Local Administration in Roman Spain A.D. 14-212 0860542203, 9780860542209

Citation preview

Local Administration in Roman Spain A.D. 14-212

Nicola Mackie

BAR International Series 172

1983

B.A.R. 122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS

A .R.

B.A.R.-S172,

©

198):

Nicola

Hands, D.R.

'Local

Mackie,

Administration

paperback

ISBN 97814o7

e-bnnk

A catalogue This

JJ2154

://dni

1n Homan Spain,

A.D.

14-212'

1988 UK Copyright, expressly asserted.

No part nfthi s vvnrk may be cnpi ed, reproduced, stored, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted vvi thnut the vvri tten permi s s inn of the Publisher.

ISBN 9780860542209

DOI https

D .Phil.

198)

The author's moral rights under the Designs and Patents Act are hereby All rights reserved. sold, distributed, in any form digitally,

B.Sc., M.A., Walker. M.A.

.nrg/10.J0861/9780860542209

record

book is available

for this

book is available

at vvvvvv.barpubli

from the

shing.cnm

British

Library

PREFACE This book is concerned with the nature and working of political institutions in the communities of the Iberian peninsula under the Principate. It is designed to elucidate how local institutions operated, and how successfully they served local purposes and those of the Roman goverment. It is not intended to be a study of social and economic life in the Spanish communities, nor of the structure of Roman provincial administration; and these topics are dealt with only insofar as they have a bearing on the central theme. The basic political unit is taken to be the small self-r,overning community, recognised as such by the Roman administration: of these units there were over five hundred in the entire peninsula. Provincial cult associations are treated not as an independent phenomenon, but as one facet of local administration. The period covered is that between A.D. 14 and the beginning of the third century A.D.. The first date narks the end of Augustus' military and administrative reorganisation of the Spanish provinces: the system of government then in force remained essentially the same throughout the succeeding two centuries. The end of the period is detemdned more by paucity of evidence than by logic: the Constitutio Antoniniana of A.D. 212 provides a convenient turning-point, but did not itself alter the system of government in the peninsula. Part One deals with the character of the political units and their institutions. Here I discuss the internal administrative structure of the conmunities; the distribution of rights and duties among their residents; the nature of administrative elites as social entities; and the machinery of appointment to official positions. Part Two is concerned with the operation of political institutions in furtherance of the camnunities' own aims and in satisfaction of Rome's demands. This part embraces the questions how autonomous the communities were, what ambitions they themselves entertained, and how they set about procuring the financial and other resources necessary for the work of government. In Part One I have taken as established the results of earlier studies of the distribution of Roman colonies and Roman and Latin 1111nicipia in the peninsula; and have tried instead to construct from local evidence the details of internal organisation in camnunities of all types. Part Two represents an attempt to elucidate the workings of local government specifically in the Spanish peninsula; and thereby to present the Spanish evidence both as a contribution to more general studies and as a possible contrast to evidence for other areas of the Empire. With the aim of an independent study in mind, I have tried to avoid importing to Spain the conclusions of general works on municipal administration, or of those relating to specific towns and provinces elsewhere. I have used such conclusions as support only when they seemed to cohere with indications in the Spanish evidence, or when they seemed by nature to be of such general application that to doubt their truth for Spain would be perverse.

i

For the subjects discussed in both parts of the book, the primary evidence is epigraphic. The areas and dates for which the epigraphic evidence is most detailed reflect the progress of civilisation in the peninsula. This is due to the fact that civilisation was associated, not with literacy alone, but with the development of administrative complexity which promoted the use of public records. Since Roman and IA tin status tended both to reward, and to encourage, cultural sophistication, much of the evidence for the organisation and activity of Spanish communities relates to privileged communities. Although the majority of Spanish coumunities remained peregrine until A.D. 73-4, the peregrine stage of their history is only sparsely represented in the epigraphic sources. I have not, therefore, excluded peregrine camnunities from the discussion; but it has been impossible to uncover their administrative characteristics in anything approaching the detail available for privileged ones. I have preferred to admit an overwhelming bias towards the period A.D. 73-4, and towards communities which had Romanor !Atin status before that date, rather than attempt by conjecture or by extrapolation from other provinces to reach conclusions not justified by the Spanish evidence itself. The book is biased in respect, not only of formal status, but also of geographical regions. The accessibility and economic advantages of the east and south of the peninsula meant that these areas were particularly exposed to Roman culture, and particularly well-equipped to develop a flourishing cultural life. Even after Vespasian's grant of the !Atin right, the c011111'11nities of the east coast and Andalusia furnish far more records than do those elsewhere. The civilisation absorbed by the Spaniards was of a specifically Roman kind: Roman, rather than Greek or Carthaginian, culture was the chief enduring influence which worked on their lack of native sophistication. So, too, developed administrative institutions and procedures in Spain imitate Roman ones. For peculiarly native forms and terminology, little evidence is available: it is not possible, as it is for example in Gaul and Africa, to trace in Spain a transition from indigenous to Roman-style governmental institutions. Romanand !Atin municipia, almost without exception, fail to betray their native origins; and such government of peregrine c0111111nities as comes to light tends already to have been influenced by Roman practice, or at any rate disguised by Roman terminology. This is not to say that nonRoman governmental institutions, interestingly different from Roman ones, were obsolete in Spain after A.D. 14; but only that their nature, and indeed their very existence, nust remain largely obscure. The state of the evidence for local administration in Spain creates other, JOOregeneral, problems of obscurity. Although over six thousand Latin inscriptions su:vive from the peninsula, many of these are fragmentary, or else irrevelant to the question of local admlnistration. Archaeology can throw light on the conditions of life, and the extent of cultural assimilation, but not on the inner workings of government. Literacy sources for Spain under the Principate are few. Local coinages from Spain cease before the end of the Julio-Claudian period. Arguments from silence, then, carry no weight. Although the evidence from Spain fails to show, for example, that in the course of time the camnunities' finances became increasingly strained, or public office increasingly unpopular, it does not follow that these developments did not occur. It follows merely that the Spanish evidence does not settle the question one way or the other; and that inferences drawn from such developments elsewhere have application to Spain on the basis of analogy only •

....

Among the surviving inscriptions, the characters of Urso, Malaca, and Salpensa represent a special case. Since they record, not events, but only rules which the CODDDlnitiesconcerned were moved to advertise, they cannot be regarded uncritically as evidence for actual procedure. In discussing the charters, I have attempted to allow both for their decorative aspect and As with the for the possibility of deviation from the accepted rules. epigraphic records in general, I have extrapolated fran the charters to other dates, and other places in the peninsula, only when this appeared justifiable in terms of independent evidence. In both parts of the book, but particularly in the discussion of mnera in Chapter X, I have used passages from the Digest to support, and occasionally to supplement, the epigraphic sources. Most of the passages cited can be regarded as, at best, secure evidence only for the end of the period in question. Whennot corroborated by Spanish records, the evidence of the Digest is doubly insecure, as furnishing general theories which did not necessarily secure the adherence of any particular comnunity, in Spain or elsewhere. The citations are intended to confirm the plausibility of an interpretation, or to suggest possible developments, rather than to stand on their own as testimony for local government in Spain. This book is a revised version of a thesis which was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Oxford in March 1982. Its completion was facilitated by the tenure of a Research Lectureship at Christ Church, Oxford. I am much indebted to my first supervisor, the late Mr. M.W. Frederiksen, with whose help the subject gradually developed around the obstacles posed by refractory material. I am also very grateful to Dr. A.K. Bowman, whose supervision Rnd encouragement enabled me to st,it't, and finish, turning the subject into organised written form, and who went beyond the requirements of duty in assisting with revision for publication. Finally, I should like to thank my examiners, Dr. P.D.A. Garnsey and Professor P.A. Brunt, for their comments: especially Professor Brunt, for his detailed criticisms, of which I have been obliged to take seriously all, and accepted mny. 21. v. 1983.

OONTENTS

. .

Preface Abbreviations

.

i vii

PARTONE

ORGANISATION I II III IV V

Introduction The Administrative Units Citizens and Incolae Local Elites Appointments

.

. .

. . . .

3 21 40 54 78

. . . . . .

99 118 133 152 163 176

PART'NO ACTIVITY VI VII VIII IX X

XI

. . • . .

Autonomy • Buildings and Services. Patronage and Beneficia Service to Rome People and Magistrates. Conclusion

.

APPENDICES I II III IV V

.

. .

183 201 215 220 228

. .

. .

237 249

M:llitazy Forces, Public Property, and Indirect Taxes The Content of the Latin Right under the Principate Vespasian's Grant of the Latin Right to Spain Colonial and Municipal Otarters Incolae as Citizens of No Comaunity Bibliography Index Map

V

ABBREVIATIONS AE

L 'ann~ ~pigraphique. ~pigraphiques relatives Paris, 1888 -

Albertini

E. Albertini, Les Divisions administratives l 'Espagne romaine. Paris, 1923.

Alfoldy,

Fasti

Alf oldy,

Brunt,

Rewe des publications l 'antiquit~ ranaine.

a

G. Alfoldy, Fasti hispanienses: senatorische Reichsbeamte und Offiziere in den spanischen Provinzen des romischen Reiches von Augustus bis Diokletian. Wiesbaden, 1969.

Flamines

Italian

de

Manpower

G. Alfoldy, citerioris. arqueologia,

Flamines provinciae Hispaniae Anejos de Archivo espanol de 6. Madrid, 1973.

P.A. Brunt, Italian Oxford, 1971.

Manpower 225 B.C.-A.D.

14.

Carta Arqueologica

Carta arqueologicade Espana. Consejo superior de investigaciones cientificas, Inst. Diego Velazquez. Vol. I (Soria). Ed. B. Taracena Aguirre. Madrid, 1941. Vol. II. (Barcelona). Ed. M. Almagro Basch et al. Madrid, 1945.

CIL

Corpus Inscriptionum

EE

Ephemeris Epigraphica. Corporis Inscriptionum Latinarum Supplementum. 9 vols. Berlin, 18721913.

EJZ

Documents Illustrating the Reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. Ed. V. Ehrenberg and A.H.M. Jones. 2nd ed. Oxford, 1955.

FIRA I

Fontes Iuris Leges. Ed. 1941.

Galsterer

H. Galsterer. Untersuchungen zum romischen Stadtewesen auf der iberischen Halbinsel. Deutsches Arch. Inst., Abt. Madrid, Madrider Forschungen, 8. Berlin, 1971.

HA Epig

Hispania antiqua epigraphica: Suplemento anual de Archivo espanol de arqueologia. Consejo superior de investigaciones cientificas. Madrid, 1950 -

Hardy, Six Roman Laws

E.G. Hardy, Six Roman Laws. Oxford, 1911. Rpt. Oxford, 1912. in Roman Laws and Charters.

vii

Latinarum.

Berlin,

Romani Anteiustiniani. S. Riccobono. 2nd ed.

1863 -

Vol. I. Florence,

Hardy, 'lhree Spanish Otarters

E.G. Hardy, Three Spanish Charters and Other Oxford, Documents. In RomanLaws and Charters. 1912.

Henderson, 1942

M.I. Henderson, "Julius Caesar and LatilDD in Spain." JRS xxx:U (1942), 1-13.

Hirschfeld

O. Hirschfeld, Die Kaiserlichen Verwaltungsbeamten bis auf Diocletian. Berlin, 1905.

2nd ed.

IGR

Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes. Ed. R. Cagnat et al •• 4 vols. Paris, 1911-27.

ILS

Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae. 3 vols. Berlin, 1892-1916.

Jones, "Occupation"

R.F.J. Jones, ''1he RomanMilitary Occupation of North-West Spain." JRS lxvi (1976), 45-66.

Jones, 'lhe Greek City

A.H.M. Jones, The Greek City from Alexander to Justinian. Oxford, 1940.

Kubitschek, IRTD

J.W. Kubitschek, Imperium Romanum tributim discriptlDD. Vienna, 1889.

Legio VII Gemina

l.egio VII Gemina. Catedra de San Isidoro, Leones de estudios romanos-visigoticos. J.C. Baroja et al •• Leon, 1970.

U.ebenam

w.

McElderry I

R. Knox McElderry, of Spain." JRS viii

McElderry II

R. Knox McElderry, ''Vespasian's Reconstruction of Spain: Addenda." JRS ix (1919), 86-94.

Marquardt

J. Marquardt, Romische Staatsverwaltung. ed. 3 vols. Leipzig, 1881-5.

Mamnsen,Staatsrecht

'lh. MOIIIIISen, Romisches Staatsrecht. vols. Leipzig, 1887-8.

d'Ors, Epigrafia

A. d'Ors, Epigrafia juridica de la Espana romana. Publicaciones del Inst. nac. de estudios juridicos. 5th ser. Textos juridicos antiguos. Madrid, 1953.

Pflaum, Carri~res

Ed. H. Dessau.

Liebenam, Stadteverwaltung Kaiserreiche. Leipzig, 1900.

Juridica

Inst. Ed.

im romischen

''Vespasian 's Reconstruction (1918), 53-102.

2nd

3rd ed. 3

H.G. Pflaum, Les carri~res procuratoriennes &Juestres sous le Haut-Empire romain. Inst. fr. d'arch~l. de Beyrouth, Bibl. arch~!. et hist., 57. 3 vols. Paris, 1960-1.

viii

Pflaum, Procurateurs

H.G. Pflaum, Les procurateurs ~uestres le Haut-Empire romain. Paris, 1950.

PIRl-2

Prosopographia Imperii Romani, saec. I. II. III. 1st. ed •• Ed. E. Klebs et al •• Berlin, 1897-8. 2nd ed. Ed. E. Groag et al.. Berlin, 1933 -

RE

Paulys Real-Encyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Stuttgart, 1894 -

Roldan Hervas

J.M. Roldan Hervas, Hispania y el ej~rcito romano: contribucion a la historia social de la Espana antigua. Acta Salmanticensia, filosofia y letras, 76. Salamanca, 1974.

Ruggiero,Dizionario Epigrafico

Dizionario epigrafico di antichita Ettore de Ruggiero. Rome, 1895 -

sous

romane di

Sherwin-white, RC

A.N. Sherwin-white, ed. Oxford, 1973.

The RomanCitizenship.

2nd

Sherwin-white, The Letters of Pliny

Sherwin-White, The Letters of Pliny: a Historical and Social Conmentary. Oxford, 1966.

SIG3

Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum. Ed. W. Dittenberger. 3rd ed. 4 vols. Leipzig, 191524.

Syme, "Conquest"

R. Syme, '"The Conquest of North-West Spain". In Legio VII Gemina, pp. 83-107. Rpt. in Roman Papers, II, 825-54.

Syme, RomanPapers

R. Syne, RomanPapers. Oxford, 1979.

A.N.

Ed. E. Badian. 2 vols.

Titles of periodicals are abbreviated in accordance with the system used in L'ann& philologique. Numbers without other specification refer to inscriptions in CIL 2.

ix

PARTONE

ORGANISATION

1

CHAPfER ONE

INI'RODUCTION (i)

Geography

From Augustus' reign onwards the Iberian peninsula was divided into three provinces. Of these Baetica corresponded roughly to modern Andalusia, while Lusitania was a broader and shorter version of modern Portugal. The remaining area, including the Balearic Islands, belonged to Turraconensis, which was by far the largest of the three provinces. The greater part of the peninsula consists of a large central plateau, which is cut off by mountainous country from the peripheral coastal regions. Only in the south and south-west -- in Baetica and southern Lusitania -- are there coastal lowlands of substantial proportions. Another large inroad into the central plateau is made in the north-east by the Ebro valley, which is itself cut off by mountains from the interior and from the Mediterranean coast. In spite of these mountain barriers, the Ebro vallyy formed for the Romans the principal route into northern and central Spain. Climate and fertility vary greatly from region to region. 2 In the north and north-west of Tarraconensis the climate resembles that of Brittany, in contrast to the Mediterranean climate of the east coast and Baetica. Strabo thought little of the area's agricultural potential: it was too cold to grow vines or olives, and the natives used beer and butter in place of wine and oil. However, judged by criteria other than suitability for Mediterranean crops, the region is relatively productive. AlLhough the terrain is rough, where fertile soil is available there is an advantage rare in the peninsula: the rainfall is adequate. In modern times maize is grown along the coast and in the river valleys inland; and the population is as dense as that of the east coast and Andalusia. The language in which Pliny states the census figures for north-west Tarraconensis suggests that its population was impressively large in the first century A.D•• The central plateau which constituted most of inland Tarraconensis suffers from extremes of temperature and chronic shortage of water. In ancient, as in modern, times it was agriculturally poor and sparsely populated. The Ebro valley is better irrigated, and the river and its tributaries were relatively well-settled. The east coast of Tarraconensis is today a fertile and populous region. Strabo records that it was given up to the cultivation of vines, olives, and figs; and a string of Roman towns down the coast confirms that the ancient pattern of settlement resembled the modern one. The case of the Balearic Islands is similar.3 lusitania north of the Tagus is rich enough in the coastal areas vineyards are widespread there today - but its eastern part consists of mountainous and barren country. Strabo notes the agricultural potential and large population of northern Lusitania, but claims that the natives were too bellicose to apply themselves to cultivating the soil. The large plain south of the Tagus is regarded by Strabo as reasonably productive; and it contained a numb2r of important settle11Ents under the Principate. Inland the terrain was more mountainous and poorer.4 3

Baetica 's fertility excited unqualified adm:I.ration among ancient writers. Vines, olives, and wheat appear to have been the main crops, although according to Strabo there was no product in which the province did not excel. It was the plain around the Baetis itself which was the principal source of Baetica's reputation: the hills which rise to north and south of the river suffer from shortage of water and are less densely settled. Baetica was ' far the most heavily populated of the Spanish provinces in Roman times. Apart from agriculture, mines were the most important natural resource of the peninsula. The main !:lining regions lay in the south and in the extreme north-west. Gold, silver, and copper were mined in Baetica, in the mountains which formed the northern border of the province; silver and lead nearby in south-east Tarraconensis, between the Baetican border and Carthage Nova. Under the Principate these mines were overshadowed by the gold mines of Asturia-callaecia in north~est Tarraconensis. Less important mining operations were carried on elsewhere. There was, for example, gold in Iron was mined around northern Lusitania, and copper south of the Tagus. the Ebro, and in the Ce.ntabrian Mountains which lined the north coast of Tarraconensis. 6 (ii)

Political

and cultural

development

Development to the end of Augustus' reign The political system indigenous to Iberia appears to have been one of relatively small tribes, each embracing a mnnber of separate settlements. In the case of the larger tribes, such as the Vaccaei of central Tarraconensis or the Astures of the north-west, there might be tribal subdivisions linked together in a loose confederation. Typically, the breakdown of tribal organisation was brought about as individual settlements acquired increasing political importance and independence: growth in the physical size of settlements was a key factor in this process. The process was already under way in the Mediterranean areas of Spain at the end of the third century B. C., when the Roman occupation began. That was a consequence of the earlier Greek and Carthaginian presence i~ those areas: principally Greek in the north, and Carthaginian in the south. The natives of the peninsula had little sophisticated culture of their own. The "Iberian" culture which is found in the east coast and Andalusia from the end of the sixth century B.C. onwards arose, like the breakdown of tribal organisation, from the impact on the natives of the Greek and Carthaginian presence. Since it was these same areas which were most accessible to the Romans, Greek and Carthaginian influence had by Augustus' reign been overlaid by Roman culture.a At the end of Augustus' reign the Romans had occupied territory in the By 133 B.C. they had corq_uered the peninsula for over two hundred years. entire mainland area exclusive of the north-west and Lusitania to the north of the Tagus. The Balearic Islands were conquered in 121 B.C., and remained a part of the Spanish provinces thenceforth. After 121 B.C. there was little extension of territory until Julius Caesar's efforts north of the Tagus in his propraetorship of 61 B.C.. Julius Caesar left to Augustus only the region north of the river Durius and the Cantabrian Mountains along 4

the north coast. These areas were subdued by 19 B.C., whereupon the COl'.¥luest of the peninsula was complete. Until the rising of Maternus in A.D. 187 there is no record of nativq revolts apart from some trouble with the northern tribes in Nero's reign. During the Republic a number of permanent settlements of Romans and Italians - principally veteran soldiers - had been founded, the first such settlement being that at Italica in 206 B.C.. But the great age of colonisation in Spain did not come until the time of Julius Caesar and Augustus, who between them founded no fewer than twenty-one colonies. The sites of colonies in Spain tended to be chosen for economic rather than strategic reasons. Hence most of them were concentrated in the most fertile and accessible areas of the peninsula: that is, Baetica and eastern Tarraconensis. Native foundations rather than Roman colonies were the usual method of pacifying the wilder regions. There also appears to have been some independent emigration of Romans and Italians to Spain. Those concerned were probably generally attracted by the economic opportunities which were the more accessible regions provided. Roman road-building under the Republic seems to have been confined largely to the Mediterranean areas of Spain: 1cft was Vespasian who first built a road across the centre of the peninsula. Roman settlement and -- to a lesser degree -- contact with Roman officials and :.oldiers, and service in the Roman army, helped to disseminate Ranan culture. The earliest and 100st widespread consequence of the Roman occupation in this respect was the use of Latin on coins and inscriptions. Other aspects of Roman culture were less readily acquired: for these wealth and peace were prerequisite, but not in themselves sufficient. To appear recognisably Roman one had to use Roman amenities such as baths, dress in the toga, and have an education along Roman lines. Roman citizenship was itself regarded as a canponent of civilisation. Not until the Julian and Augustan grants of Roman and Latin status to communities did Roman 11 citizenship becane at all widespread among the natives of Spain. 'l'he different regions display varying degrees of political and cultural development at the Pnd of Augustus' reign. Asturia-CSllaecia and Cantabria constituted the most remote, and most recently conquered, area. The natives were still living in hill-top forts belonging to an Iron Age culture which persisted longer in the north-west than elsewhere in the peninsula. Augustus I policy of moving the natives down to towns on lower ground was far from having a universal effect: although some of the forts were abandoned at the time of the conquest, others continued to be occupied well into the first century A.D.. Pliny 's Augustan statistics, and inscriptions as well, reveal that decentralised tribal governnent was typical of the area, and was preserved in the system of administrative units drawn up by Rome. attested public activity is limited to the establishment of hospitia and 12 Strabo's description dedications to the newly-acquired Roman rulers. of the natives' primitive life-style is probably not inappropriate to the reign the natives were Augustan period; although he notes that by Tiberius' if not civilised. In addition to founding native towns - one of pacified, which, Asturica Augusta, was apparently intended to be a show-piece of Roman culture - Augustus built a number of roads in the mining region of AsturiaCallaecia. Both roads and towns are to be explained in terms not only of pacif:fcation but also of a desire to exploit the mines efficiently. The presence of legions, as well as heavy recruitment of auxiliaries, helped to

The

5

ensure the loyalty

of Asturia-CSllaecia

and Cantabria.13

In central Tarraconensis hill-top forts had by the early Principate been replaced by recognisable towns whose population was large enough for the Roman government to count them individually as administrative units. Tribal connexions, at least as a social phenomenon, still persisted between the towns, however; and it may be the case that within the administrative units goverI111ent was not always completely centralised. Inscriptions which survive from the late Republic and early Principate show some advance on the administrative activity of the north and north-west; and a handful of towns had the Latin right by A.D 14. But the area remained comparatively remote; and one of the Latin towns, Termes, was not ffcessively civilised when a Roman legate was assassinated there in A.O. 25. The Ebro valley was the region which had formed Sertorius' main base in the seventies B.C •• At that date the leading nen of the c0111DUnities had looked to Sertorius to convey Roman culture to their sons. A number of Roman and Latin Dllnicipia prOIOOted by Julius Caesar and Augustus show that by the end of the century the natives had to some extent achieved their aim. The Ebro valley was also the site of the Roman colony Caesaraugusta. These are the people whom Strabo describes afs "mydi:oL" , remarking on the transformatio,1 from their original state. The civilised character of the east coast in Strabo's day is shown by the nature of the inhabitants' pursuits: agriculture and trade with Italy. Pliny's description of the area shows that tribal names in his source merely designated geographical regions, without any connotation of tribal organisation. Only in the extreme north of the coast, near the Pyrenees, do tribal connexions seem to have persisted into the Principate. The Indicetes are foun1 6during Vespasian's reign engaging in a dispute with a neighbouring tribe. This was a part of Spain which had been heavily exposed to foreign influences: there were Greek settlements such as Emporion, and the Carthaginian foundation Carthago Nova. To a later date belonged the Roman settlement Valentia. The Republican senator Q. Varius Hibrida belonged to a family which had settled in the country near Valentia. Q. Fabius of Saguntum was enfranchi&ed in the seventies B.C. by Metellus Pius as Balbls of Gades was by Pompey. His native town was, like Gades, a Roman D11nicipium in the early Principate. Roman colonies on the coast included Carthago Nova and Tarraco. The Balearic Islands were similarly peaceful Palma and Pollentia on Mallorca and civilised. The Roman settlements enjoyed Roman citizenship by A.D. 14.17 In northern Lusitania the life-style of the natives was, according to Strabo, little more advanced than that of the neighbouring Astures and Callaeci. Hill-top forts were a feature of this region also. As in northern Tarraconensis, some attempt was made by Augustus to transfer the natives to less secure and more easily supervised settlements: he moved mmbers of them to the south of the Tague. In northern Lusitania, as in the neighbouring part of Tarraconensis across the Durius, the tribal subdivisions survived as administrative units into the second century-A.D •• Southern Lusitania was peaceful: by Augustus' 18eign it could show four privileged towns, as well as five Roman colonies.

6

The people of Baetica, like those of the east coast, devoted themselves to the peaceful pursuits of agriculture and trade with Italy. Any suggestion of tribes as political or social units had disappeared well before the end of the Republic: the political system of Baetica was one of camDJnities governed by senate and magistrates from a central town. Baetica contained Italica, the first Italian settlement in Spain; and also Gades, the first Roman runicipium outside Italy. Baetica furnished, too, the first Roman senator of indigenous Spanish stock. Julius Caesar and Augustus founded a mmiber of Roman colonies in the province, in addition to RODBnand Latin Dllnicipia. According to Strabo Latin had by the early Principate altogether supplanted the native language.19 Even in Baetica and eastern Tarraconensis it may be doubted that Roman culture had been absorbed thoroughly by the early Principate. The 0f F.mpor:lonretained their Greek aspect in 45-44 B.C.. Punic inhabitants ~ survived at Gades until 61 B.C., and were extirpated only with the assistance of a Roman governor. Awareness of the amenities with which a Roman-style tnwn should be provided probably did not become general even in the Mediterranean areas of Spain until the Julian and Augustan colonies appeared as 1r0dels. At the time of the civil war between Caesar and Pompey the typical town in the mountainous regions of Baetica had a hill-top site which was in( asistent with an orderly and spacious lay-out. Sabora still occupied such a site in Vespasian's reign. Although Roman and Latin mnicipia in these areas confirm that by the end of Augustus' reign the natives had undergone certain amount of cultural assimilation, the civil wars had hastened prcmotions to privileged status. The Latin right in any case need suggest only that the ruling classes appeared recognisably Roman.20 Development under the Principate Economic advantages and accessibility continied to promote the cultural assimilation of Baetica and eastern Tarraconensis, in contrast to the rest of Spain, under the Principate. Their predominance was compounded by the presence of Roman colonies, and also by the existence of Roman and Latin D1Jnicipia: both these factors were a stimulus to cultural development. After Augustus' reign the Roman government showed little interest in civilising the natives outside Cantabria and Asturia-CSllaecia. Here roadbuilding and the founda.tion of native towns was continued by the JulioClaudian emperors, and reached a climax in Vespasian's reign. Increasing security is indicated by the gradual withdrawal of the legions. The three legions present early in Tiberius' reign were by Nero's rei81\ reduced to one, and a single legion garrisoned the north-west thenceforth. Vespasian's grant of the Latin right to the entire peninsula is an exception to the emperors' general lack of interest in the status of Spanish cOIIIDIJI1ities. Although it points to a degree of cultural assimilation among the upper classes which rendered their possession of Roman citizenship not absurd, cultural assimilation did not by itself compel the grant. As with the Julian and Augustan grants of privileged status, there was a political zootive for Vespasian 's generosity: the Latin right bound the ruling classes in particular to his dynasty. Although the Latin right seems to have spurred on the development of Spanish COlllllllnities, especially with regard to social amenities, the poorer and zoore remote areas of the peninsula never caught up with the rest. Although Iron Age forts were abandoned by the end

7

of the first century A.D. in northern Lusitania and Tarraconensis, tribal consciousness persisted. By the second century A.D. the most remote regions of Tarraconensis were furnishing provincial flamines to the capital at Tarraco. But Roman senators and high-ranking equites are attested as coming only from the east and south of the peninsula. 22 (111)

Provinces

and conventus

Tarraconensis and Lusitania were imperial provinces, while Baetica belonged to the Senate. Of the three provinces Tarraconensis was by far the most important so far as the Roman government was concerned: it was not only the largest, rut also contained the most profitable public mines, as well as the only Roman legions in the peninsula. This concentration of resources and troops in Tarraconensis was quite deliberate. It was a consequence of boundary changes which robbed Lusitania and Baetica of territory during the course of Augustus' reign. The provincial capitals the main bases of the Roman adm~~istration -- were at Tarraco, Emerita Augusta, and Corduba respectively. For purposes of jurisdiction, each province was divided by Augustus into judicial conventus: seven in Tarraconensis, three in wsitania, and four in Baetica. Roman justice was made available at the canventns capitals, of which the capital town of each province was one. Otherwise the conventus and their capitals seem to have had little administrative significance for the Roman govermnent. The conventus boundaries appear to have been drawn up fairly arbitrarily, with little concern even that all communities in a conventus should have easy access to the conventus cap1ta1.24 (iv) The Roman Administration Roman officials in the Spanish provinces had three types of function: to exercise jurisdiction and supervise the internal affairs of provincial communities; to supervise the communities in the discharge of their obligations to Rome; and to command troops and administer public property and indirect taxes. These different types of function could overlap in the duties of any one official. Provincial governors might command troops as well as exercising jurisdiction and a general supervision of affairs. In the imperial provinces the provincial procurator was in charge both of public property under the emperor's control and of collecting the taxes which the communities paid to Rome. In addition to the main officials governors, legates, quaestors, and provincial procurators -- there were others such as lesser military officials, procurators of individual public mines, and procurators (and their staffs) in charge of the collection of indirect taxes.25

Jurisdiction

and general

supervision

In Baetica the proconsul had a single legate to assist him, as did the imperial legate who governed wsitania. The large size of Tarraconensis, and the presence of legions there, led to more complex arrangements. Under the system which was in force at the end of Augustus' reign, and preserved 8

by Tiberius, there were three legates subordinate to the provincial governor. ~o were in canmand of armies stationed in the reIOOter· parts of the province, near Asturica Augusta and south of the Cantabrian Mountains; while the third, without an army, supervised the civilised area around Caesaraugusta. From Vespasian's reign onwards only a single legionary legate was present, in addition to the unanned legate: he was stationed, in By the reign command of the Seventh Legion, just north-east of Asturica. of Antoninus Pius another change had taken place: from about A.D. 140 the unarmed legate appears to have operated exclusively in the three north-west conventus of Tarraconensis, with the title "legatus iuridicus Asturiae et Callaeciae". This post was for a period u~1,er Septimius Severus combined with the command of the Seventh Legion there. The existence of subordinate legates merely lightened the governor's burden: it did not relieve him of responsibility for the entire province, or even confine his personal attentions to certain areas. The governor of Tarraconensis was obliged to make an annual tour of the province. Nor, even in Tarraconensis, were subordinate legates necessarily restricted to prescribed areas, so far as juridical duties at least were concerned. Before the reign of Antonirrus Pius, the unanned legate of Tarraconensis did not confine his attentions to the region around Caesaraugusta. He is found dispensing j11~tice at Carthago Nova, preswnably in the governor's absence; and assisting the governor in judging a dispute between the Indicetes, wo lived on the coast north of Tarraco, and another tribe.27 The judicial activity of governors and legates was generally confined to the conventus capitals. But in the performance of their wider supervisory duties they were drawn beyond towns designated as administrative centres. In A.D. 119 a legatus iuridicus of Tarraconensis was dispensing advice from Calagurris, an undistinguished Roman municipium in the Ebro valley. Late in Augustus' reign one of the provincial governors of Tarraconensis visited the region north of the conventus capital Asturica, between the mountains of Asturia and the coast. It may be conjectured that he was on his anrrual tour of inspection of the province. His presence at that spot in particular may be e~ ained in terms of special concern for the quietude of a troublesome region.

8

From the late second century A.D. onwards a rrumber of curatores appear, charged with responsibility for the internal finances of individual communities. Appointed by the emperor himself, they are found in all three provinces. But the evidence does not suggest that they were a widespread phenomenon, and in two cases at least the post of curator was combined with a regular post 1.n the provincial administration. Most of the Roman jurisdiction exercised in Spain is attested as the work of governors and legates. But other judges, of civil suits at least, are on occasion attested. The emperor, if appealed to, might delegate judicial authority to some private individual wo otheoo.se held no official position. Hadrian appears to have done this in the case of a boundary dispute between three comnrunities in Baetica. Provincial procurators, as well as governors and legates, exercised jurisdiction from Claudius' reign onwards. But their authority was, in theory at least, limited to fiscal cases; and restricted even in these by some emperors.29

9

The financial

administration

In imperial provinces the provincial procurator paid the troops and had charge of the collection of direct taxes; but in Baetica these functions were performed by the provincial quaestor. That meant that only in Baetica did the governor, through his quaestor, have any control over the collection of direct taxes. The large size of Tarraconensis is reflected in the fact that there was a special procurator of Asturia-CSllaecia in addition to the proo.irator responsible for the rest of the province. Public property in Lusitania and Tarraconensis likewise fell to the charge of the procurators. In Baetica public property administered by the Senate was the quaestor's responsibility; but it appears that most of the public property in Baetica soon came under the emperor's control, and thereby fell into the hands of his representatives. Baetica had a provincial procurator as early as Vespasian 's reign. The mobility of these financial officials is demonstrated t,y the temporary presence of a quaestor at Munigua in Baetica, and of a provincial procurator at Castulo in Tarraconensis. Until the reign of Septim:l.us Severus public property in Spain consisted largely of mines as opposed to agricultural estates. There were important south-east Tarraconensis, and Baetica. public mines Jn Asturia-CSllaecia, There were al.::,J publicly-owned mines in Lusitania, although operations there may have been less intensive. Freedmen imperial procurators of individual mines seem to have been introdu§Bd by Vespasian: they appear fran his reign onwards in all three provinces. Portoria were collected at the provincial frontiers. In the first century A.D. they were collected by publican!, but by the end of the second century publican! seem to have been replaced altogether by imperial procurators and their staffs. The collection of portoria is attested even at relatively minor ports in Baetica. The vicesima hereditatium and libertatis were, like the portoria, under the control of imperial officials by the end of the second century A.D•• The administration of these taxes was based at the provincial capitals.31 Military

forces

bases of Military forces were to be found outside the legionary northern Tarraconensis. There was a garrison at Tarraco, and probably one at Corduba as well. Two or three cohorts, commanded by an equestrian praefectus, are found on the north-east coast of Tarraconensis. First attested in the late first century A.D., but quite possibly established earlier, they 111ereapparPntly designed for protection against pirates. A single cohort, also c011111Snded by an equestrian praefectus, is found in the it protected from mining region of Castulo in south-east Tarraconensis: bandits not only the mines, but also the road through the mountain~ into Baetica. Auxiliary units are found scattered in northern Tarraconensis and Lusitania north of the Tagus. The praefectus of one of them appears to have visited Clunie, the conventus capital in central Tarraconensis, in about A.D. 40. A military statio of uncertain date is attested at Segisamo north-west of Clunia, on the road from the Pyrenees to Asturica. A statio at Italica in Baetica was probably also a military one. 32

10

Conclusion Outside the financial administration, with its direct relevance to Rome's own pecuniary interests, the rrumber of Romanofficials in Spain does not appear to have increased significantly in the course of the Principate. Even the curatores, designed to protect the finances of provincial ca11111.mities, do not represent an important growth of officialdom. It is the procuratorships which increase in rumber, both in Baetica and in the imperial provinces, and along with them the lower posts in the financial administration. This increase was due in part to the extension of Roman public property in the Spanish provinces. But a much more important cause was the growth of imperial, as opposed to senatorial, control over public property and indirect taxes, along with direct administration of property and taxes under imperial control. Thus by Hadrian's reign administration of mines by special procurators had to a large degree replaced, even in By the end of the second Baetica, the system of letting to publican!. century procurators and their staffs had taken over from the publican! the collection of indirect taxes. Of the administrative centres in each province, the provincial capital was by far the most important. That was where the governor spent most of his time. It was by virtue of their status as capital towns that Tarraco and Corduba had garrisons. The capital town was the centre for the collection of the vicesima hereditatium and libertatis, at any rate in the period when the state had taken over the collection of those taxes. But other towns too, in varying degrees, had permanent or temporary liaisons with officials of the Roman administration. A cohort was stationed permanently at Castulo in Tarraconensis; collectors of the portoria were apparently diffused among a 1.arge I1J1Dberof towns, at least in Baetica; and military stationes guarding the roads were sometimes placed at towns of no significance at all. Conventus capitals other than the provincial capital attracted regular visits from governors and legates. The more general supervisory duties of those officials took them even further afield, as did financial interests the quaestors and procurators. Towns where there were stationes of the public post had at least transient contacts with Roman On the occasion of a provincial census, every crlncipates of the Flavian Emperors. Cambridge, 1961. Magie,

after Christ.

D.

Oxford, 1967. Documents of the

RomanRule in Asia Minor to the End of the Third Century 2 vols. Princeton, 1950.

Meiggs, R. RomanOstia. Millar, F.G.B. London, 1977.

2nd ed.

Oxford, 1973.

The Emperor in the Roman World (31 B.C.-A.D. 337).

Mommsen, Th. Romisches Strafrecht. Systematisches Handbuch der deutschen Rechtswissenschaft. Ed. K. Binding. I Abt., Teil 4. Leipzig, 1899. Mommsen,Th. Romische Geschichte.

5th ed.

239

Vol. V.

Berlin,

1904.

1.

Mamnsen, Th. Gesa11111elte Schriften. Berlin, 1905.

I Abt. (Juristische

Schriften),

Bd.

Mommsen, Th. The Provinces of the Roman Empire from Caesar to Diocletian. Trans. W.P. Dickson. London, 1909. Vol. I. Morr, J. Die Quellen von Strabons dritten Supplementumhand 18, Heft 3. Leipzig, 1926.

Buch.

Philologus,

Norr, D. Imperium und Polis in der hohen Prinzipatszeit. Miinchener Beitrage zur Papyrusforschung u. antiken Rechtsgesch., 50. Munich, 1966. Philipon, linguistique.

E. Les Iberes: Paris, 1909.

Etude d'histoire,

d'archeologie

et de

Roldan Hervas, J.M. Iter ab Emerita Asturicam: el Camino de la Plata. Universidad de Salamanca, Facultad de filosofia y letras. Memorias del seminario de prehistoria y arqueologia, 3. Salamanca, 1971. Rostovtzeff, M. The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. 2nd ed. Revised by P.M. Fraser. 2 vols. Oxford, 1957. Salmon, E.T. RomanColonization under the Republic.

London, 1969.

Savory, H.N. Spain and Portugal: the Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. Ancient Peoples and Places, 61. London, 1968. Schurer, E. The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Olrist, 175 B.C.-A.D. 135. A new English version revised and edited by G. Vemes and F. Millar. Vol. I. Edinb.irgh, 1973. Schulten, A.

Los Cantabros y Astures y su guerra con Roma.

Madrid,

1943. Schulten, A.

Iberische Landesk.unde. Vol. 1. Strasbourg,

Simshauser, W. Iuridici Munich, 1973.

und Munizipalgerichtsbarkeit

Spain and Portugal. Naval intelligence series. 3 vols. London 1941-4.

division,

1955. in ltalien.

geographical handbook

Starr, C.G. The RomanImperial Navy31 B.C.-A.D. 324. Cornell studies in classical philology, 26. Ithaca, N.Y., 1941. Rpt. Westport, Conn., 1975. Stein, E. Die kaiserlichen Beamten und Truppenkorper im romischen Deutschland unter dem Prinzipat. Beitrage zur Verwaltungs- und Heeresgesch. von Gallien und Germanien, 1. Vienna, 1932. Sutherland, 1939.

C.H.V. The Romansin Spain 217 B.C.-A.D.

Syme, R. Tacitus.

Oxford, 1958. Vol. II.

240

117.

London,

Taracena Aguirre, B. Ars Hispanae: hispanico. Vol. II. Madrid, 1947.

Historia

universal

del arte

Taylor, L.R. The Divinity of the Roman Emperor. Philological by the American Philological Association, 1. monographs published Middletown, Conn., 1931. bis

Teutsch, L. Das Stadtewesen in Nordafrika in der Zeit von C. Gracchus Tode des Kaisers Augustus. Berlin, 1962.

Z\DD

Thouvenot, R. Essai sur la province romaine de B~tique. Ecoles fr. d'Ath~nes et de Rome, 149. 2 Vols. Paris, 1940-73. Thulin,

C., ed. Opuscula Agrimensorum Veterum. 1913.

Bihl. des

Vol. I fasc.

I of

Corpus Agrimensorum Romanorum. Leipzig,

Vidman, L. Fasti Ostienses. vi. Prague, 1957.

Rozpravy Ceskoslovens~

akad. ved, 67.

Vitti nghoff, F. Romische Kolonisation und Biirgerrechtspolitik unter Caesar und Augustus. Akad. der Wiss. und der Literatur. Abh. der Geistesund Sozialwiss. Kl., Jahrg. 1951, 14. Wiesbaden, 1952. Vives, J. Inscripciones Barcelona, 1971-2.

Latinas

de la Espana romana.

Vives y Escudero, A. La moneda hispanica. Watson, G.R. The RomanSoldier.

A.D••

4 vols. Madrid, 1924-6.

London, 1969.

Webster, G. The RomanImperial Army of the First London, 1979. 2nd ed. West, L.C.

. Wilkes, J.J.

and Second Centuries

Imperial RomanSpain: The Objects of Trade. Dalmatia.

Oxford, 1929•

London, 1969.

Wilson, A.J .N. Emigration Manchester etc., 1966. Wiseman, T.P. 1971.

2 vols.

New Men in

from Italy

in the Republican Age of Rome.

the RomanSenate 139 B.C. - A.D. 14. Oxford,

241

(ii)

Articles

Alfoldy, G. "Notes sur la relation entre le droit de cid nomenclature dans !'Empire romain." Lat0111Jsxxv (1966), 37-57. Alfoldy, G. (1970), 169-74.

''Eine

spanische

Gesandschaft

Baroja, J.C. "Organizacion peninsula Iberica en la Antigiiedad."

in

Pannonien."

et la

AEA xliii

social de los pueblos del norte In Legio VII Gemina, pp.13-62.

de la

Birley, E. "The Equestrian Officers of the Roman Army." In Roman Britain and the Roman Army:Collected Papers. Kendal, 1953, pp. 130-53. Bosworth, A.B. ''Vespasian and the Provinces: 70's A.D•• " Athenaeum N.S. 11 (1973), 49-78.

Some Problems of the Early

Braunert, H. "Ius Latii in den Stadtrechten von Salpensa und Malaca." In Corolla Memoriae Erich Swoboda Dedicata. Romische Forschungen in Niederosterreich, 5. Graz etc., 1966, pp. 68-83. Brunt, Principate."

P.A. "Oiarges of Provincial Historia x (1961), 189-227.

Brunt, P.A. (1965), 90-109.

"Italian

Brunt,

P.A. ''The 'Fiscus'

Brunt,

P.A. ''Procuratorial

Maladministration

under

Aims at the Time of the Social

and its

Development."

Jurisdiction."

JRS lvi

the Early

War."

JRS lv

(1966),

75-91.

LatOlllls xxv (1966),

461-89.

Brunt, ~.A. "The Equites in the Late Republic." In The Crisis Ed. R. Seager. Cambridge, 1969, pp. 83-115. Roman Republic. Burton, G.P. under the Empire."

''Proconsuls,

Assizes, and the Administration 92-106.

of the

of Justice

JRS lxv (1975),

Burton, G.P. "The Curator ix (1979), 465-87.

Rei Publicae:

Towards a Reappraisal."

Oiiron

Crawford, D.J. "Imperial Estates." In Studies in Roman Property: by the Cambridge University Research Seminar in Ancient History. Ed. M.I. Finley. Cambridge, 1976, PP• 35-70. Degrassi, A. "Quattuorviri in colonie romane e in uunicipi retti Vol. I. Rome, 1962, 99-177. duoviri." In Scritti vari di antichita. Deininger, MDAI(M) v (1964),

Dessau,

H.

J. "Zu Begriindung des 167-79. "Zu den spanischen

Provinzialkultes

Stadtrechten."

242

in

der

WS xxiv (1902),

da

Baetica."

240-7.

Domergue, C. "Les lingots de plomb romains du musee archeologique Carthagene et du 1111seenaval de Madrid." AEAxxxix (1966), 41-72.

de

Domergue, C. "Introduction a l 'etud'=! des mines d'or du nord-ouest de la peninsule iberique dans l'antiquite." In Legio VII Gemina, pp. 253-86. Duncan-Jones, R.P. "Costs, Outlays, and SUlllll8eHonorariae PBSRxxx (N.S. xvii) (1962), 47-115. Africa." Duncan-Jones, ( 1963), 85-90.

R.P.

"City

Population

fran Roman

in Roman Africa."

JRS 1111

Duncan-Jones, R.P. ''Human Numbers in Towns and Town-Organisations of the Roman F.mpire: The Evidence of Gifts." Historia xiii (1964), 199-208. Duncan-Jones, (1974), 79-85.

R.P.

'"The Procurator

as Civic

JRS lxiv

Benefactor."

Etienne, R. "Les senateurs espagnols sous Trajan et Hadrian." In Les empereurs romains d 'Espagne. Actes du Collogue international organise a Madrid du 31 mars au 6 avril 1964 par A. Piganiol et H. Terrasse. Paris, 1965, pp. 55-85. Fatas, G. ''Noticia del nuevo Real Academia de la Historia cl:xxvi. Fishwick, Proconsularis."

bronce de Contrebia." Boletin 3 (Sept. - Dec. 1979), 421-38.

"The Institution of the Hermes xcii (1964), 342-63.

Provincial

D.

D.

Fishwick,

Fishwi.ck, D. Fishwick, D. (1970), 96-L12. Fishwick,

D.

"On C.I.L.,

II,

473."

AJPh xci

"Flamen Augustorum." ''The F.questrian

(1970),

HSPh lxxiv

in Africa

79-82.

(1970),

Cursus in CIL 2,

"Th.e Annexation of Mauretania."

Cult

de la

299-312.

3271."

Historia

Historia

xix

xx (1971), 467-

87. G. "L 'occupazione Analogie e paralleli."

Forni, occidentale: Frank, 87-90.

T.

"On the Export

militare romana della Spagna nordIn Legio VII Gemina, pp. 205-26.

Tax of Spanish Harbors."

Frederiksen, M. W. ''The Republican (1965), 183-98.

Municipal

Laws:

AJPh lvii

Errors

(1936),

and Drafts."

JRS lv

Frederiksen, M.W. "Changes in the Patterns of Settlement." In Hellenismus in Mittelitalien: KolloquitDD in Gottingen vom 5 bis 9 Juni 1974. Abhandlungen der Alcad. der Wiss. in Gottingen, phil. -hist. Kl., 3. Folge, 97. Ed. P. 1.anker. Gottingen, 1976, I, 341-55. Frere,

S.

"Civitas

-

a Myth?"

Antiquity

243

xxxv (1961),

29-36.

Gage, J. " 'Italica adlectio': Apropos de certaines fonnes Italicum' en Espagne au temps du Trajan." REA bod (I 969), 65-84. Galsterer-Kroll, B. "Zum ius Latii in den keltischen Imperium Romanwn." Chiron iii (1973), 277-306. Garcia Santander."

y Bellido, AEA xxix

A. ''Exploraciones (1956), 174-99.

Garcia Vespasiano."

y Bellido, A. "El 'exercitus AEA xxxiv (1961), 114-60.

arqueologicas

du 'ius

Provinzen

des

en la provincia

hispanicus'

desde

de

Augusto

a

Garcia y Bellido, A. "Esculturas hispano-romanas de epoca republicana." In Melanges d'archeologie, d'epigraphie et d'histoire offerts A Jer&ne Carcopino. Ed. J. Heurgon, G. Picard, and w. Seston. Paris, 1966, pp. 419-31. Garcia

y Bellido,

A.

"La Latinizacion

AEA x1 (1967),

de Hispania."

3-

29. Garnsey, P. (1966), 167-89. Garnsey, (1968), 51-9.

"The Lex Iulia

P. "The Criminal

Garnsey,

and Appeal

under

Jurisdiction

P. ''Honorarium Decurionatus."

the Empire."

of Governors."

Historia

xx (1971),

JRS lvi

JRS lviii

309-25.

Garnsey, P. ''Descendants of Freedmen in Local Politics: some Criteria." In The Ancient Historian and His Materials: Essays in Honour of C.E. Stevens on his Seventieth Birthday. Ed. B. Levick. Farnborough, 1975, pp. 167-80. Gordon, 65-77.

M.L.

Grademdtz, 439-55.

"The Freedman's

O. ''Nochmals:

Son in Municipal

Die romischen

Life."

Stadtrechte."

JRS xx1 (1931),

ZRG xliii

(1922),

castros: excavation, archaeology, and Hawkes, C.F .c. ''North-western history." Separata das actas do II congreso nacional de arquelogia. Coimbra, 1971, PP• 283-6.

unter

Henderson, M. I. Rev. of Romische Kolonisation und Biirgerrechtspolitik Caesar und Augustus, by F. Vittinghoff. JRS xliii (1953), 138-41.

Hoyos, B.D. "Civitas and Latium in Provincial Comnl.lnities: and Exclusion." RIDA (3rd series) xxii (1975), 243-77. Hoyos,

B.D.

"In Defence

of CIL II

760."

Athenaeum N.S.

Inclusion

lvi

(1978),

390-5.

Errors

Hoyos, B.D. "Pliny the Elder's Titled Baetican and Origins." Historia xxviii (1979), 439-71.

244

Towns:

Obscurities,

Jones, Antoniniana'."

A.H.M. JRS xxvi

"Another Interpretation (1936), 223-35.

of

the

'Constitutio

Jones, A.H.M. "Civitates liberae et imnunesin the East." In Anatolian Studies Presented to William Hepbum Buckler. Ed. W.M. Calder and J. Keil. Manchester, 1939, pp. 103-17. Jones, A.H.M. "I Appeal unto Caesar." and Law. Oxford, 1960, pp. 51-65.

In Studies

in Roman Govermnent

Jones, A.H.M. "Procurators and Prefects in the Early Principate." Studies in Roman Govenunent and Law. Oxford, 1960, pp. 115-25. Jones,

JRS lxx (1980),

G.D.B. "The Roman Mines at Riotinto."

In

146-65.

Jones, R.F .J., and D.G. Bird. "Roman Gold-Mining in North~st II: Workings on the Rio Duerna." JRS lx:Li (1972), 59-74. Kienast, D. ''Entstehung (1968), 330-67. Kornemann, (1901), 51-146. Levick, 256-8.

und Aufbau des romischen

E. "Zur Geschichte

B.M. "Acerbissima

der antiken

Lex Servilia."

Lewis, P.R., and G.D.B. Jones. JRS lx (1970), 169-85.

Spain,

Reiches."

ZRG lx:>.'"XV

Herrscherkulte."

CR lxxx:L (N.S.

Klio i

xvii)

(1967),

''Roman Gold-Mining in North-West Spain."

Luengo Martinez, J.M. "Astorga romana." In Noticiario arqueologico hispanico. Inspeccion general de excavaciones arqueologicas. Vol. V (195661). Madrid, 1962, 152-77. Mackie,.N. MacMullen, (1959), 207-35. Mann, J.C. Millar, 29-42.

F.

"Augustan Colonies R.

in Mauretania."

''Roman Imperial

"Civitas:

Building

Another Myth."

in the

Antiquity

''The Fiscus in the First

Forthcoming,

Historia.

Provinces."

xxx:Lv (1960),

Two Centuries."

HSPh lx:Lv 222-3.

JRS llii

(1963),

Mitchell, S. ''Requisitioned Transport in the Roman Empire: Inscription from Pisidia." JRS lxvi (1976), 106-31. Mommsen, Th. "Lex Colonise Ursonensis." In Ges8Dlllelte Schriften, 1 (Berlin, 1905), 194-264.

Iuliae I Abt.

Genetivae (Juristische

Urbanorum Schriften),

A New sive Bd.

Mammen, Th. ''Die Stadtrechte der latinischen Gemeinden Salpensa und I Abt. Malaca in der Provinz Baetica." In Gesammelte Schriften, (Juristische Schriften), Bd. 1 (Berlin, 1905), 265-382. 245

Nesselhauf, 142-54.

H.

"Zwei r.ronzC't' rl unc!c1~ aus Munigua."

MDAI (M) i (1960),

11Baedro - Topographische Studien zum Territorium des Nierhaus, R. Conventus Cordubensis in der mittleren Sierra Morena." MDAI(M) v (1964), 185-212.

Nissen,

H.

RhM N.F. xlv (1890),

"Zu den rHmischen Stadtrechten."

100-

10. d 'Ors, A., and R. Contreras. Castulo." AEA xxix (1956), 118-27.

"Nuevas

Pflaum, H.G. "Deux carrieres equestres Veteranorum)." Libyca iii (1955), 123-54.

inscripciones

romanas

de

de Lambese et de Zana (Diana

Pflaum, H.G. ''La part prise par les chevaliers r0111ains originaires d 'Espagne a I 'administration imp~riale." In Les empereurs romains d 'Espagne. Actes du Collogue international organis~ a Madrid du 31 mars au 6 avril 1964 par A. Piganiol et H. Terrasse. Paris, 1965, pp. 87-121. von Premerstein, I, 824-77. von Premerstein,

A. A.

"Augustales.

11

Ruggiero,

Ius Italicum."

11

Purser, L. C. "Ludi. 11 In A Dictionary Ed. W. Smith, W. Wayte, and G.E. Marindin. 84-9.

Dizionario

Epigrafico,

RE X 1238-53. of Greek and Roman Antiquities. 3rd ed. Vol. II. London, 1891,

Reynolds, J.M. ''Legal and Constitutional Problems." In The Civitas Capitals of Roman Britain. Papers given at a conference at the University of Leicester, 13-15 Dec. 1963. Ed. J.S. Wacher. Leicester, 1966, pp. 70-5. Richarcu;on, J.S. "The Spanish Mines and the Development of Provincial Taxation in the Second Century B.C •• 11 JRS lxvi (1976), 139-52. xvii

79.

Ritterling, E. (927), 28-32.

''Military

Forces

in the

Schulten,

A.

''Hispania."

Schulten,

A.

''Die Griechen in Spanien."

Syme, R. ''Hadrian and Italics." Papers, II, 617-28.

(Samnelband).

Provinces."

JRS

RE VIII 1965-2046.

Syme, R. ''Pliny 's Less Successful Friends. Rpt. in Roman Papers, II, 477-95.

Syme, R.

Senatorial

JRS liv

RhM lxxxv (1936), 11

Historia

(1964),

ix

142-9.

289-346. (1960), 362-

Rpt. in Roman

A Governor of Tarraconensis. 11 In Epigraphische Studien viii OOsseldorf, 1969, 125-33. Rpt. in Roman Papers, II, 732-41. 11

Syme, R. ''Pliny the Procurator. Roman Papers, II, 742-73.

11

HSPh lxxiii

246

(1969),

201-36.

Rpt. in

Taylor, Otronological

L.R. Study."

"Augustales, Seviri Augustales, TAPAxlv (1914), 231-53.

Thompson, E.A. ''Peasant Revolts and Present 11 (Nov. 1952), 11-23. Van Nostrand,

Rome. Ed. T. Frank.

and

Seviri:

in Late Roman Gaul and Spain."

J.J. "Roman Spain." Vol. III. Baltimore,

a Past

In An Economic Survey of Ancient 1937, 119-224.

Ward-Perkins, J.B. "From Republic to Empire: Reflections on the Early Provincial Architecture of the Roman West." JRS lx (1970), 1-19. xxii

Warmington, B.H. "The l-bnicipal (N.S. ix) (1954), 39-55.

Patrons

Wiegels,

von Carteia

R.

"Zum Rechtsstatus

of Roman North Africa."

PBSR

wabrend des Prinzipats."

MDAI(M) xv (1974), 203-8. Wiegels,

R.

"Zum Territorium

der augusteischen

MDAI(M) xvii (1976), 258-84.

247

Kolonie

Emerita."

INDEX (i)

Persons

Acilia Plecusa, 68 n. 11; cf. 199 n. 41. L. Aemilius Index ii

Rectus,

82-4,

93 n. 20, 120, 128 n. 10;

cf. under Asso in

(b).

Antonirus Pius, 80, 90 n. 6, 91 n. 12, 104, 113 n. 9, 115 n. 17, 139, 148 n. 19. L. Antonirus Silo, 191 n. 9. Augustus, passim; worship of, 74 n. 31, 75 n. 34, 129 n. 17, 137, 143 n. 5, 146-7 nn. 14-5. M. Aurelius,

127 n. 8, 139, 149 n. 21.

Baebius Massa, 117 n. 29, 149 n. 21. Caecilius Classicus,

117 n. 29, 149 nn. 21-2, 193 n. 14. 31 n. 4, 75 n. 34, 86, 95 n. 29.

C. Caesar Aug. f.,

Cn. Calpurnius Piso, 19 n. 28, 117 n. 29. L. Calpurnius Piso, 160-1 n. 12; cf. 6, 14 n. 14. Claudius, 16 n. 22, 48 n. 2, 132 n. 29, 134, 137-8, 143 n. 5, 183, 191 n. 9, 197 n. 30, 201-2•

.

Claudius Quartirus, 13, 171 n. 4.

164-5, 170 n. 3; cf. 9, 19 n. 28, 104, 113 n. 11, 114 n.

L. Cornelius Balbus, 6-7, 15 n. 19, 133-4, 142 n. 2, 144 nn. 6-7. Sex. Curv:i.us Silvirus,

144 n. 7; cf. 10, 96 n. 31, 134.

Galba, 16 n. 22, 106, 110, 115 n. 17, 117 n. 29, 187, 197 n. 29, 218 n. 2. Gallus, 117 n. 29, 149 n. 21. Hadrian, 9, 80, 90 n. 6, 104, 106, 115 n. 17, 115-6 n. 19, 143 n. 5, 149 n. 19, 155-7, 161 n. 13, 162 nn. 17, 19; n. 22, 134-6, 143 n. 5, 145 nn. 9-10, 146 n. 11, 177, 6, 222-3; and "Italic!", 106, 115-6 n. 19, 156, 162 n. Julius

c.

127 n. 8, 138-9, and ltalica, 16 180 n. 2, 219 n. 19.

Caesar, 4-7, 13-4 n. 11, 15 nn. 19-20, 19 n. 27, 25-6, 33 n. 11, 119, 126 nn. 6-7, 192 n. 11, 197 n. 30, 206, 229-31, 234 n. 10, 235 n. 19.

Laetilius

Apalus, 76 n. 37.

Larcius Licinus,

18 n. 26. 249

INDEX

L. Licinius Secundus, 52 n. 17, 64, 76 n. 36.

Q. Licinius Silvarus Graniarus, 191 n. 9; cf. 145 n. 7. Livia,

137, 147 nn. 15-6.

Sex. Marius, 186, 195 n. 20, 195-6 n. 22.

Q. Metellus Pius, 6, 36 n. 17. L. Minicius Natalis, 37.

131 n. 28, 133, 142 n. 2;

cf. 50 n. 10, 70 n. 15, 76 n.

Nero, 110, 155, 161 n. 14, 187, 197 n. 29. Nerva, 70 n. 16. Otho, 215-6, 218 n. 2. Pliny the Younger, 52 n. 18, 138, 142-3 n. 3. Pompey, 6-7, 26, 67 n. 6, 80, 230, 234 n. 11, 235 n. 17. Sertorius,

6, 14 n. 15.

Q. Servilius

Caepio, 36 n. 17.

Septimius Severus, 198 n. 33. T. Statilius Stilonibs Q. Talotius

Tiberius, Titus,

Taurus, 144 n. 7.

Priscus,

193 n. 14. 69 n. 13; cf. under Collippo in Index ii (b).

Allius Siloniarus,

8-9, 51 n. 13, 62, 86, 95 n. 29, 186-7, 195 n. 20, 197 n. 29.

135-6, 138, 155, 157, 180 n. 2, 218 n. 1.

Q. Torius Culleo, 143 n. 4;

cf. 125 n. 4, 128 nn. 11-2, 131 n. 26, 132 n.

30. Trajan, 52 n. 17, 64, 67 n. 6, 70 n. 16, 91 n. 12, 127 n. 8, 143 n. 5, 150 n. 24, 155. Umbonius Silo,

117 n. 29, 155.

Q. Valerius Vegetus, 75 n. 35, 187, 197 n. 32. Vespasian, passim; censorship of A.D. 73-4, 180 n. 2, 215, 218 n. l; grant of Latin right to Spain, see Latin right in Index iii.

Q. Vibius Crispus, 215; cf. 159-60 n. 8.

250

INDEX Vibius Sererrus, 117 n. 29. Vitellius,

215-6, 218 n. 2.

Voconius Romarrus, 142-3 n. 3.

251

INDEX (ii)

(a)

Places

Outside Spain

Africa, 25-6, 36 n. 18, 52 n. 18, 68 n. 9, 92 n. 16, 93 n. 19, 132 n. 28, 144 n. 6, 148 n. 17, 184, 187, 189 n. 3, 198 n. 33; .ea&!_in, 39 n. 28, 69 n. 14. Alps, attributi

in, see Gaul, Cisalpine;

Tergeste, TridenttDD.

Amisus, 67 n. 7. Antioch (Pisidia),

234 n. 14.

Apamea, 101, 111 n. 4. Aquileia,

174 n. 16.

Bithynia, 57, 61, 67 n. 6, 68 n. 11, 69 n. 12, 70 n. 16, 73 n. 27, 77 n. 38, 80, 89-90 nn. 6, 8, 91 n. 12, 101, 111 n. 4. Bovillae,

92 n. 16.

CarusitDD, SS, 58, 66 n. S, 69 nn. 12, 14, 70 nn. 16-9. Carthage, 25-6, 233-4 n. 8. Carthaginians,

4, 6-7, 13 nn. 7-8, 15 nn. 17, 20, 50 n. 8.

Castrimoenium, 69 n. 14. Cirta,

.89 n.

Claudiopolis

l•

(Bithynia),

70 n. 16.

Colonia Agrippinensium, 233-4 n. 8. Comum,67-8 n. 7. Concordia (Italy),

174 n. 18.

Cures, 69 n. 14. Cyrene, 38 n. 25, 228, 233 n. 3. Ephesus, 90 n. 6. Fonmi Iuli,

191 n. 7.

Gaul, Cisalpine,

25, 36 n. 18, 111 n. 4, 112 n. 6, 116 n. 22, 233 n. 4.

Gaul, Narbonensis, 25, 36 n. 18, 38 n. 25, 71-2 n. 22, 102, 112 n. 6, 148 n. 17, 204-6, 212-3 nn. 13, 19, 221, 224, 227 n. 23, 228, 233 n. 4; trade with, 191 n. 8.

252

INDEX Three Gauls, 71 n. 22, 137, 146 n. 14, 221, 224, 227 n. 23. Gerua, 36 n. 19.

Germany, 146 n. 14. Greeks, in Spain, 4, 6-7, 13 nn. 7-8, 15 nn. 17, 20, 231; Greece, 67 n. 7. Heraclea, Tabula of, 56, 58, 67 n. 6, 68 nn. 9, 11, 70 n. 16, 90 n. 8, 153, 158 n. 5, 159 n. 7, 173-4 n. 15. Heraclea Pontica,

38 n. 25, 233 n. 6.

Icosium, 35 n. 15, 206, 212-3 nn. 13, 19. Lamvium, 89 n. 1. Larirrum, 68 n. 9. Lepcis Magna, 224, 227 n. 23. Luna, 189 n. 3. Massilia,

69 n. 14, 102, 112 n. 6.

Mauretania, 13 n. 9, 35 n. 15, 51 n. 15, 144 n. 6, 155, 161 n. 14, 171-2 n. 8, 185, 191 n. 7, 194 n. 15, 204-6, 212-3 n. 13, 213 n. 19; royal family of, 61-2, 74 n. 29, 76 n. 37, 86, 95 n. 29. Mediolanum, 52 n. 18. Milev, ~9 n. 28. Nemausus, 102, 108, 112 nn. 6-7, 116 n. 25, 207-8, 211 n. l; Narbonensis.

see also Gaul,

Neptunia, see Tarentum. Nuceria, 145 n. 9.

Oea, 166, 173 n. 12. Orcistus,

39 n. 28.

Ostia, 60-1, 72 n. 24, 73 n. 27, 74 nn. 28-9, 82, 92 n. 16, 166, 173 n. 12. Pogla, 50 n. 7. Pompei!, 145 n. 9. Praeneste,

94 n. 22.

Prusa, 70 n. 16.

253

INDEX Prusias,

38 n. 25, 228, 233 n. 3.

Puteoli,

69 n. 14.

Ruscino, 212-3 n. 13. Sicca Veneria, 52 n. 18. Sicily,

61, 67 nn. 6-7, 73 n. 27, 159 n. 6.

Sigus, 69 n. 14. Sillyum, 50 n. 7. Sirmium, 139, 149 n. 21. Tarentum, 25-6, 36 n. 18, 172 n. 10. Tarsus, 50 n. 7, 90 n. 7, 89 n. 1. Tergeste, 67 n. 7, 80, 89 n. 6, 90 n. 8, 174 n. 18. Thamugadi, 66 n. 5. Thuburbo Maius, 69 n. 14. Tridentum, 25, 36 n. 19, 89 n. 6. Tymandus, 39 n. 28, 69 n. 14. Veii, 69 n. 14. Verrusia, 73 n. 27. Vienna, 138; see also Gaul, Narbonensis. Vocontii,

102, 112 n. 6; see also Gaul, Narbonensis. (b)

In Spain

Acci, 111 n. 4, 198 n. 35. Acinipo, 55, 66 n. 4, 82, 92 n. 16, 121, 163-4, 170 n. 2. Aeso, 33 n. 11, 130 !Ul. 21-2. Alcantara,

140, 150 n. 24; cf. 155, 161 n. 16, 217, 219 n. 6.

Aljustrel,

see Vipasca.

Amnaia, 34 n. 13, 72 n. 23, 132 n. 29. Anticaria,

50 n. 9, 74 n. 31, 75 n. 34, 130 n. 21, 156, 172 n. 11.

254

INDEX Aquae Flaviae,

15 n. 21, 155-6, 161 n. 16.

Aravi, 21, 30 n. 3. ArititDD, 33 n. 11, 38 n. 23, 132 n. 29. Arunda, 84, 94 n. 21. Arva, 66 n. 4, 70 n. 18, 104, 113 n. 11. Asido,

33 n. 11, 151 n. 26.

Asso, 89 n. 4, 144 n. 6. Astigi, 17 n. 24, 89 n. 2, 94 n. 26, 111 n. 4, 120, 127 n. 9, 128 n. 14, 1501 n. 25, 187, 229-30, 233 n. 7, 234 n. 11. Astigi Vetus, 34 n. 11, 229-30, 233 n. 7. Astures, 4, 6, 22, 31 n. 4, 183, 196 n. 26; see also Asturia-CSllaecia. Asturia-CSllaecia, 4-7, 9-10, 14 n. 12, 18 n. 25, 18 n. 26, 20 n. 30, 138, 143 n. 4, 161 n. 16, 183, 185-6, 189-90 n. 3, 195 n. 19, 196 n. 25, 1967 n. 26; pr001rator of, see procurators in Index iii. Asturica Augusta, 5, 9-10, 14 n. 12, 17 n. 24, 31 n. 4, 126 n. 6, 129 n. 19, 146 n. 14, 147 n. 15, 183-4, 186, 198-9 n. 37. Augustobriga (Lusitania),

.

15 n. 18, 16 n. 21.

Augustobriga (Tarraconensis),

16 n. 21, 90 n. 6, 126 n. 6, 132 n. 28•

Aurgi, 69 n. 12, 74 n. 31, 86, 95 nn. 27-8, 120, 127 n. 9, 128 nn. 10-11. Ausetani, 33 n. 10. Axati, 81, 91 n. 10, 132 n. 28, 144 n. 6. Baelo, 16 n. 22. Baesucci, 151 n. 26. Baetica, passim. Baetulo, 128 n. 11, 145 n. 7, 174 n. 18. Balearic Islands, 3-4, 6, 12 n. 3, 13 n. 9, 15 n. 17, 90 n. 10, 154, 190 n. 5; see also Bocchori, Ebusus, Mago, Palma, Pollentia; govermnent of, 190 n. 5.

255

INDEX Barcino, passim; boundaries of, 38 n. 26, cf. imnunity of, see imnunity in prosperity of, 57, 70 n. 15, seviri at, 64, 70 n. 15, 76 131 n. 28. Biballi,

127 n. 7; Index 111; 123, 131 n. 28; n. 37, 86, 95 n. 28, 107, 116 n. 23, 123,

30 n. 3.

Bilbao, 15-6 n. 21. Blanda, 190 n. 6. Bletisa,

30 n. 2.

Bocchori, 23, 34 n. 11, 103, 151 n.

26;

see also Balearic Islands.

Bracara Augusta, 14 n. 12, 17 n. 24, 31 n. 4, 146-7 n. 14. Brigiaecium, 31 n. 4, 217, 219 n. 6. Cabeza del Griego, see Segobriga. Cabeza de Hortales,

149-50 n. 23;

see also Iptuci

(1).

Caesaraugusta, 6, 9, 14 n. 15, 17 n. 24, 80, 89 nn. 4-5, 90 nn. 6, 10, 126 n. 6, 128 n. 11, 132 n. 28, 147 n. 15, 166, 172 n. 9. Caesarobriga, 15 n. 18, 16 n. 21, 34 n. 13, 72 n. 23.

Calagurris,

9, 19 n. 28, 37 n. 21, 113 n. 11.

Callaed., 31 n. 4, 183; Callaecia, see also Asturia-callaecia. Callenses,

31 n. 4, 147 n. 14, 189-90 n. 3;

151 n. 26.

Cantabri, 14 n. 12, 16 n. 22, 30-1 n. 4, 183; Cantabria, 185, 195 n. 19.

4-7, 9, 14 n. 12,

Capera, 35 n. 17, 71, 79, 89 n. 4, 227 n. 23. Carbula, 26, 34-5 n. 14, 37 n. 20, 39 n. 28. Carmo, 75 n. 34, 83-4, 93 n. 20, 95 n. 29, 115 n. 17, 120, 128 n. 12. Carteia,

33-4 n. 11, 229, 234 n. 9.

Carthage Nova, 4, 6, 9, 16 n. 23, 17 n. 24, 19 n. 27, 48 n. 4, 61, 74-5 31-2, 76 n. 37, 82-3, 92 n. 16, 93 n. 20, 95 n. 29, 115 n. 17, 120, n. 8, 128 n. 10, 144 n. 7, 147 n. 15, 173 n. 15, 190 n. 5, 192 n. 194 n. 17, 195 n. 20, 199 n. 40, 222-3, 226 n. 17, 234 n. 10; mines 4, 130 n. 22, 185.

256

nn. 127 11, at,

INDEX C.Srtima, 34 n. 11, 44, 51 n. 13, 85, 94 n. 25, 119, 125 n. 4, 126 n. 7, 127

n. 9, 128 n. 11, 132 n. 30. C.Sstra C.Secilia, Servilia,

24-6, 35-6 nn. 16, 17, 19.

C.Sstulo, 75 n. 35, 120, 123, 125 n. 4, 128 nn. 11-2, 129 n. 18, 131 n. 26, 132 n. 30, 134, 143 nn. 4-5; cohort at, see cohorts in Index 111. Celsa, 13 n. 10. Cerretani,

30 n. 4.

Cisimbrium, 172 n. 11. Clunia, 10, 14 n. 14, 16 n. 22, 17 n. 24, 20 n. 32, 130 n. 21, 134, 144-5 n. 7, 146 n. 14; Dercinoassedenses and, 24, 34 n. 13, 37 n. 21, 49 n. 5, 150 n. 23. Coelerni, Colarni, Collippo,

30 n. 3, 144-5 n. 7. 30 n. 3. 56, 68 n. 7, 69 n. 12, 81-2, 87, 91 n. 10, 92 nn. 13, 15.

Complutum, 17 n. 24. Conimbriga, 126 n. 7. Contrebia,

14 n. 14, 35 n. 14.

(Contributa) Ipsca, 25-6, 33 n. 11, 35 n. 16, 36 nn. 17, 19, 122, 126 n. 7, 13b n. 21, 132 nn. 29-30; acquisition of prefix "Contributa", 25, 36 n. 17. Contributa Iulia,

25-6, 28, 35 n. 16, 36 nn. 17, 19.

Corduba, passim; territory of, 38 n. 26, 123, 131 n. 27; centre of provincial cult, 138, 146 n. 13, 148 n. 18. Curiga, 25-6, 28, 34 n. 14, 35 nn. 16, 19, 37 n. 20, 39 n. 28. Damania, 90 n. 6, 132 n. 28, 151 n. 26. Dercinoassedenses,

see Clunia.

Dertosa, 16 n. 22, 37-8 n. 22, 57, 68 n. 11, 71 n. 19, 76 n. 36, 86, 95 n. 27, 145 n. 10, 149 n. 19, 231, 235 nn. 19-20. Dianium, 130 n. 21. Ebusus, 120, 128 n. 13, 154, 160 n. 11; see also Balearic Islands.

257

INDEX

Emerita Augusta, passim; territory of, 30 n. 2, 36-7 n. 20, 38 n. 26, 230, 234 nn. 12, 14; theatre at, 134, 143 n. 5. Emporiae (Emporion), 6-7, 15 n. 20, 17 n. 24, 19 n. 27, 30 n. 24, 190 n. 6, 191 n. 8, 225 n. 5, 230-1, 234 n. 10, 235 nn. 17, 20. Epora, 58, 70-1 n. 18, 128 n. 12. Flaviobriga,

15-6 n. 21.

Gades, 7, 15 n. 19, 17 n. 24, 33 n. 11, 74 n. 28, 84, 90 n. 6, 91 n. 10, 94 n. 22, 95 n. 29, 112 n. 7, 114 n. 11, 129 n. 19, 133-4, 142 n. 2, 143 n. 3, 14~ nn. 6-7, 149 n. 23, 180 n. 4, 187, 198 n. 36. Gerunda, 68 n. 10.

Gijon, 19 n. 28, 189 n. 2. Grallium, 132 n. 28. Basta, 34-5 n. 14, 149 n. 23; and serfs in turris Lascutana, 26, 37 n. 21, 38 n. 25. Hispalis, 17 n. 24, 113 n. 9, 114 n. 11, 131 n. 24, 149 n. 23, 151 n. 26, 187-8, 230, 234 n. 11. Iacetani,

33 n. 10.

Igabrum, 166, 172 n. 11.

Igaeditani, Iliberris,

30 nn. 2-3, 32 n. 7. 63, 94-5 n. 26, 128 n. 10, 143 n. 3, 187, 198 n. 35, 199 n. 38.

Ilici,

35 n. 15, 69 n. 13, 111 n. 4, 128 n. 11, 144 n. 7.

Ilipa,

91 n. 10, 151 n. 25, 187, 198-9 nn. 36-8.

Iliturgicola Illipula,

et Ipolcobulcola,

125 n. 4, 127 nn. 8-9, 143 n. 5.

91 n. 10.

llucro,

195 n. 20, 196 n. 23.

Ilugo, 119, 127 n. 9, 143 n. 5. llurco, Iluro,

132 n. 28. 172 n. 11, 189 n. 3.

Indicetes,

6, 9, 15 n. 16, 17 n. 24, 19 nn. 27, 29, 30 n. 4.

Interamnum, 136, 146 n. 12.

258

INDEX Intercatia, Iporca,

33 n. 11.

129 n. 18.

Ipsca, see (Contributa)

Ipsca.

Iptuci

(1), 33 n. 11, 139-41, 149-50 n. 23, 151 n. 27.

Iptuci

(2), colony, 33 n. 11, 111 n. 4, 149-50 n. 23, 150 n. 25.

Italica, 5, 7, 10, 15 n. 19, 19 n. 29, 113-4 n. 11, 128 n. 12, 141, 146 n. 13, 151 n. 26, 185-6, 194 n. 15, 198-9 n. 37; and Hadrian, see Hadrian in Index i. Iuliobriga, Lacilbula,

14 n. 12, 30 n. 2. 33 n. 11.

Lacippo (?), 94 n. 25. Laeetania,

190-1 n. 6, 191 n. 7.

Laminium, 151 n. 26. Lancia, 22, 31 n. 4, 217, 219 n. 6. Lascuta, 37 n. 21, 38 n. 23; serfs at, see Basta. Libisosa,

13 n. 10, 111 n. 4.

Limici, 21, 23, 30 n. 3, 32 n. 7, 217, 219 n. 6.

Lougei Castellani

Toletenses,

22, 32 n. 7.

wcurgent\DD, 70 n. 18, 128 n. 11, 163, 170 n. 1. Lucus Augusti, 14 n. 12, 17 n. 24, 31 n. 4, 146-7 n. 14, 184, 189 n. 2. wggones, 30 n. 3. wsitania,

passim.

Mago, 50 n. 8, 68 n. 10;

see also Balearic Islands.

Malaca, passim. Metellinum, 18-9 n. 27. M:lrobriga (Baetica), M:lrobriga (Lusitania), Mons Mariarus,

17 n. 23, 64, 76 n. 37. 30 n. 2.

195-6 n. 22.

259

INDEX Munda, 230, 234 n. 11. Munigua, 10, 43, 51 n. 12, 89 n. 2, 92 n. 14, 105, 109, 115 n. 17, 123, 125 n. 4, 132 n. 30, 134-6, 142 n. 1, 144 n. 7, 145-6 nn. 9-11, 155, 157, 161 n. 13, 173 n. 14, 215, 218 n. 1. Murgi, 128 n. 11, 129 n. 18. Myrtilis,

171 n. 6.

Nabrissa, 170 n. 2. Nescania, 161-2 n. 17, 198-9 n. 37. Norba, 24-6, 34 n. 13, 35-6 nn. 17, 19-20, 72 n. 23, 230. Numantia, 126 n. 6. Oba, 171 n. 6. Obulco, 83, 92 n. 17, 122, 125 n. 4, 130 n. 21, 142 n. 2. Olisipo,

64, 76 n. 36, 83, 92 n. 17, 127 n. 8, 171 n. 6.

OretlDD,69 n. 12, 119, 128 n. 9. Osca, 37 n. 21. Osset, 153, 159 n. 6, 165. Ossigi, 95 n. 28, 151 n. 26. Ostippo., 23, 34 n. 11, 51 n. 12, 187, 197 n. 30. Paesures, 30 n. 3. Pallantia,

33 n. 11.

PalDB, 6, 15 n. 17; see also Balearic Islands. Pax Iulia, 14 n. 15, 15 n. 18, 17 n. 24, 37 n. 22, 74-5 n. 32, 111 n. 4, 1212, 126 n. 6, 129 n. 19, 130 n. 21, 230. Pintones, 32 n. 7. Pollentia,

6, 15 n. 17, 151 n. 26;

see also Balearic Islands.

Pompaelo, 89 n. 4, 104, 109, 113 n. 11, 135-6, 145 n. 9, 146 n. 12, 151 n. 26, 164-5, 170 n. 3, 171 n. 4. 30 n. 3.

Quarquerni,

Rio Tinto

=

"Fodinae Aerariae",

195 n. 21.

260

INDEX

Sabora, 7, 15 n. 20, 33 n. 11, 43-4, 51 n. 13, 103, 109, 125 n. 5, 126 n. 7, 132 n. 30, 135-6, 142 n. 1, 145-6 nn. 9-11, 165, 171 n. 6, 173 n. 14. Sacili,

69 n. 13.

Saetabis,

192 n. 11.

Saguntwn, 6, 15 n. 17, 61-3, 72 n. 23, 74 n. 29, 74-5 n. 32, 90 n. 6, 95 n. 29, 121, 129 n. 19, 144 n. 7, 173 n. 15. Salmantica, 30 n. 2. Salpensa, passim. Scallabis,

17 n. 24.

Segisamo, 10, 30 n. 2, 198-9 n. 37. Segobriga, 166, 172 n. 11. Siarwn, 76 n. 37, 151 n. 26. Sigarra,

72 n. 23.

Singilia, 34 n. 11, 37-8 n. 22, 56, 68 n. 9, 70 n. 18, 75 n. 35, 89 n. 4, 112-3 n. 7, 144 n. 6. Sisapo, 17 n. 23, 195 n. 20. Sosontigi,

129 n. 18.

Spartarian

Plain,

192 n. 11.

Suel, 56, 68 n. 9, 76 n. 36. Talori,

30 n. 3.

Tamagani, 30 n. 3, 32 n. 7. Tarraco, passim; boundaries of, 38 n. 26, cf. 127 n. 7. Tarraconensis,

passim.

Termes, 6, 14 n. 14, 24, 34 n. 13, 150 n. 23, 154, 160-1 n. 12. Tritiwn,

91 n. 12, 121, 129 n. 19.

Tucci, 74 n. 31, 111 n. 4, 114 n. 11, 150-1 n. 25, 229-30, 233 n. 7. Tucci Vetus, 229-30, 233 n. 7.

Tugia, 151 n. 26. 'luriaso,

37-8 n. 22, 231, 235 nn. 19-20. 261

INDEX Ucubi, 30 n. 2, 111 n. 4, 139, 149-50 n. 23, 150 n. 25. Ugia Martia, 139-41, 149-50 n. 23, 151 n. 27. Ulia, 75 n. 34, 95 n. 29, 130 n. 21. Urgavo, 74 n. 31, 75 n. 34. Urso, passim. Uxama, 14 n. 14, 32 n. 8, 144 n. 7. Vaccaei, 4, 30-1 n. 4. Valentia,

6, 15 n. 17, 37 n. 22, 111 n. 4, 229, 231, 233 n. 7, 235 n. 19.

Varduli, 159 n. 8. Vascones, 159 n. 8. Vettones, 16-7 n. 23. Vipasca, 18 n. 25, 129-30 n. 20, 186, 194-5 n. 18, 195 n. 21, 196 nn. 24-5. Vivatia,

151 n. 26.

Zoelae, 30 n. 3, 32 n. 8, 33 n. 9, 217, 219 n. 6.

262

INDEX

(iii) adlection,

see citizens,

advocate, municipal, aedile,

decurialis,

Subjects ordo.

136, 146 n. 12, 167, 173 n. 15.

see magistrates.

agriculture, 29-33; alimentary

3-7, 14 n. 16, 122-3, 130 nn. 22, 24, 131 n. 27, 187, 197-8 nn. see also public property. schemes, 131 n. 24.

amalgaIMtion of conmrunities, see contributio. ambassadors, see embassies. appointments, patrons,

78-96; praefecti,

see also assemblies, priests, seviri.

assemblies, electoral, 28, 38 n. 26, 163-4, 167, 170 n. 4, 177, 205; legislative, 28, 38 n. 26, 42, 2; qualifications for, 42, 45, 55, discouragement of unauthorised, see also curia.

citizens,

magistrates,

ordo,

42, 54, 66 n. 1, 82, 85, 86-7, 92 n. 16, 49 n. 7, 55, 66 n. 1, 163-4, 168, 170 n. 66 n. 4, 78, 205-6; 103, 113 n. 9;

associations between c01I1111.1nities, 117 n. 29, 133, 136-41, 146-51 nn. 13-26, 176; see also religious associations. augur, see priests. Augustales,

see seviri.

autonomy, of carmunities, 70 n. 16, 78-83, 87-8, 89-90 n. 6, 91 n. 12, 99117, 135, 177-8, 207-10, 217, 223, 235 n. 21; from one another, 21, 26, 28, 37 n. 21, 234 n. 11, see also secession of COIIID.lnities; of magistrates, 152, 157, 164-7, 168-9, 177. auxilia, recruitment of, 5-6, 14 n. 13, 106, 156, 162 n. 18; locations in Spain, 158 n. 1, 184-5, 189 n. 2, 193 n. 13. benefactors, 42-3, 46, 55, 86, 119-24, 128 nn. 9, 11-2, 129 n. 18, 130-1 n. 24, 183; external, 55, 133-4, 140-1, 142 n. 2, 143 n. 4, 151 n. 25, 170 n. 2; emperors as, 1~38, 143-4 n. 5, 145 n. 10, 149 n. 19; see also patrons. boundaries, of camunities, 21, 30 n. 2, 32 n. 7, 38 n. 26; 105, 108, 115 n. 17, 116 n. 26, 135, 145 n. 9; see conventus, provinces.

263

disputed,

9,

INDEX buildings, public, location of, 42-3, 45, 119, 177; as symbols, 103, 119, 126 n. ?, 140, 145 n. 10; finance of, 119-20, 127-8 nn. 8-11, 177; management of, 118-20, 125 n. 2, 127 n. 8, 128 n. 11, 165, 167-8, 171 nn. 5-6, 173 nn. 14-5, 174 n. 18. castella, 5-8, 14 n. 12, 14 n. 14, 15 n. 18, 22, 24, 26-7, 32 nn. 7-8, 34 n. 13, 176. Castra Caecilia,

Servilia,

see Index ii (b).

census, of Romancitizens, 153, 157, 158 nn. 4-5, 165, 171 nn. 5, 7; provincial, 3, 11, 12 ""ii:""" 3, 20 n. 33, 24, 28, 34-5 n. 14, 51 n. 15, 79, 89 n. 2, 149 n. 21, 152, 153-4, 156-7, 158-60 nn. 4, 6-8, 165, 171 nn. 5, 7, 215; see also taxation; local, 159 n. 6. centuria, gentilitas, 22, 32 n. 8; centuriae at Arva, 66 n. 4. charters,

see constitutions.

citizens, local, qualifications, 40, 48 nn. 1-2, cf. 228-35, passim; records and appointment, 40, 47, 48 nn. 1, 4, 49 n. 5, 52 n. 16, 53 nn. 21-2, 78-80, 81, 86-7, 89-90 nn. 1, 3-7, 95 n. 29, 104, 107, 123, 131-2 n. 28, 164, 231-2; privileges and burdens, 21, 23-9, 4o-4, 46-7, 78, 89 n. 1, 90 n. 7; honorary, 14 n. 14, 40, 53 n. 22, ~ citizenship, concept of local, 21, 27, 30 n. 1, 40-1, 46, 49 n. 5, 53 n. 21, 79, 89 n. 2, 228, 233 n. 2; see also citizens, local; Raoan, granted viritim, 40, 48 n. 2, 208; dual, 21, 40, 79-81, 89-90 n. 6, 91 n. 12, 107-8, 164, 230, 232, 235 n. 16. civilisation, 4-8, 13-4 n. 11, 14 n. 15, 15 n. 20, 24, 42, 46-7, 53 n. 22, 103, 109, 119, 123-4, 125-6 n. 6, 130 n. 20, 133, 135, 146 n. 11, 154, 157, 162 n. 21, 176-7, 179, 208-10, 214 n. 23, 216-7, 230. civitas, in Spain, definitions of term, 21, 27, 30 n. 3, 31 n. 5; as "tribal conmmity", 21-3, 28, 30-3 nn. 3-4, 6-10, 34 n. 13, 99, 176, 216-7, 218 n. 4; see also Aravi, Limici, in Index ii (b). cohorts, 10-11, 158 n. 1, 184-5, 190-4 nn. 6-14; Baeticae, 134, 143 n. 4, 185, 193-4 n. 14; at Castulo, 10-11, 16 n. 23, 18 n. 25, 184, 192-3 nn. 11-2; orae maritimae, 10, 18 n. 25, 145 n. 7, 184, 190-2 nn. 6-10, 193 n. 14; see also military forces. collegia,

66 n. 4, 130 n. 23, 131 n. 27.

coloniae i111111nes,see religious

associations.

264

INDEX colonies, sites of, 5-7, 13 n. 10, 15 n. 17, 15 n. 19, 180 n. 4; foundation of, 5, 7, 13 n. 10, 15 n. 17, 126 n. 6, 229-31; admission of natives to, 15 n. 18, 35 n. 15, 223, 229-31, 233-4 nn. 8-10; foundation laws in, 35 n. 15, 100, 105, 220, 222-3; see also constitutions; titulature in, 23, 27, 33 n. 11, 100, 179, 220-7, 230; titular Roman, 16 n. 22, 222, 226 n. 17; Latin, 33-4 n. 11, 204, 206-7, 212 nn. 7, 10, 213 nn. 13, 19, 233-4 nn. 8-10; see also Latini coloniarii. c011111ercium,41, 44, 49 nn. 5-6, 51-2 n. 15, 201-3, 206-7, 209, 211 nn. 4, 6,

213 n. 18, 214 n. 28, 232. constitutions, local, 54, 64, 66 n. 2, 76-7 n. 38, 99-103, 112 n. 6, 127 n. 7, 175 n. 20, 201, 220-1; charters, purpose and provenance, 70 n. 15, 82, 100-1, 105, 107-8, 113 n. 7, 166, 172 n. 10, 207-10, 220-7; dates and distribution of, 49 n. 5, 52 n. 16, 82, 100, 107-8, 220-7; content of, passim. contributio, 24-7, 35-8 nn. 15-22, 101, 176, 225 n. 5, 228; technical and non-technical senses, 24, 26, 35 n. 15, 37 n. 21; at Urso, 35 n. 15; relation to creation of .P!S!_, 37 n. 20, 39 n. 28. conubium, 41, 44, 49 nn. 5-6, 51 n. 15, 201-3, 206-7, 209, 211 nn. 4-6, 212 n. 9, 213 n. 18, 214 n. 28, 232. conventus, boundaries of, 8, 17 n. 24, 19 n. 27; capitals, 8-11, 17 n. 24, 106, 136, 138, 143 n. 3, 145 n. 7, 148 n. 18, 187; administrative significance of, 8, 17 n. 24, 106, 115 n. 17, 136, 187; associations, cults, see religious associations. corn, exactions of, 155, 161 n. 14; supply of, 43, 46, 52 n. 19, 121-3, 130-1 nn. 21-4; at Rane, 130 n. 21. curatores, curator local, n. 18,

imperial, 9, 11, 19 n. 29, 104, 107, 113-4 n. 11, 124, 178; kalendarii, 114 n. 11; 44, 119-20, 127 n. 8, 128 n. 11, 132 n. 30, 167-8, 173 n. 15, 174 175 n. 20.

curia, tribus, 55, 66 n. 4, 78, 82, 89 n. 2, 163-4, 170 n. 2, 205; --assemblies; curia= senate-house, 69 n. 14.

see also

cursus hononnn, 59-60, 71-2 nn. 22-4, 83, 92 n. 17, 169, 173 n. 14, 222, 226 n. 13.

cursus publicus, 11, 20 n. 33, 106, 110, 117 n. 28, 136, 156, 157, 161-2 n. 17, 167, 174 n. 15, 198-9 n. 37. decemvir, 23, 34 n. 11, 103; see also magistrates. decurialis, decurions,

81, 91 n. 12. see ordo. 265

INDEX division within c00111Unities,27, 29, 37-8 n. 22. doctors and teachers,

public, 43, 46, 52 n. 19, 104, 121-2, 129-30 nn. 19-20.

duovir, see magistrates. elections,

see assemblies.

embassies, nunicipal, 133-6, 142 n. 1, 145 nn. 8, 10, 150 n. 23, 167-8, 173 nn. 14-5, 174 n. 18, 175 n. 20; provincial, 138-9, 149 nn. 19, 21. entertainnents, 42-3, 45, 52 n. 18, 83, 85, 92 n. 19, 93 n. 20, 94-5 n. 26, 103, 118, 120-1, 128-9 nn. 12-4, 18, 136, 146 n. 13; finance of~ 85, 94-5 n. 26, 128-9 nn. 12-4, 18, 136, 146 n. 13; seating at, 43, 50 n. 10, 63, 85, 120-1, 128 n. 12, 223, 226-7 n. 20; religious connotations of, 120, 129 n. 15. entry-fees, for ordo, 56, 68 n. 7, 82, 90 n. 9, 93 n. 19; for citizen body, 80, 89 n. 3, 90 n. 7, 92 n. 15; for magistracies, 83-5, 93 n. 19, 118-20, 125 n. 4; for priesthoods, 85-6, 93 n. 19, 94-5 nn. 25-6, 95 n. 28, 118-20, 125 n. 4, 128-9 n. 14. equestrian service, 8, 16 n. 22, 57, 69 n. 12, 114 n. 11, 133-4, 142-3 n. 3, 153, 159-60 n. 8, 184, 189 n. 3; see also cohorts, praefectus, procurators. exactions, extraordinary, see taxation.

155, 157, 161 n. 14, 198 n. 33;

finance, local, sources of, 43-4, 46, 51 nn. 12-3, 53 n. 20, 56, 68 n. 7, 817, 118, 125 n. 4, 179; management of, 60-1, 72 n. 24, 73 n. 26, 83, 107, 118, 125 n. 1, 135, 164, 166-7, 173 n. 13, 173-4 n. 15, 178; stringency of, 94 n. 25, 103-4, 118-20, 132 n. 30, 133, 157, 158 n. 3, 162 n. 22, 177-9; see also public property, taxation, vectigalia. fiscus, Roman, 19 n. 29, 20 n. 30, 106, 115 n. 17, 136, 187, 194 n. 16; see also public property, taxation. flamen, see priests,

religious

flaminica, in provincial see priests.

cult,

associations. 75 n. 35;

free and federate c00111Jnities, identified, 23, 34 n. 11, 100; privileges of, 34 n. 11, 102-3, 108-9, 112-3 n. 7; titulature in, 23, 34 n. Ti"';""T02-3, 108, 112-3 n. 7; and Latin right, 100, 102, 112-3 n. 7.

266

INDEX freedmen, and local citizenship, 40-1, 48 n. 4, 49 n. 7, 228, 233 n. 4; and ordo, 42, 49-50 n. 7, 56-7, 62, 68 nn. 9-11, 71 n. 19, 228; prejudice against, 42, 56-7, 62, 95 n. 27, 228; exploitation of, 42, 56, 86; see also seviri; see also Latini Iuniani, seviri. garrisons, provi~cial, legions, stationes. gentilitas,

10-11, 17-8 n. 25, 184-5, 190 n. 4; see auxilia,

see centuria.

governors of provinces, 8-11, 18-9 nn. 25-9, 20 n. 33, 101-2, 105-10, 112 n. 6, 113 n. 11, 115 n. 17, 117 n. 29, 134-6, 144 n. 7, 145-6 n. 10, 153-5, 161 n. 16, 188, 215; in relation to other officials, 18 n. 25, 18 n. 27, 153-4. Tabula Heracleensis, honores, aedilicii, hospites,

see Heraclea in Index ii (a). 58-9, 61, 71 nn. 19, 22, 82, 87, 92 n. 16; see ornamenta.

see patrons.

imaunity, ius Italicum, meaning of, 41, 44-5, 49 n. 6, 51-2 n. 15, 52-3 n. 20, 79, 100-1, 105-7, 109, 111 n. 4, 115-6 n. 19, 116 n. 23, 154, 156, 160 n. lo;-Iol n. 17, 177-8, 202-3, 213 n. 18; towns with, 41, 44-5, 49 n. 6, 51 n. 15, 79, 99-100, 111 n. 4, 140, 1501 n. 25, 154, 160 n. 10, 167; at Barcino, 49 n. 6, 79, 107, 123, 131 n. 28. imperial cult,

see religion,

religious

associations.

incolae, definition of tem, 27, 35 n. 15, 38 n. 24, 40, 48 n. 1, 48 nn. 3-4, 174 n. 16, 228-35; at Urso, 35 n. 15, 40, 48 n. 3, 174 n. 16; privileges and burdens of, 40-1, 44-7, 49 n. 5, 51 n. 15, 52 nn. 16, 18, to 1111nera,30 n. 1, 40, 46, 48 80, 90 n. 7, 205-6, 213 n. 18; liability n. 3, 53 n. 20, 80, 104, 124, 132 n. 30, 157, 167-8, 173 n. 14, 174 n. 16; and Romantaxation, 46, 52-3 n. 20. infamia,

56-7, 68 n. 11.

ius Italicmn, ius Latii, jurisdiction, 101-2, 146 n. local, 112 n.

see i111111.1nity.

see Latin right. Roman, 8-10, 17 n. 24, 18 n. 26, 19 nn. 27-8, 24, 34-5 n. 14, 105-10, 112 n. 6, 115 nn. 16-7, 116 n. 22, 117 n. 29, 133, 135-6, 12, 149 n. 21, 165, 169, 178; 41, 43, 46, 49 nn. 5-6, 50 n. 11, 52 n. 20, 54, 99, 101-2, 105-9, 6, 114-5 n. 15, 135, 163-5, 168-9, 171 n. 8, 178, 205, 209.

Larmn magistri,

see seviri.

267

INDEX

Latin right under Principate, implications of, 7, 15 n. 20, 26, 32-3 n. 9, 41, 47, 49 n. 6, 52 n. 15, 60, 73 n. 26, 79, 83, 85, 101-2, 112 n. 6, 166, 172 n. 11, 177, 180 n. 2, 188, 201-14, 215-7, 218-9 nn. l, 3-6, 220-7, 232; and military recruitment, 162 n. 21, 201-2, 211 n. 3; Vespasian's grant to Spain, 7, 16 n. 22, 23, 25-6, 33 n. 11, 36 nn. 17, 19, 47, 48 n. 2, 51 n. 13, 53 n. 23, 108, 126 n. 7, 136, 166, 176-7, 180 n. 2, 210, 215-9; date of, 215-6, 218 n. l; scope of, 23, 32-3 n. 9, 108, 216-7; see also colonies, nunicipi\DD. Latini coloniarii,

203-7, 212 nn. 7-8, 10, 12.

Latini Iuniani, 49 n. 6, 52 n. 16, 188, 200 n. 43, 203-6, 212 nn. 7-8, 10, 12, 213 nn. 16-7; at Salpensa, Malaca, 45, 49 n. 6, 52 n. 16, 114 n. 15, 205-6, 213 n. 17. law, Roman, 14 n. 14, 41, 44, 105, 107-8, 114 n. 14, 201-14, 221, 225 n. 5, 226 n. 13, 230, 232, 234 n. 13, 235 n. 16; imitation of, 105, 207-10, 214 nn. 27-8, 217; see also lex.

legatus, pro praetore, see governors; (iuridicus), 8-11, 14 n. 14, 18-9 nn. 26-8, 104, 106, 113-4 n. 11, 115 n. 17, 117 n. 29, 136, 161 n. 16, 164, 170 n. 3; title, 18 n. 26; relation to governor, 18 n. 27; legionis, 8-10, 18-9 nn. 26-7, 161 n. 16, 184, 189 n. 3; relation to governor, 18 n. 27; see embassies. legions, recruitment, 106, 115-6 n. 19, 156-7, 162 nn. 18-9, 21, 174 n. 15, 201-2, 211 n. 3; in Spain, 5-10, 14 n. 13, 183-4; IV Macedonica, 19 n. 28, 158 n. 1, 1834, 189 nn. 1-2; VI Victrix, 183, 189 n. l; VII Gemina, 9, 18 n. 26, 69 n. 12, 155-6, 161 n. 16, 183, 185, 190 n. 4, 194 n. 15; X Gesnina, 183, 189 n. 1, 190 n. 4. lex, Aelia Sentia, 204, 212 n. 12; Iulia theatralis, 223, 226 n. 20; Iunia, 212 n. 12; see Latini Iuniani; Malacitana, passim; see also constitutions; Minicia, 203-4, 212 n. 11; Petronia, 84, 94 n. 22; Salpensana, passim; see also constitutions; Ursonensis, passim; see also constitutions; Visellia, 56, 68 n. 9; nunicipalis, see constitutions.

268

INDEX local, as institution, 7, 23, 42, 59-62; titles of, 22-3, 31 n. 6, 32 n. 8, 33-4 n. 11, 34 n. 13, 36-7 n. 20, 59, 71 n. 20, 158 n. 5, 220, 223-4, 227 nn. 22-3; qualifications, 42, 45, 47, 49 n. 4, 50 n. 8, 52 n. 16, 59-62, 67 n. 6, 71-2 nn. 22-3, 72-3 n. 25, 80, 167, 177; women, 50 n. 8; appointment, 54, 61, 68 n. 8, 82-5; see also assemblies; powers and functions, 54-5, 60, 66 n. 1, 72 n. 24, 73 n. 26, 79, 81, 89 n. 3, 91 n. 11, 92 n. 18, 128 n. 11, 152-4, 156, 158 nn. 4-5, 164-7, 169, 170-3 nn. 3-13, 174 n. 15, 177; honorary, 61-2, 73-4 nn. 28-9, 76 n. 37, 84-7, 95 n. 29; prestige, 58-61, 71 n. 19, 73 n. 26, 83, 169, 177; see also ornamenta; see also autonomy, decemvir, octovir, office, praefectus, praetor, quattuorvir.

magistrates,

magistrates,

Roman, see governors, legatus,

maladministration, 183.

maladministration,

quaestor.

Roman, 109-10, 117 nn. 28-9, 138-9, 141, 149 nn. 21-2,

military forces, local, 99, 103, 109, 152, 192-3 n. 12; Roman, see aux:l.lia, cohorts, garrisons, legions, praefectus,

stationes.

mines, locations of, 4, 8, 10, 14 n. 13, 16 n. 23, 20 n. 30, 134, 143 n. 4, 184, 185-6, 192 n. 11, 194-7 nn. 16-26; administration, 8, 10-11, 18 n. 25, 20 n. 30, 143 n. 4, 152, 185-7, 194-7 nn. 17-26; in possession of Spaniards, 51 n. 13, 130 n. 22, 185, 195 nn. 19-20. DUnera, distinguished 174 n. 17;

from magistracies,

66 n. 3, 167, 169; cf.

173 n. 14,

Romanand local distinguished, 103-4, 157, 162 n. 20, 167, 174 n. 15; liability to, 44, 46, 48 n. 3, 53 n. 20, 80-1, 85, 91 n. 13, 94 n. 24, 104, 119, 127 n. 8, 132 n. 30, 157, 163, 167-9, 173 n. 14, 174-5 nn. 16-20; -assignment of, 44, 82, 152, 154, 167-9, 173 n. 14. D11nicipium, titulature of, 23, 27, 33 nn. 9, 11, 101, 108, 158 n. 5, 207-10, 217, 219 n. 6, 220-7; charters, see constitutions; invention of Latin, 33-4 n. 11, 206, 213 n. 20. native towns, foundation of, 5-7, 13 n. 10, 14 nn. 12-3, 15 n. 18, 15-6 n. 21, 22, 31 n. 4, 126 n. 6. octovir,

36-7 n. 20.

office, popularity of, 57, 69 n. 13, 78, 81-5, 87, 93 n. 19, 178; see magistrates, ordo. ordo, size and structure, 55, 57-8, 66-7 n. 5, 69-70 nn. 14-6, 80-1, 85, 91 -nn. 11-2, 167; qualifications, 42, 45, 47, 49 n. 4, 50 n. 8, 52 n. 16, 55-7, 59, 67-9 nn. 6-13, 71 n. 19, 152, 164, 168, 173 n. 14, 177;

269

INDEX appointments to, 52 n. 16, 55, 58-9, 66-7 n. 5, 70 n. 16, 80-2, 83, 1645, 167-8; powers and functions, 42, 46-7, 54, 64-5, 66 n. 1, 67 n. 7, 79-82, 86-7, 89 n. 4, 118, 123, 133, 142 n. 1, 152, 163-5, 167-9, 177; prestige, 43, 50 n. 10, 58-9, 64-5, 70-1 n. 18, 82, 92 n. 14, 118, 121, 177, 226-7 n. 20; see also ornamenta; family connexions in, 57, 66 n. 5, 68 n. 10, 69 nn. 12-3; see also office. ornamenta, of magistrates, 58-9, 61, 63-4, 70 n. 17, 71 nn. 19, 22, 86-7; of decurions, 57, 58-9, 63-4, 70-1 n. 18, 86-7, 95 n. 29; of priests, 63, 75 n. 33, 86-7 • .E!S!_, 24, 27-8, 34-5 n. 14, 36 n. 19, 37 n. 20, 43, 51 n. 11, 176; in Africa, 39 n. 28, 69 n. 14; administrative significance of, 24, 27-8, 34-5 n. 14, 37 n. 20, 43, 154, 160 n. 8, 176; exploitation of, 28, 38 n. 27, 43; in relation to contributio, 37 n. 20, 39 n. 28.

paternalism,

Roman, 64, 89-90 n. 6, 99, 104-5, 114 n. 11.

patrons and hospites, 53 n. 22, 79, 86, 87, 89 n. 4, 95-6 nn. 29-31, 103-4, 116 n. 26, 119, 134, 135, 140, 144-5 nn. 6-7, 183; distinction between, 87; appointment of, 87, 95-6 n. 30, 104, 106, 109, 111 n. 4, 133, 142 n. 1, 145 n. 8, 223, 226 n. 20; services of, 87, 103, 117 n. 29, 134, 144 n. 6; 5, 14 n. 12, 32 n. 7, 87; between tabulae patronatus, hospitia, cCIIIDllnities, 139-41, 149-50 n. 23. plebs, meaning of term, 57, 68-9 n. 12; cf. pontifex,

130 n. 23.

see priests.

portoria, Roman, 10-11, 18 n. 25, 20 n. 31, 187-8, 191 n. 8, 198-9 nn. 34-8; local, 43-4, 51 n. 13; see also taxation. praefecturae,

at Emerita, 36-7 n. 20, 230, 234 n. 14.

praefectus, of duovir, 61-2, 73-4 nn. 28-9, 84-5, 87, 94 nn. 22-3, 166, 171 n. 8, 172 n. 10; military, 10, 20 n. 32, 144-5 n. 7, 184, 189-90 n. 3, 190 n. 5; see also cohorts. praetor,

local,

23, 34 n. 11, 103; see also magistrates.

priests, types, 42, 45, 50 n. 9, 62-4, 74-6 nn. 30-7, 121; qualifications and appointment, 42, 45, 47, 49 n. 4, 50 n. 9, 52 n. 17, 63-4, 75 nn. 33, 35, 85-6, 87, 94-5 nn. 24-7, 164, 171 n. 4; functions, 42, 50 n. 9, 54, 62-3, 74 n. 31, 75 n. 34; prestige, 42, 63-4, 75 n. 33, 85-6; see also ornamenta; see also religious associations, salii, seviri.

270

INDEX princeps,

as tribal

title,

32 n. 8.

proconsul, see governors. procurators, provincial, 8-11, 18 n. 25, 19 n. 29, 20 n. 30, 104, 114 n. ll, 134, 143 n. 4, 154, 187-8, 197 n. 31, 199 n. 39; of Asturia-callaecia, 10, 18 n. 25, 20 n. 30, 138, 143 n. 4, 161 n. 16, 190 n. 3; of mines and estates, 8, 10-11, 18 n. 25, 20 n. 30, 143 n. 4, 178, 185J_, 194 n. 18, 195-6 nn. 21-2, 197 n. 32; of indirect taxes, 8, 10-11, 18 n. 25, 68 n. 11, 142 n. 2, 143 n. 4, 178, 187-8, 199 nn. 39, 41; jurisdiction of, 9, 19 n. 29, 110, 117 n. 29; relation to governors and one another, 18 n. 25, 20 n. 30. property-qualifications,

56, 67-8 n. 7; see ordo.

provinces, boundaries of, 8, 13 n. 9, 16-7 n. 23, 63, 74-5 n. 32, 143 n. 4, 147-8 n. 17, 184-5; capitals of, 8-11, 17 n. 23, 134, 138, 143 n. 3, 148 n. 18, 188; see governors; provincial cult, see religious associations. public post, see cursus publicus. public property, Roman, 8, 10-11, 17 n. 25, 51 n. 12, 106, 110, 132 n. 29, 152, 183, 185-7, 194 n. 16, 197 nn. 29-30, 197-8 nn. 32-3; see also fiscus, mines, quarries; revenues fran, 16 n. 23, 185-7; of canmunities, 43-4, 51 nn. 12-3, 118, 123-4, 125 nn. 1, 4, 131 n. 27, 132 n. 29, 142 n. 2, 165, 171 n. 5; see also buildings, vectigalia. publican!,

10-11, 183, 185-8, 194-5 n. 18, 195 n. 20, 196 n. 23, 199 n. 38.

quaestor, provincial, 8, 10-11, 20 n. 30, 134, 144 n. 7, 154; local, see magistrates. quarries,

186, 197 nn. 27-8.

quattuorvir, records,

23, 33 n. 11, 34 n. 13, 59, 71 n. 20, 220; see also magistrates.

public,

78-9, 81, 87, 89 nn. 2-3, 125 n. 5, 164-6.

religion, local, 42, 62-3, 74-6 nn. 30-7, 118, 121, 125 n. 2, 129 nn. 16-7, 172 n. 10; see also entertaimnents, priests~viri. religious associations, provincial, 8, 16 n. 22, 75 n. 35, 117 n. 29, 131 n. 27, 136-9, 140-1, 146-9 nn. 14-22, 150-1 nn. 24-5, 176, 192 n. 9; conventlis, 31 n. 4, 117 n. 29, 136-9, 141, 146-9 nn. 14-22, 176; coloniae iumJnes, 127 n. 7, 140, 141, 150-1 n. 25. revolts,

5, 13 n. 9, 196-7 n. 26.

271

INDEX road-building, local, 127 n. 8, 155, 161 n. 15, 173-4 n. 15; Roman, 5, 7, 13 n. 10, 14 n. 13, 15 n. 21, 106, 174 n. 15, 192 n. 11; by c0111DUnities perhaps for Romangovernment, 32 n. 7, 140, 150 n. 24, 155-6, 157, 161 nn. 15-6, 162 n. 20. Romanisation, see civilisation. sacerdos, see priests, salii,

religious

associations.

63, 75 n. 32.

secession of coomunities, 28, 39 n. 28, cf. 69 n. 14. senate, local, 7, 23, 28, 33 n. 11, 34 n. 13, 42, 49 n. 7; see also ordo; Roman, 6-8, 15 n. 17, 15 n. 19, 16 n. 22, 59, 67 n. 6, 75 n. 35, 80, 92 n. 14, 128 n. 12, 133-4, 142-3 nn. 2-3, 146 n. 13. serfs,

26, 37 n. 21, 38 n. 25.

"serrarii

Augusti", see quarries.

seviri, institution of, 42, 63, 75-6 nn. 36-7, 121; titles, 63-4, 75-6 n. 36; qualifications and appointment, 42, 45, 47, 52 n. 17, 63-4, 86, 87, 95 n. 27; duties and expenses of, 42, 50 n. 9, 64, 86-7, 95 n. 28, 104, 128 n. 10; exploitation of, 42, 82-3, 86, 92 n. 14, 113 n. 10, 120, 123, 131 n. 25, 177;

honorary sevir, 52 n. 17, 64, 76 n. 36, 86, 95 n. 29; prestige of, 42-3, 50 n. 10, 64, 76 n. 36, 86; at Barcino, see under Barcino in Index ii (b); magistri Larum, 76 nn. 36-7, 121. sportulae, 42-3, 45, 50 n. 10, 52 n. 18, 121-2, 129 n. 18; rates in, 43, 45, 50 n. 10, 121, 130 n. 22. stationes, 198-9 n. 37; military, 10-11, 20 n. 33, 185, 193 n. 12, 194 n. 15, 197 n. 27, 198-9 n. 37; of cursus publicus, 11, 156-7, 161-2 n. 17, 198-9 n. 37; see portoria. sumnae honorariae, Tabula Heracleensis,

see entry-fees. see Heraclea in Index ii

(a).

taxation, local, 43-4, 46, 51 n. 13, 53 n. 20, 103, 125 n. 4; Roman disapproval of, 43-4, 51 n. 12, 103, 113 n. 10, 118, 157, 177; Roman(a) direct, 8, 10, 21, 24, 28, 34-5 n. 14, 39 n. 28, 43-4, 46, 523 n. 20, 60, 64, 79, 82, 99, 101-3, 106, 136, 152, 154-5, 156-7, 160-1 nn. 9-13, 166-7, 174 n. 15; criticised, 139; remissions of, 145 n. 10, 149 n. 19, 155, 157, 161 n. 13; decurions' liability for, 152-3, 158 n. 3; see exactions;

272

INDEX (b) indirect, 8, 10-11, 17 n. 25, 20 n. 31, 53 n. 20, 106, 110, 152, 183, 187-8, 198-200 nn. 34-43; see also portoria, vicesima hereditatium, libertatis. teachers,

see doctors.

territoria,

military,

territory trade,

152, 158 n. 1, 162 n. 17.

of camnunities, see boundaries. 7, 10-11, 14 n. 16, 191 n. 8, 187-8, 197-8 n. 33.

tribes, native, 4-9, 12-3 n. 7, 13 n. 9, 14 n. 12, 14-5 n. 16, 16 n. 22, 17 n. 24; see civitas; Romancitizen, significance of, 33 n. 11, 34 n. 13, 36 n. 17, 52 n. 16, 68 n. 10, 89-90 nn. 5-6, 90 n. 10, 217, 219 n. 6; voting, see curia. vectigalia, Roman, see taxation, public property; local, 43-4, 51 nn. 12-3, 92 n. 14, 109, 115 n. 17, 125 n. 4, 135, 145-6 n. 10; see also taxation. veterans,

in ordo, 69 n. 12, 167-8.

vicesima hereditatium, taxation. vie!,

libertatis,

10-11, 188, 199-200 nn. 40-3; see also

22, 24, 26-7, 31-2 n. 6, 32 n. 7, 34 n. 13, 150 n. 23, 176.

273

/'

C111t1•ri1n M1111t1lns lallo.,11')..•

,f

\\

U\ll\1· ran

1 A11-

t'''''t

J.,ancl1

f,Asl■rlc:a

Aa11nt1 ,P

_... ......,

.... ,.....

.,

•~·--•-.--,r •,.,.,·-·-•-, "1 re11 e IS 1

Ano

porlff

•

Brl1lucla111

Flnl•~

,,,,u~c\S~

"10'"'... 6lbasas

I>::>

'

SPA I N A. D. 14 -212 Prnlnclal hudary

Iii

Prnil1cl1I ca,ital

@

c,uutu

•

Other hwn

Scale

c1,1t1I

200

f km.