IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments in Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory 9781407348735, 9780860547273
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English Pages [444] Year 1991
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Table of contents :
VOLUME II
Cover Page
Copyright Page
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
FOREWORD
PREFACIO
PRESENTACION DE LAS PONENCIAS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
THE CLASSIFICATION AND DATING OF LIME MORTARS BY CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND RADIOCARBON DATING: A REVIEW
AGE DETERMINATION, CHRONOLOGY AND RADIOCARBON RECALIBRATION IN THE BALEARIC ISLANDS
CUEVAS SEPULCRALES PRETALAYOTICAS DE MALLORCA: UN ENSAYO DE CLASIFICACION Y ANALISIS
SIMPLE APPROACHES TO THE ANALYSIS OF PREHISTORIC POTTERY
OBSERVACIONES SOBRE LOS SANTUARIOS TALAYOTICOS MALLORQUINES
THE TAULAS OF MENORCA
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEX SOCIETIES IN S.E. SPAIN: THE GATAS PROJECT
ISLAND COLONISATION IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN: THE BALEARIC ISLANDS
SOME THEORETICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE USE OF ADVANCED STATISTICS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
L'EVOLUTION TECHNOLOGIQUE DU BIGE AU QUADRIGE EN MEDITERRANEE ORIENTALE, AU MAGHREB ET AU SAHARA: QUAND ET PORQUOI?
LH SOCIO-POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN PELOPONNESE - WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ARCADIA (AN IN-DEPTH STUDY)
ANANALOGIC ARGUMENT FOR A PREHISTORIC WHALING TRADITION AMONG THE HAIDA
L'IMMAGINE FEMMINILE NELLE STATUE- MENHIRS
MESOLITHIC METAPHYSICS: SO ME PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES INVOLVED IN DEFINING THE MESOLITHIC PERIOD
LOS MILLARES: NUEVAS PERSPECTIVAS
Citation preview
Ilnd Deya International Conference of Prehistory Recent Developments in Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory Volume 11: Archaeological Technology and Theory
Edited by W. H. Waldren, J. A. Ensenyat and R. C. Kennard
BAR International Series 574 1991 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
BAR
PUBLISHING
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l CONG E SO DE P NE HESTOR I IA DE DE M . T 6cn ica s , T ecno log fa y T eor fa A rqueo l6g ica
BA JO LA PRES IDENC IA DE HONOR DE S U MA JESTAD LA RE INA DORA SOF IA
Mu seo A rqueo lög ico yC en t ro d eI n ve s t igac ione sd eD e iä d e l2 3 a l3 0d eS ep t iemb r ed e 1 . 988
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
ACKNO WLEDGEMENTS * *********
CONSELLER IA DE CULT 1URA DEL GOVERN BALEAR CONSELLER IA DE CULTURA DEL CONSELL I NSULAR DE MALLORCA A JUNTAMENT DE DE IÄ A JUNTA MENT DE SOLLER A JUNTA MENT DE VALLDE MOSSA A JUNTA MENT DE MANACOR MUSEU DE SOLLER UN IVERS ITAT DE L ES I LLES BALEARS
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
FORE WORD
Among the most essential qualities in scientific investigation are those of tolerance and r espec tf or t h e i d eas a nd w orks o ffe l low s c ien t is ts ; d esp i te t h ep os s ib le d i f f erence s t h ese m ay d emons t ra te f rom o ne ' so wn . W ea re a t ap o in to fd epar tu re -a nd i nd eed w e h ave b een f or s ome t ime - w hen i ti sn o t e nough t o l im i t o ne ' s i n teres ts t o an ar row g eograph ic o r s i ng le d i sc ip l inary s phere o fi n ves t iga t ion . A t t h e s ame t i me , i ti sp aradox ica l t h a t i s o la t ion w i th in p ersona lp arame te r so cas s iona l ly may b e b o th p roduc t ive a nd n ece ssa ry ,a nd h ence mus t b e r espec ted , i tc an b e c oun terproduc t ive t os hu t o ur se lve s of a cadem ica l ly o r o therw ise , t o o c omp le te ly , f rom t h e e xposure a nd e n terpr ise o f o ther r ou tes o f i nves t iga t ion a nd c ommun ica t ion . H owever , i n w ha t w e l i ke t of ee l i sa n e n l igh tened w or ld , i ti s i ndeed r emarkab le h ow o f ten t h ese q ua l i t ies o ft o lerence a nd r e spec tf or o ne ' sp eer sa re f orgo t ten o r o n ly p ar t ly t a ken i n to c ons id era t ion a s w e t r ave l a bou t i no ur i s o la ted p er sona l w or ld s . I ti s a l so i mpor tan t , a sp a r to fo ur t a sk a ss c ien t i s ts , n o t t on ar row o ur i n teres t s , n om ore t h an o ur t o lerence o fr espec t , b u t t o c ons ider a ny n umber o fp oss ib le o p t iona l a pproaches t o o ur i nd iv idua ld i sc ip l ines a nd t h em e thodo logy a nd i n terpr e ta t ions t h ey c on ta in , o rf or t h a tm a t ter d esp i te t h eo f ten e so te r ic n a ture a nd d i rec t ion t h a ts ome o ft h ose a venues o fi n ves t iga t ion m ay t a k ec ompared t oo u ro wn a ccu s tomed o nes . A no ther p u rpose o fs e r ious r e sea rch -one a l so f orm ing a no ther e s sen t ia li n gred ien t ,a pp l icab le i n t h e p resen t c ase t o t h e a rchaeo log ica l p rocess is t h e f ree -f low ing a nd w ides t p os s ib le i n te rex change o fd a ta a nd i n f orma t ion , t h e r e su l t o fo u r r e search . l ta l so s t and s t of o l low , I b e l i eve , t ha t t h em ore v ar ied a nd d if eren t t h ea venue so fr e sear sh a re , t h em ore r egu lar ly a nd f u l ly d escr ip t ive t h ey s hou ld b e r epor ted , a nd t ha t o n ly i n t ha t w ay c an t h ey b e m ore m ean ingf u la nd p rodu c t ive a sr e sear ch . A s p ar t o f as e r ies o f t h ree c onf rences w i th d i f f eren t t h emes , b u t s im i lar o b jec t ives a nd d ed ica ted t ot h e r ap id i n te rexchange o fd a ta a nd i n f orma t ion , t h ef i r s tt wo c onf erence s : t h ei s t D e ia C onf erence o fP reh i s tory ,E ar ly S e t t lemen ti nt h eW es t ern Med i ter ranean I s land sa nd t h e i r P er iphera lA rea s( 1 984 ) :a nd t h e O xf ord I n terna t iona lC onf erence , B e l lB eak er so ft h e W es tern Med i ter ranean ( 1986 ) h ave b een a l ready p ub l i shed a nd d i s tr ibu ted . Wh i le t h ese f i r s t t wo c onf erences w ere m ore c hrono log ica l l ya nd g eograph ica l ly o r ien ted a nd t h eref ore p erhaps o fa b roader a nd h ence o f am ore g enera l i n teres t t h an t h e p resen t c onf erence , t h e c urren t c o l loqu ium , t h el i nd De ia C onf erence o fP reh is tory ,A rchaeo log ica l T echn iques , T echno logy a nd T heo ry ,i sd e s igned t op lace e mphas is o nn ew m eans o fa rchaeo log ica li n terp re ta t ion a l ong w i th t h e q uan t i ta t ive a nd q ua l i ta t ive a na lys is o fc on tex tua l m a ter ia l s , a nd i st h eref ore m ore s pec ia l ised t han t h a tf ound i n c onven t iona l e xcava t iona l r epor t a pproaches ; b e ing m ore e xp er imen ta la nd i nc er ta in r e spec t sm o re c on t rover s ia l . A sp erhaps an ew ( s ta te o ft h ea r t ? )b reed o fa rchaeo log is ta nd p reh i s tor ian , w ea re l i v ing i na p ar t icu lar ly e xc i t ing a nd i n t eres t ing a ge , w hen t h ec ompu ter -e spec ia l l y t h ep er sona lg ender - i s t oday a va i lab le a nd e ven c ommon a mong u s . T h i si si nc on t ras tt oa ss hor t at i me a s ad ecad e a go w hen t h e c ompu ter w as a va i lab le o n ly t os pec ia l is ts , a nd a m ys tery t om os t o fu s . A s a t o o l , t h e p ersona l c ompu ter makes p os s ib le f or t h ef i rs t t i me n umerous t a sks , a pp l icab le e qua l ly t ot h ef i e ld , l abora tor y a nd l i b ra ry , w h ich h ave b een o t herw ise i mposs ib le u n t i l n ow a nd o pen ing a venues a nd a pproaches t oa na lys is a nd i n terp re ta t ion f ormer ly o n ly p oss ib le t o t h es e lec ted f ew .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
T he a va i lab i l i ty a s w e l l a s v e r sa t i l i ty o ft h e c ompu ter i sp a r t icu lar ly e f i c ien t a nd e f ec t iv e w hen d ea l ing w i th t h ee no rmou sq uan t i ty o fa r tef ac t sa nd o t he ra r chaeo log i ca lr ema ins u sua l l y f ound o nr i cher s i t es ;a r tef ac t st h a tu pu n t i ln ow h av eb een d e s t ined o n ly f or m u seum s t o rage . T he c ompu ter ' s a va i lab i l i ty a nd v er sa t i l i t y a l so o pen s t h e r oad t o i n nova t ion a nd w id e l y d if eren t a venue s o fs c ien t if ic a pproach . T h i s i se spec ia l l y s o i n d ea l ing . w i th s t a t i s t i ca l a r rangemen t sa nd o t her e xp er imen ta la na ly s es .I ns hor t , t h ec ompu t e ro f er su st h eo ppor tun i ty t ov i ew a rchaeo log ica l m a t e r ia l s , t h e i r c ompos i t ion a nd e v en p hys ica l c on t ex t sf rom o f t en c omp le te ly n ew p er spec t ives a s w e l l a s s i gn if ican t ly i n crea s ing t h e n umber o fa va i lab le v ar iab les w i th w h i ch w e c an w ork . I nf ac t , t h e t i me h a s b ecome n i gh w hen t ow ork w i thou t t h i sn ew t o o li si nm any w ay s t oo ve r look t h e i n i t ia lp r inc ip l e so fa r chaeo logy i t se lf ; l i m i t ing o ur s e lv es t oa n t iqua t ed a sw e l la sv e r yr e s t r i c t ed v i ewpo in t s . A s af i na l c on tr ibu t ion m ad e b y t h e p er sona l c ompu ter , i ti so f c our se t h e t r emendou s p os s ib i l i t ies i to pens u p i n t h e a rea o fm ed ia c ommun ica t ion ; e spec ia l ly i na l lf orms o f p ub l i sh ing . E xamp les o ft h i s c an b ef ound i nt h e l a s tt wo c onf er ences w he re t h ep r epara t ion a nd p ub l ica t ion o fp aper st o ok p lace i n s id e ay ear o fc onf e rence m ee t ing s . T h i sh as b een t r u e f or t h e c ur ren t p roceed ing s ' v o lumes . l n m any r e spec t s , t h e a va i l ib i l i ty o f t h e p er sona l c ompu te ra nd t h es o f twa r ec r ea t ed f or i th ave r e su l ted i nw ha ti sw i thou t ad oub t t h er eb i r th o f a no l dd i s c ip l ine . .i no u rc a s et h a to ft h ea r cha eo log i ca ls c i ence s . O n t h e p a r t o ft h e o rgan i sa t iona l c omm i t t ee , Iw ou ld l i ke s i ncere ly t ot h ank t h e i nd iv idua l c onf erence c on tr ibu tor sf or t h e i rp romp t r e sponse t ot h ef i rs t c a l lf or p aper s , a s w e l l a s t h e p romp t s ubm i s s ion o ft h e i rf i na lp aper s . R egard ing t h e p res en t v o lumes , a s i n t h e a c tua l c onf erence i t s e lf , t h er ea r en od oub t sm any a r eas o fi n ve s t iga t ion w her e t h e r ea r ea b sence so f i mpor tan ta nd i n nova t ed w ork ;w o rk c u r r en t l yb e ing c a r r i ed o u tw i th in t h et h ree a r cha eo log ica l " T " s ; w ork s t h a ta re n o ti n c lud ed , b u tp erhap ss hou ld h ave b een . T h i si si nd eed u nf or tuna t e . T h i si sd ue t o an umb er o fl o g i ca la nd u nf or tu i tou sr ea son s :t h em a t te ro f am or ec onven ien to r a pp ropr ia te t i me f or t h ec onf e r en ce ,o t h er o b l iga t ions o nt h ep ar to fp o ten t ia lp a r t i c ipan ts ,l a ck o f a va i lab l et r av e lf und ing o ri nt h eo dd c a s em o r ep e r sona lo rp rof e s s iona lr e asons . D e sp i te a ny s hor tcom ings , t h ep r e sen tc onf e rence i sc e r ta in t op r epa r eu sb e t te rf or w ba ti st o b e e xpec ted i nf or thcom ing c onf e r ences o ft h i ss o r ta nd t h ere f or e h e lp s t og i v e u se ach s ome a dvance b ackground t ot h e d if e r en t a v enues o fr e s earch e ncompa s sed , a nd h ence s e rves i t s o r ig ina lp u rpo se . F ina l l y , Ib e l iev et h a tt h ep ape r sp ub l i shed h e r ea re ag ood c r os s -s e c t ion o ft h em os tm od ern a s w e l l a s u p to -da te , t e chn iques , t e chno logy a nd t h eore t ica l a pp roaches b e ing u sed b y a p roduc t ive g roup o fr e cogn i sed p rof es s iona l sf or t h e i n t erp r e ta t ion o fb o th p ro toh i s tory a nd p r eh i s to ry . ABOUT THE CONFERENCE PAPERS O r ig ina l ly , t h ed i v i s ion o ft h e c onf e r ence p aper sw e r eg roup ed i n to t h r ee c l ear c u tc a t egor i es : T echn ique s , T echno logy a nd T heory . T he f i na lp ub l ica t ion o ft h e c onf e rence p roceed ings i s s uch t h a t t h e c ur ren t ly p ub l i shed p aper s a r e i n t wo s epara te v o lumes : T echn iques a nd T echno logy , V o lume Ia nd T echno logy a nd T heo ry , V o lume I . T h i s h a sb een c a r r i ed o u tf or t wo l o g i ca lr e ason sw h ich d ea lw i th t h en a tu r e o ft h ep ub l i shed p ape r s . F i r s t l y , t h ef i na l c omp i la t ion o ft h e v a r iou s c on t r ibu t ions r e su l t ed i n as i ng le v o lume t o ou nw ie ld ya nd t o o c os t ly t op roduce . T he s e cond r ea son i st h a tt h en a tu re a nd c ha rac t er o f t h ep ap er sb e t te rl e n tt h ems e lves t ot wo v o lumes ,f orm ing am or e n a tu ra ld i v is ion a nd b r idge b e tween t h e t h ree s ub j ec ts o ft e chn iques , t e chno logy a nd t h eory , w h ich c an b ef r equen t ly f undamen ta l l y i n t e r r e la t ed .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
A st h ew ork e x i s t si nt wo m ore m od e s ts i zed v o lume s , V o lume Ii sd ed ica ted t op ape r sd ea l ing w i th ( 1 )t e chn ique su s ed i nt h ea na l ys i so fm a te r ia l sa nd t h ea na ly t ica lr e su l t st h ems e lve so r( 2 ) t e chn iques u sed i nt h e d e s cr ip t ion a nd e xp lana t ion o fa nc ien t t e chno logy ;f or e xamp le , t h e a na lys is o ft h ea nc ien tm e ta l sa nd d emon s t rar t ion o ft h et e chno log ica lm e thod su s ed . V o lume I d ea ls ( 3 ) w i th p ape r s t h a t b r idge t h e t wo a spec t s o ft e chn iques a nd t e chno logy , s e ek ing i n p hys i ca la nd s t a t i s t ica la na l ys e st oe xp la in a nd i n t erp r e tc hange a nd i n nova t ion i nh ypo th e t ica l t e rms o fe conomy a nd r e sou r ces ; t h ep aper so nt h eo ry ( 4 )d ea lm or ed i r ec t ly w i th t h eor e t i ca l d i s cu s s ion o fa cknow l edg eab l ea r chaeo log i ca lp rob l em s .
W .H .W O rgan isa t iona lC omm i t tee
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
P REFAC IO
Una d el ac ua l idad e se s en c ia l e se nc ua lqu i e rt i po d ei n v e s t igac iön c i en t i f ca e sl at o l e ranc ia ye l r e spe to h ac ia l a si d ea s yt r aba jo d el o sm i emb ros d e l ac omun idad c i en t if i ca , ap esa rd e l a s p os ib l es d i f e r enc ia sq ue p u edan e x i s t i rc on n ue s t ro p rop io t r aba jo . G ene ra lmen t ee sm a ls a no y p oco c i en t if i co e lc e r ra rno sy as e aa cad gm i camen t e od eo t ra m ane ra ,a la i re f r e s co ,l i be r tad y e s p i r i tu e mp r end ed or d eo t ra sr u ta sd ee n t end im i en to p r e s en t e se ne lt r aba jo d en ue s t ro sc o l ega s i n ve s t igador es .D ond en o so t ros c r eemo sv e ru nm undo a van zad o ,e sr ema r cab l ec uän am enudo e s tas i d eas n os et oman e nc on s id erac iOn .A lm i smo t i empo ,e s tamos e nu np un to d ep a r t ida ,y e n e lq ue s i n d uda a l guna h emos e s tado d u ran te a l gün t i empo , d ond e n o e ss uf i c ien te e l a i s larnos d en t ro d eu n ae s t recha e s f e ra g eogräf ica od i s c ip l inar ia ,a unque p a rad og icamen te a i s lam ien to d ee s t e t i po p ued es e r ,e nc i er tos m omen tos ,p e r iöd icamen te n ece sa r io yd ebe s e r r e sp e tado . D el am i sma m ane ra ,e si g ua lmen te i mpor tan t ee lc on s id e ra rc uan tos m ä ss i s t ema s m e todo l6g icos ,d eI n t erp r e tac iOn yd ef in i c i6n e nn u es t ra sd i sc ip l ina si n d iv idua t e sc omo s en o s o f re zcan .D en uevo , e l lo d ebe r ea l i za r s e ap esar d e l af r ecuen temen te d i re cc iOn yn a tu ra le za e s o tg r ica q ue-a l gunos m g todos d e i n ves t igac ion p ued en t oma r c omparados c on e l n ues t ro p rop io . O t ro o b j e t ivo d ec ua lqu i e ri n v e s t igac i6n s e r ia , yq ue f orma u na d es u sp a r t es m ä si mpor tan t es , e ne s te c a so d en t ro d e lp roceso a rqu eo log i co , d ebe s e rl al i br e c i r cu lac ion , l om ä sa mp l ia y r ap ida p os ib le , d e l i n te rcamb io d e d a tos ei n f ormac iOn r e lac ionados c on h a l la zgos yo t ra e v id enc ia .A d emä s ,e nm io p in ion ,c uan to m O sv ar iados yd i f e r en te ss e an l o sc am inos q ue t ome l ai n v es t igac iön , yc uan to m ä sr e gu lar yd e sc r ip t ivamen t es ei n f orme d ee ll o s ,m ä sf ruc t i f e ros ys i gn if i ca t ivos s e rän l o sr e su l tad os d el ai n ve s t igac ion . E lp re sen t e C ongr eso f o rma p ar t ed eu na s e r ie d et r e sc ong resos c on o b j e t ivos s im i la re s , l o s d os p r imeros : IC ongre so d e P r eh i s tor ia d e D e ia , A sen tam ien to I n ic ia l e n l a s I s las d e l Med i ter räneo O cc id en ta l ys u sA r ea sP er if g r i ca s , ye lC ong re so I n te rnac iona ld e O x f o rd , l a C u l tura C ampan if orme d e l Med i t er räneo O cc id en ta lq ue y ah an s i d oa mp l iamen t ed i f und idos . E s tos t r a taban t ema sr e lac ionad os c on p rob lema se sp ec t f i co sd es i gn if i cac i6n c u l tu ra l ,s o c ia ly e conOm ic s , yt e n t an u na m ayor o r t en tac iön c r ono lög ica yg eog räf i ca q ue e la c tua l .Q u i zä sp or e l lo d espe r ta ran u n i n t erg sg enera lm ä sa mp l io . E lp re sen t e c ongre so , IC ongr eso d eD e ia , T ecn ica s ,T ecno log i a yT eor t aA rqueo lög i co s ,p one u ne s pec ia lg nf as i se nl a sn u eva sf o rma sd e i n terpre tac iOn y a na l i s i s d e l c on tex t° a rqueo lOg ico , m as e spec ia l i zadö q ue l o s m g todos a rqueo lög icos c onvenc iona l es .A unque ,a lm i smo t i empo ,e lp r es en te C ongr e so s ib i en t i en es u o ng en yu nos o b j e t ivo sf undamen ta lmen t es im i lare s ,i n c lu so t r a tando e ng ran m ed ida e la r ea d e l Med i ter räneo O cc id en ta l s ed i f erenc ia d e l o sd os a n ter iore s e n q ue l o s m g todos t i enen c a rä c t e rb a s icamen t ee x p e r imen ta l . C omo a rqueo logos yp r eh i s tor iador es ;e s tamos v i v ieodo u na e r ap a r t i cu lamen te i n te re san t ey a pa s ionan t e ,e nl aq ue e lo rd enado r -q ue s o lo e s taba ad i spos ic iön d ee s pec ia l i s ta se s ,h oy e n d i a , c omün e n t re n oso t ros . C omo h e r ram ien ta , e lo rd enador h ace p os ib le p or p r imera v e z n umerosas t a r eas q u ed e o t ra f orma s e r t an i r r ea l i zab les p ara e li n v es t igador d eo r ien tac iOn a cadam ica y d e c ampo ; a br iendo c am inos y a ccesos a a nä l i s is e i n t erp re tac iones q ue a n te r iormen te s 6 lo e s taban a la l cance d eu nos p ocos . E s to e sp ar t icu larmen t e c i er to c uando t e nemos q ue t r aba ja rc on l ae norme c an t idad d ea r tef ac tos yo t ros r e sos a rqueo lOg icos q ue n orma lmen te s e h a l lan e n y ac im ien tos r i cos . E s to t amb ign e s a p l icab le a l o s r e su l tados
v i i
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l i nd D e ya C onf erence o fP reh i s tor y :A rchaeo log ica lT e chn iq ie s ,T echno logy a nd T heo r y
o b t en idos p or m g todos e xper imen ta les y a q ue n os p erm i te u na v i s ion m äs a mp l i ad e l o s r e su l tad os e xp e r imen ta l e s .R e sum i endo ,e lo rd enado rn o so f r ece l ao po r tun idad d eo b s er va re s to s m a t er ia les y c on t ex to a rqueo lOg icos a s i c oma l o s m od e los e xper imen ta les d esd e n uevas p e r spec t iva s .E ne f ec to ,p rox imo e s tä e ld i ae nq ue t r aba jar s i ne s ta n ue va h e r ram i en ta s e a ,p or m uchos m o t ivos ,p a sar p or a l to l o sp rop ios p r inc ip io sd e l am i sma a rqueo log i a . u na d e l a s ü l t ima sa por tac iones d e lo rd enador p e r sona ls on ,d esd el u ego ,l a st r emenda sp os ib i l idad e sq ue o f rece l aa rea d e l a c omun icac iOn ; e spec ia lmen te e n t o da s l a sf ormas d ep ub l icac ion d e r e su l tados .L os m e jor es e j emp los d ee l lo l or e p r es en tan l o sd os ü l t imos C ongresos e nl o sq ue l ap ub l icac iOn f i na ld el a sp onenc ias e s tuv i eron d i spon ib l e sa la io d es uc e lebrac iOn ,a s ic oma l oe v id en c ia l ap r e s en t ep ub l i ca c iOn .E np oca sp a lab ra s ,l ad i spon ib i l idad d e lo rd enad o r yd el o s p rog rama se x i s ten te sh acen p os ib l eu nt o ta lr e nac im ien to d i s c ip l ina r io . . .e nn ues tro c a so e nl a s c i en c ia sa rqu eo lOg i ca s . S i n d uda a l guna , m u chos t r aba jos i mpor tan t es q ue a c tua lmen t e s ee s tän l evando ac abo e n m u cha sa r ea sd el a st r e s' T 'd el aa rqueo log i ae s tän a u s en t e se ne s ta p ub l i ca c i6n .E lk s ed eb ea u na s e r i e d er a zooe s 1 6 g icas : l ac ue s t iön d e u na sf e cha sm ä sa d ecuada s , o t ras o b l igac iones c on t ra ( d a sc on a n t e r io r idad ,p rob l ema sp a ra a f r on ta rl o sg a s to sq u eo ca s iona l ap a r t i c ipa c iön e n u n c ongre so yl o sc a sos m ä se x t r aws , c u e s t ione sp er sona le s .E n c ua lqu i er c a so , c r eo q u el o s a r t icu los a qu ip ub l icados s on u na b uena r e p re sen tac iOn d e l am ä s m oderna y a van zada m e todo log i au t i l i zada e nl aa c tua l idadpa ra l ai n t e rp r e tac iön d el ap ro to yp r eh i s tor ia .
W .H .W O x f ord 1 989
S OBRE LAS P ONENC IAS DEL CONGRESO O r ig ina lmen te ,l ad i v i s ion n a tu ra ld el a sp onenc ias s ec o r r e spond i ac on l a st r e ss e cc ione sq ue c on s t i tu i an e lc ongr eso : T g cn icas , T ecno log i a yT eor i a . S i n e mbargo , l ap ub l icac iOn f i na ld e l a sa c tas d e l c ongre so s ed i v id ee nd os v o lamene s : T gcn i ca s yT ecno log i ae ne lv o lumen 1 ,y T ecno log i a yT eor i ae ne lv o lumen E l la e sd eb ido f undamen ta lmen te ad os m o t ivos q ue a f ec tan al an a tu ra le za d e l a sp onenc ias p ub l i cadas .E np r imer l u gar ,l ac omp i lac iOn f i na ld el a sp onenc ia se nu ns o lo v o lumen h ub ie ra c ons t i tu ido u n v o lumen d ema s iado a bu l tado y d i f i c i l d e m ane ja r , ya d emäs h ub i era s i do d emas iado c o s toso . E l s e gundo m o t ivo p ara l ad i v i s ion d e l a sp onenc ia s e n d os v o lümenes r e s id e e n l a sp rop ia s c arac ter i s t icas d e l a sp onenc ia s q u ep erm i ten d i cha d i v is iOn .D e e s ta m ane ra ,s ec o s igue u na d i v i s ion m ä sa cer tada d el o st ema s ya d emä ss ec ons t i tuye u nn ex od e u n iOn e n t r el o st r e st ema s ,e sd ec i r ,T g cn icas ,T ecno log i a yT eor i a . E lr e su l tado f i na lh an s i do e s tos d os v o lümenes d ed imen s ione sm ä sm od es tas . E lv o lumen I e s tä d ed icado al a sp onenc ias q ue v e r san s ab r e ( 1 ) t g cn ica su t i l i zadas e n l o sa nä l i s i sd el o s m a ter ia l es ys u sr e su l tados y( 2 ) t g cn i ca su t i l i zada se n l ai n t e rp re tac iOn d e c ua lqu ie rt i po d e t e cno log i ap reh i s tö r i ca ,p or e j emp lo ,a nä l i s i sd em e ta l es yl o sm g todos t e cno log ico su t i l i zados e n s u p roducc iön . E l v o lumen I i n c luye a que l las p onenc ia s ( 3 ) q ue d e a l guna f orma c ons t i tuyen e ln ew d eu n ion e n t r el o sd os a spec tos d et g cn icas yt e cno log i a , c uyo o b j e to e s , a t r avg sd ea nä l i s i sf i s i cos ye s tad i s t i cos , i n ten tar e xp l ica r ei n t erp re ta rd ef orma h i po tg t i ca l o s c amb ios ei n novac iones q ue s ep roducen ys ue f ec to e con6m ico ; ya que l las p onenc ia s( 4 )q ue t r a tan m a sd i r ec tam en t el a sc u e s t ione st e ö r ica sq ue a f ec tan al aa r queo log i a .
v i i i
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
E R EST° F M Hi nd D IEYA CONFE ENCE OF I AR C H AE O L O GI C A L
TE C H NI Q U ES,
TE C H N O L O G Y
AN D
TH E O R Y
P RESENTAC ION DE LAS P ONENC IAS D rA n ton io An iba sP a lau
Enla presentaciön de las ponencias ycomunicaciones de este Symposium, de Deiä hemos o p tado p o rd i s t r ibu i rl o s t ema s s egün l o s s i gu ien te s a pa r tado s : ( 1 ) T eor i a , ( 2 ) Me todo log i a y a p l i cac ion e s ac a so sc onc r e tos ,( 3 )A rqu eome ta lu rg ia ,( 4 )P a leoeco log i a yA rqueobo tän i ca ,( 5 ) E lS u c l e s te d el aP en i n su la l bd r ica ;( 6 )L al a bo rd e le qu ipo d eD e iä ,( 7 )O t ro st r aba jo sr e a l i zado s e nB a lea r e s ,( 8 )V a r ia . A ca so p ueda o b je ta r se q ue e s ta d i s t r ibuc iön e sa l ea to r ia ys ub je t iva p e ro n ue s t ra i n tenc iön e s m o s t ra rl ar e a l idad d el ai n ve s t igac iön yp o re l lo e lg r an p e so d ed ocumen ta c i6n d et i po t e 6 r ico , m e todo l6g ico y a na l i t ico q ue o cupan a l guna s d e l a s a r ea s g eog räf ica s r e f le jada s e n e l S ympo s ium o f r ece l ao po r tun idad d ec a l ib ra r la sm uy e sp ec i f icamen te .
T EOR IA
S egün e lh ay q ue c onf igu ra ru na p o s ic iön t e 6 r ica c uyo sc oncep to so pe ra t ivo st e ngan s up un to d e m i ra e n e la con te c im ien to y e n l ad i scon t inu idad j un to c on u na r e fo rmu lac iön d e l a s c a t ego r fa sd et i empo ,e s pa c io yp roce so yd eu na v a lo rac iön a d ecuada d e lp ape lq ue j u ega e la za r ( s igu iendo l a si d ea sd eF ou cau l t ) . J uan A . B a r ce 16 ( Con s ecuenc ia s t e 6r icas d e lu so d e l aE s tad i s t ica c omp le ja e nA rqueo log i a ) p one d e m an if ie s to q ue l aA rgue° log fa E s tad i s t ica e s u na f o rma d e e n tende r l a s r e la c ione s m a t emä t i ca sq ue s ubya cen au np equef io e s p ec t ro d el ar e a l idad ,e sp ec ia l rnen t el oq ue s er e f ie r ea l aC u l tu ra Ma t e r ia lc omo f o rma d ee s t ruc tu ra rl av i da h umana e ne le spac io ye ne lt i empo . J ohn C a s t le fo rd e xpone l a s d i f icu l tade s q ue c on l leva l ad ef in ic iön d e l Me so l i t ico ( M eso l i th ic E urope ) yc on s ide ra l a s i mpl i ca c ione s d e l a s l i m i t ac ione s yl a s v en ta ja s d e v a r ia s s o luc ione s ( e nfoque s p a r t icu la r i s ta s , t e o r ia g ene ra l d e s i s t ema s , e t c . ) c on e lf i n d e l og ra r s o lven ta re s a s d i f icu l tade s .
METODOLOG IA Y APL ICAC ION A CASOS CONCRETOS
E n u n a r ea c omo e s e l P e lopone so C en t ra l yO r ien ta l , f a l to d e e s t ruc tu ra s d e c a räc te r monumen ta l q ue n o p e rm i te r e con s t rucc ione s d e t i po h i s tö r ico , E . J . K r iga s ( L .H . s oc io p o l i t i ca la nd e conom i ca c t iv i t yi nC en t ra la nd E a s te rn P e lopone se) p one d er e l ieve q ue d u ran t e l a s ü l t ima sf a se s d e l d om in io d eP y lo se ne lS .E . d e l P e lopone so h ubo mov im ien to sd e t r i bu s h a s ta a r ea st a na l e jada sc omo A r cad ia ,d onde s ep uede p ropugna ru na t e o r ia d ec on t inuac iön d e l ac u l tu r am icen ica .
i x Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l i nd D eya C onf e r ence o fP r eh i s tor y :A r cha eo log i ca lT e chn ique s ,T echno logy a nd T heo ry
C ruz A u t ion , Mo reno yR ive ro e xponen s u s ( Exper i enc ia s a rqueo lög ica s e n l ap rov inc ia d e S ev i l la) , b a sada se ne ld e scub r im ien to d eu na g r an c oncen tr a c iön d ec ueva sa r t if i c ia le se nu na r i ca a r ea e r a se e lG uada laqu iv i r ye lS ude s t e .R e su l tado d ep r o specc ione sc on e lm agne töme t ro p ro tön i co ,c a r tog ra f i aa u tomä t ica ye xcava c iön a l canzan ad e scub r i rl af u nc iona l idad d eu nt i po e sp ec ia ld eh ab i ta c iön s em iexcavada yl ap r e senc ia d es i lo s ab a su r e ro s .
ARQUEOME I 'ALURG IA
C on r e spec to al a so pe ra c ione sm a ta lü rg i ca sd e s t inada s al ao b t enc iön d e lc ob re ,A ya la ,P o lo y O r t iz ( Arqueome ta lu rg ia d e y ac im ien tos d e l a r eg ion d e Mu rc ia )i nd ican l a s t r e s f a se s : c oncen t ra c iön , t o s tac i6n y r educc iön y s e t ia lan l a u t i l izac iön d e l m 6 todo a na l i t ico d e e spe c t rome t r i ad ef l uo r e scenc ia d eR ayo sX . R u iz D e lgado , B a r ranco yR e spa ld iza o f recen l o s r e su l tado s o b ten ido s e n o b je to s d eb ronce m ed ian t e l o s m 6 todo s d e F luo r e scenc ia d e RX y P IXE ( p a r t ic le i nduced XR e m i s s ion ) d i scu t iendo a mbo sm 6 todo se ns u sl i m i ta c ione s ys ua p l i cab i l idad al aa r queo log ia . E l A na l i s i s a rqueome ta lürg ico d e l o s e x vo to s i bf t icos l evado ac abo p o r L . P rado s c on e spe c t röme t ro d e XRF yc on m e ta log r af a sd ap o rr e su l tado u na d i ve r s idad d ea l ea c ione ss e gün s et r a t ed ep i eza sc o lada s ot r aba jada s .P o re l lo e sd eg r an i n te r6 se lc onoc i rn ien to t 6 cn ico d el a s v en ta ja sq ue c ada u na d el a sa l ea c ione sp uede a po r t a r . C on e l E s tud io d e p i ezas d e o r f eb r er i a p r e -romana m ed ian te l a t g cn ica d e m icro scop ia e l ec t rön ica d eb ar r ido ym icroanä l i s i sp or d i sper s iön d e e ne rg i a ,A bale ,P e rea yA deva h an l egado a la nä l i s i s d e s o ldadu ra s e n o ro d e p i eza s a n t igua s p re romana s d e I be r ia y a l a o b se rva c iön d er a sgo st e cno lög ico s q ue p e rm i ten l ar e con s t rucc iön d e t 6 cn ica s d ef a b r icac iön a n t igua s yl ai d en t i f ica c iön d el o st a l le r e s . P o rü l t imo Q ue i roga yP in to d aS i lva (A sC or rosoes Me ta l ica sS ue P o tenc ia lN oE s tudo D os Me ta i s Da C u l tu ra C as t re ja )h a cen h i ncap i6 e n a li n te r e s d e l a s c o r ro s ione ' s a n t igua s ys u p o tenc ia le ne le s tud io d el o sm e ta le sd el ac u l tu ra d el o sC a s t ro s .
PALEOECOLOG IA Y ARQUEOBOTAN ICA
U nc on jun to d ee s tud io ss ob re e s te a pa r tado B evan l ai mp ron ta d el a sd i rec t r ice sq ue e lp ro f .J . L .V e r r ie td e Mon tpe l l ie rh as a b ido i mp r im i r au ng n ipo d ei n ve s t igado re sd e la r ea m ed i te r r änea ya nda luza d el aP en in su la 1 b 6 r ica . A s iM g .O l iva R od r iguez yJ -L .V e rne t ,i nme r so d en t ro d e lp roye c to d eL o sM i l la re s ,p r e sen tan l o sr e su l tado sp a leoeco lög ico ss i n t6 t ico so b ten ido sd el o sc a rbone sd i spe r so sd e lp ob lado yd e l F o r t in Id e e s te y ac im ien to (P a leog co log ie a u C ha lco l i th iqu e aL os M i l la res d ' apres l e s c harbons d e b o i s ) .L a s m ed ida s d ec r e c im ien to r e a l izada s s ob re e lo l ivo p a recen i mp l ica r l a u t i l izac iön d e l a s d o s v a r iedade s : s a lva je y c u l t ivado ( e s ta s m ed ida s s e d i s t r ibuyen c on t rove r s ia lmen te al ol a rgo d el al i nea d el a s 1 000 m i l6 s ima sd em ic ra ) . R e spec to a l d e sa r ro l lo d e y a c im ien to i n d ican c omo c au sa s l a p rox im idad d e l a e t apa m ed i te r ränea ( Q . f a g inea , Q . s ube r ) d e l r n i smo modo q ue l ap r e senc ia d e u n b o sque r i ve r ino b i en d e sa r ro l lado ,m ien t ra sq ue e ld e t e r io ro d el a sc ond ic ione se co lög ica s -a r idez ,e xp l ica r ian s u a bandono . T en iendo e nc uen ta q ue e nl aa n t ra co log i a , os e ae le s tud io d ec a rbone sd em ade r ap r eh i s tö r ica , s e h a h echo e senc ia l u na m e todo log ia d e o b tenc iön d e mue s t ra , E . B ada l yC h r . H e inz
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
A .A r r iba sP a lau
( Md thodes u t i l i sd s e n A n throco log ie p or r d tud e d e s s i tes p rdh i s tor iques ) e xponen l a m e todo log ia e mp leada p o r e l la s e n l o s y ac im ien to s d e E l A beu rado r ye n l aC ova d e l e s C end re s . U ne s tud io a r queo l6g i co -an t ra co l6g ico c o r re ac a rgo d eM .J . d eP ed ro yE .G rau ( T ecn ica sd e c ons t rucc iön e nl aE dad d e lB ronce :l aL loma d eB e tx i ,P a te rna ,V a lenc ia ) ye nq ue s ed e s ta ca c omo l ad i s t r ibuc iön d el o sc a rbone sd e ln i ve ld ed e s t rucc iön yd e ls ue lo yp o ro t ro l a do d el o s d e lt e cho yp o s ie si n d ica l ae x i s ten c ia d eu na sa c t iv idad e sa g r i co la s ,t e x t i le s ,m e tah i rg i ca s ,d el a m ade ra yd ec e s te r f a . R ive ra yO bon d eC a s t ro ( V ege ta lr ema ins i na r chaeo log ica lc on tex t s .T aphonomy a nd r e cov e r y t e chn iques) ,c on s ide rando q ue l aa r queobo tän ica s i en ta l a sb a se sp a r au na i n te rp r e ta c iön p a leo e t no -bo tän ica , i n c luyen t 6 cn ica s d e i d en t i f ica c iön y s i s tema s d e a nä l i s i s e co l6g ico s ye t no b o tän ico s . E L AREA DEL SUDESTE DE LA P EN INSULA I BER ICA R . Chapman , M . P icazo , V . L u l l yE . S anahu ja ( The d eve lopmen to fC omp lex S oc ie t ie s i nS . E . S pa in ) n o so f recen l a sp r im ic ia sd e l " P roye c to G a la s " c uyo p rop6 s i to e s t r iba e n e s c la r ece r l o sp rob lema sp l an t eado sp o rl o sd i ve r so s mode lo st e 6 r i co sd eC hapman ,L u l l ,R amo s ,G i lman y Ma the r s q ue p a r ten d e d i f e ren te s s upue s to s s ob re e lc amb io c u l tu ra l : c amb io c l imä t ico v ege tac iona l ,n a tu ra leza d el ai n ten s if i cac iön ,c omp le j idad ei n t eg ra c iön d el a sc u l tu r a s ,g r ado d e i n t e racc iön ,e t c .
I NVEST IGAC IONES DE W . WALDREN Y E L EQU IPO DE DE IA En t orno a lC en t ro d eI n ve s t iga c iön d e D e iä ,d i r ig ido p o re lD r .W . Wa ld ren , s ei n sc r ibe t o da
u na s e r ie d ei n ve s t igado r e sq ue a po r tan s u sr e su l tado sa lS ympo s ium ,y as e ad e sde e lc ampo d e l at e o r fa , d e l am e todo log ia , d e l aa na l i t ica yq ue e ne l momen to a c tua l h an l og rado d a ru na c ohe renc ia muy e f icaz al o se s tud io se f ec tuado se ne la r ea d eS ö l le r -De iä -Va l ldemo s sa yq ue ,a l al a rga ,p e rm i t en s ua mp l ia c iön p a ra u na v i s ion s i n t6 t ica d el aP reh i s to r ia d e Ma l lo r ca . S eI r a ta p o rl ot a n to d eu np rog rama a mp l io ei n t eg r ado q ue d ebe s e re n fo cado e ns ut i na l idad . W . Wa ld ren ( Age d e te rm ina t ion , C h rono logy a nd R ad iocarbon R eca l ib ra t ion i nt h eB a lea r ic I s land s ) , t r a s l as e r ie d e a nä l i s i s d e C 14 q ue h a v en ido r e a l izando e n l o s y a c im ien to s d e l a r e g iön ,l ega al ac onc lu s iön d eq ue p a ra a l canza ru na i n t e rp re ta c iön d el aP reh i s to r ia b a lea rh ay q ue h u i rd el ai d ea d eq ue n o se nf ren tamo sa n te u nf e nömeno i n su la r ya cep ta re lp ape lq ue l a r e ca l ib rac iön h a d e j uga r s i emp re q ue q ue ramo s a l canza r u na i n te rp re tac iön l o ca l od e c o r re la c ione se nl ab ü squeda d ec on t ex to sc on t inen ta le sm a sa mp l io s . J .E n senya t ( I s land C o lon i za t ion i nt h e W e s tern Med i ter ranean : T he B a lear s ) , s i gu iendo l o s p r inc ip io sd eb i ogeog r a f i ai n su la rd eC he r ry ,q ue b r in c lan u np a t rön v ä l ido p a ra l ac o lon izac iön h umana d e l a s i s la s ( e n e spec ia l d o s f o rma s i mpl i c i ta s e n l ai n su la r idad t amaf to l i m i tado y a i s lam ien to ) t oma e n c on s ide rac iön l a s c a rac te r i s t ica s p ecu l ia re s d e c ada u na d e e l la s : c ond ic ione sd en avega c iön ,t amaf io ,t o pog ra f f a ,g eo log i a ,c l ima ,r e cu r so sn a tu ra le s : a gua ,f l o ra , f a una ,p o tenc ia la g r i co la e t c . S e l ega al ai d ea d e q ue l ac o lon izac iön h umana d e Ma l lo r ca ap a r t i r d e l at i e r ra f i rme e s r e su l tado d em ig ra c ione sp l an i f icada s ,c uyo p ro ce so s er a s t re ac omo u na s e r ie d eo l eada sd eb i c la s al ap r e s iön d el ap ob la c iön e nl a sa r ea sd el at i e r ra f i rme a dyacen te s .
x i Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
I l nd D eya C onf e r ence o fP r eh i s tory :A r chaeo log i ca lT e chn ique s ,T e chno logy a nd T heo r y
P a ra C . H o f fman ( The m e ta l so fS on Ma tge . T echno logy a sc u l tu ra la c t iv i ty a nd b ehav io r ) l a s a c t iv idade s yl ac u l tu ra m a t e r ia lt i enen u np ape la c t ivo al ah or nd ed a ru ns en t ido au nc on tex to c u l tu ra l . E n e lc a so d e l am e ta lu rg ia e xam ina l a s r e la c ione s h umana s yl a s a c t iv idade s i n vo lu c rada se nl af a b r i ca c iön d eu na p i eza d e sde q ue e lm ine r a la f lo ra d el at i e r ra ,s ep roce sa y f unde , s e mo ldea ys et e rm ina . S ua nä l i s i sd el o sm e ta le s d e la b r igo d e S on Ma tge l ep e rm i t e ( 1 ) r e con s t ru i rl a s t e . cn ica sd ep rodu c ,c iön , ( 2 ) d i s cu t i rl o sp a t rone sd eo b tenc iön ,p roduc iön y d i s t r ibuc iön at r av6 sd eu np a isa je c u l tu ra l y( 3 )i n te rp re ta rl o so b je to s yl o sg rupo sd et i cn ica s u t i l i zado se nl ap roducc iön d el o sü t i le sd en t ro d eu nc on tex to c u l tu ra l . W . Wa ld ren e n S imp le a pp roaches t ot h e a na lys i so fp r eh i s tor i cp o t te ry d e sc r ibe l a s l i nea s m ae s t ra s d e s u m e todo log ia e n e ld e sa r ro l lo d e t e zn ica s d e a nä l i s i s d e l ac e räm ica d e l o s y ac im ien to se xcavado se nl ar e g ion .S eb a san e ne spe c ia le ne le xamen f i s ico ,a näl i s i sq u im ico d ec a rä c t e rc uan t i ta t ivo ye ne xpe r imen ta c iön d eo rden p r ä c t ico . S igu iendo e lt e no r d e l o s e s tud io s d e S tu ive r - Wa ld ren y V an S t rydonck - Wa ld ren , e n e s ta o ca s iön l ap onenc ia d e V an S t rydonck y M . D upa s ( The c l as s if i ca t ion a nd d a t ing o fl i me m or ta r sb y c hem ica la na l ys i sa nd C 14 d a t ing )i n te re sa e ne sp ec ia lp a ra p l an tea rs ob re n ueva s b a se se lt ema d el o se n t e r ram ien to sp o s t t a la iö t ico sd e Ma l lo r ca yMeno r ca . Wa ld ren -En senya t yC ub i( S on Ma s . A Ma l lor can P reh i s tor i cs anc tua r yc i r ca 2 000 1750 B .C .) a po r tan u ni n fo rme p r e l im ina rd el o sr e su l tado sd el ae xcava c iön d ee s te s a n tua r io , u no d el o s m e jo rc on se rvado sd el a sB a lea re s ,c uya f a chada c ön cava l er e la c iona c on l o sr e c in to sd et a u la s m eno rqu ine s .L as e cuenc ia e s t ra t ig rä f ica -c rono lög ica ( C14 ) ,d en t ro yf u e ra d e lr e c in to ,p e rm i te a segu ra r u na a c t iv idad d e sde e l2 000 a .C . h a s ta e l2 00 a .C . c on u n c on tex to i n ic ia l r i co e n c ampan i f o rme s i tuado p o rd eba jo ya dya cen t e al o sc im ien to st a la iö t ico s( q ue s ef e chan ap a r t i r d e l 1 000 /800 a .C . ) .
OTROS TRABA JOS DE MALLORCA
T an s d lo s ep r e sen tan ae s te S ympo s ium t r e st r aba jo ss ob re l ai s l ad e Ma l lo r ca r e a l izado sf u e ra d e lä mb i to d e lg r upo d eD e iä . M . O r f i la , A . E s t eban yA . V a l le sp i r( Pa lyno log ica l a na ly s i s i n Ma l lor ca )d an c uen ta d e l a m e todo log fa e mp leada p a r ae le s tud io d el ap a l eovege ta c iön d eu na z ona ( S an ta P onp )m ed ian te e la nä l i s i s d e l p o l en d e l o s " c o re s " . D e sde e l8 000 a .C . h a s ta e lc amb io d e E ra s e d e tec tan m ov im ien to sd el a sd una sq ue mod i f ican l al i nea d el ac o s ta . M . D ia z -And reu yM . F e rnändez M i randa ( Cueva s s epu lcra le sp re ta la io t icas d e Ma l lorca) e f ec tüan u n e n sayo d e c l a s if ica c iön d e 1 50 c ueva s n a tu ra le s ya r t if ic ia le s b a sado e n a nä l i s i s m a temä t ico s yt i po lög i co sd ec e rä tn ica yd el a sc ueva s . VAR IA Y M ISCELANEA
U n g rupo d e c omun ica c ione s q ue s ea pa r tan p o re n te ro d e l o sb l oque s s e f ia lado s h a s ta a ho ra q uedan e ng lobado se ne s t eü l t imo e p ig ra f e . R . F o rmen t in i ( L ' immag ine f emm in i le n e l le s t a tue -menh i r s ) e n s u a nä l i s i s d e l a s e s ta tua e s t e la s ,a lm eno sh a s ta l aE dad d e lH ie r ro ,c on s id e r aq ue h as i do u ne r ro rc on s ide ra rc omo a r rna yn oc omo i n s t rumen to -e lt i po d e f in ido rd e lg ue r r e ro c uando h ay u na g r an c an t idad yv a r iedad d ea t r ibu to s ys imbo lo sf emen ino se nl a se s ta tua s -menh i re s .L am o t iva c iön d es u sa u to re s s e r ia l ad ec on segu i ru na i mägen f emen ina c uya f u nc iön h ubo d ec on s i s t i re na p la ca rp o rs educc iön e l e sp i r i tu i n qu ie to d e lm ue r to q ue a menazaba c on r e g r e sa ra lm undo d el o sv i vo s .
x i i Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
A .A r r iba sP a lau
T . C hapa ( Anä l is is c ompara t ivo d e l a s e scu l turas m ed i terrdneas p re -romanas : l a s r ep re s en tac ione sd el e one s) i n ten ta c on s u se s tud io sd ec ompa ra c iön e nl o sa spec to sf o rma le s , d e te rm ina ra r ea s d ec on ta c to od ec onve rgenc ia yr e la c ione sg ene t ica su t i l izando t e cn ica sq ue p e rm i ten e s tab lece r l a s r e la c ione s mo r fo l6g ica s yl a s e vo lu t iva s . A s i s e i n ten t a e va lua r l a d i näm ica d el ae vo luc iön i n tema yl o sc on ta c to se x t e r io re sd ee s t et i po d ep rodu cc iön a r t i s t ica . A . Muzzo l in i ( L ' evo lu t ion t e chno log ique d u b i ge a u q uad r ige e n Med i ter rand e o r ien ta l , a u Magh r eb e ta uS aha ra :q uand e tp ou rquo i? )l ega al ai d e ad eq ue ,t a n to e ne lc a so d e lc a r ro d e g ue r ra c omo e n e ld ec a r r e ra , l as u s t i tuc iön d e l ab i ga p o rl at r iga oc uäd r iga e sr e su l tado d e l i n ten to d ea s egu ra rl ae s tab il idad d el ap l a ta fo r rna .C uando s eh aya c on segu ido e s te o b je t ivo s e a r lad i rä l ar a p idez ,n e ce s a r ia p a ra r ompe r al ac a rga l a sf a lange s yp a ra t r a s lada rl o st r o f eo s al o s s an tua r io s . P o rü l t imo H o sk in e ns uc omun ica c iön E lemen ta ry a r chaeoa s t ronomy p one d e r el ieve q ue l a a r queo log ia a s t ronöm ica r e qu ie re e lc ono c im ien to d et ema sa s t ron6m ico s yu na s e n s ib i l idad a c ons ide ra c ione s d e c a rä c te r e s tad i s t ico . D ado q ue l o s a rqueö logos n o s ue len p o see r e so s c onoc im ien to s yl o sq ue t r aba jan e na r queo log ia .a s t ronöm ica n oc ono cen l ö sp rob lema sd el o s a r que6 logo s , e la u to rp ropugna s a lva re s ef o so . D eu ng ran v a lo r i l u s t ra t ivo e se le j emp lo d e l a st a u la sd e Meno r ca e ne lq ue e spe ramo sv a l io so sr e su l tado s ,s ib i en e s tä a i m a pena si n ic iado p o re lp rop io H o sk in .
PALMA DE MALLORCA , BALEARES , E SPANA 1 989
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
VOLU ME I CONTENTS FORE WORD
i -v i i i
PRESENTAC ION DE LAS PONENC IAS . An ton io A r r ibas P a lau
i x - x i i i
THE CLASSIF ICAT ION AND DAT ING OF L I ME MORTARS BY CHE M ICAL ANALYSIS AND RAD IOCARBON DAT ING : A REV IE W . Ma rk V an S t rydonck a nd M . Dupas
1 -44
AGE DETER M INAT ION , CHRONOLOGY AND RAD IOCARBON RECAL IBRAT ION I N THE BALEAR IC I SLANDS . Wi l l iam
H .
Wa ldren
4 5-78
CUEVAS S EPULCRALES PRETALAYOT ICAS DE MALLORCA : UNA ENSAYO DE CLAS IF ICAC ION Y ANALS IS . Marga r i ta
D iaz -Andreu
y Manue l
F ernandez -M iranda
7 9 -114
S I MPLE APPROACHES TO THE ANALYS IS OF PREH ISTOR IC POI i hRY . Wi l l iam
H .
Wa ld ren
15-168
THE METALS OF SON MATGE , MALLORCA , S PA IN : TECHNOLOGY AS CULTURAL ACT IV ITY AND BEHAV IOUR . Chr is topher
R .
Hoffman
1 69-188
OBSERVAC IONES S OBRE LOS SANTUAR IOS TALAYOT ICOS MALLORQU INES . V ic tor
M .
Gue rre ro
Ayuso
1 89 -216
THE TAULAS OF MENORCA . M ichae l
Hosk in
2 17-236
THE DEVELOP MENT OF CO MPLEX SOCIET IES I N S .E . S PA IN : THE GATAS PROJECT . R obe r t W . C hapman , V incen te L u l l , M . P icazo y M .
E ncarna
S anahu ja
2 37-250
I SLAND COLON ISAT ION I N THE WESTERN MED ITERRANEAN : THE BALEAR IC I SLANDS . J osep
F .
E nsenya t
A lcove r
2 51-266
SO ME THEORET ICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE USE OF ADVANCED S TAT IST ICS I N ARCHAEOLOGY . J uan
A .
B a rce lo
2 67-300
XV
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
L 'EVOLU 'T ION T ECHNOLOG IQUE DU B IGE AU QUADR IGE EN MED ITERRANEE OR IENTALE AU MAGHREB ET SAHARA : QUAND ET PORQUO I? A lf red Muzzo l in i
3 01-320
LH SOC IO -POL IT ICAL AND ECONO M IC ACT IV ITY I N CENTRAL P ELOPENNESE - WITH S PEC IAL EMPHAS IS ON ARCAD IA : AN I N -DEPTH S TUDY . E .J . K r iga s
3 21-344
AN ANALOG IC ARGU MENT FOR A P REH ISTOR IC WHAL ING TRAD IT ION AMONG THE HA IDA . S teven A cheson
3 45 -364
L ' I MMAG NE F EMM lN ILE NELLE S TATUE - MENH IRS . Romo lo F ormen t in i
3 65 -386
MESOL ITH IC EUROPE : THE PH ILOSOPH IC BAS IS . J ohn C a s t leford
3 87 -408
LOS MILLARES : NUEVAS P ERSPECT IVAS . A n ton io A r r iba s P a lau a nd F e rnando Mo l ina
4 09 -420
x v i
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 :ENCE OF PRE DEYA CONFE 1
AR C H A E O L O GI C A L
TE C H NI Q U ES,
STO
TE C H N O L O G Y
AN D
TH E O R Y
THE CLASSIF ICAT ION AND DAT ING OF L I ME M ORTARS BY CHE M ICAL ANALYS IS AND RAD IOCARBON DAT ING : A REVIE W
MARK VAN S TRYDONCK R oya l I n s t i tu t e o f C u l tu ra l I er i tage J ube lpark 1 B rus se l 1 040 , B e lg ium
M . DUPAS R oya l I n s t i tu te o f C u l tu r a l H e r i tage J ube lpa rk 1 B rus se l 1 040 , B e lg ium
RESUME
Among t h en umerous w ork s t r ea t ing t h e c ons erva t ion o fh i s tor ic m onumen t s , m os t a re d evo ted t o t h es t udy o ft h e ir s t one , t h ev ar iou sf ac tor sw h i ch p rovoke i t sa l tera t ion a nd t h e t r ea tmen t st oa pp ly i n i t s c onser va t ion . T h is i sc er ta in ly j u s t if iab le a ss t one i st h eg round m a ter ia lo fm os t h i s tor ica l m onumen t s . However , t h e i mpor tan t r o le p layed b y m o tars i n c ons t ruc t ions h as g one m os t ly n eg lec ted ,a nd t h i sl a ck o fk now l edge c oncern ing m or ta rh as b een t h es ou rce o fm any t e chn ica la nd a es the t ica le r ror so ccur r ing d u r ing r e s tora t ion w ork s . A tt h es ame t i me , t h i sl a ck o fd a ta c once rn ing m o r tar sh a sa l so d epr ived h i s tor ians a nd a r chaeo log i s t sf rom a ni mpor tan ts ou rce o fi n f orma t ion i n t h es t udy o ft h e c hrono logy o fv ar iou sk i nd so fc ons truc t ion s . C onsc ious o ft h e o ppor tun i ty t om end t h i s l a ck o fa t ten t ion ,I CCROM o rgan i sed as ympos ium i n 1 981 d evo ted t om or tar s , c emen t sa nd g rou t su sed i nb u i ld ings . I to rgan ised ar eun ion o fs pec ia l i s t s a nx ious t oe x change t h e ir k now ledge a nd t os e tt h eg roundwork f or ar e search p rogramme d ea l ing w i th t h is a rea o fi n ves t iga t ion . Mor tar si nc ons truc t ions h ave b een u sed f or al o ng t i me ,e ven b ef ore t h e C hr is t ian E ra . G reek sa nd R omans u sed t h ef i r s t l i me m or tar sf or t h e c ons truc t ion o fw a l l s . T hey w ere m ad e o ff a t l i me a nd s and . T o m ake t h em h arder t h e G reeks a dd ed e ar th f rom S an tor in t ot h e ir m ix tures , w h i le t h e R omans a dd ed p ozzo lana . S ome t imes t h ese c omponen t s w ere r ep laced b y g round b r ick . Mor tar s p repared i nt h ese m anner sb ecame l e s ss ens i t ive t ot h ea c t ion o fw a ter , w ere h ard er a nd p resen ted p roper t ies c omparab le w i th t h ose o fh yd rau l ic m or tar s . T he e xcep t iona lq ua l i ty o fR oman m or tar s w as n o to n ly d ue t ot h ea dd i t ion o fv o lcan ic a sh b u tp r imar i ly t ot h e v ery e l abora te t e chn ique u sed d ur ing t h ep repara t ion o ft h e l i me a nd t h em ix ture o fa l l t h e c omponen ts . W i th t h ea bandonmen to f R oman t e chn ique s a nd t r ad i t ions , m or tar sf rom t h e b eg inn ing o ft h e Med iaeva l P er iod p r esen ted p oor q ua l i ty , a nd i ti so n ly a tt h e e nd o ft h e X lV th C en tury t h a t o ne f i nd s a ga in m or tar s w i th a g ood c oh es ion a nd c a re i nt h e i rp repa ra t ion .
1
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l i nd D eya C onf er ence o fP reh i s tor y :A rchaeo log ica lT echn ique s , T echno logy a nd T heor y
H yd rau l ic l i mes a ppear d ur ing t h e XV I I IC en tu ry , a nd m or tars p repared w i th t h i s t ype o fm a t r ix b ecome h arder , m ore c oher en t a nd m ore r e s is tan t t ow a ter t h an m or tar sp repared w i th f a t l i me . D iscovered a t t h e b eg inn ing o ft h e X IX th C en tury , c emen ts b ecame m ore p rogress ive ly u sed , s ubs t i tu t ing h yd rau l ic l i mes i nm od ern c on s tru c t ion , b ecau se o ft h e i rf as ter h ard en ing p roper ty . B o th c on serva tor sa nd a rchaeo log i s t sa re d eep ly i n teres ted i nt h e v ar ious t e chn iques u sed a nd t h e c ompos i t ion o f mor tars . T h is i se spec ia l ly s of or t h e c onserva tor w ho n eed s t or eproduce a n e qu iva len t o ft h e o r ig ina l m or tar a nd w ho is n o t , o n ly , i n ter es ted i ni t s o r ig ina l c ompos i t ion b u t a l so i ni t sp hys ica l a nd m inera log ica l c harac te r is t ics . T he d i scov er yo fh yd rau l ic ma t r ices b e ing r a ther l a te , t h ea rchaeo log is tw i l lb em a in ly i n tere s ted i nl i me m or tar s .H ew i l lw an tt of ind c r i t er ia w h ich a l lows h im t oc l as s if y t h em i nr ega rd t od a ted m or tar sa nd w i l ld o t h i sf rom a na ly t ica lr e su l t s r ea l i sed u s ing ag rea tn umbe ro fs amp les t a k en f rom t h es ame s i te . T h er e sea rch a sp resen ted h ere w i l lb ec en tered o nt h ec ha rac te ro ft h em a ter ia l ,t h en a ture a nd t h ep ropor t ion so ft h ec omponen t s . Among t h ed if eren tl i me su sed i nc ons truc t ion , w e c an d i s t ingu ish f a t l i me a sb e ing o b ta ined f rom b urn ing o fp ure l i mes tone a nd t h a th yd rau l ic l i me w as o b ta ined b yb urn ing a rg i l laceous l i mes tone . F a t l i mes h ard en b y a bsorp t ion o fa tmospher ic c arbon d iox ide : h yd rau l ic o nes c on ta in am ore o f l e s si mpor tan tp ar to fs i l ica t es a nd a lum ina t es w h ich h ard en i nt h ep r e sence o fw a ter . Y ounger m or tar sa re g ene ra l ly m ore h yd rau l ic t h an o lder o ne s . T he h yd rau l ic i nd ex ,w h ich i nf ac t i st h e r a t io b e tween t h e c l ay a nd l i me f ac t ion , s e ems t ob e au s ef u l p arame ter f or c l ass if y ing m or tar s . B es ides l i me , m or tar a l so c on ta ins s and . O f ten a m inera l o r o rgan ic a ggrega te i sa dd ed t ot h e m ix ture .S and sc an e i ther b ea rg i l laceou so rc a lcar eou s .A gg rega t es a re u sed t oi n creas e t h ev o lume o ft h e m or tar a nd t oa vo id c racks d ur ing t h e h ard en ing . T hey a re m ad e u p o fl e f t -over b r ick s , g rave l s ,p ebb les , s t ones ( c a lcareous o rn o t ) . O rgan ic ma t ter l i ke b lood , e ggs , s ugar , e t c h ave a l so b een a dd ed t ot h el i me t oi n cr eas et h eh a rdne s so fa nc ien tm or ta r s . T he c hem i s tw ho h as t oa na lyse s uch ac omp lex m a ter ia l i sc onf ron ted w i th a l o to fp rob lems a nd o ne c an r ea l ise t h a t i ti sd if i cu l t t of i nd an orma l i zed a na ly t ica lp rocedure c apab le o fs a t i sf y ing c onser va to r sa nd a rchaeo log i s t s .E ach l a bora tor yt r i e st oa pp ly am e thodo logy b e s ts u i te t of uns t ion a nd s e lec ted i nr ega rd t ot h ee l emen t sa nd c r i te r ia n ece s sar y . T her ea r em any p rocedure st oa na lyse m or tar s . T hey a l lh ave t h e i ra dvan tages a nd d rawback s . S ome a re s imp le , b e ing o r ien ted t o t h e d e term ina t ion o ft h e p r inc ipa l c omponen ts i n t h e s amp le . I f p recau t ions a re t a ken i nt h e u se o ft h is m e thod , i tf ac i l i ta tes t h ee xam ina t ion o f ag r ea tn umber o f s amp les , a nd h ence t h e ir r ap id c l ass if ica t ion . Wh i le o ther m ore c omp lex m e thod a re m ore i n f orma t iv et oc onserva tor sa nd a rchaeo log is t sa nd p erm i t ab e t te ri d en t if i ca t ion a nd d e term ina t ion o ft h e t y pe o fl i me u sed i nt h e m ix ture , t h ese m e thod s t a ke l onger a nd a re m ore e xpens ive . T he c hem i s t i n t h ese c ases h as t oe va lua te e ach o ft h e c omponen ts a nd s e lec t t h e b es t m e thod f or s a t i sy ing t h er equ i remen t so ft h ec onser va tor o ra rchaeo log i s t . I ti sw e l lk nown t h a tr ad iocarbon d a t ing d oes n o td a te a rchaeo log ica le ven ts b u to n ly t h e ma ter ia l s f ound i na n a rchaeo log ica lc on tex t . H ence , t h ere m ay b ea n i mpo r tan ti n te rva lb e tween t h e a ge o f t h em a ter ia la nd t h ea rchaeo log ica le ven t . Ac l as s ica le xamp le o ft h i si st h e b eams u sed i nc on s truc t ion . T he
1 4
1 4
Cd a t ing o fw ood en
Cd a ted t r ee r i ng sc an e a s i ly b e ac en tury o rm ore o ld er t han t h e
2
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
M . V an S t r ydonck a nd M .D upas
b u i ld ing i t se lf T h i s p rob l em b ecomes e ven m ore s e vere i fw e c ons id er t h e p o s s ib le r e -u se o f m a t e r ia l . T h i sp rob lem c an b ea vo id ed b yu s ing m o r ta rw h e r ep re s en ta s ad a t ing m a t er ia l .
A l though l i me m or tar sd o n o tb e long t ot h e n orma l t y pe o fm a te r ia l su s ed i nr ad ioca rbon d a t ing , s u ch a sb one s , c ha r coa l ,p ea t ,e t c . , ther ei sn ot h eo re t ica lo b j ec t ion f or i t su se a s ad a t ing m a t er ia l . D u r ing t h e h ard en ing p roces sf a t l i me a b so rb s c arbon d i ox id e ( CO2 )f rom t h ea tmospher e a nd i s t r an sf ormed i n to c a lc ium c a rbona t e ( CaCO3 ) .A l though t h i sc hem i ca li sc omp le t e ly d if er en tf r om t h ep ho tosyn the s i sb yp lan t s , t h er e su l ti st h es ame :a tmo spher ic c a rbon d i ox id ei si n co rpora t ed i n t h em a te r ia l .A f t e rt h e a b sorp ion i se nd ed t h er ei sn oe x change a nymor e w i th t h ea tmospher e a nd t h e c oncen t ra t ion o f1 4 Ci n t h e m or tar w i l l d ecrea se d ue t ot h e r ad ioac t ive d ecay . S i nce t h e a b sorp t ion t i me i sn orma l ly v e r ys hor tc ompa r ed t ot h es t a t i s t ica le r ror o n ar ad ioca rbon d a te , t h e r ad iocarbon c on t en ti s ag ood m easu r e o ft h e a ge o ft h e c ons t ruc t ion . I ti sh owev er t r ue t h a t t h e e r r o ro n a( c a l ib ra t ed )r ad ioca rbon d a t ei sr a th er l a rge c ompa r ed t od a t ing m e thod su s ed b yh i s to r ian s . O n t h eo t he r h and , m os to ft h eb i g c on s t ruc t ions ( c a s t l es , c hu rche s , c a thed ra l s )w e re b u i l ta bove o l d e rs t ruc tu r es ,a nd a tt h es ame t i me i tt o ok s e ve ra lh und red so fy ea r st oc omp l e te t h em .H i s to r ica l r e cord sa re m os t ly v e r yv ague a bou t t h ee xac t l o ca t ion o fe ar l i er s t ru c tu r es . B yd a t ing r ema in so f o l d er a nd y ounger p a r t so ft h eb u i ld ing ,i ti sp os s ib l et ot r a ce t h eo r ig ina lp lan o fc ons t ruc t ion a nd d i s t ingu ish t h ey ounge rp a r t s , t h u sm ak ing d a t ing p os s ib le b yr e la t iv e c h rono logy . S i nce 1 964 ,s e ve ra ll a bo ra tor ie sh av et r i ed t od a te m or ta r . Af i r s ta t t emp tb yD e l ib r i sa nd L abey r ie i nF rance g ave g ood r e su l t s .H oweve r , i nE ng land B ax te ra nd Wa l ton a sw e l la sS t u iv er a nd S m i th i nt h e U n i ted S t a t es t r i ed t h e m e thod a nd f ound t h e r e su l t s w er e s ome t imes at h ou sand y ea r s t o o o l d . T hey t r aced t h ef a i lu r et ot h ef a c tt h a tc a l car eou ss and ( w i th a ni n f in i te o l da ge )w a su s ed a sa n a ggrega t e . T he a ggr ega te i si nf ac t t h e m a in p rob lem i nm or tar d a t ing . Ap o l lu t ion o fa bou t 5% f o s s i l o r d ead c a rbon i n cr ea ses t h e s amp le a ge b y a bou t 4 00 y ea r s . As e cond p rob lem i st h e i n comp le te b u rn ing o f t h e c arbona te . Due t oi n suf f i c ien t h ea t ing o f t h e l i mes tone , s ome o ld c a rbona te c an r ema in i nt h ep roduced l i me . B es id es t h ep rob lem o ff os s i l c arbona t e o t her m inor p rob l ems i nm or tar d a t ing a r e t h ei n comp le te c a rbon i sa t ion o ft h em or ta ra nd t h eu se o fr eworked m a t er ia l . I na na t temp tt oe l im ina t e t h ef o s s i lc a rbon , V a la s t ro f ound t h a tt h er ei sad if er ence i na ppea rance b e tween a tmo spher ic CO2 a nd t h ef os s i lr o ck c a rbona t e . T he f orme r t e nd s t or eac tf as t er w i th a n a c id s o lu t ion t h an t h e l a t te r . S ob yd a t ing o n l y t h ef i r s t CO2 f rom t h er e ac t ion ,g ood r e su l t sc an b e o b ta ined . S t i l lt h e r e su l t so b ta ined b y t h i sm e thod a r eq ues t ionab l es i nce t h ei s o top i cf rac t iona t ion o ft h e s amp le w as n orma l i s ed t ot h e
1 3
Cv a lue o ft h ea tmospher e ( 7° Ioo ) a nd n o t t h es t andard
v a lue o f2 5° l o o . B ased o n t h e s ame p r inc ip le V an S t r ydonck e ta ld a ted n o t o n ly t h ef i r s t CO2 f rom t h e a c id r e ac t ion , b u ts e v era lf rac t ion s .B yd o ing t h i st h ep re s ence o ffa o s s i lc a rbona te i nt h es amp l e c ou ld b e m ad e v i s ib l e . T he m e thod h as t h e a d van tag o fb e ing s e lf -con t ro l l ing . T he s l ope o ft h e c ur v e r ep r esen t ing t h e r ad ioca rbon a c t iv i ty v e r sus t h e %o fC O2 r e lea sed b y t h e a c id r eac t ion g i v e s a n i n d ica t ion o ft h ea moun to ffo s s i lc a rbona te i nt h es amp l e .I ft h i sa moun ti sp ar t icu lar l y l a rge t h en t h er ad ioca rbon d a t eo ft h ef i r s tf rac t ion i si nm o s tc a s e su n r e l iab l e . S pec ia la t t en t ion i sg i v en t ot h ei s o top ic f rac t iona t ion . O nt h eor e t ica lg round si ts hou ld b ep os s ib le t oc a lcu la t e t h ep e rcen tage o ff o s s i lc arbona te i n am or ta rs amp le b ym ea su r ing t h e
1 3
Cv a lue o f
3 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l i nd D eya C onf er ence o fP r eh i s to ry :A r chaeo log i ca lT echn iqu e s , T echno logy a nd T h eor y
t h e s amp le . H owever d ue t ok i ne t ic e f ec ts t h e i s o top ic e qu i l ibr ium b e tween t h e c arbona te a nd a tmo sphe r ei ss e ldom r eached . As y s tema t ic s t ud yo ft h i se f ec tw a sf i r s tu nd e r tak en b yP ach iaud ie t a lo n al a bora tory s ca le a nd b y V an S t rydonck e ta lo n at e s t s i te . T he r e su l t s s howed t h a t t h e p ar t ia lp r e s su r eo ft h ea tmosph er ic CO2 i nt h ef r e sh ly m ad el i me a nd t h ec ompa c tne s so ft h em or ta r a r ed om inan tf ac tor si nt h ei s o top i cs h if t . R e la ted t ot h em or ta rd a t ing a r eo t h e rs t ud i e su nd er tak en b yS t u iv e ra nd Wa ld r en a nd V an S t rydon ck a nd Wa ld r en o n t h e P os t T a layo t ic p reh i s tor ic l i me b u r ia l sf rom t h e i s land o f Ma l lorca . T he B a l ea r i ci s land so f Ma l lor ca a nd M enor ca a r et h eo n l yk nown p la ces w he r e q u i ck l ime b u r ia l so ccur i np r eh i s to ry a nd w her et h ec u s tom o fi n humana t ion i nq u ick l ime w a sq u i te p opu la rd ur ing t h eI r on A ge s .A l though t h e l i me i nt h e s eb u r ia l sa nd i nc onven t iona lm or ta ra r em ad eb yt h es ame p roc e s s s ome d if e r ence s d oa pp ea ri nt h er ad ioca rbon a nd 1 3 Cc u rv e s . T he s ed if er ence sa re c au sed b yt h e f ac t t h a t t h e b u r ia l sa r ea n o pen s y s tem , m uch m or ee f ec t ed b y r a in a nd g roundwa ter , a l ong w i th t h ef ac tt h a tt h ey c on ta in av e ry l a rge v o lume o fl i me .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
T he C lass if i ca t ion a nd Da t ing o fL ime Mo r tars B y C hem ica l A na lys is a nd R ad ioca rbon Da t ing : AR ev iew M . V an S t rydonck a nd M . Dupas
I NTRODUCT ION
For many years the conservation of monuments and archaeological sites has been the subject o f av a s tn umbe ro fr e sea r ch p ro je c t s . T he c on t inuou sd eg rada t ion o ft h e w o r ld a r ch i te c tu ra l p a t r imony u rged s c ien t i s t st oc oncen t ra t et h e i re f fo r t so nt h es t udy o ft h ec on s t ruc t ion m a te r ia l s a nd t h e i rb ehav iou r ,p r ima r i ly , i n ap o l lu ted a tmo sphe re . A s ar e su l to ft h e i rr e sea r ch al o to f p ape r sw e re p r e s en ted d u r ing i n te rna t iona lc on f e rence so nt h ec hem ica l ,p hy s ica l a nd b i o log ica l f a c to r st h a ti n f luence t h ea l t e ra t ion o fs t one a nd o nt h et e chn ique so fs t one c on se rva t ion . A l though al o to fa t ten t ion w a sd r awn t ot h es t udy o fc on s t ruc t ion m a t e r ia l so ne h a st oa dm i t t h a t t h e i mpo r tan t r o le o f mo r ta r h a s b een o ve r looked f o r m any y ea r s . H oweve r , t h e se m a te r ia l s c on t r ibu te e s sen t ia l ly t ot h e l i f e o f ab u i ld ing , i t s s t ab i l i ty , i t s h a rmony . I tc anno t b e d en ied t h a t t h i s l a ck o fk now ledge s ome t ime s b rough t a bou t e r ro r s , t e chn ica l a sw e l l a s a e s the t ica l , s i nce t h e r e s to re r -i g no r ing t h e o r ig ina l c ompo s i t ion o f t h e mo r ta r a nd i t s p rope r t ie s -w a s n o t c apab le o fr ep roduc ing t h e o r ig ina l mo r ta r . T h i s l a ck o f i n te re s t f o r mo r ta r sd ep r ived h i s to r ian sa nd a r chaeo log i s t sf r om a ni mpo r tan ts ou r ce o fi n fo rma t ion i nt h e s t udy o ft h ec h rono logy o fb u i ld ing c on s t ruc t ion . T he c ha ra c te r iza t ion o fw el l o ca t ed a nd d a t ed mo r ta r s h e lp s t h e a r chaeo log i s t a s w e l l a s t h e r e s to re r t oe s tab l i sh a c l a s s if i ca t ion o f t h e m o r ta r sa nd d i s t ingu i sh t h ed if e r en tc on s t ru c t ion c ampa ign s . Awa re o f t h e u rgen t n eed t of i l l t h i s g ap , I CCRO M o rgan ized a s ympo s ium i n 1 981 o n mo r ta r sa nd b i nde r su s ed i na nc ien tb u i ld ing s . I nt h i sp ape rt h ed i f f e ren tt y pe so fm o r ta ru s ed i na nc ien tc on s t ruc t ion w il b ep r e sen ted . T he i r c ompo s i t ion a sw e l l a st h ep o s s ib il i t ie s g i ven t ot h ea na ly s tt oc ha ra c te r ize t h e mo r ta rw i l lb e r ev iewed . R ad ioca rbon d a t ing o f mo r ta r s w i l l a l so b e d i scu s sed . A l though t h e p r inc ip le o f r ad io ca rbon d a t ing w il n o t b e e xp la ined , a n i n i t ia t ion i nt h e b a s ic i s o tope g eo chem i s t ry o f m o r ta rc a rbona te w i l l b eg i ven . T he l i m i ta t ion so ft h i s d a t ing m e thod a sw e l l a st h ea ims o f f u r the r r e sea r ch w i l l b e d e sc r ibed . T h i s c r i t ica l e xam ina t ion o f t h e d i f f e ren t m e thod s w i l l e nab le t h er e sea r che rt oc hoo se t h em e thod sb e s ts u i tab le t oh i sp u rpo se .
T HE H ISTORY O F MORTAR T he u s eo f mo r ta ri nc on s t ruc t ion g o e sb a ck t oa nc ien tt i me s . B e fo re t h ea dven to ft h eG r ec ian a nd R oman c i v i l i sa t ion sw a l l sw e re a s semb led b ym ean so f amo r ta rt h a tc on s i s ted p r ima r i ly o f c l ay a nd e a r th . T h i s e a r th s ome t ime s c on ta ined r ema in s o f b u rned b one s a nd p l a s te r
5 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l i nd D eya C onf e rence o fP r eh i s tor y :A r cha eo log i ca lT echn ique s ,T echno logy a nd T heo r y
( CaSO4 .0 .5 H 20 ) . I no rde rt oa gg lome ra t et h ew ho le , w a t e ra nd s ome t ime s o rgan ic m a t e r ia l w a s a dded t ot h i s m ix tu re . I ti sa lmo s t c e r ta in t h a t l i me d i dn ' t o ccu r i nt ho se r ud imen ta ry c ompo s i t ion s( Fu r ian a nd B i s segge r 1 975 ) . L uca s f ound t h a t t h e a nc ien t E gyp t ian mo r ta r t a ken f r om t h e S phynx a nd t h e p y ram id o f C heop s ( IV th d yna s ty , c .2 600 BC ) c on s i s t s o fp l a s te r . T he a na ly t ica l r e su l t s o fa bou t 1 5 s amp le s i n d ica t ed t h ep re sence o f as ome t ime se ven i mpo r tan tq uan t i ty o fc a lc ium c a rbona te , w h ich c an a l so b ef ound i nE gyp t ian p la s te rm ade a tt h eb eg inn ing o ft h i sc en tu ry . F rom t h e se a na ly se s i tw a s c l ea r t h a t t h e E gyp t ian s d i dn ' t u se l ime i n t h e i r p repa ra t ion , b u t t h a t t h e p r esence o fC aCO3 i nt h e mo r ta r wa sd ue t oa ni mpu r i ty i nt h ep l a s te r( Luca s 1 906 ) . T he f i r s tr e a lu se o fl i me mo r ta r si nt h ec on s t ruc t ion o fb u i ld ing sg oe sb a ck t ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry BC . T ho se e a r ly G r eek a nd R oman mo r ta r s w e re m ade o fl i me a nd f i ne s a nd . T o m ake t h e mo r ta rh a rde r ,a dd i t ive sl i ke v o lcan ic a s hw e re a dded t ot h em ix tu re . T he G r eek su sed S an to r in e a r th w h i le t h eR oman s u sed P ozzo lana ( Fu r lan a nd B i s segge r 1 975 ) . When t h e se m a te r ia l s b e came e xhau s ted t h ey w e re r e p la ced b y b aked c l ay , t i l edu s ta nd c r u shed b r ick w h ich , a sa n a dd i t iona le f f e c t ,g ave as pe c ia lc o lou rt ot h ec ompo s i t ion . Mo r t a r sm ade i nt h i sw ay w e re l e s s s e n s i t ive t ow a te ra nd s howed p rope r t ie sc ompa rab le t o moder nd ay mo r ta r sb a sed o nh yd raul i c b inde r s . F o r t h i s r e a son t h ey w e re u sed t oa s su re t h e w a t e r t igh tne s s o f c i s te rn s i n t h e c ons t ruc t ion o fa queduc t s , e t c . A l though t h e G reek s o n ly o cca s iona l ly u sed mor ta r s , i nt h e R oman P e r iod i tb e came a n e s sen t ia l p a r to ft h e a r ch i te c tu r e , a ss hown i nt h e s o l id i ty o ft h e b u i ld ing s . I ti sm a in ly t h rough V i t ruv iu s t h a t t h ef i r s tr e c ip e s o fR oman m o r ta rf a b r ica t ion c ame t ou s . S and a nd s l aked l ime w e re t h e p r ima ry c on s t i tuen t s o ft h e m ix tu re . V i t ruv iu s d e sc r ibe s t h e c ond i t ion s r equ i red f o r t h e u se o ft h e se c omponen t s a nd i n s i s t s t h a t c a re b e t a ken w i th t h e p r epa ra t ion o ft h em ix tu re . H ea l so d e sc r ib e st h ep rope r t ie so ft h eP ozzo lana w h ich m ake st h e mo r ta rm uch h a rd e ra nd r e s i s tan ta ga in s tw a te r . Many a u tho r s h ave s t ud ied R oman mo r ta r s . L ike mo s t o f t h em F r izo t c onc lude s t h a t t h e e xcep t iona lq ua l i ty o ft h o se mo r ta r si sn o to n ly c au sed b yt h eu se o fv o lcan ic a s h ,b u ta l so d ue t o av e ry e l abo ra te f a b r i ca t ion o ft h el ime ,t ot h ec ho ice o ft h ec on s t i tuen t sa nd t ot h ec a re t h a t w a st a ken i nm ak ing av e ry h omogeneou sm ix tu re o fa gg rega t ea nd b i nde r( F r izo t 1 977 ) . T h i s h i gh q ua l i ty R oman mo r ta r i sn o t o n ly f ound i n b u i ld ing b u t a l so i n s uppo r t s o f w a l l p a in t ing so ft h a te poch ( d eH enau a nd D upa s 1 982 ) . A l though t h e re e x i s t s ag r ea tn umbe ro fd o cumen t si n fo rm ing u sa bou tt h eG re c ian a nd R oman mo r ta r s , a r ch ive s h a rd ly t e l l u s a ny th ing a bou t Med ieva l m o r ta r s . F o r t h i s r e a son s c ien t i s t s h ad t oc a l l i nc hem i ca la na ly se st og i ve o rt oc omp le te t h ei n fo rma t ion a bou tt h ec ompo s i t ion o ft h ese m o r ta r s . D ue t ot h ea bandon ing o fR oman t e chn ique s a nd t r ad i t ions t h ee a r ly Med ieva l mo r ta r sa r e i n g ene ra lf r iab le a nd o f am ed ioc re q ua l i ty . I n s ide t h ew a l l st h e mo r ta rw a sn o tc omp re s sed i nt h e w ay t h eR oman sd i d ,w h ich made t h es t ruc tu r e sr a the rf r ag i le . T he u se o fo rgan ic m a te r ia l s i n Med ieva l m o r ta r si sc on te s ted . I ti ss uppo sed t h a tt h ea nc ien t b u i ld e r su sed o rgan ic a dd i t ion st om ak et h e mo r ta r mo r ec ompa c ta nd l e s se xpo sed t ot h ea c t ion o fw a te r . H oweve r ,G e rman r e sea r ch e f f e c t ed o nm o r ta r sf r om t h eX I th t ot h e XV I I th c en tu ry d i dn ' ts how a ny t r a ce o fa n ima lp ro te in si n Med ieva l mo r t a r( d eB oua rd 1 975 ) . I ts e ems t h a t t h em o r ta rq ual i ty b e come sb e t te rf r om t h eX I I th c en tu ry t ot h ee nd o ft h eM idd le A ge s . B u ti t w ou ld b e i mp ruden t t os ay t h a t amo r ta r o fm ed ioc r e q ua l i ty i sn e ce s sa r i ly a n o ld o ne . I n P o land f o r i n s tance , mo r ta r s f r om t h e X th a nd X I th c en tu ry a r e o f ten w e l lp r e se rved . T hey c on s i s to fl i me a nd c a lc ium c a rbona t ew h i ch r e p la ce st h es a nd a sa na gg r ega te . B u ta tt h es ame
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
M . V an S t rydonck a nd M . Dupa s
t i me , i nt h e b eg inn ing o ft h e X I th c en tu ry , s ome mo r ta r s w e re m ade o fl i me a nd v e ry f i ne s a nd ,w h i ch a r ea l so p r e se r ved v e ry w e l l( J ed rze jew ska 1 960 ) . I ng ene ra l , mo r ta r s h ave ab e t t e r q ua l i ty w hen t h ep r epa ra t ion t e chn ique o ft h e l ime a nd t h e m ix tu re s a r e v e ry e l abo r a ted . U sua l ly w e f i nd t h i s o n ly f r om t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e X IV th c en tu ry o n ,w hen mo r ta r sr e ga in ag ood c ohe s ion a nd a r em ade w i th s a nd st h a tc on ta in n oe a r th o rc l ay . A l though i ti sd oub ted t h a to rgan ic m a te r ia l w a su s ed ,i ti sv e ry c e r ta in t h a t Med ieva l mo r ta r s c on ta in t i l edu s ta nd c r u shed b r ick . T he h yd raul i cp rope r t ie so ft h e s em a t e r ia l sw e re k nown b y t h e Med ieva l c on s t ruc to r s . T he i n ve s t iga t ion o f ag r ea t n umbe r o f a r chaeo log ica l mo r ta r s amp le s f r om t h ec ho i ro ft h ec hu r ch a tT heux ( Be lg ium ) s how s t h a tb r ick s w e r e u sed i nt h e p r epa ra t ion o f Me rov ing i an a nd C a ro l ing ian m o r ta r s( Dupa s 1 986 ) . I ti si nt h eb eg inn ing o ft h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e XV I I I th c en tu ry t h a th yd rau l ic b i nde r sa ppea r . T he h a rden ing o ft h e se b i nde r si sp rovoked b y w a te rw h i le f a tl i me s h a rden b y a b so rp t ion o f c a rbon d i ox ide f r om t h e a tmosphe re . Mo r ta r s m ade w i th ah yd rau l ic b i nde r h ave b e t te r c ohe s ion a nd h ave ab e t t e rr e s i s tance t ow a te rt h an t h o se m ade w i th f a tl i me . T he d i s cove ry o fc emen ti nt h eb eg inn ing o ft h eX IX th c en tu ry w a sa ni mpo r tan ts t ep a head i n t h e s ea r ch f o r b e t te r c ons t ruc t ion ma te r ia l s . C emen t mo r ta r s p re sen t av e ry i mpo r tan t m e chan ica l r e s i s tance a nd a r e v e ry s t ab le a ga in s t w a te r . T hank s t ot h e se p rope r t ie s c emen t r ep laced h yd rau l ic l i me i n mode rn c ons t ruc t ion . H oweve r , i t s u se i n r e s to ra t ion s i sn o t r e commended , s i nce c emen t i sn o t v e ry p o rou s a nd p r even t s t h e p a s sage o f w a te r v apou r t h rough t h ej o in t s . T h i sc an c au se d amage t ot h ec on s t ruc t ion m a te r ia l s . T he d i r ty g r ey c o lou r o ft h ec emen ti sa l so s e ldom i nh a rmony w i th t h eo l dc on s t ruc t ion . A bove a l i tp rovoke st h e a ppea ranc eo fs o lub le s a l t s , w h i ch i sd ange rou sf o rt h ec on se rva t ion o ft h es t one ( Pe ron i e ta l . 1 981) .
THE MORTAR CONST ITUENTS
Mor ta r sa r e m ade b y m ix ing s a nd w i th ap a s te o fw a t e ra nd ab i nde r . T h i sb i nde rc an b e f a t l ime ,h yd rau l ic l i me o r ac emen t( An s te t t 1 948 ) . THE B INDERS
F a t l i mes a r eo b ta ined b y h ea t ing a t8 50 -900 °C m o re o rl e s sp u re l i me s tone , t h a tc on ta in s n o mo re t h an 6% o fc l ayey m a t e r ia l s ( CaCO3 +h ea t =C aO +CO2ga s ) . T he q u ick l ime ( CaO )i s t h en s l aked w i th am in ima lq uan t i ty o fw a te ra nd t r an s fo rm si n to h yd ra t ed l i me ( CaO +H20 = C a(OH )2 ) .
T he h a rden ing h appen s d u r ing t h e a b so rp t ion o f c a rbon d iox ide f r om t h e
a tmo sphe re ( Ca ( OH )2 +CO2a tm .i np r e sence o fw a t e r =C aCO3 + H 20 ) . Mo r ta r s f r om f a t l ime h ave ap oo rm e chan ica lr e s i s tance . T hey h a rden v e ry s l ow ly a nd s upe rf i c ia l ly . F o rt h i s r e a son t h e i ru se i sn owaday sl i m i t ed t or e s to ra t ion w o rk s( Pe ron ie ta l . 1 981 ) . H yd rau l ic l i mes a r e o b ta ined b y h ea t ing c a lca reou s s t one s t h a t c on ta in a n i mpo r tan t c l ay f r a c t ion . D u r ing t h eh e a t ing t h el i me r e ac t sw i th t h ec l ay f r a c t ion a nd g i ve sh yd rau l ic s i l i ca te s a nd a l um ina te s . A cco rd ing t ot h ec l ay c on ten t ,m o r eo rl e s sh yd raul i cl i me sa r eo b ta ined . T he h yd rau l ic p a r t o f t h i s t y pe o f l ime h a rden s d ue t o ar e ac t ion w i th w a te r a nd n o t b y t h e a b so rp t ion o fc a rbon d i ox ide . C emen ts a r e t h e g round p roduc t s o b ta ined b y h ea t ing a th i gh t empe ra tu re a m ix tu re o f l ime s tone a nd c l ay i nw e l ld ef ined p ropo r t ion s . T he se b i nde r sh ave av e ry h i gh h yd rau l ic i ty .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
f i nd D eya C onf e r ence o fP r eh i s tor y :A r cha eo log i ca lT echn ique s ,T echno logy a nd T h eo r y
T hey h a rden e s sen t ia l ly i nt h ep r e sence o fw a te r . B ym ix ing w i th d i f f e ren ta dd i t ive s ,d i f f e ren t t y pe so fc emen tc an b em ad e . T HE S ANDS D if f e r en tt y p e so fs a nd c an b eu s ed i nt h ep r epa ra t ion o fm o r ta rs . C a lca r eou ss and d e r ive sf r om l i me s tone a nd c an c on ta in ac e r ta in a moun to fc l ay . S i l iceou ss and i sm a in ly q ua r t z . G ran i t i cs and c on ta in s ,b e s id e sq ua r tz ,f e ld spa ra nd m ica s . T he q ua l i ty o ft h e m o r ta r d epend s n o t o n ly o n t h e n a tu re b u t a l so o n t h e s hape o ft h e s a nd g ra in s a nd mo s to fa l lo n t h e g r anu lome t r ic c ompo s i t ion . Mo r ta r s m ade w i th v e ry f i ne s a nd a r e mo s t ly v e ry p o rou s a nd n o tv e ry r e s i s tan t . I ts e em s t h a tt h eb e s t mo r ta r s a r e m ad e w i th s and i nw h ich t h e v o lume o f t h e l a rge g r a in s i st w ice t h e v o lume o f t h e s ma l l o ne s . S and c on ta in ing c l ay d u s ta nd e a r th i sn o tr e commended ( An s te t t 1 948 ) . T HE A GGRATE A pa r tf r om ab i nde ra nd s a nd ,m o r ta rm ay c on ta in a dd i t iona lp roduc t s ,e i the rf r om o rgan ic o r m ine ra log ic o r ig in . T he mo s t c ommon m ine ra l a gg rega te s a r e : v o lcan ic a sh ( Pozzo lana ) , g rave l ,p i ece so fb r ick ,a nd . s ma l l s t one s ( c a lca reou s o rn o t ) . T hey w e r e u sed t oi n c rea se t h e h yd rau l ic p rope r t ie s o ft h e mo r ta r , t oe n la rge t h e v o lume a nd m o s t o f a l l t oa vo id c r a ck s . T he se m o r ta r sl o ok v e ry m uch l i k ec onc r e te . I nd if e ren tp e r iod s ,e ven a f t e rt h eM idd le A ge s ,o rgan ic m a te r ia l sw e r ea dded t ot h em ix tu r e . I t e n su red ab e t te r c ohe s ion a nd m ade t h e mo r ta r h a rde r . T he m o s tc ommon n a tu ra l p rodu c t s a dded w e re o xb l ood , s uga r ,g l a i r , u r ine ,e t c . ( S icke l s 1 981) . T he a dd i t ion o fo rgan ic m a t t e r i n to t h e mo r ta r i sn ow r e p laced b y s yn the t ic r e s ins a pp rop r ia te t ot h e s pec if ic u se o f t h e mo r ta r .
THE CLASS IF ICAT ION OF MORTARS
T he q ue s t ion t or e p roduce a n o l d mo r ta ro rp l a s te r u sua l ly a r r ive s d u r ing r e s to ra t ion w o rk s . T he r e s to re rw an t s t ok now n o to n ly t h e c ompos i t ion o ft h e m o r ta r , b u t a l so i t s m ine r a log i c a nd p hy s ica lp rope r t ie s : n a tu re o ft h eb i nde r , n a tu r ea nd g r anu lome t r ic p rope r t ie so ft h es a nd , p o ro s i ty ,e t c . T he a r chaeo log i s ti sn o ts oi n t e re s t ed i nt h et e chn ica la spe c t so ft h e mo r ta r . H e w an t st of i nd ,f r om t h ee xam ina t ion o fd i f f e ren ts amp le st a ken o n as i t e ,c r i te r ion s t h a tm ake i t p o s s ib le t od i s t ingu i sh d i f f e r en tc on s t ruc t ion p ha se s . T he c hem i s tw il f o cu sh i s e xam ina t ion o n t h ea na ly se so ft h em o s ti mpo r tan tc omponen t so f t h e mo r ta r . T h i s i n ve s t iga t ion i sn o ts imp le a nd o ne h a s t ob ec a r e fu l n o tt od r aw c onc lu s ion s t o oe a s i ly . D i f f e ren ce si nc ompo s i t ion d on o ta lway sm ean ad i f f e ren tc on s t ruc t ion p e r iod . I t i sv e ry w e l l p o s s ib le t h a td u r ing t h ec on s t ruc t ion m a te r ia l s w e re u sed f r om ad i f fe ren to r ig in a nd l o ca t ion . O fc ou r se t h i s m ake s t h er e sea r ch v e ry c omp lex a nd t h ep rob lem sc an o n ly b e s o lved w hen t h e re i sg ood c oope r a t ion b e tween t h e a r chaeo log i s ta nd t h e a na ly s t( de B oua rd 1 975 ) . T he v a l id i ty o ft h ea na ly se sd epend si nt h ef i r s tp l ace o n ac a re f u l ly e xe cu t ed s amp l ing . S ome o l dm o r ta r sa r ev e ry h e t e rogeneou s . T h i sm ake ss ampl ing s ome t ime s av e ry d el i ca te o pe r a t ion . I s o la ted s amp le s , w h ich a r e n o t r e p re sen ta t ive o f t h e w ho le h ave n o s c ien t if ic v a lue . H .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
M . V an S t rydonck a nd M . Dupas
J ed r ze jewska h a s d ef ined t h e c ond i t ion o f s amp l ing i n ap ape r w h ich i s av e ry i mpo r tan t r e f e rence f o rt h ea na ly s i s( J ed r z , e jew ska 1 967 , 1 981 ) . I n s p i te o f t h e f a c t t h a t R oman mo r ta r s h ave ac e r ta in h yd rau l i c i ty d ue t ot h e P ozzo lana o r t i ledu s t , i th a s b een n o t iced t h a t , i ng ene ra l , y ounge r mo r ta r s a r e mo re h yd rau l ic t h an o l de r o ne s . T h i s i sb ecau se t h e h yd raul i c b i nde r s , i n ven ted i nt h e XV I I I th c en tu ry , l i t t le b y l i t t le r ep laced t h e f a t l ime i n mo r ta r . T he h yd rau l ic i n dex t h a t g i ve s t h e r a t io b e tween t h e c l ay f r ac t ion a nd t h e l ime f r a c t ion i si nf a c ta n e xce l len tc r i te r ion t oc l a s s ify mo r ta r s ( Leduc a nd C henu 1 9 12 ) ( f ig . 1 B ) . A 1 203 + F e2O3 + S iO 2 s o lub le T he h yd rau l ic i n d ex C aO + MgO T he r a t io C aO /MgO i sa l so ac r i te r ion t oc l a s s if y mo r ta r s . S i nce t h e se p roduc t sa r e t h eb a s ic c omponen t s o f a mo r ta r , ac hange i nt h e r a t io m ean s ac hange o f t h e r aw m a te r ia ls u sed . A l though t h i s c hange d oe s n o t a lway s i n d ica te ac hange o fp e r iod i ts u re ly g i ve s i mpo r tan t i n fo rma t ion a bou tt h ec on s t ruc t ion ( f ig . 1 A ) . O the rc r i te r ia f o rc l a s s if i ca t ion d on ' tr e ly o n t h ec hem ica l c ompo s i t ion b u to n v i sua la spec t s . Ap e t rog raph ic e xam ina t ion m ake s i tp o s s ib le t oi n d i ca te t h e a moun t o fl i me s tone i n as and a nd d e f ine t h ea gg rega te . M ic ro s cop ic a na lyse sc an g i ve i n fo rma t ion a bou tt h ec on s t i tuen t sa nd p rove t h ep r e sence o fh yd rau l ic p roduc t s . T he m a c ro s cop ic e xam ina t ion ,a l though v e ry s imp le , g i ve s v e ry p r ec iou si n f o rma t ion a bou tt h eg r anu lome t ry a nd t h en a tu re o ft h es and , t h ec o lou r a nd t h e f o rm o ft h e a gg rega te , t h e h omogene i ty , t h e c ohe s ion a nd t h e g ene ra l a spec t o ft h e mo r ta r .
THE MORTAR ANALYSES THE V ISUAL ANALYS IS
T he v i sua l a na ly se s s ome t ime s c on t r ibu te mo re t o t h e c l a s s if i ca t ion o f mo r ta r s t h an t h e c hem ica l a na lyse s . L e t 's i lu s t ra te t h i s w i th a n e xamp le . D u r ing t h e e xam ina t ion o f t h e a r chaeo log ica l mo r ta r sf r om t h ec hu r ch o ft h e S a in t s " He rme se tA lexand re " i nT heux , i th a s b een f ound t h a t t h e Me rov ing ian a nd C a ro l ing ian mo r ta r s w e re m ade w i th ar i ve r g r ave l , c ha ra c t e r ized b ys ma l lr ound p ebb le s . I ti so n ly f r om t h er omane sque p e r iod o nt h a to ne f i nd s w el d e f ined s and si nt h e mo r ta r ,t ow h ich a ngu la rs t one sw e re a dd ed . I n mo r er e cen ts amp le s b l a ck c a lca r eou sw a s t ei sa dded t h a tc ame f r om an ea rby q ua r ry ( f ig .2 ) . I nt h e Me rov ing ian a nd C a ro l ing ian mo r ta r s s ome r ema inde r s o fb r ick s w e re f ound , p rov ing t h a tp e rhap s t h eR oman t r ad i t ion w a s n o ta bandoned c omp le te ly ( Dupa s 1 986 ; C ha ro la e ta l . 1 984 ) . I ng ene ra lo ne c an s a y t h a tw i th in o ne g roup o fs amp le s ,a l l k i nd so fv i s ib le p rope r t ie sc an b e u sed a s ac r i te r ion f o rc l a s s i f ica t ion . THE CHEM ICAL ANALYS IS
I ti sc l ea rt h a ta nc ien t mo r ta r s a r e v e ry c omp lex m a te r ia l s . T h i s m ake s i te x t r eme ly d i f f icu l t f o rt h ea na ly s tt od ef ine an o rma l ized a na ly t ica lp rocedu re . A s ac on sequence ,e a ch l a bo ra to ry u se si t so wn m e thodo logy ,o r ien ted t oi t sp rope rn eed s .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l i nd D eya C onf e r ence o fP r eh i s tor y :A r cha eo log i ca lT echn ique s ,T echno logy a nd T heo r y
Ac ommon m e thod i sm ak ing am e l tw i th s od ium p o ta s s ium c a rbona t e ( NaKCO3 ) . W i th t h i s t e chn ique i ti so n ly p o s s ib le t oo b ta in l im i ted i n fo rma t ion . T he r e su l t sa r eg i ven a so x id e so f t h ed i f f e ren tc omponen t s( e .g : C aO , MgO ,e t c . ) . O ne c anno tt e lw he the rt h o se e l emen t sc ome f r om t h eb i nde r o rf r om t h e a gg rega t e . I ti sa l so i mpo ss ib le t ot r ace d own t h e o r ig in o ft h e s i l i con a nd t h e re fo re t h eh yd raul i c i ty r ema in su nknown . Me thod su s ing h yd roch lo r ic a c id ( HC1 ) t od e compo se t h e mo r ta ra r e much mo re i n t e r e s t ing . T he d i s so lu t ion c an b ec a r r ied o u tw i th ac o ld o r ah o ts o lven t . T he l a s t m e thod u se s a1 0% ( vo l . ) HC1 s o lu t ion , t h a t i sh ea ted r a the r f a s t u n t i l ay e l low c o lou ra ppea r s . A f t e rf i l t ra t ion o ft h eh o ts o lu t ion ar e s idue i sl e f to n t h e f i l t e r . T h i sr e s idue i sa t ta ck ed b y as od ium c a rbona te ( Na2CO3 )s o lu t ion . T he r e s idue o ft h i sa t ta ck i st h en t r ea t ed w i th s od ium w h ich i so ne s i l icon f r om c a rbona te o n e ta l . 1 962 )
p o ta s s ium c a rbona te t od e te rm ine t h e i n so lub le s i l icon . T he s o lub le s i l icon , o ft h ep a rame te r s i nt h e h yd rau l ic i n dex , i so b ta ined b y s ub t ra c t ing t h e s o lub le t h e t o ta l s i l icon . T h i s l a s t o ne i sm ea su red i n am e l t w i th s od ium p o ta s s ium a na l iquo ts amp le . T h i sm e thod i sv e ry a ccu ra t e ,b u tv e ry e l abo ra te ( Vo inov i t ch
T he m e thod su s ing ac o ld s o lu t ion a r et h e mo s tc ommon . T he s amp le i sa t ta cked b y ad i lu ted h yd roch lo r i c a c id s o lu t ion . T he i n so lub le i sc on s ide red t ob e q ua r tz a nd c l ay . T he s o lub le s i l icon , n eeded t oc a lcu la te t h e h yd rau l ic i n dex , i so n ly o b ta ined i nv e ry s p ec if ic c ond i t ion s . T he mo s t s imp le " co ld " m e thod i st h eo ne u sed b yJ ed rze jewska . O n ly t h r ee p a rame t e r sa r e d ef ined : t h ea moun to fc a rbon d i ox ide ,t h ea moun to fs and a nd s o lub le m a te r ia l s . A sr e agen ta s o lu t ion o f5 0% ( v o l . )h yd ro ch lo r ic a c id i su sed . T he a moun to fc a rbon d i ox ide ( CO2 )i sg i ven a s c a lc ium c a rbona te ( CaCO3 ) a nd t h e r e s idue i sc on s ide red t ob e t h e s and . T he s o lub le m a te r ia l s a r e t h e d i f f e rence b e tween 1 00% a nd t h e s um o f t h e t wo o t he r c omponen t s ( J ed r ze jew ska 1 960 ) . T h i s m e thod m ade i tp o s s ib le t oa na ly se al o to fP o l i sh mo r ta r sa nd t o c l a s s i fy t h em a cco rd ing t od i f f e ren tp e r iod sf r om t h eX th t ot h e XV I th c en tu ry . Howeve r ,t h i s i n t e r e s t ing m e thod h a ss ome d r awba ck s . I td oe sn o tt a ke i n to a c coun tt h ep r e sence o f MgCO3 ,w h ich c an b ev e ry i mpo r tan ti n D o lom i te l i me s . T he h yd rau l i c s i l ica te sa r e n o t t h eo n ly c omponen t s o ft h e " s o lub le " f r ac t ion a st h i s a u tho rm ake su ss uppo se . Magne s ium a nd s o lub le s a l t sc an b e ap a r to ft h i sf r a c t ion a nd m ay t h u sb ew rong ly c on s id e r ed a sa nh yd rau l ic c on s t i tuen t . A no the rv e ry s imp le m e thod i st h eo ne d eve lop ed b yE .B . C l ive r . T h ree v a lue sa r e m ea su red b y g r av ime t r ica l a na ly se s : t h es o lub le f r a c t ion ,t h es a nd f r a c t ion a nd t h ef i ne r e s idue f r a c t ion . T he c o lou ro ft h i s f i ne f r a c t ion e nab le s t h e a u tho r t od e te rm ine t h e n a tu re o fi t . T he m e t hod m ake si tp o s s ib le t oc a lcu la t e t h ep e r cen tage so ft h re e f r a c t ion s ,n ame ly t h e l i me f r ac t ion ,t h e s a nd a nd o ne o f t h e t h ree f o l low ing c on s t i tuen t s : P o r t land c emen t , n a tu ra l c emen t o r c l ay ( C l ive r 1 974 ) . J .S t ewa r ta nd J . Moo re t e s ted t h i sp rocedu re o ns yn the t ic mo r ta r s . T he r e su l t s a r en o tv e ry e ncou rag ing . T he re s e ems t ob eq ua l i ta t ive a sw e l l a sq uan t i ta t ive e r ro r s a nd t h e m e thod i sn o tv e ry r e l iab le ( S tewa r ta nd Moo re 1 981 ) . T he m o r ee l abo r a t em e thod sa l lu se mo re c omp lex c hem ica lt e chn ique sa nd a ppa r a tu s . D .D u fou rn ie rf r om t h e" Cen t re d eR eche r che sa r ch6o log ique sm ed i6va le sd eC a en "d eve lop ed a m e thod w h ich t a ke s 1 0p a rame te r si n to a c coun t : 4d e te rm in ing t h ep rope r t ie so ft h ec a rbona t e , t h e s and , t h e c l ay a nd t h e s t one s , t h e o t he r 6a r e e s tab l i shed f r om t h e g ranu lome t r ic
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
M . V an S t r ydonck a nd M . Dupas
c ompo s i t ion o ft h e s and . Am ic ro scop ic e xam ina t ion o ft h e s and o re ven o ft h er aw mo r ta r g i ve si n fo rma t ion a bou tt h ec on s t i tuen t sa nd c omp le te st h ea na ly se s . T he c hem i ca la na ly s i si s l im i ted t ot h e d e te rm ina t ion o ft h ec a rbon d i ox ide f r a c t ion , e xp re s sed a sc a lc ium c a rbona t e . T he f r ac t ion o ft h eu n t r ea ted ,b rok en mo r ta rl ump st h a td oe sn ' tp a s s a2 mm s i eve i sc on s ide red a ss t one s . A na c id t r ea tmen ti sa pp l ied t ot h ef r a c t ion t h a tp a s sed t h e 2mm s i eve . T he r e s idue o f t h i s a t tack i sc on s ide red t ob e t h e s and f r ac t ion . T he a moun t o fc l ay i sd e f ined a s t h e d i f f e rence b e tween 1 00% a nd t h et o ta lo ft h ec a lc ium c a rbona te a nd t h es a nd ( Du fou rn ie r1 972 ) . A l though t h eg r anu lome t r ic a na ly s i sp ropo sed b yt h ea u tho ri sv e ry c omp le te , t h e re i s al o to f c r i t ic i sm o nt h ec hem ica la na ly se s . A s i nt h e m e thod o fJ ed r ze jewska c a lc ium c a rbona te i sc on s ide red t ob e t h e o n ly c a rbona te . I nt h a tr e spe c t t h ea u tho rs ugge s t s a tl e a s to ne c omp le te mo r ta ra na ly s i s f o re a ch b u i ld ing t ob ee xam ined . T he a moun to fc a rbon d i ox ide i sm ea su red i nt h e f r a c t ion s ma l le rt h an 2mm , w h i le t h es a nd a nd c l ay f r a c t ion a r em ea su r ed i n as e cond s amp le . D ue t ot h ei n homogene i ty o f o l d mo r ta r s t h i s p rocedu re c an c au se i mpo r tan t e r ro r s i nt h e c a lcu la t ion o f t h e d i f f e r en tp o r t ion s . T he d i f f e rence b e tween 1 00% a nd t h e t o ta l o ft h e c a lc ium c a rbona te a nd t h e s and r e p re sen t s n o t o n ly t h e c l ay f r ac t ion b u t a l so t h e s o lub le s a l t s a nd t h e h yd rau l ic s i l i coa lum ina t e sw h ich a r eo f t en f ound i nm o re r e cen tm o r ta r s . A .E . C ha ro la a nd M . D upa s w o rked o u t am e thod w h i le t h ey w e r es t udy ing t h e mo r ta r sf r om t h e a r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ion o f t h e c hu r ch a tT heux . T he o l de s t s amp le s c ame f r om a Me rov ing ian c hape l a nd t h e mo s t r e cen t f r om aX IX th c en tu ry r e s to ra t ion . T he p ropo sed m e thod i sd e r ived f r om a na na ly t ica lp rocedu re t h a td i f f e r en t ia te sb e tween t h eh yd raul ic a nd t h e n on -hyd rau l ic s i l ica te s( Dupa s 1 981 ) . Av i sua l e xam ina t ion g i ve s ar ough c l a s s if i ca t ion o ft h e s amp le s ,b y m ean s o ft h e t e x tu re o f t h em a te r ia la nd t h en a tu re a nd a ppea rance o ft h ea gg rega te . T he u s eo fX ray d i f f ra c t ion ,E R s pe c t rome t ry a nd s c ann ing e l ec t ron m ic roscope g i ve s a dd i t iona l i n fo rma t ion a bou t t h e m ine ra log ica lc ompo s i t ion . T he i n ve s t iga t ion o ft h er e su l t so b ta ined b yc hem i ca la nd p hy s ica l e xam ina t ion o ft h es amp le sl e ad s t o as y s tem o fe qua t ion st h a te nab le st h ea na ly s tt oc a lcu la te t h ec ompo s i t ion o ft h em o r ta r( Cha ro la e ta l . 1 984 ) . T he p a rame te r sr e qu i red f o rt h i s m e thod a r e : t h ed e te rm in a t ion o ft h et o ta ls i l icon t h ea moun to fc a rbon d i ox ide t h e f r a c t ion i n so lub le i n a2 0% ( vo l . ) HC 1 s o lu t ion t h ea moun to fC aa nd Mg t h ea moun to ff r e el i me ( CaO ) T he m e thod h a s b een t e s ted o n s t anda rd ized mo r ta r s w i th aw e l l k nown c ompo s i t ion a nd i s c on s id e red v e ry r e l iab le ( Dup a sa nd C ha ro la 1 986 ) . ( SEE TABLES 1AND 2 )
A l though t h e a na ly t ica l m e thod s g i ve a g ood i d ea a bou t t h e c ompo s i t ion o f a mo r ta r , m ic ro scop i ca na lys e ss hou ld n o tb eo ve r looked . A dd i t iona li n fo rma t ion c an b eo b ta ined a bou t , f o ri n s tance ,t h ep r e s ence o fP ozzo lana a nd t i l edu s tw h ich g i ve t h em o r ta r ac e r ta in h yd r au l ic i ty t h a tc ou ld w rong ly b ea pp rop r ia ted t o ah yd r au l ic l i me ( F r izo t 1 981 ) .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l I nd D eya C onf e r ence o fP r eh i s to ry :A rchaeo log ica lT echn iqu es ,T echno logy a nd T h eo ry
I n t h e s ame g roup o f m e thod s a no the r o ne s hou ld b e m en t ioned . C iach a nd O s le r m ade d i f f e ren t i n ve s t iga t ions o n med ieva l mo r ta r s f r om P o land . T hey u sed ma croscop ic a nd m ic ro scop ic a na ly se s , c hem ica l a na ly se s , a nd a l so a l l k ind s o f me thod s t oi nve s t iga t e t h e p hy s ica l p rope r t ie s o ft h e mo r ta r s uch a s i t s p o ro s i ty , r e s i s tance , e t c . I ti s av e ry c omp le t e m e thod b u tv e ry e l abo ra te a nd n o ta pp l icab le o n ag rea tn umbe ro fs amp le s( C iach a nd O s le r 1 972 ) . Among t h eg r ea tv a r ie ty o fm e thod s t oi n ve s t iga te mo r ta rt h e re i s as pe c ia lg roup o r ien ted t o t h e d e te rm ina t ion o f t h e a moun t o fc emen t i nt h e m ix tu re . T hey a r e a pp l icab le t om ode rn m a te r ia l sa nd n o tv e ry c ompa t ib le w i th a r cha eo log ica ls amp le s . T om en t ion af ew : T he t e chn ique u s ed b yt h e" Ame r ican S oc ie ty f o rT e s t ing a nd Ma te r ia l s " t h a tm ea su re s t h eq uan t i ty o fc emen t i nc onc re te . B y g r av ime t r ic m e thod s t h e c on ten t o fs o lub le s i l icon i sm ea su red . K now ing t h a tP o r t land c emen tc on ta in s2 1% s o lub le s i l icon ,t h e c oncen t ra t ion o fc emen t i nt h e c onc re te c an b ec a l cu la ted . T h i s p rocedu re h a sb e en t e s ted o n as e r ie s o fs yn the t ic mo r ta r s ( S t ewa r t a nd Moo re 1 981 ) . T he o n ly g ood r e su l t s w e r e o b ta ined w hen a l l t h e s o lub le s i l icon c ame f r om c emen t . U sed i nt h e s t udy o fo l dm o r ta r s ,i mpo r tan td ef lec t ion sw e re n o t iced . T he p ro cedu re e s tab l i shed b y E . D ugn io l le i sb a sed o n t h e B e lg ian S t anda rd f o rt h e a na ly s i so fh a rd ened c onc r e te . C on s ide r ing t h a t ac emen t P3 00 c on ta in sa bou t2 0 .5% o fS iO2 a nd 6 4% o fC aO ,t h ea moun to fc emen ti sc a l cu la ted b yt h re ep a rame te r s : 1 .t h ea moun to fs o lub le s i l icon 2 .t h ea moun to fC aO 3 .t h ed i f f e rence b e tween 1 00% a nd t h es um o ft h e %o fa l lt h ee l emen t sn o t b e long ing t ot h ec emen t . T h i s m e thod d i s t ingu i she s i t se lf p r ima r i ly f r om t h e o t he r s b y t h e c ond i t ion s o ft h e a t tack o f t h e s amp le b y t h e a c id . T he w o rk ing c ond i t ions a r e v e ry t i gh t . T he t empe ra tu re m us t b e m a in ta ined b e tween 0 a nd 3 °C . A l though t h is m e thod w a s o r ig ina l ly n o t i n tended t os e rve t h e a r chaeo log i s t , i ts e ems t ob e v e ry u sefu l w hen s ome m ino rc hange sa r em ade ,e spec ia l ly i nt h ew ay t h er e su l t sa r ep r e sen ted .
RAD IOCARBON DATING OF L IME MORTARS P R INC IPAL OF L I ME DAT ING . T he r ad ioca rbon d a t ing t e chn ique i sb a sed o nt h ef a c tt h a t ac e r ta in a moun to fr a d ioa c t ive c a rbon
( 1 4C )i sp roduced i nt h ea tmo sphe r e . T h i sr ad ioca rbon r e a c t sw i th a tmo sphe r ic o xygen t of o rm c a rbon d i ox ide ( CO2 ) . D ue t op ho to syn the s i st h i sr a d ioa c t iv i ty c ome si n to t h eb io sphe re a nd e n t e r s t h e b i o log ica l c a rbon c yc le . T h i s m ean s t h a t , i nf i r s t a pp rox ima t ion , a l l b io log ica l ly p roduced c a rbon c an b ed a ted b yr a d ioca rbon ( p ea t ,b one ,w ood c ha r coa l ,t e x t i le ,s e ed s ,s he l l s , e t c . ) . I n p a rag raph 3 . 1 , i th a s b een s hown t h a t f a t l ime h a rden s t h rough t h e u p take o f a tmo sphe r ic c a rbon d i ox ide . S i nce ,i nt h i sc a se ,t h ec a rbon s ou r ce i sa l so t h ea tmo sphe re ,t h e r a d io ca rbon c on ten to fl i me m o r ta rr ef lec t st h ea tmo sphe r ic c oncen t ra t ion o ft h et i me a tw h ich t h e c on s t ruc t ion w a s m ade . Av a l id r a d io ca rbon m ea su remen t c an o n ly b e m ade i ft h e a b so rp t ion t i me o fc a rbon d i ox ide ( i no t he rw o rd st h er e a c t ion t i me )i ss ho r tc ompa red w i th t h e r a d ioac t ive d ecay o ft h er a d ioca rbon ( h a lf l i f e o f5 730 y ea r s ) . T h i s i st r ue f o r mo s tc ommon o rgan ic m a te r ia l s s u ch a sw ood , c ha r coa l , s e ed s , e t c . T he r e ac t ion t i me f o r mo r ta r i su sua l ly s ho r t e rt h an ad ecade .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
M . V an S t r ydonck a nd M . Dupas
CONTAM INAT ION
T he f i r s t a t temp t s t od a te l i me b y r ad ioca rbon g o b ack t ot h e e a r ly s i x t ie s . D e l ib r ia s a nd L abey r ie o b ta ined g ood r e su l t so n m o r ta rf r om t h eC hâ teau d el a Made le ine a nd a l so f r om a R oman a queduc t . T he i r m e thod w a s v e ry s imp le : c a rbon d i ox ide w a s e x t ra c ted f r om t h e m o r ta rb y h ea t ing t h e l i me ca rbona te a t9 00 °C . T h i s g a s w a s t h en u sed a s ac oun t e rga s i na p ropo r t iona lc oun te r( De l ib r i a sa nd L abey r ie 1 965 ) . T he d a t ing m e thod w a st e s t ed b y S t u ive r a nd S m i th ( S tu ive ra nd Sm i th 1 965 )a nd B ax te ra nd Wa l ton ( Bax te ra nd Wa l ton 1 970 ) . T he r e lea se o ft h ec a rbon d i ox ide g a sw a so b ta ined b ya c id h yd ro loy s i so ft h es amp le . T hey f o und d a te st h a tw e r ef a rt o oo l d( e .g .C onway T own Wa l l : t r ue a ge 6 65 y ea r s ,r ad ioca rbon a ge 2 0 12 ±5 3 B P ) . T h i sd i s c r epancy b e tween r e a la ge a nd r a d ioca rbon a ge ( e ven c a l ib ra ted )c an h ave m any c au se s . F i r s to fa l lt h el i me s tone mu s tb ec omp le te ly d ead -bu rned b e fo re u se ; o t he rw i se i nf in i t e ly o l d c a rbona te f r om t h eb ed rock w i l lr ema in i nt h e m o r ta r . A l though i nt h e a nc ien tl i me k i ln t h e t empe ra tu re w a sh i gh e nough t od ega st h el i me s tone c omp le te ly , t e s t sh ave s hown t h a ti tt a ke s a bou t 1 5 h ou r s t o c a lc ina te a 2 0 cm c a rbona te l ump . I tw a s s ugges ted t h a t ap r ev iou s m i c ro s cop ic e xam ina t ion f o rt h ep r e sence o ff o ram in if er ac ou ld i n d i ca te w he the rt h ec a l c ina t ion w a sc omp le te o rn o t . As e cond p o s s ib le s ou r ce o fc on tam ina t ion i st h e s a nd . S ome t ime s c a lca reou s s a nd s w e re m ixed w i th t h el i me . T h i sc a rbona te a l so h a sa ni n f in i t eo l da ge a nd d ep le te st h er a d io ca rbon c on ten t o ft h e mo r ta r s amp le . T he u se o fd i f f e ren t t y pe s o fs and i ss t rong ly r e la ted t ot h e g eo log ica l a nd e conom ica l s i t ua t ion w h ich d e te rm ine s t h e n a tu re a nd t h e o r ig in o ft h e s a nd . T he c on tam ina t ion c an a l so c ome f r om t h ea gg r ega te . I n mo s tc a se s t h i sc on tam inan tc an b e s e pa ra t ed f r om t h em o r ta r . Wal sc an b ee i the rv e ry p o rou so rv e ry d ens e . I ns ome c a se sw ind b l ow st h rough t h ec l e f t so f t h ew a l l s ,w h i le o t he rw a l l sa r ec omp le t e ly i mpe rmeab le . I ft h e m o r ta ri sf a ri n s ide aj o in t ,i t i sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e l i me n eve r c ome s i n to c on tac t w i th t h e a tmo sphe re s o t h a t e ven a f t e r s e ve ra l c en tu r ie s s ome l i me i ss t il p r e sen t ( Sonn inen e ta / . 1 985 ; E räme t sä , i np r ep . ) T h i s c an o n ly h a rm t h er ad io ca rbon d a t ing i f ,i n al a te rp e r iod ,t h is l i me c ome si n to c on tac tw i th t h e a tmo sphe re d ue t ot h ed e s t ruc t ion o f ap a r to ft h ew al o rd u r ing s amp l ing . R unn ing w a te rc on ta in ing d i s so lved c a rbon d i ox ide c an a l so c au se as upp lemen ta ry d epo s i to n t h em o r ta ro ra ne xchange i nc a rbona te i o n s . E xamp le s o f t h i s c on tam ina t ion w e re a l so g i ven b y W i l la ime (W i l la ime e ta l . 1 983 ) a nd B e rge r( Be rge r ,i np r ep . ) .
S AMPLE P RETREATMENT
T he a im o ft h ep r e t r ea tmen to ft h es amp le i st os epa ra te t h el i me c a rbona te f r om t h ep o l lu tan t s a s w e l l a s p o s s ib le . F i r s t o f a l l , c a re m u s t b e t a ken d u r ing s amp l ing . T he s u r fa ce l a ye r , c on t inua l ly e xpo sed t ot h ec hang ing w ea the rc ond i t ion s , h a s t ob er emoved . A l so , o ne h a st o b es u re t h a tn or e s to ra t ion mo r ta ri sp r e sen t . T HE V OLK AND V ALSTRO METHOD T he m e thod c on s i s t s o f as epa ra t ion o f mo r ta ra nd a gg rega te b y g en t ly b r eak ing t h e m o r ta r l ump s a nd r ubb ing t h e l i ve w h i te mo r ta r p owde r f r om t h e a gg rega te . T h i s p owde r i st h en p ou red t h rough as e r ie so fs i eve s . T he l a rge rs a nd a nd a gg rega te g r a in sw i l lb es epa ra t ed f r om
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l I nd D eya C onf e r en ce o fP r eh i s tor y :A r cha eo log i ca lT echn ique s ,T echno logy a nd T heo r y
t h e mo r ta r . T h i sh a st ob ec he cked b ym ic ro s cop i ca na ly s i s . A sa na l te rna t ive t h ep owde rc an b e b rough t i n to as u spen s ion w h ich i sp a s sed t h rough a2 30 m e sh s c reen . T he f i ne mo r ta r s t ay s i nt h e s upe rna tan t l i qu id w h ich c an b e r e cupe ra ted a f t e r d e can ta t ion a nd w i l l b e d r ied b e fo re u se ( Fo lk a nd V a la s t ro 1 975 , 1 976 a nd 1 979 ) . T HE METHOD U SED BY T HE R OYAL I NST ITUTE O FC ULTURAL H ER ITAGE T h i s m e thod i st h e s ame a st h ep rev iou s o ne , i ns o f a rt h a t t h e mo r ta r i sg en t ly b roken i n to s ma l l p i ece s . A l l a gg rega te g ra in s a nd d oub t fu l m a t e r ia l s a r e d i s ca rded . T he p owde r t h a t r ema in s i sg round a nd s i eved t h rough a 0 . 25mm s i eve a nd d r ied . E a ch s amp le g e t s a n " appea rance p a rame te r " ( + =f a vou rab le c ond i t ion s , -= u nf avou rab le c ond i t ions ) o n i t s h omogene i ty , s o l id i ty ,a moun to fn odu le sa nd t h ep o s s ib il i ty o fs e pa ra t ing t h el i me f r om t h e a gg rega t e . As ma l lp a r to ft h es amp le i sc hem ica l ly a na ly sed t om ea su re t h e CO2 c on t en to f t h e s amp le a nd t ok now w he the r t h e c a rbon iza t ion i sc omp le te o rn o t ( Van S t rydonck e ta / . 1 983 , 1 983 a nd 1 986 ) . F o r ac onven t iona lr ad ioca rbon d a t ing b o th m e thod sn eed al o to fm a te r ia l . An o rma l s amp le s i ze w e igh sa tl e a s t2 kg . W i th t h i st y pe o fp r e t r ea tmen ti tr ema in si mpo s s ib le t oe l im ina te a l l o ft h ep o l lu t ion i ft h es amp le c on ta in s av e ry i mpo r tan tf r a c t ion o ff o s s i lc a rbona t e .
T HE DAT ING O FD IFFERENT F RACT IONS B ax t e rh a sa l ready m en t ioned t h a tt h e re i sad i f f e r en ce i na ppea rance b e tween t h el i me c a rbona te a nd t h ef o s s i lr o ck c a rbona t e . T he f o rme ri sf i ne -g ra in ed ,p owde ry a nd p o rou sa nd t e nd st or e a c t m o re q u ick ly t ot h ea c id s o lu t ion t h an t h el a t t e r . B yd a t ing o n ly t h ef i r s tp a r to ft h e CO2 t h a t e vo lved b y t h e r e ac t ion , t h e i nf luence o f t h e c on tam ina t ing h a rde r r o ck c a rbona te c an b e a vo id ed . V a la s t ro o b ta ined v e ry g ood r e su l t sw i th t h i sm e thod ( Tab le 3 )( Ma lone e ta l . 1 980 ) . H oweve r ,t h ep rocedu re i sq ue s t ionab le s i nce h ec o r re c t ed t h ei s o top ic f r a c t iona t ion ( s ee n o t e 1 ) o ft h e r e su l t s t ot h e w rong s t anda rd v a lue ( Ev in 1 983 ; S t u ive r a nd P o la ch 1 977 ) . A l so n o g ood d e f in i t ion o ft h e" f i r s tp a r t "o r" f i r s tf r a c t ion "w a sg i ven . ( S EE T ABLE 3 ) T o o ve r come t h i s p rob lem am e thod w a s d e s igned b y V an S t rydonck e ta l . b y w h ich m o r e f r a c t ion sc ou ld b ed a ted ( f ig .3 ) . D ep end ing o nt h ea moun to fs amp le sa va i lab le ,f o u ro r mo r e f r a c t ion sa r ed a ted . T he p rocedu re i sa sf o l low s : w h i le c on s tan t ly s t i r r ing , aHC1 -so lu t ion i s s l ow ly a dded t ot h e mo r ta r p owde r , w h ich i sh e ld i ns u spen s ion i n CO2 f r ee w a te r . T he a moun to fa c id a dded t ot h e mo r ta ri sj u s te nough t or e l ea s e ak nown q uan t i ty o fc a rbon d i ox id e ( CO2 ) f r om t h e mo r ta r . T he r e e x i s t t wo a l te rna t ive v e r s ion s o ft h e m e thod ( f ig . 4 ) . I nt h e o l de s tv e r s ion ,t h e CO2 w a sr e lea sed c omp le te ly f r om t h ef i r s tb a t ch o ft h es amp le ( r 1= 100% ) , f r om t h es e cond b a t ch o n ly t h ef i r s t5 0% ( 1=50% )w a st a ken ,f r om t h en ex tb a t ch o n ly t h ef i r s t 3 0% ( r i =30 ) ,e t c . I n s tead o fm ea su r ing f r ac t ion si na na c cumu la t ed o rde ri nd i f f e ren tb a t che s ,i n t h es e cond v e r s ion s u c ce s s ive f r ac t ion sa r ed a ted i no ne b a t ch . S ol e s sm a te r ia lw a sn eeded a nd mo re f r ac t ion s c ou ld b ed a ted . W i th t h i s s e cond p ro cedu re t h ea r b i t ra ry c ho ice o f af r a c t ion c ou ld b em o re o rl e s so ve r come . I n F igu re s 5a nd 6 t wo e xamp le s a r e g i ven . O ne c u rve ( 61 3 C ) r ep re sen t t h e i s o top ic f r a c t iona t ion o fe a ch f r ac t ion i nf unc t ion o ft h ey i e ld o ft h ea c id r e a c t ion ( a tt h el e f tt h er e su l t f o rt h e f i r s t CO2 r e lea sed i nt h er e ac t ion a tt h er i gh tt h er e su l tf o rt h e t o ta l s amp le = 1 00% ) . T he o t he r c u rve i st h e n o rma l ized s amp le r ad ioac t iv i ty ( t he n a tu ra l l o ga r i thm o ft h i s v a lue m u l t ip l ied b y 8 033 g i ve s t h e r ad ioca rbon a ge ) . T he l i ne r e p re sen t ing t h e s amp le a c t iv i ty
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
M . V an S t r ydonck a nd M . Dupas
s hows t ha tt h ea moun to ff o s s i lc a rbona te t h a tr e a c ted w i th t h ea c id i s mo re i mpo r tan tn ea rt h e e nd o ft h e r e ac t ion , r e su l t ing i no lde r f r ac t ion a ge s a th i ghe r y i e ld s o ft h e r e ac t ion . T he b e s t r a d ioca rbon d a te i so b ta ined b ye x t rapo la t ing t h ea c t iv i ty l i ne t or po , b ecause a tt h a t p o in t t h e i nf luence o ft h ef o s s i lc a rbona te w i l lb e m in imum . T he s l ope o ft h e a c t iv i ty l i ne g i ve sa n i d ea o ft h e amoun to ff o ss i l c a rbona te i nt h e s amp le . I ft h i s a moun t i st oo i mpo r tan t ( mo re t h an a f ew % ) t h e m e thod w i l l f a i l i ne l im ina t ing t h e f o s s i l c a rbona te c omp le te ly . H oweve r , t h e m e thod h a st h ea dvan tage t h a tw ec an s e e ,b y m ean so ft h es l ope o ft h ea c t iv i ty l i ne , w hen t h e r ad ioca rbon d a te s a r e q ue s t ionab le . I n as ense t h e m e thod i ss e lf -con t ro l l ing . I n t h e f i r s t e xamp le t h e s l ope i sv e ry w eak , m ean ing t h a tt h e re i sh a rd ly a ny f o ss i l c a rbona te p re sen ta nd t h er ad ioca rbon d a te s hou ld b e g ood . I nt h e s e cond s amp le h oweve r , t h e s l ope i nd ica te s t h e p r esence o fa n i mpo r tan tf r a c t ion o ff o s s i lc a rbona te . T he i s o top ic v a lue s o ccu r i n av ery p a r t icu la r w ay , w h ich c ou ld n o t b e e xp la ined u n t i l v e ry r e cen t ly .
THE ABSORPT ION OF ATMOSPHER IC CARBON D IOX IDE I NL I ME DURING MORTAR F ORMAT ION
F rom l a bo ra to ry t e s t so ns ma l l s amp le s ( C ra ig 1 953 ; E rg in e ta l . 1 970 ; P ach iaud i e ta l . 1 986 ) i ti sk nown t h a td u r ing t h ea b so rp t ion o fc a rbon d iox ide ( CO2 ) f r om t h ea tmo sphe re , t h e 81 3 C s h if ts f r om a bou t 8° /oo i nt h ea tmo sphe re t oa bou t 2 1° /oo i nt h e c a rbona te . T h i s i s av e ry i mpo r tan t s h if t . I nr e a l m o r ta r s h oweve ra l l k i nd s o fv a lue s h ave b een m ea su red f r om 22 u p t oa bou t5 ° /oo ( Ambe r s 1 987 ) . T h i s s h if tc anno tb ee xp la ined o n ly b y t h e p resence o ff o ss i l c a rbona te . I ft h is w e re t r ue , t h en t h e i s o top ic c u rve s i nF igu re s 5a nd 6s hou ld h ave t h e s ame s hape a st h ea c t iv i ty l i ne . I nf i gu re 5t h e re i sh a rd ly a ny f o s s i lc a rbona te p re sen ta nd s t i l lt h e re i s as h if ti n 61 3 Ct h rough t h e f r ac t ion s . T he p rob lem w a ss o lved ( Van S t rydonck e ta l . i np rep . ) b y m ea su r ing t h e a b so rp t ion r a te a nd i s o top ic f r ac t iona t ion i n amo r ta r p i l la r , m ade f r om a na ly t ica l ly p u re C aO + H20 a nd S iO2 . F igu re 7s how s t h e d eg ree o f c a rbona t isa t ion i n a1 2cm p i l la r a f te r b e ing s e t i no pen a i r f o r a bou to ne y ea r( i n ar a the ru npo l lu ted s u r round ing n ea rt h ev i l lage o fV l imme ren ,B e lg ium ) a nd f i gu re 8s hows t h e i s o top ic f r a c t iona t ion i nt h e s ame p i l la r . T he c ur ve s a r ed rawn i nt h e s ame w ay a s t h e i s o top ic c urve s i nf i gu re s 5a nd 6 . F rom t h ese t e s t s c ou ld b e c onc luded t h a t t h e a b so rp t ion o f CO2 c an b ed e sc r ibed a s af i r s to rde rr e ac t ion ,d u r ing w h ich t h er e ac t ion k i ne t ic s a r ec on t ro l led b y t h ee xhaus t ion o fo ne o ft h er e agen t s ( t he CO2 ) . H e re t h i s e xhau s t ion i sn o t af unc t ion o f t ime , b u t o fd ep th . T he r a te c on t ro l l ing s t ep c anno t b e t h e c hem ica l r e ac t ion i t se lf . F igu re 9s how sa l lp o ss ib le r e ac t ion s t h a tc an t a ke p l a ce , b u ts i nce t h e re i sa n e xces s o f C a (OH )2 i nt h e s y s t em t h e pH i sm a in ta ined a ta pp rox ima te ly 1 . A s ac onsequence a l l CO2 t ha tg oe s i n to s o lu t ion w i l l p rec ip i ta te i mmed ia te ly a sC aCO3 . T he o n ly p a rame te rl e f t i st h e d i f fu s ion r a te . T h is d i f fu s ion r a te w il b e af unc t ion o ft h e p a r t ia l p re s su re o ft h e CO2 i nt h e a tmo sphe re , t h e p e rmeab i l i ty o f t h e mo r ta r a nd t h e a moun t o fC a (OH )2 i nt h e s amp le . T he c u rve o n f i gu re 7 s hows a n i n f lex ion a ta bou t 6 5 t o 7 0% o f C a c onver ted i n c a rbona te , mean ing ac hange i nr e a c t ion r a te . T h is i sc aused b y ac hange i nt h e d i f fus ion o f t h e CO2 t h rough t h ep ila rb e cau se t h e mo r ta rb e come s mo r ed ense d u r ing t h eh a rden ing p ro ce s s . T he i s o top ic v a r ia t ion t h rough t h ep i l la ri se xp la ined a s aR ay le igh type d i f fu s ion , s uppo s ing a c on s tan tr e equ i l ib ra t ion b e tween t h er e la t ive c oncen t ra t ion o ft h ep roduc t s i nt h e l i qu id a nd i n t h eg a sp ha se . T he d a shed l i ne i nf i gu re 9g i ve s t h e t h eo r e t i ca l c urve f o rR ay le igh d i f fu s ion i n ac l o sed s ys tem . H oweve r t h e mo r ta r p i l la r i sa n o pen s y s t em w h ich make s t h e v a lues l e s s o u t spoken . T he f a c tt h a te ven i nt h ec omp le t e ly c a rbona ted mo r ta r s t h e s hape o ft h is i s o top ic
1 5 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l i nd D eya C onf er ence o fP r eh i s tor y :A rchaeo log ica lT echn iques , T echno logy a nd T heo ry
s h if tr ema ins , mean st h a tt h e mor ta ri n s ide t h ew a l l sb ecome si s o la ted f r om t h ea tmo sphe r ea nd d oe sn o te xchange c a rbon d iox ide w i th t h ea tmo sphe re . T o make t h ep i c tu re c omp le te ,w ea l so h ave t om en t ion ap o s s ib le r e ca rbona t isa t ion . I nn o rma l mo r ta rs amp le st h i sd oe sn o to ccu rs i nce t h ey a r ei s o la ted f r om g roundwa te r . I n Ma l lo r can l i me b ur ia l sh oweve rt h i sp henomenon h a sb een n o t iced ( S tu ive ra nd Wa ld ren 1 975 ; Wa ld ren 1 982 ; V an S t rydonck a nd Wa ld ren i n p r in t ) . T h is r e ca rbona t isa t ion c an make t he f i r s t f r a c t ion y ounge ro ro lde rd epend ing o nt h es ou rce o ft h ec a rbon d i ox ide i nt h ew a te r . I nt h ec a se o ft h e Ma l lo rcan s amp le s( f ig . 1 0 ) t h es amp le b ecame y ounge r . T he Ma l lo r can s amp le s s howed a l so t h a tt h eR ay le igh d i f fu s ion mode l i sn o tv a l id o n l a rge p u re l i me l ump s . T h i s i sc onf irmed b y s ome a b so rp t ion t e s t so np u re l ime . T he Ma l lo rcan a nd V l imme ren s amp le sm ade i tp o s s ib le t od r aw amode l f o rt h ec a rbon d i ox ide a bso rp t ion . I n f i gu re 1 t h e a ge a nd t h e i s o top ic f r ac t iona t ion a r e g iven i nf unc t ion o f t h e c a rbona t isa t ion s uppo s ing t h a t t h e mo r ta r o ccu r s a s as phe r ica l g ra in . F igu re 1l a g i ve s a s i tua t ion f o r amo r ta r g ra in t h a t i sc omp le te ly f r ee o f f o ss i l c a rbona te . I n f i gu re 1l b s ome f o ss i l c a rbona te i ss t i l l p re sen t . I nr e a l i ty t h e mo r ta r d oe s n o t a ppea r a s as phe r ica l g ra in . S EM p i c tu re s h ave s hown t h a t d ur ing mo r ta r f o rma t ion l i me c ry s ta ls ( Ca (OH )2 ) a r e g lued t o ge the ra nd f o rm amo re c omp lex c a rbona te s t ruc tu re ( F igu re 1 2 ) . T he mode lh oweve rs e ems t o b e v a l id a nd c an b e a dap ted t o s pec ia l s i tua t ions ( ve ry s l ow a bso rp t ion o f CO2 , r e ca rbona t isa t ion b y y ounge r CO3 - ,e t c . ) .
C ONCLUS ION T he c ompa r i son o fo ld mo r ta r s b y m eans o fc hem ica l a nay l se s o rr a d ioca rbon d a t ing i sn o ta s imp le r e sea rch d ue t ot h ef a c tt h a t mo r ta ri s av e ry c omp lex a nd h e t e rogeneou sm a te r ia le ven i f o n ly t h et wo m a jo rc omponen t s ,b i nde ra nd s and ,a r ec ons ide red . O ld mo r ta r s m ay c on ta in a l l k ind s o f ma te r ia ls , w h ich m ake t h e u se o f s pec if ic t e chn ique s n ece s sa ry . I ti so bv iou s t h a t t h e re i sn o s t anda rd t e chn ique f o r t h e a na ly s i s o f s uch t ype o f m a ter ia l , e ven w hen a l t h e s amp le sc ome f r om t h e s ame b u i ld ing o rs i te . I n mo s t c a se s t h e c on s t i tuen t s o ft h e mo r ta r c ome f r om t h e n e ighbou rhood o ft h e s i te . I ti s v e ry w e l l p oss ib le t h a t , e ven w i th in t h e s ame c ons t ruc t ion p e r iod , t h e o r ig in o f t h e c ons t i tuen t s c hange s . S o i ti sv e ry i n cau t ious t o d raw c onc lus ions f r om o n ly t h is o ne p a rame te r . T he h e te rogene i ty o ft h em o r ta rm ake si tv e ry d i ff icu l tt ot a ke ar e p re sen ta t ive s amp le . Upon t h e c hem ica l a nd p hys ica l a na lyses , t h e v i sua l a na lyse s g i ve a l o t o f i n forma t ion , m icroscop ic a s w e l l a s m ac roscop ic . T he m ac roscop ic a na lyses g ive v e ry i mpo r tan t i n fo rma t ion a bou tt h eg ene ra la spec ta nd t h ef o rm o ft h ea gg rega te . A l l t h ed i scu ssed m e thod s h ave a dvan tage sa nd d i sadvan tages ,e ven g ap s . I ti st h e t a sk o ft h e c hem is t -a rchaeo log is t t oc hoo se am e thod a pp rop r ia te t oh i s n eed s . S t i l l a l l r e su l t s mu s t b e i n te rp r e ted w i th c a re i nc l o se c o l labo ra t ion b e tween t h ec hem i s ta nd t h ea r chaeo log i s t . T he r ad ioca rbon d a t ing t e chn ique o f mo r ta r s i sn o t y e t as t anda rd p rocedu re . We o n ly j u s t k now t h ed i f f e ren tp roce s se s t h a ta r e i n vo lved . T he mo s t i mpo r tan tq ues t ion i sh ow t oa vo id f o s s i l c a rbona te . S l igh t ly o r n o t c on tam ina ted s amp le s c an b e d a t ed w i thou t a ny p rob lem i f s uf f ic ien t ma te r ia l i sp re sen t . T he f u tu re o f mo r ta r d a t ing l i e s i nt h e u se o f t h e A cce le ra ted Ma s s S pec t rome t ry ( AMS ) a s ad a t ing t o o l . W i th t h i s m ach ine m i l l ig ram s i ze s amp le s c an b e
1 6 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
M . V an S t rydonck a nd M . Dupa s
d a t ed w h ich m ake si tp o s s ib le t od a te o n ly t h ep u re mo r ta rd u s ta nd a vo id a l lc on tam ina t ion . I t i se xpec ted t h a tt h ef i r s tr e su l t so ft h i s AMS m o r ta rd a t ing w i l lb ecome a va i lab le i n1 989 .
A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS T he a u tho r sw i sh t ot h ank D r . Wou t e r sa nd M r . C i l l i s( KB IN , B ru s se l s ) f o rt h e S EM p i c tu re s a nd Mr s .T heun sf o rt h eh e lp i np r epa r ing t h i sm anu s c r ip t .
N OTE : I s o tope f r ac t iona t ion g i ve sa ne xp r e s s ion o ft h er a t io 1 3 C /1 2 C . I ti se xp r e s sed a s : ( 1 3c / 12c ) s amp le -( 1 3 C /1 2 C ) s tanda rd 81 3c = x 1000 ( 1 3c / 12c )s t anda rd
T h i s v a lue c an s h i f td ue t op hy s ica l a nd c hem ica l p roce s se s . I nt h e a tmo sphe re i ti sa bou t 8 ° /oo ,i no ak a bou t2 5° /oo a nd i np apy ru sa bou t1 3° /oo . T he 81 4 Ci st w ice t h e 81 3 C . I fs amp le sa r en o tc o r rec ted f o ri s o tope f r a c t iona t ion t h i sm ean s a n e r ro ri fa ge o f : ( 81 3 C +2 5 ) x1 6 .
1 7 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
B IBL IOGRAPHY Ambe r s ,J . , 1 987 , S t ab le C a rbon I s o tope R a t io sa nd T he i rR e levance t ot h eD e te rm ina t ion o f A ccu ra t eD a te f o rL ime Mo r t a r s . J ou rna lo fA rchaeo log ica lS c i ence 1 4 :569 5 76 . A n s te t t ,F . , 1948 ,E s sa ie tA na l ys ed es Ma td r iaux d eC on s t ruc t ion e td eT ravaux P ub l ic s ,T ome I ,Ma td r iaux d e Maconne r ie ,4 e a, P a r i s :Ey role s .2 43p . B ax te r ,M .S . ,a nd Wa l ton ,A . ,1970 ,R ad ioca rbon D a t ing so f Mo r ta r s .N a tu r e2 25 :937 -938 . B e rge r ,R .( i np r ep ) ,E a r ly Med ieva lI r i sh B u i ld ing s : D a t ing b y Mo r ta r . C on f e r en ce H e ld a tG ron ingen , 1 987 .
1 4
Ca nd A r chaeo logy ,
C ha ro la , A .E . , D upa s , M . , S he ry l l ,R .P . ,a nd F reund ,G .G . , 1984 ,C ha rac te r iza t ion o fA nc ien t Mo r ta r s : C hem ica l a nd I n s t rumen ta l Me thod s . I nS c ien t if ic Me thodo log ies A pp l ied t o Work s o fA r t . P ro c . o ft h e I n te rna t iona l S ympo s ium , F lo rence , p p . 2 8 -33 . C ia ch ,T .D . , a nd O s le r , S . ,1972 ,R eche r che s s u rl e s Mo r t ie r s d e H au t Moyen A ge P rovenan t d e sP avemen t sd e sA nc ien s Monumen t sd eW i sl ica . Momen tum V I I I :55 -69 . C l ive r , E .B . ,1974 , T e s t s f o r a na lys i s o f Mo r ta r S amp le s . B u l l e t in o f t h e A s soc ia t ion o f P r e s e rva t ion T echno logy V I , 1 : 68 -73 . C ra ig , H . ,1953 , T he G eochem i s t ry o ft h e S t ab le C a rbon I s o tope s . G eoch im e tC osmoch im A c ta 3 : 53 . d e B oua rd , M . ,1975 , Manue l d 'A r cheo log ie Med ieva le . S oc id td d 'Ed i t ion dEnse ignemen t S upd r ieu r ,p p .59 -6 1 .P a r i s . d e H enau , P . , a nd D upa s , M . ,1982 , C on t r ibu t ion äl ' ü tude d e s P e in tu re s Mu ra le s d e l aV i l la H ad r iana aT ivo l i . I nC a rac td r i sa t ion , D a ta t ion , T echn ique d e l aP e in tu re A n t ique . P roc . o f t h e I I R encon t re s I n te rna t iona le s d 'A rcheo log ie e t d 'H i s to i re d 'An t ibe s ,p p .9 9 -107 . D e l ib r ia s , G . , a nd L abey r ie , J . , 1965 , T he D a t ing o f Mo r ta r s b y t h e C a rbon -14 Me thod . I n P roc .o ft h e6 t hI n t e rna t iona lC onf e r en ce o n 1 4 Ca nd T r i t ium Da t ing ,e d i ted b y C ha t te r s , R .M . a nd E .A . O l son . Wa sh ing ton , D .C . , C lea r inghou se f o r F ed . S c i . &T ech . I n f . , N a tu ra l B u r . S t anda rd s , U .S . D ep t . C omme r ce . p p . 3 44 -347 . D ufou rn ie r , D . ,1972 , S u r l e Me thode d 'Ana lyse d e s Mo r t ie r s A nc ien s e ts on A pp l ica t ion . A r chdo log ie Mdd id va l eI : 325 -345 . D ugn io l le , E . ,1975 , L 'Ana ly se d e s Mo r t ie r s d e Ma gonne r ie .R evue d e C en t r e S c i en t if ique e t T echn ique d el aC on s t ruc t ion 3 ,S ep t . :26 -30 .
1 9 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
I nd D eya C onf e r en ce o fP r eh i s tor y :A r cha eo log i ca lT echn ique s ,T echno logy a nd T heo r y
D upa s , M . ,1981 , L 'Ana ly se d e s Mo r t ie r s e tE ndu i t s d e s P e in tu re s Mu ra le s e td e s B ä t imen t s A nc ien s . I n Mor tar s , C emen t s a nd g rou t s U sed i n t h e C on serva t ion o f H is tor i c B u i ld ings . P roc . o f t h e S ympo s ium , I CCROM , R ome . p p . 2 81 2 95 . D upa s , M . ,1986 ,A na lys ed e s Mo r t ie r sP re leve sd an sF üg l i se d eT heux . I nL 'üg l i se -Ha l le d e s S a in t s H e rme s e tA lexand re aT heux , H i s to i re e tA r cheo log ie d ' un E d if ice S i ngu l ie r ,e d i ted b y B e r tho le t ,P .a nd P .H o f f summe r . B u l le t in d e l aS oc ig tg V er v ig to i s ed ' A r chgo log i ee td 'H i s to i r e LXV :266 -273 . D upa s , M . , a nd C ha ro la , A .E . ,1986 , A S imp l if ied C hem ica l A na ly s i s S y s tem f o r t h e C ha ra c t e r iza t ion o f Mo r ta r s . I n Ma ter ia l sS c ience a nd R es tora t ion . P ro c . o f t h e2 nd I n te rna t iona lC o l loqu ium ,E s s l ingen . p p . 3 09 -312 . E räme t sä , P . , G us tay s son , K . , S onn inen , E . , a nd J ungne r , H . , ( i n p r ep . ) R ad ioca rbon D a t ing o f Mo r ta ra nd T he rmo lum in i scence D a t ing o fB r ick s f r om A land . A r chaeo logy .C on f e rence h e ld a tG ron ingen . 1 987 .
1 4
Ca nd
E rg in , M . , H a rkne ss , D .D . , a nd Wa l ton , A . ,1970 , G la sgow U n ive r s i ty R ad ioca rbon Mea su r emen t sI .R ad ioca rbon 1 2 :486 -495 . E v in ,J . , 1 983 , Ma te r ia l so fT e r r e s t r ia lO r ig in , i n Mook ,W .G .a nd Wa te rbo lk , H .T . , e d s , 1 4C a nd A rchaeo logy ,P ro : P ACT 8 ,p p .235 -276 . F o lk , R .L . a nd V a la s t ro , S . , 1 975 , R ad ioca rbon D a t ing o f Mo r ta r sa tS tob i , i nS tud ie s i nt h e A n t igu i t ie so fS tob i ,B e lgrad e2 ,p p .29 -412 . F o lk , R .L . a nd V a la s t ro , S . , 1 976 , S ucce s s fu l T e chn ique s f o r D a t ing o f L ime Mor ta r b y C a rbon 1 4 ,J ourna lo fF i e ld A r chaeo logy 3 ,p p .203 -208 . F o lk , R .L . a nd V a la s t ro , S . , 1 979 , D a t ing o fL ime b y 1 4C , i nB e rge r , R . a nd S ue s s , H .E . , e d s , R ad ioca rbon D a t ing ,I n terna t iona l 1 4C C onf er ence , 9 t h P roceed ings , B e rek ly ,U n ive r s i ty o fC a l ifor n ia O re s s ,p p .721 -732 . F r izo t , M . , 1 977 , L e Mo r t ie rR oma in , My s t e re o u S avao i r -Fa i r e ? , Dos s ier d e l ' Archgo log ie 2 5 , p p .60 -63 . F r izo t , M . , 1 981 , L 'Ana ly se d e Mo r t ie r s A n t ique s : P rob leme s e t R e su l ta t s , i n Mo r ta r s , C emen t s a nd G rou t s U sed i nt h e C on se rva t ion o fH i s to r ic B u i ld ing s , P ro c . o ft h e S ympo s ium , I CCROM 2 ,p p .331 -339 . F u r lan , V . a nd B i s segge r , P , 1 975 , L e s Mo r t ie r s A nc iens , H i s to i re e t E s sa i s d 'Ana ly se S c ien t if ique ,R evue S u i s s ed ' Ar te td ' A rchgo log ie 3 2 ,p p .1 -14 . J ed r ze jewska , H . , 1 981 , A nc ien t Mo r ta r s a s C r i te r ion i nA na lyse s o f O ld A r ch i te c tu re , i n Mo r ta r s , C emen t s a nd G rou t s U sed i nC onse rva t ion o fH i s to r ic B u i ld ing s , P roceed ing so ft h e S ympo s ium ,I CCROM ,R ome ,p p .311 -329 . J ed r ze jewska , H . , 1 960 , O ld Mo r ta r s i nP o land , AN ew Me thod o fI n ve s t iga t ion : S t ud ies i n C on se rva t ion 5 ,4 ,p p .132 -138 . J ed rze jew ska ,H . , 1 967 ,N ew Me thod si nt h eI n ve s t iga t ion o fA nc ien t Mo r ta r s ,A r chaeo log ica l C hem i s t ry , U n iv e r s i ty o fP enn sy lvan ia P r es s ,P h i lade lph ia ,p p .147 -166 .
2 0 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
M . V an S t rydonck a nd M . Dupas
L a fuma ,H . , 1 952 ,L ian t sH yd rau l ique s ,P ropr id td s , C ho ix e tC ond i t ions dEmp lo i ,e d s Dunod , P a r is . L educ ,E .a nd V henu ,G . , 1 912 ,C haux ,C imen t s ,P lä tre s ,e d sB e range r ,P a r is -L iege . L ucas , A . , 1 906 , A nc ien t E gyp t ian Mo r ta r s , Anna les d u S e rv ice d e s A n t iqu i te s d e l ' Egpy te7 ,pp .4 -8 . Ma lone , C . ,m V a la s t ro , S .a nd V aze la , A .G . , 1 980 , C a rbon 1 4 C h rono logy o f Mo r ta r s f r om E xcava t ions i n t h e m ed ieva l C hu rch o f S a in t B en igne , D i jon , F rance , J ourna lo fF ie ld A r chaeo logy 7 , pp .329 -343 . Ma r ien ,G . a nd P a ch iaud i ,C . , 1 975 ,L e sI s o tope s S tab le s d u C a rbone e tl 'Oxygene , i n Maury , e d , S pe lunca Mem . 8M i l lau ,F rance ,p p .85 -94 .
P ach iaud i , C . Ma recha l , J . , V an S t rydonck , M . , D upa s , M . a nd D aucho t -Dehon , M . , 1 986 , I s o top ic F rac t iona t ion o f C a rbon d u r ing CO2 A b so rp t ion b y Mo r ta r , i n S tu ive r , M . a nd K ra , R .S . , e d s , I n terna t iona l 1 4C C onfe rence , 1 2 th P roceed ing s ,R ad iocarbon 2 8 ,2 A ,p p .691-697 . P e ron i , S . , T e r s ign i ,C . a nd T o r ra ca ,G . ,e ta l , 1 981 ,L ime B a sed o n Mo r ta r s f o rt h eR epa i ro f A nc ien t Ma sona ry a nd P o ss ib le S ub s t i tu te s , i n Mo r ta r s , C emen t s a nd g rou t s U sed i n t h e C onse rva t ion o f H i s to r ic B u i ld ings , P roceed ings o f t h e S ympo s ium , I CCROM , R ome , p p .25 -52 . S ick le s , L .B . , 1 981 , O rgan ic s v s S yn the t ics , : T he i r U se a s A dd i t ive s i n Mo r ta r s , i n Mo ta r s , C emen t s a nd G rou t s U sed i n t h e C onse rva t ion o f H is tor ic B u i ld ings , P roceed ing s o ft h e S ympo s ium ,I CCROM , R ome , p p .25 -52 . S onn inen , E . , E räme t sä , P . a nd J ungne r , H . , 1 985 , D a t ing o f Mo r ta r s a nd b r ick s f r om t h e C a s t le o fK a s t e lho lm ,I s kos 5 ,p p .384 -389 . S tewa r t ,J .a nd Moo re ,J . , 1 981 ,T echn ique so fH i s to r ic Mo r ta rA na ly se s , i n Mo r ta r s ,C emen t s a nd G rou t s U sed i nt h e C on se r va t ion o fH i s to r ic B u i ld ing s , P roceed ing s o f t h e S ympo s ium ,I CCRO M , R ome , p p .297 -310 . S tu ive r , M . a nd Sm i th , C .S . , 1 965 , R ad ioca rbon D a t ing o f A nc ien t Mo r ta r s a nd P la s te r , i n C ha t te r s , R .M . a nd O lson , E .A . , e d s , I n te rna t iona l C onf e rence o n 1 4C a nd T r i t ium D a t ing , 6 t h P roceed ings , C lea r inghouse f o r F ed S c i a nd T e ch I n f , N a t ! B u r S tanda rd s , U .S . D epa r tmen t o f C omme rce , Wa sh ing ton , D .C . , p p .338 -341 . S tu ive r , M . a nd Wa ld ren , W .H . , 1 975 , 1 4C C a rbona te D a t ing a nd t h e Age o f t h e P o s t T a layo t ic L ime B u r ia l s i n Ma l lo rca ,N a ture 2 55 , 5 508 ,p p .475 -476 . V an S t rydonck , M . , D upa s , M . a nd D aucho t -Dehon , M . , 1 983 , R ad ioca rbon D a t ing o fO ld Mo r ta r s , i n Mook , W .G . a nd Wa te rboL l c , H .T . , e d s 1 4C a nd A rchaeo logy , P rodeed ing sP ACT 8 ,p p .337 -343 . V an S t rydonck , M . , D upa s , M , D aucho t -Dehon , M . , P ach iaud i , C . a nd Ma re cha l , J . , 1 983 , A F u r the r S tep i nt h e R ad io ca rbon D a t ing o fO ld Mor ta r s , B u l le t in V an H e t K on . I n si v oo rh e tK uns tpa tr imon ium X IX , p p .155 -171 .
2 1 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
I l nd D eya C onf e rence o fP r eh i s tor y :A rcha eo log i ca lT echn iqu e s ,T echno logy a nd T heo ry
V an S t rydonck , M . , 1 986 , T he I nf luence o f C on tam ina t ing ( f o s s i l ) C a rbona te a nd t h e V a r ia t ions o f 1 3C i n Mo r ta r D a t ing , i n S tu ive r , M . a nd K ra , R .S . , e d s , I n te rna t iona l 1 4C C onf e rence , 1 2 th P roceed ing s , R ad iocarbon 2 8 , 2 A , p p .702 -710 . V an S t rydon ck ,M .a nd Wa ld ren ,W .H . , 1 987 ,R ad io ca rbon D a t ing o f Malo r can L ime B u r ia l s , i np r epa ra t ion ,1 4C a nd A r chaeo logy , C on f e rence h e ld a tG ron ingen . V ionov i t ch , I .A . , D eb ra s -Gua lon , J .a nd L ouv r ie r , J . , 1 962 , L 'Ana ly se d e s S i l ica te s , e d s , H e rman ,P a r i s ,p p .231 -234 . Wa ld ren ,W .H . , 1 982 ,R ad io ca rbon D e t e rm ina t ion i nt h eB a lea r ic I s land s ,a nI nven to ry 1 962 1 981 , Dona ld B ad en -Powe l l Q ua ternary R e search C en t re , P i t t R ive r s Mu seum ,U n ive r s i ty o fO xfo rd . W i l la ime , B , C oppen s , R . a nd J a egy ,R . , 1 983 , D a ta t ion d e s Mo r t ie r sd u C hâ teau d eC hä te l s u r - Mo sele p a r l eC a rbone 1 4 , i n Mook , W .G . a nd Wa te rbo lk , H .T . , E d s , 1 4C a nd A r chaeo logy ,P ro ce ed ing s ,P ACT 8 ,p p .345 -350 .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
TABLE 1 : S t ave lo t( Be lg ium )T owe ro fo ld a bbey . T yp ica la na ly se s f o rr e s to ra t ion o fb u i ld ing s .
S amp le 1 : e x te r io ro ft h et owe r S amp le 2 : i n te r io ro ft h et owe r S amp le 3 : s ma l ls t a i r ca se t owe r A na ly se s
S amp le 1
i n so lub . i n HC1
S amp le 2
S amp le 3
2 9 .7
4 6 .5
2 5 .0
3 6 .0
2 6 .2
4 5 .0
4 7 .9
3 6 .5
5 6 .9
4 8 .5
6 3 .6
4 7 .4
MgCO 3
1 . 0
0 . 7
1 . 0
0 . 9
0 . 8
0 . 6
f r ee l ime
0
0
2 . 1
1 . 8
0
0
C aO ( s i l ic )
2 . 4
1 . 8
3 . 1
2 . 6
1 . 7
1 . 3
o rgan . ma t .
5 .4
4 . 1
6 . 1
5 . 2
3 . 8
2 . 8
C aSO 4 . 2H 20
8 . 5
6 . 5
0 . 9
0 . 8
0
0
o t he r SO4-
0 . 8
0 . 6
0 . 3
0 . 3
0
0
N a
0 .2
0 .1
0 .2
0 .1
0
0
K +
0 .3
0 .2
0 .2
0 .2
0
0
0
0
0
0
C aCO3
H20 ( s i l ic )a nd
Mg i -
t r ace s
C ln o tm ea su r ed
t r a ce s
0
0
0 . 2
0 .2
0
0
3 . 8
3 . 0
4 .0
3 . 4
3 . 9
2 . 9
( so l . S iO2 ,R203)
h yd raul ic i n dex
0 . 13
0 . 11
0 . 10
* :V i sua l a na ly se sh ave s hown t h a tt h ea gg rega te i nt h e 3s amp le si sn o tc a l -ca reou s . I nt h i sc o lumn t h e a gg r ega t ei si n c luded i nt h e" i n so lub le "f r ac t ion . T he a gg rega te r e spec t ive ly r e p re sen t s :2 3 .8% , 1 4 .7% , 2 5 .5% o ft h es amp le . CONCLUSION : I ft h eg yp sum o r ig ina t e sf r om ad e te r io ra t ion d ue t op o l lu t ion , t h er a t io C aO /MgO i n d ica te st h a tt h el ime o fm o r ta r s 1a nd 2h a st h es ame o r ig in . T he 3 rd o ne c on ta in s l e s s Mg .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1
TABLE 2 : T heux B e lg ium , C hu rch o fS a in t s H e rme s a nd A lexand re : t yp ica l a r chaeo log ica l s t udy a na ly s i s Mor ta r
%CaOf r
C aCO 3
%MgCO3 %Q
%N -H
%H
T o ta l
r e f . 1 042
0
3 8 .7
2 . 37
2 2 .1
2 6 .2
5 .20
9 4 .6
1 044
0
3 0 .8
2 . 36
2 8 .9
2 8 .5
4 .08
9 4 .6
1 049
0
6 2 .9
1 . 91
1 4 .1
1 3 .1
3 . 32
9 5 .3
1 050
0
6 7 .0
1 . 73
1 3 .1
1 .3
2 . 50
9 5 .6
1 009
0 .005
3 9 .1
1 . 78
4 2 .4
1 .9
3 . 12
9 8 .3
1 027
0 .015
5 5 .5
5 . 14
1 4 .1
1 6 .2
4 .20
9 5 .2
1 029
0
4 3 .5
2 . 78
2 9 .3
1 5 .2
6 . 18
9 7 .0
1 030
0 .005
4 1 .7
4 .63
2 9 .6
1 5 .0
7 . 42
9 8 .4
1 038
2 .060
8 . 1
1 . 97
4 6 .8
2 0 .9
1 8 .30
9 8 .1
1 039
0 .032
1 4 .8
9 . 63
4 7 .3
1 8 .4
7 . 82
9 8 .0
1 041
0 .017
3 7 .1
2 . 67
3 8 .5
1 4 .4
5 .02
9 7 .7
Q : q ua r tz , N -H : n on -hyd rau l ic s i l ica te , H : h yd rau l ic s i l ica te , f r : f r ee , T o ta l : d oes n o t t a ke i n to a ccoun tt h ep re sence o fo rgan ic ma te r ia la nd s o lub le s a l t s . T he r a t io o fC aCO 3/ H g i ve s a ni nd ica t ion o ft he t ype o f mo r ta r . T he h i ghe s tv a lue s c o r re spond t o t h e C a rol ing ian ( 1049 & 1 050 ) mor ta r s ; t h e l owes t t o t h e n ine teen th c en tury r e s to ra t ion mor ta r ( 1038 ) , wh ich i s ac emen t mor ta r .
TABLE 3 : Mo r ta r sd a ted b yt h eV a la s t ro me thod R ef . T x -1941 S tob i , t h ea t re
8 1 3c 0 / 0 .
C a l ib ra ted d a te
H i s tor ica l d a te
9 .32
2 60 ± 4 0 AD
E a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry AD
T x -1943 S tob i , B a s il ica
19 .21
4 00 ± 5 0 AD
3 85 -4 10 AD
T x -3443 , D i jon S t -Ben igne
6 .5
1 605 ± 7 6 AD
L a te 1 5 th e a r ly 1 6 th AD
. . . . .
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2 4 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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a i r C1 02 c onc
e o
= 7 .0 .03% 2 (a t rn)
wa ter
H 0+ CO 2 2 HCO 3 -
H2 0 H ++OH
2 (oF il+
H+ + HCO 3 CO
aCO 2 t o ta l
K a ,1+ • a co 32a,c 0 3 KW = a1+
-
c a + + +c0 3 -
•
a0H-
3 .33x10 1 1
=2 .93
x 10 -15
Ks = ac, + . ac o j _= 6 .5 1x10 9 s o l
C a(OH) 2
•a h ic) 3= 3 .54 x 10- 7
K1
c a (on
=0 .176
9/ 10 0
gi i 2 0
CaCO 3 t: 10 °C
s o l id
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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3 7 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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3 8 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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9 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference3 of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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1 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference4 of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
S EM -P i c tu re s S iO 2P e l le tw i th C a rbona ted L ime ( De ta i l ) E n la rgemen t s( 5 ) 1 200x : ( 2 ) 1 0000x
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4 2
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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4 3of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Und DEYA CONFERENCE OF PRE MSTORY AR C H A E O L O GI C A L
TE C H NI Q U ES, TE C H N O L O G Y
AN D
TH E O R Y
AGE DETERMINAT ION , CHRONOLOGY AND RAD IOCARBON RECAL IBRAT ION I N THE BALEAR IC I SLANDS
WILL IAM H . WALDREN D ona ld B ad en P owe l lQ ua te rna ry R e sea r ch C en t r e D epa r tmen to fE thno logy a nd P reh i s to ry U n ive r s i ty o fO x fo rd O x fo rd OX2 6 PN ,E ng land
RESU ME Al o ng t e rm a nd o n -go ing d a t ing s u rvey p rog ramme h a s b een i np rog res s i n t h e B a lea r ic I s land ss i nce 1 962 . S ev era l l i s t ing so fc hronome t r ic r e su l t so b ta ined f rom i nd iv idua ls ur vey s c ar r ied o u t w i th in t h e o v era l lp rog ramme h ave b een p ub l i shed p er iod ica l ly i n an umber o f r epor t s , i n c lud ing ar e cen tc omp r ehens iv ei n ven tor yo fa l lB a lea r i c d a tes a va i lab le u n t i l1 986 ( Wa ld r en 1 9 86 ) . A tp r es en t s u rve y r ead ings h ave r i sen i nn umber t oo ve r2 25 c hronome t r ic a na lyses r e su l t s , c omp r i sed o fn o t o n ly c onven t iona l r ad iocarbon m e thod b u t o t her m ore e so ter i cm e thod s :s u ch a sr acem i sa t ion o fa spar t i ca c id sa nd u ran ium t h or ium d a t ing o fb one ,a s w e l la sc a lc ium c a rbona te a nd p a laeomagn e t ic d a t ing ( s ee Wa ld r en ,b i b l iograph i cl i s t ing ) . T hese d if eren td a t ing t e chn ique sh av eb een u s ed b a s ica l l yi nt wo t y p es o fp hys ica ls i tua t ions : ( 1 ) i nt h e c l os ed e nv i ronmen to fd eep , v e r t ica ls t ra t ig raphy : c ha rac ter i s t ic o fc ave a nd r o ck s he l ter d epos i t s , a nd ( 2 ) i n t h e o pen e nv ironmen t o f s ha l low , h or i zon ta l s t ra t ig raphy : c ha ra c t e r i s t i ca l l yr e p r e s en ta t iv eo fe r od ed o p en -a i rs e t t l emen t s . F rom t h eo u t se to ft h ed a t ing s u rveys , t h eb road er s t ra tegy b eh ind t h ep rogramme h a sb een t o u se d a t ing m e thod s i nl a rge n umber i n af ew , s e lec t ive ,p o t en t ia l l y i n f orma t ive - i fs omewha t g eograph i ca l l yl o ca l i s ed p r eh i s to r ic s i t e s -r a the rt h an e s tab l i sh ing ag r ea te rn umb e ro fi s o la t ed d a te so r ig ina t ing f rom w id e ly d i spe r s ed g eog raph i ca la r ea s . T heref o r e ,t h er e su l t ing c l u s t er o f d a te sf rom t h e r e sea r ch s i t es i si nt h ef orm o f an uc leu s c en t ra l i sed i nt h eN or thern J uras s ic S i er ra so f Ma l lor ca ,r a th er t h an am or ee ven l yd i s t r ibu ted p a t te rn . H ow ev e ro v er t h ey ear s , t h e s urveys h ave g eograph ica l ly w id ened t h e i rp e r spec t ive , e s tab l i sh ing m a jor d a t ing n uc l e if or o ther s i te l o ca les ,b o th e l sewhe r e o n Ma l lo rca a sw e l la so nt h es i s ter i s land o f Menorca ; t h e l a t te ro fw h ich a tp r e s en th a si t so wn g row ing r ad iocarbon s e r ie s( s ee d i s t r ibu t ion m ap s ) . A pp rox ima t e l y 1 45 o ft h et o ta lr e ad ings c ur ren t l ya va i lab le f or t h ed i f f er en th or i zons r e la te t o p reh i s tor i cc on t ex t sa nd r ad ioca rbon d ocumen ta t ion t h a tc ome w i th in t h er ange o ft h el a s t8 000 y ear s . T hese f orm ac l ose ly k n i t ted g roup o fd a tes , a s c an b e s e en f rom t h e s amp le l i s t ing s ( T ab les 1a nd 2 ) ,f a l l ing w e l l w i th in t h e r ange o ft h e l a te s t Wa sh ing ton -Be lf as tR ad iocarbon R eca l ib ra t ion C ur ve ( S tu iver a nd P ea r son 1 986 ) .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l i nd D eya C onf e r en ce o fP r eh i s to ry :A r chaeo log i ca lT echn ique s ,T echno logy a nd T h eo r y
A s am a t t er o fi n t rodu c t ion , t h ec onf er ence p aper w i l li n c lud e ab r ief h i s to r i ca lb ackground t o t h e B a lear ic d a t ing p rogramme . I tw i l l d escr ibe a nd d i s cus s t h e i n i t ia l s t ra tegy a nd f i na l o b j ec t iv es o ft h ed a t ing p rogramme , a s w e l la ss ome o ft h er e su l t st h a t h av eg rown o u to ft h e f i nd ings. I tw i l lb r ief l ye xam ine t h er ea son sf or t h ec ho ice o ft h es i te n uc le iu sed i nt h ed a t ing p rogramme . I t w i l l a l so b r ief l y d i scus s t h e i nf luence t h e f i nd ings h ave h ad o n l o ca l c h rono log ica lf ramework so v er t h el a s tt wen ty f i ve y ear s . Mor e i mpor tan t ly , i tw i l l g o o n t od ef ine , a s s ugge s ted b y t h e d a t ing e v id ence ( I ) t h e l a rge c h ronome t r i cp arame t er sf or t h ea u tho r ' sp en tapa r t i te B a l ea r ic p reh i s to r i cs e quence i ng en era l a nd p oss ib le i nf luence r e ca l ibra t ion m ay h ave o n i t . T h is i st o s ay , t h ere w i l l b e s ome d i scus s ion c once rn ing t h e a b so lu te c h rono log i ca l l i m i t s s ugges ted b y t h e u se o fr ad ioca rbon m e thod f or t h e l o ng p er iod r anges a t tached t og eo log ica l , p a laeon to log ica l a nd c u l tu ra l c on t ex t s . ( 2 )I tw i l lf u r the rd e s c r ibe a nd d ef ine p a r t i cu lar m ed ia lp ha se r ange sw i th in t h el a rge r p er iod s . I tw i l l s ubd iv ide , w here p os s ib le , t h es e l a rger p er iod s a s w e l l a s s i gna l i mpor tan t m i les tone e ven t s w i th in t h e s ubd iv i s ion s , b y s ugge s t ing d a tes f or t h ese ( e .g . d a tes f o r t h e a rr iva lo fm an , t h ei n t roduc t ion o fv a r iou st e chno log ie s ,s u ch a sp o t te ry a nd m e ta lw ork ing ,a s w e l l a s e armark ing o u t s id e c u l tu ra l i nf luences w i th in t h e l o ca l s equence ) . I n t u rn , ( 3 ) s ome d ef in i t ion i sg i ven t h e s hor ter a c t iv i ty r anges w i th in t h ep ar t icu lar e nv i ronmen ts o ft h e s i t e s t h em se lves ; e . g . a r ch i tec tu ra l ( c on s truc t iona l ) a nd u t i l i sa t iona l ( o ccupa t iona l ) a c t iv i t ie sa nd t h e i rs equen t ia lc ha rac t e r .A nd f i na l l y ,( 4 ) s ome a t temp t w i l l b e m ad e t os how t h e m ann e r i n w h ich t h ese f i nd ing s r e la te t ot h e w id er p er spec t ive o fm a in land a nd E u ropean c on t inen ta l c on tex t s . F ina l l y , i tw i l lf or t h os e i n te re s t ed ( 5 )p r e s en tf o rt h e i rc ons id e ra t ion a nd r e f e r en c ea f i r s t l i s t ing o f t h e r e ca l ibra t ions o f e x i s t ing r ad iocarbon r ead ings , f a l l ing w i th in t h e Wash ing ton -Be lf as t R ad iocarbon R eca l ibra t ion C urve , w i th s ome o b serva t ions o n t h e ir p os s ib l ei n te rp r e ta t ion . A l though t h e B a lear ic d a tes a s t h ey h ave b een p ub l i shed s of a r i n u nca l ib ra ted f orm a r e g enera l ly a ccep ted , c on s id erab le l o ca l c on t rover sy s t i l l e x i s ts c oncern ing c hrono log i ca l n omenc la tur e ( Wa ld ren 1 986 ; T opp 1 986 ) . H ence i nv i ew o ft h e a l read y e x i s t ing c on ten t ion d a te sd e r ived f rom r e ca l ib ra t ion c an w e l lb ep red ic ted t oc au s ea dd i t iona li n qu ie tud e . I nf a c t , e ven u nd e rm ore f avou rab l e c ond i t ions r e ca l ibra t ions o ft h e m agn i tud e s hown i nt h e l i s t ing s p re sen t ed m ay w e l lb ee xpec ted t oc au s ea c t ive r e sponse i nm any a r eas , r e gard l es sw he the ro r n o t t h ey b reak w i th t h e s t a tus q uo o fp rov inc ia la t t i tud e s a nd r e la t ive i n te rp r e ta t ions , i nt h a t t h ey d rama t i ca l l y a l t er m ore s ound ly r e a soned p reh i s tor ic c h rono log ica lf rameworks a l r ead y b ased o n r ad iocarbon d a t ing . O ne n eed o n ly c ompa re t h e r e su l t ing n ew ly c a l ib ra ted v e r s ion s a l ongs id e t h ec onven t iona lr ad ioca rbon r e ad ings t ob ecome a war eo ft h ed egr ee o fd i f f e ren c e b e tween r ad iocarbon y ear s a nd c a lendar y ear s , a s w e l la s t oe s tab l i sh av i ew o ft h e g ene ra l c h rono log i ca la r ea st h ey w i l lm os ta f ec t . U ndoub ted ly , t h e r e search a rea w her e r e ca l ib ra t ion w i l l h ave i t sg r ea tes t i mpac t w i l lf a l lo n l o ca lc hrono log ica ls ch eme s ;w he th e rt h e s eb eo l d er r e la t iv e c hrono log ica ls e qu ences o rr e cen t f ramework s m or ef i rm ly b a s ed o n u nca l ib ra ted c hronome t r ic r e ad ings . Wh i le r e ca l ibra t ion u n iver sa l ly c an b e e xpec ted t oa f f ec t q ues t ions o fc h rono logy , t h e s ub jec t o fr e ca l ibra t ion o f B a lear ic d a tes i ti sf eared w i l l b ecome p ar t icu la r ly c on ten tuou s . C oup led w i th s t rong l o ca l t e nd enc ie s t oward i n su lar t h ink ing i ng enera l r e ga rd ing t h ep os s ib le o r ig ins , i nf luences a nd c ou r se o fd ev e lopmen to ft h ei s land s 'c u l tu ra l ,s oc ia la nd e conom i cp a t terns i np reh is tor y -a s m uch a st h es t rong p enchan tt owa rd c on s id e r ing l o ca lp r eh i s to r ic e v en ts a si s o la ted p h enomena a nd i nd epend en t d oma in -t h e q ues t ions a nd p rob lem s a r i s ing , a l ong w i th r ead ju s tmen t s i n t h ink ing , c an b ee xpec ted t ob ep r e sen tf or s ome t i me t oc ome . U nd e rt h e c i r cums tances , i ti s p e rhap s b es t i nt h e l o ng r un t or ega rd t h ese p rob l em sp h i losoph ica l ly a nd t oa ccep t t h a t t h e p roce s so fr e ca l ib ra t ion o fr ad iocarbon d a t ing ,s oone ro rl a te r , i si n ev i tab le a nd e v en tua l ly w i l l b ecome u n iv e ra l ly a c cep tab l ea nd u n iv e r sa l l yu s ed .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
W .H . Wa ld r en
W h i le i ti sn o tt h ei n ten ti nt h i sr e sumd t od i scus si nd e ta i lt h ed if er en ts equen t ia lf ramewo rk s t h a t t h e d a t ing s ur vey s h ave s uppor ted o v er t h e y ear s , s ome r e f erence t ot h e c h rono log ica l n omenc la tur e , a s u s ed b y t h ep re sen ta u thor , i sg i ven i mmed ia te ly b e low a s i ta pp l ies t ot h e p r e sen t s ub j ec t o fr e ca l ib ra t ion . F or t h ose c ar ing t of u r ther t h e i r i n tere s t i nt h e h i s tor ica l b ackground t ot h er e s ear ch ,o t he rt h an w ha ti so f er ed i nt h et e x tt oc ome a nd s epara t ed f r om i t ,t h ere i sa mp le r ead ing i nt h er e f er ence ss ugges t ed ,a sw e l la st h em or ep er t inen ts i te r epor t s t h emse lve s . T hes es hou ld f u l l ye qu ip r ead er sw i th as ub s tan t ia lb ackg round a nd m or ed e ta i l st o t h ev ar iou sh ypo the se sa nd c h rono log ica ls cheme sc ur ren t ly i nc i r cu la t ion t h an i sp o s s ib le t o i n c lude i nt h ep r e s en tp ap e r . T he p a i red u n ca l ib ra t ed r ad iocarbon a nd c a l enda ry ea rl i s t ing sb e low a r eo f e r ed a si mm ed ia te l y i n te res t ing e xamp l es o ft h o se f ound w i th in t h ee ar l i er B a lear ic c u l tu ra lp e r iod s . Wh i l et h ey a r e s e lec ted d a tes , p ar t o f af u l ler a nd m ore e x tens iv e i n ven tory a nd r e ca l ib ra t ion i n c lud ed i n a ddendum t o t h e t e x t , t h ey b es t i lus t ra te t h e m agn i tud e o f c hange b rough t a bou t b y r e ca l ibra t ion o n c onven t iona l 1 4C r ead ings , a s w e l l a s t h e i rd emon s t ra t ing t h e n a tur e a nd c harac te ro ft h ep rob l em si n vo lved . I nt u rn , t h ey d emon s t ra te i nh ard t e rms t h e c h ronome t r ic r a nges t h a tr e ca l ib ra t ion w i l lm o s ta f ec th e re i nt h eB a l ea r i cI s land s . A s e v en tua l ly w i l l b e d i scus sed a nd d emons t ra ted , b o th t h e m e thod s a nd t h e s t ra tegy w i th w h ich t h ep rogramme s u rvey s h ave b een u sed h ave b een p ar t icu lary i n f orma t ive , n o t o n ly l o ca l ly b u tw i th i mp l i ca t ions r e ach ing f ar ther a f i e ld . I nf ac ta sp o in ted o u t( A lmagro G orbea 1 978 ,F e rnänd e z -M i randa 1 974 ) ,t h e r ea r en o tm any a r ea sw h er ei t( r ad ioca rbon )h as b e en m o r e s u cces sf u l l yu sed a s ad a t ing t o o lt h an i nt h eB a l ea r i cI s land s . T here a re 4 2 u nca l ib ra ted 1 4C d a tes a va i lab le f or t h ef u l lr ange o ft h eE ar ly S e t t l emen ta nd P re ta layo t i cP er iod s ,w i th 3 7r e ad ings f o rt h eP r e ta layo t ic P e r iod p rope r .A tt h es ame t i me , t h e s i tes r ep re sen t ing t h e P r e ta layo t ic P er iod i nt e rms o fr ad iocarbon d ocumen ta t ion a re f ew i n n umber ,m ak ing t h em o fs pec ia lv a lue a sc hronome tr ic y ard s t ick s .I nt h e s ef ew ,s e lec t iv es i t es , t h e c l os es equence o fd a tes i sq u i t ei mp r es s iv e ,a sc an b es e en f or i t s e lf i nt h el i s t ings b e low . T he c h ronome tr ic p a rame te r sa nd o t he re v id ence ( a r tef ac t se t c . )d ef ine t h eo v e ra l lc h rono log i ca l d ura t ion o ft h ep e r iod a nd s uppor ti nt u rn t h es ubd iv i s ion o ft h eP re ta layo t ic P er iod i n to t h r ee p ha s es :
( 1 )t h eN eo l i th ic E a r ly C e ram ic P ha se ( NECP ) ,c i r ca 3 200 b ct oc i r ca 2 000 b c . ( 4000 B C t o2 550 BC ) ( 2 )t h eE a r ly B eake rP ha se ( EBP ) ,c i r ca 2 000 b ct oc i r ca 1 700 b c . ( 2 550 B C t o2 000 BC ) ( 3 )t h eL a te B eake rP ha se ( LBP ) ,c i r ca 1 700 b ct oc i r ca 1 300 b c . ( 2000 B C t o1 520 BC )
T he f ramework o ft h e se t h ree s u rvey m ed ia lp hase r anges a re e armarked b y an umber o f i mpor tan tp r eh i s tor ic e v en t sw h i ch a r ew e l ld e l inea ted b yt h er ad ioca rbon d a t ing d ocumen ta t ion . F or e xamp le ( 1 ) t h e i n t roduc t ion o fp o t ter y t e chno logy , ( 2 ) t h e i n t roduc t ion o fd omes t ica ted a n ima l s pec ies ( c i r ca 3 200 b c : c a l . 4 000 BC ) a nd ( 3 ) t h e e x t inc t ion o ft h e m a jor e nd em ic m amma l , Myo t ragu sb a lear icu s( c i rca 2 300 b c : c a l . 2 750 BC ) , w i th in t h e NECP .A sa no the r e xamp l ea re f ound ( 4 )t h ea ppea rance o ft h ef i r s to pen -a i rs e t t l emen t sa nd ( 5 ) t h ef i r s tB eak er i nf luence s a nd ( 6 ) i n t roduc t ion o fm e ta l w o rk ing t e chno logy ( c i rca 2 050 b c : c a l . 2 550 BC ) , w i th in t h eE BP a nd ( 7) u se o ft i nb ron ze ( c i rca 1 700 b c : c a l .2 050 BC ) i nt h eL BP . O ther i mpor tan te v en t sa r ea l so d i s ce rnab le i nb o th t h eE a r ly S e t t lemen tP e r iod a sw e l la st h e l a ter T a layo t i ca nd P o s tT a layo t ic P e r iod so ft h eB ron ze a nd I r on A ges ,s im i lar ly r ep r es en t ing
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
I nd D eya C onf er en ce o fP r eh i s to ry :A r chaeo log ica lT echn iqu e s , T echno logy a nd T heo r y
t h es u rvey s 'm ed ia lp ha se r ange sf or t h ose p e r iod s . T hes ea r ea l so d i s cu s s ed i nm or ed e ta i li n t h es ub sequ en tt e x t . T he s ame s o r to fs equen t ia lo rd e ro fd a t es c an b es e en i nt h es e cond e xamp le b e low ( T ab l e2 ) . I n t h i s c as e t h e s ur veys ' s hor ter a c t iv i ty p hase r anges a r e d emons tra ted i n t h e i n d iv idua l a r ch i tec tu ra la nd h ab i ta t iona le nv ironmen t sf ound w i th in t h ec on tex t so f ap r eh i s tor i co p en -a i r s e t t l emen tc omp l ex . H er e , r ad ioca rbon m e thod h as b een u s ed t od e l inea t en o to n ly t h eo v era l l p a t tern o f t h e o pen -a i r s e t t lemen t , b u t e qua l ly t h e v a r iou s i n d iv idua l a c t iv i ty s equ ences t h roughou t . I n c onc lu s ion , i ti sl o g i ca l t oa s sume t h a t h ere i nt h eB a lea r ics - a s e l sewhere - at r ans i t iona l p er iod o fa d ju s tmen tw i l l b en ece s sar y ; ap er iod o fg e t t ing u s ed t oa nd w ork ing w i th t h e n ew d imen s ions t h a tr e ca l ib ra t ion a t tache st oa l lt h el o ca lp r eh i s to r ic d i v i s ions . T he s oone rw ec an m ak e t h en ece s sar ym en ta la d ju s tmen t si no ur t h ink ing t h eb e t t er i tw i l lb e .I nt h e i n t e r im , w e s imp ly h ave t ol i ve w i th t h ef ac tt h a t r e ca l ib ra t ion i sn o t am a t te ro fa rchaeo log ica lf a sh ion , s ub j ec t t ow h im s ica l c hange , b u t t h a ti ti sh er e t os t ay a nd c an b e e xpec t ed t ot a ke as e r ious t o l l o n t h e e x i s t ing o rde r o ft h ings ; a bove a l l m ak ing i t s i nf luence f e l t o n t h e v ar ious l o ca l c h rono log ica l s chemes p resen t ly i n c i rcu la t ion ( t he p re sen t a u thor ' s i n c luded ) . T h is c an t h e ref or e b e s a id t ob e i n ev i tab l es f or t h e s i ng le r eason t h a t a l l s e r iou s l o ca l c hrono log ica l f ramework sa r e b a s ed , o ne w ay o ra no ther , o n u nca l ib ra ted r ad iocarbon d a t ings e s tab l i shed d u r ing t h e l a s t t wen ty f i v ey ear s . I ti sl o g ica l , t h e ref ore , t oa s sume t h a t i fw e w an t e i the r t o a r r ive a t as ound i n terpe r ta t ion o fl o ca lp reh i s tor i ce v en t so rt op la ce t h eB a l ear ics i n aw id er p er spec t iv et h an o ne o fi n su la rp henomenon ( a ne a sy a n swer u pu n t i ln ow ) ,w em us ta cc ep tt h e i mpor tan t r o le t h a t r e ca l ibra t ion w i l l p lay i n a l l i mmed ia t e o rf u ture a t temp ts a t l o ca l i n t e rp r e ta t ion o rc o r r e la t ion sw i th in t h o s ed e s i r ed b road e rc on t in en ta lc on t ex t s . No te* A l l r eca l ibra ted d a tes a re a verage BC a nd BP a ge r ange s . F or o ne a nd t wo s i gma c a lcu la t ions ( age r ange s o b ta ined f rom i n tercep ts ( Me thod A ) ) c on su l t c onf erence p aper t ab le s i n a ddendum .
8 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of4 Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
A ge De term ina t ion , C h rono logy a nd R ad ioca rbon R eca l ibra t ion i nt he B a lear ic I s land s W .H . Wa ld ren
I NTRODUCT ION
The 2 25 c h ronome t r ic a na ly se sr e su l t sc u r ren t ly a va i lab le f o rB a lea r ic P reh is to ry h ave b een c omp i led f r om an umbe ro fd i f f e ren td a t ing t e chn ique so fw h ich a ni n ven to ry o f 1 45 r e ad ing s a r ec onven t iona lr ad ioca rbon d a te st h a tf a l lw i th in t h ec a lenda ry ea rr a nge so ft h e Wa sh ing ton B e lfa s t R ad ioca rbon R eca l ib ra t ion C u rve ( S tu ive r a nd P ea r son 1 986 ) . O the r c onven t iona l r a d ioca rbon d a te so u t s ide t h ec a lenda ry ea rr a nge sa l so e x i s t( Tab le 6 )b u ta r en o ti mmed ia te ly p e r t inen tf o rt h i sp ub l ica t ion . A l though t h eu nca l ib ra ted r e su l t so ft h ec u r ren tl i s t ing s ,a sw e l l a st ho se o u t s ide t h ec al ib ra ted r a nge ,h ave b e en p ub l i shed p e r iod ica l ly i n an umbe ro fr e po r t s , i n c lud ing o ne r e cen t c omp rehens ive i n ven to ry o f a l l B a lea r ic d a te s a va i lab le u n t i l 1 986 ( Wa ld ren , BAR ,I n t e rna t iona lS e r ie s2 82 ) ,n oa t temp th i the r to h a sb een m ade t or e ca l ib ra te t h e r e ad ing sf a l l ing w i th in a c cep tab le c a lenda ry ea rr a nge s . B ecau se o ft h e i rn umb e ra nd n a tu re ,c a lenda ry e a rc a l ib ra t ion i np l a ce o fc onven t iona l 1 4C d a t e s f o rB a lea r ic s i t e sf a l l ing w i th in t h el a s te i gh tt h ou sand y ea r sw ou ld b ep a r t icu la r ly u s e fu li nt h e c on s ide ra t ion a nd e ven tua lc on s t ruc t ion o f amo re a ccu ra te c h rono log ica l , c u l tu ra l f r amewo rk f o rl o ca lp r eh i s to ry .N ow t h a tt h eu se i nr e cen tl i t e ra tu re o fc a l ib ra t ed d a te sf o rb road a r ea so f We s te rn E u rope a r eb e com ing mo re f r equen ti np l ace o fc onven t iona lr a d ioca rbon a ge r e su l t s , r e cal ib ra t ion i n to c a lenda r y ea r s w ou ld s e rve a l so t op u t s uch af r amewo rk f o r t h e B a lea r ic r e g ion i n to b e t t e rp e r spec t ive i nr e ga rd t ot h el a rge rc on tex t so fm a in land p r eh i s to ry . I ns ho r t , c on s ide rab le v a lue c an b e g a ined b y t h e s t udy , c ompa r i son a nd c o r re la t ion o f t h e e x i s t ing B a lea r ic c h ronome t r ic d a ta , i n c lud ing a s soc ia ted a r te f a c t a nd o t he r e v idence , w i th t h a t o f p e r iphe ra lc on t inen ta la r ea s ;a sw el a sb e ing o fi mmed ia te v a lue i nl o ca l i sed a nd mo r es pec i f ic c h rono log i ca lc on t ex t s .I nf a c t ,w en eed o n ly c on su l t ,f o re xamp le ,t h ec u r ren tl i t e ra tu re f o rt h e C ha lco l i th ic P e r iod i nt h eb roade rc on tex t s ( e .g . H a r r i son 1 988 a nd o t he r s ) t ob ecome a wa re t h a t s im i la r c h rono log ica l d i f f icu l t ie s a nd o t he r p rob lem s o f i n te rp re ta t ion a nd q ue s t ion s o f t empo ra l d u ra t ion p r eva i lt h roughou t mo s tp e r iphe ra l , ma in land g eog raph ic a r ea s . I ts e ems t o t h e a u tho r t h a t a ny c omp rehens ive l i s t ing i nt h e f o rm o f ac h ronome t r ic d a ta b ank f o r a ny g eog r aph ic p a r to ft h ew e s te rn Med i t e r r r anean ,a sl im i ted i ni mmed ia te g eog raph ic a r ea a sm ay b e , w ou ld b e o f s ome g ene ra l a nd p o s i t ive u se a nd c on t r ibu t ion t o t h e p rob lems o f c h rono log i ca li n te rp re ta t ion . T he p r e sen tB a lea r ic r a d iocabon i n ven to ry i sa l so b o th i n te re s t ing a sw el a si n fo rma t ive f r om a m e thodo log ica l v i ewpo in t , a nd i st os ome e x ten t e xemp la ry . T he i n d iv idua l l i s t s m ak ing u p t h el a rge ri n ven tor yh ave b een c omp i led u s ing ag ene ra ls t ra tegy o fa pp ly ing al a rge n umbe ro f r ad ioca rbon a na ly se st oo n ly af ew ,b u t ,e spec ia l ly s e lec ted s i te s ; s i te s w i th p a r t icu la r ly r i ch , i n te re s t ing a nd v a r i ed p r eh i s to r ic e nv i ronmen t sa nd a r te f a c t s ,i no rde rt od e te rm ine s p e c if ic t i me r ange s . T h i s f o rm o fb l anke t c ove rage h a s c onsequen t ly r e su l ted i n an umbe r o fs equenc ia l l i s t so fu nca l ib ra t ed d a t e s f r om ag roup o fd i f f e ren ts t ra t ig raph ica lc on tex ts , w h ich c omb ined a nd i nt h emse lve s h ave p roduced a n e x tens ive c h ronome t r ic d a ta b ank , a s w e l l a s s e ve ra l s ma l le r ,i n d iv idua l ,g eog raph i ca l ly a nd g eo log ica l ly v a r ied s e r ie s .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l i nd D e iä C onf er ence o fP r eh i s to ry: A r cha eo log i ca lT echn ique s ,T echno logy a nd T heor y
I ndeed ,i ti sam a t te ro ff a c tt h a tt o of ew a r ea so f We s ter nE u rope o rt h e We s t e rn Med i t e r r anean h ave e qu iva len tc oncen t ra t ed r ad ioca rbon s e r ie so nw h ich o ne c an d epend f o r ar el iab le b a s i so f c h ronome t r ica l m ea su remen ta nd i n te rp re ta t ion . T he f ew t h a th ave p roduced u se fu l l i s t s : f o r e xamp le Z ambu ja l , L o s M i l la re s , C e r ro d e V i rgen a nd Monc in i np a r t icu la r , t h e se t e x tbook s i te sd on o th ave i nt h e i rs um t o ta la sm any r e ad ing sa sw ou ld b ed e s i red ,a nd a r ef o rt h em o s t p a r tw ide ly d i spe r sed g eog raph ica l ly . A tt h es ame t i me ,o t he rl e s sd ocumen ted s i te s ,t h a ti st o s a y w i th o n ly s i ng le o r af ew r ad io ca rbon d a te s ,o f ten p r e sen tu sw i th c on f l ic t ing i n fo rma t ion ; i n fo rma t ion w h i ch i st o o h i gh ly r eg iona la nd f r agmen ta ry i nc ha ra c te r ,a nd m a in ly a pp l i cab le , o n ly , i n ar e la t ive w ay w i th in t h e i ri mmed ia t egeog raph ica l c on tex t s ; h ence r e p re sen t ing v e ry b road ,c h rono log ica lp o la r i ty . A pa r tf r om t h ed i f f e ren td a t ing s u rvey s t ra teg ie sa nd v a r iou si n te rp re ta t ive m e thod su s ed i nt h e B a lea r ic r e sea rch s i te s , o t he r i n te re s t ing a spec t s a r e t h e h i gh ly , i nd iv idua l p hy s ica l e nv i ronm en t sa nd t h es t ra t eg raph i ca lc on t ex t s f r om w h ich t h er e p re sen ta t ive e v idence ,d a ta a nd o t he r a na ly t ica l r e su l t s o b ta ined f r om t h e r e sea r ch h ave e me rged . I n e s sence , t h e f i nd ing s o r ig ina te f r om t wo d i s t inc t t ype s o f p hys ica l e nv ironmen t : : ( 1 ) t h e c l osed c on tex t s o f d eep ,ve r t i ca l s t ra t ig raphy ;c ha rac te r i s t ic o fc ave a nd r o ck s h e l t e rd epo s i t s ,a nd ( 2 ) i nt h e o p en e nv i ronmen to fs ha l low ,h or i zon ta l s t ra t ig raphy ;r e p re sen ta t ive o fe r oded o pen -a ir s e t t lemen t s . E a ch o ft h e se q u i t ed i f f e ren t ,p hy s ica le nv i ronmen t sp r e sen tt h e i rp a r t i cu la r ,c omp lex c ha ra c t e r s a nd n a tu re s ;a sw e l la st h e i rs p ec ia ls ho r t com ing sa nd p rob lem s . O f t h e t wo t yp e s o f s t ra t ig raph ica l c ond i t ion s , a s f i e ld a r chaeo log i s t s , i ti st h e p oo r s o i l c on t ex t s f ound i nb ad ly e roded , o pen -a i r s e t t lemen t e nv i ronmen t s t h a t g i ve u s t h e m o s t d i f f icu l ty . C ompa red t ot h e b e t te r k nown mu l t i sequenc ia l s o i l c ond i t ions o f d eep c l osed e nv i ronmen t s , a s f ound i n c ave s a nd r o ck s he l te r s , t h o se s i te s w i th o pen -a i r c on tex t s , e spec ia l ly i nt h e We s te rn Med i te r ranean B a s in ,w he re t h ey a r ef ound mo r ef r equen t ly t h an n o t , a r et h e mo s tp rob lema t i c . Wh i le c l o se a nd p a r t icu la ra t ten t ion h a st ob ep a id a ta l l t i me st ot h e t h in , v e r t ica l s t ra t ig raph ica l i n te r f ace s o ft h e s o i l i nb o th c l o sed a nd o pen -a i r s i te s , i ti st h e c on tex t so fh i gh lyerod ed s t ra t ig raph ica lc ond i t ion s i nw h ich t h et i gh te s te xcava t iona lc on t ro l s p o s s ib le o n ah o r izon ta l m e te rt om e te ra nd l i nea rd i s t r ibu t iona lb a se sa r e mo s tn e ce s sa r y . I n s u ch e r oded e nv i ronmen t s ,t h ep o ten t ia l sf o rg ood i n te rp r e ta t ion a nd t h ea ccu r a t ed a t ing o fp oo r v e r t ica l s t ra t ig raphy , w h i le n o t i mpo s s ib le , a r e u nde r t h e b e s t o fc ond i t ion s v ery d i f f icu l t . T he re fo re , i fa ny r el iab le r e su l t s a r e t ob ee xpec ted i ns u ch c a s e s , n ew w ay s a sw e l l a sm o r e e nv i ronmen ta l ly s u i tab le o ne s f o r t a ck l ing p oo r v e r t ica l s t ra t ig raph ica l s i tua t ion s b ecome n ece s sa ry . ON T HE RAD IOCARBON S AMPLE COLLEC TION METHODS U SED I N THE R ESEARCH I ti sk nown t h a tc ole c t ion m e thod si nr ad io ca rbon d a t ing a r eo fg r ea ti mpo r tance f o rr e l iab i l i ty , a nd s ub sequen t ly t h ey a r ee s sen t ia lc on s ide ra t ion si na ny q ue s t ion o fc on t ex tua la r chaeo log ica l i n te rp re ta t ion , a s w e l l a s i n t h e c a se o f r e ca l ib ra t ion o f c onven t iona l r ad ioca rbon d a te s t h emse lve s . S uch d e sc r ip t ion a nd d e ta i l o fc o l lec t ion m e thod s a r e t o o o f t en m i ss ing i nt h e p ub l ica t ion o fr a d ioca rbon d a t e s . T he b r ief d e sc r ip t ion o f c o l lec t ion m e thod s d i scu s sed b e low a r e g i ven i n o rde r t ob e t t e r u nde r s tand t h e i n d iv idua le nv i ronmen t s a nd p hy s i ca lc on tex t s f r om w h i ch t h ey ( t he s amp le s ) o r ig ina ted , a nd t og i ve s ome i d ea o ft h e p a r t icu la rd eg ree a nd l e ve l t ow h ich t h ey h ave b een u sed a si n t e rp re ta t ive t o o l si nt h es i te ss t ud ied .I ti sa l so d one a s ag r aph ic d emon s t ra t ion o ft h e i n d iv idua l t e chn ique s t h em se lve s ; t e chn ique s s ome o fw h ich a r el a rge ly i n nova t ive ; t h ed i re c t r e su l to fs t ra t ig raph ica lc ond i t ion sa nd d i f f e ren t ia lp r e se rva t ion .I ns ho r t ,t h ew ay i nw h ich t h ey h ave b een a pp l ied t h roughou tt h ed i f f e ren tp hy s ica le nv i ronmen t sa nd s t ra t ig raph ica lc on tex t s , i ti sb e l ieved ,a r ed i sc r ip t ive ly i mpo r tan ta nd a r ed i r ec t ly r e spon s ib le a sw el a sr e la ted t ot h e i r s u cce s s .
5 0
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
W .H . Wa ld r en
T o d ea lw i th t h ep oo rs o i lc ond i t ion s f ound i nt h ee r oded s i te s e xam ined ,t wo d i re c tt y pe s o f d a t ing s t ra tegy o rm e thod h ave b een a dop t ed ( F igu re s4 a -b ) . T he se a r er e f e r red t oa sb racke t d a t ing , m a in ly u sed i n s ha l low , o pen -a i r s t ra t ig raph ica l e nv i ronmen t s ,' a nd s er ies d a t ing , m a in ly u sed i nd eep v e r t ica ls t ra t ig raph ica lc ond i t ion s ; a l though ac omb ina t ion o fb o th t y pe s o f d a t ing s t ra tegy t o ge the r h ave b een f r equen t ly u sed j u s t a s e f f ec t ive ly e i the r i nd eep o r s ha l low v e r t ica ls o i lc ond i t ion s .T hey a r ei nt h i sr e sp e c ti n te r changeab le . Wh i le e s sen t ia l ly i ti ss e r ie sd a t ing u sed i nt h ed eep s t ra t ig raph ie s( e .g .F igu re 6 )t h a ti s mo s t f am i l ia r - a st h i sf o l low s t h ep r inc ipa lo fd a t ing s uc ce s s ive v e r t ica l s t ra ta - i ti sb racke td a t ing w h ich i sn o rma l ly t h e l e a s tu sed . T he f o rm s i nw h ich b o th b racke t a nd s e r ies d a t ing h ave b een u sed i nt h ed i f f e ren tr e sea r ch s i te su nde rd i scu s s ion c on s i s to fd a t ing a r ch i tec tu ra lf e a tu re s a nd s t ra t ig raph ica lc on t ex t s( F igu re s 4a nd 5 ) .T h r ee o ft h ee xamp le su s ed a r ef r om e r od ed o pen a i rs i tua t ion s ,w he re t h es t ra t ig raphy o ft h es i te h a sb een g ene ra l ly s ha l low a nd o f al i near o r h or i zon ta l n a tu re .I no ne o ft h eo t he re xamp le su sed f o rd emon s t r a t ion , c ond i t ion sa r et h a to f ac l osed s i tua t ion w he re s t ra t ig raphy i st h a to fc onven t iona lo rd eep ,v e r t i ca l d epo s i t ion . T he m e thod o fb rack e t d a t ing a r ch i te c tu ra l f e a tu re s c on s i s t s o fe s tabl i sh ing a nd r a d ioca rbon d a t ing ( 1 ) p o s t c on s t ruc t iona l , ( 2 ) c on s t ruc t iona l a nd ( 3 ) p re con s t ruc t iona l c on tex t s d i rec t ly a s soc ia ted w i th as i te ' s d i f f e ren t a r ch i te c tu ra l f e a tu re s . T h i s i sd one b y c a refu l ly c o l lec t ing d a tab le o r gan ic m a te r ia l sa nd a r t e f a c t s( a ) f r om a na c t iv i ty z one a d ja cen tt os ome a r ch i tec tu r a l f e a tu r e , ( b )f r om w i th in t h ew a l l f i l lo f ap a r t icu la ra r ch i te c tu ra lf e a tu re a nd ( c )f r om b ed ro ck f i s su r e sa nd b edd ing s o i l sf ound b enea th t h ew a l lf i la nd t h ea r ch i te c tu ra le l emen t st h emse lve s ( F igu re 4 a ) . R e su l t s o fs u ch b r a cke ted a sw e l l a ss e r ia l d a t ing s c an , i fc a re fuly c a r r ied o u t , q u i te a ccu ra t e ly d a te a na r ch i tec tu ra le l emen t ,a sw el a s a i di n te rp re ta t ion i n as i gn if ican tw ay ( F igu re s4 ba nd 5 a ) . O ft h et h ree o pen -a i rs i tua t ion si nw h ich t h i sm e thod o fb ra cke td a t ing f o ri n te rp re t ing a ge o f l e ve l s ,d u ra t ion o fo ccupa t ion a nd b u i ld ing s equence h a sb een u sed ,i ti st h eFer rand e l l -O le za C ha lco l i th ic O ld S e t t lemen to n Ma l lo r ca w he re i tw a s f i r s tc a r r ied o u t (Wa ld ren 1 989 ) . T he o t he rs i te sw he re i th a sa l so b een u sed s u ce s sfu l ly a r et h eT he P r eh i s to r i c S e t t l emen tC omp l ex a nd T au la S anc tuary o fT or rab la d ' en S a lor t o n Meno r ca a nd t h e Ma l lo rcan P reh is tor ic S anc tuar yo fS on Ma s .T he se t wo s i t e sa nd t h eu se o ft h em e thod a r ed i s cu ssed i nc on s ide rab le d e ta i l i n as epa ra te p ape rf ound e l sewhe r ei nt h i sp ubl i ca t ion . T he r e ,t h eu se o fb ra cke td a t ing a s at o o l f o rc h rono log ica li n te rp re ta t ion a nd o fa r c i t ec tua la nd o t he rc on tex tua ld a t ing i sw e l l d emon s t r a t ed . THE LARGER DAT ING S TRATEGY AND THE R ESEACH S ITES U SED
F rom t h eo u t se to ft h eB a lea r ic d a t ing s u r vey , t h em a in o b jec t ive o ft h ep rog ramme h a sb een t ou se d a t ing a na ly se s i nl a rge n umber , f o rm ing e x ten s ive d a t ing s e r ie s i n af ew , s e le c t ive , p o ten t ia l ly i n fo rma t ive -i fs omewha tg eog r aph ica l ly l o ca l i sed -p r eh i s to r i cs i te s( Wa ld ren 1 986 ) . T h i s f o cu s o fg eog raph ic r e sea rch a r ea a nd l i m i ted n umbe r o fr e sea r ch s i te s , r a the r t h an t h e d o cumen ta t ion o f ag r ea te rn umbe ro fi s o la ted d a t e so r ig ina t ing f r om d i spe r sed g eog raph ica l a r ea s h a s b een c a r r ied w i th an umbe r o f mo t ive s i nm ind ; e qua l ly a dm in is t ra t ive , e qua l ly f i nan c ia l ,e qua l ly p ra c t ica la nd m e thodo log ica l .A dm i t ted ly a s ar e su l to ft h i ss e lec t ivene s s ,t h e d i s t r ibu t iona lc l u s t e ro fd a t e sf r om t h er e s ea r ch s i te si si nt h ef o rm o f al a rge s e r ie sw i th n uc le i f o rt h em o s tp a r tc en t ra l i sed i nt h eN o r the rn J u ra s s ic S i e r r a so f Ma l lo r ca ( F igu re 3 ) ;r a the rt h an am o re e ven ly d i s t r ibu ted p a t ter nm o re o pen ly s p r ead o ve rt h ei s land .I nt h ei n t e r im y ea r ss i nce 1 962 , h oweve r , t h e s u rvey h a s g eog raph ica l ly w idened i t s p e r spe c t ive , e s tab l i sh ing m a jo r d a t ing n uc le i f o ro t he rs i t e l o ca le s , b o th e l sewhe r eo n Ma l lo r ca ( e .g . S on F or ne s , G a su l l , P . , L u l l ,V .a nd S anahu ja ,C . 1 984 )a sw e l la so nt h es i s t e ri s land o f Meno r ca ( Fe rnandez -M i randa a nd Wa ld ren i np r epa r a t ion ) ;w he re a tp r e sen t o t he rr a d ioca rbon s e r ie sa r ei np rog r e s s( a l so s e e F igu re 3 ) .
5 1of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
H nd D e iä C onf er ence o fP r eh i s to ry: A r cha eo log i ca lT echn ique s ,T echno logy a nd T heor y
A si sd emon s t ra t ed b yt h et o ta lo f1 45 r e ad ing sc u r ren t ly a va i lab le f o rt h ed i f f e ren th o r izon so f t h eB a lea r ic c h ronome tr i cc u l tu ra ls equen ce ,t h er a d io ca rbon d o cumen ta t ion r e p r e sen t s as pan o f t h e l a s t8 000 y ea r s ( s ee T ab le 3 ) . T he r ema in ing 5 0 o rs or a d ioca rbon d a t e sa nd o t he rd a t ing r e su l t s a r e o u t s ide t h e l im i t s o f r e ca l ib ra t ion , d ea l ing w i th t h e e a r l ie r p e r iod s o f B a lea r ic p r eh i s to ry . Ap a r t ia ll i s t ing o ft h e se d a te sa r ei n c luded f o rr e f e rence a nd c on t inu i ty ( Tab le 6 ) . A s c an b e s e en f r om t h e s amp le l i s t ing s i nT ab le s 1 ,2 ,a nd 3 ,t h o se w i th in t h e l im i t s o f c a l ib ra t ion i n d iv idua l l i s t ing s f o rm i n d iv idua l , c l o se ly k n i t ted g roup s o f d a te s f a l l ing w e l l w i th in t h e r a nge o ft h e l a te s t Wa sh ing ton -Be lf a s tR ad ioca rbon R eca l ib ra t ion C urve ( S tu ive r a nd P ea r son 1 986 ) .W i th t h e se g roup so fd a te st h ef ul s t a t i s t ica le f f ec to fc a l ib r a ted d a t e si nt h e e a r l ie r a ge r a nge s c an b e g raph ica l ly d emon s t ra ted ( F igu re s 7 ) . T he re a r e. S t i l l o t he r l o ng l i s t ing s a va i lab le f o r t h e l a te a ge r a nge s n o t s hown h e re w he re t h e d i f f e rence s b e tween u nca l ib ra t ed a nd c a l ib ra t ed d a te sa r en o ts od r ama t ic a st h eo ne su s ed f o rd emon s t ra t ion . T he f i r s tl i s t ing o fd a t e s( Tab le 1 )i sm ade u po f as e r ie so f3 5d a t e so b ta ined f r om b o th b ra ck e t a nd s e r ie s d a t ing a sf o und i nt h eF e r randel -O leza C ha lco l i th i cO ld S e t t lemen ta nd t h en ea rby , c on tempo ra ry ,P reh i s to r ic S anc tua ry o fS on Ma s . I ti sb o th o ft h e se l o c it h a ta r e t h ep r inc ipa l s i te e xamp le s e xam ined e l sewhe re i nt h i s p ub l ica t ion . I nb o th t h e se s i te s , t h e u se o f b ra ck e t d a t ing h a sb een ac on t r ibu t ing f a c to ri ne s tab l i sh ing ac o l lec t ive s e r ie so fi n d iv idua l a na ly s i s r e su l t sf r om t h es i te s 'v a r iou sa nd f r equen t ly d i f f e ren te nv i ronmen ta lc ond i t ion s . C o l lec t ive ly , t h e i n d iv idua l b racke ts e s tab l i sh as e r ies d a t ing p a t tern o rf orma t , d emon s t ra t ing t h e s i te s ' d u ra t ion o fo ccupa t ion d u r ing t h e l o ca l P re ta layo t ic p e r iod a sc i r ca 2 080 b e t oc i r ca 1 230 b e ( c a l2 550 BC t o1 450 BC ) ; a sw e l la st h ee n su ing T a layo t ic a nd P o s tT a layo t ic p e r iod sc i r ca 1 230 b c t o 1 00 b c ( c a l 1 450 BC t o 1 00 BC ) . T hey h ave f o r t h e mo s t p a r t g iven u s c on s t ruc t ion d a t e sf o ri n d iv idua la r ch i t e c tu ra lf e a tu r e s ,e sp ec ia l ly w he r eb ra ck e t d a t ing w a su s ed i na t tempt ing t oe s tab l i sh c on s t ruc t ion d a te sf o rs p ec if i ca r ch i te c tu ra le l emen t s. I n t h e s e cond e xamp le l i s t ing i lu s t ra ted , o ne o f t h e t wo l a rge r i n ven to r ie s o f 4 2 r e ad ing s ( Tab le 2 )i lu s t ra te st h er a nge so fd a te sa va i lab le e xc lu s ive ly f o rt h el o ca lE a r ly S e t t lemen ta nd P re ta layo t ic P e r iod sa nd t h e i rv a r iou sp ha se s .T hey o r ig ina te m a in ly f r om f o u rs i te s ( s ee t a b le 4 ) w i th b o th c l osed a nd o pen e nv i ronmen t s a nd i n c lude c ave , r ock s he l te r a nd o pen -a i r s e t t lemen tl o c ia nd d emon s t ra te g ene ra lt h ed u ra t ion o ft h ep e r iod s :c i r ca 4 730 b et oc i r ca 120 b e ( c a l 5 589 BC t o1 357 BC ) . T he t h i rd l i s t ing ( Tab le 3 )c on s i s t so f as e cond s e quence o f4 2d a t e se xc lu s ive ly f r om t h e d e ep , v e r t i ca ls t ra t ig raphy o ft h eR o ck S he l te ro fS on Ma tge , Ma l lo r ca . I td emon s t ra t e s s e r i e sd a t ing i nt h e c onven t iona l s en se o fv e r t ica l d epo s i t ion , s how ing ac u l tu ra l s u cce s s ion o f2 3 s t ra ta s pann ing o ve r f i ve m i l lenn ia ,c i r ca 4 730 b e t o1 5b c ( c a l 589 BC t o2 0 BC ) , c ove r ing a l lo f t h eB a lea r ic c u l tu ra lp r eh i s to r ic p e r iod s . A l l i na l l , i nd iv idua l s e r ie s l i ke t h o se f ound i nt h e t a b le s ( 1 -3 ) a l ong w i th t h et o ta l i n ven to ry o f a pp rox ima te ly 1 45 d a te s a va i lab le f o r t h e f u l l r ange o f t h e c a l ib ra ted s ca le h ave m ade p o s s ib le t h eP en tapa r t i te D iv i s ion o fB a lea r ic P r eh i s tor y a sp r e sen ted i nF igu re 2 .H ow t h e c a l ib ra t ion o fc onven t iona lr e ad ing sh a sa l t e r ed t h eu n ca l ib ra ted v e r s ion o ft h i sf r amewo rk c an b es e en b yc ompa r ing t h et wo v e r s ion si lu s t ra ted ( F igu r e 2a nd 2 a ) . I ti sn o t my i n ten t ion t od i scu s s t oa ny g r ea te x ten t t h ed e ta i l s , o ra r gue t h e s hor t com ing s o r m e r i t s o ft h i s c h rono log ica l s c heme , o rf o rt h a tm a t te ra ny o ft h e o t he r sp re sen ted l o ca l ly i n t h i sp re sen tp ub l ica t ion ,o t he rt h an t or e f e rt ot h em i nt h em o s tc u r so ry m anne ra se xamp le so f w ha tt h ey a r e a nd t h e mo s t l i ke ly a r ea s w he re r e ca l ib ra t ion s hou ld a nd w i l l h ave i t s g r ea te s t b ea r ing i nt h e f u tu re . I tw ou ld t a ke c on s ide rab le s pace a nd t i me t od i scu s s t h e m e r i t s a nd s ho r t com ing s o ft h eo t he r ,o f ten q u i te d i f f e ren tc h rono log ica l f r amewo rk si nc i r cu la t ion . T h i s s o r to fd i scu s s ion n e ed st i me a nd s p a ce a nd i sb e s tc a r r ied o u ti n as e pa ra te p ape rt ob ep r epa red o nt h a ts pec if i cs ub jec ta t al a te rd a te .
5 2
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
W .H . Wa ld r en
H oweve r ,a s am a t te ro fc on t inu i ty s ome b r ie fr e f e r ence t ot h ec h rono log ica ln omenc la tu r ea nd s c heme s u s ed b yo t he rl o ca li n ve s t iga to r sa r ei lu s t ra ted a se xamp le ( F igu re 8 ) ,a nd t h ee f f ec t s o fr e ca l ib ra t ion o nc e r ta in a r ea so ft h e se f r amewo rk sa r ee xam ined b yw ay o fi lu s t ra t ion t ot h e q ue s t ion o fr e ca l ib ra t ion o fd a t e s . A tt h es ame t ime , af ew b r ie fc ommen t sa r ea l so m ade o n t h e g ene ra l a tmo sphe re o f l o ca l t h ink ing c once rn ing c h rono log ica l a nd a r chaeo log ica l n omenc la tu re i ng ene ra l .F o rt h e t i me b e ing ,i tw il b ee nough t op o in to u t ,f o rt h o se c a r ing t o f u r the r t h e i r i n te re s t i nt h e h i s to r ica l b ackg round t ot h e r e sea r ch a nd d e ta i l s o ft h e d i f f e ren t c h rono log ica ls c heme si ne x i s tence ,t h a tt h e re w i l lb ea mp le r e ad ing i nt h er e f e rence ss ugge s t ed i n t he f i na l s e c t ion o f t h i s p ape r . T hese s hou ld e qu ip c u r iou s r e ade r s w i th a s ub s tan t ia l b ackg round a nd c on s ide rab ly mo re d e ta i l t h an i n c luded h e re t ot h e v a r iou s h ypo the se s a nd c h rono log i ca ls cheme sc u r ren t ly i nc i r cu la t ion . T ob e s te mpha s i se t h el e ve lo ft h ed i sc repanc ie sa nd t h ei mpo r tance o ft h o se d i f f e r ence sw i th in ad e ta i led d i v is iona l f r amewo rk , t wo v e r s ion s o f t h e a u tho r ' s s cheme a r e i lu s t ra ted f o r c ompa ra t ive p u rpo se s ( F igu re s 2a nd 2 a ) . I ts hou ld a l so b e u nde r s tood t h a t t h e f r amewo rk s i lu s t ra ted h e re s upe r ced ea l l o t he r sp r io r ly p ub l i shed . C hange sc an b ee xpec t ed f r om t i me t o t i me i nt h i ss c hema t ic f r amewo rk a si mpo r tan ti n f o rma t ion a nd d a ta g r ow sa nd i n d ica te s an eed f o rc hange . I ns ho r t , s uch as chema t ic f r amewo rk r e p re s en t s aw o rk ing h ypo the s i s ,n o tu n l ike ag row ing r ad ioca rbon m a s te rl i s t ing i t s e l f( Wa ld ren 1 986 ) ;w he re f r equen t ,n ew d a ta g i ve s am o re d e ta i led a nd b roade r p e r spec t ive . I nt h e a u tho r ' s t h ink ing , n o f r amewo rk o rc h rono log ica l s t ruc tu re s hou ld e ve r b e i nf l ex ib le o r r e ckoned p e rmanen t ; af a u l t t o o o f ten o ccu r r ing i nt h e p a s t . A l though ,t h el a ck o f as t eady f l ow o fi n -com ing d a ta h e ld a t am in imum f r om a r chaeo log ica l i n ac t iv i ty w ou ld n o to c ca s ion f r equen tc hange si nm any l o ca ls c heme s . Whe r et h e re h a sb een a s t eady f l ow o fn ew d a ta o n ay ea rt oy ea rb a s i sa si nt h eB a lea r ic s ,f r equen tc hange ss hou ld b e e xpec ted a nd c on s ide red an o rm .I ti sam a t te ro fk eep ing u pw i th t h el i t e ra tu re . O ne o f t h e t wo s chema t ics ( F igu re 2 a ) i st h e a u tho r ' s 1 988 f r amewo rk v e r s ion u s ing u nca l ib ra ted r ad io ca rbon d a te s . T he o t he r ( F igu re 2 )i st h e s ame f r amewo rk i l u s t ra ted w i th c a l ib ra ted d a te sf o r 1 990 . A sc an b es e en i ti st h e m i les tone e ven t s , a l l o fw h ich f a l l w i th in t h er e ca l ib ra t ion p a r ame t e r s ,s u ch a s( 1 ) t h e s ugge s ted d a te s f o r t h e i n i t ia l c o lon i sa t ion o ft h e i s land s , c i rca 4 730 b c : c a l 5 600 BC , ( 2 ) t h e e x t inc t ion a nd i n t roduc t ion o f i n d igenou s a nd d ome s t ica t ea n ima l sa nd p o t te ry t e chno logy ,c i r ca 3 000 b c : c a l 3 900 BC ,( 3 ) t h e i n t roduc t ion a nd e s tab l i shmen to fo pen -a i rs e t t lemen t sa nd s anc tua r ie s ,c i rca 2 100 b e : c a l2 500 BC ,( 4 ) t h e i n t roduc t ion d a te sf o rm e ta lw o rk ing a nd o t he rt e chno logy ,c i r ca 2 000 b e :c a l2 500 BC t h a ta r e mo s te f e c ted b yc a l ib r a t ed r a d ioca rbon d a t e so nd i v i s iona lp r eh i s to r ic f r amewo rk sl i ke t h eo ne s s hown h e r e ; w he r ec a l ib r a t ed a nd u ncal ib ra ted v e r s ion sc an b ec ompa r ed . D e sp i te t h ea ppa ren tc l ea r -cu ta nd o t he rw i se c ompa r tmen ta l i sed ,d e ta i led a ppea rance o ft h et wo v e r s ion s o f t h e a u tho r ' s c h ronome t r ic f r amewo rk s hown , i ti st h e l o nger a nd l a ter r anged p a rame te r s a nd i n te r f a ce s o fs ome o ft h e e a r l ie s t a nd l a te p e r iod s a nd t h e i rp ha s ic d i v i s ions ( Tab le s 1 3 ) w h ich w i l l b e mo s t e f f e c ted b y r e ca l ib ra t ion , a nd n o t t h e l o nge r r anged o ne s o u t s ide t h er e ca l ib ra t ion l i m i to f8 000 y ea r s .T he se d i f f e rence si nt h ee a r l ie s ta nd l a te p e r iod s w i th in t h er a nge o fr e ca l ib ra t ion c an b es e en b yc ompa r ing t h ed i f f e r ence sb e tween u nca l ib ra t ed a nd c a l ib ra ted d a te sl i s t ing s .T hey a r ea l so d emon s t ra ted g r aph i ca l ly i nc ha r tf o rm b yt h er a nge o fc u l tu ra ld a te sf r om t wo o ft h el i s t ing s( F igu re 7 ) . A tt h es ame t i me ,c a l ib ra ted d a te st o as i gn if i can td eg ree e qualy e f f e c tt h ev a r iou sr e la t ion sh ip w i th t h em ed ia la nd s h or t r a nged p a rame te r sa nd i n te r f a ce s( B ronze a nd I r on A ge ) .T h i sg ene ra l e f f ec t c an b e s e en i nt h e c ompa r i sons m ade a nd i sa pp l icab le n o t o n ly f o r t h e d e ta i led f r amewo rk i l u s t ra ted ,w h ich i sp e rhap s mo re d e ta i led t h an mo s to t he r si nu se ,b e ing b a sed a si t i so n o ve r 1 45 a b so lu te r e ad ing s , b u tw il f a l l t r ue f o r a l l t h e a l ready e x i s t ing c h rono log ica l
5 3
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l I nd D e iä C onf er ence o fP r eh i s to ry: A r chaeo log i ca lT echn ique s ,T echno logy a nd T heo ry
s cheme s , n o m a t te r h ow d e ta i led o rl i t t led d e ta i led t h ey a r e a tp re sen t . B e s ide s mo s to ft h e c h rono log ica ls c heme sp u tf o r th s of a rh ave u t i l i sed t os ome d eg ree r a d ioca rbon d a te sa va i lab le o ve rt h el a s t2 8y ea r s . H ence ,t h ey c anno th e lp b u tb es i gn if i can t ly e f f ec ted b yr e ca l ib ra t ion o f r ad io ca rbon d a t e sa l lt h ew ay d own t h el i ne . A l though t h eB a le a r ic r ad io c a rbon d a te sa st h ey h ave b een p ub l i shed s of a ri nu nca l ibr a ted f o rm h ave b een mo re o rl e s sg ene ra l ly a ccep ted a b road , ag r ea td ea lo fl o ca lc on trove r sy s t i l le x i s t s c once rn ing w ha t h a s b een p rope r c h rono log ica l n omenc la tu re f o r s ome o ft h e p e r iod s ( e .g . Wa ld ren 1 986 ; T opp 1 986 ) . H ence , i nt h e l i gh to fs u ch c on t en t ion , g ene ra l ly d a te s d e r ived f r om r e ca l ib r a t ion c an w e l lb ep r ed i c ted t oc au se a dd i t iona ll o c a li n qu ie tud e . P re sen ted e ven u nde r t h e mo s t f a vou rab le c ond i t ion s t h e r e ca l ib ra t ion s , e spec ia l ly o ft h e m agn i tude s hown i nt h el i s t ing sc an b ee xpe c ted t od i s tu rb t h es t a tu sq uo o fq u i te af ew l o ca l h ypo the se s , i np a r t icu la r t h o se u nca l ib ra ted r ad ioca rbon d a t e s c i r ca 2 000 b e t o 1 300 b e . I n s ho r t ,w h i le w o r ld s c a le r e ca l ib ra t ion c an b ee xpe c t ed t oh ave as t rong i mpa c to n q ue s t ion so f c h rono logy e ve rywhe re , t h e s ub je c t o fr e ca l ib ra t ion o f B a lea r ic d a te s , If e a r , w i l l b e come p a r t icu la r ly c on ten tuou s .C oup led w i th s t rong l o ca lt e ndenc ie st owa rd i n su la rt h ink ing t ob eg in w i th r e ga rd ing p o s s ib le i nf luence so ro r ig in si nB a lea r ic p reh i s to ry i t se lf ,a l ong w i th an a tu ra l p enchan t f o r c on s ide r ing l o ca l p r eh i s to r ic e ven t s a s i s o la t ed p henomena o f i ndependen t i n ven t ion ,a l lo fw h i ch h a st r an sp i r ed o n ap r iva te g round s ot os p eak ,t h es ub jec to fc al ib r a t ed d a te s c an b e e xpec ted t ob ep re sen ti nt h e l o ca l l i t e ra tu re f o rs ome t i me t oc ome , o r e ven i n s ome c a se st ob eu nw i se ly a nd u n sc ien t if i ca l ly c omp le t e ly i g no red . U nde r t h e c i r cum s tances , i tb ecome s a ma t te r o f b e s t r e ga rd ing t h e se l o ca l p rob lems p h i lo soph ica l ly i na ccep t ing t h e i n ev i tab i l i ty o fr ad io ca rbon r e ca l ib ra t ion a nd i t s e ven tua l u n ive r sa la pp l ica t ion . .and t ol i ve w i th i t . T of o rm am o re d e ta i led i d ea o ft h eg ene ra lc h rono log i ca la r ea st h a tw i l lb e mo s te f ec t ed ,w e n eed o n ly c ompa re t h e c a l ib ra ted v e r s ions f o r t h e l o ca l P re ta layo t ic P e r iod a l ong s ide t h e c onven t iona l r ad io ca rbon r e ad ings f o r a ny g i ven p e r iod t ob e come a wa re o f t h e d eg r ee o f d i f f e r ence b e tween r ad ioca rbon y ea r sa nd c a lenda ry ea r s .T h i si se spe c ia l ly s o ,f o re xamp le ,i n t h ee a r l ie rr a nge so ft h eP re ta layo t ic p e r iod ,a sp o in ted o u tb r ie f ly a bove ,w he re t h ed i f f e r ence s a r e c on s ide rab le ; i ns ome c a se s u p t o5 00 y ea r s o r mo re . W i th t h i s e xamp le i n d eg r ee o f d i f f e rence ,u nde ra ny c i r cums tance s ,s e r iou sa l te ra t ion si nc h rono log ica lt h ink ing w i l l h ave t o t a ke p l ace a nd a d ju s tmen t s m ade i n t h e c ons t ruc t ion o f f u tu re s cheme s o r o the r f o rm o f a r cha eo log ica li n t e rp r e ta t ion . T he p a i red u nca l ib ra ted r ad io ca rbon a nd c a lenda r y ea r l i s t ing s s hown h e re ( Tab le s 1 3 ) a r e o f f e red a s i mmed ia te ly i n te r e s t ing e xamp le s i np a r t icu la ro ft h e t empo ra l d i f f e rence s f o und w i th in t h ee a rl ie rp a r to ft h eB a lea r ic c u l tu ra ls e quen ce . Wh i le t h ey a r es e le c ted d a te s ,p a r to fa f u l le ra nd m o re e x t en s ive i n ven to ry a nd r e ca l ib ra t ion o fa l le x i s t ing d a te s , t h ey b e s ti lu s t r a t e t h e m agn i tude o fc hange s b rough t a bou tb y c a l ib ra t ion o fc onven t iona l 1 4Cr e ad ing s , a l ong w i th d emon s t ra t ing t h ea r ea s w he re s e r iou sc hange i nt h ink ing i sm o s tl i ke ly t ob e i nvo lved . A sw e l la ss e t t ing t h emse lve s u pa s ab a s i s f o rg ene ra l l o ca lr e f e rence , t h ey a l so d emon s t ra te a nd o f f e ri nh a rd t e rm st h ec h ronome t r i cr ange s a nd d i f f e r ence s t ob ee xp ec ted w hen c ompa r ed t oo t he rs u ch l i s t ing sf r om t h ec on t inen ta lm a in land . I ns ho r t ,t h ei mp l i ca t ion sa r es u ch t h a tt h e se a na ly t ica lr e su l t sv i ewed a s aw ho le ,c a l ib ra t ed o r u ncal ib ra ted ,a r en o to n ly u se fu l i ns ugge s t ing t h eb roade ro r ig in a nd d a te o fp r eh i s to r ic l o ca l e ven t s i nt h e B a lea r ic I s land s , d e l inea t ing a nd d e f in ing t h ea c tua l c h ronome t r ic s equence i n w h ich t h e se t o ok p l a ce , a nd p e rhaps mo re s pe c i f ica l ly e ven r e so lv ing s e r iou s c on t rove r s ia l c u l tu ra l i s sue s , l i ke t h e a r r iva l o r i n t roduc t ion o fc e r ta in c u l tu r a l i n f luence s a s w e l l a s t h e i n t roduc t ion o fv a r iou sk i nd so ft e chno logy ,b u tt h ey c an mo re i mpo r tan t ly s e rve ,p o s s ib ly ,a s ag u idel ine t os im i la rp rob lem so fi n te rp re ta t ion i na d ja cen tm a in land a r ea sa sw e l l .
5 4
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
W .H . Wa ld r en
MORE CONCERN ING THE VAR IOUS S URVEYS
A l though t h e r ea r ev e ry l a rge s t a t i s t ica ld i sc r epan c ie si nt h e r a d io ca rbon d a te so u t s ide t h er a nge o fc a l ib ra t ion , t h e e x i s t ing r e ad ing s ( Tab le 6 )( a bou tw h ich m o re i ss a id b e low ) a r e i n c luded h e re t o e xemp l ify t h e l o ca l P re se t t lemen t P e r iod a s p a r t o f t h e B a lea r ic c h ronome t r ic c on t inu i ty . H oweve r , i ti st h e c on tex t s o ft h e E a r ly S e t t lemen t a nd t h e P re ta layo t ic P e r iod , s ynonymou s u n t i l r e cen t ly w i th t h e C u l ture o f t h e C aves ( Co lom ina s R oca 1 915 ) a nd c ompa rab le t ot h eE u ropean U ppe rN eo l i th ic ,C ha lco l i th ic a nd I n i t ia lB ronze A ge w i th w h ich w ea r e mo s tc oncer ned a tp r e sen t . F o rt h eB a lea r i cs ,t h e r ea r e4 2u nca l ib ra t ed d a te sf o rt h ef u l lr a nge o ft h eE a r ly S e t t lemen ta nd P r e ta layo t ic P e r iod s c omb ined w i th 3 8o ft h er e ad ing s f o rt h eP re ta layo ic P e r iod o n i t s o wn . A s w e c an s e e f r om t h e t wo d e ta i led c h rono log ica l s cheme s ( F igu re 2a nd 2 a ) , i th a s b een p o s s ib le t od i s t ingu i sh an umbe r o fe ven t s a nd m i les tones w i th t h e f r amewo rk w i th s ome c e r t i tude ,e spe c ia l ly w i th in t h ee a r l yp ha s er ange s .F o re xamp le ( a ) t h ei n t roduc t ion o fp o t te ry t e chno logy , ( b ) t h e i n t roduc t ion o fd ome s t ica ted a n ima l s pe c ie s , b o th f o rme r ly i n d ica ted a s c i r ca 3 000 b c : c a l3 675 BC a nd ( c ) t h e e x t inc t ion o ft h e m a jo re ndem ic m amma l , Myo t ragu s b a lear icus d a ted c i rca 2 300 b e : c a l .2 735 BC ,a l l w i th in t h e NECP o ft h eP re ta layo t ic . O the r e xamp le s o f p a r t icu la r m i le s tone s a nd t h e c hange s i n d ica ted b y r e ca l ib ra t ion a r e ( d ) t h e a ppea rance o ft h ef i r s tB e ake ri nf luence sa nd o pen -a i rs e t t lemen ta nd ( e ) i n t roduc t ion o fm e ta l w o rk ing t e chno logy d a t ed c i r ca 2 000 b c : c a l . 2 548 BC , w i th in t h e E BP a nd ( f ) u se o ft i n b r onze d u r ing t h e LBP , c i rca 1 700 b e c a l . 2 040 BC . T he c a l ib ra ted d a te s l i s ted a nd t h e d i f f e rence sw i l lc e r ta in ly r e qu i re c on s ide rab le g e t t ing u se t oa sw el s ome r e th ink ing ;e spec ia l ly w i th d i f f e rence sr a ng ing a st h ey d of r om 6 75 y ea r si nt h el owe rd a te st o3 40 y ea r si nt h eu ppe r o ne s . T he f i r s t s equen t ia l o rde r o f d a te s c an b e s e en i nt h e e xamp le s hown ( Tab le 2 ) , w he re 3 5 r a d ioca rbon d a t e sa r ea va i lab le f r om t h eF e r randel -O le za -Ma sP r eh i s to r ic S e t t lemen tC omp lex . T h i sl i s t ing o r ig ina t e sf r om a na r ch i tec tu ra la nd o pen -a i re nv i ronment H e r e ,r a d ioca rbon d a t ing h a sb een n o to n ly u s ed t od a te t h ed u r a t ion o fo ccupa t ion o ft h es e t t lemen t , .bu tt h rough t h eu s e o fb racke td a t ing ( F igu re 4 )a na t t emp th a sb e en m ade e qua l ly t od a te t h ev a r iou sa r ch i t e c tu ra l e l emen t s a nd b u i ld ing s e quence i t se l f . C on s ide rab le d i f f e r ence s c an b e s e en h e re b e tween u nca l ib ra ted a nd c a l ib r a ted d a t e s ,e sp ec ia l ly o nce a ga in i nt h ee a r l ie s tr a nge s .F o re xamp le ,a n a pp rox ima te 9 00 y ea r d u ra t ion i ss ugge s ted b y t h e u nca l ib ra ted d a te s f o r t h e C omp lex ' s O ld S e t t lemen t ( Cha lco l i th ic a nd I n i t ia l B ronze A ge ) : 2 080 b c f o r t h e i n t i t ia l o ccupa t ion w i th i n t e rmed ia ry d a t e sc ove r ing t h ep e r iod u n t i l t h eO ld S e t t lemen t ' sa bandonmen tc i rca 130 b c . C a l ib ra t ion o ft h o se d a t e s s ugge s t amuch l o nge rd u ra t ion o fo ccupa t ion o f2 540 BC t o1 360 B C , a pp rox ima te ly 1 200 y ea r s . A s w i l lb e n o ted , t h e re i s much l e s s d i sc repancy i nt h e l a t e r r a nge s ,w he r eo n ly 5 0t o1 00 y ea r ss e pa ra te u nca l ib ra t ed f r om c a l ib r a ted r e ad ing s . T he s e cond s e quen t ia lo r de ro fd a t e so r ig ina te f r om n i ne d if e ren ts i t e sa l lw i th l a rge ly d i f f e r en t e nv i ronmen t s a nd w i th t h e i n c lu s ion o f af ew s i te s w i th o n ly o ne o rt wo d a te s ; h oweve r , a l l c ove r ing t h e P r e ta layo t ic P e r iod f r om 4 730 b e t o 120 b e : c a l 5 589 BC t o 1 357 BC . T hey r e p re sen t t h ev a r iou sp ha se so ft h eP re ta layo t ic P e r iod , f o rm ing t h e n uc leu so ft h e s c hema t ic f r amewo rk si l u s t ra t ed ( F igu re 2a nd 2 a )f o rt h e se r a nge s . T he t h i rd s e quence o fd a te so r ig ina t ef r om t h ed eep ,v e r t i ca ls t ra t ig r aphy a nd c l os ed e nv i ronmen t o ft h eR o ck S he l t e ro fS on Ma tge ( F igu r e6 ) . H e re ,a no ccupa t ion a nd u se o ft h es i t e s ugge s t s ar ange o fa pp rox ima t e ly 4 700 y ea r s ,i nu nca l ib ra ted t e rms 4 730 b et o1 5b e : c a li n ac l a s s ica l v e r t ica l s t ra t ig raphy f r om 5 589 BC t o2 0 BC . I ne s sence , o n i t s o wn , i tc ove r s t h e e n t i re c u l tu ra l s equence f o r t h e B a lea r ics a nd g i ve s s o l id p a rame t e r s f o r t h e s equence a nd f u r the r s ub s tan t ia t ion f o rt h ep ropo sed p en tapa r t i te f r amewo rk i l u s t ra s ted i nF igu re s 2a nd 2 a . I ta l so
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l i nd D e id C onf er en ce o fP r eh i s to r y: A r chaeo log i ca lT echn ique s ,T echno logy a nd T heory
a c t sa s ay a rd s t ick f o rt h ee r oded ,o pen -a i rs t ra t ig raph ic e nv i ronmen t se xam ined h e re ,a sw e l la s t h o se e l sewhe re l o ca l ly . T he l a s ts equen ce ( Tab le 6 )o r ig ina t e sf r om t h eC ave o f Mu le ta a nd r e p r e sen t sr ad ioca rbon d a t e s w e l lo u t s ide c onven t iona lr a nge o ft h em e thod .A sm en t ioned a bove ,t h ey a r ei n c lud ed h e re f o r c on t inu i ty a nd r e f e rence . O the r t i gh t s equence s o fr ad ioca rbon d a te s e x i s t f o r t h e T a layo t ic P e r iod ( Bronze A ge ) ( 20 r e ad ing s ) , 100 b e t o8 00 b e : c a l 1 350 BC t o 1 000 BC , a sw e l l a st h e P o s t T a layo t ic ( I ron A ge )( 7 9r ad io ca rbon d a te s ) 8 00 b et o1 23 BC : c a l 1 000 BC t o1 23 BC ,w i th l a te d a t el i s t ing s u pt o3 00 AD ( Wa ld ren 1 990 i np r epa ra t ion ) .T he se a r en o ti n c luded -a sm en t ioned -f o rr e a son s o ft i me a nd s pace . C ONCLUS ION S Q u i te a pa r tf r om f i l l ing i nd e ta i l sc once rn ing t h ee co log ica la nd c u l tu ra ls equence ,t h em e thod a nd t h e s t ra teg ie su sed h ave o t he ra r chaeo log ica li n te re s t s( a l though t h ef o rme rh ave b een t h e m a in o b jec t ive ) . I nt h e i rb roade ra pp l ica t ion , t h ey c an b e l o oked a ti nt h e l i gh t o f ap rov ing g round o f s o r t s f o r t h e r ad ioca rbon m e thod a nd c a l ib ra t ion i t se lf . F o r a s p o in ted o u t b y A lmag ro Go rbea ( 1978 ) a nd F e rnändez -M i randa ( 1974 ) , t h e re a r e n o t many a r ea s w he re r a d ioca rbon d a t ing h a sb een mo r es u cce s s fu l ly u sed a s ad a t ing t o o lt h an i nt h eB a lea r ic I s land s . A s d i scu s sed e a r l ie r , a mong t h ei n conven ience s o fc a l ib ra t ion w i l l b e t h e w ay i nw h i ch i ti s b ound t oe f fe c t t h e v a r iou s l o ca l s cheme s p re sen t ly i nc i r cu la t ion . T h is c an b e s e en mo s t d r ama t icaly i nt h el i s t ing sa nd t h ed e ta i led c h rono log i ca ls c heme p ropo sed b yt h ea u tho r .I na l l e ven t s ,c hange si na l t h ee x i s t ing c h rono log ie sa r ei n ev i tab le , f o rt h es imp le r ea son t h a td a ta h a sb een a c cumu la t ing a ta na c ce le ra ted r a t eo ve rt h el a s tt wen ty f i ve y ea r s ,a nd t h eo n ly c ou r se f o rwa rd i st h eu t il i sa t ion o ft h ee x i s t ing d a ta ;o t he rw i se w ew i l lh ave t or e tu rn t ot h eu s eo fa r e la t ive c h rono logy ; as t a t eo fa f f a i r st h a tw ou ld p u tB a lea r ic c h rono logy b a ck w he r ei tw a sa t t h et u rn o ft h ec en tu ry a nd ag ood 1 00 y ea r sb eh ind t h er e s to fE u ropean a r chaeo logy . N eve r the le s s i ti sl o g ica l t oa s sume t h a t h e re i nt h e B a lea r i cs - a s e l sewhe re - at r an s i t iona l p e r iod o fm en ta la d ju s tmen tw il b en ece s sa ry r e ga rd ing r e ca l ib ra t ion ; ap e r iod o fg e t t ing u sed t o a ndwork ing w i th t h en ew d imen s ion st h a tc a l ib ra t ed d a te sa ta ch t oa l lt h el o ca lp r eh i s to r ic d i v i s ion s a nd s ubd iv i s ion s . Meanwh i le , w e s imp ly h ave t ol i ve w i th t h ef a c tt h a tc a l ib ra t ion i sn o t am a t te r o f a r chaeo log ica l f a sh ion o r s ome th ing t h a t w i l l g o a way i fw e w a i t l o ng e nough , b u t t h a t i ti sh e re t os t ay a nd c an b e e xpec ted t ot a ke as e r iou s t ol o n t h e e x i s t ing o rde ro ft h ing s . I ft h e re i sa ny o ne c on t r ibu t ion t h e r ad ioca rbon l i s t ing s p ub l i shed h e re h ave made t ot h e B a lea r ic p r eh i s to r ic s equence , a pa r t f r om t h e p ropo sed s chema t ic f r amewo rk o f f e r ed a s a w o rk ing h ypo the s i s , i ti s ad emon s t ra t ion o ft empo ra l c on t inu i ty . T h i s t empo ra l c on t inu i ty s how s at i gh t ly k n i t ted t i me s equence w h ich a ppea r s t oe me rge t h roughou t t h e e n t i r e l o ca l p r eh i s to r ic l a nd s cape . I nt h i sr e sp ec t ,i ti ns ome w ay sm ake st h ec onven t iona lu se o fl o ca l i s ed n omenc la tu re f o r t h e v a r iou s c h rono log ica l p e r iod s s omewha t a r b i t ra ry . A f te r a l l , t h e m o re d e l inea t ing f e a tu re sa r et h ed i s t inc t ive l a ndma rk so ft h ev a r iou sp e r iod sa nd e v idence s uppo r t ing t h eo ccu r rence o fi mpo r tan tt empo ra le ven t s , f o re xamp le : t h ee co log ica le nv i ronmen tb e fo re m an , t h e f i r s t a r r iva l o fm an , t h e e x t inc t ion o fe ndem ic s pec ie s a nd t h e i n t roduc t ion o fn ew , d ome s t ica ted s pe c ie s a nd a g r icu l tu ra l p rac t ice s s uch a s l a nd a nd a n ima l m anagemen t , t h e i n t roduc t ion a nd d eve lopmen t o f t e chno log ie s s uch a s m e ta l w o rk ing a nd c e ram ics a nd o f c ou r se ,e v idence o fd emog raph ic movemen ta nd c u l tu ra lc hange a nd e xchange t h roughou tt i me e t c . T he d ef in i t ion a nd i n te rp re ta t ion o f w h ich i n t h e f i na l a na lys i s a r e t h e p u rpo se s o f a r chaeo log ica lr e sea r ch . . and t h er e su l to fi n d iv idua li n te rp r e ta t ion .
5 6 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
W .H . Wa ld r en
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My d e epe s ta pp r ec ia t ion i se x tended t oD rM inze S tu ive r ,C h rono log ica lL abo ra to ry Q ua t er na ry R e sea rch C en te r , Un ive r s i ty o f Wa sh ing ton a t S ea t t le , Wa sh ing ton f o r t h e m a jo r i ty o f r a d ioca rbon d a te su sed i nt h i st h es u rvey sa sw e l la st h eu se o ft h ec ompu te rp rog ramme f o rt h e r e ca l ib ra t ions . A pp rec ia t ion mus t b e e x tended t oi n c lude D r Ma rk v an S t rydonck o f t h e K on ink l i jk I n s t i tuu tv oo rh e tK uns tpa t r imon ium , B ru s se l s , B e lg ium f o rt h el a te s tl o ng s e r ie s o fr ad ioca rbon d a te s . F u r the rt h ank s a r eg i ven t oD rG e ra ld B ru sh , D epa r tmen to fB io log ica l A n th ropo logy , U n ive r s i ty o f O x fo rd , O x fo rd f o r u s ing t h e c a l ib ra t ion p rog ramme a nd t h e c ompu te r i se p r in to u t so ft h ei n d iv idua ld a t e s .
5 7 of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
B IBL IOGRAPHY A lmag ro G o rbe a , M . 1 978 , C 14 yP reh i s to r ia d e l aP en in su la I b 6 r ica , S er ia U n ivers i tar ia , F unda c iön Ma r ch , Mad r id . B at h , J .L . a nd S ch roede r , R .A . 1 973 , G la c ia l -Po s tg la c ia l T empe ra tu re D if f e rence s D educed f r om A spa r t ic A c id R a cem i sa t ion i nF o s s i l B one s , S c ience 2 ,N ovembe r , V o l . 1 82 , p p . 4 79 -482 . B a il ie ,M .G .L . a nd P i lche r , J .R . 1 983 , A r chaeo logy D end roch rono logy a nd t h eR ad ioca rbon C a l ib ra t ion C u rve , e d i to r , B .S . O t taway , U n ivers i ty o f E d inburgh , O cca s iona lP ape rN o .9 ,E d inbu rgh ,p p .5 1 -63 . B u r le igh ,R .a nd C lu t ton -B rock ,J .1 98 0 ,T he S u rv iva lo f Myo t ragu sb a lea r icu sB a te , 1 909 i n t h e N eo l i th ic o f Ma l lo r ca ,J ou rna l o fA rchaeo log ica l S c i ences 7 ,p p . 2 85 2 88 . C la rk , R .M . ,1975 , AC a l ib ra t ion C u rve f o r R ad ioca rbon D a te s , A n t iqu i ty XL IX , p p . 2 512 56 . C o lom ina s ,R oca ,J .1 915 . ' S ob re L 'Edad d e B ronce aMa l lo r ca ,A nuar i d e l ' In s t i tu t d 'E s tud i s C a ta lan s5 ,B a r ce lona . D amon , P .E . , L ong , A . a nd Wa l l ick E . I . , 1 972 , D end roch rono log ica l C a l ib ra t ion o f t h e R ad ioca rbon T ime S ca le , P roceed ings o f t h e 8 th I n t ' l C onf erence o n R ad iocarbon Da t ing ,L owe rH u t tC i ty ,I ,p p .45 -59 . F e rnandez G omez , J . , P l an ta lamo r Ma s sane t , L . a nd T opp , C . 1 974 , ' E xcavac ione s e n e l S epu lco r Mega l i t ico d e C aN a C o s ta . F o rmen t e ra , E s tud ios d e P reh i s tor ia B a l ea r 1 , P a lma d e Ma l lo r ca . . F e rnandez , J . , P lan ta lamo r Ma s sane t , L . a nd T opp , C . , 1 976 , E xcavac ione s e n e lS epu lco r Mega l i t ico d e C a N a C o s ta , S epa ra ta d e Mayudga , 1 5 , E s tud ios d e P r eh i s tor ia B a lea r , M in i s te r io rd eE duca c iön yC ienc ia ,P a lma d e Ma l lo r ca , p p . 1 09 -138 . F er nandez G omez , J .a nd T opp , C . 1 984 , P reh i s to r ic A c t iv i ty i nt h eP i t iu s sae I s land s , T he D eya C onfe rence o f P reh is to ry .Ea r ly S e t t lemen t i n t h e Wes te rn Med i t e r ranean I s land sa nd t h e i rP e r iphe r a lA rea s , B AR I n terna t iona l S er ies , O xfo rd , v o l . i i ,p p .763 -783 . F e rnandez -M i randa , M . 1 979 , S ecuenc ia C u l tu ra l d e l aP reh i s to r ia d e Ma l lo r ca , B ib l io teca P r eh i s to r ica H i spana , Mad r id . F e rnand ez -M i randa ,M .a nd Wa ld ren ,W .H . , 1 974 ,E lA b r igo d eS on Ma tge ,( Va l ldemo sa ) yl a P e r iod iza c i6n d el aP r eh i s to r ia Ma l lo rqu ina Med ian te l a sA nä la s i sd eC a rbon 1 4 ,T raba jo sd eP r eh i s tor ia 3 1 . Mad r id ,p p .2 87 -304 . F ernandez -M i randa , M . a nd Wa ld ren , W .H . , 1 979 , P e r iod if icac i6n C u l tu ra l yC rono l6g ia A b so lu ta e nl aP reh i s to r ia d e Ma l lo r ca ,T raba jos d eP r eh i s tor ia 3 6 , Mad r id , p p . 3 49 -377 .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l I nd D e iä C onf er ence o fP r eh i s to ry: A r cha eo log i ca lT echn ique s ,T echno logy a nd T heor y
G a su l l ,P . ,L u l l ,V . a nd S anahu ja ,C . 1 984 , S on F o rne sI ,l aF a se T a layö t ica ,E n sayo d e r e con s t ruc c i6n S o c io -Econom i ca d eu na C omun idad P r eh i s tö r ica d el aI s la d e Ma l lo r ca ,B AR .I n t erna t iona lS e r ie s2 09 ,O x fo rd . . G a su l l ,P . , 1 985 . A rqueo log ia ,E nc ic loped ia E spa i ia -Ca lpe ,S up lemen to 1 983 -1984 ,p p .5 1 6 8 G o t t e s f e ld , M . , Ma r t in ,P . a nd Wa ld ren ,W .H . 1 968 , F o s s i lP o l len C oun t s f r om t h eC ave o f Mu le ta , Ma l lo r ca , DAMARC S e r i es 5 ,D eya d e Malo r ca ,B a lea re s , S pa in . I vanov ich , M . 1 982 . S pect ro scop ic Me thod s , i n M . I vanov ich a nd R .S . Ha rmon ( e d s . ) U ran ium S e r ie s D i sequ i lb r ium A ppl i ca t ion s t oE nv i ronmen ta l P rob lem s i n t h eE a r th S c ience s , Ox f o rd U n iv er s i t yP r e s s ,O xfo rd ,p p . 1 07 -144 . Mo ra le s , A . 1 979 , C 14 yP reh i s to r ia d e l aP en in su la I b e r ica , S er ia U n iv er s i tar ia , Mad r id ,p p . 6 5 -6 . P e r ico t ,G a rc ia ,L . 1 973 , T he B a lea r ic I s land s ,T hame sa nd H ud son ,L ondon . R a lph , E .K . a nd M ichae l , U .N . , 1 970 , MASCA R ad io ca rbon D a te s f o r S equo ia a nd B r i s t le cone P i ne S amp le s ,R ad ioca rbon V a r ia t ion sa nd A b so lu te C hrono logy ( I .U . O la son ,E d . ) ,p p . 1 00 -138 . R enf rew ,C . , 1 973 , B e fo re C iv i l isa t ion : t h eR ad io ca rbon R evo lu t ion a nd P reh is to r ic E u rope , J ona than C ap e ,L ondon . R enf rew , C . a nd C la rk , R .M . , 1 974 , P rob lems o f t h e R ad ioca rbon C a lenda r a nd I t s C a l ib ra t ion ,A rchaeome t ry 1 6 ,p p . 5 18 . R o sse l lo B o rdoy , G . , K oppe r , J . S . a nd Wa ld ren , W .H . 1 967 , C omp le jo No rde d e S on F igue ra ld eS on R ea l ,S an ta Ma rga r i ta , Ma l lo r ca . XC ong r e so I n ternac iona le d eA rqueo log ia , Mahon yS a rago sa ,p p .8 3 -85 . R o s se l lo B o rdoy , G . , 1 973 , L aC u l tu ra T a layo t ica e n Ma l lo r ca : B a se s p a ra e lE s tud io d es u s F a se sI n ic ia le s .C a ja d eA ho r ros yMon t ed eP i edad d el a sB a l ea r es , P a lma d e Ma l lo r ca . R o sse l lo B o rdoy , G . a nd Wa ld ren , W .H . 1 973 ,E xcava c ione se n e lA b r igo d e. n B o sque d eS on Ma tge ,V a l ld emo sa , N .A .H .P r eh i s tor ia 1 ,p .1 86 . S chü le , W . , 1 981 . ' E l C e r ro d e l aV i rgen , O r ce ( G ranada ) , E x cavac iones A rqueo log icas e n E spa i ia 4 6 , Mad r id S chwa r z ,H .P . 1 980 ,U ran ium S e r ie sD a t ing o fA r cha eo log ica lS i te s ,A r chaeome t ry 2 2 ,p p .3 3 8 . S chwa r z , H .P . 1 982 , A pp l ica t ion o fU -Se r ie s D a t ing t oA r chaeome t ry , i nM . I vanov ich a nd R .S . H a rmon ( e d s . ) U ran ium S e r ie s D isequ i lb r ium A pp l ica t ions t o E nv i ronmen ta l P rob lem s i nt h e E a r th S c ience s , O x f ord U n ivers i ty P re s s , p p . 3 26 -350 .
6 0 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
W .H . Wa ld r en
S chwa r z , H .P . ,G a scoyne , M . a nd H a rmon , R .S . 1 982 , A pp l ica t ion s o fU -Se r ie s D a t ing t o P rob lems o fQ ua te rna ry C l ima te , i nM . I v anov ich a nd R .s . H a rmon ( e d s . ) , U ran ium D e s ie s D i sequ i lb r ium A pp l ica t ion s t oE nv i ronmen ta lP rob lem s i n t h ee a r th S c ience s ,O xf ord U n ive r s i ty P re s s ,p p .302 -325 . S e i tz , M .G . a nd T ay lo r ,R .E . , 1 974 , U ran ium V a r ia t ion s i n aD a ted F o s s i l B one S e r ie s f r om O lduva iG o rge ,T anzan ia ,A r chaeome t ry 1 6 ,p p . 1 29 -135 . S t u ive r ,M . a nd P ea r son ,G .W . , 1 986 ,R ad iocarbon 2 8 ,p p . 8 05 -838 a nd 8 39 -862 . S t u ive r , M . a nd Wa ld ren ,W .H . , 1 974 . 1 4C C a rbona te D a t ing a nd t h eA ge o fP o s tT a layo t ic L ime B u r ia l si n Malo r ca . N a tu r e ,V o l . 2 55 ,J une ,p p .4 75 -476 . S ue ss , H .E . , 1 970 , B r i s t le cone P ine C a l ib ra t ion o ft h e R ad ioca rbon T ime S ca le f r om 5 400 b . c . t ot h eP re sen t ,R ad ioca rbon V a r ia t ions a nd A bso lu te C hrono logy ( I .U . O la son ,E d . ) ,p p . 3 03 -312 . S w i t zu r , J . , 1 973 , i nC la rk ' s , AC a l ib ra t ion C u r ve f o rR ad ioca rbon D a t e s , A n t iqu i ty XL IX , p g . 2 5 1 . S zabo , B . J . a nd C o ll in s ,D . , 1 975 ,A ge so fF o s s i lB one f r om B r i t i sh I n te rg la c ia l S i te s , N a tu re 2 54 , p p . 6 79 -681 . S zabo , BJ . , Ma lde , H .E . a nd I rw in -W i l l iam s , C . , 1 969 . D i lemma P o sed b y U ran ium S e r i e s D a te s o n A rchaeo log ica l ly S ign i f ican t B one s f r om V a lsequ i l lo , P ueb la , Mex i co ,E a r th P lan t . S c i .L e t ter s6 ,p p . 2 37 -244 . T a r rade l l , M . a nd Wood s , D . , 1 976 , E xcava c ione s e n l aN ec ropo l i s d e S on R ea l yle d e l s P o r ro s .E x cava c iones A rqueo log i ca se nE spana 2 4 , Mad r id . V an S t rydonck ,M .a nd Wa ld r en ,W .H . , 1 987 ,R ad ioca rbon D a t ing o f Ma l lo r can L ime B u r ia l s , i np r epa ra t ion ,1 4C a nd A r chaeo logy , C onf e r ence h e ld a tG ron ingen . V eny ,C . 1 968 ,L a sC ueva sS epu lc ra le sd e lB ronce A n t iguo d e Ma l lo r ca . C on se jo S upe r io rd e I nve s t iga c ione s C ien t if ica s , I n s t i tu to d e P r eh i s tor ia E spano l d e Mad r id , Mad r i d . Wa ld ren , W .H . 1 967 , I n fo rme P re l im ina r S ob re A na l i s i s d e R ad ioca rbono e n Ma l lo r ca , X C ong r e so N ac iona ld eA rqueo log ia , Mahon yZ a rago s sa ,p p .7 5 -82 . Wa ld ren , W .H . 1 968 , Ma l lo rcan C h rono logy f o rP reh i s to ry B a sed o n R ad ioca rbon Me thod , P y renae 3 ,B a r ce lona ,p p .4 5 -65 . Wa ld ren ,W .H . 1 969 . ' B eake r Wa re f r om t h eI s land o f Ma l lo r ca , DAMARC S e r ies N o .6 ,D eya d e Ma l lo r ca ,B a lea re s . Wa ld ren ,W .H . 1 972 ,A ge D e te rm ina t ion b yR ad ioca rbon Me thod ,S oc i edad 2d eH i s to r ia N a tura l d el a sB a lear es ,P a lma d e Ma l lo r ca ,p p . 3 4 -50 . Wa ld ren ,W .H . 1 973 , E xcava t ion so ft h eR o ck S he l te ro fS on Ma tge ,V a l ldemo sa , P r eh i s tor ia I ,M ad r id . Wa ld ren ,W .H . 1 974 ,P r eh i s to ry a nd t h e A r chaeo logy o ft h eB a lea r ic I s land s ,V I S ympo s ium o fP en in su la rP r eh i s to ry , U n ive r s i ty o fB ar ce lona ,p p . 3 1 -38 .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l i nd D e iä C onf er en ce o fP reh i s to ry: A r cha eo log i ca lT echn ique s ,T echno logy a nd T h eo ry
Wa ld ren , W .H . 1 979 , A B eake r Wo rk shop A rea i n t h e R ock S he l t e r o f S on Ma tge , V a l ldemo sa , Ma l lo r ca , Wor ld A rchaeo logy , R ou t ledge a nd K egan P au l , L ondon , V o l 1 ,N o . 1 ,p p . 4 3 -67 . Wa ld ren ,W .H . 1 980 ,R ad ioca rbon D e te rm ina t ion i nt h eB a le a r ic I s land s :a nI nven to r y ,D ona ld B ad en -Powe l lQ ua t e rna r yR e s ea r ch C en t r e ,O x f o rd Un ive r s i ty , Ox f o rd . Wa ld ren ,W .H . 1 980 ,T he S e t t lemen tC omp lex o fF e r rande l l -O leza , AB eake rS e t t lemen tf r om t h eB a lea r ic I s land o f Malo rca , Dona ld B ad en P ow e l lQ ua ternar yR es ea rch C en tre , O xfo rd U n ive r s i ty , O xfo rd a nd DA MARC S e r ies 8 , D eya d e Malo r ca ,B a lea r e s ,S pa in . Wa ld r en , W .H . 1 981 , P re l im ina ry R epor t o n t h e S e t t lemen t C omp lex o fF e r rande l l -O leza , V a l ldemo sa , Ma l lo rca . ( i n p repa ra t ion ) DAMARC S er ies 1 0 , D eya d e Ma l lo r ca ,B a lea r e s . Wa ld ren ,W .H . 1 982 , A spe c t so fB a lea r ic P reh i s to r ic E co logy a nd C u l tu re , . O xfo rd D oc to ra l T h es i s ,O xfo rd . Wa ld ren ,W .H . 1 982 ,B a lea r ic P r eh i s to r ic E co logy a nd C u l tu r e : T he E xcava t ion a nd S t udy o f C e r ta in C ave s , R ock S he l te r s a nd S e t t lemen t s ' , BAR I n t erna t iona l S er ies 1 49 ( i )A ppend ix 3 A ,p p . 6 75 -711 .O x fo rd . Wa ld ren , W .H . 1 983 ,E a r ly P reh i s to r i c S e t t lemen ti nt h eB a lea r ic I s land s , DA MARC S er ies 1 3 ,D eya A r cha eo log ica l Mu seum a nd R e sea r ch C en t re ,D eya Ma l lo r ca . Wa ld ren ,W .H . 1 984 ,C ha lco l i th ic S e t t lemen ta nd B eak e rC onne c t ion si nt h eB a lea r ic I s land s , T he D eya C onf e rence o f P reh i s to ry .Ea r ly S e t t lemen t i n t h e We s te rn Med i t e r ranean I s land sa nd t h e i rP e r iphe ra lA r ea s . BAR I n t erna t iona lS e r i es 2 29 ,O x fo rd . v o l . i i ,p p .911 -965 . Wa ld ren , W .H . 1 984 , T he L i th ic I ndu s t ry o ft h e B a lea r ic I s land s . . . . i t s O lez ian T rad i t ion o f T abu la rF l in tB lade s ,T he D eya C on f e rence o fP reh i s to ry : E a r ly S e t t lemen t i n t h e We s ter n Med i te r ranean I s land s a nd t h e i r P e r iphe ra l A rea s . B AR I n terna t iona lS e r i es 2 29 ,O xfo rd . v o l .i ,p p .859 -909 . Wa ld r en ,W . H . ,1985 . ' AR o se b ya ny o t he rN ame . . .A Q ue s t ion o fB a lea r ic B eake r s . . . the E v id ence ' ,O x f o rd I n t e rna t iona l We s t e rn Med i t e r ranean B e l lB eake r C onf e r ence ,S t .C a the r ine sC o l lege ,U n ive r s i t yo f Ox fo rd . Wa ld ren ,W . H . , 1985 . T he P o t te ry D i s t r ibu t ion S t a t i s t ic sf r om F e r rande l l -O leza C oppe rA ge O ld S e t t lemen t 'W . Wa ld ren a nd J .E n se f la t , 0 )f o rd I n t erna t iona lW e s t e rn Med i t e r ranean B e l lB eak er C onf e r en ce ,S t .C a the r ine sC olege , Un ive r s i ty o f O x f o rd . Wa ld ren ,W .H . , 1986 . ' T he B a lea r i cP en tapa r t i te D iv i s ion o fP r eh i s to ry i nR ad ioca rbon a nd o t he rA ge D e te rm ina t ion I nven to r ie s ' ,B r i t i sh A rchaeo log i ca lR epor t s ( B .A .R . ) I n te rna t iona lS e r ie s2 82 . Wa ld ren ,W .H . , 1987 . ' B e l lB eake r si nt h e We s ter n Med i te r ranean ' ,W . Wa ld ren a nd R -C . K enna rd ( e d s . ) ,O x f o rd I n ter na t iona lC on f e r enc e 1 985 ,B r i t i sh A r chaeo log i ca l R epor t s( B .A .R . ) ,O xfo rd ,E ng land .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Chrono log ica l & S tra t igraph ica l Over laps i n t he R esearch S i tes
MALLORCA
1 235 BC 1 260 BC 1 512 BC 1 519 BC 1 523 BC 1 550 BC 1 673 BC
F e rn -gu id e 1 1 V i lesz Meo
1 700 BC 1 740 BC 1 749 BC
1 485 1 673 1 8 33 1 897 228 2 483 2 539
BC B C BC BC BC B C B C
1 673 BC
1 818 BC
1 818 BC 1 829 BC 1 829 BC
2 735 BC 3 375 BC
2 030 BC 2 075 BC 2 080 BC
3 972 BC 4 633 BC
2 239 BC 2 468 BC
4 722 BC 4 849 BC
5 591 BC
Geo log ica l Contexts O ldes t F oss i l R ema ins Myo tragus 8 -6 mya *a l lr ad ioca rbon d a te sc a l ib ra ted
S chema t ic D iagram o f P re ta layo t ic C a l ibra ted R ad iocarbon D a t ing R anges i n t he R esearch S i tes i n R e la t ion t o t he F u l l B a lear ic Chrono log ica l S equence
DCATT&T
F igure
6 3of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1
RO MA N COL ONIS ATI O N
1 23 BC
V a r ied B u r ia lT e chn ique s L
V POST
F i r s t S ign s o fD ec l ine i nT a layo t ic A rch i tec tu re M i l i ta ry I nvo lvemen t s w i th E a s te rn Med i te r ranean I nc rea se o fC la s s ica l T rade
TALAY OTIC
F i r s t R oman A r r iava l s
I ron Ages
M
10 00 BC - 1 23 BC
E
M
L
10 -8
8 -6
6 -1
D ec l ine i n P o t te ry T echno logy D ec l ine i nT a layo t ic A rch i tec tura l T echn ique s C on t inued M i l i ta ry I nvo lvemen t C o lon i sa t ion o f I b iza b y C a r thag in ian s i n 6 54 BC
E
I nhuma t ion i n Qu ick l ime I n t roduc t ion o f I r on U ppe r I n te r f ace f o r t h e I n t roduc t ionof I r on
L I v
C on t inua t ion o f T a layo t ic B u i ld ing , T au la s e t c . A pogee o fT a layo t ic A rch i tec tu re P opu la t ion G row th
TAL AY OTIC B ronze Age s
M
1 400 BC - 1 000 BC E
M
1 4 -12
U ppe r I n ter f ace o fC la ss ica l Med i te r ranean C on t ac t s N o r th E u ropean ( Ha l l s ta t t ) I n f luence s
C rema t ion B u r ia l s
L
1 2 -11
H igh ly S t ruc tu red S oc ia l O rgan i sa t ion N ew P o t te ry T echno logy a nd F orm s
E
110
C ommon U se a nd C i rcu la t ion o fB ronz e L owe r I n ter f ace o fT a layo t ic C u l tu re T r ad i t iona l P ha se o f T a layo t ic a nd P re ta layo t ic P e r iod s
L
B
III
P
PRETALAY OTIC
E B
Copper Age , Cha lco l i th ic , I n i t ia l B ronze 3 900 BC
-1 400 BC
P
NECP
EBP
LBP
N
3 9 -25
2 5 -18
18 -14
E
F requen tU se o fT in B ronze Eme rgence o fS u rp lu s , Wea l th a nd S ta tu s S oc ia l D if f e ren t ia t ion F i r s tU se o fT in B ronze E a r ly Me t a l lu rg ica l T echn ique s I n t roduc t ion o f B eake r C u l tu re i n to t he B a lea r ic s E a r l ie s t Open -A i r S e t t lemen ts a nd S anc tua r ie s F i r s t Q ual i ty L i th ic I ndu s t ry SUR VI VAL
OF
M Y OTRAG US
I n troduc t ion o f Dome s t ica ted An ima ls
C
I n t roduc t ion o fC eram ic T echno logy
P
I nc ip ien t Agr icu l ture II EARLY
A t temp ts a t Domes t ica t ion o f Myo t ragus Coex is tence o f Man a nd Myo tragus
SETTLE MENT Neol i th ic
5 600 b e -3 900 b e
AR RI VAL
I
Evo lut ion
PRESETTLE ME NT
o f t he
I s lands
OF M AN
Ende m ic
S pec ies
Myo t ragus ( r um inan t ) Hypnomys ( r oden t)
P a leo - Meso -Neol i th ic
Nes io t i tes
( i nsec t ivor )
8 -6 m i l l ion y ears a go - 5 600 b e
PENTAPARTITE D IVISION OF BALEARIC PREHISTORY t h ec h rono log ica l ,e co log ica la nd c u l tu ra l s equen ce w i th u nca l ib ra ted r a d ioca rbon d a te s ( a f ter w . wa ld ren )
. . . . . .
DCATT&T
F igure
6 4 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2
RO MAN COL ONISAT I ON
1 23 BC
V a r ied B u r ia lT echn ique s L
V ,
F i r s t R oman A r r iava l s
I ron Age s
N I
800 b c -1 23 BC
8 -6
M i l i ta ry I nvo lvemen t s w i th E a s te rn Med i ter ranean I nc rea se o fC la s s ica l T rade
POST TALAY OTIC
E
F i r s t S ign s o fD ec l ine i nT a layo t ic A rch i tec tu re
M
L
6 -4
4 -1
D ec l ine i n P o t te ry T echno logy D ec l ine i nT a layo t ic A rch i tec tu r a l T echn ique s C on t inued M i l i ta ry I nvo lvemen t C o lon isa t ion o f I b iza b y C a r thag in ian s i n 6 54 BC
E
I nhuma t ion i n Qu ick l ime I n t roduc t ion o f I r on U ppe r I n ter f ace f o r t h e I n t roduc t ionof I r on
L I V
Uppe r I n te r face o fC la s s ica l Med i t e r ranean C on tac t s N o r th E uropean ( Ha l l s ta t t ) I nf luence s C on t inua t ion o f T a layo t ic B u i ld ing , T au la s e t c . Apogee o fT a layo t ic A rch i tec tu re
TALAYO TIC
P opu la t ion G row th
B ronze Ages
N I
1 200 b e -8 00 b e E
M
L
1 2 -11
1-9
9 -8
H igh ly S t ruc tu red S oc ia l O rgan i sa t ion N ew P o t te ry T echno logy a nd F o rm s
_
C rema t ion B u r ia l s E
C ommon U se a nd C i rcu la t ion o fB ronze L owe r I n te r face o fT a layo t ic C u l tu re T rad i t iona l P ha se o fT a layo t ic a nd P re ta layo t ic P er iod s
L B
III PRETAL AY OTIC Copper Age , Cha lcol i th ic , I n i t ia lB ronze
P
S oc ia l D if f e ren t ia t ion F i r s t U se o fT in B ronze
E
E a r ly Me ta l lu rg ica l T echn ique s I n t roduc t ion o f B eake r C u l tu re i n to t h e B a lea r ic s
B
3 000 b e -1 200 b e
P
NECP
EBP
LBP
N
3 0 -20
2 0 -16
1 6 -12
E
F requen tU se o fT in B ronze Eme rgence o fS urp lu s , Wea l th a nd S t a tu s
E a r l ie s t Open -A i r S e t t lemen t s a nd S anc tua r ie s F i r s t Qual i ty L i th ic I ndu s t ry SUR VIVAL
OF
M Y OTR AG US
I n t roduc t ion o f Domes t ica ted An ima ls
C
I n troduc t ion o fC eram ic T echno logy
P
I nc ip ien t Agr icu l ture II EARLY
A t temp ts a t Domes t ica t ion o f Myo t ragus Coex is tence o f Man a nd Myo tr agus
SETTLE MENT
,
Neo l i th ic 5 000 b e -3 000 b e
ARRIVAL OF M AN
I
Evo lut ion
PRESETTLE ME NT
o f t he
I s lands Ende m ic Spec ies
Myo tragus ( r um inan t ) Hypnomys ( roden t )
P a leo - Meso -Neo l i th ic
Nes io t i tes
( i nsec t ivor )
8 - 6 mi l l ion y ears a go - 5 000 b e
PENTAPARTITE D IVISION OF BALEARIC PREHISTORY t he c h rono log ica l , e co log ica l a nd c u l tu ra l s equence w i th u nca l ib ra ted r ad ioca rbon d a tes ( af ter w . wa ld ren )
T he c h rono log ica l f r amewo rk i lu s t ra ted h e re c an b e c ompa red t o t h a t o f F igu re 2 o n t h e p reced ing p age . T he s equence s hown a bove d emon s t ra te s t h e p a rame ter s o f t h e u ncal ib ra ted d a tes a nd t h e i n te r face s f o r t h e mos t i mpo r tan t p reh is to r ic e ven t si nt h eB a lea r ic s a sf ound i nt h er e sea rch s i tes e xam ined .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 a
• : ; " :
DCATT&T
F igure
6 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of6 Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
L is t ing o f R ad iocarbon R e su l t s B a lear ic P re ta layo t ic , T a layo t ic a nd P o s t T a layo t ic P er iods F e r r andel -O leza ,V a l ldemo sa ,B a lea r e s , Malo rc a ,S pa in S i t e C on tex t
b c 1 4C
D a te b p
R eca l ib BC /R ecal ib B P
L ab . No
OM S e t t l emen t 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0 . 1 . 1 2 . 1 3 .
S F0 -0S - EW S F0 -0S - NW S FO - W0S -W 17 S FO - W0S - W40 S F0 -0S -CH 1 S F0 -0S -AT 12 S F0 -0S -S W S F0 -0S -C 1 1 1 S F0 -0S - WC S F0 -0S -EX W I S F0 -0S - WCS S F0 -0S - WC S F0 -0S -S WF
2 080 1 840 1 750 1 690 1 540 1 540 1 520 1 500 1 440 1 400 1 330 1 290 1 230
± 10 b c ± 9 0 b c ± 3 0 b c ±1 00 b c ± 8 0 b c ± 3 0 b c ± 5 0 b c ± 10 b c ± 1 00 b c ± 1 00 b c ± 1 20 b c ± 3 0 b c ± 8 0b c
4 030 3 790 3 700 3 640 3 490 3 490 3 470 3 450 3 2 10 3 150 3 280 3 240 3 180
y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s
2 548 2 239 2 090 2 030 1 829 1 829 1 819 1 749 1 713 1 673 1 549 1 519 1 450
BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC
BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP
BM 1 843R QL 1 636 QL 1 592 BM 1 981R QL 4 042 QL 1 859 QL 4 100 QL 4 043 BM 2 312R BM 1 698R QL 1 896 QL ? QL -4 19 1
3 306 BP 3 210 BP 2 947 BP
IAR 3 490 QL 4 044 QL 4 04 1
3 049 2 947 2 969 2 847 2 787 2 770 2 767 2 745 2 735 2 693 2 595 2 465 2 357 2 200
HAR 3 4 13 I RPA 7 82 I RPA 9 07 QL 4 190 QL 4 074 I RPA 8 80 QL 4 075 I RPA 8 81 HAR 3 458 QL 1 533 HAR 3 459 BM 1 842 I5 398 I RPA 8 85
4 497 4 188 4 039 3 979 3 778 3 778 3 768 3 698 3 760 3 620 3 498 3 468 3 400
O ld S e t t lemen t -A bandonmen t 1 4 . 1 5 . 1 6 .
S F0 -0 -C2 S F0 -0S -C I IS S F0 -0S -S WS
120 ± 5 0 b c 1 040 ± 1 60 b c 8 00 ± 1 20 b c
3 070 y r s 2 990 y r s 2 830 y r s
1 357 BC 1 261 BC 9 98 BC
Y ounger S e t t lemen t 1 7 . 1 8 . 1 9 . 2 0 . 2 1 . 2 2 . 2 3 . 2 4 . 2 5 . 2 6 . 2 7 . 2 8 . 2 9 . 3 0 .
S FO -YS -T 1 S FO -YS -T 1E S FO -YS -T4 S FO -YS -T 1 S FO -YS - WT S FO -YS -T4 S FO -YS -HH1 S FO -YS -T4 S FO -YS -T 1 S FO -YS -T 1 S FO -YS -T2 S FO -YS -T 1 S FO -YS -T2 S FO -YS -HHE
9 60 80 8 65 7 80 7 50 7 30 7 10 6 30 5 90 50 5 10 4 80 4 50 1 50
± 1 00 b c ± 1 00 b c ± 6 0b c ± 3 0b c ± 3 0b c ± 6 0b c ± 3 0b c ± 6 0 b c ± 6 0b c ± 4 0b c ± 8 0b c ± 2 30 b c ± 6 0b c ± 6 0 b c
2 910 y r s 2 830 y r s 2 815 y r s 2 730 y r s 2 700 y r s 2 680 y r s 2 660 y r s 2 580 y r s 2 540 y r s 2 500 y r s 2 460 y r sA 2 430 y r sA 2 400 y r sA 2 150 y r s
100 9 98 9 75 8 97 8 88 8 68 8 18 7 93 7 86 6 85 6 46 5 16 4 08 2 00
BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC
BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP
S on Mas S anc tuary 3 1 . 3 2 . 3 3 . 3 4 . 3 5 .
S FO -S MSS S FO -S MSS S FO -S MSS -PT S FO -S MSS -PT S FO -S MSS -PT
1 630 ± 7 0 1 620 ± 6 5 5 20 ± 2 5 2 60 ± 9 0 1 00 ± 1 50
b c b c b c b c b c
3 590 3 580 2 470 2 2 10 2 050
y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s
2 050 BC 4 059 BP I RPA 9 09 2 050 BC 4 059 BP I RPA 9 08 6 50 BC 2 600 BP QL 4 264 3 00 BC 2 250 BP QL 4 200 1 00 BC 2 050 BP QL 4 20 1
R e f e r enc ef o rd a ta se t s ( a nd i n te rva l s )u sed : S tu ive r , M . a nd P ea r son ,G .W . 1 986 ,R ad io ca rbon 2 8 , 8 05 -838 . P ea r son ,G .W . a nd S tu ive r , M . 1 986 , R ad io ca rbon 2 8 , 8 39 -862 . C ommen t s : A :T h i s i sS tanda rd d ev ia t ion ( e r ro r )m ay i n c lude al a be r ro r mu l t ipl i e r . 0 :R ep r e sen t s an ega t ive a ge B P I fs os p ec i fy
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1
•
•
R ad iocarbon R e su l t s B a lear ic E ar ly S e t t lemen t a nd P re ta layo t ic P er iod w i th Emphas i s o n B e l l B eaker C on tex t s a s o f 1 989 S i te
C on tex t
b c 1 4C D a te
b p D a te
R eca l ib BC /Reca l ib B P
L ab . D a te
E ar ly S e t t lemen t P er iod 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 .
ABS M SM ABSM ABS M
E SP E SP E SP E SP
4 730 3 985 3 870 3 800
±1 20 ± 10 ±3 60 ± 15
b c b c b c b c
6 680 5 935 5 820 5 750
y r s y r s y r s y r s
5 589 4 848 4 722 4 633
BC BC BC BC
7 538 6 798 6 671 6 582
BP BP BP BP
QL 2 9 KNB640 C S IC176 I5 516
P re ta layo t ic P er iod N eo l i th ic E ar ly C eram ic P hase ( NECP ) 5 . 6 . 7 .
AMG ABS M ABS M
P RT P RT P RT
3 2 10 ± 1 00 b c 2 700 ± 1 20 b c 2 143 ± 3 98 b c
5 160 y r s 4 650 y r s 4 093 y r s
3 972 BC 3 375 BC 2 735 BC
5 920 BP 5 324 BP 4 701 BP
BM 1 994R QL 9 88 BM 1 408
BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC
4 427 4 488 4 471 4 432 4 408 4 398 4 188 4 188 4 165 4 117 4 039 4 039
BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP
I 3M 1 843R QL 2 3 C S IC 178 QL 5 b Y2 389 Y2 359 QL 1 636 Y1 789 BM 1 995 I5 5 15 QL 1 592 I RPA 8 35
BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC
4 025 4 055 4 059 4 059 3 948 3 878 3 877 3 873 3 868 3 868 3 798 3 787 3 760 3 620 3 620 3 498 3 475 3 472 3 465 3 434
BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP
QL 2 4 BM 1 981R I RPA 9 09 I RPA 9 08 C S IC 179 QL 4 042 QL 1 859 C S IC 180 Y1 856 QL 4 100 QL 4 043 QL 5 a BM 2 312R QL 5 BM 1 988R QL 1 896 BM 1 667 QL 4 040 BM? Y2 667
3 400 BP 3 349 BP 3 306 BP
QL -419 1 BM 1 698 HAR 3 490
E ar ly B eaker P hase ( EBP ) 8 . 9 . 1 0 . 1 . 1 2 . 1 3 . 1 4 . 1 5 . 1 6 . 1 7 . 1 8 . 1 9 .
S FO -OS ABS M ABS M ABS M SM ABS M S FO -OS AMG ABS M CX S FO -OS ABS M
E BP E BP E BP E BP E BP E BP E BP E BP L BP E BP E BP E BP
2 080 2 070 2 030 2 020 1 960 1 870 1 840 1 840 1 820 1 800 1 750 1 750
± 10 b c ± 5 0 b c ±1 20 b c ±1 00 b c ±1 20 b c ±1 20 b c ± 9 0 b c ± 8 0 b c ± 1 00 b c ± 15 b c ± 3 0 b c ± 6 0 b c
3 950 y r s 4 020 y r s 3 980 y r s 3 970 y r s 3 910 y r s 3 820 y r s 3 790 y r s 3 790 y r s 3 770 y r s 3 750 y r s 3 700 y r s 3 700 y r s
2 549 2 539 2 522 2 483 2 459 2 368 2 239 2 239 2 214 2 168 2 090 2 090
L a te B eaker P ha se ( I ,BP ) 2 0 . 2 1 . 2 2 . 2 3 . 2 4 . 2 5 . 2 6 . 2 7 . 2 8 . 2 9 . 3 0 . 3 1 . 3 2 . 3 3 . 3 4 . 3 5 . 3 6 . 3 7 . 3 8 . 3 9 .
ABS M S FO -OS SMSS SMSS ABS M S FO -OS S FO -OS ABS M SMRG S FO -OS S FO -OS ABS M S FO -OS ABS M S FO -OS S FO -OS CNC S FO -OS S FO -OS ABS M
E BP E BP E BP E BP L BP L BP L BP L BP L BP L BP L BP L BP L BP L BP LBP L BP L BP L BP L BP L BP
1 720 1 690 1 6 30 1 620 1 620 1 540 1 540 1 530 1 520 1 520 1 500 1 470 1 440 1 400 1 400 1 330 1 320 1 3 10 1 290 1 250
±1 00 b c ±1 00 b c ± 6 5 b c ± 7 0b c ± 8 0b c ± 8 0b c ± 3 0b c ± 8 0b c ± 8 0 b c ± 5 0 b c ± 10 b c ± 8 0 b c ± 1 00 b c ± 6 0 b c ± 3 10 b c ± 1 20 b c ± 8 0bc ± 1 00 b e ± 3 0 b c ± 1 00 b e
4 0 . 4 1 . 4 2 .
S FO -OS S FO -OS S FO -OS
L BP L BP L BP
1 2 30 ± 140 ± 120 ±
8 0b c 7 0 b e 5 0 b e
3 670 3 640 3 580 3 570 3 620 3 470 3 490 3 480 3 470 3 470 3 450 3 420 390 350 3 350 3 280 3 270 3 260 3 230 3 200
y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s
3 180 y r s 3 090 y r s 3 070 y r s
DCATT&T
2 076 2 046 2 050 2 050 1 999 1 829 1 828 1 824 1 819 1 819 1 749 1 740 1 713 1 673 1 673 1 549 1 526 1 523 1 516 1 485
1 450 BC 1 400 BC 1 357 BC
T ab le
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
R ad iocarbon R e su l t s B a l ear ic E ar l y S e t t lemen t a nd P r e ta layo t ic P er iod w i th Emphas i s o n B e l l B eaker C on tex t s a s o f 1 989 S i te
C on tex t
b c 1 4C D a t e
b p D a te
R eca l ib BC /Reca l ib B P
L ab . D a te
E ar ly S e t t lemen t P er iod 1 . 2 . 3 .
ABS M ABS M ABS M
E SP E SP E SP
4 730 ± 1 20 b c 3 870 ± 3 60 b c 3 800 ± 15 b c
6 680 y r s 5 820 y r s 5 750 y r s
5 589 BC 4 722 BC 4 633 BC
7 538 BP 6 671 BP 6 582 BP
QL 2 9 C S IC176 I5 516
P re ta iayo t ic P er iod N eo l i th ic E ar ly C eram ic P hase ( NECP ) 4 . 5 .
ABS M ABS M
P RT P RT
2 700 ± 1 20 b c 2 143 ± 3 98 b c
4 650 y r s 4 093 y r s
3 375 BC 2 735 BC
5 324 BP 4 701 BP
QL 9 88 BM 1 408
BC BC BC BC BC BC
4 488 4 471 4 432 4 398 4 165 4 039
BP BP BP BP BP BP
QL 2 3 C S IC 178 QL 5 b Y2 359 BM 1 995 I RPA 8 35
BC BC BC BC BC BC
4 025 3 948 3 873 3 787 3 620 3 434
BP BP BP BP BP BP
QL 2 4 C S IC 179 C S IC 180 QL 5 a QL 5 Y2 667
E ar ly B eaker P hase ( EBP ) 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0 . 1 .
ABS M ABS M ABS M ABS M ABS M ABS M
E BP E BP E BP E BP E BP E BP
2 070 2 030 2 020 1 870 1 820 1 750
± 5 0 b c ±1 20 b e ±1 00 b c ±1 20 b c ± 1 00 b c ± 6 0 b c
4 020 3 980 3 970 3 820 3 770 3 700
y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s
2 539 2 522 2 483 2 368 2 214 2 090
L a te B eaker P hase ( LBP ) 1 2 . 1 3 . 1 4 . 1 5 . 1 6 . 1 7 .
ABS M ABS M ABS M ABS M ABS M ABSM
E BP L BP L BP L BP L BP L I 3P
1 720 1 620 1 530 1 470 1 400 1 250
±1 00 b c ± 8 0 b c ± 8 0 b e ± 8 0 b e ± 6 0 b e ± 1 00 b e
3 670 3 620 3 480 3 420 350 3 200
y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s
2 076 1 999 1 824 1 740 1 673 1 485
ABS M ABSM ABS M ABS M ABS M ABS M ABS M ABSM ABSM ABS M ABSM ABSM ABS M ABSM ABSM ABSM ABSM ABSM ABS M ABS M ABS M ABS M ABS M ABS M ABSM
5 5555e5555 We 5
1 8 . 1 9 . 2 0 . 2 1 . 2 2 . 2 3 . 2 4 . 2 5 . 2 6 . 2 7 . 2 8 . 2 9 . 3 0 . 3 1 . 3 2 . 3 3 . 3 4 . 3 5 . 3 6 . 3 7 . 3 8 . 3 9 . 4 0 . 4 1 . 4 2 .
M ,
T a layo t ic P er iod - P os t T a layo t ic P er iod M idd le B ronza A ge (MBA ) , E ar ly , M idd le & LATE I ron A ge ( E IA ) (M IA ) (L IA ) 8 70± 7 80± 7 50± 7 00± 6 90± 6 70± 6 20± 6 20± 6 10± 6 00± 6 00± 5 90± 5 90± 5 90± 5 70± 5 30± 4 50± 4 00± 3 40± 3 10± 2 90± 2 50± 1 30± 1 20± 1 5±
5 0b e 1 00 b c 1 70 b c 6 0b c 1 00 b e 1 60 b c 1 00 b c 1 00 b e 6 0b e 6 0b e 6 0b c 8 0b e 8 0b e 6 0b c 8 0b c 7 0b c 8 0b c 5 5 b c 1 00 b e 6 01 3 c 7 0b c 1 00 b c 9 0b c 1 20 b e 5 5bc
2 820 y r s 2 730 y r s 2 700 y r s 2 650 y r s 2 640 y r s 2 620 y r s 2 570 y r s 2 570 y r s 2 560 y r s 2 550 y r s 2 550 y r s 2 540 y r s 2 540 y r s 2 540 y r s 2 520 y r s 2 480 y r s 2 400 y r s 2 350 y r s 2 290 y r s 2 260 y r s 2 240 y r s 2 200 y r s 2 080 y r s 2 070 y r s 1 965 y r s
9 43 8 97 8 38 8 15 8 09 8 00 7 95 7 95 8 00 7 91 7 91 7 86 7 86 7 86 7 70 6 55 4 08 4 00 3 83 3 79 3 70 3 02 1 05 1 01 2 0
BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC
2 942 2 846 2 787 2 765 2 758 2 750 2 744 2 744 2 760 2 740 2 740 2 735 2 735 2 735 2 719 2 630 2 357 2 349 2 332 2 328 2 319 2 255 2 054 2 050 1 970
BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP
QL986 QL7 QL 11 I RPA811 QL27 I RPA695 I RPA790 QL20 I RPA803 E RPA676 I RPA751 Q I24 QL4 I RPA752 QL6 QL 10 Y 2669 I RPA710 QL5C QL22 QL 1A QL9 QL8 QL7A I RPA710
T ab le
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6 9 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
ABBREVIATIONS OF S ITES AND SA MPLES ORIGINS
b p BP b c BC
U nca l ib ra ted b efo re t h ep re sen td a te s C a l ib ra ted b efo re t h ep r e sen td a te s U nca l ib ra ted 1 4C d a te s C a l ib ra ted 1 4C d a te s
P SP E SP PRT P T NECP EBP LBP
P r e se t t lemen tP e r iod E a r ly S e t t lemen tP e r iod P re ta layo t ic T a layo t ic ,T a layo t P o s tT a layo t ic N eo l i th ic E a r ly C e ram ic P ha se E a r ly B eake rP e r iod L a te B eake rP ha se
ABS M AMG BCA CX S F S B S FO -YS S FO -OS S ILL SM SMAR SMR SMRG SO S P S PG S RDC SRF SRN SSP T T SMSS
R ock S he l te ro fS on Ma tge R ock S he l te ro f Mue r to sG a l la rd T a layo to fB in ica l f C aN aC ox te ra S on F ome s S on B a rona t F e r rande l l -O leza O lde rS e t t lemen t F e rr andel -O leza Y ounge rS e t t lemen t S ' i l lo t C ave o fS on Mu le ta S on Ma r ino N av ifo rme o fS on Mo r e l ! C ave o fS on Ma r ro ig S on Om s S on S eve ra -Pu la C ave o fS on P u ig S aR eg ina d e l sC ans S on R ea lF igu re ra l S on R ea lN ec ropo l i s S es P a is se s T au la o fT o r ra lba d en S a lon S on Ma s S anc tau ry
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7 0 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
4
L IST OF ABBREVIATIONS Un ivers i t ie s ,
BM C SIC G IF HU I RPA KBN QL S I S IO UCLA UGRA UP
I ns t i tut ions
a nd
L aborator ies
B r i t i sh Mu seum , R ad ioca rbon L abo ra to ry , L ondon . U n ive r s i ty o f Mad r id ,C en t ro S upe r io rd eI nve s t igac ione s C ien t if ica , S pa in . F rench R ad ioca rbon L abo ra to ry . G e rman R ad ioca rbon L abo ra to ry . I s o tope sI n co rpo ra ted , E ng lewood , N ew J e r sey . K on ink l i jk I n s t i tuu tv oo rh e tK un s tpa t r imon ium ,B russe l s , B e lg ium K aman B io -Nuc lea rI n c . , C o lo rado S pr ing s , C o lo rado . Q ua te rna ry R e sea r ch C en t re ,U n ive r s i ty o f Wa sh ing ton R ad ioca rbon L abo ra to ry ,S ea t t le Wa sh ing ton . Sm i thson ian I n s t i tu t ion ,U n i ted S ta te sN a t iona l Museum , R ad ioca rbon L abo ra to ry , Wa sh ing ton ,D .C . S cr ipps I n s t i tu te o fO ceanog raphy , U n ive r s i ty o fC a l ifo rn ia , L aJ o l la ,C a l ifo rn ia . U n ive r s i ty o fC a l ifo rn ia a tL o sA nge le s , R ad ioca rbon L abo ra to ry , L o sA nge le s , C a l i fo rn ia . U n ive r s i ty o fG ranada ,G ranada , S pa in . U n ive r s i ty o fP enn sy lvan ia , Mu seum S choo l ,R ad ioca rbon L abo ra tory ,P h i lade lph ia , P enn sy lvan ia . Y a le U n ive r s i ty ,P eabody Mu seum , R ad ioca rbon L abo ra to ry ,N ew H aven , C onnec t icu t . T es t Ma ter ia l Abbrev ia t ions
Ab . C a . C ah l . C f . C g . C h . C h .b . C hh l . C ps . Gb . Hb . Mb . Mbh l . S c . Wd .
A n ima lb one C a rbona te C a rbona te f r om h ea r th l e ve l s C a lc i te f l oo r C a rbon ised g ra in C ha r coa l C ha r r ed b one C ha r coa lf r om h ea r th l e ve l s C op ro l i te s G oa tb one H uman b one Myo t ragu sb one Myo t rag us b one i nh ea r th l e ve ls S t a la c t i te c o r e Wood
Tab le
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7 1 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
R ad iocarbon Ana lys is R esu lt s B eyond t he R ange o f C a l ibra t ion C ave o f Mu le ta , Ma l lorca , B a leares , S pa in E ar ly S e t t lemen t a nd P rese t t lement P er iod
S i te 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 .
C on tex t
SM SM SM SM SM SM
E SP P SP P SP P SP P SP P SP
7 . SM 8 . SM 9 . SM 1 0 . SM 1 . SM 1 2 . SM 1 3 . SM 1 4 . SM 1 5 . SM 1 6 . SM 1 7 . 1 8 . 1 9 . 2 0 . 2 1 .
b c 1 4C d a t e 3 985 5 185 5 350 5 350 6 498 6 620
L ab . Numbe r
b pD a te
± 10 b c ± 8 0b c ±1 00 b c ±1 00 b c ± 180 b e ± 3 50 b c
5 935 y r s 7 135 y r s 7 300 y r s 7 300 y r s 8 448 y r s 8 570 y r s
KNB 6 40 KNB 6 40a HAR 2 968 HAR 2 934 KNB . 6 40b UCLA 1 740c
P SP P SP P SP P SP P SP P SP P SP P SP P SP P SP
6 950 ± 4 00 b e 6 950 ± 4 00 8 735 ± 3 517 b c 1 2 ,050 ± 3 50 b c 1 2 ,515 ± 3 15 b c 1 2 ,700 ± 8 50 b c 1 3 ,395 ± 6 55 b e 1 3 ,850 ± 6 00 b c 1 4 ,385 ± 4 15 b e 1 4 ,900 ± 2 00 b e
800 y r s 8 800 y r s 1 0 ,685 y r s 1 4 ,000 y r s 1 4 ,465 y r s 1 4 ,650 y r s 1 5 ,885 y r s 1 5 ,900 y r s 1 6 ,335 y r s 1 6 ,850 y r s
HAR 2 932 HAR 2 909 KNB 6 40 c S IO l a RAA S I 6 54 UCLA 1 704b S I 6 46 HAR 2 933 S I 6 48 UCLA 1 704d
SM SM SM SM SM
P SP P SP P SP P SP P SP
1 4 ,950 1 6 ,150 1 6 ,785 1 6 ,850 1 7 ,030
2 2 . 2 3 .
SM SM
P SP P SP
2 1 ,850 ± 4 80 b c 2 1 ,850 ± 5 00 b c
2 3 ,800 y r s 2 3 ,800 y r s
S I 6 47 HAR 2 912
2 4 . 2 5 . 2 6 . 2 7 .
SM SM SM SM
P SP P SP P SP P SP
2 5 ,050 2 5 ,050 2 6 ,650 3 0 ,050
± ± ± ±
2 6 ,000 2 6 ,000 2 8 ,600 3 2 ,000
S IO l cRAA HAR 2 910 UCLA 1 704a S IO l g RAA
2 8 . 2 9 . 3 0 . 3 1 .
SM SM SM SM
P SP P SP P SP P SP
4 0 ,050 4 8 ,000 5 8 ,000 8 0 ,000
± 1 000 b e i n f i n f pm
± ± ± ± ±
2 00 6 00 5 55 5 00 2 00
6 00 6 00 6 00 7 15
b c b e b e b e b c
b e b e b e b e
1 6 ,900 1 8 ,100 1 8 ,735 1 8 ,800 1 8 ,980
y r s y r s y r s y r s y r s
y r s y r s y r s y r s
4 2 ,000 y r s 4 8 ,000 y r s 5 8 ,000 y r s 8 0 ,000 y r s
HAR 2 931 S I 6 49 S I 6 50 HAR 2 971 UCLA 1 704e
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6
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7 3 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
TAULA OF TORRALBA BRAC KET DAT ING
TAULA
TALAYOT
I nner A rea s
O u te r A rea s
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B EDROCK \ X - \
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P REH ISTOR IC SANCTUARY OF SON MAS
SANCTUARY I NTER IOR
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T a layo t ic B ronze Age B u i ld ing F ounda t ions —
T a layo t ic Occupa t ion L eve ls P ro t rud ing o r Emerg ing B ed rock
E a s te rn B edrock P la tfo rm
P re ta layot ic o rB e l l B eake r Occupa t ion L eve ls
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DCATT&T
F igure
7 4 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
H u i lonorm in it uee r „ d i e n 4:
z e i l 4 l i ie l i l s i o l i j o ie z o e i l o i re « 4 e e r »
, „, i r , „ › , „ « . , 1 4 . 4 0 , e . a v eme i t e e z i k i e d i k . # . A . v e . e .w e . 7* 2 -yed gi ce , s ,xe . 7 4 re M eee 4 i i t t e A t i , e , t e , t 4L 4 s e i v' , wee t e#Aes w e e»4 » i »4 »> eseeesee ÄN ,A e d e ee f r e e , .e e s e 4 . e 4 v e * Ä t & e 4 t e e , -e4S,44 l i' e‘ . . Ae i t e , ? ) , 0 A i m , " . 4 › • 4 › . 0 q u i c , k l im 4 e , t , b u „ n a . • l s _ . , ‚ 4 f r e* *4 1 % Kee . re e " i 4* N M te > 0 ( 4 .4 .4r 4‘ Ir. 50 Nu « e vey e f i s. s 4i 4e ) w e he e e * "4 ' > t e e A m e i • e ee e s e e ei e t# e : 0, »1
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1 673 BC
*No te : S chema t ic d i ag ram i sn o ts ca led a nd s t ra ta r e f e rence n umbe r s a r eo n ly r e la ted t ot h e i ro ve ra l l s equence o f o ccu r rence a nd n o tn ece s sa r i ly s t ra tum n umbe r . R ef e rt ot e x tf o rd e ta i led s t ra t ig raph ica ld a ta .
F igure
DCATT&T
7 5
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6
F ERRANDELL -OLEZA S ETTLEMENT COMPLEX 3 0C AL IBRATED R AD IOCARBON D ATES O lde r a nd Y ounge r S e t t lemen ts
D ATES B C
3 000 2 500 2 000
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GRAPH A .D emon s t ra te st h ed i f f e rence s b e tween u nca l ib ra ted a nd c a l ib ra t ed r ad ioca rbon d a t e s f r om t h e FERRANDELL -OLEZA OLD AND YOUNGER SE ITLE MENTS o nt h ei s land o f Ma l lo r ca ,a cco rd ing t ot h er e cen t Wa sh ing ton -Be l f a s tr e ca l ib ra t ion c u rve .T he se a r et h e f i r s t3 0r ad ioca rbon r e ad ing sf ound i nT ab le 2a va i lab l ef o rt h e B a lea r ic P re ta layo t ic P e r iod a nd f a l l ing w i th in t h er ange o ft h el a s t8 000 y ea r s .
MALLORCAN CAL IBRATED R AD IOCARBON D ATES P RETALAYOT IC P ER IOD : ROCK S HELTER O FS ON MATGE
D ATES B C
E l U NCAL IBRATED 1 4C D ATES b c * 0 -
•
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3
5
7
9
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1 3
1 5
1 7
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3 5
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3 9
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N UMBER O FA NALYSES
GRAPH B .D emon s t ra te st h ed i f f e r ence s b e twe en t h eu nca l ib ra ted a nd c a l ib ra te dr a d ioca rbon d a te sf r om t h e Ma l lo r ca c l o sed ,d eep s t ra t ig raphy o ft h e ROCK SHELTER OF S ON MATGE f o ra l p e r iod sa cco rd ing t ot h el a te s t Wa sh ing ton B e lf a s tr e ca l ib ra t ion c u rve .T hey r epr e sen t4 2d a te s f o rt h ev e r t ica ld epo s i t ion o ft h es i t ef ound i nT ab le 3 ,d e l inea t ing t h ed u ra t ion o fo ccupa t ion f r om t h eN eo l i th ic t h rough t h ef o l low ing C opp e r ,B ronze a nd I r on A ge s .
DCATT & T
F igure
7 6 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
7
THE CHRONOLOGICAL S CHE ME OF G . L ILL IU
14 9 50+110 a .d e T a layö t ico IC a sa 1 2 C n te r io r a l8 00 a .d e C asa 3 a 7 00 a l4 00 a .d e I . T a layö t ico I 4 00 a l 2 00 a .d e II . T a layö t ico I I
I .
J . C . ( n ive l e n l e cho d e r oca ) J . C . ( n ive l e n l e cho d er oca ) J .C . J .C .
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SCHE ME OF G . ROSSELLO -BORDOY
P reta layö t ico T a layö t ico T a layö t ico T a layö t ico T a layö t ico
I I I I I V
5 000 a l1 400 a .d eJ .C . 1 400 a l1 000 a .d eJ . C . 1 000 a l8 00 a .d eJ . C . 8 00 a l5 00 a .d eJ . C . 5 00 h a s ta l aC o lon izac i6n R om ana .
THE CHRONOLOGY OF M . FERNANDEZ - MIRANDA
Hombre P receräm ico H or izon te d e C eräm ica I nc isa B ronce P re ta layö t ico T a layö t ico I T a layö t ico I
5 000 a l2 000 a .d eJ . C . 2 000 a l1 700 a .d eJ . C . 1 700 a l1 500 a .d e J . C . 1 200 a l8 00 a .d e J . C . 8 00 a l1 00 a .d eJ . C .
S hown a bove a r et h et h ree mo s tr e cogn i sed a nd f r equen t ly u s ed c h rono log ica ls c heme sf o rt h e B a le a r ic I s land s ,a l lo fw h ich a r eb a sed o nr a d ioca rbon d a t ing .
F igure
DCATT&T
7 7
8
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l E ind DEYA CONFERENCE OF P Eg ISTORY AR C H A E O L O GI C A L TE C H NI Q U ES,
TE C H N O L O G Y
AN D
TH E O R Y
CUEVAS S EPULCRALES PRETALAYOT ICAS DE MALLORCA : UN ENSAYO DE CLASIF ICAC ION Y ANAL IS IS ( * )
MARGAR ITA D IAZ -ANDREU D epar tamen to d e P r eh i s to r ia U ni v er si da d C omp lu ten se Mad r id , E spar ia
MANUEL F ERNANDEZ / V I IRANDA D epa r tamen to d e P reh i s tor ia U n ive r s idad C omp lu ten se Mad r id , E spaf ia
R ES UMEN
L as c ueva ss epu lc ra l e sm a l lorqu ina sd ed poca p r e ta layö t ica c ons t i tuy en u no d e l o se l emen tos a rqueo lög icos m ä sc a rac t e r i s t icos d ee sa f a se d e l ap r eh i s tor ia d e l ai s la , c on c a s ic en tena ry m ed io d e e j emp lar e s l o ca l i zados e n t re l a s n a tura les y l a s c ons t ru idas a r t i f ic ia lm en te . S u c rono log i a ya po log i a ,a s ic omo l o sr i tua l es f une rar ios ol af orma d el o so b j e tos c ons id e rados c arac t er i s t icos e n t r e l o sa j uar e sq ue e ne l la ss ed epos i taron , h an s e rv ido p ara v i ncu lar e s tos m onumen tos c on c on s t rucc iones s im i la re sd ea r ea sp röx imas d e l Med i te r räneo o cc id en ta l , s i n c on s id e rar l ae x i s tenc ia on o d e r e lac iones e n t r e e l las ol ap er t enenc ia d e c ada t e r r i tor io d e ä mb i tos c u l tu ra le sb i en d i f er enc iado s . C ueva ss im i la r es ,a unqu eu n? l ame r° m uy r educ ido , h an s i do i d en t i f icada se n l av e c ina i s la d e Menor ca , d ond e l a s s uces iva sf a se s d e s up r eh i s tor ia g uardan e v id en t e r e lac iön c on Ma l lorca . P ero t amb idn s e h an v i ncu lado c on l a s c ueva s s epu l c ra le sc o l ec t iva sd el aP en i nsu la l be r i ca ,s u rd eF ranc ia ei n c lu so P en i n su la I t a l iana ei s la s a d yac en t e s . L ab i b l iograf i as ob r ee s te t i po d ey ac im ien tos e sl a rga yc onf u sa . T ra sl a sc on sab idas c i tas y h a l la zgo s al ol a rgo d e ls i g lo X IX , ei n c lu so a n t es , l ap r ime ra e xp lo ra c iön s i s t e t r zä t i ca e ne s tos s i t ios f ue l evada a c abo p or e lI n s t i tu t d 'E s tud i s C a ta lans b a jo l a d i recc iön d e J osep C o lom ina s ,e n t re l o sa f tos 1 9 16 y1 919 .L a ss im i l i tud e se n t re s u sa j uar es c e räm icos ya l gunos v a so s d e l ac u l tu ra a rgä r ica d e l s u r es t ep en in su lar h i zo q ue e s te c on jun to d e m onum en tos m a l lo rqu in e sf u e s ec on s id e rado c omo u nr e f 7 e jo i n su la rd ea qu e l la z ona ys uc r ono log i as i tuada d en t ro d el ae d ad d e lb ronce . T a lf i l iac iön s e rä m an t en ida p or l am ayo rp a r t ed el o sa rque6 logo s q ue s eo cuparon d ee l la sp os t e r iorm en te . U na d el a sp oca se x cepc ione sl ac on s t i tuy eW .H emp , p a ra q u i en l a sp a ra l e lo sm ä se v id en t e s ae s ta st umbas d eb i an b u s ca r s ee nP rov en za ,e np a r t i cu la r e nl a sc uevas a r t i f i c ia le sd ed om inad og rupo d eA r le s .P or l og enera ll o sa u tor e s , al ar e lac iön d e l a s c uevas s epu lcra les m a l lorqu ina s c on e ll amado c i rcu lo d e E l A rga r , a t iad en o t ra s v i n cu lac ione se x t end ida spo rt o da l ac u enca d e lm ed i t er rän eo o cc id en t a l e .E nl aa c tua l idndpa r e ce p r eva l ece rl at e s i sq u ei n t e rp r e ta e s ta sc u eva sc omo u na m an if e s tac iön a u t6c tona i n su la r ,a unqu e s i nd uda c onec tada c on o t ros e s pac io sm ed i ter räneo so cc id en ta l e sp röx imos ,q ue s ed e sar ro l la , s e gün l a sd a tac iones C -14 , al ol a rgo d el o ss i g los XV I I , XV I yXV a .C .
7 9
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
M . D ia z -And reu a nd M . F e rnande z -M i randa
E n 1 968 s ep ub l ic6 u na o b ra f undamen ta lp a ra e le s tud io d e e s tos y ac im ien tos . S e t r a ta d e l l i bro d e C . V eny L a s C ueva s S epu lcra les d eB ronce A n t iguo d e Ma l lo rca , d one s er e cogen t o dos l a ss i t ios c onoc id os h as ta l af e cha ys ei n t en ta s uc l a s if i cac iOn s i s t emä t ica , t a n to d e sd ee l p un to d ev i s ta t i po lög ico d e c ons t rucc ione s ya j uares c omo d esd e l a sp os ib i l idad es q u et a l es i n d i ce sp r e s en tan p a ra u na p o s ib l eo rd enac iOn c r ono lOg i ca d e lc on jun to .T ra se lt r aba jo d eV eny l ai n v es t igac iön s ed i v id iö e n t r eq u iene sa cep ta ron s um od e lo yl os i gu ie ron ap i es j un t i l la sy q u ienes l op u s ieron e n e n t red i cho , t o ta l op ar c ia lmen te , p or c ons id era r lo e x ces ivamen te a p r ior i s t ico .E nt o do e s te t i empo n os es e r ia lan i n novac iones r e levan t e se ne le s tud io d ee s tos m onumen tos e nl oq ue s er ef i ere an u eva d ocum en tac iOn a unque s ie ne lj u ic io q ue m e r ecen a l o si n v e s t igado r e s . E ll i b ro d eV eny e s tä c onceb ido am odo d ee x ten so c a tä logo a lq ue s ea r iad el u ego u ne s tud io t i po log ico d e c uevas ya j uar es y u nas c onc lu s iones q u e t i enen c omo f i na l idad p r imo rd ia l e s tab lecer , ap a r t i r d e a qud l , l oq ue e la u tor d eno r n ina l a se t apa s c u l tu ra les d e l c omp l e jo s epu lcra l m a l lorqu i n , c onceb ido e s te c omo u na m an if e s tac iön m ä sd e lm ega l i t ismo , a unqu e p rop ia d el ai s la d e Ma l lo r ca ,f r u to d el ae xpan s ion d ea que lp o ra mp l ia sz o na sd e Med i t e r rän eo ye lo e s t e e u ropeo a t län t ico yn O rd ico . S e b a sa ,p or t a n to ,e n u na c oncepc ion m ar cadamen te d i f u s ion is ta d e l ac u l tu ra , a na l i zando d e spud ss u sm an if e s tac iones c on c r i te r ios t i po log i s ta s e x ce s ivam en t em ane jad os d e sd eu na 6 p t i ca e vo luc ion i s ta e l emen ta l .A s t ,l ac u l tu ra e nc u e s t iän e sp res en tada c omo u na c r eac iOn n o g enerada e n l ai s la , s i no c onsecuenc ia d e u n e c o q ue r e p rodu ce h e cho sl egado sd e sd eu nc e n t ro e x t raba l ear p rox imo ol e jano ,d ond e ,s i ne mba r go ,s e d e s ca r ta p rä c t i cam en t el af i l ia c ion a rgä r i ca oi b e r i ca ,m ay a lg u s to d ec i e r ta sa c t i tud e sm en ta l e s b a leare s al a sq ue n oe r aa j eno e la u tor c uando e s c r ib i6 s uo b ra ,q ue s ev es u s t i tu ida p or u na i mpr ec i sa r e f er enc ia - i mp r ec i sa od e l iberadamen te c onf un sa , s e gün l a s c i rcun s tanc ia s - al a c uenca d e lM ed i t er räneo , c on e s pec ia lt n f a s i se nl at i e r ras q u em i ran ao r ien t e ,c omo s o nl a s i s las d e C erd e r ia , S i c i l ia oMa l ta . E s ta e sq u i zä l am ayor d i f erenc iac iOn e n t r e l a s t r ad i c iOn i n t erp re t iva d el ae s cue la c a ta lana ,o cc id en ta l is ta e ne ld e sa ra l lo d el a sc u l tu ras d el ae dad d e l b ronce d e lo e s t ed e lM ed i t e r räneo a unque s ev ue lva o r ien ta l i s ta al ah ora d ee x p l i car s ug ene s i s p r im igen ia ,f r en te a lm ode lo r e f le jado e n l ao b ra d e V eny , m äs e n c on sonanc ia c on u n d i f u s ion i smo o r ien ta l i s ta i n in ter rump ido , a unque d e i n ten s idad es v ar iab les , e n e lq u e , s i n e mbargo ,q u eda e s pac io p ara a t i sbar s i ngu lar idad e sl o ca le s , ym ä se nu ne s pac io d ec a rä c t er i n su la r . E l a nä l i s i s a rqueo lög ico d e C . V eny s eb a sa , e n l oq ue r e spec ta a l o s e spac ios f unera r ios e s tud iados ,e nr e a l i zar u na p r imera d i sc r im inac iön e n t r ec ueva sn a tu ra le s ya r t if i c ia les ,p a ra l u ego ,d en t ro d ec ada u no d ee s os g rupos ,d i s t ingu i re n t r ey ac im i en to se s tr i c tamen te f unera r io s , q ue s on m ayor i a , yu nos p oco sd es upue s to u s o c omo h ab i tac iön ,l oq ue e sd i s cu t ib le .E n l a s c u eva sa r t i f ic ia le sd i s t ingue V eny t r e s t i pos , c on t r e sv ar ian t e s as uv e zp ara e lt e rcero , q u e e ng loban at o da sl a sc ons t ruc c ione s ,d e sd el a sm ä ss e n c i l las al a sm ä sc omp le ja s .E lt i po Ie s tä f o rmado p or c u eva ss imp l e s yp eque l ia s ,d ep l an ta c i r cu la r uo va lada ys i nc o r r ed or .E lt i po I s e c a rac t e r i za p o rm an tene re s ac h a se d ec ä rna ra p e ro p r e ced ida d eu nc o r to c o r r ed or d ea cce so .E l t i po I Is ed ef i ne p o rc äma ra sa l a rgadas ,r e c tangu la r e s oe l ip so id a le s , al a sq ue s el ega at r ave s d e u nc o r redor l a rgo yc on a r iad idos ,c omo p or e j emp lo l o sv e s t i bu los .L os t i po sc ob ran v a lo r c r ono lOg i co ap a r t i rd ef ormu la c ione se x c lu s ivamen t et i po lOg ico evo lu t iva s yd i f u s ion i s tas : L af o rma d eh i pogeo s imp l e . . .a ls e re lf i nk ( )q ue e ns ui n t eg r idad r e p rodu ce l am oda l idad t umba l e x t ran j e ra c on c apa c idadpa ra d e r iva rd ee la l a sd emä sf o rma s ,p o rf u e r za t i ene q u er e p r es en ta rl a f ac ies c u l tu ra lm ä sp r im i t iva ( V eny 1 978 ,p äg .4 19 ) . Ye l lo r e su l ta l o g i c° p orqu e : e lp r ime rg rupo h umano a li n t roduc ir se e n l ai s la n op od i ai n ic ia lm en te h acer o t ra c osa q ue e xp lana ru nc i er to b aga j ed ef o rma si mpo r tada s( V eny 1 968 ,p äg .4 19 )
8 0 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
E lt i po I , a unque m äs e vo lu c ionado ,p od r i as e rs i ncrön ico d e lI ,s egün V eny ,p ues l ad i f erenc ia q ue h ay e n t re a mbos n op r esupone n ecesar iamen te u nc amb io d e m en ta l idad n iu na e vo luc iön c u l tu ra lp rop iamen te d i cha .P e ro aa r nbos l es i gue e lg rupo I I , e s tad io f i na ld e l ac on t inuada l I nea e vo lu t iva ,p resen tado y ac omo u na c r eac iön p rop ia d el ai s la , c uando s ea l can za l am ayor p erf ecc iön c ons truc t iva yl o sh ipogeos d e mayor t ama r io yr e levanc ia . S ev in v aya a r iad iendo a t r ibu tos e lg rupo I I c onoce , as u v e z , t r es v ar ian tes , p ara l a s q ue t amb ign s e i n s inüa u n s i gn if icado c rono lög ico , y a q ue l a s t umbas mäs c omp le jas , p or e j emp lo l a s d e C a la S an t V incenc , r ep resen tan e lü l t imo g rado d ee vo lu c i6n . E lo t ro c r i ter io d ec l a s if icac i6n d e V eny s eb asa e nl o sa juar es ,p ar t icu larmen te l o sc e räm icos . E l h echo d e q ue l am ayo rp ar te d e e s tas c uevas e s tgn e xp loradas ye xpo l iadas d esd e a n t iguo l ev6 aV eny as us ten tar s u so bser vac ione se nl o sr e s to se xhumados e nc uevas n a tu ra les ,d ond e l o sd epO s i tos a rqueo lög i cos n o h an t e n ido ,p or l og enera l , t a n m a la f or tuna , a unque t ampoco b uena . E l lo s usc i ta , as imp le v i s ta , u na p o lim ica c ues t iOn ye sq ue p or e s e c am ino s em e zc lan l o s y ac im ien tos c ampan if ormes , e n tonces e scasamen te c onoc idos w in , c on l a s c ueva s s epu lcra les p re ta layö t icas p rop iamen te d i chas , d ond e h as ta a hora e n n i nguna o cas iOn h an a parec ido c eräm ica s uo t ros ü t i les d e a que l la f i l iac iön c u l tura l . D i s t ingue V eny e n tre y ac im ien to sc on c e räm i ca si n c i sa sc a ra ter i s t icamen te c ampan if orme s ,p or l oq ue a hora s abemos yq ue c a recen d ec onex iön a l guna c on l o sh i pogeos p re ta lay6 t icos , q ue c on s t i tuyen l af a se m äs a n t igua d e s u p er iod i zac iön , yo t ros c on l a s l amadas c eräm icas i n c isa B , q ue r ef le jan e n d ecorac ione sl i nea le sd et a lt g cn ica u na p os ib le t r ad ic iön c ampan i f orme .L u ego l a se s t imac ion es ap ar t i rd eo t ros o b j e to ss ev ue lv en i mp rec i sas c on je tu ras ,p ues c omo e lp rop io a u tor s e r ia la e n s uo bra e nl o se j emp los q ue i n tegran l o st r es p r imeros t i po s( s er ef iere al a sc uevas a r t if ic ia le s t i pos 1 ,1 1y s ea p rec ia u na u n idad s u s tanc ia l . . .conf i rmada c on l ah omogene idad q ue s e o bserva c ons tan temen te e ne lc on ten ido d el o sa juares ( päg . 4 18 ) . S in e mbargo s em an t iene e l c r i ter io t i po lOg ico -evo lu t ivo ap ar t ir d e l as upues ta e vo luc iOn d e l a s c ons trucc ione s d e m äs s enc i l las am ä sc omp l e jas ,c on v a lo ra d emäs c r ono lOg ico . U na c on t rad icc iOn e nl a sq ue s i nd uda t i ene m ucho q ue v e rl af i l iac iön d i sc ip l inar d e la u tor . E lt r aba jo q ue p re s en tamo s ae s ta r e un ion p r e t ende s u s t i tu i rl o sc r i te r ios a n ter iormen te r e f er idos p or o t ros t e 6r icamen te m äs o b j e t ivos y ,d e sd e l u ego ,p e rf ec tamen te c on t ras tados m ed ian te e l e mp l eo d e a nä l i s i s m a temä t icos e n c ompu tadora . P ara e l lo s ep ar te d e l am i sma i n f ormac iön q ue r e cog iö ym ane jö V eny , c on t odo l oq ue e l lo s i gn if ica d e l i m i tac iones s egün s e r ia lara e l m ismo e n s u l i b ro . L os h a l lazgos p os ter iores o s on m uy f ragmen tar ios op oco f i ab les , d e manera q ue p arece p ref er ib le m an tener e ln i ve ld ei n f ormac iOn , ya s if ac i l i tar l ac ompa rac iön , q ue a r iad ir c l aws n uevos d e d udoso v a lor . E l t r aba jo t r op ie za c on p rob lemas e v iden tes , e l p r inc ipa l e le scaso m imero d ey ac im ien tos q ue p resen tan c on jun tos a rqueo lOg icos a mp l ios y p or t a n to s i gn if i ca t ivos .P o re j emp lo , e n e lc a so d e l a sc uevas a r t if i c ia les , d e lt o ta ld e 1 00 q ue V eny c a ta log6 ,4 4c arecen d ev a lor , d eb ido ae v iden tes a l terac iones p or e xpo l io oi n t ru s ion d e m a ter ia les d e g poca c l aramen te p os ter ior . D e l a s 4 6 r e s tan tes s 6 lo u na d ecena r eg is tran c on jun to sa rqueo lög icos c l a ro s , yd eo t ros c i nco c aso ss ep ued en i n corpora ra l gunas p i e za s , c a s i c on c on t oda s egur idad p r eced en tes d ea j ua res r n ä sa mp l ios p e rd idos .N iu na s o la c ueva h as i do a d ecuadamen te e x cavada ye nn i ngün c a so e s tamos s eguros d em ane ja rc on jun tos a rqueo lög icos c omp le tos .E s ta sd os ü l t imas c i rcun s tanc ias s on e x ten s ib les al a sc uevas n a tu ra les ,d ond ep ese aq ue e n muchos c asos s u d e scubr im ien to s ep rodu jo e n g poca r e la t ivamen te r e c ien te ys i n r emoc iones d ei mpor tanc ia , n op arece q ue c uan tos t r aba jos s eh an I l evado ac abo e ne l la s ean a cr eedor es al am i n ima c onf ian za q ue h ace v c i l ida u ne x cavac iön a rqueo lög ica . D e a cuerdo c on t o do e l lo u na p r i rnera o bser vac iön p arece e v id en te : e s te t r aba jo m ane ja u na i n f ormac iön p a rc ia l ,a l t erada ac au sa d er e cup erac iones i n vo lun ta r iamen te s e l ec t iva s yc aren t ed e d a to sc omp lemen tar io ss obre l o su sos d e l o ss i t ios . T a les l i m i tac iones ,e np ar t icu lar l as egunda s e r ia lada , i mp id et e ne rc onoc im ien to s obre c ues t iones t a nf undamen ta le sc oma s ie s tos l u gar es f unerar ios s eu t i l i zaron e n u ns o lo m omen t° of ueron u sados al ol a rgo d e u na g poca l a rga d e t i empo .
8 1
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
M . D iaz -And reu a nd M . F ernandez -M iranda
P a r t imos d el ah i pö te s i sd eq ue l a sd i f e r enc ia sa rqu i tec tän ica se n t re h i pogeos , al a sq u eV eny y o t ros a u tores c onceden e spec ia l r e levanc ia , n o t i enen p orque t e ner u n v a lor e vo lu t ivo c r ono lög i co ;t a l es v a r ian t e sp ued en p e r f ec tamen t er e spond e r ao t ra sc au sa s ,c omo e lm in t e r° d e i nd iv iduos q ue s ep rev e i a e n te r ra r , l ad u rac iön d e l u so d e lp an tedn , l o s d i s t in to s g rados d e c oncen t rac iän d el ap ob la c iön ,e ls t a tu ss o c ia ld el o se n t er rado s . . . Igua lm en t ec ons id e ramo sq ue l ad i f e renc iac iön c ueva s n a tu ra l es l cueva sa r t if ic ia les p u ed e n o t e ner m ä sj us t if icac iön q ue l a p o s ib i l idad oi mpo s ib i l idad d ea p rov echar l u ga r e sn a tu ra l e s , oi g ua lm en t ee s ta re nc onex iön c on l am ayor om enor d en s idad d ep ob lac iön . S ep ane ,a s im i smo ,d ec ons id e ra rq ue p u ed en e x i s t ir v ar ian t es e n l a s c ompos ic iön d ea l guna sf or r nas c e räm i ca s ,t a lv e zc on v a lor c rono lög ico od e o t ro t i po ,p or l oq ue s us upu e s ta h o r nogene idad e su nd a to ac omp roba r or e f u tar .L af i na l idad d e l t r aba jo e sd emons t rar s ie lm od e lo d e V eny e sr ea l of i c t ic io ys ie n s u l ugar e sp os ib le p ropone ro t ro a l t erna t ivo d ec l a s if i cac iön d ee s tos t n onu r n en to s ys u sa j uar e s yc on q ue v a lo re s ei n t e rp r e tac ione sc u l tu ra l e s . E l e s tud io s ep lan tea e n t r es f as es , l ap r imera r e lac ionada c on e le s tud io d e l o s a j uares c e räm ico s , l as egunda c on e ld e l a s c ueva s yl at e r cera yü l t ima c on u n a nä l i s is c on jun to d e c ueva s ya j ua r e s . E lp r im ero p a so p ara e le s tud io d e l o s a j ua r es c e räm i cos d e l a s c uevas h a s i do d ec id i r l a s v a r iab l e s at e n er e nc uen ta ,n o ( p r e s en c ia oa u senc ia d ec a r ena ,p os i c iön l ac a r ena e ns u c aso , r e lac iön a l tu ra lanchu ra ,f orma ,p r e s enc ia oa u senc ia d ec u e l lo ,e ne s t eü l t imo c a so s is e t r a ta d e u na f orma e x va sada o n o , v o lumen d e l ap i eza e n a l gün c aso m uy c onc r e to , y d eco ra c iön q ue p r es en ta ) , od ei n te rva lo ( a l tu ra ya nchu ra a b so lu ta s ,d i a rne t ro d e l ab oca yd e l c ue l lo ya l tu ra d el ab oca al ac ar ena ) .L am a t r i zd ed a to sr e su l tan t e c ons ta d e3 25 i nd iv iduo so f orma sc e räm icas q ue s ed i s t r ibuyen e n3 8c ueva sd i f er en t e s ,p o rl a st r ece v ar iab les q ue s eh an e numerado .L a t om d ed a tos n o s er e a l i zö s i np rob l ema s ,y aq ue , a par t e d e l ad i f icu l tad q ue s uponen l a sd i s t in ta se s ca la s yl ae spec ia lt e cn ica d ed i bu jo e ne ll i b ro d e V eny p ara h a l la rl a s v a r iab l e sd ei n t er va lo ,m u cha sf o rma e ncu en t ran i n comp l e ta s ya l guna sd el a sc ons t ru ida sp o re l a u tor p r es en tan p erf i le sd udosos .A s im i smo e n c i er tos c a sos h ay d i f icu l tad p a ra r e lac iona rl a d i s cr ipc iön c on e ld i bu jo d e u na m i sma v a s z ja .P o rü l t imo ,b a s tan t e sc ueva sq u edan e x c lu ida s p orque n o s eh a d i bu jado t o do l oe ncon t rado , l o sd a tos h an q u edado i n comp le tos d e spue sd e v enf icar q ue l a sa t r ibuc ione sd et i pos q ue d a V eny n os ec o r r e spond en c on l aa po log i ap o re l m i smo d ef in ida ( p o re j emp lo l av a s i ja 2 9d eN aF onda d eS aV a i l ) . S egün e lo rd en c on e lq ue s eh an e num e rado l a sv a r iab le sn om ina l e s ,s eh ac l a s if i cado e la j ua r c e räm i co d el a sc u evas . T amb i en e ne s t ec a so s eh an p r e s en tado a l gunos p rob l ema s ,c omo e ld e e s tab l ece rc on r i gu ro s idad l av a r iab l ev o lum en .E s ta v a r iab le s eh ae s tab lec ido p a ra d i f e r en c iar d os t i pos d e v a sos q ue , a un t e n iendo u na f orma s im i la r , m ue s t ran u n v o lumen c l aremen te d i f e ren te , c omo s on l a sf or m s6 cd e V eny , o2 a y2 bd eF e rnänd e z -M iranda . P ara e l lo s eh a r ea l i zado u n a nä l i s i s d i scr im inan te q u e p ropo rc iona l a sf unc iones f ron tera e n tre l o s d os c on jun tos d ev a so s ,s i r v iendo a s ic omo c r i t er io d es epa rac iön e n t r ev o lum en p equer to yg rand e . O t ro p rob lema e s l a d ec i s iön d e s it omar e n c uen ta t o da s l a s d ecorac iones ( i nc is ione s , i mp r es s ione s ,m am e lone s ,e t c . ) os o lo c on s id e rar a l gunas d ee la s .E lc r i te r io q ue s eh as egu id o h a c ons i s t ido e n n oi n c lu i r c omo v ar iab le sn il a si mp r e s iones n il a si n c i s iones y aq ue e s ta ss e p r e sen tan e n d i f e r en te s v as i ja s c on i nd epend enc ia d e s uf o rma . L a c l as if icac iön r e su l tan t e d i n t ingue 2 3g rupo sd i f e r en tes d ev a s i ja s ,a grupado se n 9t i po ss ubd iv id idos e nv ar ian tes . U na v e z c l a s if icado e lc on jun to d e a j uare sc e räm icos , s eh aa i zad ido al am a t r i zd ed a tos e lt i po o v a r ian t ee nl aq u es eh ai n c lu ido c ada v a s z ja . C omo s e gundo p a so e n e s te e s tud io d e la j ua rc e räm ico ,s ei n v es t igan l a sr e lac iones e n t re l o s d i s t in tos t i po s yv a r ian te s , c on e lf in d eh a l lar a l gün t i po d ee s t ruc tu rac iön e nl ad i s t r ibuc iön d e l o s m i smos . P ara e l lo s e h a r ea l i zado u na m a t r i z d e c on t ingenc ia , e n l aq ue s er e sa l ta q ue g rupos c o inc id en e nu na m i sma c ueva e nv a lor a b so lu to yo t ra m a t r i zc on v a lor e sp o r cen tua l e s .
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of 8 Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean 2 Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Ap a r t i rd el o sp o r cen ta j e sd ec ada t i po e nc ada c ueva ,s eh ah a l lado l am a t r i zd es im i la r idad d e B ra inerd -Rob in son , q ue m u e s t ra l as im i lar idad e x i s ten te e n t r e c ada p ar d e c ueva s s e gün l a s eme jan za d es u sa j ua r e s . C omo r e su l tado d e le s tud io d el o sa j ua r e sc e räm i co sd el a sc u eva ss e pu l c ra le sp r e ta la yö t i ca s ,s e e s tab lece e np r imer l u ga ru na n u eva a po logi a q ue s us t i tuye al a sa n ter iore s , ys ed i s t inguen c ua t ro g rupo sd i f e r en t es d ec u eva ss e gün e ns ua j ua rs o lo h a ya v a s t ja sd ef o rma g l obu la r( g rupo q ue p res en ta p rob lema sp or s e r v a s z ja s q ue s ee ncuen t ran e ne lr e s to d e l o sg rupos yq ueda r s i emp re l ad uda d es in on os e ncon t ramo sa n t ec ueva sc on a j uar e si n comp l e tos ) , oh aya f orma s d e c ar ena b a ja , m ed ia oa l ta .E np r inc ip io e s to sg rupos n o s on e x c luyen t es e n t re s i , ys o lo s e l ega rä ao rd ena r lo st r a se le s tud io d ec ueva s ya j ua r e sn oc e räm i co s . L as egunda f as ed ee s te t r aba jo c on s i s t ee n e le s tud io d e l a sc uevas .L as v a r iab le sq ue s eh an t o r nado e n c uen ta s on d e t i po n om ina l b i na r io , d ef orma p resenc ia laus enc ia . E l p r imer p rob lema c on e lq ue h ay q ue c on ta re sq u en os ep u ed e h ace ru na ü n i ca m a t r i zd ed a to s ,p ue s to q ue l a s c uevas d e Ma l lorca , s egün e l t e r r i tor io g eo lög ico e n e lq ue s e e ncuen t ren , s on a r t if ic ia les o n a tu ra les , ye n c ada u no d e l o s c asos l a s c a rac ter i s t ica s q ue p r esen tan s on d i f e ren te s .P a ra l a sc ueva sn a tu ra l e ss eh an t o rnado e nc u en ta l as i gu i en t es v ar iab le s :s i tuac iön ( a i s lada , c on jun to d e d o s ot r e s c uevas , c on jun to d e m ä s c uevas ) ,f orma d e c ueva ( r e tocada , a cceso v e r t ica l uh or i zon ta l , n i chos a raf i c ia les ) , a j ua res n o c e räm icos d e c ob re ( p ui ta le s t r iangu lares , d e h o ja a b i se l , p un tas d e f l echa , p unzones b i apun tados s enc i l los o i nde term inados ) , a j uar es d e h uesos ( bo tones e n v ,c on icos , t r oncocOn icos , p i ram ida les o s em i sf e r icos , b o tones d e d ob le p e rf orac ion ) , ya j uar l i t ico ( b ra za l es d e a rquero ys i lex ) . L a m a t r i zr e su l tan te s e r c ip or t a n to d e3 7c uevas p or v e in t ev a r iab l e s . L as v a r iab l es q ue d ef in en l a sc uevas a r t if i c ia l es s on l a ss i gu i en te s :s i tuac iOn ( a i s lada , c on jun to d ed o s ot r es c ueva s oc on jun to sd em ä sc uevas ) , c o r redor ( s in e l ,a cce so e np o zo ,e ne s ca l era , e n r ampa u h or i zon ta l , t amai to c or to o l a rgo , c on v e s t i bu lo o c ämara ) , c äma ra ( d ef orma r edonda uo va l , oa l a rgada ,d et ama t io p equ e t io ,i n t ermed io og rand e ,c on f o so c en t ra l ,c on n i cho a bs ida l , l a t era l oaa mbos l a dos , os i n n i nguno ) , ya j uar es n o c e räm icos c on l a s m i smas v ar iab l es q ue e ne lc a so a n ter io r .L am a t r i ze ne s te c a so t i ene u na d imen s ion d e5 6c u evas p or 2 4 v a r iab l e s . C on e s to sd a tos a unque s i nt omar e nc u en ta l a sv ar iab l e sd e la j ua rn oc e räm i co ,s eh ar e a l i zado u na nä l i s i sd ec o r r e sp ond enc ia so b t en ida se ne lm i smo p rograma s eh ar e a l i zado u nc l u s t e r ,p a ra v i sua l i za rd eo t ra m ane ra l a sa grupac ione sq u em ue s t ran l a sc ueva ss e gün s uf orma . L at e r ce ra yü l t ima f as ed ee s te e s tud io c ons i s t ee ne s tab l ecer s il a sd i s t in ta sa g rupac iones d e f orma sc e räm ica ss ec o r r e spond en c on l o sg rupos d ec u evas yas uv e zs ie la j ua rn oc e räm ico s er e lac iona c on u na d el a sc l a s i f i cac ione s oc on a mba s . E lp r ime rp a so h ac on s i s t ido e nr ea l i za ru na m a t r i zd ec on t ingenc ia d el o st i pos , c on s id e rando e ne s te c aso c omo i n d iv iduos al o sd i s t in to sg rupo sd ec u eva se nl am a t r i zd ed a tos i n i c ia l ,p a ra a ver iguar s il o s d a to s m ue s t ran u na e s c truc turac iön i n terna , y ap ar t i r d e n u evo d e l o s p o r cen ta je sd ec ada t i po c e räm ico , a ho ra e n c ada t i po d ec ueva ,s eh ac on s t ru ido l am a t r i zd e s im i la r idad d eB ra in e rd -Rob in son . C omo ü l t imo e s tud io s eh a h echo u n a nä l i s i s d e c o r r espond enc ia s e n t r e l a s v a r iab les d e l a s c uevas , a r iad iendo e ne s te c a so l o sa j uare s n o m e tä l i co s yl ap re senc ia oa u senc ia d e v as i ja s g l obu lar es oc on c ar ena s b a ja s , m ed ia s ya l ta s ,p a ra i n ten tar d es cub r i r d e o t ra m anera u na p os ib le r e lac iön e n t re t i pos d ec ueva s ya j ua r e s .
8 3
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
M . D ia z -And reu a nd M . F ernande z -M iranda
( *No ta ) E s te t r aba jo t u vo s uo r igen e nu nS em inar io p a ra a l umnos p o s tgraduado sr ea l i zado d u ran te e l c u r s° 1 986 -1987 e ne lI n s t i tu t° U n iv er s i tar io O r t ega yG a s s e td el aU n iv e r s idad C omp lu tens e .
8 4 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
C uevas S epu lcra les P re ta layo r ica sd e Ma l lorca : U n E nsayo d e C lass if icac ion yA na l is is ( * ) M . D iaz -And reu yM . F e rnande z -M i randa
Almost 150 burial caves belonging to the Pre-Talayotic period have been discovered in Ma l lo r ca . B o th n a tu ra la nd a r t if i c ia l , t h ey a r et h em o s ta bundan tt y pe o fs i te o ft h i sp e r iod o f t h ei s land ' sp r eh i s to ry . As t udy o ft h ec h rono logy a nd t y po logy o ft h ec ave s ,a nd o ft h ef u ne ra l r i te s a nd o ft h e t y pe s o fo b jec t s f ound i nt h em h a s l i nked t h em w i th s im i la r c on s t ruc t ion s f ound i nn e ighbou r ing r e g ion so ft h e We s te rn Med i t e r ranean . S im i la rc ave s ,a l though f ewe ri n n umb e r ,h ave b een f ound o nt h en ea rby i s land o f Meno r ca ,w he r ec onne c t ion sh ave b een f o und w i th Ma l lo r ca i no t he rp e r iod so fp r eh i s to ry .T he Ma l lo r can c ave sh ave a l so b een l i nked t ot h e c ommuna lc ave sf ound o nt h eI b e r ian P en in su la . T he p ub l i shed l i t e ra tu re o nt h eb u r ia lc ave so f Ma l lo r ca i sl o ng a nd u nc lea r . Many c ave sw e re d i s cove red i nt h eX IX th c en tu ry a nd e ven b e fo re .T he f i r s ts y s tema t ic e xcava t ion w a sc a r r ied o u tb e tween 1 916 a nd 1 919 b y t h e I n s t i tu te f o r C a ta lan S t ud ie s u nde r t h e d i rec t ion o fJ o sep C o lom ina s .B ecau se o fs im i la r i t ie sb e tween t h ep o t te ry f o und h e r ea nd t h o se o fE lA rga ri nt h e s ou thea s t o f t h e I be r ian P en insu la , t h is g roup o f monumen t s w a s c on s ide red a n i s land r am i f ica t ion o fE l A rga ra nd w a sb e l ieved t ob e long t ot h eB ronze A ge . Mo s ta r chaeo log i s t s w ho h ave e xam ined t h ei s sue s i nce h ave a g reed w i th t h i s .O ne o ft h ef ew e xcep t ion sh a sb een W . H emp w ho f ound t h en ea r e s tp a ra l le l so ft h es o -ca l led g roup o fA r le s .T he a u tho r sl i nk t h e b u r ia l c ave s o f Ma l lo r ca n o t o n ly t ot h e s o -ca l led ' c i r c le o fE l A rga r ' b u t a l so t oo t he r s i te s s p r ead a r ound t h e We s te rn Med i t e r ranean b a s in .T he t h eo ry p reva len ta tt h ep r e s en tt i me r e ga rd s t h em a sa n i nd igenou s i n su la rp roduc t , n od oub tr e la t ed t oo t he rn ea rby Med i t e r ranean a r ea s , w h i ch e vo lved ,a c co rd ing t oC -14 d a t ing ,i nt h ee a r l ie rs e cond m i l lenn ium BC . I n 1 968 , C r i s toba l V eny p ub l i shed t h ef u ndamen ta l s t udy o ft h e se s i t e s . T he B ur ia l C ave s o f t h e E a r ly B ronze A ge o f Ma l lorca d e s c r ibe s a l l t h e s i te sk nown a tt h a tt ime a nd a t temp t s t o c l a s s ify t h em s y s tema t ica l ly . V eny f i r s t s t ud ie s t h e t y po logy o ft h e i rc ons t ruc t ion a nd t h e i r a r te f a c t s , a nd t h en , u s ing t h is d a ta , p u t s t h em i n to ap o s s ib le c h rono log ica l o rde r . R e sea r ch s i nce V eny ' sp ubl i ca t ion h a sb een d i v ided b e tween t h o se w ho a c cep th i s mode la nd f o l low i t , a nd t h o se w ho d i sag ree t o ta l ly o ri np a r t , c on s ide r ing i tt ob e e xce s s ive ly r el ian to n ap r ior i a s sump t ion . V eny ' sb ook i sa ne x ten s ive c a ta logue t ow h ich h eh a sa dded at y po log ica l s t udy o ft h ec ave s a nd a r te f a c t s ,a nd c onc lu s ion sw h i ch a im t oe s tab l i sh w ha tt h ea u tho rc a l l s' t he c u l tu ra l s t age s o ft h eb u r ia l c ave so f Ma l lo r ca ' . H e s e e s t h em a sa no the re xamp le o ft h e Mega l i th ic c u l tu re , n a t ive t ot h ei s land o f Ma l lo r ca b u tt h er e su l to ft h e s p read o ft h e Mega l i th ic c u l tu re t h rough w id e sp r ead a r ea so ft h e Med i t e r ranean ,A t lan t ic a nd N o r the rn c oa s to f We s t e rn E u rope .H eb a se s h i s t h eo ry o n t h e s p read o fc u l tu re , a nd a na lyse s t h e c onc re te Ma l lo rcan c a se s u s ing s imp le t y po log ica l -d eve lopmen ta lc r i te r ia .A s ar e su l t ,h ep o r t r ay st h eP re -Ta layo tp e r iod a sa ne cho o f w ha t w a s h appen ing ' s omewhe re b eyond t h e B a lea r ic I s land s ' , p l a c ing s pe c ia l e mpha s i s o n
8 5
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l i nd D eya C onf e ren ce o fP r eh i s to ry :A r cha eo log i ca lT echn ique s ,T echno logy a nd T heo ry
l a nd s c l o se r t ot h eE a s te rn Med i te r ranean , s u ch a st h e i s land s o fS a rd in ia , S i c i ly a nd Ma l ta , r a the rt h an s e e ing t h ec ave sa s ap rodu c tn a t ive t o Ma l lo r ca . V eny r u s td i f f e ren t ia te sb e tween n a tur a la nd a r t if i c ia lc ave s ,a nd t h en w i th in t h e se t wo g roup s , h e f u r the rd i s t ingu i she sb e tween b u r ia l s i te s , w h ich a ccoun tf o rt h em a jo r i ty ,a nd af ew s i te s w h ich a ppea rt oh ave b een i n hab i t ed ,a l though t h i si t se l fi sa rguab le .V eny d i v ide st h ea r t if i c ia l c ave s i n to t h ree g roup s , w i th t h e t h i rd g roup h av ing t h ree s ubd iv i s ions . T he se g roup s e ncompa s s a l l t h e c on s t ruc t ion s , f r om t h e s imp le s t t ot h e mo s t c omp lex . T he f i r s t g roup i n c lude ss imp le ,s ma l lc ave sw i th c i r cu la ro ro va lf l oo r sa nd n op a s sageway .T he s e cond g roup h a st h es ame t ype o ff l oo rp l an b u ta l so as ho r te n t ran ce g a l le ry .T he t h i rd g roup i sc ompo sed o fe n la rged , r e c tangu la r o ro va l c ave s w h ich a r e r e a ched b y al o ng p a s sageway , w i th e x t ra r oom s s u ch a se n t ry c hambe r s . T he g roup sa r ep u ti n to c h rono log ica lo rde ru s ing t y po log ica l d eve lopmen ta la nd d if u s ion i s tf o rmu la s : ' l a f o rma d e h i pogeo s imp le . . . a ls e r e lü n ico q ue e n s u i n teg r idad r ep roduce l a moda l idad t umba le x t ran je ra c on c apa c idad p a ra d e r iva rd ee l la l a sd emä sf o rma s ,p o r f u e r za t i ene q ue r e p re sen ta rl af a c ie sc u l tu ra lm ä sp r im i t iva '( Veny 1 968 ,p .4 19 ) a nd t h i si sl o g i ca lb e cau se : ' e lp r ime rg rupo h umano a li n t roduc i r se e nl ai s la n op od ia i n ic ia lmene h ace ro t ra c o sa q ue e xp lana ru nc i e r to b aga je d ef o rma si mpo r tada s '( Veny 1 968 ,p .4 19 ) . A l though t h ec ave s i nt h es e cond g roup a r e m o re c omp lex , t h ey c ou ld h ave b een b u i l ta tt h e s ame t i me a s t h o se o ft h e f i r s t g roup , a cco rd ing t oV eny , s i nce t h e d i f f e rence w h ich e x i s t s b e tween t h e t wo ' d o e sn o tn e ce s sa r i ly i mp ly ac hange i nm en ta l i ty o r ac u l tu ra ld eve lopmen t ' . B u t b o th g roup s a r e f o l lowed b y t h e t h i rd g roup , ' t he f i na l s t age o f ac on t inuou s , d eve lopmen ta l s equence ' , w h ich i ss e en a s ac r ea t ion i n d igenou s t ot h e i s land , w hen ab e t t e r b u i ld ing t e chn ique i sa t ta ined a nd t h ec ave sa r el a rge ra nd m o r ei mp re s s ive .T he t h i rd g roup h a s t h ree s ubd iv i s ion s , f o r w h ich t h e re a l so a pp ea r s t ob e ac h rono log ica l o rde r , s i nce t h e mo re c omp lex c ave s , t h ose o f C a la S an t V icenc , f o r e xamp le , r ep re sen t t h e ' f i na l s t age o f d eve lopmen t ' . T he o t he rc r i te r ion u sed b yV eny i nh i sc l a s s if ica t ion i sb a sed o nt h eg r ave g ood s ,i np a r t icu la r t h ep o t te ry .T he f a c tt h a t mo s to ft h e se c ave sw e re d i scove red a nd r a n sa cked al o ng t i me a go l e d V eny t o b a se h i s o b serva t ion s o n t h e p i ece s r e cove red f r om t h e n a tu ra l c ave s w he re a r cheo log ica l c on tex t s h ave g ene ra l ly s u f f e red a s l igh t ly b e t te r f a te . B u t b y t h is m e thod , i n ev i tab ly , s i te s w i th B eake r w a re , w h ich w e r e n o t w e l l -known a tt h e t ime , w e re c omb ined w i th p rope r ly P re ta layo t ic b u r ia l c ave s , w he re u n t i l n ow n e i the rp o t te ry n o ro t he r i t em s w i th B eake rc ha ra c te r i s t ic s h ave b e en f ound . V eny d i s t ingu i she s b e tween s i te s w i th c ha rac te r i s t ic i n c i sed B eake r w a re ( wh ich w e k now h ave n o c onne c t ion w i th c ave s f r om t h e P re ta layo t ic p e r iod ,a nd w h ich h ea t t r ibu t e st ot h eo ld e s tp ha se o fh i sp e r iod iza t ion ) ,a nd o t he rs i te sw i th t h e s o -ca l led i n c i sed c e ram ic B , w h ich r ef le c t ap o s s ib le B eake r t r ad i t ion ( b ecau se t h e i r l i nea r d e co ra t ion ) . A s se s smen t sb a sed o n o t he rk i nd so fa r te f ac t sa r ev e ry i mp r ec is e s i nce , a st h ea u tho rh imse l f p o in t s o u t ' i n t h e c a se s w h ich m ake u p t h e f i r s tt h ree g roup s ' ( h e r e f e r s h e re t ot h e a r t if i c ia l c ave so fg roup sI ,I a nd I I ) 'as ub s tan t ia lu n i ty c an b es e en . c onf i rmed i nt h eh omogene i ty w h ich i sc on s tan t ly o b se rved i nt h ec on ten to ft h eg r ave g ood s( Veny 1 968 ,p .4 18 ) . H oweve r , c on t rad ic to r i ly , h e s t i l l u se s at ypo log ica l d eve lopmen ta l c r i te r ion f r om t h e s imp le s t c on s t ruc t ion st ot h e mo s tc omp lex ,a nd g i ve st h a ts equence c h rono log ica lv a lue . T he p re sen t w o rk a im s t os ub s t i tu t e t h e se c r i t e r ia w i th t h eo re t ica l ly mo re o b jec t ive c r i te r ia t e s ted u s ing m a thema t ica l c ompu te r a na ly s i s . T he s t udy i sb a sed o n t h e s ame i n fo rma t ion
8 6 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
M .D ia z -And reu yM .F ernand e z -M i randa
V eny c omp i led a nd a na lysed , w i th a l l t h e l im i ta t ion s t h i s i n c lude s , a s h e h imse lf p o in ted o u t c o r rec t ly i nh i sb ook . L a te rf i nd ing sa r ee i the ri n comp le te ,n o rr e l iab le ,o rr ema in u npub l ished . I tt h e re fo re s eems p re f e rab le t ow o rk w i th t h e s ame d a ta , r a the rt h an r e f e r r ing t on ew d a ta o f d oub t fu l v a lue . I nt h i s w ay ac ompa r i son c an b e made b e tween t h e t wo t h eo re t ica la pp roa che s t h a t a r e t e s ted h e re a nd t h e i r r e spec t ive o pe ra t iona l mode l s . T he p re sen t w o rk f a ce s s ome o bv iou s p rob lems . T he m a in p rob lem i st h e s ca rc i ty o fs i te s t h a to f fe r aw ide a nd s i gn if ican t r a nge o fa r chaeo log ica lr ema in s . F o re xamp le ,V eny c oun ted a nd d e sc r ibed 1 00 a r t if ic ia lc ave s . O ft h e se ,4 4 c anno tb eu sed b e cau se t h ey h ave b een r an sa cked o r ma te r ia l s f r om ac l ea r ly l a t e r p e r iod h ave b een a dded . O f t h e 5 6 r ema in ing s i te s , o n ly a bou t 1 0 c on ta in c omp le te a r chaeo log ica l a s semb lage s . N one o ft h ese s i te s h a s b een e xcava ted p rope r ly a nd w e a r e n o t s u re i n a ny o f t h em t h a t w e a re d ea l ing w i th a c omp le te s e t o f r ema ins . T he se l a s t t wo o b serva t ion s a r e e qua l ly t r ue o ft h e n a tu ra l ly -occu r r ing c ave s . A l though i nm any c ase s t h e se c ave s h ave n o tb een d i scove red u n t i lf a i r ly r e cen t ly a nd t h e i rc on ten t sh ave g ene ra l ly n o tb een d i s tu rbed , i td oe s n o t a ppea rt h a t t h e wo rk c a r r ied o u t o n t h em h a s r e ached t h e a r cheo log ica l s t anda rd sn e ce s sa ry t om ake t h ese e xcava t ion sv a l id . T he p resen tw o rk i sb ased o n at h eo ry w h ich i sr ad ica l ly d i f f e ren t f r om t h e o ne V eny u sed i n h i sd ay ; n ame ly t h a td i s t inc t ions b e tween t y pe so fb u r ia l c hambe r( na tu ra l v s . a r t if ic ia l , s imp le a r t if ic ia lv s . c omp lex a r t if i c ia l ) d on o tn e ces sa r i ly c o r re spond t od i f f e rence s i nt h et ime o ft h e i r i n i t ia lu se . H is t y po log ica l -ch rono log ica l s equence i st h u sc a l led i n to q ue s t ion . I n s t ead , as t udy i s made o ft h ec ompo s i t ion o ft h e g rave g ood s ( i n s p i te o ft h e l im i ta t ions a l ready m en t ioned ) : t h e mu tua l a s so c ia t ions b e tween p o t te ry v e s se l -fo rm t y pe s ,a nd t h er e la t ionsh ip b e tween t h e se t ype s a nd t h e t ype s o fb u r ia l c ave s i nw h ich t h ey w e re f ound . Ou r s t udy i sd iv ided i n to f ou r p a r t s : t h e f i r s ts t ud ie s t h ec ompo s i t ion o fc e ram ic a s semb lage s ; t h e s e cond a na lyse s t h e s hape o f t h e c ave s t o v er ify t h e c on s i s tency o f V eny 's c l a s s if ica t ion ; t h e t h ird s t ud ie s t h e c ave s t oge the r w i th t h e a r tef ac t s , a na ly s ing t h e r e su l t s t od e term ine w he the r t h e re i sa ny r eg iona l p a t te rn ing ; a nd , f i na l ly , a mo re d e ta i led a na ly s is o f t h e d i f f e ren t l o ca t ions o f t h e c ave s i s u nde r taken . We d o n o t u se p rev iou s c l a s s if ica t ions o fp o t te ry ( Veny 1 968 , p p . 4 11-416 a nd F e rnändez M i randa 1 978 , p p . 1 59 -166 ) b ecause t h e se o ve r looked c er ta in k i nd s o f v e sse ls a nd i ns ome i n s tance s u sed v ague d ef in i t iona l c r i te r ia . L ikew ise , t h ose i t em s w h ich a r e u n ique o ra r e n o t f ound i n mo re t h an o ne s i te a r e om i t ted s i nce t h ey a r en o ts i gn if ican ti n as t udy o ft h is k i nd ( a n e xamp le o ft h is i sv e sse l 1 3o fL lucame td ' en B a r raque ra s semb lage [ Veny 1 968 , p .2 56 ] ) . T o c a r ry o u tt h es y s tema t ic c l a s s if ica t ion o ft h ese a r te f a c t s , as e to fv a r iab le s h a sb een u sed w h ich e s tab l ish at ypo logy n e ce ssa ry f o rt h es t udy o ft h eP r e -Ta layo tb u r ia l s i te so f Ma l lo rca . T he p o t tery s hape sw e re s t ud ied u s ing n om ina la nd i n ter va l v a r iab le s . T he f i r s ts e to fv a r iab le s , d e f ined b y n umbe r s ,a r e p r esence o ra b sence o fc a r ina t ions , p o s i t ion o ft h ec a r ina t ion w hen i t e x is t s , t h e r e la t ion sh ip h e igh t /w id th , s hape , p re sence o r a bsence o f n eck , r e s t r ic ted o r u n re s t r ic ted f o rm ,t h ev o lume o ft h ep i ece i nc a se s w he re t h is v a r iab le a ppea r s s i gn if ican t ,a nd t h ed eco ra t ion . T he m ea su remen t v a r iab le s a r e a b so lu te h e igh ta nd w id th , d iame te r o f mou th , n eck a nd h e igh tf r om t h e mou th t ot h e c a r ina t ion . T he r e su l t ing m a tr ix c ons is t s o f3 25 e n tr ie s a nd 1 3 v a r iab le s , f o und i n3 8 d i f f e ren tc aves ( 2 ) .T he d e scr ip t ion o ft h ep o t te ry w i th r e spec tt o t h ese v a r iab le sw a sc omp l ica ted i ns ome c a se sb y t h ef a c tt h a tm any p i ece sa r ei n comp le te a nd s ome m ay h ave b een r e con s t ruc ted i n a ccu ra te ly . I na dd i t ion , V eny u sed d i f fe ren t s ca le s a nd d raw ing t e chn ique s .F ina l ly ,i no t he rc a se s t h e re i ss ome d i f f icu l ty i nr e la t ing t h ed e scr ip t ion o f t h ep i ece w i th i t s d raw ing a nd an umbe ro fc ave s a r e e xc luded b ecause t h e i rc on ten t s a r e n o t k nown o rb e cause t h ed a ta i si n comp le t e . U s ing t h e n om ina l v a r iab le s ( F igu re 1 ) , 2 3 d i f f e ren t g roups w e re i d en t if ied . T he v o lume v a r iab le w a su sed i nt h ec a se o ff l a t -bo t tomed , s l igh t ly u n re s t r ic ted v a se s . T he p rob lem w a s i n d raw ing t h e l i ne b e tween t h e t wo g roup s . F o rt h is , ad i sc r im ina t ing a na lys is ( Sanchez C a r r iön ( ed . ) 1 984 , p p . 1 39 -164 ; f o rs pe c if ic a pp l ica t ions t oa r cheo log ica l d a ta , D ia z -And reu i np re ss ,
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
L i nd D eya C onf e r en ce o fP r eh i s tor y :A r cha eo log i ca lT echn iqu e s ,T echno logy a nd T heor y
a nd We s se a nd D f az -And r eu ,i np r e s s )w a sd one ,t h a to f f e r ed w i th a9 6% p robab i l i ty o fs u cce s s , t h ef olow ing c l a s s i f ica to ry f unc t ion s : L a rge v a se s=( 0 .19511 *A ) -1 3 .52588 Sma l lv a se s=( 0 .06706 *A ) -2 . 20922 w he re A r e p re sen t s t h et o ta l h e igh to ft h ep i ece i nm il ime t re s . T he m ean s o b ta ined f o rt h e se t wo g roup sa r ev e ry d i f f e ren t : 1 32 mm t o ta lh e igh to fv a se a nd 2 20 mm d i ame te ro fm ou th i n t h ec a se o ft h el a rge v a se s ;4 5 mm h e igh ta nd 7 7 mm mou th d i ame t e ri nt h es ma l lv a se s . T h i s c l ea r ly s hows t h e d i f f e rence i nv o lume b e tween t h e t wo g roup s h av ing d i s t ingu i shed t h e 2 3 s hape s , t h e se w e re u sed t om ake ac on t ingency t a b le w h ich b rough t t ol i gh t an umbe r o f c o r re spondence s . I tw a s n o tab le t h a tv e s se l s w i th l ow c a r ina t ion s w e re n eve r f ound t o ge the r w i th h i gh -ca r ina t ion s . Med ium -ca r ina ted v e s se l sh oweve r ,a r ea c compan ied b yb o th h i gh -a nd l ow -ca r ina ted v e s se l s . A l so , l a rge f l a t -bo t tomed v e s se l s w i th s l igh t ly s ubve r t ica l w a l l s a r e i n va r iab ly f ound i nt h e c ompany o fl ow - a nd med ium -ca r ina t ed t h ough n eve r h i gh -ca r ina ted v e s se l s . T h i s c on t ra s t s w i th s ma l le r b u t m o rpho log ica l ly s im i la r v e s se l s t h a t c o inc ide w i th m ed ium -a nd h i gh c a r ina t ed v e s se l s .B o th n e ck ed a nd n e ck le s sr ounded s hap e si ndependen t ly o f t h ep r e sence o fh and le s ,l u g s ,e t c . -s e em t ob ea s so c ia ted w i th a l lt h eo t he rv e ss e lt y p e sa nd a r e t h e re fo re n o ts i gn i f ican t .F i na l ly ,t h ev e s se l sd e sc r ib ed b yV eny a st i na ja s ( l a rge j a r s )a r ef o und i na s soc ia t ion w i th m ed ium -a nd h i gh -ca r ina t ed v e s se l s . Ah ypo the s i s s ugge s ted b y t h i s s e t o fo b se rva t ion s i st h e e x i s tence o f as e r ia t ion o fp o t te ry s hape s .T of a c i l i ta te c omp rehen s ion o ft h er e su l t ing t a b le ,e a ch v e s se ls hape h a sb een a l lo t t ed a n umbe r a nd , w he re a pp rop r ia t e , al e t te r , d e s igna t ing t ype s a nd v a r ian t s . I n t h i s s y s tem t h e g r ea te s ts i gn if i cance ,f u nc t iona lo rc h rono log ica l ,i sg i ven t ot h et y pe sa nd n o tt ot h ev a r ian t s . T he s t a te o ft h er e sea r ch ,h oweve r ,l e ave sr oom f o rt h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a ts y s t ema t ic e xcava t ion s i n i n ta c t b u r ia l c hambe r s c ou ld d emons t ra te t h a t o ne o r mo re o f t h e v a r iab le s p resen t ly c on s ide red a sr e la t ive ly i n s ign if ican t ,a nd s ou sed f o rs ubd iv i s ion o ft y p e si n to v a r ian t s ,d oe si n f a c tr ef le c tt i me o rf un c t iona ld i f f e rence sb e twe en p i ece s .T he r e su l t ing t y pe sa nd v a r ian t sa r e ( F igu re 2 ) : TYPE 1 .N e ck le s sr ound -bo t tom s hape s VAR . l a .R e s t r ic ted . VAR . l b .U n re s t r ic ted . TYPE 2 .N ecked r ound -bo t tom s h ape s . VAR . VAR . VAR . VAR .
2 a . P la in . 2 b . W i th l u g s . 2 c .W i th h o r izon ta la nd /o rv e r t ica lh and le s . 2 d .W i th h o rn shaped h and le s .
TYPE 3 .L a rge ,f l a t -bo t tom s hap e s . TYPE 4 . Sma l l , f l a t -bo t tom s hape s . VAR . 4 a . P la in . VAR . 4 b . W i th l u g s . VAR .4 c . W i th h o r izon ta lh and le s .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
M .D ia z -And r eu yM .F e rnand e z -M i randa
T YPE 5 .L a rge j a r s . VAR . 5 a .N ec lde s s . VAR .5 b .N e cked . TYPE 6 .C y l ind r ica l ,f l a t -bo t tomed v e s se l s . TYPE 7 .L ow -ca r ina ted s h ape s . VAR .7 a . W id e ,i .e .w id th g r ea te rt h an h e igh t ,w i th c oncave c onvex c a r ina t ion . VAR . 7 b . H igh ,w i th c oncave s t ra igh tc a r ina t ion . TYPE 8 . Med ium -ca r ina t ed s h ape s . VAR . VAR . VAR . VAR .
8 a .W ide ,w i th c oncave -convex c a r ina t ion . 8 b . Wide ,w i th s t ra igh t s t ra igh tc a r ina t ion . 8 c .W ide ,w i th c on cave s t ra igh tc a r ina t ion . 8 d . H igh ,w i th c on cave s t ra igh tc a r ina t ion .
TYPE 9 .H igh -ca r ina t ed s h ap e s . VAR .9 a . Wide ,w i th s t ra igh t -concave c a r ina t ion . VAR .9 b .W id e ,w i th c oncave -convex c a r ina t ion . VAR .9 c .W ide ,w i th c oncave s t ra igh tc a r ina t ion .
F o r g rea te r c l a r i ty , af u r the r b ina ry type t a b le ( F igu re 4 ) b a sed o n t h e c on t ingency t a b le i n F igur e 3h a sb een d r awn u p . I tom i t s t y pe s 1a nd 2w h ich s how c o r r e la t ion w i th a l lo t he r sa nd t h e r e fo r el a ck s i gn ican ce . T he p rob lem t ob e s o lved a tt h i s p o in t o f t h e a na ly s i s i st h e s equence a nd m ean ing o f t h e p o t te ry s e r ia t ion . C e r ta in p o t te ry v e s se l so f f e rs ome h i n t sa st oh ow t h ey c an b eu sed a s at o o l f o rc h rono log ica ls equenc ing .T hu s ,t y pe 3o ft h ea bove c l a s s if i ca t ion , a l so o ccu r si nc on tex t s p r io rt ot h ep r e ta layo t ic p ha se ,s ugge s t ing i tb e long st oa ne a r l ie rt i me : e .g .a tS on G ala rd i t i sf ound t o ge the r w i th s t r ic t ly b e l l -beake r w a re s . A lso , p o t te ry w i th i n c i sed d eco ra t ion , p o s s ib ly o fB e l l -Beake rt r ad i t ion , a r e f o und t o ge the rw i th s hape s 3 , 7a nd 8 .I nc on t ra s t , f u l ly t a layo t ic p o t t e ry i sa s so c ia ted w i th t y p e s 4a nd 9 .T he se c on s ide ra t ion s l e ad u st oh ypo the s ise t h a t t h e s e t o f c ave s c on ta in ing l ow -ca r ina ted w a re ( t ype 7 ) i so l de r t h an t h e s e t o f c ave s h o ld ing m ed ium -ca r ina ted s hape s( t ype 8 ) ,w h ich i si nt u rn e a r l ie rt h an t h ea gg rega te o fc ave s w i th h i gh -ca r ina t ed s h ap e s ( t ype 9 ) .O fc ou r se ,l ow ,m ed ium , a nd h i gh -ca r ina ted v e s se l sa r e n o tf ound i n mu tua l ly e xc lu s ive b u r ia lc hamb e r s ; t h ey a r e h oweve r , c o r r e la ted w i th d i f f e ren t t y pe s ,a ss hown i nF i gu re 5 .T he r o unded s h ape s( t ype s 1a nd 2 )c r ea te ap rob lem b ecau se t h ey t u rn u p o cca s iona l ly i nc ave s i nt h ea b sence o fa ny o t he rv e s se l s h ape . Ad oub le e xp lana t ion c an a ccoun t f o r t h i s . O n t h e o ne h and , c on s ide r ing t h a t t h i s i st h e m o s t f r equen t s hape , i t s s o l i ta ry p re sence i n c e r ta in c ave s m ay i n d ica te u n rep re sen ta t ive s amp l ing o f t h e t o ta l p opu la t ion o fs hape sd u ly d epo s i ted i nt h ec ave ( i tw ou ld n o td o t of o rge tt h a tv e ry f ew i t em s d e sc r ibed b yV eny c ome f r om a r cheo log ica le xcava t ion s ) .T he s e cond e xp lana t ion ,w h ich d oe s n o t e xc lude t h e f i r s t , m ay i n d ica te t h e e x i s tence o f ag roup o fc ave s c on ta in ing t h e mo r e ' c ommon ' i t ems t h a t p e r s is ted t h roughou t t h e w ho le p re ta layo t ic p e r iod . Ac onv inc ing e xamp le o ft h i s l a t t e r h ypo the s i s i st h e S on Mu le t C ave , w he re 1 3 p o t s o ft y pe 1a nd 9 6 o f t y pe 2w e re f o und w i thou tt h ed i scove ry o fa ny o t he rs h ape .
8 9 of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l i nd D eya C onf e r ence o fP r eh i s tor y :A r chaeo log i ca lT echn ique s ,T echno logy a nd T heor y
V eny p ropo sed ac h rono log ica l d i s t inc t ion b a sed o n c ave f o rm . A cco rd ing t oh i s s y s tem , t h e e a r l ie s tp e r iod w a s m a rk ed b y t h e s imp le rc ave s a nd t h ec ave s b ecame i n c rea s ing ly c omp lex w i th t i me .T he f a c ti st h a tn a tu ra lc ave su sua l ly h ave av e ry s imp le g round p l an ,b a r e ly a l te r ed b y m an . T h i s p rope r ty t h u s a u toma t ica l ly p l aced t h em a mong t h e o l de s t , b u t t h ey w ou ld p e rhap sb eb e t te ri n t e rp re t ed a sr e p r es en t ing a n a dap ta t ion t ot h eg eo log ica l e nv i ronmen t . T o a na ly se V eny ' sh ypo the s i si ng r ea te rd ep th ,w el o ok ed i n to h ow t oc l a s s ify c ave sa c co rd ing t o t h e i rf l oo rp l an s .T ot h i se nd t wo b i na ry m a t r i ce sw e r ed r awn u p ,o ne f o rn a tu ra lc ave sa nd t h e o t he rf o ra r t if i c ia lc ave s .S epa ra t em a t r ice sw e r eu s ed b ecau se t h et wo c ave t ype sh av ed i f f e ren t c ha ra c te r i s t ics a nd n o t a l l t h e i r v a r iab le s a r e c ommon t ot h e t wo . T he v a r iab le s c hosen f o r n a tu ra lc ave sw e re p o s i t ion ( i so la ted ,i nt wo -o rt h ree -cave g roup ,i ng roup o f mo r et h an t h ree c ave s )a nd c ave f o rm ( p re sence o ra b sence o fh uman a l t e r a t ion s , v e r t ica lo rh o r izon ta la c ce ss , p re sence o r a b sence o f n i che s ) . F o r a r t if i c ia l c ave s t h e v a r iab le s u sed w e re t h e i r p o s i t ion ( i so la ted ,i nt wo -cave g r oup ,o ri nl a rge rg roup ) ,t h ec ha ra c t e r i s t ic so ft h e i rp a ssageway ( p r e sen t o r a b sen t , e n t ry b y s ha f t , s t a i r s , r amp o rh or izon ta l ly ; s ho r to r l o ng ' p r esence o r a b sence o f e n t ran ce h a l lo rc hambe r )a nd c ha ra c te r i s t ic so ft h e i rc hambe r( r ound ,o va lo re l onga t ed ;s mal , m ed ium o rl a rge ; p re sence o ra bs ence o fc en t ra l p i t ; a p s ida l n i che , l a te ra l n i che o rn i che o n b o th s i d e s ,o rn i che a bs en t ) T he m a in d i f f icu l ty i nt h e s t udy o fn a tu ra l c ave s i st h e i r s c a r c i ty ( 3 ) . F o r t h i s a na ly s i s o n ly e i gh t een c ave s ,e a ch w i th s e ven v a r iab le sd ef in ing c ave p o s i t ion a nd f o rm w e re a va i lab le .S i nce t h ec ave s , e xcep tf o rt h e V e rn i s sa g roup a nd t h e S on Ma sc ave s ,o ccu ra si s o la ted s t r uc tu re s , t h e i n c lu s ion o f t h e p o s i t ion v a r iab le s i n t h e i n tended a na ly s i s w ou ld h ave mean t gMng e xce s s ive w e igh tt oe xcep t iona la tr ibu t e sa nd c on sequen td i s to r t ion o fr e su l t s .T he se v a r iab le s w e re t h u s e l im ina ted , l e av ing a m a t r ix o f e i gh teen b y f ou r . W i th t h e r ema in ing d a ta a c o r re spondence a na ly s i sa nd ac l u s te ra na ly s i sw e re c a r r ied o u t . T he c o r re spondence a na ly s i si s at y pe o ff a c to ra na ly s i si nw h ich i n d iv idua l sa nd v a r iab le sa r e r e p re sen ted o n a xe s ( Leba r t , Mo r ineau a nd F ene lon 1 974 , p .3 07 -328 ; L eba r t , Mo r ineau a nd Wa rw ick 1 984 , 1 984 ;F e rnändez Ma r t ine z 1 985 ; D eL aga rde 1 983 ) . T h i sa na lys is w a sc a r r ied o u tu s ing a n ADDAD p r og ramme p ackage ( A s so c ia t ion p ou rl eD 6ve loppemen te tl aD i f fu s ion d e l ' Ana ly se d e sD onn6 s ) ( J ambu 1 978 ;J ambu yL eb eaux 1 978 a nd 1 979 ) , made a va i lab le a t t h e D a ta P roce s s ing C en t re o ft h e U n ive r s idad C omp lu ten se , Mad r id . I nt h e c o r re spondence a na ly s i sc a r r ied o u to nn a tu ra lc ave s ( F igu re 6 ) , t h ef i r s tf a c to rr e p re sen t st h et ype o fe n t rance a nd t h es e cond r e p re sen t sw he the rc ave sh ave o rh ave n o tb e en r e touched .T he f a c to r sd e r ived f r om t h ec o r re spondence a na ly s i sw e re u s ed f o r ac l u s t e ra na ly s i s( E s cude ro 1 975 a nd S änchez C a r r ion ( e d . ) 1 984 , p . 1 65 -191 ) w h ich i ss hown i nF igu re 7 .T he c l u s t e r a na lys is a l lowed n a tu ra l c ave s t ob ed i v ided i n to f ou rd i s t inc tg roup s . F o l low ing t h et o p t ob o t tom o rde ri nt h e f i gu re , t h e f i r s t g roup c omp r i se s r e touched c ave s w i th n i che s , i .e .t h e mo s t c omp lex o ne s a r ch i te c tu ra l ly s p eak ing ; t h es e cond g roup c on ta in sc ave sw i th ah o r izon ta le n t rance ; t h et h i rd , c ave sw i th h o r izon ta lo rv e r t ica le n t rance . I fo ne w i shed t oc l a s s i fy t h en a tu ra lc ave si n to t y p e s a nd v a r ian t s , t h ea bove g roup sc ou ld b ec l a s s i f ied a sv a r ian t s2 b , l a , 2 aa nd l b ,r e spe c t ive ly , t h a ti st os a y ,t y pe 1w ou ld c on s i s ted t h es imp le rc ave sa nd t y pe 2o ft h em o re c omp lex o ne s . T he r e su l t sf r om t h ea na ly s i so ft h ec o r r e spondence si na r t if i c ia lc ave s( 4 )i ss hown g raph i ca l ly i nF igu r e 8 .T he v a r iab le s d o n o t s e em t op e rm i t u s t od i s t ingu i sh c l ea r g roup s a mong t h e c ave s . T h i s i ss hown b y t h e v a lue o f3 5% f o r t h ec umu la t ive p e r cen tage o fe i genva lue s w i th t wo a xe s , w h ich i d ea l ly s hou ld b ea tl e a s td oub le t h i s . I na ny e ven t , i ti so b se rved t h a tt h ef i r s t f a c to rc an b ee xp la ined b yt h e' c ave s i ze 'v a r iab le a nd t h es e cond f a c to rb yt h e' l oca t ion 'v a r iab le ( i so la ted , i n t wo s o r t h ree s , o r i n l a rge r g roup s , a l though t h e f i r s t c a tegor y a r e n o t w e l l s amp led i nt h e a na ly s i s ) . T he c l u s te r a na ly s i s c a r r ied o u t o n t h e f a c to r s o b ta ined f r om t h e a na ly s i so fc o r re spond ence s ( F igu r e9 )d i v ide st h ea r t i f ic ia lc ave si n to f ou rb road g roup s .T he f i r s t i sc ha rac te r i sed b y t h e s imp le s t c ave s w i thou t p a s sageway a nd n o rma l ly h av ing a h o r izon ta l e n t rance . T he s e cond c ave g roup l a ck sp a ssageway sa nd i se qu ipped w i th r amp o r s t a i rway . T h i rd i s ac ave g roup s how ing r amp s a nd c hambe r s o r h a l l s , a nd t h e l a s t g roup
9 0 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
M .D ia z -And r eu yM .F e rnand e z -M i randa
s im i la r ly p o s se s se s c hambe r s o r h a l l s a l though t h e p a s sageway i sl a ck ing . Ad i v i s ion i n to t y pe s a nd v a r ian t s m igh t c l a ss ify t h em a s t ype s 1 , 3( va r ian t 3 a a nd 3 b ) a nd t y pe 2 , r e sp ec t ive ly . T o s um u p t h en , t h e c o r re spondence a nd c l u s te r a na ly se s s e em t o p o in t t o aw o rk ing h ypo the s i st h a ti nt h e Ma l lo r can p r e ta layo t ic B ronze -Age b u r ia lc ave st h e re a r et wo t y pe s o f n a tu ra lc ave a nd t h r ee t y p e so fa r t if i c ia lc ave ,t h el a t t e rt y pe b e ing d i s t ingu i shed b yt h er e la t ive c omp lex i ty o ft h e i rf l oo rp l an s . T he t h i rd p ha se o ft h i ss t udy a im st od e t e rm ine w he the rt h e re i s ac o r re sponden ce b e tween t h e p o t te ry s hape c l u s te r s a nd c ave g roup s a nd , f u r the rmo re , w he the r n on -po t te ry i t em b ea ra ny r e la t ion sh ip w i th e i the r ,o rb o th , o ft h e t wo c l a s s i f ica t ions . O nce a ga in , t h e m a in p rob lem i s t h e p auc i ty o f c ave s o f f e r ing t h e f u l l s e t o f d a ta n eeded f o r a n o ve ra l l a na lys i s . T h i s i s p a r t icu la r ly s oi na r t i f i c ia lc ave sw he re o n ly 1 o ft h e5 6s i te si n c luded i nt h ec ave f o rm s t udy c on ta in p o t te ry i t ems , a nd o f t h e se , 6h ave m e re ly p o t te ry s hape s o f t y pe s 1a nd 2 ,a nd t h e re fo r ec anno tb ed a t ed s op r ec i se ly . T o c a r ry o u t a n o ve ra l l s t udy o fc ave a nd i t em t y pe s , f i r s t at a b le w a s d r awn u p i nw h ich n a tu ra l c ave t y pe s w e r e c on s ide red a ss t a t i s t ica l i n d iv idua l s a nd s i gn i f ican tp o t te ry t y pe s a s v a r iab le s ( t ha t i s , t y pe s 1a nd 2w e r en o tt a ken i n to a ccoun t ) . T h i s t a b le ( F igu re 1 0a ) a l low s s eve ra lc onc lu s ion st ob ed r awn : t h ew ho le r a nge o ft y pe so fp o t te ry i t ems w a sf ound i nc ave s o fs imp le rf o rm . T h i sw a sn o ts o , h oweve r , i n mod if ied n a tu ra lc ave so rc ave sw i th n i che s o f mo re c omp lex p l an . I nt h e se t h ea b sence o fp o t te ry t y p e s 3a nd 7p o in t st om o re moder nd a te s . T he t a b le o fc ave t y pe sa nd n on -po t te ry i t em t y p e s( F igu re 1 0b )i n d ica te st h a tt h ed a ta c an b e e xp la ined b y as i ng le m ode l ,a l though t h ei n fo rma t ion i ni ts hows e xce s s ive b i a s ( i ts hou ld n o t b e o ve r looked t h a t o n ly am in imum o f t h e c ave s c a ta logued b y V eny w e re t h e s ub jec t o f s y s tema t i ce xcava t ion ,s oi tc an b ea s sumed t h a ti nt h er e s to ft h em t h en on -po t t e ry i t em s h a s ' d isappea r ed 'b e fo r et h ea r cheo log i s t ' sa r r iva l ) . T he m a in f e a tu re o ft h i st a b le i st h ea b sence o f f l in t f l ake s i nc ave s o f mo re c omp lex g round p l an , m ean ing t h a t f l in t w o rk h ad c omp le te ly d i sappea red ( e xcep t a tT o l ssa l s V e rd s , w he re ak n if e o ft h i s m a t e r ia l w a s f ound ) . P y ram id s haped b u t ton s a r e a no the r i t em p e rhap s b e long ing t om o r e moder np e r iod s , a s t h ey a lway s a ppea rt o ge the rw i th h i gh -ca r ina t ed p o t t e ry ( F igu r e 1 0 c ) . A s m en t ioned e a r l ie r ,t h ep rob lem a r i s ing i n as t udy o fa r t if i c ia lc ave s i st h el a ck o fd a ta . T he t a b le o fc ave a nd i t em t y pe s ( F igu re 1a ) s hows t wo l a rge g ap s w he re c ave t y pe s 1a nd 3 a s hou ld b e ,w h i le t h ed a ta f o rt y pe 3 bc ave sc ome f r om j u s tt h r ee c ave s ,t wo o fw h ich h ad f ew a r te f a c t s . F o r t h i s r e a son , p e rhap s , n o h i gh -ca r ina t ed s hape s a r e f o und i nt h e mo re c omp lex c ave sw i th c hambe r ,s t a i r sa nd l o ng p a s sageway ( t ype 3 b ) , a l though t h e i rc on ten t sd o i n c lude s ma l lv e s se l so fs h ap e 4a nd m ed ium -ca r ina t ed s h ape s( F igu r e 1a ) .H oweve r ,a sw a sn o ted i n n a tu ra l c ave s , s i te s w i th s imp le rg round p l an s m ay p o s se s s b o th s uppo sed ly o l d a nd moder n i t em s . T h i s m ay b es e en i nc ave sw i th s t a i r sb u tw i thou tc hambe r s ( t ype 2 )w he re f i nd s h ave i n c luded t y pe 3s h ap e s( f rom e a r l ie rp e r iod s )a nd t y pe 4a nd 9v e s se l s( l a te rp e r iod s ) .T he mo s t s i gn i f ican tc o r re la t ion b e tween c ave t y pe sa nd n on -po t t e ry i t em t y p e s( F igu re 1l b )a ga in s e em s t ol i e i nt h ea b sence o fc e r ta in i t ems i nt h e m o re c omp lex t y pe 3 bc ave s . A si nn a tu ra lc ave s , a r t if ic ia l c ave s o r amo re c omp l ica ted s t ruc tu re l a ck c on ica l b u t ton s a nd f l in t f l ake s . T he c o r re la t ion b e tween p o t t e ry a nd n on -po t te ry i t em s ( F igu re 1c ) c o r robo ra te s t h er e su l t so ft h e a bove f i gu re ,a l though i tw a sp r epa red f r om l i t t le d a ta .T he a b sence o fp y ram id shaped b u t ton s i nc ave sw i th c a r ina ted p o t te ry p r even t s u sf r om c onf i rm ing t h eh ypo the s i s t h a tt h e se b u t ton s a r er e la t ive l a te . I nc onc lu s ion o ft h i st h i rd p a r to ft h ep ape r ,w es uppo r tt h eh ypo the s i st h a tp r e ta layo t ic b u r ia l c ave s c an b e a r ranged i n ac h rono log ica l s e r ia t ion o n t h e b a s i s o ft h e i r p o t te ry . T he o l de s t c omp r i se s l ow -ca r ina t ed s h ape s a nd l a rge f l a t -bo t tom s h ape s w i th s l igh t ly s ubve r t ica l w a l l s , w h ich , m o reove r ,a r eo cca s iona l ly f ound t o ge the rw i th p o t t e ry c a r ry ing t h ei n c ised d e co ra t ion
9 1
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
f i nd D eya C onf e r en ce o fP r eh i s to ry :A r cha eo log i ca lT echn ique s ,T echno logy a nd T heor y
h ab i tua li nt h ep r ev iou sp e r iod .T he mo re mode rn ,c omp r i s e sh i gh -ca r ina ted s hape sa nd s ma l l f l a t -bo t tomed v e s se l sp l u sl a rge j a r sa nd c yl ind r ica l ,f l a t -bo t tomed v e s se l s t h a ta r es ome t ime s a ccompan ied b y t a layo t ic p o t te ry . T h i s s e r ia t ion d oe s n o t s how a ny c o r re spondenc e w i th t h e d i f f e ren tc ave t y pe se xcep tf o rc e r ta in a b sence ss ugge s t ing t h a tt h em o re c omp lex c ave sa r ei n f a c t a s so c ia ted w i th t h e mo re r e cen t i t em s , a l though t h i s d oe s n o t d eny t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o f s imp le rc ave sc on ta in ing h i gh -ca r ina t ed s hape s . I na dd i t ion , as t udy o fb o th a spe c t sa r tef a c t s a nd c ave t y pe s - t h i st ime f o cu s ing o n n on -po t te ry i t em s ,l e dt ot h ec onc lu s ion t h a tf l in tw o rk f l ake s a nd c on ica l b u t ton s s e em t ob e a s so c ia ted w i th o l de rp e r iod s , w h i le p y ram id shaped b u t ton ss e em t ob ef ound i nl a te rt i me s . T hus t h e s i te s b e long ing t o t h e o lde r p e r iod a r e t h e c ave s o f S on Ma io l , L lucame t d ' en B a r raque r , S a C anova a nd Mu le t . A t t r ibu tab le t oa n i n t e rmed ia te p e r iod c on se r v ing o lde r f e a tu re s i st h e S on Ma r ro ig c ave w h i le mo r e moder n f e a tu re s a r e s e en i n t h e C a S 'He reu , B ennoc , S on Ma s , S on S unye rI Va nd S aT anca c ave s ,t ow h ich s hou ld b ea dded ,w i thou tt h e p o s s ib i l i ty o f mo re a ccu r a te d a t ing , t h e T r i spo le t , S on P r ime r , Mon tb lanc , A r ian t a nd S on J aume l l c ave s . A s s igned t ot h e mo s t r e cen t p e r iod a r e t h e S on P u ig , S a Ma ta , C omet sd e l s Mon s , T o s sa l s V e rd s , S on S unye rX I I , S on T on i Ame r , N aF onda d eS aV a i l , S on Me squ ida a nd E sC abä sd e S an ta Ma r ia b u r ia l c ave s . W i th r e ga rd t ot h ec ave sh av ing p o t te ry o ft y pe 1 a nd 2 ,t h o se t h a tc an b e c on s ide r ed r e la t ive ly o l d a r e S on V ic d e S uper na , S on B auca , S on Ma r ro ig , S on S unye r I X a nd S o N 'An t e lm , t h i s c onc lu s ion b e ing b a sed o n t h e p r e sence o f o t he ri t ems c on s ide red t ob e o l d( t ype 3v e s se l s , i n c i sed p o t t e ry p i ece s ,e t c . ) . B e long ing t oa l a t e rt i me a r et h eL ledone r ,S on S unye rV I Ia nd V I I I , S aT an ca a nd p e rhap st h eR o se l l sc ave s . N o th ing c an b es a id f o rt h et i me b e ing o ft h eF o s sa re tt h eS on F o r tuny , Ma r ina , S on V ague r , S a Mo la d ' en B o rdo i ,C o lon ia d eS an tP e re a nd S on Mu le tc ave s ,a l though w e empha s i s ,a sw e h ave a l ready d one a bove ,t h eg r ea tq uan t i ty o fr ounded v e s se l sd i scove red i nt h el a t te rc ave ,a n o ccu r r ence w ho se e xp lana t ion s hou ld p e rhap sb es ough ti no t he rt h an c h rono log ica lt e rm s . T h i sd ema r ca t ion o fp e r iod sd o e sn o te x c lude t h ep o s s ib i l i ty o fs ome c ave sb e ing i nc on t inuou s u se . T h i s i ss o i nt h e V er n i s sa c ave w he re o ld i t ems s uch a s p o t te ry p i ece s w i th i n c ised d eco ra t ion a nd l a rge v e s se l sa r ef o und t o ge the rw i th h i gh c a r ina ted ,c y l ind r i ca l ,a nd s ma l l ,f l a t b o t tomed v e s se l s . V eny ( 1 968 , p .2 87 ) e xp la in s t h a t i nt h i s c ave " t h i s s ame a r rangemen t [ s ke le ton s l a id o u tl e ng thw i se i nt h es ame d i r ec t ion , w i th n e ighbou r ing s ku l l s h av ing as ma l l v e s se lb e tween t h em ] w a sr e p ea t ed u nchanged i nt h r ee s t ra ta s e pa ra ted b yl a ye r so fs t one s l ab s " ( ou r e mpha s i s ) . F ur the r , i ti sl i ke ly t h a t t h e S on J aume l l c ave w a s u sed f o r al o ng t ime b ecau se , e ven t h ough i th a s ac omp lex g round p l an , i t s c o l lec t ion o fi t em s i n c lude s c on ica l b u t ton sw h ich a r ec on s ide r ed t ob eo fe a r ly f a b r ica t ion . U pt ot h i sp o in t ,w eh ave c on s ide red t h ee x i s ten ce o fa r chaeo log ica lp e r iod sa sb e ing t h eo n ly e xp lana t ion o ft h ep o t te ry s e r ia t ion e ncoun t e r ed .O the re xp lana t ion sa r e ,h oweve r ,c on ce ivab le , s u ch a s t h e p o s s ib le e x i s tence o f v a r iou s c on tempo ra ry c u l tu ra l t r ad i t ions , w h ich w ou ld b e r ef lec ted i nd i f f e ren tr e g iona l t y pe s . F igu re 1 2 s how s t h a tn o s p a t ia l p a t t e rn i si d en t i f iab le i n t h ed i s tr ibu t ion o fc ave sc on ta in ing l ow ,m ed ium o n ly ,a nd h i gh -ca r ina ted s h ape s . N o rd oe s t h ed i s t r ibu t ion o fn a tu ra lc ave t y pe s( F igu re 1 3 ) o ra r t i f ic ia lc ave t y pe s ( F igu re 1 4 ) s ugge s ta r e g iona lb a s i st ot h ed i s t inc t ion o ft y pe s ,a l though ah i ghe rc oncen t ra t ion o ft h e f o rme ri nt h e n o r thwe s to ft h e i s land i sc l ea r ly o b se rved . T h i s i sd ue t ot h eg eo log ica l c ha ra c te r i s t ic so ft h e a r ea w h ich f a vou rn a tu ra lc ave f o rma t ion . O the rp o in t st ob ec on s ide red a r e t h ef a c tt h a ts ome r o ck c av i t i e sa r e i s o la t ed w h i le o t he r sa r e m embe r s o fg roup s , a nd t h e f a c t t h a t b u r ia l s ome t ime s make u s e o fn a tu ra l c ave s a nd o t he r t ime s e mp loy h and e xcava ted s pace s . N umbe r s o f t h e se f u ne ra ry s i te s w e re i nd iv idua l ly c once ived ,s how ing av a r ie ty o fc ave s h ape sa nd a r t i f a c ta s semb lage s .S i ng le tomb n e c ropo l i se s w e re u sua l t h roughou t t h e p r e ta layo t ic p hase , d emons t ra t ing t h e c on s tan t p re sence o f a p opu la t ion , e i the r w ide ly s c a t te red o rg a the red i n to t i ny u n i t s s p read o ve r t h e w ho le i s land . T h i s d i spe r s ion i sp a r t icu la r ly c ha rac te r is t ic o f t h e moun ta inou s p a r t o f t h e i s land , w he re
9 2 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
M .D ia z -And r eu yM .F e rnand e z -M i randa
a lmo s t a l l t h e c eme te r ie s c on s is t o f n a tu ra l , i s o la ted t omb s . S uch a n e xp lana t ion i si n a g reemen tw i th t h ec h rono log i ca lh ypo the s i sp u tf o rwa rd i nt h i sw o rk ,a nd t h ea g reemen th o ld s f o rb o th e a r ly a nd moder nd a te sw i th in t h ep r e ta layo t ic p ha se .T he re fo re t h ea s sump t ion t h a ta n a tu ra lc ave n ece s sa r i ly m ean sa no l ds i te c l ea r ly l a ck sc onv inc ing s uppo r t . T he d i f f e ren t ia t ion b e twe en i s o la t ed c ave sa nd c ave g roup sd oe sn o tt h e re fo re s e em t oh ave a s t ab le c h rono log ica l b a s i s , a l though m aybe s uch a d i s t inc t ion c ou ld s hed s ome l i gh t o n d i f f e rence si nt h es e t t lemen t so ft h ev a r iou sa r ea so nt h ei s land . I ts e em sr e a sonab le t h a tb u r ia l g roup s , w he the r t h ey b e c o l lec t ive t omb s i n as i ng le n e c ropo l i s o r s eve ra l n e ighbou r ing n ec ropo l i se s ,c an b ee xp la ined b yt h ea ppea rance o fa r ea sw i th h i ghe rp opu la t ion d en s i ty .S i nce t h ese b u r ia lg roup sa r ei n t e rm ixed w i th i s o la ted f une ra ry c ave si nt h ef l a tp a r to ft h ei s land , i t s e em s t h a t t h i sp l a in w a s h ome t ob o th l a rge rp opu la t ion g roup s a nd o t he r s c on s t i tu ted b y a f ew i nd iv idua l s . Ad i f f e r en tp i c tu re i ss e en i nt h e moun ta inou sp a r tw he re s u ch a gg lome ra t ion s m u s th ave b een r a re ,a si nt h e c a se o fC a la S an tV icenc w h ich i s , mo r eove r , l o ca ted n ea rt h e v a l ley so fP o l lensa a nd t h ef o o th i l l s . A no the rn o tab le f e a tu re i st h ee x i s t ence o f af u r the rc ave ' g roup ' n ea rA r ta f o rmed b y i s o la ted s i te si na no the r mode ra te ly moun ta inou sa r ea . I ti s ,t h u s , r e a sonab le t os uppo se t h a tt h roughou tt h ep r e ta layo t ic p e r iod t h e moun ta inou sa r ea ss h e l te red ap opu la t ion o fi s o la ted s o c ia l u n i t s , e a ch c on s i s t ing o ff ew i n d iv idua l s , w h i le t h ep l a in h e ld p opu la t ion u n i t so fc l ea r ly s upe r io rs i ze . T he s t udy o ft omb t y pe sr e co rded i n as i ng le c eme te ry o ri ns epa ra te b u tn ea rby n e c ropo l i se s ( s uch a st h e c l u s te r s r e co rded a r ound L lucma jo ro rC ampo s ) . a l so h a s i t s p o in t s o fi n te re s t . T he se a s soc ia t ion s a r er a re ly f o rmed b y s imp le t omb s : t h e t wo N aT ou s d e S on S uau t omb s n ea r Mana co r , o rt h ep a i ra tE s R a f a l L l ina s , C ampo s , a r e t h eb e s tk nown e xamp le s . B e l lve r R ic i st h eo n ly s i te w h e r ev a r iou s s imp le c ave sa r ea s so c ia t ed w i th a no the ro fc omp lex g round p l an . T he re a r en oa r te f ac t sf r om a ny o ft h e se ,m ak ing i ti mpo s s ib le t os i tua t et h e se g roup so n t h et ime s c a le . B u tt h ef a c tt h a tl a rge rg round p l an sp r edom ina te i na s so c ia t ion so ft wo , t h ree o r mo re c ave s s ugge s t s t h ee x i s tence o f al i nk b e twe en t h e se f une ra ry a gg lome ra t ion s a nd a c e r ta in c oncen t ra t ion o fp opu la t ion . A ssoc ia t ion so fs imp le a nd c omp lex c ave sa r ef a i r ly f r equen t . We k now o fs i xe xamp le so n t h e i s land : S on S unye r , S on A n te 1m , C a s P e re t s , S a Mo la d ' en B o rdo i , S on R ea l a nd t h e g roup n ea r t h e t own o f A lcud ia . O n ly i n t h e f i r s t h ave a r te f a c t s b een d ocumen ted . T hey w e re d i scove red i ns eve ra lo fi t st omb s : n umbe rX I I , o fv e ry s imp le g round p l an ,p rov ided o b je c t s t h a t , a cco rd ing t oo u rc h rono log ica l h ypo the se s , a r e f r om mo re r e cen tt i me s . D oe s t h i s m ean t h a ts ynch ronou st omb so fd i f f e r ing s i ze a nd t y pe c oex i s ti nn e c ropo l i se ss u ch a sS on S unye r ? Above w ep o in t ed o u tt h a tc h rono log ica ls pan so ft h ep o t t e ry t y pe si n d ica te ad i ve r s i ty o fd a te s i nt omb so fs imp le g r ound p l an ,t h i sb e ing s of o rb o th n a tu ra l( a sw en o ted f o rt h eT ramun tana Moun ta in sa r ea )a nd a r t if i c ia lt omb s .I fs u ch c h rono log i ca ld i ve r s i ty i sa ccep t ed ,t h ea s so c ia t ion o f t omb s o f v a ry ing s i ze a nd m a rked ly d i ve r se g round p l ans h a s i t s e xp lana t ion i nn on c h rono log ica lr e a son s ,m ak ing i tn ece s sa ry t os e ek c au se so fa no the rt y pe . T he f i na lc a se c on s i s t s o fn ec ropo l i se s f o rmed b y t h ea s soc ia t ion o ft wo o r mo r e l a rge t omb s o fc omp lex g round p l an .T he se a r eu sua l ly c eme te r ie sm ade u po ft wo o rt h ree c ave s ,a l though a tS on T on i Ame rf i ve h ave b een i d en t if ied a nd a tC a la S an V icenc H emp u p t ot h ir t een w e re o b se r ved . Whe re a na ly s i sw a sp o s s ib le ,t h e i ra r te f ac t sa lway sb e longed t ot h el a te p r e ta layo t ic p ha se ,a so ccu r si ns im i la rc ave so ft h ei s o la ted s o r to fa s soc ia ted w i th o t he r so fs imp le g round p l an a nd s ma l le rd imen s ion s . T o s umma r ise t h e p o s s ib le r e la t ionsh ip t h a t c ave t y pes m ay h ave w i th t h e i r i t em s a nd c h rono logy ,g eog r aph ic l o ca t ion , a nd o ccu r rence i ng roup so fs i ng ly ,i ts hou ld b ep o in ted o u t t h a t ,d ue t ot h el ow q ua l i ty a nd s c a r c i ty o fa va i lab le d ocumen ta t ion ,i ti sd i ff i cu l tt oe s tab l i sh a f i rm ,u n ive r sa lc r i t e r ion f o ra no ve ra l la na ly s i so ft h e Ma l lo r can p r e ta layo t ic f u ne ra ry c omp lex . T he i n fo rma t ion a va i lab le d oe s , h oweve r , s e em s u f f ic ien t t o r e fu te s imp l is t ic a r gumen t s
9 3
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l i nd D eya C onf e r ence o fP r eh i s tor y :A r cha eo log i ca lT echn ique s ,T echno logy a nd T heo ry
f r equen t ly a dvanced o nt h ep o s s ib le e vo lu t ion o fc ave t y pe so rt h ec h rono log ica ls u cce s s ion o f n a tu ra l a nd a r t i f ic ia lc ave s . S im i la r ly ,t h ed a ta o b ta ined a low t h ef o rmu la t ion o f ah ypo the s i s s t a t ing t h a ti n i t ia l ly t h en a tu ra l ,i s o la ted c ave sw e r em o r ef r equen tt h an o t he rk ind s ,b o th i nt h e f l a ta r ea a nd t h eT ramon tana moun ta in sa r ea .T h i ss e ems t ob ei nd ica ted b yt h e S on Ma io la nd Mu le ta s semb lage s ,i nt h e moun ta in s ,a nd b yt h eL lucamed a nd S aC anova a s semb lage si nt h e p l a in ,i nv i ew o ft h e i rc l a ss if ica t ion i no u ro l d e rg roup ,a nd a l so b yL ledone ra nd S on Ma r ro ig , i n c lud ed i nt h es e cond p ha se ( b u tw i th a r cha i cf e a tu re s ) .T h i ss e cond p ha se s aw t h ea ppe a rance o ft h ef i r s tb u r ia lg roup s ,e xamp le so fw h ich a r eS on Ma s ,S on S unye ra nd t h eA l cud ia g roup . T he a ppea rance o fg roup sd oe sn o tn ece s sa r i ly i mp ly t h ed i sappea rance o fn a tu ra lc ave sn o rt h e e nd o f t h e i s o la ted d i s t r ibu t ion o f n a tu ra l o r a r t if i c ia l c ave s . T he l a s t s t age w ou ld b e t h e c oex i s tence o fn a tu ra l , i s o la ted c ave s ( Son P u ig a nd S a Ma ta i nt h e p l a in , a nd C ome ta d e l s Mo r t s a nd T o s sa l s V e rd s i nt h e m oun ta in s ) w i th s imp le ( Son S unye r X I I ) a nd c omp lex ( Na F onda , S on Mesqu ida , S on T on i Ame r , e t c . ) a r t i f ic ia l c ave s f ound a lway s i n t h e p l a in a nd e xh ib i t ing b o th g roup a nd i s o la t ed a r rangemen t s . T h i s c ons ide ra t ion o f t h e c ha ra c te r i s t ic s o f p r e ta layo t ic n e c ropo l i se s a l lows u s , i nt u rn , t o m ake s ugge s t ions o f am o re g ene ra l n a tu re a st ot h ec oncom i tan ts e t t lemen ta nd i t sp robab le e vo lu t ion .T ou s ,t h ep r e ta layo t ic b u r ia l mode ls ugge s t st h ee x i s tence o fa ni n i t ia l ly d i spe r s ed p opu la t ion s p read o ve r t h e w ho le i s land , a l though i tc anno t b e r u led o u t t h a t f r om t h e b eg inn ing c e r ta in a r ea s e xe r ted ag r ea te r a t t rac t ion . A s t h i s p ha se o f Ma l lo rcan p r eh i s to ry p rog re s sed ,i ts e em sr e a sonab le t oa s sume t h ea pp ea rance o fd i sc re te p opu la t ion c oncen t ra t ion s , n eve r o f g rea t s i ze b u t b ig e nough t og i ve r i se t o t h e f i r s t n ec ropo l i s f o rmed b y v a r iou s a r t i f ic ia l t omb s . C on t inued g row th o f p opu la t ion c en t re s w ou ld g ene ra te a c o r re spond ing i n c rea se i nc eme te ry s i ze , ap henomenon t h a t s e em s c l ea r ly m a rked i nt h e f i na l p h a se w hen t h e re i s ap r eva lence o fc o l lec t ive g rave s o fg r ea t s i ze . T h i s w ou ld o ccu r i n dependen t ly o f w he the ro t he rc au se s ,e .g .c hange si nf u ne ra lr i te so rt h es o c ia lr e p r e sen ta t ion o ft h et omb ,h ad a n i n f luence o n t h e t r an s fo rma t ion o ft h e f o rm o ft omb s . H oweve r , i nc on junc t ion w i th t h e se t omb c oncen t ra t ion s t h e re w a s ac on t inued u se o f i s o la ted c ave s i nb o th t h e p la in a nd t h e m oun ta in s , w h i le n a tu ra l c ave s c oex i s ted w i th a r t i f ic ia l c ave s o f s ma l le r s i ze o r c omp lex g r ound p l an . T he re e me rge s ap i c tu re o f ac u l tu re w i th a n i n c rea s ing t e ndency t oa gg r ega t ei n p opu la t ion u n i t s o fv a r iab le s i ze , i nw ha ti sp e rhap s ap r e lud e t ot h e mo re c omp lex t a layo t ic s oc ie ty , a nd t o c ons t ruc t a nd u t i l i se f une ra ry s pa ce s t h a t c an b e d i f f e ren t ia ted b y t h e i r d imen s ion sa nd o t he ra cce s so ry a r ch i te c tu ra l e l emen t s . V iewed i nt h i s l i gh t , i td oe s n o ts e em t o o f a r f e t ched t oa s sume t h a t t h e e x i s tence o fd i f f e ren t t omb t y pe s i s ar ef le c t ion o fm o re c omp lex c au se st h a tt h o se d e r iv ing f r om t h e i rm e r es u cce s s ion i nt i me . NOTES
( 1 ) T h i s w o rk o r ig ina ted f r om aS em ina r , e n t i t led " Typo logy a nd C h rono logy i nP reh i s to r ic A r chaeo logy " , h e ld f o r p o s tg radua te s t uden t s a tt h e I n s t i tu to U n ive r s i ta r io O r t ega yG a s se t , U n ive r s idad C omp lu ten se , d u r ing t h e 1 986 -87 a cadem ic y ea r . T he s em ina ra imed t oa na ly se c r i t ica l ly t h et y po log ica l -ana ly t ica lm e thod a pp l ied t op r a c t ica le xamp le s e le c t ed .B y n om ean s d oe s i ta t temp t t or e v iew o ru pda te t h e a r chaeo log ica l i n fo rma t ion c on ta ined i nV eny ' s w o rk Ma l lorcan B ur ia lC ave so ft h eL a t eB ron ze A ge w h ich ,i na ny c a se ,c on t inue sb e ing t h em a jo r a u tho r i ta t ive s ou r ce p ub l i shed i nt h i sr e spec t . We w ou ld l i ke t ot h ank C a rmen B r avo ,f r om t h e D a ta P ro ce s s ing C en t re a tt h eU n ive r s idad C omp lu ten se , Mad r id ,a nd A l fon so L öpez f o rt h e i r t e chn i ca l a s s i s tance w i th t h e v a r iou sp rog ramme s u s ed i nt h i s w o rk ,a nd A n ton io G i lman f o r h i sa s s is tance w i th t h et r an s la t ion i n to E ng l ish . ( 2 ) T he d a ta u sed i nt h i s s t udy w e re o b ta ined f r om t h e f o l low ing c ave s : F o s sa re t d e S on F o r tuny , S on V ic d e S upe rna , S on B auca , S on Ma io l , S on P u ig , C a S 'He reu , B enno c , L Iu came td ' en B a r raque r , R o s se l l s , S on Ma s , S on V ague r , T r i spo le t , S on P r ime r ,S aC anova , Mon tb lanc , V e rn i s sa , S a Ma ta , L ledone r , A r ian t , C ome ta d e l s Mon s , T os sa l s V e rds , Mu te t ,
9 4
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
M .D ia z -And r eu yM .F e rnand e z -M i randa
S on Ma r ro ig , S on S unye r V I I , V I I I , I X a nd X I I , S oN 'An te lm , S on Mu le t , S on T on i Ame r , N aF onda d e S aV a i l , S a Mo la d ' en B o rdo i , S on Me squ ida , S on J aume l l ,L 'Ho r td e l s Mo ro s , S aT anca a nd E sC aba sd eS an ta Ma r ia . ( 3 ) T he n a tu ra lc ave so nw h ich a na ly s i sw a sc a r r ied o u ta r ea sf o l low s : S on P u ig ,C aS 'He r eu , B ennoc , L lucame t d ' en B a r raque r , R o s se l l s , S on Ma s , T r i spo le t , S on P r ime r , S a C anova , Mon tb lanc , V e rn i ssa , S a Ma ta , L ledone r , A r ian t , C ome ta d e l s Mo r t s , T o s sa l s V e rd s , Mu le t a nd S on Ma r ro ig . ( 4 ) T he a r t if i c ia lc ave so nw h ich a na ly s i sw a sc a r r ied o u ta r ea sf olow s : S on S unye rI V , V , V I , V I I , V I I I , I X , Xa nd X I , S on A n te Im , S on Mu le t , S on T on i Ame r XXV , XXV I I a nd XX IX , N aF onda d e S a V a i l , S a Mo la d ' en B o rdo i , S on J aume l l , S a T anca , E s C aba s , S on C au le l le s , C aN aV id r ie ra , Mand iv ia d eD a l t , S on C a rden , S on H e reu XV I , XV I I a nd XV I I I , S on G radana X IX a nd XX , C ugu lu tx , S on F ad r ine t , E s R a f a l L l ina s , C a ' s P e re t s , Mo la d ' en B o rdo i ,C a la Mu rada ,N aT ou s , S on G a l iana , S on R ibo t La nd L I I , B e l ive rR ic , S on S u reda , C o Ion ia d eS an tP e re ,S on R ea l ,L 'Ho r td e l s Mo ro s , S an V icenc LXX IX , LXXX , LXXX Ia nd LXXX I I ,S e sC ove s ,S e sC omune s ,S on B a t s LXXXV Ia nd LXXXV I I ,E sC a lde re r ,P on td ' en C ab re ra ,G a ie ta G ran a nd E nR o tge t .
9 5
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
B IBL IOGRAPHY
D ia z -And reu , ( i np re s s ) . " E l a nä l i s i sd i s c r im inan te e n l ac l a s if i cac iOn t i po l6g ica : a p l ica c iön a l a sh a cha sd et a lon d el aP en in su la I b e r i ca " . B o la i nd e lS em inar io d eA r t ey A rqueo l og i a . V a l lado l id . E scude ro , 1 975 .N uevos a van ce se nl a st g cn ica sd ea nd l i s i sc l u s t er . U n ive r s idad A u t6noma d e Mad r id .C en t ro d eI n ve s t iga c iOn UAM IB M . Mad r id . F e rnandez Ma r t inez , 1 985 . " La s e r iac iOn a u tomä t ica e n a r queo log ia : i n t roducc iOn h i s tö r ica y a p l i ca c ione s " .T raba jos d eP r eh i s to r ia 4 2 ,p p .9 -49 . F e rnandez -M i randa , 1 978 . " Secuenc ia c u l tu ra l d e l ap r eh i s to r ia d e Ma l lo r ca " . B ib l io teca P raeh i s to r ia H i spana XV .C .S . I .C . Mad r id . J ambu , 1 978 . C las s if ica t ion a u toma t ique p our l ' ana lyse d es d onges . 1 . Mg thod es e t a l gor i thm es .E d .D unod .P a r i s . J ambu a nd L ebeaux , 1 978 .C la s s if i ca t ion a u toma t iqu ep ou rl ' ana ly se d e sd ong es .2 .L og ic ier s . E d .D unod .P a r i s . J ambu a nd L ebeaux , 1 979 . " A ide -memo i re p ou r l ' u t i l i sa t ion d e s p rog ramme s d e C a lcu l d e l ' ana lys e d e s d one e s ( a na ly se s f a c to r ie l le s , c l a s s i f ica t ion s a u toma t i -que s ) " . B u l l e t in d e ADDAD n Q . 3 .J anua ry . P a r i s . D eL aga rde , 1 983 . I n i t ia t ion al 'a na ly se d es d ong es .E d .D unod .P a r i s . L eba r t , Mo r ineau a nd F en e lon , 1 978 .T ra tam ien to e s tad i s t ico d ed a tos . Ma combo B o ixa r eu E d . B a r ce lona . L eba r t , Mo r ineau a nd Wa rw ick , 1 984 . Mu l t ivar ia te D escr ip t ive S ta t is t ica l A na lys is , C or re spnd ence A na lys i s a nd R e la ted T echn ique f or L a rge Ma t r ice s . J ohn W i l ey .N ew Y o rk . S anche zC a r r ion ( e d ) , 1 984 .I n t roducc iön al a st g cn i ca sd ea nd l i s i sm u l t iva r iab l ea p l icada s al a s c i enc ia ss oc ia le s .C en t ro d eI n ve s t igac ione S o c io le ica s . Mad r id . S iege l , 1 980 .
E s tad t s t ica n op a ramg t r i ca a p l i cada al a sc i enc ia sd el ac ondu c ta . E d . T r i l la s . Mex i co .
V eny , 1 968
" La s c ueva s s epu lc ra les d e l B ronce a n t iguo e n Ma l lo r ca " . B ib l io teca P raeh i s to r i ca H i spana I X .C .S . I .C . Mad r id .
We s se a nd D ia z -And reu ( i n p re s s ) . " D ie A e rmchenbe i le d e r I b e r ischen H a lb inse l . E ine G egenuebe r s te l lung v e r sch iedene r T ypen -g l iede rungen " . Madr ider M i t t e i lungen .
9 7of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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2 Wa r -C ha r io t( Egyp t ) A x le i nR ear P os i t ion ( t he Who le P la tfo rm i si nF ron to ft h eA x le
3 R a c ing C ha r io t( G reece ) P l a tf o rm i nC en tra lP os i t ion ,e , , , ,
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20 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of 3 Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2&3
n d DEYA CONEE ENCE OF PRE E ISTO Y AR C H A E O L O GI C A L
TE C H NI Q U ES,
TE C H N O L O G Y
AN D
TH E O R Y
LH SOC IO -POL IT ICAL AND ECONO M IC ACT IV ITY I N CENTRAL AND EASTERN PELOPONNESE -WITH S PEC IAL EMPHAS IS ON ARCAD IA ( AN I N -DEPTH STUDY )
E . J . KR IGAS C ambr idge U n iver s i ty 1 5 S t r euen A venue C amb r idge CB4 3 ES , E ng land .
RESUME
C en t ra la nd e spec ia l ly E as tA rcad ia h as b een l e f t i nd arknes sf or m os tp ar t o ft h e u p to -da te r e cord ed P reh i s tor ic r e search . O ne o ft h er easons m ay b et h ea b sence o fw ha ta r chaeo logy h a s t r ad i t iona l ly c harac ter i sed m onumen ta ls t ru c tur es ( o r a r ch i tec tur e ) .B yt h i st e rm a r chaeo log i s t s u sed t o r ef er m a in ly t o p a laces o r r oya l b u i ld ings w h ich c ou ld g ive r i se t o t h eor ies o f m agn if icen tc i v i l i za t ions ,o fr oya ll i f ea nd r emarkab le a c t iv i ty ,o fs l avery a nd i l -f a ted s ub j ec ts , w ho w ere t h eo nes l e ad ing t h er oya lc ha r io tt os ucces sa nd i ns ome i n s tance sw ere r ewa rd ed .I n o t h er c ases , t h e i rf a t em igh tb ed ea th ,b ecau s ew ec ou ld n o te xpec ta u tarch ic r u le r st oe x er c i se a c omp le te ly f a i rj us t ice j udg ing b yo ur o wn s t andard s ( a sd angerous o rd ar ing t h a t m igh tb e ) . Meanwh i le , i th as b een v ery r e cen t ly s uppor ted t h a t t h e Maya w ere o n ly c onscr ip t ing b u i ld er s a nd g enera l ly w orkf orce v e ry o ccas iona l ly , t h u s , a s i ti sb e ing e s t ima ted , i tw ou ld t a ke e ach w orker o n ly t h ree t imes i n h i s l i f e t ime t o w ork f or t h e e l i te r u l ing c l ass ( c f . Amer ican A n t iqu i ty , v o l . 5 2 , p . 4 85 ) Why n o t s uppose t h e s ame f or P y los o r Knossos , o r , e ven Mycenae? A rcad ia h as n o tb een d i rec t ly m en t ioned i nt h eP y los t a b le ts . . . o re l sewhe re a nd t h a tl i ngu i s t ic l a ck h as a l so c on t r ibu ted al o tt ot h ee mergence o fc onc lus ions a nd t h eor ies w h ich c on t rad ic t e ach o ther . A re w e t h en r e search ing i n v a in , o r d o w e t r y t o c oncea lf ac t s w h ich h e lp c ons t i tu t ing al i nk a mong t h e t h en k nown Mycenaean c u l tu res? E v id ence i nt h eP y l ian L inear B t a b le ts h as b een s ummar ised i nt wo Mycenaean G reek w ord s ( i . e . , i -wa -so a nd i -wa -s i jo ta ) w h ich a na ly sed m ay i n c lud e m ore t h an w ha t w e c an t r y t o t r anscr ibe l i ngu i s t ica l ly . F or , t h ey r e f er t o ap lace -name ( t he f ormer ) a nd a n e t hn ic n ame ( t he l a t te r )b o th o fw h ich o r ig ina te f rom t h eE as tA r cad ian s i te w h ich i sc ur ren t ly k nown u nd er t h e c l as s ica l n ame o fI ASOS , ( c f . Ei . K r igas , P o l isma J ason , A thens 1 984 , P h .D . ) , o r , m od ern G reek , ANALEPS IS . T he a rchaeo logy f rom t h e a rea h as b een r i ch i n Mycenaean f i nd s w h ich i n c lud e m a in ly a Mycenaean ( b eeh ive t y pe ) t h o los t omb a nd af ew c i s t c u t in the -rock s ma l ler t omb s . T hey s e em t oc ons t i tu te ad i f f eren t t omb -group , i . e . d if eren tf rom t h e t h ree s ma l l t h o los l ike t ombs
3 21 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
E .J . K r igas
n ear t h e m a in Mycenaean t h o los . T ha t d if erence m ay c harac ter ise a no ther p hase i n t h e p reh i s to ry o ft h ea rea ,b u tc e r ta in ly h as c on tr ibu ted m uch t ot h en o t iceab le g ap b e tween t h es e t c hrono log ica l t i me l im i ts f or t h e c on temporary a reas . Wha t d oes t h a t g ap m ean? A l a ck o f r e sources? A s t a t eo fe mergency? A c hange o fs i t es? T he t o pography o f as i te p lays m uch m ore i mpor tance f or t h e g enera la c t iv i ty i tp or t ray s t h an t h e s i te i t se lf many t i me s . T ha t i sc or rec tf or m os t s i t es i np reh is tor ic a nd l a ter t i mes a nd i n t h e c ase o fI ASOS w e c an s ay t h a t i tp ar e xce l lence d om ina tes t h e r e s t o ft h e a c t ive d ur ing Mycenaean t i mes a rea s .A no ther p lace -name w i th e qua l ly a c t ive Mycenaean b ackground i st h a t o f HELLEN IKON . T here a re m any p ara l le l s b e tween t h e t wo s i tes i n m any r e spec ts b u t e spec ia l ly i nt h ec ase o fw hee l -ru ts w h ich p re suppose t h e u se o fc har io t sa nd w h ich s e em t ob e i n ter -connec ted . T he e x tens ive o bs id ian f ound i nt h e a rea o n t h e o ther h and g i ves r i se t oa h ypo thes is o fe x tens ive c ommun ica t ion p rac t ices i nt h ef orm o fe xchange o fg ood s . T he l a sos c e ram ics h a sp ara l le l si nP y los a nd C re te e v en i nR a s -Sham ra . T he g roup a rrangemen to ft h e s ma l lt h o los l ike Mycenaean t y pe t ombs i sn o t u nknown t ot h eH e t t i te c u l tures , i nU ga r i ta nd T e l l -Fara . B u t t h ef ac t t h a t w e c an f i nd p ara l l e l s w i th A na to l ian c u l tures o r ig ina t ing f rom a p lace w h ich h as b u to n ly l i t t le b een m en t ioned m igh t h ave g i ven t h e o ppor tun i ty t oB .S ergen t ( i nM inos , 1 977 ) t os uppose ar e f e rence t oA rcad ia i nt h eK om -e l -He tan l i s t . W e d o n o t k now w he the r i ti st h e s ame m i s take ( i fi ti s am i s take ) t h a t Homer h ad m ad e b y r ef er ing t oa n A rcad ian K ingdom i nt h e C a ta logue o fS h ip s . Many L inear B l i ngu is t s w ou ld b e v e ry h appy w i th t h e i d ea o ft h a t m i s take . T hey w ou ld b e v ery h appy w i th t h e t h eory o f H omer , t h e My tho log i s t . . B u t t h ey w ou ld n o t a ta l l s eem t oc ons id er t h a t i fi tw as n o tf or t h e a rchaeo logy o fP y los f or e xamp le t h ey w ou ld n o t b e a b le t oc onnec t t h e i r t r anscr ip t ions w i th t h ef ac t s . W e w ou ld b e c on ten t t os how t h a t t wo t h eor ies m igh tb e t r ue f or t h e c ase o fl asos . T ha te i ther i te x i s ted a sp a r to ft h eP y l ian F u r ther D i s t r i c t( p e -ra -a2 -ko -ra i ja , t h er e f erences t oi wa so a r e m en t ioned i nt h e o f er ing t a b le t s , i . e . A n a nd C n a nd t h e c hances a re t h a ti tc on ta ined n on G reek t r iba le l emen t sc on scr ip ted u nd er t h eP y l ian o l iga rchy f or b ord er d u t ies ,j u s tl i ke t h eo -ka u n i ts m a in ly o ft h e d ef ens ive t y pe ) o r , t h a t a ta bou t t h e e nd o ft h e P y l ian d om ina t ion v ar iou s c l as ses o ft h ep opu la t ion ,f ee l ing r a ther d i s sa t i sf i ed o ru nd erpr iv i leged m oved o u to ft h eP y l ian i nf luence a nd c rea ted t h e ir o wn s ma l l s t a tes i np lace s a sf ar a s A r cad ia a nd L acon ia . T he c ha rac ter o ft h ef i nd sa nd t h eg enera ls oc ia la c t iv i ty o ft h eA r cad ian m a in land i sr a ther l o ca la nd l a ck ing w ea l th . T he l asos w are d u r ing t h e l a s tp ar to ft h eL I I I I 1B -C i sr a ther i m i ta t ing f or e ign p ro to types t h an c r ea t ing n ew s t y les . I ti st h e w id e spread s i gn o fd ec l ine t h a t h as a lmos ta tt h e s ame t i me o verwhe lm ed t h e Mycenaean c u l tur es . A nd i t sp eak i st r ag ica l ly i r on ic , t o o . T he f i re w h ich d e s troyed a l lt h e s i te s( and a lmos tp aradox ica l ly t h el aso so ne ) h as h e lped m uch i n t h ep reserva t ion o ft h e w r i t ten d ocum en ts ( Py l ian a nd K nos s ian L inear B a rch ive s )r e f er ing t o t h ep as ty ear i ns uch ab ureaucra t ic d e ta i lt h a tc ou ld v e ry a ppropr ia te ly m ir ror t h ee f or to ft h e Mycenaeans i nr e co rd -keep ing . R ecord sw h ich u navo idab ly h ad i n c luded r e f erences t oA r cad ia i nt h e t wo a en igma t ic r ubr ics :i -wa -so a nd i wa -s i jo ta ( s ee ,f ur ther Z .A . 1 985 ) .
THE EMERGENCE OF THE BRONZE AGE : THE THEORY
W e w ou ld l i ke t o s t ar t t h e d i scus s ion o f o u r p ro jec t i n t h is s ummary i n w ha t m ay b e c harac ter ised a n u nor thodox , o r , r a ther c onf l ic t ing a pproach , t h a ti s , t h e c hrono log ica l o ne . B ecau se w e b e l ieve t h a tc hrono logy d oes n o tm a t ter al o td ea l ing w i th t h ec on t inu i ty i nt i me o f o bscure p er iod s e spec ia l ly i nP r e - a nd P ro toh i s tory . Whe ther af ew t h ou sand y ear s b ef or e o r a f ter a s e t t ime l im i t c ou ld c hange o ur v i ew o f s t udy ing t h e e nv ironmen t i n to w h ich a c i v i l i sa t ion s t ar ted d eve lop ing o rp eaked i sn o tc e r ta in . Wha t i sc er ta in i st h e e x is tence o ft h e c i v i l isa t ion a nd m ore d ef in i te ly i t s c onnec t ions w i th s im i lar o nes w h ich m igh t h ave
2 2 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of3 Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
c oex is ted . .. t ha t i st h e p o in t w here w e n eed t h e t ime a nd i tw ou ld b e p roper t o s ay a n a ccep tab le o rr ea sonab le t i me l i m i ti n to w h ich w ec ou ld f i to ur g ues swork . F o l low ing ag ene ra l ly a ccep ted s ys tem o fc hrono logy ( wh ich b yn o m eans c ou ld c l a im t ob e a ccu ra te )w ec ou ld d i s t ingu ish s ub -per iod si nt h eB ron ze A ge ( Ea r ly :B r 1A -A2 ;M idd le :B rB -C ; L a te :B rD )w i th i t sp eak a ta bou tt h el a s ts t age w hen t h em a in u se o ft h em e ta l( b ronze )s eem s p reva i l ing a s ag enera l c harac ter is t ic . I ti s ma in ly a ta bou t t h a t s t age w hen t h e t wo t e rm s g ove rn ing t h ew ho le e ra ( name ly , Mycenaean a nd M inoan )r un p ara l le lw i th r e spec t ive p er iod s i nt h eA na to l ia a nd a re s p read ing t oo t her p laces o ft h eW es t ern Wor ld l e av ing t r ace si nE u rope . T he q ue s t ion p reva i l ing i sr a the rw ho d id s ome th ing f i r s t t h an w ho w as f i r s t a nd s t udy ing t h e t wo c i v i l i sa t ions i n t h e ir c on tex t w e w i l l t r y t ot r ace t h e ir e nac tmen ts a nd b e c l oser t ot h e a nswer o fwho i nf luenced w hom r egard ing t h e ir c onnec t ions w i th Mesopo tam ian a nd B aby lon ian c u l tu res . I tc an b e t h us s hown t h a t i nd ea l ing w i th t h e Mycenaeans a s as pread ing c ommon c u l ture d om ina t ing t h el a s tp hase o ft h eB ron ze A ge w ea re a tt h es ame t i me d ea l ing w i th ac u l ture t h a t c ommun ica tes c ommon c ode language ( i . e . Mycenaean L inear B ) w h ich t r anscr ibed h as g i ven t ob e G reek . I n i t s v ar ian tf orm ( a sL inear A ) i ti sa l so f ound i nt ab le t s i n C re te . B u t t h a t l i ngu is t ic v ar ia t ion p or trays t h e c u l tura l v ar ia t ion m e t i n Ma in land G reece a t v ar iou s s ubper iod s o ft h e LH . F rom Mycenae a nd L erna t oP y los , K akova tos , M idea , D end ra a nd S par ta a nd f rom T i ryns t o t h e n or thern Ma in land a nd t h e A egean . A nd t h e e x ten t o ft h e Mycenaean w or ld c an s t i l l b e t r aced i n t h e N ear E as tern c u l tures e ven i nE urope . I ti sa m iracu lou ss pr ead w h ich t o ok s ome y ears t of orm , i nc on tras tw i th t h ea brup te nd , s omewher e i nt h e LH I I IC w h ich i si mpor tan ta nd m onumen ta lj us tf or t h e d rama t ic e nd o f ac i v i l i sa t ion e nd ing i nf i re a nd d es t ruc t ion l e av ing b eh ind t h em y s tery o ft h e u nexpec ted f orce o fc a tas t rophe . I fo n ly s omebody c ou ld r e ca l l t oh i s m ind t h a t i ti st h e s ame p er iod w h ich a tt h e b eg inn ing marks a w ho le r ange o fi nnova t ions ,f rom w eapons t om eans o ft r anspor t ,f rom n ew a r t is t ic m o t ives t on ew t y pes o ft ombs a nd r a ther s ymbo l ica l ly f rom t h e b ur ia l o ft h e d ead t o t h e c r ema t ion .
THE DATA
B u t i ti st ime n ow t oc oncen tra te o n o ur s ub jec t w h ich d ea l s s pec if i ca l ly w i th t h e a c t iv i ty i n C en tra l a nd E a s tern P e loponnese w i th s pec ia l e mpha s is o n A rcad ia . I tw ou ld n o t b e t oo p repos terous Is uppose t os ugge s tA r cad ian p e r iod sf or t h ed u ra t ion o ft h ec u l tura la c t iv i ty t h ere a nd w ew ou ld b er a ther t emp t ed t ou se t h eM inoan e xamp le a s ap ro to type . W ea re w e l la ware o fc our se t h a t t h e a b sence o fw ha t a rchaeo log ica l ly h as b een c harac ter i sed a s m onumen ta l e v id ence ,i . e . ap a lace o r ac omp l ex o fb u i ld ings a c t ing a s an eura lg ic p o in to fc en t ra la u thor i ty ( whe ther t h a tc ou ld t a ke t h ef orm o f ak i ng lq ueen !d e i ty i ss t i l lu ncer ta in a nd w e c ou ld e xpec t v ar ious e xp lana t ions lg ue s se sf rom t h eL inear B a rch ive a tP y los )m ake su sc au t ious a st oh ow w e c ou ld v en tu re m en t ion ing A rcad ian c u l ture a sp ara l le l t oP y l ian ,f or e xamp le . O ur o wn v i ew o nt h i sp o in tb ased o nf ac t sd rawn b y t h ee x i s tence o fv as t Mycenaean t y pe t omb -group s m a in ly i na reas s uch a s ANALEPS IS a nd HELLEN IKON i nK ynour ia , S .E .A rcad ia i st h a t t h e A rcad ian p er iod s c an b e p laced r ough ly a ta bou t t h e m idd le o ft h e LH I I IA1 a nd L II I IA2 p er iod s . T hen t h ed ev e lopmen tr uns a sf o l low s :
3 23
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
EJ . K r iga s
CRETE
LMII IA 1
MA INLAND GREECE
LHI I IA1
ARCAD IA
NEAR EAST
ARCADIAN I
M IDDLE B ABYLON IAN M IDDLE A SSYRIAN
LMI I IA2
LHI I IA2
ARCADIAN I
NE W B ABYLONIAN NE W A SSYRIAN
LM I I IB
LH I I IB
ARCADIAN I
NE W B ABYLON IAN NE W A SSYRIAN
LMI I IC
LH I I IC
ARCADIAN I I
LATE B ABYLONIAN L ATE A SSYR IAN ( ? )
T he a bove m en t ioned c hrono log ica ld i agram c ou ld b e u sed o n ly a s ag u id ef or t h e a c t iv i ty i n t h e y ear s f o l low ing t h e m onumen ta l a nd m a in ly o f Mycenaean o r ig in t ho los t omb i n ANALEPS IS , w h ich c an b e t a ken a s o ne o f( i fn o t t h e o n ly o ne i n t h e a rea ) c harac te r i s t ic Mycenaean c on s t ru c t ion . T he e x is t ing g ap si nt h ed a ta c o l lec ted f rom v ar ious s i tes i nc en t ra la nd e as tP e loponnese m ay v er if y t h e h ypo thes is o f ad i scon t inued s e t t lemen t i nt h e a rea d ue t o ac on t inuous e vo lu t ion w h ich i mp l ied a c ons iderab le m ovemen t o fs i tes f rom o ne p lace t oa no ther , n o t n eces sa r i ly c on temporar i ly . I th as b een s uppor ted s ome t i me a go t h a tA rcad ia u sed t ob e t h e i n -be tw een s t age o f Mycenae a nd P y los o r S par ta . T ha t w as a t h eory b ased m a in ly o n t h e Homer i c d escr ip t ion i nt h e C a ta logue o fS h ip s , w here t h e re i s ar e f erence t oa n A rcad ian K ingdom . Meanwh i le l a ck o fs uppor t ive l i ngu is t ic e v id ence c on tr ibu ted m uch t o av e ry o bscure a nd a lmos tn on -ex i s ten tp resen ta t ion o ff ac t s . We s ha l l t r y t os how , h owever , t h a td u r ing t h e l a t e s t ages o ft h em a in P y l ian d om ina t ion i n Mes sen ia ( SW P e loponnese ) t h ere h appened ah i gh ly r emarkab le m ovemen to ft r iba lp opu la t ions t oa reas a sf ar a sA rcad ia w he re e x i s t ing e v id ence c ou ld s uppor t at h eory o fc on t inua t ion o ft h e Mycenaean ( o fP y l ian o r My ceaean t y pe ) c u l tu re . T he s im i lar i ty o ft h ese f ac t s a long w i th o nes f rom LH I I IC a reas o u t s id e t h e m a in a rea o f P y l ian i nf luence ( N . Mes sen ia ) c ou ld g i ve r i se t o ap os s ib le h ypo thes is o f al a te r ena i s sance o f t h e Mycenaean s p ir i tj u s tb ef ore i t sf i na ld i ve i n to t h e v as tnes so ft h e Dark A ges .
3 24
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
LH S oc io -Po l i t ica l a nd E conom ic A c t iv i ty i nC en t ra l a nd E as te rn P e loponnese - W i th S pec ia l Emphas is o nA rcad ia ( an I n -Dep th S tud y ) E .J .K r igas
I NTRODUCT ION
Central and especially East Arcadia has been left in darkness for most part of the up-to-date " r eco rded "P r eh i s to r i cr e s ea r ch . O ne o ft h er e a son sm ay b et h ea bs ence o fw ha ta r cha eo logy h a s t r ad i t iona l ly c ha rac te r i sed " monumen ta l s t ruc tu re " ( o r , a r ch i tec tu re ) . B y t h is t e rm a r chaeo log is t s u sed t or e f e r m a in ly t op a lace s o r r oya l b u i ld ing s w h ich c ou ld g i ve r i se t o t h eo r ie s o fm agn i f icen tc i v i l iz a t ion s , o fr oya l l i f e a nd r ema rkab le a c t iv i ty o fs l ave ry a nd i l f a t ed " s ub je c t s ' " ,w ho w e re t h eo ne sl e ad ing t h er oya lc ha r io tt os u cce s sa nd i ns ome i n s tance s w e re r ewa rded . I no t he rc a se s ,t h e i rf a t em igh tb ed ea th ,b ecau se w ec ou ld n o te xpec ta u ta r ch ic r u le r st oe xe r c i se ac omp l e te ly f a i rj u s t ice j udg ing b yo u ro wn s t anda rd s( a sd ange rou so rd a r ing t h a t m igh t b e ) . Meanwh i le , i th a s b een r e cen t ly s uppo r ted t h a t t h e Maya w e re o n ly c onsc r ip t ing b u i lde r sa nd g ene raly w o rk fo r ce v e ry o cca s iona l ly ,t h u s ,a si ti sb e ing e s t ima ted , i tw ou ld t a ke e a ch w o rk e ro n ly t h ree t i me si nh i sl i f e t ime t ow o rk f o rt h ee l i te r u l ing c l a s s( c .f . Amer ican A n t iqu i ty , v o l . 5 2 ) . Why n o t s uppo se t h e s ame f o r P y lo s o r K no s so s , o r e ven My cenae ? A r cad ia h a sn o tb een d i r ec t ly m en t ioned i nt h eP y lo st a b le t s -o re l sewhe re a nd t h a tl i ngu i s t ic l a ck h a sa l so c on t r ibu ted al o tt ot h ee me rgence o fc onc lu s ion sa nd t h eo r ie s w h ich c on t rad ic t e a ch o the r . A re w e t h an r e sea r ch ing i n v a in , o r d o w e t r y t o c oncea l f a c t s w h ich h e lp c on s t i tu t ing al i nk a mong t h et h en k nown Mycena ean c u l tu re s ? E v idence i nt h eP y l ian L inea r -B t a b le t sh a sb een s umma r i sed i nt wo Mycenaean G re ek w o rd s ( i . e . , i -wa -so a nd i -wa -s i jo ta ) w h ich a na ly sed m ay i n c lude mo re t h an w ha t w e c an t r y t o t r an scr ibe l i ngu i s t ica l ly . F o r ,t h ey r e f e rt o ap l ace -name ( t he f o rme r )a nd a ne t hn ic n ame ( t he l a t t e r )b o th o fw h ich o r ig ina te f r om t h eE a s tA r cad ian s i te w h ich i sc u r ren t ly k nown u nde rt h e c l a s s ica ln ame o fl a so s . ( c . f .E J . K r iga s ,P o l i sma J a son ,A then s 1 984 ,P h .D ) T he a r chaeo logy f r om t h e a r ea h a s b een r i ch i n Mycenaean f i nd s w h ich i n c lude m a in ly a Mycenaean ( b eeh ive t y pe ) t h o lo s t omb a nd af ew c i s t c u t in the rock s ma l le r t omb s . T hey s e em t oc on s t i tu te ad i f f e r en tt omb -g roup ,i . e .d i f f e ren tf r om t h et h ree s ma l l t h o lo s l ike t omb s n ea r t h e m a in Mycenaean t h o lo s . T ha t d i f f e r ence m ay c ha rac te r i se a no the r p ha se i n t h e p r eh is to ry o ft h ea r ea ,b u tc e r ta in ly h a sc on t r ibu ted m uch t ot h en o t iceab le g ap b e tween t h es e t c h rono log ica l t i me l im i t s f o r t h e c on t empo ra ry a r ea s . Wha td oe s t h a tg ap m ean? A l a ck o f r e sou rce s? A s t a te o fe me rgency ? Ac hange o fs i te s ? T he t opog raphy o f as i t ep l ay s much m o re i mpo r tance f o rt h eg ene ra la c t iv i ty i tp o r t ray st h an t h es i te i t se lf m any t ime s . T ha ti sc o r rec tf o r mo s ts i te s i np r eh i s to r ic a nd l a te r t i me s a nd i n t h e c a se o fI a so s w e c an s a y t h a t i tp ar e x ce l lence d om ina te s t h e r e s t o f t h e a c t ive d u r ing My cenaean t i me sa r ea s . A no the rp l ace -name w i th e qua l ly a c t ive Mycena ean b a ckg round i st h a t
3 25of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l i nd D eya C onf e rence o fP r eh i s to ry :A r chaeo log i ca lT echn iqu e s ,T echno logy a nd T heor y
o fH elen ikon . T he re a r em any p a rale l sb e tween t h et wo s i te si nm any r e spec t sb u te sp e c ia l ly i n t h e c a se o f w hee l r u t s w h ich p r e suppo se t h e u se o f c ha r io t s a nd w h ich s e em t o b e i n te r conne c ted . T he e x tens ive o b s id ian f ound i nt h e a r ea o n t h e o the r h and g ive s r i se t oa h ypo the s i so fe x ten s ive c ommun ica t ion p r a c t ice si nt h ef o rm o fe xchange o fg ood s . T he I a so s c e ram ic sh a sp a ra l le l si nP y lo sa nd C re te e ven i nR a s -Sham r a .T he g roup sa r rangemen to ft h e s ma l lt h o lo s l ike Mycena ean t y pe t omb si sn o tu nknown t ot h eH e t t i te c u l tu re s ,i nU ga r i ta nd T e l l -Fa ra . B u tt h e f a c tt h a tw ec an f i nd p a ra l le l s w i th A na to l i lan c u l tu re so r ig ina t ing f r om a p l a ce w h ich h a sb u to n ly l i t t le b een m en t ioned m igh th ave g i ven t h eo ppo r tun i ty t oB .S e rgen t ( i nM ino s , 1 977 )t os uppo se ar e f e rence t oA r cad ia i nt h eK om -e l -He tan l i s t . We d o n ok now w he the r i ti st h e s ame m i s take ( i fi ti s am i s take ) t h a t H ome r h ad m ade b y r e f e r r ing t oa n " A r cad ian k i ngdom " i nt h e " Ca ta logue o f S h ip s " . Many L inea r -B l i ngu i s t s w ou ld b ev e ry h appy w i th t h ei d ea o ft h a tm i s take . T hey w ou ld b ev e ry h appy w i th t h et h eo ry o f" Home r , t h e my tho log i s t " . B u tt h ey w ou ld n o ta ta l ls e em t oc on s ide rt h a ti fi tw a sn o tf o r t h e a r chaeo logy o fP y lo s f o r e xamp le t h ey w ou ld n o tb e a b le t oc onne c tt h e i r t r an s c r ip t ions w i th t h ef a c t s . We w ou ld b ec on t en tt os how t h a tt wo t h eo r ie sm igh tb et r ue f o rt h ec a se o fI a so s . T ha te i the r i te x i s t ed a sp a r to ft h eP y l ian F a r the rD i s t r ic t( p e ra -a2 -ko r a i ja ,t h er e f e rence st oi wa so a r e m en t ioned i nt h e " o f f e r ing " t a b le t s , i . e . A na nd C n a nd t h ec hance s a r et h a ti tc on ta ined n on G reek t r iba le l emen t sc on sc r ip ted u nde rt h eP yl ian o l iga r chy f o rb o rde rd u t ie s ,j u s tl i k et h eo -ka u n i t s m a in ly o fd ef ens ive t ype ) o r , t h a t a ta bou t t h e e nd o f t h e P y l ian d om ina t ion , v a r ious c l a s se so ft h ep opu la t ion ,f e e l ing r a the rd i s sa t i sf ied o ru nde rp r iv i leged moved o u to ft h eP y l ian i nf luence a nd c r ea ted t h e i r o wn s ma l l s t a te s i np l a ce s a s f a r a sA r cad ia a nd L acon ia . T he c ha ra c te ro ft h ef i nd sa nd t h eg ene r a ls o c ia la c t iv i ty o ft h eA r cad ian ma in land i sr a the r" l oca l " a nd l a ck ing i nw ea l th . T he I a so s w a re d u r ing t h el a s tp a r to ft h e LH I I I b e i sr a the ri m i ta t ing f o re ign p ro to type s t h an c r ea t ing n ew s t y le s . I ti st h e w ide sp read s i gn o f d ec l ine t h a t h a s a lmo s t a tt h e s ame t i me o ve rwhe lmed t h e Mycenaean c u l tu re s . A nd i t s p eak i st r ag ica l ly i r on ic ,t o o . T he f i re w h ich d e s t royed a l lt h es i te s( a nd a lmo s tp a radox ica l ly t h eI a so so ne )h a s h e lped m uch i nt h e p re se rva t ion o f t h e w r i t ten d ocumen t s ( Py l ian a nd K no s s ian L inea r -B a r ch ive s )r e f e r r ing t ot h e " p a s t " y ea ri ns u ch ab u r eauc ra t i cd e ta i lt h a tc ou ld v e ry a pp rop r ia t e ly m i r ro rt h ee f f o r to ft h e Mycenaean si nr e co rd k e ep ing . R eco rd sw h ich u navo idab ly h ad i n c luded r e f e rence st oA r cad ia i nt h et wo e n igma t i cr ub r ic s : i -wa so a nd i -wa s i jo ta ( s ee f u r the rZ .A . 1 985 ) .
A .T HE EMERGENCE OF THE BRONZE AGE THE THEORY We w ou ld l i ke t os t a r tt h ed i scu s s ion o fo u rs ub jec ti nt h i sp ape ri nw ha tm ay b ec ha ra c t e r i sed a sa n u no r thodox ,o rr a the rc onf l ic t ing a pp roa ch ; t h a ti s ,t h e c hrono log ica lo ne . B ecau se w e b e l ieve t h a t c h rono logy d oe s n o t m a t te r al o t w hen d ea l ing w i th t h e c on t inu i ty i nt i me o f o b scu re p e r iod se spec ia l ly i nP re -a nd P ro to -h i s to ry . Whe the r af ew t h ou sand y ea r sb e f o re o r a f te r as e t t i me l i m i t c ou ld c hange o u r v i ew o f s t udy ing t h e e nv i ronmen t i n to w h ich a c i v i l i sa t ion s t a r ted d eve lop ing o rp eaked i sn o tc e r ta in . Wha ti sc e r ta in i st h ee x i s tence o ft h e c i v i l isa t ion a nd mo r ed ef in i t e ly i t sc onnec t ion sw i th s im i la ro ne sw h ich m igh th ave c o -ex i s ted - t h a ti st h ep o in tw he re w en eed t h e t i me a nd i tw ou ld b ep rope r t os ay a n " a ccep tab le " o r " r ea sonab le " t i me l i m i ti n to w h ich w ec ou ld f i to u rg ue s swo rk . F o l low ing ag ene ra l ly a ccep ted s y s tem o fc h rono logy ( a f t e r , A .F . H a rd ing , T he Mycenaeans a nd E u rope , [ London 1 981 ] a nd H .G . B uchho l t z ,Ä ga i sch e B ron ze ze i t [ 1 987 ] ) , w h ich b yn o m ean sc ou ld c l a im t ob ea ccu ra te ,w ec ou ld d i s t ingu i sh s ub -p e r iod si nt h eB ronze A ge ( Ea r ly : BrA i -A2 ;M idd le : BrB -C ;L a te BrD )w i th i t sp eak a ta bou tt h el a s ts t age w hen t h em a in u s eo f t h em e ta l( b ronze )s e ems p r eva i l ing a s ag ene ra lc ha ra c te r i s t ic . I ti sm a in ly a ta bou tt h a ts t age w hen t h et wo t e rms g ove rn ing t h ew ho le a r ea ( n ame ly , Mycena ean a nd M inoan )r un i np a ra l le l
3 26 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Ei .K r igas
w i th r e spec t ive p e r iod s i nt h eA na to l ia a nd a r e s p read ing t oo t he rp la ce s o ft h e We s tern w o r ld l e av ing t r ace si nE u rope . T he q ue s t ion p reva i l ing i sr a the r , "Who d i d s ome th ing f i r s t ? " r a the r t h an , "Who w a s f i r s t ?" ; a nd s t udy ing t h e t wo c i v il i sa t ion s i nt h e i rc on tex t w e w i l l t r y t ot r ace t h e i r e nac tmen t s a nd b e c lo se r t o t h e a nswe r o f " who i n f luenced w hom " r ega rd ing t h e i r c onnec t ion sw i th Me sopo tam ian a nd B aby lon ian c u l tu re s . I tc an b e t hus s hown t h a t i n d ea l ing t h e Mycenaeans a s as p read ing c ommon c u l tu re d om ina t ing t h e l a s tp ha se s o ft h e B ronze A ge , w e a r ea tt h e s ame t ime d ea l ing w i th ac u l tu re t h a t c ommun ica te s c ommon c ode language ( i . e . Mycenaean L inea r -B ) w h ich t r anscr ibed h a s b een p roven t ob e G reek . I ni t s v a r ian tf o rm ( a sL inea rA ) i ti sa l so f ound i nt a b le t s i nC re te . B u t t h a t l i ngu i s t ic v a r ia t ion p or t ray s t h e c u l tu ra l v a r ia t ion m e t i n ma in land G ree ce a tv a r ious s ub -pe r iod s o f t h e LH . F rom Mycenae a nd L e rna t oP y lo s , K akova to s , M idea , D end ra a nd S pa r ta a nd f r om T iryns t o t h e n o r the rn Ma in land a nd t h e A egean . A nd t h e e x ten t o f t h e Mycenaean w o r ld c an s t i l l b e t r aced i n t h e N ea r E a s te rn c u l tu re s e ven i nE u rope . I ti sa m i racu lou ss p read w h ich t o ok y ea r st of o rm , i nc on t ra s tw i th t h ea b rup te nd , s omewhe re i nt h e LH I I I c en tu ry w h ich i si mpo r tan ta nd monumen ta l j u s t f o r t h e d rama t ic e nd o f ac i v i l isa t ion e nd ing i nf i re a nd d e s truc t ion l e av ing b eh ind t h e my s te ry o ft h eu nexpe c ted f o r ce o fc a s t rophy . I fo n ly s omebody c ou ld r e ca l l t oh i s m ind t h a t i ti st h e s ame p e r iod w h ich a tt h e b eg inn ing m a rks aw ho le r ange o fi n nova t ion s , f r om w eapon s t om ean s o f t r anspo r t , f r om n ew a r t is t ic m o t ive s t o n ew t ype s o f t omb s a nd r a the r s ymbo l ica l ly f r om t h e b u r ia l o f t h e d ead t o t h e c r ema t ion .
B .T HE DATA B u t i ti st ime n ow t oc oncen t ra te o n o u r s ub jec t w h ich d ea l s s pec if ica l ly w i th t h e a c t iv i ty i n C en t ra l a nd E a s t P e loponne se w i th s pec ia l e mphas is o n A rcad ia . I tw ou ld n o t b e t oo p r epo s te rou s Is uppo se t os ugge s t " A rcad ian " p e r iod s f o r t h e d u ra t ion o ft h e c u l tu ra l a c t iv i ty t h e re a nd w e w ou ld b er a the rt emp ted t ou se t h eM inoan e xamp le a s ap ro to type . We a r e w e l l a wa re o f c ou r se t ha t t h e a bsence o f w ha t a r chaeo log ica l ly h a s b een c ha rac te r ised a s " monumen ta l e v idence " , i . e . , ap l ace o r ac omp lex o fb u i ld ings a c t ing a s an eu ra lg ic p o in t o f c en t ra l a u tho r i ty ( whe the rt h a tc ou ld t a ke t h e f o rm o f ak i ng /queen /de i ty i ss t i l l u nce r ta in a nd w e c ou ld e xpe c t v a r iou s e xp lana t ions /gue s se s f r om t h e L inea r -B a r ch ive a tP y lo s ) make s u s c au t iou s a st oh ow w e c ou ld v en tu re m en t ion ing " A rcad ian " c u l tu re a sp a ra l le l t oP y l ian , f o r e xamp le . O u r own v i ew o n t h is p o in t b ased o n f a c t s d rawn b y t h e e x is tence o f v a s t " Mycenaean " t y pe t omb -g roup s m a in ly i na r ea ss uch a sA na lep s is a nd H e l len ikon i nK ynou r ia , S .E . A rcad ia i st h a t t h e b eg inn ing o f A rcad ian p e r iod s c an b e p laced r ough ly a ta bou t t h e m idd le o ft h e LH I I IA1 a nd LH I I IA2 p e r iod s . T hen t h ed eve lopmen tr un sa sf o l low s :
3 27 of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l i nd D eya C onf e r ence o fP r eh i s tor y :A r cha eo log ica lT echn ique s ,T echno logy a nd T heo r y
. CRETE
MA INLAND GREECE
ARCAD IA
NEAR EAST
LM IBA1
LH I I IA1
A rcad ian I
M idd le B aby lon ian M idd l eA s sy r i an
LM I I IA2
LHI I IA2
A rcad ian I
N ew B aby lon ian N ew A s sy r ian
LM I I IB
LH I I IB
A rcad ian I
N ew B aby lon ian N ew A s sy r ian
LM I I IC
LH I I IC
A rcad ian I I
L a t eB aby lon ian L a t eA s sy r i an ( ? )
T he a bove m en t ioned c h rono log ica l d i ag ram c ou ld b e u sed o n ly a s ag u ide f o rt h ea c t iv i ty i n t h e y ea r s f o l low ing t h e m onumen ta l a nd m a in ly o f Mycenaean o r ig in t ho lo s t omb i n A na lep s is , w h ich c an b e t a ken a s o ne o f ( i f n o t t h e o n ly o ne i n t h e a r ea ) c ha r ac te r is t ic Mycenaean c on s t ruc t ion . T he e x i s t ing g ap si nt h ed a ta c o l le c ted f r om v a r iou ss i te si nc en t ra la nd e a s tP e loponne se m ay v e r i fy t h e h ypo the s i s o f ad i scon t inued s e t t lemen t i nt h e a r ea d ue t o ac on t inuou s e vo lu t ion w h ich i mp l ied ac on s ide rab le movemen t o fs i te s f r om o ne p l ace t oa no the r , n o t n e ce s sa r i ly c on tempo ra r i ly . I th a sb een s uppo r ted s ome t i me a go t h a tA r cad ia u sed t ob e t h ei n -be tween s t age o f Mycenae a nd P y lo s o r S pa r ta . T ha t w a s at h eo ry b a sed m a in ly o n t h e H ome r ic d e sc r ip t ion i nt h eC a ta logue o fS h ip s , w he re t h e re i s ar e f e rence t oa n " A r cad ian K ingdom " . Meanwh i le l a ck o f s uppo r t ive l i ngu is t ic e v idence c on t r ibu ted much t o av e ry o b scu re a nd a lmo s tn onex i s ten tp r e sen ta t ion o ff a c t s . We s ha l l t r y t os how , h oweve r , t h a td u r ing t h el a te s t age so ft h em a in P y l ian d om ina t ion i n Me s sen ia ( SW P e loponne se ) t h e re h appened ah i gh ly r ema rkab le movemen t o f t r iba l p opu la t ion s t oa r ea s a s f a r a s A rcad ia w he re t h e e x i s t ing e v idence c ou ld s uppo r t at h eo ry o fc on t inua t ion o ft h e "My cenaean " ( o fP yl ian o r Mycenaean t yp e )c u l tu re . T he s im i la r i ty o ft h o se f a c t sa l ong w i th t h eo ne sf o r LH I I IB -C a r ea so u t s ide t h e m a in a r ea o fP y l ian i n f luence ( N . Me s sen ia )c ou ld g i ve r i se t o ap o s s ib le h ypo the s i so f al a te r e na i s sance o ft h e Mycenaean s p i r i tj u s t b e fo re i t s f i na l d i ve i n to t h e v a s tne ss o ft h e D a rk A ge s .
C .T HE FACTS : ADM IN ISTRAT ION AND E CONOMY F rom t h eP y l ian a nd K no s s ian a r ch ive so fL inea r -B w eg e t at h o rough g l imp se o ft h ew ay t h e r ul ing c l a s s ( t he re m ay c e r ta in ly b e m o re t h an o ne r u l ing b ody i nP y lo s f r om t h ed a ta w eg e t f r om t h e t a b le t s , b u t a l l u nde r ah i gh a u tho r i ty : k ing o rg od ) u sed t ok eep t r a ck o f t h e i r s ub jec t s ' a c t iv i t ie s . E ven t h ough w ha tw eh ave r e f e r s t oo ne y ea ra nd s p ec if ica l ly t h e " pa s t " y ea r( c f . Ma 3 78 .2 p e ru s i -nu -wo )t h ea r ch ive ss e em t oh ave b een f i led i ns uch ad e ta i led a nd b u reau c ra t ic s y s tem t h a to bv iou s ly p r e suppo se s ac e r ta in k now ledge o fd ea l ing w i th e n t r ie si na
3 28 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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c omp l ica ted c ode language . B u tw ha ta maze su s mo s ti st h eu rgency i nw h ich t h o se a r ch ive s w e re c ompo sed . T he r e f e rence t ol a rge a r ea so fc u l t iva ted l a nd ( k o to -na )a nd t h e i rd i s t r ibu t ion t op eop le b e long ing t oc l a s se s ( t e re ta )a nd i n d iv idua l s t h rough al a nd -occup ied u n i t ,t h ed a m o ,t h en o t i ceab le l a ck o fb ronze ( wh ich mu s th ave b een i mpo r t ed )n ame ly t h et e rm si a ra s i ja ( i nt h eJ nt a b le t s> TALANS IA ,t h ee p i the ta ta ra s i jo >ATALANS IOS ( r e f e r r ing t ot h el i az k e -we >KHALKE IS i nt h es ame ( J n ) g roup o ft a b le t sa sw e l l a st h ee n t r ie s i nt h e Ma t a b le t s p robab ly t h e mo s t i mpo r tan t o ne s s i nce t h ey c on ta in n ega t ive f a c t s u nde r l ined b y t h e c on t inuou s u se o f t h e 3 r d p e r son p lu ra l v e rb o -u -d i -do -s i a nd t h e t o ta l s i n t h e N g t a b le t s ( r e f e r r ing t ob o th t h e P y l ian d i s t r ic t s a nd s t a t ing t h e a moun t s o fn o t c o l lec ted a -pu -do s i > APODOS IS o fa no -pe ro >OFELOS a c tua l ly as ou r ce o fq ue s t ion s . Wha tw a st h er e a son ,f o r e xamp le f o rt h ec u l t iva t ion o fo n ly al i m i ted a moun to fl a nd ? Why w a st h e re al a ck o fb ronze ? C an w ei n f e r ak i nd o fb ad s e a son f o rt h ep a la ce w h ich m igh th ave c au sed u nemp loymen tt o c e r ta in t y pe s o fv oca t ion s , l i ke t h e k a -ke -we w ho ( t hough t h ey m igh t h ave b een a mong t h e w e l l to -do c l a sse s ) c ou ld n o t p ay b a ck l a s t y ea r ' s t a xe s /deb t s ( c f . Ma 3 78 .2 )? Wha t i st h e d i f f e rence b e tween d o so -mo > DOS MOS ( u sua l ly r e se r ved f o r t h e g od ) a nd a pu -do s i? F ina l ly , i st h e re ac e r ta in e conom ic c r i s i s f o r o ne y ea r o r t h e p re requ is i te o fa n o ncom ing c a ta s t rophe ? A nd i fs o , a r e w e r i gh t i n o u r h ypo the s i s o f av io len t i n te rna l d i sco rd a nd d i s sa t i s f a c t ion w h ich l e dt ot h et r iba le l emen t s t oo t he ra r ea sa f te rh av ing u p roo ted t h e s t a tu s q uo i nP y lo s ? A nd i st h a td i ssa t i s f a c t ion l i nked w i th t h ed i spu t ei nE p7 0 4 .5? T he r ema rkab le v a s tne s so ft h ep a la ce sc ou ld e a s i ly r a is e t h eq ue s t ion o ft h e r e a son w hy t h e e mpha s i s w a so n t h eb i ga nd c ompl i ca ted s i de . T he re h ave b een al o to fe xp lana t ion so f f e red b u tc ompa r i son sw i th t h e Me sopo tam ian o rB aby lon ian e d if i ce sm ake su sc on s ide r at wo -fo ld r e a son . F i r s t ly , t h a to f ar o ya l " s how -o f f " , w h ich c ou ld b et r an s la ted a so ve ra l lp owe ri nt h o se t i me sa nd c ou ld i n sp i r ea we a nd r e sp ec t ;a nd s e cond ly ,f o rp r a c t ica lr e a son sm e r e ly o ne o ft h em b e ing t h e h ou s ing o fs om any a dm in i s t ra t ive a s s i s tan t s a sw e l l a sd ome s t ic p a la t ia l s t a f f , l e t a l one f o r t h o se c a se s i nw h ich c e r ta in s o c ia l c l a s se s m igh t h ave b e en g a the r ing i nf e a s t s o r b anque t s . D .T HE A RTEFACTS A c t iv i ty i sn o to n ly t h e c on s t ruc t ion p l an s o rt h ea r rangemen to ft h e t omb s o rt h e p a lace s i n a n a r ea . I ti sa l so t h ec on ten to ft h et omb , t h ev a r iou s s ma l l s u r f ace f i nd s , t h ee ve ryday u s ed o b je c t sw h ich s peak o ft h em se lve s . H e re a ga in i nC en t ra la nd E a s tP e loponne se a nd e spe c ialy i nA rcad ia t h ec hance sa r et h a tw ec an d i sce rn A na to l ian i n f luence . T he re i s al a rge n umbe ro fs ma l lo b je c t s f ound i nt h eE a s tA r cad ian a r ea s w h ich h ave s hown t h em se lve sd e scendan t so fH i t t i te o rA kkad ian l e gend . D oe s t h a ta c tua l ly m ean at r an s i t ion t o Mycenaean t h rough A na to l ian p ro to type s ? O r ,e ven ac e r ta in d eg r ee o fi nf luence? A nd i fs o , w ho i nf luenced w hom? H e re a ga in t h ec hance sa r et h a tw eh ave t od ow i th as t rong Mycena ean i nf luence . Many c ompa r a t ive s t ud ie s( s ee H a rd ing ,T he Mycenaens a nd E u rope ,2 30 )m en t ion v a r iou s n umbe r s o f Mycenaean t y pe p o t te ry f ound i na sm any a s6 0 s i te s i nA na to l ia , 8 0 i n t h e L evan t a nd 2 8 i nE gyp t . T he A r cad ian p o t te ry i sm a in ly l o ca l b u t i ts e ems t oh ave t o s ome e x ten t a tl e a s t u s ed A na to l ian p ro to type s . T ho se ma in ly h ave c ome t h rough c on ta c t s w i th C re te o re ven C yp ru s ,w h ich b e cau se o fi t si nb e tween p l a cemen ts e ems t oh ave b ene f i ted m o s to fs uch at y pe o fc on ta c to r" e xchange o fg ood s - ,b yk eep ing " t he c r eam " o ft h ep o t te ry c r o s s ing t h rough t h el a nd ( s ee H ankey 1 967 ,p .1 46 ) . T he c ha rac te r o f t h e A rcad ian p o t t e ry i sp u r e ly d ome s t ic . T he c ha rac te r o f t h e s he rd s i s p r ima r i ly r i tua la nd t h e re i sa ne qua l ly s ub s tan t ia ln umbe ro fv o t ive a nd o rnamen ta lt y pe b ead s w h ich e x i s ti nt h et h o lo s t omb so ft h ea r ea . T he g o lden p endan tf r om A na lep s i s , f o und i nt h e l a rge t h o le s t omb a nd c u r ren t ly i nt h e B e r l in Mu seum i so ne o ft h e f ew e xamp le s o fv o t ive a r tef ac t s i nt h e Mycenaean t i me s . T h i s a s w e l l a s t h e c o l lec ted p i ece s o f ac omb , m ade o f
3 29 of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l i nd D eya C onf e r ence o fP r eh i s to ry :A r chaeo log i ca lT e chn iqu e s ,T echno logy a nd T heo r y
e l ephan tt u sk sc on s t i tu te t h ep roo fo ft h es pe c ia lc a re t a k en f o rf ema le b u r ia l s . T he q ua l i ty o f t h ec on s t ru c t ion a sw el a st h em a te r ia l sa r ei ng r ea tc on t ra s tw i th t h eg ene ra l ly c heap a nd l o ca l c ha rac te ro ft h er e s to ft h ef i nd s . T he g ene ra ln o t ion o ft h eu se o fs uch o b je c t s a nd p robab ly t h e i ro wn r e a son f o rp l a cemen ti nt h et omb sc ou ld b eb o th v o t ive a nd r i tua l , t h e i r v o t ive r o le r e f e r r ing t ot h eg odde s sw o r sh ipp ed i nt h ea r ea . Among t h e o t he r i mpo r tan ta r te f ac t s f r om t h e t omb s i nA na lep s i s a r e t h eb oa r 's t u sk h e lme t , t h e d agge r s a nd s pea rhead s . T hey c l ea r ly p o r t ray t h e i r f u nc t iona l c ha rac te r a s w e l l a s t h e d i f f e r en t s t a tu s o ft h e b u r ied u nde r l ined b y t h e v a r ia t ion i nt h e c on s t ruc t ion m a te r ia l s . T he d a t e sp rov ided f o rt h o se ( ma in ly b yH .G .B uchho l z )a r el a te LH I It oe a r ly LH I I Ia nd t h ey s e em t oh ave ac ommon s p read a nd u se t h roughou t t h e k nown Mycenaean c en t re s . T hey c l ea r ly b e long t ol o ca l w a r r io r s b u t a l so s k i l led h un te r s . I ti sm eanwh i le s i gn i f i can t t on o t i ce t h i s i n te ra c t ion i nt h ec on s t ruc t ion t e chn ique w h ich c ou ld p r e suppo se ad eg ree o fc ommun ica t ion . B u th ow a nd w he r ef r om d ow ee xp e c to rd i s ce rn i n f luence s ? A re t h ey c l ea r ly o fl o ca lc ha rac t e r o r d i d t h ey i m i ta te f o re ign p ro to type s? Wha t i st h e r e levan t s i tua t ion i n t h e H i t t i t e a nd A kkad ian c u l tu re s a nd h ow c ou ld w ep robab ly l a be l S tonehenge f o r e xamp le a s Mycena ean G r eek ? Meanwh i le , w e h ave a l ready u nde r s tood t h a t t h e i mpo r tance o f t h e s ub jec t i sn o t s imp ly w he the rw ec ou ld d i sce rn aMycena ean s p r ead i nE u rope o rt h eE a s tb u tw ha tt h ea c tua li mpa c t o fs uch as p read h a sb e en i ns o c io -econom i c t e rms . L ingu i s t ica l ly ,w ea r es omewha tl e dt oa v e ry h ypo the t ica l c ommun ica t ion n e two rk w h ich c ou ld i n c lude n ame s s uch a s N aup l ion , K y the ra o re ven T roy ,w i th t h ep o s s ib le c ou r se c om ing t h rough t h eA egean a nd p o s s ib ly a l ong t h e S y r ian c oa s t( c f . K .A . K i t chen , BASOR ,N o . 1 8 1 ,F eb . 1 966 ,2 3 -24 ) . S uch ar ou t ec ou ld p robab ly e xp la in o ra tl e a s te mpha s ize t h e f a c tt h a tw ec an d i sce rn Mycena ean n ame s i nt h e K om -e l -He tan l i s t( a nd p robab ly t h a to fT egea i nA r cad ia ) w h i ch c ou ld i nt u rn g i ve r i s e t oa r ema rk t h a ts omehow t h e re h ad b een a ne s t abl i shed c ommun i ca t ion p ra c t ice w i th t h eE a s ta nd t h eS ou th -a nd t h a tp robab ly A r cad ia m igh th ave i t ss ha re i nt h a tc ommun ica t ion l i nk . Whe re c ou ld w e t h en e xpec t t h e i nf luence t o s t em f r om? O bv ious ly f r om b o th e nd s ( My cena ean a nd N ea rE a s t e rn )s t a r t ing p r obab ly w i th t h ee s tab l i shed c e ram i cw a re e xchange si n t h eA egean w he re t h ec u l tu re o ft h eA hh i jawa s e ems t oh ave l o ca ted i t se l f . F o l low ing t h el i s t s o fn ame so ft wo p l a ce so ft h eN ea rE a s tu nd e rt h en ame so fK a -ft ua nd T a -na ju ( a sm en t ioned i nE gyp t ian t e x t s ) , t h e l o ca t ion o fw h ich c an o n ly b e g ue s sed a nd p l a ced r ough ly w i th in t h e A egean " f ron t ie r " w e a r e t emp ted t oa ccep t t h a t s ome n ame s m en t ioned t h e re in c ou ld h ave P e loponne s ian o rC re tan d er iva t ion ,n ame ly : AKKAD IAN
L INEAR -B
ä -m -n i sa
a -m i -n i so
Amn i so s
k u tu -na ja
k u -do -n i ja
K ydon ia
k u -nu sa
k o -no so
K no s so s
m uk -a -nu
T RANSCR IPT ION
Myk ena i( ? )
r / l i -ka ta
r u -k i to
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s e to i ja
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d i -ga -e z
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30 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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I nt h eA nna l so fT o tme sI Ib o th t h ea bove m en t ioned r e g ion so fT a -na ju ( o rT a -na ja )a nd K a f t u s e em t ob e v e ry n ea r e a ch o t he r w h i le i ns ome c a se s K a -ft u s e em s t oh ave b een mo re i n vo lved w i th t h e i s land s i nt h e A egean p a r t icu la r ly M i le to s ( wh ich w a s c on s ide r ed t oh ave b een a" co lony " o ft h e A hh i jawa ) a nd L e sbo s . I na no the r c a se , i nt h e i n sc r ip t ion s f r om t h e t emp le o f Amenoph i sI It h e r ei sa na t temp t ed l i nk b e tween T a -na ja a nd t h eP e loponne se a nd K a -ft u w i th C re te . B u tw ew i l le xam ine t h i sl i ngu i s t ic s ub je c t al i t t le l a t e r .
ET HE T OMBS i .A r che type sa nd c on s t ruc t ion c ha ra c t e r i s t ic s . T he t y pe so ft h et omb sa nd t h ee l emen t sw h ich c ha ra c t e r is et h e i ri mpo r tance a r ec l o se ly l i nked w i th t h e v a r iou s p ha se s i nt h e d eve lopmen t o ft h e B ronze A ge . T he t y pe o ft h e t omb s h a s g i ven i t sn ame t ot h er e levan tc h rono log ica ls pa ce i nw h ich i tw a sf o rt h ef i r s tt i me c on s t ruc t ed a nd u s ed . T he LH I I Ip e r iod i sc l ea r ly c ha r ac te r i sed b y ac ommon t e chn ique i nt omb b u i ld ing w h i ch h a s b o r rowed t h ec on s t ruc t ion p l an f r om t h ose v e ry s t ud iou sa nd f a s t id iou si n se c t s ,t h eb ee s ,h ence b eeh ive o r t h o lo s t omb s . T he re i s ar ema rkab le s p read o f t h e t e chn ique f r om T ho r iko s i n A t t ica t o Me s sen ia , m a rked b y i nb e tween " s top s " i nA rcad ia . T he e mpha s i s w a s m a in ly o n t h e l a rge a nd i mp re s s ive , s ome th ing t h a t b r ing s b a ck t o m ind t h e r e a l p u rpo se o f t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e A na to l ian a nd N ea r E a s te rn P a lace s ( i n A la la l ch , Uga r i t , B e ne su l tan a nd Mar i , a mong o t he r s ) a nd t h e i r o ppo s i te n umbe r s i nP y lo s a nd K no s so s , n ame ly t os how o f fa nd i mp re s st h ef a i thfu ls ub je c t s . O ne c ou ld v en tu re t h es ame t h ough tf o r t h et omb sa sw e l l-a nd d oub t ss t i l lt o rmen tt h em ind sa nd t h eo p in ion so ft h ose d ea l ing w i th P reh i s to ry a st ow ha tt h ey w e r ep r inc ipa l ly m ean tt ob ef o r- d e i t ie so rp eop le ? A nd w a si t C re te ,P y lo s , Mycenae ,o rU ga r i t , A la lakh , Mar if i r s t ? Meanwh i le , i n LH 1 I Ma in land G reece b ecau se t h ey w e re f ound n ea rp a la t ia l s i t e s t h ey w e re v e ry i n adve r ten t ly c a l led " Roya l " o ra t l e a s tb e long ing t op r ince so ro t he rr oya lp e r son s . A nd w hy s hou ld i tb e ac e r ta in f a c to rt h ef a c t t h a tw ha teve re x i s t s i n at omb c an s a f e ly ( ? ) c ha ra c te r i se o re ven d a te t h e w ho le s t ruc tu re o r e ven t h ee r ai nw h ich i tw a sb u i l to rf u nc t ioned ? A nd w hy s hou ld w ea lway ss uppo se t h a tt h e " Agamemnon " m a sk c ou ld b et h eo ne p o r t ray ing t h em y th ica lh e ro " i n h onou r "? Wou ld i tn o t b ee qua l ly p l au s ib le t os uppo se t h a ti tc ou ld b e long t os ome p e r son o fs t i l l u nknown i d en t i ty , i mpo r ted a nd d epo s i ted i n t h e t omb a f te r i t s i n i t ia l p u rpo se ( e qua l ly d oub t fu l ) h ad b een f u lf i l led ? Why s hou ld w eb es ok een o nt h e" t rad i t iona l ly a c cep ted " m e thod o fp u t t ing i d en t i ty t a g s o n o b je c t so fd oub t fu l o r ig in w h i le j u s tn eg lec t ing t h e t h eo ry o fs im i la r i t ie s? H ow s a f e a nd s u re c an w eb ei no u rc onc lu s ion s? A f t e ra l l ,t h e Mycenaean d agge rf ound i nS tonehenge w ou ld n o tb ee nough t ol a be lt h ew ho le c on s t ruc t ion Mycenaean ,l e ta l one G reek . . . . B u t i ft r ad i t ion a nd my tho s h ave much c on t r ibu ted t o t h e c r ea t ion o f w ha teve r k i nd o f i mp r e s s ion s a nd f o r w ha teve r r e a son s i nt h e LH I I , t h ing s m ay n o t b e t h e s ame i nt h e m a in Mycenaean E ra o ft h e LH I I Ia nd i t s s ub sequen ts t age s . T he S ha f tG rave sE ra , h av ing ma in ly p eaked i n Mycenae ,t h ough n o ts a f e ly t h eo n ly p l a ce o fo r ig in w i th t h es ub sequen ts t age o ft h e c hambe ra nd i t sd e scendan ta nd c i s tt y pe o ft omb te chn ique s e em t ob e mo re p ra c t ica lb o th i n t h e i rc on s t ruc t ion a nd f u nc t ion . F o rt h ey ( l uck i ly o rn o t )d on o ts e em t ob es od i s tan tf r om t h e p r ev iou sc a tego ry o ft h et h o lo s t omb s . T he i ra bundance a nd s p read c ou ld p robab ly h e ra ld t h e b eg inn ing ( o r ,c o r rec t ly , t h ee nd ) o fa ne poch n o tn o m u ch f u l l o fp ompou sa nd w ea l th , g r ea t " t omb f e a s t s " ( :n ek r ika d e ipna )a nd g o lden s wo rd s ,k i ng s ,q ueen so rp r ince s . S ymbo l ica l ly w e a r e t emp ted t os e e t h e t omb c ons t ruc t ion p eak , d ec l ine a nd f a l l a s p a ra l le l t ot h e r e levan t a c t iv i ty o ft h e p e r son s c onnec ted w i th a nd i n am o re g ene ra l s en se t h e w ho le s o c io -po l i t ica l s y s tem : f r om t h e t h o lo s ( a nd t h e r oya l s? ) t ot h e s ha f t a nd c hambe r t omb s ( t he m idd le c l a s s , s t i l l i np owe r )a nd f r om t h e re t ot h ec i s to rp l a in -cu t in the rock t y pe s( r e se rved f o rt h e " Th i rd
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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Wo r ld t y pe " ( s ee , H .J . G eh rke ,J en s e i t s v on A then u nd S par ta . D a s d r i t te G r iechen land u nd s e ine S taa tenwe l t , Mun ich , B e ck 1 986 ) o fc i t izen s o ft h e " Th i rd Wo r ld t y pe " o fs t a te s ) o ft h e l a s ts t age so f t h e LH I I Ib c . T he a bove d i ve r s ion w a so n ly i n tended t om a rk t h ep e r iphe ry o ft h ef r amewo rk i n to w h ich t h e a r ea w e a r e c once rned w i th ( i .e . A na lep s i s ) m anaged t o c on ta in a l l t h ree s ucce s s ive c h rono log ica lp e r iod sa nd t h e s ub sequen ta c t iv i ty t h ey e n ta i led . B e cau se i ti so ne o ft h ef ew a r ea sa nd p robab ly t h eo n ly o ne i nt h a tp a r to f NE P e loponne se w he re t h e LH s t age sh ave l e f t c on s ide rab le t r a ce s , w i th r e a sonab le l a p se so cca s iona l ly a si ts oo f t en h appen s w hen d ea l ing w i th B ronze A ge s e t t lemen t s . i . T he A na lep s i sT omb s : i n f luence sa nd i n f e rence s I fw ew e re t ou se mode rn t e rm ino logy r e ga rd ing t h ef i nd sa nd t h ea c t iv i ty o ft h eB ronze A ge s e t t lemen t s w e c ou ld s a y t h a t w e c ou ld d i sce rn aT h i rd Wo r ld t y pe o fa c t iv i ty i nt h e B ron ze A ge , a si th a sb een p o in ted o u tr e cen t ly . A nd i ti st h i sk i nd o fa c t iv i ty t h a tw ea r e c on s tan t ly r em inded o fw hen w ed ea l w i th s e t t lemen t s l i ke t h eA na lep s i s o ne . I t si mpo r tance l i e s i nt h e f a c tt h a t l o ca l i ty i st h e p r eva i l ing f e a tu r e i nt h ea r ea ,b u t as pe c ia lk i nd o fl o ca l i ty s t emm ing f r om t h eg r andeu ro ft h ei mp re s s ive P a lace s ty le a mpho rae a nd t h eg o lden s wo rd so rd agge r s . T he a r rowhead s i nA na lep s i s a r e m ade o fs t one a nd i r on a nd t h ed agge r s a r en o tg o ld in la id . T hey s how e xac t ly w ha t t h ey w e re m ade f o r - e ve ryday u se , a nd t h a t i sw hy t h ey a r e i mpo r tan t . T he n ec ropol i si nA na lep s i si sn o tv a s t . I tc ou ld n o th ave b e en e ven i fw ea ccep tt h et h eo ry o f g eo log ica le vo lu t ion s . I ns u ch ap ea ce f u le nv i ronmen t( a bou th a l f -d i s tance f r om b o th S pa r ta i n t h e S ou th a nd T r ipo l i s i n t h e N or th ) t h e g round i ss o s t eep a nd h a r sh t h a t c ou ld b e o n ly s u i tab le f o rt h eb u i ld ing o f ac a s t le o r af o r t . I t sn a tu ra lp ro tec t ion i su nde rl ined b yt h eg o rge -S a ran tapo tamo s - f u l l o f h i s to ry a nd l o ca l m y tho logy j u s t l i ke t h e w a te r i tb r ing s d own f r om t h e s t eep , r o cky moun ta in m a s s o fP a rnon i nt h e w in te r . T he s o i l p a r t icu la r ly o ft h e i n te rzona l l i me s tone t y pe h a sb een i d ea l f o r t h ec u l t iva t ion o fp o ta toe s , a pp le t r ee s a nd p ea r s b u ti tc an a l so s how t h ev a r ia t ion o ne m ee t si nt h eG r eek l a nd s cape w he re f e r t i le o rs em i -f e r t i le s o i l s c an b e f ound n ea rn on -f e r t i le o ne s . J u s to ppo s i t e t h e m a in s e t t lemen t a r ea a nd t owa rd s t h e S ou th , t h e s o i l s ha rp ly c hange s t ot h e p o rou s c a lc ic l i me s tone t y pe a f f ec ted b y t h er o cky e nv i ronmen to ft h ea r ea c a l led T oumou . T he v e ry r a re g r a s ss p r ing ing t h rough t h ec a l c ic r o ck s i sp romp t ly d evou red b yt h es he ep w ho se o wne r sc ome f r om t h en ea rby v i l lage o fV ou rvou ra , l o s ta mong t h eg r een s l ope so fP a rnon . T he s e t t lemen tl i e s o n ah i l l o fa bou t 3 00m . i nd i ame te ra nd w a s p ro te c ted b y af o r t if ica t ion w a l li nt h eN eo l i th ic t i me s . T he Mycenaean n ec ropo l i s( c eme te ry )l i e so u t s ide t h ep e r ime t e ro f t h e f o r t if ica t ion w a l l ( c f . t h e r e spe c t ive Mycenaean s e t t lemen t s o fC hand r inou a nd C ho r a [ i n Me s sen ia ] w he re t h e s i te l i e s o u t s ide t h eN eo l i th ic w a l l s ) a nd c on s i s t s o f al a rge t h o lo s t omb a nd af ew ( a bou ts i x s t i l l i d en t i f iab le ) o fv a r iou s t y pe t omb s , t wo o fw h ich m ay b e long t ot h e s ha f t -g rave t y pe o f t h e Mycenaean p ro to type . T he c ons t ruc t ion o f t h e l a rge t ho lo s t omb f o l lows t h e t e chn ique o f t h e t h o lo s -bu i ld ing i n A t t ica ( Tho r iko s , t h o lo s B ) a nd T he s sa ly ( P te leon , t h o lo s E ) . I n Mycenae t h e c l o se s t p a ra l le l w ou ld b e t h e A ig i s tho s t omb a sw e l l a s t h eE pano a nd K a to P hou rno st h o lo i . I n Me s sen ia , t h e re a r ep l en ty o fe xamp le si nK akova to s a nd t h eP y lo sa r ea ( P e r i s te r ia ) . I nL akon ia t h em o s ts t r ik ing c on tempo ra ry s t ruc tu re i st h a to f t h eV aphe io t h o lo s . I nA r cad ia i t se l f ,t h eA lea t h o lo s , ac on tempo ra ry f i nd . B u t i fw e i n te rp re t t h a t s p r ead o ft h e t h o lo s s t ruc tu re a s ac ommon t e chn ique o f ac ommon c u l tu re t h en o ne w ou ld e xp ec tc ommon a r te f a c t sf r om t h et h o lo i ,o ra tl e a s to fc ommon n a tu re . T h i sc ou ld b et h ec a se f o r My cenx ,K akova to s ,V aphe io a nd af ew p a la t ia lo rn on -pa la t ia ls i te s i nC re te ( Kno s so s ,Z ak ro s ,P se i ra )w he re t h ef i nd s- n o tn ece s sa r i ly c om ing f r om t h et omb s-s e em t os ha re t h e d eco ra t ive m o t i f s . I n A na lep s is , a s i nm o s t o t he r A r cad ian s i t e s t h e
32 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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c r a f t smen o re ven t h eb u i ld e r sl o ok e age ra nd v e ry k een o nc opy ing s ub je c t sw h i ch u ndoub t ed ly t h ey h ad s e en e l sewhe re . H ow c an w e e xp la in t h e m a r ine s ty le mo t ive s o n t h e A na lep s i s a mpho rae , f o re xamp le ? C ou ld i tb ea r t i s t sf r om t h es ame ' s choo l 'o ri mpo r t ed w a re h av ing a n E gyp t ian o r ig in? A s A .F . H a rd ing e xp la in s t h e p rob lem e x i s t s " . .becau se t h e c onnec t ion s e x i s t " ( The Mycenaeans a nd E u rope , p g . 8 )a nd i ns ome c a se s t h o se " connec t ions " c ou ld s imp ly b ec o inc idence s . Meanwh i le ,t h e re i sn oc o in c id ence t h ef a c tt h a tA r cad ia h a sb een w ide ly c ha ra c te r i sed b y al a ck o fw ea l th a nd i mp re s s ive a r te f a c t s . T ha ti so nce m o re p roved b yt h ef i nd s i nt h e t h o lo st omb i nA na lep s i s w h ich o fc ou r se , d e sp i te t h e f a c t t h a t t h ey m igh t n o tb e o ft h e s ame f i ne s se a s t h e i r My cenaean o rC r e tan o ppo s i te n umbe r s ,h ave c on t r ibu ted m uch t ot h ep r e se rva t ion o ft h i s l i nk a mong t h e Mycenaean c en t re so ft h e LH I Ia nd I I . T hey p rove o nce mo re t h a tA na lep s i s h ad b een al o ca l Mycenaean c en t re ( Tho lo i w e re m en t ioned i nA lea -Pa la iocho r i a s w e l l . C hamb er t omb sa tP a la io l ca s t ro -Pa la iopy rgo s [ p robab ly a tK a ll ian ion a sw e l l ] w h i le c i s tt omb s w e re f ound i nA na l ep s i sa nd A sea )a nd t h a tt h el a ck o fl u s t re o ro f ap a la ce i sn o t ar e a son t ob e d en ied i t ss ha re i nt h ec ohe s ion i nt h e Mycenaean t i me s . B u ti t sm a in r o le a sw es ha l ls e ew a s p l ayed s omewhe re i nt h e LH I I I w hen a l l t h e s t a te s w e re i nt u rmo i l a nd j u s t af ew , i np l a ce s n a tu ra l ly p ro tec ted b y t h e i r r emo te v a s tne ss c ou ld s t i l l h ave t h e c hance o fp re se rv ing t h e Mycenaean c u l tu re . B e cau se t h a tw a s t h er o le o fA r cad ia i n Mycenaean t i me s . P ro te c t ive o f t h e s t y le ( b e i t Mycenaean o r P y l ian ) o f b o th t h e d eco ra t ive a nd r i tua l e l emen t i n t h e Mycenaean a r t , p ro tec t ive o f as y s tem o fs o c io -po l i t ica l v a lue s a si th a s s t emmed o u to ft h e P y l ian L inea r -B t a b le t sw he re t h ed i s t inc t ion b e tween t h er u le r sa nd t h es ub jec t sc ou ld o n ly b e e xp re s sed i nt e rm so ft h ew ea l th a nd /o rs i ze o ft h et omb s . T he re a r en ot h o lo ii nP y lo s -b u t t h e re i s aw ho le r a nge o fs ma l lt omb s / tumu l ii nt h eo u t sk i r t sa nd i np l ace ss u ch a sV o idoko i l ia a nd G ouva la r i . T he i rm ean ing c ou ld b ec on t rove r s ia l ,b u ti ne s sence t h ey a r en o tv e ry f a rf r om t h e i rc oun t e rpa r t si nA r cad ia . T he Mycenaean c eme t e ry i nA na lep s i s( a s i nt h es i te o fH e l len ikon , i nK ynou r ia , A r cad ia ) i s c ha rac te r i sed b y as pa r sene s s ,s ome th ing t h a tw ec an f i nd i n moder nt i me s ,t o ow hen v i l lage s w e re c r ea t ed m a in ly n ea rr i ve r sa nd o nf e r t i le s l ope so fm oun ta inou sa r ea s . T he v a r ia t ion i nt h e s hape o ft h et omb s( a l lo fw h i ch c an b ed a ted i nt h el a s tp ha se o ft h e LH I I Ic s t ag e ,b yt h ek y l ix s t em sp r eva il ing a s ac ommon c ha ra c t e r i s t ic o ft h a tc h rono log ica lp e r iod )c ou ld mo s tp robab ly p roc la im av a r ia t ion i nt h e b u r ia l c u s toms d i c ta ted e i the r b y an ece s s i ty o r ac hange i nt h e a ccep ted b e l ie f s , an ov ice o r ar ebe l l ious ( ? ) mood p u sh ing t owa rd s n ove l t ie s . T he s ma l l t h o lo s l ike t umu l i i nG ouva la r i ( c on s tan t ly r em ind ing u s o f t h e l a rge sse o ft h e g r ea t t h o lo s a ge ) h ave c l ea r s im i la r i t ie s w i th a tl e a s t t wo g r ave s o ft h e A na lep s i s s ma l l t omb -g roup a nd a l so w i th af ew i nH e l len ikon . T he f i nd s a r e mo s t ly o ft h ee ve ryday t y pe o ne s ,c ha rac t e r i sed b y t h ep ove r ty o ne c an s t i l ld e te c ti nt h o se s ma l l v i l lage s t o day . T he i mpo r tance o ft h e f i nd s f r om t h e s ma l l t omb s i nA na lep s i s i st h a tt h ey s e em t oh ave b een c op ie s o fm e ta l p ro to type s w h i ch t h el o ca lc r a f t smen h ad a s ag u ide . T he " Vaphe io type "o fc up ( i nt h et umu lu sI )h ad t h e g o lden o r ig ina l a s ap a t te rn a nd t h es ma l l o ft h e " imp re s sed t y pe " t e chn ique g l obu la rj ug m ay b e long t o aMH s t age w h ich i nt u rn c ou ld s a f e ly d a te t h a tt omb i nt h e S ha f tG rave a ge . T he r e s to ft h ec e ram ic f i nd sh ave g o tp a ra l le l si nA rgol i s( Be rba t i , Mycenx ,Z ygou r ie s ) Me ssen ia ( Py lo s , P e r i s te r ia , G ouva la r i ) a nd L acon ia ( Ag io s I o ann i s Monemva s ia s , V aphe io ) , a nd t h e i r u se w a sm a in ly d ome s t i ca nd v o t ive . O bv iou s ly ,t h el o ca lc r a f t smen l a ck ing t h ea bundance o f m e ta l u sed w ha tw a s mo re a va i lab le t ot h em . Wa r f a re w eapon sc omp le t ing t h ep i c tu re o ft h e a r te f a c t sf o und i nt h o se s ma l lg r ave si n c lude b r onze d agge r sa nd b r onze a r rowhead sw h ich h ave p a ra l le l s i n Mycenx , D end ra , A s ine , G ouva la r i ( Koukouna ra , Me s sen ia ) a nd I s opa ta ( C re t e ) . T he i rs p read d eno te sa c t ive " e xchange " a mong t h e G reek " t ype s " o fw a r f a re a nd t h o se o ft h e " ba rba r ian " c u l tu re si ns u ch aw ay t h a tt h e i ro r ig in s t i l lr ema in su nknown . T he c on t inuou s o r n on -u se o f t h e t omb s c ou ld m ean an ew c h rono log ica l e r a d eve lop ing s omewhe re b e tween t h e l a s t u se i nt h e l a te s t d e te c tab le c h rono log ica l s t ra tum a nd t h e o ne f o l low ing i tt h ough o ne c an n o tc l a im a c cu ra cy a tt h i sp o in t . A na b sence o fc on t inu i ty i nt h e
33of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l i nd D eya C onf e r en ce o fP r eh i s tor y :A r cha eo log i ca lT echn ique s ,T echno logy a nd T heor y
u se o rs t ruc tu re , o re ven , amu l t ip le u se c ou ld m ean a no the rp robab ly n ew o ru n ique c ou r se t h rough t h e t ime . T he f o l low ing d i ag ramme s w i l l h e lp t owa rd s t h e u nde r s tand ing o f t h e m u l t ip le ( a nd s ome t ime sn o ) u s eo ft h et h o lo sa nd s ha f t -g rave l i ke t omb si nA na lep s i sd u r ing t h ev a r iou ss t age so ft h eB ronze A ge ( See T ab le s 1 , 2& 3 ) .
S t ra t ig raph ica l ly ,w ec an d i s t ingu i sh ag ap i nt h eh ab i ta t ion a nd t h es ub sequen ta c t iv i ty i nt h e a r ea a f te r t h ee nd o ft h eN eol i th ic A ge . E a r ly H e l lad i c s i gn s a r e o n ly f ew a nd p robab ly t h a t u nde r l ine st h es c a r c i ty o fa ny k i nd o fr ema rkab le f i nd so ft h a tp e r iod n o to n ly i nA na lep s i sb u t i nA r cad ia ( ma in ly a tA sea [ w i th U r f i rn i swa re ] a nd A y io ry i t ika b u t a l so i ns ma l le r s i te s : L ev idh i -Panay ia , Me rkovoun i -Ay io l ia s , S t adh ion , K ho tou s sa , V la che rna , T hana s , G a r ea a nd K ama r i )a sw e l l . T he M idd le H e l lad ic s ha f t -g rave l i ke t omb sa r et h em a in s u rv iv ing c l ue so f t h ep e r iod w h i le t h eL a t eH e l lad ic i sa bundan t ly r e p re sen ted b y al o to fe i the rg r ave o rs u r f a ce ( s e t t lemen t ) f i nd s . I nA na lep s i st h em u l t ip le s e xb u r ia l s( i nt h el a rge t h o lo s Aa nd t h et umu l i ) ( s ee T ab le 1 )s how t h ep rog re s s ive c ou r se o ft h et omb u s ea nd t h ev a r ie ty i nt h es hape ( t owa rd s t h e t y p if ica t ion o f ac u t in the s l ope , s l ab s t reng thened t y pe o fg rave , o ft h e c i s t a r che type ) c ou ld s ub sequen t ly m ean t h ea bo l i t ion o f at y pe o fg r ave -bu i ld ing a nd t h ea dop t ion o f am o re p ra c t ica l t y pe r e spond ing t ot h e n eed s o ft h e t i me . T ha t s hou ld b e i nr e a sonab le c onnec t ion w i th t h ed e c rea s ing n umbe ro fr ema rkab le f i nd sa nd t h ei n c rea s ing p auc i ty o ft h e LH I I Ic f i nd s ( s ee T ab le s 2 &3 ) . T he s ub - Mycenaean ( p ro togeome t r ic ) f i nd s a r e j u s t af ew . T he m o s t r ema rkab le i s al e ky tho sw i th as t em w h ich c a r r ie s aw avy l i ne s t y le o fp a t te rn a nd b e long st o t h e m a t t -pa in ted w a re . We s ha l l s e e l a te r o n w he the r w e c an d i sce rn a " t ran sf e r " f r om t h e Mycenaean t ot h es ub - Mycenaean s t age . B u tf o rt h et i me b e ing w ea r et emp ted t or e tur nt ot h e i mpo r tance o ft h ec onne c t ion so rc ommun ica t ion p ra c t ice sa mong t h e Mycenaean s e t t lemen t s a nd t h ee l emen t st h a tc ou ld d e f ine s u ch ac ommun ica t ion . D u r ing t h e y ea r s a r chaeo log i s t s , t o pog raphe r s , t o u r i s t s a nd g eog raphe r s h ave b een k een o n i d en t if y ing a ny k i nd o f w ha t t h ey c ou ld t e rm " t rack l i ne s " o f w ha teve r n a tu re w i th t h e p o s s ib il i ty o fc ommun ica t ion a mong t h es e t t lemen t s i nt h eB ronze A ge b y m ean s o fv eh ic le s l e db ye i the rh o r se so rp ack a n ima l s . I nA na lep s i sa nd n o to n ly i no ne s i t eb u ti na tl e a s tt h r ee m o re a r ea si nA rcad ia ( P egadak ia ,H elen icon a nd t h et o ponym " Ag io iD eka " n ea rt h eA rgo l id b o rde r ) t h e c hance s a r e t h a t w e c an h ave s e r iou s e v idence o fc ommun ica t ion b y m ean s o f w hee l -ca r ry ing v eh ic le s( i tc ou ld b ec ha r io t so rc a r t s ) . T he c ha ra c te r i s t ic so ft h o se " whe e lr u t s " w h ich m ake t h em s pec ia l i nt h e i r k i nd a nd p rov ide u s w i th t h e c e r ta in ty o f a bo l i sh ing a ny o t he r t y pe o f e xp lana t ion d ue t o g eo log ica l /na tu ra l p henomena ( c o r ros ion , e t c . ) a r e t h e f olow ing : a .s t eady w id th b e tween t h ew he e lr u t s( g aug e )m ea su r ed t o1 . 60m . b .s t eady w hee lw id th ( mea su r ed t o0 . 10m . ) c .c on t inuou st r ack -l ine o nb o th s t eep a nd " e a sy " g r ound T hey s e em t of o rm ac r o s s road sj u s t b eh ind t h e h i l l o ft h e A na leps i s s i te . G ene ra l ly , t h ey f o l low a s t ra igh t c ou r se w h ich s ou thbound l e ad s t o t h e T ou rnou h i l l ( j u s t o ppo s i te t h e A na lep s i s h i l l ) a nd f r om t h en o n t ot h e v i l lage o fK a rya i ( A rachova ) a nd n o r thbound g oe s p a ra l le lt ot h er i ve rb ed o fS a r an tapo tamo s ,t h rough t h em ode rn v i l lage o fP egadak ia ,f o l low ing o n t ot h e a nc ien t s i te o f T egea . S im i la r w hee l ru t s h ave b een f ound ( a nd u p t o ap o in t , f o l lowed )i nt h eA r cad ian v i l lage o fS e l la s ia ,A nemodhou r i( p robab ly o nt h es ame r ou t ea st h e A na lep s i s o ne s ,j u s tl i ke t h e Mycenaean t r ace s i nt h e a r ea a nd t h e h ab i ta t ion e v idence g o ing p a ra l le l t ot h eA na lep s i s o ne ) , H elen ikon ( t he w he e l ru t sa r es how ing ad i rec t ion t owa rd s t h e A rgo l id ) a nd O ion . Whee l ru t s h ave b een m en t ioned i n t h e A rgo l id ( e spec ia l ly n ea r t h e A r cad ian b o rd e r )a nd i n Me s sen ia ( o n ap a s so ft h eA iga leon m oun ta in ) .
34 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Ei .K r iga s
T he n a tu r eo ft h ew hee l ru t s( f o rm ing at r a ck l ine )m ake su st h ink o fs i zeab le w hee led v eh ic le s u s ed f o rt h et r an spo r to fb o th g ood sa nd p eop le . S uch at y pe o fv eh ic le c ou ld b et h es o -ca l led r a i l -cha r io t ( s ee J .H . C rouwe l , C har io t s a nd o t her m eans o fl a nd t r an spor t i nB ron ze A ge G reece , Ams te rdam 1 981 ) i n i t ia l ly d e s igned f o rt h et r an spo r to fa rmy a nd m i l i ta ry e qu ipmen t ( 1 3 th c en tu ry BC ) . I fi tc ou ld b eu sed o nt h ec a r r iageab le r ou t e so fA rgo l i sa nd Me s sen ia ,w hy n o t i nA na lep s i s? A nd i sA na lep s i s ( a nd t oa n e x t en t , A r cad ia ) t h e i n -be tween s t age o ft h e Mycenaean a nd P y l ian c u l tu re s ? E v idence f r om t h eP y lo sL inea r -B t a b le t sh a sb een c onne c ted w i th t wo d ub iou sr ub r i c s ,n ame ly i wa -so ( PY A n 5 19 .8 , 6 54 .17 , 6 6 1 .3 PY C n 6 55 .6 ) a nd i -wa s i jo ta ( PY C n 3 . 5 ) b o th i n c onnec t ion w i th t h eo -ka i d eog ramme . E xc lud ing c o inc idence s ,p r epo s te rou sc onc lu s ion sa nd i mma tu re t h ough t s w e m ay b e t emp ted t os e e t h em a sd e f in ing e t hn ic m ino r i t ie s r e s id ing i n r u ra la r ea sw i th in o rp robab ly al i t t le o u t s ide t h ev i c in i ty o ft h eP y lo sd om ina t ion . T he a l lega t ion t h a tw eh ave g o tt od ow i th e t hn ic n ame sd e f in ing p l a ce -name s ( c f . t h ev a r ie ty o f p lace n ame s a f te r p e r sona l n ame s [ ma in ly e t hn ic s uch a s a -ma ru ta -o [ Eo 2 24 > Ama ryn th io s ] e -w i r i -po [ An 6 10 , E ur ipos ] e t c . ) s uppo r t s t h ev i ew t h a tt h eo -ka u n i t s m igh t n o tb e c ompo sed e n t i r e ly b y l o ca l i n hab i tan t s . T ho se r e s id ing i nt h e a r ea s o ft h e s e em ing ly A r cad ian i wa so / i -wa s i jo ta w e re c a l led t oP y lo s t oj o in t h e i rf o r ce s a nd i ts e em s t h a tt h ey c on t r ibu t ed i n k ind a s w e l l ( e xcep t m anpowe r , s e e P Y A n 5 19 .8 , 6 54 .17 , 6 61 .3 a nd C n 6 55 .6 ) . A f t e r a l l , i ti sh i gh ly i mpo r tan t t h a t i nC la s s ica l t i me s t h i s r u ra l c o rne r o fE a s t e rn A rcad ia h a s b e en g i ven t h e n ame o fI a so s a nd h a s b een v e ry a c t ive d u r ing t h e y ea r s , a s i t c on s t i tu t ed av i ta l f o r t re s s c hang ing h and sb e tween t h eS pa r tan sa nd t h eA r cad ian s . I t s " u se " h a sb een c on t inuou se ve rs i nce a nd e s pec ia l ly d u r ing p e r iod so fo ccupa t ion i nG re ece ,a nd t h a t d e sp i te t h ec hange si nt h eg eo log ica ll a nd s cape . A nd i fi ti st r ue t h a tc e r ta in c onnec t ion sc ou ld e s tabl i sh t h e a c t iv i ty o f as i t e o ve rt h ec en tu r ie s , t h en i nt h e c a se o fI a so s t h ec onne c t ion s o r c on secu t ive s t age st h rough w h ich i th a sm ade i t sp r e sence q u i te o u t s tand ing h ave s t a r t ed q u i te e a r ly i nP reh i s to ry ,l e av ing t h eC la s s i ca le l emen tj u s ta s an a tu ra lo u tcome . I th a sb een c u s toma ry a f t e rt h er e la t ion o ff a c t sa nd t h ed e f in i t ion o fd ocumen t sf o ro ne t os e ek s im i la r i t ie sa nd i nf luence sf r om p l a ce sa nd c u l tu r e sl y ing o u t s ide t h ef r on t ie r so ft h es i te o ne i s m a in ly d ea l ing w i th . T hough i ti sn o t a lway s i mpo r tan t , i ti si mmen se ly v a luab le f o r t h e e t hno log ica l ,s o c io -econom ic a nd p o l i t ica la spec to f as t udy ,b ecau se ,i nt h ef i na la na ly s i s ,t h i s i st h e o b jec t o f a r chaeo log ica l s t udy - al o ok b ack t ot h o se r oo t s o u t o f w h ich w ha t w e c on s ide r n ew o rm ode rn , h a s s imp ly b een c on tempo ra ry w i th s ome th ing e l se e l sewhe re a ta g i ven t ime . I nt h ec a se o fA r cad ia a nd e spec ia l ly A na lep s i s t h e re h ave b een s im i la re xamp le s f r om t h eN ea rE a s t ( n o t t om en t ion t h e N o r th ) w i th t h eL ach i sh t omb s a nd MB I I T e l l -Fa ra , w h ich i n t u rn h ave b een c ompa red t o t h e Mycenaean c hambe r t omb s . T he G ouva la r i K oukouna ra t umu lu s l ike ' t ho lo i ' ( s how ing t h e i m i ta t ion o f t h e t h o lo s s t ruc tu re ) i nP y lo s s e em t ob en ea re rt ot h eo ne si nA na lep s i s ,b o th i ns t ruc tu re a nd b u r ia lc u s tom s . I tr ema in st o b es e en w he the rc h rono logy c ou ld p robab ly h e lp a tt h i sp o in t . F .T HE BUR IAL CUSTOMS I n s i te s w he re t h e l a ck o f ap a la ce h a s b een t h e m a in o b s ta c le s i n t h e " s a f e " a s much a s p o s s ib le i n t e rp re ta t ion o ft h ea c t iv i ty o ft h ea r ea t h eo n ly r ema in ing e l emen t s f r om w h ich w e e xpec tt oe x t ra c tt h ed a ta f o rs u ch a na c t iv i ty a r et h eg r ave s . I nt h ec a se o fA r cad ia ,w ec an s a y t h a t w e c an d i sce rn t h e u sua l p ra c t ice o ft y p if ied b u r ia l s a s t h ey p rog re s sed s t age -by s tage t h roughou t t h e B ronze A ge . T he re o ccu r s a ga in t h e d i s t inc t ion o f" he re " a nd " t he re " . H e re , j u s t af ew c oa r s e ly m ade h ou seho ld -u se w a re s ,d epo s i ted i nt h eg r ave sa f t e rt h e i ru s e . T he re ( i n t h e r e s t o ft h e Mycenaean c en t re s a nd C re te ) t h e m agn i tude o f t h e w ea l th , t h e l u s t re o ft h e a mpho ra ea nd t h eo rnamen t s . H e re t h en umbe r ed s t one a nd b ronze a r rowhead s , s t i le t toe sa nd d agge r s ,b ead sa nd t h er e s to r namen t so ft h eb u r ia l . T he re ( a nd i nA na to l ia a nd t h eN ea rE a s t )
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l i nd D eya C onf e r en ce o fP r eh i s to ry :A r cha eo log i ca lT echn iqu e s ,T echno logy a nd T heo ry
t h ei v o r ie sa nd t h ea l aba s te ra nd f a ience v a se s . C ommon h e r ea nd t h e r e :t h eb u r ia lo ft h ed ead , i n ac on t ra c ted p o s i t ion a nd f a c ing t h e We s t . T he re h a sb een ac ommon ( a si ts eems )r e duc t ion i nt h e d epo s i t ion o fg r ave m a te r ia l s s t a r t ing g r adua l ly i nt h e f i r s t LH I I I s t age s , d eno t ing , a s A .F . H a rd ing n o te s , ac hange i nc u l tu ra l / soc io -e conom ic t e rm s( T he Mycenaean sa nd E u rope , 2 26 ) ,m o s tp robab ly d ue t oe conom ic d i f f icu l t ie sw em igh ts a y , ap r e requ i s i te t oa no ncom ing p e r iod o fd ecl ine . Wh ich w hen i to ccu r s , s omewhe re i nt h e LH I I I , i tb r ing s w i th i tt h en ew e l emen t o ft h e e r a , t h a t o ft h e c r ema t ion b u r ia l . T he a ma z ing w e igh t a nd s i ze o ft h e b u r ia l o b je c t so ft h el a rge t h o lo i( we r et h ey a c tua l ly m ade t ob ed epo s i ted t ot h et omb s ,o rw e r et h ey m ade o nt h es po t ," on c u s tom o rde r "? We re t h ey t h er e su l to fs ome k i nd o ft r ade p r a c t i ce ,t h en u sed a nd d epo s i ted a sd eb r i s ? )h a sg r adualy g i ven i t sp l a ce t om o r ec onven ien t ly c a r r ied s ma l le r v e s se l sa nd f i na l ly t on ov e s se l sa ta l l( c f . t h eu nde rg round p i t -g rave si nT i ryn s ,d a t ed o n ly b y c on tex t !) i nt h e LH I I Ic , c o inc id ing w i th t h e a r r iva l o ft h e i n vade r s a nd g ene ra l c l ima te o f d ec l ine a nd f a l l a s i ti sc l ea r ly r e p re sen ted b y b o th t h e t omb b u i ld ing t e chn ique a nd t h e d ec r ea s ing n umbe ro fa r t e f a c t s . B u ta sr e ga rd sA r cad ia a nd t h e My cena ean c eme t e ry i nA na lep s i si tb ecome se v iden tt h a tw ea r e d eal ing w i th as o c ie ty k eep ing a n " o rgan i sed " b u r ia l s y s t em o f mu l t ip le u se i nt h e t omb s . T he f a c t t h a t w e c an d i sce rn m a le , f ema le a nd c h i ld b u r ia l s ( s epa ra te , i n as ma l l p i t ) c ou ld p robab ly s uppo r t t h ec l a im o f af am i ly b u r ia l , o r , a tl e a s tk i n r e la ted i n d iv idua l s i nt h e l a rge T ho lo sA . T he s ma l lg r ave sl y ing f u r the ra pa r ta nd s ugge s t ing u se a t ad i f f e ren tc h rono log ica l p e r iod s e em t o f o rm a c l u s te r o f g rave s p robab ly o f k i n re la ted i n d iv idua l s f r om v a r iou s h ou seho ld s ,b u tl i nked b y s ome t y pe o fs o c ia l p rox im i ty ,j u dg ing b y t h eg roup -a r rangemen t s o ft h e i rb u r ia l . G roup a r rangemen to fB ronze A ge g rave si sn o tu nknown i nt h eP y lo sd i s tr ic t w he re t h ec l u s te ro fg r ave si nt h ea r ea o fK oukouna ra -Gouva la r im ay b ep a ra l le lt ot h eo ne si n H e l len ikon o r A na lep s i s . T he MB I I t omb s i nT e l l F a ra ( p robab ly p a ra l le l t ot h e c hambe r t omb si n Mycenx )c ou ld g i ve u sa no the ra spe c to fw ha tw a sh appen ing i nt h eN ea rE a s t .
G . ARKAD IA I N AKKAD IAN T EXTS?
Mau r ice P ope i nh i s i n fo rma t ive b ook " The S to ry o f D ec iphe rmen t " q uo te s t h e f o l low ing a bou tt h ed ec iphe rmen to ft h ec une if o rm s c r ip tu r e s ," t h ed e c iphe rmen to fL a te B aby lon ian ; t h is w a s at r ue d ec iphe rmen t i n w h ich h i the r to u nknown c ha rac te r s h ad t o b e a l loca ted v a lue s "( p g . 13 ) t h u sg i v ing a ni n d i rec td ef in i t ion o ft h ew o rd d e c iphe rmen t ,i nc on t ra s tt o i n te rp re ta t ion , w hen h e s peak s a bou t t h e s c r ip t s . T oday w e c an ma rve l a tt h e f e a t s o f t h e L inea r -B d ec iphe rmen t a nd t r an sc r ip t ion : b u t i tw a s n o t t h e o n ly o ne . A rch ive s o fv a r iou s t y pe so fs c r ip t s m a in ly c une ifo rm h ad b een k ep ti nt h eH i t t i te ,E lam i te a nd S em i t ic k i ngdoms a nd a s Mau r ice P ope m en t ion s , " T he M idd le B aby lon ian o r A kkad ian s c r ip t h ad i n t e rna t iona ls t a tu sa nd t h eA s sy r ian a nd H e t t i te s c r ibe sa dop ted m any o fi t sp rac t i ce s " .B u t w ha t a r e t h e f a c to r s t h a t m ay h ave c on t r ibu ted t o t h e r e f e rence o f Mycenaean n ame s i n A kkad ian t e x t s ? I nt h eH i t t i te a nd A kkad ian k i ngdom st h ea r ch ive sw e re c l o s e ly r e la ted w i th t h er oya la u tho r i ty , i nt h e f o rm o f l e t te r s o r " ep i s t le s " s e n t f r om t h e o ne t ot h e o t he r , t h u s k eep ing i nt o uch , b e twe en t h em se lve s . T ho se e p i s t le sa r eu sua l ly w r i t ten b y ak i ng a nd a r ea dd re s sed t oa no the r k i ng . T ha t i so ne o f t h e d i f f e rence s b e tween t h e P y lo s a nd K no s so s Mycenaean G reek a r ch ive s , t h en a tu re o fw h ich i ss imp ly i n fo rma t ive , i . e . as t ock o fi n fo rma t ion f o rt h e u se o f t h e p a la ce a bou t t h e a c t iv i t ie s o f i t s s ub je c t s . Meanwh i le t h e H i t t i te e p is t le s m en t ioned s imp ly b yt h en ame o ft h ek i ng w ho w ro te t h em o rt ow hom t h ey w e re a dd re s sed s e em t ob ea v a luab le s ou rce o fi n fo rma t ion c once rn ing t h e o rde ro ft h ing s a st h ey w e re h app en ing i nt h e N ea rE a s ta nd t h e S ou th ( Egyp t ) . F rom t h e i n fo rma t ion w eg e t f r om t h el i s to fn ame s o ft h e Amenoph i s I I t emp le i n We s tT hebe s ( Egyp t ) t h e re a r e t wo p l ace n ame s ( Ka -ft u ,T a -na ju ) w h ich ,i nt u rn , " c on ta in "p e rs ep l a ce n ame s( s ee ,a bove P a r tD )w h ich h ave t emp ted f r om t ime t ot ime v a r iou sr e sea r che r sa st ot h ee x ten ta tw h ich w ec an l i nk t h em t oA r cad ian ,P y l ian a nd
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean 36 Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
EJ .K r iga s
C re tan t o ponyms . P a r t i cu la r ly t h e dq js( d e ld i -gha j -s , T egea i s ( ? ) o rD ik ta i s ( ? ) r ub r ic h a s b een q u i te p uz z l ing i ni t s a s sumed t r an sc r ip t ion w h ich c ou ld g i ve a n A rcad ian o rC re tan p l ace n ame ,e spec ia l ly w hen t h eo dd sa r et h a tb o th m ay b es omehow l i nked g eog raph ica l ly ( c f . T egea i nE a s tC re t e ) .E x c lud ing c o inc idence sa nd m i s spel ing sw ea r et emp ted t os e et h ep l a ce n ame o fd e ld i -gha j sh av ing s ome th ing i nc ommon w i th o t he rn e ighbou r ing p l ace n ame s ( c f . mu -ka -nw ( Myken z e , Mycenae ( ? ) , n u lnau -p i -r 1 1 -y i N aup l i i i , N aup l ia ( ? ) a nd m i -da -na Me s sana , Me s sene ( ? ) )b y t h e i rp rox im i ty i nt h et a b le tw i th n ame s i mp ly ing C re tan t o ponym s ( c f . Amn i so s , K no s so s , K ydon ia ) . A s sum ing t h a t t a -na ju l ja ( d a -na ju ) c ou ld i mp ly t h e P e loponne se a nd k a -f tu am o re s e ao r ien ted d i s t r i c t ,b a sed i nC r e te a nd i n c lud ing t h ei s land so f L e sbo s a nd R hode s ( c f . H .G . B ucho l tz , Ä ga i sche B ronzeze i t , 1 987 a nd F . S chache rmeye r , G r iech i sche F rühge sch ich te 1 984 ) s upposed ly o f t h e A ch iava c u l tu re , c ou ld w e t h en i n f e r s ome th ing a bou tt h e S eapeop le s? C ou ld i tb et h en t h a tt h e i rs t a r t ing p o in tw a s s omewhe re i n t h eA egean ,f r om w he r et h ey o ve rwhe lmed t h e Mycena ean c u l tu re ? I ti sa maz ing t h a tt h ep l a ce n ame sc on ta ined i nt h et a -na ju -s e n se s e em t of o rm ac l u s te ro ft h e mo s t i mpo r tan t Mycenaean c en t re s i nt h e P e loponne se . A s i ti se qua l ly a maz ing t h a t t h e c l u s te ro ff i nd si na r ea sn o tf a rf r om t h eA r cad ian T egea ( a nd p l au s ib ly c on ta ined i nt h eT egea s ense , n ame ly , A sea , I a so s [ Ana lep s i s ] , H e l len ikon a nd al o to fs ma l l v i l lage sr e p re sen ted b y s u r f a ce f i nd s [ s he rd s ] m a in ly )i n c lude st h el a rge a nd m in ia tu re type t h o lo st omb sa nd s how st h e c on t inua t ion o ft h eB ronze A ge s t age s ( e sp . i nI a so s ) i nc l o se p a ra l le lt o Mycenae a nd t os u ch a ne x ten tt h a tt h eF r ench a r chaeo log i s tB . S e rgen tt h ough tt h a tw em igh th ave t od ea l w i th a n a l t e rna t ive f o r Mycenae ,a f te ri t sd e s t ruc t ion ( M ino s 1 977 , 1 43 ) . E ven i fw et h ink t h a tt h e v a r iou s o p in ion s e xp re s sed a tt i me sb y v a r iou ss c ho la r s m ay n o tb e q u i te r e l iab le b yt h ef a c tt h a tw ec an n o tw i tne s sp a la t ia ls t ruc tu re i nA r cad ia ( a nd t h e re fo re w e m ay h ave l i m i ted s i gh ta sr e ga rd s t h e e x ten to ft h ei nf luence s i tm igh th ave e xe r c i sed o n t h e n ea rby c u l tu re s ) w e c an n o t i g no re t h e i mpo r tance o f b o th l i ngu i s t ic a nd a r chaeo log ica l e v idence a nd r e ga rd A r cad ia a sa ni n -be tween i n land s t age b e tween t h e Mycenaean a nd P y l ian c u l tu re s . T ha t t h e re w e re c onne c t ion s w i th t h e E a s t a nd t h e S ou th i se v iden t ( we s ha l l t a lk a bou tt h em i nt h ef i na l c hap te r ) . T ha t w e c an d i sce rn i nf luence s f r om t h eE a s ta nd S ou th i s e qua l ly e v iden t ,a si st h ef a c tt h a tw ec an d i s ce rn p e r iod so fd eve lopmen ti n ac u l tu re w h ich h a s b een t h ea f te rma th o fa ni l u s t r iou sp a s ta nd o ne w i th ac l ea ri n ten t ion o fp r e se rv ing t h es t y le s o ft h a ti l u s t r iou sp a s t . I ti so fp a r amoun ti mpo r tance t h a tt h es o -ca l led " A r cad ian " p e r iod sa s w eh ave s e en t h em t a bu la ted i nt h ef i r s tc hap te r so ft h i sp ap e rr un i np a ra l le l u pt o ap o in tw i th t h e r e levan t C re tan a nd Ma in land G reek o ne s b u t mo s t ly i na cco rdance w i th t h e r e levan t A s sy r ian a nd B aby lon ian s t age s o f d eve lopmen t a nd i ti sn o t l e f t t oc hance t h a t t h e f i na l A rcad ian I Ip e r iod h a sb een c on t inu ing j u s t f r om t h ep o in tw he r e t h e l a s t LH I I Ic en tu ry p a r t s e em st oh ave e l ap sed f o rm o s to ft h e Ma in land G re ece s i te s . A s i ti sn o tb y c hance t h a t t h e d a ta f r om t h e A kkad ian a nd E gyp t ian t e x t s h ave i n c luded t h e d i / c le -gha j sd ub iou st o ponym i np a ra l le lt ot h er e s ta nd c onven ien t ly t r an sc r ibed t o ponyms o f m u -ka -n" a nd m i -da -na . T he l i s t o f n ame s c on ta ined i nt h e t a b le t s f r om t h e t emp le o f Amenoph i s I I c on s t i tu te s a s i gn if ican td o cumen ti nt h e s e n se t h a ti tp o r t ray st h ee x ten to fk now ledge t h en e ighbou r ing t o t h e Mycenaean c u l tu r e s h ad f o r t h e t h en a c t iv i ty i nt h e Med i te r ranean b a s in a nd m igh t h ave b een u sed a s ag u ide b y t h o se r e f e r red t oa s " Seapeop le s " f o r t h e c ommencemen t o f t h e i r c onque r ing t r ip s .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l i nd D eya C onf e r ence o fP r eh i s tor y :A r chaeo log i ca lT echn ique s ,T echno logy a nd T heo r y
H .S OC IO -POL IT ICAL AND E CONO M IC F RAME WORK : A GL IMPSE OF A SOC IETY DESTROYED I NI TS B IRTH
T he a r cha eo log ica lf i nd so f as i te a r ei n mo s tc a se sc l o se ly r e la t ed t ot h es o c ia lb a ckg round o f i t . E ven i nt h e se c a se sw he r et h ef i nd sc ou ld b eb r anded a s" i mpo r t ed "o r" f o r e ign " . I nt h ec a se o fI a so sa nd i nm o s ta r ea sa r ound i t( A sea ,H elen ikon ,P egada l c ia ,T egea e t c . )w ec an d i sce rn a c on s tan tr em ind e rt h a tt e l l su so ft h en eed f o rs ome th ing n ew ,s ome th ing t h a tm ay h ave c op ied i t s p ro to type f r om s omewhe re e l se b u t h a s b een f u l l o f u rgency t o p ro tec t i tf r om t h e o ncom ing f i re ,t op r e se rve i tf r om t h eo ve rwhe lm ing d e s t ruc t ion . T he c ha rac te ro f mo s to ft h e f i nd s i na l l a r ea s i nA r cad ia i si n c luded i nt h e s e n se o fo ne w o rd - p rov inc ia l . I tc ou ld b e b e t te rd ef ined a s " l oca l " i nt h e s ens e t h a t t h e m a te r ia l s u s ed w e re l o ca l . B u t i ti ss i gn if i can t t h a tj u s ta tt h et i me w hen t h a tp roce s so fp r e se rva t ion h ad b egun t h e re s udden ly c ame t h ee nd t h a tl e f te ve r y th ing i n as t a te o ft u rmo i l , as t a te o fc on fu s ion a si ti su nde r l ined b y t h e v a r ie ty o f t h e t omb t y pe s a nd t h e b u r ia l c u s toms . T hey a r e t h e t e l l ta le s i gns o f ad i s in teg r a t ing e conomy a nd i n ab roade rs e n se , ad i s in t eg ra t ing s o c ie ty . Wha t a r e t h o se c ommon f a c t s a bou t t h e Mycenaean s o c ie t ie s a s w e h ave b een t r y ing t o i n te rp re t t h em b a sed o n t h e t a b le t s? C on t inuou s c ommun ica t ion , a n e xchange o f g ood s ( p robab ly t h e f i r s t a spec to ft r ade , b u t n o t i ni t s mode rn m ean ing ) b a sed o n n on -ma rke ta nd n on -p ro f i tt e rms ( s ee J .K i l len ,T he L inear -B : as u rv ey 1 984 ) . T he r epe t i t ion o fa r t i s t ic m o t i f s c ou ld p robab ly e xp la in s ome th ing mo re t h an w ha t w e u nde r s tand b y s a y ing " copy ing " . I t c ou ld m ean a n a c t o fg oodw i l l , ar e cogn i t ion o f as e t t y p e o fa r t w h ich h a s g a ined g r ound b ecau se i th a sa ppea led t ot h ec r a f t smen a nd m igh th ave p robab ly b een t h em o t ive f o r af u r the r e x ten s ive e xchange b e tween t h ev a r iou ss o c ie ty g r oup s . T he m a r ine s ty le d e co ra ted a mpho r ae ( o fE gyp t ian o rC re tan o r ig in ) m igh th ave b een v e ry much " i nf a sh ion " d u r ing t h e i rt i me ,a nd m igh th ave f a c i l i ta ted t h e t r ad ing p r ac t ice s o ft h o se s o c ia lg r oup st h a tw e re e xchang ing t h em f o r , s ay , w hea t o r a ny o t he r c e rea l s o r e ven m e ta l s . B u t t h i s h omogene i ty i n s t y le s m igh t p robab ly b ee xp la ined a so ne o f a' s t anda rd i sed 'p rodu c t ion m ade e sp e c ia l ly t of u l f i ll o ca ln eed s , o r a tl e a s t " d i re c ted " t owa rd s t h a t p u rpo se b y s ome h i ghe r s t and ing a u tho r i ty , s uch a st h e p a la ce . B e cau se i ts hou ld b er emembe red t h a ta l though p o t te ry ( ma s s )p rodu c t ion c ou ld b eo na v i l lage w o rk shop l e ve l , t r ade o r a ny t ype o f e xchange o f g ood s a s s uch w a s d ef in i te ly " o rgan i sed "a nd p robab ly " s t reaml ined "b yt h ep a la ce s . E v idence f r om b o th a r chaeo logy a nd t h e t a b le t s ( i nc lud ing t h e L inea r -B a nd t h e N ea rE a s t d o cumen t s o fU ga r i ta nd A kkad ) s ugge s t s a ne x ten s ive a nd p l au s ib ly t h r iv ing " t rade " b ys e a , m a in ly e xe r c i sed b yt h eE a s t Med i te r ranean c u l tu r e st h rough " s ta te /pa la ce -con t ro l led " s h ip sv i a C re te a nd C yp rus . ( C yp rus a nd t h e A egean : AS pa t ia l A na lys is , 1 985 ) . B u t t h e re a r e e xamp le so fi n d iv idua l s e a t rade r s , o re n t rep reneu rm e r chan t sa sw e l l a so fp i ra te s( s ee a bove r e f e rence ) . G ene ra l ly ,i ts e ems t h a tt h e re w e re a l t h ei n g red ien t sf r om t h ec r ea t ion o fw ha tw e c ou ld c a l l " al a rge s c a le i n te rac t ion " a mong t h e B ronze A ge c u l tu re s i nb o th E a s ta nd We s t . C an w et h en s peak o f at h r iv ing e conomy ,t o o ? I n as o c ie ty i nw h ich m oney i sn o tt h em ean so ft r ad ing e xchange s ,s u ch a st h e Mycenae an ,i t s e em st h a tw ec an n o ts p eak o ft h r iv ing e conomy ,e ven l e s sb yo u rs t anda rd s . O nt h ec on t r a ry w ec an s peak o f a" c on t roled " e conomy , c h ie f ly " s ta te /pa la ce -con t ro l led " a nd r e spon s ib le f o r d ec i s ion m ak ing r e ga rd ing s e r iou sp ro jec t s s u ch a st h eb u i ld ing o f ap a la ce o ro the rp r em i se s , t h e d e spa t ch o f t r ad ing s h ip s , t h e o rgan isa t ion o f l a nd t r anspo r t a nd r e ga rd ing E gyp t o r Me sopo tam ia , t h eh yd rau l ic p ro jec t so n t h er i ve r s( The d i s t r ibu t ion o fl a nd sa nd c ommod i t ie s t ot h e w o rk ing c l a s s w a s a no the r c once rn o f t h e d ec i s ion -mak ing c o l lec t ive a dm in i s t ra t ive b od ie s ) . T he f o rma t ion o fc l u s te r so ft omb s , l i ke t h eS ha f tG rave s i n Mycena e , f u l lo fw ea l th g i ve sr i se t ot h eh ypo the s i so fr u l ing e l i te g roup sw ho c ou ld p l au s ib ly b et h eo n ly r e spon s ib le f o r t h e e xp lo i ta t ion o ft h e a c cumu la ted w ea l th . I nP y lo s , t h e r e i se v idence i nt h e t a b le t s o f g r ea tp l o t so fl a nd ,o n ly af ew c u l t iva t ed a nd y i e ld ing al i m i ted h a rve s to fc r op s ,p robab ly l e s s t h an n eeded f o rt h eP y lo sp opu la t ion . T he s ame s e ems t ob et r ue f o rt h eb ronze i n du s t ry . I n
38 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Ei .K r iga s
A r cad ia , w he re t h e l a ck o f ac on t ro l l ing b ody , s uch a s ap a lace c ou ld n o t o ve r shadow t h e i mpo r tance o ft h e l e s se re x ten tw ea l th a c cumu la ted i nt h eg r ave s ( e sp . t h o lo sA ) i tl o ok sa si f t h e l o ca le conomy w a s m a in ly b a sed o nc a t t le r e a r ing ,a nd u p t o ap o in t , o n l a nd c u l t iva t ion . When i wa so w e re a sked t oo f f e rt h ey c on t r ibu ted b o th m anpowe ra nd c a t t le . ( PY A n 5 19 .8 , 6 54 .17 , 6 61 .3 a nd C n 6 55 .6 ) . A nd t h a t b r ing s u s t ot h e s ub je c t o f o f f e r ing / con t r ibu t ing . C ou ld i tb e a no the r f o rm o f " e xchange " a nd h ow f a r w a s i tr e la ted t o t h e s t a tu s o f t h o se o f f e r ing? H ow c ou ld i tb er e la ted t ot h ea c cumu la t ion o fg ood s ? U n t i l n ow s cho la r sa r eo ft h eo p in ion t h a tt h e re m igh tb et wo f o rm so fe xchange : o ne ,r e la ted t og i f t -o f f e r ing a nd v e ry m uch r e la t ed t or e l ig iou sp e r son s( c f . t h e Mycenaean G r eek d o -so -mo , on at o ,e to -n i -yo a nd o -pe ro e xchange u n i t s a si nP .d eF id io , Id osmo iP i l io i aP ose idon ) a nd a no the ro f ar e c ip roca ln a tu r e ,i . e . ," ob l iga to ry g i f t -and -coun te r -g i f tg i v ing b e tween p e r son s w ho s t and i n s ome s o c ia l ly d ef ined r e la t ionsh ip t o o ne a no the r " ( M . S ah l in s , S t one A ge E conom ics , L ondon 1 972 ) w h ich c ou ld i n c lude a l l t ype s o f h o sp i ta l i ty , c e remon ia l g i f t e xchange ,m a r r iage t r an sac t ion se t c .a sA .F .H a rd ing p o in t so u t( Th e Mycenaeans a nd E u rope , L ondon 1 984 ) . At h i rd f o rm o f e xchange a nd mo re l i ke ly t o b e t h e o ne p rope r f o r t h e p r im i t ive t y pe o f s oc ie t ie s l i ke t h e Mycenaean i st h a t o f r ed i s t r ibu t ion , f a vou red b y t h e m a jo r i ty o f Mycenaeo log i s t s . A cco rd ing t oG . D a l ton ( T r iba l a nd P ea san t E conom ie s , i n R ead ing si nE conom ic A n th ropo logy ,U n iv .o fT exa sP re s s ,A u s t in 1 967 )b yr e d i s t r ibu t ion w e m ean . . ." ob l iga tory p aymen ts o f m a ter ia l i t ems o r l abour s erv ices t o s ome s oc ia l ly r e cogn i sed c en t re ,u sualy ,k i ng ,c h ief o rp r ie s t ,w ho r e a l loca te sp o r t ion so fw ha th er e ce ive st o p rov ide c ommun i ty s e rv ices . . .and t o r ewa rd s pec if ic p e r sons . . . " ( my i t a l ic s ) . G ood s a ccumu la ted i n l a rge q uan t i t ie s f o rmed " s u rp luse s " i n P y lo s a nd t h e r e s t p r im i t ive t y pe s o c ie t ie s i n Mycenaean t i me sa nd i ti sr ema rkab le t h a tt h es t udy o ft h o se s u rp lu se sl e ad st ot h e c onc lu s ion t h a tt h ey w e re m ean tf o rt h eu se o ft h o se e l i te c l a s se so n t h eo ne h and ( i no rde rt o c on so l ida te t h e i rs t a tu sb yt h ea ccumu la ted w ea l th )a nd p a r t ly f o rc o l lec t ive i n te re s te na c tmen t s o nt h eo t he r . We c an n o tb e s u re w he the rt h ea l lo ca t ion o fp o r t ion st ot h es ub jec t s( ap roduc t o ft r ibu te o rt a x ing p ro cedu re sg a ined m a in ly a f t e rt h ee x chang e / t rad ep r a c t ice sf r om i mpo r t so r e xpo r t s ) t h rough t h er e d i s t r ibu t ion s y s tem w e re f a i ro rn o t . B u tf a c t s f r om t h eP y lo s t a b le t s ( c f . t h eE p7 04 .5 " d i spu te " n o t u nknown i nU ga r i ta sw e l l a nd t h e v e ry i mpo r tan tJ na nd Ma s e r ie so ft a b le t sa bou tt h es i tua t ion i nt h eb ron ze sm i th s 'c l a s s )f o rt h ep a s ty ea rm ay b e ag u ide t o ab e t t e ru nde r s tand ing o ft h ed eve lopmen to ft h ing sv e ry s ho r t ly b e fo r et h ec a ta s t rophe . T he d a ta f r om I a so si nE a s te rn A r cad ia s e em t ot oh ave af ew c ommon p o in t sw i th t h er e s to f t h ed eve lopmen ti nt h eP e loponne se . T ha ti su nde r l ined e sp ec ia l ly b yt h er e f e rence o ft h et wo i mpo r tan t Mycenaean G re ek r ub r ic si wa so a nd i wa s i jo ta i nt h eo -ka s e r ie so fP y lo sL inea r Bt a b le t s . I fw ev i ew t h eo -ka t a b le t s a s am i l i ta ry d o cumen t , c on ta in ing t h ec on t r ibu t ion s o f a r ea sw i th in o ro u t s ide t h eP y lo si nf luence a r ea f o rd e f en s ive p u rpo se s t h en w eh ave as t rong h i n tt h a tt h o se a r ea sw e re n o tu nknown t ot h eP y lo sa r ch iv i s tw ho d u t i fu l ly n o ted t h en umbe r s o f t h e i r c on t r ibu t ion . T ha t t h e n ame s l o oked " non -G reek " o r , r a the r " t r iba l " ( s ee S a ine r , SMEA 1 976 ) m ay a c coun tf o r t h e f a c tt h a tw ec anno te xc lude ' i mpo r ted 'p opu la t ion i nP y lo s i nt h e f o rm o fe i the r s l ave s o r w o rke r s . B u t t h e n umbe r s o f t h e i r " con t r ibu t ion " ( wa s i ta r e gu la ro ne b a sed o n t h ep r inc ip le o fo f f e r ing i no rde rt h a tt h ey r ema ined " i ndep enden t " o r ,a r e spon se t oa n u r gen t " c a l l " f r om t h e c o l lec t ive p owe r f u l b ody i nP y lo s? ) , n ame ly a bou t 9 0 m en a nd i fw ec on s ide ri wa -s i jo ta av a r ian to fi wa so ,a bou t7 0m a le s h eep ( Cn 6 56 .6 )m ake u s t h ink o f aw e l l -o rgan i sed c ommun i ty , o f r u ra l o r ig in a nd o f at h r iv ing c a t t le rea r ing e conomy , s uch a s t h e o ne s s omebody c an s t i l l f i nd i n t h e r u ra l c en t ra l P e loponne se . Meanwh i le ,i ti ss t i l lu nc lea rw hy t h e re a r et h r ee s epa ra te e n t r ie sf o rt h es ame s ub jec t( i -wa so ) i nt h e A n s e r ie sw h i le t h e re i so n ly o ne i nt h eC n s e r ie s r e f e r r ing t ot h ec on t r ibu t ion o ft h ei w a s i jo ta . T he f a c to ro fa n e me rgency s i tua t ion s hou ld n o tb e e xc luded h e re a sw e l l a si n o t he rc a se sw h ich c ou ld p r e suppo se t h eu rgency i nw h ich t h ea r ch iv i s th ad b een t r y ing t ol i s t a sm uch i n fo rma t ion a sp o s s ib le .
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f i nd D eya C onf er en ce o fP r eh i s tor y :A r chaeo log i ca lT echn iqu e s ,T echno logy a nd T heor y
T he f i re i nI a so s ( j u s ta si nP y lo s , a nd ac ommon d enouemen tt ot h em a jo r i ty o fB ronze A ge s e t t lemen t s ) h a s b een r e spon s ib le f o r t wo s ub sequen t r e su l t s . F i r s t ly , t h e d emo l i t ion o ft h e e l i t ec l a s se s a nd t h e i rp ompou s s y s tem so fs e l f su s ta ined e conom ie s , o fs t a te -con t ro l led t r ade a nd f a sc ina t ing o r e ven e xo t ic i mpo r t s f o r t h e s ake o f s uppo r t ing t h e i r o wn r eg ime o f s ome t ime s u n iden t i f iab le o r i mag ina ry r i tua l i s t ic p roce s se s ( c f . t o -ro -no -e -ke t i -r i jo ) ; o f u neven ly d i s t r ibu ted l a nd a nd a l lo tmen t s( n e ce s sa ry f o rt h es u s ta in ing o fv o ca t ion ss u ch a st h e b ronze sm i th s ) o f t h e h i gh ly i mp re s s ion i s t ic e l emen t a nd t h e s t ep -by -s tep d e regu la t ion o fa s y s tem b a sed n o to nt h ee xp lo i ta t ion o fm anpowe rv a lue sb u tr a the ro nt h ea ccumu la t ed w ea l th ( ma in ly b y t h e f ew ) . S econd ly , t h e r i se o f s ma l l s t a te s , o f " t h i rd w o r ld t y pe " e conom ie s , w h ich h av ing " de f e c ted " f r om t h e s y s t em t h ey h ad b een i n co rpo ra ted i n to , t r ied t of o rm t h e i r o wn w ay , u navo idab ly f o l low ing t h ep r inc ip le st h ey h ad b een a f f e c ted b y ,u p t o ap o in t . T he l a ck o f w ea l th ( a s p roven i nb o th c en t ra l A r cad ia ( I a so s , H e l len ikon , A sea a nd G ouva la r i K oukouna ra o u t s ide P y lo s ) , t h e s epa ra te p l acemen t o f t h e t omb -g roup s ( f a r the r f r om t h e o r ig ina l Mycenaean c l u s t e r s ) ,t h ev e ry p ra c t ica lg r ave p l an s ,b u t mo re i mpo r tan t ,t h e" k in sh ip " f a c to r , ar emnan t f r om t h e o l d s y s tem , a r e af ew o f t h e p o in t s w h ich u n t i l n ow c an n o t p e r suade u sf o rs u re w he the rt h ey s u cceeded o rn o ti nt h a te f fo r to ft h e i r s . A nd i tm igh tn o tb e b y c hance t h a t t h e D a rk A ge s h e lped i nt h e i r s e c lus ion i n to d a rkne s s , l e av ing n o th ing b u t g r ave sb eh ind t h em t h rough w h ich w ea r ee xpec ted t ot r a i lt h e i rc ou r se . A nd af ew w e l l -u sed w hee l ru t s , d ef in i t e ly s how ing t h e w ay t h rough t h e v a s tne s s o f t h e w i ld n a tu re , i n he ren t ly r em ind ing u so ft h e i r( a nd c ou ld i tb eo u r ? )c ou r se t h rough t h ec en tu r ie s .
A PPEND IX : THE E CONOMY I NP YLOS AND KNOSSOS
S im i la r i t ie sa nd D i f f e rence s : G ene ra l ly ,t h e re i st h es ame w ay o fc on t rol ing t h es ub je c t ,t h ough n o te n t i r e ly u nd er t h ek i ng . I ts e ems t h a tt h es y s tem o fc o l le c t ive a u tho r i ty ( e xe r c i sed r a the rb yr u l ing c l a s se s i n s tead o fa r u l ing p e r son ) i sc ommon i nb o th c u l tu re s . T he p roduc t ion , r e ce ip t , s t o rage o fg ood s a nd c ommod i t ie s a s w e l l a s t h e o rgan i sa t ion s y s tem o f w o rke r s a td i f f e ren t t a sk s a r e c ommon p ra c t ice i nb o th s t a te sa si ti st h es upe rv i s ion o fc u l ta c t iv i ty . I np a r t i cu la rd i f f e r ence si n c lud e : I nK no s so s : T he e conomy i sb a sed o nw oo lp roduc t ion o rs heep . I nP y lo s : T he re a r er e f e rence st ol a nd -ho lde r sa nd t h eu pkeep o fs a c ra ll a nd s( a long w i th t h e i r p e r sonne l ) w a s v e ry c l o se t ot h e i n te re s t o ft h e r u l ing d yna s ty . T he re a r e t wo p rov ince s i n P y lo sw h i le t h e re i sn o m en t ion i nK no s so s .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
n d DEYA CONFERENCE OF PRE E ISTORY ARCH AE OLOGIC AL TECH NIQUES, TEC H NOLOG Y
AN D THE OR Y
AN ANALOG IC ARGU MENT F OR A P REH ISTOR IC WHAL ING TRAD IT ION AMONG THE HA IDA
S TEVEN ACHESON D epa r tmen to fE thno logy a nd P reh i s to ry U n iv e r s i ty o fO x fo rd O x fo rd OX2 6 PN ,E ng land
R ESUME T he l a rge q uan t i ty o fw ha l ebone r e cove red f r om as e lec t ion o fa r chaeo log i ca ls i t es o nt h es ou thern Q ueen C ha r lo t te I s land sr a i se st h ep o s s ib i l i ty o f ap r eh i s tor ic w ha l ing t r ad i t ion a mong t h eH a ida . T o e xp lor e t h i si n te rp r e ta t ion t h ef auna l a s semb lage i sc ompa r ed w i th n e ighbour ing N oo tka s i tes s uch a sO ze t t ea nd H e squ ia tw her ew ha l ing w a sk nown t oh a ve o ccu r red . A r ch iva ls ou r ces r e v i ewed f o rr e f er ences t oh un t ing a nd t h eu s eo fw ha l es b yt h eH a ida ,u s ing t e chn ique sd e s cr ibed a sa na log ic a nd e t hnoh i s tor ica l , t e nd t os uppor t t h e i d ea t h a t t h ey i ndeed h un ted w ha les . T he e v id ence f or w ha l ing a nd i t s p os s ib l e r o l e a mong t h e Ha ida c ha l lenges o ur u nd er s tand ing o fs ub s is tence b ehav iour f or t h i sl e s s er k nown P ac if i cN or thwe s tC anad ian c oa s ta lg roup .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
A nA na log ic A rgumen tf or aP reh i s to r i c Wha l ing T rad i t ion Among t h e Ha ida S t ev en A cheson
I NTRODUCT ION Ha ida s ub s i s t ence p u r su i t sd i f f e red s omewha tf r om o t he rP a c if i cN o r thwe s tc oa s tg roup sa t t h et i me o fE u ropean c on ta c t ,g i ven t h e i r mu ch g r ea t e re mpha s i so nt h eh a l ibu tf i she ry t h an o n s a lmon . S ub s i s tence a c t iv i t ie sg ene ra l ly w e re mo re d i v e r s if i ed a nd l a rge ly d i re c t ed t oo f f sho re r e sou r ce s . T he se a c t iv i t ie s , h oweve r ,w e re n o tc on s ide r ed t oh ave i n c luded w ha l ing ( D rucke r 1 955 ; F ladma rk 1 975 ) , a n e n te rp r ise s uppo sed ly r e s t r i c ted t ot h e i rN oo t I ca n e ighbou r s t ot h e s ou th . T he l a rge q uan t i ty o fw ha lebone r e cove red f r om as e le c t ion o fs i te s o n t h e s ou ther n Q ueen C ha r lo t te I s land s , h oweve r , s ugge s t s s ome th ing q u i te d i f f e ren t . T h i s p ape r e xam ine s t h e a r cha eo log ica la nd e t hno log ica le v idence f o r ,a nd p o s s ib le r o le o fw hal ing a mong t h eK ungh i t H a ida o ft h es ou ther nQ ue en C ha r lo t te I s land s ,u s ing t e chn ique sg ene ra l ly d e s c r ibed a sa na log ic a nd e t hnoh i s to r ica l . T he i mp l ica t ions a r e p o ten t ia l ly f a r r e ach ing , n o t o n ly t o uch ing u pon q ue s t ion so fo r ig in a nd a ge o fw ha l ing o nt h eN o r thwe s tc oa s t ,b u tm o re i mpo r tan t ly ,o fH a ida s e t t lemen tp a t te rn a nd s ub s i s tence s t ra teg ie s . Wh i le t h e d a ta a r e i n su ff i c ien t t or e so lve s u ch q ue s t ion s ,t h ee v idence g i ve sr e newed a t ten t ion t ot h e se p rob lem a r ea s . T o e xp lo re t h ep o s s ib il i ty o fw ha l ing b y t h e H a ida t h ef a una l a s semb lage f r om t wo K ungh i t s i te si sc ompa red w i th t h e Noo tkan s i te so fO ze t t ea nd H e squ ia tH a rbou r , w he re w ha l ing w a s k nown t oh ave o ccu r red . As e cond l i ne o fe nqu i ry i n vo lved t h e r e v iew o fe t hnog raph ic a nd h i s to r ica ld a ta f o rr e f e rence s t oh un t ing a nd t h eu s eo fw ha le sb yt h eH a ida . A r ch iva ls ou r ce s c on su l ted i n c luded t h ej ou rna l s a nd l o g s o fe a r ly e xp lo re r s a nd t r ade r s , a s w e l l a s t h e l a te r a ccoun t so fg ove rnmen ta gen t s ,m i s s iona r ie s ,a nd t h ew o rk o fe t hnog raphe r s . T he e x ten t a nd manne r w h ich e t hnog raph ic o b se rva t ion m ay a ccoun t f o r a nd e xp la in a r chaeo log ica l p henomena i s ar e cu r ren t t h eme w i th s e em ing ly l i t t le a g reemen t i n t h e l i t e ra tu r e . Wh i le t h eu se o fa na logy i nb o th i t sd i re c th i s to r ica la nd g ene ra lc ompa ra t ive f o rm s h a s al o ng t r ad i t ion a mong N o r th Ame r ican a r chaeo log i s t s , i th a sb een at r oub led a s soc ia t ion f r augh tw i th t h eo re t ica la nd m e thodo log ica la mb igu i t ie s( c f . Wy l ie 1 982 , 1 985 ) . T he f a c tt h a t e t hnog raph ic d e sc r ip t ions a r e i n va r iab ly " many g ene ra t ion s r emoved f r om t h e a bo r ig ina l c ond i t ion " ( F ladma rk 1 986 :119 ) ,i so f t en c i ted a s am a jo rw eakne s so fe t hnog raph ic a na logue i na r chaeo log ica l i n te rp r e ta t ion . O s ten s ib ly , t h i s l i ne o fr e a son ing w a s e xp r e s sed b y B in fo rd ( 1 968 :13 ) ,a mong o t he r s ,w ho c l a imed t h a te xp lana t ion b ya na logy ,w he the rd i r e c th i s to r ica lo r g ene ra l c ompa ra t ive , d en ied t h ep o s s ib i l i ty o fp reh i s to r ic c u l tu ra l f o rms o u t s ide t h o se k nown e t hnog raph ica l ly . A rgumen t sb ya na logy ,h oweve r ,a r ea sm uch c oncer n ed w i th s im i la r i t ie sa s d i f f e rence sb e tween t h eh i s to r ica la nd a r cha eo log i ca lr e co rd . A na log i ca rgumen ti ss u scep t ib le t o t h e k ind s o f s y s tema t ic t e s t ing t h a t c r i t ic s h ave c l a imed f o r n onana log ica l f o rms o f i n f e rence ,a sb o th G ou ld ( 1 980 )h a su nw i t t ing ly d emon s t ra t ed w i th h i s a rgumen t b y a noma ly , a nd B in fo rd ( 1 987 )c on cede sw i th t h eu s eo fa mb igu i t y i nh i sm idd l e -range t h eor y .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
f i nd D eya C onf e rence o fP r eh i s to ry :A r chaeo log i ca lT echn ique s ,T echno logy a nd T heo ry
T he K ungh i t H a ida o r ' I s land E nd P eop le ' , w e re o ne o f f ou r m a jo r H a ida d iv is ion s w ho i n hab i ted t h es ou the rn e nd o fa na r ch ipe lago o fs ome 1 50 i s land sn amed t h eQ ueen C ha r lo t te I s land s l o ca ted 8 0k i lome t re s o f ft h ec oa s to fB r i t i sh C o lumb ia ( F igu re 1 ) . C ha rac te r i s t ic o f P ac i f ic N o r thwe s t m a r i t ime h un te r -ga the re r g roup s g ene ra l ly , t h e K ungh i tH a ida a ch ieved a l e ve l o fs o c ia l o rgan iza t ion , c e r emon ia l c omp lex i ty , a nd c u l tu ra l i n ven to ry mo re t yp ica l o f s u rp lu sp roduc ing a g ra r ian s o c ie t ie sa nd w e re t h em se lve sd i s t ingu i shed a mong s tn e ighbou r ing c oa s ta l g roup s f o rt h ea r t s , w a r f a re a nd t r ade . T rad i t iona l ly , t h ey l i ved i nc o a s ta l v i l lage so f l a rge ,w e l l -bu i l t ,p l ank h ou se s . I nt h ea b sen ce o fb o th s t a te o rgan i sa t ion a nd a g r icu l tu re ,t h e re e x i s t ed a mong t h e se p eop le a nh i s to r ica l ly w e l l -def ined s o c io -e conom ic c l a s ss t r uc tu re . C h ie f s a c t ed a st r u s t ee sf o rt h ej e a lou s ly g ua rded t e r r i to ry a nd r e sou r ce so wned b yt h e i rl i neage ,a sw e l l a sc oo rd ina ted t h ep o l i t i ca la nd c e r emon ia la f f a i r so ft h el i neage g roup ,w h i ch c en te red l a rge ly o n t h ei n s t i tu t ion o ft h ep o t la t ch ( Mu rdock 1 934 , 1 936 ; S wan ton 1 905 ) . S TUDY A REA T he Q ueen C ha r lo t te I s land s a r e t h e i n c lu s ive n ame f o ra n i s land g roup l y ing a tt h e w e s te rn e dge o ft h ec on t inen ta l s he l f ,a nd c ove r s ome 9 000 s qua re k i lome t re s . Much o ft h ec oa s ti s s ub je c t ed t os u s ta ined ,h eavy w ave a c t ion w i th t h es ou the rn i s land sb e ing e spec ia l ly v u lne rab le t of r equen t w in t e r g a le s w h i ch g ene ra te f o rm idab le s e a s . As i nuou s , s t eep , r o cky s ho re l ine w i th ah i gh r el ie fi n te r t ida lz one c ha ra c t e r ize s much o ft r ad i t iona lK ungh i tt e r r i to ry . S ca t t e r ed a l ong t h i s c oa s ta r e t h e' t own ' s i te s o ft h e n i ne K ungh i tl i neage s i n c lud ing t h e l a rge , h i s to r ic m u l t i l ineage v i l lage o fN in s t in t s , l o ca ted o n A n thony I s land , a nd as e cond m a jo r h i s to r ic v i l lage a tB en jam in P o in t . S he l te red w a te r sa nd s ma l l e s tua r ie s a r ec onf ined t o af ew m a jo r i n le t s , i n c lud ing F lam ingo ,L ou scoone ,a nd R o se ,a sw e l la st oH ou s ton S t ewa r tC hanne l a nd t h e d eepe rb ay s a l ong t h e e a s tc oa s to f Mo r e sby a nd K ungh i t I s land . T he se f e a tu re s a nd t h e n ume rou ss ma l lo f f sho r ei s land sc on t r ibu te t o av a r ied c oa s ta ls e t t ing r i ch i n ma r ine r e sou r ce s . A t l e a s t t we lve w ha le s pe c ie s w e re k nown t of r equen t t h e w a te r s s u r round ing t h e s ou ther n Q ueen C ha r lo t te I s land sw i th t h eP ac if i cg r ay w ha le ( E sch r ich t iu sr obu s tu s )a nnua l ly m ig ra t ing a l ong b o th t h ee a s ta nd w e s ts ho re so ft h ea r ch ipe lago . O the r s s pe c ie si n c lude t h eh umpba ck ( Megap t e ra n ovaeang l iae ) ,k ile r( O r c inu so r ca s ) ,m inke ( Ba laenop te ra a cu to ro s t ra ta ) , f i nba ck ( Ba laenop te ra p hy sa lu s ) , t h e n ow r a re s p e rm ( Phy se t e rc a tadon ) , s e i ( Ba laenop te ra b o rea l i s ) , b l ue ( Ba laenop te ra mu s cu lu s ) , r i gh t ( Euba laena s i ebo ld i ) , g i an t b eaked ( Be ra rdu s b a i rd i i ) , s t e jnege r ' s b eaked ( Me sop lodon s t e jnege r i ) , a nd g oo se -beaked w ha le ( Z iph iu s c av i ro s t r i s ) ( Bamf ie ld 1 974 ;L ea the rwood e ta l . 1 988 ) . T HE A PPROACH T he q ue s t ion o f w he the r t h e H a ida h un ted w ha le s a r o se d u r ing t h e c ou r se o f ad e ta i led a r chaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion d e s igned t o o b ta in , t h rough ap rog ramme o f s u rvey a nd t e s t e xcava t ion s , ar e p re sen ta t ive s amp le o fa r cha eo log ica l s i te s a nd a s semb lage s f o rt h e s ou ther n Q ueen C ha r lo t te a r ea . As y s t ema t ic i n ven to ry w a sc onduc ted a l ong a2 45 k i lome t re s e c t ion o f c oa s t l ine f r om N aga sP o in to n t h e w e s tc oa s to fs ou th Mo re sby I s land t oB en jam in P o in to n t h ee a s t ,e ncompa s s ing a l o fK ungh i tI s land a nd a d ja cen tw a te r so fH ou s ton S t ewa r tC hanne l , p lu s t h e s ma l le ro f f sho re i s land s ( F igu re 2 ) . A2 0p e rc en td i sp ropo r t iona l s t ra t if ied r a ndom s amp le o ft h e8 4h ab i ta t ion s i te st h en i d en t if i ed i nt h es u rvey w a s s e lec ted f o rs ub sequen tt e s t e xcava t ion s . O ne o t he rs i te w a sj udgemen ta l ly s e le c t ed f o r at o ta lo f1 8 . F AUNAL R ECORD T he f a una h a s b een a na lyzed f r om 1 3 s i te s , t o ta l ing 8 2 ,236 b one s . O f t h e se , 2 5 ,846 s pec imen s w e re i d en t if ied w i th 8 7% b e ing f i sh b one s , 9% b i rd a nd 4% m amma l . S a lmon , r o ck f i sh a nd h a l ibu t a r e t h e m a in f i sh s pe c ie s c augh t w i th l i t t le v a r ia t ion a mong t h e s i te s . W i th t h ee xcep t ion o ft wo s i te s ,F aT t 9a nd F aT t2 2a ,t h em a in m amma l s pec ie sa r es e ao t te r
3 47 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
S .A che son
( Enhyd ra l u t r is ) a nd h a rbou r s ea l ( Phoca v i tu l ina ) , f ound i na bou t e qua l q uan t i t ie s . T he d om inan t b i rd s a r e t h e s ma l l a l c id s , s uch a s t h e a nc ien t a nd m a rb led mu r re le t s . T he o n ly n o t iceab le v e r t ica lc hange w i th in t h e s i te s i sa ni n c rea se i nt h en umbe ro fs a lmon b one a nd a d ec l ine i nt h e n umbe r o fr ock f i sh b one s f r om t h e o l de s t t ot h e r e cen t l e ve l s i nf ou r s i te s , i n c lud ing F aT t9 . I n t e rp re ta t ion o ft h i s i sn o tc omp le te , b u ti ta ppea r sn o t t ob e t a phonom ic a nd p robab ly i n d ica t e sa na c tua ls h i f ti ns ub s i s tence a c t iv i ty . F aT t 9i sl i ke ly T c !u ' uga [ ' t o g o f o r c eda r ' ] T own ( Swan ton 1 905 :270 , 2 77 ) , c on s i s t ing o f t h ree o rf ou rh ou se s i te s a nd a s soc ia ted s he l l m idden o n L ou s coone P o in ta tt h e e n t rance t o L ou scoone I n le to nt h ew e s ts i de o f Mo r e sby I s land . T he v ilage s i t el i e sa tt h eh ead o f al o ng n a r row b ay f r on ted b y as e r ie so fs ma l l t i da li s le t s . T he b ay a f fo rd sp ro tec ted m a r ine a cce s s , s he l te r ing t h eb each f r om t h ei n ce s san ts wel o ft h eo pen P a c if i c . F aT t2 2a i ss im i la r ly l o ca t ed o n t h ee xpo sed w e s tc oa s to f Mo re sby I s land a tC ape F r eeman . T h i ss omewha ts ma l le rs he l l m idden s i te i ss i tua ted o n al a rge l a goon l ike b ay p ro t e c ted b y ar i ng o fr o cky b a sa l t i s le t s . B o th s i te sp r eda te t h ec on ta c tp e r iod w i th r a d ioca rbon e s t ima t e so f9 80+ 1 -65 ( WAT 1 637 ) f o r F aT t 9a nd 140+ / -80 y ea r sB .P . (WAT 1 62 1 ) f o rF aT t2 2a . A tF aT t2 2a t h ed om inan tm amma lt a xon i sw ha le . T he s i te mamma l N ISP i s2 49 ,o fw h ich w ha lebone sc omp r ise 7 0% . H a rbou rs e a la nd s e ao t t e ra r e ad i s tan ts e cond a nd t h i rd a t1 6a nd 8% r e spec t ive ly . As omewha t s im i la r s i tua t ion e x i s t s f o r s ome u n i t s o fF aT t 9 . Two u n i t s w e re p l aced w i th in ah ou se f e a tu re a nd f r om t h ese u n i t s 1 88 m amma lb one s w e re i d en t if ied . T he N ISP f o rw ha le i s7 0 , 3 7% o ft h et o ta l ,w i th s e ao t t e ra nd h a rbou rs e a li ns e cond a nd t h i rd p l ace s a t3 5% a nd 1 6% r e spe c t ive ly ( Tab le 1 ) : None o ft h e o t he r s i te s s how w ha le i na ny s i gn if ican t a moun t f r om t h e t e s t e xcava t ion s , a l though s eve ra l h ave w ha lebone s a s am ino r c omponen to ft h em amma la s semb lage ( s ee T ab le 1 ) . S ince t h eH a ida w e re n o tk nown t op ra c t ice w hal ing h i s to r i ca l ly ,t h e i mmed ia te i n te rp re ta t ion i st h a tt h ew ha le sw e re s a lvaged b yt h er e s id en t s . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a td ead o rd y ing g r ay w ha le s w e re a va i lab le i ng r ea te rn umbe r so nt h i sp a r to ft h ec oa s ta st h o se f a ta l ly w ounded b yN oo tkan w ha le r s o n V ancouve r I s land c on t inued o rd r if ted n o r thwa rd ( M i tche l l p e r s . c omm . 1 986 ) . H oweve r , t h i s s ame a moun t o f w ha lebone r e cove red f r om aN oo tka s i te w ou ld h ave , a s a m a t te r o fc ou r se , b een a t t r ibu ted t oa c t ive w ha le h un t ing r a the r t h an t h e s a lvag ing o fd ead a n ima l sb yt h er e s iden t s . T he re h ave b e en f ew d e ta i led a r cha eo log ica li n ve s t iga t ion so nt h eQ ueen C ha r lo t te I s land s ,a nd f ewe r y e t t h a t h ave d ea l t w i th f a una l a s semb lage s . Wh i le l i t t le q uan t i f ied f a una l d a ta i s a va i lab le ,w ha lebone i sap e r s i s ten te l emen to fe xcava t ed s h e l lm idden s . F l adma rk ' s( 1 973 :70 ) e xcava t ion o fa ne a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry H a ida h ou se a tT le l l( F jTx 1 ) ,G r aham I s land i d en t if i ed 1 32 s ma l lf r agmen t so fw ha lebone s c a t te r ed o ve rt h el e ng th o ft h ee xpo sed l i v ing f l oo ra r ea . H e r e , F ladma rk c onc luded t h a t t h e f r agmen t s , a moun t ing t on o mo r e t h an 2c omp le te b one s , w e r e b e ing u sed a sr aw m a t e r ia l f o rt o o lm anu f a c tu re . A tt h eh i s to r i c K ungh i tv i l lage o fN in s t in t s , D uf fa nd K ew ( 1 958 :51 ) o b ser ved " l a rge a moun t s o fw ha lebone " ( r ib s a nd v e r teb rae ) o n t h e s u r f a ce a nd u pp e rl e ve l so ft h es i te w h i le r emov ing an umbe ro fp o le s . O the rm o re r e cen t ,b u t l i m i ted e xcava t ion s h ave u ncove r ed an umb e ro fp i e ce s f r om a r ound t h e b a se o ft h e p o le s a t N in s t in t s ( Abbo t tp e r . c omm . 1 986 ; A che son n . d . ) . A ga in o n G raham I s land , S eve r s ( 1 974 ) m en t ions w ha lebone f o rt h eB lue J a cke t sC reek s i te ( F lUa 4 ) . H e rp r e l im ina ry r epor t s ( n .d . ) o nt h ee xcava t ion sa tT ow H i l l ( GaTw 5 )a nd Ma s se t( GaUb 7 ) ,u nfo r tuna te ly ,d on o tp rov ide a ny s pec ie sb reakdown o ft h es e am amma lb one r e cove r ed ,b u to ne c an r e a sonab ly e xpec tt h a t w ha lebone i sp re sen t . Much b e t te r d a ta i sa va i lab le o n N oo tkan s i te s f o r c ompa r i son w i th t h e s ou the rn Q ueen C ha r lo t te m a te r ia l . I n t h i s i n s tance , h oweve r , N ISP w a s v i ewed a s t h e s imp le s t a nd mo s t e a s i ly c ompa r ed m ea su re o fa bundance s i nce MN If i gu re sa va i lab le f o rt h e Noo tkan s i t e sw e re c a lcu la t ed i nq u i te d i f f e r en tw ay s .
3 48 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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T he H e squ ia t H a rbou r s i te c omp lex i sl o ca ted o n t h e n o r thwe s t c oa s t o fV ancouve r I s land . T h r ee s i te s w e re e xcava ted i nt h e h a rbou r , D iSo 9 ,D iSo 1a nd D iSo 1 6 , d a t ing f r om t h e h i s to r ic p e r iod t oa bou t 1 00 A .D . ( Ca lve r t 1 980 ) . D iSo 9a nd D iSo 1 6 b o th h ad w ha lebone s i nv e ry l ow p e rcen tage s , l e s s t h an 1 0% . H oweve r , f r om D iSo 1at o ta l o f6 35 w ha le b one s w e r e r e cove r ed ,4 0% o ft h e t o ta l m amma l N ISP o f 1 604 . T h i s i sc ompa rab le t ot h eF aT t9 h ou se u n i t s ,b u ts ub s tan t ia l ly l e s st h an t h ep ropo r t ion o fw ha le f ound a tF aT t2 2a ( F igu re 3 ) . A no the rs i te w he re w ha lebone sh ave b een r e cove red i ns ub s tan t ia ln umbe r si sO ze t te , aMakah v i l lage s i te o n t h e n or thwe s t c oa s t o f Wa sh ing ton . T h i s i s aw a te r logged s i te w i th s eve ra l h ou se sa nd s ome a s so c ia t ed m idden d a t ing f r om t h eh i s to r ica lp e r iod t o4 00 y ea r sa go . D a ta o n t h e n umbe ro fw ha lebone s r e cove red t ot h e n umbe r o fm amma l b one s i d en t if ied a r e s p read a mong s eve ra l p ub l ica t ion s . I n A rea B 70 5 2 ,938 m amma l b one s h ave b een i d en t if ied ( Hue l sbeck 1 983 )a nd 2 , 328 w ha lebone sw e re i d en t if ied f r om t h es ame a r ea ( Hue l sb eck n . d . ) . U s ing t h e se n umbe r st h ep ropo r t ion o fw ha lebone t ot o ta l m amma lN ISP i s4 . 2% . H ue l sbeck a l so s t a te s t h a t i d en t if ica t ion o fm amma l b one s ( non -wha le ) i sn o t c omp le te a nd c ou ld a dd a no the r3 0 ,000 i d en t if i ed b one st ot h et o ta lN ISP w h i ch w ou ld l owe rt h ep e r cen tage o fw ha le e ven f a r the r . O the r s i te s i n Makah t e r r i to ry s how l i t t le o r n o w ha lebone ( F r iedman 1 976 ) . T he p a t te rn i ss im i la rt ot h a to fH e squ ia tH a rbou rs i te s . D e sp i te t h i s v e ry l ow p e r cen tage o f w ha lebone s i nt h e a s semb lage , t h e re i sn o d oub t t h a t w ha le sw e re h un ted b yt h eO ze t te r e s iden t sa nd c on s t i tu ted am a jo rf ood s ou r ce . A cco rd ing t o H ue l sbeck ( 1 983 ; 1 988a ; 1 988b ) , w ha le p roduc t s m ay h ave a ccoun ted f o ra s much a s8 3% o f t h ec onsumab le f ood r e p r e sen t ed i nt h em idden . T he re i sb o th h i s to r ica ld a ta a s w e l la sg ood a r chaeo log ica l d a ta a va i lab le , i n c lud ing w ha l ing h a rpoon s a nd w ha lebone w i th e mbedded f r agmen t so fh a rpoon b l ade s . Aw ha l ing h a rpoon w a sa l so r e cove red a tH e squ ia ta nd t h e r ei s g ood h i s to r i ca l d a ta o n N oo tkan w ha l ing g ene ra l ly , a l though n o t s p ec i f ic t ot h i s l o ca le . T he c on sp i cuou sa b sence o fw ha lebone a tm any s i te si nt h eH e squ ia ta nd O ze t te l o ca le s ,t h en ,m ay b ee xp la ined b y t h ep r a c t i ce o fs ke le ton sh av ing b een l e f to nt h eb ea ch . Wa lke r ,f o re xamp le , s i gh ted 1 c omp le te w ha le s ke le ton s o n t h e b ea ch f r on t ing al a rge N oo tka v i l lage i n 1 786 ( F i she ra nd B um s t ed 1 982 :47 )( S ee T ab le 2 ) . I ti sn o tp o s s ib le t oi d en t i f y a ny o ft h e w ha lebone f r om t h e K ungh i t H a ida s i te s t os pec ie s . Two t e e th w e re i d en t if ied a sb e long ing t o at o o thed w ha le ,p o s s ib ly k i l le rw ha le . T he m a jo r i ty o fb one s t h a t c ou ld b e i d en t i f ied f r om t h e O ze t te a s semb lage w e re f r om g r ay a nd h umpback w ha le s . A s w e l l , s ma l l n umbe r s o fb one s f r om r i gh t , f i nback ,k i l le ra nd s p e rm w ha le s w e re i d en t i f ied . A l l t h e se w ha le s w ou ld h ave b e en a va i lab le i nt h e r e g ion o ft h e Q ueen C ha r lo t te I s land s , i na dd i t ion t oa tl e a s t s i x o t he r s pe c ie s , a nd w e re a l so t h e m o s t l i ke ly s pec ie s t ob e u sed b y t h eK ungh i t . T he c onc lu s ion t ob ed r awn f r om t h ef a una ld a ta w hen c ompa red w i th t h eH e squ ia ta nd O ze t te s i te si st h a tt h ea moun to fw ha lebone r e cove red f r om F aT t 9a nd F aT t2 2a i sc e r ta in ly e nough t o s ugge s t w ha le h un t ing a nd , a t t h e v e ry l e a s t , w ha le s w e re a m ea su r eab le p a r t o f t h e s ub s i s tence r o und . H i s to r i ca lr e co rd sw e r et h en e xam ined ,a st h en ex tl o g ica ls t ep ,f o re v idence i ns uppo r to ft h i s a r gumen t . H ISTOR ICAL R ECORD
I n t u rn ing t ot h e e t hnog raph ic a nd h i s tor ica l l i t e ra tu re o n t h e H a ida o ne i ss t ruck b y t h e u nevene s s a nd p auc i ty o f i n fo rma t ion , p a r t icu la r ly o n s ub s is tence . Swan ton ' s ( 1905 ) s i ngu la r ly i mpo r tan te t hnog raph ic s t udy d evo t e sl e s s t h an ap age t ot h e s ub je c ta nd m ake sn o r e f e rence t o t h e H a ida ' s u se o f w ha le s . T he g ene ra l l a ck o f c r i t ica l r e sea rch o n H a ida s ub s i s tence b ehav iou r i sp e rhap s s ymp toma t ic o ft h e p auc i ty o fh i s to r ica l d o cumen ta t ion o n
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S .A cheson
t h e s ub jec t . T he p a ten ta ccep tance t h a t t h e H a ida n eve r h un ted w ha le s p r eh i s to r ica l ly i sb u t o ne s mal e xamp le . D awson w a s u nab le t ol e a rn a tt h e t i me o fh i s v i s i t t ot h e Q ueen C ha r lo t te I s land s i n 1 878 w he the rt h eH a ida h un t ed w ha le sb u tn o te st h a tc a r ca s se sw h ich d r i f ted a s ho re w e re u t i l ized . T o q uo te : " The w ha le a nd h a i r sea l ...a bound i nt h e w a t e r s s u r round ing t h e i s land s . I c anno tl e a rn t h a tt h ef o rme rw e re e ve rs y s tema t ica l ly p u r sued a st h ey w e r eb yt h e Makah I nd ian so fC ape F l a t t e ry a nd A h t so ft h ew e s tc oa s to fV ancouve rI s land . When , h oweve r , b y c hance o ne o ft h e se c ome s a sho re i ti s ag r ea t p r ize t ot h e o wne r o f t h e p a r t icu la r s t r ip o fb each o n w h ich i tm ay b e s t randed " ( Daw son 1 880 :111 B ) . T he o pe ra t ive w o rd i s" s y s tema t ica l ly " f o ri nF ladma rk ' s ( 1 975 :83 ) l a te rr e v iew o fD aw son ' s l i s to f ma jo rf ood r e sou r ce so ft h eH a ida i n al a ndma rk s t udy " AP a leoeco log ica l Mod e lf o rt h e N or thwe s t C oa s t , " t h i s a dve rb i sr e p la ced w i th " d e l ibe ra te ly . " I ti sa n u nfo r tuna te c ho ice , p e rpe tua t ing al e s st h an s ub s tan t ia ted c l a im t h a tt h eH a ida d i dn o tp u r sue t h ew ha le . D r ucke r ( 1 955 :49 )w a se ven mo re e mpha t i c s t a t ing t h a tn e i the rt h eT l ing i t ,T s im sh ian n o rH a ida k new a ny th ing a bou tt h ew hal ing t e chn ique so ft h e i rn e ighbou r st ot h en o r th ,t h eE sk imo a nd A leu t , l e ta l one t h eN oo tka . R epo r ted ly ,t h eT l ing i tw en ts of a ra st os pu rn t h ee a t ing o fw ha le m ea t . I n te re s t ing ly e nough , much o ft h eE sk imo w ha l ing c omp lex , i n c lud ing m any r i tua l e l emen t s , p a ra l le led Noo tkan w ha l ing p rac t ice s . S im i la r i t ie s w i th t h e A leu t w e re n o ta s g r ea t , e x cep t w i th r e spec tt or i tua lb ehav iou r( D rucke r 1 955 :46 -49 ) . T he A leu t s u sed p o i soned s l a te b l ade s moun ted o n l a nce s w i thou t t h e a t tached l i ne s a nd s e a l sk in f l oa t s t yp ica l o f t h e N oo tkan w ha l ing k i t . I n s tead o ft ow ing t h e c a r ca s s b a ck t ot h e v i l lage t h ey w e re l e f tt od r i f t a s ho re . F rom t h i s ,D rucke rs u rm i sed a ne a r ly l i nk b e tween t h eN oo tka a nd s uba r c t ic a nd a r c t i cc u l tu re s t ot h ee xc lu s ion o ft h e H a ida a nd n e ighbou r ing T l ing i ta nd T s im sh ian . B u t i nf a c t t h e r e a r e r e f e ren ce st ow ha l ing b ya l lt h ree g roup s . F o rt h eT s imsh ian , t h eF o r t S imp son P o s tJ ou rna l ( Hud son ' s B ay C ompany n . d . ) f o rJ anua ry 2 6 , 1 843 r e po r t s : " Seve ra lo ft h eC hym [ T s im sh ian ] s t a r t ed f r om h e re t h i se ven ing t oD unda s s I s land a f te r aw ha le w h ich t h ey c augh tt h e re ... " McNea ry ' sN i ska i n fo rman t sc l a imed t h a t t h e c oa s ta l T s im sh ian h a rpooned w ha le s u s ing c eda rb a rk l i ne s a nd s e a l i on s t oma ch f l oa t s ( McN ea ry 1 976 :107 ) . A nd ,a l though l a ck ing i ng r aph ic d e ta i l ,F l eu r ieu ( 1 80 1 :249 )d i do b s e r ve w ha le h un t ing b y t h eT l ing i ti n1 791 . H e w ro te : I nw ha le h un t ing t h ey u se ab a rbed b one h a rpoon w i th al o ng s ha f t . When t h ey c ome t ot h e s po tw he re t h ey l a s ts aw h im d i ve ,t h ey s l ow u pt h e i rb oa t sa nd p l ay s l ow ly o n t h es u r f a ce o f t h ew a te rw i th t h e i rp add le sa nd a ss oon a sh ea ppea r s , t h eh a rpoone rr e a che s f o rh i s h a rpoon a nd t h row si ta tt h em on s t e r . H i s to r ica l r e co rd s a r es omewha ta mb iguou so n w he the rt h eT l ing i td i dc on sume w ha le m ea t . S eve ra la c coun t s( Lang sdo r f f 1 813 / 14 :111 ; H o lmbe rg 1 856 :22 ) r e po r tt h a tw i th t h ee xcep t ion o ft h eY aku ta tT l ing i t ,t h ey d i sda ined w ha le m ea t . K rau se ( 1 956 :124 -125 ) ,o nt h eo t he rh and , f o und q u i te t h ec on t ra ry w i th t h eK i l l i snoo T l ing i ti n1 881 -82 . T u rn ing t ot h eQ ueen C ha r lo t te I s land s ,J ame sC o lne t to nh i sa r r iva la mong t h eK ungh i tH a ida i n 1 787 , a l so s ugge s t s s ome th ing q u i te d i f f e ren t : " The i r f i sh ing I n s t rumen t s a r e c onf ined w i th in av e ry n a r row C ompa s s ; b e s ide s t h o se f o rs t r ik ing Wha le s &O t te r s , ... " F ou ry ea r s l a te r H o sk in s r ema rked o n t h e K ungh i t : " t hey p ro cu r e f i sh o fd i f f e ren ts o r t s ; s u ch a sw ha le , l a rge p e ice s [ s ic ] o fw h ich Ih ave s e en t h em e a t ing i nt h e i rc ano e s . . "a dd ing " t hey a l so g e t s ha rk s ,w h ich a r eh e re v e ry l a rge ; . . " ( Ho sk in s 1 791 i nH oway 1 941 :206 ) . T he l a t t e rr ema rk
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of 3 Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean 50 Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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c on t rad ic t sD awson ' sr e f e r ence t os ha rks ,r e i te ra ted b yF l adma rk ( 1975 ) , t h a tl a rge s ha rk sw e re " much f e a red b y t h e H a ida sw ho a lege t h a tt h ey f r equen t ly b reak t h e i rc anoe s ... " ( Dawson 1 880 :111 B ) . C o l l i son ( 1915 :244 )r ema rked f r om h i se xpe r ience sa mong t h e Ma s se t [ No r the rn H a ida ] i n t h e l a te 1 800 's t h a t i n " t he i r e xped i t ions , w he the r h un t ing o r f i gh t ing , ...t h ey r equ i red t h e s ame o u tf i t : ag ood c anoe ,w i th b ow s a nd a r rows , s pea r s ,c l ub s , h a rpoon s , g o lf h ooks , w i th w h ich t h ey c ou ld e i the r a t tack a n e nemy o r k i l l aw ha le . " A n e ven mo re c onc lu s ive a ccoun t o fw ha l ing b y t h e H a ida i sp rov ided b y J ame s D ean s f o l low ing h i s 1 884 s umme rt r ip t ot h e w e s tc oa s to ft h eQ ueen C ha r lo t te I s land s . T oq uo te : " The se w a te r s a bounded w i th w ha le s w h ich f r equen t ly c ame i n to t h e l o ng , s ha l low b ay s a nd i n le t s w h ich i nden ted t h e i r c oa s t s . T o t hose p eop le aw ha le w a s aGod -send b ecau se o n i tt h ey d epended n o to n ly f o rf ood , b u t f o r m any o f t h e n ece s sa r ie s o fl i fe . When o ne w a s s e en t h e u n i ted f o rce s o f t h e se v i l lage s w a sg ene ra l ly r equ i red t oe f f ec ti t sc ap tu r e . A f te rt h ee xc i temen to ft h ec hase w a s o ve r ...t h ey d id n o ts t op t ow rang le o ve r t h e o wne r sh ip o ft h e f i sh . ...T he se p eop le sc anoe s w e re l a rge e nough t os e a t f r om 2 5 t o3 0p eop le , a nd e ach c anoe w a sp rov ided w i th l o ng c eda rb a rk r ope s w h ich t h ey t ook a nd t i ed o n t h e f i sh , s o m any t ot h e h ead , a nd s om any t ot h e t a i l " ( Deans 1 888 :42 ) . A nd mo re r e cen t ly , B lackman ( 1981 :9 ) s t a ted o n t h e b a s is o f i n forman t i n fo rma t ion t h a t w ha le s w e re " occa s ionaly h un ted a sw e l la su t i l ized w hen t h ey d r if ted a sho re . " A cco rd ing t o h e r Ma sse ti n fo rman t ,t h e H a ida p u r sued t h eh umpback w ha le b ecau se o ft h e i rr e la t ive ly s ma l l s i ze ,a nd o ft h e i rh ab i to ff r equen t ing b ay sa nd s he l te red w a te r sw he re t h ey c ou ld b e mo re e a s i ly t a ken . T he s t a temen t p a ra l le ls K oo l 's ( 1982 ) f i nd ings w hen h av ing r e -exam ined t he e t hnog raph ic l i t e ra tu re o n N oo tka w ha l ing t h e h umpback e me rge s a s h av ing b een f a r mo re i mpor tan tt h an t h el a rge rg r ay w ha le . A tt h eo t he re nd o ft h es pec t rum w e r ek i l le rw ha le s w h ich ,a cco rd ing t oB lackman ( n .d . ) ,w e re n e i the r h un ted n o r e conom ica l ly i mpo r tan t t ot h e N o r the rn H a ida . H e re t h e h umpback w e re h un ted i nt h e s p r ing a l ong t h e b ay s o fL anga ra I s land u s ing at ogg leheaded h a rpoon , k i t tu , made o fh em lock ( B lackman 1 979 :54 ) . Wh i le n o d i agno s t ic w ha l ing i mp lemen t s h ave b een r e cove red f r om t h e f ew H a ida s i te s t h a t h ave b een e xam ined , c ompo s i te t ogg l ing h a rpoon e l emen t so f as i ze t h a tc ou ld b e u sed f o rt h i s p u rpose d o o ccu ra r chaeo log ica l ly o n t h eQ ueen C ha r lo t te I s land s . Wha l ing e qu ipmen t g ene ra l ly i sp oo r ly r ep re sen ted a t Noo tka s i te s w he re t h e mo s t c ommon w ha l ing a r t ifa c t i st h e s ma l l v a lve c omponen t b e long ing t o t h e s ea lsk in f l oa ta nd n o th a rpoon e l emen t s ( Ma r sha l ln . d . ) . E ven mo re i nv i s ib le a r chaeo log ica l ly i st h e t r aff ic i n w ha le b lubbe r a nd o i l . T he F o r t S imp son J ou rna ls ( Hudson ' s B ay C ompany n . d . ) r evea l amodes t t r ade i n w ha le o i l b y t h e Ha ida ,a nd n e ighbou r ing g roup s , w i th t h ef o r t . N ea rc on t inuou sr e co rd s f o rt h e y ea r s 1 836 t o 1 863 s how v a r iou s H a ida g roup s t r ad ing a sl i t t le a s 1 0 t oa s much a s 1 030 g a l lons o f w ha le o i la nnua l ly i na dd i t ion t ow ha lebone [ b a leen ] ( Tab le 2 ) . T he v o lume o f w ha le p roduc t s t r aded b y t h e H a ida i sc e r ta in ly i n suf f ic ien t t op rove t h e i r h un t ing o fw ha le s e spec ia l ly w hen as i ng le h umpba ck c ou ld y i e ld a nywhe re b e tween 8 50 t o 1 650 g a l lons o fo i l ( Wo lman 1 978 ) . H oweve r , i tw ou ld n o t b e u n rea l is t ic t oe xpec t , a sw i th t h e s ea o t te r t r ade , t h a t t h e E u ropean w ha le o i l t r ade s im i la r ly r e l ied i nt h e b eg inn ing o n c o o p t ing n a t ive e xpe r t ise a nd t r ad i t iona l t e chno logy i nw ha l ing f o r a n e x terna l m a rke t . Wh i le t h is m ay b e d i f f icu l t t o s ub s tan t ia te , t h e t r ade d oe s g ive s ome i nd ica t ion o f t h e r e la t ive i mpo r tance o fw ha le s t ot h e H a ida ,l e ta l one H ud son ' s B ay C ompany i n te re s t s . I nt h e i n te re s t o f ma in ta in ing a t r ade monopo ly o ve r t h e a r ea , C ha r le s D odd w ro te t o t h e B oa rd o f Managemen t , We s ter nD epa r tmen to ft h eH udson 's B ay C ompany o nO c tobe r2 6 , 1 857 :
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
S .A che son
Ag r ea td ea lo fo i l , Wha lebone e t c . n ow t r aded a tF o r tS imp son c ome f r om Q ueen C ha r lo t te ' s I s land a nd t h eq uan t i ty Ih ave n od oub tc ou ld b e much i n c rea sed b yt r ad ing i tf r om t h eI nd ian s o nt h es po t( Hud son ' sB ay C ompany B 2 26 / c / 1 ,f o s .4 72 -473d ) . A n i n d i ca t ion o ft h ev o lume o ft h i s t r ade i nt h el a te 1 840 s , ap e r iod w h ich t h eF o r tS imp son J ou rna l s a r e s i len t ,i sf ound i nt h er e co rd sf o rF o r tV ancouve r( s ee T ab le 3 )( Fo r tV ancouve r , C o lumb ia D epa r tmen t ,D i s t r i c tF u rR e tu rn s 1 844 -1849 ,H ud son ' sB ay C ompany ) . E ven f o rt h o se Noo tkan g roup s w he re t h e re i sr e a sonab le , q uan t if iab le d a ta i nt h e h i s to r i ca l r e co rd , t h e s i gn if i cance o fw ha le i nt h e p reh i s to r ic e conomy i so n ly n ow b e ing r e cogn ized ( Hue l sbeck n . d . ) . D rucke r ' s ( 1951 :49 ) c l a im t h a t N oo tkan w ha l ing w a s ap r e s t ig iou s o ccupa t ion o f m in ima l e conom ic i mpo r tance f i nd s l i t t le s uppo r t i n t h e h i s to r ica l r e co rd ( Cavanagh 1 983 ; I ng l i s a nd H agga r ty n . d . ; Ma r sha l l n . d . ) . I ngl i s a nd H agga r ty ' s a na ly s i s o f h i s to r ica ld ocumen t so ft h el a t ee i gh t een th a nd e a r ly n i ne t een th c en tu r ie ss how w ha l ing t ob ea m a jo r e conom ic a c t iv i ty o f a tl e a s t n i ne N oo tkan g roup s f r om Ma r ch t h rough S ep t embe r . T hey a dd t h a t f i ve o ft h e se g roup s w e r e s u cce s s fu l e nough t op rov ide f o rt h e i ro wn n eed s a s w e l la sg ene ra te at r ade s u rp lu s . C an as im i la rc onc lu s ion b ed r awn i nt h eH a ida o i lt r ade w i th F o r t S imp son? T he s ma l l q uan t i t ie s o fo i l b e ing t r aded i nc on t ra s t t ow ha t c an b e e x t ra c ted f r om as i ng le h umpba ck ,m ay w el r e p re sen tj u s tt h a t , as ma l lt r ade s u rp lu s . D ISCUSS ION
S ome o ft h e d i s c repanc ie s i nt h e e t hnog raph i c a nd h i s to r ica l l i t e ra tu re o n H a ida s ub s i s t ence p u r su i t s m ay r ef lec t r eg iona l v a r ia t ion a nd /o r as h if t ing e conom ic o r ien ta t ion d ur ing t h e h i s to r ica lp e r iod . D aw son ' so b se rva t ion sw e r ep r ima r i ly o ft h eC en t ra la nd N o r ther nH a ida a ta t i me o fd ra s t ic p opu la t ion l o s sa nd r e -ad ju s tmen tt o an ew p ol i t ica la nd e conom ic e nv i ronmen t f o ra l l H a ida g roup s . H i s to r i ca lr e co rd sa t te s tt ot h ep r e sence o fs ma l lpox a mong t h eH a ida i n 1 791 ( F leu r ieu 1 80 1 :294 )a nd p o s s ib ly a se a r ly a s1 788 ( Co lne t tn . d . ) . T h i s ,c oup led w i th t h e l u c ra t ive s e a o t te r t r ade i nt h i s p e r iod , c ou ld h ave s ub s tan t ia l ly a l te red r e sou r ce a c t iv i t ie s , p a r t icu la r ly w hen t h is t r ade w a s c onduc ted d u r ing t h e t i me o fy ea r n o rma l ly d evo ted t os e a m amma lh un t ing a nd o f f sho r ef i sh ing . A sD ean s( 1 888 :43 )r ema rked ,t h ew e s tc o a s tH a ida h ad a bandoned w ha l ing b yt h et i me o fh i sv i s i ti n1 884 o w ing t ot h a tg roup ' sd e c l in ing p opu la t ion " t h rough t r oub le s w i th t r ibe s o n o t he r p a r t s o f t h e i s land s a nd o t he r t h ing s ." F rom t h e h i s to r ica lr e co rd t h en ap o ten t ia l ly c omp lex ,e ven d i s jo in t ed p i c tu re e me rge sw he re ,o nt h eo ne h and ,c e r ta in t r ad i t iona ls ub s i s tence p u r su i t sw e r ed i s rup t ed a nd i ns ome c a se sa bandoned ,w h i le o t he r sw e re i n ten s if ied . T he r i chne s so ft h ee t hnog raph ic a nd h i s to r i ca ll i t e ra tu r eo nN oo tk an w hal ing o ve r shadow sa l t h a tc an b es a id f o rt h eH a ida . I nf a c t , t h el a ck o fw ha l ing r i tua la nd c e remon ia l i sm a mong t h e H a ida h a sp e rhap s b een t h e s i ng le m o s tc ommon j u s t if i ca t ion f o rd i s coun t ing t h e i rh un t ing o f w ha le s . T he l a ck o f ar i tua l c omp lex a s soc ia ted w i th w ha l ing d oe s n o t i ni t se lf , h oweve r , p rec lude s uch a c t iv i ty . R a the r i tp o se s t h e p o ss ib i l i ty t h a t i ts imp ly w a s n o t r i tua l ly i mpo r tan tt ot h e H a ida . O the rw i se , w ea r e f a ced w i th t h e mo re d i ff i cu l tq ue s t ion o fw hy t h e H a ida f a i led t o e xp lo i t t h i s r e sou rce , p a r t icu la r ly i n l i gh t o f t h e b io t ic s im i la r i t ie s a nd g eog raph ica l p rox im i ty o f t h e t wo r eg ion s . T he s t r ik ing s im i la r i ty i n t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f w ha lebone w i th in s ome N oo tkan a nd s ou the rn Q ueen C ha r lo t te I s land ss i te ss ugge s t st h ey d i d . Whe the r Noo tka w ha l ing h a sa nE sk imo -A leu to r ig in a st h ed i f f u s ion i s t sh ave c l a imed ( Lan t i s s 1 938 , 1 940 ; B o rden 1 962 ; Swan son 1 956 ) , o rw a si n dependen t ly i n ven ted ( Dewh i r s t 1 977 :1 2 ) , t h ea r gumen t sa r et h es ame w i th p opu la t ion p r e ssu re u pon l i m i t ed s a lmon r e sou r ce sb e ing t h ec ommon d enom ina to r . T h i ss ame a r gumen tw ou ld h o ld f o rt h eH a ida . When t u rn ing t ot h e u se o fe t hnog raph ic a nd h i s to r ica l r e co rd s t h e f u ndamen ta l c once rn , a s c r i t i c so fe t hnog raph ic a na logue h ave a r gued ( Be t t inge r 1 980 ;F r eeman 1 968 ; G ou ld 1 980 ) , i s w he the re t hnog raph ic d e sc r ip t ion sc an e ve ra ccu ra te ly r e f lec tt h ea bo r ig ina l c ond i t ion f o rt h e
5 2 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of 3 Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l i nd D eya C onf erence o fP r eh i s tory :A rchaeo log ica lT echn iques , T echno logy a nd T heor y
p u rpo se o f a r chaeo log ica l i n te rp re ta t ion . L a te 1 9 th c en tu ry e t hnog raph ic d e scr ip t ions o f a c u l tu re s ub jec ted t on ew e conom ic r e la t ions , ac a ta s t roph ic d ec l ine i np opu la t ion , a nd t h e c omp el ing wo rk o fm i ss iona r ie s ,a dm i t ted ly l im i tt h e i rc on ten ta nd a b i l i ty t oa ccu ra te ly r e f lec t p recon tac t c ond i t ions . I t i s p rec ise ly t h is v a r iab i l i ty , o r e ven d i scon t inu i ty b e tween e t hnog raph ic a nd a r chaeo log ica ld a ta , h oweve r , t h a to f f e r s am ean s o fa s se ss ing t h e t ype s o f c hange sa nd f a c to r s c on t r ibu t ing t oc hange o t herw ise i n v i s ib le t oa r chaeo log ica l s c ru t iny . A n e n r iched ,p o t en t ia l ly mo re a ccu ra te v i ew o ft h ea r chaeo log ica lr e co rd i st h er e su l t . T or e tu rn t oF ladma rk ' se a r l ie rr e v iew o fD awson ,t h e re i ss uff ic ien te v idence t oa rgue t h a tt h e K ungh i t d id " de l ibe ra te ly " p u r sue w ha le s . D aw son 's s t a temen t t ha t w ha le s w e re n o t " s y s tema t ica l ly p u r sued a st h ey w e re b y t h e Ma l cah " i sp robab ly q u i te c o r rec t . Wha l ing m ay n eve rh ave b een am a jo r s ub s i s tence a c t iv i ty o ft h e K ungh i t a ta ny t ime i nt h e i r h i s to ry , b u t t h ey may w e l l h ave t a ken w ha le s a s t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd s ugges t s a nd r a the r o f fhand r ema rk s f r om t h e h i s to r ica l r e co rd i mp ly . I tc an b e c au t ious ly c onc luded f r om t h e p re sen t e v idence t ha t w ha le s a nd w ha l ing w e re a n i n teg ra l p a r t o f t h e i r s ub s is tence r ound . T o t h is e x t en t ,t h i sp ape ri s amode s tc a l l f o r ar e -eva lua t ion o fs ome r a the rl o ng -he ld a nd g ene ra l ly n o t w e l l s ubs tan t ia ted n o t ions o n t h e r e la t ive i mpo r tance o f v a r ious s ub s is tence p u r su i t s a mong l e s se rk nown P a c if ic No r thwe s tc oa s tc u l tu re s . ACKNO WLEDGEMENTS
Iw ish t o e xp re ss my a pp rec ia t ion t o t h e S k idega te B and C ounc i l f o r t h e i r s uppo r t o f t h e a r chaeo log ica l f i e ld wo rk o n t h e Q ueen C ha r lo t te I s land s w h ich p romp ted t h is p ape r . P e t ro C anada R e sou r ce sL td .a nd t h eB r i t i sh C o lumb ia H e r i tage T ru s tg ene rou s ly f unded t h er e sea r ch . R ebecca Wigen c o -au tho red a n e a r l ie r v e r s ion o f t h i s p ape r a nd much i so wed t o h e r f o r c omp i l ing t h ef auna ld a ta .
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
B IBL IOGRAPHY
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Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l i nd D eya C onf erence o fP r eh i s to ry :A r chaeo log ica lT echn iques , T echno logy a nd T heo ry
D eans , J . , 1 888 . A S t range Way o f P re serv ing P eace Amongs t N e ighbo r s . Amer ican A n t iquar ian a nd O r ien ta lJ ou rna l 1 0 :42 -43 . D ewh i r s t ,J . , 1 977 . T he O r ig in s o f Noo tkan Wha l ing : AD ef in i t ion o f Nor the rn a nd C en t ra l Noo tkan E co log ica l O r ien ta t ion f o r t h e P a s t F our M i l lenn ia . P ape r p re sen ted a tt h eC anad ian A r chaeo log i ca lA s soc ia t ion 1 0 th A nnua l Mee t ing , May 1 977 . O t tawa . Dodd ,C . ,n . d . L e t te rt ot h eB oa rd o f Managemen t , We s ter nD epa r tmen t , O c tobe r2 6 , 1 857 , B 2 26 / c / 1 ,f o s .4 72 -4 73d . Hud son ' sB ay C ompany A rch ives , Winn ipeg . D rucke r ,P . , 1 951 . T he N o r the rn a nd C ent ra l Noo tkan T r ibe s .B ureau o f Amer ican E thno logy , B u l le t in 1 44 , Sm i thson ian I n s t i tu t ion . D rucke r ,P . , 1 955 . I nd ians o ft h eN o r thwe s tC oa s t . T he N a tura lH i s tor yP res s , N ew Y o rk . D uf f , W . a nd M ichae l K . , 1 958 . A n thony I s land : AH ome o ft h e H a ida s . B r i t ish C o lumb ia P rov inc ia l Museum o fN a tura lH i s tor ya nd A n thropo logy R epor t , 1 957 , p p . 3 7 -64 , V ic to r ia . F i she r , R . a nd B ums ted , J .M . ,1982 . A n A ccoun t o f aV oyage t o t h e No r thwes t C oa s t o f Ame r ica b yA lexande r Wa lke r . Doug la sa nd Mc In ty re ,V ancouve r. F ladma rk , K . , 1 973 . T he R icha rd son R anch S i te : A1 9 th C en tury H a ida H ou se . I n H is to r ica l A rchaeo logy i nt h e N o r thwe s t N or th Ame r ica , K . F ladma rk a nd R . G e t ty ( eds . ) , p p . 5 3 -107 . U n ivers i ty o f C a lagary A rchae log ica l A ssoc ia t ion , C a lga ry . F ladma rk ,K . , 1 975 . P a leoeco log ica l Mode l f o rN o r thwe s tC oa s tP reh is to ry . N a t iona l Mu seum o f Man , Mercury S er ies No .4 3 , O t tawa . F ladma rk , K . , 1 986 . B r i t ish C o lumb ia P reh is tory . P res s , O t tawa .
N a t iona l Mu seums o f C anada , R unge
F leu r ieu ,C .P . C la re t , 1 801 . AV oyage R ound t h e Wo r ld P e r fo rmed d u r ing t h eY ea r s 1 790 , 1 791 a nd 1 792 b y E t ienne Ma r chand . 2V o ls . T .N . L ongman a nd 0 . R ees ,L ondon . F reeman , L .G . , 1 968 . AT heo re t ica l F ramewo rk f o r I n t e rp re t ing A r chaeo log ica l R ema in s . I n Man t h e H un te r , R .B . L ee a nd I .D eVo re ( e ds . ) , p p . 2 62 -267 . A ld ine , C h icago . F r iedman , E . , 1 976 . A n A r chaeo log ica l S u rvey o f Makah T e r r i to ry : AS tudy i nR esou r ce U t i l iza t ion . P h .D . d i sse r ta t ion , D epar tmen t o f A n thropo logy , W .S .U . , P u l lman , WA . G ou ld , S . J . , 1 980 .L iv ing A rchaeo logy . C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P r e s s ,C amb r idge . H o lmbe rg , H e in r ich I . , 1 856 . E thnog raph ische S k izzen Übe r d i e Vö lke r d e s R us s ischen Amer ika . A c ta S oc ie ta t is S c ien t iarum F enn icae . Vo l . 4 :281-421 . H e l s ingfo r s . H oway , F .W . ,1 941 . V oyage s o f t h e " Co lumb ia " t o t h e No r thwes t C oa s t 1 787 -1790 . Mas sachuse t t sH i s tor ica lS oc ie ty ,B o s ton.
3 56 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
S .A cheson
H ud son ' s B ay C ompany , n . d . F o r tS imp son P o s tJ ou rna l , 1 834 -38 , 1 838 -40 , 1 840 , 1 841 -42 , 1 852 -53 1 855 -59 , 1 863 -66 . Hud son ' sB ay C ompany A r ch ive s ,W inn ipeg . H ud son 's B ay C ompany , n . d . F o r t S impson P o s t J ou rna l , 1 842 -43 , 1 859 -62 . P rov inc ia l A rch ive so fB r i t i sh C o lumb ia ,V i c to r ia . H ud son 's B ay C ompany , n . d . F o r tV ancouve r , C o lumb ia D epa r tmen t , D i s t r ic tF u r R e tu rn s 1 844 -1849 , B2 23 / h / l .H ud son ' sB ay C ompany A r ch ives ,W inn ipeg . H ue l sbeck , D . R . , 1 983 . Mamma ls a nd F i sh i n t h e S ub s i s tence E conomy o f O ze t te . Unpub l i shed P h .D . d i s se r ta t ion , D epar tmen t o fA n th ropo logy , W .S .U . , P u l lman , WA . H ue l sbeck , D . R . , n . d . T he E conom ic C on tex t o f Wha l ing a tO ze t te . Ms . p r e sen ted a tt h e 1th I CAES C onf e rence ,V ancouve r ,B .C . . , 1 988a . Wha l ing i nt h e P recon tac t E conomy o f t h e C en t ra l N o r thwe s t H ue lsbeck , D . R C oa s t .A r c t ic A n th ropo logy i np re s s . H ue lsbeck , D . R . , 1 988b . T he S u rp lus E conomy o f t h e C en t ra l No r thwe s t C oa s t . I n P reh is to r ic E conom ie s o f t h e P ac if ic No r thwe s t C oa s t . R e sea rch i n E conom ic A n th ropo logy S upp lemen t3 : 149 -178 ,B .L .I s aa c( e d . ) . J A IP r es s , G reenw i ch. I ngl i s ,R . I .a nd J .C . H agga r ty , n . d . P rov i s ion so rP re s t ige : AR e -eva lua t ion o ft h eE conom ic I mpo r tance o f Nooka Wha l ing . Ms . p re sen ted a t t h e 11t h I CAES C onf e r en ce ,V ancouve r ,B .C . K oo l ,R . , 1 982 . N o r thwe s tC oa s tI nd ian Wha l ing : N ew C on s ide ra t ion s . C anad ian J ou rna lo f A n thropo logy 3 : 31 -44 . K rau se , A . , 1 956 T he T l ing i tI nd ian s : R e su l t s o f aT r ip t ot h e No r thwe s tC oa s to f Ame r ica a nd t h eB e r ing S t ra i t s . T ran s la t ed b y E rna G un the r , Ame r ican E t hno log ica l S o c ie ty . S ea t t le : Un ive r s i ty o f Wa sh ing ton P re s s . L ang sdo r f f ,v on ,G .H . 1 8 13 . V oyage sa nd T rave l si nV a r iou sp a r t so ft h e Wo r ld , 1 814 d u r ing t h e Y ea r s 1 803 , 1 804 , 1 805 , 1 806 , a nd 1 807 . 2V o l . H enry C o lburn , E ng l i sh a nd F o re ign P ub l i cL ibrar y , L ondon. L an t i s s , M . , 1 938 . T he A la skan Wha le C u l t ä nd i t s A f f in i t ie s . Amer ican A n thropo log is t 4 0 :438 -464 . L an t i ss , M . , 1 940 . N o te o n t h e A laskan Wha le C u l t a nd i t s A f f in i t ie s . Amer ican A n th ropo log i s t4 2 :366 -368 . L ea the rwood , S . ,R e eve s , R .R . ,P e r r in ,W .F . a nd W .E . E van s , 1 988 . Wha le s , D o lph in s , a nd P o rpo i se s o ft h e E a s ter n N o r th P ac i f ic a nd A d jacen t Wa te r s : AG u ide t o T he i rI d en t if i ca t ion . Dov er P ub l ica t ions ,N ew Y o rk . McNea ry , S .A . , 1 976 . Whe re F i re C ame D own : S oc ia l a nd E conom ic L if e o ft h e N iska . U npub l i shed P h .D .d i s se r ta t ion ,B r yn Maw rC o l lege .
3 57 of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l I nd D eya C onf e r ence o fP r eh i s to ry :A r cha eo log i ca lT echn ique s ,T echno logy a nd T heo ry
Ma r shal ,Y . ,n . d . Wha l ing ,S ub s i s tence a nd S e t t lemen to nt h e We s t coa s to fV ancouve rI s land . I nS ay ing s o Doe sn ' t Make I tS o : E s say si nH onou ro fB . F o s sL each , D .G . S u t ton ( e d . ) ,N .Z .AA . Monog raph 1 7 ,i np r e s s . Mu rdock , G , P . , 1 934 K in sh ip a nd S oc ia l B ehav iou r Among t h e H a ida . Amer ican A n th ropo log i s t3 6 :355 -385 . Mu rdock , G ,P . , 1 936 . R ank a nd P o t la t ch Among t h eH a ida .Y a le U n iver s i ty P ub l ica t ions i n A n th ropo logy 1 3 :1 -20 . N ewcombe ,C .F . , n . d . M i sce l laneou sp ape r sf o ry ea r s 1 897 , 1 90 1 a nd 1 903 V o l . 3 5 , B r i t i sh C o lumb ia P rov inc ia lA r ch ive s ,V i c to r ia . S eve r s ,P . ,n . d . P re l im ina ry R epo r to nt h eA r cha eo log i ca lI nve s t iga t ion o fF lUa 4 ,t h e S i te o f B lue J acke t s C reek , Q ueen C ha r lo t te I s . Ms . o n f i le M in is try L ibary , M in i s t ry o f Mun ic ipa l Af a i r s ,R ec rea t ion a nd C u l tu re ,V ic to r ia . r e l im ina ry R epo r to nA r chaeo log ica lI n ve s t iga t ion sa tT ow H i l l ,G aTw 5 ,i n S eve r s ,P . ,n . d . P N a ikoon P a rk ,Q ueen C ha r lo t te I s land s . M s . o n f i l eM in i s t ry L ib ra ry , M in i s t ry o f Mun ic ipa l Af a i r s , R ec rea t ion a nd C u l tu re , V ic to r ia . S eve r s , P . , 1 974 . R e sume o f 1 973 F ie ld S ea son a tB lue J acke t s C reek , F lUa 4 , Q ueen C ha r lo t te I s land s , B .C . I nA r cha eo log ica l S a lvage P ro jec t s 1 973 ,N a t iona l Mu seum o f Man , Mer cu ry S er ies N o . 2 6 :131 -141 . S wanson , E .H . , 1 956 . Noo tka a nd t h e C a l ifo rn ia G ray Wha le . P ac if ic C on tr ibu t ion s t o K now ledge N umbe r2 20 ,V o l .6 ,A r t ic le 8 : 1 -108 . Wa sh ing ton . S wan ton ,J ,R . ,1905 . C on t r ibu t ion s t ot h eE thno logy o ft h eH a ida . Memo i r o ft h e Amer i can _Mu seum o fN a tu ra lH i s to ry ,V o l . 5 ,N ew Y o rk . Wo lman , A .A . , 1 978 H umpback Wha le . I n Ma r ine Mamma l s , D . H a ley ( e d . ) , p p . 4 6 -53 . P ac if i cS ear ch P r e s s ,S ea t t le . Wy l ie , A . , 1 982 . A n A na logy b y A ny O the rN ame i sJ u s ta sA na log ica l : AC ommen ta ry o n t h eG ou ld - Wat son D ia logue .J ou rna lo fA n th ropo log i ca lA r chaeo logy 1 : 382 4 01 . Wyl ie ,A . , 1 985 . T he R ea c t ion A ga in s tA na logy . I nA dvance si nA r chaeo log ica l Me thod a nd T heo ry ,M . S ch i f f e r( e d . ) ,V o l .8 : 63 111 .A cad em ic P r es s ,N ew Y o rk .
3 58 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
T ab le 1
Wha lebone R ecovered f rom V ar ious Ha ida a nd Noo tkan S i tes
F aT t9 F aT t2 2a F jTx 1( T le l l ) D iSo 1( He squ ia t ) O ze t te
DCATT&T
Wha le T o ta l N ISP
Mamma l N ISP
% Wha le
7 0 1 75 1 32 6 35 2 328
1 88 2 49 2 77 1 604 5 2938
3 7% 7 0% 4 7 .7% 3 9 .6% 4 . 2%
Tab le
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference 3 59of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
T ab le 2 Ha ida Wha le O i l T rade w i th F or t S impson
Y e a r
Mon th
G roup
R ema rk s
1 836 1 837 1 838
May A p r i l J une J une
S k id ega t e /Cum shewa S k id ega te S k idega t e N o r th I s land / Ma s se t
1 6p i ece sw ha lebone 1 83 g a l lon s w ha le o i l 3 00 g alon sw ha le o i la nd b one 2 0g a l lon s
1 839
S ep t emb e r
1 840
Ma r ch J u ly 1 3 w a lebone " . S ep tembe r 1 841 J u ly 1
1 842 1 853 1 856 1 857
1 858 1 859
1 862 1 863
H a ida H a ida H a ida H a ida
J u ly 2 0
H a ida
S ep t embe r J une May J une A p r i l J une A ugu s t J u ly A p r i l A ugu s t6 A ugu s t3 1 J une J u ly Ma r ch
Ma s se t 1 7g a l lon sw ha le o i l S k id eg a t e S k id ega t e S k id ega t e /K i lk i t s K a igan i S k id ega t e /K il c i t s K a igan i S k idega t e S k idega t e H a ida H a ida Ma s se t S k idega t e Ma s se t
" have g o tl i t t le o rn oo i l [ wha le ] t h i s s e a son . " " s ome w ha lebone a nd w ha le o i l " " 3g n sw ha le o i la nd 1 00 p d " 50p sw ha lebone , 7 gn sw ha le o i l 2 20 g a l lon sw ha le o i la nd 1 00 p i e ce sw ha lebone 1 0g a l lon sw ha le o i l /6 1 p i e ce s w ha lebone 9 0g a l lon sw ha le o i l aq uan t i ty o fw ha le a nd s e a lo i l 5 80 g a l lon sw ha le o i l aq uan t i ty o fw ha le o i l 1 030 g a l lon s w ha le o i l aq uan t i ty o fw ha le o i l 1 50 g a l lon sw ha le o i l " t rad ed w ha le o i l " 2 00 g a l lon so i l 7c a sk s o fo i l " t rad ing o i l " [ 9 0g a l lon sd og f ish o i l ] aq uan t i ty o fw ha le o i l
( Sou r ce : H ud son ' s B ay C ompany n . d . )
DCATT&T
Tab le
3 60 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
T ab le 3
• . • . • • . ,
T he Hudson 's B ay C ompany T rade i n Wha le P roduc t s Y ears 1 846 , 1 847 , 1 849 , a nd 1 850
Y ea r
C ommod i ty
O r ig in
D is t ina t ion
1 846 1 847 1 849 1 850
3 87 1 74 2 30 5 60
F o r t F o r t F o r t F o r t
L ondon L ondon L ondon L ondcn
DCATT &T
g a l s w ha le o i l l b sw ha lebone l b sw ha lebone l b sw ha lebone
S imp son S t ikeen S imp son S imp son
Tab le
3 6 1 of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
DCATT&T
F igure
3 62 Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1
DCATT&T
F igure
Waldren, W. H, J. A Ensenyat, and R. C Kennard. IInd Deya International Conference 3 63 of Prehistory: Recent Developments In Western Mediterranean Prehistory: Archaeological Techniques, Technology and Theory. Volume II: Archaeological Technology and Theory. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1991, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547273. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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