The Capsian of North Africa: Stylistic Variation in Stone Tool Assemblages 9780860544562, 9781407346274

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Preface
Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter I. THEORY AND METHOD
Chapter II. HISTORY OF RESEARCH ON THE CAPSIAN
Chapter III. THE ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
Chapter IV. THE DATA BASE
Chapter V. BLANK TECHNOLOGY
Chapter VI. BURINS
Chapter VII. BACKED BLADELETS
Chapter VIII. GEOMETRICS
Chapter IX. CONCLUSIONS
Appendix A FAUNAL LISTS (FRAGMENT COUNTS) FROM SITES STUDIED
Appendix B RESULTS OF SAMPLING EXPERIMENT
Appendix C RADIO-CARBON DATES FROM SITES STUDIED
Appendix D LIST OF SITE CODES
Appendix E ATTRIBUTE LISTS
Appendix F BURIN ATTRIBUTES
Appendix G BACKED BLADELET ATTRIBUTES

Citation preview

The Capsian of North Africa Stylistic Variation in Stone Tool Assemblages

Peter J. Sheppard

BAR International Series .353 1987

B.A.R.

5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR -S353, 1987: 'The Capsian of North Africa'

©

Peter J. Sheppard, 1987

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860544562 paperback ISBN 9781407346274 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860544562 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

PREFACE

The theoretical and methodological approach taken in this monograph departs substantially from standard archaeological approaches to studying stone tools. My central concern has been the development of a method to determine whether two assemblages of stone tools have been made by people sharing a common social tradition. The data used in the evaluation of this approach are from the Capsian, an Epipalaeolithic industry found in Eastern Algeria and Tunisia. In current archaeological literature the problem of separating style from "function" in stone tools is of major concern. It is generally assumed that stylistic attributes, once isolated, will shed light on prehistoric social relationships. Archaeologists studying pottery as a means of defining social traditions have not worried about this problem because they have assumed that decoration on pottery is, for the most part, not influenced by utilitarian aspects of pottery design, and is therefore, purely stylistic. In the case of stone tools the separation of morphological variation into stylistic and utilitarian components is clearly not so simple. Practical attempts to deal with this problem have started with the assumption that certain attributes are use related, or deter­ mined, and that attributes which do not co-vary with these use related attributes are, by default, stylistic (cf. Close 1977; Meltzer 1983). If, however, we seriously consider to what degree mor­ phological variation is determined by use, it becomes apparent that such determination is minor. Most, if not all, tasks performed by hunter-gatherers can be carried out using simple unmodified edges, points or surfaces. Therefore in terms of the simple style/use dichotomy the vast majority of morphological variation is stylistic; yet the widespread applicability of many of our stone tool typologies attests to the fact that people in widely seperate times and places made similar forms. Either through diffusion or independant development these people arrived at similar solutions to their design problems. Clearly part of this stylistic variability in form is not useful in isolating social groups characterized by a high or even moderate degree of social interaction. The problem has now become one of separating those aspects of form which are common to wide areas, from the remainder of non-use determined variation. My approach to this problem begins with the proposition that, given similar means (i.e. tech­ niques, raw materials), most of the similarity in tool classes over space and time is a matter of economy. In other words, disparate peoples have arrived at similar forms because those forms reduce the time, effort, or material needed to accomplish a given task. If one accepts this as a working position, there exist three major components of morphological variation; a) use-deter­ mined, b) a component strongly influenced by economy, and c) a component only slightly influ­ enced by economy (i.e., those attributes of design which do not detract from or improve economy in a major way). If it were possible to extract the last component of variation, as expressed in particular attributes, from the first two, one might see inter-site patterning indicative of small scale social groups. The method which I have used to isolate the three components of variation borrows heavily from the terminology and methods of micro-economics and decision theory. Given an hypothesis concerning the design problem to which a tool form is a solution I have attempted to predict, on the basis of least effort, the degree to which different design attributes should contribute to reduc­ tion of effort (risk+time). The result of my procedures is an ordering of design attributes. If economy plays a role in tool design, attributes most highly ranked in terms of economy should have similar values throughout regions sharing the same design problem and the same techniques and materials for its resolution. Those attributes at the bottom of the list (contributing least to effort reduction) should be more variable and more easily subject to local social forces. The ordering of attributes predicted by decision trees of attributes has been compared to the actual ordering found in the data. Subsequently, the degree to which low ranked attributes appear to be

useful in isolating groupings of Capsian sites from the same geographical region and time period has been analyzed. If the attribute's values in the obseived data match these predicted values, and if they appear to be generating time/space groupings, I have suggested that they are monitoring, to some degree, small scale social traditions. I have then used these attributes to examine the meaning of facies variation in the Capsian. The Capsian is divided into two facies (Capsien superieur and Capsien typique) on the basis of percentage variation in major tool classes. Within the last fifteen years these facies have been found to be contemporaneous, a discovery which has raised the question of whether they repre­ sent two social traditions or whether they represent activity variants within one tradition. Although I have encountered many methodological problems which have affected my study, results have been encouraging. There is often fit between the predicted and obseived ordering (preference order) of attributes, and low ranked attributes do seem to fall within time/space groupings of sites when used in a cluster analysis. However, when comparison is made between Capsien superieur and Capsien typique assemblages using these attributes there is very little seg­ regation of time/space groups according to facies, suggesting that facies differences are unlikely the result of tool production by separate social traditions. I must apologize for the tedious fonnat of the data analysis, unfortunately this is characteris­ tic of any detailed attribute analysis and I have not found any satisfactory way to sunnount this problem. The chapters on research history and the Maghreb environment are both longer and more detailed than is necessary, but because there is little written in English on these topics I felt their detail might be of interest to the general student of Mediterranean prehistory.

ii -

AKNOWLEDGMENTS

The preparation of this monograph and the thesis from which it is derived would not have been possible without the support of a great number of people. Dr. David Lubell gave me the opportunity to work on the Capsian and introduced me to the fascinating problems it poses. His support, encouragement and friendship during the last five years is ultimately responsible for whatever contribution I may have made to Capsian archaeology. Dr. Maxine Kleindienst has fostered my interest in explaining variability in stone tools. Her friendship, direction and critical evaluation of my research has had a great influence, and any contribution I may have made along theoretical lines has been directly stimulated by her work. Similarly I have a great debt to my good friend Dr. Gerry Kukan who introduced me to design theory and the problems of it's application to stone tools. Many other people have also had some part in shaping my views. I have benefited greatly from long, spirited conversations on method and theory with Dr. Bruce Schroeder; likewise Dr. Lorreta Reinhardt and Dr. Joan Davies have attempted to let the cold light of ethnographic reality temper my often untemperate generalizations. I am also indebted to Dr. J. C. Ritchie for advice 4 on environmental matters, and for paying for the C1 dates on Site 12. I am indebted to the following people in Europe and North America for permission and assistance in studying Capsian collections; Lionel Balout and Roger de Bayles des Hermens (Institute de Paleontologie Humaine: Paris), Henri de Lumley (Musee de l'Homme: Paris), Hen­ riette Camps-Fabrer and Gabriel Camps (LAPEMO: Aix-en-Provence), Gilles Cheylan (Musee de l' Histoire Naturelle: Aix-en-Provence), Pat Carter (Cambridge University) and Edson Way and the staff of the Logan Museum (Beloit Wisconsin). I especially wish to express my apprecia­ tion for the help and hospitality extended to my wife and I by the late Jean Morel (Nice); although in poor health he opened his house to us and we are sad at his passing. North African archaeol­ ogy has lost a true scholar. The study of all these collections and subsequent analysis was made possible by doctoral fel­ lowships from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. I would also like to thank many of my colleagues who have discussed various aspects of my work in particular Chris Ellis, Chris Koch, Larry Pavlish, Ruth Gothardt, John Reid, Marcia Wiseman, Jean Luc Pilon and Melissa Knauer. The appearance of many of the figures has been improved by the advice and technical exper­ tise of David Woodside. Finally I would like to thank my wife and companion Deborah Ross. She has had input at all stages of the work, assisting me in collecting the data, editing and typing the text and preparing many of the illustrations.

CONTENTS PREFACE .

.

.

.

i.

Al(NOWLEDGMENTS

i.v

Chapter

I.

page THEORY AND METHOD

1

Introduction . Research Focus . . . . . . Theoretical Approach . Decision Theory Basic Model . . . . . . . . Stone Tool Decision Model Previous Studies . . . . The Model Problem Means . . . . Laws Constraints . . . . . Utility Function . . . . Strategy . . . . . . . . Stylistic Variability . . . . . . . . . . Previous Work . . . . Definition of Stylistic Variability Hunter-Gatherer Social Interaction . Archaeological Expectations . . . . Analytical Approach . . . . . . . . . Decision Analysis Methodology I:I.

:III.

1 1 2

3 3 6 6 6 6 8 9 9

11 12 12 12 13 15 16 18 18

HISTORY OF RESEARCH ON THE CAPSIAN

20

Introduction . . . . . . . . . Early Research The Aurignacian Debate . Absolute Dating and Typology Revision 1969-1974 . . Recent Research Conclusion . .

20 21 21 27 29 32 33

. . . . . . . (1950-1969) . . . . . . . . . . .

THE ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

Introduction . Physical Environment of the Capsian Region . . Physiography Temperature Precipitation Vegetation Palaeoclimate - V -

34 34 35 36 36 37 38 38

I ntroduction Palaeoclimatic Data Climatic P eriods Summary o f Palaeoclimatic Data Couvert's Curves and the G eomorphological Data Archaeological Fauna Capsian Habitat Uniformity o f Adaptation The Capsian Adaptation and S tylistic Pattern Implications f or S tylistic Patterning IV .

THE DATA BASE

Abiod ( Morel) I I ( Camps-Fabrer

Ain Misteheyia and Kef Haua F teah ( McBurney) Analytical P otential

BLANK

4 5 4 8

Z oura

( Lubell)

6 0

I ntroduction Technological Change Blanks Blank Dimensions Blanks: Nominal Attributes S tatistical S ignificance o f Observed Variation Cores Core D imensions Cores: Nominal Attributes Dating the T echnological T ransition Explaining Variability i n Blank Technology Application of the D ecision Model to Blank T echnology Problem Means L aws o r Physical Characteristics o f the Means:

Conclusion

5 5 5 5 5 6 5 6 5 7

TECHNOLOGY

Constraints U tility Analysis The Effect o f Facies

4 9 5 0 5 0 5 3 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 5

Sampling P rocedure Chronology V .

4 2 4 2 4 3 4 4

4 9

I ntroduction Quality o f Data Vaufrey's S ites El Mekta ( Gobert) Abri C lariond ( Passemard ) S ite 1 2 ( Pond ) Kanghuet E l Mouhaäd and Dra-Mta-El-Ma-ElMedjez

3 8 3 9 3 9 4 1

o n Core F orm

6 0 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 6 7 5 7 6 7 8 8 0 8 7 9 0 9 1 9 1 9 6 9 6 9 7 9 8 1 03 1 09

VI.

BURINS

1 10

I ntroduction Decision Analysis

1 10 1 12

Problem

1 12

Means

1 13

Characteristics

of

Constraints Utility or C ost

the Means

Analysis

1 13 1 14 1 15

Analysis o f the Sample Results B lank Type

1 20 1 21 1 21

P latform Type

1 24

S ize

1 24

T ype

o f

Burination

T runcation Multiple

1 26

Type

1 27

Types

1 29

Conclusions

VII.

1 35

Preference Order Facies Differences

1 35 1 35

S tage

1 36

Variation

BACKED BLADELETS

1 37

I ntroduction

1 37

Decision Analysis

1 38

Problem

1 38

Means Design C onstraints Utility Analysis Analysis o f the Sample Problems i n Analysis Blank

Type

Extent of Length Base

1 39 1 40 1 44 1 48 1 50 1 51

Backing

1 53 1 59

S hape

1 61

Tip and Base Retouch Direction

1 67

" Side

1 73

Backed"

Conclusions Facies Differences S tage VIII.

1 76 1 77

Variation

1 78

GEOMETRICS

1 79

I ntroduction Decision Analysis

1 79 1 80

Problem Means and Constraints

on Form

Analysis o f the Sample Preliminary Analysis Dimensions Analysis

o f

o f

Geometric

1 81 1 84 Classes

Geometrics by Class

Trapezes Morphological Variation Trapeze

Dimensions

T rapeze Edge Point Triangles

Shape

Retouch

1 80 1 81

in Trapezes

1 86 1 91 1 91 1 92 1 92 1 96 2 01 2 05

Dimensions Angles Edge

2 05

and the Microburin Technique

Shape

Point Retouch Elongated Scalene

2 06 2 15

Triangles

Dimensions Angles

2 16 2 18

Edge S hape Point Retouch

2 21 2 23

Conclusions General Observation

2 26 2 26

Contingencies Between Available Means G eometric Morphology S tage, IX.

2 06 2 06

Facies

and Geographical

and

Patterning

CONCLUSIONS

2 27 2 28 2 30

Theory and Method Methodological Problems

2 30 2 32

Substantive

2 32

Conclusions

S tage Variation Facies and G eographical Variation G eographical Directions

2 32 2 33

Patterning

f or Further

Research

2 34 ..

Appendix

2 35

page

A .

FAUNAL LISTS

( FRAGMENT COUNTS)

FROM SITES STUDIED

B .

RESULTS OF

C .

RADIO-CARBON DATES FROM SITES STUDIED

D .

LIST OF

E .

ATTRIBUTE LISTS

2 75

F .

BURIN

289

G .

BACKED BLADELET ATTRIBUTES

SAMPLING EXPERIMENT

SITE CODES

ATTRIBUTES

. . 262 269

.

2 71 2 74

293

LIST OF TABLES

T able

page

1 .

Modern

C limate

o f the

S tudy Region

2 .

Large

3 .

Hunter-Gatherer Climates

4 6

4 .

Data Quality

5 0

5 .

Database by

6 .

Volume

7 .

Sampling Fractions

8 .

Blank Dimensions:

Medjez

9 .

Blank Dimensions:

Ain Misteheyia

6 5

1 0.

Blank Dimensions:

Various

6 6

1 1.

Blank Platform Type:

Medjez

1 2.

Blank Platform Type:

Various

1 3.

Blank Platform Preparation:

Medjez

1 4.

Blank Platform P reparation:

Various

1 5.

Blank Edge

I I

1 6.

Blank Edge T rimming:

1 7.

Blank Arris Number:

Medjez

1 8.

Blank Arris

Various

1 9.

Blank Outline

Shape:

Medjez

2 0.

Blank Outline

Shape:

Various

2 1.

Blank Dorsal L ipping a t

the Platform:

Medjez

2 2.

Blank Dorsal L ipping a t

the Platform:

Various

2 3.

Blank Raw Material

Game U tilized in the

S ite

Capsian

and Artifact

Excavated by

3 7 4 5

Class

5 2

Site

5 3

( Percent

T rimming:

Number:

of Aggregate)

I I

6 5

Sites I I

Medjez

6 7

S ites

Various

Type:

5 7

6 7 I I

6 8

Sites

6 8 6 9

S ites

6 9

I I

7 1

Sites

7 1

I I

7 2

S ites

Medjez

I I

7 2 I I Sites

7 3 7 3 7 4

2 4.

Blank Raw Material Type:

Various

S ites

2 5.

Results of

2 6.

C ore D imensions:

Medjez

2 7.

Core Dimensions:

Various

2 8.

Type

2 9.

Type o f Cores:

3 0.

Core P latform Preparation:

Medjez

3 1.

Core P latform Preparation:

Various

3 2.

C ores:

Type of Removals:

Medjez

3 3.

C ores:

Type of R emovals:

Various

3 4.

Core Edge Trimming:

Medjez

3 5.

C ore Edge Trimming:

Various

3 6.

C ores:

Parallel Removals:

Medjez

3 7.

C ores:

Parallel Removals:

Various

3 8.

C ore Raw Material Type:

Medjez

3 9.

Core Raw Material Type:

Various

4 0.

C ores:

4 1.

Dates

4 2.

Assigned T echnological

4 3.

Type

4 4.

Rating o f

4 5.

Results of the C ost Analysis P erformed on Cores

1 01

4 6.

Results of the Decision Analysis

1 02

4 7.

C ore Type by Facies

1 04

4 8.

C ore R emoval

1 05

4 9.

C ore P latform Preparation by Facies

1 06

5 0.

C ore Outline

1 07

5 1.

C ore

5 2.

Results

S ignificance Tests on B lank Attributes

o f Cores:

Medjez

I I S ites

7 9 8 0

S ites

8 1 I I S ites

I I S ites

I I

8 2

8 3 8 4

S ites

8 4 I I S ites

I I S ites

f or the Technological T ransition S tage

8 5 8 5 8 6 8 6 8 7 8 8 8 8

S ource

9 7

I ntensity of Activity

9 9

Type by Facies

S hape

S hape by Core Type: of

8 2

8 3

S ignificance Tests by S tage

o f Flint

7 5 7 9

I I

Various

7 4

L ower

S tage Only

1 08

S ignificance Tests:

B lank Type

1 23

- x -

5 3.

Results of S ignificance Tests: ( Distal

5 4.

Burin Dimensions

5 5.

Results of S ignificance Tests: ( Distal)

5 6.

5 7.

S pall Platform Type 1 26

C ompared to Blank Dimensions

. .

Burination Type 1 29

Locus o f Maximum T runcation Thickness by T runcation Type ( Distal) Results

of S ignificance Tests:

1 32

T runcation Type

( Distal) 5 8.

. 1 27

1 33

Results of C ontingency Table Analysis: Facets

Number

of 1 33

5 9.

Number o f Burin Facets Per Tool

1 34

6 0.

Predicted versus Observed Preference Order of Burin A ttributes

1 35

6 1.

Contingency Table Analysis

1 52

6 2.

Comparison o f Burin S pall Blanks to Burins

1 53

6 3.

C ontingency Analysis o f Extent

1 55

6 4.

Maximum Thickness

6 5.

Width by T ixier Type a nd Backing Extent

6 6.

Contingency Analysis o f Curved Versus

o f Blank Type

o f Backing

and Back T hickness

1 56 1 57

S traight

Backed Bladelets

1 58

6 7.

Backed Bladelet

Length by S ite/Stage

6 8.

C omparison o f Backed Bladelet Unretouched Blank Length

1 60

Length and 1 61

6 9.

Backed Bladelet Base S hape by S ite/Stage

1 64

7 0.

Dimensions by Base

1 64

7 1.

C ontingency Table Analysis

7 2.

Tip Retouch D irection

1 68

7 3.

Base R etouch D irection

1 69

7 4.

Results of T -Tests on T ip Thickness: Versus Unretouched

S hape o f Base

S hape

1 66

Retouched 1 70

7 5.

T ip Retouch Direction

1 71

7 6.

C ontingency Analysis o f Base Retouch Direction

1 72

7 7.

Backed Bladelets:

7 8.

Results

7 9.

Contingency Analysis

8 0.

Backed Bladelet

of

S ide Backed

T -Tests

on

1 74

" Side Backed" o f

1 75

" Side Backed"

Preference Order:

1 76

Observed Versus

Predicted

1 77

8 1.

Cramer's

V by

S tage

1 78

8 2.

Geometric

8 3.

Age

8 4.

Geometric

8 5.

Percentage

8 6.

Trapeze Angles by

8 7.

Trapeze

8 8.

Trapeze Edge

S hape

:

Edge

Three

2 00

8 9.

Trapeze

Edge

S hape

:

Edge

One

2 01

9 0.

Trapeze

Dimensions by Edge

9 1.

T-Tests

on

9 2.

Edge

9 3.

Point

One

Retouch Direction

2 04

9 4.

Point

Two

Retouch Direction

2 04

9 5.

Percentages

9 6.

Triangle

9 7.

Values

9 8.

Triangle

Edge

Shape

9 9.

Triangle

Edge

Shape Four

1 00.

Dimensions

1 01.

Triangle

Point

Two Retouch Direction

2 14

1 02.

Triangle

Point

Two Retouch Direction

2 15

1 03.

Percentages

1 04.

Dimensions

Classes by

and Facies

o f

S ite

S ites

Dimensions of

Type

Types by

S ite

Site

1 99

S hape

T hree

2 01

Shape

Triangle

Dimensions

by

2 02

of o f

2 03

Types by

S ite

2 05

S ite

Triangle Angle

o f

1 85

1 91

Three by Arris Number

of

.

1 96

T rapeze Edge

S hape

Class

1 87

Site

Dimensions by

of

Ordered by G eometric

by

Trapeze

1 84

2 08

Three

2 09

Three

Triangles by Edge

2 12 2 13 Shape

Elongated T riangles by Elongated Triangles

2 13

Site

2 16 2 18

1 05.

Comparison

o f

and Type

Frequencies

of

Elongated T riangles

6 4

2 19

1 06.

Elongated Triangle Angles

1 07.

Elongated Triangle

Edge

1 08.

Dimensions

by Edge

S hape

1 09.

Results

T-Tests

on the Dimensions

of

( ordered by Angle

Three

Two)

Shape

2 21 2 23

Three

Triangles with and without

.

2 23 of Elongated

Tip Retouch

2 24

1 10.

Elongated Triangle Point

One Retouch Direction

2 25

1 11.

Elongated Triangle Point

Two Retouch

2 26

1 12.

Comparison Region

o f

Capsian Facies

f rom the

Tdlidj & le 2 34

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

page

1 .

Decision Model

4

2 .

S tone Tool Decision Model

7

3 .

Patterns

4 .

G eneral Map of the Maghreb

5 .

C urrent

6 .

Eastern Algeria and Tunisia: S howing the ( dotted l ines) ( Elevation i n Meters)

7 .

o f Hunter-Gatherer

S ocial

I nteraction

.

1 6 2 0

Capsian Systematics Based o n Camps

( 1974)

. .

3 0

S tudy Area 3 5

A Summary of Palaeoclimatic Data f rom the Northern S ahara, Maghreb and Tibesti

4 0

8 .

S ite L ocations

5 1

9 .

Radiocarbon Chronology

5 8

1 0.

The pressure t echnique a s i llustrated by T ixier ( from Tixier 1 976: F ig 1 .)

6 1

1 1.

Mean B lank L ength,

Width a nd T hickness:

Medjez

1 2.

Mean Blank L ength,

Width a nd Thickness:

Ain

I I

Misteheyia

.

6 3

6 4

1 3.

Mean Width by Thickness,

o f Blanks by S ite/Level

8 9

1 4.

Medjez

I I:

B lank Width by S tage

9 2

1 5.

Medjez

I I:

B lank Thickness by S tage

9 3

1 6.

Kef

Z oura D :

Blank Width by S tage/Facies

9 4

1 7.

Kef

Z oura D :

Blank T hickness by S tage/Facies

9 5

1 8.

Tixier's Burin Types

1 9.

Results

2 0. 2 1.

1 963)

1 11

of C ost Analysis o n Burins

( I)

1 16

Results

o f C ost Analysis

o n Burins

( II)

1 17

Results

o f C ost Analysis

o n Burins

( III)

1 18

( after Tixier

2 2.

Type

o f

Burin Blank

2 3.

Type

o f

Surface

Removed:

1 22

f rom Which

a Burin

Spall

was

D istal

1 25

2 4.

Duncan's Multiple

2 5.

Type o f

Spall Removal

Surface

( Distal)

2 6.

Type

Spall Removal

Surface

( Proximal)

2 7.

Backed Bladlet

2 8.

Cost Analysis

o f

Backed Bladelets

( I)

1 45

2 9.

Cost Analysis

o f

Backed Bladelets

( II)

1 46

3 0.

Cost Analysis

o f

Backed Bladelets

( III)

1 47

3 1.

Extent

3 2.

Base

3 3.

Histogram of B ase

3 4.

Results

3 5.

Cluster Analysis

3 6.

Geometric

3 7.

Orientation

3 8.

Geometric

Length by Class

1 88

3 9.

Geometric

Width by Class

1 89

4 0.

Geometric

Thickness

1 90

4 1.

Histogram of Angle

One by Microburin Facet

1 94

4 2.

Histogram of Angle

Two by Microburin Facet

1 95

4 3.

Average

4 4.

Mean T rapeze W idth by Length,

4 5.

Triangle Width by

4 6.

Triangle Angle Two by Microburin Facet

2 10

4 7.

Triangle Angle One by Microburin Facet

2 11

4 8.

Elongated Triangle Width by

4 9.

Histogram of E longated Triangle Angle

o f

of

Range

Types

Test

( After

Backed Bladelet

S hapes

of

on Burin

Tixier

Length by

1 28

Site by

Site

1 963)

Backing

1 54 1 62

Shape by

S ite/Level

C luster Analysis

Types

Tip

of

Base

1 63

Shape

.

and Base Retouch Direction

Recognized by Tixier

and Loci

S ystem for

( 1963)

Geometrics

by C lass

Trapeze Angle by Length

Length,

Microburin F acet

▪ 1 31 1 38

Recorded

o f

• 1 30

by

of

by

Edge Four

S ite

1 73 1 80 1 82

1 97 1 98

S ite

Length,

1 67

2 07

by

S ite

2 17

Two by 2 20

5 0.

5 1.

Duncan's Multiple Range Angle Two

Test on Elongated Triangle

Cluster Analysis on Time and S pace S ensitive Attributes of Elongated Triangles

2 22

2 29

Chap ter I THEORY AND METHOD

Ir e a l ize t h a t wha t i so u t l ined i s amonumen ta l t a sk t h a t i se a sy t o p r e sc r ibe i n w ord s a nd v e ry d i ff icu l tt oo pe r a t iona l ize . B u tu n t i lw ef i nd t h e mean s f o rd i s t in g u ish ing b e tween s t y le a nd f un c t ion i no u r t ypo log ie s , w e c an n eve r b e s u r e o f j u s t wha ti ti so u rt ypo log ie sa r em ea sur ing ( B in f ord S . , 1 971 :206 ) .

I NTRODUCT ION S ince t h e a bove p a ssage w a s w r i t ten , much h a s b een p ub l ished o n t h e mean ing o fv a r iab i l i ty i n s t one t oo l a s semb lage s , e spec ialy w i th r e f e rence t ot h e Mou s te r ian . D e sp i te t h i s i n te re s t , n e i ther " f unc t iona l " n or " s tyl i s t ic " t ypo log ie s h ave b een d eve loped f o rt h e Mou s ter ian . Much w ork h a s b een d ed ica ted t oa s ce r ta in ing t h eu se t ow h ich s t one t oo l sw er ep u t( c f . H ayden , 1 979 ) ,b u ti nt h e i n t e r im ,i n te res ti ne xp la in ing v a r ia t ion i ns t one t oo lf o rm a ppea r st oh ave w aned . A tf i r s tg l ance , t h e d eve lopmen to ft ypo log ie sb a sed o nu se w ou ld a ppea rt op rov ide as ound e mp ir ica l b a se f o r r e so lv ing p rob lem s r a ised b y d i s t inc t , b u t c o te rm inu s a nd c on tempo raneou s , a s semb lage s . F o ri n s tance d a ta o nu se i nc on junc t ion w i th d a ta o ns ea sonal i ty c ou ld f o rm ab a s is f o r i n ve s t iga t ing t h e h ypo the s i s t h a t i n te r -a s semb lage v a r iab i l i ty r e f lec t s s ea sona l a c t iv i ty d i f f e r e nce s . H oweve r , d a ta o nt oo lu se a l one d oe s l i t t le t od emon s t ra te t h a t a s semb lage s a r e t h e p rod u c t o fo ne s oc ie ty p e r form ing d i f f e ren t a c t iv i t ie s ; t ha t t h e r e w e r e t wo o r mor e s oc ie t ie s w i th d i f f e r en t a dap ta t ion s i sa ne qua l ly p l au s ib le e xp lana t ion . I fa r chaeo log is t s w ish t o move b eyond t h e s i t e ,t ot a lk a bou ts e t t lemen ts y s t em s ,t h ey mu s tb e a b le t or e la te s i t es i ns oc ia lt e rms . And i ft h ey w i sh t o make ma jor c on t r ibu t ion s a sa r chaeo log is t st ot h eu nde r s tand ing o ft h ee vo lu t ion o fs oc ia l o rgan iza t ion s a mong h un te r -ga ther e r s , t h ey mu s t e xpand b eyond u se -wea r a nd d eve lop t ypo lo g i e sb a sed o ns t y le , a ss ugge s ted b yS a l ly B in f ord ( 1971) . F or tuna te ly i nt h el a s t f ew y ea r si n te r e s th a sb een r enewed i nt h ee xp lana t ion o ff o rma lv ar i a b i l i ty i ns t one t oo l s ( f or e xamp le C lo se 1 977 ; K ukan 1 978 ; Me l tze r 1 981 ; S acke t t 1 982 ; S t i le s 1 979 ; Wynn 1 979 ) , a nd t h e f undamen ta l p rob lems o fi s o la t ing a nd e xp la in ing f o rma l v a r iab i l i ty a r e s l ow ly b e ing r e cogn ized a nd i n ve s t iga ted . T h is monog raph i s ac on t r ibu t ion t ot h e s t udy o f t h e se p rob lems .

RESEARCH FOCUS T h ree ma jo r i s sue s w i l lb e i n ve s t iga ted i nt h is s t udy . Two a r e f undamen ta l q ues t ion s i na r chaeo l og ica l t h eory , w h i le t h e t h i rd i s as ub s tan t ive p rob lem i nt h e a r chaeo logy o ft h e Magh reb E p ipa l a eo l i th ic . B r ie f ly t h e t h r ee p rob lem s a r e : 1 )C an s t y l is t ic v a r iab i l i ty b e d emon s t ra ted i n as pe c if ic s e t o fs t one t o o l s? 2 ) I fi tc an , c an i tb e s hown t ob e c or re la ted w i th s oc ia l p roce ss s uch a s e t hn ic i ty? 3 ) A r e t h e c on tempo raneou s a nd c o te r rn inu s C aps ien s upb-i e ur a nd C aps ien t y p ique I ndu s t r ie s o ft h e Magh reb ( h e r eaf te rr e f e r ed t oa sC . s upe r ieur a nd C . t yp ique r e spec t ive ly ) s t y l is t i ca l ly s im i la ro rd i s t inc t , a nd h ow c an t h is b e s tb eu nde r s tood? O bv iou s ly c l ea ra n swe r s t ot h e se q ue s t ion s w il h ave v e ry b road , i fn o tg ene ra l , s i gn if icance . I nt h e p r esen t c a se , t h e t h eo r e t ica l a nd m e thodo log ica l p rob lem s i n vo lved i nd ea l ing w i th as pe -

c i f ic c a se , a s ar e p r e sen ta t ive o ft h el a rge rp rob lems w il b em ade e xp l ic i t , a nd a na t t emp tw il b e made t od eve lop a n a pp roach wh ich w il p rove u sefu l i nt h e i ri n ves t iga t ion . I nt h eb ody o ft h is c hap te r Iw il o u t l ine t h et h eo r e t ica la nd m e thodo log ica la pp roach t ob et a ken . T he C ap s ian i s ag ood s ub jec tf o rt h i si nqu iry f o rt h ef olow ing r e a son s : 1 .a sa ne a r ly H o lo c ene i n du s t ry t h e r e i sg ene ra l ly l i t t le d i ff icu l ty i no b ta in ing C1 4 d a te s a nd t h er efor e e s tab l i sh ing c on tempo r ene i ty o fs i tes i nt e rms o fr a d ioca rbon y ea r s , a nd 2 .o ve r t h e c ou r se o f 1 00 y ea r s o f r e sea r ch al a rge n umbe r( hund r ed s )o fC ap s ian s i te sh ave b een a nd c on t inue t ob ee xcava ted ,p ro v id ing b o th al a rge o vera l l a r t if ac t s amp le a nd s i tua t ion s w he r e an umbe r o f c on tempo raneou s s i t es h ave b een e xcava ted i n as ma l lg eog raph ica lr e g ion . T he C ap s ian i sa nE p ipa laeo l i th ic i n du s t ry ( C i rca 1 0 ,000 t o6 , 000 BP ) f ound t h roughou tt h e i n te r ior o fe a s te rn A lge r ia a nd T un is ia . T h is i ndu s t ry i sp r e sen t ly d i v ided i n to t wo ma jo rf a c ie s , C . t yp ique a nd C . s upe r ieu r . B o th f a c ies h ave am ic rol i th ic c omponen ti nt h e ir s t one t o o l a s sem b l age s ,h oweve rt h eC .t yp ique i sd i s t ingu i shed f r om t h eC .s upe r ieu rb yh av ing l a rge p e r cen tage s o f t oo l s manuf ac tu red o n b l ade s ( e .g . b u r in s , b acked b l ade s ) . R ecen t ly t h e se t wo f a c ies h ave b een f ound t o c oex is t i nt h e s ame g eog raph ica l a r ea . F ur thu r d e ta i l o n t h e C ap s ian i n dus t ry i s f ound i nC hap te r Two .

THEORET ICAL APPROACH Wh i te ( 1949 ) h a s d ef ined c u l tur e a s " . .man 's e x t ra soma t ic m ean s o f a dap ta t ion . . ." . P u t a no ther w ay , c u l tu r e c an b e s e en a st h e mean sb y wh ich h umank ind s o lve s t h e a dap t ive p rob lem s p o sed b y t h e s oc ia l a nd p hy s ica l e nv ironmen t . C u l tu re p rov ide s t h e m ean s a nd me thod s f o r m ak ing d ec i s ion s d u r ing t h e s o lu t ion o fa dap t ive p rob lems . I ta l so p rov ides t h e d ef in i t ion o fa na ccep ta b l e s o lu t ion , o rr a nge o fs o lu t ion s . F rom t h e s t one t o o l t os o c ia l s t ruc tu re , c u l tura l f o rm s c an b e v i ewed a sd e s ir ed s o lu t ion st op rob lems p r e sen ti n as p ec if ic s o c ia la nd p hy s ica lm i l ieu . V iew ing c u l tu r e i nt h is w ay p rov ide s ac ommon f r amewo rk w i th in w h ich o ne c an e xam ine a nd i n teg ra te t h ed ec i s ion -mak ing p roce s se s a nd d e s ign p rob lem s i n he r en ti nc u l tu ra l f o rm s a sd i ver se a ss t one t oo l s a nd s y s tems o f s oc ia l i n terac t ion . T he e co log ica l / sy s tem ic a pp roach h a s a i ded b o th i n d eve lop ing d e sc r ip t ion so fh ow c u l tu r a ls y s tems a r e a dap ted t ot h e ir e nv ironmen t s , a nd i ng ene r a t ing mode l s o f c hange a tt h e l e ve l o f t h e s y s tem , b u t t o d a te a r chaeo logy h a s l a cked t h eo ry e qu iva len tt ot h a tp rov ided f o rb io logy b yg ene t ic s a nd n a tu ra ls e lec t ion ( Boehm 1 978 ; R iche r son 1 977 ; R u tz 1 977 ) . An a pp roach b a sed o n d ec is ion t h eory , h oweve r , a l low s t h e e xam ina t ion o f s oc io / cu l tu ra l a dap ta t ion a s ad ec is ion -mak ing p roce s s o ccu r r ing a tt h e l e ve l o ft h e i n d iv idua l ; a p roces sa na logou si nf unc t ion t on a tu ra ls e lec t ion . T ha ti s ,d ec i s ion s a r e made b e tween a va i lab le o p t ion s o nt h eb a s is o fc on s t ra in t s emana t ing f r om t h e s oc ia l , c u l tu ra l , a nd p hy s ica le nv ironmen t ( i . e . t h e a dap t ive p rob lem r equ ir ing ad ec is ion , a nd t h e c u l tur a l a nd p hy s ica l m ean s a va i lab le f o r i t ' s r e so lu t ion ) a nd t oge the r t h ese f o rce s a s sume t h e r o le p l ayed b y t h e n a tur a l e nv ironmen t i n n a tu ra ls e lec t ion . I n t h is s t udy Iw i l l a pp ly " dec is ion t h eo ry " t ot h e i n ve s t iga t ion o f v a r ia t ion i n s t one t o o l f o rm .

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DECISION THEORY D ec i s ion t h eory i so ne membe ro f al o o se g roup o fa pp roach e st op rob lem s o lv ing , wh ich i n c lude g ame t h eory a nd l i nea rp rog r amm ing ( Buck le ra nd N u t in i 1 969 ) . A l though i ti sc ommon ly c a l led " t heo ry " , i ti sa c tua l ly a c oncep tua l a pp roach wh ich o n ly d eve lop s t h e p ower o f t h eo ry when a s sump t ion s a r e made a bou tt h e n a tu r e o ft h e g oa l s o fp rob lem s o lv ing ( i . e . , o p t im iz ing c er ta in c r i t e r ia ) . T h is " t heo ry " h a s b een d eve loped p r ima r i ly i nE conom ic s , w her e i tf o rms t h e b a s is o f M ic ro -econom ic s ,a nd t h et h eory o ft h ef i rm ( Do r fman e ta l . 1 958 ; L uce a nd R a if f a 1 957 ) . A pp l ica t ion so fd ec i s ion t h eory i nt h es oc ia ls c iences h ave b een q u i te b road ( c f . B uck le ra nd N u t in i 1 969 ) , a nd a pp roache s d eve loped f r om f o rma l is t e conom ic s h ave al ong h i s tory i ns oc ia l a n th ropo logy ( He r skov i tz 1 952 ; Moo re 1 957 ; B a r th 1 959 ; D avenpo r t 1 960 ; B u r l ing 1 962 ) . R ecen t ly s oc ia l a n th ropo log i s t s a nd a r chaeo log is t s i n te re s ted i ns ub s i s tence a nd s e t t lemen t s t ra t e g ie sa mong h un t e r -ga the re r sh ave a dop t ed d ec is ion t h eory ( J och im 1 976 :190 ) , a nd i np a r t icu la r , h ave b or rowed o p t ima l f o r ag ing t h eo ry f r om e co logy (W in te rha lde r a nd Sm i th 1 981 ; E a r le a nd C h r i s ten son 1 980 ) . B eyond t h ee xp lana tory p o ten t ia l a nd p owe ro ft h eo r ie s s uch a so p t ima l f o r a g ing , l i e s t h e ir g r ea t u t i l i ty i n s ha rpen ing u nde r s t and ing o f t h e p rob lems t o wh ich t h ey a r e a pp l ied . S uch t h eo r ie s f o r ce u s t o make e xp l ic i t a s sump t ion s a nd t oi d en t ify t h e v a r iab le s a nd c on s t ra in t sa c t ing w i th in t h es y s tem u nde ri n ves t iga t ion . S uch i st h en a tu r eo fa ny e xpl ic i tt h eory . H owever , a sp r ev iou s ly n o ted , d ec is ion t h eory c an p rov ide af r amewo rk f o r d i scu ss ing a dap t ive p rob lems a sp o sed b y a ny i t em o fc u l tu r e , a te i the rt h e s c a le o ft h e i n d iv idua l o rt h e c u l tu ra l s y s t em ,a nd c an p rov ide al a nguage u sefu lf o rt h ei n teg r a t ion o ft h et wo .

BASIC MODEL D ec is ion t h eory a ccep t s o ne b a s ic a s sump t ion : t h a t h uman s a r e " r a t iona l " d ec is ion -make r s . R a t iona lb ehav iou rd oe sn o tn ece ssa r i ly i mp ly o p t im iza t ion o fa ny c r i te r ia , a l though t h a ti s ap a r t o fm any a pp l ica t ion so fd ec i s ion t h eo ry . R a t iona ld ec i s ion -mak ing o n ly i mp l ie st h a td ec is ion sb e made c on s is ten t ly , a cco rd ing t o a nd w i th in ap a r t icu la r c u l tu ra l c on tex t . R a t iona l b ehav iou r i n t h e c on tex to fo ne c u l tu re n eed n o tb e r a t iona l i na no th er . A l though c on su l ta t ion o f omen s may a ppea ri r ra t iona li no ur c u l tu r e , i no t he rc u l tu re s i tmay b e ar a t iona l m e thod o fd ec is ion mak ing a tt h ep rox ima ll e ve lo fc au sa t ion w i th in t h ec u l tu r e , a sw el a sa tt h e u l t ima te l e ve lo fe co log ica l a dap ta t ion t os i tua t ion s o fu nce r ta in ty a nd i n comp le te k now ledge (Moo re 1 957 ) . F igu r e 1i lu s t r a te st h ee s sen t ia lc omponen t so f ad ec i s ion -mak ing mode l . T he p rob lem ( s ee f i gu r e 1 ) ,a sn o ted p r ev iou s ly ,c an r a nge f r om h ow t od es ign as t one t oo lt o a ch ieve ac er ta in t a sk ,t oh ow t om in im ize t h er i sk o fs t a rva t ion i na nu np red ic tab le e nv ironmen t . P rob lem sp er s ea r e s o lved ( o rn o ts o lved ) b y i n d iv idua l s o rg roup s o fp eop le . L ong t e rm p rob l em s s uch a ss t ab le a dap ta t ion t oe nv ironmen ta l c yc le s l onge rt h an al i f e span c an a l so b e s o lved b yn a tu ra ls e lec t ion o pera t ing o nc u l tu ra ls y s tems , a s made man if e s tt h rough i n d iv idua ld ec i s ion s . A va i lab le m ean s i n c lude r e sou rce s , b o th p hy s ica l a nd s o c ia l , wh i le t e chn ique s c an i n c lude s uch t h ing s a s manuf ac tu r ing t e chn ique s a nd m e thod s o fs oc ia l i n teg ra t ion . K now ledge i n c lude s k now ledge o f r e sour ce s a nd t e chn ique s , b u t mo s t i mpor tan t ly , i ti n c lude s k now ledge o f p a s t a ccep tab le s o lu t ion s t ot h ep rob lem o r s t ra teg ie s f o r i t s s o lu t ion ( i . e . , c u l tu r a l f o rms d e s igned t o s o lve t h ep rob lem ) . I t may b e( a nd u sua l ly i s ) t h e c a se t h a t as o lu t ion w i l l b e a dop ted a s ac om p l e t ew ho le f r om t h ec u l tu r a lr e per to i re ;h oweve r ,l o ca l s i tua t iona lc ha rac te r is t ic si mp ing ing u pon t h e d e s ign o r s o lu t ion w i l l o f t en r equ ir e mod if ica t ion o f t h e b a s ic d e s ign s t ored i nt h e c u l tu ra l r epe r to i re . T he d eg ree o ft h is mod if ica t ion w il d epend u pon t h en a tu r e o ft h e s i tua t iona l c ha rac t e r is t ic s : f o re xamp le , m ino rd e ta i l s o fs t one t oo l d e s ign ( s uch a st ho se c ommon ly t h ough tt ob e " s ty l is t ic " ) may r ef l ec t e i the rt h e i d io sync ra t ic v a r ia t ion o f at e acher p e rpe tua ted a mong h i s /he r s t uden t s ,o rt h ep roper t ie so fl o ca lr aw m a t e r ia l . T he b a s ic f e a tu re so f ad e s ign , h oweve r , s uch a s t h ose r e la ted t oi t s u l t ima te t a sk ( e .g . , p ene t ra t ing q ua l i t ie s ) , m ay b e much l e ss a f f ec ted b y s i tu a t iona lv a r iab il i ty , a nd t h er efo r ew il r e f lec t ab a s ic c u l tu ra l ( o rp an -cu l tu ra l ) c ho ice . T h i s i nt u rn w il r e f lec ts o lu t ion st og ene ra lp rob lem sf a ced b yp eop le t h roughou t ac u l tu r eo rr e g ion , p l u st h e

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A . AP rob lem B . A va i lab le m ean s 1 .K now ledge 2 .R e sou rce s 3 .T echno logy C . " Law s "o rc ha rac te r is t ics o ft h e mean s ( e .g . ,n a tu re o fr aw ma te r ia l s ,n u t r i t iona l c on ten t so ff ood ) D . C on s t ra in t so rd e s ir ed c ha rac te r is t ic so ft h e s o lu t ion ( e .g . ,n u t r i t iona lr equ i remen t s ) E . U t il i ty F unc t ion o rc o s t so ft h es o lu t ion ( i . e . ,c o s tm ea su r ed i nt ime ,e ne rgy ) F . S t ra tegy o fS o lu t ion ( e .g . , max im iza t ion o fd e s ign e f ec t ivene ss ,m in im iza t ion o f e ne rgy o rt ime o u tpu t , s a t isf ac t ion o fm in imum l e ve l o fa sp i ra t ion ) ( af t e rS imon 1 981 :135 ) .

F igu re 1 : D ec i s ion Mode l

p a s t h i s to ry o fd ec i s ion -mak ing i n vo lv ing t h e se p rob lem s . T he p a s t h i s tory o fp rob lem s o lv ing c an b ev ery i mpor tan ti ni nf luenc ing t h e d i r ec t ion i nw h ich n ew s o lu t ion s a r e s ough t . T he e x i s t i ng d e s ign g ene ra l ly p rov ide s t h e b a se f r om w h ich n ew d e s ign s a r e g enera ted . I na dd i t ion , t h e p a r t icu la rh i s to ry o fc ho ice m ay h ave l e dt o ap o in t whe r e i ti sd i ff icu l t , o ri n ef i c ien t , t oj ump o r b ack t rack t o ar a d ica l ly n ew d e s ign ( C la rke 1 978 :65 ) . F o re xamp le , p eop le who o ve rt h ou sand s o fy ea r s h ave d eve loped au n if ac ia l t o o l d e s ign a nd t h e a s soc ia ted t e chn ique s a nd m e thod s , a r e n o t l i ke ly , u nder mo s t c i rcum s tance s , t os udden ly s w i tch t o ab i f ac ia l t e chno logy ( a l though s e e R en f r ew 1 978 ,f o r ad i scu s s ion o fi n nova t ion a nd c a ta s t rophe t h eo ry ) . ' L aw s ' , o r c ha rac te r is t ic s o f t h e m ean s , a r e t h e u l t ima te f a c to r s l im i t ing d e s ign s o lu t ion s . T he se c ou ld i n c lude t h e s i ze a nd a va i lab i l i ty o f r aw ma te r ia l s a nd t h e ir p hy s ica l p rope r t ie s , o r e nv ironmen ta l c ha rac te r i s t ics s u ch a s p opu la t ion c a r ry ing c apac i ty , a va i lab i l i ty o f w a t e r , a nd o the rf i xed p a rame t er s . I ng ene ra lt h e se a r e c ha rac ter i s t ic s o ft h ep hy s ica l w o r ld o re nv i ronmen t o u t s ide t h es y s tem u nde rc on s ide ra t ion . C on s t ra in t sa r et h ed e s i red c ha rac te r i s t ic so ft h e s o lu t ion . I nt h ed i e tp rob lem a si n ve s t iga ted b y p eop le i n t er e s ted i ns ub s i s tence b ehav iou r , t h e c on s t r a in t s c an b e s pec if ied a s t h e m in ima l n u t r i t iona l r equ i remen t s f o r ah ea l thy d i e t ( Ch r is ten son a nd E a r le 1 981) . I n t h e e t ic a pp roach a dop ted b yt h eo p t ima lf o r ag ing t h eo r i s t , t h er e sea r ch g oa l i st os e e whe ther b a s ic b i o log ica l c on s t ra in t s a l low p r ed ic t ion o f c u l tu ra l b ehav iou r . C on s ide r a t ion o f v a lue s y s tems o r p r ef e r ence o rde r s i sg ene ra l ly n o tp a r to ft h ea pp roach ( b u ts e e J och im 1 976 ) ; a l lc on s t ra in t s a r e a s sumed t o b e i n dependen t , a nd t o h ave e qua l w e igh t o r v a lue . Un f or tuna te ly mo s t p rob lems c anno t b e r e duced t os uch as imp le f o rm , a sd ec is ion -mak ing o f ten i n vo lve s t r ade -of f s a mong c omp e t ing

4

( no t i ndependen t ) c on s t r a in t s w i th d i f f er en t w e igh t s o rv a lue s . T he me thod u sed t or e so lve t h is p rob lem , i st oc on s t ruc t ap r ef e r ence o rder o ft h e c on s t ra in t s a c t ing w i th in t h e s y s tem u nde rc on s i dera t ion i no rde ro fi mpo r tance o rw e igh t . T he refo r e t h e f i r s t c on s t ra in t w il h ave t h e g rea te s t e f f ec to nt h e d e s ign , w h i le t h el a s tw il h ave t h e l e a s t . I ti sa l so i mpor tan tt os t udy t h e i n te r r e la t i on sh ip s b e tween c on s t r a in t s ( v a r iab le s ) o pe ra t ing w i th in t h e s y s tem u nder s t udy . A r e t h ey i n te r re la ted o r i n dependen t ? A r e h eav i ly w e igh ted c on s t ra in t s d om inan t i no ne p a r t o ft h e s y s t em , a nd l e s s s oi na no the r , t h e r eby a l low ing c on s t ra in t s w i th l ow w e igh tt oa s sume mo re i mpo r t a nce? O bv iou s ly t h e e s tab l ishmen t o f ap r ef e rence o rde r , a nd t h e s t udy o f t h e r e la t ion sh ip s a mong c on s t ra in t s , a r e t h e mo s t d if i cu l t a spec t s o f d ec i s ion a na ly s i s . T hey r equ i re a g ood k now ledge o ft h e p rob lem , a nu nde r s tand ing o ft h e c u l tu ra l v a lue s o ft h e d ec is ion -make r , a nd a d e ta i led u nder s tand ing o fi n te rac t ion a mong s t c on s t ra in t s . A l though , o nt h e s u r f ace , t h is make s t h ed ec i s ion t h eory a pp roach s e em i mpo s s ib le when s t udy ing p reh i s to r ic d ec is ion -mak ing , w ed o p osses s , a s i nt h e c a se o f s t one t o o l s , t h e r e su l t s o f p r eh i s to r ic d ec i s ion s . G iven t h e r e su l t s o f d ec i s ion -mak ing , i ts e em s p o s s ib le t o w ork b ackwa rd t o t h e c on s t ra in t s a nd t h e p rob lems t o wh ich t h ey r e la te ( K le ind ien s t a nd K e l le r 1 976 ) . T h is c an b e d one t h rough ap roce ss i n vo lv ing t h ec on s t ruc t ion o f mode l s o ft h ec on s t ra in t s o per a t ing o nt h e s y s tem i nq ue s t ion , a nd t h e t e s t ing o ft h e se mode l s u s ing t h e r e su l t s o fp r eh i s to r ic d ec is ion s ( e .g . , s t one t o o l s , s i te l o ca t ion s ) . T he p rob lem s a nd me thod s a s soc ia ted w i th t h i s p rocedu re w il b e d i scu s sed i ns ub sequen t s e c t ion s d evo ted t ot h ed eve lopmen to fs pec if ic mode l s . " U t i l i ty f unc t ion " i s at e rm u sed i nM icro -econom ic st or e f e rt ot h em a thema t ica lf o rmu la b y wh ich t h ec o s to f ap a r t icu la rp rob lem s o lu t ion i se va lua ted . " Cos t " i n modem E conom ic si sg en e r a l ly mea su r ed i nt e rm so fd ola r s ; h oweve r ,t ime , e fo r t , a nd r i sk a r e a l so a pp rop r ia te mea su r e s , w h i le a l l o ft h e se c ou ld c once ivab ly b e s ub sumed u nde r am ea su r e o f e ne rgy e xpend i tu r e . I t w ou ld s e em t h eo r e t ica l ly p o s s ib le , b u t d i ff i cu l t , t om ea su r e t h e e ne rgy c o s t o f d i f f eren t d e s ign s o lu t ion s ,e spec ia l ly w i th r e f er ence t os t on e t oo l manu f ac tu r e ,b u ti nt h is s t udy Iw i l lu se r e la t ive e f for t a s amea su re o f c o s t . T he a na ly s is u nde r taken i nt h i s s t udy w il n o t r e ach t h e s t age o f d eve lopmen t w he re q uan t i ta t ive e va lua t ion o f au t i l i ty f unc t ion u s ing l i nea r p rog r amm ing t e ch n iques w il b e p os s ib le o r c on s ide r ed . A s se s smen t w il b e a t temp ted u s ing d ec i s ion t r ee s a nd q ua l i ta t ive a s s ignmen to fe f f o r t . S t ra tegy o fs o lu t ion r e f e r st ot h et y pe o fs o lu t ion o ft h eu t i l i ty f unc t ion j udged a ccep tab le . I n b u s ines s ,p rof i t max im iza t ion i sd e s ir ed , wh i le a mong o p t ima lf o r ag ing t h eo r is t s ,m in im iza t ion o f t ime i sg ene ra l ly a s sumed . Many d i f f e ren ts t ra teg ie s a r e a va i lab le ( s ee J och im 1 976 :6 f o rd i scu s s i on ) ;h oweve ra u tho r sd ea l ing w i th n o rma lh uman d ec is ion -mak ing s ugge s tt h a tr a ther t h an o p t i m iz ing , p eop le s imp ly l o ok f o r as o lu t ion wh ich s a t isf ie s ac e r ta in l e ve l o f a sp i ra t ion ( E inho rn a nd H oga r th 1 981 ; J och i rn 1 976 ; S imon 1 956 ) . I n f a c t , amomen t ' s r ef l ec t ion s how s t h a t e ven s imp le p rob lems a r ev e ry d i ff icu l tf o rt h eu na ided m ind t oo p t im ize , wh i le e ven mode ra te ly c om p l ex p rob lems r equ ir e a n i n to le rab le a moun t o f c ompu t ing t ime ( S imon 1 981 :139 ) . A l though o p t im iza t ion a tt h el e ve lo ft h ei n d iv idua l may n o tb ep os s ib le ,i ti sc once ivab le t h a to p t im iza t ion , o rn ea ro p t im iza t ion , m ay o ccu ra tt h el e ve lo ft h e c u l tu r a l s y s tem a s ar e su l to fs e lec t ion o ccu r r i ng o ve r ac on s ide r ab le p e r iod . I nt h is t h e s is Iw il g ene r a l ly a s sume : t h a th un te r -ga the re r st e nd t om in im ize e f for tt oa na c cep tab le l e ve l ,g i ven t h ec on s t ra in t so pe r a t ing ; a nd t h a to ve rt ime ( hun d r ed so fy ea r s ) ,t h rough e xpe r imen ta t ion a nd s ub sequen ts e lec t ion ,n ea r -op t ima l s o lu t ion s w il b e o b ta ined f o r r e cu r r ing o r c on t inu ing p rob lem s , a tl e a s t a st h ey i n vo lve t h e c on s t ra in t s w i th t h e h ighe s tw e igh t .

5

S TONE TOOL DECISION MODEL P rev ious S tud i es V e ry f ew s t ud ie so fs t one t oo l sh ave e xp l ic i t ly v i ewed t h em a ss o lu t ion st od e s ign p rob lem s , a nd f ewe rs t il h ave f o cu sed o nd ec i s ion -mak ing i nt h e d e s ign o fs t one t oo l s . K le ind ien s ta nd K e l ler ( 1976 ) f i r s t p r e sen t ed t h e s ugge s t ion t h a t s t one t oo l s s hou ld b e v i ewed a s i t em s d e s igned t o a ccommoda te o rm ee tt h er equ ir emen t s o f ad ynam ic s y s tem o fc on s t ra in t s . T hey s ugge s ted t h a t g i ven t h e s o lu t ion ( s tone t o o l )i tm igh tb ep os s ib le t ow o rk b ack t h rough t h es y s t em o fc on s t r a in t s i mp ing ing o nt h ed e s ign ,t ot h ep rob lem ( u se i n ap a r t icu la rc on tex t ) ( K le ind ien s t 1 979 :60 ) . S uch a na pp roach h a sb een d eve loped a nd a pp l ied b yK ukan ( 1978 ) . B u i ld ing u pon c oncep t sp roposed b yt h e d e s ign t h eo r i s tD av id P ye ( 1964 ) , K ukan d eve loped t h eo ry a nd t e s t i mp l ica t ion s c once rn i ng t h eh a f t ing o fm ic ro l i th s f r om t h e E p ipa laeo l i th ic o ft h e L evan t . A s ide f r om t h i s p i onee r ing w ork ,l i t t le a r chaeo log ica lp rog re ss h a sb een m ade i nt h ed i r ec t ion ss ugge s ted b y " des ign t h eo ry " . W i th r e f e rence t od ec i s ion t h eory ,t h eo n ly s t udy e xp l ic i t ly c once rned w i th s t one t o o l s a st h e p roduc t o fc on sc iou s d ec is ion -mak ing i st h a t o fB onn i schen ( 1 977 ) . T h rough ac omb ina t ion o f e xpe r imen ta nd o b se rva t ion ,a nd w i th t h ea s s is tance o fY oung ( 1976 ) ,B onn ischen h a sf o cused o n d i scove r ing t h e " cu l tu r a l r epe r to ir e " ( Young 1 976 ) , o r " d ec i s ion mode l s " ( Bonn i schen 1 977 :67 ) u sed b yp r eh i s tor ic c r a f t smen i nt h e manuf ac tu r eo fi n d iv idua l s t one t oo l s ( b if ace s ) . T he e mpha s i si nt h i s a pp roach h a sb een o nt h ed esc r ip t ion o f pr eh i s to r ic d ec is ion -mak ing , wh i le e xp lana t ion o fv a r iab i l i ty h a sp roven d i f f icu l t( Young 1 976 :78 ) . T he o n ly a u tho ra sy e tt oa pp ly a" game theo re t ic " o re conom ic d ec i s ion t h eo ry a pp roach i n t h e s t udy o f s t on e t o o l s i sG o rman ( 1979 ) . H is s t udy i sc once rned w i th t h e managemen t o f g round s t one " i nven to r ie s " a tt h e J o in t S i te , a nd i sn o t s pec if ica l ly c once rned w i th t o o l d e s ign . T he refo r e , a l though c on s ide ra t ion s o f d e s ign a nd /o r d ec i s ion -mak ing a r e i mp l ic i t , o r p a r t ia l ly e xp l ic i t ,i n many a pp roache st ot h es t udy o fv a r iab i l i ty i ns t one t o o l s ,n o o ne h a s y e ta t temp ted t o f u l ly i n teg r a te t h et wo a pp roache s i na ne xp l ic i t manne r . I nt h e f o l low ing s e c t ion Iw i l l a t temp t t op r esen ts uch a na pp roach .

THE MODEL F igu r e 2p re sen t st h eb a s ic f e a tur e s o f ad ec i s ion mode la sa pp l ied t os t one t oo l s . Iw il o u t l i ne i nd e ta i lt h ec ha rac te r is t ic so fe ach s egmen to ft h e mode l .

P rob l em T he f i r s ts t ep i nt h ea pp l ica t ion o ft h ed ec i s ion t h eo ry a ppr oach i st os t ipu la te t h ep rob lem ( s ) t o wh ich at o o l i s as o lu t ion . T he p rob lem c an b e s t a ted a tv a ry ing l e ve l s o fs pec if ic i ty , r ang ing f r om " p rocu r ing f ood " t o " i n s tan t ly k il ing s ma l l b rown r a bb i t s a t ad i s tance o f2 5 y a rd s i n a n o pen e nv ironmen t . " T he f i r s ts t a temen ti sc l ea r ly t oo g ene ra l ,w h i le t h e s e cond i so ve r ly s pec if ic , a nd p robab ly i mpo s s ib le t od e te rm ine . F o rt h e a na ly s is o fs t one t oo l s , as t a temen t s uch a s : " t h is t oo li sd e s igned t op i e r ce a nd c u tf l esh wh i le h af t ed t o al i gh t s haf t wh ich i sp ropeled t ot h e t a r g e t " , i s much mor e u sefu l . T h i s s t a temen t s ugge s t s t h e i mpor tan t c ha rac te r is t ic s o ft h e d es ign p rob lem ,a vo id ing i mpo s s ib le s pec if ic i ty . H ypo these sr e ga rd ing t h e d e s ign p rob lem c an b e d eve loped u s ing t h re e a pp roach es : u se w ea ra na ly s i s ; e t hnog r aph ic a nd a r chaeo log ica l a na logy ; a nd c on s ide r a t ion o ft h e d e s ign c har ac t e r is t ics o fa ni mp lemen t . U se -wea r a na ly s i s i s ap ower fu l t e chn ique , w i th t h e p o ten t ia l f o r d e te rm in ing t h e n a tu re o f c on tac t ma te r ia l ( s ) , a sw el a s t h e d i r ec t ion a nd f o rce o f a pp l ica t ion o f a n e dge o r p o in t . I ti s

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( A )P rob lem : 1 .T r ia l Hypo the s i s g ene ra ted f r om : a /a na logy ; b /u se -wear , c /b a s ic d e s ign c ha rac te r i s t ic s . ( B ) Mean s :

1 .A va i lab le s t one . 2 .T echn ique s : a /b lank p roduc t ion ; b /b l ank f o rm ing .

( C )L aw s :

1 .P rope r t ie so fr aw ma ter ia l : a /s i ze ; b /' workab i l i ty ' . 2 .C ha rac ter i s t ic so ft e chn ique s : p hy s ic so ft h ep roce s se s .

( D ) C on s t ra in t s : ( p r ef e renc eo rde r ) 1 .U se : d e s i red r e su l t ( e .g . ,p ene t ra t ion , c u t t ing ) 2 .E conomy : ( va r iab le ) a /s t r eng th ; b /r e la t ion sh ip t o o the rs y s tem s ; c /u se l if e ; d /s oc ia lc on s t ra in t s . ( E ) U t i l i ty F unc t ion :

( F ) S t ra tegy :

C o s ti ne f o r t ( r i sk +t ime ) .

P roduce af o rm ,g i ven t h em ean s , wh ich m ee t st h ec on s t ra in t s a t r e la t ive ly l ow c o s t .

F igu r e2 : S tone T oo lD ec i s ion Mode l

d eba tab le , h oweve r , w he the ra ni t em d es igned t ob e h a f ted a nd u sed a s s ugges ted ( f o ri n s tance a l i gh t a r row ) , w ou ld e xh ib i t much w ea r . I n a dd i t ion , t h e c on t ex t o fi t s u se a nd d i sca rd m igh t b i a s r e covery o fu t i l ized e xamp le s f r om t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd ( e .g . , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t mo s tu nb ro k en b acked b l ade le t s r e cove r ed h ave n eve r b een u sed ) . S uch p rob lem s a s ide , t h e f a c t r ema in s t h a tt od a te f ew c omp rehen s ive s t ud ie s h ave b een c a r r ied o u t . A l though u se -wea ra na ly s is c ou ld b e ap ower fu l a d junc t i ne xp la in ing t oo l f o rm a nd d e te rm in ing t h e p rob lem s t o wh ich d i f f er en t f o rms a r e s o lu t ion s , t h et ime a nd e xpe r t ise n ece s sa ry t op e r fo rm aw ea ra na ly s is a r en o tp r esen t ly a va i lab le t o me . T he s econd , a nd mos tc ommon ly u sed a pp roach i n vo lve st h e a pp l ica t ion o fe thnog raph ic a nd a r chaeo log ica l a na logy . T he p r eh i s tor ic u se o f at oo l i sd e te rm ined b y c ompa r ing t h e p r eh is tor ic f o rm w i th s im i la rf o rms w i th k nown u se s , w he the rt h e se b e moder n , e t hnog raph ic , o rp r eh is tor ic e xamp le s . F or i n s tance t h e u se o fp r eh is tor ic m ic ro l i th s c ou ld b e i n f e r r ed f r om t h e i rh i s to r ic u se

a mong t h eS an ( Deacon 1 976 ) ,a nd /o rb yt h e ir p ro to -h i s to r ic u se i nE gyp t( C la rk 1 977 ) , a nd /or b y t h e i r k nown a r chaeo log ica l u se a ts pec if i c p l ace s a nd t ime s ( a s h af t ed e l emen t s o f p re served a r row s ) . C au t ion mu s tb ee xer c ised i nt h eu se o ft h is a pp roach , a sf o rm d oe sn o tn ece ssa r i ly f o l l ow f unc t ion ( Pye 1 964 ) ; a nd t h is i se spec ia l ly t r ue w hen au se i si mpu ted t o a n e n t i re c l a s s o f t oo l s . T he a s soc ia t ion o fd i hed r a lb u r in si nF rance w i th b one i n c is ion d oe sn o tn ece s sa r i ly i mp ly s im i la r u se s f o r t r unca t ion b u r in s i nN or th A f r ica o r A u s t ra l ia ( Hayden 1 979 ) , o r e ven F rance ( Bo rde s 1 965 ) . Any h ypo the se sd e r ived b ya na logy mu s tb et e s ted b yo t he r mean s . T he t h i rd a pp roach i n vo lve s t h e e va lua t ion o f t h e d e s ign c ha rac te r is t ics o f t h e t o o l t he a r rangemen to fe dge sa nd p o in t s( Kukan 1 978 ) ,s i ze , ma te r ia l -i na na t t emp tt oj udge h ow t h et o o l m igh t b e s t h ave b een h e ld a nd a pp l ied ( e .g . , h af ted /hand -he ld , s c r ap ing /p ierc ing /cu t t ing , h eavy d u ty a pp l ica t ion / l igh td u ty a pp l ica t ion ) . I tmu s tb e r e a l ized ,h oweve r ,t h a tt h is a pp roach i sc ond i t i oned b y f a c to r s s uch a s a va i lab le a na logy ( K le ind ien s t a nd Wa t son 1 956 ) a nd modem mo to r h ab i t s( K le ind ien s ta nd K ele r 1 976 ) . R ega rd le s so fo the rc on s ide ra t ion s s uch a st h e a s sump t ion s o fl e a s t e for t , t h e p hy s ica l c ha rac te r i s t ic s o fh uman h and s , t a sk ma te r ia l s , a nd f l in t t o o l s c an b e e xpec ted t oi mpo se c on s t ra in t so nt o o lf o rm ( Pye 1 964 ) . I nt h is s t udy Iw i l lu se a l lt h r ee o ft h e a pp roaches o u t l ined a bove t od eve lop at r ia lh ypo the s i s c once rn ing t h e p rob lem ( s ) s o lved b y e ach b a s ic t o o l d e s ign . F or ag i ven h ypo the t ica l p rob l em , Iw il t h en d eve lop i mp l ica t ion sf o rs t one t oo ld es ign g i ven t h e a va i lab le mean s . T he r e su l t w il b e ad e ta i led mode lo ft h e c on s t ra in t s o pe ra t ing o n t h e d e s ign , w i th e xpec ted v a lue s f o rt h e d if er en t a t t r ibu te s o b served o nt h e s t one t o o l s . T he f i tb e tween t h e o b se rved a nd e xpec t ed w il s e rve a s at e s to ft h ea dequacy o ft h e mode lo fc on s t ra in t so p e r a t ing o nt h ed es ign . T h i s a pp roach c an b e a ccu sed o fc i rcu la r i ty i nt h a tt h e d a ta ( s tone t o o l s ) u sed i np a r tt og ene ra te t h e mode l , a r e a l so u sed t ot e s ti t . H oweve r , i tc an b e d ef ended b y v i r tue o ft h e f a c tt h a t : ( a ) t h e c ha ra c te r is t ic s o ft h et o o l s u sed t og ene ra te t h e mode l a r e v e ry g ene ra l ( e .g . , " po in tedne s s " ) wh i le t h e o b ser ved a t t r ibu tes a r ev e ry s pec if ic ( e .g . ,p o in ta ng le ,w id th / leng th ) ; a nd ( b ) s i nce t h e mode li sd ynam ic , i t s hou ld a l so b e a b le t op red ic t r e spon se s t oc hange s i nt h e m ean s ( r aw ma te r ia l s , t e chn iques ) a s w el a ss pa t ia l a nd t empor a lv a r ia t ion i ns oc ia lc on s t ra in t s ( s ee b e low ) . I na dd i t ion , t h eo b jec t ive o ft h i s a na ly s is i sn o tt od e te rm ine t h ee xac t u se o f at o o l f o rm , b u tt od eve lop ad ynam ic mode l o ft h es y s t em o fc on s t ra in t so pe r a t ing o n as pec if ic t o o lf o rm wh ich c an b eu sed t oe xp la in v a r ia t i on i ni t sf o rm . U l t ima te ly ,t h eg oa li st ob e a b le t od i f f e r en t ia te t h a tp a r to ft h ev a r iab i l i ty w h ich r e la t es t op a t te rn so fs oc ia li n terac t ion .

Means I n c luded i n t h i s c a tego ry a r e r aw m a te r ia l s , t e chn ique s , a nd k now ledge a bou t p rev iou s d e s ign s o lu t ion s . R aw ma te r ia l f o r t h e p roduc t ion o fs t one t oo l s i sg ene ra l ly af o rm o fc r yp to c r y s ta l l ine ma te r ia l s uch a s f l in t , c he r t , o r o b s id ian . H oweve r , t oo l s c an a nd h ave b een m ade f r om a w ide v a r ie ty o fs t one ,r a ng ing f r om l ime s tone t ov a r iou si gneou s r o ck s , a nd i na ny p a r t ic u l a rr e g ion t h er a nge o fm a te r ia l sa va i lab lel m ay v a ry t h rough s pace a nd t ime . A va i lab le t e chn ique s i n c lude t e chn ique s o f b l ank p roduc t ion wh ich p roduce d i s t inc t ive r e su l t s ( e .g . , p r e s su r e /pe rcu s s ion b l ade le tp roduc t ion ) , p lu s t e chn ique s f o r s hap ing t o o ls ( r e touch t ype s , m ic robu r in t e chn ique a nd b u r ina t ion ) . Al t e chn ique s u sed w i th in aE th ic i ndu s t ry s hou ld b el i s ted a nd t h e ir e f f ec t su nde r s tood . O n ad ay to -day l e ve l , p erhap st h e mo s ti mpo r tan tp i ec e o fk now ledge h e ld b y t h e a r t isan i s t h ed es ign mode l wh ich h e / she h a sl e a rned . U nde rs t ab le c ond i t ion s , t h is w il r e duc et h en eed t o make d es ign d ec is ion s . I ft h e p rob lem a nd m ean s r ema in u nchanged a nd ah igh ly s a t isf ac to ry

1

I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t s oc ia l c on t ro l o fr e sou r ce s may o f t en b e amo r e i mpor tan t c on s t ra in t t h an p hy s ica l a cce s s , h oweve r Ih ave h ave a s sumed t h a t t h e w ide a va i lab i l i ty o fc he r t i nt h e C ap s ian r e g ion g r ea t ly r e duces t h ei mpor tance o fs oc ia lc on t ro l .

d e s ign a l ready e x is t s , t h en mos t a spec t s o ft h e d e s ign w il n o t c hange . I n h and c r af t sman sh ip ( Pye 1 968 ) ,h oweve r ,s i tua t iona lc ha rac te r is t ic s( impe r f ec t ion si nt h eb l ank ,v a r iab i l i ty i nt h eh af t , a cc iden t s o f manuf ac tu re ) m ay p roduce s pec imen s wh ich a r eu n ique i ns ome a spec t s , e ach t ime . U nde rc ond i t ion s o fc hang ing p rob lem o rm ean s , t h e d e s ign w il l i k e ly u nde rgo s ome mod if ica t i on t o mee tt h en ew c i r cum s tance s . T he r a te a t wh ich t h is h appen s w i l ld epend o nt h ed eg ree o f c h ange i nt h ep rob lem a nd m ean s ,p l u s t h ed eg r ee t ow h ich t h e a r t isan i sa t temp t ing t oo p t im ize t h ed es ign .

L aw s P rope r t ie s o f r aw ma te r ia l s u sed , a s w e l l a s t h e c ha rac te r is t ics o ft e chn ique s a r e i n c luded u nde r" l aw s " . R e levan tp rope r t ie so ft h er aw m a t er ia li n c lude s i ze , f o rm , a nd w o rkab il i ty ( homo g ene i ty , n a tu r e o f f l aw s , q ua l i ty i nt e rms o fs i l ica c on ten t , h a rdne s s , t e n s i le s t r eng th ) . S i ze a nd f o rm o fa va i lab le r aw m a t e r ia la r eb e s td e te rm ined b y as u rvey o fg eo log ica lm a te r ia ll o ca ted i na r e g ion , when i t s q uan t i ty a nd d i s tance f r om ag i ven s i te c an a l so b e d e te rm ined . I nt h i s s t udy , f i e ld s u rvey w a s n o t p o s s ib le i n mo s t o ft h e r e g ion s s t ud ied ; t h er efo r e e s t ima te s f o rs i ze , f o rm , q uan t i ty , a nd w o rkab i l i ty o fu t i l ized r aw ma te r ia l a r e d e te rm ined f r om c o r es a nd b l ank s , a sw el a sf r om o b ser va t ion s made o nt h en a tur eo ft h er aw ma te r ia lb yt h eo r ig ina li n ve s t iga tor s . T he v a r iou s f a c to r s w h ich c on t r ibu te t o" wo rkab i l i ty " c an b e a s ce r ta ined t h rough p hy s ica l a na ly s is ; h oweve r ,f o rt h ep u rpo se so ft h is s t udy , w o rkab i l i ty w il o n ly b e mea su r ed b yo b se rv ing t h e d eg ree o f t r an s lucency . T ran s lucen t , h omogeneou s , c ryp to -c ry s ta l l ine ma te r ia l w il b e a s sumed t oh ave d i f f e r en tp rope r t ie s , i nt e rm s o fw o rkab i l i ty , t h an o paque ma te r ia l . T h is a spec t w il b ed i scu s sed mo re f u l ly i nt h ea na ly s is o ft h eb l ank sa nd c o re s . T he t e chn ique s o fs t one -wo rk ing a r et h emse lve s c on s t ra ined b y p hy s ica l l aw s . B a s ic t oa l l t e chn ique s a r et h ep r inc ip le so fc r yp to -c ry s ta l l ine f r ac tu re . S tone -wo rk ing i st h ep roces so fu s ing t h e se l aw s a nd /o r o f a t temp t ing t om in im ize , i ns ome c a se s , t h e i r e f ec t s i no rde r t op roduce a d e s ired r e su l t . I nt h e a na ly s i so ft h e r e su l t s , i ti si mpor tan tt ok now t ow ha te x ten tt h ep hy s ic s o f t h et e chn ique may b e r e spon s ib le f o ro b served v ar ia t ion . F o re xamp le , t h e a na ly s tm igh tw onde r w he the r av ery p eaked d i s t r ibu t ion i nb l ade le t w id th , o r ap a r t icu la r e dge a ng le o n ag eome t r ic f o rm , a r ed e te rm ined b y t h ep hy s ica lc on s t ra in t s o ft h et e chn iques u sed t op roduce t h em . I ft h ey a r e , t h is s ay s n o th ing a bou t w he the r t h e r e su l t w a s o r w a s n o t c u l tu r a l ly s e lec ted f or , h oweve r , d ev ia t ion f r om t h et e chn ica lc on s t ra in td oe sc l ea r ly i n d ica te p u rposefu ls e lec t ion .

C ons tra in t s C on s t ra in t s a r et h ed e s i r ed c ha r ac te r is t ic so ft h ed e s ign . F or a ny t o o l ,t h er equ i red c ha rac te r i s t ic s a r e f ew ( Pye 1 964 ) . A s mo s t p eop le k now , as c r ewd r ive r c an p er fo rm w i th mo r e o rl e s s e ff ic iency , av e ry w ide v a r ie ty o ft a sk s . T he s c r ewd r ive r 's o n ly i mpo r tan tf e a tu re sa r et h a ti th a sa h and le , as ma l lt h in e dge o re dge s , a nd , d epend ing o nt h e t a sk , al ong t h in s haf t . P ye ( 1964 :21 ) c a l l st h ese m in ima l r e qu ir emen t s , t h e " r equ ir emen t s o fu se " ; w i thou tt h em t h et oo l w ou ld b eu na b l et of unc t ion . P ye ( 1964 :21 )l i s t st h ef olow ing a st h eb a s ic r equ iremen t so fu se : 1 .

I tmu s tc o r rec t ly e mbody t h ee s sen t ia lp r inc ip le o fa r rangemen t .

2 .

T he c omponen t so ft h ed ev ice mu s tb eg eome t r ica l ly r e la ted -i ne x ten ta nd p o s i t ion t o e ach o t her a nd t o t h e o b jec t s , i n w ha teve r p a r t icu la r w ay s s u i t t h es e p a r t icu la r o b jec t sa nd t h e ir p a r t icu la ru se .

3 .

T he c omponen t s mu s t b e s t rong e nough t ot r an sm i t a nd r e s i s t f o r ce a st h e i n tended r e su l tr equ i re s .

9

4 .

A cce s s mu s tb ep rov ided ( t h is i s as pec ia lc a se o f 2a bove ) .

T he f i r s tr e qu ir emen ts imp ly r e f e r st ot h ew ay i nw h ich t h eo b jec ti st ot r an sm i tf o r ce s : " . .a h ook w il p u l l . . ." , w h i le a" . .no t -hook w on ' t p u l l . . . " ( Pye 1 964 :22 ) . V ir tua l ly a l l s t one t o o l s a r e s imp le l i nea r s y s tems d e s igned t ot r an sm i t f o rce i ns t ra igh t l i ne s ; t h e r efor e t h e f i r s t r e qu ir emen t h a sl i t t le l im i t ing e f ec t . T he s e cond r e qu i remen t i n vo lve s t h e e s sen t ia l a b i l i ty o ft h e d ev ice t op roduce t h e d e s i red r e su l t . T he b a s ic t a sk sp er f o rmed b yp r eh is tor ic s t one t o o l sa r ep i e r c ing , g roov ing ,c u t t ing , s c r ap i ng ,a nd c r u sh ing .T he se t a sk sc an b ep e r fo rmed e i the ri n d ir ec t ly ( t h rown b ys ome mechan i sm )o r d i r ec t ly ( by h and ) . N one o ft h e se t a sk s , a sp e r f o rmed b y s t one t o o l s ,l og ica l ly e n ta i la ny p ar t icu l a rg eome t ry o ff o rm ( r ef e r r ing t ot h es t one t o o la nd n o tt ot h el a rger s y s tem o f wh ich i tm ay b e a p a r t ) . H owever ,a l though a ne l ephan th ide c an b ep i e r ced b y af i s t -s ized e qu id imen s iona lr o ck , a s f a r a sk nown , i tw a s b eyond t h e t e chn ica l a nd p hy s ica l a b i l i ty o fp r eh i s to r ic h uman s t oa ccom p l i sh t h i s a t ad i s tance , a nd i tw ou ld b e e x t reme ly d i ff icu l t t od o i td i rec t ly ( by h and ) . T he p ro d uc t ion o fh o les i sb e s t a ch ieved b y ap o in t ; w hen h o le s a r e t o b e p roduced a t ad i s tance t h e a moun to fe nergy a va i lab le t ot h e s y s tem ( e .g . , mu sc le + b ow ) a nd t h e a moun t o ff r ic t ion t o le ra b l e w hen p roduc ing t h e h o le , l im i t s t h e d e s ign o p t ion s . I n a dd i t ion when p roduc ing h o le s , t h e s i ze o ft h e a r ea o fc on tac t d e te rm ine s t h e s i ze o ft h e h o le . T ak en t oge the r t h i s i s ar oundabou t w ay o fd emon s t ra t ing t h a ta t ap rac t ica ll e ve l , " p ie r c ing " i sb es td one w i th ap o in ted o b jec t . S im i l a ra r gumen t s c an b ec on s t ruc ted t os how t h a tc u t t ing a nd s c r ap ing a r eb e s td one w i th e dge s , a nd c r u sh ing w i th s u r f ace s . O fc ou r se ,i ne ach o ft h e se c a se st h es c a le a t wh ich t h ey t a ke p l ace i sr e l e van t ,f o r ap o in ta to ne s c a le b ecome s as u r f ac ea ta no the r . I nt h i s s t udy i tw il b e a s sumed t h a t e dge s , p o in t s , a nd s u r f ace s a r e t h e b a s ic u n i t s o fs t one t o o l c on s t ruc t ion , a nd t h a tp o in t s a r eu sed f o rp i e rc ing /g roov ing , e dges f o rc u t t ing / sc rap ing , a nd s ur f ace sf o rc r ush ing . T he t h i rd o fP ye ' s r equ i remen t s i st h a t t h e t o o l b e s t rong e nough t o a ch ieve i t s t a sk . W i th s t one t o o l s , t h is d oe s n o t s e em t ob e al og ica l c on s t ra in to nd e s ign i nt h e s ame w ay t h a t ab r idge mu s t b e s t rong e nough t oa ch ieve i t s t a sk . A l though ab r idge m igh t n eve r b e a b le t os e rve i t s p u rpo se , e ven t h e w eakes t s t one e dge s a r e c apab le o f s ome c u t t ing o r p i e r c ing . T h er efo r e , b y u s ing at hou sand w eak e dge s i tm igh t s t il b e p o s s ib le t op e r fo rm t h e t a sk a ccomp l ished b y o ne s t rong e dge . S t reng th i ns t on et o o l si s ama t te ro fe conomy ( t ob ed i scu s sed b e low ) ,n o t al og ica l r equ ir emen t . T he f ou r th r equ ir emen ti st h a to fa cce s s . B y a cce s sP ye m ean st h e f i tb e tween t wo s y s tem s ; as h ip t o ad ock , o r ar epa i rman 's h and s t oa n e ng ine ( Pye 1 964 :31) . When d ea l ing w i th s t one t oo l s t h e o n ly s y s tem t o wh ich t h ey mu s t b e a dap ted ( b e s ide s t h e t a sk ma ter ia l ) i st h e h af t , whe the rt h is b e amanuf ac tu r ed d ev ice o rt h eh uman h and ( Kukan 1 978 ) . T he n a tu re o ft h e h af t w il b e ama jo rp rob lem i nu nde r s tand ing v a r ia t ion i nt h ed i f f e ren tt oo lf o rm s s t ud ied . I ng ene r a l , t h en a tu re o ft h eh af tw i l lc on s t i tu te p a r to ft h eh ypo the s ized d es ign p rob lem , a nd t h e ref or e mu s t b et e s ted a ss uch . T he se t h en a r et h el o g ica lr equ ir emen t s o fu se , a nd a sn o ted , o n ly t h e s e cond r e qu ir emen ti s ad ef in i t e c on s t ra in t o n s t one t o o l d e s ign , a l though t h e f ou r th r equ iremen t c an a s sume v a ry ing d eg r ee s o fi mpo r tance . T he r efo r e , t h e se t wo r e qu ir emen t s w il b e g i ven mos t w e igh t a sd e s ign c on s t ra in t s o rd es i r ed c ha rac te r is t ic s o ft h e s o lu t ion . I ft h e r e i sn o c once rn f o r e ff ic iency o ft h e f o rm i np e r f o rm ing i t s t a sk , o r f o rl a bou r e xpended i ni t s manuf ac tur e , t h en t h ese a r e t h e o n ly d e s ign c on s ide ra t ion s n eeded . H owever i ft h ese f a c tor s a r e o fc once rn , t h en a n e n t i re s e r ie s o f a dd i t iona l c on s t ra in t s w i l l l im i tf o rm ( Pye 1 964 :34 ) . I no rder t om in im ize e f for t , i ti sn eces sa ry t oc on s ide rt h ee f fo r tu sed i nc olec t ing a nd s e lec t ing r aw ma te r ia l , i np roduc ing b l ank s , i n manu f a c tu r ing t h et o o l( number o fs t ep s ,a moun to f mod if ica t ion r e qu ir ed ) , a sw e l la st h er i sk o fb r eak a ge i n manuf ac tu r e , a nd t h e u se l if e o ft h e t o o l ( f o r i n s tance t h e a b i l i ty t or e sha rpen ) . I n a dd i t i on , i n c r ea s ing e ff ic iency o ft h e s y s tem c an a l so r e su l t i nl e s s e xpend i tu re o fe f f o r t i nt o o l u se ( mo r e e ff ic ien t a r row /po in t s y s tems w il r e su l t i nl e s s h un t ing e f fo r t ) . C on f l ic t c an , h oweve r , o ccu rb e tween t h e se t wo d e s ign g oa l s( l ea s te f f or t ,g r ea te s te ff ic iency ) ,b ecause i ti si mpos s ib le t o

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max im ize t wo g oa l s a to nce . I nt h i s c a se t h ep rob lem c ou ld b e r e so lved b y c on s ide r ing t h e g oa l t ob ee f f or tm in im iza t ion i nt h el a rge rs y s tem ( t oo l manuf ac tu re p lu sh un t ing ) . Un f or tuna te ly i ti s g ene ra l ly i mpos s ib le t os e cu r e a dequa te i n fo rma t ion o n t h e l a rge rp reh is to r ic s y s tem . T her ef o re a ne va lua t ion o ft h e d eg r ee t ow h ich i n c r ea sed m anuf ac tu r ing e f for t w ou ld r educe o ve ra l l e f f o r t w il h ave t ob e made . I tw i l lg ene ra l ly b e a s sumed t h a tt h e g r ea te rt h ep o ten t ia l e f f or ts aved , t h e mor el i ke ly t h a tt h er ew i l lb ea ni n c r ea se i nt h ee fo r te xpended i nt o o l manuf ac tu r e . B eyond c onf l ic t ing g oa l s a r e c on f l ic t s b e tween t h e v a r iou s c on s t ra in t s . F o r e xamp le , a d ecr ea se i nb l ank t h ickne s sw il p e rhap sr e duce e f or ti ns hap ing ;h oweve r ,i tmay i n c r ease r i sk o f b r eakage d u r ing manuf ac tu r e . T he r efo r e , i nt h e a na ly s i s i ti si mpor tan tt ou nde r s tand t h e s y s tem o fi n te r r e la t ion sh ip s b e twe en c on s t ra in t sw hen a na lyz ing t h e ir e f f ec t s . T he l a s t s e t o fc on s ide ra t ion s i nf i gu re 2 a r e t h o se c a l led s oc ia l c on s t ra in t s . I n t h is s t udy , s oc ia lc on s t ra in t sw i l lb et ho se f a c tor s wh ich may c au se t h ee ncod ing o fs oc ia li n fo rma t ion i nt o o l f o rm . T he se f a c tor s c r ea te f o rma l v a r iab i l i ty wh ich d ev ia te s f r om t h e r equ iremen t s o f u se a nd e conomy . W i thou ts oc ia lc on s t r a in t s , d e s ign s w ou ld b e s im i la rt h roughou t a n a r ea wh ich s ha r e s ac ommon d e s ign p rob lem a nd c ommon m ean s . T he e xac tn a tu r e o ft h ese s oc ia l c on s t ra in t s w il b ed i scu ssed i nd e ta i li nt h es e c t ion o ns t y l i s t ic v a r iab i l i ty . T he se t h en a r e t h e ma jo r c a tego r ies o fc on s t r a in t ( u se , e conomy , s oc ia l ) , b u t t h e i mpo r tan t q ue s t ion i sh ow t h ey a r et ob er anked i n ap r ef er ence o rde r ? C lea r ly t h er equ i remen t so fu se r a nk h i gh es t ( i ft h e d es ign i st ob e u sed a s at o o l ) ; a nd , i fm in im iz ing e f fo r t i st h e p r inc ip le b a s is f o r d e s ign ,t h en t h en ex th ighes tr a nk ing c on s t ra in tw il b et h a t wh ich mo s tr e duces e f for t . I tf o l low s t h en ,t h a ts oc ia lc on s t ra in t s may h ave t h el owe s tr a nk . T h is r ank ing c an b e t e s ted b y e xam in ing t h e a moun t o fv a r ia t ion i nt h e a t t r ibu te s : t h ose a t t h e t op o ft h e l i s t s hou ld b e h igh ly c on s t ra ined a nd c ommon t ow ide g eog raph ica l a r ea s ; wh i le t h ose l owe r o n t h e l i s t w i l l b e mo re v a r iab le , a nd p o ten t ialy s pec if ic o n ag eog raph ica l b a s i s . S oc ia l c on s t ra in t s may r e su l t i nt h e e ncod ing o fi n f o rma t ion i na r ea s o ft h e d e s ign wh ich l e a s t c onf l ic tw i th t h ec on s t ra in t so fe conomy ; h oweve r , s oc ia lc on s t ra in t s c an b er a ised i ni mpor tance a nd a ppea ra ta ny l e ve lo nt h ep r ef e r ence l i s t . S oc ia lc on s t ra in t sc ou ld u l t ima te ly b ep u shed t ot h e t o po ft h el i s t ,i nw h ich c a se t h et o o li sn ol onge r at o o ld es igned f o ru t il i ta r ian e nd s ,b u tw holy a s ymbo l . I n t h e l a t te r c a se i ts e ems r e a sonab le t o a s sume t h a t t h e o b jec t ' s e l abor a t ion a nd r e s t r ic t ed a r chaeo log ica l c on tex t w ou ld m ake i td i s t inc t ive , i nf o rm a nd d i s t r ibu t ion , f r om t o o l s d e s igned f o r u se a s t o o l s ( e .g . l ow d ropp ing r a te , p r ef e ren t ialy a s soc ia ted w i th s ome c on tex r a ther t h an o t he r s i n c on t r a s t t o t h e a s soc ia t ion s s hown b y u t i l i ta r ian o b jec t s ) . C lea r ly s ome m e thod f o re s t ima t ing t h ep o t en t ia li mpor tance o fs o c ia lc on s t ra in t s i sn eeded . T h is me thod w il b ed eve loped i nt h es e c t ion o ns t y l i s t ic v a r iab i l i ty .

U t i l i ty Func t ion U t il i ty f unc t ion s a r eg ene raly q uan t i ta t ive , a nd i tw ou ld s e em t h a tt o ac e r ta in e x ten tq uan t if ica t i on o fc o s t i nt e rm s o fe f fo r t ( t ime + r i sk ) c ou ld b e a t temp ted w i th s t one t o o l manufac tur e ( v ia e xpe r imen t ) . I nt h i s s t udy h oweve r , a s se s smen to fc o s t w i l l a tb es tb e i nt e rm s o fo rd ina l s c a le s , a nd w il o f ten b eq ua l i ta t ive . A l though t h is r e duces t h ep owe ro ft h e a rgumen t , i tmakes i tf e a s i b l et os t udy aw ide rr a nge o ff o rms . I na dd i t ion ,i ti sd eba tab le w he the rt h ef i ne s ca le a s ses smen t s p o s s ib le w i th q uan t if ied c o s t s b ea r a ny r e la t ion sh ip t ot h e r e la t ive ly g ro s s l e ve l a tw h ich h uman d ec i s ion s a r e made . I nt h is s t udy ,p rocedu r e s w il b er a nked a s mo r e o rl e s s r i sky , a nd t ime c on s um ing .

S t ra tegy Iw il a s sume t h a t s t one t o o l d e s ign r ef lec t s as t ra tegy wh ich a t temp t s t op roduce af o rm wh ich mee t st h e c ons t ra in t si mpo sed b yt h ep rob lem a nd a va i lab le m eans ( g iv ing mo s tc on s ide ra t ion t o c on s t ra in t sh ighe s to nt h e p r ef e r ence o rder ) , a tr e la t ive ly l ow e for t . O p t im iza t ion o fl e a s te f f or t i sc on s ide red t ob e b eyond t h e p rob lem s o lv ing c apab i l i t ie s o f mos tp eop le ( c r ea t ing e f for t c o s t b y i t se l f ) ; h oweve r i ti sf e a s ib le t h a t h i ghe r l e ve l s o fe conomy o fd e s ign c ou ld b e a ch ieved b y e vo lu t ion o ft h e d e s ign o ve rl ong p e r iod s o ft ime . T he a s sump t ion o fl e a s t e f fo r t i s o ne wh ich t h i s s t udy w il a t temp tt ot e s t , i nc on junc t ion w i th a no b jec t ive s epa ra t ion o ft h e ma jo rc a tego r ie s o fd e s ign c on s t ra in t( u se ,e conomy ,s oc ia l ) . I na pp ly ing t h eb a s ic a na ly t ica l mode l o fs t one t o o l d e s ign t ot h e a na ly ses o fd i f f e r en tt o o l f o rms , s pec if ic mode l s b a sed o n t h ese g ene ra l c oncep t s w il b e c on s t ruc ted f o r e ach t o o l f o rm . I nt h e f olow ing s e c t ion Iw il u nder take ad e ta i led e xam ina t ion o ft h e r o le a nd n a tu re o fs oc ia l c on s t ra in t si ns t one t o o ld e s ign .

S TYLIST IC V ARIABILITY P r ev ious Work I nr e cen ty ea r s s t y l is t ic v a r iab i l i ty i ns t one t o o l s ( a nd i na r chaeo log ica lf o rms i ng ene ra l ) , a nd t h e p rob lem o f e xp la in ing v a r iab i l i ty i n s t one t o o l s h ave b een t h e t op ic o f n umerou s a r t ic le s . A s n o ted i nt h ei n t roduc t ion , much o ft h ec u r r en ti n te re s tr e su l t sf r om t h ec on t rover sy o ve rt h e mean i ng o f a s semb lage v a r ia t ion i n t h e Mou s te r ian ( c f . B in fo rd a nd B in fo rd 1 966 ; B in fo rd 1 973 ; B o rde s a nd D e S onnev ile -Bo rde s 1 970 ) . T h is c on t rove r sy r a i sed t h ei s sue o fi s o la t ing ' f unc t ion a l 'a nd s t y l is t ic v a r iab i l i ty i ns t on et o o l s ( S . B inf ord 1 971) , f o ri tw a s a rgued t h a to n ly t ypo log ie s b a sed o n s t y le o r ' f unc t ion ' c ou ld b e u sed t o r e so lve t h e p rob lem . T h i s c on t ra s t o f s t y le w i th ' f unc t ion ' h a s al ong h i s to ry ( B inf o rd 1 963 ; J e l inek 1 976 ; S acke t t 1 973 ; 1 977 ) w h ich h a s c u lm i n a ted i nt h e d ef in i t ion o fs t y le a s a dap t ive ly n eu t ra l v a r ia t ion . I nt h is v e in D unnel ( 1 978 ) h a s d ef ined t h ed i s t inc t ion b e tween s t y le a nd f unc t ion a sf olow s : " S ty le d eno te s t h ose f orm s t h a td o n o th ave d e tec tab le s e lec t ive v a lue s . F unc t ion i s man if e s t a st h ose f orms t h a td i rec t l y a f ec t t h e Darw in ian f i tne s so ft h ep opu la t ions i nw h ich t h ey o ccur " ( 1978 :199 o r ig ina l e mpha s is ) . T he re f o r e " f unc t iona l " v a r iab i l i ty i ss ub jec tt op r ed ic tab le , a dap t ive b ehav iou r wh i le s t y l i s t ic c hange i s s t ocha s t ic i nn a tu re . S acke t t , a l though n o tc once rned w i th d eve lop ing a ne vo lu t iona ry d ef in i t ion , a r r ive sa t wha ti se s sen t ia l ly t h es ame s t a temen t when h ed ef ine s s t y le a st h a t wh ich p roduces t h e " h i s tor ica l ly u n ique " ( 1977 :371) c ha rac te r i s t ic s o fa n a r t if ac t . H e s t a te s t h a ts t y le i st h e r e su l to f c ho ice sa mong f unc t iona la l te rna t ive s . I n s hor t , t h e r e a r e i n va r iab i ly a l t e rna te m ean s o fa ch iev ing t h e s ame e nd s a nd a " s oc ie ty " t e nd s t o ' c hose ' b u t o ne o f t h em ; a nd , s i nce t h e p o ten t ia l r ange o f e qua l ly v i ab le a nd f e a s ib le o p t ion s i ss og rea t , c hance a l one d i c ta te st h a tt h ep r e c i se c ho ice m ade i n o ne s oc ie ty i se x t r eme ly u n l ike ly t o b e made i n a no the r , u n re la t ed s oc ie ty ( Sacke t t1 977 :370 ) . T he refor e S acke t t s ugge s t s t h a t s t yl i s t ic c hange o rs e lec t ion i sd i c ta ted b y ' c hance ' , f o r a l though t h e f unc t ion o f af o rm m ay b e s ub jec t t os e lec t ive p re s sur e , t h e mu l t ip l ic i ty o ff unc t iona l a l te r n a te sm ean st h ea c tua lf o rm c ho sen i sn o t . E n la rg ing u pon t h e f unc t ion o ff o rm s , S acke t tn o te s t h a t o b jec t s a su t i l i ta r ian a ss t one t oo l s c an f unc t ion i n an umbe r o f r e a lms ; " . . w e mu s t t h ink o f o b jec t s o pe ra t ing n o t s imp ly i nt h e ma te r ia l r e a lm o ft e chno logy a nd e conom ic s b u t s imu l taneou s ly a sw el i nt h e s oc ie ta l a nd i d ea t i ona l r e a lm s " ( 1977 :373 ) . I n a dd i t ion S acke t t i n t roduces t h e c oncep t o f " ad junc t f o rm " ( 1977 :373 ) o rf o rm wh ich f unc t ion sp r ima r i ly i n" . . th e d oma in o ppo s i te t ot h a tw h ich t h e o b jec t wh ich b ea r s t h em f i nd s i t s ma jo rf unc t ion " ( 1 977 :373 ) . D e s ign o np o t te ry w ou ld b e a ne xamp le o fa d junc tf o rm .

- 1 2 -

I ti si nf a c t i nt h e a na ly s is o fp o t te ry d e s ign t h a t c once rn f o rt h e e xp lana t ion o fp a t ter n s o f s t y l i s t ic v a r iab i l i ty h a sb een g r ea te s t( P log 1 980 ) . A na ly s is o fp o t te ry d e s ign h a s f o cu sed o ns t y l i s t ic v a r ia t ion a sl e a rned b ehav iou rw ho se p a t ter ni sd e te rm ined b yp a t te rn s o fl e a rn ing o rs oc ia l i n t erac t ion ( P log 1 980 :115 ) . T h is i d ea o f s t y le a s ap a s s ive i n d ica tor o f s oc ia l n e two rk s , h a s b een r e cen t ly t r an sf o rmed i n to av i ew o fs t y le a sa n a c t ive e l emen t o fp roce sse s o fi n fo rma t ion e xchange a nd s oc ia l b ounda ry ma in t enance ( Conkey 1 978 ; Wob s t 1 977 ; s e e e spec ia l ly H odde r 1 982 ) . I nt h i sv i ew , s t y le h a sf unc t ion , a nd v a r ia t ion wh ich i sn o ti n vo lved i np roces se so fi n fo r m a t ion e xchange i ss imp ly n o tc on s ide r ed s t y l i s t ic ( Conkey 1 978 :80 ) . T her efo re t h e r eh ave b een ar a nge o fv i ewpo in t s s p r ead a l ong ac on t inuum f r om a u tho r s w ho s ee s t y le i nn on -f unc t iona l , n on -adap t ive , n eu t ra l t e rm s ( Dunnel 1 978 ) , t ot h ose w ho s e e i ti n p u re ly f unc t iona l , a dap t ive t e rms a nd a sh av ing s e lec t ive v a lue ( Conkey 1 978 ; H odde r 1 982 ; Wob s t 1 977 ) . S acke t t , who i s c l ose s tt ot h ed a ta w i th in w h ich t h e' f unc t ion / s ty le ' d i cho tomy i st h e mo s td if i cu l tt ou n r ave l( i . e . , s t one t oo l s ) ,i sf o r ced t oa s sume a na mb iguou sb u t mo re r e a l i s t ic s t ance i nt h em idd le o ft h is c on t i nuum . F o rS acke t t , s t y le c an f unc t ion s oc ia l ly ( 1 977 :377 ) ,b u ti tp r edom ina te ly r e f lec t st h eh i s t o ry o fr andom c ho ice w h ich e xp la in s i t s u n ique h i s to r ica l p rope r t ie s . H oweve r w hen d ea l ing w i th t o o l s , e ven S acke t ti sf o r ced t oa dm i tt h a t : ( a ) t h e re may b e n o t r u ly i s omo rph ic f unc t iona l e qu iva len t s , a nd t h a t m ino r v a r ia t ion may r e la te t o l o ca l s e lec t ive p re s su re s o n am ic ro sca le w h ich " . .ra ise st h ei n t r igu ing t h eo re t ica lq ue st ion o fw he ther s t y le i si nr e a l i ty n o mo r et h an f unc t i on w r i ts ma l l " ( 1977 :374 ) ; a nd ( b )t h a tc on s t ra in t so fu se c an l im i tt h er a nge o ff o rm c ho ice s , " . . w he re in u t i l i ta r ian f unc t iona l d e s ign a nd r aw ma te r ia l c omb ine t of o rce ak ind o fi n ter na l l og ic u pon t h e p roce s se s o ft h e i r manufac tu re t h a t r e su l t s i nn ea r ly u n ive r sa l c o r r e spondence a mong s uch o b jec t s " ( 1977 :373 ) . A l though S acke t t( 1977 ) c l ea r ly s t a te s t h ep rob lems o fd ef in ing s t y le , h i sd ef in i t ion o fs t y le a su ncon s t ra ined c ho ice i st o og ene ra lt oa dvance t h e s t udy o fs t y l i s t ic v a r i a b i l i ty i ns t one t o o l s ,t h eo r e t ica l ly o r me thodo log ica l ly . I nt h ef olow ing s e c t ion Ip ropo se ad ef i n i t ion wh ich , when a pp l ied i nt h ec on tex to ft h e s t one t o o ld ec i s ion mode l d eve loped a bove , w il e ncompa s s mo s tp r io rd e f in i t ion so fs t y le o ra tl e a s tt h ec ond i t ion s wh ich e ngender ed t h em .

D ef in i t ion o fS t y l i s t ic V ar iab i l i ty T he f olow ing d ef in i t ion w a s d eve loped s pec if ica l ly f o r s t on e t o o l s , a nd t h er efo re s hou ld n o t b e c on s ide r ed i mmed ia te ly a pp l icab le t oa l lf o rm s y s tems . 1 .

A l lc on sc iou s ly i mpo sed v a r iab i l i ty i sc on t roled b ys e lec t ive f o rce s .

2 .

S ty l i s t ic v a r iab il i ty i st h a t w h ich i sn o t c on t ro l led b y t h e i n te rac t ion o f p rob lem , m eans ,a nd c on s t ra in t so fu se a nd /o re conomy .

3 .

S ty l is t ic v a r iab i l i ty i st h a t wh ich i s c on t ro l led b y s e lec t ive f o rce s i nt h e s oc ia l e nv i r onmen t .

T he f i r s tp o in td i rec t ly c on t rad ic t st h o se w ho v i ew s t y le a sn eu t ra lv a r iab i l i ty ; a l though t r a i t s w i th n eu t ra l a dap t ive v a lues c an e x i s t i nb i o logy d ue t o t h e i r mode o f t r an sf e r ( bu t s e e May r 1 970 :27 ) , c u l tu ra l t r an sm i ss ion i s c onduc ted s oc ia l ly , v i a t h e med ium o f s ymbo l s , a nd t h is i n c r ea se st h e f i e ld t h a t s e lec t ion c an w o rk u pon . T he a c tua l i n f orma t ion t r an sf e r red may b en eu t r a l , b u t t h e a c t o f i t s t r an sm is s ion , r e cep t ion , a nd ma in tenance c an h ave a v a ry ing s e lec t ive v a lue . T he a c t o f t r an sm i s s ion f r om p a ren t t o c h i ld c an b e ah igh ly c ha rged e ven t i n vo lv ing p owe r r e la t ion sh ip s o fr e spec t a nd o bed ience . T he a ccep tance a nd ma in t enance o ft h e i n fo rma t i on s i gna l s c on f o rm i ty , o rl a ck o f i t ,t oe xp ec ted b ehav iou r ( Conkey 1 978 :67 ) . S uch r e la t ion s h ip s a r e c ha rac te r i s t ic o f mo s ti fn o ta l ls oc ia l i n te rac t ion a nd t r an sm iss ion o fi n f o rma t ion . T h is r a i se st h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a ti nh uman s oc ie t ie si n f o rma t ion w i th n eu t ra ls e lec t ive v a lue i sn o tp a ssed i n as oc ia l a c t wh ich i t se lf h a s n eu t ra l s e lec t ive v a lue ( s ee G oodenough 1 979 :41) . T her efo r e , i n t h a ts t y l i s t ic v a r ian t s a r ec hosen i nt h e c on tex to f as o c ia l s t r a tegy o fi n fo rma t ion e xchange , t h ey h ave s e lec t ive v a lue s . T h i s m ay n o tf unc t ion a tt h e macro -evo lu t iona ry s ca le o fc once rn t oD un n e l l( 1 978 ) ,b u tt h em ic ro -dynam ic so fs oc ia l a dap ta t ion s t il make ' s ty le ' s ub jec tt oc u l tura ls e lec t i on . T h is p ropo sa l i ss imp ly t h e l og ica l e x ten s ion o ft h e i n f o rma t ion e xchange v i ew o fs t y le t o t h eg ene ra ll e ve lo fs oc ia li n te r ac t ion / inf o rma t ion e xchange (Wob s t 1 977 ) . - 1 3 -

T he s e cond p o in ts t a t es t h a t much o ft h ev a r iab i l i ty i ns t one t oo l s i st h e r e su l to fi n t e rac t ion b e tween t h e d es ign p rob lem t ob e s o lved , t h e mean s a va i lab le t os o lve i t ,a nd t h e d e s ir ed c o s to f t h e s o lu t ion . I fo ne p o s tu la tes t h a t s t one t o o l s w er e d e s igned t om in im ize c o s t o f e f or t , t h en , g i ven s im i la rp rob lem s a nd mean s , v e ry s im i la rd e s ign s s hou ld r e su l t f r om t h e a b sence o fs oc ia l c on s t r a in t s . H oweve r , s y s tema t ic d i f f e r ence s c an o ccu r i ft wo p opu la t ion s w ho h ave f olowed d i f f e r en t p a th s o ft oo l d e s ign i nr e spon se t od i f f e ren t mean s a nd p rob lem a r e s udden ly b rough t i n to ac ommon d es ign e nv i ronmen t( f o re xamp le t h rough m ig ra t ion ) . I nt h is c a se t h e d i f f er ence i nt e chn ique s , a nd p o s s ib ly i ne n t ir e t e chno log ica l s y s tems , c ou ld c r ea t e g r ea t d if e r ence s i nt h e c os to fr e -de s ign o rd e s ign . I ts e ems d oub t fu l i fd i ve rgence o n s uch as c a le o ccu r s i ns t one t o o l d e s ign ; h oweve ri tc ou ld c r ea te s pace / t ime d i f f e rence s w h ich w er e u l t ima te ly af unc t ion o fl o ca l c ond i t ion s . Mos t o fw ha t S acke t t ( 1977 ) r e f e r s t oa st h e u n ique , o rh i s to r ica l c ha rac te r is t ic s o f s t one t o o l s , c an , Ib e l ieve , b eu l t ima te ly e xp la ined b y v a r ia t ion i np rob lems a nd mean s i n ac on t e x to fs e lec t ion o pe ra t ing a se f f o r tm in im iza t ion . T he t h ird p o in te mpha s ize s w ha ts t y le i s , r a the rt h an w ha t i ti sn o t . P o ten t ia l s t y l i s t ic v a r i a b i l i ty i se a s i ly g ener a ted b y a ny i n d iv idua l c r af t sman ; a l though l e a s t e f or t w il p roduce w ide s p r ead u n if o rm i ty a mong s t c on s t r a in t s p l aced h igh o n t h e p r ef e rence o rde r , h uman i n ab i l i ty t o c a lcu la te t h e o p t imum s o lu t ion w i l l r e su l ti ni n c r ea s ing v a r iab i l i ty i nd e s ign a so ne d e scend s t h e p r ef e r ence o rde r l i s t . A l though t h e i d io sync r a t ic c ho ice s m ade b y a n i n d iv idua l c an b e c on s id e r ed " i nd iv idua l s t y le " ( H il a nd Gunn 1 977 ) , t ot h e e x ten t t h a t t h ey a r e n o t s ha r ed o r s oc ialy i mpo sed , t h ey a r e p sycho log ica l , n o t s oc ia l , p henomena . T h is t ype o f v a r iab i l i ty i si n c luded u nde r s oc ia l c on s t ra in t s , h oweve r , b ecau se i tr e p r e sen t s t h e l ower e nd o f ac on t inuum r a ng ing f r om n o s oc ia l c on s t ra in tt oa b so lu te s oc ia lc on s t ra in t ( i . e . , at o o l t r an sf o rmed i n to an on -u t i l i ta r i an s ymbo l ) . Wha tt h en a r et h e se s oc ia lc on s t ra in t s? U nf or tuna te ly i nd ea l ing w i th s t y le a s ac ommun ica t i on s y s tem , t h ep o s s ib i l i t ie s a r e o n ly l im i ted b yt h e n umbe ro ft ype s o fm es sage s as oc ie ty may w ish t oc ommun ica te . Wob s t ( 1 977 :324 ) l i s t s t h e f olow ing a s as amp le o f me s sage s c ommun i c a ted i nN or th Amer ican ma te r ia l c u l tu r e : e mo t iona l s t a te ; s oc ia l o r e conom ic c l a s s af i l ia t ion ; p o s i t ion a l ong ar a nked s c a le ; o wne r sh ip ; a u tho r sh ip ;p r e sc r ip t ion ;p rosc r ip t ion ; r el ig ious o rp ol i t i c a lo b jec t if ica t ion ; d e i t ic . Iw ou ld a dd t h a tc opy ing o fs t yl i s t ic v a r ian t s ,l i ke g i f t -g iv ing ( Mau s s 1 976 ) ,c an p o ten t ia l ly r e in f o rce i n t e rpe r sona lr e la t ion sh ip s o fa l lk inds . Wob s t( 1977 ) f o cuse so n t h es i gna l l ing o f as t a te ,b u ti g no re st h en a tu r eo ft h e a c ti t se lf . B o th h oweve r , a r er e levan tt ot h e e xp lana t ion o fp a t te rn so fs t yl i s t ic v a r ia t ion . T he p os s ib i l i t ie s s e em e nd les s , b u ts i nce Ia m c once rned w i th ( a ) h un te r -ga the r e r s ( Cap s ian ) a nd ( b ) a r chaeo log ica l ly v i s ib le p a t t e rn s ,t h e a c tua lp red ic ted a nd o b ser vab le p a t te rn s a r el im i t ed . Mo s t h un te r -ga the r e rs i nhab i t ing h igh ly v a r iab le e nv i ronmen t s a r e e ga l i ta r ian , a nd d i v is ion o f l a bou ro ccu r sa l ong s ex a nd a ge l i nes o n ly ( Lee 1 979 ) . T he r ef o r et h e re a r ef ew s y s tema t ic s oc ia l d if er ence s w i th in ag roup t o s i gna l , b eyond t h o se r e la ted t oi n d iv idua l i ty , a ge , o r s e x . G roup a ff il ia t ion a nd /o r e xp res s ion s o f s o l ida r i ty w i th in s oc ia l n e two rk s ( p a r en t , c h i ld , s i b l ing , p ee r g roup ) a r et h eo n ly r ema in ing p o ten t ia lf o r ce s f o rt h e c r ea t ion o fp a t te rn i ns t y l i s t ic v a r ia t ion ( c f . R ick 1 980 ) . T hu s i tw il b e a s sumed t h a t i n c r ea s ing h omogene i ty o fs t y le w i th in a r cha eo log ica l s i te si s amea su re o fi n c r ea s ing s t ab il i ty a nd i n ter ac t ion w i th in s pec if ic s oc ia lg roup s . T h i s c ou ld u l t ima te ly p roduce t o ta l h omogene i ty , i n d ica t ing t h e p o s s ib le f o rma t ion o f b ounded e t hn ic g roup s .

HUNTER -GATHERER SOCIAL I NTERACT ION P a t te rn s o fh un te r -ga the re rs o c ia l i n te rac t ion a nd s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion a r e p r ima r i ly d e te rm ined b y f o u r p a rame ter s : 1 . ) r e sou rc e q uan t i ty a nd p red ic tab i l i ty ; 2 . ) m e thod s o f d i spu te r e so lu t ion ; 3 . ) m a t ing r e qu ir emen t s ; a nd 4 . ) t e chno logy ( Lee 1 979 :443 ,447 ; D y son -Hudson a nd Sm i th 1 978 ; T e s ta r t 1 982 ; Wob s t 1 974 ; W ihnsen 1 972 ; S t ewa rd 1 938 ) . V a r ia t ion i nt h e se p a rame te r s c an t h eor e t ica l ly p roduce ac on t inuum o fs pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion a nd i n ten s i ty o fs oc ia l i n te rac t ion r ang i n g f r om n uc lea ted c l o sed t o a nuc lea ted o pen p a t te rn s ( Yelen a nd H a rpend ing 1 972 ) . A nu c l ea ted o pen p a t te rn s a r e e xemp l if ied b y g roup s s uch a st h e S ho shon i ( S tewa rd 1 938 ) , t h e S an ( L ee 1 979 ; W ie s sne r 1 977 ) , t h e C h ipewyan ( Sm i th 1 978 ) a nd c en t r a l d ese r t a bor ig ines ( Pe te r son 1 975 ) ; wh i le n uc lea ted , c l o sed g roup s ( r e la t ive ly s peak ing ) i n c lude many C a l if o rn ian c olec tor s ( e .g . , P or no ) ( Bean 1 978 ; K roebe r 1 925 ) , t h e Owen s V a l ley P iau te ( Dy son -Hud son a nd Sm i th 1 978 ) ,t h eA inu (Wa tanabe 1 972 ) , a nd t h eN iv ikh ( B lack 1 973 ) . A l though t h e f ou r f a c tor s men t ioned a bove a l l e xer c ise s ome c on t ro l o ve r h un te r -ga the r er g r oup s i ze , c ompo s i t ion , a nd s pa t ia ld i s t r ibu t ion , r e sou rce a bundance a nd p r ed ic t ib i l i ty a r e o f t en a s sumed t ob e mo s tc r i t ica l( Dy son -Hudson a nd Sm i th 1 978 :24 ) . D ispu te r e so lu t ion a mong h un t e r - g a the r er s i n hab i t ing u np red ic tab le e nv ironmen t s i so f t en a ch ieved b y f i s s ion ( c f . L ee 1 976 ) . H oweve r , t h er e a ppea rt ob e an umbe r o fo t her mechan i sms u t i l ized b y h un te r -ga the r er s wh ich a low m a in tenanc e o fs t ab le g r oup s i ze . T hese i n c lude t h e u se o fs ong d ue l s a sa mong t h e I nu i t , t h e m ed ia t ing e f f ec t o f " s t rong " l e ade r s (W ie s sne r 1 977 :277 ) , t h e u se o f s e t t led b u t d i sper sed c amp s ( i . e . , s epa ra ted b y s hor t d i s tanc e s o n t h e o rde r o f 1 00 m e te r s ; a s a mong t h e A inu , [ Wa tanabe 1 972 :9 1 ) , o r u l t ima te ly t h e d eve lopmen t o fn ew f o rm s o fs oc ia l o rgan iza t ion s uch a s l i nea l o r " b ig man " s y s t em s ( Lee 1 981) ( e .g . , C a l ifo rn ian h un te r -ga the r e r s ; [ Bean 1 978 :679 ] ) . T he refo r e , i tw ou ld a ppea r t h a t i fs uf i c ien t r e a son o r p os s ib i l i ty e x is t s f o r ma in ta in ing s t ab le g r oup c ompo s i t ion , mechan isms o the rt h an f i ss ion c an b e a dap ted t or e so lve d i spu te s . Wob s t( 1974 ; 1 976 )h a s s ugge s ted t h a tm a t ing r e qu ir emen t s l im i tt h em in imum s i ze o fe ndo g amou sp opu la t ion s t oc i r ca 4 75 p eop le . T her efor eu nde rc ond i t ion s o fl ow r e sou r ce a bundance a nd /o r p r ed ic tab il i ty , o ne s hou ld e xpec t t h a t ma t ing n e two rk s w ou ld c ove r l a rge a r ea s (Wob s t s ugge s t s a l l o f s ou th -wes tF rance d u r ing t h e U ppe r P a laeo l i th ic ) . C on sequen t ly o ne m igh t a l so e xpec tt h a tm a in tenance o ft h i sw ide -sp r ead n e two rk w ou ld r e su l ti ns t y l i s t ic h e te rogene i ty w i th in a ny o ne s i te , a nd l i t t le s y s tema t ic d i f f e ren t ia t ion o ve r w ide a r ea s . H oweve r a sn o ted b y H ayden ( 1 981) , o the rs imu la t ion s t ud ie so ft h em in ima l s i ze o fe ndogamou s g roup s ( MacC lue r a nd D yke 1 976 )h ave i n d ica t ed t h a tp opu la t ion sb e tween 1 00 a nd 2 00 p eop le c an b e q u i te s t ab le . T her efo re m a t ing n e two rk s n eed n o tb e a sl a rge o rc ove r a sw ide a n a r ea a so r ig ina l ly s ugge s ted . T h is i s a l so s uppor ted b y e t hnog r aph ic a nd g ene t ic s t udy o ft h e S an ( S i lbe rbaue r 1 981 :285 ; H a rpend ing 1 976 :161) . C lea r ly ma t ing r e qu ir emen t s w ou ld n o t n ece s s i ta te ma t ing n e two rk s a s b road a s Wob s th a ss ugges ted ,e ven i ns i tua t ion so fl ow p opu la t ion d en s i ty . T echno logy i sa ni mpo r tan tf a c to ra f ec t ing h un te r -ga the re rs oc ia lo rgan iza t ion . T ran spor ta t i on t e chno logy c l ea r ly e f f ec t s mob i l i ty a nd g roup s i ze a sd oe s f ood p rocur emen t a nd p roces s ing t e chno log ie s . T echno logy , h oweve r , c an b e c on s ide r ed a s af a c tor o pera t ing o n r e sou rce a bun d ance a nd p r ed ic tab il i ty a nd t h e r efor e a l though i tmu s tb e c on s ide red w hen e s t ima t ing t h e e f f ec t o ft h e se p a rame te r s ,i tn eed n o tb ec on s ider ed a pa r tf r om t h em . I tc an p robab ly b e s a f e ly a s sumed t h a tp reh is tor ic h un te r -ga the r s f r om ag i ven g eog raph ica l r e g ion s ha red a ny f undamen ta lt e chno l o gy t h a tm igh tr a d ica l ly a l te rg r oup s t ruc tu re o r mob il i ty . I ft h er equ ir emen t sf o rm a t ing a nd c on f l i c t r e so lu t ion , a nd a va i lab le t e chno logy a r e n o t g i ven p r ima ry c au sa l i mpor tance , t h is l e ave s r e sou rce a bundance a nd p r ed ic tab i l i ty a st h e u l t ima te d e te rm inan t s o fp a t te rn s o fh un te r -ga the r er s oc ia li n te rac t ion .

A r chaeo log ica l Expec ta t ions F igu r e 3s umma r ize s t h e ma jor i mpl ica t ion s o ft h e f a c to r s w h ich c an d e te rm ine t h e d eg r ee a nd s t ab i l i ty o fh un ter -ga the re rs oc ia li n te rac t ion , a nd u l t ima te ly p a t te rn s o fs t y l i s t ic v a r ia t ion .

R ESOURCE A BUNDANCE A ND PREDICTABILITY

precipitation ( amount. variability, effective precipitation)

h igh

nature

o f

l ow

r esources

GROUP MOBILITY

s edentary

mobile

h ighly mobile

t erritorial

i ncreasingly t erritorial

n on-territorial

GROUP COMPOSITION

s table c orporate

s tability i ncreasing

f luid

SOCIO/POLITICAL A RRANGEMENTS

l ineage

groups

non-corporate

f ormal

based l eadership

l ineage b ased?

b ilateral

c onflict r esolution v ia r itual, e tc.

w eak l eadership c onflict f ission

ARCHAEOLOGICAL I MPLICATIONS

v illages, architecture, prestige i tems, s torage

k in

r esolution b y

l arger s ites

no p ermanent

c ollector a daptation

n o s torage s mall

s ites

n o prestige

S TYLE I MPLICATIONS

h omogeneous s pace t ime ethnic b oundary maintenance

a nd

i ncreasing w ithin-site h omogeneity h eterogeneous b etween s ites

s tructures

i tems

h eterogeneous

w ithin-site

l ow d egree o f w idespread h eterogeneity l ow b oundary maintenance

F igu re 3 : P a t te rn so fH un t e r -Ga the r e rS oc ia lI n te rac t ion

T he p r ed ic t ib i l i ty a nd a bundanc e o fc r i t ica l r e source s a r e h e re c on s ide r ed t ob e t h e u l t ima te d e te rm in ing f a c to r s . I nc r ea se s i nt h ese f a c to r s r e su l t i n : 1 )d ecr ea s ing mob i l i ty a nd i n cr ea s ing t e r r i to r ia l i ty ( a s s ugge s ted b y D y son -Hud son a nd Sm i th 1 978 ) ; 2 ) i n c rea s ing s t ab i l i ty o f g roup c ompo s i t ion ; a nd 3 )i n c rea s ing a b il i ty t or e so lve d i spu te s b y mean s o the rt han f i s s ion . A r chaeo l og ica l ly , t h is w i l lr e su l ti ni n c rea sed s i te s i ze , d u ra t ion , a nd i n ve s tmen ti nf a c i l i t ie s ( e .g . , s t o rage , a r ch i t ec tu r e ) , a nd u l t ima te ly i nt h e a ppea rance o fi t ems a s soc ia ted w i th t h e d eve lopmen t o fp re s t i ge s y s tems ( K ing 1 978 ; Wr igh t 1 978 ) .

I n t e rms o ft h e p a t t e rn ing o f s t y l i s t ic v a r iab i l i ty , t h er e a r e t h r ee b a s ic p a t te rn s , o r mode s . U nde rc ond i t ion s o fl ow r e sou r ce p red ic tab i l i ty a nd a bundance , s t y le i sv a r iab le ( h e te rogeneou s ) w i th in s i te s , r e su l t ing i n al ow l e ve l o fr e g iona l s im i la r i ty w i thou t s pa t ia l d i scon t inu i ty . S uch a p a t te rn i sr epo r ted f o rd i a lec td i f f e rence sw i th in t h e S ho shon i ( C rapo a nd S pyke rman 1 979 ) , a nd f o rg ene t ic a nd a r chaeo log ica ld i f f er ence sa mong s tt h e ! Kung ( Yelen a nd H a rpend ing 1 972 ) . T he s e cond p a t ter ni so ne o fi n c r ea s ing w i th in -s i te h omogene i ty , a s ar e su l to fs t ab le p opu la t i on ss ha r ing p a t t e rn so fe ncu l tu r a t ion , a nd /or r e in fo r c ing s t ab le s oc ia ln e two rk sv i a s t y le s ha r ing . B ecau se t h e se l o ca lg roup sa r es t i l ls ub jec tt or e sou r ce a nd d emog raph ic f l uc tua t ion s , a nd t h ec o r p o ra te n a tu re o ft h eg roup m ay n o tb ew e l le s tab l ished ,t h e i rl i f e span s may b es hor t . ( Lee s ugge s t s a" ha lf l if e " o f 3 0 t o 5 0 y ea r s f o r t h e ! Kung S an c or e [ 1 976 :78 ] ) . T he r efor e , i n t e rm s o f a r chaeo log ica lr e so lu t ion , e ach s i te may a ppea rd i s t inc t ive , s i nce i ti st h ep roduc to f as ho r t te rm m ic ro t rad i t ion . T h is may w e l lb et h ee xp lana t ion o f as im i la rp a t te rn o b se rved b yI s sac ( 1977 ) a t O lo rge sa i l ie ( c f . C o le a nd K iend ien s t 1 974 :353 -354 ) . T he t h ird p a t ter ni so ne o f ah i gh d eg ree o fw i th in -s i te a nd w i th in -r eg ion h omogene i ty . T h is i sb a sed o n a ni n ten s if ica t ion o ft h ec ond i t ion s wh ich p roduced t h e s e cond p a t te rn , a sw e l l a so n t h ef o rma t ion o fc o rpora te g roup s wh ich ,t o ge the r , m ay r e su l ti ng rea te rt ime d ep th f o rt h e s t y le s a s soc ia ted w i th t h em . I n a dd i t ion , u nde r c ond i t ion s o ft e r r i tor ia l i ty , l o ca l g roup s o r g eog raph i c a l ly r e s t r ic ted a ggr ega te so fl o ca lg roup sm ay b eg in t o ma in ta in e t hn ic b ounda r ies ( Dy son -Hud s on a nd Sm i th 1 978 :22 ) . A l though s t y l is t ic d if e r ences b e tween g r oup s n eed n o t a lway s b e a r e su l t o r r ef l ec t ion o fe conom ic c ompe t i t ion ( Hodde r 1 982 :185 -211) , s t y le c an b e , a nd o f t en i s , u sed t o t o ma in ta in e t hn ic b ounda r ie s u nde r s i tua t ion s o f c ompe t i t ion o ve r r e sou rces ( Hodde r 1 979 ) . C e r ta in ly i nC a l ifo rn ia " i n t e r t r iba l " c onf l ic to ve rr e sou rce s s e ems t oh ave b een c ommon ( McCo rk le 1 978 :697 ) . T h i sp o s i t ion i sa l so i nk eep ing w i th t h ee co log ica lt h eo ry o fe t hn ic d if e r e n t ia t ion r e cen t ly p ropo sed b y A b ruzz i ( 1982 ) . T he r efo r e , u nde r c ond i t ion s o fs eden ta r i sm a nd t e r r i to r ia l i ty , t h e r e e x is t s t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t b ounda ry ma in tenance m igh t b e s i gna l led v i a s t y le (Wob s t 1 977 ) . T he r e su l t o f t h is w ou ld b e ah i gh l e ve l o f s t y l is t ic h omogene i ty w i th in a r e s t r ic t ed z on e ( a l though p e rhap s o n ly a tb ounda r ie s [ Hodde r 1 982 ] ) p e r s i s t ing t h rough ac on s i de r ab le p e r iod o ft ime . I n s umma ry , a s r e sou rce a bundance a nd p r ed ic tab i l i ty i n cr ea se , t h e c on tex t s f a vou rab le t o t h e u se o fp a t ter ned s t y l i s t ic s i gna l l ing i n c r ea se . A tv e ry l ow l e ve l s o fr e sou r ce a bundan ce a nd p r ed ic tab i l i ty , t h e n a tur e o fs oc ia l i n te rac t ion i sn o t c onduc ive t ot h e d eve lopmen t o fe x ten s ive p a t te rn so fi n te r -pe r sona ls t y le s ha r ing ( a l though i n d iv idua ls t y le may w e l lb es i gna l led ) . A sc on d i t ion si mp rove ,i n c r ea s ing s t ab il i ty o fg roup c ompo s i t ion r e su l t si ni n c r ea sed c ommona l i ty o ft h e m i l ieu o fe ncu l tu ra t ion a sw el a st h ep o s s ib i l i ty o fs i gna l l ing w i th in -g roup c ohe s ion . A nd , w hen t h e c o s t s o f ma in ta in ing a n e xc lu s ive t e r r i to ry a r e o u twe ighed b y t h e b enef i t s g a ined f r om t h is p a t ter no fr e sou r ce u t i l iza t ion ( Dy son -Hud son a nd Sm i th 1 978 :23 ) , w e m igh t s e e t h e a c t ive s i g n al ing o f e t hn ic b ounda r ie s . T her efo re , i n t e rms o f s oc ia l c on s t ra in t o n s t one t oo l d e s ign , i t m igh tb e e xpec ted t h a t a so ne move s u pf r om l ower t oh ighe rl e ve l s o fr e sour ce a bundance a nd p r ed ic tab i l i ty , o ne w ou ld s e e ac o r r e la ted i n c rea se i nt h ep o ten t ia li mpor tanc e o fs t y l i s t ic s i gna l l i ng ( i . e . , i n c r ea s ing i mpo r tan ce ( we igh t ) i nt h e pr e f e rence o rde r ) . H owever , i ti si mpo r tan t t o r emember t h a t Ia m d i scu s s ing p o ten t ia l , a nd Ia m n o ts ugge s t ing t h a ts t one t o o l s w e re n ece s sa r i l yu sed f o rs i gna l l ing e t hn ic i ty . G iven t h e ir s i ze , much o ft h e ir f o rm c ou ld h ave b een h idden i na h af t ; t h e r efor e , Id o n o tc on s ide rt h em t ob et h e mo s tl i ke ly c and ida tes f o rs i gna l l ing e t hn ic i ty t o r e la t ive s t ranger s (Wob s t 1 977 ) . H oweve r , Id o b e l ieve t h a t s t y l is t ic v a r iab i l i ty i n s t one t oo l s may b e s en s i t ive t ot h e c on tex t o fe ncu l tu ra t ion , a nd t ot h e i n ten s i ty o fw i th in -g roup i n t e r ac t ion ( i . e . ,s i gna l l ing g roup c ohe s ion ) .

ANALYT ICAL APPROACH T he p reced ing p age sh ave p rov ided at h eo re t ica l f r amework f o rt h e a na ly s i s o fv a r ia t ion i ns t one t oo l s , a nd am ean sf o rp red ic t ing, i n al im i ted w ay , t h ep o ten t ia li mpor tance o fs t y l i s t ic v a r ia t ion i n ad es ign , a sw el a si t s e xpec ted s pa t ia l a nd t empo ra l p a t ter n ing . I nt h e f o l low ing p age s t h is f r amewo rk w i l lb ea pp l ied t od a ta f r om t h e C ap s ian . I nt h ec hap ter o ne nv ironmen t( Chap te rI I ) , Iw il e va lua te whe re o n T ab le 1 t h e C ap s ian e nv ironmen t w ou ld f a l l , u s ing c ha rac te r is t ic s ( r e sou rce p r ed ic tab i l i ty ) o f t h e S an a nd W in tu ( Ca l if o rn ia ) e nv ironmen t s a s i nd ica tor s o f t h e l owe ra nd u ppe re nd so f ar e la t ive s c a le a ga in s tw h ich t h eC ap s ian e nv i ronmen tc an b em ea su r ed . B a sed o nt h i s e va lua t ion Iw il p red ic tt h e e xpec ted p a t te rn i ns pace a nd t ime f o r s t y l is t ic v a r ia t i on i n t h e C ap s ian . I n s ub sequen t c hap te r s t h e p red ic ted p a t ter n w i l l b e c ompa r ed t o t h e o b se rved p a t te rn o fs pa t ia l / tempora lv a r ia t ion i nt h e f o rm o ff i ve c l a sses o fa r t if ac t sf r om b o th C . t yp ique a nd C .s upe r ieu ra s semb lage s( s ee C hap t er I Vf o rd a ta o na s semb lages s t ud ied ) .

D ec is ion A na ly s is Me thodo logy T he m e thodo logy u sed i nt h is s t udy i n vo lve st h ef olow ing s t ep s : 1 .

F o rmu la t ion o fa n h ypo the s i s a bou t t h e d e s ign p rob lem ( s ) wh ich e ach t o o l c l a s s , o r o the rs u i tab le a na lyt ica lu n i t , s o lve s . A t ten t ion mu s tb e p a id t ot h e f a c tt h a tt h et r ad i t i ona l t oo l c l a s se s may c on ta in f o rms w h ich a r e d e s igned t os o lve d i f f e r en tp rob lem s a sw el a su nf in ish ed f o rms . I ft h ec l a s si sc ompo sed o ft o o l sd e s igned t os o lve d i f f e r e n tp rob lem so ru nf in i shed p i ece st h en t h e mode lw il f i tp oor ly .

2 .

D i scus s ion o ft h em ean s a va i lab le t os o lve t h e d e s ign p rob lem ( s ) ( e .g . , c ha rac te r is t ic s o ft e chn ique s ) wh ich c on s t r a in d e s ign . S ome a na ly s i s may b e c a r r ied o u t t oi d en t ify e f f ec t sa s soc ia ted w i th d if e r en tm ean s .

3 .

D eve lopmen to f ad ec i s ion /de s ign mode l . T h is i n vo lve s t h e s pec if ica t ion o ft h e d ec i s i on p a th so fa l te rna te s o lu t ion st ot h ed e s ign p rob lem , g i ven t h ea va i lab le m ean s . a )

S pec ify t h e a l te rna te p os s ib il i t ie s a te ach s t age o fd e s ign ( e .g . , e dge p r oduc t ion , b l ank s e lec t ion ,b a se s hape ) .

b )

L is tt h ep o s i t ive ( d ec r ea se s e for t ) a nd n ega t ive ( i nc r ea se s e for t ) e f ec t s a s soc i a t ed w i th e ach a l te rna te d ec is ion f o re ach s t age o f manuf ac tu r e . E ach e f ec t h a s t h en e i the r ap o s i t ive o rn ega t ive v a lue o fo ne ( equa lw e igh ti sa s sumed ) .

c )

C on s t ruc t ad ec is ion t r ee ( i . e . ab ranch ing s equence o f a l te rna te p o s s ib le d ec i s i on s u sed i nt h e r e so lu t ion o f ap rob lem ) w h ich i lu s t ra te s t h e d e s ign s t ep s f o r a l te rna te s o lu t ion s a nd a l low s t h e t a bu la t ion o fc o s t s ( i . e . , n ega t ive a nd p o s i t ive v a lue s a r e a dded t oge the r ) . T abu la te t h e c o s t s t od e te rm ine t h e l e a s t e xp en s ive s o lu t ion .

d )

E xam ine t h e d ec is ion t r ee t os e e w h ich d ec i s ion s ( r e la t ing t os pec if ic a t t r ibu t e s ) c on t r ibu te t h e mo s tt or e duc t ion o fd e s ign c o s t . T h is l a s ts t ep mu s tt a ke i n to c on s i dera t ion t h e f a c tt h a te a r ly d ec i s ion s may h ave e f f ec t s o nt h ec os t o fl a te rd ec i s i on s .

e )

R ank t h e a t t r ibu te s a s soc ia t ed w i th s pec if ic d ec is ion s f o rt h e o p t ima l s o lu t ion i n o rde ro fd ec r ea s ing i mpor tance i nr e duc ing d es ign c o s t ; t h e reby c r ea t ing ap ref e r e nce o rde r . T ho se a t t r ibu te s w h ich a r e l owe s t o nt h e p r ef e rence o rde rm ay h ave s t y l i s t ic i mpor tance .

0

4 .

Ana lyze i n te r -s i te a nd f a c ie s v a r ia t ion o fe ach a t t r ibu te i nt h e p ref e r ence o rde r ( s ta t is t icaly w he re a pp rop r ia te ) c on t rol ing f o r v a r ia t ion a s soc ia ted w i th c hang i n g mean s ( e .g . , r aw ma te r ia l d i f f e r enc e s , c hange s i na va i lab le b l ank p roduc t ion t e chno logy ) . Q ue s t ion st ob ea n swe red a r e : i )

I st h e re al ow d eg ree o fi n te r -s i te a nd i n te r -f ac ie sv a r ia t ion i nv a lue s o f a t t r ibu te sh igh o nt h ep r ef e r en ce o rde r ?

i )

D o a t t r ibu te s l ow o nt h e p r ef er ence o rde rh ave v a lue s wh ich c l u s te ri n t ime a nd s pace ( i . e . , s im i la r v a lue s a r e r e co rded f o r c on tempo raneou s a nd c on t iguou ss i te s ) , a sw ou ld b ee xpec ted f o rs t y l is t ic a t t r ibu te s?

i i )

A r ei n te r s i te o ri n te r -f ac ie s d if e r en ce s i na t t r ibu te v a r ia t ion e xp la ined o ra c coun ted f o rb yv a r ia t ion i na va i lab le m ean s?

i v )

I st h e r e ap a t te rn o fi n c r ea s ing o rd ec r ea s ing i n te r s i te s t y l i s t ic v a r iab i l i t yw h ich c or r e la te sw i th e nv i ronmen ta lc hange a si sp red ic ted i nC hap t e rI I?

O rder c oeff ic ien t so fv ar ia t ion ( CV ) f o rt h e a t t r ibu te s s t ud ied , f r om t h e l owe s tt ot h e h ighe s t . I ft h i s o rde rm a tche s t h a to ft h ep r ed ic ted p ref e r ence o rde r , t h en t h e d ec is ion mode li ss uppo r ted .

T h i sp rog ramme o fa na ly s i s w il b ep u r sued a sf a ra si sf e a s ib le f o re ach t o o lc l a ss ; h oweve rt h e e x ten tt o wh ich t h i si sp o s s ib le w i l lv a ry f r om c l a s st oc l a s s .

Chap ter I H ISTORY OF RESEARCH ON THE CAPSIAN

I NTRODUCT ION T he h i s to ry o fN o r th A f r ican a r chaeo logy i si n t ima te ly t i ed t ot h a t o f F r ench P a laeo l i th ic a r chaeo logy . T he c o lon iza t ion o f t h e Magh reb b rough t w i th i t many F rench a dm in i s t ra to r s , t e ache r s , a nd s o ld ie r sw ho h ad as r ong i n te re s ti np r eh is to ry . T he se p eop le f o rmed l o ca l a r chaeo l og ica l a nd g eog raph ica l s oc ie t ie s , a nd p ub l ished j ou rna l s . A t t h e s ame t ime t h ey p ub l i shed i n , a nd ma in ta ined c on tac t w i th , s im i la rj ou rna l s a nd o rgan iza t ion s i nF rance . T hus a n i n t e l lec tua l n e two rk w a se s tab l ished b e tween F rance a nd A lger ia t h a tr ema in s t ot h is d ay . P e rhap s t h e mo s t i mpor tan tA lge r ian s oc ie ty d u r ing t h ee a r ly p e r iod w a sL aS oc ig tg A rchgo log ique d e C on s tan t ine , wh ich b egan p ub l ish ing i t sj ou rna lR ecue i ld es N o t ice s e t Mgmo ires d e l aS oc ig tg A rchgo log ique d eC ons tan t ine ,i n1 853 , a nd h a sc on t inued u n t i l a tl e a s t 1 971 . I tw a si nt h i sj ou rna lt h a tt h ef i r s t men t ion w a s m ade , i n 1 894 , o f s t one too l b ea r ing s i te s i nt h e v i c in i ty o f T ebe s sa , i nE a s t e rn A lge r ia ( Dup ra t 1 894 ) . T h is e a r ly d i scove ry s e t i n mo t ion t h e r e sea r ch o n t h e C ap s ian o ft h e T ebes sa a r ea wh ich h a sc on t inued t ot h ep r esen t ,a nd wh ich i st h es ub jec to ft h i s monog r aph .

F igur e4 : G ene ra l Map o ft h e Magh r eb

E ARLY RESEARCH T he ma te r ia l r epor t ed b y D up ra t a ppa ren t ly c ame f r om C ap s ian s i te s . D up r a t made t h e i mpo r tan t o bserva t ion t h a t t h e s i te s n o r th o f a nd a r ound T ebe s sa p roduced s ma l l t o o l s , wh i le t h ose i mmed ia te ly t ot h e s ou th p roduced l a rge b l ade t oo l s ( Dup ra t 1 894 :549 ) . T h is d i s t inc t ion , a l though s ub sequen t ly i gno r ed i nt h ep o lem ic o ft h ee a r ly 2 0 th c en tury ,p e r s is t st oday i nt h e f o rm o ft h ed i s t inc t ion made b e tween t h eC .t yp ique a nd C .s upe r ieu ri n du s t r ie s . I mmed ia te ly a f t e rD up r afs r epo r t , l i t t le w o rk s e ems t oh ave b een c a r r ied o u to n t h e p r eh i s t o ry o fe a s tc en t r a l A lge r ia a nd s ou ther nT un is ia . I n 1 905 , t h e d ean o fA lge r ian p r eh is to ry , P a l l a ry , w a s a b le t ow r i te t h a tT un is ia s e emed t ob e v ery p oo r i nS tone A ge s i tes ( Pa l la ry 1 909 ) . H oweve r i n 1 909 , L a t ap ie , ap o l iceman i nT ebe s sa , p ub l ished a n a nonymou s n o te i n wh ich h e r e por t ed u pon t h e l o ca t ion o f 4 2 e s cargo t igr es i n t h e r eg ion o f T ebe ssa ( Anony mou s [La tap ie ] ,1909 , c i ted i nB a lou t 1 955 :391) . I n t h e s ame y ea r d e Mo rgan c o ined t h e t e rm " Cap s ienne " ( d e Mo rgan 1 909 :136 ) t od e sc r ibe ma te r ia l f r om t h e s i t e o fE l Mek ta n ea r G af sa ( La t in C apsa )i ns ou the rn T un is ia . A l though t h eC aps ienne r e semb led t h e A u r ignac ian ,d e Mo r g an i n s is ted o n t h e u se o f al o ca l r a the r t h an aE u ropean t e rm f o r t h is i n du s t ry b ecau se , a sh e n o te si nt h eb eg inn ing o fL e sP rem igre sC iv i l i sa t ion s( 1909 ) ,t e chno log ica la dvance sd on o to ccu r a tt h es ame r a te o ri nt h es ame o rde ri na l lp a r t so ft h ew o r ld f o rd i f f e r en tc i rcums tance s a nd c on d i t ion s c an p roduce d i f f e ren tc u l tu r e s i nt h e s ame t ime p e r iod . T he refo r e s im i la r i ty i nf o rm d i d n o t n ece s sa r i ly i mp ly c on tempo rane i ty o f a r chaeo log ica l i n du s t r ie s ( de Mo rgan 1 909 :3 -5 ) . I n h o ld ing t h i s p o s i t ion d e Mo rgan w a sc l ea r ly r e ac t ing a ga in s tt h e d ogma t ic u n i l inea le vo lu t iona ry s t age t h eor ies o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry , wh i le s t il ma in ta in ing a n i n te r es t i np a lgoe thno log ie . H ow e ve r , h i s c au t ion o n d raw ing p a ra l le l s b e tween g eog raph ica l ly d i s tan t E th ic a s semb lage s w a s i gno red b y many i nt h e e n su ing d ecade s , a nd f o rt h e n ex t f o r ty y ea r s C ap s ian a r chaeo logy w a s d om ina ted b yt h eq ues t ion o ft h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h eF r ench A u r igna c ian a nd t h eC ap s ienne o rG g tu l ien a si tw a sc a l led b yP ala ry ( 1909 ) .

THE AURIGNAC IAN DEBATE B eg inn ing i n1 905 a nd c u lm ina t ing i nh i s w o rk L e s s ubd iv i s ion sd uP aMo l i th ique s upgr ieur e tl e ur s i gn if i ca t ion ( 1912 ) ,B r eu i l( 1905 ;1912 )i s o la ted t h eF rench A u r ignac ian a nd f o rmu la ted a t h ree s t age s cheme f o ri t s d eve lopmen t . T hese F r ench i n te rp r e ta t ion s h ad a n i mmed ia te i mpac t u pon N or th A f r ican a r chaeo logy . I n 1 910 ,d e Morgan ,C ap i tan a nd B oudy ( 1910 ) i na na r t ic le o n t h ep r eh is to ry o fT un is ia ,o pened s e r iou sd eba te o nt h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e A u r ignac ian a nd t h eC ap s ian . D e Mo rgan ,f o l low ing h i se t hno log ica lp h i losophy ,n o ted t h a ta l though t h eT un is ian ma te r ia l( f rom E l Mek ta a nd R edeyef )r e semb led t h eA u r ignac ian a nd ' p rg so lu t rgen 'o fE u rope ; I ls emb le d i ff ic i le d ' adme t t r eq u 'aux t emp s a r cheo l i th ique s l am eme i n dus t r ie f l i t r epandue p a r p ropaga t ion d an s l ' Eu rope o cc iden ta le e tl 'A f r ique d u No rd ; i l p a ra i t p lu s r a t ionn e l d ' adme t t r e q ue , c l an s l e s d eux p ay s , l e s m emes c au se s o n t a mene l e s meme s e f f ec t se tq ue c ' e s tp a rs u i te d e s im il i tude s d ev i ei mposee sp a r l an a tu r e q ue c e s p eup le s s on t p ar venue s ad e s i n du s t r ie s v o is ine s . D 'a ileu r s , n ou sn e s a von sp a ss il ec ap s ien e s tc on t empo ra in d el ' au r ignac ien ( d e Morgan , e t a l . 1 910 :117 ) .2

2 I ts e ems d i ff icu l tt oa cc ep tt h a ti nt h eP a laeo l i th ic p e r iod t h e s ame i ndu s t ry w a s s p r ead b y d i f f u s ion i n We s te rn E u rope a nd No r th A f r ica ; i tw ou ld a ppea r mo r e r a t iona l t oa s sume t h a t , i n t h et wo c oun t r ie s ,t h es ame c au se sh ave l e dt ot h e s ame e f ec t s a nd i ti s ar e su l to fs im i la r i t ie s o fl i f e i mposed b yn a tu r e t h a tt h e se p eop le h ave d eve loped s im i la ri n du s t r ie s . Mo reove r , w e d on o tk now i ft h eC ap s ian i sc on tempo raneou s w i th t h eA ur ignac ian ( d e Mo rgan e ta l . 1 910 : 17 ; a u thor ' st r an s la t ion ) . - 2 1 -

A l though Mo rgan b e l ieved t h eC ap s ian t o ok t h ep l ace o ft h eE u ropean U ppe rP a laeo l i th ic o r a rchgo l i th ique ( d e Mo rgan e t a l . 1 910 :117 ,223 ) , h e s aw n o r e a son t o i n voke c onnec t ion s b e tween t h et wo b ecau se s im i la rc i r cums tance sc ou ld p roduce s im i la re f f ec t s . R a the rt h an f olow t h e E u ropean s ubd iv is ion o ft h e A u r ignac ian , d e Morgan p ropo sed as ubd iv i s ion o ft h e C ap s ian b a sed u pon t h e ma te r ia l se xcava ted f r om t h eu ppe ra nd l owe rs he l ter s o fR edeyef ( Sou the rn T un i s i a ) . T he l owe r s he l t er c on ta ined , a l ong w i th l a rge " pa lgo l i th ique " ( i . e . , M idd le /Lowe r P a laeo l i t h ic )p i ece ss uch a s" d i sc s " , ac omp le te s e r ie so f" . .g rande sl ame s äd o sr e touche sv er t ica lemen t , d e s p e t i t s c ou teaux , d e s b u r in s , d e s g r a t to ir s e pa i s , d es n uc le i c ap s ien s . . ." ( d e Mo rgan e ta l . 1 910 :271) ; t h is d e Mo rgan c a l led C aps ien i n f gr ieur ( d e Mo rgan e ta / . 1 910 :273 ) . I nt h e u pper s he l te rt h e ma te r ia lw a sn o t iceab ly d if e ren t . T he s he l t er c on ta ined ; . .u ne i n du s t r ie p l u s p er f ec t ionnee e tp a r s u i te p lu s r e cen te , c a rac te r i see p a r l a p redom inance d e sp e t i t es l ame s ad o s r e touche , d e s p e t i t s g r a t to i r s , s ouven t c o l o re s p a r d e l ' oc r e r ouge , d e s f r agmen t s d ' oeuf s d ' au t ruche p a r f o i s g rave s , d e s p o in on s d ' o s p o l is ( r a r e s ) e te lf in p a r l ' appa r i t ion d e l ap a ru r e ( c oqu ile p e r cee d ' un t r ou )( d e Mo rgan e ta l . 1 910 :273 ) .3 T h is a s semb lage d e Mo rgan c a l led C aps ien s upgr ieur . T h i s d i v is ion e s sen t ia l ly m ir ro r s t h a t o f t h e mode m C . s upe r ieu ra nd C . t yp ique . T he c h rono s t ra t ig r aph ic r e la t ion sh ip i n f e r r ed i n1 910 r ema ined a s soc ia ted w i th t h eC ap s ian u n t i lt h el a te 1 960 ' s . O ne i mpor tan tt ypo log ica lf e a tu re i s ,h oweve r ,m is s ing f r om d e Mo rgan s 'd ef in i t ion : h i s a r t i c l ed oe s n o t men t ion g eome t r ic m ic ro l i th s . T h i s w a s u ndoub tab ly af unc t ion o fe xcava t ion t e ch n ique s r a the rt h an l a ck o fr e cogn i t ion , s i nce " Tard eno is ien " g eome t r ic s w e re a l ready w el k nown f r om E u rope a nd A f r ica ( Cou t i l 1 912 ; D ebruge 1 905 ) . T h is l a cuna w a sf i led b yG obe r t( 1 910a ) , w ho n o ted t h a t c a r efu l s c reen ing o fs i te s h e h ad e xcava ted ( Redeyef a nd r eg ion ) h ad r e vea led , m ixed w i th t h e A u r ignac ian f o rms , " Tardeno i s ien " t r apeze s a nd t r iang le s , a s w el a sn ume rou s m ic robu r in s( Gober t ,1910b ) . I nt h ec onc lud ing s e c t ion o ft h e 1 910 s e r ia l a r t ic le b yd e Mo rgan , C ap i tan a nd B oudy ; C ap i t a nw r i t ing u nde rh i s own i n i t ia l s , a nd n o t ing h i s d i sag r eemen t w i th t h e o the r s , s t a ted t h a t b a sed o n as t udy o fa r t if ac t mo rpho logy h e c ou ld o n ly c onc lude t h a t t h e C ap s ian w a s i d en t ica l t ot h e E u ropean A u r ignac ian . No t r e c ap s ien e s t d onc l ef a c ie s t un i s ien d e l ' au r ignac ien d 'Europe , a b so lumen t i d en t ique d ' a ileu r s ac e lu i -c i . I lp a rä i t d onc b i en e v iden t q ue d eux i n du s t r ie s a u ss i s emb lab le s , j u sque d an s l e s p l u s p e t i t s d e ta i l s , n e p euven t r e conna i t re q u 'une o r ig ine c ommune . ( Cap i tan i nd e Mo rgan e ta l . 1 911 :226 )4 C ap i tan c onc luded t h a t s uch s im i la r i ty c ou ld o n ly h ave o ccu red i fl a nd b r idge s a c ros s t h e Med i t e rannean h ad a l lowed mu tua le xchange o fi d ea s( d e Morgan e ta / . 1 911 :227 ) .

3 . .a ni n du s t ry mo r er ef ined , a nd c on sequen t ly mor er e cen t , c ha r ac te r ized b yt h ep redom inance o fs ma l l b acked b l ade s , s mal e nd sc raper s , o f t en c o lou r ed b y r e d o ch re , f r agmen t s o fo cca s s i onaly e ng r aved o s t r ich e gg shel , p o l i shed b one a w l s ( r a r e ) a nd f i na l ly b y t h e a ppea rance o f i t em so fp e r sona la do rnmen t( p ie r ced s hel ) ( d e Mo rgan 1 910 :273 ; a u thor st r an s la t ion ) . 4 O u rC ap s ian i st h e ref o r et h eT un is ian f a c ie so ft h eE u ropean A u r ignac ian , a b so lu te ly i d en t ica l mor eove r t o t h e l a t ter . I ta pp ea r s q u i te e v iden t t h a t t wo i n du s t r ies s o s im i la r , e ven t o t h e s ma l les t d e ta i l s , c ou ld o n ly h ave ac ommon o r ig in . ( Cap i tan i nd e Morgan e ta l . 1 911 :226 ; a u thor st r an s la t ion ) . - 2 2 -

Af t e rt h i s p o in t i nt ime , t wo s choo l s o ft h ough t e x i s ted . O n t h e o ne s i de w e r e d e Mo rgan , G ober t ,P ala ry , a nd e ven tua l ly V auf r ey , who f e l tt h a tt h e C aps ien o r" Gg tu l ien " ma te r ia lw a sn o t i d en t ica lt ot h eA u r ignac ian , a nd t h a ta ny r e semb lance s d id n o tn ece ssa r i ly i mp ly c on temporane i t y o r a ny f o rm o f c on tac t . T ak ing t h e o ppo s i te v i ew w e r e n ume rou s E uropean p r eh i s to r ian s ( Cap i tan ,B reu i l )a nd A lge r ian w o rke r ss uch a s D eb ruge a nd R eyga s se . Un t i l 1 933 , t h e s uppo r te r s o ft h e A u r ignac ian " connec t ion " w e re i nt h e a scendancy . I nh i s 1 912 " Subd iv i s ion s . . . " a r t ic le B reu i l p ronounced t h a t t h e o l d C aps ien o r G g tu l ien w a s c l ea r ly A u r ignac ian a nd p e r f ec t ly i n te rmed ia te b e tween C hd t e lper ron a nd L a G rave t t e ( i . e . , M idd le A u r ignac ian ) ( 1912 :181 -183 ) . B reu i lc onc luded t h a ti tw a s p robab le t h a t a n i n f luence h ad c ome f r om A f r ica b y w ay o f S pa in a nd mod if ied " . .Vevo lu t ion s pon tanee d es a u r ignac ien s moyen s " ( 1 912 :183 ) . W i th h i s f i rm s uppo r tw o rke r si nt h e f i e ld b egan t od i scove rB r eu i l ' s t h ree s t age s o f t h e Au r ignac ian i n No r th A f r ica . D eb ruge w o rk ing i nt h ec en t ra lC on s tan t ine p l a in a nd n ea rT ebe s sa w a st h e mo s ta r den ts up p o r te ro ft h e t h ree s t age s cheme . H i s ma jor w o rk c en ter ed u pon c en t ra l A lge r ian s i te s a nd e spe c i a l ly t h ee s cargo t igre o f Mech ta e lA rb il o ca t ed 5 0k i lome t r e sw e s to fC on s tan t ine n ea rC ha teau d un d uR hume l . T he s i te w a s f i r s te xcava ted b y t h e l a ndowne r Me rc ie ri n 1 907 , t h en r epea ted ly e xcava ted b y D eb ruge , a nd f i na l ly , i n 1 926 , w a s d ug b y t h e Amer ican L ogan Mu seum ( Be lo i t C olege )e xped i t ion l e db yP ond a nd g u ided b yD eb ruge . F rom Mech ta e lA rb i D eb ruge r e po r ted a n i n du s t ry t o ta l ly l a ck ing i nb ur in s a nd g eome t r ic m icro l i th s ( Deb ruge a nd Me rc ie r 1 912 :294 ) a nd e xh ib i t ing w ha t h e f e l t w e re Mou s te r ian a ff in i t ie s , a s w el a s s ome s k e le ta l r ema in s w i th N eande r tha l c ha rac te r is t ic s ( 1 912 :304 ) . H e a t t r ibu ted t h e b one i ndu s t ry , wh ich h ad n o a ff in i ty w i th E u ropean ma te r ia l s , t oi n t ru s ive N eo l i th ic b u r ia l s ( 1912 :304 ) . D eb ruge s ub sequen t ly m ade Mech ta t h et ype s i te f o r" Aur ignac ien A nc ien " ( Debruge 1 923 :55 ) . H oweve r , i nh i sr e po r to nt h e 1 926 e xcava t ion s , P ond n o ted t h e p r e sence o f as ma l l n umber o f b ur in s a nd t h re e m icro l i th ic c r e scen t s wh ich h e s t a ted " . .a re n o tt yp ica l o fa ny P a laeo l i th ic h or izon " ( Pond e ta / . 1 928 :56 ) . P ond d i scu s sed t h e b ew i lde r ing p r e sence o f f o rm s c ommon t o a l l t h ree s t age s o f t h e F r ench A u r ignac ian a nd ad i s t inc t ive b one i n du s t ry ,bu th ec onc luded t h a t : T he re a r e af ew s u r v ivo r s f r om t h e l owe r A u r ignac ian a nd as t rong t e ndency t o U ppe r A u r ignac ian t yp e s b u t t h e e s ca rgo t ie re o f Mech ta e lA rb i i sd om inan t ly M idd le A u r ignac ian i nt h ec ha rac te ro fi t sf l in ti n du s t ry ( Pond e ta l . 1 928 :52 ) . S ub sequen tw ork b yt h eL ogan Mu seum e xped i t ion i nt h e r e g ion o fA in B e idha ( Can robe r t ) r e su l ted i n a s semb lage s wh ich w e r e a t t r ibu ted t o t h e L owe r , M idd le , a nd U ppe r A u r ignac ian ( Pond e ta l . 1 928 :52 ) . A l though D eb ruge f ound f ew o r n o g eome t r ic s i nt h e c en t ra l A lger ian s i te s , a s h e moved e a s t i n to t h e a r ea o f T ebes sa h e e ncoun te red s i te s w i th many mo r e . T he n ume rou sg eome t r ic si nt h es i te so ft h e T ebes sa r e g ion c l ea r ly p o sed ap rob lem f o rt h e " Au r igna c i an s choo l " s i nce t h ey w e r e n o t o f ten f ound i nt h e F rench A u r ignac ian b u t r a the ri nt h e T a rde n o is ian ( Cou t i l 1 912 ) . D eb ruge t h e r efo r e a dop ted amore c au t iou s a pp roach t ot h e ma te r ia l . H e d i d f i nd e v idence f o r a nA ur ignac ien a nc ien i nt h e Mou s te r ian t r a i t s p r e sen t a tt h e s i te o f Khan g ue te l Mouhäad wh ich r e s t si np a r tu pon t h eA te r ian s i te o fE lO ub ira ( Deb ruge 1 925 :59 ) . H ow e ver i nh i s E s sa i d e C h rono log ie s ur l e sE scargo t igres ( 1925 ) h e s peak s o fa n e vo lved i n dus t ry " l e G e tu l ien o u C ap s ien " w i th l a rge t o o l s a nd n ume rou s m ic ro l i th s ( 1925 :71) r a the r t h an o f a n A ur ignac ian . F olow ing t h i sl a t te ri n du s t ry h er e cogn ized a n" Epoque T ard eno i s ienne " ( 1925 :75 ) w i th w el -deve loped g eome t r ic m ic ro l i th s . T h is c au t iou s a pp roach o fD eb ruge ' s w a s n o t , h ow e ver , f olowed b y h i s f r iend R eyga s se , w ho f r om 1 917 o n d i v ided t h e C ap s ian o f t h e T ebe s sa r e g ion i n to t h r ee " c iv i l isa t ion s a u r ignac ienne s " ( Reyga sse 1 920 :515 ) . T he l a s t o ft h e se w a s t h e " Ta rdeno is ien l ep lu s p u r " ( 1 920 :515 ) . F o rR eyga s se t h e a bundance o fg eome t r ic s b eg inn ing i n h i sM idd le A u r ignac ian o n ly d emon s t ra ted t h e d eve lopmen t o fg eome t r ic s i nN or th A f r ica p r io r t ot h eF r ench T a rdeno is ian . H ec onc luded t h a tt h e r i chne ss o ft h e A f r ican A u r ignac ian o n ly c on f i rmed t h eA f r ican o r ig in o ft h eA u r ignac ian i ng ene ra l( 1922 :194 -203 ) . R eyga s se a ppea r st oh ave b een a t temp t ing t oi n teg ra te t h e s cheme d eve loped b y D eb ruge i n a na r ea i n wh ich s ome s i te s may h ave h ad v e ry f ew g eome t r ic s ( as cheme b acked b y C ap i tan a nd B r eu i l ) , w i th t h es cheme p ropo sed b yG oben ( 1910a ) , w ho r e cogn ized g eome t r ic s a ta ls t age s o f

- 2 3 -

t h e G g tu l ien ( Cap s ian ) , a sw el a sw i th h i s own r e cogn i t ion o fa bundan t g eome t r ic s i ns i te s t h e T ebe s sa r e g ion . A sp r ev iou s ly men t ioned , i n1 910 G obe r tn o ted t h a ta l lG 6 tu l ien ( Caps tan ) s i te s c on ta ined g eome t r ic m ic ro l i th s i ft h e d epo s i t s w e re c a r efu l ly s c r eened ( f ine me sh ; h o r izon ta l s c reen ) . O nt h eb a s is o fh i s r e sea r ch i ns ou ther nT un is ia , G ober td i v ided t h e C ap s ian i n to t h r ee s t age s : t h e f i r s tc on ta in ing l a rge t o o l s w i th f ew g eome t r ic m ic ro l i th s ( A in K e rma , A in S ende s ) ; t h es e cond s t age h av ing t o o l so fa l lt ype sa nd s i ze s i n c lud ing n ume rou sg eome t r ic m ic ro l i th s ( B ir K han fou s ) ; a nd f i naly t h e " i n terg6 tu lo -neo l i th ique " i n wh ich g eome t r ic s d om ina te ( A in A achena ) ( Gober t 1 912 ) . G obe r t i n s i s ted o n t h e f a c t t h a t a l though t h e G e tu l ien h ad s im i la r i t ie s w i th t h eF rench A u r ignac ian ,i ts hou ld d ef in i te ly n o tb ec a l led A u r ignac ian o rp l aced i nt h e s ame t ime p e r iod ( Gober t 1 910a :595 ) . Wh i le t h e r e a r e o bv iou s ly m any f a c to r s a ccoun t ing f o r t h e v a r ie ty o fv i ew s h e ld o nt h e C ap s ian /Au r ignac ian q ue s t ion , t wo i mpor tan t f a c tor s i n vo lved w e re t h e e xcava t ion t e chn iques a nd t h e g eog r aph ica l f o cu s o f s t udy o ft h e a u thor s . G obe r t ( 1 910a , ) a nd s ub sequen t ly V auf r ey ( 1933a ) , a t t r ibu ted t h e l a ck o fg eome t r ic s i ns ome s i te s e xcava ted b y D ebr uge a nd R eyga s se t ot h e i n adequa te s c reen ing o fd epo s i t s . G obe r t a nd V auf r ey u sed f i ne , h o r izon ta l ly h e ld s i eve s , wh i le D eb ruge u sed l a rge g rave l s c r een s s e t a ta n a ng le ( Pond 1 928 :20 ; D eb ruge 1 925 :61) . I ti sd i ff icu l tt oa s se s st h ee f f ec to fv a ry ing t e chn ique so nt h er e cove ry o fg eo me t r ic s . C lea r ly D eb ruge a nd R eyga s se r e cogn ized t h em , a nd i n many s i tes f ound t h em i nq uan t i ty ( s ee P ond e ta l . 1 938 ) . A t Mech ta e lA rb i , t h e t ype s i te o fD ebruge ' s A ur ignac ien a nc ien , P ond u nde rt h eg u idance o fD eb ruge a nd u s ing h i st e chn ique s f ound as mal n umbe ro fv e ry s mal s egmen t s ,i n c lud ing s ome r e cove ry o fs ma l lm ic ro l i th s ; h oweve rn oo the rg eome t r ies w e r e r e cov e r ed . A l though V auf rey ( 1955 )f ound g eome t r ic so nt h es u r f ace a t Mech ta e lA rb i ,B a lou tr e po r t s t h a t n one w e r e r e cove red f r om t h e l owe r s e c t ion w hen i tw a s r e opened a nd s t ud ied f o rt h e P an A f r ican C ong r e s so f1 952 , af a c t wh ich B a lou tf ound t r oub l ing ( 1955 :380 ) . I ts e ems c l ea rt h a t i nt h e a r ea o ft h e C on s tan t ine P la in w he re D eb ruge d i d mo s to fh i se xca v a t ion , s i te s e x i s t w h ich h ave v e ry f ew g eome t r ic f o rms ( Vauf rey 1 955 ) , o rp o s s ib ly e ven n one ( Ba lou t 1 955 :380 ) . I n c on t ras t , t h e a r ea f r om T ebe s sa s ou th t h rough T un is ia a bounded i ns i te s w i th m any g eome t r ic s , a nd e xcava t ion o ft h e se u s ing f i ne s i eves ( a nd l i t t le s t ra t ig raph ic c on t ro l ) w ou ld a lmo s ta lway sp roduce g eome t r ics . G ober t ,e xcava t ing B i rK han fou sf ound a na s semb lage o fl a rge t o o l s ( e .g . , b u r in s ) m ixed w i th n ume rou s t r apez e s ; i tw a s s ub sequen t ly r e a l ized t h a tt h e t r apeze sb e longed t o as u r f ace d epos i to fl a te r ma te r ia l( Vau f r ey 1 955 :128 ) . I ts e em sp robab le , t h en , t h a tt h e A u r ignac ian a r gumen tw a s f e d b y a c tua l r e g iona lv a r ia t ion i nt h e C ap s ian , wh ich may n o t h ave b een p e rce ived b y e xcava to r s w o rk ing i nt h e i r o wn s mal a r ea s . I ti su n f or tuna te t h a tt h is r e g iona lv a r ia t ion w a si n te r connec ted w i th t h eA u r ignac ian a r gu men t a nd i t sc h rono log ica l i mp l ica t ion s , f o ri ns ucceed ing y ea r s much o fV auf r ey ' s a nd G obe r t ' s w o rk w a sd evo ted t od emon s t r a t ing t h a t aC ap s ian w i thou tg eome t r ic s (C aps ien a nc ien) d i dn o t e x is t . T h is r e su l ted i nt h e d i sc r ed i t ing o fa ny s i te s w he re g eome t r ic s w e re n o t f ound ( Mech ta e l A rb i , A b r i C la r iond ) , a nd af o cu s o nt h e p r e sence o r a b sence o fg eome t r ic f o rms , r a the rt h an o n t h e i rr e la t ive a bundance o rv a r ia t ion i nf o rm . I ti st h er efor ep robab le t h a te r ro r sw e r em ade i nt h e b i a st owa rd t h eo ppo s i te e x t reme o ff i nd ing g eome t r ic f o rm se ve rywhe r e . A l though G ober ta nd P a l la ry a rgued w i th t h e s uppor te r so ft h eA f r ican A ur ignac ian c oncep t , i tw a s n o t u n t i l t h e e a r ly 1 930 's a nd t h e w o rk o f V auf r ey t h a t t h e b a lance o f o p in ion s wung a ga in s t t h e A u r ignac ian t h eo ry . V auf r ey w a s s en t b y t h e I n s t i tu t d e P a ldon to log ie H uma ine i n 1 926 t oT un i s ia , w her e h e b egan wha t w a s t o b ecome t h e f i r s t o f s i x f i e ld s ea son s ( 6 mon th s e ach )i nT un i s ia a nd e a s te rn A lge r ia ( Vauf r ey 1 955 :5 ) . I n 1 933 h ep ub l ished t h ei n i t ia lr e su l t s o f h i s f i e ldwo rk i nN o t es s ur l eC aps ien ( 1933a ) . H i s c onc lu s ion s p rov ided t h e f r amewo rk u pon w h ich t h eu nde r s tand ing o ft h eC ap s ian w a sb a sed f o rt h en ex tt h ir ty y ea r s . I n t h e 1 933 r epor t , V auf r ey d i scu s sed h i s w o rk a tn ume rou s s i te s i nT un is ia (E l Mek ta , R edeyef T ab le s ud ,L a la , A in S ende s ) a nd a tA in R h i lane a nA lge r ian s i te n ea rt h e A lge r ian/Tu n i s ian b orde re a s to fT ebes sa . I nt h i s a r t ic le V auf r ey d e sc r ibed t h e c on ten t s o ft h e v a r iou s C ap s i an i n dus t r ie s ,s e tu p ar e la t ive c h rono logy , a nd d emon s t ra ted t h el a ck o fv a l id i ty ,o nt ypo log ica l a nd g eo log ica lg round s ,o ft h eA u r ignac ian h ypo the s is .

V auf r ey d i v ided t h e C ap s ian i n to C aps ien s upgr ieur , C aps ien t y p ique , a nd N go l i th ique d e T rad i t ion C ap s ienne . T he C . t yp ique w a s r e p r esen ted b y t h e i ndu s t r ie s f r om E l Mek ta a nd R edeyef . T he E l Mek ta ma te r ia l c on s i s ted o fn ume rou s l a rge b acked b l ade s , l a te ra lb u r in s , e nd s c r ape r s a nd b acked b l ade le t s , p lu s av e ry s ma l l n umbe ro fg eome t r ic m ic ro l i th s ( s egmen t s p r e d om ina t ing ) , a nd o ve r 5 0 m ic robu r in s . T he a s semb lage f r om R edeyef c on ta ined f ewe r o f t h e l a rge p i ece s ,b u th ad many g eome t r ic sa nd m ic robu r in s . I tw a sf e l tt ob ee i the r mor ee vo lved o ra l o ca l v a r ian t , o r p e rhap s t or ep r esen t h or izon ta l v a r ia t ion w i th in t h e s i te ( Vauf r ey 1 933a :470 ) . T he b one i ndu s t ry o fb o th s i te s w a s r e p r e sen ted b y af ew f r agmen ta ry p i ece s . I ne ach o ft h ese s i t e s V auf rey p o in ted o u t t h e c on s tan t p re sence o f " l e s m icrobu r in s d u t ype ' t a rdeno is ienm ( 1 933a :466 ) . V auf r ey d i v ided t h e C . s upe r ieu r i n to t wo f a c ie s , t h e " I n t ergg tu lo -ngo l i th ique " o f T un is ia ( 1933a :474 ) , a nd t h e " Caps ien s upgr ieur t y p ique " wh ich p r edom ina ted i nA lger ia . T he m a jo rc ha rac te r i s t ic o fb o th f a c ie sw a st h e ma rked r e duc t ion i nt h en umbe ro fl a rge t o o l s ( backed b l ade s , b u r in s ) ( 1933a :477 ) a nd ag r ea t i n c r ea se i nt h e n umbe r a nd v a r ie ty o fm ic ro l i th ic t oo l s , e sp ec ia l ly g eome t r ic s . Wha td i s t ingu ished t h e f a c ie sh oweve r , w a sp r ima r i ly t h e t ype o fg eome t r i e s f ound . I nt h e " I n t erge tu lo -neo l i th ique " a sr e p r e sen ted b y L a la , e l onga ted s ca lene t r iang le s d om ina ted a nd t r unca t ion s w er e f r equen t , wh i le t h e " s upgr ieur t y p ique " w a s c ha r ac te r ized b y " . . t rue g eome t r ic m ic ro l i th s " ( 1933a :477 ) , s uch a st r iang le s a nd e qu i la ter a lt r apeze s . B o th i ndu s t r i e sc on ta ined amo re v a r ied a nd a bundan tb one i n du s t ry t h an w a sf ound w i th t h eC .t yp ique . T he f i na l s t age o ft h eC ap s ian ,t h e " Ngo l i th ique d e T rad i t ion C ap s ienne " ( N .T .C . ) w a s c ha r a c t e r ized b y t h ec omp le te d i sappea rance o f mo s t C .t yp ique e l emen t s , ar e duc t ion o ft h en umber o fg eome t r ic f o rm s , a nd t h ei n t roduc t ion o fb i f ac ia lp o in t s( 1933a :478 ) . V auf rey p l aced t h e se t h ree i n du s t r ie s i n ac h rono log ica l s equence b a sed u pon r e duc t ion i n t h en umbe ro fl a rge t o o l sa nd i n c r ea se i nt h em icro l i th ic f o rms . I nh i sc onc lu s ion h es t a te s : N ou s a von s a i n s i d i s t ingue e n t re t r o is g roupe s c h rono log ique s ( 2 ) : 1 : C ap s ien t yp ique 2 : I n te rge tu lo -neo l i th ique e tc ap s ien s upe r ieu r 3 :N eo l i th ique d e t r ad i t i on c ap s ienne , g roup e sc ha rac te r i se sp a ru ne r e duc t ion d ep lu se np l u sg rande d u g ro s o u t i l lage , c ' e s t -ä -d i re d e s i n s t rumen t s p rop r emen t d i t s , e tp a ru n d eve loppe m en t c oncom i tan t d es m ic ro l i the s , c ' e s t -ä -d ir e d ' un o u t ilage d ' a rma tu r e s ( 1933a :480 ) .5 I n af oo tno te V auf r ey s t a ted t h a tG ober th ad f ound t h eN .T .C . o ve rt h e " I n tergg tu lo -ngo l i th ique " a tR edeyef a nd t h a t V auf r ey 's o wn w o rk a tR e l i la i h ad s hown t h e C . s upe r ieu ro ve r ly ing t h e C . t yp ique ( 1 933a :480 ; 1 933b :648 -649 ) . I n a dd i t ion t oe s tab l ish ing ac h rono logy , V auf rey a rgued t h a tt h ep resence o fg eome t r ie s , a nd e spec ia l ly o fm ic robu r in si na l ls t ages ,c emen ted t h eC ap s ian i n to ah omogeneou sb l ock w h ich c ou ld n o tb eo l de rt h an f i na lU ppe rP a laeo l i th ic . A up o in td ev ue t ypo log ique ,l eC ap s ien n ou s a ppa ra i td onc c omme u ne i n du s t r ie d ec a rac te r e me so l i th ique o ut o u ta u mo ms p a leo l i th ique f i na l , e to nn ep eu ts on g e re nf a ir el ' ancA t r ed el ' au r ignac ien ( 1933a :481) .6

5 We h ave t h u sd i s t ingu ished b e tween t h ree c h rono log ica lg roup s ( 2 ) : i s tT yp ica l C ap s ian ; 2 nd I n te rge tu lo -neo l i th ic a nd U ppe r C ap s ian ; 3 rd N eo l i th ic o f C ap s ian T rad i t ion ; g roup s c ha rac t e r ized b y a ni n c r ea s ing r e duc t ion o fl a rge t o o l s ,t h a ti st os ay a c tua lt o o l s , a nd b y ac oncom i t a n t d eve lopmen t o f m ic ro l i th s , t h a t i st o s ay at o o l k i t o f a rma tu r e s ( Vauf r ey 1 933a :480 ; a u tho r ' st r an s la t ion ) . 6 F rom at ypo log ica lv i ewpo in t ,t h eC ap s ian a ppea r st ou s a sa ni n du s t ry o f aMe so l i th ic c ha rac t e r o r a tl e a s t f i na l P a laeo l i th ic , a nd o ne c anno t c on temp la te mak ing i tt h e a nc es to r o f t h e A u r ignac ian ( Vauf r ey 1 933a :481 ; a u tho r ' st r an s la t ion ) . - 2 5 -

T he p re sence o fm icrobu r in s w a s c on s ide red b y V auf r ey t ob e af i rm i n d ica to ro ft h e manu f a c tu r e o f g eome t r ic s , s i nce t h e u se o ft h e m ic robu r in t e chn ique f o r manuf ac tu r ing g eome t r ie s h ad b een a mp ly d emon s t ra t ed ( S i r e t ,1924 ) , a nd e spec ia l ly f o r t h e C ap s ian b y V igna rd ( 1934 ) . T he ref or e ,a l though s ome s i t es s uch a sE l Mek ta m igh th ave v ery f ew g eome t r ies ,t h ep r e sence o f m ic robu r in s " du t ype T a rdeno is ien " ( o ve r 5 0 a tE l Mek ta ) i n d ica ted g eome t r ic manuf ac tu r e , w he the r t h e g eome t r ic s w e re f ound o r n o t . I n mor e r e cen t y ea r s i th a s b een r e cogn ized t h a t m ic robu r in s c an r e su l t f r om t h e f a b r ica t ion o f b acked b l ade le t s a s w el a s g eome t r ic s ( T ix ie r 1 963 :141) ,a nd t h a tt h e refo r et h ey a r en o t ag ood c hrono log ica li n d ica to r . A s ide f r om d emon s t ra t ing t h e " Tard eno i s ien " t ypo log ica l a ff in i t ie s o ft h e C ap s ian , V auf rey made t h e i mpor tan t o bserva t ion t h a tn one o ft h e C ap s ian s i tes w er e f ound i nt h e o l d w ad i a l lu v ium , b u t r a the r r e s t ing u pon i t . T h is s ugges ted a r e la t ive ly r e cen t g eo log ica l a ge . T oge the r t h e se a r gumen t s v i r tua l ly d e s t royed t h e t h eo ry o ft h e A f r ican o r ig in o ft h e A u r ignac ian , a nd i n 1 937 B r eu i lc onceded t h a ts uch at h eo ry s hou ld b e a bandoned . H oweve r , u n t i l t h e d eve lopmen t o f C1 4 d a t ing V auf rey b a t t led s porad ic r e v iva l so ft h eo l di d ea . I na dd i t ion t od ef in ing t h e i n du s t r ies a nd p rov id ing at empora l f r amework , V au f r ey f o rma l i z ed k now ledge c once rn ing t h e g eog raph ica l d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e C ap s ian . H e n o ted t h a t t h e C . t yp ique w a s c onf ined t ot h e r e g ion s ou th o fT ebe s sa ( 1933a :649 ) ( A lge r ia/Tun is ia ) , w h i le t h e C . s up6 r ieu rs p r ead b eyond t h a tr e g ion t h roughou tt h e C on s tan t ine p l a in s a sf a ra sS 6 t if a nd s ou th o f t h e C oa s ta l A t la s d own t ot h e l a rge c ho t t s ma rk ing t h e n or th e rn e dge o ft h e S aha ra ( 1 933a :459 ) . T h is i se s sen t ia l ly , w i th s ome e x t en s ion s o n t h e b o rder s , t h e d i s t r ibu t ion k nown t oday ( Camp s 1 974 :117 ) . D u r ing t h e 1 940 's t wo n ew c l a im s f o r aC ap s ien a nc ien o r aC ap s ian w i thou t g eome t r ic m icro l i th s , w e r e made . T he f i r s t a r o se w hen E . a nd L . P a s sema rd p ub l ished ar e po r t i n 1 941 u pon a ne xcava t ion t h ey h ad made i n1 927 -28 , a tt h e s ou the rn T un is ian s i te o fA b r i C la r iond . I n t h e l owes t l e ve l o ft h is s i te ( C3 ) t h ey r e por ted f i nd ing av e ry " c rude " C . t yp ique i n du s t ry w i th l a rge t o o l sb u tl a ck ing b o th m ic robu r in sa nd t r apeze s ( 1941 :57 ) . I nf a c tn og eome t r ic f o rms w e re r e cove red o rr epo r ted u pon f r om t h is l e ve l . H oweve rt h e P a s sema rd s c onc luded , t h a t t h e i n du s t r ie so f Ab r i C la r iond a l la ppea r ed t ob e Me so l i th ic i na ge a nd n o tr e la ted t o ,o rc on tempo raneou s w i th t h e A u r ignac ian ( Pa s sema rd 1 941 :117 ) . S ub sequen t ly B a lou t , a nd G obe r t f o und i n t h e ma te r ia l f r om A b r i C la r iond ( C3 ) am ic robu r in wh ich h ad n o t b een r e cogn ized b y t h e P a s se ma rd s . T h is ,p l u st h ef a c tt h a to n ly 6o r 7c ub ic m e te r so fd epo s i ti no ne l o ca t ion w er ee xcava ted i nC 3 ,l e dB a lou t( 1955 :412 )t ob es c ep t ica lo ft h ep r e sence o f aC aps ien a nc ien a tA b r iC la r iond . A much mo r es e r iou sr e v iva lo ft h eA u r ignac ian h ypo the s i s w a s u nder taken b yF .L aco r r ei n as e r ie s o fa r t ic le s d a t ing b e tween 1 949 a nd 1 953 . I n 1 947 -48 , L acor r e e xcava ted s e ve ra l C ap s i an s i te si ns ou the rn T un is ia i no rde rt oo b ta in i n f o rma t ion o n t h e b acked b l ade i n du s t r ie s . T h is w a s t o b e u sed a s c ompa ra t ive ma te r ia l i n h i s r epo r t u pon t h e F rench s i te o f L a G rave t te ( 1949 :447 ) . A tt h eC .t y p ique s i te o fA b r i4 02 ,L aco r r ef ound t wo d i s t inc t ly c o lou r ed l a ye r s . T he b o t tom o rg rey l a yer w a s e xcava ted i nt h r ee s p i t s w h i le t h e u pper b l ack l a ye r w a s e xcava ted i n t wo , r e su l t ing i n at o ta l a r ea e xcava t ed o f s even c ub ic m e t er s . I n t h e l owe r t wo g r ey l a ye r s L aco r re f ound a ni n du s t ry d om ina ted b yb acked b l ade s , w i th v e ry f ew b u r in s a nd d evo id o fg eo me t r ic s o rm ic robur in s ( 1949 ;452 -454 ) . I nt h eu ppe rg r ey a nd b l ack l e ve l s h e r e por ted a bundan t b ur in s a nd b acked b l ade s , w i th b acked b l ade le t s , s c a lene t r iang le s , a nd s egmen t s ( 1 949 :458 ) . L aco r r e c onc luded f r om h i s r e sea r ch i nT un i s ia t h a t t h e e vo lu t ion o fm a te r ia l f r om t h e C ap s ian p a ra l le led t h a to ft h e F r ench U ppe rP a laeo l i th ic a nd w a s t h e r ef o re c on temporaneou s a nd d e r ived f r om t h es ame w ave o fm ig ra t ion f r om t h ee a s t( Laco r r e 1 949 :466 -469 ) . T he f i nd ing s o fL aco r re w e re h oweve ra lmo s ti mmed ia t e ly c on t r ad ic ted b ye xcava t ion s made a tA br i4 02 b y V auf r ey a nd G ober ti n 1 949 ( Vauf r ey 1 955 :160 ) . V auf rey e xcava ted i nt h e s ame l o ca t ion a nd f ound n ume r o u s g eome t r ic s ( 6 3 t r iang le s ) a nd m ic robu r in s ( 80 ) i nt h e g r ey l a ye r . T he se r e su l t s w er e a t t r ib u t ed b yV auf r ey t oh i sc a r efu ls c r een ing o fo ve r 1 500 s c r een -ful so ft h ed epo s i ti nc on t ra s tt ot h e c l a s s ica l F r ench a pp roach (a u c roche t )o fL aco r r e ( Vauf r ey 1 955 :159 ) . I ti sa l so p robab le t h a t h o r izon ta l v a r ia t ion , a nd v a r ia t ion i ne xcava t ion s i ze , i nt h is l ow d en s i ty s i te a l so c on t r ibu ted t o t h ed i sc r epancy .

S ince 1 950 n on ew a t temp th a sb een made t os ugges tt h a tC ap s ian w i thou tg eome t r ic se x is t s , a nd r e sea r ch o n e a r l ier N or th A f r ican i n du s t r ie s s uch a s t h e I b e romau ru s ian d emon s t r a te s t h e ir v e ry e a r ly p r e sence . H oweve r ,i td oe sa ppea rt h a ti ns ome e a r ly C ap s ian s i te sv e ry f ew g eome t r ic f o rm sa r ef ound , a nd o f ten n ot r apezes ( Ba lou t , 1 955 :407 ) .

ABSOLUTE DAT ING AND T YPOLOGY ( 1 950 -1969 ) D u r ing t h e 1 950 's a dvance s i nC ap s ian a r chaeo logy w e re made t h rough t h e u se o f C1 4 d a t i n g , t h e i n t roduc t ion o f as t anda rd t y po logy , a nd t h e a ppea rance o f ma jor s i te r e por t s a nd s yn theses . T he f i r s tC ap s ian s i te st ob ed a ted w e r eE l Mek ta ( P la t fo rme )( L134 8 4001 400 a nd T ab le d e J aa t cha ( L5 000± 150 )a nN .T .C . s i te ( Ku lp e ta l . 1 952 ) . T he se d a te s d emon s t ra t ed c on c lu s ive ly t h et h eC ap s ian w a s n o tU pp e rP a laeol i th ic i na ge , a nd t h a tt h eN .T .C . f o l lowed t h e C . s upe r ieu r . T he c ha rcoa l f o r t h e E l Mek ta d a te w a s c o l lec ted f r om t h ep l ebrme t r ench ( Gober t 1 952 :61) wh ich G ober t ( 1 952 :12 ) f e l tc on ta ined a" Cap s ien e vo lue " t h a t w a s l e ss " deve loped " t h an t h e C . s upe r ieu r f ound i nt h e " t ranchee d el av u lve " ( 1952 :14 ) . G iven t h e d a te f r om E l Mek ta a nd t h e v a r iou s c a ses o fC . s upe r ieu r / typ ique s upe rpos i t ion , t h e c h rono log ica l p o s i t ion o ft h e C .t yp ique p reced ing t h e C . s upe r ieu r s e emed c onc lu s ive . H oweve r , i n 1 957 ( Broede r a nd K u lp 1 957 ) a ma jo r d i sc repancy o ccu r ed w hen t h e C . t yp ique o f B or ta l F at h e r g ave d a te s o f ( L240 A ) 6 930±200 BP a nd ( L3661 ) 7 600±200 B P . B o th d a te s p os tda t ed t h a t f r om E l Mek ta , t h e r efo re c on t rad ic t ing t h ea ccep ted c h rono / s t ra t ig raph ic s cheme . T h is d i sc r epancy w a se xp la ined b yr e f e r e nce t ot h ef a c tt h a tt h e s i te w a sl o ca ted i n as he l te rf o rmed b yt h e e r os ion o f ab ed o fl ime s tone wh ich c on ta ined much r a d ioac t ive p ho spha te ( T ix ie r 1 963 :22 ) . T h is f a c t c ou ld h ave , a nd s t il may , a ccoun t f o rt h e y oung a ge o ft h eB o r ta l F at h e rs amp le s ; h oweve r , i ns ubsequen ty ea r s d i s c r epanc ie si n c r ea sed u n t i l am a jo rr e v i s ion b ecame n ece s sa ry ( Camp s 1 968a a nd 1 968b ) . D u r ing t h ee a r ly 1 950 ' s an umber o f ma jo rs i te r e por t s a ppea red ( E l Mek ta b y G obe r t 1 952 ; a nd A b r i4 02 b yG obe r ta nd V auf r ey 1 950 ) , a sw e l la st wo ma jo rs yn the se so fN or th A f r ican p r e h i s to ry ; V auf r ey ' sL aP rgh i s to ire d el ' Af r ique ,I : Maghr eb ( 1955 ) a nd B a lou t ' sL aP rgh i s to ire d e l ' Af r ique d uN ord ( 1955 ) . T h e se m a jo rp ub l ica t ion sp rov ided mo re d e ta i lo nt h ec on ten t so fC ap s i an s i te s a nd t h e i rl o ca t ion s a nd d i s t r ibu t ion s ,b u tt h e ir ma jo rt h ru s tw a s i ns umma r iz ing t h e e v i d ence s uppor t ing t h e f r amewo rk d eve loped b y V au f r ey i nt h e 1 930 's a nd t h e r e fu ta t ion o f t h e A u r ignac ian h ypo the s i s . I nt h ep e r iod f olow ing t h e se p ub l ica t ion s , a nd a st h en umbe ro fc on t ro l l e de xcava t ion sr a p id ly mu l t ip l ied , a r chaeo log i s t s t u rned t o mo re i n ter -s i te a nd r e g iona lc ompa r i s on s o f C ap s ian s i te s . T h i s w a s f a c i l i ta t ed b y t h e p ub l ica t ion o f at ypo logy o fE p ipa laeo l i th ic l i th ic ma t e r ia l s ( T ix ie r 1 963 ) , a nd t h ei n t roduc t ion o f ame thod o fa s semb lage c ompa r ison u s ing c umu la t ive g raph s( Bo rde s 1 950 ;B o rde sa nd B u rgon 1 951) . G . L ap lace -Jau re tche ( 1 956 ) a ppea r s t o h ave b een t h e f i r s t p e r son t o a pp ly t h e B orde s ' me thod t ot h e C ap s ian . H oweve r ,L aP lace 's t ypo logy a nd c e r ta in a spec t so fh i sg r aph ic a pp roach p roved u n sa t isf ac to ry f o rt h e C ap s ian ( Gober t 1 957 ; T ix ie r 1 963 ) . I tw a s n o t u n t i l 1 963 , when T ix ie rp ub l ished at ypo logy o ft h e Magh reb E p ipa laeol i th ic a nd p ropo sed ar e v ised a pp roach t o g r aph ic r ep re sen ta t ion ,t h a tq uan t i ta t ive a s semb lage c ompa r ison b ecame c ommon . T ix ier 's t ypo logy ( 1956 ; 1 963 ) i s amode l w ork wh ich h a s f ound b road a pp l ica t ion t h rough o u tt h e Med i te r r anean . T he u se o ft h ese t ypo log ie s r e su l ted i nd e ta i led a s semb lage c ompa r ison s w i th ac oncom i tan ti n cr ea se i nt h en umbe ro fC ap s ian " f ac ie s " ,o ra s semb lage t ypes ,a nd d eve lop men ta l s t age s r e cogn ized . T ix ie r 's t ypo logy c on ta in s d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion s o f 12 t o o l t ype s d i v ided i n to 1 ma jor t o o l c l a sse s , a s w e l l a s ad e sc r ip t ion o f manuf ac tu r ing t e chn ique s a nd r e touch a t t r ibu te s ,a nd q uan t i ta t ive d e sc r ip t ion so fb l ade s a nd b l ade le t s . T he r e cogn i t ion o fr eg iona lv a r ian t so rf ac ib i nt h eC ap s ian ,o the rt h an t h eC .t yp ique / supe r i e u rd i cho tomy , b egan w i th G ober t ' s d i s t inc t ion b e tween t h e " I n t erge tu lo -neo l i th ic " a nd t h e r e s t o ft h e C . s upe r ieu r . T he n ex tw e l l recogn ized d i v is ion w a s n o t made u n t i l t h ee a r ly 1 960 ' s , w hen - 2 7

-

C adena t( 1962 )r e por ted u pon as e r ie so fs i te sn ea rT ia r e ti nw e s te rn A lge r ia : ad i s t inc t ive a s sem b l age t ype w a s s ub sequen t ly g rouped u nde rt h e n ame " T iar e t ian " ( T ix ie r 1 967 ) . C amp s -Fab r e r , i nd e sc r ib ing t h is ma ter ia l ,s ugge s ted i td e se rved u se o ft h et e rm c r ea ted b yV auf r ey o f" f ac ies l a t e r a ld uC ap s ien s upe r ieu r " ( 1966 :509 ) . C amp s -Fab r e ra l so n o ted t h ea r t if ic ia ln a tu r eo ft h eb road a r chaeo log ica l c on s t ruc t s , s uch a s C ap s ian a nd N eo l i th ic , a nd i n s is ted t h a t u nde r t h e s upe rf ic ia l u n if o rm i ty t h er ee x is ted : . .u ne d i ve r s i te d ue e np rem ie rl i eu äd e sc oupure s c h rono log ique s -q ue n ou sn e f a i son s q u 'en t r evo ir l ep lu s s ouven t -e t ad e s s t y le s r e g ionaux , d e s f a c ie s , d on t c e r ta in s p r ennen tu n t e l r e l ief q u ' i l s e ra n ece s sa ir e b i en tö t d e l e s e nge r e nu n i te p a r t icu l ie r e( 1966 :501) .7 F olow ing t h i sp h i lo sophy a nd u s ing h e ri n f o rma t ion o ni n te r s i te v a r ia t ion i nb one t o o l s a nd a r t w o rk ( e ng raved o s t r ich e gg s hel a nd e ng raved s t one ) , a sw el a sd a ta o nl i th ic v a r ia t ion , C amp s F ab r e rd ef ined f ou rC ap s ian f ac i2s ,( " In t ergg tu lo -ngo l i th ique " , T gbe s s ien , S g t i f ien a nd T iare t ien ) . N oo ne c r i te r ion w a su sed u n ifo rm ly ( i . e , . b one t o o l s , a r two rk , o rl i th ics )t od ef ine t h e se r e g iona l v a r ian t s ; r a the r e ach w a s b a sed u pon t h e p re sence o f d i s t inc t ive c r i te r ia i n e ach o f t h e ma jo r c l a s se s o f ma te r ia lc u l tu r e ( e .g . , p oo rb onewo rk , a bundan td eco ra ted e gg shel ) , w i th e mpha s is o n b one t o o l sa nd o s t r ich e gg s he l l . I nt h ef o l low ing y ea r( 1967 ) , C amp s a nd C amp s -Fab re rs ubm i t t e d ap aper ( p ubl i shed i n 1 972 ) i n w h ich t h ey i n co rpo ra ted r e g iona l f a c ie s i n to at h ree s tage s cheme ( Anc ien , Moyen , S upgr ieur ) o fC . s upe r ieu r d eve lopmen t . T h i s s y s tem w a s b a sed u pon a va i lab le C1 4 d a te s ,w o rk i np rog r e s s a t Med jez I ,a nd c ompa r a t ive s t udy a nd g roup ing o fc umu l a t ive g r aph s ( s ee a l so C amp s 1 968a ) . T he t h ree s t age s w e r e d ef ined p r ima r i ly b y v a r ia t ion i n p e rcen tage so fg eome t r ic s ,n o tche s , d en t icu la te s , a nd b acked b l ade le t s . T he d a te s f r om E l Mek ta (8 400±400 B P ) a nd t h eb o t tom o f Med jez I ( G if 89 ; 8 550±750 BP ) a l lowed t h e a u thor st od a te t h eb eg inn ing o ft h e C . s upe r ieu rt oc i rca 8 500 B P ( Camp s a nd C amp s -Fab re r 1 972 :291 ; C amp s 1 968a :99 ) ; h oweve rt h el a ck o f" good " d a te s f r om t h e C .t y p ique ( Camp s 1 968b :611 ) r e su l ted i n t h e t yp ique b e ing s t il c on s ide r ed a s t h e p redece ssor o f C . s upe r ieu r , a nd t h e r e fo re d a t ing p r e -8500 B P( Camp s 1 968a :99 ; C amp s 1 968b :613 ) . T ix ie r( 1968 ) d id i s o la t e w i th in t h et yp ique t wo d i s t inc t a s semb lage t ype s ; h oweve rt h e f i r s t t ype , wh ich h ec a l led " Cap s ien d et ype B o r ta l F akher " , w a sc ha rac te r ized b y av e ry h i gh ( >34% ) p e rcen tage o fb ur in s a nd v e ry f ew g eome t r ic s (Mn Z a rmouch , A in S ende s , B o r ta lF akh e r ,T a lu s , R e l i la i i n f er ieur ) , wh i le t h eo the r , a sr e p r e sen ted b y R edeyef ( Tab le s ud i n f er ieur ) a nd E l Mek ta ( ba se ) , c on ta ined f ew b u r in s (

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- 1 02 -

M 17 1 U

T he p e r cen tage o fo ne p l a t fo rm c o r e s i sp red ic ted r e la t ive ly w el . T he mo s t s e r iou s e r ro r o ccu r si nt h el a s tc el ( sma l lt 'p re s su re7 spo rad ic ) w he r eo ne p l a tfo rm c o re s s hou ld b e mo s t a bun d an t , y e ta r e i nf a c te x t reme ly r a re . T he o the rs i gn if ican te r ror o ccu r s i nt h e f i r s tc el ( l a rge /pe r c u s s ion /i n ten s ive ) ,w here t h ef r equency o fo n ep l a t f o rm c or e si su nde r -es t ima ted O ve ra l l , Ib e l ieve t h a t T ab le 4 6 i lu s t r a t es t h e r e la t ive i mpor tance o f ma ter ia l s ou r ce , t e ch n ique a nd a c t iv i ty i n ten s i ty i ni n f luenc ing v a r iou s a spec t so ft h ef o rm o fC ap s ian c or e s . T he d ec i s i on a na ly s is h e lp so ne t ou nde r s tand ,i fo n ly p a r t ia l ly , t h e a c tua l e f ec to ft h ese v a r iab le s . Iw il r e tu rn t o t h e r e su l t s o f t h is a na ly s is i nt h e n ex t s e c t ion whe re t h ey w il b e u sed t o a s se ss t h e i mpor tance o ff a c ie s( C .t yp ique v sC .s up6 r ieu r )i ne xp la in ing d if e rence si nc o re f o rm .

THE EFFECT OF FACIES ON CORE FOR M T ab le s 4 7 t h rough 5 0 p re sen t d a ta o nt h o se a t t r ibu te s w h ich d if er s i gn if ican t ly b e tween f a c ie s . R aw m a te r ia l , wh ich i sn o t c on s ide r ed h e r e , a l so d i f f e r s ( mo r e t r an s lucen t i nt h e C . t yp ique ) ; b ecau se i ti sp robab ly d ependen to nt h en a tu re o fl o ca ls ou rce s ,i th a sn o tb een i n c luded . T he se t a b le s i n c lude d a ta f r om t h e L ower t e chno log ica l s t age o n ly ( a l l C . t yp ique s amp le s a r ef r om t h eL ower t e chno log ica ls t age ) , a tt h es i t e so f Med jez I , A b r i C la r iond , A in M i s tehey ia , a nd K ef Z ou ra D . T he C . t yp ique s amp le i n c lude st h e K ef Z ou ra ma te r ia l a nd 1 3 c or e s f r om t h e l owe rl e ve l so fA b r iC la r iond ;t h eC . s up6 r ieu rs amp le i n c lude st h el owe rl e ve l so f Med jez I ,a nd 1 7 c o r e s f r om t h eL owe rs t age a t Mn M is tehey ia . T he v e ry s ma l l s amp le f r om Mn M i s t ehey ia c r ea te s ap rob lem ,s i nce i no rde rt oc on t ro lf o rr aw ma t e r ia l s ou rc e , Imu s tc ompa r eA in M is tehe y i aa nd K ef Z ou ra ( bo th i na na r ea o fl a rge s ou rce s ) . T he s i ze o ft h eA in M i s tehey ia s amp le , a nd t h eu nknown s e lec t ion f a c to r si n vo lved , make i to fl i t t le u se i nd e ta i led c ompa r i son . T he r ef ore I a mu nab le t oc on t ro lf o rr aw m a te r ia ls ou r ce ,a nd a ss e en i nt h ep rev iou s a na ly s i s ,t h is f a c to r may b e r e spon s ib le f o rs y s tema t ic v a r ia t ion i nt h e a t t r ibu te s u nder s t udy . Howeve r , Ic an s t il u se t h e r e su l t so ft h eT ab le 4 6a na ly s i st oe va lua te t h ef olow ing h ypo these s : 1 .

T he d if e rences o b se rved i nT ab les 4 7 t h rough 5 0 a r e a t t r ibu tab le t ov a r ia t ion i nt h e v a r iab les o fs ou r ce a nd a c t iv i ty .

2 .

T he d i f f e rence so b served a r ea t t r ibu tab le t oo the rf a c tor s ,p os s ib ly s t y l is t ic .

A l lt h e a t t r ibu t es i nq ue s t ion s how as t a t is t ica l ly s i gn if ican tr e la t ion sh ip w i th f a c ie s , a nd f o r t wo o ft h e a t t r ibu te s , ( c or e t y pe a nd t ype o fp l a t fo rm p r epa ra t ion ) , t h e a s soc ia t ion i sr e la t ive ly s t rong ( C rame r 's V ) . H oweve r , a ss hown i nT ab le 5 1 , c o re t ype a nd s hape a r e s t rong ly a s soc i a t ed , t h e ref or e t h ey c anno t b e s e en a sm ea su r ing t wo c omp le te ly i ndependen t s ou rces o fd if e r e nce . ( Th is t a b le h a s n o t b een c o l lap sed t or emove e mp ty c el s ; h owever t h e r e la t ion sh ip s t il h o ld si n ac o l lap sed t a b le . ) T ab le 4 7 s how s t h a tt h e C .t yp ique s amp le c on ta in s 7% mo re s i ng le p l a t fo rm c ore st h an t h e C . s upe r ieu rs amp le , wh i le t h el a t t er c on ta in sh ighe rp e rcen tage s o f mu l t ip le a nd o ppo sed f o rm s . T h i s i sc on t ra ry t ow ha t w a sp r ed ic ted i nT ab le 4 5 ; h owever , i fo ne a s sume s c o r es w er e w o rked l onge ri na r ea so fs ma l l ,l e s sa bundan tr aw ma te r ia l ,t h er e su l ti sn o ts u rp r is ing . I ti sa l so i n ter e s t i ng t on o t et h a ti nt h el owe rh a lf ( a l l C . s upe r ieu r ) o fT ab le 4 6 , t h e r e e x is t s ad i f f e rence b e tween t h e p e r cen tage o fo ne p l a t fo rm c o re s f r om t h e t wo s ou r ce a r ea s , wh ich i sg r ea te r t h an t h an t h a t b e tween t h ed i f f e r en tf a c ie si nT ab le 4 7 T ab le 4 5p r ed ic ted r ough ly e qua lp e r cen tage s o fb l ade c or e si nb o th s ou rce a r ea s , a nd a sc an b e s e en i nT ab le 4 8 , t h e r e i so n ly a6% d if e r ence i nt h e p e rcen tages o fb l ade a nd f l ake c o r es . H owever ,i nt h eC .t yp ique s amp le ( l a rge s ou rce ) as i gn if ican t ly h ighe rp e rcen tage o fc or e se xh ib i t ed r ough ly e qua l p ercen tage s o ff l ake a nd b l ade s c a r s . I nt h e C . s upe r ieu r s amp le , c o r e s w e re mo r e a p tt oe xh ib i te i the rf l ak e o rb l ade s c a r s b u tn o tb o th . A ga in , t h is may i nd ica te d if e r en ce s d ue t oi n ten s i ty o fr e duc t ion . T he l owe rh a lf o fT ab le 4 6 s how st h a t , a sb ef or e , t h er ei s mo r ed i f f e r ence w i th in f a c ie st h an b e tween . - 1 03 -

TABLE Core

TYPE

CORE TYPE

4 7

Type by Facies

FACIES

FREQUENCY EXPECTED PERCENT ROW PCT COL

PCT

SUPERIEURI TYPIQUE I +

CHG OF D IRECTION

4 2 4 2.7 6 .22 I

4 34

I

6 4.30

I

1 2.59

I

1 9.59

I

7 0.25

+ 4 9

I

4 6.8

I

8

5 7

1 0.2 1 .19 1 4.04

I

8 .44

8 9

8 .84

I +

6 .61

8 3 7 3.0

I

6 I 1 6.0

1 2.30

I

0 .89

9 3.26 1 4.98

I

6 .74 4 .96

1 3.19

+ 3 1

I

1 2

I

4 3

3 5.3 4 .59 7 2.09

I I

7 .7 1 .78 2 7.91

I

6 .37

I

5 .60 +

9 .92 +

5 54

1 21

6 75

8 2.07

1 7.93

1 00.00

CHI-SQUARE CRAMER'S V

I

8 0.41

I

DF=

7 .70

5 1.70

+

TOTAL

I

8 5 7 7.8

+

OTHER

1 .48 1 9.23

I I

7 .26 8 5.96

I

5 2

3 49 3 56.2

I

SAME

I

8 .26

6 3.00

OPPOSED FACE

1 0 9 .3

I +

+ MULTIPLE

TOTAL

7 .58 + I

1

+

8 0.77

S INGLE

1

4

PROB

1 1.938 0 .0178 0 .133

TABLE

4 8

C ore Removal Type by Facies

DEBTYPE FACIES FREQUENCY EXPECTED PERCENT ROW PCT COL PCT SUPERIEUR 1TYPIQUE

BLADES

I

2 56 2 49.6 3 8.21 8 4.21 4 6.55

+ FLAKES

1 1 I I

4 8 5 4.4 7 .16 1 5.79

I

4 0.00

2 18 2 11.8 3 2.54 8 4.50 3 9.64

3 04 4 5.37

I I I I I

4 0 4 6.2 5 .97 1 5.50 3 3.33

I

I

I

2 58 3 8.51

+

FLAKES/BLADES

7 6

I

3 2

8 8.7 1 1.34 7 0.37 1 3.82

I I I

1 9.3 4 .78 2 9.63 2 6.67

+

I

I

1 08 1 6.12

+ 5 50

1 20

8 2.09 CHI-SQUARE DF= CRAMER'S V

1

+

+

TOTAL

TOTAL

I +

+

2

6 70

1 7.91 1 00.00 1 2.035 PROB=0.0024 0 .134

T ab le 4 9p re sen t sd a ta s how ing ma rg ina l ly mo r ei n va s ive e dge r e touch p re sen to nC .t yp ique c o re s , a nd s i gn if i can t ly mor ec a se so f ac l ea rp l a t fo rm r e juvena t ion s ca rw i thou tf u r the rw ork ing . A ga in , t h is w ou ld s eem t oc o r r e la te w i th l e s s n eed t or e duce c o r es i n a n a r ea o f a bundan t r aw ma te r ia lo f al a rge s i ze . A s men t ioned a bove , s hape i sr e la ted t oc or e t ype , a nd t h e h ighe r p e rcen tage s o fg l obu la r c o re si nt h e s upd r ieur a r e r e la ted t ot h ep r e sence o f mo r e mu l t ip le p l a tf orm c o re s . T he o the rd i f f e r ence si ns hape a r er e la t ive ly m inor . I n s umma ry , i fp r ed ic t ion s o f t h e d ec is ion mode l a r e r i g id ly f o l lowed , t h e d if e r ence s b e tween t h eC .t yp ique a nd C .s up6 r ieu rc o re s amp le sa r eg r ea te rt h an e xpec ted , s ugge s t ing s t y l is t i c d if e rences . H oweve r , i fc o r e s i n t h e a r ea o f s ma l l ma te r ia l s ou r ce s w e re w o rked mo re i n t en se ly t h an e l sewher e , a nd i fi ti st h is f a c tor wh ich p redom ina te s o ve r a l l e l se i nd e t e rm in ing d if er ences i nf o rm , t h en t h eo b served d if e rence s m ay b e d e te rm ined b y s ou rce , s i ze , a nd a va i l a b i l i ty . I na dd i t ion ,c on s ide r ing t h a tt h ed if e rence sb e tween s amp le s f r om d if er en ts ou r ce a r ea s b u tf r om t h es ame f a c ie s( Uppe rs t age ,T ab le 4 6 ) a r eo f t en g r ea te rt h an t ho se o b served a bove ,t h e q ue s t ion a r i se so fw he the rt h es t a t is t ica l ly s i gn if ican td if er ence sh ave a ny a r chaeo log ica l s i gn if i c ance . Ib el ieve t h a t c or e a s semb lages f r om d if e r en t " f ac ie s " s epa ra ted b y o ve r 2 00km , a nd

- 1 05

-

TABLE Core

PLATPREP

TYPE

49

Platform Preparation by

OF PLATFORM PREPARATION

Facies

FACIES

FREQUENCY EXPECTED PERCENT ROW PCT COL

PCT

INVASIVE

SUPERIEUR ITYPIQUE

EDGE

RETOUCH

I

3 1

I

1 0

I

3 3.8

I

7 .2

4 .64 7 5.61 5 .64

1 .50 I

I

I

1 0

1 5

I

2 0.6

4 .4

NONE

I

I

6 0.00

1 .82

I

1 2.71

5 09

I

1 5.45

9 2.55

I

7 8.81

CHI-SQUARE DF= CRAMER'S

V

1 3.92 I

5 50

2

I

6 .14

I

25

I

3 .74

9 3

8 4.55

8 2.34

4 1

6 02

1 06.3

7 6.20

TOTAL

2 .25

4 0.00

4 95.7

I

8 .47

SCAR

I

TOTAL

2 4.39

REJUVENATION

1 .50

I I

I

1 18 1 7.66 3 4.115

9 0.12

6 68 1 00.00

PROB=0.0001 0 .226

d er ived f r om a r ea sh av ing r aw ma te r ia lo fd i f f e r en t s i ze , a va i lab i l i ty a nd q ua l i ty , s hou ld v a ry t oa g r ea te rd eg r ee t h an d ot h e se a s semb lage s i fs t yl i s t ic d if e r ence sb e tween f a c ie se x is t . T he r ef or e ,I a m f o rced t oc onc lude t h a t t h er e i sl i t t le r e a son t os ubd iv ide C ap s ian c o re a s semb lages i n to C . t y p ique a nd C . s uper ieu r . H oweve r , t h e re d oes a ppea rt ob e s ome s y s t ema t ic d if er enc e b e tween t h e se s amp le s , w h ich m ay b ed ue e i the rt or aw ma te r ia l s ou rce v a r ia t ion , r e g iona le t hn ic d i f f e r en t i a t ion , o r s ome o the ru nknown f a c to r . Ip ref er t h e f i r s t e xp lana t ion ; h oweve r , f u r ther t e s t ing i s n eeded .

TABLE

5 0

C ore Outline

SHAPE FREQUENCY PERCENT ROW PCT COL PCT

Shape

FACIES I

I SUPERIEUR I TYPIQUE TOTAL

RECTANGULAR

GLOBULAR

DISCOIDAL

PYRAMIDAL

TABULAR

BOAT/KEELED

TOTAL

I I I I

2 48 3 7.01 8 3.22 4 5.09

I I I 1

I

9 5

I

I 1 I

1 4.18 9 1.35 1 7.27

I 1 I

1 I I

2 0 2 .99 7 1.43

1 I 1

I

3 .64

I

6 .67

I 1 I 1

1 54 2 2.99 8 0.21 2 8.00

I 1 1 I

3 8 5 .67 1 9.79 3 1.67

I I

1 5 2 .24

1 1

I 1

6 5.22 2 .73

I I

I

1 8

I

I I I

2 .69 7 2.00 3 .27

1 1 1

5 50 8 2.09

5 0 7 .46 1 6.78 4 1.67

9 I 1 .34 8 .65 7 .50

DF=

I

8 I 1 .19 I 2 8.57

I I

8 I 1 .19 I

2 98 4 4.48

1 04 1 5.52

2 8 4 .18

1 92 2 8.66

2 3 3 .43

3 4.78 6 .67 7 I 1 .04 2 8.00 5 .83 1 20 1 7.91

CHI-SQUARE CRAMER 'S V

I I

5

I

2 5 3 .73

6 70 1 00.00 1 5.132 PROB=0.0098 0 .150

TABLE Core

FREQUENCY EXPECTED P ERCENT ROW PCT COL PCT

RECTANGULAR

GLOBULAR

S hape by C ore T ype:

TYPE

S HAPE

CHG OF

2 1 8 .10 3 .13 2 0.19 4 0.38

+ D ISCOIDAL

PYRAMIDAL

1

1 .79 4 2.86 2 .80

12 2.39 1 7 8.13 13 4.97 +

+

I I I

2 0.13

I

6 7.42

I

I

I

6 .74

1 I 2 .40 I 0 .15 I 3 .57 I 1 .75 I + 8 I 1 6.30

1 .19 4 .17 1 4.04

I

0 .00

I I I

1 I 3 .70

I

0 .15

I

3 .57

I

1 .12

I

1 7 2 5.50

I I

2 .54

I

8 .85

I

I

T OTAL

1 2 1 9.10

I

2 98

1 .79

I

4 4.48

4 .03 2 7.91 7 I 6 .70 1 .04

I

1 04 1 5.52

6 .73 1 6.28 5 I 1 .80 0 .75 I 1 7.86 1 1.63

2 8 4 .18

+

I I

1 1

+

I

01 2 .10 I 0 .00 I 0 .00 I

I +

6 I 1 3.80

0 .90 5 .77

2 3 1 I 3 .43 I 9 2.00 I 5 .36

I

1

+

I I

0 I 2 .00 I 0 .00 I 0 .00 I 0 .00 I +

0 .00

I I

I

I I I I I

1 6.00

8 .96

I

1 1 + I I

+

I I

I

3 9.60

+ 2 0 8 .80 2 .99 1 9.23 3 5.09

I I I I I +

I

+

1 +

I +

2 8 2 5.40 4 .18 9 .40 4 9.12

! SAME ! FACE + I 6 0

+

01 1 .90 I 0 .00 I 0 .00 I

1

CHI-SQUARE

1 2 1 7.90

1 1 1 1

1

TOTAL

5 0 6 6.60 I 7 .46 I 4 8.08 I 1 1.66 +

+

1

BOAT/ KEELED

I

0 I 1 1 1 .80 I 1 4.70 0 .00 I 1 .64 0 .00 I 47.83 0 .00 I 2 .56 +

1

S tage Only

1 MULTIPLEIOPPOSEDI OTHER

I

7 1 1 50 1 4.90 1 122.90

1 .04 .65 1 3 3.46 1 1 + TABULAR

! SINGLE

9 I 2 .20 I 1 .34 I 3 2.14 I 1 7.31 I + + 1

L ower

CORE TYPE

D IREC- 1 1 T ION 1 1 + + + 1 5 I 1 83 I2 3.10 1 190.80 2 .24 I 2 7.31 5 .03 I 6 1.41 2 8.85 I 4 2.66 + + + I

5 1

1 9.10

I

1 0 1 2.30

I

1 .49

I

1 92 2 8.66

5 .21 2 3.26

+ 5 I

7 I 1 .50 I 1 .04 I I 3 0.43 I 1 6.28 +

3 .10

2 3

I

0 .75 2 1.74 5 .62

01 3 .30

I

0 .00

I

0 .00

I

0 .00

+

I +

21 1 .60 0 .30 I 8 .00

3 .43

2 5 3 .73

4 .65

5 2

4 29

5 7

8 9

4 3

6 70

7 .76

6 4.03

8 .51

1 3.28

6 .42

1 00.00

1 46.684

DF=20

P =0.0001

CRAMER'S

V 0 .234

CONCLUSION I nt h is s e c t ion Ih ave s hown t h a t t h e C ap s ian c an b e d iv ided t empo ra l ly i n to t wo t e chno log ica l s t age s ( Upp e r a nd L owe r ) wh ich c ro s s -cu t f a c ie s d i s t inc t ion s . T he t r an s i t ion b e tween t h e se s t age s o ccu r s c i rca 7 , 900 B P . T he e a r l ie r t e chn ique ( Lowe r s t age ) , wh ich may h ave b een s ome f o rm o fp e rcu s s ion , p roduced b l ank s wh ich w e r e o n t h e a ve rage , t h icke r , w ide r , a nd l e s s s t an d a rd ized t han t ho se p roduced i nt h e U pper t e chno log ica l s t age . T h i s l a t ter t e chn ique may b e a f o rm o fp r e ssur e , a l though Id o n o tk now a ny w ay o fd emon s t ra t ing whe ther i ti so ri sn o t ap re s s u r et e chn ique . Ih ave a l so s hown , u s ing t h e a pp roach d eve loped i n C hap te r I ,t h a t t h e v a r iab le s o ft e ch n ique , r aw ma te r ia l , a nd a c t iv i ty i n ten s i ty h ave s ome s y s tema t ic e f f ec to nc o r e f o rm , a si n d ica ted b y t h e f i t o ft h e mode l o fv a r iab il i ty g ene ra t ed . A l though t h e r e su l t s o ft h is a na ly s is , i nt e rm s o f f i to fo b ser ved t op red ic ted v a lue s , a r e n o t p rec ise , t h e r e su l t i se ncou rag ing d e sp i te t h e o bv iou s n eed f o r me thodo log ica l r ef inemen ta nd b e t te rt e s td a ta . C ompa r ison o f t h e C . t yp ique a nd C . s up6r ieu r a s semb lage s h a s r e vea led t ha t s t a t i s t icaly s i gn if ican td i f f er ence sd oe x i s tf o r an umbe ro fa t t r ibu te s . H oweve r ,b ecau se Iwa su nab le t oc on t r o l d i r ec t ly f o r t h e e f ec t o fr aw ma te r ia l s ou rce ( wh ich w ou ld r equ i re s amp le s o fC . t yp ique i n t h e s ma l l s ou rce z one ) , Iw a sl im i ted t ou s ing t h e r e su l t s o ft h e d ec i s ion a na ly s is a nd c ompa r i son w i th s amp le s f r om t h e Uppe r t e chno log ica l s t age , i nt h e e va lua t ion o ft h e se d i f f er ence s . Ic on c l uded t h a tt h em agn i tude o ft h ed i f f e r ence sd id n o tw a r ran ta s s ignmen to fd if e ren tf a c ies n ames .

Chap ter V I BUR INS

I NTRODUCT ION B u r in s a r e o f f undamen ta l i mpo r tan ce i nd i s t ingu i sh ing C . t yp ique f r om C . s upe r ieu r . T he C . t yp ique i sd ef ined o nt h e b a s i s o fh igh f r equenc ie s o fb u r in s ( g r ea t er t h an 3 0% o fa l l r e touched t o o l s ) ( T ix ie r 1 967 :804 ) . A l though b u r in s h ave l ong b een o b jec t s o ft ypo log ica l i mpor tance i n t h eC ap s ian ,t h e r eh a sb een l i t t le s y s tema t ic s t udy o ft h e i rf o rm o rf unc t ion . L eD u( 1938 :236 )w a sp e rhap st h ef i r s tt os ubd iv ide C ap s ian b u r in f o rm s ,b u ti tw a sn o tu n t i l t h ew o rk o fT ix ier ( 1963 ) t h a t as t anda rd t ypo logy w a s c r ea ted ( F igu re 1 8 ) .T ix ie r 's t y po logy i s b a sed o n f i ve c r i te r ia : t ype o f s pa l l r emova l s u r f ace ( t runca t ion /d ihed ra l , o r s pan /b r eak ) ; mo r p ho logy o ft r unca t ion s( r ec t i l inea r /ob l ique /concave /convex ) ; n umbe ra nd l o ca t ion o fs pa l lr emov a l s ( p rox ima l /d is ta l /mu l t ip le / s ing le ) ; c omb ina t ion o fs pa l lr emova ls u rf ace s ( e .g . , c oncave t r unca t i on p lu sd ihed ra lb u r in o no ppos i te e nd so ft h eb l ank ) ; a nd p r e sence o ra b sence o f ab a cked e dge ( e .g . ,b u r ina ted b acked b l ade s ) . I n izan ,a f t er ad e ta i led s t a t is t ica la na ly s is o fC ap s ian b u r in s ,h a s s ugges ted t h a tt h ef i ve t ype s o fs imp le t r unca t ion b u r in s p roposed b y T ix ie r s hou ld b e c onden sed i n to o ne t ype ( 1976 :235 ) . Un for tuna te ly ,i ti sn o tc l ea rh ow h e rs t a t is t ica la na ly s i s s uppor t st h is a rgumen t , o the rt h an b yt h e f a c tt h a tc oncave t r unca t ion s a r e t h e mo s t a bundan tf o rm , s ugge s t ing t h a tt h e o ther f o rm s r e p r e s en tm ino rd epa r tu r es f r om a" no rm " . I n izan h a s a l so s t a ted t h a t mu l t ip le b u r in s ( w i th m o re t h an o ne f a ce t ) a r e s imp ly t h e r e su l to ft h e s equen t ia l u se o fd if er en t e dge s , r a the r t h an s p ec if ica l ly d e s igned " t ype s " : " 1 1 n ' y av ra isembab lemen t p a s d e b u r in s mu l t ip le s ma i s u n e s ucce s s ion d e b ur ins s imp le s "( 1976 :235 , o r ig ina le mpha s i s ) .1 8 A ga in i ti sn o tc l ea rh ow h e r a na ly s is ( p r ima r i ly ap r inc ipa lc omponen t sa na ly s is o fb a s ic d imen s ion s ,w e igh t , a nd w id th o ft r unca t ion )l e dh e r t ot h is c onc lu s ion . Iw il r e tu rn t ot h e se a rgumen t si n my o wn a na ly s is . T he f unc t ion o fC ap s ian b u r in sh a sr e ce ived l e s s a t ten t ion t h an t h e i r mo rpho logy . S t ud ie so f m ic ro scop ic u se w ea rh ave n o ty e tb een p ub l i shed . A l though C amp s ( 1974 :104 ) r e f e r st on ume r o u s e xamp le s o fw ea r o n t h e b i t ( " d en t " ) ( i . e . t h e a ng le b e tween t h e b u r in f a ce t a nd t h e p o in t whe re t h e s pa l l w a s r emoved ) o f b u r in s , I n iz a n ( wh i le s c ep t ica l o f t r aces o f m ic ro -f lak ing ) r epor t s t h a t s he h a s o b se rved n o p o l i sh o n t h e b i t , b u t r a ther an umbe ro fc a se s o fp o l ish o nt h e f a ce t( " pan " ) ( 1976 :232 ) . Wha t eve rt h ee v idence o fw ea rc au sed b yu se , t h e p re sence i nC ap s ian s i tes o fb ones b ea r ing d eep i n c is ion s c ha rac te r is t ic o ft h e g roove a nd s p l in te r t e chn ique ( e spe c i a l ly i nt h eC .s upe r ieu r ,C amp s -Fab r er 1 966 :20 -23 ; Mo r e l 1 976 ) ,h a s s ugges t ed t h a tb ur in sw e re u sed i nt h ef ab r ica t ion o fb one t oo l s( Camp s -Fab re r 1 966 :23 ) . An a dd i t iona l h ypo the s is o n b u r in u se h a s b een p rov ided b y G obe r t ( 1957 ) . G obe r t s ug g e s ted t h a t mos t C ap s ian b u r in s may h ave b een c or e s f o r t h e p roduc t ion o f b acked b l ade le t b l ank s ( 1957 :42 ) . T he i n t roduc t ion o f at e chn ique i nt h e C . s upe r ieu r f o rt h e p roduc t ion o ft h in b l ade le t s r e su l ted i nt h e a bandonmen to fb u r in manuf ac tu r e : " . .une p lu s g rande h ab i le te d an s l a t a i l le d e sl ame l le s e tl ' abandon d e sb u r in s d an s l eC ap s ien s upe r ieur s e ra ien td e s f a i t s c ont la t if s "

1 8

" The r e i sp robab ly n o t a mu l t ip le b u r in b u t b u t as ucces s ion o f s imp le b ur in s " ( I n izan 1 976 :235 ,o r ig ina le mpha s is ,a u tho r ' st r an s la t ion ) . - 1 10

-

V\ I

1 8

2 1

1 9

1 V

2 5 2 2

2 3

"

6 2i

2 4

1 1

2 9

3 0

3 1

3 2

F igu r e 1 8 : T ix ie r 's B ur in T yp e s( af t e rT ix ier 1 963 )

3 3

( Gober t 1 957 :43 ) .1 9 I ti sc e r ta in ly t r ue t h a t i n i t ia l b u r in s pal s w er e c ommon ly u sed f o rt h e p ro d uc t ion o f b acked b l ade le t s i n t h e C ap s ian . T ix ier ( 1963 ) d ef ined t wo b acked b l ade le t t ype s ( numbe r s 5 3 a nd 5 4 ) a s m ade p redom inan t ly o n b u r in s pan s . C amp s , h oweve r , c i te s t h e w ea r o b ser ved o nt h eb u r in s a sd emon s t ra t ing t h e i rp r ima ry f unc t ion t oh ave b een u se a s at o o l r a the r t h an a s ac or e( 1974 :104 ) . G ober t ' sh ypo the s i s may h e lp e xp la in ag r ea td ea l a bou tt e chno log ica l a nd f a c ies v a r ia t ion ( e .g . t h ep o s s ib le r e duc t ion i nb u r in p roduc t ion w i th t h e a dop t ion o ft h ep re s s u r et e chn ique a nd c on sequen t ly t h ee nd o ft h e C .t yp ique ) , a nd i st h e r efo r ev e ry a t t rac t ive ; h ow e ver i th a sn o ty e tb een a dequa te ly i n ve s t iga ted . I nt h ef olow ing s e c t ion , Iw il a t temp tt oe xp la in t h e mo rpho log ica lv a r iab il i ty r e cogn ized i n b u r in si nt e rms o fl e a s te for tp r inc ip le s . A l though Ia mu nab le , i nt h e a b sence o fs t ud ie s o nu se w ea r , t od i rec t ly t e s tG obe r t ' sh ypo the s i s , Iw i l l s t udy t h e a moun to fr e shar pen ing c a r r ied o u to n C ap s ian b ur in s , wh ich may i nd ir ec t ly t e s ti t .

DECISION ANALYSIS P rob l em T he c ommon d i c t iona ry d ef in i t ion o f ab u r in i s at oo l u sed i nt h e e ng rav ing o fc oppe r , t h er eby i mp ly ing ac h ise l l ike mode o fu se w h ich m ake s u se o ft h e b i t o r t r iangu la r e nd o ft h e t oo l t o c ar ve an a r row c hanne l . I th a sb een a s sumed t h a tp reh is to r ic b u r in sw e re a l so e mp loyed i n as im i l a rf a sh ion o nb one . B ya pp l ica t ion o ft h eg roove a nd s p l in te rt e chn ique t h ey w e re u sed t o ma n u f act ur eb one t o o l s ( C la rk a nd T homp son 1 954 ) , o rt oe ng rave d e s ign so nb one . C e r ta in a u tho r s , d ev ia t ing f r om t h es t anda rd mode o fu se o u t l ined a bove ,h ave s t r es sed t h ei mpor tance o ft h ef a ce t i ns c rap ing o r s hav ing b one ( Bo rde s 1 965 ; I r v ing 1 964 ; N ewcome r 1 974 ; R igaud 1 972 ; Wh i te 1 982 ) , wh i le S emenov ( 1 964 :98 ) h a s s ugges ted t h a td ih ed ra l b u r ina t ion i s am e thod o f manuf ac t u r ing at a ng f o rh a f t ing . S t il o the r sh ave n o ted t h eu se o fb ur in s a sc or e s f o rs pa l l s , n o to n ly i n t h e C ap s ian ( Gober t 1 957 ) , b u t a l so i n We s tA f r ica ( Gau s sen a nd G au s sen 1 965 ) a nd t h e A r c t ic ( G idd ing s 1 954 ) . B u r in s h ave b een t h e s ub jec t o f n ume rou s e xpe r imen ta l s t ud ie s a nd u se -wea r a na ly se s ( Cahen a nd K ee ley 1 980 ; D r e iman 1 979 ; N ewcome r 1 974 ; O de l l 1 980 ; R igaud 1 972 ; S ta f f o rd 1 977 ; Wh i te 1 982 ) . F rom t h e se s t ud ie s i ti sp o ss ib le t od r aw an umbe r o fc onc lu s ion s : 1 )t h e e dge o f ab ur in f a ce t i sa ss ha rp a sa ny u n re touched e dge , b u t i ti s much s t ronger a nd t h er ef o re mor ee f ec t ive a nd e a s ie rt ou se f o rs c rap ing o ri n c is ing ( Newcome r 1 974 :149 ; R igaud 1 972 :106 ; Wh i te 1 982 :132 ) ; 2 )w ea rs t ud ie si n d ica te t h a tb o th t h ef a ce ta nd t h eb i tw er eu t i l ized ( Cahen a nd K ee ley 1 980 :171 ; G ordon 1 976 ; R igaud 1 972 ; Wh i te 1 982 ) ; 3 ) s hav ing a nd i n c i s ing a r e mo s t e f f ec t ive ly d one w i th at r uncat ion o r b r eak b ur in ( D r e iman 1 979 :36 ; Wh i te 1 982 :132 ) ; a nd 4 ) a l though s ome b u r in s w e r e h a f ted , t h e ma jo r i ty w er e p robab ly man ipu la ted b y h and ( Odel 1 980 :411-412 ) . I n t h e C ap s ian , b ur in s may h ave b een u sed t oi n c i se a nd s c r ape b one ; h owever , t h e r e i sa n ega t ive c o r r e la t ion b e tween t h eq uan t i ty a nd d i ve r s i ty o ft ype s o fb one t oo l s a nd t h eq uan t i ty o f b u r in s . I n t h e C . t yp ique w he r e b u r in s a r e mo s t n ume rou s , C amp s -Fab r er ( 1966 :172 ) r epo r t s a v e ry r a re a nd u nd ive r s if ied b one t o o l a s semb lage , wh i le i nt h e C . s up6 r ieu r , t h e r e ve r se i st r ue . A l though t h i s may b e d ue i np a r t t of a c tor s o fp r e serva t ion , u nwo rked b one i sp re se rved i n C . t yp ique s i te s a nd t h e " f lou r e scence " o f C ap s ian b one t e chno logy d oe s t a ke p l ac e i n t h e n ea r a b sence o fb ur in s . B o rde s ( 1967 :53 ) h a s n o ted as im i la r r e la t ion sh ip b e tween b u r in s a nd b one t e chno logy f o rt h e Au r ignac ian a nd t h eP e r igo rd ian .

1 9 " . .a g r ea t e r f a c i l i ty i nt h e manuf ac tu r e o fb l ade le t s a nd t h e a bandonmen t o fb ur in s i nt h e C ap s ien s up6 r ieu ra r ec o r r e la ted f a c t s " ( Gobe r t 1 957 :43 ,a u tho r ' st r an s la t ion ) - 1 12 -

A no the rh ypo the s is t oa c coun t f o rt h e p r esence o fb u r in s i nt h e C ap s ian p ropo se s t h a t t h ey s e rved a sc o re s f o rt h ep roduc t ion o fu sab le s pa l l s . A rgumen t s a ga in s tt h is i n c lude t h e p r e sence o fw ea r , t h e s ma l l p e r cen tage o fs pa l ls a so pposed t ob l ade le t s u sed f o rb acked b l ade le tp roduc t i on , a nd e v iden ce o fb u r in i e sha rpen ing wh ich r e su l ted i nt h e p roduc t ion o fs pa l l s w i th ar e c tan g u la rs e c t ion ( t hem i sn oe v idence t h a ts e cond o rs ub sequen ts pa ' sw e r eu t l äzed ) . B a sed u pon t h e o b se rva t ion s a nd e xpe r imen t s n o ted a bove , Ip ropo se t h a t C ap s ian b ur in s ( p r edom inan t ly t r unca t ion b u r in s ) w e r e ar e spon se t ot h e n eed f o r at o o l c apab le o fi n c i s ing a nd s c r ap ing s ome h a rd ma te r ia l ,p o ss ib ly b one ,o r mo re l i ke ly w ood .

MEANS T he mean s i n c lude t h e r aw m a te r ia l a nd t e chn iques a va i lab le f o rt h e p roduc t ion o fs c rap ing a nd i n c is ing t oo l s . T he r aw ma te r ia l h a s b een d i scu s sed i nt h e p r ev iou s c hap te r . B lank p roduc t ion t e chn ique s i n c lude wha t may b e ad i r ec to ri n d i rec t p e r cu s s ion t e chn ique w i th t h e a dd i t ion o fa " p r e s su re " t e chn ique a f t e r 7 , 900 B P . B o th t e chn ique s p roduce f l ake s a nd b l ade s , w i th f l ake s c ommon ly o ccu r ing i n t h e u nr e touched d eb i tage f ound a ta ny s i te . B lank f o rm ing t e chn ique s i n c lude p re s su re a nd d i rec tp e rcu s s ion r e touch p lu sb u r ina t ion .

CHARACTERIST ICS OF THE MEANS T h ec ha rac te r i s t ic so ft h er aw m a te r ia lh ave b een o u t l ined i nC hap te rV . T he a va i lab le t e chn ique sh ave t h ef o l low ing c ha rac te r is t ics : 1 .B u r ina t ion a )p roduce st wo s ha rp e dge sa nd ap o in t b )t h ee dge so ft h ef a ce ta r es t ronge rt h an an o rma lr e touched e dge c )f a s tr e sha rpen ing d ) av e ry f a s tt e chn iqu e e )p roduce s au sefu lb y -p roduc t 0r equ ir e s ap la t fo rm a ng le o fl e s st h an 9 00 2 .P e rcu s s ion R e touch a )f a s t( p er u n i to fa r ea ) b )l ow l e ve lo fc on t ro lr e la t ive t o p re s su re ,t h e r ef o r ev a r iab i l i ty i nr e su l t s c )r e touch d u l l sa nu n r e touched e dge d )c apab le o fw o rk ing a l e dge s e )p roduce st h icker ,l a rge rf l ake /b lades 3 .P r essu re a )r equ ir e sg r ea te re f o r t ,t h e r ef or es l ow ( p e ru n i to fa r ea ) b )a l low sg r ea te rl e ve lo fc on t ro l ,t h e r ef or e l e s sv a r iab i l i ty i nt h er e su l t c )r e touch d u l l sa nu n r e touched e dge d )c apab le o fw o rk ing a l e dge s e )p roduce st h inne r ,n a r rowe rf la k e s/ b lades

CONSTRAINTS T he d e s ign c on s t ra in t so rc ha rac te r is t ic su sed i nt h eu t il i ty a na ly s is a r ea sf olow s : 1 .B lank S e lec t ion A .F lake 1 . mo s ta bundan t 2 .w ider 3 .r ounded e dge s mo r ec ommon 4 .i r r egu la rf o rm B . B lade 1 .l e ss a bundan t 2 .n a r row 3 .r e c t i l in ea r 4 .r egu la rf o rm 2 .B lank S ize A . Sma l l 1 .t h inne r 2 .s hor ter 3 .n a r row 4 .n o ta bundan t B . Moda l 1 .g rea te rt h an A l 2 .g r ea te rt han A 2 3 .g r ea ter t han A 3 4 . mo s ta bundan t C .L a rge 1 .t h ick 2 .l onge s t 3 .w ides t 4 .n o ta bundan t 3 .H af t ing A . Y e s 1 . mor ee f f or t( bu r in +h af t ) 2 .c an u se s male rp i ece s 3 .s ma l le rp i eces e a s ier t oh af t a nd t o u se h af t ed B .N o 1 .l e a s te f f or t 2 .c an u se a l ls i ze so fp i eces 3 .l a rge rp i ece se a s ie rt ou se 4 .E dge P roduc t ion A . Un r e touched 1 .s ha rp 2 .l o se se dge q u ick ly 3 .l a ck sd u rab le p o in ti n mo s ti n s tanc es 4 .l e a s te f for t B . R e touched 1 d ule s te dge 2 . mu l t ip le movemen t sr equ i red t o make a ne dge a nd p o in t 3 . mos te f for t C . B u r ina ted 1 .s ha rp 2 .s t ronge s te dge 3 .p o in t sp roduced a u toma t ica l ly 4 . med ium e f f or t 5 .r equ i re sa na ng le » : * : • : ' ; A b sen t

F igur e4 2 : H is tog ram o fA ng le Two b yM icrobur in F ace t

TABLE

8 6

T rapeze Angles by

N Average Ang2 Angle 1 +2/2

N

S ite

S ite

Angl

Edge L ength F our

RHL

4 1.7

3 0

( 43.6)

4 5.6

3 5

6 .5

4 7

REU

4 1.5

2 81

( 44.0)

4 6.4

3 03

6 .0

3 50

1 2A BKH

4 0.0 4 4.5

3 ( 44.1) 7 0 ( 45.9)

4 8.3 4 7.3

DMA K ZD

4 4.8 4 3.8

1 13 5 9

( 46.2) ( 41.4)

4 7.6 4 9.0

1 17 5 8

7 .1 5 .8

1 37 5 9

KEM 1 2U ASD H FT

4 1.2 4 3.1 4 6.2 5 0.0

4 9 1 46 4 2

( 46.9) ( 47.2) ( 51.4) ( 51.2)

5 2.6 5 1.4 5 6.7 5 2.5

5 5 1 45 3 2

8 .4 7 .5 6 .3 7 .5

6 1 1 47 6 2

1 1.4 8 .3 1 0.5 2 .5

EMK MJ2 EMU HAM MJU AML AMU RED

4 6.4 4 5.0 5 3.1 5 7.0 5 1.8 5 5.6 6 2.5 5 5.5

1 4 8 2 1 5 3 6 8 6 9

( 52.1) ( 53.9) ( 55.9) ( 57.2) ( 58.0) ( 60.9) ( 61.2) ( 63.5)

5 7.8 6 2.8 5 8.7 5 7.5 6 4.3 6 6.2 6 0.0 7 1.5

1 6 7 2 4 6 4 2 8 6 1 0

7 .7 8 .8 9 .1 3 .6 8 .9 9 .1 1 0.0 8 .7

1 9 9 2 6 7 4 6 8 6 1 2

1 1.4 1 7.8 5 .6 0 .5 1 2.5 1 0.6 2 .5 1 6.0

3 6 9

5 .3 6 .9

N

3 7 3

Angl-Ang2

3 .9 4 .9 8 .3 2 .5 2 .8 5 .2

I n s umma ry , t h e i n te r -re la t ion sh ip s b e twe en l e ng th , w id th , a ng le s o fe dge i n t e r sec t ion , a nd d i s tance b e tween m ic robu r in f a ce t s s t rong ly s ugge s t t h a t v a r ia t ion i nt h e se a t t r ibu te s c o r re la te s w i th v a r ia t ion i nt h e a va i lab le m ean s ( b lank s i ze , c ha rac te r is t ic s o ft h em icrobu r in t e chn ique ) a nd c e r ta in d es ign c ons t r a in t s i mpo sed b y h a f t ing . H owever , t h e s epa ra t ion o f Med jez I f r om t h e ma in b ody o fs i te s i n d ica te s t h a tt h e d es ign c on s t ra in t s may b e s t y l is t ica l ly d e te rm ined ( i . e . , l ow c os t ) . R ega rd le s s o ft h i s f a c t , t h e v a s t m a jor i ty o f s i te s , b o th C . t yp ique ( E MK , RED ) a nd C . s upe r ieur ,f a l lw i th in t h er a nge o fo ne d e s ign t a rge t .

T rapeze E dge S hape D a ta o n t h e s hape o fu n r e touched e dges b y s i te i sp r e sen ted i nT ab le s 8 8 ( e dge 3 ) a nd 8 9 ( e dge 1 ) . T he d a ta i nT ab le s 8 8 a nd 8 9 a r eo rde red a c cord ing t ot h e r e su l t s o f aWa rd ' sm e thod c l u s t e r a na ly s is ( Ave rage l i nkage p roduced s im i la r c l u s te r s ) , a nd t h e d a shed l i ne s i n d ica te b reak s b e tween t h e ma jo rc l u s te r s . I nb o th t a b le st h et wo l a rge s tc l u s te r sc on ta in e i ther h igh p e rcen tage s o fc oncave o rs t ra igh te dge s . T ab le 8 5 s hows as im i la rp o s i t ive c or r e la t ion b e tween t h ef r equency o fc oncave e dge s a nd t h e f r equency o fe l onga ted s c a lene t r iang le s . T h is p a t te rn d oe s n o t a ppea r t ob et ime s en s i t ive , a ss i te so fs im i la ra ge s ( 1 2U , DMA ) a r ef ound i ns epa r a te c l u s te r s . T he o the rn o t iceab le p a t te rn i st h e s epar a t ion , i nT ab le 8 9 , o fa l l t h e C . t yp ique s i te s ( ASD , EMK , RED ) i n to o ne c l u s te ra nd t h e L owe r s t age C . s uper ieu r s i te s ( 12A , MJ2 , AMT ) i n to t wo o the rv ery s ma l l c l u s t er s . I ti sd i ff icu l tt oe va lua t e t h e s i gn if icance o ft h e se c l u s te r sb ecau se t h ey

- 1 96

-

M ean T rapeze A ng le b y Edge l ength 4 , b y S ite 61 4 — + RE D

6 2-

+ AML

6 07 i 5 8 . -

-

+ MJ U

_ -

5 6 .= :

+ E MU

M e 5 4= a n

+ MJ 2

+ EMK + AS D

+ HFT

+ 1 2U + + KZ D

KE M

+ D MA + BK H

1 1 4L iL7

+12 A

+ REU + RH L

4 2= ) 3 .5

1

4 .5

,

t

5 .5

6 .5

7 .5

-

r

8 .5

E dge L ength t i

F ig = 4 3 : A ve r age T r apeze A ng le b yL eng th o fE dge F ou r

9 .5

+A MU

P lot o f Mean

T rapeze W idth b y L ength , b y S ite

L ENGTH 2 8 1

2 7

]

4 - KE M

=

+

HL

2 6 R EU +

BK H +

+ DM A

, :

.

1

:

2 5

2 4

+

1

KZ O +

7

1 2A

+

EM K

+ 1 2U RE D

+ A MU

.1

HF T

.«

2 3

-

2 2

-

2 1

1

+

+ EM U

+ AM L

i

2 0

-

1 9

-

MJ 2

+ AS D + MJ U

1 8

+

1 7

,

, 8 .5

9 .5

1 0.5

1.5

HA M

r

1 2.5

i

1 3.5

W IDTH

F igur e4 4 : Mean T rapeze W id th b yL eng th ,b yS i te

1 4.5

+

TABLE

8 7

T rapeze D imensions by

S ite

N

L ength

CV

ACL ACU AMT AML ASD BKH

2 6 1 2 1

3 7.5 3 0.2 2 2.0 2 2.5 2 5.0

3 2.0 3 6.3 3 :1

S ite

N

Width

CV

T hickness

CV

1 2 8 1 2 8 9 2

6 .0 6 .2 6 .7 4 .9 6 .4 7 .5

. 3 3.2 3 6.3 2 3.1 2 2.1 6 6.0

2 .0 2 .4 2 .0 2 .2 2 .9 2 .5

2 6.1 3 0.1 2 0.6 2 7.1 2 8.3

DMA

6 0

3 2.8

2 5.1

1 76

6 .0

2 4.0

2 .3

2 6.0

EMK EMU HAM H FT K EN K ZD

4 1 6 1 1 3 1 6 3 2

2 6.7 3 5.0 3 6.2 2 2.7 3 5.0 3 2.2

2 7.5 1 5.0 2 3.6 1 0.2 2 5.4 2 3.9

1 28 2 4 5 1 4 8 1 12 1 05

5 .9 6 .9 5 .7 1 0.1 6 .8 7 .2

3 0.3 2 0.4 2 7.3 2 7.9 2 4.8 3 2.6

2 .7 2 .4 2 .4 3 .7 2 .3 2 .2

2 6.9 2 3.9 2 6.5 2 8.3 2 3.9 2 3.4

K ZT MJU

REU

1 2 2 1 1 3 5 2 8

2 3.0 3 1.2 2 4.6 2 3.6 2 9.7

1 8.5 2 5.4 2 2.6 2 5.5

4 1 13 3 6 7 8 1 32

5 .5 7 .7 7 .6 6 .0 6 .4

3 1.5 2 6.2 3 1.3 3 7.1 2 2.4

2 .0 2 .4 2 .4 2 .6 2 .4

4 0.8 2 5.2 2 6.7 3 1.6 7 9.4

RHL 1 2A

2 5

2 4.0 2 6.4

4 1.2 2 1.7

3 9 1 5

6 .9 7 .3

2 0.9 2 2.9

2 .6 2 .7

3 2.4 1 6.7

1 6

2 5.9

1 7.7

4 3

7 .5

2 2.6

2 .6

2 5.3

3 02

2 9.6

2 7.3

1 168

6 .7

3 1.0

2 .5

3 7.9

MJ2

RED

1 2U T otal

a r e made u po fs i te s w i th v e ry l ow f r equenc ies o fg eome tr ie s . I ng ene ra l , a l o ft h ec l u s te r sh ave h i ghe rp ercen tage s o fe dge s h ape s o the rt h an s t ra igh t o rc oncave . H oweve r , t h e C . t y p ique s i te s c on ta in h igh p e rc en tage so fi r r egu la re dge sn o tc onf o rm ing t ot h eo t he rt ype s , wh i le t h e C .s upd r i e u r s i te s h ave h igh p e rc en tage s o fc onvex e dge s . Ia m u nab le t oe xp la in t h i s d i v is ion e xc ep tt o s ugge s tt h a tt h eL ower s t age C . s up6 r ieu rt r apeze s may w e l l b e d e r ived f r om s t ra ta b e long ing t o t h e v ery e a r ly p a r t o f t h e U ppe r t e chno log ica l s t age , a nd t h e refo r e ac ompa r ison o ft h e se w i th s amp les f r om t h e C . t y p ique s i te s i sn o t v a l id . I f , h oweve r , t h e d a ta a r e a ccep ted a tf a ce v a lue , t h e r ei s ad i s t inc td i f f e r ence b e twe en t h ee a r ly C .t y p ique a nd C .s up 6 r ieu rt r apeze e dge s hape s . U p t ot h i s p o in t , Ih ave f o cu sed o n ad e scr ip t ive c ompa r i son o fi n te r s i te v a r ia t ion i ne dge s hape s . T he p o s s ib il i ty r ema in st h a tt h i sv a r ia t ion i sd e te rm ined b yv a r ia t ion i nb l ank d imen s ion s ( w id th , t h ickne ss , w id th / th ickne s s ) a nd c r o s s -sec t ion mo rpho logy ( numbe r o f a r r i se s ) . D a ta o n c o -va r ia t ion b e tween t h e se f a c to r sa nd e dge s hape a r ec on ta ined i nT ab le s9 0t h rough 9 2. L ook ing a tT ab le 9 0 , i ti sa ppa ren t t h a t t h e r e i ss ome r e la t ion sh ip b e tween d imen s ion s a nd e dge s hape . F o re xamp le , i r regu la ra nd s hou lde red e dge s h ave t h e l owe s t ( n a r row /t h ick ) w id th / t h ickne ss r a t io s ; wh i le c oncave e dge s h ave t h e h i ghes t ( w ide / th in ) . T h is i sc ompa t ib le w i th t h e h ypo the s i s t h a tt h e m ic robu r in t e chn ique i sh a rde r t oc on t ro l o n t h ick /na r row p i ec es . I t s u se o n s uch p i ece s p roduce s i r r egu la r f o rms ; w h i le o n w ide / th in b l ank s t h e a dded w id th r e su l t s i n a d eepe rn o tch ing a nd c on sequen t ly mor e c oncave e dge s . T he d if er ence b e tween t h e m ean v a lue s f o rt h ese v a r iab le s , e spec ia l ly b e tween c oncave a nd s t ra igh te dges , i s ,h oweve r , v e ry s ma l l . T h is l e ad s m e t oq ue s t ion t h e ir s i gn if icance . T he r e su l t s o fT te s t s , a s r epo r ted i nT ab le 9 1 , i nd ica te t h a tt h ed i f f e rences b e tween m ean w id th a nd w id th / th ickne s so fs t ra igh ta nd c oncave e dge s i ss t a t i s t ica l ly s i gn if ican t . H oweve r , w i thou ti n f o rma t ion o n t h e f r ac tu r e m echan ic s o ft h e m ic robu r in

- 1 99

-

T ABLE 8 8 T rapeze E dge S hape

S ite

N

S traight

C oncave

:

C onvex

E dge T hree

I rregular

R HL R EL K ZD 1 2A 1 2U

2 9 3 30 6 1 3 1 43

6 7.4% 6 3.3 6 0.7 6 6.7 6 5.0

2 3.3% 2 7.3 2 6.2 3 3.3 1 3.3

4 .6% 7 .0 1 3.1 0 .0 9 .1

H AM B KH D MA E MU E MK R ED K EM A SD

7 6 5 1 27 2 6 1 9 1 1 5 5 6

4 2.9 3 5.4 2 6.8 1 9.2 2 1.0 3 6.4 3 2.7 3 3.3

5 7.1 5 3.8 6 2.2 7 3.1 6 3.2 2 7.3 3 6.4 5 0.0

0 .0 6 .1 6 .3 0 .0 0 .0 1 8.2 1 2.7 0 .0

0 .0 1 .5 1 .6 0 .0 0 .0 1 8.2 1 2.7 1 6.7

0 .0 3 .1 3 .1 7 .7 1 5.8 0 .0 5 .4 0 .0

A MT A MU MJ2 MJU

7 6 9 3 8

4 2.9 1 1.7 3 3.3 2 8.9

1 4.3 3 3.3 2 2.2 4 2.1

2 8.6 5 0.0 1 1.1 2 .6

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

1 4.3 0 .0 3 3.3 2 6.3

H FT

2

0 .0

0 .0

5 0.0

5 0.0

0 .0

5 0.2

3 4.7

7 .8

1 .9

5 .4

T otal

9 58

2 .3% 0 .6 0 .0 0 .0 0 .7

S houldered 2 .3% 1 .8 0 .0 0 .0 1 1.9

t e chn ique , wh ich m igh t i n d ica te h ow s uch s ma l l v a r ia t ion s i nt h e mean s m igh t b e s i gn if ican t i n t e rms o fe dge f o rm , i ts e em s q u i te p robab le , i nl i gh t o ft h e c o r re la t ion b e tween e l onga ted t r ian g l e s a nd c oncave e dged t r apeze s , t h a td imen s ion s a nd e dge s hape a r ev a ry ing t oge the ra s af unc t i on o fa nu nknown t h ird f a c to r . C ro s s -sec t ion mo rpho logy i s a no the r a t t r ibu te wh ich c ou ld c once ivab ly i nf luence e dge s hape . F o re xamp le , ab l ank w i th o ne a r r is h a s at r iangu la rc r os s sec t ion ; wh i le ab l ank w i th t wo i st r apezo ida l w i th e i ther a f l a t o r c oncave s u r f ace b e tween t h e a r r i se s . I ft h e l o ca t ion o f t h i s p o in t , o r p o in t s , o f max imum t h ickne s s a f f ec t s t h e p o in t a t wh ich t h e m ic robu r in f a ce t i sp ro d uced , t h en i tm ay w el i n f luence e dge s hape ( e .g . , o n ab l ank w i th t wo a r r ise s , t h ef a ce tm ay n o t f o rm u n t i lt h en o tch p rog r e s se st ot h es econd a r r is o ro ve rh a lf -way a c ro s st h ep i ece ) . T ab le 9 2 i s ac ro s s tabu la t ion o fe dge s hape b y a r r i sn umbe r . A s i n d ica ted b yt h eh igh p rob a b i l i ty a nd t h el ow v a lue so fa s soc ia t ion , o n ly aw eak r e la t ion sh ip e x is t sb e tween t h e se a t t r ibu t e s . C oncave e dge s t e nd t oo ccu r w i th g rea te r t h an e xpec ted f r equency o n d oub le o r mu l t ip le a r r i s b l ank s , w h i le s t ra igh t a nd s hou lder ed e dge s a r e a s soc ia ted w i th s i ng le o r Y shaped a r r ise s . A l though t h e d i r ec t ion o ft h e se r e la t ion sh ip s i sc on s is ten t w i th w ha to ne m igh te xp ec t i n tu i t ive ly ( i . e . , s t ra igh t e dge s o n s i ng le a r r is b lank s o f a ve rage t h ickne s s a nd w id th ; s hou lde r ed e dge s o n t h ick a nd n a r row s i ng le a r r is b l ank s ; a nd c oncave e dge so nd oub le a r r is w ide a nd t h in b l ank s ) ,t h e s t r eng th o ft h er e la t ion sh ip i sn o tc onv inc ing . T aken t oge the r , t h e d a ta o n d imen s ion s a nd a r r is n umbe rs ugge s tt h a tv a r ia t ion i nt h em ean s u sed t op roduc e t r apezes may d e te rm ine i np a r t t h e s hape o fe dge s . T h is e v idence i sn o t s t rong e nough t or e fu t et h eh ypo the s is t h a t a no the rf a c tor r e la ted t ot h ec o r r e la t ion b e tween c oncave t r a p eze sa nd e l onga ted t r iang les i su l t ima te ly d e t e rm ina te . - 2 00

-

TABLE T rapeze Edge

S ite

N

S traight

A SD EMK

6 1 8

6 6.7% 3 8.9

RED

1 2

1 6.7

RHL 1 2U K ZD R EU

4 5 1 47 5 8 3 45

6 4.4 4 9.7 4 6.5 4 1.7

C oncave 0 .0% 1 6.7

8 9

S hape

:

C onvex

Edge One

I rregular

Shouldered

0 .0% 1 1.1

3 3.3% 2 2.2

0 .0% 1 1.1

8 .3

1 6.7

4 1.7

1 6.7

2 6.7 1 7.0 1 9.0 3 0.4

0 .0 1 6.3 2 5.9 1 7.1

2 .2 1 .4 1 .7 2 .9

6 .7 1 5.6 6 .9 7 .8

H FT

2

5 0.0

0 .0

5 0.0

0 .0

0 .0

1 2A

3

3 3.3

3 3.3

3 3.3

0 .0

0 .0

HAM MJU DMA EMU

7 4 7 1 36 2 7

4 2.8 3 8.3 2 0.6 1 4.8

5 7.2 4 8.9 5 5.9 7 0.4

0 .0 6 .4 8 .8 7 .4

0 .0 2 .1 2 .9 0 .0

0 .0 4 .3 1 1.8 7 .4

BKH K EN

7 3 6 1

8 .2 1 9.7

6 9.9 3 7.7

9 .6 1 8.0

1 .4 6 .6

1 1.0 1 8.0

2 5.0 0 .0 0 .0

1 2.5 1 2.5 1 6.7

2 5.0 6 2.5 8 3.3

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

3 7.5 2 5.0 0 .0

3 7.6

3 7.2

1 5.7

3 .6

5 .7

MJ2 AMT AMU T otal

8 8 6 9 59

TABLE

9 0

T rapeze D imensions by Edge

S hape

S traight Concave Convex I rregular S houldered

P o in t Re touch

N

3 61 3 56 1 51 3 5 1 05

Width

1 0.7 1 1.1 1 0.7 1 1.3 1 0.8

CV T hickness

1 4.1 1 6.0 1 7.3 1 8.9 2 3.8

2 .5 2 .4 2 .5 2 .8 2 .6

CV

2 7.8 2 4.3 2 9.0 2 4.2 3 2.7

Shape Three

Width/ Thickness 4 .5 4 .8 4 .5 4 .2 4 .4

CV

2 2.2 2 5.9 2 5.4 2 2.2 3 1.4

T ABLE 9 1 T -Tests o n T rapeze E dge S hape

S hape Edge T hree W idth s traight 3 61 c oncave 3 56 T hickness s traight 3 61 c oncave 3 56 W idth/Thickness s traight 3 61 c oncave 3 56 Edge O ne W idth s traight 4 80 c oncave 3 32 T hickness s traight 4 80 c oncave 3 32 W idth/Thickness s traight 4 80 c oncave 3 32

X

S TD

V ariances

T

D F

1 0.7 1 1.1

1 .5 1 .8

u nequal

3.44

6 94.0

0 .0006

2 .5 2 .4

0 .7 0 .6

u nequal

1 .97

6 98.5

0 .0490

4 .5 4 .8

1 .0 1 .3

u nequal

4.19

6 77.7

0 .0001

1 0.6 1 1.3

1 .5 1 .8

u nequal

6.28

6 29.4

0 .0001

2 .4 2 .5

0 .6 0 .7

e qual

0.59

6 87.2

0 .5510

4 .6 4 .8

1 .1 1 .2

u nequal

3.21

6 68.7

0 .0014

T ab le s9 3 a nd 9 4p rov ide d a ta o nt h e f r equency o fp o in tr e touch a nd r e touch d i r ec t ion . D a ta o n t ype o fr e touch a r e n o t l i s ted a st h ey c on s is tp redom inan t ly o fo uch ta ta , o rv ery f i ne r e touch . P o in tr e touch , a sr e co rded h er e , i sr e touch f ound o nt h e l ong u n re touched e dge o f at r apeze a ti t s i n t e r sec t ion w i th t h e t wo r e touched e dge s ( i . e . , a ta ng le 1a nd a ng le 2 ) . T he d a ta s how t h a t t h i s r e touch i sv ery i n f r equen t ; h owever , s ome p a t te rn ing i se v iden t . T hose s i te s wh ich h ave v e ry h igh f r equenc ies o f t r apeze s ( BKH , 1 2U , KZD , EMU , REU ) h ave q u i te l ow f r equenc ie s o f r e touch ; wh i le s i te s wh ich h ave l owe r f r equenc ie s a nd a r e l o ca ted a l ong t h e A lge r ian!Tun i s ian b o rde r ( D MA , RHL , KE M , A SD , RED ) , c on ta in mor e t r apeze s w i th p o in t r e touch . Med jez I a l so f a l l s w i th in t h is l a t te rg roup ; h oweve r ,i ti sl o ca ted a tt h ew es t e rn b ounda ry o ft h es t udy a r ea . A l though s ome i nd ica t ion o fs pa t ia lp a t te rn ing i sp r e sen t , t h ep r ima ry d i s t inc t ion t ob e made u s ing t h e se d a ta i st h a t b e tween s i te s wh ich h ave v ery h igh p e r cen tage s o ft r apez e s ( l ow p o in t r e touch ) a nd t hose w i th l owe rp e r cen tage s ( h ighe ri n c idence o fp o in tr e touch ) . T h is i nd ica t ion o f t wo s epar a te p a t te rn s i nt h e C ap s ian i sc on s is ten tw i th s im i la re v idence p r esen t ed i nt h ep r eced ing c hap ter s . I n a dd i t ion , i ti si mpor tan t t on o te t h a t ac l ea r d i s t in c t ion c anno t b e made b e tween C . t yp ique a nd C . s up6 r ieu rs i t e su s ing t h is a t t r ibu te .

TABLE Edge

F requency1 Expected I P ercent R ow P ct C ol Pct

I + S hape I + S traight I

1

5 07 4 68.1

+ I

I + 1 + I I

3 37 3 68.4 1 5.81 4 7.27 3 0.61

+ S houlder-I ed

I

Chi-Square C ramer's V

3 5.32

I

3 9.26

2 72.7

I

1 4.31

I

4 2.78 3 7.42

+

I

3 5.93

I

1 0.78

I

1 4.72

I

2 0.45

I I I

2 6 3 2.9 1 .22 3 0.23

I

3 .19

4 7.5 1 .92 4 4.57

I I

3 5.2 2 .06

3 .72

I +

1 101 5 1.67

I

+ 1 I

4 4

4 7.83

5 .40

+ I

1

T otal

. I 9 I 1 6.6 0 .42 0 .99 2 3.08

I

9 06 4 2.52

I I I

1 5 1 3.0 0 .70 2 .10 3 8.46

I

1 0 6 .1 0 .47 2 .99 2 5.64

I

7 13 3 3.46

+

I

I + I

4 1

I I I

I I

> 2

+ 5 6 5 8.9 2 .63 7 .85 3 1.82

1 20 1 27.7 5 .63

+ 4 8 4 4.4 2 .25 5 5.81 4 .36

3 .28 7 .73 3 9.77

+ 3 05

I

I

1Y -Shapel + + I . I + + I 7 0 7 4.8 I I

1 5.02

I

+

+ T otal

3 20 3 46.5

I

I

1 68 1 72.6 7 .88 5 0.30 1 5.26

+ I rregular I

2

+

+ C onvex

S hape T hree by Arris Number

Arris Number

2 3.79 5 5.96 4 6.05 C oncave

9 2

3 6 2 7.6 1 .69

I I I

+ 9 1 7 .1 I 0 .42 I 1 0.47 I 5 .11 I + 5 I

4 .04

2 I

9 2

7 .6 0 .23 5 .43

I I I

1 .7 0 .09 2 .17

I +

2 .84

I +

5 .13

0 .068

1 5.67

3 1 .6 0 .14 I 3 .49 7 .69

I I I

8 15 1 76 3 8.24 8 .26 2 9.185 D F=

3 34

I

8 6

4 .32

3 9 2 131 1 .83 1 00.00 1 2 PROB=0.0037

TABLE Point

S ite

9 3

One Retouch Direction

N

None

% Obverse

I nverse

AMT

8

1 00.0

0 .0

0 .0

AMU

6

1 00.0

0 .0

0 .0

EMU HAM

2 7 6

1 00.0 1 00.0

0 .0 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0

HFT 1 2A

2 3

1 00.0 1 00.0

0 .0 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0

1 2U

1 47

9 9.3

0 .7

0 .0

KZD

6 3

9 8.4

1 .6

0 .0

BKH REU

7 2 3 11

9 3.1 9 2.3

2 .8 3 .2

4 .1 4 .5

MJ2 RED

1 0 1 0

9 0.0 9 0.0

1 0.0 0 .0

0 .0 1 0.0

MJU

4 2

8 8.1

2 .4

9 .5

RHL DMA KEM

3 9 1 23 5 8

8 7.2 7 8.9 7 7.6

1 0.3 1 3.8 1 2.1

2 .6 7 .3 1 0.3

7 5.0

0 .0

2 5.0

9 0.6

5 .0

4 .4

ASD

3

Total

9 48

TABLE Point

Site

N

9 4

Two Retouch Direction

None

% Obverse

I nverse

AMT

7

1 00.0

0 .0

0 .0

AMU HAM HFT 1 2A

5 7 2 2

1 00.0 1 00.0 1 00.0 1 00.0

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

BKH

7 0

9 8.6

0 .0

1 .4

1 2U KZD

1 30 5 3

9 8.4 9 6.2

0 .8 1 .9

0 .8 1 .9

EMU

2 2

9 5.4

0 .0

4 .6

REU

2 86

9 5.1

1 .4

3 .5

MJ2 DMA

9 1 14

8 8.9 8 4.2

1 1.1 7 .0

0 .0 8 .8

RHL

3 1

8 3.9

1 2.9

3 .2

8 3.3

1 6.7

0 .0

8 0.6

1 1.1

8 .3

7 7.8

0 .0

2 2.2

ASD MJU RED

6 3 6 9

KEM

4 9

7 5.5

1 8.4

6 .1

EMK

1 4

7 1.4

7 .2

2 1.4

8 52

9 1.8

4 .0

4 .2

Total

- 2 04

-

T r iang l e s T ab le 9 5 c on ta in sd a ta o nt h ep e r cen tage s o ft h ed i f f e ren tt r iang le t ype sb ys i te . T r iang le s a r er e l a t ive ly i n f requen ti na l l s i te s . H oweve r , when t h e s i te s a r e o rde r ed a cco rd ing t ot h e r e su l t s o fa n A ve rage l i nkage c l u s te ra na lys is ( a s i nT ab le 9 5 ) s i te si nt h e Uppe rt e chno log ica l s t age h ave f ew t r iang le s ( ACU t o BKH ; MJ2 i sa n e xcep t ion ) , wh i le t h o se f r om t h e L owe r s t age h ave r e la t ive ly h ighe rp e rcen tage s ( ASD t o KZT ; REU e xcep ted ) . At h ird c l u s t er ( E MK t o 1 2U ) c on ta in s am ix t u r e o fs i te s f r om b o th s t age s a nd f a c ie s . I n g enera l t h er e i sn o a ppa r en t s pa t ia l o rt empo ra l p a t t e rn ing , n o ri st h e r e a ny d i s t inc t ion b e tween f a c ie s . P a t te rn ing b a sed o nv a r ia t ion b e tween t ype s i sa l so a b sen t e xc ep t f o rt h e h igh p e r cen tage s o ft ype 9 3 ( one s t ra igh t a nd o ne c oncave e dge ) i n t h es i te sf r om t h eL owe rt e chno log ica ls t age .

TABLE Percentages

of

S ite

N

8 9

ACL

2

0 .0

9 5

T riangle

T ype 9 0

Types by

S ite

9 1

9 2

9 3

0 .0

0 .0

5 0.0

0 .0

ACU EMU DMA HAM K ZD RHL MJU MJ2 H FT BKH

2 9 5 3 5 21 5 9 1 84 9 1 1 82 5 4 1 64 7 7

0 .0 0 .0 0 .2 0 .0 1 .1 1 .1 2 .2 1 .8 0 .0 0 .0

3 .4 3 .8 0 .2 1 .7 2 .2 2 .2 1 .1 0 .0 0 .6 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0 0 .2 0 .0 0 .0 1 .1 0 .5 0 .0 0 .0 2 .6

0 .0 0 .0 1 .0 0 .0 2 .2 1 .1 0 .0 1 .8 0 .6 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 .2 0 .0

EMK KEM 1 2U

1 64 1 96 2 05

0 .6 1 .0 1 .5

5 .5 5 .1 6 .3

1 .2 1 .5 0 .0

0 .0 0 .5 0 .0

1 .8 1 .0 0 .0

A SD RED REU AML 1 2A K ZT

1 7 1 07 5 76 1 5 2 1 6

0 .0 1 .9 5 .2 0 .0 0 .0 1 6.7

0 .0 6 .5 3 .3 1 3.3 1 4.3 1 6.7

0 .0 2 .8 3 .6 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

5 .9 0 .0 0 .7 3 .7 0 .0 0 .0

5 .9 4 .7 2 .6 5 .6 0 .0 0 .0

5 4

9 .3

1 .8

1 4.8

3 .7

5 .6

2 777

1 .9

2 .8

1 .7

0 .8

1 .1

AM T otal

D i mens ions D a ta o n d imen s ion s b y s i te a r e p r esen ted i nT ab le 9 6 w h i le F igu r e 4 5 i s ap lo t o f l e ng th b y w id th . F igu r e 4 5 s how s t h a t w i th m inor e xcep t ion s ( ACL ) t h e re i s ac o r re la t ion b e tween w id th a nd l e ng th ; t h is m igh t s ugge s t t ha t ac on s tan t a ng le i sb e ing ma in ta ined . H oweve r w hen t h e

- 2 05

-

p o in t s a r e s t ud ied i nr e la t ion t ot h ep l o t ted l i ne ( l eng th t ow id th f unc t ion o f a1 000 a ng le ) w e s e e t h a ts i te sw i th t h en a r rowe s tt r iang le sf a l lt ot h el e f to ft h el i ne wh i le t h o se w i th t h ew ide s tt end t o f a l lt ot h er i gh t . T h i sd ev ia t ion c an b ee xp la ined i fs i te st ot h el ef to ft h el i ne h ave l a rge ra ng le 3 ' s ( a pex o ft h et r iang le ) w h i le t h ose t ot h er i gh th ave s ma l le ra ng le s . E xam ina t ion o fT ab le 9 7 i n d i c a t es t h a tt h is i si nf a c tw ha ti so ccu r ing . A sw i th t h et r apeze s ,a na t temp ti sb e ing made t oc on t ro l l e ng th i nt h e f a ce o fv a ry ing b l ank w id th b y c on t ro l l ing t h e a ng le o f t h e m ic robu r in f a ce t o r r e touch . T he m a jo rc hange i nw id th , i n d ica ted o n F igur e4 5 , c o r r e la te s w i th t h e t r an s i t ion f r om t h e L owe r t ot h e U ppe r t e chno log ica l s t age ; s i te s b e low A SD , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o f MJU , a r e f r om t h eL owe rs t age , wh i le t h o se a bove ( e xcep t KZT ) a r eU ppe rs t age s i tes . Why t h e L ower s t age t r iang le s a r e made o n n a r rowe r b l ank s i su nc lea r , a sb l ank s i nt h e se s i te s a r e o n a ve rage w ide rt h an t h o se i nt h e Uppe rs t age . I ti sp os s ib le t h a tb l ank s m ade b y t h e L owe rs t age t e chn ique h ave aw id th t ot h icknes s r a t io w h ich i sl e s s t h an t h a to ft h e U ppe r s t age t e chn ique ( Lower [ KZT ]=3 .3 ; U ppe r [ D MA ]=3 .6 ) ; t h er efo r e i no rde r t oo b ta in t h in b l ank s , t h e n a r rowe rb l ank sa r es e lec ted i nt h eL owe rs t age .

A ng les a nd t he M icrobur in T echn ique I nt h e p receed ing d i scu s s ion o ft r apeze a ng le s In o ted t h a t a ng le s b e tween 4 00 a nd 5 00 s eem t o b et h en a tura la ng le sp roduced b yt h em ic robur in t e chn ique , w h i le o ne i the rs i de o ft h i s mode ,t h e a ng le s t e nd t ob e f o rmed t h rough r e touch ( i . e . u n r e touched f a ce t s a r e n o t v i s ib le ) . T h is p a t t e rn h o ld st r ue f o ra ng le 2o ft h et r iang le s ( s ee F igu r e4 6 ) . H oweve r , ad if e r en tp a t te rn i se v iden tf o r a ng le 1 , wh ich i s much mor e a cu te t h an a ng le 2 .A ng le 2i s mo re o f t en r e touch ed t h an a ng le 1 ( 77% v s 7 0% a nd w hen c ompa r ed t ot h e t r apeze s , t r iang le s h ave much h ighe r p e r cen tages o f t o ta l ly r e touched e dge s 5 7% [ a ng lel ] a nd 6 2% [ a ng le 3 ] o ft r apeze s l a ck am ic robur in f a ce t ) . T aken t oge the rt h i s i n d ica te s t h a t t h e a cu te a ng le s o n t r iang les may b e mor e r e ad i ly c r ea ted b y r e touch t h an b yt h em ic robu r in t e chn ique .

E dge S hape T ab le s 9 8 a nd 9 9 p r e sen t d a ta o n t h e p e r cen tage s o f t h e v a r iou s e dge s hape s b y s i te , o rde red a cco rd ing t ot h e r e su l t s o f ac l u s te r a na ly s is (Wa rd 's me thod ) . A s w i th t h e t r apez e s , t hose s i te s w i th h ighe rf r equenc ies o ft r iang les f a l l i n to t wo ma jo rc l u s te r s . O ne c l u s te rc on ta in s s i tes w i th h igh p e r cen tage so fc oncave e dge s , a nd t h eo the rs i te s w i th h i gh p e r cen tage s o fs t ra igh t a nd c on v ex e dges . T he r ei sn or e ad i ly a ppa r en ts pa t ia lo rt empora lp a t te rn ing i nt h e se r e su l t s a nd n o s ep a r a t ion o fC .t yp ique a nd C .s up6 r ieu rf a c ie s . Un for tuna te ly t h ev ery s ma l ls amp le s i ze s f o r many o ft h es i tes make d raw ing a ny f i rm c onc lu s ion si mpos s ib le . T he p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t e dge s hape i sr e la ted t od imen s ion s i se xp lo r ed i nT ab le 1 00 . A s w i th t h e t r apezes , t h e d a ta t e nd t os uppor t t h e h ypo the s i s t h a t c oncave e dge s a r e p roduced o n w ide r p i ec es , wh i le t h ec onvex a nd i r r egu la rs hape s a r e a s soc ia ted w i th t h ick er b l ank s . H owever , a ga in t h e magn i tude o ft h e d if e rences i ss o s ma l l t h a t i t s s i gn if icance i sc aled i n to q ue s t ion . I nf a c t , f o re dge 4t h ed i f f e rence sb e tween s t ra igh ta nd c oncave e dge sa r em in ima l .

P o in tR e touch T ab le s 1 01 a nd 1 02 c on ta in d a ta o n d i r ec t ion o f p o in t r e touch , o rde red b y c l us te r a na ly s is (Wa rd ' s me thod ) . F ew p i ece s a r e r e touched , a nd p a t te rn ing i n t e rm s o f e i the r t ime , s pace , o r f a c ie s d if e r ence s i sa b sen t . T he p e r cen tage s o f r e touch ed p o in t s a ppea r s t oc o r r e la te w i th t h e t o ta ls amp le s i ze ,r a the rt h an w i th a ny o ft h ef a c to r s men t ioned a bove .

P lot o f Mean

T r iang le W idth b y L ength , b y S ite

L ENG 3 0 + DMA

2 9

+ AC U + EMU

2 8 2 7 + RE

2 6

+ KZT

2 5 + AMU

+ KE M

2 3

+ RHL .

+ KZD

2 2

+ BK H

+ 1 2U

2 1

+ ASD

2 0 1 9

+ EMK 4 -

1 8

+RE D 1 2A

1 7

+ MJ U

1 6

+ HFT

+ MJ 2

1 5 1 4

+ AM

1 3 1 2 5

6

7

8

9

1 0

W IDTH

F igu r e4 5 : T r iang le W id th b yL eng th ,b yS i te

1

1 2

TABLE

S ite ACL ACU AM AML ASD BKH DMA EMK EMU HAM H FT KEM K ZD K ZT MJU MJ2 RED REU RHL 1 2A 1 2U Total

T riangle D imensions by

S ite

CV

T hickness

N

L ength

1 1 1 9 2 2 2 6 1 5 2 1 4 1 8 1 0 2 7 2 1 7 8 9 5 3 2 0

2 4.0 2 9.0 2 3.3 1 3.5 1 5.5 2 3.5 2 8.3 1 8.9 2 8.5 1 6.0 1 7.2 2 2.8 1 7.8 2 6.0 1 7.1 1 6.0 1 7.5 2 6.5 2 4.8 1 8.3 2 0.1

3 6.2 5 .2 5 0.2 9 .0 1 2.6 3 0.6 7 .4 . 1 2.8 1 8.4 4 0.0 2 7.2 1 1.4 3 5.3 1 9.7 1 9.7 5 .2 8 .3 2 0.0

2 2.9

2 6.8

2 04

9 6

N

Width

1 1 1 9 2 2 2 6 1 5 2 1 4 1 8 1 0 2 7 2 1 7 8 9 5 3 2 0

8 .0 6 .0 1 0.7 6 .5 8 .5 1 2.0 1 2.0 7 .1 1 2.5 9 .0 9 .5 9 .1 1 0.2 1 2.5 8 .1 6 .0 7 .0 1 0.3 1 1.4 6 .7 8 .4 9 .5

2 32

CV

CV

1 2.9 3 6.6 8 .3 3 5.4 1 0.5 3 7.2 1 7.0 . 1 3.6 2 9.1 1 1.1 1 9.3 4 7.1 3 8.1 1 4.6 1 0.0 2 2.9 2 2.9 2 4.8

3 .0 3 .0 2 .3 2 .0 2 .0 2 .0 2 .8 2 .9 2 .5 2 .0 2 .7 2 .4 2 .2 3 .0 2 .8 2 .0 2 .7 2 .3 2 .6 2 .3 2 .9

. 2 4.8 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 2 6.6 3 0.1 2 8.3 . 1 8.2 2 5.4 1 9.2 0 .0 1 3.2 0 .0 2 8.5 2 0.7 3 4.4 2 4.7 2 4.8

2 4.8

2 .4

2 5.6

TABLE Values

S ite'

of

N

9 7

Triangle Angle

Angle

Three

Three

CV

AMT

2

1 15.0

6 .1

MJ2

2

1 22.5

2 0.2

MJU

7

1 06.4

8 .4

H FT

4

1 01.2

1 6.3

1 2A RED EMK

3 1 7 1 5

1 13.3 1 20.3 1 17.0

1 0.2 1 5.1 1 0.2

ASD 1 2U

1 2 0

1 25.0 1 15.7

0 .0 1 2.8

K ZD

1 0

1 02.5

1 3.8

8 5.0 1 05.0

0 .0 1 0.1

1 11.9

1 9.5

7 5.0 1 05.0

4 7.1 2 0.2

BKH RHL KEM AMU K ZT REU

1 5 1 8 2 2

1 12.6

1 3.3

EMU DMA

2 5

9 5.0 1 00.0

2 2.3 1 1.7

ACU

1

1 50.0

0 .0

1 12.2

1 4.8

Total

8 7

2 04

' Ordered by position

on Figure

4 5

T r iang le A ng le Two b y M icrobur in F acet

F REQ

CUM . F REQ

ANGLE OF EDGE I NTERSECT ION2

P ERCENT

2 0

2

2

1 . 05

1 . 05

2 5

3

5

1 . 58

2 . 63

3 0

1 9

2 4

1 0 .00

1 2 .63

3 5

2 5

4 9

1 3 .16

2 5 .79

4 0

5 2

1 0 1

2 7 .37

5 3 .16

4 5

2 6

1 27

1 3 .68

6 6 .84

5 0

3 2

1 59

1 6 .84

8 3 .68

1 68

4 . 74

8 8 .42

1 78

5 . 26

9 3 .68

5 5

9 1 0

6 0 6 5

2

1 80

1 . 05

9 4 .74

7 0

6

1 86

3 . 16

9 7 .89

8 0

1

1 87

0 . 53

9 8 .42

8 5

1

1 88

0 . 53

9 8 .95

9 0

1

1 89

0 . 53

9 9 .47

1 00

1

1 90

0 . 53

1 00 .00

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

FREQUENCY

M ic robu r in F ace t

CU M . P ERCENT

P re sen t

7 . : .

• ' • •• • : . :

A b sen t

F igu r e4 6 : T r iang le A ng le Two b yM ic robu r in F ace t

T r iang le A ng le O ne b y M icrobur in F acet

F REQ ANGLE OF EDGE I NTERSECT ION1

CU M . F REQ

P ERCENT

CU M . P ERCENT

1 0

1

1

0 . 53

0 . 53

1 5

3

4

1 . 60

2 . 13

2 0

4 1

4 5

2 1 .8 1

2 3 .94

2 5

2 1

6 6

1 .17

3 5 .11

3 0

4 1

1 07

2 1 .8 1

5 6 .91

3 5

3 0

1 37

1 5 .96

7 2 .87

4 0

3 4

1 71

1 8 .0 9

9 0 .96

4 5

7

1 78

3 . 72

9 4 .68

5 0

6

1 84

3 . 19

9 7 .87

6 0

2

1 86

1 . 06

9 8 .94

7 0

1

1 87

0 . 53

9 9 .47

9 0

1

1 88

0 . 53

1 00 .00

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

F REQUENCY

M ic robu r in F ace t

P re sen t

F igu re 4 7 : T r iang le A ng le O ne b yM ic robu r in F ace t

M

f l A b sen t

TABLE Triangle Edge

S ite

N

S traight

ACL MJ2

1 2

0 .0 5 0.0

ACU AMT

1 2

1 00.0 1 00.0

Concave %

0 .0 0 .0

9 8 Shape

Convex %

0 .0 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0

Three

I rregular %

0 .0 0 .0

%

Shouldered 1 00.0 5 0.0

0 .0 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0 1 3.3

EMK

1 5

4 6.7

1 3.3

2 0.0

6 .7

KEM

1 8

3 8.9

2 2.0

2 7.8

5 .6

5 .6

REU 1 2A

8 7 3

5 0.6 3 3.3

3 1.0 3 3.3

1 4.9 3 3.3

2 .3 0 .0

1 0.0 0 .0

7

MJU

7 1.4

1 4.3

1 4.3

0 .0

0 .0

1 2U

2 0

6 5.0

3 0.0

5 .0

0 .0

0 .0

HFT RED

4 1 7

0 .0 2 9.4

2 5.0 1 1.8

2 5.0 3 5.3

2 5.0 1 1.8

2 5.0 1 1.8

RHL

5

2 0.0

2 0.0

4 0.0

2 0.0

0 .0

AMU

2

0 .0

1 00.0

0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

ASD

2

5 0.0

5 0.0

0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

KZD BKH

9 2

4 4.4 0 .0

5 5.6 5 0.0

0 .0 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0

DMA

6

1 6.7

6 6.7

1 6.7

0 .0

0 .0

HAM

1

0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

1 00.0

0 .0

EMU KZT

2 1

0 .0 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0

1 00.0 1 00.0

0 .0 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0

4 4.9

2 8.0

1 7.9

4 .3

4 .8

Total

2 07

TABLE T riangle

S ite

N

S traight

Edge

C oncave

S hape Four

C onvex

0 .0 0 .0

DMA EMU MJ2 EMK RHL

6 2 2 1 5 5

1 6.7 5 0.0 5 0.0 4 6.7 2 0.0

6 6.7 5 0.0 5 0.0 1 3.3 4 0.0

1 6.7 0 .0 0 .0 2 6.7 2 0.0

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 3.3 2 0.0

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

ACU AMT BKH MJU

1 2 2 6

1 00.0 1 00.0 1 00.0 1 00.0

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

H FT 1 2U REU KEN KZD

3 2 0 8 6 1 8 9

6 6.7 7 0.0 7 5.6 5 0.0 4 4.4

0 .0 0 .0 7 .0 2 2.0 3 3.3

3 3.3 3 0.0 1 6.3 2 7.8 2 2.2

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0 1 .2 0 .0 0 .0

AMU

2

0 .0

0 .0

1 00.0

0 .0

0 .0

ASD 1 2A

1 3

0 .0 3 3.3

0 .0 0 .0

1 00.0 6 6.7

0 .0 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0

KZT RED

2 1 7

5 0.0 2 3.5

0 .0 5 .9

0 .0 4 1.2

5 0.0 1 7.6

0 .0 1 1.8

5 9.8

1 2.7

2 2.5

2 .9

2 .0

TABLE Dimensions

S hape

N Width

%

0 .0 0 .0

%

0 .0 0 .0

S traight 9 3 C oncave 5 8 C onvex 3 7 I rregular 9 S houldered 4

9 .4 9 .8 9 .7 9 .0 8 .0

2 6.5 2 2.1 2 5.9 2 9.9 1 0.2

S traight 1 22 C oncave 2 6 C onvex 4 6 I rregular 6

9 .7 9 .9 8 .4 8 .8

2 4.1 2 7.5 2 8.4 1 6.7

0 .0 0 .0

1 00

o f Triangles by Edge

CV

%

Shouldered

1 1

2 04

1 00.0 1 00.0

I rregular

ACL HAM

Total

%

9 9

Thickness 2 .5 2 .4 2 .7 2 .7 2 .2 Edge F our 2 .4 2 .4 2 .5 3 .2

CV

S hape

Width/Thickness

CV

2 5.9 2 4.7 2 7.6 3 2.5 2 2.2

4 .0 4 .4 3 .8 3 .6 3 .7

3 2.8 3 0.6 3 5.6 3 8.3 2 1.3

2 4.1 2 0.8 2 6.1 2 3.8

4 .2 4 .3 3 .5 2 .9

3 2.2 3 1.6 3 5.2 2 1.8

TABLE Triangle Point

S ite

N

1 01

Two Retouch Direction

None

Normal %

0 .0

I nverse

ACU

1

1 00.0

AMT AMU

2 2

1 00.0 1 00.0

0 .0 0 .0

%

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

ASD BKH

1 2

1 00.0 1 00.0

0 .0 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0

EMU

2

1 00.0

0 .0

0 .0

HAM

1

1 00.0

0 .0

0 .0

KZD

7

1 00.0

0 .0

0 .0

KZT

2

1 00.0

0 .0

0 .0

MJ2 1 2A

2 3

1 00.0 1 00.0

0 .0 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

EMK

1 5

9 3.3

6 .7

RED

1 2

9 1.7

8 .3

0 .0

1 2U

2 0

9 5.0

5 .0

0 .0

REU

8 4

8 8.1

1 .2

1 0.7

DMA

6

6 6.7

0 .0

3 3.3

HFT

4

7 5.0

2 5.0

2 5.0

KEM

8 0.0

2 0.0

0 .0

RHL

4

7 5.0

2 5.0

0 .0

MJU

6

5 0.0

5 0.0

0 .0

8 8.0

6 .3

5 .7

Total

1 5

1 91

TABLE Triangle

S ite

N

Point

1 02

Two Retouch Direction

None

Normal %

0 .0

I nverse

ACL

1

1 00.0

AMU BKH

2 2

1 00.0 1 00.0

0 .0 0 .0

%

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

DMA EMU

6 2

1 00.0 1 00.0

0 .0 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

KZT

2

1 00.0

0 .0

MJU

4

1 00.0

0 .0

0 .0

MJ2

2

1 00.0

0 .0

0 .0

1 2A

3

1 00.0

0 .0

0 .0

REU

3 7

9 7.3

0 .0

2 .7

KEN

1 4

9 2.9

7 .1

0 .0

RED KZD

1 4 6

9 2.9 8 3.3

0 .0 0 .0

7 .1 1 6.7

ACU

1

0 .0

1 00.0

0 .0

EMK

1 5

7 3.3

2 6.7

0 .0

1 2U HFT

1 4 2

7 8.6 5 0.0

2 1.4 5 0.0

0 .0 0 .0

RHL

2

5 0.0

5 0.0

0 .0

AMT ASD

2 1

0 .0 0 .0

5 0.0 0 .0

5 0.0 1 00.0

8 6.4

4 .8

3 .8

Total

1 32

E longa t ed S ca l ene T r iang l e s D a ta o nt h e p e rcen tage s o fe l onga ted t r iang le t ype s b y s i te a r ep r esen ted i nT ab le 1 03 . T h e t a b le i so rde r ed a cco rd ing t ot h e r e su l t s o f ac l u s te r a na ly s is (Wa rd ' s m e thod ) p er fo rmed u pon t h e p e r c en tage s i nt h e t a b le . T he c l u s te r s ( s hown b yd a sh ed l i ne s ) i n d ica te t h a ts ome s pa t ia l a nd t empo r a lp a t te rn ing i sb e ing mon i to red b yt h ee s tab l ished t ype s . T he f i r s t c l u s te r i nT ab le 1 03 c on ta in s C . t yp ique s i t e s f r om T un is ia wh ich h ave v e ry h igh p ercen tages o ft yp e 9 4 ( t r iang le w i th al ong b a se ) . T he l a s tc l u s te ri sa l so made u p o fs i te s f r om T un is ia ( i nc lud ing b o th f a c ie s a nd b o th s t age s ) ; h oweve r , i nt h is c a se t h ey a r e d i s t ingu ished b y h igh p e rcen tage s o ft ype s w i th c onvex b a se s ( 99 a nd 1 00 ) . T he s e cond c l u s te r ( AM t o A SD ) , w i th t h ee xcep t ion o f ASD a nd HFT , c on ta in so n ly U ppe rs t age s i te sh av ing l ow p e rcen tage so fa v ar ie ty o ff o rm s . I nt h et h i rd c l u s te ra r e f ound t wo L owe rs t age A lge r ian s i t es ; wh i le i nt h ef ou r th t he r e a r e b o th U ppe ra nd L owe rs t age A lge r ian C . s upe r ieu rs i te s h av ing h igh p e rcen tage s o ft r i a ng le s w i th c oncave b a se s . Med jez I , i np ar t icu la r , h a s much h ighe rp erc en tage s o ft h e se c on c ave f o rms t h an a ny o ther s i te . S pa t ia l , a nd t o al e s se re x ten t t empora l , p a t te rn ing i si n d ica ted b y t h ese c l u s te r s , s ugge s t ing t ha t v a r ia t ion i nb a se f o rm ( t he p r ima ry d e term ina te o ft h e c l u s te r s ) may b e i n dep endan t o fc on s t ra in t si mpo sed b ya va i lab le m ean s . F ac ies d i f f e ren t ia t ion i sh oweve rn o ta ppa ren t .

TABLE P ercentages

S ite

N

9 4

1 03

o f E longated T riangles by

9 5

9 6

9 7

9 8

S ite

9 9

1 00

ACL R ED

2 1 07

5 0.0 4 3.9

0 .0 8 .4

0 .0 2 .8

0 .0 0 .9

0 .0 0 .0

0 .0 1 1.2

0 .0 5 .6

AM H FT 1 2U REU BKH KEM K ZD RHL EMU A SD

5 4 1 64 2 10 5 76 7 7 1 91 1 84 9 1 5 3 1 7

1 .8 0 .0 1 .9 6 .1 0 .0 2 6.7 1 3.6 1 3.2 1 .9 5 .9

5 .6 1 9.5 1 3.3 7 .5 0 .0 1 5.7 2 5.0 1 8.7 2 0.7 1 7.6

0 .0 0 .0 0 .9 2 .1 0 .0 3 .7 3 .8 0 .0 9 .4 5 .9

7 .4 7 .3 2 .4 7 .3 1 .3 7 .3 8 .7 7 .7 3 .8 1 7.6

1 .8 0 .6 0 .5 0 .0 0 .0 2 .6 1 .6 3 .3 1 .9 0 .0

5 .6 1 .8 1 .4 0 .0 1 .3 2 .1 3 .3 0 .0 7 .5 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .5 1 .1 0 .0 0 .0 5 .9

0 .0

6 6.7

0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

4 .8

5 2.4

4 .8

9 .5

0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

K ZT 1 2A

6 2 1

AML

1 5

0 .0

2 0.0

0 .0

1 3.3

1 3.3

6 .7

0 .0

DMA MJU MJ2

3 21 1 81 5 4

8 .7 0 .5 0 .0

1 1.2 1 3.8 2 5.9

1 2.1 0 .6 3 .7

7 .8 3 5.9 2 5.9

1 1.5 7 .7 3 .7

2 .2 2 .2 5 .6

1 .2 1 .7 1 .8

EMK HAM ACU

1 64 5 9 2 9

4 .3 1 3.6 6 .9

3 1.1 3 0.5 4 1.1

9 .8 2 5.4 0 .0

8 .5 1 .7 6 .9

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

2 3.8 6 .8 1 7.2

0 .6 8 .5 2 4.1

2 599

8 .7

1 5.3

4 .3

8 .9

2 .7

3 .9

1 .2

T otal

D imens ions T ab le 1 04 c on ta in sd a ta o na ver age d imen s ion s , wh i le F igur e4 8 i s ap l o to fm ean w id th b yl e ng th f o re ach s i te . F igur e 4 8 r e vea l s c l ea rs epa r a t ion b e tween U ppe r a nd L owe rt e chno log ica l s t age s o n t h e b a s is o fl e ng th , w i th t h e t r iang le s f r om t h e L owe r s t age b e ing l e s s t h an 2 7mm i nl e ng th . T he e xcep t ion s t ot h is a r e t h e s amp le s f r om RHL ( Rh i lane ) , BKH ( B ir K han f ou s ) a nd 1 2U . T he v e ry s ma l l s amp le s i ze s f r om BKH ( 1 ) a nd RHL ( 2 ) g i ve s t h e se a be r ra t ion s l i t t le s i gn if ican ce ( I n f a c tt h el ower l e ve l s o ft h es e s i te sm ay w el b em ember s o ft h eL owe rs t age ) . H oweve r , t h ep re s e nce o f1 2U ( s amp le o f1 6 )i nt h eg roup o fL owe rs t age s i te sr e qu ir e se xp lana t ion , wh ich i sf o und i nt h e f a c tt h a tt h e u n re touched b l ank s f r om S i te 1 2 a r e o n a ve r age t h e s hor te s t ( 26 .5 mm ) o fa l l t h ose s t ud ied ,t h e r eby i mpo s ing ac on s t ra in to nm ax imum l e ng th . Why t h e L owe rs t age s i te s a sa g roup s hou ld b e s ho r ti sr e la ted , Ib e l ieve , t ot h e p r e senc e o f al ow l e ng th / th ickne ss r a t io a s soc i a t ed w i th t h e L owe r s t age b l ank p roduc t ion t e chn ique ( i . e . i n t h e L ower s t age , l onge r b l ank s w ou ld b et o ot h ick ) . T r iang le s f r om b o th s t age s a r e r o ugh ly c ompa rab le i nt e rms o ft h e r a nge o fw id th s , a nd i ti s i n te re s t ing t on o te t h a tt h ey a r ev e ry s im i la rt ot h e mean w id th so fb acked b l ade le t s ,t o wh ich t h ey may b e f unc t ionaly r e la ted . T h is a l so r a ise s t h e q ue s t ion , m en t ioned i nt h e p r ev ious c hap te r , o f w he the r b acked b l ade le t t yp e 6 4 ( l amele a - c ran ) i si n f a c t a n u nf in ished s c a lene t r iang le . E xam ina t ion o f T ab le 1 05 , w h ich c ompar e s t h e f r equenc ie s o f t ype 6 4 a nd s c a lene t r i ang les ,

- 2 16 -

M ean E longated T r iang le W idth b y L ength , b y S ite L ENGTH 3 8 -

3 7

-

3 6

a

3 5

-

3 4

-

3 3

_ 4

3 2

^

+ AC U

+ HA M

KE M ++ E MU

+ DMA + KZ D

+' , A .m . )

3 1 + AM U

3 0

+ REL . )

2 9 2 8 2 7 2 6

+ E MK + 1 2 A

-

+ 1 2U

2 5

+ BK H + MJ 2

2 4

+ R HL + RE D

2 3

+ KZ T

HFT +

+ AS D

2 2

+ A ML

2 1 2 0

, L i

,

s

6

,

,

T

7

8

9

W IDTH

F igu re 4 8 : E longa ted T r iang le W id th b yL eng th ,b yS i t e

- 2 17

-

1 0

TABLE D imensions

S ite

N

L ength

1 04

o f Elongated T riangles

CV

ACL ACU AMT

2 6

3 7.5 3 0.2

3 2.0 3 6.3

AML ASD BKH DMA EMK EMU HAM HFT KEN K ZD KZT

1 2 1 6 0 4 1 6 1 1 3 1 6 3 2 1

2 2.0 2 2.5 2 5.0 3 2.8 2 6.7 3 5.0 3 6.2 2 2.7 3 5.0 3 2.2 2 3.0

MJU MJ2 RED REU

2 2 1 1 3 5 2 8

RHL 1 2A 1 2U

2 5 1 6

N

Width

CV

T hickness

CV

1 2 8 1 2

6 .0 6 .2 6 .7

3 3.2 3 6.3

2 .0 2 .4 2 .0

0 .0 2 6.1 3 0.1

3 .1 . 2 5.1 2 7.5 1 5.0 2 3.6 1 0.2 2 5.4 2 3.9

8 9 2 1 76 1 28 2 4 5 1 4 8 1 12 1 05 4

4 .9 6 .4 7 .5 6 .0 5 .9 6 .9 5 .7 1 0.1 6 .8 7 .2 5 .5

2 3.1 2 2.1 6 6.0 2 4.0 3 0.3 2 0.4 2 7.3 2 7.9 2 4.8 3 2.6 3 1.5

2 .2 2 .9 2 .5 2 .3 2 .7 2 .4 2 .4 3 .7 2 .3 2 .2 2 .0

2 0.6 2 7.1 2 8.3 2 6.0 2 6.9 2 3.9 2 6.5 2 8.3 2 3.9 2 3.4 4 0.8

3 1.2 2 4.6 2 3.6 2 9.7

1 8.5 2 5.4 2 2.6 2 5.5

1 13 3 6 7 8 1 32

7 .7 7 .6 6 .0 6 .4

2 6.2 3 1.3 3 7.1 2 2.4

2 .4 2 .4 2 .6 2 .4

2 5.2 2 6.7 3 1.6 7 9.4

2 4.0 2 6.4 2 5.9

4 1.2 2 1.7 1 7.7

3 9 1 5 4 3

6 .9 7 .3 7 .5

2 0.9 2 2.9 2 2.6

2 .6 2 .7 2 .6

3 2.4 1 6.7 2 5.3

s how s t ha t i fa n a s soc ia t ion e x i s t s i ti sv ery w eak . S ome s i tes s uch a s DMA a ppea r t oe xh ib i t a c or r e la t ion b e tween t h e f r equenc ie so ft h e se f o rms ; h oweve r , many o the r s f a i lt od o s o . I ti sp o s s i b le t h a t w i th b e t te r q ua l i ty d a ta ar e la t ion sh ip c ou ld b e s hown t o e x is t ; a ny f i rm c onc lu s ion s s hou ld a wa i ts uch d a ta . I n s umma ry , t h e d a ta o n d imen s ion s i n d ica te t h a t v a r ia t ion i n t h e a va i lab le m ean s ( b lank t e chno logy a nd s ou rce m a te r ia l s i ze ) a ccoun t f o rd i f f e r ence s o fl eng th w i th in t h e C ap s ian ; w id th i sr e la t ive ly c on s tan t w i th t h e e xcep t ion o ft h e s amp le f r om H aua F t eah ( HFT ) w h ich l i e s w el o u t s ide t h e r a nge o ft h eo ther s i t es . T he H aua F teah ma te r ia li s much t h icke r( 3 .7 mm ) . I ti sp o s s i b le t ha t t h is i sr e la ted ( t h rough c on s t ra in t s i mpo sed b y l o ca l ma te r ia l a nd b lank t e chno logy ) t o t h es e lec t ion o fw ide rf o rm s .

Ang les I nt h ep rev iou s s e c t ion sd ea l ing w i th t r apeze s a nd t r iang le s Ih ave s hown h ow a ng le s w er e man ip u l a ted i no rde rt ov a ry l e ng th . W i th t h e e l onga t ed t r iang le st h is i s al e s si mpo r tan t f a c to rb ecau se t h e l ong mod if ied e dge ( e dge 4 ) i sp roduced b y r e touch w h ich v a r ie s t h e w id th o ft h e p i ece ( t he w id th s o f t h e o the r g eome t r ic c l a s se s e qua led o r a pp rox ima ted t h a t o f t h e u n r e touched b l ank ) . T he ref or e , Ic onc lude t h a t w id th a nd a ng le a r e n o tn ece s sa r i ly c o r r e la ted . W i th t h eo the rg eome t r ic c l a sse s , t h ep r ima ry p rob lem s e ems t oh ave b een r e duc ing l e ng th b y c on t ro l l ing a ng le s ; h ow e ver ,w i th t h ee l onga ted s ca lene s ,v ery l ong p i ece s a ppea rt oh ave b een d e s ir ed , a nd t h eo n ly c on s t ra in to nl e ng th i sb l ank s i ze .

TABLE Comparison o f F requencies

S ite

1 05

of E longated T riangles

Type 6 4 N % o f Backed Bladelets

and Type

6 4

Elongated Triangles N % o f Geometrics

ACL ACU AML AMT DMA EMK EMU

1 7 4 1 0 9 3 1 8 1 4

1 .1

1

3 .8 8 .7 5 .0 1 1.7 3 .4 1 2.2

2 8 8 1 2 3 13 1 28 2 4

5 0.0 8 4.8 4 2.1 2 2.2 5 9.8 6 6.3 4 3.6

HAM H FT K EM

2 4 2 5 1 1

1 1.0 4 .0 5 .5

5 1 4 8 1 16

8 3.6 2 7.1 5 8.6

K ZD K ZT MJU MJ2 RED REU RLN 1 2A 1 2U

2 5 1 2 3 2 1 7 4 3 4 1 1 1 6 3 1

1 2.3 6 .7 1 4.9

1 05 4 1 13

5 6.7 4 0.0 6 2.1

1 .6

3 6

5 7.1

7 .0 2 4.4 1 1.8 3 .7 1 0.9

7 8 1 32 3 9 1 5 3 9

4 0.2 2 2.6 4 0.2 5 1.7 1 8.2

T he mean a ng le so fe dge i n te r sec t ion b roken d own b y s i te a r ec on ta ined i nT ab le 1 06 , wh i le F igu r e 4 9 p r e sen t s ah i s tog ram o fv a lues f o r a ng le t wo b rok en d own b y t h e p re sence o r a b sence o f am ic robu r in f a ce t . E xam ina t ion o fF igure 4 9 r e vea l s t h a t a l though t h e a ve rage a ng le ( 40 .8 0) i sc ompa rab le t ot h a tp roduc ed b yt h em ic robur in t e chn ique a mong s tt h e o t her g eome t r ic c l a sse s , t h e f r equency o f u n r e touched m ic robu r in f a ce t s i s much l owe r a nd t h e d i s t r ibu t ion d rop s o f f much l e ss s ha rp ly b e low 4 00.T h is i n d ica te s t h a t t h e o b se rved a ng le s a r e mor e t h e p roduc t o f r e touch t h an o ft h em ic robu r in t e chn ique a l though i tmay w e l lh ave b e en u sed i ni n i t ia l f o rm ing . I na dd i t ion t h eh i ghe rf r equenc ies o fa ng le su nde r4 00 a r ei nl a rge m ea su re d ue t ot h ep re sence o f t ype 9 4 , wh ich h a s av e ry a cu te m ean a ng le 3( mean=25 0)f o rmed b y r e touch ( Type 9 5=41 .3 0; 9 6=41 .00 ;9 7=48 .9 0 ;9 8=47 .2 0 ;9 9=42 .2 0;1 0 36 .7 0) . T he a ng le v a lues i nT ab le 1 06 h ave b een c a lcu la ted w i th t ype 9 4 r emoved , i no rde rt oa vo id t h es kew ing e f f ec tc au sed b yi t sp re sence . E xam ina t ion o fT ab le 1 06 r e vea l st h a tt h er ei s ar ough c o r r e la t ion b e tween a ng le 2 a nd 3 ,w h ich mean s t h a t t h e t i p a ng le ( a ng le 1 )i sb e ing h e ld r e la t i ve ly c on s tan t . Wha ti sc hang ing t h en i st h es hape o ft h eb a se ( i . e . t h es ho r tr e touched e dge ) . A s y ou move d own f r om t h e t o p o f T ab le 1 06 , t h e a ng le b e tween t h e t wo r e touched e dge s i s a pp roach ing 9 00 a nd t h eb a se i sb e ing s qua red . R e su l t so f aD uncan 's Mu l t ip le R ange t e s tc onduc ted o n a ng le 2( F igu re 5 0 ) i nd ica te t h a tt h e r ei s as t a t is t ica l ly s i gn if ican td i f f e rence b e tween t h eg roup o fs i te s a tt h eb o t tom o fT ab le 1 06 , a nd t h e ma in b ody o ft h eC ap s ian s i t es . T aken t oge the rt h ed a ta i nT ab le 1 06 a nd F igu re 5 0s t rong ly s up p o r t t h e c onc lu s ion t h a t s i te s i nt h e C on s tan t ine p l a in s , s uch a s 1 2U ( l ow v a lues o f a ng le 3 i n T ab le 1 06 ) a nd Med jez I ( M J2 a nd MJU ) , a sw e l l a sH aua F t eah ( HFT , L ibya ) a nd A in S ende s ( ASD ,t h ef u r the s ts ou th o fa lT un is ian s i tes ) , f a l lo u t s ide t h e r ange o fb a se s hape ( a s r ef l ec ted i n a ngu la r r e la t ion sh ip s ) f o rt h e m a in b ody o ft h e C ap s ian , r e ga rd le ss o ff a c ie s o r s t age a ff i l ia t ion . G iven t h a tt h e re a ppea rt ob en o mo rpho log ica l o rt e chno log ica l c on s t ra in t s o pe r a t ing t op roduce t h i sv a r ia t ion , a nd i nl i gh to ft h e g eog r aph ica l p a t te rn ing , If e e lt h is d i f f e r ence c on s t i tu te s s t y l is t i cv a r ia t ion . - 2 19 -

E longated T r iang le A ng le T wo b y M icrobur in F acet

F REQ ANGLE OF EDGE I NTERSECT ION2

1 0

CUM . F REQ

P ERCENT

CU M . P ERCENT

1

1

0 . 1 0

0 . 10

2

3

0 .2 1

0 . 31

1 5

2 0

2 3

2 . 07

2 . 39

2 0

8 4

1 07

8 . 71

1 .10

2 5

8 2

1 89

8 . 51

1 9 .61

3 0

1 42

31

1 4 .73

3 4 .34

3 5

7 8

4 09

8 . 09

4 2 .43

4 0

1 73

5 82

1 7 .95

6 0 .37

4 5

4 1

6 23

4 . 25

6 4 .63

5 0

1 55

7 78

1 6 .08

8 0 .71

5 5

3 9

8 17

4 . 05

8 4 .75

6 0

7 8

8 95

8 . 09

9 2 .84

6 5

1 0

9 05

1 . 04

9 3 .88

7 0

3 7

9 42

3 . 84

9 7 .72

7 5

4

9 46

0 . 41

9 8 .13

8 0

6

9 52

0 . 62

9 8 .76

8 5

4

9 56

0 . 41

9 9 .17

9 0

3

9 59

0 . 31

9 9 .48

9 5

1

9 60

0 . 10

9 9 .59

1 00

1

9 61

0 . 10

9 9 .69

1 20

1

9 62

0 . 10

9 9 .79

1 2 5

1

9 63

0 . 10

9 9 .90

1

9 64

0 . 10

1 00 .00

2 60 •

0

1 • 5 0

1 00

• I •1 1 50

1 80

F REQUENCY M ic robur in F ace t

F igur e4 9 :

! „ , 1 1. 1 1.0. 1 1 14 ,

P re sen t

A b sen t

H is tog ram o fE longa ted T r iang le A ng le Two b yM icrobu r in F ace t

T ABLE 1 06 E longated T riangle A ngles

S ite A MT R ED H AM K ZD K ZT A CU R EU E MU K EM R HL 1 2A D MA E MK B KH 1 2U M JU MJ2 A SD H FT

N 4 2 6 3 7 7 5 4 2 4 7 6 1 9 4 6 2 5 1 4 1 30 1 13 2 3 8 1 02 3 4 7 4 1

A ngle 2 3 2.5 3 3.8 3 3.9 3 5.6 3 6.2 3 7.3 3 8.5 3 8.9 4 1.3 4 1.6 4 3.2 4 3.5 4 4.9 4 5.0 4 5.6 5 0.9 5 2.8 6 0.0 6 1.1

( ordered b y A ngle T wo)

C V

N

4 2 9.4 2 7 3 5.8 4 2 3 0.7 2 7.6 7 8 4 3 0.6 2 8.5 2 5 3 3.3 9 5 2 2 3 7.7 5 9 3 2.6 2 1.3 2 6 1 4 2 2.0 2 7.6 1 34 2 7.1 1 15 1 5.7 2 3 9 2 3.6 2 4.2 1 06 3 2.1 3 1 1 1.8 8 2 7.2 4 6

A ngle 3 1 42.5 1 38.1 1 44.8 1 36.0 1 36.2 1 46.6 1 37.0 1 38.6 1 36.5 1 31.0 1 26.0 1 35.0 1 36.2 1 30.0 1 24.1 1 24.3 1 30.6 1 15.6 1 18.3

C V

7 .3 1 1.2 7 .6 1 0.3 3 .5 8 .2 1 0.3 1 2.9 1 1.6 7 .1 1 0.9 9 .9 9 .6 1 0.9 1 0.9 1 1.0 1 3.2 1 2.5 1 3.0

W idth 5 .0 5 .8 5 .5 7 .1 5 .5 6 .2 6 .5 6 .9 6 .9 7 .0 7 .3 5 .9 5 .8 7 .5 7 .3 7 .7 7 .6 6 .6 1 0.1

E dge S hape D a ta o ne dge s hape a r e p re sen ted i nT ab le 1 07 ( o rde r ed b y Wa rd ' s me thod c l u s te ra na ly s is ) . A s h a s b een n o ted d u r ing t h e d i scu s s ion o ft ype v a r ia t ion , b a se s hape a ppea r s t oc o r re la te w i th t em p o ra l a nd s pa t ia l d i f f er ence s . T he f i r s t c l u s te r , i n T ab le 1 07 , c on s is t s o f L owe r s t age s i t e s , a l though t h e s amp le s i ze s a r e q u i te s ma l l . I n t h e s e cond c l u s ter a l l s i tes e xcep t 1 2U a r e f r om T un is ia , a nd t h ey a r e d i s t ingu ished b y h igh p e rcen tages o f c onvex e dge s . T he o the r T un is ian s i t e s , p lu s H aua F teah , a r e f ound i nc l u s t er f ou r , w he re , a l though t h ey h ave h igh p ercen tage s o f c onvex e dge s ,t h ey a l so s ha r eh igh p e rcen tages o fi r r egu la re dge s .T he se s i te s a r e a l lL owe rs t age , C . t yp ique s amp le s ( e xcep t HFT ) . T he t h ird c l u s te r c on ta in s a l l t h e E a s te rn A lger ian L owe r s t age C . s updr ieu rs i te s , a nd i sc ha rac te r ized b y modera te p e r cen tage so fc oncave e dge s , a nd r e la t i ve ly h igh p e r cen tage so fs t r a igh te dge s . T he f i na lc l u s te r( A MT , MJ2 , MJU ) c on s is t so f Med jez Ia nd A in M i s tehey ia . T he AMT s amp le i su ndoub tab ly b i a sed , a nd t h is l e aves Med jez I a s a C en t ra lA lge r ian i s o la te . A sn o ted p r ev iou s ly ,t h r ee g eog r aph ica lu n i t sa r ef o rmed b yt h ea na ly s is ( Cen t ra lA lger ia ,E a s ter nA lge r ia a nd T un is ia ) ,b roken t os ome e x ten tb ys t age v a r ia t ion . A l though e dge s hape s e ems t o e xh ib i t p a t te rn ing wh ich may b e s t y l is t ic , t h e p o s s ib i l i ty r ema in s t h a t v a r ia t ion i ne dge s hape i sd e te rm ined i np a r t b y mo rpho log ica l c on t ingenc ie s . T o i n ve s t iga te t h is p o s s ib i l i ty Ih ave c olec ted d a ta o n d imen s ion s b y e dge s hape t h re e ( s e e T ab le 1 08 ) . A s w i th t h e s t ud ie s o ft h i s r e la t ion sh ip c onduc ted i np rev iou s s ec t ion s , t h er e i ss ome s ugge s t ive p a t te rn ing i nt h e d a ta . C oncave a nd s hou lde r ed p i eces a r e w ide r t han s t r a igh t o r c onvex f o rms , w h i le i r regu la r e dge s a r e t h e t h icke s t . H owever w i th t h e p o s s ib le e xcep t ion o f t h e s hou lde red f o rm , n one o ft h es e d i f f er ence s a r e o fs uch magn i tude t h a t t h ey m igh t b e c on s ider ed d e te rm ina te o f e dge s hape . I n a dd i t ion , p r ev iou s a na lyses w e r e c once rned w i th p o ss ib le c on t ingenc ie s b e tween w id th , t h ickne ss , a nd t h e m ic robu r in t e chn ique . A s Ih ave n o ted a bove , t h e u se o ft h e m ic robu r in t e chn ique a ppea r s t oh ave h ad ar e la t ive ly s ma l l e f f ec to nt h e f o rm o fe dge s . R e touch

- 2 21 -

F igur e5 0 :

D uncan ' s Mu l t ip le R ange T e s to nE longa ted T r iang le A ng le Two ALPHA=0 .05 DF=798 MSE=151 .807 HARMON IC MEAN OF C ELL S I MS=12 .1114 MEANS WITH THE SA ME LEV IER ARE NOT S IGN IF ICANTLY D IFFERENT . DUNCAN GROUP ING

MEAN

A A A A

N S ITE

6 1 .098

4 1 HET

6 0 .000

7 ASD

B B B

A A A

5 2 .794

3 4 MJ2

5 0 .931

1 02 MJU

B B B B B B B B B B B B B

C C C C C C C C C C C C C

4 5 .658

3 8 1 2U

4 5 .000

2 BKH

4 4 .912

13 EMK

D D D D D D D C C C C C C C C C C C C C C

4 3 .462

1 30 DMA

4 3 .214

1 4 1 2A

4 1 .600

2 5 RHL

4 1 .304

4 6 KE M

D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D

3 8 .947

1 9 EMU

3 8 .553

7 6 REL

3 7 .292

2 4 ACU

3 6 .250

4 KZT

3 5 .600

7 5 KZD

3 3 .919

3 7 HAM

3 3 .846

2 6 RED

3 2 .500

4 AMT

w a s u sed b o th t of o rm t h e e dge a nd t or educe w id th . T he refor e , e dge s hape ( e xcep t p os s ib ly t h e i r r egu la r f o rms ) mus t b e c on s ider ed t o b e t h e r e su l t o f c on sc iou s c ho ice , a nd n o t m er e ly t h e r e su l t so fc on t ingenc ie se x i s t ing b e tween p roduc t ion t e chn ique s a nd b l ank s i ze .

TABLE

1 07

E longated T riangle Edge T hree

S ite ACL K ZT 1 2A

N

S traight

1 4 1 5

1 00.0 1 00.0 8 6.7

%

C oncave 0 .0 0 .0 1 3.3

C onvex

%

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

S hape

I rregular %

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

S houldered

%

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

ACU EMU EMK 1 2U HAM

2 8 2 4 1 23 4 2 4 9

5 3.6 5 8.3 4 4.6 5 2.4 7 1.4

1 4.3 1 6.7 1 3.0 1 6.7 6 .1

3 2.1 2 5.0 3 4.2 2 3.8 2 0.4

0 .0 0 .0 3 .2 2 .4 2 .1

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 4 .8 0 .0

DMA KEM KZD

1 61 1 04 1 02

3 7.9 5 5.8 5 3.9

5 2.2 3 0.8 3 2.2

8 .7 7 .7 1 2.8

0 .6 5 .8 0 .0

0 .6 0 .0 1 .0

REU RHL

1 25 3 8

5 1.2 3 9.5

3 9.2 3 9.5

8 .0 1 0.5

0 .8 1 0.5

0 .8 0 .0

A SD H FT RED

9 4 5 7 6

5 5.6 4 0.0 4 0.8

1 1.1 1 7.8 2 .6

2 2.2 2 2.2 3 5.5

1 1.1 1 7.8 2 1.1

0 .0 2 .2 0 .0

BKH

2

0 .0

0 .0

1 00.0

0 .0

0 .0

AMT MJU MJ2

4 1 10 3 4

2 5.0 1 9.1 3 2.3

2 5.0 5 2.7 3 2.4

2 5.0 6 .4 1 4.7

0 .0 0 .9 0 .0

2 5.0 2 0.9 2 0.6

4 6.1

3 0.1

1 6.4

4 .0

3 .4

T otal

1 096

TABLE

1 08

D imensions by Edge

S hape

N

S traight 5 05 C oncave 3 30 Convex 1 80 I rregular 4 4 S houldered 3 7

P o in tR e touch

Width 6 .3 7 .1 6 .5 8 .1 8 .8

S hape Three

CV

T hickness

CV

Width/Thickness

CV

2 7.6 2 9.1 3 2.6 3 9.0 1 9.8

2 .4 2 .3 2 .6 3 .1 2 .6

4 6.0 2 6.8 3 0.0 3 4.8 2 8.9

2 .7 3 .2 2 .5 2 .7 3 .5

3 2.5 3 2.8 3 0.0 3 5.7 2 5.5

At o ta l o f4 51 p i ece s r e ta in t h e ir t i p s a nd o ft h e se 6 1 .4% h ave s ome f o rm o ft i p r e touch . I nt h e s t udy o fb acked b l ade le t s i tw a s f ound t h a t p i ece s w i th r e touched t i p s w e re t h inne r t h an t h o se w i thou t r e touch . S uch i sn o tt h e c a se w i th t h e e l onga t ed t r iang les , f o rn o s t a t is t ica l ly s i gn if i can t d if er ences w e r e o b served f o rt h ickne s s . W id th a nd l e ng th d o , v a ry s i gn if ican t ly , a si ss hown i n T ab le 1 09 . P iec e s w i th ar e touched p o in t 1( t ip ) a r e n a r rowe r a nd l onge r t h an t h o se w i thou t r e touch . Why t h is i ss oi sn o tc l ear ,h oweve r , i ti sp os s ib le t h a tl onge rp i ece sh ave t h inne rt i p s a s ar e su l to fb e ing made u pon t h ee x t reme d i s ta le nd so fb l ade le t s ( my t h ickne s s mea su r emen ti st h e max imum f o rt h ep i ece ) .

TABLE Results

o f T -Tests

Mean

1 09

on the Dimensions o f Elongated Triangles with and w ithout T ip R etouch

S TD Variance

T

DF

Prob > ITI

7 .3 6 .1

2 .4 1 .8

Unequal 5 .51

2 95.5

0 .0001

2 7.8 3 0.3

7 .2 8 .3

Unequal 3.40

4 06.6

0 .0006

7 .0

2 .2

Unequal

6 .4

1 .8

4 .60

9 76.7

0 .0001

2 5.3

7 .9

2 7.8

8 .5

4.80

8 49.5

0 .0001

Point One W idth Unretouched R etouched Length Unretouched Retouched Point Two W idth Unretouched R etouched Length Unretouched R etouched

Unequal

T r iang le s h av ing p o in t 2r e touched a r e a l so l onge r a nd s l igh t ly n a r rowe r t h an t h o se w h ich a r eu n re touched . Un for tuna te ly ,w i thou td i r ec td a ta o nt h et h ickne s so ft h e se p o in t si ti si mpo s s i b l et oa dvance p o s s ib le e xp lana t ion sf o rt h ep re sence o fr e touch i nt h i so rt h ep o in to ne c a se . R ega rd le ss o ft h e r e a son s f o rr e touch ing p o in t s , i tw ou ld s e em e ven mo re d i ff icu l t t oc on s t ruc t a n a r gumen t s how ing h ow v a r ia t ion i nb l ank mo rpho logy o r r e touch t e chn ique c ou ld b e c o r r e la ted w i th r e touch d i r ec t ion . A s w il b e s e en b e low t h is a t t r ibu te s e ems t ov a ry s y s tema t i c a l ly w i th b o th s p ace a nd t ime . T ab le s 10 a nd 11 c on ta in d a ta o n r e touch d i rec t ion f o rp o in t 1a nd 2 r e sp ec t ive ly . B o th t a b le sh ave b een o rder ed b yc l u s te ra na ly s is (Wa rd ' s Me thod ) . T ab le 10 c on s i s t s o ft h ree ma jor g roup ing s w h ich h ave b een d i v ided i n to 5c l u s te r s . T he f i r s t t wo c l u s te r s o fi n ver se ly r e touched p i ece s ( ACU t o RHL ) , c on s i s t s p r edom ina t e ly o f s i te s h av ing h igh p e r cen tage s o f s c a lene t r iang le s ( A in A chena v a r ian t o f t h e C ap s ian ) , wh ich a r e l o ca ted i nT un is ia o ra l ong i t s A lge r ian b o rde r( AMT i sa ne xcep t ion ) . T he n ex tt wo g roup s a r e d om ina ted b y L owe r s t age s i te s ( 12U a nd BKH e xcep ted ) e xh ib i t ing e i the r n o r e touch o r n o r ma l ly r e touched t i p s . T he f i na l c l u s te rc on ta in s t h e ma jo rb ody o fC . s upd r ieu rs i te s f r om A lge r i a ,h av ing mode ra te p e rcen tage so fb o th n o rma la nd i n ve r se r e touch .

TABLE

1 10

Elongated T riangle Point

S ite ACU AMT DMA HAM

N

N one

9 2 8 0 2 3

1 1.1 0 .0

One Retouch Direction

Normal %

1 1.1 0 .0

I nverse %

7 7.8 1 00.0

Bifacial %

0 .0 0 .0

6 .2 4 .3

3 .8 4 .3

8 8.8 9 1.4

1 .2 0 .0

EMU RHL

9 5

3 3.3 4 0.0

0 .0 0 .0

6 6.7 6 0.0

0 .0 0 .0

A SD BKH K ZT 1 2A

3 2 1 7

3 3.3 1 00.0 1 00.0 8 5.7

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

3 3.3 0 .0 0 .0 1 4.3

3 3.3 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

EMK R ED H FT 1 2U

5 0 4 9 3 2 2

5 6.0 5 3.1 6 6.7 6 8.2

2 6.0 3 2.6 3 3.3 3 1.8

1 6.0 1 4.3 0 .0 0 .0

2 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

K EM MJ2 REU K ZD MJU

3 3 1 3 5 3 4 9 3 4

3 3.3 4 6.1 3 3.3 6 1.2 4 4.1

3 0.3 2 3.1 2 2.8 1 8.4 1 1.8

3 6.4 3 0.8 4 3.9 2 0.4 4 4.1

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

4 51

3 8.6

1 8.0

4 2.8

0 .6

T otal

T ab le 11 a l so c on s is t s o f t h ree ma jo r g roup ing s . T he s amp le s i ze s ACL a nd BKH make d a ta f o r t h ese s i te s s u spec t ; i ft h ey w e re r emoved , ACU w ou ld f a l l i n to t h e n ex t c l u s te r , wh ich c on s is t s p redom ina te ly o fL owe r s t age s i tes . ( 12U c l u s te r s w i th t h is g roup a si th a s o n p r ev iou s o cca s ion s , a l though i ti sa n U ppe rs t age s i te . ) T h e t h ird g roup c on ta in s t h e ma jo rb ody o f Uppe r s t age C . s updr ieu r s i te s ( E MK e xcep ted ) , a nd DMA w ou ld a l so f a l l w i th in t h i s g roup e xc ep t f o r i t s v e ry s ma l l p e rcen tage o fb i f ac ia l r e touch . Med jez I f a l ls o u t s ide t h e m a in b ody o ft h e C ap s i an , wh ich i sc on s is ten tw i th r e su l t so b ta ined f r om o the ra t t r ibu te s .

TABLE

111

E longated T riangle Point

S ite

N

None

Normal %

0 .0 0 .0 2 2.2

T wo R etouch

I nverse %

0 .0 0 .0 7 .4

Bifacial

ACL BKH ACU

1 2 2 7

1 00.0 1 00.0 7 0.4

%

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

H FT A SD 1 2A R ED

4 2 7 1 3 6 4

8 3.3 8 5.7 8 4.6 8 5.9

9 .5 1 4.3 1 5.4 1 2.5

7 .1 0 .0 0 .0 1 .6

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

1 2U K ZT

4 0 4

8 0.0 7 5.0

1 7.5 2 5.0

2 .5 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0

AMT HAM EMK

4 4 6 1 20

2 5.0 1 9.6 6 4.2

5 0.0 7 3.9 2 0.8

2 5.0 6 .5 1 5.0

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

K ZD R EU EMU K EM R HL

9 1 1 04 2 0 8 4 2 9

6 1.5 5 4.8 4 5.0 4 6.4 5 1.7

2 7.5 2 8.8 3 5.0 4 0.5 3 7.9

1 1.0 1 6.4 2 0.0 1 3.1 1 0.3

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

MJU MJ2

1 05 3 5

6 5.7 7 1.4

1 2.4 5 .7

2 1.9 2 2.9

0 .0 0 .0

DMA

1 50

3 4.7

5 5.3

9 .3

T otal

9 88

5 8.0

2 9.9

1 2.0

0.7 0 .7

CONCLUSIONS G enera lO b serva t ion An umbe ro fg ene ra l o b ser va t ion s c an b e made c once rn ing v a r ia t ion a s mon i to red b y t h e e s tab l i shed t ype s . T he f i r s ti st h a tw hen t h ep e rcen tages o ft h em a jo rg eome t r ic c l a s se s ( s egmen t s ,t r a p eze s ,t r iang le s , a nd e l onga ted t r iang le s )a r eo rde red b y s i te ,i n at empo ra l s equence ,t h ey i nd ica te t h a ta no rde r ly p a t te rn o fc hange h a s o ccu r r ed i nt h e C ap s ian . T h i s s equence t a kes t h e f o rm o fa c hange f r om s egmen t s t oe l onga ted t r iang le s i nt h e L owe r s t age , a nd a n a na logou s c hange f r om t r apeze s t o e l onga ted t r iang le s i n t h e U ppe r s t age . C on sequen t ly , i fd a ta w e re a va i lab le o n l e ng th s o fe l onga t ed t r iang le s ( t o d i f f e r en t ia te U ppe r a nd L ower s t age s ) i tm igh t b e p o s s ib le t o r ough ly d a t e s i te s o n t h e b a s is o ft h is s equenc e . Why t h i s p a t tern s hou ld o ccu r i sa n i mpo r tan t q ue s t ion wh ich d ese rve sf u r ther s t udy . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h ea ppa r en tp a t te rn i ss imp ly af unct ion o f my p a r t icu la rs amp le o fs i te s , a nd /o rt h ep oo rc h rono logy a s soc ia ted w i th many o ft h em . T he p a t te rn may , f o r e xamp le , r e f lec t c on tempo raneou s a c t iv i ty d i f f e rence s , e spec ia l ly i nt h e L owe r s t age w he r et h e s amp les a nd d a t ing a r e e ipec ia l ly p oo r . O n ly f u r ther s t udy o fw el d a ted a s sem b l age sc an s h ed l i gh to nt h i sp rob lem . My s e cond o b ser va t ion c once rn st h ep r e sence o f ap os i t ive c or r e la t ion b e tween t h e f r equen c i e so ft r ap eze s w i th c oncave e dge s a nd f r equenc ies o fe l onga ted t r iang les . T he f a c tt h a tt r apeze s h ave c oncave e dge s s ugge s t s t h a t t h ey a r e mo re e a s i ly e nd - o r s e r ia l ly )h af ted ( a s ac on t inuou s

- 2 26

-

e dge ) ,t h an s i de -haf ted a s b a rb s ; t h e morpho logy o f e l onga ted t r iang le s s ugge s t s s i de - o r s i de a nd -end h a f t ing a sb a rb so ra s ab a rb /po in tc omb ina t ion . T he refo r e , i t may b et h a t when e l onga ted t r iang le s p redom ina te , t r apeze s a r e h a f ted i n f ewe r w ay s t h an w hen t h ey a r e r a r e a nd t r apeze s d om ina te . A ga in mo re d a ta a nd f u r the rs t udy a r en eeded t ot e s ta nd e xp la in t h is c or r e la t ion .

C on t ingenc ie sB e tween A va i lab le Means a nd G eome t r ic Morpho logy I na dd i t ion t os imp le i n te r -s i te c ompa r ison o fa t t r ibu t e s , much o ft h is c hap te rh a sb een c onc e rned w i th s t udy ing t h ep os s ib le e f f ec t so fa va i lab le m ean so fp roduc t ion ( t echn ique s a nd b l ank s )o nt h e mo rpho logy o fg eome t r ic s . T he a t t r ibu te s s t ud ied i nt h is manne r w e re e dge i n te r sec t ion a ng le s , e dge s hape , a nd p o in tr e touch . Ih ave s ugge s ted t h a ts i nce t h e v a s t m a jo r i ty o fe dge i n ter sec t ion a ng le s o n C ap s ian g eome t r ic s a r ep roduced b y t h em ic robur in t e chn ique , i tm igh tb ep os s ib le t ha tv a r ia t ion i ne dge a ng le i s af unc t ion o ft h e f r ac tur e mechan ic so ft h em icrobu r in t e chn ique a nd o ft h e a t t r ibu te so ft h eb lank t ow h ich i ti sa ppl ied . S tudy o ft h e a ng le s o fe dge s e xh ib i t ing u n r e touched m ic robur in f a ce t s h a s r e vea led t h a tt h e ma jo r i ty o ft h e se p i ece sh ave a ng le sb e tween 4 0° a nd 5 0° O ne i th e rs i de o ft h is n a r row mode , a ng le s t e nd t ob e mor e f r equen t ly f o rmed t h rough r e touch ( i .e . t h em ic robu r in f a ce t i sr e touched a way , o r p os s ib ly n eve r e x is ted ) . T h is s ugge s t s t o me t ha t t h e ' n a tu ra l ' a ng le p ro d uced b y t h e m ic robur in t e chn ique f a l l s b e tween 4 0° a nd 5 00 ; s i nce t h e a ve rage a ng le f o r mo s t s i te s i sw i th in t h is r ange , i ta ppea r s t h a t i n mos t i n s tance s p u rposefu l s e lec t ion o f a ng le s o ther t han t h e ' n a tu ra l ' a ng le w a s n o t a t temp ted . S ome a gg r ega t es d o h oweve rh ave m ean a ng les s ub s t an t ia l ly g rea te r t han 5 0 0 ;h oweve r , w hen t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween o vera l l l e ng th , a ng le , a nd w id th i sa na lyzed , i tb ecome s a ppa ren t t h a t t h e w ide r b lank s t end t oh ave l a rge r a ng les ( >50° ) w h ich s e rve s t or e duce t h e ir l eng th t ot h a t o ff o rms m ade o n n a r rowe rb lank s . T he ref o r e d ev ia t i on f r om t h e a ver age o r' n a tu ra l ' a ng le o ccu r s i no rde rt oc on t ro l l e ng th . T h is r e la t ion sh ip h o ld s f o r t h e t r apeze s a nd t r iang le s , b u t n o t f o r t h e e l onga ted t r iang les whe re w id th i sc on t ro l led b y r e touch , a nd t h eb a se ( e dge 3 )e dge a nd a ng le i sf o rmed p r ima r i ly b y r e touch . T he m ic robu r in t e chn ique c r ea te s b o th a na ng le a nd a ne dge ; t h e re e x is t st h en t h ep os s ib l i ty t ha ti tp l ay s ama jo rr o le i nf o rm ing t h e s hape o fe dge s , wh ich i sa ni mpor tan ta t t r ibu te i nt h et r a d i t iona l t ypo logy . My e xam ina t ion o f t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween w id th , t h ickne s s , n umbe r o f a n ises , a nd e dge s hape i nd ica te t ha t t h e re i s ar e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e se v a r iab le s a nd e dge s hape ; h owever ,t h ed i f f erenc e s a r eg ene ra l ly s os ma l lt h a t Ic ou ld n o td r aw a ny f i rm c onc lu s ion s . I ts e em sp robab le t h a te dge s hape a nd t h ev a r iab le s s t ud ied a r ec o -va ry ing w i th at h i rd f a c to r .F o r e xamp le w ide rp i ece s may b e c hosen when ac oncave e dge i sd es ir ed , a nd b y v i r tue o fi t s w id th t h eb lank may h ave t wo o r mo re a r r ise s . I nt h i s c a se e dge s hape i st h e r e su l to fc on sc iou sc ho ice a nd n o t mo rpho log ica lc on t ingency . I ti sa l so p os s ib le t h a ts ome e dge s hape s , s uch a st h e i r regu l a ra nd s hou lde red v a r ian t s wh ich o ccu ro nq u i te t h ick p i ece s , a r et h er e su l to f mo rpho logy , wh i le t h e s t ra igh t a nd c oncave e dge s a r e p roduced c on sc iou s ly . On ly e xper imen t a nd t h e d eve lopmen t o f at h eo re t ica lu nde r s tand ing o ft h ef r ac tur em echan ic si nvo lved c an s hed l i gh to nt h is q ue s t ion . P o in tr e touch i st h e f i na l a t t r ibu te s t ud ied i nt e rm s o fp o s s ib le mo rpho log ica l c on t ingenc ie s . I n C hap te r 7i tw a s s hown t h a t t h in b acked b l ade le t s t e nd t oh ave r e touched t i p s , wh ich w ou ld s uppor t a nh ypo thes is t ha t t i p r e touch i s amean s o fs t r eng then ing ap o in t . H oweve r a mong s tt h e e l onga ted t r iang le s ( t he o n ly g eome tr ic f o rm w i th h igh p e rcen tage s o ft i p r e touch ) n o s i gn if ican t d if e rence i n max imum t h ickne s s e x is t s b e twe en p i ece s w i th r e touched t i p s a nd t ho se w i thou t . H oweve r r e touched t i p s a r e f ound o np i ece s wh ich a r e s i gn if ican t ly l onger t h an t hose wh ich a r e u n r e touched , a nd t h i s s ugge s t s t h a t a c tua l t i p t h ickne s s ( no t max imum t h ickne ss wh ich Ih ave mea sur ed ) may w el b e l e s s t han t h a to fu h re touched e xamp le s . Un fo r tuna te ly , Il a ck t h e d a ta t o a dequa te ly t e s tt h is p ropo s i t ion .

S tage ,F ac ie sa nd G eograph i ca lP a t t ern ing T he mo s t d rama t ic a nd c on s is ten t d i f f e r ence b e tween t h e t e chno log ica l s t age s i si nt h e l e ng th o f t r iang le s a nd e l onga ted t r iang le s . T he L ower s t age e xamp le s o f t h ese f o rms a r e much s hor t e r t han t ho se f r om t h e Upper s t age , r ega rd le s s o ff a c ie s ; a nd Ih ave s ugge s ted t h a tt h i s i s af unc t ion o fc hang ing l e ng th / th ickne s s r a t io s i nt h e b l ank s p roduced b y t h e t wo d if e r en tb l ank -p roduc t ion t e chn ique s . C lea r f a c ie s d i f f e renc e s d o n o t e x i s t i nt h e a t t r ibu tes s t ud ied . A s ar u le , C . t y p ique a nd C . s upe r ieu rs i te sa r ei n te r -m ixed . O no cca s ion ,t h eT un i s ian C . t yp ique s i te st end t of o rm as epa ra te c l u s ter , h oweve r , w i thou t as amp le o fL owe r s t age T un i s ian C . s upe r ieu rs i te s i ti si mpo s s ib le t o s ay w he the rt h is i nd ica te s f a c ies o rg eog r aph ica lp a t te rn ing . S uch ap a t te rn i sa ppa r en ti nF igu re 5 1 , w h ich p r e sen t s t h e r e su l t s o f ac l u s ter a n ly s is (Wa rd 's Me thod ) c onduc ted u s ing d a ta o n l e ng th , a ng le 2 ,e dge t h r ee s hape , p o in t 1r e touch d i r ec t ion , a nd p o in t 2r e touch d i r ec t ion o fe l on g a ted t r iang le s . ( The se w e r e c ho sen b ecau se o f t h e ir l a rge s amp le s i ze a nd e ven d i s t r ibu t ion b e tween s i tes , f a c ies , a nd s t age s . ) C lu s te ro ne i nF igu re 5 1 c on s is t s o fU ppe rs t age s i te s f r om E a s ter nA lge r ia ( Tebe s sa ) , wh i le s i t e s i nc l u s te r t wo a r e U pper s t age s i te s f r om T un is ia . I n c l u s te r t h ree a r e Med jez I a nd A in M i s tehey ia u pp e r ( AMU ) ; t h e s amp le f r om A in M i s tehey ia i se x t reme ly s ma l l , u ndoub tab ly b i a sed , a nd i na dd i t ion t h e l e ve l a t wh ich i tj o in s t h e Med jez c l u s ter i nd ica te s t h a t i ti sn o t v ery s im i la r t ot ha t s i te . T her efor e c l u s t e r t h r ee c an b e c on s ide red aC en t ra l A lge r ian ( Se t i f ) i s o la te . C lu s te r sf ou ra nd f i ve c on ta in a lt h eL owe rs t age s i te s ( e xcep t MJ2 ) . I nc l u s te rf ou ra r et h eE a s t e rn A lger ian s i te s o fb o th f a c ie s , wh i le c l u s te r f i ve c on ta in s C . t yp ique s i te s f r om T un i s ia , p l u s S i te 1 2 u ppe ra nd H aua F teah . T he p r esence o fS i te 1 2 ( U ) i nt h is c l u s t e ri su nexpec ted , s i nce i t i sa nU ppe rs t age s i te f r om t h eE a s ter nC on s tan t ine p l a in . H oweve r , t h i s a bbera t ion d oe s i nd ica te t h a tt h i s s i te i sd if e ren tf r om b o th t h eT ebe s sa a nd S e t if r e g ion s i te s ; g i ven i t si n t e rmed ia te p o s i t i on b e tween t h e se t wo a r ea s , s uch p a t te rn ing m igh tb ee xpec ted . Ib el ieve t h a ti ft h e s amp le h ad c on ta ined mo r e s i te sf r om t h eS i te 1 2a r ea , as epa r a te r eg iona lc l u s ter w ou ld h ave f o rmed . F igure 5 1 s hows a tl e a s t t h ree r e g iona l t r ad i t ion s , b a sed u pon t h e s t udy o fa t t r ibu te s wh ich a ppea rt op rov ide s t y l is t ic i n fo rma t ion ( l eng th d oe sc o -va ry w i th a va i lab le m ean sb u ti tw a sp u ti n t h e a na ly s is t op rov ide t empor a l c on t ro l ) . C amp s ( 1974 :156 -158 ) h a s a l so s p l i tt h e s i te sf r om t h e a r ea s t ud ied i n to t h r ee r eg iona lg roup s : S g t if ien , w h ich i se qu iva len tt o my C en t ra lA lge r ian c l u s t e r ( Med jez I ) ; C en t ra l , wh ich w ou ld i n c lude S i te 1 2 ; a nd T gbe s s ien , wh ich i n c lude s a l l s i te s f r om E a s te r nA lge r ia ( Tebe ssa r eg ion ) a nd T un is ia . A l though my s amp le o fs i te s f r om t h e C en t r a l r eg ion i st oo s ma l l t o a l low c ommen t o n t h e v a l id i ty o f as epa ra te f a c ie s f o r t h a t r eg ion ( Camp s 1 974 :126 ) , my a na ly s is s t ong ly s ugge s t s t h e p r esenc e o f s epa r a te E a s te rn A lger ian a nd T un is ian t r ad i t ion s . V auf rey 's ( 1955 ) I n t er -gg tu lo -neo l i th ique i ndu s t ry ( Camp s 1 974 :121) w ou ld b e e qu iva len tt o my Uppe r s t age T un i s ian t r ad i t ion ( C lu s te r2 ) , wh i le t h e s epa ra t ion o fA lge r ian a nd T un is ian L owe rs t age s i tes ( C lu s te r s 4a nd 5 )i nd ica te s c on s iderab le t ime d ep th f o rt h e s epa r a te t r ad i t ion s . F ac ie s d i s t inc t ion s a r e n o t a ppa r en t i nt h e d a ta s t ud ied ; h oweve r , t h e s i te s amp le ( e spec ia l ly o f L owe r s t age C . s upe r ieu r s i te s ) i sn o t a s v a r ied i n s pace a nd t ime a s w ou ld b e r equ ir ed f o r r i go rou s t e s t ing o f s uch d i s t inc t ion s . N one the le ss , Ih ave d emon s t ra ted t h a t L owe r s t age s i te s o fb o th f a c ie s a r e mo r e s im i la rt oe ach o the r t h an t o Uppe r s t age s i te s f r om t h e s ame r eg ion .

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Chap ter I X CONCLUSIONS

I nt h is s t udy Ih ave a t temp t ed t ob o th e xp lo re t h ep o ten t ia lo f ap a r t icu la ra na ly t ica la pp roach a nd i t s a s soc ia ted me thodo logy , a nd t or e so lve an umber o fs ub s tan t ive i s sue s d ea l ing w i th t h e C ap s i an . T he m a jo r s ub s tan t ive i s sue s t ud ied h a s b een t h e s i gn if icance o ft h e d i f f e renc es b e tween " f ac ies " o ft h e C ap s ian ( C . t yp ique a nd C . s upe r ieu r ) . We r e t h e se f a c ie sp roduced b yt wo o r more d i s t inc t s oc ia lt r ad i t ion s o ro ne? T o a n swe rt h is q ue s t ion Id eve loped a n a pp roach f o r a na lyz ing v a r iab i l i ty i ns t one t oo l s ( wh ich b or rows h eav i ly f r om m ic ro -econom ic s a nd d ec is ion t h eory ) a nd f o ri s o la t ing t h a tp or t ion wh ich may h ave s t yl i s t ic i mpor tance . Af t er e xam in ing t h eh i s tory o ft h e p rob lem u nde r s t udy a nd a f te r t h e d eve lopmen t o fa nu nde r s tand ing o fp a laeoc l ima t ic c hange i n e a s te rn A lge r ia a nd T un is ia a nd i t sh ypo the t ica li mp l ica t ion sf o rh un te r -ga the r er s oc ia lb ehav iou r , Ih ave a na lyzed , i ns epa ra te c hap ter s , d a ta o n C ap s ian b l ade b lank s , c or es , b u r in s , b acked b lade l e t s , a nd g eome t r ic s . A l though t h e s t udy h a s b een b e se t b y n ume rou s p rob lems a s soc ia ted w i th i mp lemen t ing t h e t h eory , a nd w i th i n adequa te o r p oo r a r chaeo log ica l s amp le s , i th a s d emon s t ra ted t h e p o t en t ia l a sw el a st h e p rob lems a s soc ia ted w i th t h is a na ly t ica l a pp roach . I n a dd i t ion an umber o f c onc lus ion sc on ce rn ing t h e C ap s ian h ave e me rged .

THEORY AND METHOD I nt h ep a s tt e ny ea r s t h ep rob lem o fi s o la t ing a nd e xp la in ing s t y l i s t ic v a r iab i l i ty i ns t one t oo l sh a s b een o f ma jo rc once rn t ol i th ic a na ly s t s . F o r many a u tho r s t h e p rob lem h a s b een s t a ted i nt e rm s o fd i s t ingu i sh ing b e tween s t yl i s t ic a nd ' f unc t iona l ' a t t r ibu te s . H oweve r , a s Ih ave s hown i nC h ap t e rI ,t h ere a r e i nf a c tv e ry f ew a t t r ibu te s o fs t one t o o l s w h ich a r e n ece s sa r i ly d e te rm ined b y u se , a nd t h is l e ave s t h e v a s tm a jor i ty o f mo rpho log ica l v a r ia t ion i nt h e r e a lm o fs t y le , o r f r e e c ho ice . Wha t t h en i st h e p rob lem i n i s o la t ing s t y l is t ic v a r iab i l i ty i ft h e ma jo r i ty o f v a r ia t ion i su ncon s t ra ined b y u se? T he a n swer i st h a t mos t l i th ic a na ly s t s o p era te w i th s ome f o rm o f ma ter ia l i s t c oncep t ion o fh uman d eve lopmen t , e i ther i mpl ic i to re xp l ic i t , wh ich a s sume st h a ts e lec t ive f o r ce s o pe ra t ing o n c u l tu ra l s y s tems t e nd t oc r ea te a n e vo lu t iona ry movemen t t owa rd g rea te r a dap t ive f i tne s s . T her ef o re , i nt e rm s o fs t one t oo l s t h is m ean st h a ts e lec t ive f o r ce s w i l lo per a te o nd e s ign s t o i n c rea se t h e ir e ff ic iency , a nd s i nce i tc an b e a s sumed t h a t n o t a l l a t t r ibu tes w il h ave e qua l p o ten t ia l f o r i n cr ea s ing e f ic iency ( o r d ec r ea s ing e f or t ) , s ome w il e xpe r ience h eav ie r s e lec t ive p r e s su re s t han o the r s . I ti st h en a s sumed t h a t t ho se a t t r ibu te s wh ich a r e s ub jec t t o t h e w eake s t s e lec t ive f o rce s , i nt e rms o fu se , a r e mo re a p tt or e f lec ti d io sync ra t ic c ho ice o rb e s ub jec tt os e lec t i ve f o rce s e mana t ing f r om t h e s oc ia l s phe r e ( p roce ss o f e ncu l tu ra t ion , e thn ic i ty ) . T he ma jor p rob lem w i th t h i s f o rmu la t ion i st h e a s sump t ion t ha t a l l c u l tu ra l s y s tem s move t oward max imum e ff ic iency i nt e rms o fu se . P e rhap s , h oweve r , a ppea rance w a s s ome t ime s v a lued mo re t han u t i l i t y , o rp e rhap s o n ly am in ima l l e ve l o fu t i l i ty w a s s a t isf ac tory . H ow t h en c an t h e e f f ec t s o fp r e h i s to r ic v a lue s y s tem s b e i n teg r a t ed i n to a n u nde r s tand ing o f v a r ia t ion i n s t one t oo l d e s ign? O bv iou s ly o ne c anno td o i td i r ec t ly ; wha to ne c an a t temp tt od o i st oc on s t ruc t amode lo fa t t r i b u te v a r ia t ion wh ich i n co rpora te s a n e xp l ic i t a s sump t ion a bou t v a lue s ( e .g . max im iz ing u t il i ty ) a nd t e s t i ta ga in s t t h e a r chaeo log ica l d a ta . T h i s i st h e a pp roach t ha t Ih ave e xp lor ed i nt h e p r e c eed ing p age s . U t i l iz ing t h e a pp roach o u t l ined a bove , Ih ave g ene ra ted mode l s o ft h e s t ruc tu re o fa t t r ibu te v a r ia t ion f o r an umbe r o f t oo l c l a sse s wh ich t a ke i n to a ccoun t i n te rac t ion b e tween a va i lab le mean s ( con t ingenc ie s b e tween b l ank f o rm a nd s hap ing t e chn iques ) a nd t h e e f f ec t s o fc on s t ra in t s o pe ra t ing o n p a r t icu la r d e s ign s ( e .g . s i ze o f a va i lab le m a ter ia l , h af t ing r equ i remen t s , a moun t o f

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r e touch r equ ir ed ) . T he r e su l t w a s t h e p r e sen ta t ion , f o r an umbe r o f t o o l c l a s se s , o f ad ec is ion p r ef e r ence o rde r i n wh ich a t t r ibu te s r anked a tt h e t op o f t h e o rde r h ad t h e p o ten t ia l t o r e duce e f fo r t t h e mo s t ( r educe r i sk+ t ime , i . e . s ub jec tt ot h e g rea te s t s e lec t ive f o r ce ) , wh i le t h o se a tt h e b o t tom h ad t h e l e a s t . T he m e thodo logy a s soc ia ted w i th t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e se p r ef e rence o rde r s i s , h oweve r , p rob lema t ica l : b ef or e d i scu ss ing t h ese p rob lem s Iw il f i r s t p r esen t s ome g ene ra lc onc lu s ion s wh ich c an b ed er ived f r om t h ea na lys i s . T hese c onc lu s ion s a r ea sf olow s : 1 .

A t t r ibu t e s o fs t one t oo l s c an b e o rd ered i n t e rm s o fd ecrea s ing i n ter -s i t e v ar iab i l i ty , a nd t h i so rder c an ma tch t ha tp red ic ted b yl e a s te f or t .

T he f a c t t h a t a t t r ibu te s c an b e r anked i nt h i s w ay i n d ica tes t h a t t h e s t r eng th o f s e lec t ive f o r ce s v a ry f r om o ne a t t r ibu te t oa no ther . T he f a c tt h a tt h is o rde r ing i sc ompa rab le ,i ns ome c as es t ot h a t p r ed ic t ed b y t h e d ec is ion mode l ( f o r C ap s ian b u r in s , a nd e spec ia l ly f o rb acked b l ade s ) i nd ica te s b o th t h e p o ten t ia l o ft h e a pp roach a nd t h e p o s s ib il i ty t h a t l e a s t e f fo r t d oe s p l ay am a jo r r o le i n d ec i s ion sc once rn ing s t one t oo ld e s ign i ns ome c a se s . 2 .

Much a t t r ibu te v ar ia t ion c an b e e xp la ined i nt e rm so fl e a s te f or ts o lu t ion s t op ar t icu l a rm orpho log ica lc on t ingenc ies .

F o r e xamp le , b lank mo rpho logy a nd t h ickne s s a ppea r t oh ave i mpo r tan t e f f ec t s o n t h e s hape o f b u r in t r unca t ion s a nd b acked b l ade le t b a se s , wh i le t h e e dge i n te r sec t ion a ng le s o fm os t t r apeze s f a l l w i th in t h e r a nge p roduced n a tu ra l ly b y t h e m ic robu r in t e chn ique . T he refor e , t h e c ha rac te r is t i c s o fa ny p a r t icu la rb lank a nd t h e t e chn ique s u sed t os hape i t ,c on t r ibu te g r ea t ly t ot h e r e su l t ing f o rm . 3 .

T he g rea t es ts i ng le s ource o fs y s tema t ic v ar ia t ion i nC aps ian t o o l morpho logy i st h e c hange i nb lank p roduc t ion t e chn ique s .

T he a ppea rance o fn ew b lank p roduc t ion t e chn ique s i nC ap s ian s i te s r e su l ted i nc hange s i nt o o l f o rm , p r ima r i ly i nt h e r e a lm o fs i ze , t h roughou t t h e s t udy a r ea . T h is s udden u se o ft h e p o ten t ia l o f f er ed b y an ew t e chn ique s ugges t s : a )t h a ti nnova t ion s c ou ld o n o cca s ion b e r ap id ly a cc ep ted ; a nd b )t h a tr e laxa t ion o ft h ec on s t ra in t so nc e r ta in a r ea so fd es ign r e su l ted i nr ap id d e s ign c hange , i n d ica t ing t h a ta tl e a s td e s ign i mp rovemen ti nt e rm so fe ff ic iency ,i fn o to p t im iza t ion , w a s i mpo r t a n ti nt h e C ap s ian . 4 .

T he p o t en t ia lf or a t o o l c l a s s t oc on ta in s t y l i s t ic i n f orma t ion i n crea se s w i th t h e n um b er o fs t age so f manuf ac ture t h a tt h ec l a s su nd ergoe s .

T he C ap s ian b u r in s s t ud ied w e r e s ub jec tt of ew s t ages o f manuf ac tur e a nd t h e r e w a s l i t t le v a r ia t i on w h ich c ou ld n o t b e e xp la ined i n t e rm s o f morpho log ica l c on t ingenc ie s o r v a r ia t ion i nt h e m ean s o fp roduc t ion ( e .g . b l ank s i ze ) . T he o ne m a jo rd ec is ion i nb ur in d e s ign w a s t h e s e lect ion o fp l a tfo rm p r epa ra t ion b y t r unca t ion wh ich i sc ha rac ter i s t ic o ft h e e n t ir e C ap s ian r eg ion . Why t h i s w a s a dop t ed i sn o t c l ea r . N one o f t h e b u r in a t t r ibu te s a l lowed t h e i s o la t ion o f d i s t inc t r eg iona l g roup s , s uch a s w e re f ound o n t h e b a s is o f a t t r ibu tes o ft h e b acked b l ade le t s a nd e l on g a ted t r iang les . 5 .

S t y l i s t ic i n f orma t ion i sp o t en t ia l ly p resen ti nt h o se c a se s w here a l terna te s t a te s o fa n a t t r ibu te p roduce s im i lar e f ec t sa ts im i lar c o s t .

T h is i sb e s t i lu s t ra ted b y v a r ia t ion i nt h e d i rec t ion o ft i p r e touch o n b acked b lade le t s a nd e l on g a ted t r iang le s . T ip r e touch a ppea r s t ob e am e thod o fs t r eng then ing t h in p o in t s ; h owever , t h e re i sn o a ppa ren t d i f f e rence i n e f fo r t r e qu ir ed t o p roduce i n ve r se a s o pposed t o n o rma l r e touch . S tudy o fv a r ia t ion i nt h is a t t r ibu te h a s p roduced t h e b e s t s pa t ia l a nd t empora l p a t te rn ing i nt h e a na ly s is o f C ap s ian a gg r ega te s , s ugge s t ing t h a t i ti ss ub jec t t o s oc ia l r a the r t h an t o u se re la ted c on s t ra in t .

Me thodo log ica lP rob l ems T he f undamen ta lm e thodo log ica lp rob lem i st h a ta s soc ia ted w i th t h e a s s ignmen to f' c os t s 't oa l te r n a te d e s ign c ho ice s . I n t h i s s t udy Ih ave : a ) l i s ted t h e f a c tor s c on s t ra in ing d e s ign c ho ic e s ( by i t se l f ap rob lema t ica l t a sk ) ; b ) c ha rac t er ized t h em a s p o s i t ive ( dec rea s ing e f fo r t ) o r n ega t ive ( i nc rea s ing e f f or t ) ; c )g i ven t h em a l l e qua l w e igh t ; a nd d ) a dded t h e r e su l t . T h i s i so bv iou s ly a g ro s s o ve r s imp l if ica t ion ; h oweve r w i thou t e x ten s ive e xp er imen ta t ion , t h i s i st h e o n ly a pp roach p o s s ib le . Ir e cogn ize t h a t a l t h e s t ep s t a ken i nt h is p roce s s a r e o pen t oq ue s t ion . T h is d oe s n o t , h oweve r , c omp le te ly n ega te t h e u t il i ty o ft h e a pp roach a si tp re sen t ly s t and s : T he d ec is ion t r ee s f o rmu la ted u s ing t h is m e thod c an b e c on s ide r ed l a rge mu l t i -f ace ted h ypo the se s wh ich a r e t e s ted b y t h e c ompa r i son o f t h e p r ed ic t ion s g ene ra ted b y t h e d ec is ion t r ee t ot h e a r chaeo log ica l d a ta . T h i s r a i se s t h e s e cond m a jo r me thodo log ica l p rob lem , t h em e thod b y w h ich t h e p r ef e r ence o rde r i sg ene ra ted . A t t r ibu te p r ef e rence o rder s h ave b een g ene ra ted b y e va lua t ing t h e d eg ree t ow h ich t h e a t t r i b u te s c on s ider ed d ec rea se e f f or t i n t h e p roduc t ion o f at o o l c l a ss . T h i s h a s b e en d one b y : a ) a s se s s ing t h e n umb er o fc on s t ra in t s o pe ra t ing o n a n a t t r ibu te ( t he g r ea te rt h e n umbe r , t h e g r ea t e r t h e i mpo r tance o ft h e a t t r ibu te i nd e te rm in ing t h eo p t ima l s o lu t ion ) ; a nd b )d e te rm in ing t h e e f ec t t h a t v a ry ing ag i ven a t t r ibu te h a s o n s ub sequen t a t t r ibu te s ( d ec is ion s ) a nd t h e ir a s soc ia ted c o s t s . A ga in , w i thou t s ome me thod o f r e a l is t icaly q uan t ify ing t h e d a ta , t h is p roces s r ema in s s ub jec t i ve . T he se s ugge s t ion sc an b es a t isf ac tor i ly t e s ted o n ly t h rough d e ta i led e xpe r imen ta lw o rk . A l though t h ese p rac t ica l l im i ta t ion s r e duce t h e p r ed ic t ive p owe r o f t h e d ec is ion t h eo ry a pp roach , t h ey d on o td e t rac tf r om i t sv a lue a sa nh eur is t ic d ev ice wh ich s y s tema t icaly i n teg ra te s t h e m a jo r f a c to r s i n f luenc ing s t one t o o l d e s ign i n to af r amewo rk wh ich e xp l ic i t ly d ea l s w i th t h e p rob lems a s soc ia ted w i th t h e s t y le /u se d i cho tomy i nl i th ic a na ly s is . D e sp i te t h e many u ncer ta in t i es a s soc ia ted w i th t h e a pp l ica t ion o ft h is mode l , t h e v ery a t temp t o fa pp ly ing i tf o rc e s t h e a na l y s tt oc ome t og r ip s w i th p rob lem s wh ich a r eo f t en b ru shed a s ide ,o rn o te xp l ic i t ly f o rmu la ted .

SUBSTANT IVE CONCLUSIONS S tage V ar ia t ion P erhap s t h e mo s t i mpor tan t c on t r ibu t ion t h i s s t udy h a s made t ok now ledge o ft h e C ap s ian i st h e d e sc r ip t ion a nd d a t ing o f ap an -Cap s ian c hange i nt e chn ique so fb lank p roduc t ion wh ich o ccu r red p o s t -7 ,900 B .P . ( 7 ,900 -7 ,600 B .P . ) . T h is h a s l e d me t o i n t roduce t h e t e rms U pper a nd L ower t e chno log ica ls t age t od e scr ib et h e se n ew t empora lu n i t s . T he Upper s t age ( po s t -7 ,900 B .P . )t e ch n ique i s , a cco rd ing t oT ix ie r, ( 1976 ) ap re s sur et e chn ique , a nd my a na ly s i ss how st h a ti tp roduce s t h in , p a ra l le l -s ided b l ade le t s o f as t anda rd ized w id th ( 10 -12 mm ) f r om p y ram ida l c o re s wh ich o f t en e xh ib i t much p l a tf o rm p r epa ra t ion . T he L ower s t age t e chn ique ( punch ? )p roduce s t h icke r a nd w ide r b lank s w i th i r regu la r o u t l ine s , f r om c o r e s wh ich e xh ib i t l i t t le p l a t f o rm p r epa ra t ion . Wha t eve r t h e e xac t n a tu r e o f t h e se p roduc t ion t e chn iques , t h e t r an s i t ion b e tween t h e t wo i s ma rked b y a brup tc hange s i n mo s tt o o lc l a sse s ,p r ima r i ly i nt e rm s o fd imen s ion s : l e ng th i n cr ea se s f o r t r iang les o fb o th m a jor t ype s , w h i le b acked b l ade le t s d ecr ea se i nt h ickne ss . T h is o bv iou s ly h a s a ne f ec to no the ra t t r ibu te s a sw e l l , s uch a se dge s hape , a nd g eome t r ic e dge a ng le s . A l though Ia m c onf iden t t h a t p r io r t o t h e t e chno log ica l t r an s i t ion b o th C . t yp ique a nd C . s upe r ieu r b l ank p roduc t ion t e chn ique s w e r e s im i la r , i ti sn o t c l ea r e xac t ly w ha t h appened t ot h e C . t y p ique f a c ie s a f te r t h e t r an s i t ion . A s s hown b e low , t h e r e a r e s ome C . t yp ique s i te s wh ich h ave p roduced d a te s y ounge rt h an 7 , 600 BY . . E l O uted C 3 0-40 c m G if 1 593 6 700±150 i ntermediate p hase 4 0-50 G if 1 591 7 850±170 5 0-60 G if 1 592 7 400±170 9 0-100 G if 1 593 7 850±170 R elilai 7 0-80 G if 1 714 7 760±180 Y oungest d ate G uentis 5 0 c m A lg 2 9 7 200±280 S nail s hell ( helix ) - 2 32

-

B ortal F akher

L 2 40A 6 930±200 L 3 661 7 600±200 H oweve r , o n ly t h e d a te s f r om E l O u ted C a r e f r om aw e l l s t ud ied a nd c on t ro l led a r chaeo log ica l c on tex t . T he o the r sa r ee i the rf r om p oo r ly d ocumen ted c on tex t s ( Guen t is ) , o ra r ec on t rad ic ted b y o the rd a te s f r om a ppa ren t ly t h e s ame c on tex t ( Bor ta lF akher ) . T he y ounge s td a te f r om E l O u ted Cd a te s wha t G r edna r t ( 1976 :136 ) h a s c a l led a n " i n te rmed ia te " p ha se wh ich h a s c ha rac te r is t ic s o fb o th C .t yp ique ( r e la t ive ly a bundan tb u r in s2 2 .2% ) a nd C . s up6 r ieu r( 27% n o tches , 6 . 5% g eo m e t r ic sw i th n o s egmen t s ) . T h is may w e l lb e a nU ppe rs t age C . t yp ique o ccupa t ion , a nd a ss uch d e se rve sg rea te rs t udy , a l though G r 6bena r t ' sp ha se s a r e a r t if ic ia ls t ra t ig raph ic u n i t s , d i s t ingu ished o nt h eb a s is o fv a r ia t ion i nt o o lp e rcen tages . I ft h is u n i td oe sd ocumen t ac hange f r om C .t yp ique t oC . s up6 r ieu r l ike a s semb lage s , a nd i fo ne d i scoun t s t h e v e ry l a te d a te s f r om B or ta l F akhe r , t h en t h el a te s tC .t y p ique a s semb lage s may d a te t ot h em id -8 th m ilen ium . I ft h i si st h ec a se ,t h en t h et e chno log ica lt r an s i t ion m ay ma rk t h ee nd o ft h ec l a s s ica lC .t yp ique i ndu s t ry , o ra tl e a s tp lay ar o le i ni t st r an sfo rma t ion . T he t e chno log ica l t r an s i t ion , a nd t h e p o s s ib le e nd o ft h e C . t yp ique a l so c o r r e la te w i th a n i n c r ea se i na r id i ty a sn o ted i nC hap te rI I ,a nd ac o r re spond ing i n c r ea se i nt h ep er cen tage o fs ma l l a r id a dap ted g ame i n t h e C ap s ian d i e t . T he r e a ppea r s t o b e f i rm e v iden ce f r om an umbe r o f s ou rces ( J äke l 1 979 ;L ubel 1 983 ; C ouve r t 1 972 )t h a t ap e r iod o fh e igh tened a r id i ty o ccu red f o ra b r ie f( 500 y ea r s? )p e r iod s ome t ime s hor t ly a f t e r8 , 000 B P . G iven ,h owever ,t h ep oo rc h rono logy a s soc ia ted w i th b o th t h et e chno log ica la nd e nv i ronmen ta lc hange s ,i ti sn o tp o s s ib le t os ay wh ich c ame f i r s to r whe the rt h ey o ccu red s imu l taneou s ly . I ft h e t e chno log ica lc hange f olowed t h et h e e nv i ronmen ta lc hange t h en i n c rea sed e nv i ronmen ta l s t r e ss may e i the rh ave a s s is ted i nt h e s p read o ft h e n ew t e chno logy ( e .g . t h rough e n la rgemen to fa r ea e xp lo i t ed a nd a n i n c rea se i ni n te r -band c on tac t ) ,o rh ave p rov ided t h es e lec t ive f o r ce s wh ich p romo ted i t sd eve lopmen t . T he p os s ib i l i ty t h a t t h e r e w a s mo re s oc ia l i n te rac t ion b e tween s oc ia l g roup s d u r ing t h e U pp e rs t age w a s e xam ined i nt e rms o ft h ed eg r ee t o wh ich i n te r -s i te v a r iab i l i ty d ec rea sed i nt h e U ppe rs t age ( i . e .i tw a sp os tu la ted t h a tt h eU ppe rs t age s hou ld b e mor eh omogeneou s ) . H oweve r , r a the rt h an d ec r ea s ing , i n te r -s i te v a r iab i l i ty s e ems t oh ave i n cr ea sed i nt h e U ppe rs t age ( s ee c on c l us ion s f o rc or e s ,b u r in s ,b acked b l ade le t s ) . A l though t h is r e su l tm igh tb et a ken t oi n d ica te t h a t t h e r e w a s l e s s s oc ia l i n terac t ion b e tween s i te s o r p opu la t ion s ( bounda ry ma in tenance ) , i tc ou ld a l so b ep roduced b y ah o s to fo the rf a c to r s s uch a s : a ) a ni n c r ea se i nt h e n umbe ro fe nv ironmen t a l ly i nho sp i tab le z one sb e twe en s h r ink ing p opu la t ion s ; o rb )t h e f a c tt h a tt h eL ower s t age a gg r e g a te s g ene ra l ly r e p r e sen t a tl e a s t 1 000 y ea rt ime s pan s w h i le t hose f r om t h e U ppe r s t age o f t en d a te t o amuch n a r rowe rt ime p er iod w h ich w ou ld p romo te h omogene i ty i nt h e tL owe rs t age s am p l e sa nd h e te rogene i ty i nt h ose f r om t h eU ppe rs t age ( f o re xamp le D ra -M ta -E l - Ma -E l -Ab iod c ov e r s a t mos t a2 00 y ea rp e r iod ) . C lea r ly , f i rm c onc lu s ion s o nt h i s p o in tr equ ir e t h e s t udy o f ab a l a nced s amp le o fU ppe r a nd L owe r s t age a s semb lage s f r om n a r row t ime s pan s . I n a dd i t ion i ti s e v iden t t h a t t h e s imp l is t ic mode l ing o f t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween a r t if ac t v a r iab il i ty a nd s oc ia l v a r iab i l i ty a sp ropo sed b yY elen a nd H a rpend ing ( 1972 )r equ i re sr e th ink ing .

FACIES AND GEOGRAPHICAL VARIAT ION I n t h e s amp le t h a t Ih ave b een a b le t o s t udy , Ih ave n o t o bserved a ny s y s t ema t ic d if erence s a mong C aps ian f ac ies f rom t h es ame t i me p er iod a nd g eograph ica lr eg ion . T he refor et h e d if e r e nce s b e tween f a c ie s a r e e xp r e ssed i nt e rms o ft h e v a r ia t ion i nt o o l p ercen tage s a l one . S ince I h ave ,o nt h eb a s i so ft h es ame a t t r ibu t e su sed i nt h ec ompa r s ion o ff a c ie s ,b een a b le t od if er en t i a t et empora l ly a nd s pa t ia l ly d i scr e te u n i t sw h ich s ha r ed i s t inc t ive p a t te rn so ft o o ld e s ign , Ib e l ieve t h es im i la r i ty b e tween f a c ie s s hows t h ep r esenc e o f ac ommon t r ad i t ion o ft o o l manuf ac tu re , a nd t h er ef o r e p robab ly ac ommon s oc ia l t r ad i t ion . Imu s t c onc lude t h a t t h e d if er ence s b e tween t h e C .t y p ique a nd C . s up6 r ieu rr e la te t of a c tor so t her t h an e t hn ic i ty . Wha t e xac t ly t h ese o the r f a c to r s a r e , r ema in s t ob e d e te rm ined . T ab le 12 c ompa r e s p e r c en t age so ft h e ma jo rt oo lc l a s se sf r om aC .t yp ique ( E l O u ted C ) a nd C . s upd r ieu rs i te ( A in M is -

- 2 33 -

t e hey ia L owe r ) . T hese s i te s a r ep a r t ly c on tempo raneou s o pen a i ro ccupa t ion s f r om t h eT e l id j ne r e g ion i ne a s te rn A lge r ia .

TABLE C omparison of

C apsian F acies

El Outed C1 N %

1 12 f rom t he T 6lidj ne R egion

A in Misteheyia N

L ower 2 %

Endscrapers Perforators Burins

5 5 6 4 18

4 .8 0 .5 3 6.3

9 4 3 6 2 02

6 .4 2 .4 1 3.7

Backed B lades C omposite Tools Backed B ladelets Notches/Denticulates T runcations G eometrics Varia

7 3 5 2 40 2 12 9 3 4 9 9

6 .3 0 .4 2 0.8 1 8.4 0 .8 2 .9 8 .6

7 8 2 4 4 88 2 09 6 3 4 9 2 88

5 .3 1 .6 3 3.2 1 4.2 4 .3 3 .3 1 5.5

2

1 151 9 9.8 l minus the i ntermediate phase ( Lubell e t a l. ND:Table 5 8)

1 471 9 9.9 ( Gr6b6nart 1 976:306)

T he se s i te s d i f f e rp r ima r i ly i nt h ep e rcen tage s o fb u r in s a nd b acked b l ade le t s . T h is p a t te rn c ou ld b e p roduced e i the r b y v a r ia t ion i no n s i te a c t iv i ty ( woodwo rk ing ? ) , o rb y v a r ia t ion i nt h e p ro c e sses o fd epos i t ion o fb acked b l ade le t s ( 24 .8% o ft h e A in M is tehey ia b acked b l ade le t s a r e b ro k en a s o ppo sed t o 1 0 .4% o ft h ose f r om E l O u ted C ) . F o r e xamp le , t h e c on tex t o fr e too l ing o f i mp lemen t s u s ing b acked b l ade le t sm ay d if e rb e tween t h e t wo s i te s . T h i s may a l so b e r e la ted t o d if er ences i ni n ten s i ty o fo ccupa t ion . A in M i s tehey ia f o re xamp le ,h a s amuch h igh e rd en s i ty o f t o o l s p e rc ub ic m e te r( 2 11 .9 mi )t h an E l O u ted C ( 103 .7 m3) .O fc ou r se a no the rm a jo rf a c to ri s h or izon ta lv a r ia t ion w i th in s i te s : f o re xamp le , t h e s amp le f r om E l O u te di st a ken f r om a1 4b y 1 m e te r t r ench e xcava ted t h rough t h e c en te r o f t h e s i te w h ich c ove r s c i r ca 7 50 s qua re m e te r s ( G rebenar t 1 976 :106 ) . C lea r ly t h er e so lu t ion o ft h e f a c ie sp rob lem w il r equ ir e c a refu lh o r izon ta l e xcava t ion b yn a tu ra ls t ra t ig raph ic u n i t s , o f an umbe ro fs i tes f r om t h eT e l id j Me v a l ley , f olowed b yd e ta i led a t t r ibu te a nd u se w ea ra na ly s is .

G eograph ica lP a t tern ing W i th in t h es amp le o fs i te ss t ud ied Ih ave b een a b le t od i s t ingu ish t h ree a nd p o ss ib ly f o u rr e g iona l g roup ing s o f C ap s ian s i te s b a sed u pon v a r ia t ion i n w ha t a ppea r t o b e s t y l i s t ic a t t r ibu te s o f b acked b l ade le t sa nd e l onga ted s c a lene t r iang le s( s ee F igu r es 3 5 a nd 5 1) . T hese g roup ing s a r e : 1 . C en t ra lT un i s ia ; 2 .E a s te rn A lge r ia ( s ou th o fT ebe s sa ) ; 3 . We s te rn A lge r ia ( Se t if r e g ion ) ; a nd p o s s i b ly 4 .C en t ra lC on s tan t ine P la in s ( A in B e ida r e g ion ) . T he " L ibyco -Cap s ian " s i te o fH aua F t eah i sg enera l ly q u i te d if er en tf r om t h e C ap s ian s i te s ( j o in ing C ap s ian c l u s t er s a tl ow l e ve l s o fs im i l a r i ty ) , a nd t h e ref or e i ts hou ld b e c on s id ered as epara t e i n du s t ry , h av ing l i t t le d i rec tr e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e C aps ian . T he t e rm " L ibyco -Cap s ian i st h e r ef o r e i n app rop r ia te a nd , a s s ugge s ted b y C lose ( 1977 :74 ) ,t h is i n du s t ry s hou ld b ev i ewed a s al o ca ld eve lopmen tf r om t h eE a s t ern O ran ian .

T he p o ten t ia ls hown i nt h is s t udy f o rt h ei s o la t ion o fs oc ia l g roup so rs ha red p a t ter n so fd ec i s i on -mak ing i n t h e C ap s ian o pen s n ew a venue s o f s t udy . F o r e xamp le , t h e s i ze o f ar e g iona l g roup a nd i t s r e la t ion sh ip t oe nv ironmen ta l c hange c ou ld b e s t ud ied , t oge the rw i th t h e d eg ree t o wh ich v a r ia t ion b e tween g roup s i sc on t inuou s ( c l ina l ) o rd i scon t inuous ( pos s ib le b ounda ry ma in t e nance ) . I n a dd i t ion s t ud ie s o f s ea sona l i ty w ou ld p rof i t f r om s ome c on t ro l o ver s oc ia l f a c to r s , a l though Ia m a tp r e sen t s kep t ica l o ft h e p os s ib i l i ty o fi s o la t ing , i nt h e C ap s ian , m in ima l s oc ia l u n i t s s uch a s b and s . H oweve r , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t w i th c a r efu l e xcava t ion ( i . e . i d en t if ica t ion o f s epa ra te o ccupa t ion s ) a nd s t udy o f an umbe r o f s i te s f r om o ne r eg ion , s ub -g roup ing s m igh t b e f ound w i th in ar e g iona lg roup .

D IRECT IONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH A l though t h er e a r e av a s t n umbe r o fi n te r es t ing p rob lems t ob e p u r sued w i th r ega rd t ob o th t h e C ap s ian a nd t h e a na ly t ica la pp roach u sed i nt h is s t udy ,f ou ra r ea ss t and o u t : I .

R ef inemen t o fa na ly t ica l m e thodo logy . Wo rk s hou ld f ocus o n t o o l s r ep re sen ta t ive o f o ne d e s ign p rob lem , t h e reby a l low ing a dequa te a t ten t ion t ob e p a id t ot h e e xp er imen t a l w o rk n eeded t o u nde r s tand t h e p hy s ic s o f t e chn ique s a nd t o d eve lop r e a l i s t ic a s s ignmen to fc os t s . U se -wea ra na ly s is o bv iou s ly h a s ag rea tr o le t op lay i nb o th g en e r a t ing t h ed e s ign h ypo the s is a nd a s s ign ing c os t .

2 .

F ur the rw o rk s hou ld b ed evo ted t or ef in ing t h e c h rono logy a s soc ia ted w i th t h e c hange i nC ap s ian b lank p roduc t ion t e chn ique s . T h is w ou ld b et h ef i r s ts t ep i ne xam in ing t h e p rob lem o fw hy i tc hanged .

3 .

S tudy s hou ld b eu nder taken t op in -po in tw hen t h e C . t yp ique e nded , a nd why . A t t en t i on s hou ld b ep a id t ot h e c olec t ion o fa dequa te n umbe r s o fc ha rcoa l 1 4 Cd a te s f r om w el c on t roled c on tex t s .

4 .

A mu l t id i sc ip l ina ry s t udy i n co rpo ra t ing f a una l , f l ora l , a nd l i th ic a na ly s i s , a nd f o cu s ing o n L owe r s t age s i te s i n t h e T e l id jene V a l ley , s hou ld b e u nde r taken t o e xam ine t h e mean ing o ff a c ie s ,o ri n te r -s i te d i f f e rence s , i nt o o lp e rc en tages .

O n ly t h rough s uch f o cu sed s t udy w il w e e ver b e a b le t of u l ly u nde r s tand i n te r -s i te v a r iab i l i ty i n t h e C ap s ian .

B ib l iography

A bruzz i , W .S . 1 982 E co log ica lT heory a nd E thn ic D if f e r en t ia t ion Among H uman P opu la t ion s . C u r r en t An th . 2 3 (1) : 1 3 -35 . A l la in ,J .a nd J .D e scou t s 1 957 A p ropo sd ' une b ague t te ar a inu re a rme ,e d e d es i lex d ecouver te d an sl e Magda len ien d e S a in t - Ma r ce l . L 'An th ropo log ie 6 1(5 -6 ) :503 -512 . Anonymou s ( M .L a tap ie ) 1 909 S ta t ion sp r eh is tor ique s d e se nv iron sd eT ebe s sa . R ec . d es N o te se t Mem . d el aS oc . A r cheo l . d e C on s tan t ine 4 3 : 2 25 -232 . Ama ra , A . 1 977 L eg i semen tE s -Saya rB ou S aäda - ( A lger ie ) . L ibyca 2 5 : 5 9 -71 . B agnou l s ,F .a nd H . G au s sen 1 968 C a r t ed el av ege ta t ion d el ar eg ion Med i te r ranenne . P a r is : U ne sco FAO . B a i ley , H . P . 1 958 A S imp le Mo is tu r eI ndex B a sed Upon aP r ima ry L aw o fE vapor a t ion . G eog raf i ska Anne le r4 0 : 1 96 -215 . B a i ley ,H . P . 1 960 A Me thod o fD e te rm in ing Wa rm th a nd T empe ra tene ss o fC l ima te . G eog raf i ska Anne le r4 2 : 1 16 . B ake r ,F .C . 1 938 T he Molusca o ft h eS he l lh eap so re sca rgo t ir e s o fn o r the rn A lger ia i n c lud ing c ompa r i son sw i th t h e r e cen tf a una o fA lger ia .I nP r eh i s tor ic H ab i ta t ion S i tes i nt h e S aha r a a nd N or th A f r ica . A . P ond l e ta l . B e lo i t : L ogan Museum B ul . 5 :1 85 -226 . B a lou t ,L . 1 955 P r eh is to i re d el ' Af r ique d u No rd ,e s sa id e C h rono log ie . P a r i s : A r t s e t Me t ier s G raph ique s . B a lou t ,L . 1 970 D a ta t ion r a d iome t r ique d el 'h omme d el 'A in D okka ra e td es on g i semen t . L ibyca 1 8 : 1 8 -34 .

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C amp s , G . ,G . D e l ib r ia s a nd J .T homme re t 1 973 C h rono log ie d e sc i v i l isa t ion sp r eh is tor ique sd uN o rd L 'Af r ique d ' ap r e sl er a d ioca rbone . L ibyca 2 1 :65 -89 . C amp s -Fab re r ,H . 1 966 Ma t ie re e tA r t Mob i l ie rd an sl aP reh is to i re No rd A f r ica in e tS aha r ien e . Mem . d uC .R .A .P .E .n o . 5 . P a r is : A r t s e t Me t ie r sG raph ique s . C amp s -Fab re r ,H . 1 975 Un G isemen tC ap s ien d eF ac ie sS e t if ien , Med jez I , E lE u lma ( A lge r ie ) . P a r is : E d i t ion sd uC .N .R .S . C annon ,W . A . 1 913 B o tan ica lF ea ture so ft h eA lger ian S aha ra . Wa sh ing ton D .C . : C a rneg ie I n s t i tu te . C ap i ta in ,M . a nd M . B oudy 1 908 L eP r eh i s to r ique d an sl eS ud T un i s ien . C ong r e s I n t . d 'An th . e td 'A r ch . P r eh i s tor ique s . ( 1906 ) C omp t . R end . . 1 3 th S e ss . I : 14 -118 . C ha r le s -P ica rd ,G . 1 959 L aC iv i l iza t ion d el ' Af r ique R oma ine . P a r is : L ib ra ir ie P lon . C hava ilon ,J . 1 964 E tude s t ra t ig raph ique d e sf o rma t ion sq ua tema i re s d u S aha ra N o rd -Occ iden ta l( Co lomb -Becha r aR eggane ) . P ub l . C .N .R .S . , S er ie G eo log ie . n r .5 ,3 93s . C h eyn ier , A . 1 956 F eu i l le d eL au r ier e mmanchee äB adegou le . B .S .P .F . 5 3 : 9 4 -95 . C la rk ,J .D . 1 959 T he P r eh is tory o fS ou the rn A f r ica . L ondon : P engu in B ook s . C la rk ,J .D . 1 977 I n te rp r e ta t ion o fP reh is tor ic T echno logy f r om A nc ien tE gyp t ian a nd O the rS ou rces . P a r tI . P a leo r ien t3 :1 27 -150 . C la rk ,J .D . ,J .L .P h i l l ip sa nd P .S .S ta ley 1 974 I n te rp r e ta t ion o fP reh is tor ic T echno logy f r om A nc ien tE gyp t ian a nd O the rS ou rce s . P a r tI . P a leor ien t2 (2 ) : 3 23 -388 . C la rk ,J .G . D . 1 963 N eo l i th ic B ow sf r om S ome r se tE ng land .P r eh i s to ry o f A rche ry i nN . W . E u rope . P roceed ing so ft h e P r eh is to r ic S oc ie ty 2 9 : 5 0 -98 .

C la rk ,J .G . D . a nd M . W .T homp son 1 954 T he G roove a nd S p l in ter T echn ique o f Wo rk ing An t le ri n Uppe rP a laeo l i th ic a nd Me so l i th ic E u rope ,w i th s pec ia lr e f e r ence t ot h em a te r ia l f r om S ta r rC a r r .P roc .o ft h eP reh is to r ic S oc . 1 2 (2 ) : 1 48 -160 . C la rke ,D .L . 1 976 Meso l i th ic E u rope :T he E conom ic B a se .I nP rob lems i nE conom ic a nd S oc ia lA r chaeo logy .G .d eG . S ievek ing ,I .H .L ongwor th a nd K .E . W i l son e d i to r s . L ondon :D uckwo r th .p p .4 49 -481 . C la rke ,D .L . 1 978 Ana ly t ica lA r chaeo logy .2 nd e d i t ion .R ev i sed b y B . C hapman . L ondon : Me thuen a nd C o . C lo se ,A . 1 977 T he I d en t if ica t ion o fS ty le i nL i th ic A r t if ac t sf r om N or th -Ea s tA f r ica . Memo ir e sd el ' In s t i tu tD 'Egyp te . No . 6 1 . C o le G . a nd M . K le ind ien s t 1 974 F u r the rR ef lec t ion so nt h eI s im i la A cheu l ian . Q ua ter na ry R e sea rch 4 (8 ) :3 46 -355 . C onkey ,M . 1 978 S ty le a nd I n fo rma t ion i nC u l tu ra lE vo lu t ion :T owa rd s aP red ic t ive Mode lf o rt h eP a leo l i th ic .I n S oc ia lA rcheo logy :B eyond S ub s is t ence a nd D a t ing . C .R edman e ta l . e d i to r s .N ew Y o rk : A cadem ic P r es s .P P . 6 1-85 . C on rad ,G . 1 969 L ' evo lu t ion c on t inen ta le p o s t -he r cyn ienne d uS aha ra A lge r ien . C .N .R .S . ,C en t r eR ech . Z one s Ar ides . n o . 1 0 . C oque ,R . 1 962 L aT un is ie P r e saha r ienne :E tude g eomo rpho log ique . P a r is :A rmand C o l in . C o te ,M . 1 979 Mu ta t ion sr u ra le se nA lge r ie .L ec a sd e sh au tes p l a in sd el ' e s t . P a r is :E d i t ion sd u C .N .R .S . C ou t i l ,L . 1 912 T a rdeno is ien , C ap s ien ,G e tu l ien ,I b ero - Mau ru s ien , T e l l ien ,L oub ir ien ,G eneyen ien ,I n te rge tu lo N eol i th ique . C ong r .I n t .d 'An th .e td 'A rch . P r eh is to r ique . C .R . X IVeme S e s s .G eneva ,I P .3 10 .

C ouver t ,M . 1 972 V a r ia t ion sp a leoc l ima t ique se nA lger ie . L ibyca 2 0 : 4 5 -48 . C ouver t ,M . 1 976 T raduc t ion d e se l emen t sd el af o r ep r eh i s to r ique s e nf a c teur sc l ima t ique s . L ibyca 2 4 : 9 -20 . C rab t r ee , D . 1 968 Mesoamer ican P o lyhed ra lC o re sa nd P r i sma t ic B lade s . Amer ican A n t iqu i ty 3 3 :446 -478 . C r apo ,R . a nd B . S pyke rman 1 979 S oc ia l Va r ia t ion i nS ho shon iP hono logy : An E co log ica lI n te rp re ta t ion . H uman E co logy . 7 (4 ) : 3 17 -331 . D avenpor t ,E . 1 960 J ama ican F i sh ing : AG ame T heory Ana ly s is .I n P ap e r so nC a r ibbean A n th ropo logy . Y a le Un iv . P ubl ica t ion si nA n th r . n o . ' s5 7 -64 p p . 3 11 . D eacon , H .J . 1 976 Whe r eH un te r s G a the r ed : AS tudy o fH o locene S tone A ge P eop le i nt h eE a s te rn C ape . C la r emon t : S ou th A f r ican A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty Monog r aph . D ebruge , A . 1 905 E tude s ur l e sb u r in s e tl e s s i lex d ef o rme g eome t r ique d el ar eg ion d e sh au t sp l a teaux d el ' A t la s . L 'Homme P r eh i s to r ique I I : 2 70 -275 . D ebruge , A . 1 909 S ta t ion sp r eh is tor ique d e se nv i ron sd eT ebe s sa . R ed. d e sN o te s . e t Mem . d el aS oc . A r ch . d e C on s tan t ine 4 3 : 2 25 -232 . D eb ruge , A . 1 910 L ep r eh i s tor ique d an sl e se nv i ron sd eT ebe s sa . R ed. d e sN o te se t Mem . d el aS oc . A rch . d e C on s tan t ine 4 4 : 6 1 . D ebruge , A . 1 923 E s sa i d ec h rono log ie s u r" l e se s ca rgo te es " . R ed. d es N o t . e t Mem . d el aS oc . A r ch . d e C on s tan t ine . 5 5 : 5 3 -82 . D ebruge , A . a nd G . Me rc ie r 1 912 L as t a t ion p r eh is tor ique d e Mech ta C hä t eaudun . R ed. d e sN o t .e t Mem . d el aS oc . A r ch . d e C on s tan t ine .4 6 : 2 87 -307 .

D e lany , M . J .a nd D . C . H appo ld 1 979 E co logy o fA f r ican Mamma l s . N ew Y o rk : L ongman . D e l ib r ia s ,G . ,M . G u iler a nd J .L abeyr ie 1 972 G if N a tura lR ad ioca rbon Mea su r emen t sV I I . R ad ioca rbon 1 4 (2 ) : 2 92 . D e l ib r ia s ,G . ,M . G u iler a nd J .L abey r ie 1 974 G if N a tura lR ad ioca rbon Mea sur emen t sV I I I . R ad ioca rbon 1 6 ( 1 ) :4 1-42 . D e Mor t i l le t , A . 1 896 L es p e t i t s s i lex t a iles ac on tou r s g eome t r ique st r ouve se nE u rope ,A s ie e t A f r ique . R evue d el ' Eco le d 'A n th r . 1 : 3 77 -405 . D e spo is , J .a nd R .R ayna l 1 967 G eog raph ie d el ' Af r ique d uN o rd O ues t . P a r is : P ayo t . D ick son ,F .P . 1 973 B acked B lade le t s a nd P o in t s . Mank ind 9 :7 14 . D ome rque ,F . 1 927 L aG ro t te d uP o lygone . B u l l . d el aS oc . d eG eog . e td 'A r cheo l . d 'O ran ( A lge r ie )4 7 : 2 05 -254 . D or fman ,R . ,P .S amue l son a nd R . S o low 1 958 L inea rP rog ramm ing a nd E conom ic A na ly s is . N ew Y ork : McG raw -H il D or ize ,L . 1 979 L e sm ecan i sme sc l ima t ique se tl e so sc ila t ion s a c tuele sd uc l ima ts u rl ab o rdu re m ed i ter raneenne d u S aha ra . B u l l . A ssoc . G eog r . F ranca i s . 4 62 :1 93 -203 . D or s t ,J .a nd P .D ande lo t 1 970 A F ie ld G u ide t ot h eL a rge r Mamma l so fA f r ica . L ondon : C ol in s . D r ieman ,R . N . 1 979 Me thod s I nA r t if a c tA na ly s is : AS tudy o fU pp e r P a laeo l i th ic B u r in s . C on t r ibu t ion so ft h eU n iv . o f C a l if o rn ia A r cheo log ica lR esea r ch F ac i l i ty . No .4 2 . D unnel ,R .C . 1 978 S ty le a nd F unc t ion : aF undamen ta lD icho tomy . Amer ican An t iqu i ty 4 3 (2 ) : 1 92 -202 .

D up ra t , C . 1 894 L 'äge d el ap i e r re aT ebe ssa . R ed. d es N o t . e t Mem .de l aS oc . A rch . d e C on s tan t ine 2 9 : 5 43 -551 . D y son -Hud son ,R . a nd E .A . Sm i th 1 978 H uman T e r r i to r ia l i ty : A nE co log ica lR ea s se s smen t . Ame r ican A n th ropo log is t8 0 (1) : 2 1-41 . E a r le ,T . a nd A . C h r is ten son ( Ed i tor s ) 1 980 Mode l ing C hange i nP r eh i s to r ic S ub s is tence E conom ics . N ew Y o rk : A cadem ic P re s s . E inho rn , H .J . a nd R .M . H oga r th 1 981 B ehav iora lD ec is ion T heory : P roce s se so fJ udgemen t a nd C ho ice . Ann .R ev . o fP sycho logy . 3 2 : 5 3 -88 . E sca lon d eF on ton ,M . 1 967 L e s s equence s s ed imen to -c l ima t ique sd uM id i Med i te r randen d u Wü rm al ' Ho locene . B u l l . d u Mu see d 'An th . P reh is t . d e Monaco . n o . 1 4 : 1 24 -185 . E s to rge s ,P . G . A uma s s ip a nd A . D agome 1 969 E lH aou i ta ,U ne xemp le d er emb la iemen tf i n i - Wu rm ien . L ibyca 1 7 : 5 3 -91 . E v in ,J .J . Ma r echa l a nd C .P ach iaud i 1 980 C ond i t ion sI nvo lved i nD a t ing T e r re s t r ia lS hel s . R ad ioca rbon 2 2 : 5 43 -555 . Hohn , H . a nd S .N icho l son 1 980 C l ima t ic F luc tua t ion si nt h eA r id B e l to ft h e' O ld Wo r ld ' S ince t h eL a s tG lac ia l Max imum ;P o s s ib le C au se s a nd F u tu re I mp l ica t ion s .I n P a laeoeco logy o fA f r ica a nd t h eS u r round ing S ea s . 1 2 : 3 -21 .

F rankenbe rg ,P . 1 980 E vapo t ran sp i ra t ion ,b i lan d el ' eau e tv a r iab i l i te d e sp r ec ip i ta t ion se nT un is ie e nr e la t ion a vec l ' ag r icu l ture . Med i te r anee 4 0 (4 ) :4 9 -55 . G a r rod , D . A . E . 1 932 A N ew M icroE th ic I ndu s t ry : T he N a tu f ian o f P a le s t ine . J ou r . R oya l . A n th rop . I n s t . 6 2 : 2 57 -269 . G au ssen ,M . a nd J .G au s sen 1 965 Un a t e l ie rd eb ur in s äL ag r e ich , O ued T i lem s i ( Rep . d u Ma l i ) . L 'A n th ropo log ie 6 9 : 2 39 -248 .

G au ssen , H . a nd A V e rne t 1 948 C a r te d e sP r ec ip i ta t ion s :T un is ie a u 5 00 ,000e . P a r is : G ouver n emen tT un is ien -P ro tec to ra te F rança ise . G au s sen , H . a nd A . V e rn e t 1 958 C a r te I n te rna t iona le d uT ap i s V ege ta l .T un is -Sfax . T un is : G ouve rnemen tT un i s ien . G ober t ,E . 1 910a R eche rche ss u rl eC ap s ien i r es e r ie . B .S .P .F . 6 :5 95 -604 . G ober t ,E . 1 910b N o te p re l im ina i re s u rl ' evo lu t ion d u C ap s ien . B .S .P .F . 7 :4 53 . G ober t ,E . 1 912 L 'Ab r id eR edeyef . L 'An th ropo log ie 2 3 : 1 51-168 . G ober t ,E . 1 952 E l Mek ta , s t a t ion p r incep sd uC ap s ien . K a r thago 3 :1 79 . G ober t ,E . 1 957 L 'Ab r id eB or ta lF akhe r . L ibyca 5 :3 3 -47 . G ober t ,E . 1 958 L es D une s d e s Mekna e td 'Ouch ta ta . K a r thago 9 :2 1-36 . G obe r t ,E . a nd R . V auf r ey 1 950 L e C ap s ien d el ' Ab r i4 02 . D ir ec to ir ed e s A n t iqu i t ie se tA r t sd eT un is ie ,N o tes e tD ocumen t s n o . X I I . G oodenough , W .H . 1 979 T he C once rn so fC u l tu ra lA n th ropo logy i nt h eU n i ted S ta te s . A rc t ic A n th . 1 6 ( 1) : 3 9 -45 . G o rdon , B . 1 976 O f Men a nd H erd s : i nB a r ren land P r eh is tory . A rch . S urvey o fC anada . Me rcury s e r ie sp ap er 2 8 . O t tawa . G o rman ,F . J . 1 979 G round s tone A r t if ac tU se - Wea ra tt h eJ o in tS i te . I nL i th ic U se - Wea rA na ly s i s . B . H ayden e d i tor . N ew Y o rk : A cadem ic P re s s . p p . 3 9 -55 . G r ebena r t , D . 1 969 A in N aga : C ap s ien e tN eo l i th ique d e se nv iron s d e Me s sad . L ibyca , 1 7 : 9 3 -197 .

G r ebena r t ,D . 1 970 D a ta t ion sp a rl eC 14 d an sl eC ap s ien t yp ique d 'A lger ie . B .S .P .F . 6 7 :209 . G r e ' bena r t ,D . 1 976 L eC ap s ien d e sR eg ion sd eT ebe s sa e tD 'Ou led D jela l , A lge r ie .E tude s Med i te r raneen sI A ix -en -P rovence : E d i t ion sd el ' Un ive r s i te d eP rovence . G unn ,J . 1 975 Dynam ic T oo lT ypo logy : A Mode lf o rF unc t iona l T yp ing o fS tone T oo l s w i th a nA pp l ica t ion t o F r ench P a laeo l i th ic B u r in s .N ew s le t te ro fL i th ic T ypo logy .4 (1 -2 ) : 9 17 . H a rpend ing ,H . 1 976 R eg iona lV a r ia t ion i n! Kung P opu la t ion s .I n K ha laha r i H un ter -ga the re r s : S tud ie so ft h e ! Kung S an a nd t h e ir N e ighbor s . R .B . L ee a nd I .D eVo re e d i tor s . C amb r idge Ma s s . : H a rva rd Un iv .P r e s s . p p . 1 52 -165 . H ayden ,B . 1 977 S tone T oo lF unc t ion s i nt h e We s t e rn D e se r t .I n S tone T oo l sa sC u l tu ra l Ma rke r s : C hange ,E vo lu t ion a nd C omp lex i ty . R . V . Wr igh te d i to r . C anbe r ra : I n s t . o fA bor ig ina l S tud ie s . H ayden ,B . 1 979 P a laeol i th ic R ef lec t ion s :L i th ic T echno logy a nd E thnog raph ic E xcava t ion s Among A u s t ra l ian A bor ig ine s . N ew J e r sey : H uman i t ie sP re s s . H ayden ,B . ( ed i tor ) 1 979 L i th ic U se - Wea r Ana ly s is . N ew Y o rk : A cadem ic P r e s s . H ayden ,B . 1 981 I n t erac t ion P a rame te r s a nd t h eD em i se o fP a laeo I nd ian C raf t sman sh ip . P la in s . A n th ropo log is t 2 6 : 1 09 -123 . H eddouche ,A . E . 1 977 L eg i semen te p ipa leo l i th ique d 'E l -On9o rp r e s d eB ou S aäda ( A lge r ie ) .L ibyca v o l . 2 5 : 7 3 -84 . H e r skov i t s ,M . J . 1 952 E conom ic A n th ropo logy : AS tudy i nC ompa ra t ive E conom ic s . N ew Y o rk : A lf red A . K nopf . H il , J .N . a nd J .G unn 1 977 T he I nd iv idua li nP reh is tory : S tud ie si nS ty le i n P r eh is tor ic T echno log ie s . N ew Y o rk : A cadem ic P re ss .

H odde r ,I . 1 979 E conom ic a nd S oc ia lS t r e s sa nd Ma te r ia lC u l tu r e P a t te rn ing . Am .A n t iqu i ty .4 4 (3 ) :4 46 -454 . H odde r ,I . 1 982 S ymbo l si nA c t ion :E thnoa rchaeo log ica lS tud ie so f Ma te r ia lC u l tu r e . C amb r idge : C amb r idge Un iv .P r es s . I n izan ,M .L . 1 976 Nouvele E tude d ' Indu s t r ie sL i th ique sd uC ap s ien ( Colec t ion R aymond V auf rey , In s t i tu t ed e P a l6on to log ie h uma ine ,P a r i s ) .T hese p re sen t6 e nv ue d ug r ade d ud oc teu re n6 t hno log ie ( p ith is to ire ) Un ive r s i t6 d eP a r i sX . I n izan ,M .L . a nd J .T ix ie r 1 980 Mod if ica t ion sp o s s ib le sd el al i s te d e st ype s 6 p ipa l6ol i th iques d u Magh r eb .I n R .E .L eakey a nd B .A . O go t ,e d i tor s ,P roceed ing so f t h e8 t hP anAf r ican C ong re s so fP reh i s to ry a nd Q ua ter na ry S tud ie s . N a i rob i ,5 th t o1 0 th S ep tembe r , 1 977 . PP. 2 5 -26 . I r v ing ,W . 1 964 P unyuk P o in ta nd t h eA rc t ic Sma l lT oo lT rad i t ion . U npub .P h .D D i s ser ta t ion , Un iv .o fW iscon s in . I s sac ,G .L l . 1 977 O lo rgesa i l ie : A r cheo log ica lS tud ie so f aM idd le P le is tocene L ake B a s in i nK enya . C h icago : Un iv .o fC h icago P re s s . J äke l ,D . 1 979 R un -Of fa nd F luv ia lF o rma t ion P roce s se si nt h e T ibe s t i Moun ta in sa sI nd ica to r so fC l ima t ic H i s tory i nt h eC en t ra lS aha ra d u r ing t h eL a te P l e i s tocene a nd H o locene .I nP a laeoeco logy o fA f r ica .E .M .V an Z inde ren B akhe ra nd J .A .C oe tzee e d i tor s . 1 : 1 3 -33 . J a rman ,P . J . 1 974 T he S oc ia lO rgan iza t ion o fA n te lope si nR e la t ion t o T he i rE co logy . B ehav iou r4 8 :2 15 -267 . J e l inek ,A . 1 976 F o rm ,F unc t ion ,a nd S ty le i nL i th ic A na ly s is .I n C u l tu ra lC hange a nd C on t inu i ty .E s say si nH onor o f J ame sB enne t tG r iff in . C .E .C le land e d i tor . N ew Y ork : A cadem ic P re s s .p p . 1 9 -33 . J och im ,M .A . 1 976 Hun te r -Ga the re rS ub s is tence a nd S e t t lemen t . A P r ed ic t ive Mode l . N ew Y o rk : A cadem ic P r e s s .

J och im ,M .A . 1 981 S t ra teg ie s f o rS u rv iva l : C u l tura lB ehav io ri na n E co log ica lC on tex t . T o ron to : A cadem ic P r es s . J ohn son ,G . A . 1 978 I n fo rma t ion S ou r ce s a nd t h eD eve lopmen to fD ec is ion Mak ing O rgan iza t ion s .I nC .R edman e t a l . e d s . S oc ia lA rcheo logy : B eyond S ub s is t ence a nd D a t ing . N ew Y o rk : A cadem ic P r e s s . p p . 8 7 -111 . K ah r l , W . ( e d i tor ) 1 979 T he C a l if or n ian Wa te rA t la s . S an F ranc isco : S t a te o f C a l if o rn ia . K ee ley ,L . 1 982 Ha f t ing a nd R e too l ing : E f f ec t so nt h eA r chaeo log ica l R eco rd . Amer ican A n t iqu i ty 4 7 (4 ) : 7 98 -809 . K ing ,T . 1 978 D on ' tT ha tB ea tt h eB and? N oneqa l i ta r ian P o l i t ica l O rgan iza t ion i nP reh is tor ic C en t ra l C a l if o rn ia . I n C .R edman e ta l . e d s . S oc ia l A rcheo logy : B eyond S ub s is t ence a nd D a t ing . N ew Y o rk : A cadem ic P r e s s . p p . 2 25 -248 . K le ind ien s t ,M . 1 979 D iscu s s ion : G ene ra lC ond i t ion s( De s ign T heory )I n L i th ic U se - Wea rA na ly s is . B .H ayden e d i to r . N ew Y o rk : A cadem ic P re s s . p p . 5 9 -60 . K le ind ien s t ,M . a nd C . K eler 1 976 T owa rds A F unc t iona lA na ly s is o fH andaxes a nd C leaver s : T he E v idence f r om E a s te rn A f r ica . Man ( N .S . ) 1 :176 -187 . K le ind ien s t ,M . a nd P . Wa t son 1 956 A c t ion A r chaeo logy : I nven tory o f aL iv ing C ommun i ty . A n th ropo logy T omor row 5 :7 5 -78 . K roebe r , A . L . 1 925 H andbook o ft h eI nd ian so fC a l ifo rn ia . B u reau o f Amer ican E thno logy . B u l l . 7 8 . Wa sh ing ton . K ukan , G .J . 1 978 A T echno log ica l a nd S ty l i s t ic S tudy o fM ic ro l i th s F rom C e r ta in L evan t ine E p ipa leo l i th ic A s semb lage s . P h .D D is ser ta t ion Un iv . o fT o ron to . V o l . 1 &2 . K u lp , J . ,L .T ryon , W . E che lman a nd W . S nel 1 952 L amon tN a tur a lR ad ioca rbon Mea su r emen t s ,I . S c ience , 16 (30 16 ) :4 09 -414 ,

L acco r e ,F . 1 949 L eG e tu lo -cap s ien : A br i4 02 e tA in Me the rchem . B .S .P .F .5 0 : 2 58 -273 . L ap lace -Jau re tche ,G . 1 956 T ypo log ie s t a t i s t ique e te vo lu t ion d e sc omp lexes äl ame se tl ame l le s . B .S .P .F .5 3 : 2 71-290 . L eD u ,R . 1 938 Q ue lque sr ema rque ss u rl ec ap s ien s upe r ieu rd el a r eg ion d eT ebe ssa .B u l l .d el aS oc . d e P reh is t .e td 'A rcheo l .d eT ebes sa . 1 :2 21-250 . L ee ,R .B . 1 968 Wha tH un ter sD of o r aL iv ing ,o r ,H ow t o Make O u to n S ca rce R e sou rce s .I n Man T he H un te r .R .B .L ee a nd I .D eVo r ee d i to r s . C h icago : A ld ine .p p .30 -48 . L e e ,R .B . 1 976 ! Kung S pa t ia lO rgan iza t ion : A nE co log ica l P e r sepc t ive I nK ha laha r iH un te r -Ga the r e r s : S tud ie so ft h e ! Kung S an a nd t h e ir N e ighbo r s .R .L ee a nd I .D eVo r ee d i to r s . C amb r idge Ma s s . : H ar va rd Un iv .P re ss p p .71 -97 . L ee ,R .B . 1 979 T he ! Kung S an : Men , Women a nd Wo rk i n aF orag ing S oc ie ty . C amb r idge : C amb r idge Un iv .P re ss . L ee ,R .B . 1 981 I sT he r e aF orag ing Mode o fP roduc t ion ? C anad ian J ou r .o f An th r .2 ( 1) : 1 3 -19 . L eH oue rou ,H .N . 1 969 L av ege ta t ion d el aT un i s ie s t epp ique . A nna l sI n s t .N a tn .R ech . Ag ron .T un is ie .4 2 . L eH oue rou ,H .N . 1 970 No r th A f r ica :P a s t ,P r e sen t ,F u tu re .I nA r id L and si nT ran s i t ion .H .E .D regne e d i to r . Wa sh ing ton D .C . : Am . A ssoc .f o rt h eA dvancemen to f S c ience .p ub .n o .9 0 . L e ro i -Gou rhan ,A . a nd J . Ala in 1 979 L a scaux I n connu . X I leme s upp lemen t aG a l l ia P r eh is to i re . P a r i s : C .N .R .S . L eu tho ld ,W . 1 977 A f r ican Ungu la te s . N ew Y o rk : S p r inge rV e r lag .

L ube l l ,D . 1 983 P a leoenv ironmen t sa nd e p ipa leo l i th ic e conom ie si n t h e Magh r eb ( 20 ,000 t o5 , 000 BP ) . I n F rom H un te r st oF a rme r s : C on s ide ra t ion so ft h e C au se sa nd C on sequence so fF ood P roduc t ion i n A f r ica .J .D . C la rk a nd S .B rand te d i to r s . B e rk ley : U n iv .o fC a l ifo rn ia P r e s s . L ubel ,D . ,F .H a s san ,A .G au t ie ra nd J .B ala is 1 976 T he C ap s ian E sca rgo t ier e s . S c ience , 1 91 : 9 10 -920 . L ube l l ,D . ,J .B ala i s ,A .G au t ie ra nd F .H a s san 1 975 T he P r eh is tor ic C u l tu ra lE co logy o fC ap s ian E sca rgo t ier e s .P r e l im ina ry R e su l t so fa nI n te r d i sc ip l ina ry I nve s t iga t ion i nt h eC h6 r ia T d l id jene R eg ion ( 1972 -1973 ) . L ibyca ,2 3 : 4 3 -121 . L ube l l ,D . a nd A .G au t ie r i n pr e s s A in M i s tehey ia . F ina lR epo r to nt h e 1 976 I nve s t iga t ion s .L ibyca . L uce ,R .D . a nd H .R a if f a 1 957 G ame sa nd D ec i s ion s :I n t roduc t ion a nd C r i t ica l S u rvey . N ew Y o rk :W i ley . Mac Que r ,J .W . a nd B .D yke 1 976 On t h eM in imum S i ze o fE ndogamou sP opu la t ion s . S oc ia lB io logy 2 3 (1) : 1 12 . Ma ley ,J . 1 977 P a laeoc l ima te so fC en t ra lS aha ra d u r ing t h eE a r ly H o locene .N a tu r e2 69 :5 73 -577 . Ma ley ,J . 1 982 Du s t ,C loud s ,R a in T ype s ,a nd C l ima t ic V a r ia t ion s i nT rop ica lN o r th A f r ica . Q ua ter na ry R esea r ch 1 8 (1) : 1 16 . Ma rk s ,S .A . 1 977 B uf f a lo Movemen t s a nd A cce s s ib i l i ty t o aC ommun i ty o fH un te r si nZ amb ia .E a s t . A f r . W i ld l if eJ ou r . 1 5 (4 ) :2 51-261 . Mau s s ,M . 1 976 T he G if t :F o rms a nd F unc t ion o fE xchange i nA r cha ic S oc ie ty . N ew Y o rk : W .W . Nor ton a nd C o . May r ,E . 1 970 P opu la t ion ,S pec ie sa nd E vo lu t ion . C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n iv :P re s s .

McBryde ,I . 1 978 B acked B lade le tI n du s t r ie sf r om t h eG raman R ock S he l ter sN ew S ou th Wa le s : S ome E v idence o nF unc t ion . P ape rp resen ted i nt h es ympo s ium o nM ic roE th ic I ndu s t r ie sa tt h em ee t ing o ft h eI ndo -Pac if ic P r eh i s to ry A s soc ia t ion . P oona . 1 978 . McBur n ey ,C .B . 1 967 T he H aua F teah ( Cy rena ica )a nd t h eS tone A ge o ft h e S ou th -Ea s t Med i t e r ranean . C amb r idge : C amb r idge Un iv .P re s s . McCo rk le ,T . 1 978 I n te rg roup C on f l ic t .I nH andbook o fN o r th Ame r ican I nd ian sV o l . 8C a l ifo rn ia .R .F .H e iz e re d i to r . Wa sh ing ton : Sm i th son ian I n s t . Me l tze r ,D . 1 981 A S tudy o fS t le a nd F unc t ion i n aC la s so fT oo l s . J ou rna lo fF ie ld A r chaeo logy . 8 :3 13 -326 . Me r c ier ,G . 1 907 L as t a t ion p r eh is to r ique d eC hä teaudun -du -Rhunune l . R evue d es No tes e t Memo ir sd el aS oc ie te A rcheo log ique d eC on s tan t ine . 4 1 :171-182 . Mof f a t ,C . 1 981 T he Mechan ica lB a s i so fS t one F lak ing :P rob lems a nd P ro spec t s . P la in sA n th ropo log is t .2 6 (93 ) : 1 95 -212 . Moo r e ,J .A . 1 981 T he E f f ec t so fI n f o rma t ion N e twork si nH un te r G a ther e rS oc ie t ie s . I nH un te r -Ga ther e rF o rag ing S t ra teg ie s . B .W in te rha lde ra nd E . Sm i th e d i to r s . C h icago : Un iv .o fC h icago P r es s . Moo r e ,0 . K . 1 957 D iv ina t ion : AN ew P e r spec t ive . Am . A n th ropo log is t6 9 :69 -74 . Mor e l ,J . 1 953 L eC ap s ien d uK hangue t -e l - Mouhaäd . L ibyca 1 :1 03 -119 . Mo r e l ,J . 1 974 L af a une d el ' e sca rgo t ie r ed eD ra -M ta -e l - Ma -e l A b iod ( s ud a l ge r ien ) ,c eq u 'ele n ou sa pp r end d e l ' a l imen ta t ion e td es c ond i t ion sd ev i ed an s p opu la t ion sd uC ap s ien s upe r ieu r . L 'An th ropo log ie 7 8 (2 ) :2 99 -320 .

Mo r e l ,J . 1 976 L ' indu s t r ie o s seu se d uc ap s ien s upe r ieu rd e D ra -M ta -E l - Ma -E l -Ab iod . L ibyca 2 4 : 1 81-188 . Mo re l ,J . 1 978 L ' indu s t r ie l i th ique d el ' e sca rgo t ier ed eD ra -M ta e l - Ma -e l -Ab iod d an sl es ud -es ta l ge r ien . S a c ompo s i t ion . S on e vo lu t ion . L 'An th ropo log ie 7 2 (3 ) : 3 35 -372 . Morgan ,J .d e ; C ap i tan ,L .a nd P .B oudy 1 910 E tude s u rl e ss t a t ion sP r eh is tor iques d u S ud tun is ien .R evue d el ' Eco le d 'An th ropo log ie . 2 0 : 1 05 -136 ,2 06 -221 ,2 67 -286 , 3 36 -347 ; 1 911 :2 17 -228 . Mo rgan ,J .d e 1 909 L e sP r em ie r e sc i v il iza t ion s . L e roux : ? . N ewcome r ,M . 1 974 S tudy a nd R ep l ica t ion o fb one t oo l sf r om K sa rA k i l . Wo r ld A r chaeo logy 6 (2 ) : 1 38 -153 . O de l l ,G . 1 978 P r el im ina i re sd ' une a na ly se f onc t ionnele d e s p o in te sm ic ro l i th ique sd eB e rg tune rmee r( Pay s -Ba s ) B .S .P .F .7 5 (2 ) : 3 7 -49 . O de l l ,G . 1 980 T owa rd aMo r eB ehav iou ra l App roach t oA r chaeo log ica l L i th ic C onc en t ra t ion s . Amer ican A n t iqu i ty 4 5 (3 ) :4 04 -431 . P a l la ry ,P . 1 909 I n s t ruc t ion sp ou rl e sr e che rche sp reh is to r ique sd an s l eN o rd -Oues td el ' Af r ique . Memo ir sd el aS oc ie te H is to r ique A lge r ienne . V o l .I I . P a ssema rd ,E .e tL .P a s sema rd 1 941 L eC ap s ien d el aT ab le O ues td i t" Ab r iC la r iond " a Mou la r es ( s ud T un is ien ) ,P reh is to ir e 8 :4 3 -120 . P equa r t ,M . ,S .P equa r t ,M . B ou le a nd H . V alo i s 1 937 T ev ic . S t a t ion N ec ropo le Me so l i th ique d u Mo rb ihan .A r ch . I n s t .P a leon to log ie H uma ine . Mem . 1 8 .P a r is . P e te r son ,N . 1 975 H un te r -Ga the re rT e r r i to r ia l i ty :T he P e r spec t ive F rom A u s t ra l ia . Amer ican A n th ropo log is t7 7 :53 -68 .

P e te r s son ,M . 1 951 M ic ro l i then a l sP f e i l sp i tzen : E in F und a u sd em L i la L o shu l t Moo r ,K sp . L o shu l t , S kane . Medde landen F ran L und s Un ive r s i t e t sH is tor ika Mu seum s .p p . 1 23 -137 . P e t i tMa ir e ,N . a nd J .R i se r 1 981 Ho locene L ake D epo s i t sa nd P a laeoenv ironmen t si n C en t ra lS aha ra ,N or thea s te rn Ma l i . P a laeoeco logy ,P a laeoc l ima to logy ,P a laeoeco logy 3 5 :4 5 -61 . P h iL l ip son ,D . W . 1 976 T he P r eh is to ry o fE a s te rn Z amb ia .N a i rob i : T he B r it ish I n s t i tu te i nE a s tA f r ica . P log , S . 1 980 S tyl i s t ic V a r ia t ion i nP reh is tor ic C er am ic s . C amb r idge : C amb r idge Un iv . P re s s . P ond ,A . ,F .R ome ra nd F .C o le 1 928 A C on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t udy o fP reh i s tor ic Man I nA lge r ia ,N or th A f r ica . L ogan Mu seum B u l l . 1( I I ) . B e lo i t . P ond , A . a nd L . C hap iu s , A . R ome r ,F .B ake r 1 938 P r eh is tor ic H ab i ta t ion s i te si nt h eS aha r aa nd N o r th A f r ica . L ogan Mu seum B ul . No . 5 .B e lo i t . P ye ,D . 1 964 T he N a tu re o fD e s ign . N ew Y ork : V an N os t rand R e inho ld . P ye ,D . 1 968 T he N a tu re a nd A r to f Wo rkman sh ip . C ambr idge : C amb r idge Un iv .P re s s . R en f rew , C . 1 978 T he A na tomy o fI nnova t ion .I nS oc ia lO rgan iza t ion a nd S e t t lemen t : C on t r ibu t ion sF rom A n th ropo logy , A rchaeo logy a nd G eog raphy . B r i t ish A r ch .R epor t sI n t . S e r ies n o . 4 7 ( 1) D . G reen ,C . H a se lg rove a nd M . S p r igg s e d i to r s . p p . 8 9 -117 . R eyga s se ,M . 1 917 O b ser va t ion s s u rl e st e chn ique sp a leo l i th ique d u N o rd A f r ica in .L 'E sca rgo t ire d e C he r ia . R ee l . d e s No t .e t Mem . d el aS oc . A r ch . d e C on s tan t ine 5 1 . R eyga s se ,M . 1 920 E tude sd ep a le thno log ie magh reb ine ( nouvele s e r ie ) . R ee l . d e sN o t . e t Me in . d el aS oc . A r ch . d eC on s tan t ine . 5 2 : 5 13 -570 .

R eyga sse ,M . 1 922 E tude s d ep a le thno log ie m agh r eb ine -2 eme s e r ie . R ed. d es N o t .e t Mem . d el aS oc . A r ch . d e C on s tan t ine . 5 3 : 1 59 -204 R iche r son ,P . J . 1 977 E co logy a nd H uman E co logy : C ompa r ison o fT heo r ie s i nt h eB io log ica la nd S oc ia lS c iences . Am .E thno l . 4 : 1 41 . R ick ,J .W . 1 977 P reh is tor ic Hun ter so ft h eH igh Andes . N ew Y o rk : A cadem ic P re s s . R igaud , A . 1 972 L at e chno log ie d ub ur in a pp l iquee a u ma ter ie l o s seux d el aG a renne ( I nd r e ) . B .S .P .F . 6 9 : 1 04 -108 . R ognon ,P . 1 976 C on s t ruc t ion s a luv ia le sh o locene se t o sc ila t ion s c l ima t ique sd u S aha ra Me r id iona l . B ul . A ssoc . G eog r . F r . 5 3 (433 -434 ) : 7 7 -84 . R ognon ,P . 1 979 E vo lu t ion d ur el ief e tp a leoc l ima t sd epu is 4 0 ,000 a n ss u rl ab o rdu r eN o rd d u S aha ra .B u l l . A s soc . G eog r . F r . 5 6 (462 -463 ) : 2 05 -214 . R ogon ,P .a nd M . A . J .W il iams 1 977 L a te Q ua t er na ry C l ima t ic C hange s i nA u s t ra l ia a nd N o r th A f r ica : AP r el im ina ry I n te rp r e ta t ion . P a laeogeog r aphy ,P a laeoc l ima to logy a nd P a laeoeco logy . 2 1 : 2 85 -328 . R oube t , C . 1 968 Nouvele o b se rva t ion ss u rl ' ep ipa leo l i t lüque d el ' A lge r ie O r ien ta le . L eg i semen td eK oud ia t K if en L anda . L ibyca 1 6 : 5 5 -101 . R oube t , C . 1 978 Une e conom ic p a s to ra le ,p r e -agr ico le e n A lge r ie O r ien ta le : L eN eo l i th ique d eT rad i t ion C ap s ienne . L 'An th ropo log ie 8 2 (4 ) : 5 83 -586 . R ub in ,M . ,R .L ik in s a nd E .G . B er ry 1 963 On t h eV a l id i ty o fR ad ioca rbon D a te sf r om S na i l S hel s . J ou r . o fG eo logy 7 1 : 8 4 -89 . R u tz ,H .J . 1 977 I nd iv idua lD ec is ion s a nd F unc t iona l S y s tems : E conom ic R a t iona l i ty a nd E nv ironmen ta lA dap ta t ion . Am . E thno log i s t4 : 1 56 -174 .

S acke t t ,J . 1 973 S ty le ,F unc t ion a nd A r t if ac tV a r iab i l i ty i n P a laeo l i th ic A ssemb lage s .I nT he E xp lana t ion o f C u l tu r e C hange . C .R en f r ew e d i to r . L ondon : D uckwor th p p . 3 17 -325 . S acke t t ,J . 1 977 T he Mean ing o fS ty le i nA rchaeo logy : AG ene ra l Mode l . Ame r ican A n t iqu i ty 4 2 (3 ) : 3 69 -380 . S acke t t ,J . 1 978 F rom d e Mor t ile tt oB o rde s : ac en tu ry o fF rench P a leo l i th ic r e sea r ch .I nT owa rd aH is to ry o f A rchaeo logy . G . D an ie le d i to r . L ondon :T hame s a nd H ud son . S acke t t ,J . 1 982 App roaches t oS ty le i nL i th ic A r chaeo logy . J our . o fA n th ropo log ica lA rch . 1 : 59 -112 . S ah l in s ,M . 1 972 S tone A ge E conom ic s . C h icago : A ld ine . S chape ra ,I . 1 930 T he Kho isan P eop le so fS ou th A f r ica : B ushmen a nd H o t ten to t s . L ondon :R ou t ledge . S cha rpen see l ,H . ,H . Z ako sek ,U .N eue a nd H . S ch if fmann 1 980 S ea r ch f o rP edogen ic P ha ses D u r ing t h eY ounge r P l ie s tocene a nd H o locene ( So l tan ian a nd R ha rb ian )o f T un is ia . R ad ioca rbon 2 2 (3 ) : 8 79 -884 . S e l tze r ,P . 1 946 L e C l ima td eL 'A lg6 i ie . A lge r :L ' In s t i tu t d e M6 te ro log ie . S emenov , S . 1 964 P r eh i s tor ic T echno logy . L ondon : C ory , A dams a nd MacKay . S hephe rd , W . 1 972 F l in t : I t s O r ig in ,P rope r t ie sa nd U se s . L ondon : F abe ra nd F aber . S heppa rd ,P .a nd L .P av l ish 1 983 T he U se o fT he rmo lum ine scence ( TL ) i na n i nve s t iga t ion o fH ea tT rea tmen ti nt h e E p ipa laeo l i th ic o fN or th A f r ica .I n P roceed ing so ft h e2 2nd S ympo s ium o nA r chaeome t ry , B radfo rd U .K . 1 982 . A . A sp inal a nd S . Wa r r en e d i to r s . p p . 1 45 -149 .

S i lbe rbaue r , G .B . 1 981 Hun te ra nd H ab i ta ti nt h e C en t ra lK a laha r i D e se r t . C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n iv .P re s s . S immon s ,A . H . a nd G . l i any 1 977 Wha t Mean T he se B one s? B ehav io ra lI mp l ica t ion so f G azele s 'R ema in s f r om A rchaeo log ica lS i te s . P a l6or ien t3 :2 69 -274 . S imon , H . A . 1 956 R a t iona lC ho ice a nd t h e S t ruc tu r eo fE nv i ronmen t . P sycho log ica lR ev iew 6 3 : 1 29 -138 . S imon , H . A . 1 981 T he S c ience so ft h eA r t if ic ia l . C amb r idge Ma s s . : MIT P re ss . S i r e t ,L 1 924 L at a ile d es t r apeze st a rdeno is ien .R evue A n th ropo log ique 3 4 : 15 -134 . Sm i th ,J .G .E . 1 978 E conom ic Uncer ta in ty i na n" O r ig ina lA f f luen t S oc ie ty " C a r ibou a nd C a r ibou E a te rC h ipewyan A dap t ive S t ra teg ie s .A r c t ic An th r . 1 5 (1) : 6 8 -88 . S o leck i ,R . S . 1 963 Two b one h af t sf r om N or th e rn I r aq . A n t iqu i ty 3 7 : 5 9 -60 . S pe th ,J . 1 972 Mechan ica l B a s is o fP e r cu s s ion F lak ing . Ame r ican An t iqu i ty 3 7 : 3 4 -60 . S t af f o rd , B . 1 977 B urn Manuf ac tur e a nd U t i l iza t ion : A nE xp e r imen ta l S tudy . J ou r . o fF ie ld A r ch .4 :2 35 -246 . S t anne r , W . E . 1 965 Abor ig ina lT er r i to r ia lO rgan iza t ion : E s ta te ,R ange , D oma in a nd R eg ime . O cean ia 3 6 (1) : 1 26 . S t ewa rd , J .H . 1 938 B a s in -P la teau Abor ig ina l S oc iopo l i t ica lG roup s . B u r eau o f Am .E thno logy . B u l l . 1 20 . S t i le s , D . 1 979 P a leo l i th ic C u l tu r e a nd C u l tu re C hange : E xpe r imen t I nT heory a nd Me thod . C u r r en t An th r . 2 0 ( 1) : 1 2 1 .

S u t t le s ,W . 1 968 C op ing W i th A bundance : S ub s is tence o nt h eN o r th We s tC oa st I n Man t h eH un te r .R .B .L e ea nd I .D eVo re e d i to r s . C h icago : A ld ine .p p . 5 6 -68 . T e s ta r t ,A . 1 982 T he S ign if icance o fF ood S torage a mong H un te r G a the r e r s :R e s idence P a t te rn s ,P opu la t ion D en s i t ie s , a nd S oc ia lI n equa l i t ie s . C u r r en t An th ropo logy 2 3 (5 ) :5 23 -537 . T ix ier ,J . 1 956 F iche st ypo log ique sa f r ica in s .E p ipa leo l i th ique d u Magh r eb .T ype s 1 25 , l e rC ah ie r . P a r is : A r t se t Me t ie r sG raph ique s . T ix ie r ,J . 1 959 N o te sd et ypo log ie No rd -Af i ica ine I .R eche rche d e s g es tes t e chn ique ss u ru nb u r in e xcep t iona l . L ibyca 6 :1 99 -203 . T ix ie r ,J . 1 960 E xamen e nl a bo ra to ir ed el af a uc ile n o . 2d e C o lumna ta .L ibyca 8 :2 53 -258 . T ix ie r ,J . 1 963 T ypo log ie d el ' ep ipa leo l i th ique d u Magh reb . Mem .d eC .R .A .P .E . N o .2 .P a r i s : A r t se t Me t ie r sG raph ique s s . T ix ier ,J . 1 967 P rocede sd ' ana ly se e tq ue s t ion sd et e r rn ino log ie c onc eman tl ' e tude d e se n semb le si n du s t r ie l sd u P a leo l i th ique r e cen te td el ' Ep ipa leo l i th ique d an sl ' Af r ique d uN ord -Oue s t .I n B ackg round t o E vo lu t ion i nA f r ica .W .B ishop a nd J .D . C la rk e d i to r s . C h icago : C h icago Un ive r s i ty P re s s . p p .7 71-812 . T ix ie r ,J . 1 968 No te ss u rl eC ap s ien t yp ique .I nL aP reh is to i re P rob leme se tt e ndances . p p .4 39 -451 . P a r is :E d i t ion sd uC .N .R .S . T ix ie r ,J . 1 976 L ' Indu s t r ie L i th ique d el ' A in D okha ra ,R eg ion d eT ebes sa ,A lge r ie . L ibyca 2 4 :2 1-54 . T umbu l l ,C . 1 968 T he I mpor tance o fF lux i n Two H un t ing S oc ie t ie s . I n Man T he H un te r .R .B .L ee a nd I .D eVo re e d i to r s . C h icago :A ld ine .p p .4 21 -436 .

V an C ampo ,M . 1 975 P o l len A na ly se si nt h eS aha ra .I nF . Wendor f a nd A . Ma rk se d s .P rob lem si nP reh i s to ry : No r th A f r ica a nd t h eN i le . D a l la s : S ou the rn Me thod is t Un iv .P re s s . p p .4 5 -64 . V an C ampo ,M . a nd R . C oque 1 960 P a lyno log ie e tg eomo rpho log ie d am sl eS ud T un is ien .P olen e tS por e s ,7 (2 ) : 2 75 . V an No ten ,F . 1 978 L es c ha sseu r sd e Mee r .B rugge : D eT empe l . V auf r ey ,R . 1 933a N o te ss u rl eC ap s ien .L 'An th ropo log ie 4 3 : 4 57 -483 . V auf r ey ,R . 1 933b S t ra t ig raph ie e tr epa r t i t ion d es f a c ie sc ap s ien s . L 'An th ropo log ie 4 3 : 6 48 -649 . V auf rey ,R . 1 935 L 'Age d e sh omme sf o s s i le sd e Mech ta e l -A rb i . B ul . d el aS oc . H is t .e tG eog r .d eS e t if . 1 :1 25 . V auf rey ,R . 1 953 L aQ ues t ion d u C ap s ien A nc ien . C ong r . I n t . d e s S c . P r eh i s t . e tP ro toh i s t . A c te s d el aI Ieme S e s s ion . Z u r ich . 1 950 . p p . 1 76 -178 . V auf r ey ,R . 1 955 P r eh is to i re d el ' Af r ique T . I:Magh reb . P a r is :Ma r ron . V ay son d eP radenne s ,A . 1 918 F auc ile P r eh i s tor ique d eS o l f e r ino . E tude c ompa ra t ive .L 'An th ropo log ie 2 9 : 3 92 -422 . V ay son d eP radenne s ,A . 1 936 S u rl ' u t i l i sa t ion d ec er ta in sm icro l i the s g eome t r ique s . B .S .P .F . 3 3 : 2 17 -232 . V igna rd ,E . 1 934 P r esen ta t ion d ' un eb ele s e r ie d et r iang les e t t r apeze sd uC ap s ien e nc onnex ion a vec l e u r m ic robu r in s . B .S .P .F . 3 1 : 3 28 . V igna rd ,E . 1 935 A rma tu re sd ef l eche se ns i lex . L 'An th ropo log ie 4 5 : 8 5 -92 .

V oge l ,J .C . a nd H . T . Wa te rboL k 1 963 G ron ingen R ad ioca rbon D a te sI V . R ad ioca rbon 5 :1 63 -202 . Wa tanabe , H . 1 968 S ub s i s tence a nd E co logy o fN o r the rn F ood G a the re r s W i th S pec ia lR ef e rence t ot h eA inu .I n Man T he H un te r . R .B . L ee a nd I .D eVor ee d i to r s . C h icago : A ld ine p p . 6 9 -77 . Wa tanabe , H . 1 972 T he A inu E co sy s tem . S ea t t le : Un iv . o f Wa sh ing ton P r e s s . Wel ing ton , J .H . 1 955 S ou the rn A f r ica : AG eog raph ica l S tudy .V o l . 1 . P hys ica lG eog raphy . C amb r idge : C amb r idge Un iv . P r e s s . Wendor f ,F . 1 968 S i te 1 77 : AN ub ian F ina lP a leol i th ic G raveya rd N ea r J ebe ls ahaba , S udan .I nT he P r eh is tory o f Nub ia I .F . Wendor fe d i to r . D a l la s : F o r tB u rgu in R e sea r ch c en te r . p p . 9 54 -995 . Wh i te ,L . 1 949 T he S c ience o fC u l tu r e . N ew Y o rk :F a r r a r ,S t rau s a nd G i roux . Wh i te ,R . 1 982 T he Man ipu la t ion o fB u r in si nI nc i s ion a nd No ta t ion . C anad ian J ou r . o fA n th r . 2 (2 ) : 1 29 -135 . W ie s sne r ,P . 1 977 Hxa ro : AR eg iona l S ys tem o fR ec ip roc i ty f o rR educ ing R isk a mong t h e !Kung S an . P h .D .T he s is . Dp t . o f An th ropo logy Un iv . o fM ich igan . W i l l iam s ,B .J . 1 968 T he B i rhor o fI nd ia a nd S ome C ommen t so nB and O rgan iza t ion . I n Man t h eH un te r .R .B .L ee a nd I .D eVor eE d i to r s . C h icago : A ld ine . p p .126 -131 . W il iam s ,G . E . 1 970 P iedmon tS ed imen ta t ion a nd L a te Q ua ter na ry C h rono logy i nt h eB isk ra R eg ion o ft h e Nor thern S aha ra . Z e i t . G eomo rpho l . N .F . 1 0 :4 0 -63 . W i l n a sen ,E .N . 1 972 I n ter ac t ion , S pac ing B ehav io r , a nd t h e O rgan iza t ion o fH un t ing B and s .J our . o fA n th . R e sea r ch 2 9 (1) :1 31 .

W i lm sen ,E . 1 974 L indenme ie r : AP le is tocene H un t ing S oc ie ty . N ew Y ork : H a rper a nd R ow . W in te rha lde r ,B . a nd E . Sm i th ( Ed i to r s ) 1 981 H un te r -Ga the re rF or ag ing S t ra teg ie s : E thnog r aph ic a nd A r cheo log ica l Ana ly s i s . C h icago : Un iv .o f C h icago P r e s s . Wob s t ,M . 1 974 B ounda ry C ond i t ion sf o rP a leo l i th ic S oc ia lS y s tems : as imu la t ion a pp roach . Amer ican A n t iqu i ty 3 9 : 1 47 1 78 . Wob s t ,M . 1 976 L oca t iona lR e la t ion sh ip si nP a leo l i th ic S oc ie ty . J ou r . o fH uman E vo lu t ion . 5 :4 9 -58 . Wob s t ,M . 1 977 S tyl i s t ic B ehav io ra nd I n fo rma t ion E xchange .I n F o rt h eD ir ec to r . R e sea r ch E s say si nH ono ro fJ ames B enne t tG r iff in . Un iv . o fM ich igan Museum o f A n th ropo logy ,p ape rn o . 6 1 p p . 3 17 -342 . Woodbum ,J . 1 968 An I n t roduc t ion t oH azda E co logy .I n Man T he H un te r . R .B . L ee a nd I .D eVo re e d i to r s . C h icago : A ld ine . p p .4 9 -55 . Woodbum ,J . 1 972 E co logy ,N omad ic Movemen t , a nd t h eC ompo s i t ion o f t h eL oca lG roup a mong H un te r sa nd G a the r e r s .I n Man , S e t t lemen ta nd U rban is im . P .U cko e ta l . N ew Y o rk : S chenkman p p . 1 93 -206 . Wynn ,T . 1 979 T he I n te l l igence o fL a te rA cheu lean H om in id s . Man ( N .S . ) 1 4 : 3 71-391 . Y elen ,J .E . 1 977 A r chaeo log ica l Approache st ot h eP re sen t . Mode l s f o rR econ s t ruc t ing t h eP a s t . N ew Y o rk : A cadem ic P r e s s . Y elen ,J .a nd H . H a rpend ing 1 972 H un te r -Ga the re rP opu la t ion s a nd A rchaeo log ica l I n f e r ence . Wor ld A rch .4 (2 ) : 2 44 -253 .

Y elen , . E .a nd R . B . L ee 1 976 T he D obe -Du /da E nv ironmen t . B ackg round t o aH un t ing a nd G a the r ing Way o fL if e .I nK a laha r i Hun ter G a the r e r s . S tud ie so ft h e ! Kung S an a nd T he i r N e ighbou r s . C amb r idge Ma s s : H a rva rd Un iv .P r e s s . p p . 2 7 -46 . Y oung , D .E . 1 976 T he R e levance o fC ogn i t ive A n th ropo logy f o rt h e I n terp r e ta t ion o fA r chaeo log ica lD a ta .I n P r im i t ive A r ta nd T echno logy . J . S . R aymond e ta l . e d i to r s . Un iv . o fC a lga ry A r chaeo log ica lA s soc . Z aou l i ,J . 1 976 C on t r ibu t ion s al ' e tude d el a Ma lacof aune Q ua t ema ire d el ' oued E l A ka r i t( Sud T un is ien ) . H a l io t is 6 :2 33 -239 .

Append ix A FAUNAL L ISTS ( FRAG MENT COUNTS ) FRO M S ITES STUDIED

S pecies

L evels

Medjez I I Main Trench) 0 5 07 51 001 255 0 7 5 1 00 1 25 1 50

1 501 75

1 752 00

Alcelaphus buselaphus

1

5

2

3

1

-

2

1

4

4

4

2

2

2

-

1

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

3

2

-

-

2

-

1

-

G azelle s p. Bos primigenius Bos

s p.

S us scrofa Ammotragus l ervia

7

Ovis s p. Camelus s p. Lepus kabylicus

1 3

1 7

2 1

9

2 8

8

1 5

Aethechinus algirus

2

3

1

1

H istrix s p.

2 S pecies

L evels

2 00- 2 25- 2 502 25 2 50 2 75

2 753 00

3 003 25

3 253 50

2 0

1 7

Alcelaphus buselaphus

-

5

4

3 1

2

2

1

1 8

1

-

1

1

2 0

6

-

-

1

-

-

-

7

-

-

-

-

7

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

-

-

-

1

-

-

8

9

4

1

2

1

G azelle s p. 1 1

Bos primigenius

1

Bos s p. Sus scrofa Ammotragus l ervia Ovis s p.

3

Camelus s p. Lepus kabylicus

1 0

1 3

2 3

Aethechinus a lgirus

-

4

1

H istrix s p.

( J .

B ouchud i n C amps-Fabrei 1 975:391)

3 503 80

Species Rhinocerous s imus

Vaufrey'a Sites EMK RED BKH R EL(T)

Equus mauritanicus Sus scrofa Connochoetes t aurinus Alcelaphus buselaphus G azella

c uvieri

G azella

dorcas

Bos primigenius Bos ibericus Bubalis antiquus Ovis

tragelaphus

Ovis s p. Lepus kabylicus

( Vaufrey

1 955:394) Abri Clariond Levels

Species

C l

C 2

C3

Equides 2

5

2

Antilopides 2 Oryx leucorix 1 G azella

c uvieri > 1

>1

>1

Alcelaphus buselaphus 2

>1

1

Ruminant 1 Ammotragus l ervia 1

1

1

2

5

1

Lagomides Gazella

dorcas >1

Herrison 6 ( Passemard ,

E .

and L .

1 948)

>1

RHL REU HAM ASD

Site 1 2 Erinaceus a lgirus

( only teeth or

jaw fragments)

3 3 Crocidura

sussulus 1 1

Lepus kabylicus 8 2 Sus

scrofa 4

Bos primigenius 2 7 Alcelaphus buselaphus 1 89 G azella

dorcas

G azella

cuvieri

2 5 2 2 Ammotragus

l ervia 6

Equus mauritanicus 3 1 Equus asinus 3 0 Hystrix cristata 1 1 ( Romer,

A .

i n Pond e t

a/.

1 928(?):184)

Khanguet El Mouhadad Alcelaphus buselaphus 2 4 Equus mauritanicus 5 Bos primigenius 3 Gazella

cuvieri

Gazella

dorcas

4 4 Ammotragus

l ervia 1

Connochoetes

t aurinus 1

Lepus kabylicus 6 Erinaceus

a lgirus 2

( Morel

1 953:116-117)

Species Equus mauritanicus

Dra-Mta-El-Ma-El-Abiod F ragments MNI 2 8

2

2 1

2

Bos primigenius Alcelaphus buselaphus 3 26 G azella

dorcas

G azella

c uvieri

G azella

sp.

.

9

2 5

2

1 7

1

1

1

7

2

2

1

Ammotragus l ervia Erinaceus a lgirus Lepus

c apensis 4 0

1 0

5 85

1 8

T estudo mauritanica

( Morel

1 974:307-313)

Ain Nisteheyia ( 1976) L evels 0 3 04 05 06 03 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0

S pecies

7 08 0

8 09 09 0 1 00

Equus mauritanicus -

-

1

-

4

1

7

5

_

1

-

2

2

2

•

. . le

• MO

«MP

• •••

• • ••

-

-

2

2

5

-

1

-

1

3

_

-

4

5

4

. . I.

M ID

e l l »

MI.

••• •

.M•

-

-

1

4

1

1

1 2

1 0

4 7

5 7

A lcelaphus buselaphus . 20

4 1

3 2

3 9

L arge B ovid 1

3

-

2

5

1

4

-

-

2

S mall B ovid G azella s p . Ammotragus l ervia L agomorphs 1 6

A etechinus a lgirus

4

1 5

-

2

1

4

T urtle

S pecies

L evels 1 00- 1 10- 1 20- 1 30- 1 40- 1 50- 1 60- 1 701 10 1 20 1 30 1 40 1 50 1 60 1 70 1 75

Equus mauritanicus 6

1 1

1 5

1 5

7 2

3 8

3 4

5

A lcelaphus buselaphus 4 9

2 4

6

L arge B ovid 9

3

1 6

1 2

6

5

4

2

2

3

3

1

3

S mall B ovid 1 G azella s p . 2

8

Ammotragus l ervia 1

L agomorphs 6

2

2

2

3

1

5

4

2

3

Aetechinus a lgirus T urtle

( Lubell N D:

T able 7 )

5

El Ma tta Levels G rande P lateT ranchee f orme

S pecies

Tranchee d e l a Vulve

Equus mauritanicus 3

> 5

1

G azella d orcas 7

3

G azella sp . 7 Bos primigenius 6 Ammotragus l ervia 4

1

4

3

Lepus k abylicus Alcelaphus buselaphus 2 2 Hystrix cristata 1 T estudo ibera 6 ( Gobert

1 952:58-59)

3

Appendix B RESULTS OF SAMPLING EXPERIMENT

I nt h i s e xpe r imen t c omp le te ly r andom s amp le s o ft h e b l ank s f r om Med jez I w e re c ompa r ed t o s amp les s e lec ted u s ing t h e s amp l ing m e thod w h ich Ih ave u sed i nt h e f i e ld . A l l s amp le s w e re s e lec ted u s ing t h e c ompu te r . T he c omp le te ly r a ndom s amp le i sl a beled 1 wh i le t h e s amp le o b ta ined u s ing my me thod i sl a beled 2 . T he f i e ld m e thod w h ich Ih ave e mp loyed i sa sf olow s : P iece s f r om au n i t b ag o r s e ve r a l b ags w er e l a yed o u to n as h ee t wh ich h ad 1 00 n umbe red s qua r es d rawn o n i t ; ar a ndom n umbe r t a b le w a s t h en u sed t os e lec tt h e a pp rop r ia te n umbe r o fs qua re s a nd t h e p i ece s i nt ho se s qua r e s w e re a na lyzed . T h is w a sr e pea ted u n t i la l lt h em a te r ia lh ad b een s amp led .

Results of T-Tests 25 % Samples Variable:

L ength

S ample

N

Mean

S TD

Variances

T

DF

Prob > I TI

1

6 18

2 6.69

1 0.44

unequal

0 .55

1 217.7

0 .5791

2

6 04

2 6.35

1 0.66

equal

0 .55

1 220.0

0 .5790

Variable:

Width

S ample

N

Mean

S TD

Variances

T

DF

Prob > I TI

1

6 18

1 3.44

4 .44

unequal

1 .12

1 219.8

0 .2608

2

6 04

1 3.15

4 .39

equal

1 .12

1 220.0

0 .2609

Variable:

Thickness

Sample

N

Mean

S TD

"Variances

T

DF

Prob > I TI

1

6 18

4 .52

2 .08

unequal

1 .50

1 218.9

0 .1330

2

6 03

4 .34

2 .01

equal

1 .50

1 220.0

0 .1332

1 0 % Variable:

Length

S ample

N

Mean

S TD

Samples

Variances

T

DF

P rob > I TI

1

2 31

2 5.87

1 1.52

unequal

0.99

4 68.3

0 .3191

2

2 42

2 6.91

1 1.19

equal

0.99

4 71.0

0 .3187

Variable:

Width

S ample

N

Mean

S TD

Variances

T

DF

P rob > I TI

1

2 31

1 3.00

4 .08

unequal

0.33

4 69.0

0 .7409

2

2 42

1 3.14

4 .57

equal

0.33

4 71.0

0 .7415

Variable:

Thickness

S ample

N

Mean

S TD

Variances

T

D F

P rob > I TI

1

2 31

4 .22

2 .00

unequal

1.50

4 69.1

0 .1339

2

2 41

4 .50

2 .00

equal

1.50

4 70.0

0 .1339

Appendix C RADIO-CARBON DATES FROM S ITES STUDIED

A ll dates

1 -7690 1 -7691 1 -8398 1 -9781 1 -9782 1 -9783 1 -9784 1 -9785 1 -9786 1 -9824 1 -9825 1 -9826

a re uncorrected 5 570 half-life d eterminations. Ain Misteheyia

7 280±115 9 280±135 8 835±140 7 725±120 7 640±115 7 990±125 8 125±125 9 430±150 9 615±155 9 805±160 9 590±155 9 130±150

J 9 J 9 J 9 K 10 L 9

4 0-45 1 25-135 8 0-90 5 0-60 4 8-55

M 8 L 11 M 10 K 9 K 12 K 10 K 8

9 0-100 9 5-105 1 30-140 1 40-145 1 45-150 1 50-155 1 40-150

cm

All dates a re on s nail s hell ( Lubell e t a /. i n press)

Kef Zoura D 1 -9835 5 965±115 1 -9836 6 485±125 1 -9837 6 505±125 6 575±170 1 -9838 SMU 1 520±170 099 6 098 6 SMU 1 750±70 SMU 1 081 7 150±200 750±50 SMU 1 082 7 SMU 1 084 6 620±110 SMU 1 120 7 350±50 095 7 590±60 SMU 1 121 8 SMU 1 390±170 SMU 1 154 6 770±90 210±340 SMU 1 096 7 12 SMU 7 9 385±133 04 SMU 7 8 576±148 108 9 SMU 1 100±130

9 0-95 cm ( D.B.D) Main excavation 1 25-130" " " " V I 1 45-150 1 65-170 1 20 S quare E 20 Humates f rom SMU 1 099 1 35 Square E 2OD 8 1-104 F 2OB 1 14-118 F 2OD G 21A 8 5-88 1 10-122 G 20C G 20C 1 38 E 20C 1 23 E 20A T 20/5 ( C. typique) 2 70-280 2 50 h earth I t I T 2 60-270

All c harcoal d ates e xcept S -MU 1 082, SMU 1 108 ( Lubell e t a l. i n press; L ubell pers. c omm . 1 983)

Haua Fteah

- 2 71

-

GRN 3 541 GRN 3 167 8 9

7 000±110 8 400±150 7 300±150

All charcoal dates ( Vogel a nd Waterbolk

i nterface o f top o f l ayer Layer 1 0

l ayers 8 &10 ( neolithic) 1 0 ( Libyco-Capsian) 1

i t

I

1

1 963:170-172)

S ite 1 2 SMU SMU

1 132 1 135

7 330±387 7 780±247

L evel L evel

0 3 0 4

( Upper S tage) ( Top o f L ower

S tage)

All Charcoal dates ( unpublished )

Medjez G if G if G if G if G if G if G if G if MC MC MC MC MC

4 62 8 85 8 86 8 87 8 88 8 89 1 454 1 455 2 13 2 14 3 18 3 19 3 20

6 620±150 7 680±500 7 900±180 8 270±185 7 780±180 8 480±300 6 600±400 7 200±300 7 860±120 7 200±120 7 030±120 7 570±160 8 230±120

2 5-75cm 9 0 1 00 1 00-130 1 80 2 30-320 3 00-325 3 25-350

MC MC MC

3 21 3 22 3 25

7 280±140 7 610±140 7 860±130

1 75-200 2 00-225 2 25-250

MC MC MC MC

3 26 3 27 3 13 7 51

8 550±150 8 860±150 7 860±120 6 500±150

2 75-300 3 00-325 1 00

I I

1 80-190 1 00-125 1 25-150 1 50-175

All c harcoal d ates ( Delibrias e t a l. 1 972:292; T hommeret a nd T hommeret 1 969: 1 24; T hommeret a nd T hommeret 1 973:241-251)

El Mekta 8 400±400 Charcoal ( Kulp e t

a l.

1 952)

platform t rench

( C.

s updrieur)

1 1

Dra-Mta-El-Ma-El-Abiod L MC MC MC MC MC

1 33 6 25 6 26 6 27 6 28 6 29

7 000±200 7 090±110 7 070±120 7 000±110 7 280±120 7 090±110

All charcoal dates ( Morel 1 976; Kulp e t

base L 3 0 4 Q 4 Q 5 Q 6

a /.

o f Q

1 952)

Khanguet El Mouha t id 7 300±300 Charcoal ( Kulp e t

a l.

3 .60

cm

1 952)

Relilai G if G if G if G if G if G if G if G if G if Gif G if

1 714 1 715 1 896 1 898 1 897 1 899 1 900 1 901 1 902 2 120 2 121

7 760±180 8 180±180 7 850±150 7 950±150 8 380±150 7 300±140 7 800±140 8 100±150 8 350±150 8 180±150 8 840±160

phase

I V

C .

phase

I II

"

C .

typique

s up6rieur

phase

IV C . I II " phase I I " phase I " I f

All charcoal dates ( Delibrias e t a l. 1 974:41-42)

typique

7 0-80 1 60

cm

Appendix D LIST OF

SITE CODES

Codes Used When Referring to Complete AMT

Ain Misteheyia,

ACL

Abri

ASD

Ain

DMA

Dra-Mta-El-Ma-El-Abiod c s

EMK

El Mekta,

Gobert's

EML

El Mekta,

Vaufrey's

HAM

Hamda

HFT

Haua

KEN

Khanguet

KZD

Kef

Z oura D c s Z oura D c t

Sendes

Kef

Medjez

RED

Redeyef

REL

Relilai,

RLN

Rhilane Site Bir

FEK

Fedj

c sl

c t excavations

c s

excavations

and c t

c t

c s

KZT

1 2A

author

and c t

Fteah

MJ2

BKH

sample measured by the

Clariond c s

Sites

El Mouhaäd c s

I I

1 2,

c s c t Vaufrey's

c s

and

c t

trench A c s

Khanfous, el

excavations

c s trapeze

Kerker n ,

sample

burin

c s

s ample

ct

Codes Used When Referring to S tages Within ACU ACL

Abri

Clariond Upper,

levels

Abri

Clariond Lower,

Level

AMT

Ain Misteheyia t v U

AMU

c l

Upper,

AML

Lower,

s tudied by the I t

data provided by "

EMU

El Mekta

Upper

EML

El Mekta

Lower

REU

Relilai

Upper

c s

REL

Relilai

Lower

c t

1 2U

S ite

1 2A Upper

levels

0 2

and

0 3

1 2A

Site

1 2A Lower

l evels

0 4

and

0 5

sup &ieur

and c t=

1

cs=

C .

and c 2

c 3

Lower, s ample Upper,

AM CS

c t

C .

Sites

typique.

author I t

Lubell e l

f t

Appendix E ATTRIBUTE LISTS

These

l ists

c lass, i ned

the

a re

a c opy c ost),

all

i ncluding those

i n

l ists

c ontain

monograph

o nly

o f

the

the n ot

are

used

comprehensive

( in

i n

defined

i ntended a s data

a ttributes

a guide

SAS

this i n

s tudy.

the

f or

each

Attributes

r elavent

chapter.

l ists

on

tape,

and

S hared by a ll Artifact

1 -3

S ite

4 -7

Square

8 -11

I .

1 2-14

Level

D .

and definitions

Classes.

Number

1 5-16 X 1 7-18

Y

1 9-21

Z

Blanks

2 2 D ebitage Type

1 -blade

2 -bladelet - 2 75

examThese

available

vided with the data. Code

a rtifact

f or those who may wish to have

databases

a ttribute

s tudied

-

3 -flake

4 -chunk

a t

w ill be pro-

5 -crested Blade

6 -core

r ejuvenation t op

7 -core r ejuvenation s ide 2 3

S ection

1 -whole

2 -distal

3 -medial

2 4-26

Maximum l ength mm

2 7-28

Maximum w idth

2 9-30

Maximum thickness mm

3 1

P latform Type

4 -proximal

mm

1 -punctiform 2 -flat

3 -crushed 4 -cortex

5 -irregular 3 2

P latform Preparation

1 -None

2 -faceted 3 -ground 4 -faceted

a nd g round 3 3 P latform Edge Dorsal 3 4

R ing Cracks

3 5-36

1 -present

2 -absent

Bulb T hickness Maximum mm.

3 7

P latform L ip Dorsal

3 8

Bulbar

S car

3 9 R ibbing 4 0

1 -step f racturing 2 -trimmed 3 -none

1 -present

1 -prominent

Dorsal Arris

1 -present

1 -1

2 -absent

2 -absent

2 -visible

2 -2

3 -Y

3 -none

s haped 4 -more than

2 5 -none

6 -cortex 4 1

P lan

S hape

1 -parallel edges ( to proximal

2 -expanding 3 -converging

end )

4 -converging/expanding

5 -Irregualr 4 2

T ermination

4 3

Raw Material

1 -feather 1 -flint

4 4-45 Predominate 4 6-47

Exotic

2 -hinge 2 -chert

c olour

r ange

C olour Range

Burnt

4 9 O chre

1 -yes

( site

5 -overpassed

2 -absent

- 2 76

-

c odes)

3 -grey

4 -brown

7 -yellow 8 -green

1 1-pink

2 -no

1 -present

s pecific

2 -white

6 -orange

1 0-purple

4 -blunt

3 -limestone

1 -black

5 -red

4 8

3 -step

1 2-mottled

9 -blue

5 0-53 Date measured 5 4 a nalyst

Cores

2 2

Type

1 -changed direction 2 -single

3 -multiple

4 -opposed s ame 5 _90osame

( alternating platform ) ( no prefered orientation)

f ace

f ace

6 -opposed and

9 0°

7 -irregular 8 -levallois-like 9 -unstruck

c rested

A-opposed opposite 2 3

S hape

f ace

1 -rectangular 2 -globular 3 -discoidal 4 -pyramidal 5 -tabular 6 -boat

s haped o r k eeled

2 4-26 Maximum l ength mm. 2 7-29 Maximum width

mm .

3 0-32 Maximum thickness mm . 3 3

Number

o f platforms

w ith more than

3 4 Major P latform preparation

1 -hat

3 r emovals

f aceting

2 -invasive

edge

3 -rejuvenation

r etouch s car

( concave)

4 -none 3 5 Major P latform S hape

1 -flat

3 6-38 Major P latform Angle

2 -concave

( average

3 -convex

f or the platform )

3 9 Major P latform Primary D ebitage T ype

1 -blades 3 -both

- 2 78

-

4 -irregular

2 -flakes

4 0 Major P latform Edge

T rimming

4 1

Parallel Removals

4 2

P ercentage

4 3

C ompleteness E stimate

4 4

S igns

o f

1 -present

( including t races)

S urface U tilized 1 -25% 1 -whole

o f Punch T echnique

2 -absent

1 -present 2 -50%

2 -absent

3 -75%

4 -100%

2 -broken 3 -overpassed

( pitted platforms)

1 -present 2 -absent

4 5

C ortex

1 -present

4 6 Material 4 7

S ource

Raw Material

Predominant

5 0-51

Exotic

C olour

C olours

4 8

Burnt

1 -yes

4 9

O chre

1 -present

5 4

1 -pebble

( see blanks)

( see blanks)

2 -no

Date measured

a nalyst

2 -tabular

( see b lanks)

4 8-49

5 0-53

2 -absent

2 -absent

3 -unkown

Burins

2 2

D ebitage Type

2 3

S ection

1 -4

1 -7

a s

a s

f or blanks

f or blanks

5 -medial/distal

2 4-26

Maximum l ength mm

2 7-28

Maximum w idth

2 9-30

Maximum thickness mm

3 1

P latform Type

8 -overpassed 9 -spall

mm

1 -punctiform 2 -flat

3 -crushed 4 -cortex

5 -irregular 3 2

Platform Preparation

1 -None

2 -faceted 3 -ground 4 -faceted

a nd ground 3 3

P latform Edge D orsal

3 4

R ing C racks

3 5-36

1 -present

f racturing 2 -trimmed 3 -none

2 -absent

Bulb T hickness Maximum mm.

3 7

Platform L ip Dorsal

3 8

Bulbar

3 9 Ribbing 4 0

1 -step

S car

1 -present

1 -present

1 -prominent

Dorsal Arris

1 -1

2 -absent

2 -visible

2 -2

2 -absent

3 -Y

3 -none

s haped

4 -more than 2 5 -none

6 -cortex 4 1

P lan

S hape

1 -parallel

edges

( to p roximal

end )

2 -expanding 3 -converging 4 -converging/expanding

5 -Irregular 4 2

T ermination

4 3-44 4 5

Tixier

4 7

2 -hinge

o f B urin

f ollowing a re ( 61)

3 -step

4 -blunt

5 -overpassed

T ype

L ocation o f B urin F acets

4 6 Number T he

1 -feather

1 -distal

2 -proximal

3 -both

f acets c oded both

S pall Removal

f or

S urface

d istal and

( proximal).

1 -concave t runcation 2 -straight

- 2 80

-

t runcation

3 -oblique truncation 4 -break 5 -spall 6 -convex t runcation 4 8

( 62)

Removal

S urface Retouch

1 -none

2 -abrupt/normal

3 -abrupt/battered 4 -invasive 5 -clactonian

n otch

6 -semi-abrupt 4 9

( 63)

Orientation o f

T runcation

1 -assymmetrical

l eft

2 -assymmetrical

right

3 -symmetrical 5 0-51 5 2

( 64-65)

( 66)

Maximum Thickness

a long the

L ocation o f Maximum Thickness 1 -left 2 -right

Truncation

mm.

along the T runcation l ateral l ateral

3 -central 4 -equal 5 3-54 L eft 5 5

( 67-68) L ateral

( 69)

5 6-57

Maximum D epth o f T runcation

Macro-chipping o f the Burin Facet 2 -ventral

4 -tip d own 7 -tip out 1 3-3&4

5 8

Lateral

( 72)

5 9-60

i nvasive

5 -ventral 8 -2

1 4-4&7

9 -2&4 1 5-3&6

o ut

above

- 2 81

-

i nvasive

6 -dorsal out 1 1-4&6

1 6-2&4&3&6

above

Macro-chipping a s

3 -dorsal

1 0-2&3&4

L ocus

Resharpening a s

( 73-74)

of mm.

o f R esharpenings

1 -none

R ight

1 0th's

L ocus

number

( 70-71)

in

1 2-3&4&7

7 5-76 Associated T ool Edge

1 -none 4 -notch

2 -utilized 3 -retouched 5 -backed 6 -scraper

7 -endscraper 8 -4

9 -4&2

on a backed blade

1 0-4&5

1 2-denticulate 7 7

Burnt

1 -yes

7 8

Ochre

1 -present

7 9-83 8 4

2 -no

Date measured

analyst

2 -absent

1 1-3&5

1 3-notched e nd

Backed Bladelets

2 2-24 2 5

Tixier Type

D ebitage Type

1 -bladelet 4 -burin

2 6

S ection

s pall

1 -whole 2 -distal 5 -distal/medial

2 7

2 -flake

F ragment

S tatus

i st

3 -crested blade 5 -burin

3 -medial

s pall

2 nd

4 -proximal

6 -proximal/medial

1 -definite backed bladelet 2 -possible backed bladelet 3 -broken backed piece

2 8-30

Maximum l ength

3 1-32

Maximum w idth

3 3-34

Maximum thickness

3 5 Ribbing a s 3 6

Dorsal Arris

3 7-38 3 9

f or blanks a s

f or blanks

Degree o f Curvature of Whole pieces

S hape o f Backed Edge

1 -straight

5 -irregular Backed Edge R etouch Type

1 -sur

o f mm.

2 -curved d istal&proximal

3 -curved one

4 0

in 1 0th's

end 4 -concave 6 -obtuse angle

enclume

3 -abrupt

2 -abrupt

f eather

s tep

4 -semi-abrupt

f eather

5 -ouchtata 6 -sur 4 1

Backed Edge R etouch D irection

enclume/abrupt 1 -obverse

2 -inverse

3 -bifacial 4 2

Extent

o f Backing

1 -total

2 -partial

3 -partial medial 5 -partial

d istal 4 -partial proximal

d istal/medial

- 2 83

-

4 -alternating

6 -partial proximal/medial 7 -distal/proximal 4 3

Regularity of Backing

1 -regular

2 -irregular

4 4-45 Maximum Thickness

of the Backed Edge mm.

4 6

( acute point)

T reatment

o f the Tip

1 -none

2 -backed

3 -backed and obverse r etouch on the

opposite

edge 4 - a s

a bove w ith

inverse

r etouch 5 -backed and bifacial 6 -backed and alternating 7 -Ain Khanga H ook 4 7

Base Treatment

( wide point)

1 -unretouched 2 -rounded 3 -truncated w ith angle on the backed edge 4 -truncted with angle on the edge opposite backing 5 -V-truncation

( chacal)

6 -concave a ssymmetrical 7 -squared 8 -concave 9 -curved backing and r etouch up the Treatment

o f edge

o ther

opposite backing- Medial 1 -none 2 -obverse 4 -bifacial

Treatment

s ide

3 -inverse

5 -alternating

of edge opposite backing- Proximal 1 -none

2 -obverse

4 -bifacial

- 2 84

-

3 -inverse

5 -alternating

Small

notch a t base on edge opposite backing 1 -present

5 1

S hape o f

edge o pposite backing

2 -absent

1 -straight 3 -convex

2 -concave

4 -irregular

5 -conave/convex 5 2

L ocus

o f Backing

( technological o rientation) 1 -undetermined 2 -right

5 3 Microburin Facet 5 4 Mastic

2 -absent

1 -none 2 -tip 3 -backed edge

5 5 Raw Material 5 6-57

1 -present

1 -flint

Predominate

2 -chert

c olour

r ange

5 8-59 Exotic Colour Range

P ossible

6 1

Burnt

1 -yes

6 2

Ochre

1 -present

6 3-66 6 7

Heat

T reatment

5 -other

edge

3 -limestone ( site

5 -red 6 -orange

6 0

4 -base

s pecific

1 -black 2 -white

1 0-purple

3 -left

3 -grey

4 -brown

7 -yellow 8 -green

1 1-pink

1 -yes

codes)

9 -blue

1 2-mottled

2 -no

2 -no 2 -absent

Date measured

a nalyst

6 8-69 Alternate T ype Number 7 1-72 Maximum Thickness Note

o f Base mm .

S tandard orientation f or

d orsal

s ide up a nd w idest

a ll backed bladlets

end proximal;

s triking platform proximal.

a ttribute

i s 5 2

i s

GEOMETRICS

2 2-24

Tixier T ype

2 5

D ebitage Type

2 6

S ection

1 -bladelet

1 -whole

2 -flake

2 -distal

5 -distal/medial

3 -medial

4 -proximal

6 -proximal/medial

2 7-29 Maximum l ength mm. 3 0-31 Maximum width mm . 3 2-33 Maximum thickness 3 4

R ibbing

3 5

Dorsal Arris

mm .

s ee blanks s ee blanks

3 6 Orientation o f Arris

1 -point

to edge 2 -edge to edge

3 -both 3 7

Curvature o f Blank

3 8

S ide

of

1 -flat

2 -curved

L ong Retouched edge

LOCUS

I ( II,

I II,

3 9-40

( 56-57,

1 -none

2 -right

3 -left

IV )

7 3-74,

9 0-91)

1 -none

Retouch Type

2 -sur enclume

4 -semi-abrupt 6 -ouchtata

3 -abrupt

5 -invasive

7 -abrupt-semi-abrupt

8 -abrupt/sur

enclume

9 -semi-abrupt/sur e nclume 1 0-abrupt/invasive w ith ventral f racture 4 1

( 58,

7 5,

9 2)

Retouch Direction 1 -none

4 2

( 59,

7 6,

9 3)

1 1-clactonian notch

2 -obverse

3 -inverse

4 -bifacial

5 -alternating

6 -bifacial

a nd unifacial

Extent

o f Retouch - 2 86

-

1 -0%

2 -0-25

5 -75-100 4 3

( 60,

7 7,

9 4)

3 -25-50

6 -100

7 -notch

L ocation o f Abrupt R etouch 1 -none

2 -entire edge

maximum thickness 4 4

( 61,

7 8,

4 -50-75

9 5)

Point

3 -area o f

4 -thin a reas

Retouch Type

1 -none

2 -abrupt

4 -invasive

3 -semi-abrupt

5 -ouchtata

6 -rounded

j uncture 4 5

( 62,

7 9,

9 6)

Direction o f P oint R etouch 1 -none

2 -obverse

4 -bifacial 4 6-48 4 9

( 63-65,

( 66,

8 3,

8 0-82,

1 00)

9 7-99)

Edge

3 -inverse

5 -alternating

Angle o f Edge

Shape

1 -straight

I ntersection t o

2 -concave

4 -denticulate

50

3 -convex

5 -irregular

6 -shouldered 7 -S-shaped 8 -double

s houldered

5 0-51

( 67-68,

8 4-85,

1 01-102)

Edge L ength mm.

5 2-53

( 69-70,

8 6-87,

1 03-104)

Depth of

5 4 5 5

( 71,

8 8,

( 72,

8 9,

1 05)

Microburin Facet

1 06)

Mastic

1 07

R egularity o f R etouch

1 08

S ide B acked

c urvature

1 -present

1 -present 1 -regular

2 -absent

2 -absent 2 -irregular

( Technological O rientation) 1 -undetermined 2 -right

1 09

Raw Material

( see blanks)

1 10-111

Predominant

1 12-113

Exotic

1 14

H eat

1 15

Burnt

Colour

C olours

T reatment 1 -yes

1 0th's mm .

( see blanks)

( see blanks)

1 -present

2 -absent

2 -no

- 2 87

-

3 -left

1 16

Ochre

1 17-120

1 -present

2 -absent

Date measured

1 21

analyst

1 22

Orientation of

S ides

and Arris

( short

1 -sides

and a rris parallel

2 -sides

and a rris

3 -sides

and arris expanding

1 23-125 Alternate Type Number

c onverging

s ide proximal)

Appendix F BURIN ATTRIBUTES

Burins S ite ACL AMT EMI EMK K ZT MJ2 REL AM

B lank Types

S tage L L L L L L L L

N 1 6 2 0 1 25 7 5 1 81 3 17 1 04 1 71

B lade 7 5.0 8 5.0 7 6.8 6 9.3 7 9.0 8 1.0 6 5.4 7 1.9

F lake 1 2.5 1 0.0 1 4.4 2 6.7 1 7.1 7 .3 2 0.2 2 8.1

Chunk 1 2.5 5 .0 8 .8 4 .0 3 .9 1 1.7 1 4.4 ?

ACL AMT

U U

7 7 3 5

5 3.2 7 1.4

4 0.3 1 1.4

6 .5 1 7.1

DMA EMK

U U

1 07 2 7

8 2.2 7 0.4

8 .4 2 2.2

9 .3 7 .4

KEM U 6 9 8 1.2 1 0.1 MJ2 U 2 2 5 4.5 1 3.6 REL U 1 7 7 0.6 5 .9 1 2A U 1 26 8 8.1 6 .3 ASD Q 1 26 7 4.6 1 4.3 FEK Q 7 3 6 7.1 2 8.8 H FT Q 1 10 4 9.1 2 0.9 RED Q 1 19 7 6.5 1 4.3 RHL Q 4 4 7 9.5 6 .8 Burin S PALL PLATFORM T YPE Distal End S ite S tage N T runcated Break ACL L 1 6 7 5.0 2 5.0 AMT L 1 5 7 4.3 2 6.7 EMK L 6 2 9 1.6 6 .4 EMI L 9 3 8 9.3 1 0.7 K ZT L 1 28 8 3.6 1 6.4 REL L 8 5 8 3.5 1 6.5 MJ2 L 2 17 4 6.5 5 3.5 ACL U 6 5 8 6.2 1 3.8 AMT U 2 8 7 5.0 2 5.0 EMK U 1 7 9 4.1 5 .9 REL U 1 4 8 3.5 1 6.5 DMA U 7 6 9 2.1 7 .9 KEM U 5 4 9 0.7 9 .3 MJ2 U 1 6 5 0.0 5 0.0 1 2A U 9 2 7 2.7 2 8.3

8 .7 3 1.8 2 3.5 5 .6 1 1.1 4 .1 3 0.0 9 .2 1 3.6

FEK ASD RED RHL HFT

Q Q Q Q Q

6 0 1 01 9 3 3 1 6 8

9 6.7 9 6.0 8 7.1 9 3.6 7 0.6

3 .3 4 .0 1 2.9 6 .4 2 9.4

Proximal End N Truncated Break 5 1 00 0 .0 7 7 0.4 2 8.6 1 8 7 7.8 2 2.2 4 3 9 0.7 9 .3 6 3 9 0.5 9 .5 3 6 9 1.7 8 .3 1 20 3 9.2 6 0.8 1 7 8 2.4 1 7.6 1 1 8 1.8 1 8.2 1 4 1 00.0 0 .0 4 7 5.0 2 5.0 4 8 8 3.3 1 6.7 2 8 7 1.4 2 8.6 8 5 0.0 5 0.0 6 1 8 2.0 1 8.0 1 5 3 0 3 5 1 7 4 1

6 6.6 9 3.3 8 5.7 6 4.7 5 1.2

3 3.3 6 .7 1 4.3 3 5.3 4 8.8

Type

o f Burination

Distal End S ite ACL ACL AMT AMT ASD DMA EMI EMK EMK

Proximal End

s tage N L 1 3 U 5 8 L 1 1 U 2 1 Q 1 01 U 7 1 L 8 4 L 5 9 U 1 6

Truncation Dihedral 9 2.3 7 .7 9 6.5 3 .5 9 0.9 9 .1 1 00.0 0 .0 9 6.0 4 .0 9 8.6 1 .4 9 8.8 1 .2 9 8.3 1 .7 1 00.0 0 .0

N 5 1 4 5 9 2 8 4 1 3 9 1 4 1 4

T runcation Dihedral 1 00 0 .0 1 00 0 .0 1 00 0 .0 1 00 0 .0 1 00 0 .0 9 7.6 2 .4 1 00.0 0 .0 1 00.0 0 .0 1 00.0 0 .0

FEK HFT

Q Q

6 0 6 1

9 6.7 7 8.7

3 .3 2 1.3

1 0 2 5

1 00.0 8 4.0

0 .0 1 6.0

KEM KZT

U L

5 5 1 09

8 9.1 9 8.2

1 0.9 1 .8

2 0 5 8

1 00.0 9 8.3

0 .0 1 .7

MJ2 MJ2

U L

1 0 1 07

8 0.0 9 4.4

2 0.0 5 .6

4 5 1

1 00.0 9 2.2

0 .0 7 .8

RED REL

Q L

8 2 7 2

9 8.8 9 8.6

1 .2 1 .4

3 0 3 3

1 00.0 1 00.0

0 .0 0 .0

REL RHL 1 2A

U Q U

1 2 3 0 6 7

1 00.0 9 6.7 9 8.5

0 .0 3 .3 1 .5

3 1 2 5 1

1 00.0 9 1.7 9 8.0

0 .0 8 .3 2 .0

Burin T runcation T ype D istal End S ite S tage N C oncave ACL L 1 2 5 0.0 ACL U 5 6 6 4.3 AMT L 1 0 6 0.0 AMT U 2 1 7 1.4 ASD Q 9 7 6 1.9 DMA U 7 0 5 5.7

S traight Oblique c onvex 2 5.0 1 6.7 8 .3 1 7.9 5 .4 1 2.5 3 0.0 1 0.0 0 .0 4 .8 1 4.3 9 .5 2 4.7 1 3.4 0 .0 2 8.6 7 .1 8 .6

EMI EMK EMK

6 0.2 6 5.5 7 5.0

2 6.5 2 2.4 1 8.7

3 .6

9 .6

5 .2 0 .0

6 .9 6 .2

6 2.1 4 5.8 4 6.9 7 0.1 3 7.5 3 6.6 6 1.7 8 3.3 6 0.6 6 2.1 5 6.1

3 1.0 3 3.3 2 8.6 2 1.5 5 0.0 3 3.7 1 6.1 8 .3 3 3.8 1 0.3 2 7.3

3 .4 1 0.4 4 .1 5 .6 1 2.5 9 .9 8 .6 8 .3 4 .2 3 .4 6 .1

3 .4 1 0.4 2 0.4 2 .8 0 .0 1 9.8 1 3.6 0 .0 1 .4 2 4.2 1 0.6

L L U

8 3 5 8 1 6

FEK Q 5 8 H FT Q 4 8 KEM U 4 9 KZT L 1 07 MJ2 U 8 MJ2 L 1 01 RED Q 8 1 REL U 1 2 REL L 7 1 RHL Q 2 9 1 2A U 6 6 Proximal End S ite ACL ACL AMT AMT ASD DMA EMI EMK EMK FEK H FT KEM KZT MJ2 MJ2 RED REL REL RHL 1 2A

S tage L U L U Q U L L U Q Q U L U L Q L U Q U

N 5 1 4 5 9 2 8 4 0 3 9 1 4 1 4 1 0 2 1 2 0 5 7 4 4 7 3 0 3 3 3 1 1 5 0

C oncave 8 0.0 7 1.4 8 0.0 3 3.3 7 1.4 8 0.0 8 2.1 7 1.4 7 8.6 5 0.0 6 6.7 7 0.0 7 5.4 2 5.0 6 3.8 7 3.4 7 5.8 6 6.7 5 4.5 6 8.0

S traight Oblique c onvex 0 .0 2 0.0 0 .0 7 .1 1 4.3 7 .1 0 .0 2 0.0 0 .0 4 4.4 1 1.1 1 1.1 2 1.4 7 .1 0 .0 1 5.0 2 .5 2 .5 1 7.9 0 .0 0 .0 2 8.6 0 .0 0 .0 1 4.3 0 .0 7 .1 4 0.0 1 0.0 0 .0 1 9.0 0 .0 1 4.3 2 0.0 5 .0 5 .0 1 7.5 3 .5 3 .5 0 .0 7 5.0 0 .0 1 0.6 1 2.8 1 2.8 1 3.3 1 3.3 0 .0 1 8.2 6 .1 0 .0 3 3.3 0 .0 0 .0 3 6.4 9 .1 0 .0 1 4.0 1 4.0 4 .0

Number o f B urin Facet R esharpenings p er L ocus S ingle B urins Multiple B urins L eft L ateral D istal Number N % Number N % 0 3 62 6 7.9 0 2 56 6 7.2 1 1 25 2 3.4 1 8 8 2 3.1 2 3 3 6 .2 2 2 4 6 .3 3 9 1 .7 3 1 0 2 .6 4 2 0 .4 4 3 0 .8 5 1 0 .2 7 1 0 .2 R ight L ateral Number N % Number N % 0 2 46 6 3.2 0 2 04 6 2.4 1 1 04 2 6.7 1 8 7 2 6.6 2 2 2 5 .6 2 2 0 6 .1 3 1 5 3 .8 3 1 2 3 .7 4 2 0 .5 4 3 0 .9 6 1 0 .3 L eft L ateral P roximal End Number N % Number N % 0 1 01 6 2.3 0 1 31 6 5.8 1 4 5 2 7.8 1 5 1 2 5.6 2 1 0 6 .2 2 6 3 .0 3 5 3 .1 3 8 4 .0 4 1 0 .6 4 3 1 .5 R ight L ateral 0 1 07 6 2.2 0 1 17 5 8.5 1 3 6 2 0.9 1 5 7 2 8.5 2 1 1 6 .4 2 1 5 7 .5 3 1 3 7 .5 3 9 4 .5 4 3 1 .7 4 2 1 .0 5 1 0 .6 6 1 0 .6

Appendix G BACKED BLADELET ATTRIBUTES

D imensions o f C omplete B acked B ladlets I L ENGTH I W IDTH IT hickness 1 1 I ME-1 1 I ME-1 1 I ME-I 1N I AN 1 CV I N I AN 1 CV 1 N I AN I CV + + + + + + + + + T ixier T ype 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4

I I 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 1 I1 871 2 91 3 01 1 8716.81 3 41 1 8713.31 3 6 + ----+-.+---+----+---+---+----+---+ --I 4 91 2 91 3 01 4 917.41 3 41 4 913.41 3 8 + ----+---+-.-+----+---+---+----+---+ --11 831 2 91 2 51 1 8315.91 2 81 1 8312.71 2 8 + ----+---+---+---+-.-+---+----+---+ --1 2 21 3 11 2 61 2 215.61 2 51 2 213.01 2 6 + ----+.--+---+----+---+---+---+---+ --1 2 21 3 31 2 81 2 216.31 3 41 2 212.61 3 1 + ----+---+---+----+---+---+---+---+ --1 1 11 2 01 1 41 1 115.31 4 01 1 112.41 3 4 + ----+---+ ---+----+---+---+----+-.-+ --1 3 11 2 71 2 41 3 115.91 3 11 3 112.91 3 0 + ----+---+---+----+---+---+----+.--+ --1 3 61 2 71 2 51 3 614.71 3 01 3 612.81 3 3 + ----+---+---+----+---+---+---.+---+ --11 301 2 91 2 41 1 3016.61 3 01 1 3013.51 3 4 + ----+---+---+----+---+---+----+---+ --I 2 51 3 31 2 51 2 516.21 3 41 2 514.21 3 6 + ----+---+---+----+---+---+----+---+ --I1 191 3 01 2 91 1 191 1 01 2 31 1 1913.61 4 3 + ----+. -+. -+----+---+---+----+---+ --I2 551 2 71 2 71 2 5517.81 3 31 2 5513.51 3 6 + ----+---+---+--.-+---+---+----+---+--. I 8 91 2 91 2 61 8 919.51 2 81 8 914.01 3 5 + ----+---+---+----+-.-+---+----+---+ ---I 9 41 2 61 2 51 9 417.21 3 51 9 413.31 3 8 + ----+---+---+ -.--+---+---+----+---+ --1 2 01 2 91 3 11 2 019.01 4 01 2 014.11 4 8 + ----+---+---+----+---+---+----+---+ --I 1 41 2 51 2 31 1 417.31 2 31 1 413.61 3 2 + ----+---+---+--.-+---+---+----+---+ --1 1 31 2 91 3 11 1 317.51 3 21 1 313.21 4 0 + ----+---+---+----+---+---+----+---+ --1 8 81 3 01 2 61 8 818.51 2 51 8 813.21 3 2 + ---+---+---+----+---+---+----+---+--1 2 81 3 31 3 31 2 819.91 2 91 2 813.31 4 0 + ----+---+.-+----+---+---+----+---+--1 9 71 3 11 2 61 9 71 1 01 3 01 9 713.11 4 0 - 2 93 -

+ ----+---+---+----+--+---+----+---+ --6 5

3 1 2 71 3 01 3 19.31 1 21 3 13.71 1 6 + ----+---+.--+----+---+---+----+---+ .- -

6 6 6 7

+

9 81 2 61 3 11 + + +

9 818.21 3 11 + + +

9 813.51 3 1 + +

1

2 61

2 61

2 613.51

3 21

2 91

1 01

3 41

2 7

CONTINUED)

i mensions o f C omplete B acked B ladlets LENGTH

N

T ixier T ype

WIDTH

I ME-I I AN I CV

I I

N

1 1 I 1 1 I 6 1 2 41 3 71

6 8

I Thickness

ME-I I AN I CV

I I

1 1 I I 1 I 6 16.51 2 91

6 9

I

1 1

2 41

1 1

7 0

I

2 1

2 91

2 21

2 18.51

4 21

1 20

I

1 01

3 21

2 61

1 018.71

2 51

A LL

16591

2 91

2 81165917.71

Backed Bladelets S ite ACL

A CU

N

7 1 1 32

Extent

N

5 .01

1 1 1 1 6 1 3.01 3 7

1 2.01

. 1

Not

1 9.7 1 0.6

AMT

4 0

7 7.5

2 2.5

ASD

D MA E MK EMU H AM

1 81 2 51 1 08 8 5 2 2

8 2.9 8 2.1 7 0.4 7 8.8 4 0.9

1 7.1 1 7.9 2 9.6 2 1.2 5 9.1 3 3.6

HFT

1 07

6 6.4

KEM

9 5

6 3.2

3 6.8

KZD

4 6

6 7.4

3 2.6

KZT

8 0

7 3.7

2 6.2

MJU MJ2

1 01 4 80

8 7.1 7 8.6

1 2.9 2 1.4

RED

2 86

7 4.1

2 5.9

REL

9 9

9 0.0

1 0.0

REU

7 8

8 0.8

1 9.2

RLN

4 7

6 8.1

3 1.9

1 2A

9 1

6 9.2

3 0.8

1 2U

1 72

6 6.3

3 3.7

.

1 012.81

2 8

3 61165913.31

3 7

Fully Backed

8 0.3 8 9.4

. 1

2 12.010.0

of Backing

Fully Backed

I ME-I I AN I CV

Backed B ladelet S ite N ACL 6 3 ACU 1 22 AM 2 21 ASD 1 36 DMA 1 85 EMK 8 3 EMU 7 3 HAM 1 0

C urvature C urved 4 2.9 2 3.8 4 0.3 3 0.1 1 8.9 3 0.1 1 5.1 3 0.0

S traight 5 7.1 7 6.2 5 9.7 6 9.9 8 1.1 6 9.9 8 4.9 7 0.0

H FT REM

6 9 7 5

3 7.7 5 7.3

6 2.3 4 2.7

K ZD K ZT MJU MJ2 RED

3 3 6 4 9 7 5 17 2 77

3 3.3 5 6.2 1 7.5 4 0.0 5 7.4

6 6.7 4 3.7 8 2.5 6 0.0 4 2.6

REL REU RLN 1 2A 1 2U

7 2 6 6 4 1 9 0 1 46

3 1.9 1 5.1 4 6.3 5 4.4 4 7.3

6 8.1 8 4.9 5 3.7 4 5.6 5 2.7

Backed B ladelet D imensions Whole P ieces L ength W idth Thickness S ite N X s CV X S CV X S ACL 2 9 3 3.1 6 .6 1 9.8 8 .9 2 .5 2 8.5 4 .1 1 .5

CV 3 6.5

ACU AMT AMU ASD DMA EMK EML HAM H FT REM K ZD K ZT MJU MJ2 RED REL

5 3 2 1 3 7 5 1 04 5 6 1 66 2 8 6 7 5 9 1 5 4 9 2 7 3 19 3 09 4 1

3 2.3 3 2.2 2 2.0 2 9.3 3 4.0 3 0.9 3 2.6 3 3.8 2 8.2 3 0.9 3 7.1 3 1.6 2 3.8 2 4.8 2 7.2 3 0.0

8 .3 8 .7 7 .8 7 .1 7 .6 1 0.7 8 .0 8 .9 7 .7 5 .6 1 0.4 8 .7 5 .8 6 .4 6 .9 7 .0

2 5.8 2 7.0 3 5.5 2 4.2 2 2.4 3 4.5 2 4.7 2 6.3 2 7.3 1 8.2 2 8.0 2 7.7 2 4.3 2 5.8 2 5.6 2 3.5

7 .7 8 .3 5 .7 7 .5 7 .8 7 .8 7 .7 6 .6 8 .8 7 .6 1 0.7 9 .5 6 .9 7 .2 7 .4 7 .1

2 .9 3 .4 3 .0 2 .7 2 .5 3 .2 2 .3 2 .2 3 .1 2 .3 4 .7 3 .8 2 .3 2 .6 2 .8 2 .3

3 8.6 4 0.9 5 3.9 3 6.6 3 2.1 4 1.6 3 0.3 3 2.6 3 5.1 3 0.3 4 3.9 3 9.9 3 3.5 3 5.9 3 7.6 3 1.7

3 .1 3 .9 2 .0 3 .2 2 .6 3 .3 3 .3 2 .2 3 .3 3 .3 3 .6 4 .1 2 .6 3 .6 3 .2 3 .6

1 .4 2 .1 1 .0 1 .0 0 .8 1 .4 1 .1 0 .6 1 .0 1 .1 2 .5 1 .4 0 .8 1 .2 1 .1 1 .2

3 9.6 5 3.9 5 0.0 3 2.0 3 1.5 4 3.4 3 3.4 2 8.6 3 1.0 3 3.1 7 0.3 3 4.5 3 0.7 3 3.6 3 3.7 3 5.0

REU RLN

1 8 2 2

2 8.7 2 6.7

7 .0 7 .9

2 4.4 2 9.8

8 .3 6 .7

4 .1 2 .2

4 9.7 3 3.1

2 .7 3 .3

0 .9 1 .2

3 5.2 3 6.5

1 2A 1 2U

1 02 5 2

2 5.9 2 7.8

6 .1 5 .9

2 3.5 2 1.2

7 .6 8 .8

2 .5 2 .9

3 2.1 3 2.8

2 .9 4 .0

1 .1 1 .3

3 8.7 3 2.4

Backed Bladelet S ite MJ2 MJU

N 5 00 6 1

1 2A 1 2U RLN KEM

8 5 1 46 3 8 7 8

DMA AMT AMU

Square 0 .4 1 .6

Base

Shape

c oncave 0 .4 0 .0

Round/Acute 6 .2 4 .9

2 .3 4 .1 2 .6 2 .6

0 .0 1 1.6 2 .6 0 .0

1 96

4 .1

0 .0

2 .0

2 3

0 .0

4 .3

0 .0

3

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 2 .6

0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

REL

6 6

7 .6

0 .0

0 .0

REU

3 1

3 .2

1 9.3

0 .0

KZD KZT

3 4 7 0

0 .0 2 .7

0 .0 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0

ACL ACU ASD

4 1 8 0 1 15

2 .4 2 .5 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

RED

3 59

1 .1

0 .0

6 .4

EMK

9 2

2 .2

0 .0

2 .2

EML

1 81

3 .3

0 .0

8 .8

EMU

7 1

1 .4

0 .0

9 .9

HAM

1 1

0 .0

9 .1

9 .1

HFT

8 0

1 .2

0 .0

1 0.0

1C oncave

a ssymmetrical

2c oncave

s ymmetrical