B E I M ,

ES MI PA

f igure

1

1 80 . 1 60 . 0 1 40 . 0 1 20 . 0 1 00 . 0 8 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 0 . 0

2 .0

1 2 . 0

2 . 0

3 2 . 0

A ge y r b p x 1 000

A

8 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 C D 4 0 . 0 0 L L i

3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 0 2 .0

1 2 . 0

2 2 . 0

3 2 . 0

A ge y r b p x 1 000

«1 1 1 13 1 1 1 1,1 1 1. 1 1.

ES MI PA

f igure

2

ES MI PA

f igure

3

4 0 . 0 _

3 0 . 0

1 0 . 0

2 .0

1 2 .0

2 2 .0

3 2 . 0

A ge y r b p x 1 000

A

2 0 . 0 1 8 . 0 _ 1 6 . 0 1 4 .0_ 0

1 2 .0k

0 1, 3

1 0 . 0 8 .0 6 .L 4 .0 2 .0 0 2 .0

I

.

1 2 . 0

A ge y r b pi
,

6 0 . 0 5 0 . 0

a " G 1 L

4 0 . 0 _3 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 .0 0 2 .0

1 2 . 0

2 2 . 0

3 2 . 0

A se y r b p x 1 000

0 1M 1 1 1 1 1• 1• 1 1 1• 1. 1 1 1 M .

«1 1 1. 1• 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 • 1 1 1 11

ea r l de lei le

ES MI PA

f igure

6

E ARLY SETTLEMENT AND THE CALIBRATION OF R ADIOCARBON AGES

Dr.

Minze Stuiver

Quaternary

I sotope L aboratory,

U niversity o f Washington, S eattle,

WA.,

98195,

U SA.

ABSTRACT A r adiocarbon

a ge

r emaining

a ctivity t o a n a tomospheric 1 4C l evel w hich i s a ssumed

t o

1 4C

h ave

b een

h owever,

i s

d erived

c onstant

d id

c hange

f rom

a c omparison

d uring t he p ast.

o f

p resent-day

A s a tmospheric 1 4C l evels,

i t i s e vident t hat a r adiocarbon a ge i s o nly a n

a pproximation

o f

c onversion

ar adiocarbon a ge t o am ore r ealistic s ingle o r p lural

A D/BC

o f

d ate

p lotted o btained

a ctual

a ge

i n

c alendar

y ears.

F or

t he

a c alibration c urve i s n eeded w here r adiocarbon a ges a re

v ersus b y

t he

a ge

i n c alendar y ears.

d etermining

t he

S uch c alibration c urves a re

r adiocarbon a ges o f w ood s amples d ated

i ndependently b y d endrochronological m eans.

T he

e rror

i .e.

i n a r adiocarbon a ge d epends o n t he n umber o f 1 4C c ounts,

t he

more

a ctivity

c ounts

d etermination. i ncreasing

A

a nd

o f

l arger

t he

p roblems

t he

n umber

l arge

e arly

1 973

n umber

T hese

t hereafter s tandard

b ut t his a lso s upposes

i n

o f

by

H igh-precision c ounting a voids

o f

c ounts)

i n s ystems w ith v ery t ight

more p recise C ounting o f

( circa 3 0 y ears f or w as a pplied

w ere d ated a t t he U niversity o f W ashington c alibration

t he

w ood

1 973,

1 2

t o

s amples

a t B elfast

2 0

( G.W.

a nd G roningen

y ear

b egan

a t

P earson)

( W.G.

S oon

o f wood s amples s tarted w ith

Mook)

r ange.

T he

s ystematic

S eattle

( M.

S tuiver)

i n 1 975,

a nd a t H eidelberg

i n

i n 1 977.

q uoted e rror i n a r adiocarabon a ge c an b e s omewhat m isleading

b ecause M ost

a ge

i deal l ong-term

a r elatively s hort t ime, a t s everal l aboratories.

h igh-precision

( K.O. M ünnich) T he

t he

obtained

b ased o n c ounting s tatistics a lone)

s amples

e rrors

D ecember

b e

U niversity o f M iami a nd U niversity o f H eidelberg.

m easurement

u sually

n ot

l aboratories

d eviation c omponent b e

o f

t he t he

t he

e rror

overall w ith

overall

m ultiplier t he

a n

b ased

d epends

l aboratories e xtensive

a

s olely

o n

on t he s tandard

A lthough a n i mportant

c ounting

s tatistics

a lone

T he c ommonly quoted e rror h as

c ertain f actor

l aboratory

l aboratory,

l aboratories.

e rror,

overall a ccuracy.

multiplied

o btain

a ll s ources o f l aboratory e rror a re i ncluded.

r eport

i n t he n umber o f c ounts r egistered.

u nderestimates

i n

c an

i s t he 1 4C i n

o cean w ater s amples c ollected o n t he G EOSECS a nd M ETEOR

S eattle,

t o

c ounts

e rror

1 970's t he 1 4C c ounting t echnique was s ufficiently

e rror

t o

c ruises. a t

a ccurate

t he

n umbers o f s amples w ith i mproved p recision s tandard

i n

m ore i s

o f

c ounting p rocess.

a dvanced t o g enerate, i n r adiocarbon d eterminations t he

t he

l ess

a ssociated w ith l ong-term s tability b y measuring l arge

s amples ( i.e. l arge q uality c ontrol. B y

t he

t he c ounting t ime,

s tability t he

a ccumulated

d etermined

e rror.

( the e rror multiplier)

t o

T he magnitude o f t he e rror

t he p hysical a nd c hemical p rocedures a pplied

a nd

t hus

t he e rror m ultiplier d iffers b etween

S ome r ecent e stimates o f t he e rror m ultiplier i n f our a re

s tudy

i n t he 1 .1-2.0 r ange o f

r eplicate

( Stuiver 1 982)

r esults

s uggest

( 1)

whereas a m ore a

1 .8

e rror

m ultiplier

f or h igh-precision l aboratories w here t he quoted e rror i s

l ess

2 0 y ears

t han

q uoted f or

( 2)

a 2 .6 t o 3 .0 e rror multiplier f or d ates w ith

e rrors b etween 2 0 a nd 8 0 y ears a nd

q uoted

e rrors

l arger

t han

8 0

( 3)

y ears

a 1 .0 e rror m ultiplier

( The I nternational S tudy

G roup 1 982). Whereas o f

p recise

y ear

e rror

t he

a bove

r adiocarbon g iven

b y

c onfirms t he a rchaeologist's i nnate s uspicion d ates, a

i t

h igh

s hould b e p ointed o ut a t a ± 1 2

p recision

l aboratory

i s

s till

a

r espectable ± 2 2 y ears a fter applying a 1 .8 e rror m ultiplier. A n

e ssential

c ontribution

t o

t he c onstruction o f a r adiocarbon

c alibration t he

c urve i s made by d endrochronologists.

University

o f

A rizona

d endrochronologically A merica. w hich b y

E uropean

d ated

p rovided

a

B ristlecone

o ak c hronologies,

G .W.

8 600

P ine

B ecker

M .G.L.

w ood

r adiocarbon

a t

t he

U niversity d atabase

o f

o f

N orth

a re r esearched S tuttgart a nd

P ilcher o f t he U niversity o f B elfast.

d eterminations

U niversity

U niversity

s eries o f f rom

w hich s till h ave s ome g aps b ut

o f t he U niversity o f H ohenheim,

B aillie a nd J .R.

Most m ade

( 1983)

F ergusson o f

y ear

h ave t he p otential o f e qually l ong t ime s eries,

B .

t he

h as

o n

B ristlecone

o f C alifornia a t L a J olla

A rizona

a t

P ennsylvania

T ucson

a t

( P.E.

P ine w ood w ere ( H.W.

D amon)

P hiladelphia

( E.K.

S uess),

a nd

a t

R alph).

a t t he T he

p rovided b y t hese l aboratories h as b een a f ertile f ield f or

s tatistical

manipulation,

a vailable.

T he

i ncluding

a ny

m ost

a nd

r ecent

a t l east 2 0 c alibration " curves" a re a ssessment o f t he a vailable d ata

h igh-precision

r esults)

w as

m ade

b y

( not

K lein e t a l.

( 1982). T he

u ncertainty

a ppreciable. c alibrated c urve f or y ear

A D/BC

r educes

a vailable

o f

t he

K lein e t a l.

f or

t he 1 0

d ate(s).

T he u se o f a h igh-precision c alibration

c alibration

u ncertainty.

l ong

R adiocarbon N orway.

" joint" w ill

S uch

y ear i ntervals f or t he AD e ra

2 0 y ear i ntervals b ack t o 4 000 B C

l aboratories

c alibration c urve i s s till

T his u ncertainty c ontributed t o t he f inal e rror i n t he

c alibration p robably

C onference,

t o

( Pearson e t a l.

c urve

o f

b e

r eady

f or

t he

b e

h eld J une 2 4-28,

t he

c urves a re n ot

( Stuiver 1 982), 1 983).

a nd

A 4 000

B elfast a nd S eattle 1 2th I nternational 1 985 a t T rondheim,

R EFERENCES B ecker,

B .,

1 983.

G erman

O ak

2 5,

1 97-204.

pp.

I nternational

' The L ong-Term R adiocarbon T rend o f t he Absolute

T ree-Ring

S tudy

C hronology,

G roup,

1 982.

2 800 t o 8 00 B .C.',

' An i nter-laboratory c omparison o f

r adiocarbon measurements i n t ree-rings', K lein,

J .,

L erman,

' Calibration t he p p.

o f

J .C.,

D amon

C 14 d ates:

R adiocarbon

N ature 2 98,

P .E.

a nd

R alph,

p p.

6 19-623.

E .K.,

1 982.

t ables b ased o n t he c onsensus data o f

W orkshop o n C alibration o f t he C 14 T imescale,

R adiocarbon 2 4,

1 03-105.

P earson,

G .W.,

P ilcher,

J .R.

a nd

B aillie,

M .G.L.,

1 983.

' High-Precision

1 4C M easurement o f I rish O aks t o S how t he N atural

1 4C

f rom

V ariations

2 00

B .C.

t o 4 000 B .C',

R adiocarbon 2 5,

pp.

1 87-196. S tuiver,

M .,

1 982.

' A

R adiocarbon T ime S cale',

H igh-precision R adiocarbon

2 4,

C alibration p p.

1 -26.

o f

t he

A D

N ATURAL U RANIUM I N T HE C AVE O F S ON M ULETA, M ALLORCA

-

A B ACKGROUND STUDY F OR U RANIUM S ERIES D ATING O F B ONES

M s. Angela M . R ae D r. M iro I vanovich Nuclear

P hysics

D ivision,

AERE H arwell, Oxford,

England.

M arjorie M . Sweeting School

of

Geography,

University o f Oxford,

Oxford,

England.

A BSTRACT T he

u ranium

d ate

d isequilibrium s eries m ethod h as f requently b een u sed t o

c alcareous

t eeth

h ave

l imited

p recipitates

a lso

s uccess

( Szabo,

s peleothems,

b ones

i s

f rom

a bsorbed

T he

i n a rchaeological c ontexts.

B ones a nd

b een d ated b y t his m ethod ( Schwarcz 1 980), b ut w ith M aldre

a nd

I rwin-Williams

1 969).

U nlike

a re a n o pen s ystem w ith r espect t o u ranium, w hich p ercolating

g roundwater i nto t he a patite m atrix.

a mount o f u ranium i n t he b ones t herefore v aries w ith t ime.

p arameters g round

i n

t he

w ater,

h istory

o f

a vailable u ranium

s ystem

o ver

t he

O ther

t he u ranium c oncentration i n t he

a nd u nder l ying s ediments a nd r ock, t he c limatic

s ite

a bout

i nclude

a nd

t he s pecies o f a nimal.

I f i nformation i s

t hese, i t s hould b e p ossible t o c onstruct a m odel o f

u ptake w hich w ould e nable b ones o f u p t o 3 50,000 y ears o f a ge

t o b e d ated. T he

C ave

c ontains a re

o f

a n

f ound

b ones

e nvironmental f airly

M uleta o f

t he

c onditions

c onsistent,

s ystem.

i s a n i deal s ite f or t hese m easurements.

I t

u nbroken 3 50,000 y ear o ld s tratigraphy, t hroughout w hich M yotragus b alearicus ( Waldren 1 982). o f

p roviding

M easurements

o f

t he

c ave

o ver

t herefore, u ranium

t wo

l evels

t his

T he

p eriod h ave b een

s table f actors i n t he i n

g roundwater,

c ave

s ediment, c ave l imestone a nd t he b one m atrix a re a lso n eeded. S amples p laces

i n

r adiocarbon a nalyses. t he b one

o f t he

M yotragus b alearicus b one h ave b een t aken f rom s everal s tratigraphy,

d ates

a long

c oinciding

i n

t he

u pper l ayers w ith

w ith r acemisation o f a spartic a cids i n b one

U ranium c oncentrations h ave b een p lotted a gainst t ime, a nd

d istribution o f t he u ranium m apped b y n eutron a ctivation.

C oeval

s amples f rom o ther p arts o f t he i sland a re c ompared w ith M uleta,

i llustrating t he v ariations b etween s amples i n d ifferent m atrices.

INTRODUCTION T he

u ranium

s eries

d isequilibrium

m ethod

o f d ating h as b een u sed

s uccessfully t o d ate m aterial r elevant t o p alaeoenvironmental a nd a rchaeological s tudies ( Schwarcz e t a l. 1 982; S chwarcz 1 980; 1 982). T his

m aterial

c orals

a nd

a t

p resent

s hells

i ncludes s peoleothem,

( e.g.

A tkinson

e t

a l.

s pring t ravertine,

1 978;

I vanovich e t a l.

1 983).

B ones

a nd

e t

1 969;

S zabo a nd C ollins 1 975), b ut w ith l imited s uccess a nd

a l.

t eeth h ave a lso b een d ated b y t his method

( Szabo

m uch c ontroversy. T he

a dvantage

d ating a n

o f

i nterval

u ranium

f rom

s eries

d ating

1 .5ka t o 3 50ka,

i s

t hat i t a ffords a

u nlike r adiocarbon,

w hich h as

u ltimate l imit o f 4 0ka a nd r educed r eliability a fter 2 5ka,

h igh

s ensitiviy

n atural i n

t o

c ontamination.

u ranium i sotopes,

g roundwaters.

u ranium

F rom

i sotopes

s ample

c an

uptake

o r

b e

t o

2 38U, t he

t he

o f

2 35U a nd 2 34U,

i n r ocks a nd s olution

r atios o f t he a ctivities o f t he p arent

d aughters,

c alculated,

l oss

d ue t o

I t i s b ased o n t he p resence o f

i f

i t

2 30Th a nd 2 31Pa,

t he a ge o f a

r emains a c losed s ystem w ith n o

r adionuclides a fter t he p arent u ranium i sotopes

h ave b een i ncorporated i nto t he s ample. F ossil q uantities b one

b one

a lso

t han

o ther

a patite

c ommonly b one

f or

f ound

w ould

p roblems.

b e I t

c ontent

f rom b ut

u ranyl

i mmensely

u seful.

n ot

a

o ne

s ample

a fter b urial,

much

b one

i s

o ne o f t he most

H owever,

b one p resents s everal

v arying

s ize,

t o

l arger

a d irect m ethod o f d ating

p redictable m aterial,

i n

a nother.

d ensity

a nd

b ut a n m ineral

F resh b one does n ot c ontain

u ranium i s a bsorbed f rom t he e nvironment,

p articular f rom g roundwater. t ime

s ystem

i n

h omogeneous,

i n

c losed

A s

e xcavation,

o f

w hich

o ften

b ecause o f t he g reat a ffinity o f

i on.

i n

s tructure,

over

u ranium,

m aterials i s

o rgano-mineral u ranium

t he

c ontains materials,

t his

T he r ate o f a bsorption,

t akes

p lace,

t he l engths

a nd whether bone r emains a

m ust b e k nown b efore t he d ating m ethod c an b e a pplied

r eliably. T his

p aper

d escribes p reliminary work e xamining t he r elationship

b etween

u ranium a nd b one i n t he c ave o f S on M uleta,

i n

m atrices

t he

b etween

t he

f rom

u ranium

which s eries

t he

a nd a lso u ranium

bone s amples d erive.

d isequilibrium

C omparison

a ges a nd t hose d erived

f rom r adiocarbon measurement i s a lso p resented.

SITE LOCATION AND B ACKGROUND INFORMATION . T he o f

S on

M uleta s ite i s u nique i n Western E urope i n t he l arge number

f ossils

o f

o ne

s pecies,

Myotragus

2 96

b alearicus,

f ound

d uring

e xcavation w ere

o f

f ound

n atural

p it

r esulted f rom

t he

i n

two

f ossiliferous c aves.

t he l ower c ave,

t rap,

f rom

a s olutional

w hich

n o

4 2ka to 6 ka b efore p resent.

h eadland a re

e ast

f ound

o f S oller,

i n

s andstones,

t he

2 21m

g iven by W aldren s pectrometry

were

h ad

r emaining

h as

T he Muleta c aves a re s ituated o n a l imestone

l evel.

a nalysis t aken

t aken

by

f rom

f rom

h orizons

s tratigraphy).

overlying

F ull

They

T riassic

r ed

d etails o f t he s ite a re

i n

n eutron

a ctivation

t he l ower c ave.

s o s amples o f m atrix,

e ach horizon. s ectors

' E'

a nd

a lpha

P art o f o ne s ector, a nd a ny r emaining

S amples were a lso t aken and

' Z'

( see W aldren 1 982

f rom f or

O ther bones w ere t aken f rom t he a rchives a t t he D eya

A rchaeological r adius,

s ea

b een l eft i n s itu,

were

T his

d ated by r adiocarbon

( 1982).

f or

' X',

c ould e scape.

s keletons,

i n t he S ierre del N orte o f M allorca.

M uschelkalk a bove

M aterials

b one,

a nimal

i n a u nbroken s uccession o f

Over 2 000 i ndividuals j oint f eature f orming a

M useum.

S olid

l imb bone,

h umerus,

f emur,

t ibia a nd

w ere t aken w herever p ossible.

A NALYSIS O F S AMPLES : T HEORY A ND M ETHOD 1 .

N eutron a ctivation a nalysis

N eutron

a ctivation

a nalysis

1 982).

s ample bones were t hinly s liced w ith a d iamond s aw,

i n

r esin

a nd

p olyimide e xposed D IDO

f ilm t o

f ilm

w as

by

a ttached

a t

H arwell

c reating t racks i n

o f

t he

p roduced

d ivided

i nto s ectors,

f or

c oncentrations

bone

t ypes

C hi-square

t ests

3 0

m inutes

w ere

a nd t hirty two were

a nd

5 m inutes.

N uclei

v isible a fter e tching i n s odium

T he

f irst,

l onger e xposure

a cross

( Table 2 )

1 ). a nd

t o

t he

b one.

i n w hich t he

c alculated.

u sed

s et

A p iece o f

i ndicate t he p osition a nd q uantity o f

i n o rder o f d epth;

( Table

1 cm 2 .

n eutrons/cm 2 / second i n t he

T he

s howed t he T he

s econd

t racks c ould b e

s ample

r esults were

mean a nd s tandard d eviation

The s amples w ere t hen r egrouped a

s ee

s ignificant d ifference b etween t he d ata

2 .

s ample,

( Mapper e t a l.

2 35U a re s cattered i nto t he p olyimide

T hese

c alculated f or t hem

i nto

e ach

a l ess d ense p attern

a nd

a reas o f

2 x 1 0

d istribution

c ounted w ere

t o

s ample.

u ranium

c an b e measured

s ample

i n t he p lastic,

s olution.

i sotope

e xposure

g iving

t he f ission o f t he

h ypochlorite p attern

2 35U,

t he n eutron f lux o f

r eactor

c reated

t he

p olished,

o f

a method b y which u ranium c ontent,

t he

T he

p resence

i s

s pecifically

s imilar

e xercise

i f t here

i s a ny s tatistically

p erformed.

s ets.

I sotope d ilutiön/Alpha s pectrometry.

T he

i sotopes

s eries o f

s pontaneous

d ifferent b e

o f

u ranium,

t horium a nd p rotactinium u sed f or u ranium

d isequilibrium d ating a ll e nergies

c ounted

s ample.

r adioactive

t o

A

e lsewhere

( Ivanovich

b one

bone

and

T he

a measure o f a ccount

m atrix

o f

p articles

i sotope i nvolved,

t he amount o f

e ach

a re

o f

a nd c an

i sotope i n

t he

t he t heory a nd methodology i s g iven

a nd H armon t aken

p articles a s a r esult

a lpha

c haracteristic o f e ach

g ive

f uller

p roduce a lpha

d ecay.

1 982).

f rom

2 97

I n p ractice,

t he

s amples o f

Muleta were d issolved i n n itric

TABLE 1 :

N eutron activation v alues f or u ranium c ontent o f M uleta bones.

S ector/Depth

D ivision i nto s ectors.

Bone type

U c onc.

M ean a nd S tandard D eviation

( CM)

( PPM)

( PPM)

2 00-300

Radius

2 00-300

T ibia

3 .85 3 .37

X = 4 .93

2 50-300

R adius

7 .58

s = 2 .30

0 -150

H umerus

3 .37

1 50

H umerus

3 .21

X = 3 .13

1 50-200

F emur

2 .82

s = 0 .28

1 50-200

R adius

( Im)

0 .50

1 00-150

R adius

( Im)

1 .21

1 00-150

H umerus

2 .43

1 00-200

H umerus

2 .80

X = 3 .24

2 00-300

R adius

2 .82

s = 0 .88

3 00

H umerus

4 .64

3 00

R adius

3 .53

CD

E F

0 0 -50

H umerus

3 .83

5 0-150

F emur

6 .68

5 0-150

R adius

6 .58

X = 4 .90

1 50

F emur

4 .15

s = 1 .97

1 75

T ibia

1 .79

2 00

R adius

6 .36

X 2 00

T ibia

2 00

H umerus

2 00-300

T ibia

2 .62 ( Im) ( Im)

0 .77 2 .80

X = 2 .53

0 .84

s = 0 .53

2 00-300

R adius

2 50

R adius

2 .05

2 50

F emur

1 .96

3 00

T ibia

4 00

H umerus

2 .28 2 .40

1 . c = 4 .91

4 50

R adius

9 .25

s = 2 .89

6 00

F emur

6 .02

7 00

H umerus

4 .58

( IM = i mmature b ones/not i ncluded w hen c alculating mean v alues)

acid,

a fter

u se

o f

w hich u ranium a nd t horium w ere

a n

c ounted

i on

f or

p rogram

e xchange

2

t o

( Ivanovich

3

r esin

d ays

s eparated a nd p urifed b y

( Biorad AG 1 -X8).

a nd

t he

The s amples w ere

d ata a nalysed u sing t he U TAGE

1 982).

R ESULTS 1 .

N eutron a ctivation r esults a .

V ariation b etween s ectors:

T he AB,

h ighest u ranium c ontent v alues

0

a nd

T here Z

t he

c ave.

s ectors

s ource

o f

going

T he

down

t he

a

p ossible

t hat

t o

i s

r elation

amount o f w ater

w ill b e h igher t han i n o ther parts o f t he

s ector AB i s t he

t op

h ave b een

l arger

H igher u ranium c ontent

l ess e asy t o e xplain,

o f

t he r amp l eading t o X s ector.

o f

water

t o

b ones were a t o ne t ime f rom

s ector

O .

T he

i n

b eing f urther

f rom a more l ightly p acked,

q uantity

t he

s lope t o

i n

t he m ain

a lso a r elatively damp p lace

T herefore t he t otal

T he

p orous m atrix

c irculate.

I t i s a lso

i n 0 s ector a nd h ave b een

t he p resent p lace b y t he a ction o f

t alus

i s

Z s ector i s t he c ontinuation o f

a nd

s ectors.

w hich

i n s ectors 0 a nd Z a re t herefore able t o s cavenge

a t

may

a llowing

t o

t he c ave.

s ector,

bones

f rom

c ave,

h ere

moved

t he

bones

s amples

s amples f rom

T he h igher u ranium c ontent i n 0

more e ffectively f rom d ripwaters.

b one b ones

f or t his.

i n

0

o ther

t hrough

c ave.

r easons

d ripwater w ith

u ranium

f or t he

i s p robably r elated t o t he position o f t he s ectors

b eneath

c ompared

f ound a re

a ll o f t hem h aving approximately 4 .9 p pm U .

0 s ector i s d irectly u nder t he c himney,

c ave

t he

s ectors,

a re s everal

a nd

t he

Z

a nimals or r olling down

a ctual

s ite of t he b one

t he c ave walls m ay a lso b e i mportant a s

t here i s

i n

l ikely

b e more w ater a vailable n earer t he c ave walls due to condensation

w ater. T he

C hi-square

s ectors

AB,

c onfidence b etween n ot

data,

o f

f or

s hould t he

2 .38 ppm U .

a nd

t he

g rouping

b ut

w ithin

v ariability

applied s ectors

p owerful

t o

t he

C D,

a nd

g roups X .

A t

o f d ata: t he 0 .05

b e

T he C hi-square t est i s t est,

d ealing a s

c onfirm t he g eneral

i t d oes

i mpression t hat

s ignificant d ifferences between t he

t he

c ave.

n oted

3 s ectors

i s

H owever,

f or s ectors AB,

s tandard

observed

t he

h igh

0 a nd Z .

f ossil

degree

o f

T he overall

4 .9 p pm U w ith a mean s tandard deviation

F or t he o ther g roup,

a ssociated t han

t wo

E F

s tatistical

i t does

s tatistically

p opulations m ean

was a nd

t his s howed t hat t here i s a s tatistical d ifference

p articularly a re

Z

d istribution o f t he two g roups.

n ominal

t here

t est

a nd

l evel,

t he

a

w ith

0

f or

t he o verall mean

d eviaton t he

i s

s amples

0 .56 ppm; w ith

i s

2 .96 ppm U ,

a much t ighter

t he h igher u ranium

c ontent. . b .

V ariation b etween b one t ypes.

Two O ne

c omparisons w ere made w hen dealing w ith d ifferent b one t ypes.

was

a nimals. s hown:

a

c omparison

T he

o ther

r adius,

t ibia,

o f w as

m ature a

bones

c omparison o f

h umerus a nd f emur.

3 00

w ith t he

t hose

f rom

i mmature

f our d ifferent b ones

T ABLE 2 :

N eutron a ctivation v alues bones.

f or u ranium c ontent o f M uleta

D ivision i nto b one t ypes.

S ector/depth ( CM)

U .

c onc.

( PPM)

M ean a nd S tandard d eviation ( PPM)

R adius AB 2 00-300

3 .85

AB 2 50-300

7 .58

CD 1 50-200

( Im)

0 .50

EF 1 00-150

( Im)

1 .21

EF 2 00-300

=5 .25 ( Mature)

2 .82

s = 2 .55

E

3 00

3 .53

X = 0 .85

O

5 0-150

6 .58

s = 0 .36

O

2 00

X

2 00-300

X

2 50

2 .06

Z

4 50

9 .25

6 .36 ( Im)

0 .84

T ibia AB 2 00-300

3 .37

O

1 75

1 .79

X = 2 .85

X

2 00

2 .62

s = 0 .70

X

1 50

3 .22

X

2 00-300

2 .80

Z

3 00

2 .28

Various 0 -50

3 .85

Humerus 3 .37

CD 0 -50 CD

1 50

3 .21

F

1 00-150

2 .43

F

1 00-200

2 .80

X = 3 .51

E

3 00

4 .64

s = 0 .88

O

0 -50

3 .83

X

2 00

Z

4 00

2 .40

Z

7 00

4 .58

( Im)

0 .77

F emur AB 1 50-200

2 .82

O

5 0-150

6 .68

X = 4 .33

O

1 50

4 .15

S = 2 .02

X

2 50

1 .96

Z

6 00

6 .02

3 01

( Immature)

a nd

T he d ifference b etween t he m ean f igures f or t he i mmature bones t he m ean f or m ature b ones i s q uite s triking: ( 0.85 ± 0 .36) ppm U

( immature) c ontent

a nd

( 3.89

observed

±

f or

m ineralisation

i n

m aturity,

m ineral

l aid

t he

down

1 973). t hat

o n

t he

t he

1 .57)

p pm

U

( mature).

T he l ow u ranium

t he i mmature b ones i s p robably due t o l ack o f b ones

o f

c ontent

y ounger o f b one,

a nimals.

U ntil

s exual

m ostly h ydroxylapatite,

c alcifiable m atrix i n a n u nordered s tate

i s

( Little

R emodeling a nd a s econdary c alcification l ater t ake p lace s o i n

a n

o lder

a nimal

t here

w ill t end t o b e a h igher r atio o f

m ineral

c ontent t o o rganic c ontent.

m ineral

f raction,

( Neuman

e t

t herefore t han t he

a l.

i nterstitially 1 949;

p rovide

a

U ranium i s d eposited w ithin t he o r

A ltschuler

b y e t

i on e xchange w ith c alcium a l.

1 958).

M ature

b ones

g reater number o f s ites f or u ranium d eposition

j uvenile b ones w here c alcification i s n ot c omplete.

T here a lso a ppear t o b e d ifferences b etween t he t ypes o f bone ( Table 2 ), a lthough t his i s s tatistically n ot s ignificant. T he C hi-square

t est

p opulations

o f

A lthough d ensity

t here o f

s hows t he s eems

bone,

t here

b one t o

t his

t o

b e

g roups b e i s

a t

a

n o a ll

s mall

o bviously

d ifference

b etween

l evels

c onfidence.

a mount n ot

o f

t he

o f v ariation d ue t o

g reat

e nough

t o b e o f

s ignificance.

2 .

I sotope d ilution/Alpha s pectrometry r esults

T he

r esults

o f

t his

work

a re

g iven

i n T able 3 .

T his s eries o f

a nalyses i s s till i n p rogress s o t he r esults r eported h ere a re o nly a p art o f t he e ventual f ull s et. A lthough t he m ajor precept o f t he s tudy t he

i s t o e xamine t he u ranium b udget o f t he c ave a nd i n p articular r elationship b etween u ranium a nd b one,

t he d ata d erived f rom t he

b one a nalyses w ere a lso u sed t o c alculate b one a ges.

a .

U ranium c oncentrations i n t he c ave s ediments

B ones r ange a t

-

o f

6 50cm

t he

T he

u ranium c oncentratiön i n t he b ones s hows t he w idest

a ny o f t he s ediments; d epth,

o ther

b ones

v ariation.

t o f rom t he

F or

f rom 1 .69 ± 0 .03 p pm U f or s ector Z ,

2 5.80 ± 0 .44 p pm U f or s ector X , X

s ector,

h owever,

f our s amples X 7C,

X 7E,

t here

l evel 1 3.

i s

I n

v ery l ittle

X 7G a nd X 11 t he m ean i s

6 .46 ppm U w ith a s tandard d eviation o f o nly 0 .84 ppm U . I n

Z

s ector,

t here

i s

a n

apparent

s tratigraphic r eversal o f

u ranium

c ontent.

T he b one s ample f rom Z 6 50cm,

k a

c ontains

o nly

b p)

( U/Th

age

2 5.8 ± 1 .3 k a bp)

c ontains 1 3.10 ± 0 .19 ppm U .

two

p ossible i nterpretations o f t he p henomenon.

m ay

b e

a n

l eaving w as

e xposed

t ime, o nly

o r a

u ranium a nd f ound b eds

open

s ystem

i t d epleted. t o

s mall

b one.

Over

u ranium

m igrating

out o f t he bone,

i n

g roundwater f or o nly a s hort l ength o f

a r elatively d rier p eriod s o i t w as able t o a bsorb

a mount

s ource,

w ith

T here a re

T he b one i n Z 6 50cm

A n a lternative i nterpretation i s t hat t he bone

u ranium

d uring

( U/Th a ge 4 4.8 ± 1 .6

1 .69 ± 0 .03 ppm U whereas bone f rom Z 5 25cm,

o f

p erhaps a

u ranium. by

I t w as t hen c losed o ff f rom t he

c overing w ith l ater l ayers o f s ediment

l onger t ime s cale,

S eitz a nd T aylor

( 1974)

h ave

a s imilar s tatigraphic r eversal o f u ranium c ontent i n t he bone o f

t he

O lduvai

G orge,

where t he u ranium c ontent o f B ed I I i s

3 02

TABLE 3 :

Results o f

a lpha

c ave s ediments

spectrometry a nalysis o f M uleta b ones a nd

( soluble a nd i nsoluble f ractions). A ctivity R atios

S ample a nd H arwell

c ode-

U c onc.

2 34U

2 30Th

2 30Th

B one

( ppm)

2 38U

2 34U

2 32Th

A ges

H UTH no.

X 7 B

U /Th

( Ka bp) 1 4C

( 50cm) ( 2968)

B one

s ol. ( 2926XA)

9 .94

1 .463

0 .145

± 0.19

± 0.025

± 0.006

1 .55

1 .083

0 .908

± 0.03

± 0.017

± 0.021

7 5.1

2 3.3

7 .3

± 0.8

± 0.1

1 4.0

M atrices i nsol.

X 7 C

( 65

8 .51

0 .812

1 .257

( 2926B)

± 0.21

± 0.024

± 0.045

5 .74

1 .415

0 .142

( 2934)

± 0.10

± 0.018

± 0.019

5 .3

cm)

B one

sol. ( 2927A)

1 .50

1 .099

1 .848

± 0.02

± 0.015

± 0.020

1 000

1 6.5

7 .3

± 2.3

± 0.1

1 2.4

M atrices i nsol. ( 2927B) X 7 E

7 .88

0 .749

1 .568

± 0.17

± 0.018

± 0.076

4 .3

( 100 cm)

B one ( 2932) sol. ( 2928)

5 .61

1 .332

0 .167

± 0.10

± 0.021

± 0.009

1 .57

1 .089

0 .810

± 0.03

± 0.017

± 0.020

1 0.5

1 9.7

8 .8

± 1.1

± 0.4

1 1.1

M atrices i nsol.

X 7 G

7 .16

0 .768

1 .568

± 0.15

± 0.019

± 0.078

3 .4

( 145 c m)

B one ( 2909)

8 .17

1 .327

0 .141

± 0.12

± 0.011

± 0.010

sol.

2 .27

( 2681)

± 0.021

1 .179

0 .425

± 0.014

± 0.014

M atrices insol.

3 03

2 3.6

5 .6

1 6.4

8 .8

± 1.2

± 0.4

X 1 1 B one ( 2933) sol. ( 2930A)

6 .35

1 .437

0 .197

± 0.11

± 0.013

± 0.009

1 .60

1 .078

0 .890

± 0.03

± 0.020

± 0.018

3 .4

2 3.5

1 5.9

± 1.6

± 0.6

1 0.4

M atrices i nsol. ( 2930B)

6 .599

0 .802

0 .727

± 0.141

± 0.020

± 0.027

3 .8

M 1 2 B one ( 2969) s ol. ( 2925)

1 0.87

1 .392

0 .282

± 0.21

± 0.026

± 0.010

1 .42

1 .099

0 .968

± 0.03

± 0.020

± 0.023

6 1.1

3 5.4 ± 1.4

1 5.7

M atrices i nsol. X 1 3 B one

2 5.8 ( 2931) s ol. ( 2935)

± 0.44

1 .3558 ± 0.100

0 .123

1 00

± 0.013

1 .37

1 .082

0 .756

± 0.03

± 0.021

± 0.024

1 .451

0 .213

± 0.025

± 0.008

1 4.2

1 6.9

± 1.1

± 0.2

2 5.7

1 8.8

1 6.5

i nsol. X 1 5 1 8.24

B one ( 2971)

s ol. ( 2678A)

± 0.34

1 .61

1 .094

0 .847

± 0.03

± 0.022

± 0.020

8 6.0

± 1.1

± 0.5

1 5.0

M atrices i nsol. ( 2678B) E 3 55(cm)

6 .04

0 .726

1 .574

± 0.13

± 0.021

± 0.092

5 .4

E 4 00(cm)

-

B one ( 2912) s ol. ( 2682A)

7 .91

1 .184

0 .193

± 0.12

± 0.011

± 0.020

1 .39

1 .121

0 .401

± 0.03

0 .025

± 0.016

1 9.0

1 1.3

M atrices i nsol. ( 2682B)

3 .65

0 .857

0 .532

± 0.08

± 0.020

± 0.013

3 04

1 1.1

2 3.2

2 3.8

± 2.3

± 0.5

Z 5 25

( cm)

-

-

B one ( 2910)

-

-

-

-

1 3.10

1 .168

0 .213

± 0.18

± 0.011

± 0.009

2 .15

1 .139

0 .352

± 0.04

± 0.021

± 0.013

sol. ( 2680)

-

4 4.4

Z 4 75(cm) 2 5.8

2 6.0

± 1.3

± 0.6

2 .7

M atrices i nsol. ] Z 6 50

( cm)

-

_

B one ( 2911)

so!. ( 2679A)

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

1 .69

1 .362

0 .344

± 0.03

± 0.032

± 0.010

1 .72

1 .167

0 .256

± 0.03

± 0.019

± 0.012

6 .47

0 .769

2 .909

± 0.15

± 0.020

± 0.122

_

Z 6 00(cm) 1 9.2

1 2.0

M atrices i nsol. ( 2679B)

N .B.

- 1 4C dates a re f rom n earest d ated h orizons.

3 05

4 .8

4 4.8

4 2.0

± 1.6

± 1.0

f ar h igher t han B ed S oluble

I b eneath o r B ed

m atrices

I II above.

- T he u ranium c oncentrations

i n

a ll

m atrices

a re v ery s imilar,

w ith a n overall mean v alue o f

p pm

T his

e xpected

U .

m ixture

o f

c alcite

a nd

s eparated

s mall

d ust

l imestone

b one

c onsiderably

h igher T his

c omponent s oil.

o f

-

h owever

t he

T he

d ates

b ones

appears t he

r elated m atrix:

obtained

o f

t he

a ll

walls, t he

f rom a

d eposited

b one

c ould b e

t his h igh u ranium content

t he

v ariation

t hat

s oluble

± 0 .22

b etween

t he

s o f ar

t he u ranium c ontents a re

m atrices,

a nd p ossibly more

t o t he v aried origins

o f t he i nsoluble

w ind-blown d ust a nd t ranslocated s urface

f or

s ame

bones

o r

n oticeable

s eries

c omparable d erived

d ates

s ector

h ave

X ,

c lose

l evels.

two

u ranium s eries d isequilibria

s tratigraphic

t he

s ome o f

t he

r adiocarbon

c lose c orrelation o f d ates

f or

b ones

o f

T he

bones

which

t he

d ates a re

f rom

t hey a re

2 0 k a bp.

t he a ges obtained f or t he bones

t he

t echnique).

d ating

f inite

-

y oung

during t he

p ost-mortem

e ffect

p lace

t housands

over

r ecent

bones,

a ssociated

T he

o f

w ith

y ears.

s tability.

e arly

s tage

t housand y ears.

u ranium u ranium a re

s eries o f

o f

f ossilisation

t he

f rom d ating

m easurement d ates

t he

which

t he c ave, u ranium ' rapid

( Sector 0 :

i ndicate

t hat

o lder,

uptake, uptake'

t o

b e

I t

i s

c ompare

too

o n

t he

0 - 5 0cm)

f ollowed s tage

b y

may

b e

a ges obtained

young

a nd

require

p robably s ignificant

t hat

b est w ith t he r adiocarbon

l ower h orizons.

t echniques

may t ake

t hat t here i s

W e would t herefore expect t he

a c orrective model.

s eries

s hort a nd

u ranium i s a

T he h igh l evels o f u ranium i n v ery

r apid

H owever,

1 4C i s

T he uptake o f

f or e xample s heep a nd g oat bones

a n

f ormulation

( compared w ith t he r ange o f

o f uptake o f

t he a nimal.

w ith h uman o ccupation o f

p robably

two

p eriod

f rom E a nd Z s ectors, T he apparent a greement

i s a ctually quite s urprising

t he bones

a ssociated

r elative s everal

a ge o f

l ife o f

T he

t he

c ommon p roperties;

t he

l ocalities.

i ntriguing.

i s

w ith

c onsidering

d ates

by

3 w ith r adiocarbon d ates obtained

a nd t hey a re a ll o lder t han

b etween

t he

f or

a re c ompared i n T able

I mmediately u ranium

t he

N ot

d erived

O nly t hree i nsoluble m atrices h ave

r esults o f t his c omparison a re

by

c ave

s oluble

1 .63

U ranium s eries d isequilibrium d ates f or bones

m easurements

n ot

t he

t he e xtent o f

i t

t han

i s

t hey a re a ll

f rom

a ccounts

matarices

a s

f ragments.

p robably

a nalysed,

v ariable.

f or

b e

w eathered

I nsoluble

b .

t o

f rom t he m atrices;

apatite s amples.

b een

i s

t he

A c omparative s tudy o f

s ame bones

i s

e ssential

before

f urther s peculations a re made. T he

u ranium

c orrespond s ame a re 1 3),

r ather

s eries

s tratigraphic o lder 3

obtained

l evels.

I n f our c ases

t han t he r adiocarbon d ates,

k a

y ounger.

p ost-mortem

u ranium

h owever,

dates

f or

bones

l ess w ell w ith r adiocarbon d ates

T he uptake

s ector o f t he

d escribed

k a,

i n o ne c ase

( X

t o c orrespond w ith t he above.

s eem t o s how e ither movement o f u ranium out o f

3 06

X

t he u ranium s eries d ates

b y 8 t o 1 1

l atter c ase s eems model

i n

f or b ones

T he

others

t he bones o r

possibly represent a real set of dates fn,m older bones mixed with young material during sedimentation. A direct comparison of dating techniques on the same bone is again needed to verify this. The bones are individually too small for conventional Myotraqus radiocarbon analysis, but it is planned to use the microcounting system of the Low Level Measurements Laboratory at AERE Harwell to overcome this problem.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS As the analytical work described in the paper is still in progress, any conclusions made must be tentative. However, several points seem apparent from the data reported here: a. The position of the bone to be measured must be known in detail to relate it to the hydrological system of the cave. This is obviously. a major factor in the amount of uranium a bone is able to scavenge and therefore the final concentration of uranium within the bone. b. The condition and maturity of the bone and therefore the likely apatite content are of significance with respect to uranium uptake. c. The size and density of the bone are relevant to the rate of uptake and the total amount of uranium any bone can absorb. d. The amount of uranium within a bone is not directly related to the age of a bone, as shown in sector z. e. The uranium concentration in the bones and the matrices do not appear to be related. f. Some of the uranium series dat�s on bone seem to be in good agreement with radiocarbon dates, without the necessity for correction for uranium uptake, which was initially expected. However, uranium series and radiocarbon dates must be derived from the same bone before they can be realistically compared. Muleta is a perfect site in so far as it contains a large number of well documented and radiocarbon dated bones for comparison with the uranium series disequilibrium method. The results obtained so far are very encouraging. It is not possible to say at present whether a uranium series disequilibrium dating technique for bones of universal application will be developed, but we feel that the work described in the present paper may contribute to the knowledge of uranium systems necessary for the development of such a technique.

307

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Dr. William Waldren and family of DAMARC for their great help in this study. We also wish to thank D. Mapper and D. Bolus of AERE Harwell for their instruction in the use of the neutron activation technique and A. Lally of AERE Harwell for guidance and advice in chemical extraction techniques.

308

R EFERENCES A ltschuler,

Z .S.,

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i n

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C larke,

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E .J.,

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phosphonite,

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G eological

S mart,

a nd W altham,

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3 14-D. R .S.,

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f rom B ritain',

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H armon

a nd Y oung,

a nd

H armon,

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R .S.

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P .L.

i mplications o f

N ature

2 72,

p p.

problems

s eries i n

t he

1 978.

2 4-28.

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A .C.,

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i n M .

I vanovich a nd R .S.

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applications

pp.

t o

1 07-144,

Oxford

' Uranium-

s eries

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M .,

d ating

o f

G ulf', L ittle,

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K .,

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a nd

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W .F.,

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H .P.,

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J .,

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i n P .H.

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M ain, J .

E .P.

a nd M ulryan,

B iol.

C hem.

1 79,

B .J., pp.

1 949.

' The

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' Uranium s eries d ating o f a rchaeological

p p.

t o

1 983.

s ites',

3 -38. ' Application o f U -series d ating t o a rchaeometry' H armon

( eds.)

e nvironmental

U ranium s eries d isequilibrium

p roblems

i n t he e arth

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p p.

Oxford U niversity P ress. H .P.,

U -series t o

S tephen

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I vanovich a nd R .S.

3 02-325,

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a nd

a nd

C lapham

N euman,

G .J.,

H olocene b eaches

a utoradiography a s a method o f

s oft e rrors

A rchaeometry 2 2, S chwarcz,

D .J.

P ergamon,

d eposition o f

a nd H ennig,

.u plifted

4 08-410.

t rack

V .M.

8 15-823,

N euman,

p p.

B olus,

p roblem

C .

f rom

B one b ehaviour,

f ission

F owler p p.

3 02,

1 973.

u ranium t he

V ita-Finzi, molluscs

G ascoyne,

d ating

R .S.

M .

and H armon,

R .S.,

1 982.

' Applications o f

t o p roblems o f Q uaternary c limate',

H armon

( eds.),

e nvironmental

p roblems

i n M .

I vanovich

U ranium s eries d isequilibrium applications i n t he e arth s ciences,

p p.

3 26-350,

O xford

U niversity P ress. S eitz,

M .G.

f ossil pp. S zabo,

a nd

bone

R .E.,

1 974.

' Uranium v ariations

f rom O lduvai G orge,

T anzania',

i n a d ated

A rchaeometry

1 6,

1 29-135. B .J.

a nd

i nterglacial S zabo,

T aylor, s eries

B .J.

u ranium

C ollins

s ites',

M alde, s eries

D .,

N ature

H .E. d ates

a nd o n

1 975. 2 54,

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p p.

I rwin-Williams,

C .,

a rchaeologically

3 09

f ossil bones

f rom B ritish

6 79 - 6 81. 1 969.

' Dilemma p osed b y

s ignificant

b ones

f rom

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W .H., S eries

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E arth

P lant.

S ci.

L etters

B alearic P rehistoric E cology a nd Culture,

Oxford.

3 10

6 ,

pp.

B .A.R.

L IST O F I LLUSTRATIONS : T ables: T able

1 .

Neutron a ctivation v alues bones.

T able

2 .

Neutron a ctivation v alues bones.

T able

3 .

f or u ranium c ontent o f M uleta

D ivision i nto s ectors. f or u ranium c ontent o f M uleta

D ivision i nto bone t ypes.

Results o f a lpha s pectrometry a nalysis o f M uleta b ones and c ave

s ediments

( soluble a nd

3 11

i nsoluble

f ractions).

L E N EOLITHIQUE A NCIEN D U L ANGUEDOC

D r. G aston B . A rnal C. N.R.S. 9 ,

rue

Ernest Michelet

3 4100 Montpellier,

F rance

R ESUME L a

d gcouverte d es d eux s ites s tratigraphiques d e L a P oujade ( Aveyron)

e t

d e

S t.- P ierre-de-la-Fage ( Herault) a pporte d es e lements n ouveaux

p our l a c onception d u N eolithique a ncien d u M idi m editerraneen. U ne

p hase

l 'instrusion

p rimitive d e

t ype

a utochtone,

n otamment

p hase,

n e

q ui

p recedents,

p eut

a u

p hase,

l ocalises

q ui

c ette

a insi

e nvisageable,

d u

V I°

e trangere

a

l aquelle

m illenaire.

c ulture

s e

c hacun

U ne d euxieme

l a f usion d es d eux c ourants

v ers l a f in d u V° m illenaire.

m anifestent

d ans

c ötoie u ne c onformation n eolithisante

c ours

A tre

s 'instaure

t roisieme

e st

C ardial

A u c ours d e l a

r egionalise e n m icrofacies t res u ne

e volution

s pecifique j usqu 'au p remier q uart d u I V° m illenaire.

3 13

p arallele

m ais

L A PHASE I DU NEOLITHIQUE ANCIEN L e

N eolithique

m anifeste,

e st

u n

c hangement

n otamment,

l 'agriculture,

d ans

d ans

q uatre

l a

p oterie

l 'elevage,

l e

m ode

d e

d ecouvertes

v ie

q ui

s e

e ssentielles:

e t l a p ierre p olie;

e nsemble

e xigeant u ne c ertaine s edentarisation. U ne t elle o rdonnance n e s emble g tre d efinitivement a cquise q u'au c ours d 'un s tade a ssez e volue d onc

e t p as

l a

f in

b rutale

d emarche ä

t ardif

d u

e t

V° m illenaire b c;

n e

p eut a ucunement d e c e f ait p roceder d 'une

t otalement i ntrusive.

l ueur

e lements

s on i mplantation n 'est

A u c ontraire,

o n r emarque m aintenant

d es g isements a ctuellement e xploit s,

e st

s ouvent

N eolithique

p lus p recoce q ue l es a utres,

a ccompli,

o riginaire

d es

d ans

p ays

p recisement

d ans

p opulations

e taient

d u

l e

l 'ensemble

d e

P roche-Orient,

m idi d eja

s on

d ans

u n

u ne

a nnonqant q ue l e c oncept

s emble

mediterraneen

e ngag es

q u'un s eul d e c es c ulturel

a voir

r encontre

c ontexte c ertaine

o i l

l es

f orme

d e

n eolithisation. C 'est

a insi

G ramari

q ue l e m outon e st c onnue d es

( Vaucluse)

M esolithique

e t

d e

v ers

t ype

l a

f in

l e V II ° m illenaire b c ä

d u V II

C astelnovien

1

°

m illenaire b c d ans

l e

C hgteauneuf-les-Martigues

( Bouches-du-Rhöne). D e p ar

m eme, l a

l 'economie a gricole e st a morcee v ers u ne d ate s emblable

m ise e n p lace d e r eserves

c ueillette

s pecialisee)

p resence

d e

a

b royeurs

e t

C hgteauneuf-les-Martigues E galement, l es

l a

d atations

s ites

e t

f ait,

u n

c onditionne

p ar

f avorables;

o r,

m ontrent h umide

A ussi,

p ar

c ertain d es l es

l ion. d oit

d ependant p ourrait i dentique

G azel

( Aude)

l a

e t

ä

p recocement ( si l ion e n c roit

e xemple

ä

p rocessus c aracteres

e tudes

d e

l a P oujade ( Cuenca,

neolithisation

c limatiques

p alynologiques

( des l e B oreal)

e t

( Aveyron), ä

E spagne) e t

e tc...

p eut

g tre

p edologiques

s edimentologiques

l e c limat e st f aiblement

c onvenant a u ne c ertaine d ynamique d 'adaptation

p as

d u

B assin

O riental d e l a M editerranee n 'est

l e s eul mobile a l 'origine d e

l a neölithisation e t

s ans doute c onsiderer l a n aissance d e p lusieurs f oyers d e

r enouveau, l esquels

a

d 'ailleurs e n c roissance demographique n otable.

l 'influence

p robablement

c elui

a pparait

( Herault), ä V erdelpino

t empere ,

e t

m olettes

l e p roduit d e

a insi q ue p ar

l es r eferences s tratigraphiques d e p lusieurs

q u'au M esolithique

d es a utochtones,

( Herault),

( Bouches-du-Rhöne).

p aramediterraneens),

F errieres-Poussarou E n

d e

c eramique

1 4C

( peut-etre s eulement

l 'Abeurador

d ans l e

d es

m ilieu

d e a insi e n

d 'Amekni

l ieux j oue

d ifferents m ais'a u ne mgme e poque, u n

l 'ensemble d u c ourant c lassique. c onvenir c ela q ui,

ä

p our

r ole d ans u n c ertain d eterminisme p eu L e M idi d e l a F rance

u n c entre d e d eveloppement p articulier,

' a d 'autres l ieux d e r enouveau, e n p lein S ahara,

3 14

c omme p ar e xemple

m ontre u n N eölithique c omplet

a u

V II °

a utonome

m illenaire ( G.

b c,

demontrant

l 'existence

d 'une

i nvention

C amps).

LE NEOLITHIQUE PRIMITIF MEDITERRANEEN L a d u

c ulture B assin

i llustrant o ccidental

l e p lus p arfaitement d e l a Mediterranee

l e N eolithique p rimitif e st l e C ardial q ui,

r appelons-le, e st n omme a insi e n r aison d e s a ceramique g eneralement decoree p ar i mpression d e c oquille d e c ardium. Q uelques d atations a bsolues s ituent s on apparition l a p lus a ncienne d ans n os r egions ä l a

f in

d u

V II

d u

V I

b c

p our

°

°

m illenaire b c a vec u n m aximum a u m ilieu e t ä l a f in d iminuer

p rogressivement

j usqu'au

m ilieu

d u V°

m illenaire b c. O n l es

doit

i mmediatement

s pecimens

t ätonnements s emble

l es o u

p oterie

d 'un

realisee

t entatives

u ne

s ur q ue

q ui

a insi

l ieu

E spagne: L a

t ant

s ymptömes q ui

e t

n on

c omme

e h e

l a designent c omme l e c elui d 'une decouverte

n avigation p ar c abotage h e l ong d es c ötes e nvisageable

d es

c ette

e poque,

d ivulgue

l es

i dees

n ouvelles,

d ont

l a p oterie i mpressionnee a u c ardium.

e t

d euxieme

a u c ontraire,

p erfection e t u ne q ualite

i l

e st

c e f ut l e moyen e mploye p our h e deplacement d es h ommes

d e

r enouveau,

u ne

j amais r eleve s ur

c eramique d e s ignes d e

r echerches;

d ans

i ntrusif

p lace.

p robable

e u

c ette

a ire geographique s 'etendant d epuis l 'A/driatique

j usqu'en

mediterraneennes, o nt

q ue l 'on n 'a

d e d e

b rutalement

c ourant

f aconnage

s ouligner a nciens

e t p resente l es c aracteristiques q ui u niformisent c ette

d ans

l 'Italie

f ait

d e

a pparaltre

definitives, e t

p lus

l es

p our

p opulations

f aire

t emps,

p reuve

a utochtones

s e

n otamment

l e

D es c ontacts ont s ont

a daptees

a u

d e p articularismes regionaux d ans u n

m ontrant q ue h e mgme c ourant c ulture' s 'est applique

s ur d es g roupes h umains d ejä s tructures a yant l eur a utonomie p ropre. I i

doit

doute

d onc

e xister

i ntrusive,

t ous

l es

p eut

e n

p ays

q ui d e

u n C ardial p rimitif,

r enferme

l a

l es

a spects

d 'origine s ans a ucun

s tylistiques c ommuns ä

mediterran e o ccidentale.

c oncevoir

l 'existence,

n 'est

C e C ardial,

c ependant

p as

s i o n e ncore

c ompletement defini. L a

p hase

p rocede c ertains p eu

s uivante

d 'une

e lements e spagnole

decoration v aries, E n

p astille g rappes

u ne

e tre

m ieux

c aracterisee,

e ile

o u mom s s edentarisee,

a menageant

q ui

n ous n ommerons C ardial

c lassique,

7

e t

i h

( en

r aisin).

reserver

ä

l es l a

p resente,

d ecorations

e xuberante

n otamment,

l imite ,

e t

E n

l e t ype M ontserratien o ffre u ne d e m otifs,

p ar a illeurs a ssez

p reference p our l es f ormes ä c ol e t f ond p ointu.

a ppliqu e d e

f ranqaise,

o riental

p lus

t ronconiques e ile

e t

s urcharg e

a vec

L anguedoc

c ardial

/

r egionaux

a

p lus

a p eu a ccompagnee d e t out l 'ensemble c onceptuel n eolithique.

C atalogne

ä

c ommence

i mplantation

s emble s uites

c o me e n P rovence, q ue

o utre u n d ecor

s 'ajoute a ssez r apidement

v erticales

l a

e t p lus s pecialement e n

P lus ä l 'est e n L igurie,

l es f ormes d eviennent

f onds s ont p arfois p lats.

U ne p lace ä p art e st

ceramique

a vec

d e

deCouverte ä P ortiragnes

r ares

decors

a u

c ardium

( Herault) t ypiques,

c ar d es

p articulieres f aites p ar i mpressions e n s illons p rofonds

a r approcher

d e

c elles

d u N eolithique a ncien d e L igurie,.appuyant

e ncore l es p reuves f lagrantes d 'une i ntrusion v enue d e l est. D urant t ype

d e

c ette

p hase

n eolithisation

c lassique

d u

s 'elargit e t,

3 15

C ardial,

l 'implantation d e c e

ä p artir d es cötes l ittorales

d e d es

l a mediterranee, p enetre p arfois a ssez p rofondement ä l 'int‘rieur t erres e n e mpruntant l es v oies d e c ommunications n aturelles d es

f leuves

c ötiers

L anguedoc, G ard

e t

c e d es

F lorensac, l 'Orb d e

e n

c ontact

d irect

a vec

l a

m er.

A

l 'est

du

s ont e n b ordure d u R höne l es v allees d e l 'Ardeche, G ardons,

L a

ä

P ouget,

( Camprafaud,

l 'Ardeche,

l 'ouest c elles d e

abords

B aume L auriol,

d es

C evennes

e tc...)

e tc...).

e t

d e

du

( Portiragnes,

l 'aven L aurier p res d e G anges,

B onnefont,

l es

l 'Herault

e t de

L es montagnes

l a M ontagne N oire

a ccusent a lors u ne c ertaine o ccupation d e t ype c ardial. P ar c ontre l es G rands C ausses, s itues e ntre l es Cevennes e t l a M ontagne N oire, d ont

l es

g enre d e

v allees

d e

S umene

e tant

s 'ouvrent

p ossession. p ermettent

d es

q uelques

u ne

a ffluents r ares

v ers

l 'Atlantique,

s ont demunis d e c e

S eules l es v allees d e L a V is e t d e l a r iviere d e

c ertaine

p enetration

l 'Herault)

t essons

decores

e t

c 'est

( leurs c ours d 'eau s ans d oute p ourquoi

a u c ardium o nt e te decouverts ä l a

B aume C lausido e t ä L a F igueirolle.

LE NEOLITHIQUE PRIMITIF P ARAMEDITERRANEEN L 'exploitation m ontagneux a ncien L a l a

d e

q ui

s emblait

P oujade D ourbie

L es

h umaines

c ouches

m icrolithes

s ur

p rofondes

d e

s up4rieurs 4 550

p rehistoriques l 'existence

l esquelles o ffrent

n ous

d es r eliefs

d 'un Neolithique

L 'abri - s ous-roche de

d evons

n ous a ttarder

u n m obilier d e t ype mesolithique

( 6760 b c e t 6 960 b c)

f acies

montclusien.

s ont e n a ccord a vec des

L es

n iveaux

l egerement

i ncluent dejä l 'utilisation d e l a cdramique a u c ours d 'un

i ntensif

b c),

d e

m ais

d ate

e ncore

l 'on

d olt

l 'abri

u n

s tratigraphiquds

d ernieres

montre

e st re i gnore j usqu'alors.

d eux d atations C 14

h abitat

g isements

( Aveyron) q ui s 'ouvre s ur l a r ive d roite d e l a v allee de p resente u n r emplissage p articulierement c onsequent

d 'occupations ( Figure 1 ). d ont

p lusieurs

p aramediterraneens

n iveau

f erait

p lus

( 5040 b c,

i ntermediaire

d ans

decouvertes

4 760 b c,

4 670 b c e t

e ntre c es d eux e nsembles

r emonter l 'apparition d e l a c eramique ä une

a ncienne

r etenir

4 900 b c,

( 6060

c es

b c);

r eliefs

c onfirmant

u ne

p recocite d e l a p oterie que m ontagneux

g race a ux t outes

n eolithisation

t out

ä f ait

p articuliere d ans c es regions. L e

m ateriel

q uelques s ilex

l ithique

d etails

e st

p res,

t oujours

e n

g res

O n

c onstate

q u'l

ceramique ( un

t errier,

l a

n on

u nique e n

p rogression s 'ajoute

c es

n iveaux a ccuse, ä e t

l 'usage d u g alet

c hronologique

u ne

e volution

f ormulee

p ar l es

n ormale d es a rmatures

l a s uccession d es o ccupations.

e st

p resente

decouverts C ardial

d e

h omogeneite c ar l a t aille du

f oncierement m icrolithique,

a bsolues,

m icrolithiques d ans d ecoree

l 'ensemble c ertaine

q uartzeux d e t aille m acrolithique s ans v ariation s ensible.

d atations L a

d e u ne

t res

r are,

t esson, u ne

p lace). s eulement

p eu

c uite,

r ecueilli

l evre E lle

d ans

i mpressionnee

t ies l e

f riable e t non

r emplissage

p armi

l es

d 'un

c inquante

e st t otalement d ifferente d e c elle du

e n r aison d e

l 'absence d e decor,

m ais e ncore

p ar l a t exture d e s a p ate e t p ar s a c ouleur. L 'environnement,

b ien

q u'actuellement

e n

c ours

d 'etude,

o ffre

d ejä d es d onnees appreciables: L a

f aune

montre

u ne

domestication

3 16

c ertaine a u m ilieu d u V°

m illenaire b c, s ans q u'on p lus a nciennes ( S. B ökönyi). L a

malacofaune

N eolithique d 'especes h umaine

e t t res

p rofit

f ait

a ncien

i l

p uisse

r essortir

q ue

y

a bondance

a

b anales

v oit

d e

l a

f or t-steppe.

p ourrait

n oyer,

t gmoignant n ature',

p our

l 'Holodene; s ouvent

‘ d u

detriment d e l a e st

a nthropiques

s ur l e

c ueillette-chasse

t ant

l 'agriculture

c orreler

e t

n on b rutal.

e n

( I.

p artie

l a

n et

m ais

p ermet

d e

C 'est a insi q ue l es

a nnonce es des le Boreal par

p rogressif

L e d ebut d e l 'Atlantique

p alynologie

e t

c hronologie c lassique a doptee

p ar u ne r eprise d e l 'alluvionnement L a

a u

d e

d e l a

d e l 'Atlantique s ont

r alentissement

a nalyses,

B oreal

l e p assage d 'un e pisode ä l 'autre s emblant l e

p rogressif

s edimentaire.

l e

d 'esPeces

d u b uis e t l a p resence d u

d e

a utorise a vec

a u

A tlantique/Sub-Boreal

developpement

d ynamique

d urant

p ressions

l 'economie

s edimentologie

e xogene

c aducifoliee

f ortes

v ari es

d 'un c limat t empere e ntrainant

t ransition

l e

p lus

d ' especes

l 'apport

d eveloppement

d e

s upplantee p ar K rauss-Marguet).

u n

p lus

c henaie l e

m ilieu

m eliorations

d u

a ttester d 'un mode d e v ie

l 'etablissement,

L a

p ar

c hronologie

n iveaux

p ouvant c orrespondre ä u ne a ctivite

L a

d ebut d e l 'Atlantique,

c dracterisee

l es

e t u ne d iversite

d isparition

L 'anthracologie l 'extension

d ans

d 'individus

s edentaire, n e f avorisant a bsentes d u s ite ( J. A ndre).

L a

u ne

d ense.

d 'especes

j usqu'au

e ncore r elever d e p reuves

d e

l a

d ynamique

t ant c ependant m arque

( M.A.

c onfirmer,

C ourty). d ans

l 'etat a ctuel d es

l 'appartenance d u s ommet d e l a s equence s edimentaire

Neolithique

a ncien

ä

l a

m oitid

d euxieme

d u B oreal

( M.

P aquereau). L 'etude j our,

d u

mobilier

l 'impression

h olocene

a urait

a rcheologique

d es

r acines

montagneux

q ue

P reboreäl

l 'homme-predateur

a daptee

a

l ittoral, t raduit a

s es

u ne

montagneux. E n e ffet, q uantite s emblable

a it

d ejä

t rop

d ans

l es

r eliefs

I l e st p ossible q ue d es

t rouve

u ne

b esoins s ur l es G rands C ausses d oute

s ans qu'il c c

d es

i nnovations.

f orme n os

d e

a ccommodation

l e

p lus

f orestiers q ue s ur l e

l agunaire.

C 'est

A u

c ours

c elui

d e

d e

n ous

g isements

L a P oujade,

dynamique

p henoMene

v raisemblement

neolithisation

p rospections

a ppreciable ' a

reelle

e ventuel E n

a nciennes

d u B oreal

u ne c ertaine t erritorialite q ui e st a lors u n a gent f avorable

c onstate

n ous

p lus

a c c

l a p opulation

cette i mplantation m esolithique e n r aison d e s on a scendant,

l 'accueil

d 'une

L a P oujade a pporte,

s ur l a c öte meridionale.

s ans

e nsuite,

d e

q u'en L anguedoc l 'etablissement d e

o nt a u

p recoce

a mend

s ur

p ourquoi l es

ä decouvrir

r emplissage

o n

r eliefs u ne

a rcheologique

p ermettant d 'estimer l 'existence

d 'un f ond a utochtone e t d 'admettre a insi u n

d 'acculturation

d u s ubstrat t raditionnel

l ocal,

s 'agisse p our c ela d 'une c olonisation. q ui c oncerne l a

s avons

q ue

l e

c eramique de tout cc Neolithique primitif,

C ardial

a pparait s ur l e

3 17

l ittoral a 6 020 b c e t

5 700

b c

( Cap

R agnon),

n euf - l es-Martigues), a

4 450

E n

b c

f ait,

ä 5 650 b c ( Ile R iou), ä 5 570 b c ( Chateau. a l 'interieur d es t erres a 4 900 b c ( Gazel),

e t

( Baume B ourbon)

p lus l e C ardial

e t a p eu p res ä l a mgMe d ate ä M ontclus.

s 'eloigne d u l ittoral,

p lusieurs

a ccuse .

p lus

l e r etard d e s a

s erait a lors l ogique d e p enser q ue l e Neolithique d e g enese c ardiale d evrait a tteindre L a P oujade h u ne d ate e ncore p lus r ecente. O r c e n 'est p as l e c ase, p uisque p enetration

e st

d atations

I i

s ont c ontemporaines d es p lus a nciennes d ates d u

C ardial. N e p ouvant e carter l ' eventualite d e c orrelations a vec l es i mpulsions c ulturelles d u l ittoral ( des p ectens p rouvent q ue l es h abitants

d e

L a

M editerranee) d e

e t

l e

o nt

e tabli

d es

c ontacts

a vec

l a

s achant q ue s on o rigine e st ä r echercher e n d ehors

l 'evolution

f audrait

P oujade

n ormale

c onsiderer

d u

c ontexte

c ardial

s ensu

s trict°,

c ette c eramique p aramediterraneenne,

i l

s oit c omme

r esultat d 'une m odification d e l a p hase p rimaire d u C ardial,

s oit

c omme l 'emanation d 'un c ourant t otalement d ifferent. N ous

d onc e n p resence d 'un Neblithique p rimitif p rincipaiement p ar l 'apparition d 'une ceramique a ccompagnee d 'un mobilier l ithique d 'une t aille d e

s ommes

c aracterise p articuliere t radition q ue

m esolithique.

f orment

c ertains

S on

p lein e panouissement,

m assifs p aramediterraneens,

d ans c et i solat

s e s itue ä l a f in

d u V I° m illenaire b c, a lors q ue s es p remiers b albutiements s e f ont j our ä l a f in d u V II ° b c. E n

f ait

s i

l 'on c ite l 'existence d 'un

' Proto-Neblithique'

s ur l e

l ittoral p rovencal, c ar c ertains e ssais e conomiques s 'elaborent d es l e V II ° m illenaire b c a vant l 'apparition d e l a c eramique, o n devrait c onsiderer

q ue

l e

m ontagneuse

e t

ceramique'.

C 'est

p our l a r egion ' Mesolithique ä

p henomene s emble s 'inverser a lors d 'un c omplexe

p arler u n

p oint d e neolithisation t res p articulier q ui

e xprime b ien l a c omplexite des p rocessus d e neblithisation. L 'apparition g tre

d u

e nvisagee

s elon

l a

Neblithique

t opographie

i ndigenes

d ans

l e M idi Mediterran en p ourrait

c omme l a c onsequence d 'impulsions a ssociees a gissant d u t erritoire e t l es e thnics

i mplantees.

L es

d 'une p art, a yant s ubi u ne p oussee

d es m assifs montagneux,

demographique

c onsequente

f avorable,

s ont p eu a p eu s tructures e n g roupes p lus h omogenes.

s e

e t

b eneficiant

d 'un

e nvironnement

s ont a lors c onduits ä m ener d iverses t entatives t eMoignant d 'une

I ls

deMarche p endant

neolithisante l esquelles

a ssimilees.

L es

l 'influence

d 'un

z ones

c ötieres

s pecialement e mprunte

p ar

p articuliere,

l es

i dees

p opulations

c ourant u ne

l a

l ittorales,

c ulturel, C elle-ci,

s uite

l es

ä

c es

c irconstances

d 'autre

p art,

r ecevant

developpent s eulement d ans l es

neblithisation

i ntrusif.

g race

d e r enouveau s ont t out n aturellement

q ui a u

v allees

g arde c ours

u n

c aractere

p lus

d 'apports s uccessifs,

o uvertes

s ur

l a m er p our s e

r egionaliser a u c ontact d es p euplades r iveraines.

L A P HASE I I D U N EOLITHIQUE A NCIEN L a

d euxieme

p hase

d u

p rincipalement

p ar

f ait

r ecourant

a u

n ouvelle m oyen

s ysteme o util

u ne

d u c annelures. t raditionnel

d 'execution

d u

N eolithique

a ncien

s e

c aracterise

t echnique decorative d e l a c eramique t out ‘ a a u t race d u m otif q uasi e xclusivement m end C ela a i mplique q ue decor

( poingon

e n

3 18

l e p otier a bandonne l e

p ar

i mpression,

q u'il

o s,

p ar e xemple)

p uis

f aqonne s on l 'utilise e n

trainant son flanc sur une pate malleable. Les couches profondes de la Grotte IV de St. Pierre de la Fage offrent une production ceramique qui illustre parfaitement cette culture en ordonnant, de plus, les differentes etapes de son tvolution, grace aux references stratigraphiques (Figure 2). Pour mieux comprendre la nature de cette culture, i� apparaft necessaire de passer en revue les principaux gisements qui on-+: donne des documents ceramiques pouvant lui etre attribu�s. En Espagne, la Cueva de San Vicens (Tarragona) a livre unc marmite hemispherique col OU des cannelures horizontales joignent les quatre anses et remplissent egalement une zone la b�se du col, alors que les anses elles-memes sont entourees de cannelures verticales; ainsi qu'un autre document sur lequel on remarque un arceau de plusieurs traits interrompant un bandeau de multiples lignes parall�les horde de courts tirets orthogonaux. A Montamany, ' on note des cannelures et des couples de cupules; a la Cueva de la Fou, un tesson supportant un arceau cerne; Montserrat (Cova Gran et Cova Freda) des ·lignes de points et des reseaux de ca!melures cern�s de points; ainsi qu'un vase entier de forme hemiS?�erique 'a leger col possedant quatre anses verticales formees par un cordon perce, encadrant un reseau de longues cannelures verticales. A Molinot, un vase est decon{ d'une anse surmontee de cannelures arciformes 'en moustache' et tout un ensemble de nombreux recipients decores de cannelures formant des reseaux horizontaux, verticaux ou \ "' / bien en arceaux auteur des anses. Meme type de decor a Vall de Cerves, Toixo et Bolet. A Gandia, la Cueva La Recambra e� la Cueva de los Rates Pen�es offrent un autre ensemble identiqu auquel se joignent quelques decors incises. A Valencia, la Coveta de l'Or et La Sarsa donnent quelques tessons possedant des cannelures verticales disposees par�ois en chevrons et accompagn�es de .or.dons impressionnes d'empreintes digitales. A la Penja de Catama:ruch, on note des reseaux de cannelures obliques limites par des lignes et soulignes parfois de suites de points. Citons encore la Cova Emperate et La Cocina. En France, dans le Rous.sillon-Aude, on peut poursuivre cette implantation parmi les nombreux documents recueillis, no aMment � La Crouzade et dans la Grotte des F�es a Leucate. On doit surtout retenir les gisements de Port-Leucate et principalemen� celui de Gazel (Sall�les-Cabard�s) ou trois niveaux font suite a une implantation de type cardial presentant une evolution dans la morphologie comme dans la decoration des recipients. Les formes sont � peu pres sernblables dans les deux niveaux inferieurs, pour degager un leger col dans le niveau superieur. La decoration du ' niveau le plus ancien est tres chargee. Quatre vases s'y rapportent: l'un d'entre eux est decore d'un large bandeau comprenant des cannelures obliques group�es en trois ou quatre traits paralleles et separees par un remplissage de courts traits horizontaux; les quatre anses sont surrnont�es d'un faisceau de cannelures verticales et cernees par une suite d'arcs concentriques doubles barr�s d'un trait vertical et stpares par de courts tirets rayonnants; toute cette zone est delimitee par deux lignes horizontales au-dessous de l'attache inferieure des anses, et par de ' \ courtes incisions sur la levre. Un autre possede un ensemble de chevrons continus � la hauteur de l'anse surmontee elle-merne par un cordon 'en moustache', alors qu'une suite d'angles curvilignes

a

a

a

/

319

s ouligne l eur

l a

p artie

decoration

v ases

d u

s ens

n iveau

q ue

e st

l e

f ait

p roximale

s ituee moyen,

motif

n 'est

a vec

p as d e

L es d eux d erniers o nt L a decoration d es t rois

e st a ssez u niforme d ans l e o u b ien q u'il

d 'un b andeau ä r emplissage d e p oints. v ases

n on

q ue

p armi

e tonnant

e n A ude e t e n , Roussillon,

c eux

f evre.

l evre.

s itu ea u-dessus,

s uperieur p rd sente t rois r eviendrons p ar l a s uite. I i

l a

d e l a

e st t oujours c erne d e p ointilles,

l ui-meme

r econtres

d e

p res

decores, l es

s ur

f ormes

e t

n ous t rouvions d es

l a peninsule i berique.

P ar e xemple,

L e n iveau

l esquels l es

n ous decors

r essemblances

l 'arceau c annele

l imitant u n b andeau d e c annelures s e r encontre s ur l e v ase d e l a C ueva S ant V icens e t l e b andeau a rgue d e L a C rouzade s e r etrouve ä l a

C ueva

d e

p aralleles F reda. l e

l a

e t

F ou,

d e m gme q ue l es b andeaux a rques d e c annelures

c ernes

d e

p ointill4s

d e

G azel

s e voient a l a C ova

U n v ase d e L a S arsa p ourrait a voir a ussi c omme c orrespondant

f ameux

-" vase

r ecipient

d e

c hevrons

a ux d anseurs'

Molinot

d e

G azel.

r emplissage

D e mgme,

e xistent

d ecoratifs

d e

l a G rotte d es Fees

( Leucate),

e t u n

s upporte u ne l igne o ndulee f aisant p enser a ux a ussi

p realablement

l es c ercles d e p oints e t e n

E spagne.

c ites

N otons

p araissent

n e

l es a nneaux ä

que l es e lements

p as s e r encontrer ä

l 'est. D ans

l e L anguedoc o riental e t e n P rovence,

p resente

e n

g isements

e ffet

d e

A nastasie), B ourbon, p lus

l es

p our

F ontbregoua, d e

q ue,

d ans

s uite

n ous

a ttacher

a ux q uatre s ites s tratigraphiques l es d e

l ignes

d isposes b andeaux

s oit

ä

e n

l ignes

l imit

l a b ase p ar u ne

d euxieme

l 'absence

d 'une

d e

t essons

p roduisant

i mpressions

d es

s uites de

t raits

l unules.

l arge z one h orizontale f ormte

s upportant v erticaux

u n

e n

S i on p eut n oter l a decor f ait d e c ourts

c annelures e t b ordes d e

( de cor q ui s emble g tre c ommun ä t out l e c ontexte d e p hase

d u

peninsule d 'arceaux

a nses,

p oinion

c omme

m ais p lutöt

I i y a e galement d es

e n d ents d e s cie o u e n f la mes.

q uelques

r emplis

l a

d 'un

l 'originalite

l igne

v erticales o u h orizontales,

moyen d 'outils o u d 'objets realisant d es

e nfin d e

j usqu'ä

s ont t oujours t rac es e n

r arement e n r emplissage,

h orizontaux.

l 'aide

a u

d e p oints

c ette

l e

O n d oit m entionner l a p ersistance

S ignalons

b andeaux

e t

o n p eut r econnattre

d e c ourts t raits c ourbes.

s oit

u ne

B aumes d e M ontclus e t de

c annelures

d es p astilles appliquees,

p resence

l es

C häteauneuf-les-Martigues

S ynthetiquement,

l es

e st

( Russan-Ste q ue l a B aume

e ntrecoupee d e b andeaux v erticaux

e xecut es

d es

region,

a insi

p arfois

e troits

p ar

P radier,

d ans u n b andeau h orizontal

s uite

c ordons

p oints,

e t

d emonstratifs:

a ir d 'Escanin.

c ette

c ette

c elle

F erraud

l 'abri-sous-roche

p lein

r emplis d es e n

g rottes

v erticale

l igne;

C itons q uelques

l a v allee d u G ardon c omme l a B aume L atrone

p articulierement

s ite

l e c aractere decoratif

d es d ifferenciations s ensibles.

c omme

Neolithique

i berique), e t

d e

c elle

a ncien

d epuis

l a

P rovence

p ar c ontre o n c onstate e n P rovence

c ordons c ourts s ur l 'attache s uperieure

a ussi d e c annelures o bliques a u p rofit d es

c annelures c ourbes. E n

I talie,

C andide,

L a

l a

c ramique e st t out a utre.

P ollera,

d ite

' graffite'

h ien

q ue

e tc...)

p recedant

e ile

l e

c ontexte

c orrespondants,

p äte

r essembler

p eut

ä

u n u ne

d ecor

d ans

l es . n iveaux

o u l e t rait i ncise s ur

c annelure,

e xception d ans c et e nsemble d ocumentaire.

3 20

( Arene

d es v ases ä B ouche C arree,

q uelques r ares t essons s emblent p osseder,

c hronologiquement molle

D ejl e n L igurie

e st r emplacee p ar l a c eramique

t out e n r estant u ne

L e

q ue

L anguedoc

n ous

P ierre

S eptentrional,

v enons

d e

d e

l a F age,

v oir,

e äl 'intersection d es r egions

s itu

b ien r epresent

e st

p ar l e s ite d e S t.

d ont l a p osition i ntermeäiaire e xplique q ue l ion

y t rouve d es m otifs decoratifs f aisant l a l iaison e ntre l 'est e t l 'ouest d e l a p artie o ccidentale d u B assin M editerran en. L a

s tratigraphie

p rofondes e t

3 D)

d onnent

3 :14,

d e

1 6,

1 7

e t

u n

l arge

e ntrecoupes e st

( Figure

ä ä

d e l a F age e xpose c inq c ouches l es p lus a nciennes

r ecipients a u decor a ssez i dentique

1 9).

l a

P ierre

L es t rois c ouches

q uatre

s uperieure t ype

S t.

s uccessives.

C e

d ecor c omprend u niquement d ans

b andeau

b ase

h orizontal

f ait

a vec

d e

c ourts

t raits

l a z one

( Montclus).

c ourbes e ntrecoupes d e

l ignes

s e v oit e galement d ans c e mgme e nsemble p rovencal.

a

c inq

a vec

l a

I i y

e lements s ur s ix q ui o nt d e n ettes c orrespondances

r egion

l a

C e

L e v ase 1 8

v erticales, donc

3 E

d e t raits v erticaux

d 'une o u p lusieurs l ignes h orizontales.

r approcher d e c elui d e P rovence

3 ),

( 4A,

( Figure

v oisine d e l 'est.

A u c ontraire,

l e v ase 1 5

( Figure

3 ), quoique i ncomplet q uant ä s a f orme e t s a decoration, dgcore d 'un f aisceau e n v entail c erne d e t irets, s emble a voir c ertaines s imilitudes

a vec

v ase

1 9

t ype

b eaucoup

p lus

r ecente

c eux

( Figure

3 ),

d es

regions

p lus o ccidental. o ffre

u n

v ase

r approche d e c elle d e l a r emplissage e n m etopes, d 'impressions •

q ui

d e l 'ouest.

C itons d e mgme l e

q ui p resente a u-dessus d e l 'anse u n a rceau d 'un

l e

P ar c ontre, ( Figure

1 3)

l a c ouche

3 C l e gerement

d ont

decoration s e

p artie o rientale,

m ais

4 galement

s ouligne.

N otons

l a

n on s eulement p ar s on s a double l igne

p ar

q ui c ette decoration p eut

g tre c onsideree c omme i ntermediaire e ntre l e g enre d e motif d es c ouches p rofondes e t c elui d e l a c ouche p lus r ecente 3 B. C ette c ouche

3 B,

donne

o utre u n dgeor f ait s emble-t-il u niquement d e p ainti ngs,

d eux

v ases

m gditerrange r encontre d e

3 :10 e t 1 1) p uisque

q ui s ont d 'un t ype c ommun ä l a

d e

l a

P rovence

a l 'Espagne o n

p artout c e m gme .g enre d e b andeaux c ourts v erticaux r emplis

c annelures

d one

( Figure

o ccidentale, e t

c ernes d e p oints o u d e c ourts t irets.

N ous a vons

a vec l e L anguedoc u ne t ransition l ogique e ntre l 'est e t l 'ouest

d e l a F rance meridionale. L 'evolution

s uperieur q ui,

p our c ette r aison,

L es

c inq

P ierre

r attacher c onnues s tade

c ouches d e

l a

e ntre

r empli

d e

I I

l es s e

p rofond d e l a s tratigraphie d e S t.

d u

Neolithique

d ivers

e lements

r econnaitre

t raits v erticaux.

h orizontal

motif,

ä

p ar

M ontclus,

G azel).

d e mgtopes.

c e

t ype

u n

U n s tade r ecent e st s e c erne p ar l a

( Figure 6 2). t res

b c)

e t

( 4A) n ettes

s urtout

e st d ate d e 4 250 b c. a vec

c elui

d e

L e m obilier a

C hateauneuf-les-

a vec c elui d e M ontclus

qu'il n e s emble p as y e n a voir d u c öte d e l 'ouest.

l 'ouest,

A insi

u ne s uite d e c ourts b andeaux v erticaux.

n iveau l e p lus a ncien ( 4750

p ermettant d e

p ar u n l arge b andeau h orizontal

t race u niquement p ar c annelures a u d ebut,

c orrespondances

M artigues

a ncien,

d es s tratigraphies d ejä

U n s tade m oyen s e definit p ar u n l arge

r emplissage

m arque

s uite d e p ainti ngs

a lors

n iveau

P hase e ux

p eut

p rincipalement

L e

d u

• (Chäteauneuf-les-Martigues, ancien

b andeau

d es

e xposant d es e leMents t res p articuiiers

f eront l 'objet d e n otre t roisieme r ubrique.

de l a F age d etermine d onc u ne p rogression c hronologique d e l a

d ecoration

L e

c ette c eramique s e p oursuit encore dans l e n iveau

d e

( couches 2 A e t 2 B)

d e

decor

a ncien e st a bsent

( 4450 b c), E n.effet ä

( voir p ar e xemple l a

s tratigraphie d e G azel). L e

n iveau

i ntermediaire de S t. P ierre d e l a F age a vec l e v ase 1 3

3 21

( Figure

3 )

p arait

a pparitions

d e

L e

b eaucoup

p lus

a ux

p remieres

I I d u N eolithique a ncien d e G azel

( 4400 b c

n iveau l e p lus re cent d e c ette P hase I I d u Neblithique a ncien, montre

b andeaux n e

c orrespondre P hase

ö ü l e r emplissage e n m etopes e st p refere.

e t 4 140 b c) q ui

l a

u ne

c omplete

v erticaux'

i mplantation

d ans

d u

s tyle

' suite d e c ourts

l 'ensemble d es t erritoires q u'elle o ccupd,

p resente p our l 'instant a ucune d atation a bsolue;

m ais o n p ourrait

l a s ituer a ux e nvirons d e 4 200/4000 b c. L e

decor

t raits)

d u

s e

d ecor

s tade

s itue

p rimitif

l e

d u s tade moyen

A ude-Roussillon.

p lus

( metopes)

I l

y

( large

b andeau

a nciennement

a

r emplissage d e

e n P rovence,

a lors q ue l e

p aralt n aitre l e p lus a nciennement e n

a urait

d onc

u n d ualisme d e c ourants e t d e

c ontre-courants

e ntre l es regions o ccidentales e t o rientales d u m idi

d e

p our

l a

F rance,

a boutir a u s tade t erminal ä u n e quilibre e ntre

e lles d ans l 'uniformite d e l a decoration. L 'origine e ncore

d e

b ien

c ette

e xistence,

i l

d ans

f ormation

s a l a

l ogique c ardium o ü

N eolithique

a ncien n 'est p as

E scalon d e F onton ä r econnu s on c ar,

o rigine

t res

j ustement,

c ardiale.

L a

d e C hgteauneuf-les-Martigues e n e tait

e ntre

d u

C ardial

l 'impression

v eritable e lle-meme

c annelures

d u M .

' Epicardial'

u ne

decoration

c annelure

I I

L orsque

l 'a n omme

s tratigraphique p lus,

P hase

d efinie.

d e

t ype

D e

f rontale d e l a c oquille d e c ardium e t

p roduit

s ur

l a

p ate

l a

l a c oquille d e

m alleable

u n

I l e st v rai q ue l e r egistre,

l e p rincipe a ttaches a l a decoration d e l a P hase

a ncien

l a preuve.

t erminal p eut a ttester u n p assage

e n c onsiderant q ue l a t rainee d e

p aralleles.

i l v oyait

p rogression

s ysteme d e

c omme l e m otif

I d u N eolithique

c ardial p euvent g tre ä l 'origine d es m ' emes e lements

decoratifs d e l a P hase I I. C ependant d irecte

p lusieurs

e ntre

a ctuellement c ontraire b ien l a

v ont

p hases.

e xploitees,

o n

n e

ä

l a

t outes

l es

s tratigraphies

decouvre a ucun t atonnement m ais a u

u n a pparition b rutale d e S i

a l 'encontre d 'une f iliation

D ans

l a c annelure d ans u ne t echnologie

l 'on s ent u ne d egeberescence de

f in d e l a P hase

I d u N eolithique a ncien,

c annelure apparait c omme u n r enouveau.

l a t echnique l a t echnique

L e p rincipe de coratif

e tait devenu anarchique e t f aiblement e labor ee st m aintenant o rganise , r evelant u ne m otivaton nouvelle. Q uant a ux d atations

q ui b ien

a bsolues

a ctuellement

c ardiale b ien

s ur

e ngages

e vident

a u

m oment d ans

a u

d e

c ette

d 'une d ans

l 'expression

o ü,

I l

Neolithique q ui

P hase I I:

s i

l 'on

A

r ealise

s igne

c onsidere l 'extieme

l 'est

d ejb .

d ans q u'il d ans

l a

e n

l a

r egion

u ne

z one d e

. m gme

m ais

p ays

e volution

P hase

( decor

ö ü

l a

P hase

d 'un

I I

du

p ropre,

d iffgrente d e

l e C ardial

e st c ependant

l e C ardial q u'une.faible

c ette n ouvelle c ulture. I

C 'est

c ompletement

l e C ardial n 'entre n ullement

n otre

decouvrir d ans

c onception

e xiste l a

n e

d ans

d ifferente

d es B ouches C arrees).

p arallele

d 'une

d ans

ä

e ntierement

e n I talie, q ue

p rocede

p retexte

i nfluence C ardial)

p erduration

e ile s e c antonne d ans

c ontexte

e volution

r esulte

a ncien

a vons

v u

I I,

E nf i n,

m editerraneens.

c ulture

p remier

n otamment

e n

s e

o riginaire;

a utre

l e d 'une

d issemblable j eu.

P ays

u ne

l e c ourant d e l a

n ouvelle. P hase

d es

m ontrent

q ue d 'autres s ont p recocement

a lors

C ardial d isparait t otalement a u m ilieu d u V° m illenaire

p rofit

' graffite'

c elle

mgme

i nfluence

o ccidentale l e

e lles

s ites,

l 'implantation L igurie,

c onnues,

c ertains

d 'une

p artie

e n

e lements

d eux

p articuliere.

c ardiale d e

c es

t ype

O r n ous

p articulier

( non

a u s 'implante cette Phase I I: o n e st

3 22

t ente

a lors

d e v oir u ne r elation d e c ause ä e ffet.

a utochtones, a ssimile

e t

n otamment

q uelques

a ction

d es

r eliefs

e lements d u t ype c ardial,

p ersonnelle

m ontagneux

c elles

d ans

l e r enouveau.

( Puechmargues,

d ecoration ä l a c ette h ypothese.

a yant

p ourraient a voir e u u ne

L 'exploitation d es g isements

R oquemissou,

c annelure

L es p opulations

meridionaux,

e tc...)

s ont v isibles,

o u

d es

e ssais d e

p ourra p eut-gtre a ppuyer

L A PHASE I II DU NEOLITHIQUE ANCIEN L a

ceramique

P ierre e tre

d e

d es

l a

a ssimilee

g rotte,

f ormes

d 'un

G räce

a

l a g tre

a lors

r ecente.

d 'autres

l e

f acies

p ar

( no.

M itre

( Provence)

a u-dessus

1 )

1 9

d e

d ans e sprit

F agien

a u

e lements 3 )

l e

M idi

e tait

( 3750 b c)

M editerran en,

4 t4

d e

decouverts a insi

e t d e c hronologie ‘a p eu p res

c ontexte

N eolithique a ncien e st

c omparables.

e st

l e

P hase

E n e ffet,

l a g rande

s emblable ä c elle d ecouverte ä S t.

m gme

n iveau;

l a d isposition d e l 'arceau

I I

e t

s emblable a ux e xemplaires t rouves e n

l e vase 7 , q ui p ossede u n

d e p art e t d 'autre d e l 'attache s uperieure d e l 'anse,

b andeau

r appelle f in

d e

p ar l a

d ans

l a

e ncore

l e v ase

l e mouvement d u b andeau u n d es v ases d e G azel

P hase

I I;

d es

P hase

l e v ase 8 ( si

i mpressions

I I.

l 'on f ait abstraction d e

v isibles

p rincipalement

e n

N ous a vons d onc s ans e quivoque possible

d es r acines Neolithique a ncien d ans C 'est

l a P hase I I;

e n s inusoide r empli d 'impressions a u-dessus d e

p resente

P rovence

l e F agien.

l a c eramique q ue l 'on peut definir l e F agien.

p ar

l es n euf v ases decouverts,

s ix d 'entre e ux o nt u ne morphologie

p anse a u g albe p rononce s urmontee c ol a l evre l eg rement e versee ou %a bord droit ( no. 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 ,

q uasiment

d 'un

e t 9 ).

p anse u n

appartenance a u c ontexte

d ans l e Neolithique a ncien mediterraneen o ccidental e t

l e

l 'arceau)

8

s on

s ur u n d es v ases d e G azel d u debut d e

a vec

l 'anse,

d u

d ans

l a

r encontre

P armi

d e

l a

a nterieure a l ' epanouissement d u N eolithique

( Figure

c ourt,

l a

d es d iverses o ccupations d e

e t e n E spagne ä l a m gme e poque;

n otamment

d e

m eme

a e ntraine

i ndividuel q ue l 'on a n ommd

d es a nses d es v ases 8 e t 9 e st d e m gme n ature q ue c elle d u

R oussillon

2 ,

d e

p lusieurs

j arre

s e

decors dejä c onnus,

s a d atation a bsolue

D epuis,

a ncien,

r attachement

d emontre

c ordon

s tratigraphie d e S t.

r endant o bligatoire l 'admission d 'une t roisieme p hase d ans

Neolithique

v ase

q ue

l a

t ant t rop p articuliere p our

d ocuments a ttribuables a c e f acies o nt

a nalogue, m oyen. L e

a ux

a ssure '

p ouvait a ncien,

q ue

d e

c ulturel

p rogression

o n

n ouveaux

e t

f acies

N eolithique

r elativement

s uperieurs

( couches 2 A e t 2 B),

a ux

l 'identification ' Fagien'.

n iveaux

F age

i dentique.

C 'est

u ne

C ependant,

u n v ase

( no.

q ui

a utre

s e p rolonge ( no.

e galement

a

d iffgrente

a nterieures. v erticales d e

8 )

b ien

u ne e n

L es e n

n iveau o u

5 )

j usqu'ä

c ar ne r aison

m oyens

r uban

d eux

n e p ossede p as d e c ol, e t

s ans

d e

d ans

e xemplaires

l a p lus p rononcee de l a p anse.

v an e,

e st

b andeaux

c onception

h orizontaux,

g rande

e n a rc,

m ais u ne

( no.

1 )

e st

s es r eminiscences

s ont

t ous

d es

a nses

l a m ajeure p artie d es c as, ( no.

s eulement i l

e n g uirlandes

3 ,

( no.1

L e decor,

u niforme,

3 23

j arre

d e

l a p anse e t d u c ol

p ortion

d 'une

l a

d oute

p rehension

d isposees,

l 'intersection d e p our

2 )

l a l evre s elon u n v olume c ylindrique;

4 ,

e t 9 )

t out e n

decrit

5 ,

6 ,

a u

7 e t

s ur

l a

t ant t res

t oujours

s imples o u o ppos4es,

d es

o u

b ien

us

o nt u n d eveloppement c ourt, h orizontal o u s inusoidal. L e . \ e st t raite d e p lusieurs m anieres: c ordons a pplique 's, p astilles

m otif

appliquees,

c ourtes

i mpressions

e n

t irets,

e t,

u ne

s eule f ois,

c ourtes c annelures a rciformes. C ette

v ariete

g rande

a rceaux

d 'invention

s e

m anifeste e ncore d ans l es

p laces a u-dessus d e l 'attache s uperieure d e l 'anse,

t raitement s oit e n p astilles i mpressionne, s oit a ussi e n

appliquees, s oit l arge b andeau a

p ar l eur

e n c ordon r emplissage

d 'impressions o u p ar c annelures e n a rceaux o pposes. L es

r apports

d ecors p lus l ien l a

d e

q ue

l 'on

p eut

c onstater

e ntre l es

f ormes e t l es

c ette c eramique d e t ype F agien a vec c elle d es c ouches l es

a nciennes d e l a s tratigraphie, m ontrent q u'il e xiste u n reel c ulturel e ntre l es d iverses o ccupations N eolithique a ncien d e g rotte.

p lus

L es

a nciens

i ntermediaire, o urlee

v ers

j usqu'ä c eux

a vec

d roites

u n

e t

d ans

L e decor,

p lus a ux

l egerement f ermees d es n iveaux

d 'une

q ui,

c ol.

n iveaux

i mpressions

o u

f ranchement

a pparition

l 'exterieur

f ormer

d es

f ormes d eviennent

a nciens,

c ordons,

f ermees l evre

l e

F agien

a vec

s tade

s e h ausse

p rolonge e galement

n otamment

e n

l e

t ypique,

q uant a l ui,

t out

d ans

t res c ourte e t u n p eu

l e

r ecours

r econnaissant

l es

a ux

e tapes

e volutives d ans l e p assage d 'un n iveau a l 'autre.

r epartition de ce F agien e st c ertes f aussee p ar l a p enurie des

L a

f ouilles

p rofondes

q uelques

s pecimens, G rotte u n

p res,

P ierre

F agien

n e

l a

( Le C aylar)

c annelure

p art e n

q uand

r ares.

s emble

e t s urtout

e xemple

l a c ouche 2 A d e

e n

l 'extension d u

l 'interieur d es montagnes du ( La P oujade,

s ont

P uechmargues,

t otalement

d emunis).

M olinot,

e t

d 'autre

meme

u n

v ase

d e

s on

s upporte u ne a nse e n r uban a ttaché

s uperieure

e n

u ne

p etite

m armite

b ien q ue c ette l iste n e p uisse g tre e xhaustive, c ertain

r uban

s uperieure,

q ue

u n t esson a l a

d ont

u ne

f orme t ypique a vec,

p etites

l 'attache

s uperieure

p astilles. C ertes,

i l

p araissant montagneux d u

m armites d e

s erait

e lements

a u

l 'anse

a ssez

c omme

I talic d u

e n p lus,

u ne

l igne d e p astilles s 'accroche ä l 'attache

e t a L a P ollera o n p eut c iter d es d ocuments s ix

i l

l es r approchements s ont e xcessivement

l es p rincipaux p roviennent d es A rene C andide,

f ourni

p ar u ne

p re sente l e g albe A l a C ova d el O r, d eux r ecipients p euvent l ui g tre e t

D es e lements b eaucoup p lus p robants s e t rouvent e n

relation

l a

a insi q u'en E spagne i i e xiste d es p oteries a p eu A

a M onte M ayor,

d ivers

d es

o ü G . R odriguez m entionne

c ependant q ue

d ans l 'Aveyron

p ar

a rceau,

c aracteristigue. a ssimi14 s. M ais

n ord:

l es

l ivre

s emble s e r ealiser a u c ontraire v ers d es r egions p lus C 'est

d e

I i

n otamment,

i dentiques.

d ecoree

I II

P ourtant,

o nt

q ui p osseäerait q uatre a nses e n r uban r eli des

F age.

R oquemissou

l ittorales.

M ais

L imonesque

( Ferrieres-Poussarou)

s oit p as p oursuivie v ers

L 'implantation

a nse

d e

e n

e st c elle d es s ix v ases p rincipaux d e

e t,

S argels,

a

B aume

1 4-15)

d e s e

L anguedoc

e st

e xploit s

r ang e de p astilles a ppliquees e t d ont l a f orme, ä q uelques

d etails

p res

l a

( couche

u ne

S t.

t els

l a region d u H aut-Languedoc.

a ctuellement

d e C amprafaud

v ase

p ar

d ans

g isements

g albe e st

l e

s emblables.

d ont l a c ouche

r econaissable depart

d 'un

e t decor

1 3

d ont d e

p eu r aisonnable d e c onsiderer t ous c es

a ttribuables

a u

F agien

t ypique,

c c f acies

p articulierement r estreint e t l ocalis‘ p lutet a ux m assifs meridionaux; c ommune

p ar

relevant

Neolithique

a ncien

c ontre,

l eur

e xistence

d 'un meme e tat d 'esprit. a ccuse

3 24

d es

f ormes

d enote

A insi

u ne

l a P hase

e t d es decorations

ceramiques d ivers

d ifferentes

s cion

f acies p articuliers,

e voluent

p arallelement

l es

regions,

p rouvant

l a p resence d e

e t v oit n aftre d es g roupes c ulturels q ui

a vec

l eurs

c aracteres

p ropres,

e mpruntes

c ependant a l a p hase c ommune p recedente. E n l a

E spagne, s urface

l e f acies d e M olinot p roduit u ne c eramique d ont t oute e st

c annelures.

c ouverte

L es

m oyens

f agon

s oit

a

d e s on a ttache s uperieure.

c ordons e n

e n

a ssez v ariees, c ol E leve , a

l arges.

reseaux

d e

s oit

' en m oustache'

I i e xiste a ussi d es r eseaux d e

s uites h orizontales p res d e

s calariformes

d e

s ont a grementes d e c ordons

v entail a u-dessus d e l 'anse,

a ppliquds

m otifs

a narchique

p rehension

a ppliques p artir

e n

d e

d e

L es

l a

l evre,

o u b ien

m orphologies g enerales s ont

a llant d e l 'hemisphere s imple s urmontee p arfois d 'un l a f orme o uverte, e n p assant p ar l e g albe a c arene

d ouce. D ans

l es

i dentifie d ecoree

P yrenees

l e

a u

c atalanes

f acies

e spagnoles e t f ranqaises, e ä gt M ontbolo c aracterise p ar u ne c eramique n on

d e

g albe p lus a ccuse ,

e t s urtout p ar u n m oyen d e p rehension

( ou p lutöt d e s uspension) f ait d 'une l ongue t ubulure v erticale a llant d e l a l evre j usqu'au m aximum d u g albe, e n d eux o u e n q uatre e xemplaires d iametralement opposes. D ans p ar

l e

u ne

R oussillon

c ourbes,

r ectilignes,

s inusoidaux, l imitees

l e

p ar

c ol,

e n

c omposes u n

q uadrillages. d 'un

e t l 'Aude,

c 'est l e B izien q ui

s 'originalise

p oterie r ichement decoree s ur p ate m olle d 'etroits b andeaux

l igne

L es

d ents

d 'une

c ourbe

f ormes

d e

s uite a

s ont

s cie, d e

o u

e ncore

t riangles

r emplissage

o u

d e

h emisp Ariques,

l arges d e

e t

s urfaces

h achures

o u d e

s urmontees p arfois

m ais o n v olt p rincipalement d es c oupes t res o uvertes d ont

g albe

s 'accuse

d 'une c arene v ive. .

s oulignees

q uelquefois

p rehension

e st

u n

p ar

u ne

L es

l evres s ont e paissies e t

c annelure

i nterne.

L e

m oyen d e

c ourt b outon g eneralement m uni d 'une p erforation

h orizontale. D ans

l e

C abardäs, d ont

l e

c elui i l

L anguedoc A ude)

a

g albe,

d u

g isement d e G azel

I i s emble q u'aucun decor n e l ui

c onsidere,

ä

t erminale

d es

a ussi

p rolongement

u n

l e

( Salleles-

u n n iveau s uperficiel a yant u ne c eramique

t out e n p araissant l egerement p lus s inueux,

F agien.

e st

o ccidental,

l ivre

j uste

p recedents

t itre,

a uxquels

c omme

i l

u n

s tade

s e r attache.

d e c c t ype d ans

r appelle

s oit a ttribue e t d 'e 'volution

O n p eut t rouver

l e n iveau p rofond d e S argels

( Aveyron). D ans

l a

( decouvert g randes

moyenne p ar

j arres

e xterieure, s ur

l a

d ont

B .

v allee P auze)

decorees

d e e st

d e

l 'Herault,

c ordons

depassent l e s ommet d e

s urface

i nterieure

d u

l e

p robablement l a

d u

P ouget

i ndividualise

f acies

p ar d e

v erticaux

q ui,

d e

l a s urface

l evre p our s e p rolonger e ncore

v ase,

a insi q ue p ar u ne

l e g albe e st u ne c arene t As a doucie a u m aximum d e

l arge c oupe l aquelle e st

a ccroche u n l ong c ordon h orizontal p erfore l ongitudinalement. D ans s e s itue D ans l a

p artie m eridionale d es m assifs m ontagneux l anguedociens,

l 'arriere-pays

t radition

r ang es d e

l a

l e F agien q ue n ous c itons d u

b andeaux

O n

V raisemblablement s ans

a

n ote m arquant

s eulement p our memoire.

l e s tyle d e F ontbr Aoua c onserve

l 'impression

d e c ourtes

i nterrompus

h orizontales. g raves

d ecor

horizontales

i ci

p rovencal,

s cion

l unules, d es

a ussi

q ui

l ignes d es

e st

a lors d ispose e n

o rganis es dans des suites a ngulaires

l evres

u ne e tape e volutive,

o urlees

e ncore

i nternes.

e xistent d es d ecors

d oute ä c ru f ormant s oit d es b andeaux c ourbes

3 25

o u

f ormes d e

l ignes

p aralleles

r emplissage a narchiques. q ue

c ernees

q uasi C e

d e

t otal t ype

c ourts

d u

t irets

v ase

d 'incisions

p ar

c hronologie

p resente

p as d e

l 'avancement

P hase

r e elle

E lle

gebgraphiques p lus

c ette

u ne

c onsiderees.

L a

d e

l a

' graffite'

I II

d u

u niformite/

s emble

g tre

t opographie

t races

s oit e n

p araissant

d oit e tre a ssez p roche d e c elui

l 'on p eut o bserver s ur l a c eramique L a

o rthogonaux,

d es

d 'Italie.

N eolithique

d ans

t outes

f onction

d es

a ncien n e

l es

d es

r egions

d ifferences

i mplantations

a insi

q ue d e

o u d u r etard d e l 'etat d 'evolution d es g roupes h umains.

a ncienne d ate 1 4C e st c elle obtenue a M ontbolo

( 4500 b c)

e t

r dcente celle de L imonesque ( 3250 b c) q ui, m arquant l es c hronologies e xtremes f ixent a lors l e m aximum d 'intensite e ntre l e l a

p lus

t erme

d u

V°

c ertains

m illenaire

f acies

t ransformation a u

t ype

l ignee

d e

d onnant u ne

d e

m ilieu

d u I V°.

l eur

c ontexte

mghe,

e xemple l e t ype d e M olinot q ui

u ne

s e male

b ien d 'autres q ui p oursuivent e ncore u ne

( le g roupe d e G azel o u l e F agien, l a

D 'autre p art,

p oterie

i nterpretation

a ncienne

d e

o u b ien l es d eux

S argels)

c hronologique s üre.

q ui r end p lus

E nf i n,

s i c ertains

c es g roupes p resentent d es p reuves f ormelles d e l eur r attachement

a ux

t raditions

d e

p recoce

reception c arenees

e t

s on '

F ontbregoua p ar d es l e p remier a pparait

u ne

u niforme

e t

o u

o u

l e d ans

( par

M ontbolo)

e volutive

e nsemble

e t

montrent,

i nterne

delicate

b c

p ar

l a

P hase

1 1

d es

i dees

n ouvelles

p recedente, d 'autres montrent u ne ( le

B izien p ar s es f ormes

e mprunte au ' graffite' i talien, l e s tyle d e

decor

q uelques r ares decors t ypiquement ' graffite'). Or, q uart d u I V° m illenaire b c s i c c n 'est a u d ebut,

ceramique

f aite

d 'une

m anifestement c alibre ;

p ate

d ont

l 'ingredient

e st

a u m ontage e xecutd ' par e stampage

p laques p refabriquees d onnant d es f ormes o uvertäs e t s ouvent

c arenees;

a u

t raitement

d e

s urface

o btenu

a l a

r are,

d e

I l e n r essort q ue l 'extreme v ariete d e c es g roupes e ncore

m otif.

d 'appartenance d es

p remiers

i nterdisent

m ais g rav e apres c uisson,

s ur s upport s ec;

decoration

Neblithique

t emoignages

d e

l 'origine

d e

c ette

d e

d iffusion

c omme

l eur p erduration a u-dela

d u Neofithique m oyen,

c onsiderer

p rocessus

c onservatismes

a ncien,

c reant u n n ouveau g enre

s ont d es e lements q ui

c es f acies c omme s euls c apables d 'etre ä

n ouvelle d es

a utochtones;

% e re,

m ais

c ourants e tape

p lutöt c omme l e r ef l et d e

d e

r enouveau

obligatoire

s ur

a vant

q ue

c ertains l 'unite

C haseenne n e s 'etablisse. ** * * * * * *

P our d e

m ieux

a border c es p henomenes d e c ourants e t d e c ontrecoutants,

c onservatismes

N eolithique

e t

q ue

l 'etude

e st

u ne

e t

q ui

demarche

q ui,

i ncomplete

s ouvent

i rrealisable

r econstituables c ette

v rai,

e t

n on

e xceptionnels. o u

s ont

c omme

methodes

p ar

m asse u n L e

i nscrits

l 'outil d e

r enouveaux

t ypologique

a pparait

c 'est

d e

c ontribuent

e t t avail

e t

d es d ans

a llogenes q ui

e volution , o n

ä s on

s e r end c ompte

v olumes e t d es d ecors d e s a c eramique l 'etat

a ctuel

i nsuffisante. e n

c omposent n otre

r aison

d es

D e p lus, d e

l a

r ächerches,

nous

e ile e st b ien t rop

r arete

d es

f ormes

r apport ä l a m asse d es t essons i nutilises.

O r,

d ans s on i ntegralite q ui o ffre l 'echantillonnage v ase

c onserve

j usqu'ä n ous ä l a s uite d e h asards

moindre t esson t raduit l es p rocedes d e f agonnage l es

i ntentions

d u

p otier,

s es

f aits e t g estes,

l e c hoix d u m ateriau e mployes q ui, e t

d 'expressions

3 26

d irigees

c oncernant l es

p ar l 'inspiration,

, r evelent

a lors

e lements

t echniques

r econstitution o bservation r ecourir

a ux

g arantit

l a

s e l a

ceramique

( Figure

4 )

q ui

geometrique. a nalyses

c aractxe re

d eviennent

e xperimentale

e t I i

q ui

d evient

t echnologiques,

e thnique

d e

i dentifiables s ont

m aintenant d ont

d e D e

l a

s imple

f ait, d e

e xpose

S t.

t ypologie

l 'artisan: g race

m esurables l e

a

p ar

necessaire

l a u ne d e

f ondement m etrique

v aleur o bjective d 'un e nsemble 4 vocateur,

c ontenter

d ocuments.

l 'authentique

m orphologique

l 'examen morphometrique m ' ene,

p lutöt q ue d e d e

q uelques

p ar e xemple,

s ur

P ierre d e l a F age e t s ur c elle d 'autres u nites

d es

c riteres

q ui

determinants.

3 27

s ont a ussi d emonstratifs q ue

R EFERENCES G eneral

W orks:

Federation

Archeologique

Mediterraneen Montpellier F .A.H.,

1 981)

J .,

l 'Herault, C olloque

1 982.

L e Neolithique A ncien

I nternational

( Archeologie

1 976.

Mediterraneen, Guilaine,

J .,

P remiers

Mouton,

1 980.

Neolithique

e n

de P rehistoire

L anguedoc,

No.

S pecial),

d e Vries Guilaine,

( eds.), J .,

p ress.

e n i n

Vol

X .

a nd

L ewthwaite, Journal

e t

P aysans

d e

l 'Occident

Actuels d e

Mediterranee

l a N eolithisation e t du

O ccidentale;

t he Mediterranean, p p. J .,

3 -22,

B .K.

Roudil,

C ommunautes

( J.G.P.

G rüner,

J .-L.

i n

Amsterdam.

e t V ernet,

P aysannes

e n

I nteraction

B est a nd N .T.W.

J .-L.,

1 983

Mediterran e

i n

O cci-

C .N.R.S. G ascö,

M editerranenne,

R ecent

I ,

C ourtin,

P remieres

d entale,

B ergers

P aris a nd T he H ague.

' Problemes

A ncien

Acculturation

Gutherz,

d u

S ete.

G uilaine,

a nd

de

( Actes

J .G., Work

1 981.

o n

o f

J .,

1 983.

P remiers

D irection du P atrimoine,

t he

' Ambiguous

P aysans d e l a F rance

Montpellier.

F irst

I mpressions:

A S urvey o f

E arly N eolithic o f t he W est M editerranean',

M editerranean

Anthropology a nd A rchaeology I (2),

P P-

2 92-302. N avarrete

E nciso,

D ecorada

e n

M .S.,

U niversidad de G ranada, P hillips,

P .,

1 975.

H utchinson,

G ranada.

E arly

J .

e t

l as C uevas c on C erämica

D epartamento

de

P rehistoria,

.

F armers

o f

Meridionales

e t

e n

F rance.

d ans

Neolithique:

L e

I nterregional

T hevenin,

W est M editerranean E urope,

A .,

C entre - E uropeennes

neblithisation

C .R.E.P.A.,

ha Cultura d e

Oriental,

London.

Roussot-Larroque, d ionales

1 973.

A ndalucia

l 'Est

Röle

s ur

l e

du

R apport e t

1 984.

d ans

l e

d e

' Composantes

l a

dynamique

S ynthese',

C entre-Est

M assif

C entral.

N eolithique:

L e

d e

i n

P uy

l a

I nfluences

l a

( Actes

M erid e

F rance

a u

8 eme C olloque

1 981),

p p.

1 09-147.

C lermont-Ferrand.

K ey S ites D iscussed i n T ext: A rnal, e t

G .B., l e

1 982.

L a G rotte

I V d e

S aint-Pierre-de-la-Fage

N eolithique A ncien d u H aut-Languedoc,

( Memoire

de R echerches A rcheologiques du H aut-Languedoc), Arnal, ' Le

G .B.,

C ourty,

g isement

d e

M .A., l a

Krauss-Marguet,

P oujade',

3 -28

3 28

I .

Archeolo9ie

( Herault)

I II,

C entre

C .R.A.L, . Lodeve.

e t A ndre,

J .,

e n L anguedoc

1 980. 3 ,

p p.

G uilaine,

J .,

H umain

1 979.

d u

L 'Abri J ean C ros.

Neolithigue

d 'Anthropologie d es G uilaine,

J .,

C ardial M arti

1 984.

A nd en

E nvironnement.

L eucate-Correge,

H abitat

C entre

Noye du Neolithigue

( Publication d etails u nknown)

O liver,

B .,

O liver,

R odriquez,

B .,

G .,

1 977.

1 980.

1 984

r es-Poussarou,

d e

s on

Toulouse.

Cova d e Num.

J .-L.

C omptes

i n

p ress.

( Beniarres-Alicante)

S .I.P.,

l 'Or

N um 6 5),

( Beniarres-Alicante)

S .I.P., L a

Vol.

I .,

V alencia. Vol.

I I.,

V alencia.

G rotte

d e C amprafaud

( Ferrie-

Herault).

e t S oulier,

P eiro

l 'Or

5 1)

Cova de

( Serie T rabajos V arios,

R oudil.

E ssai d 'Approche d 'un G roupe

S ocietes R urales,

( Serie T rabajos V arios, M arti

d ans

M .,

1 984.

' Le g isement Neolithigue Ancien

S ignado • ( Portiragnes-Hdrault).

R endus,

C ongr s

P r4historigue

E tude

d e

P relimipaire',

F rance

2 1

( 2),

p p.

2 58-279. V aguer,

J .,

1 980.

l 'Abeurador' E rroux,

pp.

' De

D ossiers

l a c ueillette a l 'agriculture: d e

l 'Archeologie

2 0-2 1).

3 29

4 4,

p .

L a G rotte d e

1 8-19.

( also J .

L ISTE D 'ILLUSTRATIONS

F igures: F igure

1 .

S tratigraphie s ynthetique d e P oujade ä M illau N iveaux 9 e t

l 'abri-sous-roche d e l a

( Aveyron):

1 :

Mesolithique

( Sauveterrien).

N iveaux 7 e t 8 :

Neoliithique a ncien.

N iveaux 4 ,

Neolithique moyen p uis f inal

5 e t 6 :

( Chasseen).

F igure

2 .

N iveau

3 :

N eolithique f inal

N iveau

2 :

Epoque du B ronze.

N iveau

1 :

P aleochretien e t F eodal.

S tratigraphie s ud, n ord,

( Caussenard).

s ynthetique d irigee s ud-nord.

ä g auche,

L a p artie

e st t res C aillouteuse a lors que

ä droite,

l a p artie

d evient p rogressivement a rgileuse.

b ase e st c onstituee a u s ud . d 'un c haos r ocheux,

La

a u nord

d 'une epaisse s emelle c alciteuse ä f ort p endage d in ge ' v ers

l e

s ud,

s ur

l aquelle s 'appuie u n r emplissage d 'ar-

g ile rougeätre. F igure

3 .

T ableau s ynoptique d e

l a c eramique N eolithique a ncien d e

S t.- Pierre-de-la-Fage.

T rois p hases

s ont nettement v isi-

b les: L a p lus ancienne s e r epartit d ans 3 E e t

L a p hase moyenne d ans L a

l es couches 4 A,

3 D.

p lus r ecente d ans

l es c ouches l es

c ouches

3 C e t 2 C e t

3 B. 2 A.

Tout e n r emarquant u ne c ertaine t radition dans t ion e ntre t outes

c es

c ouches

l e moyen d e p rehension), r atif e n

on o bserve q ue l e p rinciple d eco-

l arge bandeaux h orizontaux e volue e n u ne

c ourts b andeaux v erticaux, ( sinusoide,

e n guirlande)

L a morphologie des

s uite d e

p our e ' tre p referablement d ans

l evres,

p our aboutir d ans

a vec u ne

l evre l egerement

l es c ouches s uperieures a u ne

l evre p lus degagee f ormant p resque u n c ol.

3 30

c ourbe

l a p hase r ecente.

a b ord droit ou i nflechies,

e volue en e mbouchure retrecie, evasee,

l a decora-

( motif a rciforme s urmontant

F igure

L a

4 .

D ifferenciation d es P hases du N eolithique A ncien e t M oyen.

P hase

I

d u

N eolithique

c hronologiquement t rois L a

g isements

P hase

p ar

l e

de

Neolithique

a ncien

1 0 1 1

a ncienne

d e

a insi

( Leucate,

a ssocie

qu'un

l e

B izien

d 'Archeologie a it

s ur

l e

de

F agien t ypique ( provenant d e

Montpellier)

n ecessairement l e

e ntraine

E nfin,

a olithique

( La M adeleine,

Neolithique

des

E scanin p our

r egulierement

f aible

d ans

m aximum

l a P hase

dans

L a

Neölithique

que

s ource a lors d 'erreurs l a

p roduction.

p ar l e n iveau r ecent

I I). f orte d ans

l e

d ans

l es P hases

l a

Neolithique

P hase

moyen

I e t

I II,

e t

a tteindre u n

On c onstate u ne d ifference s ensible e ntre d es

p laines

u ne

t ant

( au-dessus d ans

t ies

a ncien d e

n ette

f onction l es

d e

O n r emarque que

e voque

p eut etre

du

d iametre,

e t

l e B izien

ou b ien c es

o n p eut I l m arque

t echniques d e confection d u

3 0)

c e r apport de m esures d es v olumes

a leatoire

f ur e t 1 m esure de

l es deux e st e loquent.

e ntre

( au-dessous

3 0).

l a mesure d u B izien

l e C hasseen.

deneralement

r apport obtenu e ntre

opposition

Neolithique

d e

e t

t ant e ncore ä p art) p our r evenir

( Bizien

p lus reduites d ans

L ' epaisseur l e

f aiblesse

de p lus e n p lus e le 'ves a u

c hronologique

ä d es d imensions que

s ont

l a

( La P oujade)

mediterraneennes

c onsecutive a u c hoix s ubjectif de n ombreux bords?).

n oter

r elever

l ittorales

O n

d iaMetres

I I du

d evenir

( peut-etre

l 'avancement

de

s ites d e t ype

( Cardial).

L es

doit

c ette f ouille

l 'integralite d e

d iminuer

I I.

a ncien

I I du

u n c ertain t ri d es d ocuments

Neolithique a ncien des massifs perimediterraneens

l e

P hase

( niveau moyen d e S t:

l a moyenne d e d eux autres

p arois e st t res

a ncien,

I ). que

l a collection G enson de

r epre sent

moyen e st

S t. - P ierre-de-la-Fage e t p ar L 'epaisseur

E scanin

p our l 'instant,

b ien

decor t ypologiquement b izien,

a u ne v ision objective d e

l e

e nsemble de

P ortiragnes,

s ite d e c ette p eriode c ulturelle q ue n ous

s 'opposant

l e

r epresentee p ar d es s ites

S t.- P ierre- de-la-Fage.

a u s eul

a border:

l 'Institut

C hasseen

e st

P oujade

t ype c ardial

ancien

P ierre - de-la-Fage)

a ppuye

L a

I I d u Neolithique a ncien n 'est e tudiee, n iveau

a vons

a ncien

i dentique:

du

N eolithique

moyen

s e s itue e ncore

p art

( le f ait d 'un e chantillonnage c hiffres

r efletent

l a realite

e n s e r approchant d e donnees du C hasseen?). L es p arce

deux que

c hoix

d ernieres

mesures o ffrent u ne p lus

v raisemblablement

s ubjectif

d e

t emperatures

L es

u ne

c onstate I ,

q u'elles

a utour

l a P hase

de

I I,

m ateriaux d ans e ntre q u'il

l a 1 6

s e

ä d e

un I , 1 8

j eu l e moindre p eut

l a P hase

X

a lors

A u

N eolithique a ncien on

I I

l a P hase

e t e ile e st p roche de 6 50 ° dans

l es

6 50 ° d u N eolithique moyen.

n )

e st

b ien

p lus

e vocateur

e ncore.

I l

c aractere d e t echnicite l ie ä une amelioration d es

l a p ate.

P hase e t

( g

e n

B izien

maintiennent a u-dessous de 6 00 ° d ans

p our d epasser =

l e

b ien que p araissant a ssez v oisines,

c hronologique.

6 30 ° d ans

L 'indice o z _ c orrespond

.

e t

u ne c ertaine p rogression t echnique.

de c uisson,

evolution

p arfaite c oherence,

a ucunement

l 'echantillonnage

s 'incIure p arfaitement d ans s ubissent

n 'entre

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a u-dessous d e d ans

f ranchit e st b rutal

l a e t

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1 8 d ans I II.

l a

i l

e st a u-dessous d e

P hase

1 6

p our r etomber

A u Neolithique moyen, l e bond

s e maintient e ntre

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c arr . 4e

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7

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l es

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p erles

M .

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/

a vaient e te

( Cette a nalyse e tant a ncienne e t n 'ayant

l a c omposition

p lus

f ine d u metal n ous

avons s ollicite

u ne nouvelle a nalyse.(Figure 8 ). D es d 'abord

t emoignages l es

p lus

c reusets

n ets

o nt

g rossiers,

1 330

t te ä

a pportds

p arois

p eu

depuis. e levees

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s ont b ecs

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c reusets,

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l a

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7

c uits. n e

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p resentent

u ne

u ne

s orte d e

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b e c as de

6 t6

b uche Spaisse ä manche

p ar u n m anche e n bois;

B eaussement ou du S erre d e B oidon,

s oumis a u f eu e t n e p resentent p as d es

B alazuc,

a ux

documents

s emblables

e tc.)

quelques

de

f ilons

e n

l es

C orse,

( Beaussement ä

e t s urtout e n dolmens.

m ines d e p lomb a rgentif

p resenter

u n godet

C es u stensiles s ont g eneralement

L e p lomb e st f requent e n h abitats

C ombes

p robablement

c hauff d .

p ermis d e r etrouver

s implement

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p rolong

c aracteristiques

L es

o nt

( Ferriäres)

' etre

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6 t4

a voir

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s emblent p as a voir

c raquelures

f orte

G rotte d e P eyroche

f oibles d imensions a ssez Spais.

i ls

( J.Bill),

ä

avoir

C e s ont d 'abord

B eaussement:

p ouvant

p eu

p as

r ecentes

B oidon,

t roncoconiques),

c halcolithique d e

c uivreuses

s emble

l a rdgion

d e

u nes

e largie e n t rompette. m ortaise

( Grospierres).

avaient p articipe d 'une mani re ou d 'une

c uivre.

S erre

L es

l egerement

n e

d ecouvertes

p resentes d ans

B eaussement,

A lban).

a u S erre d e B oidon

d 'impregnations

u ns des objets qui

r elativement

G ros

l e MusSe n ational d e Z ürich

f igurant a u Mus e de G rospierres).

p lusieurs

q uelques

p ar

I l

e st

e d e L argentiäre q ui s urface

a

l 'epoque

p rehistorique. 2 /3/1:

L a

Ceramique:

r eprdsente

P our abreger n ous r envoyons ä l a p lanche qui

d e maniere s ynthetique

C halcolithique

b as-arddchois,

l es

f ormes e t d ecors

ceramiques du

a ssimilable c hronologiquement mais non

t ypologiquement a u F ontboursse. L e C halcolithique, c ylindrospheriques f ournie

d e

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e paulements e t

l a

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a

4

p osition

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p lat,

l a s erie g albde

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( Figure 1 0 e t

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• a

1 1). L e decor d e t As

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P arfois c es d ecors

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( Style d e

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aussi

e xec if zes

p osition a rrivent

appliqu‘s v erticalement p lats

s ur des

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l es d 4cors d e p etits s ur

au obti ues.

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c ordons

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2

s arbout s ur

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p aTfois

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h achures

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s imple

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b e d ecor i mprimd ä l 'aide d 'une b aguette

mousse),

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d es

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l a

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, J ups

l a c d .r ae a insi

de spatule appliqu4s

s ur

l a t ranche

d u bord. L es D e : n

c anlelures e

1 : . es

d e

t ype F ontbouisse

s ont p r6sentes,

f iles d e p astilles g lralleles a u b ard.

1 331

m ais

. rares

.

2 /3/2:

L e

L ithique:

F errieres. a u

M ais

I l

n e d iffere p as

l es g randes pointes

p rofit d 'une g rande quantite d e

p lusieures l ames

e bauchees

( poignards

g rattoirs

s ont

F errieres. p ointes

s ouvent

I l

e clat,

a rmer d es M ais

d e

c e

qui

a bondance

t ant

O serons-nous

l es

g 1 . 14re

l ivrer

q ualite

d 'outillage

L es

c eux

du l es

l e f ront d e l a p iebe s ont manifestement e t a yant d i

p ersage d es b ois. l e C halcolithique de

B eaussement,

l a m atiere d 'oeuvre u tilis e e t m' eme

e crire l es

que

p robablement emmanchees,

de

Nous

c ar

L esgrandes

f requentes.

d 'attirer l 'attention s ur

n uclei e t e clats

l ithique?

C halcolithique,

p lus

m auvaise

f rappe s urtout d ans

s oignees. l 'industrie

p araissent

C ertaines de c e p ointes ,

s e r arefier

e n c ours d e c onfection.

c ontre

c orde p our l e

l 'extreme

p araissent

dont B eaussement a l ivr6

l ateralement o u s ur

t ariäre

f orets

f oliacees f l ches,

p lus

p ar

n ucleus).

g aspill4e,

d u

de

c onvient

a rmatures

c 'est

r at es

f aucilles)

h abilement degagees

( lame, d es

ou

o u

f ondamentalement du l ithique

que

s ont n ombreux, n ous

l e p ensons a u mom s s ites

l es p ieces

a ssistons p our

l a

p eu

f in de

l a p hase f inale

B ronze a ncien homogenes n e s emblent

l ithique,

c ontrairement ä c e q ui a p u e' st re

e crit. 2 /3/3:

L 'Outillage

C amps F abrer / p r e cis i ons. S ur

3 6 o bjets

s euls

2

d 'animaux a utres de

o sseux:

( 1982),

o nt

D isposant

nous

s ommes

p rovenant des e te

couches

amenag s

s auvages:

s ur

d efense

d 'une

e n

e tude

m esure

de

detaille p ar

donner q uelques

c halcolithiques de B eaussement

u ne

m atiere

p remiere

p rovenant

d e s anglier e t bois d e c erf.

T ous

objets p roviennent d 'ossements d 'animaux d omestiques.

b oeuf

d t e

ont

f requemment

u tilis6s

p uisque

l es

L es o s

Ad

1 0 objets o nt

amenages s ur d es d iaphyses d 'os l ongs f endues l ongitudinalement, 4 ^ s ur c otes f endues. L es o ssements d 'ovicaprides o nt f ourni d e l eur

c ö t6

2 0

o bjets,

( 6),

1 2

s ur

s e

repartit

a menages

e n

1 9

objets

t ranchants

objets

mousses

s ont

c ertains

d es

c orrespondre ä des 2 /3/4:

L a

d 'enumerer metal

g rosses

q ui p erles

p oin3ons,7 b ipointes), 8 c iseaux,

e t

d es

l a B asse A rdeche du C amps-Fabrer e stime

f ragmentaires, d e

d es

d evaient e n f ait

f racture p araissent e n e ffet

multiplie

r epresenter,

d olmen

4

L es b ipointes

d ans

f ormes r encontrees. d evaient

1 3

Aven J acques),

z ones

s e

3 c outeaux),

s ur b ois d e c erf).

p araissant

E lle

metapodes f endus

L 'outillage o sseux

z ones d 'insertion d ans u n manche

P arure: l es

1

c oin,

F ontbou7sse

C ertaines

r adius(1),

( 12

1

d e B oidon,

objets

emmanches.

p ointus dont

d u

( Serre

( 1),

i ndeterminables.

t ranchet,

c aracteristiques

e tre

e n

o bjets ( 1

( lissoirs

C halcolithique q ue

s ur t ibia

e squilles osseuses

e t

i l

( Figure

1 2).

s erait

t rop l ong

A n oter l 'apparition d es p erles e n

Abrits

c e qui

c oncerne c ertaines

B eaulieu,

" des

s ignes

e xterieurs de r ichesse". A

B eaussement

amenagee

d ans

n ous p ouvons u n

d ent

de

n oter une p endeloque e n a s, bovide,

1 p erle e n c eramique,

u ne p arure u ne motte

d 'ocre r ouge. 3

L es C ampaniformes

A vant e ncore h e

d 'en t erminer a vec d ire u n mot d es

moment

l es C halcolithiques a rdechois,

c ampaniformes d e c ette region.

t r s m inoritaires

i l

nous

f aut

I ls

s ont pour

p ar r apport a u C halcolithique

i ndigene,

1 332

m ais

a ssez

l argement

a rdechois.

I ls

r epartis

s ur

l 'aire

du

Chalcolithique

s ont presents ä :

Chandolas:

D olmen du Gourg de

Chauzon:

B eaussement

l 'Etang

( tessons ä p erforations e ntre l e bord

e t u n cordon l isse) Chomerac:

T umulus de S abatas

Gras/Lam as:

D olmen

Grospierres:

( 1 b rassard d 'archer)

I I des C lausasses

G rotte

des

Conchettes e n a ssociation n otable

a vec des d ecors de d amiers e t u ne h ache e n c uivre. Lussas:

D olmens

Lagorce: Orgnac S t

2 e t

3 d es R ieux

C ombe obscure

l 'Aven:

A lban

D olmen C d e

s ous

S ampzon:

S ampzon:

l a P laine d e C alais C arriere du P ont d e G rospierres

( 1

7

t esson egare

ä s chelle i ncis e S t

A lban

s ous

S t '

A ndre

d e

G rotte

s ignalee p ar G ros e t G ros

( 1979) i nternational

C ruzieres:

s elon J .

Soyons:

Combier

G rotte de C hazelles

1 980,

p .

( Campaniforme

4 91)

T umulo-dolmen

Vallon-Pont d 'Arc: Vesseaux:

Grotte de Montingrand e t Grotte du D eroc

D olmen

V illeneuve

d e

B erg:

c ite

p ar

d ivers a uteurs

( trouvaille

a ncienne). E n

Ardeche,

s tyle

l es

C halcolithique, p ouvant o u dans 4

s e

s euls

s emblent

l es

s oient i nternationaux ou de

b ien

t essons

s ituer s tratigraphiquement v ers

l a t ransition vers

e troitement

a ssocies

ä. p erforations

a u

de B eaussement

l a f in du C halcolithique

l e B ronze ancien.

LE B RONZE ANCIEN

L e

B ronze

p lateau 8

c ampaniformes qu'ils

r hodano-provengal,

ancien

m e\me d e

s ites

a yant

h abitats,

e st

en

e ffet a ssez f requent e n Ardeche.

S ur

l e

C hauzon-Ruoms-Balazuc nous d isposons d un m inimum d e l ivre

des

vestiges

d e c ette periode.

d e p lein a ir ou en g rottes,

e t d es

C e s ont des

s epultures e n f aille o u

e n dolmens. B eaussement: p er-l ode

d e

n ettement o u

d efini

P eyroche

s ur c ar ne

d es

l e

qui

de

nous

e stimons

contact

l e bronze ancien

e ntre

qu'il e xiste une l e

c halcolithique

c aractgristigue

( type P ala

I I

r epresentee notamment p ar d es d ecors p oinconnes o u s ur

f onds p lats

B ronze

ancien

o u

c ol d e v ase

c aracteristique

( niveau s uperieur) e st

c ordons

p rShensions; f ossile

d 'abord ou

e t n on p lus

( Figure 1 3).

B eaussement b ord

I I)

e t

e xdcut4s

p ointilles M ais

Tout

t ransition

s ouvent

r epresente

p ar

d es

l ui-meme decore d 'impressions d igitales; 6 14Ments

d e

r epoque

d ivers

f ragments

de

c uillere

s ans

d oute

a

p aralleles a u

orthogonaux l isses ou d igit s aboutissant p arfois

c ourant

m etallurgie;

e st

p ar des c ordons d igit s

p ar d es

( cuilleron o u manche),

l ie

ä l a p ratique d e

l a

d e p aroi c ar n e p rovenant d e t asses ä

a nse.... C es a pparent

c eramiques e t

s ont gSneralement a ssez g rossieres,

t oucher

r ugueux

o u

a u

1 33

c ontraire

degraissant

s avonneux,

l a p äte

p r6sentant -

d es d ifferences n otables de c uisson.

G rotte

t räs

d es

l ivre: bord

e t

l a

t einte

p ortant v ase

p anse

qui

ä

l 'aide

v ineuse,

u n

e te

q u'un h abitat t emporaire,

decore

d 'un

r eserve:

de

F aille

d e

mamelons

s ection

appliques;

t riangulaire s ous

f ond n ettement p lus

l isse

s ous

l e

que

b ord.

du C hastelas:

i ndividuelle

Pourrait

e tait

i nhume

au

d 'une

f läche

f oliacee e n

f ond

I i

d 'une

l osangiqye

e n

pedoncule n oter

d es

metal

f aille

e t

que

a ilerons

l e

f ouiller)

a

I l

( bronze

( Figure

1 4).

L e

s ujet d ont

i l

n e

e troite.

I i

t ait a ccompagne

f ragments d e un ou d eux v ases

a

l ivre

p robable),

( Figure 1 3).

e ntr'autres

u ne

p ointe

u ne a lene

d e

f leche ä

e n s ilex r ose e t q uelques d ecors d igit s.

D olmen

N o.3

d es

4 galement

l ivre

j oint s ous

l a m ain e t du p ied e t l es r otules

s ilex e t des

T raverses:

t re

f ait p enser ä l a

ä f ond p lat e t c ordon u nique l isse p arallele au b ord D olmen

. .

u n g rand

l 'ouverture,

s 'agit vraisemblablement

de c ette epoque.

quelques o ssements de

vase

u n a utre v ase

l e bord;

e troit que

s ignalee e n d iverses regions

s epulcrale

s epulture

r estait

-

o nt

f ragments d u bord e t d u f ond,

t esson ä r eliefs A ires de l a p i äte q ui

ceramique ä " squame" d 'une

d e p lusieurs

X

c ordon

u n

c ar n e ; u n

e st p lus ou mom s n ettement

decore

r elief

r econstituable,

-

L es n iveaux s uperieurs de c ette g rotte,

s emble n 'avoir

u ne p etite t asse ä a nse u nique a ppliqu e obliquement e ntre l e

r econstituable d e

B arlenes:

g troite e t qui

T raverses

d es

( que

t essons

nous

A

n 'avons

P u

a d ecor d igit e( Figures

8 -10). -

D olmen

l osangique p gdoncule n oter

des

ee t

que

a

a

l ivre

p robable),

e ntr'autres u ne a läne

u ne

p ointe

d e

f leche ä

e n s ilex r ose e t q uelques d ecors d igites.

D olmen l ivre

I l

( bronze

a ilerons

l e

f ouiller)

T raverses:

metal

N o.

3

e galement

d es

T raverses

d es

t essons

( que

A

nous n 'avons p u

ä d ecor d igit g( Figures

8 -10). -

Dolmen

b eaux d ans e n

du

M eandre d e G ens

ensembles des

o s,

de

p arure

c oquillages marins, boutons e n

bouchons

g ourde

d e

b ase

a nneau-spirale e n bronze Grotte des

r ebord

Grotte

mediane, u n

ä s emble

r arissime G rotte

c hampignons en o s 7 ).

d e

s 'agir a ssez

C ette

U ne h ache e n b ronze ä

( quelques

l isses,

e nsemble du

e clats)

p lein ( Figure

i nformations

obtenues

de

I I ä A uriolles

P eyroche

1 972)

a

l a

( Gros

e t

p lus

generalement

l osangiques

G rotte

G ros

d u

1 974)

a

l ivre,

d ans

f requentes,

p ar

des

a

d ans s a

B ronze

a insi

ou

1 334

i mpressionnes

c orrespondant

ancien,

oü

ä

u ne

l e s ilex e st

1 5). a illeurs ( Roudil

e n e t

( reseau

dolmens s ur

p lus o u

et d eux poinsons e n a s.

B asse-Ardeche ä l a

S aumade

l e

d e

1 968

i nferieur)

l es dolmens e t t umulus d e l es

s alle

c oncretionnees,

f ragments d e g rands

d igit s

e tc.,

homog ne,

R anc d 'Avene

d ans

A ugusta,

c omprenant d es t asses e t p ichets,

cordons

d 'un

r ivets,

A n oter u n

r ecueillie p ar M .

g rotte

ou v erticaux,

i b r ve

b ätonnets

( labrets,

.

B eaussement:

a nse unique e t f ond p lat,

h orizontaux

o ccupation L es

p erles t onnelets

( Figures 8 ,9).

P ala:

c 4ramique ä

d ecors

( spatule), I i

d u

e nsemble c arenes,

v ases

( Figure

( 1972)

u n d es p lus

d isques en o s,

e n s urface p armi des c endres e t p ierrailles

b ei

mains

2

a f ourni

( pendeloques t aillges

d e pommeau d e p oignard?).

B rigands ou d e

p ar Roudil

I l

a nneaux

e t t ranchant f aiblement a rrondi,

4 t4 p ublide -

e t

f orme de p etits o u

( Ruoms):

B ronze a ncien

c olombelles t ronquees,

t ronconiques

e nigmatiques

-

d u

Grospierres

B asse-Ardeche

p lateau

- R oudil

ä S t A lban, e t

( alenes

C hauzon-Balazuc a u

D olmen

du

d 'Arc

J eu

d e

( Hdritier

J acques q ue

d e

l a

L ussas

l e

B ronze

a ncien

I

B ronze

a ncien

t ype

s uisse

p oinconnd

i ci

e tc.,

u ne

durde.

p hases

ä l 'Aven

p rouvent l argement

c ertaine I l

e st

d volutives

d ensit6

p rdsentes

e n

e t

donc

p ossible

depuis

l e B ronze

- p arures d u D olmen de R uoms)

j usqu'au

l es h aches-spatuldes,

A rdeche,

N ous

a vons

vu que nous e stimions

B eaussement

qu'une

l es

t out

c omplexe s ur

S uisse.

N ous

l 'un l es

p lus

f rdquenti

haches

de

1 972

- 1 982). e st

du

P ontiar

que

ä

q ue

l es

s emble

c ordons c ordons

D ,

Nous

c dramique

f ait

e t

l e

c inquantaine

b asons p ar e n

a lors q ue

l 'horizon l e

l isses

( Rageth

l e B ronze a ncien b as

l 'absence de c onfrontation p rdcise e ntre l a

mdtal

de

p re sentant d es

nous

s urtout c onnattre d es c ordons

de

s e

d igit s q ui d eviennent p lus

C de c e s ite,

A

du

I I

l isses o nt quelque c hance

t rop t ot c ependant pour s ystdmatiser

a rddchois,

l a

I I ä A uriolles

V allons mais

g isement.

l es

l es h orizons

E

l 'ensemble du P ala

l 'ensemble P eyroche

l 'autre

l a b ase d e

c eramique ä d‘cor

f ouilles du s ite des G risons d e S avognin-Padnal

a nciens

a ncien

f ois d e

e t

p ensons

d ans

p lus

l a

G rotte

a vec

a illeurs

ä

s ur

t ransition

- p ointill e p araissait exister

a nalogies

d ans un

e n

R oseaux,

de

d iffdrenciant

I l

c onnu

l osangiques

des

I II).

d 'etre

a

1 983),

V allon-Pont

1 977-1980),

A uriolles r eprdsentant s ans doute l e p lein B ronze a ncien

ou

du

1 981;

I II/IV r eprdsentd notamment p ar

s tratigraphie

e t

Hdritier e t a l

c ertaine

s driation

( alenes

P eyroche ( II

u ne

u ne

a ncien

ä l a G rotte d u P ontiar

1 979;

( H6ritier

v raisemblablement d 'envisager

P aume),

e t B arret

h aches

r elativement

p r6sent

a uraient

r ecueillies a u s iecle d ernier

s eul d 4pöt p res d e

4 t6

d ans

l a region

( Une

P rivas)(3).

I I :L A R EGION D ES A LPILLES ( Bouches d u R hone) L es

A lpilles

s ont

c alcaires

c ompacts

l acustres

( "Pierres

v alldes

d e

B aux

l ongitudinales

c hailles

d 'un

e t

r ec kant

q ui on p arfois

E ygalieres). C rau,

c onstitu6es

( Urgonien d 'Orgon),

f ait

de

e nsemble

f r4quemment

d es c Ates d e s ilex e t

l a p laine c aillouteuse de l a

t erres

maraicheres

Nord,

l es

E lles

s '6tendent e n g ros d u R höne

( Senas-Orgon) g isements

E ygalieres), p lus

d e

r arement

B aume

F arnet

N ous

y

d tendue L es -

B ronze

( Fontvieille,

s ites

1 975;

r encontrons:

( Montjardin

S auzade

L es

B aux,

O rgon,

Ndolithique f inal/Chalcolithiques,

a ncien o u C ardials

ä E ygalieres).

C ardial

ä

ä l a

( Escanin

1 e t

1 965 a 1 977;

2 a ux B aux C ourtin

-

1 974;

1 981).

u n s ite ä s tratigraphie v erticale e t

s patiale

a u C halcolithique ä c ampaniformes ä E scanin 2 -

B aux: d e

C alade, ,

d u

T arascon

c haque c ommune p rdsentant s ouvent

C hassdens

n ombreux

C ourtin e t S auzade

d e

( Arles-Tarascon)

e t d isposent a ctuellement d e p lus d e 6 0 s ites

f inal/Chalcolithique,

p lusieurs

( Mas d es L oups

a u S ud,

a u

N holithique

r iches

d e

e nserrant d es

l 'objet d 'exploitation.

E lles dominent,

c hainons

F ontvieille"),

C availlon. D urance

d e

d e molasses b urdigaliennes e t

L e

nombreux g isements de L a Roc

C imetiere,

B arjole, a ux

B aux

Sounegue,

L es

s urface

L ecques,

, G lanum, S t

p armi

l esquels

E stoublon, Romanin ä

S ixt,

1 335

F arnet,

s ont ä c iter,

C astelet a S t R4my L es

M as

, L e C ou ' Ssou, d es

L a

F ontvieille L oups

L e

E ygalieres s ites

,

\ a

Roque-Martine/La

S änas

methodiquement 5 23)

e t

ou

O rgon

a

c halcolithique

l ivre

mediterraneens

g roupe

p roven3al,

g raines

c arbonisees).

d e

G rotte

n aturelles d es

( decors a u

ä o u

F ees

l e

s ite

a u

e t

de

G rotte

M eynier

e n

H ypogees

F ontvieille ou

l 'Arceau

( Courtin d es

1 982,

L a

L a

p .

5 23)

S ource,

- d u R oucas

d 'Orgon)

o u

g rottes

( Grotte d e C ostapera e t

O ssuaires d e

p eignes,

e stampes d u

a lenes e n c uivre,

I e t

G rotte d u C imetie 're

E ygali res-Trou

e t

e t

( Castelet,

G avots

B aldouin,

e t

e t c elui d e l a Merindole

mom s a rtificielles

iS t Rdmy,

p .

c ampaniforme

c ord 's

i ncises,

f ouille

( Courtin 1 982,

i ncishs

d e C ordes,

Auriolles-Dolmen

B aux-Grotte

G rotte

c hevrons

F ees/Mont

p lus

B arge

o ccupation

decors

, d ivers

d es C alades

i nternationaux

p eigne,

s epultures d es

decouvert

l 'Eurre

d ont

a bondante

s illons

n ombreuses

r hcemment d e

u ne

l ocal

d hcors

-

,

\ E yguieres

a

d epuis quelques a nnees p ar H .

q ui

B ounias,

P atouillarde

I I d e Romanin, C häteaurenard,

B eaume/La

F ourbine ä S t

Martin de C rau). -

d e

n ombreuses

s teles

( Gagniere e t G ranier -

e t

d es

d 'autres

decorees

1 963)

ou O rgon

P uech

c hevrons

a S enas

ä

Noyes,

( Puagere)

1 977).

d 6couvertes de moindre i mportance

L ecques a F ontvieille,

O rgon,

d e

( D'Anna

( Grotte du V allon • P assadouires a

Mont d e J ustice a S t R emy,

e tc.)

qui temoignent d e l 'intense o ccupation

N eolithique f inal/ C halcolithique d es A lpilles. M ais s eul d e

e n l e

l 'attente g isement

f ouille

de

l a p ublication d u s ite d es C alades a O rgon,

d 'Escanin a f ait

t endue.

C 'est

donc,

c e

j our l 'objet d 'une r elation

p ar n ecessith,

s ur

l ui q ue n ous

nous appuierons.

I : LE N EOLITHIQUE F INAL D u

f ait d e

l es

l a c onjonction q ui

i nfluences

l anguedociennes s ilex a

de

f ortement

e t du V aucluse-Ventoux

n otre

ä

l 'Est.

nous

s ynthese.

( Escanin s ecteur

2

n e

amont

s oit

p ermet g auche

d u

c ouronnien

/ ( e c hanges)

o u p lus b rutal

l a

f ich‘e L e

p lus

s emble

l oin,

que l

s ondage

( Montjardin

d ans

C astelet).

N ous

s ommes

reservant

p uisse

s avoir c e q ue r epresente s 'agir d 'une s uccession l es

l 'Eboulis ont

1 971),

d 'un

f ouilles du

l ivre u n

c ontact

l ocus

p acifique

( competition o u meme c onf l it d ont t emoigne u ne

v ertäbre

C halcolithique b ien

d e

c ontraints d e

l e t erme p ropre d e

p as d ' eluder c e p robleme c ar

n ettement f läche

( Exploitations d e

s ommes c onduits d ans c ette region

E ncore convient-il d e

C ouronno-Ferriäres,

l es A lpilles e ntre

( Couronnien-Campaniformes),

d e C ouronno-Ferrieres ä l 'OueSt,

C ouronnien c e

( Fern eres)

Murs e t M alauc ne),

n uancer

p arler

s 'est r4alisee d ans

p rovensales

h umaine

t ardi-ferriäres,

rdsulter

d 'une

d e

l 'Hypog‘e A rnaud

dont n ous p arlerons

s ymb io .se e ntre c es d ivers

c ourants. I /1:

L es

L es e t

H abitats

C ouronno-Ferrieres ont gendralement occupe l es

b as d e

g roupes B aux,

p entes d es

s ur d e

A lpilles

O n r etrouve

ä

E yguiäres,

r econnus.

d epuis

S t

R hmy

I ls

s e

( Glanum)

1 336

p etits

p lateaux

l eurs h a .m .eaux d ensement

l e v ersant s ud d e S t G abriel ä E stoublon,

M aussane

s uffisamment

c ollines.

e t a u-del äd es

meme s 'ils n 'ont p as t oujours

4 t d

repartissent e galement a u N ord d es j usqu'ä E ygaliäres e t O rgon.

I ls

o ccupent

l es

V allees

qu'il

s 'agisse

Orgon,

o n

I i

d e

n 'est p as

p ossible de

d4fensives,

B ouches

s avoir s i

c omme

a nalogies et des 1 /2:

l es

c abanes

1 974,

1 978);

l es C alades X O rgon.) d 'une p art p ar

( Escalon de F onton,

d 'autre p ar d iverses

( Agriculture,

c ourant

f aucilles

1 976;

( plusieurs

G agnie 're).

E levage)

d 'att1- i buer ä l 'agriculture

r encontrees dans

nombreuses

l es g randes

d izaines

a ux F abbri d ans

( molasses e t g As f aute d 'analyses.

P ar

c ontre

b eaucoup

6 .66%

E scanin

T h.

d e

2

P oulain

p our

a

p ermis

( 1979)

1 '4poque),

c hien.

c ela

p orc

u ne

l ocaux),

bonne

i dde

a d 6termind 3 3.33% de b oeuf 5 3.33% d e mouton,

l es d e

( ce q ui

6 .66% d e c h vre e t

a insi q ud l a f aune s auvage; A / p eut 4tre du ä l 'insuffisance d e r echantillon o sseux ( 262

f ragments).

L e

d 'avoir

t r s

l e L ubdron s elon S .

M ais e n dehors des meules

l '41evag.e .

l ames d e

l es g isements c ouronniens e t p arfois

p reuves d 'agriculture d emeurent r ares,

main

1 956,

i ndications d e L a C alade

B aux.

e st

e st

s ites

( Miouvin-La C itadelle-Les

s ont u n p eu m ieux c onnues,

a vec c elles d e L a Couronne

Mode de V ie

I l

A ux B aux e t ' a

c es h ameaux 4 taient e ntour‘s d e

d u R hone r cemment f ouilles.

c ontre

Courtin

s 'agisse du M as d 'Auge,

P atouillarde.

s emblent l 'e `tre p lus t ard d ivers

L auzieres-Camp d e L aure e t p eut-etre P ar

qu'il

Martine/La

l es r etrouve s ur des h auteurs.

murailles des

l ongitudinales,

Roque-

T outefois,

d 'importance

d u

porc

e t

e st a bsent,

J .

Courtin

de

l a

( 1978)

f aune

n ote

a ussi

l e

s auvage ä L a C ouronne.

p eu A u

C halcolithique d 'Escanin 2 , l e p orc r estera p eu r epresente ( 7.14%), A / de meme que l a f aune s auvage ( 7.14%) a lors q ue l e boeuf r egressera ( 14.28%)

p endant

( mouton: L a A p eche.

5 3.57%

C ouronne C e

que

l es

- c Avre:

e n

p aysage c royons

C ouronne

p rogresseront

n ettement

a

donn4 des i ndices d e c ollectes d e c oquillages e t A n e p ouvait e tre l e c as d ans l es A lpilles, d 6pourvues

qui

de tout r uisseau p erenne, L e

ovicapridds

1 7.85%).

s auf v ers

l e R höne o u l a D urance.

s emblait p lus ou mom s e tre c elui d 'aujourd'hui l es

analyses

qui

p arle

s i n ous

polliniques

d e J . R enault-Miskovsky ä L a / • . p aysage d ecouvert d e c aractere

d 'un

mediterraneen. 1 /3:

L a C ulture m aterielle

D u

f ait

d es

r elative. s ouffre

D u

i nfluences f ait

d 'une

d es

s ubies, l acunes

i nsuffisance

e ile

p rdsente

a ctuelles

n otable

a u

d e

u ne

c omplexite

l a r echerche,

n iveau d e

l a

e lle

p arure e t d es

s dpultures. I /3/1: E lle e ncore A B aux,

L a C dramique tdmoigne

( Figure

d e

l a

s ans doute qu'il

L a

C alade, i l

f aut

1 6)

double

\ i nfluence F errieres e t C ouronnienne,

f aille t enir c ompte d es d ivers

d ans

l es

n oter

d e

Hypogdes, t r s

s ecteurs.

> E stoublon e t > E scanin

n ettes

i nfluences

2 - l es

F erri res v rai

( c'est d ire s ur f ormes / non c arenees): -

bords

l anguettes d e -

e t

t essons

\

a

c ordons e t c annelures -

t essons

a

c ordons

s imples

p rehension;

p ortees d e

c ordons

multiples

j ointives l ignes

de

t ype

s 'elargissant •

" vase a e au",

e n l es

n e p araissant a s e xister; / c annelees o u i ncisees, p arfois c onjuguees

1 337

a vec u n c ordon; -

c hevron

i ncisds

ou

c anneles,

s euls

o u

a ssocies

a des

i mpressions d e p oin5on; -

p astilles

a u

r epouss4

appliqu es

mom s n ombreuses

n 'existent

p as

d ans

c ordons

v erticaux,

c ordons

s ont

dans

l a

L e

" en

c onnus

( assez

Couronnien f aible

e t

p astilles

l 'Herault;

d ecors qui

e ponyme,

r elief

A E scanin 2 ,

t ransition

g rosses),

t outefois q ue d ans

o u

s euls

s ont r epresentes.

s oit d ans

* d e

d e

p etits p etits

l e C halcolithique,

Ndolithique f inal-Chalcolithique,

s oit

s ur d es v ases

d e t räs b elle q ualite . L es

v ases

4 ventuellement

d ifficilement l a

c aractdristique

absence

d e

des

S eules

p articularitds

t räs e labor s

m aison",

a retes

e n

e n

l es p rdhensions

n otables

n on

S ur

b arrettes

( au

mom s

c ette region)

p erfords

d e

j olis

l es

s ites

f ortes

bols,

s ont

c ouronniennes quant a u g rand

sous

l a f orme d e " toit

, s ouvent compldtds p ar d es

d e

s urface,

v erticalement,

mamelons,

e tc.

volumineux a ttestant l a p resencS • d e v ases a p rovisions d e f ortes d imensions. s ur

i norne

t ant d onne q ue

( pseudo-funiculaires ou p rismatiques e n

s eile),

r elief.

l anguettes,

au F erriäres

c eramique couronnienne e st p recisement s on

d 'exemplaires r eprdsentds d ans

mamelons d e

de l a

c aracteristique °

p resentent nombre

a ttribuables

d iffdrenciables de c eux d u C ouronnien,

anses,

s ont p arfois

t res

M ais on connait aussi,

d es anses t unnelliformes

s oignees,

a ssocides

E scanin 2 a ux mamelons p seudo-funiculaires. A

r i oter

l ouches

egalement

ä

d es

l anguette

• d es c uilleres

f usaioles,

o u

ä

manche

( La C alade),

l es

d es H ypogees A rnaud-Castelet e t

C outignargues n e p ouvant avoir u ne i dentite p rdcise. 1 /3/2:

L e L ithique

Nous

y

l 'attribution s ites

( Figurel7; F igure 1 8 ä g auche) A l es m emes i nfluences d ivergentes,

r etrouvons

d e

d es

s urface:

p ieces

s oit

p arfois

s ujette

e ncore q ue

ä c aution s ur

l es

s ilex e n p laquettes d e l a r egion de F ontvieille; / • s ection epaisse de t ype c ouronnien; p ieces s ur

g randes l ames a / / e clats epais o u nuclei des g isements d e s urface ( notamment • E ygalieres) a ttestant s oit d 'un f acies d 'exploitation d u Mas d es L oups,

s oit d 'une i nfluence des m ines • / f leches s ur e clats epais,

n ombreuses

p araissant p lus p roprement neolithique C ar L a • A

i l

d e s ilex d u Vaucluse-Ventoux; m ais aussi

s ur

l ames epaisses

f inal.

y a b ien u n s ilex c ouronnien c aracteristique;

r epr e sente •a

C alade,

A E scanin 2 e t a illeurs non s eulement p ar de b elles l ames / s ection epaisse e n s ilex f once/ o u r uband ( les " barres d e

c hocolat"),

e n

mais

f ortement

a ussi

d 'Eygali res, Mus es

qualite

p ar J acques

dqnt n ous

q ui

e t

l 'epaisseur

p resente

d 'une

r are, d es

c hocolat" qu'il

o u

m ais

B ouches p ourrait g enerale

s 'agisse

d es

c ourante R höne,

p rovenir. d e

L atour,

Ancien Conservateur d es

( Montjardin 1 966 • c onfondre c es p iäces - i ci t res a vec q uelques d ocuments

quelques a nalogies.

t echnique d u

B aux)

p atine d es s ites d e p lein a ir

a vons u tilis d les t ravaux

p ensons q u'il n e f aut p as e t c aracteristiques

l anguedociens m ateriau

( sites d e F ontvieille e t d es

c achalonne

p rospect s

d 'Arles,

by . Nous n ombreuses

s ites

s ilex g ris a rdoise

p rdcise . J .

I ci,

p ermettant

Courtin a du r este

d 'oi l

l e

s ilex

i l

des

de

s 'agit d 'un p i ces d 'une

s ignal c es

d ivers

" barres d e

On p eut d 'ailleurs

c et outillage q ui

l ames-faucilles

1 338

r ester s urprise d e • n e p ara t g uere l ogique,

s uppos es,

qu'il

s 'agisse d es

p ointes p lus

d e

f leche.

g rande

( c'est

ä

L 'outillage

f inesse.

d ire

L es

p rovenant

d uranciennes), / f requentes s ur

e n

d es

r oches l es

du C halcolithique t endra v ers u ne

h aches

p olies

e n r oches

t errasses v ertes,

s ites

d e

d e

noires

s urface

" duranciennes"

g alets ou

mais

d es a lluvions / b ariolees, s ont . / s ans p ossibilite

d 'attribution p recise. 1 /3/3: I l

L 'Outillage o sseux: en

l ivre d 'os

d e

meme

p oinsons,

d e

l 'outillage o sseux,

d es c iseaux,

d es

l ongs de bovides e t ovicapridds

1 /3/4: v u

e st

des

L a P arure e t l es s epultures

l 'absence

L es

ä

H ypogees

c e

de

p ointes c ela

( Camps-Fabrer

p osent u n p robl e •me d 'attribution

l a

C alade,

p resence

s ommaires)

F errieres

( Montjardin

1 976)

meme

l e

s erait

s ont

c onnus

e xiste quelques

l es H ypogees.

q u'il

du M ais

c 'est ä l a

Hypogges du f ait d es documents

d ans

l e

Gard

de

n 'en

a it

( Gutherz

p as

4 r .

( plus

l ongue

d ate

1 980).

l anguedocien a d 6veloppe l argement

s urprenant

m )

l ames e t

du f ait que des H ypogees

o u o nt d t4 f ouill4s recemment

F erri res

l 'orbite

( 100

C e que nous c royons,

c onstruction N eolithique f inal d es . • / r neres vrais q u'elles ont l ivres,

i l

voisine

f leches e n s ilex f once ou r ubane d ans

ne.peut-etre q u'une hypothese.

D e

t res

e t c e b ien qu'il

F e

e t

1 977).

j our de sdpultures couronniennes i ndubitables.

m algre L a

d e

ä L a C ouronne a

F ontvieille s emblent e n e ffet e ntrer dans

l anguedocienne, C ouronnien

qui,

l issoirs t ires d 'esquilles e t

l a p arure

d e m ' eme p our l e

C ouronnien. Q uoi q ui d e

qu'il

en s oit l e C halcolithique t ardi-ferrieres qui

e st p resent a ussi d ans t essons

p rend s e

a ssociant

l ogiquement d es

c annelures

e n p anneau e t poinconnes

c omme

f ormes p ar

( et

i ncise' s )

l a s uite du C ouronno-Ferrieres des A lpilles.

c aractdrise,

/ s o u daine

s uit

l es H ypogdes de F ontvieille s ous l a f orme

p artout

g albees

c ette

rdgion

A ussi

l a

question

q ui

s uivante:

pourquoi

y -a-t il

a illeurs,

e t c aren e / es,

p ar i l

u ne

t hemes ddcoratifs.

s e p ose e t que nous a vons s urvivance

r eapparition

s e p articularise d ans

u ne s urvivance t res n ette d es i ci

S 'il

des

p os e e st-elle

l a

t hemes d‘coratifs

a lors qu'en L anguedoc, l a d ifference apparait c onsiderable ( du . • • r neres au C halcolithique de l a B asse A rdeche) o u i mportante ( Du • 0 , 1 F errieres a u Fontbouisse g ardois). Nous avons envisage ( Montjardin 1 976) • p lusieurs h ypothe ses p our e xpliquer c ette c omplexite du

F e

C halcolithique bas-rhodanien.

I I :L E C HALCOLITHIQUE T ARDI -F ERRIERES \

P a r t a r d i f e r i e r e s n o u s e n t e n d o n s d o n c u n e c e r t a i ne c ontinuite/ Neo /lithique

i nclusions d u

f inal e n t r eCouronno-Ferrier • es

c ampaniformes)

F ontbouYsse

g ardois,

des A lpilles, mais

a ussi

e t

C halcolithique

( • a

ä d ifferencier n on s eulement des g roupes

p rovensaux s itues

p lus Nord o u ä l 'Est. Nous

i ndiquerons

donc

l a

c eramique,

d e

d e

l a

a vec

p arure

h ypog4es, a utres

l es d ifferences qui

l a m etallurgie, l a

p rolif4ration

e t des s teles a nthropomorphes.

o nt-elles

apparaissent a u p lan de

p robablement aussi du des

g rottes

S ans doute

l ithique e t

sepulcrales et l es u nes e t

c onnu u n p remier d4ve1oppment ndolithique f inal

1 339

l es e t

i i

c onvient

d e

e nsembles

e n

e xpression

q ui

r echercher l equel, p arlant nous

d e

p lut t que d e r egrouper t ops c es

C halcolithique

" ancien"

p ara t p lus u ne c ommodit

de

e t

" recent",

l angage q u'une v oie

s 4rieuse de r echerche. I I/1:

L a Cd' r amique

c halcolithique

T out d 'abord, i d , e t p as p lus q u'ailleurs malgr4 l eur t res g rande / d ensite, i i n 'est p ermis d e d issocier l es c ampaniformes d u C halcolithique t rouvent

" indigene".

4 troitment

c ampaniformes r ecueillie 1 969-70). C 'est

L es

mr ä lds

e t

i nternationaux,

d ans

t rois

v estiges a

p eignds

n iveaux

des u ns

E scanin e t

c ord's,

du C halcolithique

donc p ar p ure c ommodit

e t d es a utres

s e

2 u ne p artie d es t essons e n p lace, l ocal

que n ous p resenterons

a e te

( Montjardin

s eparement

l es

d eux t ypes de c eramique. / L a C eramique t ardi-ferrieres

I I/1/1: L a

monotonie

g albees

e t

d ouces,

s itu4es

d es

c ardn d es

1 8)

( Figure

f ormes d u Neolithique f inal

c esse e t

f ont

p lus

l eur apparition a vec d es

o u

t räs d iffdrentes. / . r eprdsentes a E scanin 2 . munis d 'anses

d 'anses

e n

4paules

r uban,

ont

d es

D 'aspect d 'anneaux

p rolong s

f onds

t res

ddterminant

u ne

p ar

d e

p eu

r ares

r ebord

de t essons

c hasseenne

noir,

b run,

2 ),

t unnelliformes

s orte

a Ates

v ives o u

j aune,

e n

o u H .

m emelons L es v ases 1-

p lus

E ntre

d ifficile I l

l es deux,

l a

. a c erner,

t ype

d e

s‘rie

c ar e ile

e xiste d 'ailleurs a ussi

( grotte du C imetiere a C hateaurenard)

c e

us

l a p aroi,

u ne c ar ne h aute e t d es p arois

d e c ol.

c aracte/r istiques.

v ases g lobuleux

( Escanin

r ouge,

d es

c onvexes,

d es v ases g albees ( vase d ecor . / F ontbouisse des H ypogees) e st l aisse

l es f ormes

c ar hes,

e n boudin f ix es ä l 'aide d e t enon dans

p seudo - f uniculaires r entrantes

2 4)

mom s h aut s ur l es v ase, c e q ui d onne d es . . L es v ases a c ar ne basse s ont b ien

series s ont

( Figure

v ase p ouvant ' e tre u ne

ou a

s urvivance

o u

& tre a ssimile a u j atte 1 . r ebord a ccompagnant l es / c ordes d 'Europe C entrale. / \ d es l ouches p ossibles d eja v ues ( Hypogdes) e t d es

c ampaniformes N otons f usaioles.

S i

p ermanence

d es

l es . t hemes

f ormes c hangent, o n r este s urpris d e / . . d ecoratifs dont l 'origine F e r neres

s emble

g uere

d ecors

dejä r encontr4s a u N eoltthique

e n

p or des

c ordons L es

i ncisions 2 ,

p arfois

c annelure; f ait a

au

d 'un

s ont

e t

/ f requentes

o u

mains

p rofondes,

a utour

i l

du v ase dans l a

e xiste d es

l ignes

e t d e

e n

l a

c ar ne.

d irectement p ort6es

m eme aux

e t

f ins

s ous

M ais l e

l es b ard

n 'ayant

e te e xecutdes päte f raeche?

c ontinues,

e t d es d ents d e l oups, / p ortees s 'associent s ouvent

d e

c erta/i 9es

d 'autres p araissant a voir

e nroul

‚ Les

s euls

d isposition p astill6

l us

F errieres,

a u-dessus

rgalis4s

t rois t ypes d e

p astilles a u r epouss‘;

d iscontinus

p rehensions. e x6cut‘s

. p aralleles

l es

i ncisions e t c annelures

l ivre/ d es t essons

l a p ate,

f il

l e

t irets

f inal:

b ard e t c hevrons;

c annelures

d 'incisions

d ans

s e r etrouve d ans

( notamment s ur F ontvieille). / i l p eut s 'agir d e c annelures p lus ou mains appuyees q ui / d etermine u n l eger bourrelet s ur l 'un des bards d e l a

e /g ratigner

l 'aide

C o me d es

q u'

e t

s ites en ant

E scanin

a nt

p aralleles

E lle

e n r elief.

n ombreux A

c ontestable.

l a n e

au

c hevrons

m ais a ussi n iveau

d es

d es

c hevrons

s ont p arfois

( Estoublon)..

C ette

e n c hevrons s ' kend d 'ailleurs a u d ecor c ordons,

1 340

c e q ui

tdmoigne d 'une motivation

p rofonde l es I l l a

q ue

nous

r elions,

e st p ossible d e n oter e ncore des c ar ne

( Escanin

l anguettes a ussi,

c omme

Mais

2

-

L es

d e p äte a ppliqu es dans

( site i nedit d e u ne

l e G ard,

( Hypogdes,

1 1/1/2: o nt

E stoublon,

e st

c arenes

ä O rgon) ( Escanin

S t R emy,

p eignes

p our e t

L a

des

p ortant d es

t essons

P atouillarde)

s ont

moment

q ui

s e r etrouvent d ans

( Figure

1 9)

s eul

n e

t outes

l es

A E scanin 2 ,

c e

i nternationaux, / v arietes du s tyle

i ncis d-estampe du g roupe p rovengal

f ouilles

etre q uestion d e f l ier l 'impact c /A mpaniforme,

r estant

c hronologie.

C 'est

d u

s ite

l ä,

e t

c ampaniformes

c elui

l a

l 'dpicampaniforme nous

de

c ampaniformes B alance:

p reuve

dont

2 100-2000

du

d e

L e Mktal

que

l es

d ates

( COURTIN

c onnueS

p uisque

l es

n ouvelles

D 'ailleurs

l e

m etal

pouvait,

d e

f agon

.

rdsultats

C halcolithique I l e st donc

l a

l es

l ocal

i nexact

ä p ropos d e c es

region

. ( Figure

( Avignon-La

de

1 9)

l a rdgion.

f ouilles

d es

d e

M ais

C alades ä O rgon o nt

7

s ignificative,

i l

s emble

q uelque ampleur,

e talt d eja b ien r epresente d ans t res

d es Mais

nous p ensons que

" rdcent"

l e

d e s a

c orrespondent t out ä f ait ä

nt d ans f requ e f aute

/

e t

l anguedocien ou p rovengal.

f ouilles

a lenes.

d u

d ans

1 978))

e t l a Metallurgie s urtout

r eelle l es

bronze a ncien).

b .c.

p assait p our p eu

c 'etait

contraire,

C halcolithique

du C halcolithique regional

m kal

l aquelle

d issocids d 'Age

p arler

i nfluence

a O rgon s eront t res a ttendus.

p euvent

( sauf

s on our

C alades

j usqu'ä n e

de

r aison

d es

s elon

1 1/2/1:

E yguieres;). c ampaniformes

a illeurs

e t d u s tyle

p eut

p robleme

c elles

d es

1 978). i l

j usque

Orgon,

c ommunes

( Fontvieille,

A

c oncentre

I ci,

l es

E stoublon, i l s emble b ien y a voir d e / ele, mais c elui-ci r este p our l e moment b ar b / A \ A a r egion c otiere d es B ouches du R hone d an s l

connues.

( Courtin

l 'influence

d ecores d e g uirlandes

l es A lpilles e t d e n ombreuses

que

M ais

p eign6

l 'epicampaniforme s urtout

On c onnatt

c ordons d igit s

( St M itre).

E ygalieres,

l e

cord s.

mediterraneen

e t d e p etites

2 ).

r elevent manifestement d e

a vec

omnipresente d ans

B aux, s ont,

e t

d es

l a c ar ne

l ivre p lusieurs s ites e t d e nombreux c anTaniformes

L es

b ien

s ur

L a C eramique c ampaniforme

E lle

i ncisions verticales t ranchant

P assadouires

d es decors

F ontbou i s ! sse

B ouches du R hÖne ä S t B laise

L e

a ux c hevrons decorant

l a G rotte d es L ecques).

p artie

c ontemporaine

n e

pour n otre p art,

s teles a nthropomorphes d es A lpilles.

l ivrd d es

l es A lpilles,

e tre r elie a p lusieurs

c ourants d e d iffusion. L e des

p oignard a l anguette d e l a S tation d e R omanin a S t R emy ( Musees / a s ouvent e te/ c onsidere c omme appartenant a u g roupe

A lpilles)

c ampaniforme, t emoignages i mbriquds

q ui s ous

a l a

e xecutds

l aissd

d ans

l es

o ssuaires

voisins

d es

f orme d e t essons decords d e t riangles h achures a u

p eigne,

p erforation e n V . L e p oignard " occidental"

e t

e n

u n

bouton

r ond

e n c alcaire a

I / a rsenie ( 97.87% de c uivre

c uivre

-

2 .1% d 'arsenic) s p4cialistes

d e

l 'Hypog e e

a ux

m inerals

B ounias g roupe

a uteurs

c ontestent

du

( Dolmen

d es

d e t ype R emedello,

G avots)

f ait

de d u de

1 341

a

e / te /

a ttribue

h ispanique.

p ar

l es

C e q ue d 'autres

l a c omposition d u p oignard d 'Orgon e n c uivre a rs‘nie ( Courtin

e t

S auzade

1 975).

pouvoir

etre

t res

L 'origine m ise

p rd cises

qu'il

d 'etre

p recise

v ient

B agolini D es

a lenes D es

S tation

d es

E ygalieres, G avots

des

d e

p erle

n ous

v ariete

.

D es

G avots e u

c uivre,

p ar B .

b ipointes a

O rgon)

d e

s ections

s ont e galement

e n a nneau o u e n tonnelet, H ypog4es

d e

d e

p lus o u

F ontvieille,

l a

T ombe

A .

d 'origine

d e

e t

u ne

p etite

d 'archer)

b ande e n

d u

o nt

l anguedocienne,

e te

ä

D olmen d es

a p erforations

o r

l a

M eynier

G rotte d e C imetiere d e C häteaurenard.

donc

i mportant ( metal

o nt

E nfin

l aterales

retrouves

d ans

d 'attirer

l 'attention s ur c ette

e t p rovenances

s uppos es)

qui

t raduit

d 'influences due a l a p osition geographique des

" Portes

du

R höne",

du

R oucas

Orgon

temoignant

d e

de

F ontvieille,

l 'Eurre ä A uriolles et

l es

H ypogees

l e D olmen d es

c ertaine r ighgsse.

I ci,

c 'est p ar

l es documents metalliques o nt du e tre acquis e t s 'il

m etallurgie

l ocale,

c e

n e

p eut-etre,

f aute

de

y

m inerais

q u'une m4tallurgie s econdaire.

b ien

r epresente i l

dans

d 'Escanin

2 ,

j u

m6tapodes

d e

mouton

a yant

p oinsons,

g ouges

e t

s patules,

H ypogges,

u ne

i mportante

t ires d e metapodes de L a P arure

R are

d ans

f orme

d 'un

C oussou

e n

u ne

H ypog4es n otamment B aux;

c onserv e

t ions

E ygalieres a ilettes

1 1/5:

l ithique

s ous e t

e t d ans l es

durcis a u f eu e t

l a

p resente a E scanin

f orme

p erfore

c e q ui

d 'un

a u

M as

e n

quartz

hyalin

c halcolithique. s epulcrales que

L a C alade

s t Atite

u ne p erle e n

M ais

l a

f ragment d e h achette

d 'attribution

i mprecise

c 'est s urtout d anstes

l e p arure e st b ien

H ypogees d e F ontvieille;

2 s ous

s e r etrouve a u

d es L oups.

d es c oquilles m arines,

C alvet d 'Avignon

i nteresses q ui

a

c onnu

apres

F .

f ourni u n d es

r epresentee,

l a G rotte de Costapera

( Sauzade B enoet,

1 981), e t

p lus abondants

( Montjardin 1 966 a ),

ä l aquelle n ous

l a G rotte M eynier ä c olliers d e p erles

p erles q ue M .

B ordreuil

ä

a ttribue

F errieres.

p ensons qui

f ines,

u n splendide c ollier d e l a C ollection Vernon B lake,

L 'Outillage

Nous

e t

o u

M usee

d e p ref4r (e ice a u

s 'agit d e

2 2). e st

l es

avec a u

2 1,

e t p erfore,

G rottes

I i

e xiste a illeurs d es

f ins,

p oli

l ivre

d ans

de p oinions

n oiratre

f inal

e t

I l

e ile

p endeloque

neolithique

n ous

a

s 6rie

2 0,

p endeloque

( Fontvieille)

d ivers.

h abitats,

g alet

c halcolithique

l ievre ou l apin.

d 'Eygalieres

r etai1l6

de c abane

de r ares a iguilles t res

( Figures

l es

f ond

s ouvent c onserve l eur p oulie e t u ti1is4s

b iseaux

des

1 1/4"

l e

s e t rouvait r elativement g roup .

l issoirs,

a ux

d es

c elui que

e st

e t

I talie)

L 'outillage o sseux

I l

e n

S uisse,

B ounias.

d isponibles, 1 1/3:

o r,

c onfluence

ä

o u

C alades

p erles e n p lomb,

l a

doigtier

a ux

4 changes a

X

p aral .t

A lpilles A p eut-etre

C alade)

( Fontvieille),

metallurgique

l a

l es p oignards de c e g roupe q ui ( France,

l a G rotte d u C imetiere a C häteaurenard,

e n d e

l 'Hypogee d e

e n

L ecques

O rgon.

( app1iqu6

( La

p roviennent

r ecueillies

b ien

a vec

e xtension

G avots-Les

p erles

g rosses,

I l

e n

u nipointes

( Dolmen

c onnues.

u ne

e n r aison d es analogies morphologiques

p resente

( cette conference).

d iverses mom s

i talienne d e c e p oignard n e s emble g uere

e n c ause,

a

l ithique d evoir t endance

( Figure deceler X

2 0) u n

c hangement

s 'affiner;

1 342

q uill

d ans

l 'outillage

s 'agisse d es

l ongues

l ames

en

a brupte

s ilex d u

e nvahissante p oints

e t

A

l ateraux

e ntierement f leches, l es

n oir,

f aut

q ui a u

c ertains m ineur

a ux

c 'est

s uppose

p lausibl ,

s ouvent d es

l amelles,

p ercoirs

c ette

p resence f ourni du

l ocaux)

maillet

v oient,

a u

mom s.

V ayson

M ais

d es

l a

G rotte

S t

Remy, e n

e st un outil d ans

P radenne,

H ypogees,

F ontvieille,

de

l e

2 -Les B aux),

i l

c entrale

d e

D es mailletsont Aerecueillis,

( 1967)

s ilex d ans

a ux B ouches d u R hone e t

r ainure

C ordes a u C astelet d e Masse

a lors

f le.c hes

a lors que d ans

( Escanin

e galement.

ä

d epuis

c reusement

B aldouin

e t

c e s ilex d emeure r are.

a voir s ervi ä l 'extraction d u s ilex,

e t

e t

s ur

p ointes de

A E scanin 2 ,

s ont s ignalees.

l 'Herault,

l e

p ratiquement

f ormes t res v ari es.

d e

C ourtin

epaisses

s 'agisse des

p ierre p olie s ont f requentes

a uteurs

b eaucoup

l ames qu'il

p lus p articulier X c ette region,

V aucluse:

X u ne r etouche p lus

B asse A r Ache e t d es A lpilles,

( molasse e t g rXs

s emble

p lace

g rat.oirs,

n oter

l a

p laine d e e n

d es

s ur e clats

d e

h aches meules

l a

du Couronnien;

d 'Orgon

d 'ailleur

s ites d e

l es

c ede

l imite s ouvent a u t alon e t ä quelques

s ont e galement a sstx f ins,

C alades

L es

s e

f inement e laborees e t d P

C halcolithique l es

e ile

c ontrairement

f oliacees epaisses I i

ou r uband ou l a r etouche p lus o u mom s

f inal

r etouch es

grattoirs

q u'aux

gris

neolithique

c e qui

c e qui

l equel

un o util d e

nous

e st t res l e p ara t

ä l a S tation d u C hemin

ä l 'Hypogee de Coutignarzues ä

a u

M as d es L oups d 'Eygalieres.

o nt p resente u ne repartition qui doit

e tre c ompletee. 1 1/6:

L es Sepultures

L a e n

grotte

l 'Anthropologie

s epulcrale,

s epultures 2 ,

e t

r etrouvee ( 0.35

e nviron

6 0%

b ras / c roisees t erres

I i m )

ä

d roit s ur

l 'est.

L e c orps c ontre

d e

e t

d ont

a

e te

l a

3 0/35

i i

r eposait s ur l e dos I i

a val de l a

t ete ä l 'ouest, l es mains

a vait e te e nseveli d ans

l e p eu d e

l a

m ise

e n

l es

p lace

d u

f ond

j ambes d u s quelette. p ar

d e c abane

p etit

( 1.57

a vait

c ependant e u d e g raves

a rthrose

t ype

- 1 .62 m ),

deformante).

a quitain

l egärement

R i vet a vait determine d ans c onvient

d 'attendre s epultures

L e

t res

s ujet

c ollectives qui

s ante

s erait

u n

m d äiterrand en ,

p lus

i n Montjardin

r obuste e t

e nnuis d e

male ' d e

e tudes

e st p ermis d e s ignaler a c ette p lace B aux

m ais

l es H ypogees d e

d es

C e s ont d 'ailleurs l es / . . / / p recisions n ecessaires.

G rotte d e C ostapera a u

\ l 'attribue a un

Mme Tourel-Angel qui

( Tourel-Angel

l a

f osse

orientee

f osse,

l 'anthropologie regionale

I l

e n

l ongueur,

qui

maxilaire, d e

a llongee

2 m d e

a ns,

( fistule

dolicocephale

i nhumation

mom s d e

sepulture . recouverte d e p etites d alles d e

e tudie

muscle

que R .

i l e xiste d e r ares

l 'assise aval d roite s 'appuyait v isiblement s ur

f ortement

t y p e

M ais

sepulture i ndividuelle d 'Escanin

l a p aroi

b as-ventre.

l es d alles r ecouvrant

M ais

p eu

a nterieurement

C elui-ci

l a

d 'une

un

c oince l e

c halcolithique

h omme

s 'agit

p our

d eplacees,

molasse,

dolmen.

A insi

2 2)

l 'inhumation c ollective

s ous un s ol d 'occupation c halcolithique avec documents

e troite l e

h ypogee,

i ndividuelles.

r econstituables.

d e

( Figure

sepulture n ormale du C halcolithique e st

F ontvieille. ä

j our

s ur

1 969-70). apporteront

l es

l e c räne t repane p rovenant

( Collection V ernon B lake d e Mus4e

C alvet d 'Avignon). I l e t

e st p eut - e tre u tile ‘ galement d e r appeler que c ertaines . g rottes s urtout

( dallages)

a bris, ou

e xternes

o nt

f ait

( clöture

1 343

l 'objet d e

b locs

d 'am4nagements ä

l a Tombe A .

i nternes Meynier

muret

d e p ierre

m is g alets

e n d e

f ouilles

l e V aucluse

B arr e de S t Remy).

l es a nciens a uteurs

b lanc

de

B ounias)

( Coutignargues)

d e G .

C e q ui avait

( Cazalis d e F ondouce:

et a e te confirms p ar l es S auzade e t p lus e ncore dans

( Abri de S anguinouse).

\ S teles a nthropomorphes

L es

L a

p ar

q uartzite

rdcentes

1 1/7:

s eche ä l a G rotte

d vidence

p artie

o rientale

s ingularise

p ar

l e

/

des

A lpilles

g rand n ombre d e

( Eygalieres,

S enas,

O rgon)

s e

s täles a nthropomorphes decorees

d e

c hevrons, c lassees p ar A . D 'Anna ( 1977) d ans s on g roupe des \ \ s teles ä c hevrons. N ous e stimons a vec c et a uteur q ue c es s teles A / / doivent e tre s ituees a u N eolithique f inal — Chalcolithi veverS2300-2000 b c. I l Orgon,

c e

q ui

C aramujeira

s emble

nous

d ans

l a G rotte de

avons

e voque

l a

e n

l a

dans

d 'un

( Montjardin

ä S ion,

A oste,

c ultuels

i nhumd

\ e t a

C orse,

monumentaux,

G ard ä R emoulins

( Basse

( Musee d e N imes).

d 'ajouter

qu'

p ropos de

du R ocher des D oms ä A vignon, nous \ a s ept b ranches,'trouvde ä h auteur

d es

1 972).

l e

l a S artanette

t erminant

s tele

l ' dtoile e n marbre,

p oitrine

B rescia).

p ermis s ur

\ P uagere

( La

Nous d irons a u p assage que d eux n ouvelles t rouvdes

s oit

f igur e

c omme

e nsembles

d '2tre

V all e d u , G ardon), Qu'il

i ndiquer

d es

f uneraires.

v iennent

l 'dtoile

b ien

( Portugal)

p robablement s teles

de

\ \ l eur c oncentration a S enas

e st p ermis de noter

t ombes

de

R emedello

( Musse d e

D eux c onsiddrations nous ont c onduit ä

c e

r approchement: d 'une p art, l e f ait q ue l es f igurations d es s teles / r epresentent s ouvent d es objets rdels; d 'autre p art, l e f ait q ue l es i nfluences

R dmedello

s ont

i n aniables

d ans

l a

region

( Poignard

d 'Orgon).

I II : L E B RONZE A NCIEN I l

e st p our l e moment b ien modeste.

p art

p our

p our

appeler

B ronze A d 'age

S i n ous

l ' evoquons,

e n p resenter u ne p remiere definition. l 'attention

a ncien

s ur

l a necessitd de b ien d if drencier l e / c entro-europeenne d e l qpicampaniforme

d 'origine

B ronze

c 'est d 'une

C 'est d 'autre p art

a ncien,

mais

dont

l 'origine

nous

p ara t

ttre

mediterraneenne. I I/1:

L a C eramique

L e

v ase

B aux.

l e

I i

s 'agit

mamelons

e n

c ordons,

l 'un

l es

a nses

P ar

e t

( Figure

p lus

2 3)

c ertain e st c elui d e

d 'une

l a G rotte de C ostapera aux

j arre ä f ond p lat p ortant d eux anses e t deux

c roissant,

d iametralement

horizontal

s ous

l e bord,

opposds,

e t decorde d e deux

l 'autre e n g uirlande r eliant

l es mamelons e ntr le ux.

a illeurs

d ivers g isements d e s urface ( Mas • , R omanin ä S t R emy-Cimetiere a E ygalieres)

E ygalieres( Trou

d e

B aume

F arnet

t essons

l a a

orthogonaux

B eaume ä S t M artin d e C rau, e t

Tombe A .

c ordons qui

t dmoignent

e n

o u

l isses,

f aveur

d 'une

e tc.)

p arfois

L a

L e Mdtal

( Figure

A partition du m‘tal

o nt

s emble c onfirmer c e p oint de vue:

ou

d ensitd du

A lpilles.

2 3)

1 344

A

l ivrd des

v erticaux

r elative

B ronze a ncien s 'dtendant p lus ou mom s ä l 'ensemble des 1 11/2:

L oups

ou e n g rottes

G rotte d es C hats ä S t R 6my,

M eynier a E ygalieres,

d igit s

d es

-

H ache

A lpilles) A .

e n q ui

bords

p roviendrait d e

P alstave W .

• a

b ronze e n

F rank

B ronze,

( Musse

d e

l a

Collection L agoy

( Musee des

l a re / gion;

c 'est ä d ire h allebardLe,

B ritannique

d e Londres)

d e

l a C ollection

q ui p roviendrait d 'un

d ragage du R höne ä T arascon;

• \ - a l n ä n e l o s a gique de l a G rotte d u V allon du Julian a E ygalieres; / • A 7 - epingles a t ete s pherique p erforee p lus o u mom s h orizontalement

d e

l a

G rotte des C hats e t d e

l a Tombe A . d e

l a C orde ä S t Remy,

e t de

p erle, e n c uivre ( ou bronze?), f aite d 'une p etite b ande d e 1 cm / A h auteur r epliee s ur e lle-meme ( Benoit 1 934), c e q ui p eut c onvenir

•

p erle

c halcolithique

B ronze ancien 1 11/3:

L a

L e

P arure

( Figure

splendide

c ollier

d e

s anglier,

d e

c oquillages.

l es d es

du

de n ombreuses

l ivre

u ne

p erle e n t ale d e b ronze du

C ostapera avec

doit

s e

s ituer ä l a

l imite

s a p endeloque a rciforme e n dent

p erles d iscoides e t l enticulaires e n t est

L a p arure p referee d u B ronze a ncien r este c ependant s phdrique o u t ronconique e n o s,

p resents 1 l a

D ef f ends d 'Eyguieres avec d es p endeloquäs e n c oquillages,

c olombelles n oter

• a u n e

2 3) d e

a ncien,

boutons en c alotte

G rotte

o u

( Blechstil).

C halcolithique-Bronze

A

l a G rotte d e

M eynier ä E ygaliäres;

q ue

au

t ronquees,

c ette

mom s

d es

s epulture

8 0

p erles t onnelet o u b iconique e n o s. C halcolithique

e t

i nhumations e n d esordre s ur

B ronze a ncien a

5 M 2,

c e q uihmy dela

d ensite d es dolmens a rdechois e t p rovengaux.

I V :C ONCLUSIONS Nous

s oulignerons

s epultures t res

e t

net

t out

d 'abord

p robablement

de

l a

c ette

d 'inhumes

p opulation

densite

d 'habitats,

t emoignant d e

d es

A lpilles

de

l 'accroissement a u

Ndolithique

f inal/Chalcolithique. N ous

appellerons

d ifferencier

l es

l es ouvrages de N ous e stimant f inal

e n

p arallele

( Herault,

G ard,

des

e xceptionnel

pour

l 'Herault e t

que e n

c onfondues d ans

A rdeche)

c ette

e t

region a vec

l a P rovence,

l e

t out e n

e n p rise d irecte

s ur

n ous

expliquer

n 'envisagions l 'origine.

p as

S euls

l e mer.

c hose d e t rop

d es

i nfluences

l es g rands dolmens

( Dalles e t murs e n p ierre de molasse d u P ouget ou de S t g rands

s outiennent

s ituent

necessite d e b ien

4 td

h ypogees d e F ontvieille e st quelque

pour

e xterieures

l 'Aude

l a

p robable u ne p lus g rande a ntiquite d es periodes Neolithique

qualite

P argoire

s ur

c hronologique

B asse

e t C halcolithique d e c e s ecteur

L a

d e

l 'attention

epoques q ui o nt p arfois

s ynthe 'se.

mettrons

L anguedoc

e nsuite t rois

s ans

dolmens

ä c ouloir),

l a c omparaison.

doute

e t

l es A ll es

C ouvertes de

C 'est d ans c es monuments que

s e

l 'origine des H ypogees p lus s ommaires o u dolmens

s imples de l 'arriere-pays m editerraneen. L e

couloir

s ous-produit merite

b as-rhodanien des

c ette d ans

l anguedociennes

e t

s on

C halcolithique

l argement s on a utonomie.

L 'origina1it4 G roupe

c ultures

n e s aurait donc l e tre c onsidere c omme u n

d es

s teles

epicampaniforme

a utonomie l equel

l es

e t

d e

c ette

A lpilles

a nthromorphes L aure

d e J .

ä

c hevrons

e t c elle d u

C ourtin c onfirment

d u r este

i mportance p robable du s ecteur r hodanien

s 'integrent s ans

1 345

t out

f ait

s e c onfondre.

Avec

l a

e ncore

B asse V allee de

neglige

p as d e

d es

l 'Herault,

r echerches,

n ous a llons aborder u n s ecteur

mais d ont

l 'importance n e m anquera

s e v 6rifier d 'ici quelques a nnees.

I II : L A F RANCE C OTIERE - M ONTPELLIER -S ETE -H ERAULT

I : I /1: I i

L E NEOLITHIQUE F INAL LE G ISEMENT D E L 'HERM D E C ANTELOUP A COURNONTERRAL

s 'agit

d 'un

p lateau

Montpellier Säte, d essechg. Nous

avons

n o l is

-

n 'avons

u n

s ondage

c öt4

d ans

P u m ettre e n e vidence,

murales

l a

p laine v iticole

e st

s ur

u n t halweg

l 'Herm

p roprement

d it

o rganis es,

c omme n ous

l 'esperions,

d es

l 'existence de c elles-ci n ous p ara t

p our p lusieurs r aisons: d 'un

p artiellement ./

volume

e vacues

e xistence

r emanie p ar -

dominant

r apidement

1 980).

p ratique

p resence

-

g arrigue,

4 21).

s tructures p robable

de

t ombant

( Montjardin

( parcelle S i

e t

( Herault)

d 'un

d allage

l a ve ge t ation, I

materiel

c onsiderable

l ors d e

/

d e b locs e t p ierres s ches

l a p lantation e n o liviers. d e

p laquettes

mais r econnu s ur

a rcheologique

s urtout

d e

c alcaire

m arneux,

2 0 M 2 e nviron.

l ocalise d ans

c et e space,

avec

u ne g rand d ensite c aracteristique d 'un h abitat. L e

materiel

r elativement

a rcheologique b ien

e st

e n

c onserve b ien q ue

e ffet

a ssez

considerable

e t

l a c ouverture de t erre v egetale

s oit p arfois t res m ince.

I /1/1:

L A C ERAMIQUE

E lle

e st

ä .

ou

f igures

L es

p arfois

c ylindrospheriques s emisphgriques

l eg rement aplani. ä

vase

p ourtant p resents ä l a R oubine d e V ic

a

de

E lles E lles

d roit o u r entrant

droit ou r entrant,

l es

p ortent u n c ordon p arallele a u bord,

a ucun

P aul

bord

a ' bord

e au") R ompude

sont c elles d 'un

t otalement absentes.

quelques v ases

d e S t

f ormes

mom s a ssimilable a u F erri>res.

e xclusivement,

g lobulaire)

t ant

c arenes

p lus

r ond

d e

( tendance S i

f inal,

f ond

r elevent

2 5 g g auche)

p articulierement abondante.

n golithique s ont

( Figure

c ordons

G igean,

multiples

o u c annelures

i i n 'existe \ j ointives ( "vases a

l a G ardiole,

l a G rande

s ur u n s ite d e p lein a ir de P oussan e t u n a utre

l e H aut ä Meze,

d ans u ne grotte d u Causse d 'Aumelas.

S ont a n oter e galement: -

d es

f ragments

d 'une

g rande

j atte,

p eu

p rofonde e t

l argement

o uverte. - d es

f ragments de

- d es

f usaioles.

L es d es d e

decors

s ont

p astilles t essons

f aisselle. t räs n ombreux,

m ais

e x6cutg es a u r epouss4

s e r accordant)

d ispos es

1 346

c onstitues e ssentiellement p ar ( plus d e

1 50 t essons o u g roupes

e n f iles

s imples,

doubles,

p lus

e xceptionnellement t riples ou en g uirlandes. L es

p astilles a ppliqu es

S ix

c ordons

g eneralement c ertains d e

s ont

e n a ssez

f ort r elief.

g roupes l ocaux

p etites

e t

s ont p resentes,

r eprdsentes, ( St P aul

moyennes

l e H aut-Meze)

d imensions,

d 'un c ordon e n ldger r elief

c ordons

s imples

o u

multiples

L es

c annelures

n otamment d 'incisions l a

e t

s ur

u n

d e

L es d e

c hevrons

t rois

S ilex:

p aralleles

t r s

f agon a u

t zes

( 4)

l es

d iverses

.

b ord

d 'une

r etrecie,

P ar a illeurs,

s ont c onnues,

p ortde

d e

4

f iles

C e t ype de decor e xiste e galement ä l es M aguelonne,

ä l a G rande

l e H aut ä Maze. u n t esson de bol

d 'impressions

d e

t ype

e st d ecore d 'une p ortee

p lus

o u mom s g raniforme,

i ncises ä c ru.

R elativement r estreint

e n e n

4 20.

amenag d s

( une v ingtaine d e p ieCes)

d ans

l es

p lace e t n otablement d ifferent d e l 'abondante rd colte d e p laquettes

p arcelle I l

d e

decord

s ont r ares:

f iles

l e bord.

o rganises

d igit ,

p recision c ar

1 2OUTILLAGE L ITHIQUE

c ouches s ilex

s ous

i ncisions

ä S t P aul

d ecor

c onnaissent d es v ases

o uverture

d emi-vase

completee p ar d es c hevrons

1 /1/2:

ä

l a M adeleine A V illeneuve

R ompude d e G igean,

a

l e C halcolithique regional

p aralleles a u bord.

Grotte

d eux

Nous d onnons c ette

d ecores

e xistent c ouramment dans

mais r ares.

d ont

I l

s ur e clats,

f aut

e ffectuee p ar M . e st

b ase

de

n oter

l a

L ong dans

l e s ecteur s ud d e

g rattoirs,

d e s ilex v aries,

neanmoins

a ttribuables

a

e t u ne

f r4quence

a u Neolithique f inal de

a ssez

l a

s ommairement

s eule p laquette. du

s ilex d ans

l a ri gion

( 4)

l es

s ites

c omparativement ä

c eux datables d u C halcolithique

oü

l e

s ilex

demeure

V illeneuve —les--Maguelonne-Grande G igean-Raffegues/Mas s ommes p lus

e n

m ilieu

ancien:

d e

Garric

N eolithique

S t

P aul

-a

e xtr Mement

Rompude

a

Me-z e). f inal

Me-z e),

l e

r are

P ar c ontre,

( ou p eut- je tre C halcolithique

e tudides

p ar

Mme

h aches

Monique

s ont en metabasite

p robable".

E n e ffet,

c es

s e

roches

A e ntrain e/ es

r etrouve U ne

U ne c ette S ud

v ers

I "

e st

e n

c ette

dans l e

s ud

g laucophane

l e

Queyras,

p ar

s ont

" d'origine regionale

l es

l es

p lus

p roches d e

c es mdtabasites ont e t‘

c ours

/

d 'eau p uisqu'on

l es p lus meridionaux

l es

( region d e

.

b iotite, d ans

l es

p robablement d 'origine P yrenees o rientales,

e st

en

E n e ffet,

" roche ‘ clogitique l es a ffleurements

e t c eux du massif d e V oltri

c onstitue u ne

d iffusion

d 'est

/ e v i dence

a

l a

q ui n e p eut e tre

l es

P lus

p roches d e

s ont c eux d es versants e st du M assif du Mont V iso

occidentales) a

a

e xistant

C evennes.

h ache

l ocale

roche

c orneenne

r oche

l es

derniere

L 'objet A s urement

dont l es a nalyses

l es a ffleurements

l es depots duranciens

Montagne N oire, d 'origine

B ouard,

r E lles ont e te

l e G ard).

h ache

regionale,

b ien q ue

s ituent

l oin d ans

V auvert d ans

R icq-de'

s ous

i ntd ressantes.

p articulie\r ement D eux

/ Quatre h aches ont e te/ r ecueillies.

polie:

d e J on a

d es q ue n ous

s ilex e st p rd sent a u mom s

f orme d ' dclats o u n uclei. P ierre

( Domenove

G igean-Font

d ans

c ette

i mportation e n

p artir

o uest d u

matie-r e q ui

d 'outils

N eolithique

1 347

( Apennins L igures)".

p remi re

s 'inscrit l ithiques moyen

( Alpes

c orrespond

d ans p olls

( Ricq-de

l e

donc

c ourant d e d eja

B ouard

m is e n 1 980,

1 981)(5). -

M eules:

e galement l es

E lles e n

s ont

b asalte

a utres documents.

d 'autres

s ites

A noter u ne

1 /1/3:

e t c e,

e n

molasse

d 'Agde

du voisinage,

l e

C hass en

OSSEUX

:

mais

b ien e n p lace a vec

e te r etrouve s

C es b asaltes o nt d 'ailleurs d es

f usaiole en b asalte,

L 'OUTILLAGE

p rovenant

ou de M ontferrier,

d ans

( Mas d e G arric ä Me ' ze).

r ecueillie

C ompose

d e

s ur l e

2 1

p lateau.

objets,

p ointus

o u

C amps-Fabrer.

L e

mousses. f ait I l f ait

l 'objet d 'une e tude d eta / ille/e d e Mme H .

d e d isposer re4ionalement d e t rois e nsembles

f inal

e t

c halcolithique,

d iff erenciations

p ermettra

i nteressantes.

A

neolithique m oyen,

s ans doute d es c omparaisons

e t

s ignaler l a p resence d e m anches

d 'outils a t rancher e n p oussant o u e n appuyant.

1 /1/4:

L A P ARURE

R eduite d ents

( 5

p erles

t ubulaires e n c alcite,

de c anides p erches,

p our

d eux

d 'un

s ecteur

E nsuite,

r aisons. r eduit

l 'une

d es

1 c erithe

2 p erles e n

p erforee),

l ocal

c e q ui

e ile p rovient pratiquement t oute 2 M 2 p ris d ans

mom s

p erles

d e

s e

t rouvait

d ans

M ontpellier-Aumelas)

1 /1/5:

l 'amas d e b locs.

p rise d ans

l es

m ais q ui n e

c ommunes

ou voisines

h e c anal d 'une

s teatite-

p ermet d es r elations a vec

a du e xister ä Cournonterral, que

2

d e

t ype d e p arure

p resentement

s teatite,

i nteressante

Tout d 'abord,

p erle e n c alcite t emoignant d 'un c ollier m ixte E nfin

e h e e st

c alcite.

h e megalithisme s e r etrouve p lus

l imitrophes

( Murviel- l es

( Frontignan-Villeveyrac).

L A F AUNE

T res

a bondante,

p resence

d e

e ile

moutons,

r este

a

d eterminer,

s uides,

boeufs,

m ais on p eut n oter

c erf.

N early

l a

t here.I/1/6:

CONCLUSIONS L e

s ite

m eilleur

d e

l 'Herm

d e

d chantillonnage

Cournonterral

d emeure

pour

d u Neolithique f inal d e t ype

l e m oment

l e

F erri e " ' res des

g arrigues s udheraultaises. p lusiers c onfirme

L e

g isements l 'intjret

f ait du de c e

q u'il s ite qui

d iverses a nalyses q ue n ous a vons 1 /2:

L ES AUTRES

L e

p remier

f ouillee l a

p ar

" couche C hasseen

d ecor e st

de

e td

a it

regional

g agneriA it ä

/

p ermis

d 'etudier

( Voir

9 i-apies)

t re amphifie p ar l es

s ollicitees.

S ITES D U NEOLITHIQUE F INAL s ite h e

d e

noter D r A rnal,

g uerre"

e st c elui d e

l a G rotte d e

l a M adeleine

e nsuite L .Barral du M us e de M onaco.

r econnue

p ar

h e

D r

A rnal

n 'est

S i

g uere

F errieres s ucce dant p r Ad dant un Chalcolithique de type Fontboursse g uirlandes c anneld es , cordons ou impressions de baguette,

c onvaincante, a u

n ous

C halcolithique

c ertaine.

l 'existence d 'un N eolithique f inal

e t

L a

d ate

d e

2 600 b .c.

1 348

( CI4

c onventionnel)

r apportee

p ar

l e

D r

Arnal,

b ien

qu'ancienne,

s emble t oujours v alable

s ituer dans c ette r egion l e d ebut du N4olithique f inal C elui-ci M ireval,

e st L a

R ompude

d e

l e

f ap pn

V ic

1 966).

s ites

Mais

d ans

1 956).

d ivers

s ites ä

a e au e t c hevrons),

l a G rande

P uech B runaud e t u n a utre s ite d e P oussan;

AS

i l a vait

( Audibert

e t

c ontrairement

s tratigraphie

sporadique

( vases

H aut ä M eze.

p res de Montpellier,

p lusieurs

2

de

d e

G igean,

d oute S t P aul P lus

p r‘sent

Roubine

p our

( Arnal

B oudou

a

l a

r econnu a nterieurement d ans 1 955,

B asse

s ans

L orblanchet e t Mestre

Ardebhe e t au K Alpilles,

l a

f ait i ci g ravement d efaut.

LE CHALCOLITHIQUE L 'etude

d u

A udibert

( 1955,

1 957,

1 962)

f ouille ä l 'exception d e G race / a v o ns

a pp

L ucien p eu

g isements

/ . . de l a r egion a vait e te ebauchee p ar J .

Chalcolithique

A lbagnac,

a

a yant

qui n 'avait t outefois e ntrepris a ucune

l a G rotte d u C reux d e M i ge a M ireval.

p eu

A ndre

c ompleter

C ablat e t D aniel

Rouquette nous

e t p reciser c ette e tude,

p lusieurs

f ourni u ne documentation a bondante ou a yant p u a re

reellement

I I/1:

L 'E AU P ERIE E T DOMENOVE

Nous

s erons

a ssez

( VILLENEUVE - L ES -MAGUELONNE-Herault)

brefs

s ur

c es

g isements

d 'une

P ellecuer

1 974/75 - A lbagnac e t Montjardin 1 980).

C es

deux

s ites

d efongages de

l a

p ublication

,

l 'objet

M adeleine,

p ermanence e minence

Ad

o nt

de v igne.

I ls

l 'un

d etaill4e

p rospect s p ar L . p roximite

par u ne n appe d 'eau ( 23

m )

d ominant

ont dejä

f ait

Montjardin

e t

A lbagnac ä l a s uite d e

s itud s ä peu de distance de l a Grotte

s ont a

q ui

( Albagnac,

d 'une

d epression

( L'Eau P 6rie),

l 'Etang de

o ccupee e n

l 'autre s ur u ne

l 'Arnel et d 'anciennes

l eg re s alines

a ctuellement dessechees. I ls l a

7

appartiennent f requence

c annelures decors

d es

c ordons

( 25%),

i mpressions

tous deux a u F ontbouisse c otier c aracterise p ar ( 50%

s ur

2 80

t essons

d es p astilles a u r epoussd ( 17%),

de b aguettes a nguleuses ou mousses

d igit's

o u

r epousseG

( 1.8%).

( Figure

d‘cord s),

d es

e t

l a r arete' des

( 5.5%),

p lus q uelques

2 5

d roite e t F igure

2 6). L es

cordons

b ord,

s 'organisent e n

mais a ussi e n l ignes

f iles

s imples ou doubles p aralleles a u

i ncurvees de

f ason d iverses au n iveau d es

a nses ou m amelons. L es a u

c annelures

bard

e t

d essin6es c annelures c annel's l eur

( 20%

d‘cors

c anneles

metopes

e t

a

n ette

d iff d rence

D omenove);

e n p anneaux d e

motifs c omposites.

p resents ä l 'Eau Perie,

m ais

i i

a u

L es d amiers

c onvient de s ouligner

avec c eux d e l a B asse A rdethe ou d e

l a

s ouvent t As

i ncise .

pastilles

p arali les o u p lus

des

nord du G ard ou c e ddcor e st f r iquent e t l e p lus

s oigneusement L es

s ont d ispos es e n portees p lus o u mom s p aralleles \ c arene, e n g uirlandes p lus ou m oid Gsoigneusement

v erticales, s ont

t r s

p artie

l a

s ont bord

executees e n f iles horizontales

p lus.ou mom s

s ur d es v ases gen d ralement f ins ä c arenes v ives

a ttenuees.

1 349

L es

i mpressions

c ourent e n f iles

s imples ou doubles

p aralleles a u

bord. D epuis

que

G igean,

n ous

nous

homogähe,

a vons

P u

e stimons q ue

mais

g eographique

f ouiller l e g isement de

correspond

d u

e n

F ontbouYsse

rdgional

( pastilles,

c ertaine

4 volution

l a F ont d e J on

l e s ite d e D omenove n 'est p as e ntierement f ait

d 'une

p roprement

c ordons,

p art

a u ne c onjonction

e t

d u C halcolithique

d it

i mpressions),

i mpliquant

u ne

d 'autre

c ertaine

p art

ä

u ne

d iff d renciation

c hronologique. D 'cU

notre

f osses

o u

objectif

f onds

Ndolithique

de

f inal

p ermettra

o u

du

d ' etablir

hdraultaise e t d e L ors

a ctuel c abane

d e

l a

l a

e t

E n

c e

c hronologie

a yant

c oncerne d 'un

u ne

de

Ambert.

I i

l e

l ame

v ague

l es Soins

me' t al,

m ince

B ourhis

s 'agit

n ous a vions s ignale au p assage

( 8 x 1 .5 x 0 .02 c m)

g race

b ien

n ous a vions d it l a r arete e t

s ilex r encontres.

f orme d e p oignard.

M .

dont l a d ifferenciation . / ddtaillee d e l a p laine

f range c ötiäre.

p ublication d e D omenove,

q ui

f ouiller d es

r elevant d 'un moment p recis d u

C halcolithique,

l a

s urtout l a mauvaise qualite des decouverte

f utur d e r echercher e t

l imit s,

C ette

ä

d 'un

e n metal

l a

c uivreux

l ame a 4t7 e analysee p ar

l 'obligeant i ntermediaire d e P .

p oignard dont

l a c omposition e st l a

- S b:1

- N i:0,005

s uivante: C u:94

- S n:/-Pb:0,001

F e:0.08

- Z n:0,01

- A s:0.03

- Ag:5

- B i:tr.

- M n:0,005

C ette c omposition, a f orte t eneur d 'argent, e st c elle d es objets / . / r egionaux, p robablement c onfectionnes a l 'aide d es minerais e xtraits d es m ines c halcolithiques p lus que

l oin

l es

s ites a yant

l eurs a nalyses

P lusieurs s ont

\ C abrieres

d e

( Hdrault)

l orsqu'elles n ous

a utres

( Esperou

l ivrd du mdtal d ans

Mort

G ardiole

d es A nes,

( Stations

e tc...),

d e

l a

Nous d onnons c o At iere a insi

s ont c onnues.

g isements d u Neolithique

p resents a V illeneuve-l s-Maguelonne

P er eLa

1 981). l a z one

M ireval

f inal ou C halcolithique

( Grotte d e

l a Madeleine - L e

( Le C reux de M i ge),

Roubine d e V ic),

F rontignan

V ic l a

( Carriere e t

G rottes d e l a G ardiole), mais f aute de f ouilles veritables u s n 'ont l ivrd ä /ero / clite e c e j our q u'un m atdriel h et t i nsuffisamment d ate. L e

p lus

p rdcis

( Fouilles e t

g uirlandes,

d es

e st

A rnal

p erles

a

e t

e ncore

e t

L .

c elui

B arral)

qui

d e

l a M adeleine

a l ivre des t essons

d e

l a

G rotte

c annelures

i mpressions d e b aguettes et

p arures

d iverses,

e tc,

d ans

l e

s ite

i ncisions v erticales, u n n iveau s usjacent a u

F ern eres. Nous

r eviendrons

V illeneuve

-

l es

questions quant a P lusieurs d es

C elleneuve d e

Jolen

d ivers

de d e

G .

R odriguez

r est

ei nddit

( Lorblanchet

( Cablat

a

1 972),

Loupian

l e Pdras

c elui du P lateau d e e t M estre

1 966),

P oussan,

l es

l e S erre

( Std ' A rch6ologique de Montpellier)

p ar D . 7

f ouille

d epuis,

i mmediate o nt e galement l ivre

T out d 'abord,

Montpellier a

l a Mort d es A nes ä

s a c hronologie exacte.

l 'arriere-pays

B elbez

d e

pose d e n otre p oint de v ue p lusieurs

i ntdressantes.

V illeveyrac . e t

s ur

qui

s ites de M eze p rospect s

E nf i n, c abane,

p res

d e

l oin

s oh n omog4nd ite 'et

s ites

i nformations

P eyrals

p lus

M aguelonne

a u

1 350

R ouquette.

void i q uelques a nnees u n f ond d e P etit B agnas d 'Agde,

a p roximit e

i mmediate

de

s trutur d ,

e t

r etrouvent

l a mer.

C e s ite a f ourni avec u n abondant t orchis t res

p araissant c uit p arfois,

l es

i mpressions,

l es

c annelures

p araissent absentes.

1 1/2:

S ITE

LE

D E

u ne abondante cdramique au s e

i ncisions,

LA GRANDE ROMPUDE

l es

cordons,

( GIGEAN-Hdrault)

m ais

l es

( Figure

2 2 ä

g auche) d couvert c e

p ar

g isement

l 'altitude 1 .40

m

s e d e

de

s itue 5 3

I l

s ite

e nvirons n e

p laine v iticole Montpellier-S te

i mmediats

s emble

d e

p as

d e

b ord

decore

p aralleles au -

T essons

l ong,

f osse

e t

l e

m ateriel

( Albagnac e t Montjardin 1 979).

homogene,

/ C ertains r el e .vent d u N eolithique F ragment

c ette

l a c harrue

a pparaissant. -

2 m d e

l es t ravaux a gr c oles n e nous a nt p as p ermis / s ommes b ornes a r ecueillir l 'important t orchis

a rchdologique d isperse p ar C e

l a

a l ivre' u ne f osse ovalaire d e

que

Nous n ous

a ux

d ans

m .

l arge,

d 'etudier. g isant

L ucien A lbagnac ä l a s uite d 'un d eionsage d e v igne,

d eux

s ortes

d e

v estiges

\ f inal d e t ype F errieres:

d 'une

p ortee

de

4

y

/ i ncisees

l ignes

b ord.

d ivers

cordons

s imples o u multiples d e t ype

" vases a

e au". D 'autres appartiennent a u C halcolithique: / 7 7 - F ragment d e v ase c ar ne d eco / r d/ de m etopes c anneles. - Tessons d ivers d ecore7s d e p astilles au r epoussel p rovenant d e v ases /es / ou t ettement g albes / . c aren res n F ragments

d e

t riangulaires n iveau de

e n

v ases f iles

decores

d 'impressions

p aralleles a u bord,

a u

mains

l a prehension.

- Bards d ivers decores d e c ordons p lus N ous

p lus

dont u ne t riple f ile a u

s ommes

donc

e n

p resence,

f ins.

s alt d 'un g isement de t ransition

e ntre Neolithique

f inal

e t

C halcolithique,

s oit

d 'un s ite r elevant des

d eux o ccupations. L 'influence

Fontboursse

y e st e ncore p erceptible,

mais e ile y e st

t res .minoritaire. E nfin d e

nous

l a

avons a ffaire u ne

p laine

s upposer

u n

heraultaise t ype

de

f ois de p lus

a ssociant

c onstruction

f osse t res

l 'un d e c es g isements e t t orchis e t l aissant

d ifferent

de

c elui

des

g arrigues d e S aint L oup a u du G ard.

1 1/3:

L E

FOND D E C ABANE D E L A F ONT D E JON

( Gigean-Hdrault)

( Figure

2 7 droite e t F igure 2 8) D ecouvert d e

molasse

s e

l imite

p ar

L ucien

( 40 m ), e n

A lbagnac,

i l

e st s itu es ur u n p etit p lateau

ä p roximite i mmediate d es

f ait ä u ne p ortion de

s ources d 'Issanka.

f ond de c abane m is a u

s uite d 'importants t ravaux de t errassement e t d e p lantations.

1 1/3/1:

S TRUCTURES

1 351

I l

j our ä l a

d u

f ait

d e

v oisine,

S i

s ous

p lus

u ne

v ision

l a

c omplete

c onstatations

1

D ans

u n

u n

l imon

a it

p artie

s ervi

l imoneux

l a

2

I i

s emble

c abane d ans l a v igne

n ous a vons P u n eanmoins f aire ( Albagnac,

C ablat e t M ontjardin

s ubstratum

d e

molasse.

I i s emble

e nleve a it Adrejete e ä l a p eripherie o u d e

t orchis.

p r4sents

f ragments

t enus p our q ue n ous

m oment,

l e

c onfection s ont

l es

d e

n ous n 'avons p u p arvenir ä

\ u ne f osse i rreguliere a e / te/ c reusee d ans

r ecouvrant

j aunes

h ypothese,

l 'ensemble,

d u l imon

a

f ond

i nteressantes

p remier t emps,

j aune

d u

m etre d e t erre,

d e

q uelques 1 981).

q u'une

p oursuite

d 'un

e t

T outefois

p euvent

s i

j ustifier

d e t orchis r ecueillis

l es a mas

l a p remiere

s ont t rop d ilues e t

p uissions g t .re a ffirmatifs s ur l a s econde.

q ue

/ c e t te

f osse

a it

e te /

r ecouverte,

ä u n c ertain

d 'une

s tructure

vegetale n on . / ‘ t races a m eme l e f ond. 3

O n

d u

f ait

l igneuse

d ont

l a

c ombustion a l aissd d es

d eut s 'interroger s ur l a d estination p remiere d e c ette f osse, d e

l a g rande c oncentration d e f aune,

p arfois e n c onnexion,

d ans l e s ecteur c ontigu a u t enement v oisin. 4

U n

c ailloutis,

f osse ä

4

r egulier

d e

m odule,

a

a u f ur e t ä m esure d e l 'occupation. r angs

d allages,

e n moyenne c eramique,

c e c ailloutis,

dam is

e n p lace d ans l a

I l

e st p ossible d 'estimer

m ais

s ans p ouvoir p arler d e

f aune e t t res r arement s ilex,

t ant n oyds d ans

c e c ailloutis. 5

A u

s tade

e nsemble

median

d e

d e f ormation d e c e c ailloutis e tait a ssoci6 u n

p laquettes d e m olasse demantelees

l iees a d es t races d e

t orchis p ouvant r epresenter l es v estiges d 'un f oyer a menage. 6

C 'est

p arler

a vec

d e

l e

d ernier

f ond d e c abane,

s tade

s eul ement

q u'il

s emble p ermis d e

l e c ailloutis d ebordant a lors

l a

f osse e t

s 'etendant s ur l e l imon j aune

n on

a ffect

s 'arrondisse s ondage

p ourrait

T outefois p our

l es

l e

c reusement.

i ndiquer

u ne

L e f ait q ue c e c ailloutis

s tructure

p ierres d e b ordure,

s upposer

u n

S eule

l a

l imon.

ep ar

n ettement e t s 'interrompe b rus vaement a u N ord-Ouest d u

b ase

d ans

d e

t endance

l a f osse,

o valaire.

s ont i nsuffisantes

e n p ierres s ches r ecouvertes d e t orchis o u

f requence d es b locs d e m olasse d ans

l e t alus d e l a

e p eut v enir ä l 'appui d e c ette h ypoth se. p ropriete v oisi n / 7 I l a ient

s e

p eut que

l 'arrachage d es v ignes e t l es

e n f ait e cretef u n c ailloutis p lus e pais,

g isaient

ä

l a

b ase '

d u

l abours a nterieurs

c ar d es

t essons d pais

r emanie o h s e t rouvaient u ne monnaie d e l a

P remiere Republique e t u n l aiton n on p rehistorique. 1 1/3/2: L es p lace,

L A C ULTURE M ATERIELLE v estiges i l

l es e l dments

r ecueillis

t ant

i dentiques

d ans

l es

n iveaux e n

s emble b ien s 'agir d 'un e nsemble h omogene c aracterise p ar s uivants:

- f rdquence d es v ases

c ar4h i s ä c ar ne n ette o u a doucie.

1 352

-

presence

de v ases g albes a c ol d e d imensions n ettement moindres

q ue c elles d e

l a p anse.

L 'un de c es c ols e st p ratiquement c omplet.

- e xistence de q uelques v ases -

spheriques a bord r entrant.

importance d es v ases p lus epais decores de c ordons p aralleles a u

b ord ou d isposes e n g uirlandes ä p artir d es p rehensions. - p resence de c ordons p lus -

r elative

s imples

ou

f requence doubles

b aguettes

e t

d iverses

f ins

s ur v ases

c arenes e galement f ins.

d u decor de p astilles a u r epoussg , du decor d 'impressions ( l'incision

e n f iles

e x6 cut4es a l 'aidede

v erticale

t ant

i ci

a ussi

r epresentge). - p resence notable d e p r Aensions p erforees, -

extreme

e clats p eu

r arete

s ilex,

b rutSou g rignotes,

courant

du Col -

d u

s ous

l a

e t d e mamelons.

f orme d e quelques m auvais

e t u ne u nique f läche pedoncul4e,

mais p resent a u C reux d e M iege ä M ireval

d 'un t ype

e t ä l a G rotte

d e G igean ä F rontignan.

presence

d 'une

b ille p ratiquement s pherique

( fossile?)

d ans u n

m ilieu qui n 'a r ien ä voir avec l e C hasseen. -

abondance

p ermettre p resence

d e

e loigne d e L e

e t

t As

c oquillages d e

c hronologique,

c e

s oit

d es

de

I l

du

p ar

l e

i l

e st

s oit

l 'absence

d 'un

d e

c annelures l e

d u s ite d e l a Mort d es A nes

( Gasc6 .

1 980).

N ous

f osse f ouillee p ar J .

g isement de S urface,

s ite d u

E nfin au n iveau s ouhaiterions

c onfrontation v alable d es materiels, l a

du

e st a ussi d e p ermettre l a d efinition

krapprocher

r eellement de

f acies

C halcolithique

d 'äge C halcolithique gvolu d ,

M aguelonne u ne

A n oter l a

s ite ‘ tant p eu

du

ä A gde o ffrant d e n otables a nalogies.

p our

p rovient

p rovient

f aune q ui devrait

l a Väne.

temoigner

' ngeographique

d ifferent

l es-

toutefois,

d e

f acie

D omenove.

s tructures,

V illeneuvequi

e st

groupe S etois-agathois, B agnas

l a V allee d e

s ite d 'un

n otablement F ontbouisse P etit

conservation de l a

e t d e d ents de d aurades,

l 'Etang d e T hau p ar

m‘rite

d 'un

bonne

d 'interessantes e tudes d e p ratiques bouch res.

s avoir c e

G ascö e t c e qui

l a p ublication n 'indiquant p as

l es

p rovenances.

1 1/4: L e

LE F OND DE C ABANE D E RAFFEGUES-MAS D E GARRIC-MEZE(Hgrault) g isement

t rentaine T hau.

de

e st

D ecouvert

d 'amenagement

s itu

m hres

ds ur

un

d 'altitude,

p ar

d 'une

D aniel z one

p etit ä

p eu

Rouquette,

i ndustrielle,

p lateau d e molasse, de d istance d e ä i l

l a

s uite

d 'une

l 'Etang d e

\d e

c onstitue a c e

t ravaux j our

l e

g isement majeur d e l a z one c otiere. E n

e ffet,

p art

i i

d 'une a

C halcolithique N ous

a mont

pouvoir molasse.

1 1/4/1:

l 'un e t

l es

i ci

a u

d 'autre

abondant

e t

u n

s tructures.

C halcolithique

de c elle d u C hasseen e t

dont

l a

z one

s itu6e p lus e n

l 'autoroute A 9 .

l a p arcelle

1 6 n ous a vons eu

l a c hance d e

r estes d 'un f ond d e c abane c omportant d es

un a bondant t orchis e t u ne

( Cablat,

e xtrgmement

l 'autre ä d 'importantes

i mmediats d e

e tudier

s 'etend s ur p lusieurs h ectares, C hasseen

d ifferente

de l 'amenagement d e

poteau,

i l

u n

b ornerons e st

a ux abords

L ors de

l igs

nous

d 'occupation

p art

l ivre

Montjardin e t Rouquette ä p araetre).

S TRUCTURES

1 353

t rous

f osse p rofonde c reusee dans

l a

T rous t erre s ituer

1 3

d oute X 1 3). C es

p oteau: p eu

S ur 2 5 M 2 e nviron e t s ous u ne c ouverture d e

g paisse

( 20 X 4 0 c m),

3 3

d ggradgs, c m.

e t

c arree,

a yant d e 2 6 X 3 3 c m,

l es

b ulldozers

d e

r econnattre 5

p ossible d e ( poteaux 1 1

l eur d iam>tre d 'ouverture,

l eur p rofondeur a llant d e 1 5

N 'ayant P u s tudier l a p artie s ud d e l 'ensemble t otalement

p ar

i nsuffisante 4 ,

4 td

p artiellement d ans l a t erre d e c ouverture

t rous d e p oteau s ont a ssez r huliers,

g vacuSe

i l n ous a

t rous d e p oteau c omplets o u b ases d e t rous d e p oteau s ans

c reus4s

p arfois X

d e

v gggtale

l eur

n ous

n e

d isposition.

p ouvons

a voir

q u'une

T out a u p lus e st-il

p ossible d e

d eux a bsides t angentes d ans l es t rous d e p oteau 1 , 9 ,

1 0,

4 ,

6 .

L e t rou d e p oteau 8 ,

p ara t d ifferent.

2 ,

3 ,

d e t endance n ettement

I l e st ä n oter q ue l a f osse

( ou p lutöt c e

q ue

n ous p ensons e tre s on e xtension)

q ui l es

n e p ermet p as d e s avoir s 'il y a u ne l iaison q uelconque e ntre t rous d e p oteau e t l a f osse. L 'existence h ors d u s ecteur

p rincipal p enser

d 'habitat,

q ue

d es

d 'autres

b ases

r ecoupe l e t rou d e p oteau 9 ,

d e

" cabanes"

c e

t rous d e p oteau 1 1 X 1 3 l aisse

e xistaient d ans l a p arcelle 1 6,

l es

d eblais -4 vacue s p ar l es b ulldozers l ivrant d e t räs n ombreux t essons. N ous a vions d u r este r econnu u n a utre t rou d e p oteau, p lus o u mom s a ssocie X d e l a c eramique p astill e, -

T orchis:

G arric

n ous

p laine e st

f osse

1 7

N ous

r ec le

e t,

d e

p ouvons l a

Neanmoins

i i

rgaliser

e st

d es

f osse.

p rgsente

u n I l

m

q u'une

d u

h

s ol l a

d e

L a l e

p arois

d e b ase d e c onstruction e n

p artie

d es

t r s

p laquettes

i rrggulier,

d es

d ans

l a

d u

l ambeaux d e c e

l es c arres s ituds a u s ud-ouest d e

1 0 a ,

r ougie,

1 1,

1 3 a ,

a manifestement s ubi 1 4. l a m olasse

i rregulier.

e ffet

4 t 4

, . ait 1 8

A

q u'une p remiäre f osse, c reusge l a

i nitialement

m olasse

1 7)

M ais e n f ait c ette f orme

s eulement l 'ultime p hase d 'utilisation d e

e n

c arre

d e g As a s ervi ä

" cuvette" d e l 'angle s ud-est d u c arre

o valaire

d u

l a f osse.

l 'occupation C hassgenne)

m olasse,

l es c arres

c oncerner

s ilo

a

l a

e n f orme tr>s

d ans

l a

m oitie

d t e tres rdgulierement

e t o i l a s ection p rdsente u n d iargissement e n s ilo d vidente. f osse

p rofondeur a voir

i nitiale A

d u

m eme

S largie,

p rofonde

( 1.28

m aximale

d e

p ara t

tdmoignant

c eux-ci d ans l e r emplissage d e

a illeurs

s emble

i nfgrieure

d e

c ertain

p rofil

p ara t

t aillde

l a

s ecteurs,

d e t orchis d ans

C ette f osse a ssez p rofondement c reusge d ans

1 .28

C ette

n appes

f ragments

4 te rencontrds d ans

F osse:

d e

P our c ertains

e t m oellons i rr huliers d e m olasse)

c ontrairement

P ar

( jusqu'l

n ette

d eux

l 'existence

g As

d allages

a yant

f osse.

d es

e xclure d e

l 'action d u f eu d ans

n ous

b as,

p resence

r ougies

d allage

l a c onstruction e n t orchis d e

S galement

p lus

( plaquettes

( jamais

d e

f ragments y s ont e n e ffet p articulie 'rement

( 15 ä 2 0 c m).

n e

p ierre

p reuve L es

p ermis d e p arler d 'une v eritable n appe d e t orchis.

e lle-meme

i mportantes

l a

l a

s tructures e t s ouvent v olumineux. mgme

c arre

f ait

f ois d e p lus a vec l e g isement d e R affägues-Mas d e

a vons

hdraultaise.

n ombreux, i l

U ne

d ans u ne a utre . p arcelle.

l a

m )

p rdsentait o rdre.

u ne o uverture d e 8 0/90 c ms e t u ne •

D ans u n d euxieme t emps,

r ecoupant l e t rou d e p oteau 9 . n 'a

g uäre d 'explication.

f osse d ans

l i e a ux u ltimes

l a

f osse s emble

" La c uvette" p lus

P ar c ontre l 'extenton

l a p artie s upgrieure d es

c arrd s

p hases d 'occupation d e l a c abane,

1 354

1 6 e t

2 0

l e n appage

d e

t orchis

e tant

f requent

d ans

l es

n iveaux

s uperficiels

de c e

s ecteur. d e

V ase-Silo: t orchis

L a

de

l a

f osse a l ivrd parmi d es p ierres, f aune

e t

d es cdramiques,

d es

d es

f ragments

f ragments

c ourbes

a ssez grossiärement l isses s ur

l es

d eux f aces,

a ppartenant

\ a

v raisemblablement d ans

l es

1 980) L .

e t

b ien

d e

( brule? matiere o rganique?), deiä r econnus p ar 0 .

Mailhac

l eg s ites d e

( Taffanel

T affanel

e t T affenel

S ervian e tudids p ar J .

p ossädent d es e xemplaires p lus p etits,

mais

s ouvent

c omplets.

I l

e st donc p robable que

d ivers.

l e

d ernier

L a

c redibilitd

l 'origine p remiere d e

e tat

" cuvette"

p oint d 'eau?

a

v ases-silos

" Veraziens"

r epresent d s d ans

qui

s tockage, e n

d es

g isements

E sperou

a ssez

ä s ection n oiratre

e st-elle

C 'est u ne

du

t ant

l a

l iee

mais q ui p erd b eaucoup de

l 'est.et dont l e n om s ignifie p recisement qu'il abreuver

1 1/4/2:

C ERAMIQUE

E lle

e st

p lusieurs

( Fig.

t res

f ormes

-

v ases

p etits

l e

s a

s ite

a P u s ervir e n s on

2 9)

a bondante,

I i

mais

e xiste

s ouvent

f ragmentee.

d es

v ases

N eanmoins

n ettement c arends,

e t d es v ases X c ar l les h autes e t p arois h emispheriques:

bols

l onge

s ont r econnaissabl e

v ases

p lus a doucies

qui

l es v aches.

c ardnd s : hc aränes

v ases

l e

u ne u tilisation i nterm6diaire

p ossibilite,

f ait d u r uisseau d e A ygues-Vaques,

t emps

6 t 6

f osse a lt

c elui d 'un r eceptacle ä d echette

us

( vases X boire?),

s ont

d es

r entrantes.

' r epr4sent‘s i p ar u ne

s erie d e

m ais a ussi de p lus g randes d imensions

e t a ouverture r etrecie. -

v ases

c ylindrospheriques

gendralement c ordon

o u

ä t endance g lobulaire:

de v ases d 'assez g randes d imensions,

s 'elargissant e n l angüette d e . prehension.

sex-l e

d e

vases

i ntermddiaires

ä bord d roit ou

I i

s 'agit

munis p arfois d 'un Mais

i l e xiste u ne

l egerement c oncaves

m unis de m amelons d e p rehension o u a nse. -

decors:

f iles

s imple

L e

decor

o u

doubles

dominant s ur

l es

c ordons

e st

l e p astillage a u r epouss d e n

l es d iverses v arietds d e

l a p remiere

/ s e r ie de f ormes. V iennent

e nsuite

s 'agit

d e

d e

p arcelle

l a

c ordons L e

vases gen d ralement dpais.

p lus

decor

l e ( en

a u-dessus

d e

' e \t re

n ous

avons

i mitation d 'une

1 6

l es

deux

M ais d ans

/ s eries.

a utres

I l

l e r emani d bulldozer

n ous avons r encontre quelques t essons d e b ord a

f ins.

h achurdes p eut

s ur

p 1 1. 2 s

i ntd ressant

t raits

legerement

s ans

c o me

r encontree.

c elui d e bandes

c ourant s ous f inement

e st

p eut M ais

i ä tre

i l

l e b ord e t

l isse.

a ssocid ä l 'alene de metal

decor c ampaniforme.

f orme tout

I l

doute

c onvexes)

l a c ar ne d 'un p etit v ase t res

c onsidere du

e st

C e vase

c uivreux que

possible d 'y voir u ne

s 'agit d 'une t echnique e t

f ait d ifferente.

A noter u ne p erle c ylindrique e n ceramique a ssez m al modelee.

1 355

1 1/4/3:

, . a

L E METAL

e st I l r epre/ sente/ p ar u n f ragment d 'alen Ne e n m e/t al l 'analyse

c onvient

d e

d 'en

c ommuniquee

M .

B ourhis.

a ttendre

p ar

P .

l a

Nous

l 'estimons

d etermination.

Ambert,

c uivreux s oumis

en c uivre,

mais

i l

( Selon u ne i nformation

c et objet e st d galement a f orte t enure

d 'argent.

1 1/4/4:

L 'OUTILLAGE O SSEUX

R epresente f ait

p ar une douzaine d 'outils c omplets o u

l 'objet d 'une e tude dgtaillde d e M me H .

1 1/4/5: -

i i

L 'OUTILLAGE L ITH1QUE

S ilex:

s ous

f ragmentaires,

C amps-Fabrer.

I l

f orme

e st e ncore u ne

d ' eclats

a rquee,

e n

s ilex

moment,

d 'armature

s ans

f ois t As r are e t p resent s eulement

g rande

A

n oiratre, a ssez

s ignification.

t emoigne

S eule u ne p i>ce

d e l a p resence,

s olide de t ype f oliacee.

a u n c ertain J

M ais e ile a e te

r encontree e n d ehors d u f ond d e c abane p roprement H ache

p olie:

l 'outillage

-

o sseux

l 'aläne t As

en metal.

n ettement

s ollicitg

E lle d u

p rovient

me `me

c omme

s ecteur

l a p lus g rande p artie d e

q ue c elui o ü a

E lle e st e n r oche v erte v einee e t

e quarrie

l 'analyse

e n v ue d e s on emmanchement.

p ar

Mme

M .

R icq-de

I t

r encontree

s emble a voir

t e

N ous e n a vons

B ouard en ma ne t emps q ue

c elles du c hasseen. -

M eules:

c ar/4 M ais

1 6 i l

f ace

E lle

e st

1 1/4/7:

a bondante

e t

r encontree d ans

l e

malheureusement b rulge e t d clatee.

3a e t lä,

b ien

d e

f ragments d e b asalte.

c onservee

dans

l a

f osse.

\ l e t roisieme s ite d e l a

s ite d e R affegues e st

a voir

l ivr4

d es

e t

l 'aide

d e

p oteaux

d tant

reäuites

r epr A.e nter

N ous e n

L a

s tructures.

P ellecuer

L ongtemps

1 974/75)

d eviennent l eur

f inal/Chalcolithique

c ötiere

oü

p ratiquement

dpoques,

e st

c ertaine ndcessitant

e t

p ressenties

c onstructions

m aintenant

f inalitd

s ite d e R affegues c onfirme

bordure

l es

A . \ f range c otlere

u ne

n e

r galit d ,

p ouvant

( Albagnac,

de t orchis "a e n

l es

f osses

a ucun

c as

l 'habitat l uird eme a insi q ue c ela a p arfois e t d soutenu.

N eolithique

ddcor

A t e

l a determination r apide.

Montjardin

s ont

s ol,

p rd s ence ,

l a

a

CONCLUSIONS

L e

2 .

l e

( en g ranit?)

L A F AUNE

s ouhaitons

ä

s eule meule

c ontre

f aut n oter

1 1/4/6:

1 .

U ne

l e

l es

f ils

a bsents. s eul

u nit d ,

l e

u n

e xamen

qui decor

l 'extrame v ariet d et d ifficultei d e d e

l a p laine hdraultaise e t d e

c onducteurs

l a

F errieres e t F ontbou ' i :sse

L e decor

s urabondant a ux d eux

p ermette d 'etablir d ans c ette r Aion u ne d e

c ordons

c Ataille d es

t ant

d 'impressions d e b aguettes p araissant,

1 356

p lus

u biquiste

ci ramiques d 'accompagnement, p our l e moment?,

e t l e

l imitd

a u s ecteur c otier. I l

A p eut-etre

n 'est

c ette

s urabondance

l ongtemps, v ases e n

qu'il

realises

F rance,

p as

i nutile d 'envisager l a s ignification d e / d ecor p astilld, d ont o n a d it, d epuis

du

r eprd senter

p ouvait

e n t ole d e

ä

u ne

metal.

e / p oque

u ne imitation du r ivetage d e

L e

f ait q ue c e p astillage e xiste, N a ncienne, n 'eni ve r ien a c ette

t rNe s

o bservation. 3 .

L e

s ite

, 0 1 6j ,

d e

R aff gues

p ressenti

s 'accompagnant

e n

thnoigne d e

d 'autres

s ans doute d e

l qtat c halcolithique d volu

s ecteurs,

l a

r aret

d u

s ilex

p rd sence du metal chaque f ois q u'une

l a

f ouille d e q uelque a mpleur e st p ossible. 4 .

E nfin

i i

montre

que

f inal/Chalcolithique d ans

l e

p ierre

l a

p laine

m dns

a u

a ussi

E n f ait,

v ignes qui a ttendent f ouilleurs, 1

l e

s ecteur

R ouquette

e n

necessairement

n ombreux s ont l es g isements e nfouis s ous

l iaison p lus

d e 1 7

A ze s ites

d irecte a vec

r iche

que

e t e nvirons

L a

p laine

l es m ines d e C abriei-e s,

l 'arriere-pays

d tait

p ar s a p otentialite

n aturelles

d e

l a region

L A S TATION D E S T P AUL L E HAUT-MEZE(Hdrault) d ernier

s ite

s uite

d 'un

4 3

d 'altitude

m

R aff 4.u es. e t

immeäiats ayant

p rehistoriques.

a gricole e t l 'abondance d es r essources ^ c otiere ( pe " che, c oquillages, c rustaces).

C e

l es

l eurs

s eul

D aniel

hdraultaise,

1 1/5:

l 'occupation Nd olithique

p rdsente e t f rdguente que

s ecteur p rivil dgi d d es g arrigues du S aint L oup ä c abanes d e s e-c he.

1 ivr4

d ans

e st

du

I i

Mont

p eut j etre

v ient d 'Atre ddcouvert p ar D aniel

s ondage mddidval. moyenne, c onstitue

I i

s itu d

r omaines,

e nviron

ä

1

a nt

L es

d e

Km a u S ud-Ouest d e

u n veritable b elvedere d e

S t C lair d e S äte.

Rouquette 1 * l a

s 'agit d 'un p lateau d e m olasse,

l 'Etang d e T hau

s tructures e t t ombes medi d vales,

p erturb e

t r ' es

a nciennement

l e

s ite

p rehistorique. D ans

l a

s ommes -

e n

p artie

l e

l ong .d 'un

d 'une n ette o ccupation Ndolithique

a vec

f ragments

c annelures ldger

d e

v ases

j ointives)

r elief,

d dcord

mur s uppose mdäi d val

ddbitage

d 'une

ä

e au

n ous

f inal ä i nfluence F errieres

( cordons

b ards d e v ases

p arall les

a u

multiples

e spacds

e t

r entrants ddcores d e c ordons

bord d e v ase ddcorei d e c hevrons

d 'incisions

s ilex de -

s ond e

e ffet e n p resence:

bord,

c annel d s,

e t u ne

e n

bord d e v ase

p rd sence notable de

.

occupation p ossible C halcolithique e t c ampaniforme

a vec

u n t esson d e

bord

v ase

d e

v ase

c ampaniforme

p eigne,

l imitdes

d ecor p astille e t s urtout 8 f ragments d 'un m Ame d e p ar

c ampaniforme

s emble

p ratiquement

c omplet,

9 c m d 'ouverture, -

d 'une

decor s

d igitd

s tyle i nternational m ixte des

e xd cutdes t tre a ssocid

l ignes

p ouvoir

ä b ord t re 's

' vas' e t

u n

d 'empreintes

p ossible s ur

a u d igite- o ngule

l a

a u

gobelet,

A c e

r etrouve

f ond p ratiquement p lat d e

6 c m d e f ond e t u n p eu p lus d e

occupation

( bandes h achurees a u l a c ordelette).

B ronze

6 cm d e h auteur.

a ncien

a vec d es bards

t ranche mtbe au s oulignds d 'un c ordon

l 'empreinte d e

1 357

l 'ongle apparaissant d ans

l e

c reux

d igite.

i mprime s ur Q uels

A

n oter e galement d es f ragments d 'anses e t u n decor

c ordon.

que

s oient

l 'apparition

l es

r emaniements,

c ampaniforme

N4o1ithique

f inal

de

s tyle

( association

c e

s ite

s emble tdmoigne d e

i nternational

d u

p etit

v ers

l a f in d u

gobelet n on d cor 'à d es

t essons de v ases ä e au), a ntdrieurement u ne

a u

A

B ronze

a ncien dont l a cdramique apparait,

encore

f ois

i ci,

t res d ifferente.

L e

B ronze

a ncien

s emble

b ien

p resent dans

l a r egion e t i l

s era

u tile d e pouvoir r elier ceramique e t metal de c ette epoque. I II

-

LES CAMPANIFORMES

E n

d ehors

de

i nternational s tation

des

s tation

au

f ourni

e n

P aul

l e

H aut,

t res r are.

C arreiroux

des

s urtout

S t

d emeure

d e

M iege

c ampaniformes

decor s,

s urtout dans

a ller

l a

G rotte

c ampaniforme

d e

s tyle

l e t rouvons g are qu'ä

- S t Appolis d e F ontenille a F lorensac,

P eyrals d e V illeveyrac C reux

l e

N ous n e

- a l a Grotte de

l a

region

a vec

N izas

e t

ä

l e

p lus

l e s tyle r hodano-provengal. d e

l a M adeleine e t

M ireval q ui d emeure

d e

M oui. e ze

s ite l e

d e

-Plus

d e

l a

a l a p lus

6 5 t essons l oin i l

l 'autre

f aut

c ote d e

l 'Htrault. I l

n 'est

Hdrault

p as

avait

i nutile f ourni

m entionnds

p ar

d epuis

n ouveaux

d e

v oisinage q ue

de

c ette

c hose

p as

" civilisation E n

c e

( Roudil,

a bondance

6 t4 '

q ue

B azile e t S oulier r ecenses. M ais

e stimons e t

1 974)

d es

q u'il

i l

f aut c ependant voir que b ien p eu d e " indig nes"

s ignifie p as q ue nous

c ampaniformes. f aut

c esser

e voquer p lus

e t que

S eule l a r eg / i on a u

n 'est

C e q ui n e

" l'importance"

c ampaniforme"

rdgion Montpellier-

c ampaniformes hdraultais

voire m illiers d e vases

meme s ecteur.

a

l a

s ites

c ampaniforme

c entaines,

n ous

B ien

d e

s implement

a u

p arler d e l a p rdsence

c ampaniformes".

qui

c oncerne

a u

l e

metal,

c ampaniforme,

p recitee de N izas. Nous

d es

o nt

A

c e

M ais

a ssociable

R oudil s ites

a ux

d ans

c rayons

" groupes

s ignaler

t iers

l 'Aude p ara t p lus r iche.

c ompar e

c ontraire. d e

L .

r elative

r epr d sentes n e

J .

d e

l e

p ouvons

Nous n e

noter

l es

s i

p ar e xemple, c e

n 'est,

i l

e st d ifficilement

p eut-etre,

ä l a G rotte

l e

f igurons d onc i ci q ue p ar c ommodit e : / e /l ements s uivants: ( Figure 3 0 d roite e n

h aut) -

O r:

U ne

spirale d 'or a e te d ecouverte p ar A udibert e t B oudou

( 1955) — i— l a G rotte d u R avin d e -

P lomb:

-

I i n e

C uivre:

l a B aumette a Cournonterral.

s emble p as a voir e I te/ sig nal ' d ans

R are

j usqu'a p resent,

s ites mdgalithiques p remieres -

i mportants,

P oignards:

H oules.

I ls

s ont

p resents

( Voir c i-dessus),

( Gutherz

( Audibert rdcemment

c ommence

a

A apparaitre

a vec

l es

f ouilles.

M aguelonne) V almalle

i l

l a region.

c ar l a region e st d epourvue d e

e t ä

1 975),

B oudou Montredon

A u-dela

de

a

ä l a G rotte d e 1 955). ( St

D omenove

ä l a G rotte d e U n

P ons

l 'Herault,

N izas.

1 350

e t

l a B aumette de C ournonterral

f ragment

a urait

d e M auchiens) 1 1

( Villeneuve — . l s-

l 'Iouziere a S t P aul

f aut c iter

p ar J .

e te

r etrouve

G rimal e t N .

l e p oignard a s oie de

E lles

s e

multiplient

p resentement,

c ertains

s ites

e tant e ncore i ndäits. 1 956),

E lles ä

1 955),

l a

s ont

l a S tation

s ite e n c ours d e d e Mauchiens,

d e R .

d e

l a B aumette

l a Roubine d e V ic

( Collection D .

s ont

ä

( Arnal

( Audibert e t B oudou

( Soulier

Rouquette),

p rdsentes

ä

s tation d es . N . de M iege a M ireval

C reux

1 970),

d ans un

l a

l a

e tc.

G rotte

P eyrals

d e

l a M adeleine

ä V illeveyrac

( Audibert

1 957;

1 962)

( Cablat

l 'analyse

M arechal a yant donnd :

S n:0,01

- P b:0,50 -

n otable n e

donnons

F e:/

A g:1,

t ravaux

d e

c eS

P .

p ermettront i ci d es P ar

- S b:1

Z n:Tr

- A s:0,01

s oit

- S i:Tr.

e ncore u ne

- B i:Tr

f ois u ne p roportion

d 'argent.

N ous

a illeurs,

a urait e n

I II d e

E lles

N i:0,01

l es

a l a G rotte de l a M adeleine

R avin

f ouille de S t P ons

( Per i f l t iconique), a u

d u

ä Moure-z e

P erles: 1 972),

p resentes

G rotte

t rouvd

c uivre

n 'avons

Ambert,

s elon ä

e xemplaire

B arge,

J .

L .

E sperou e t N .

H oules qui

J .

A udibert

( 1957),

G .

C lot,

d e F rontignan

l a g rotte du C ol d e G igean une f euille p late ovale

a voir

p as

H .

i nformations n ouvelles e t c apitales.

a ssocide

P u

p ourrait

i ndicationSqu'ä t itre p rovisoire c ar c e s ont

u ne a cces

s 'agir

v ient

s oie

p robablement d t i m eme metal.

ä c e document.

d 'une

N ous nous d emandons

" pointe de P almella",

d 'Atre r etrouve d ans

Nous

s 'il

n e

dont un m agnifique

l a Vallee d e l 'Herault p ar N .

H oules. I V -

L E B RONZE ANCIEN

D es

t essons

r etrouves

N a

s ur

p uissent

decor

l es

d igit

s ites

A tre a ttribues

n eanmoins

p resent

d e

d e

u nique,

c ouvercles l a

G rotte

d 'une

i l

e st

f ag9n

c ertaine a l a G rotte d e s ous

l a

l anguette

f orme d 'un

c aractdristique

r ond

a nse

d u

vases

u nique),

( tasse e t p ichets a insi

p erfor A du B A q ui

a

( Arnal

q u'une

I II o u

C galement

r are q u'ils e st

l a M adeleine a

f ragment d e t asse' e n

c roissant,

C reux de • M iege ‘ h M ireval q ui

3

'

f requemment C elui-ci

Sd pulcrale

c ylindrique F rontignan

M ais

a cor d igit

( 1957)

doute,

s urface.

s ont

e t d e t essons

A udibert e t

d igito-ongule

s ans r eserve a u B ronze a ncien.

V illeneuve - 1 4s -Maguelonne a nse

eo u

1 956;

R oudil

c aren2 s,

d e

1 972); I.

a l ivrd ä J .

1 f ond p lat on

Cpingle ` a ttte p lus o u mom s

I V; ä l a G rotte d u Col d e G igean ä

l ivr C une t asse 1 a nse u nique e t,

s ans

l a

e galement

G rotte de l 'Homme Mort ou J . Audibert ( 1957) s ignale . u ne e pingle "a t e At e s emi-spherique p erfor e e /; a u D olmen

d 'Aumelas

No.

2

p rdsente,

c e

q ui

d ans

l a

s ous

l a

r tgion;

o u

une

p rouve e nfin,

epingle

ä

ttte

p erforde

e st e galement

u ne c ertaine d ensitd d e c e t ype d ' epingle

au M as d 'Andos

( Villeneuve-

f orme d e q uatre h aches b rutes de c oulee

( une

l äs- M aguelonne) s eule c onservde

a u Musde de l a S AM de Monpellier, d e f orme ti>s a llongee, / / e pais, t ranchant p eu a rrondi e t b ords p eine ebauches. A vec l a

l e

G rotte

s emblable \ a quatre ( Roudil s1 tue

ä c orps

B ronze Moyen n ous a urions d 'ailleurs d 'autres documents d e d e

l a

M adeleine

( petit

p oignard

c ordiforme

' ä r ivets

a

c ertain documents d es B aleares - poignard a l eg e \ re n erve \ r ivets, e tc.) o u du depöt d e ( 11) h aches d e F abregues

1 972),

q u'une

a u B ronze a ncien

e tude

i talienne

( de

M arinis

I V e t r approche d es h achesde

1 359

1 976; note

4 )

t ype S avignano.

C e

q ui

d e

S uisse

i mpliquerait u n c ourant d ifferent du c ourant j usqu'ici

a dmis

e t

e xpliquerait

' rhodanien'

i ssu

l a p resence e nsuite d e

c d ramique a ppenninique s ur l e rivage l anguedocien.

I V C ONCLUSIONS L a

s imple

c onfrontation

m icro-regions g roupes mom s

regionaux, p resent

c abanes, n e

montre d ans

t iennent u n

(changes),

d e

f ich es dans e st .

i nvitent

e t a

c omme

B ronze

a ncien

u ne

d ensite

o nt

o ccupant

a insi

a ncien

s oient

p enser

S t

P aul

X

d es

d e

l es

( plus o u ( habitat,

g roupes p lus

h umains, o u

mom s

tdmoignent

f le 'ches

• \ e t l a o u c ela / d ensite d e s ites

d es documents, l a

d e .c es

s ites,

nous l a

d e developpement s pectaculaire a uquel

l e

l 'Ardäche,

mom s q ue,

d ans

Mäze e t

e t p eut- Are d e

c ontrairement > c e que

j usqu'ici

r echercher

l es

' couche d e guerre'.

Neo/Chalcolithique d u M idi d e

f ourni d e

l e H aut

t rois

D ifferences que

f agon

d 'inhumations

p driode

periode A

d u l ithique

e tc.).

d e

q u'en l es

s ites,

m Gme

l a

l aissef

l es

de modes de v ie

s epultures,

( Basse-Ardäche-Alpilles), mombre

( mgme

v iendra.

g rottes

( Esperou

l e

n iveau

l 'existence

e t

c onflits

c onsid4rer

F rance döti 4re)

a u

l es o ssemen e humainsou

p ossible

dans

p recis. C e q ui n 'em achent n i l es r elations N a g roupe, o u p lus l ointaines, n i

g roupe

l a

e xistant

C halcolithique),

s eulement

l es

c ontre,

s 6pulcraux

d e

l e

t erroir

e ventuellement

n ous

s eulement

d iversifies,

p ermanentes

documents

n ettes d ifferences apparaissant e ntre

d conomiques,

p as

s ocialement

P ar

n on

a ctivites

d e

l e5

s upposer, l a

l es

l a region f ouilles

l es h abitats du B ronze

p laine c omme

l a

l aisseraient

l e g isement d e l a D rosie ä S ervian

1 974).

1 360

N OTES / / U n poignard e n c uivre ou b ronze aurait e te/ t rouve a u D olmen No.

1 d es

Traverses

p ar

l 'ancien

i nstituteur

M .

M ercurol,

m ais

1

n ous

n 'avons P u e n a voir confirmation. 2

D es

l es

c opies

dolmens:

v erticalement gpingle G ros:

d 'e i pingles

d u D olmen d e V esseaux

t e\t e Musde

p ercde

e n

d e

p alette

P lanaise ä S ampzon U ne

hache

e t

( Bill

( Roudil

1 977;

'

r ecueillies d ans

l aterale p erfor‘e Montjardin

1 971)

du D olmen d es Abrits X B eaulieu

G rospierres)

l ateralement

r ectiligne

e n o s o nt e galement e 't

dpingle e n bequille e t dpingle ä t ‘ 'te

a u e n mgtal

d pingle 1 973,

ä

T afel

s upplgmentaire

( A.

C .

( gpingle ä t'te g lobulaire

t C 'te

e n

a nneau

du

D olmen de

1 7).

e n

b ronze

X

b ords

droits,

t alon

e t

t ranchant a rrondi, v ient d 'etre s ignalge p ar A . • H eritier ( 1983) a l 'Aven J acques d e L ussas. N ous n e s avons p as S i • • c ette h ache p ossede u n t alon e ncoche c omme c elles de P eyroche I I a A uriolles.

Mais

a uxquelles

c es

nous h aches

f aisons

4 t 4

ont

d es

reserves

a ssimilees

s ur ( J.

l e t ype de Neyruz B ill

p an e de t ype

" Peyroche"). D eux A .

d atations

H gritier

2 846:

s upp dmentaires C 1 4 v iennent d 'etre

l 'Aven

4 140

±

1 70

J acques.

b .p.,

C e s ont:

s oit

s ignalees

pour l e F erriXres

1 90 b .c.,

p ar

, L yon

d ate c onfirmant l es d ates

basses d e B eaussement. p our

l e

s oit

1 910 b .c.,

u ne

C halcolithique c e qui

b as-ardgchois:

d atation à l a G rotte d e G aude,

donne

2 110

( Combier

b .c.

1 982)

L yon

2 295:3860 ± 1 30 b .p.

c onforme e galement B eaussement.

( Hdritier

P ar a illeurs

s ans p recision de contexte a urait

1 983;

G ros

e t G ros

1 980).

c ontradictoires,

a obtenu d es d ate 's p lus a nciennes, • • a l 'Abri d e B aume Rouze a O rgnac:

F erriäres

A .

recent

. ..

L yon 2 175 = 4 640 ± 2 00 b .p.

F erri res a ncien

. ..

L yon 2 276 = 4 460

± 1 60 b .p.

= 2 510 b .c.

F erri res a ncien

. ..

L yon 2 174 = 4 510 ± 1 60 b .p.

= 2 560 b .c.

3

Nous

( masculine e t

p lus

e t Gros

n e

d irone

e t

fdminine

c urieuse d e 1 977;

qu'un d e

mot

des

= 2 690 b .c.

s tatues-menhirs

a rdechoises

l a G rotte M eunier X S t Marcel d 'Ardeche)

l a G rotte du S erre d es

F ourches ä L agorce

( Gros

1 978). " region"

o u

, ' re / gionalement",

4

Q uand nous e crivons

l a

micro-rdgion M ontpellier-Fleuve H grault,

s elon l a mgthode de r echerche, / m icro-cultures q ue nous p reconisons. 5

B eechins

m ais u n p eu

d 'analyse

R enseignements obligeamment c ommuniques

nous e nvisageons

d es g arrigues ä l a c öte, e t

de

p ar Mme M .

s ynthese

d es

R icq-de B ouard

d u C entre de R echerches A rchgologiques d e S ophia-Antipolis-Valbonne, • a l aquelle nous e xprimons t aute n otre r econnaissance.

1 361

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L aison G ros,

0 .et

0 .et

L iason d e

ä

' Compte

' La

r endu

s ommaire

G rosspierres

G rotte

' Les

du

s ites

' Grotte

' La

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G rotte

ä

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X III,

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f ormes

e t decors du F errieres

de

du Chalcolithique de

l a

datation CRSM

3 ,

occupation

OGAM XXI,

1 969 - 7 0.

pp.101-108.

pp.101 - 1 08.

B ulletin SPF, 1 969.

l 'etude

B ulletin

' Schema des

C ahier Rhodaniens

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OGAM X IX,

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Basse Ardeche',

a

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, CRSM

' Schema

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pp.13 - 3 3.

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B ulletin

R .,

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' Le

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pp.LXXI-LXXII. de

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g isement

XV,

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C RSM 9 ,

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