Four Faces of Anger: Seneca, Evagrius Ponticus, Cassian, and Augustine 978-0761851691

Table of contents :
Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vlll
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ix
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII
Acknowledgments ......... . XIX
Chapter 1: Seneca: A Stoic Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Philosophical Background . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
I. WHAT IS ANGER? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Is ANGER NATURAL OR USEFUl'? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.H ow DOES ANGER BEHAVE:? . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . ... .7
I. The Causes or Stimuli of Anger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
i). External Stimuli . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
ii) Internal Stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2. Characteristics of Anger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. How IS ANGER CURED? . . . . . . ...... . ........ . . .. ...... .... .. . . . . . 9
The General Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
a) For children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
b) For adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . 9
i) Reform of the Mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10
ii) Behavioral Skills . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Precautionary steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Immediate remedies . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Conclusion: the Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Chaper 2: Evagrius Ponticus: The Desert Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Life . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Evagrius' Teaching on the Evil Thoughts . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .... 22
I. ANG ER: WHAT IT IS ... . . ......... . . . . . . . ...... . . . ..... . ... . ..... 24
II. CAUSES: WHY DOES A MONK BECOME ANGRYi .. ......... ..... .... . . 26
III. ANGER: WHAT IT DOES . . . . . . . . .. . .... . .. . .. . ... .... ... .. ... . . . 27
What Anger does to Prayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 29
The Good of Restraint .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
IV. REMEDIES FOR THE CURE OF ANGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
A. Discernment of Thoughts . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. 32
B. Reconciliation . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . ... 3 3
C. Virtue . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . 34
D. Prayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
E. Asceticism . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 36
F. Gentleness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Chaper 3: Cassian: Anger & Friendship . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 49
Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Introduction to Anger: the Eight Deadly Sins/Vices . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
1. ANGER: THE 4 Cli DEADLY SIN . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
II. ANGER AND FRIENDSHIP: CONFERENCE 16 . . . . . . . . . ........ . . .. . . . .. 57
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
1. True Friendship . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
A. lB. 2. Conflict within Friendship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 62
A. Wrong ways to react . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 63
B. Right ways for friends to respond . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Conclusioll . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Chapter 4: Augustine: Anger in Community .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 73
1.A N OVERVIEW OF AUGUSTINE'S JOURNEY . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3
Signposts along the way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 7 3
1 . non i n contentione e t aemlilatione . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 75
2. Episcopal altercations ..................................... 78
a. Megalius: A lesson in forgiveness ......................... 78
b. Fussala: Antony and his victims: compounded rage . . . . . . . .. . . 80
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
II: ANGER IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RULE .... ..... . . ...... ..... . . ..... 81
General Introduction: Augustine's Model of Monasticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1
Garden Monastery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1
Clerical monastery . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Introduction to the Rule and Anger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3
1. What "makes" Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 84
I. Love and Harmony . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
a) Honor God Mutually in Each Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 86
b) Harmony of Voice and Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 86
c) Service to the Community .............................. 87
d) Role of Superiors . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
2. Everything ill common . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Manual Labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 91
II. What Breaks Down Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
The Fearsome Foursome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
1. Seeking Affection/Love outside the Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
2. Murmuring . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3. Anger . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4. Contumacy ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. 102
III. Repairing the Damage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 103
1. Forgiveness . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 103
2. Patient Endurance . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3. Correction . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . 106
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Postscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
III: THE SERMONS . . ..... . . .. . . . ................. ..... . .... .... .
I. Lenten Exhortations
2. Responses to Anger ....................................... .
A. Negative reactions ..................................... .
a) denial ........................................... .
b) nurturing resentment ............................... .
c) seeking revenge ................................... .
B. Positive responses ...................................... .
a) turning anger on itself .............................. .
b) taking personal responsibility by admission ............. .
c) asking for forgiveness ............................... .
d)forgiving ......................................... .
e) refrainingfrom being party to others' enmities ........... .
Conclusion ............................................... .
109
109
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 11
111
1 13
1 13
1 13
1 14
1 14
115
115
116
Concluding Remarks . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .................................. 153
About the Author . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

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